Annual
report

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THE UNIVERSITY
OF ILLINOIS
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TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

Illinois State Beekeepers'
Association

Organized February 26, 1891, at
Springfield, Illinois

mERSlTY OF ILUHOIS

DEC 2 1921

Compiled by

GEORGE M. WITHROW, Secretary

t

Mechanicsburg, Illinois

[Printed by authority of the State of Illinois.]

Illinois State Journal Ca

Springfield, Illinois

State Printers

19 2 1 1

H

47100 — 450

A

C 32.06

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

Office of the Secretary,
Mechanicsburg, Illinois, March 1, 1921.
To His Excellency, Lea. Small, Governor of the State of Illinois.

Sir : I have the honor to transmit herewith the Twentieth Annual
Report of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association.
Eespectfully submitted,

George M. Withrow, Secretary.

FATHER LAXGSTROTH,

1810— 1S95

Inventor of the ^Movable Frame Hive.

OFFICERS OF THE ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS'
ASSOCIATION FOR 1921.

Dr. Albert C. Baxter
A, L. KiLDOw
James A. Stone
Harry L. King
x\aron Coppin
^^'. H. Williams
S. A. Tyler
George M. Witiirow
George Seastream

Springfield.

Putnam.

Farmingdale.

Springfield.

Wenona.

Pekin.

Emden.

Meclianicsburg

. . President

State Inspector of Apiaries

1st Vice President

2d Vice President

3d Vice President

4th Vice President

5tli Vice President

Secretary

. . Treasure!

Pawnee.
List of members will appear in back of Report. Also Index.

'1

m- 41TY 'LIMOIS

DR. A. C. BAXTER,
President of the Illniois State Beekeepei's' Association.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE •

THIRTIETH ANNUAL SESSION

OF THE

Illinois State Beekeepers' Association

Tuesday and Wednesday, Dec. 14-15, 1920 .
Leland Hotel. Springfield, Illinois

t» m LIHOIS

GEO. SEASTREAM,
Treasurer of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS*

ASSOCIATION.

The Thirtieth Annual Meeting of the Illinois State Beekeepers'
Association was held at the Leland Hotel, December 14 and 15, 1920.

The meeting was called to order by the President, Dr. A. C. Baxter,
Springfield, Illinois.

The Eeverend J. H. Morphis, of Farmingdale, Illinois, pronounced
the invocation.

Almighty God, Thou creator of heaven and the earth, Thou who
hast taught us that all things were created by Thy hand, Thou that hast
a great plan by which this v.'orld shall all work together in harmony
that there may be no collisions between the lights which Thou hast placed
in the heaven, that each shall abide in its place and fill its office ; Thou
who hast made the earth and caused the grass to grow after the winter's
storm. Thou who hast planted trees so that they might bloom and bring
forth fruit. Thou who hath placed the birds in the branches thereof
that they may make melody pleasing to our hearing; Thou art the God
of order and the God of Abraham who has set forth all those things
that we might live in peace and harmony together, and that we miglit
be happy in the world Thou hast created.

Father, as we gather here today with these men who are giving
their time and their attention to the study of the things which Thou
hast made, we come to praise Thee, oh Lord, for those who are called to
be beekeepers and to study the life of the bee, in order that they may
know God's wisdom and God's planning for the happiness of his chil-
dren. "We pray that Thy blessing may be upon these men in their
homes. Bless them in their community, bless them in their work, bless
them, we pray Thee, in their understanding. Almighty God, for none
of us can make a bee, nor we eannot make honey.

It is within the province of those things which Thou hast ordered
that we may receive these blessings, so we can pray the blessing of God
may be upon the beekeepers' association of this State, that they may be
prosperous, and that they may bring forth out of the things which they
have -learned together here, of knowledge and of wisdom, and give to
each other those things which they have learned.

We pray Thy blessing therefore to be upon this organization today
and upon all their plans for the future. Sanctify we beseech Thee, the
fellowship and friendship of those who gather in these meetings, that
it may be a body to look forward year after year to this annual conven-
tion, that here they may meet and greet those who have come to this
great call, to investigate and to know more about the bee. We ask for
the blessing of our Heavenly Father to be upon all this city and upon
this government in its details and plans and purposes, and upon all the
interests of these people, and we pray that others may be reached, and

HUQIjrWKXTIKTir ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

GEORGE M. WITHROW,
Secretary of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERs' ASSOCIATION. 11

that this association may be called into larger influence till it shall reach
this entire State with interested men and women who shall bring forth
honey in abundance. We ask for the blessing of onr Lord to be upon
us, and to keep us in the way of life in all our occupations and callings,
and protect the church that comes under our ministration, and together
Avith these we commend ourselves to Thy providential care for this day,
praying God will direct our steps, and that we may walk upright and
be happy and brave continually, that God's name shall be glorified, that
our lives may be useful, and that the kingdom of heaven may be ex-
tended, for we ask it in Jesus' name. Amen.

The Pkesidext. — Having received the annual report so lately and
probably being very familiar with what took place last year, we Avill
dispense with the reading of the minutes.

President's Address.

Memders of The Illinois State Beel-eepers' Association, Ladies and
Gentlemen:

We are this morning assembled in the Thirtieth Annual Meeting
of this Beekeepers' Association. To you who have come to these meet-
ings from year to year, some of wdiom have grown gray in its service,
I extend sincere greetings. To those who are inattendance for the first
rime, and still others who are favoring us with their presence as visitors
I bid you a hearty welcome and invite your attention and participation
in the deliberations of this association.

As we meet each year to review the labors of the preceding twelve
months, to lay our plans for the future and improve ourselves in our
beloved industry we realize how much the burdens of life are lightened
and our daily tasks made easier by reason of the lasting friendships
formed here. Such friendships make life worth living and such friend-
ships are being made today in this, society.

Notwithstanding our happiness and prosperity of the year, yet has
it not been without its cloud of sorrow and days of darkness. The Angel
of Death has exacted his usual toll. Several members of this association
have answered the last call and have gone to their final reward. Of
these I will mention but one.

Dr. Charles C. Miller.

On September 4, 1920, at his home in Marengo, Illinois, Dr. Miller
passed away at the age of 89 years. Dr. Miller was born in Ligonier,
Pa., June 10, 1831. He took the degree of A. B. at Union College,
Schenectady, jST. Y., in 1853 and the title of M. D. was conferred upon
him by the University of Michigan .in 1856. He practiced medicine
hut a short time giving his attention to music and beekeeping. In bee-
keeping he reached international fame. Beekeepers of all time will
emulate his integrity, fidelity and amiable disposition.

"It is human to regret what we lose. But in this case why should
we mourn? He was over 89 years at his death and had a span of life

12 TWKXTIETrr AXXUAL REPOT^T OF THE

given to very few men. lie was useful to tlie last. He did his duty,
to all and after a short illness left a beautiful memory."

No greater memorial could be erected, no greater service to the
beekeeping industry could be possible than the establishment of a course
of beekeeping at our State University in the name of Dr. Miller, en-
dowed by the many beekeepers who have gained so much by his labors.

We have not been able the past year. to have as many field meets
as we had wished, but on September 10, we attended a meeting at the
yard of our State Inspector, A. L. Kildow. This meeting was well at-
tended by many local beekeepers and was of great benefit to all present.
Mr. Kildow deserves the thanks of the beekeepers of Putnam County
for his efforts in this matter. On October 7th I attended a beekeepers'
meeting at Cambridge, given under the auspices of Henry County 'Farm
Bureau. At this meeting great interest was displayed. More of these
meetings should be held which caHs for increased appropriation and to
that end we have added to our budget.

The membership of our association has not increased the past year
as it should. Many of the members seem to think that the association
is not worth while but they forget how much the industry owes to this
society for what it has done in the past and and what it is doing at
present. Our inspection system, its very life is due to the efforts of the
association and if we fall by the wayside what others have done for us
and what we are ourselves doing will have been in vain. If the mem-
bers of this association will put their shoulder to the wheel and get the
beekeepers in their neighborhood to become members, it will be no
trouble for this association to get anything it may care to ask for in the
way of education arid inspection. (Applause.)

TiiE President. — We will next have the Secretary's report.

Secretary's Report. ,

We have 31G members, mostly in the central and northern part of
the State.

From \\hat few reports I have been able to get, I find that honey
is selling at about 30 cents retail, that the bees are going into winter
quarters in very good condition, and the prospects for another year are
good.

• I have mailed out 3,280 pieces of mail, of which over 200 were
personal letters.

I am greatly disappointed in the number of members secured this
year. I told the president last spring that I had my stakes set for
1,500, but would be satisfied with 1,000, so you can see how much I am
disappointed.

It seems impossible to get up any interest or cooperation among
members as it is, each member should have influence enough to secure
at, least one new member, this alone would double our membership. It
seems impossible to get them to send in a list of names of neighbor bee-
keepers; only a few responded to my requests to do so. I can assign
no reason, except possible jealousy.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS^ ASSOCIATIOX. 13

I believe the}' think if they are the only one to belong in their vicin-
ity that they will receive all the benefits to be had, in this they are surely
mistaken, if all or nearly all in a certain community do not belong, no
one is not getting all they should out of this, or any association.

I sent out about 400 letters announcing this meeting and asked a
few questions about conditions and prices, and I received just 2G an-
swers.

Until every member gives the officers all the cooperation possible
Ave will Just drag along about where Ave are now. Xo organization,
ever grew by letting tAvo or three members get all the ncAv material.

I think if Ave get the extra appropriation asked for we should
get busy and hold field meets in places where Ave can find a fcAv beekeep-
ers AA-ho will Avork up interest in their locality, and help them form local
associations if possible.

I believe that if the inspectors Avill take a little time at each yard
inspected and try to induce the owner to become members, it will help.
1 knoAV Avhen I Avas inspecting I Avould neglect to do this quite often.

I have the f olloAving remarks to make :

Appoint a |)ress committee to have articles put in the news and
farm papers and get the industry before the people.

Carry an ad in the journals telling the people AA^here they can join
the association.

Get some stickers j)rinted and distribute them among the members
to put on every letter — Join The State Association.

Have the dues so much flat, then if they Avant anything else let
tliem have it at reduced rates, this to include supplies, queens, books,
magazines, etc., if Ave can make arrangements for same.

If I am to remain secretary of this association I hope and expect
to have the cooperation of CA'ery member; this is your association just
as much as it is any one elses; let us get together this year and boost
for at least 1,000 members, Avith all the beekeepers in this State I know
it can be done and Avill be if aa'c all pull together.

The President. — I Avill appoint an auditing committee of two
members, Mr. KildoAV and Mr. Dadant, and we Avill have a few minutes'
recess so that you Avho have not paid your dues can do so, and get ac-
quainted with one another. I want Mr. King to take charge of the
question box, and if any of you have anything you would like to ask,
Ave Avould be glad to have it.

Mr. Kildoav. — Before recess wouldn't it be AA^ell to find out just
what they are going to pay for this next year, so there Avon't be any
mistake about it?

The President. — The secretary Avill have to explain Avhat arrange-
ment has been made in regard to dues. The dues are $1.50. It has
been the custom heretofore to give some one of the bee journals Avith
that dollar and a half; I think it is rather doubtful at the present time
if Ave can do that, because that is the price of the bee journal. I do
not knoAv Avhat Mr. Dadant has to say about that this morning.

14 TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Mr. Dadant.^I am afraid it wouldn't be possible for us to make
the rate we made last year. We will be willing to make the rate of one
dollar for the association.

The President. — As all of you know, printing, especially paper,
such as the American Bee Journal or any of the bee journals is printed
upon, is almost prohibitive. I suppose many of you wonder why that
is true. I have gone into the paper situation in the last thirty days,
and I found out that the Curtis Publishing Company and one other
publishing company had bought the paper output for the next five years.
There has been a shortage of paper pulp and a decrease in the number
of mills running. I am telling you this so you will know Mr. Dadant
is not arbitrary regarding that price.

Mr. Dadant. — Three years ago I bought a carload of paper for
five cents, and last summer I bought our supply and paid twenty-one
and one-half cents, so you can see the difference in cost of the Journal.

Mr. Kildow. — Isit one dollar to the association members?

Mr. Dadant. — Yes.

Mr. Kildow. — I think it would be a good plan to raise our fees
twenty-five cents. I think it ought to be compulsory, when a man joins
an association, that he take a paper. That is one of the best things
that come from taking membership in the association. I think it would
be well for us to raise our dues twenty-five cents and make it one dollar
and seventy-five cents. That would make it include the amount of one
bee journal.

The President. — I don't know what Gleanings will do.

Mr. Kildow. — It is possible they will do it, so we can give them
the American Bee Journal anyhow. T want one of the journals to go
with the membership, for I think the beekeepers through the country
need the journal as much as anything.

Rev. Morpitis. — When I was in this convention a vear ago I
tl\ou^ht I would join the organization. I kept waiting and waiting for
somebody to ask me, and nobody asked me. I knew I was going to be
very busy in the year now passed, in building a home. We have so
much work on hand that I couldn't very well look forward to taking on
new work. I want to joint the convention, and I want the paper. I
would be in the dark if I should belong to an association in any kind
of business — I have been for years interested in bees, but you know a
preacher has a good many things to do, and bees are kind of unhandy
to move, so I expect to start this }iear with some bees, and if I leave
Farmingdale where I live now, T expect to leave the bees there for the
next minister to take care of. I want to study about them, and T be-
lieve the preacher should take up the study of bees, for this is the only
sweet that God has made, it is the only sweet He has made, as far as
Iitnow, for man's comfort and care, and I felt as I came to this meet-
ing and heard these men talking, and from what I had read about bees,
1 felt like the Almighty intended us to take up this bee business and
study the bee itself and study how to know something about it and get
the best results. I don't think God' made the bee just to make an in-
sect, but for a noble purpose, and it should be the thought of all intelli-

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATIOX. .15

gent people to take some interest in things created, that have been
placed at our command for our comfort and blessing.

So before this meeting is over I hope to go home to my wife justi-
fied. I would like to belong to the association and get the bee journal
and make a study of bees this summer. My friend and co-worker, Mr.
Stone, I think will give nie a good deal of instruction when I get started,
but I M'ould still like to read what other people say.

Mr. C. S. Bennett. — Brother Kildow suggests that the dues be
raised twenty-five cents, and that would satisfy the Dadants. Xow,
how about the bee journals, should a fellow Avant another bee journal,
would that be enough money to belong to the association, would it be
enough to satisfy the other bee journals and take one of the other papers ?
That part of it is not quite clear to me.

The PRESiDENT.^The one way to fix this is not to raise the dues.
A man joins the association for so much money. If the man says, '"T
Avant the American Bee Journal;" shall we charge him twenty-five cents
more, and if he wants two journals, shall we charge him so much for the
two, as we have been doing in the last year? Very few members will
refuse the paper if he gets it for twenty-five or fifty cents more. My
friend Withrow suggests that we raise it and make it fifty cents extra.
This is for your discretion. The executive committee of this society
doesn't care to take this matter in hand arbitrarily and say what the
price would be. The dues are one dollar and fifty cents, we raised this
a year ago, so that we could give a paper to every member. The ex-
ecutive committee has seen fit to give a paper with the membership, we
did that to make the membership a little more attractive.

Mr. Bennett. — I did not object to the dues, but I do object to
being forced to take a certain paper.

The President. — There is no intention on the part of this society
to do that.

Mr. Stone. — It is for you to choose whatever j'ou want.

Mr. Stewart. — Supposing you don't want the paper?

The President. — If he doesn't want the paper it is my understand-
ing he pays one dollar and a half.

Mr. Stewart. — I don't want it rammed down my throat.

Mr. Kildow. — That is just what I am going to do. It is absolutely
out of the question for a beekeeper to keep bees and not keep informed.
That is why I say make him take it whether he wants it or not. It is
an advantage to him and he ought to have it. And he must have it if
he amounts to anything. If he doesn't want to read it you can't make
him read it, but he ought to take a journal.

The President. — If a^ou try to change the dues the resolution has
to lay over one year before the dues can be raised.

Mr. Kildow. — I suggest you charge a dollar and a half and let the
executive committee furnish the paper at twenty-five cents.

The President. — I think that is the solution of it.

Mr. Coppin. — The journals were the same price last year.

The President. — Yes.

Mr. Coppin. — We got the American Bee Journal for twenty-five
cents last year, I should think we would get Gleanings at the same price,

16 TWENTIETH ANNUAL KEPOJrr OF THE

but if there i.s a bunch liere that knows all there i.s about bee culture and
do not want a journal, it wouldn't be right to compel them to take it.
I for one would rather take one or both.

Ml*. Bennett. — AVhat about being compelled to take a certain
journal?

The Peesident. — I agree with you on that thoroughly. We have
had arrangements with three papers, the American Bee Journal, Glean-
ings In Bee Culture, and Domestic Beekeeping, are the only papers
we have had arrangements with. I really think the same club offer,
that is Avith the increase of twenty-five cents, would hold good with the
other papers. About a month and a half ago I wrote to the Eoot people
in regard to Gleanings; so I could have some definite information in
regard to this meeting. They forwarded the letter to Ernest, who was
in an automobile in Carolina, stuck in the mountains, and he was too
busy to take it up, so I can't say definitely, but I think they generally
meet any competition and I dare say they will meet this, as far as the
bee journal is. concerned. I am willing to stand by the decision to in-
crease it twenty-five cents. ■

Mr. IViTiiKOW. — That twenty-live cents would be all right for one
paper. I am not in favor of raising the dues any more than possible.
They are already a dollar and a half, I understand, and we are not
obliged to give them nything, but we do give them a choice of any one
paper, but if they want tM'o or more they will have to pay more money.

The President. — Supposing a man took Gleanings for the dollar,
seventy-five, that is one dollar for Gleanings. If he wanted the Ameri^j
can Bee Journal he would have to pay one dollar more, which is tliej
same raise on both papers. *

Mr. Stone. — That would be three and a half for the two papers
and the membership.

The President., — The one dollar seventy-five is for one paper.

Mr. Stone. — And another dollar will get both.

Mr. Withrow. — And a few members will take all three. ^^j

The President. — Do you agree on the one dollar and seventy-fi\ '
cents? All in favor that the dues and one paper shall be one dollar anfej
seventy-five cents will signify it by the \isual sign; contrary; carried.

The motion was recorded.

"We will have a recess.

"Whereupon the meeting adjourned for recess.'

The President. — ({entlemen, you will come to order. A commit-
tee on resolutions was ap]X)ii^fed, which consisted of Mr. C. P. Dadant
and Mr. Kildow, on the death of Dr. Miller. Mr. C. P. Dadant has
been unable to be with us today, and his son is present and will read
the resolution. Mr. Dadant.

Resolution concerning the death of Dr. C. C. Miller.
Whereas. The death of Dr. C. C. Miller, at the age of 89, has removed
from our midst a venerated member of our State Association and one of the
foremost beekeepers of all times, known in this country and abroad as a
great writer, a man of genius and of the most kindly disposition; therefore,
bt it

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION.

17

-2 B A

DR. C. C. MILLER.

1831 — 1920

Author of Fifty Years Among The Bees.

mm

18 TWENTIETH xiNNUAL REPORT OF THE

Resolved, That we urge the beekeepers of the country to join us in or-
ganizing and subscribing a fund for some appropriate memorial preferably
an endowment for the education and instruction of young beekeepers at the
College of Agriculture; V

That we profoundly regret the loss of this great and good man whose
example will serve to encourage beekeepers for generations to come;

That we tender to his widow and to all the memebrs of his family and
to his friends our sympathy;

That a copy of this resolution be sent to Mrs. Miller and that it be
spread upon our published records.
Respectfully submitted, i

C. P. Dadant,
A. L. KiLDOw,

Committee.

Mr. Dadant. — I move this resolution be adopted as read.
^ Mr. Kildow. — Second the motion.

* The President. — It has been moved and seconded that the resolu-
tion be adopted as read. All in favoi; signify by the usual sign.

The motion was unanimously carsiied.

The President. — It is so ordered.

The next on the program is a paper by Mr. C. P. Dadant. I think
the son will again have to stand in the shoes of the father.

Mr. Dadant. — This paper is on making honey a staple. My father
wanted it explained that he. had written this three years ago, but he has
never delivered it, and he thought it a good paper to read now, because
he is pointing out what should be done in an emergency such as we are
probably coming to in the honey situation now.

Making Honey a Staple.

(C: p. Dadant.)

The beekeepers present at the meetings are always largely inter-
ested in the success of beekeeping, whether they be large producers,
writers, publishers, queen breeders or dealers in honey or supplies. They
are therefore interested, above all things, in making honey a staple
upon the markets.

The present condition of the honey market is as abnojmal as that
of any other product. War disturbs all traffic and what is true of peace
Limes may or may not be correct in war days. We therefore cannot
rely on present conditions for a criterion of future possibilities. Honey
was at a premium, so much so that one of our leading western beekeep-
ers, Wesley Foster, wrote in the January number of Gleanings, page
39 : "The high price of honey has cut down the local consumption at
least one-half. Calls are quite frequent, but three times out of four the
price spoils the sale. Nearly all the honey being sold at retail by the
grocers is going at less than it is worth in car lots."

That the prices of honey were as abnormal as the price of sugar is
evident. Old producers like myself are astounded at the quotations.
When the committee appointed by the Chicago-^NTorthwestern Associa-
tion in 1916, to place a standard value upon the wholesale and retail
prices of honey, had completed its work, and my son, L. C. Dadant,
who was a member of that eoi^imittee, told me that they had set the

t

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES" ASSOCIATION. 19

price of extracted honey, in 10 pound packages, at $2.25, I made the
assertion that no honey worth mentioning would be sold at that price, I
acknowledge now that I was in error. My opinion was based upon long
years of experience, but I had failed to take into consideration the fact
that Europe was short of all sorts of produce, sweets as well as cereals.
Honey retails there at prices ranging from 30 cents to $1 per pound,
and in many locations it cannot be had at all. This is an abnormal
condition and we cannot expect it to last beyond the end of the war.

Looking back over the past, from the time when Harbison began to
harvest his enormous crops in California, we see honey produced in
immense quantities and sold at so low a price that even the most prac-
tical beekeepers felt inclined to give up beekeeping. I remember the
offer of a California dealer, in the eighties, of extracted honey in car-
load Jots at 3 cents per pound, with 5 per cent discount for cash. The
prices this man paid to the producers of this crop must have been un-
profitable indeed. I have myself sold fine clover honey, thoroughly
granulated, at what I consider an unprofitable price, 7 cents per pound,
after having kept it for four or five years in the hope of securing at
better price. This might have seemed fair enough to producers who
shipped their honey to commission men, for even lower prices were being
paid by dealers. But considering the fact that we had a large trade
and were well-known to dealers and to a large circle of consumers, this
was certainlv too low.

In view, of the unfortunate past and the too booming conditions of
honey marketing, what can we expect from the future, when the abnor-
mal conditions of war have subsided ? Can we expect the present prices
to continue ? Will honey have become a staple then ? I am afraid that
neither of these questions can be answered in the affirmative.

That the price of honey is bound to decline when sugar scarcity is
over and sugar again declines, it seems to me goes without saying. I
do not believe that we can expect to secure, at wholesale, a price more
than double the price of sugar, for the good grades of honey.

Past experiences induce me to believe, that, in normal times, such
a price may prove profitable to the practical producer of extracted honey,
if he can secure it readily, that is if honey becomes a market staple, of
ready sale.

Here allow me to make a comparison between comb hone}^ and ex-
tracted honey, as to the selling value of both. In 1881, we published
a small pamphlet on the production of extracted honey in which we
predicted that this would some day sell as readily as comb honey. But
the years passed without any change, and comb honey continued to com-
mand from 50 to 100 per cent more than the extracted. We had en-
tirely given up the expectation of more remunerative prices on extracted
honey when this war brought about the change. From all sources now
come statements that there is but little difference in the price obtained.
Why is this ? In my estimation, it is the European demand, coupled with
a higher price, which caused this change.- In Europe, for centuries,
the best honey has been drained out of the combs, to preserve it in Jars
or pots. Indeed comb honey must be consumed within a year of its pro-

(1

20 TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

cliiction if we would have its best flavor. Its granulation in this shape
is objectionable to everyone. But extracted hone_y, or honey that has
been strained or di'ained^owt of the combs without heat and without im-
pairment by the mixing with it of pollen or other undesirable substances,
if well ripened and placed in air-tight receptacles, will preserve its qual-
ity for a much longer time. That is probably why the housekeepers of
my young days, in Europe, took the trouble to strain all the honey out
of the combs, before placing it upon the table. So we may look for a
continuation of a nearer identity in prices of the two grades. On this
matter also we find Mr. Foster assuming similar views to our own, for
in the number of Gleanings already mentioned he says : "Xext season
will see the passing of Colorado as a comb honey producing state.
Comb honey will be produced; but three-fourths of the total crop will
be extracted."^ This is not astonishing when we remember that alfalfa
honey, which is the principal crop of Colorado beekeeping granulates
very readily in the comb. That fancy comb honey will always command
a fancy price is not to be doubted, neither should we doubt that man}'
people will always take it, even at a higher price. But the honey for the
masses, the staple honey of the world, will be extracted honey. So it
is on honey in this shape that we must figure for the product destined
to be a staple.

What is necessary to make honey a staple, when war conditions no
longer have an influence upon the market?

First, we should continue to urge what we have urged for a few
years past, the value of honey as food, as compared with other sweets.
It is hardly worth while for me here to expatiate upon this subject. We
have done it in print at different times and hardly a number of our
bee magazines appears without some reliable statements in favor of
honey as compared with the best grades of sugar or with the cheap
syrups. We have ourselves scattered close to 200,000 leaflets explaining
not only how honey is produced and extracted but also its greater value
as food than that of many other food products, as detailed by Professor
Barney, of Iowa. Our old friend Dr. Miller is lavish in his praise of
honey as health food and sets a living example of the truth of his re-
marks by continuing to keep healthy and continuing to consume honey
largely in his eighty-seventh year. The United Honey Producers, for
several years, urged the teaching of the healthfulness of honey in the
public schools. This is an important matter which should be taken up
by each State Beekeepers' Association, or if it were possible, by the
National Association. But so large an amount of funds would be needed
for this purpose that it is going to be some time before a concerted ef-
fort is made throughout the country by the beekeepers to secure recog-
nition. The matter must be put forward in a practical way, with the
help of the best talent that the beekeepers can secure. When we go to
the professors and superintendents of the country schools, we must do
it in a way that will command attention and consideration, for a ques-
tion badly presented is beaten before it is heard.

Are we in doubt about the possibility of honey ever being taken
seriously as a staple? Why should we be, if the facts are made known

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. ^1

to the public? Did you ever stop to think how few people know any-
thing about Avhat honey is, its varying color, its varying taste, as it is
gathered from the different flowers ? We still have many beekeepers and
dealers who do not consider it worth while to present honey to the public
in the granulated form. They go to a great deal of trouble to liquefy
it, to blend it so that it may always look the same and taste the same,
though you and I know very well that it cannot always be done, for there
is too much difference between some grades and some others.

Why do they do this ? Because they realize that only a very small
portion of the population of the country actually knows that honey does
granulate and that granulated honey is usually pure. Because they
realize that most consumers, after eating of one grade of honey and find-
ing it good, will mistrust all other grades and think them adulterations.
So the public is ignorant, yes, in dense ignorance, &aiy it loudly, of the
merest facts about honey. Yet some of us expect to sell honey readil}'
to the public. Have you not met hundreds of people who believe, who
think they positively know, that comb honey can be manufactured and
sealed over artificially? Have you not met people who, after eating
amber honey, are entirely incredulous of white honey being honey at all?
Are there not thousands who believe that buckwheat honey is the very
best honey in existence?

Why do people at large have such ridiculous ideas concerning an
every day fact, if it is not that their education has been neglected ?

Is there any difl'iculty in getting facts before the people, in this
enlightened age? Xot if you are numerous enough and strenuous
enough to make the facts known. Did they not use to think that whis-
key was a food ? And now whiskey bids fair to be relegated to oblivion.
Did not our western pioneers assimilate olive oil with castor oil? And
now they relish their salads with the finest grades of olive oil. I re-
member when, in my young days, I thought tomatoes were a pretty fruit,
but unfit for consumption. I now like them so well that I would gladly
see them on the table at every meal.

Why did glucose, corn syrup take so well, even when it was so poorly
made as to be actually injurious to the health? Because the manufac-
turers saw so much profit in it that they spent tens of thousands of dol-
lars in advertising it. Although it has not over a third of the sweeten-
ing or nourishing value of honey, yet many people imagine that it is
better than honey.

It is going to cost us something to let the people learn of the actual
value of hone}^, of its appearance and conditions, of the healthfulness
of granulated honey. But sooner or later we will teach them. Just
how long we will delay this matter ma}^ depend upon very insignificant
conditions. Many of us think we cannot afford to spend as much as it
will require to make honey a staple. Let us see.

We are told that the United States probably produce 300 million
pounds of honey annually. But let us say that the country only pro-
duces one tenth of that amount, or 30 million pounds. Let us say that,
of that amount, only half is produced by practical and progressive bee-
keepers, who are desirous of making honey a staple. Would they be

T '

23 TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPOET OF THE

willing to spend a tenth of a cent per pound for a few years in order to
reach the result that would enhance the value of honey for good ? This
would produce $15,000 for advertising annually.

I am not writing this to urge beekeepers to subscribe to such a
fund. But we are in a new era. (^The world is beginning to recognize
that in order to succeed we must be^united. Uncle Sam has taken over
the food situation, imitating in this the countries at war who know that
efficiency is in association. We are going to associate more and more.
I feel very much inclined to predict that the time is not very distant
when the beekeepers of the country will associate to teach the nation
the value of honey.

One more thing. If we expect to make honey a staple, we must
produce enough of it to keep some on hand at all times for the require-
ments of the trade. We must also produce it cheaply enough to retain
the customers after they have begun using it. I can understand very
readily that farmers would like to get $2.50 a bushel for wheat, 80 cents
for oats, and $1.50 for corn, constantly hereafter. But this is not any
more likely than 18 cent hogs. Neither are we likely to obtain 25 to 30
cents for our honey all the time.

So we must learn to produce honey largely and by the most economi-
cal methods, so that it may cost u^ as little as possible. I have no pa-
tience with the man who thinks he knows just what to do and who does
not think he can learn anything at a bee convention; for it is at these
conventions that we every year learn new methods and more economical
details of production.

Neither have I any patience with the man who thinks that there
are already too many honey producers and that the only way to succeed
is to discourage others from going into beekeeping, that the true prog-
ress is in shortening the crops to secure more profit for those who are
already producing. There are billions of pounds of honey going to
waste every year for want of bees and beekeepers. Millions of people
never have any occasion to taste of honey. I believe that the future of
mankind is in producing as much as we can for the foods, the textiles,
the metals, so that all things needed by man may be plentiful.

Our present generation, or a part of it at least, has become insane
enough to be bent upon destroying all it can of jinan's necessities. But
this is not going to last and we will learn the lesson of human happi-
ness, through unlimited production instead of unlimited destruction.
(Applause.)

The President. — Gentlemen, this paper is open for discussion. It
is a very good paper, really too good to discuss. We would like to hear
from Mr. King, of the question box.

Me. King. — "Does raising queens from cells built in preparation
for swarming increase the swarming impulse?^'

The Peesident. — I take it this question means if you take a queen
raised from a cell built under the swarming impulse, will the swarming
impulse be accentuated in the bees developed from that queen ?

Mb. Coppin.— I don'^t think that will have anything to do with the
generation of bees.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. JI3

The President. — I can't see that it would have any bearing what-
ever on the bees — I think not.

M^. KiLDOW. — That is my impression. I can't prove it one way
or the other, but that is the impression I have from my experience.

The President. — It is simply a natural method for the bees to
increase.

The President. — Let us proceed with the next question.

Mr. King. — Q. How many colonies should be kept in one yard
around Litchfield, Illinois? That is about twenty-five miles south of
here.

Mr. Kildow. — That is very indefinite.

The President. — That is something I don't believe any man could
answer unless he lived in the immediate vicinity of the man that asked
this question. There are some localities in which many colonies could
be kept, and in other localities none. I couldn't say how many could be
kept in this locality. It would depend upon whether it was all culti-
vated land, whether there were creek bottoms and river beds.

Mr. CoppiN. — Does anyone know the conditions in that locality,
whether there is sweet clover there?

Mr. Dadant. — I think we could be safe in saying not over one hun-
dred colonies.

The President. — That is safe almost anywhere.

Mr. King. — I have another question. "Should the new State con-
stitution have a section in it to pay full value for each colony of bees
killed, which have foul brood?"

The President. — ^That is your answer ?

Mr. King. — Yes.

Question. — Does that mean being destroved by the apiary inspec-
tor? •

Mr. King. — That is the way I understand it.

Mr. Kildow. — I don't think he ought to have anything for it. I
don't think there ought to be such a section in the new constitution, for
the reason that a colony with foul brood is worthless, and the man
shouldn't get something for nothing. They pollute the neighborhood,
they are really a detriment and shouldn't be paid for, that is the idea
of the thing,

Mr. Coppin. — I think we would be better off without that clause,
because I think the beekeepers are careless enough now, and I think
they would be a great deal more so if they were to get paid for what
was destroyed by foul brood, so I think it is better to leave it stand as it is.

Mr. Boyer. — I think he should be fined for keeping them instead
of receiving money because they were killed.

Mr. King. — ^Another question: Is there any food value in bees-
wax?

The President. — Does anyone care to answer that?

The Secretary. — ^You are about the only one that could answer
that question effectively.

The President. — How many of you read an article in Gleanings,
September issue I believe it was, on the food value of comb and extracted

24 . TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT OF TIFE

honey? I think possibly the one that asked this question had read it.
From that article you would gather tliat beeswax had a slight food value,
and it seems to be the concensus of ;all food experts and chemists that
beeswax has a slight food value, due^ to a digestible or soluble fat con-
tent, which in that paper was called. a vitamine. That is not a water
soluble, but it is soluble in the digestive juices of the human body or
animal body. How much that food Talue is I can't tell you. I don't
know that they can tell you, but it ha:^ a food value, and of course under
that theory the comb honey would have a greater food value than ex-
tracted honey. If a man was put upon extracted honey, and another
npon comb honey, the one that was fed the comb honey would live the.
longest.

A Member. — It is all from the same material, isn't it?

The President. — No, the increased food value is not in the honey.
The honey you are feeding as extracted honey is a carbohydrate. If
you were to feed that article alone, that animal in your experiment
would die, because it is not a balanced ration. The other animal that
you feed the comb liOney have something in the beeswax which is a fat
content, more than you would have in the extracted, consequently lives

the longest.

Mr. King. — I have another question : What is the cause of the
v/hite clover honey failure of the last two years?

Mr. Kildow. — There are two causes. One is because there wasn't
any clover to speak of. The other is that as far as I could see there
must have been some atmospheric conditions that were not Just right.

The President. — First, why was there a failure in the growth of
the clover?

Mr. Kildow. — The only thing I can see is the dry fall, or a dry
summer, that killed the plants that came in the sprfiig, and no rainfall
to bring it on. When there is plenty of clover in a locality there must
be atmospheric conditions, because in lots of territories we have white
clover that is perfectly white with bloom, and there is no bees on it.

The President. — In that atmospheric condition you probably
mean that in most of our clover plants the oozing of the nectar takes
place during the night. Most of the time these clover plants failed
we did not have a warm night. The nights were rather cool. In quite
a few instances there is a great deal of dew, and you never find bees
bothering clover following a night like that. Good corn-growing weather
is good honey weather providing you have a crop of clover.

Question. — Is there any way to know at the beginning of white
clover bloom, before the bees begin to work, is there any way of know-
ing whether you are going to have a white clover honey flow or not?

The President. — You mean whether that white clover present will
yield or not? Xo, I think not^ because atmospheric conditions vary
from day to day.

Mr. Linke. — In this locality that is mentioned we have more white
clover this year than we have had for the last three or four years, and
lots of alsike clover too. ' .-

The President. — Did the alsike vield?

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS^ ASSOCIATION, 25

Mr.. Linke. — I believe we got more from the red clover.

Mr. Taylor. — I would like to ask the gentleman if they had many
dews about that time?

Mr. Linke. — We had lots of rain, floods.

Mr. Taylor. — That is not dew. We had a few scattering days dur-
ing our honey flow that we had honey to flow, that is some bees working
on the white clover, but they were the days following the morning that
there were dews. Any atmospheric conditions that will produce dews
will produce honey.

The President. — A hot sultry night is the best atmospheric con-
dition.

Mr. Boyer. — Where I live, at Champaign, and near Urbana, in the
north part of Champaign there is a man named Mayers, who has sixty
colonies of bees. Within two or three miles of him there is forty acres
of alsike clover, and there was one continuous roar of bees from his
hives to that clover. Not far from there was another white clover field
where you couldn't find a bee on it, so far as I could detect the clover
was of the same kind. Why did one field give honey and the other not
give any?

A Member. — Did you observe this condition just one day ?

Mr. Boyer. — No, for several days.

The President. — I noticed last summer when I drove through
your country, having been up the east side of the State, there was that
much difference in everything there. It seems that there was a divid-
ing line ; west of the line everything seemed pretty poor, and east of it
was a good crop.

The Secretary. — Last year the rain fell on one fortv acres and
the sun shone on the next one.

Mr. Bennett. — Isn't it a fact that bees in a certain location do
well and others a mile from there will make a great deal less honey?

The President. — Yes. The next on the program is Mr. Bender.
Mr. Bender's children are ill, and he has sent the paper in. I am going
to ask Mr. Kildow to read it.

The Question of Supplies.

(By C. F. Bender.)

Having been called upon for a paper to be read before this con-
vention, it seemed to me that a full discussion of this subject from the
beekeeper's standpoint might be of interest. I wish to assure you at the
outset, that I am in no way interested in the sale of bee supplies, but
view the matter solely as a purchaser. Having decided upon my own
policy with regard to the purchase of supplies for the coming season,
it may be useful to give you the facts and fancies on which that decision
is based.

I have just returned from a month's vacation in which I visited
some of the larger supply factories, making a leisurely visit at each;
with a view to learning present conditions, as well as future prospects.
I will confess that I went as a missionary to these benighted brethren

26 TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPOKT OF THE

saying — Lo, the poor bee man. IIow is he to pay war prices for his
supplies, and take a chance on selling his honey next fall?

I was surprised to find that they were already true believers. They
knew all that I had to tell, and much more. Instead of darkly plot-
ting how they were to keep up the prices of supplies, they were anxiously
and even prayerfully considering" how these prices might be reduced.
Thy taught me that the factories must be run through the winter, if
the demand next summer is to be supplied ; that if they are run through
this winter, materials and labor must be purchased at prices that aver-
age less than ten per cent below the highest war prices. Coal and iron,
lumber, beeswax, labor, were still selling cat astonishing prices. Freight
rates on those materials were higher than ever before. Taxes were a
burden, intrest on borrowd capital unusually high, and in many cases
borrowed money was not to be had at any price. Considering all these
things, it would be folly to store a large stock of supplies, in the hope
of selling them next summer. The only course left was to run the
factories shorthanded, storing only such a stock as would certainly be
sold, at nearly the present level of prices. This in the hope, not of
making a Jarge profit, but of avoiding a heavy loss.

It seems to me that our problem, Avhile apparently the same as
that of the manufactiirers, is really different, because the labor em-
ployed is largely our own. Unless we are to abandon our business en-
tirely, it will not profit us to limit the production of honey because our
supplies cost us twenty per cent more than they will probably cost us
a year later. It will not even pay us to limit increase on account of the
high price of hives, because the net profit per colony for one season will
more than cover any probable reduction in the price of hives during that
year.

If these statements are accepted as facts, thereonly remains for us
one possible question. Shall we buy our supplies now, S9 far as we can
foresee our needs, or shall we wait until Spring or Summer, in the hope
of getting them cheaper? In my mind that question also, is easily
answered. I have tried to show you that the factories and dealers are
carrying only small stocks, and that a normal demand during the busy
season cannot be supplied. Consequently, if we wait until the last mo-
ment, there is danger, not only, that we shall be obliged to pay higher
prices, but that we shall not get our supplies at all.

Our only consolations are, that we have used some low priced supplies
in the production of high priced honey— that, as we have gone up with
the commercial balloon, we must come down as it cools off, as other
producers are doing; and must content ourselves with reduced profit?,
hoping for better times in the years to come.

My prediction is, that the lowest prices for supplies during the year
will be those quoted in the January catalogues. Acting on that belief,
I have already ordered my supplies for the next season, and expect to
do business at the old stand, in quite the usual manner, in nineteen
twenty-one. (Applause.) ,

The President. — Any comments on this paper?

The President. — Any questions, Mr. King?

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS'' ASSOCIATION. 37

Mr. King. — When you give a colony two stories for brood until
the honey flow, must there be an extra story for drawn combs, or can
it be foundation?

A Member.^ You can do either. It depends on what you want to
do. I take it for granted you want to know what you should do to
the second story to give a double brood chamber and produce — is it
comb honey?

Mr. King. — He didn't say.

The President. — He. would probably, if he gave full comb have
the queen up to lay a little quicker than if he gave foundation.

Question. — How is he going to get his foundation drawn?

Mr. Atkins. — ^\Vith the idea of giving the queen more room for
egg laying in a short time after it was put on, it might be advisable to
put a drawn comb up from below.

The President. — I think it would be the concensus of the beekeep-
ers present, if he had the drawn combs, to give the drawn comb.

Mr. Atkins. — Of course it shouldn't be done too early.

The President. — ^We are taking it for granted he knows that. If
there are no more questions we will adjourn for dinner until one-thirty,
in this room.

Whereupon the meeting was adjourned to meet at one-thirty P. M,

TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION.

The President. — Gentlemen, will you come to order? Mr. Kil-
dow, we will have the report of the State inspector of apiaries at this
time.

Mr. Kildow. — Gentlemen, I am not going to burden you with very
much of a report. I will give you just a little offhand report. The
full report you will get in the printed proceedings.

; To begin with, this spring I tried to do some work in the south

part of the State, before our work would be ready in the north, but if

• you will all remember the kind of a spring we have had, it was almost

impossible to do anything. I have made three trips, and I don't get

enough done in all those three trips for one regular trip.

When I reached the south part of the State, I found that with the
rain and snow and bad weather it was almost impossible do to any in-
spection, but I did quite a little talking, and we did a little good, prob-
ably, in that way, and when the weather did get so we could do any-
thing, we made the examination.

Then during the season we made our calls, principally at those
places where we got word or where they wanted us to come, so during
the season the work has been principally on calls. Very few new locali-
ties have been gone into. The calls have kept us going whenever an in-
spector could afford to be out. You are all aware that under the per
diem the inspector gets four dollars a day, he couldn't afford to go out
any time the call happened to come in. . Our work was confined mostly
to calls throughout the State. We went into very few new localities,
and as we were only getting four dollars a day it was a pretty hard

■JS

'IWI'N riKTII ANNTAI. IMM'OIM' OT TIIK

A. L. KILPOW.

~t:iu- InsixTliir of Aiiiuii'

i^

ir.r.ixoi^- -r\Ti-; hi:i:ki:i"['i:i;> \--(ic[.\'no\.

29

iJiatlcr U'V .-111 iii.-[H(tui- i(; -cT \i|i ;i!iii 'j.(' till' niimitr lie .ui't ;i <';i!l. ami

lUgiCcI lli> (iWll lill>ilH'>>. hi!! we -llccrcdi (! ill LicltillU' (i\('l' the tcITitdl'V
Nl'C'tty Weil.

1 !ililli< il (lid i-ni!-i(!c!';!'luc ;iii(K!. We hiui ;i \\'V: liclil lllccN. oiic

al^iiiv place il) S('|tt('nilic!'. 'I"lii> \\a> nn tlic -\<\\v i<\' thf iiinniciU. you
liii.ulit >a\'. 1 trinl to i:r\ hiIht iuccI iii;^> t in-MUulilhc Sr.-ilc 1 lii'oiiL;'!i
tho siinuii"!'. hill tiial .-'■.•nifd lo Im- inijMi-siiilc. Al the la.-t iinanciiT I

told lllc doctdl' I \\;is i:'iiii;j In ll;i\(' .( )I ii' ;',f tllV jdacc. >(i 1 called op.c I'di-

Scjitcinlicr Iciilli. and ! liiiiil-; we laid a \cr\' li'ikmJ nicctiiiL;. u'dod speaker^,
ami the |>r(ii;raii! was \(t\ l:<'<ii!. and \\c had ijiiitc ;i ^ocd attendance
and there aii|iea!'e(| to lie a 'j,in)t\ deal (if intere-t taken.

We liail a. meeting;" and (!i\uani/-eil an a^-diiatidn at l\d\vai'd>\ iih'.
rhe\' ai'e takiiii;' cdii>idei'ahle interest tlua'c. and succeeded in driz'aiiiziiiLf
,i \-ery pKid cduiity ;i.->dciatidn. called the Madi-dii ('dimty IJeekeeiiers'
A.->dcial idi!. Later in the seasdii we dreani/.ed aiHithei' one ;il ('am-
i;iid;je. Iliiiidis. lleiirv ('(amtw We haii (jiiite a little ineeiini:' there,
in I'act tlie\' ,L;'dt woke ii|i the xcar hel'dre. hut tiiev cdnliln"t iiiiite iierl'ect
liieir (n-,L:a)iizat idii until last fail. \dw they are taking' (jiiite a little
intei'e-i there, and prdhahlv will have sexcral inectinLis din-iiiu- the winter.
Id talk d\cr this ineelini;' and L;et hetter ]id>Ted.

J was called td ("arhdiidale thi- fall. ! made two trips there. The'y
ai'e LiCttiiiL;' interested and prdhahlv hy thi,- rime tlie\' ha\e orLj'anized.
f kiidW' their man told me la-t week at Chicaiid they t!idui;ht they Wdiild
tie {>ri:anized in a I'ew da\.-. >d thev are u'ettiiiL;' Wdke nn <ldwn there, and
tIic^' I'cel the\' iiec.l nrua 11 izat idn |irettv had. and it is diil\' a matter nf
a few \ ea rs till tlie\' w'll he |n'eit\- well druaiii/.ed thrduuli that sectiiai
'd' 1 he cdiintry.

Mi;. S'ri-:w.\i;T. — IIa.-n"i tlic price id' hia:<\' ddUe nidre td wake tliem
lip than anxthiiii;' else!'

-Aiii. Ki I.DOW. — 1 dcn't knew, 'idic price prchahlx ha- -dine eifect
\\]Hn\ them. 'Idiai i- ahdiit all the d!T-haiid talk f liaxe" to ei\-e vdu. \
will ,<ii\(' \dii the iiuiire- in rdiiml iiiimher>. dl' what we liaxc (haie.

We didnd exa'iiiiie a- many cd'diiie- and apiarie- a- we did hist
year. I'dr the riaxm we diil\- went where we were calh-d. This \'ear we
confirtjwd all tu' practicali\' ;ili ^air li'dini: td call-, en accdunt o'i ihe
-cat'citv of in.-pecidi-. 1; there ai'e aiiv d,iie-t idii- xmi wnuid like tcj
ask. T will he i:iad td hear them.

]Mi;. Stkwvk'I'. — l>ii"t it a i'act that nature i- kilHiii; niit imire fdii!
iiiood than you dd?

!Mi;. KiiaidW. — 1 coiildn't tell \d!i. Thai wcidd he ii preitv hard
Diattcr To answer.

'I'fiK l'i;F,sii»i:N'r. — Wdiat iln ydu mean i«\- nature'r

]\lr;. STHWAirr.-^-I he cl' their own accord.

Alii. l\iia)o\\". — Xd. I Wdii't auree witli ydu. There i> udt a iiTcat
]HV cent die of their dwii will. a> y(m iiiiiiht lall it. XdwadaAs thev are
hc-iipu' treated. 'Idiere are a few heekeeper^ who li;i\e had liees a irood
many years, that let tludr cdldiiie- die. iuit there i- not a lari;'e jxt cent
whd do that. If you -want to ask anything', it' I know it I will t(dl you.

TiiK Pi;i:sii)i:n"|'. — hoidt he al'ra.id to a-k him anxthini;" that ina\'
he of interest to won.

30

TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

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ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS'" ASSOCIATION. 31

Mr. Kildow. — As Dr. Miller said, what is the use of knowing so
niiach if so much of it ain't so?

Mr. Coppin. — Isn't it a fact that there are bees that are treated
where the disease is not cured?

Mr. Kildow. — That is a fact.

Mr. Steavart. — We will alwa5^s have foul brood.

Mr. Kildow. — That is ni}- impression.

A Member. — Not in this section.
,' The PresiOent. — That matter of always having disease among
bees or any other animal might be applied as well to diseases of the
human race. We have always had certain diseases, we probably always
will have. We have always had smallpox, as far back as the history
of man goes. Xo one reached the adult age without having it, but now
they have vaccination, the disease has been eliminated, there are very
few men in this room that have had smallpox. I doubt if there is any
but one that I know of. Under this man's argument you would let them
all have it, let all the bees have foul brood and die. That is a poor
theory. Why should you let disease run rampant without having your
inspector to educate the man, for that is realy what he does to confine it.
Here is a man that has an apiary with more bees than any man in the
country, and he has never had foul brood among his bees. He wouldn't
have careless beekeepers around him. But there is a tendency among a
certain class of people, to say, what is the use, the thing is here. They
have got to have it anyway, like a man taking his children out and ex-
posing them to scarlet fever, because he would rather they would have'
it when little than when they are big. Smallpox is not a disease of
fdth. It doesn't arise from filth. I know two houses in this town
who have it today, who are the very best class of people that we have,
l)ut they went on a picnic and came incontact with people who had it.
It was carried from one to the other.

Mr. Kildow. — The question will we ever get rid of foul brood,
was asked me a year ago at a Eockford convention. I said I didn't
think it ever would be entirely eradicated. He thought it was rather
strange that an inspector should give that kind of report, but I believe
it is a fdct that we never will get rid of it. It will be here, there, or
some place, but we can control it, a.nd that is all we are trying to do,
and the better we can control it the better off we are. I don't think
we will ever get rid of it, but we can get it down Avhere we can handle it.

Mr. Coppin. — I am one that would be in favor of trying to control
the disease.

The President. — That is all right.

Mr. Kildow. — Yes, Ave are trying to get rid of it.

Mr. Coppin. — I think Ave ought to have one treatment that would
answer for European or American, either one. But the way it is, they
are treating the disease, treating for European or the i^merican, and
in lots of cases they do not get rid of it. They are still at it. One
fellow will blame his neighbors, although he has no proof his neighbor
Avas the cause of it. A man in the city will blame parties for shipping
in honey and throwing out containers, although he has no proof his bees
get it from there. I have tried for a number of years, and I find it is

32 TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPOET OF THE

very hard to get rid of it. I belih'e the safest way would be to have
just one treatment that would answer, either for European or the
American. That would be to kill the queen, as well as transfer them.
They are so similar in many ways that it is hard to tell the difference
between the two diseases. The inspector will show them the difference
in the disease. Still I was in an apiary with an inspector; he took out
a number and looked at it, I asked him what he called that, he said he
called that "pipkle" brood. "What do you call this?" '•'European foul
brood." I took a toothpick and pulled out some cap, 'and showed him
the American, so there were three diseases in the same comb. So that
it is pretty hard to tell. You pronounce it either European or the
American ; there may be a little of both. If you treat for one, you still
have it.

Me. Kildow. — That is all quite possible, yet if we can get our
people through in their treatment we wouldn't have to be much trouble.
I think there is more disease scattered by careless manipulation of the
treatment than by any other means. I know a man who sometimes
keeps bees in a house, but when he wants to treat a colony of bees, he
takes it in the house and sets it up on a place and lets the bees fly out
and come back in, in any colony they want to. That is how he gets
the bees out of his foul brood colony.

Me. Stewart. — It is a very good plan if you are situated so you can
do it. I don't know sometimes but it is a good plan to get rid of brood.
He loses what young brood there- is in the hive. Sometimes I think
if we would burn the old hive and bees when we first find them, it would,
be the best thing that we could do, but it is sometimes hard to get the
people to do that.

Me. Bishop. — rDon't you think there is a good deal of disease con-
tracted by the comb, in melting it down from one location to another,
for instance, in gunny sacks.

Mr. Kildow\— All these little things are possible but not probable.

The President. — Probably Mr. Dadant could answer that question.

Me. Dadant. — I would say it depends upon your beekeeper. A
man that is a good beekeeper won't ship combs with honey in them, still
worse, he won't ship anything that has foul brood. We have handled
combs to some extent and we do not have any trouble keeping our colo-
nies' clean. . There is a possibility, though.

The President. — I will read Mr. Stewart's treatment, so you can
all discuss it.

HoAv I Handle Ameeican Foul Beood.

After dark quietly pick up the diseased hive and without disturbing
the bees carry it into the shop, from which let the bees go out through
a) bee escape in a window. Authorities tell us that a bee carries no
honey when leaving its hive, and beekeepers know that any bee can enter
any hive it wants to when there isino attempt to force it in. When the>
bees are all out of the hive melt the combs, boil the brood frames a few
rainivtes, and then use the hive and frames again. This is much better

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 33

than the shaking method, for any beekeeper knows that when we shake
bees many of them crawl into the clothing, and it is possible that those
who have authority to inspect and shake bees thus scatter more disease
than the}^ eradicate as a result of the shaking treatment. Disease laden
bees may thus be carried long distances into localities where there is no
disease, and when one of them leaves the clothing and enters a hive the
owner at once has American foul brood in his bees.

These ideas are for beekeepers who do their own thinking.

Mr. KiLDOAV. — It is very seldom you will carry bees in your cloth-
"ug very far.

A Me:mbek. — When you go to a farmhouse and a man has bees in
boxes and just any kind of a container that he can place a swaim of bees
in, and he happens to have foul brood, how would you go about it to
get that mail to clean up that foul brood, and how does he do it ?

Mr. Kildow. — The law reads very plain.

Mr. Bexxett. — But when you approach him he will tell you if you
want the queen caged you can go ahead and cage her.

Mr. Kildow. — It is pretty hard to lay down any ironclad rule when
you go into a man's place. You have got to judge your man, talk to
him and go according to A'our best judgment. Go at him a little easy
till you find out what^ he is made of. I can't lay down an iron-clad
rule. T might tell you what I would do after I had talked with him a
lew minutes, but I couldn't here, because I go according to the man.
If I think a man will be hostile, I may be a little .bit rougher to him,
but if he is inclined to take my instructions I change my plans entirely.
The way for you to do is to get into them and then go according to what
you find.

Mr. Bexxett. — I do not proporse to treat other jieople's bees free
of charge or anything like that, but any amount of peoi)le in the country
have bees on straia:ht combs.

Mr. Kildow. — Try to tell him the best way to do and then see
that he does it.

Mr. Bex'Xett. — I think we shoidd insist on the law to compel peo-
ple to place their bees on combs that could be handled.

Mr. Kildoav — The laAV says you must have them so an inspector
can look at them. \^

The Presidext. — Our lawmakers have always contended — and
imder the present constitution — I think the one we have now will still
be the constitution for quite a while, that you couldn't compel a man
to keep his bees in a certain kind of hive any more than you could com-
pel a man to keep his cows in a certain kind of barn. .

Mr. Kildow. — The law says you must keep them so the inspector
c^n examine them.

The Presidext. — It isn't a question of what the work is. It is
a. question of the underlying principle involved in the law.

Mr. Kildow. — The law gives it to you so you can work it out pretty
well, for if they are not in the kind of hive where you can look at them,
you have got to get them there.

— 3 B A

34 TWKXTIKTir AXXUAL REPORT OF THE

I

Tjie rRKsiDEXT. — Suppose you compel the man to keep them in
a mo\able frame and he doesp't use foundation, you are just a.s bad off
as before.

Mr. Bennett. — They have the old-fashioned diamond hives in my
|)art oi' the country.

Mr. IviLDOW. — There are very few box hives now. They don't
worry me as much as the shiftless beekeeper. He is the source of
trouble. I can learn things by you asking questions. It helps me and
it helps the other inspector.

Mr. CoppiN. — This is the main question according tg my belief:
This disease among bees, if we can find out any method of getting rid
of it we want to do it.

Mrs. Kildoav. — Everlasting vigilance will get rid of anything.

Mr. Kiluoav. — Another thing, this is the time this winter whcji our
IjOgislature meets, and we want some more money. We want it so we
dan X)ay your inspector enough so that he can afford to go out and do
Avork. We want to pay him more than a common day laborer that will
take a shovel aiul go out and work. He has put a good many years in it
to learn this thing, and you can't expect him to work for less than a
common day laborer. We have done this the last three or four years,
and it is uphill business. We are merely giving our time for nothing,
and ])aying a little besides, so we ask for an appropriation mcrease and
change of law in regard to the per diem. And we want all you bee-
keepers in Illinois to write your representative and senator and ask him
to vote for the beekeepers' appropriation at this session.

The President. — That comes through the change in the budaet.

Mr. Bennett. — How much is it now?

Mr. Kildow.- — -We are now getting two thousand a year, but they
tie it up so you can't use it well. They divide it up. We are not
allowed to take from one fund to the other. Siiice the war started, we
liad to make an estimate of so much expense. You know where ex-
penses have gone in the last few years, and we can't change that a bit.
It is the same way with the per diem. We can't change anything. We
ha\e had to be very careful to make our expense do the little work we
have done through the year. This time, I think, by the first of next
July, we will have it all spent, the ])er diem and the expense, too. It
i^ |)retty hard twisting around, though, to get it. We have got to make
our expenses come up to the times, and we have got to have our per diem
(■(une u|) to the times. We want a per diem so we can get good inspect-
(U's and pay a fair price for the ones we now have. So I would like you
to write your senator and representative, so when this thing conies up it
can be put through. We have been trying to get along the best way we
'•an till we could get ade(ptate wages.

The Pi;esh)ext. — We ha\e a gentleman here today who I'cpi'esents f
tlu Lewis people, manufacturers of beehives. Beware where you buy
your ijeeware. I would like to hear from Mr. Atkinson on this sul>-
ject of foul brood.

Mr. B. W. Atkinson. — Mr. President and beekeepers: I have
listened with a good^deal of interest to your discussion on foul brood, as

ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATIOX. 35

1 have had some experience in foul brood and inspection work in Canada,
and seen the workings of different foul brood laws in different states
in the United States, and I would-, like to say a few words about the be-
havior of these two diseases, and try and point out the importance of
being extremely careful in the method of treatment of these two diseases.
In the first place, and as you all know, the diseases are caused by bac-
terial germs. T|ie germ which causes American foul brood and the
germ Avhich causes European <foul brood are entirely different in their
habits. For instance, the germ that causes American foul brood is
A\'hat they call a spore former. In other words, when unfavorable con-
ditions arise for the germ to exist instead of dying, it forms a spore,
which is in reality a hard, coated seed, and in that condition the disease
may exist indefinitely. We have had combs around the United States De-
partment Laboratory of Beekeeping, for the past five or six years with
these pieces of American foul brood in, and they have made cultures of
t^iose and inoculated colonies and the disease has appeared in colonies
i]ioculated that way. A European foul brood germ doesn't apparently
form a spore and the germ in this field is comparatively shortlived.

Dr. White has found the germ lives about twelve days in a scale in
a dark place, whereas if it is exposed to sunlight it dies in a compar-
atively short time. It will exist in a dry condition longer than it will
in a moist condition, and in honey it may only live two or three months
in a dark place, but in the light it will live onh' a few days.

In working with these two diseases it is very important to distin-
guish one from the other. In typical cases it is easy enough to do that,
but in advanced cases of European foul brood we very often have symp-
toms which are extremely like American foul brood. In fact, out in
California there is so much confusion between the two diseases that
some of the beekeepers out there say that European foul brood evidently
develops into American foul brood, which of course is entirely wrong.
This comes about, so Doctor White says, owing to the fact that when
European foul brood becomes serious there is a secondary germ gets
in with the European foul brood and the presence of this secondary
germ seems to delay the death of the larva. Then instead of it dying
as it does in typical European foul brood the larvae lengthens out in
the cell and dies about the same age as when alfected with American
foul brood.

As you know, it lengthens out in th cell, and the bees usually put
the capping of wax over it as in the case of American foul brood, and
in this advanced case of European foul brood it does the very same
thing, and in that condition it is rather hard to tell.^' because it also
ropes out to a considerable degree, but if you look carefully, very often
if you get a real case, one that is advanced just far enough and yet not
too far — you understand that these diseases advance when the larvae
first becomes infected, it turns sick and you could hardly tell there was
.inything the matter with it unless you examine it very carefully. It
dies and gradually dries right down, so there are various stages, but if
you get a typical case of European foul brood in the advanced stage, and
insert a toothpick, you will find it will rope out. This ropiness in most

36 TWEXTIETH AXNUAL EEPORT OF THE

cases ^nll not be as fine or thread-like, as in the case of American foul
brood. It is more quickly treated. In addition to that, instead of it
heing fine in consistency like glue, as the American foul brood, it is
grainier or has more lumps, and when you have gone so far in stretch-
ing it out it breaks off. Instead of it dropping back in the cell in most
i-ases it slopes down over the fronts of the cell. That is the European
foul brood. The American foul brood has a fine rope, is more thread-
like and will usually stretch out further, and when it breaks off drops
back into the cell again.

However, if you are not absolutely sure — and sometimes it is very
hard, especially if there is a considerable number of cells to judge from,
the best thing to do is to cut out a good sized sample and send it to Dr.
Phillips. You will make an examination under the miscroscope, and
in those cases you can tell which disease you have.

That is extremely important, because the two diseases require dif-
ferent treatment. In most parts of the country, and I believe it will
be true in Illinois, European foul brood is not a serious disease where
good methods of beekeeping are practiced. In other words, usually
Avbat will produce a maximum crop of honey will keep European foul
brood from becoming serious, so if a colony is shaken for European foul
brood. in many cases you do more harm than good, because by the shak-
ing method you awaken the colony, because the brood is taken away.

The first thing to do in treating European foul brood is to unite
old Aveak colonies, make them strong. , TJ^ is particularly true in the
spring. Of course weak colonies are of g^'syery little importance to you
anyway, when it comes to getting a crop (u honey.

Xext thing, you should put in a good, big young Italian queen.
If the disease is bad and there is no honey comb in, it is also helpful to
feed a little sugar syrup to the colony. That has been found to be true
because in a honey flow tbe disease to a large extent will disappear un-
less it has got a very strong hold. Sometimes it is recommended to
leave a colony queenless for a short time. Perhaps that is not the very
best way to handle the disease, because it appears that a colony that is
queenless doesn't do its house cleaning quite as well as a colony that
Ifas a queen, and perhaps in making a colony it would be better, rather,
to put a colony badly affected with European foul brood after the queen
has been removed from the hive, in with a strong colony ami let them
handle the disease somewhat on the Alexander plan of uniting weak
colonies. You want a large force of worker bees to clean out this dis-
ease.

Now, the scales of European foul brood are rubbery in texture, and
usually it is not a difficult matter for the bees to clean them out. In
tbat way they remove most of the germs in cleaning out scales.

It has been often discussed how European foul brood lives over dur-
ing the winter. There is no brood reared during the winter. How
does the germ exist? Xobody knows definitely, but a lot of practical
beekeepers who have had experience with European foul brood think
that towards fall the bees are not so careful with their house cleaning
methods and there are particles of European foul brood scales left in

ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATIOX. 37

the cells, and honey put in with them. The disease germ will lie through
in that condition until spring. Usually in the spring the third genera-
tion of young bees reared are affected with the disease. It makes its
a]ipearance with the second generation and gets worse till the beginning
of the honey flow, and in many cases will clean out a colony of bees after
it gets a strong hold in one year.

American foul brood. Its treatment is materially different in every
way. If you are in an American foul brood locality, it pays to be on
the outlook for the disease throughout the year, especially in the spring.
In case of American foul brood you will practically find that the strong-
est colonies contract the disease first, whereas in European foul brood
it is the weakest colonies that get it first. The reason why the strong-
est colonies of American infection get foul brood first is that they have
a larger working force and have bees to do scouting vrork, and you are
likely to find colonies infected by the disease before weaker colonies
find them. In that way they have more bees to overpower the weak
diseased bees in affected colonies and take the infectd honey to their
own hive.

Since the bees are not to remove all the scale from American foul
brood infected colonies, they are quite apt to store honey in cells con-
taining these scales. That is especially true during the honey flow.
When bees are gathering honey quite a lot of it, it is placed around in
the brood chamber. That honey is likely to be placed in cells contain-
ing American foul brood. It is in fact difficult for the beekeeper to
remove one of those scales without tearing out the cell walls. The bees
move around in the hive. Most of the honey goes up in the super, in
that Avay, after the honey has been placed in a cell containing scale,
the spores of thii5'American foul brood float out in the honey and when
the honey is taken up to the super it is liable to reach any part of the
colony; so that in treating for American foul brood it is important to
melt up the super combs in addition to the brood combs.

I know some beekeepers who when they find a c-ell of foul brood
in the colony cut out that cell. That is viseless, because they are not
removing the cause. Likewise it is just as foolish to try to use strong
disinfectants such as beekeej)ers use in trying to eliminate Anierican
foul brood.

The only practical way to treat American foul brood is to treat it
at the beginning of the main honey flow for several seasons. At the
beginning of the main honey flow you have got your working force of
bees, and if you are always on the lookout you will be treating before
the disease has made very much progress in the hive, therefore the strong
colony v/ill not be affected to any material extent by the beginning of
. the main honey flow, and by treating them you are really making an
artificial swarm, and the swarming from that colony will be a thing of
the past for that year usually.

Another thing, at the beginning of the main honey flow, .there will
be a minimum amount of honey in the hive, so that you have less to
destroy.

38 TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

To make the treatment briefly^, all you have to do is to set the dis-
eased hive olf its stand on one side, put a new hive on or an old hive
that has been thoroughly cleaned out by scorching, by taking a blow
torch and running the tlame around inside the hive. It is always safe
10 use that, even if you are pretty certain there has never been any dis-
eased bees m that hive body before. Place the clean, disinfected hive
on the old stand. It should be fed up with full sheets of comb founda-
tion. In front of the hive, place one sheet of newspaper for the bees
to light on when they are oif the frame; on the other side you have an
entire hive body, either one or two.

If vou figure vou would like to save the brood, and that is rather
doubtful whether it pays to risk saving the brood after the bees have
been shaken from the combs, it depends a little on the experience of
the beekeeper. The beekeeper wha has had considerable experience in
handling bees and foul brood mav firrd it advisable to save the brood.
That is largely a matter of opinion. If you dont' save the brood, it is
better to have an empty hive body, for the brood and another empty hive
body to put the empty combs ancl combs that contain honey, so that you
do the sorting as you go- along. This one empty hive body or two, as
the case may be, should be stood on a cover, turned upside down so no
bees can get in and out, and at the bottom or top you should have a
cover. Go to the diseased colony and take out the comb and shake the
bees off of the comb on to the paper in front of the hive.

At first it may be necessary to give a puff or two of smoke to get
the bees headed for the hive. After they are started you don't have
any further trouble. When yott make this shake, if very much of the
nectar drops out, it is better to discontinue shaking, and take a wisp of
weeds — that is better than using a brush, because you brush the bees
off the comb and let them drop on the paper. As soon as you have the
bees off the comb, if it is a good comb of brood, it is put in one of these
empty hive bodies and covered up. The brood is put in one of these
hive bodies and the honey is put in the other. When you are through,
pick up the paper and weeds and burn them up inmiediately. The
combs containing the honey are then'rttn into a bee-tight room or as
near as possible to get. A bee-tight roosii is some room, and it is rather
difficult to get them absolutely bee proof, for the bees will come in at
the keyholes and even down the chimneys or through a knothole in the
floor, or go through under the basement, and while it may be possible .
to get them, it is (juite a hard matter. 80 that when these combs are in
this bee house, there are one or two of these things done with them :
either melt up in boiling water in a big vessel and boil for half an hour,
closed, with a top over the vessel, because in boiling water it frequently
happens that small particles will splash up on the sides of the vessel,
and when those particles are up there; they are out of the boiling temper-
ature and the germs are extremely resistant and will not die unless they
have been subjected to boiling temperature for at least thirty minutes,
so that if 5^ou have a closed vessel the steam will do the scalding. If
you feel it is not worth taking the trouble to give thies treatment, the
best thing to do fis dig a hole a foot or deeper and put a little straw in

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEKS' ASSOCIATIOX. 3^

this hole, i^ilej your frames up in the hole, pour a little kerosene over
them and set a match to them. As soon as the fire has burned out
cover up the hole. The important feature in digging the hole is to
prevent any honey running away, because you want to remember that
honey will contain the spores of the disease.

To come back to the brood. You will have all this done in less
time than it takes to talk about it. That brood, if you care to save it,
can be placed on top of another colony that is slightly infected with
American foul brood, placed above a queen excluder. In two weeks
most of the brood will hatch. It is better not to leave it more than two
weeks, because in many s'easons you will be getting too close to the clover
lioney flow, and if there is no honey coming in, it is extremely danger-
ous to shake bees for American foul brood, so that in tw^o weeks after
that brood has been clear of this slightly diseased comb, you go to
work and treat this colony as I have already described, and be very par-
ticular about cleaning up. See that no honey is dripping, have plent}'^
of paper and burn up the paper as soon as the colony is treated.

Are there any questions, or perhaps some point that I don't make
clear? Some people I believe shake under the tops of the frames and
have an empty hive body to act as kind of a funnel. Personally I would
like that because there is little danger of a little honey dropping off, on
to the frames inside, and while that might not cause a disease to te-
appear, it means you are giving the bees a little more honey anyway,
and that will increase the chances of them getting the disease. Of
course, in treating a colony of bees it is necessary to smoke them, and
thev fill themselves with honev, and that honev is likelv to be diseased.

It is always important to have nothing but full sheets t)f foundation
in vour hive, because if vou have combs a lot of the honev bees take
Avith them in the hive will be stored in the combs, whereas if you use
nothing but foundation they will use the honey up in building wax, and
it seems that honey gone through "the process of manufacturing ' wax
kills the germ. There is a modification, however. Sometimes it is
recommended to use just one built comb in the center of the hive i^ody.
For the rest of the combs use foundation. That one comb is taken out
in twenty-four hours. If you leave it in it is almost certain to liave
disease. Leave it in for twenty-four hours to catch any honey, that l)ees
may have.

^In. KiLDOW-. — The newspaper in front bothers the bees coming in
from the field, also if you shake down in front it confuses the bees and
they are. apt to fly to the next hive. A plan used in Illinois is to shake
inside the hive on the old stand. If you shake and the honey jumps
out, all right, but if the honey don't jump out, leave all the frames out.
When you get them all shook, pull the board over alid leave them two
days, then raise this top board for three or four inches, giving it* a
slight jar. Lots of times by giving them foundation on the first shake,
if the honey is coming in rapidly they are liable to store some diseased
honey. So I quit that entirely and put them in the hive for a couple
of days, without anything in there at all. Sometimes then if the flow
is good they will make a lot of honey. - -

40 TWEXTIETII ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Mu. Atkinson.- — Did you have any trouble in swarming out?

Mr. Kildow. — No.

Mr. Atkinson. — Quite fre(iueutly after the bees have gone in we
put a queen excluder between the bottom board —

Mr. Bennett. — How do you get the bees in t'he hive?

Answer. — I shake them right olf and the queen goes with them.
Once in a while you will find they won't stay. If you will look arolmd
you will find the queen underneath the hive body somewhere, but it is"
important in fixing your hive to get a continuous runway. Sometimes
30U can do better, especially if you. have got your hive raised up oiffi of
the ground, to have a board running from the ground to the entrance
of the hive, then lay the paper oni that, and you have got to get the
queen in there, or they won't stay.

Mr. Bennett. — If you have the board do you use the i)aper? ■ •

Answer. — The board keeps the paper from sticking to it, and you
can destroy your paper and use the board for the next one. ' ^

Mk. Kildow. — The shaking business is all done so quick that they
haven't found out that they have lost the queen.

Mj!. Bennett. — You talk about shaking your bees off. I have
taken heavy combs out and broken the conib off with the bees.

The Secretary. — Don't vou have your combs wired?

The President. — You shook too hard. -^

Mr. CoppiN. — I have a lot of trouble with, bees swarming if I shake
ihem. I'iie safest way is in the first place to catch the queen and they
won't swarm. Place the cage and queen in the hive to begin with, then
you know the bees will go in. There is one thing I don't quite undei"-
stand. This gentleman stated you would find the disease in the spring
of the year in the strong colonies first. On the other hand he said those
strong colonies would go to the weak one, affected with disease, and"
carry the disease home.

Mr. Atkinson. — This is the point I meant to make: suppose you
haven't any foul brood in your apiary. You have got a lot of strong
colonies. Those strong colonies are likely to find the disease first in a
neighbor's apiary and from colonies weakened down by the disease, there-
fore the strong colonies in your yard will get it first. Once they get it,
they won't stay strong very long, and/then strong colonies from other
vards will come and rob those out. A colony of strong bees that gets
American foiil brood soon becomes jveak.

Mr, Kildow. — I want to ask ]\|r. Coppin if he ever saw beef swarm-
ing out and the queen didn'i;__go?

Mr. Coppin. — Xo.

Mr. Kildow. — Oh, I have. Cbjonies don't sAvarm out for me.
hear other folks s^y that to, "I womler whether it is my bees, me, or
what it is." I shake and the colonms stay there.

Mr. Coppin. — Do you catch the/queen? — '

Mr. Kildoav. — I do not touch the queen unless I want to kill her.

The President.— We have thoroughl>\^en joyed this little talk by
Tommy Atkins. I think this is the best talk we have had for many a
day on foid brood, especially from a bacteriQ>ogical standpoint.

?-i

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS^ ASSOCIATION. 41

Mr. Coppix. — After I cage the queen then I get rid of the bees out
of the old hive into the new one. Let the queen stay in the cage awhile,
then after they get thoroughly settled, I kill the old queen and give them
a new one, and I would have a treatment that would answer whether
it was European or American foul brood, either one. ,,

■ The President. — Anything else on this subject? '

■ Mr. Taylor. — -In regard to American foul brood, ^I find thev will
swarm out even though you cage the queen.

■^ ■■ Mr. Kildow. — I am pleased with this talk we have had. I asree
witJi everything but- the newspaper business.

Mr. Atkins. — The thing is to bear in mind- the principle, and know
that the disease is caused by a germ in that hone_y, and that the thing
is to get rid of that honey the quickest and best, -way, and people will
have diifererit ways of -doing that. There is no hard and fast rule. It
is the same as a'ou said about your inspection work- in meeting a man.

Mr. Bishop.— The method we use, in Champaign is the shaking
niefhod. Wq put in frames with starters and leave the bees on four or
five days. We take those out, put' in full sets of foundation, and burn
up both sets of frame. I am glad thoughr there .is some other way be-
sides that.

Mr-. Kildow.— This is a matter I am interested in. That is the
old method, brother^ shaking them on starterSj let- them go three or four
days, and shake them again. "We have come to concliide, in the last
three or four years, that that is hard treatment on bees, so we have quit
that entirely. Some shake on full sheet and others shake as we do, on
nothing for a couple of days, and then give them the full sheets. We
found that plan/ particularly the old plan, is practically done away with.

Mr. Bishop. — We have tried to shake on the full sheets of founda-
tion and we have never gotten rid 'of the disease that way.

Mr. KilDow. — The. safest plan is to shake in the empty hive.

The President. — Mr. King, have you any questions?
, , . Mr. King.— K"ot any.

;. : The Secretary. — I have one incorporated in a letter. A man wants
to know about standardization of hives.- We have a representative from
the Lewis factory here, we would like to hear from him.

„ Mr. Atkins. — Yery pleased to get that expression. We have heard
.a good deal about that lately. That matter has all been considered, I
trust- within a short time we may bo able to make the change. I will
certainly present that evidence, that is what I am here for, gentlemen.
If there is anything that is not just right, I will be very |pleased to
make it right if I possibly can. ' i

-..-Mr. Coppin. — Is it n.ecessary for Lewis to make a -change or the
Eoots either?

The President. — That is according ta whether you want it. bigger
or smaller. ] J

Mr. CoppiN.^There is a difference of about one-fourtfi inch. It
is "a question which one ought-to make the change.

Mr. Bennett. — I thmfc^all of usjwill agree somebody ought to
make ilfl" ^=^ •

^x^

42 TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Miv. Dadaxt. — Thv liive was i)ut out with one-eighth divisioii board
on, one side. The Lewis was, put out without any division board, that
was the dilt'ei'enee originally in width.

The President. — 1 have three kinds of hives. I am not advertis-
ing auybody's wares. I find' that the Lewis hive is made a little heavier
and of a little clearer material, but I find it is one-fourth inch smaller
than other hive. I would like to have the hive with one-quarter inch
and space the outside frames j so the}- are an equal distance from the
two walls. But take it in hiv6s I have today, one-fourth inch small on
the outside, they are practically never drawn out. That is my ol)jection
to the lack of the cpuirter of aii inch.

Mr. Ivildow. — People you would think ought to have better brains
than to use that division board as they do make it act as a division
board and put it right in the middle of the hive. We find that bees
use out to one side and starve to death, and there is plenty of honey on
the other side. If it is used as a division board pure and simple, it is
all right. . -

Mr. Coppin. — Is it necessary that beekeepers that know how to
use it, should do without it? I use a division board but not in the
center. I find I can take the division board out and it gives me room
to move the first comb.

The President. — We- are not saying that you should do away wHh
all division boards, but I think the average man buying a hive is !)etter
off without it. A man who has the ability you have can use a di\ ision
board.

I Mr. Kildow. — I have been a division board man all my life but

I am throwing them away now all the time. I

The President. — I have a paper here by Professor Millen.

Successful Beekeeping.

(By F. Eric Millen, Professor of Apiculture, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Out.)

A prominent State Agricultural College has for its motto "Science
Avith Practice." Successful beekeeping is exactly explained in those
three words.

At first sight beekeeping appears to be one subject in which science
is unnecessary. The beekeeper might ask the question regarding the
value of science to one who is not engaged in teaching, experimntal or
rsearch work, but who is engaged solely in caring for colonies, with
honey production the sole aim. A brief analysis of the season's work
in the apiary must convince every beekeeper that there are reasons for
our manipulations and system of management, and that all successful
manipulations are based on science. Show me the beekeeper wdio does
not know the life history, habits and behaviour of the honey bee, to
gome degree at least, and you show me one who is not a successful bee-
keeper.

ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS* ASSOCIATION. 43

The more intimately acquainted \vc are with the life history and
habits of the honey bee, the more successful _,can we plan our system
of management throughout the entire year. -

To show the necessity of "Science with Practice" in beekeeping,
let us consider a few of the fundamentals of good beekeeping practices.
Unless the beekeeper knows how bees winter, what tliey do and how they
live, it is impossible to prepare the colony in such condition that they
will not only survive the winter but emerge strong so that they are
-rjady for the honey flow.

The winter of 1919-1920' proved disa§trous to many apiarists all
over Xorth America. ^Ylly? 5s ot alone, becatrse the winter was severe,
but in most cases because the beekeepers either did not know the re-
quirements of the bees or they did not practice what they knew. On
the other hand those bee men who combined these two fundamentals
"Science with Practice" wintered their bees with little loss. f

Queen bumble bees winter over in a state of hibernation, queen
wasps also hibernate during the winter, so that in these two cases the
question of food and the question of heat and protection are eliminated.
We know that honey bees do not hibernate and that to survive the winter
they must have food and there mugt be a sufficient number of bees in
the colony so tliat they can maintain a temperature high enough to
enable them to live. The beekeeper who mixes "Science with Practice"
knows these fac-ts and prepares the colonies accordingly, with little
vv'inter loss.

One might question the value of science when swarming is con-
cerned. Unless the beekeeper is familiar with the life history of the
honey bee, their habits and behaviour, the swarming season becomes a
nightmare and the beekeeper is helpless. If there are many colonies
in the apiary, this season of the year means very hard work and j)oor
returns to those apiarists who do not mix "Science with Practice." On
tlie other hand the successful beekeeper knows that before a colony pre-
>pares to swarm they build Queen |:ells and that in normal cases the
colonies will not swarm until the queen-cells are capped or ready to cap.
An examination of the brood-chamber enables the ower to tell approxi-
mately when the .colony will swarm. This man also knows that the
removal of the queen, or the brood or separation of these, together with
good managament, controls swarming. In fact the su.ccessful bee-
keeper knowing that colonies will swarm in normal seasons at the be-
ginning of the honey flow, or shortly after the main flow has commenced,
takes steps a month or more before this time to make conditions in the
colony such that the bees do not think of swarming.

It is hard to estimate the annual loss in honey to the beekeeper,
where the colonies are allowed to swarm at will, when they will and
where they will. Second swarms are even less desirable and yet many
occur, simply bcause the beekeeper does "not know how long it takes a
queen bee to develop after the egg is laid or that by removing all queen
cells but one, after the prime swarm has emerged second swarms are
eliminated. Many beekeepers find swarm control a serious problem.
It must remain so until they mix "Science with Practice".

44 TWENTIETH AXXLAL REPOIiT OF THE

* , - _

I ... . ■

Wliat would have become of beekeeping if we- bad not scientists
. working on the diseases of bees? It is certain tliat commercial bee-
keeping Avoiild have been an impossibility in many sections of the coun-
try. But here ao;ain we find that science alone is of little value unless
combined with practice. To the successful beekeeper both American
and European foul brood have lost their menace, not because they have
ceased to destroy colonies, but because they know how. tjo diagnose these
diseases and give the treatment necessary. Today it is impossible to
become and remain a successful beekeeper imless the disease of bees are
known, recognized and treated.

Beekeeping has passed the experimental stage and is now recognized
everywhere as an industry of proved value.

Beekeeping .differs radically from most other branches of agricul-
ture. In all other live stock farming there is a daily attention neces-
sary to keep the stock in condition so that it may be profitable. In
beekeeping there is a long season of apparent inaction, with a very short
season when the profit of the Vear must be obtained. So many beekeep- '
ers fail to connect the inactive season with the active, that failure results.

The successful beekeeper has come to realize that beekeeping is a
business like all other industries.

It is true we cannot alter nature, but so many of us blame -nature
for a poor crop when the blame should be placed on our own shoulders,
jilany of us no doubt know of beekeepers, successful beekeepers, who
year after year secure a profitable crop of honey while many of their
neighbor beekeepers secure little or none. On striking example was the
late Dr. C. C. Miller, with a location which did not grade the best, this
great beekeeper secured crops of honey which should put many of us
to shame. . Dr. Miller believed strongly in "Science with Practice''.

Until beekeepers generally realize that to be successful, they must
not only have the knowledge, but actually put this knowledge into prac-
tice, they cannot succeed as they should.

Today the successful commercial beekeepers must know much more
than the life history, habits and behaviour of honey bees. He must
know something about the weather conditions and a great deal about
nectar producing flora in his location. Many beekeepers have been able
to secure a profitable crop of honey by watching the flora and when,
conditions appeared that a crop Avould not materialize, have moved the
bees to a location a few miles distant and succeeded in securing a profi-
table crop.

Bookkeeping and salesmanship do not appear to be very closely
allied to beekeeping. A closer investigation shows us, however, that
we must know what our crop costs us to produce, otherwise how can we
tell whether we are securing a profit or loss when the crop is sold. Dur-
ing the past two or three years honey has sold of its own accord largely
because of abnormal conditions. From all appearances we are again
approaching normal conditions and those beekeepers who do not pay
some attention to saWsmanship may find that they can produce a crop
of honey but cannot sell at a remunerative figure.

Many other points might be included which are necessary to make
8 successful beekeeper, some of these we can summarize as follows:

-, .ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERs' ASSOCIATIOX. 4o

(1) Successful beekeeping requires some years of apprenticeship, (2)
Successful beekeeping requires confidence, and a realization of the possi-
bilities of the business, (3) Successful beekeeping requires judgment,
a knowledge of conditions and ability to take advantage of opportunities.-

In conclusion the successful beekeeper is the one who has the knowl-
edge and puts the knowledge into practice, or as stated before one who
combines "Science with Practice." It is not necessarily the number
of colonies which denote the honey crop, but the number of bees in the
colony at the right time and managed in the right way.

. Mr. Stewart. — Have professional men ever been any benefit to
the honey producer?

Me. .Dadant. — I imagine he has. ,

The President. — You mean the scientist? .

Mr. Stewart.— Professional men. lawyers, doctors, people like that. ^

Mr. Coppix. — Isn't that Avhere we have got most of our knowledge-,
from, what we. know now? I judge it is. We get it from what we have
read and practiced ourselves. ■_

The President. — I think one trouble with a few men is they are
a good deal like our friend Stewart. When they read something and
it apparently comes from a man that is a scientist or a college-bred man
or a man that has come into things deeper than. they have themselves,
they say it is all bosh and pass it up. That has been one trouble with
some of our inspecting systems, it has been the trouble with our edu-
cational system ; some men are very critical of all the scientists, the .
thing was so far beyond them that they didn't grasp it, and if-their_
understanding was defective in the matter, therefore it was ^all wrong.

Mr. Stewart. — Everything, done in beekeeping has been done by
the common herd. ' _ _

The President. — I can't agree with you. You mean the unedu-
cated man? ,_^'

Mr. Stewart. — The common run of beekeepers. ~~ • -

The President. — I think the man who established the causejof all
infectious diseases among men was a scientist. The man who discoyeredl
the life history of the honey bee and gave it to the public was a scieptist..

Mr. Coppin. — I believe Langstrath was a preacher.

Mr. Stewart. — Men fifty" years ago knew all about. handling bees
just as they do today.

The President. — Doolittle was an authority on queen-raising. I
am for the scientist, the man that knows. I think the majority will
agree with me in that.

At this time a recess was taken. '

The President. — If there are no objections we will proceed with
the election this afternoon. Nominations for president are now in order.

Dr. Baxter was nominated and the nomination seconded.

Mr. Tyler. — I move the secretary cast the ballot for president.

Seconded by Mr. Stone. "

The President. — Mr. Stone, you are the vice president, you will
have to act as chairman.

46 TWENTIETH AXIs^UAL REPORT OF THE

MiJ. Stoxe. — The motion is that the secretary cast the ballot for
Dr. Baxter as president. All in favor signify it by saying aye, con-
trary, no.

The motion was unanimously carried.

The Secretary. — I hereby cast the ballot of this meeting for Dr.
A. C. Baxter for president for the ensuing year.

The President. — The next office is the office of secretary. Xomi-
nations for the secretary are now in order.

Mr. Coppin. — I nominate Mr. Withrow.

The nomination was secoiuled.

. Mr. Stewart. — I move the nominations be closed.
- Which motion was unanimously carried.

Mr. Dadant. — I move the president cast the vote of the convention
for Mr. Withrow as secretary.

The President. — I will take that as the concensus of the meeting.
On behalf of the society, I cast the vote of the society for Mr. Withrow
as secretary for the ensuing year. Nominations are now in order for
the office of treasurer.

Mr. Stone. — I nominate Mr. George Seastream of Pawnee-

The Secretary. — I move the nominations be closed.

(Both motions were seconded and unanimously carried.)

The Secretary. — I hereby cast the unanimous ballot of this meet-
ing for George C. Seastream as treasurer for the ensuing year.

The President. — Xow there is to be elected five vice presidents,
and while nominations might be in order, I think it would be best for
us to have each one to write five names upop a slip of paper, and the
five receiving the majority of votes declared to be vice president. . I
am going to ask Mr. Kildow and Mr. Dadant to act as recording tellers,
and Mr. King to collect the ballots. The vice presidents at present are,
in the, order named, first James A. Stone, second Aaron Coppin. third
W. H. Williams, fourth C. L. Bender and fifth Harrv L. King. Mr.
King Avill collect the ballots.

Ballots were prepared and the votes counted by the tellers.

The President. — Mr. Stone has been elected first vice president,
Mr. King second, Mr. Coppin third, and Mr. Williams fourth vice presi-
dent, and Mr. Tyler and Mr. Bender have tied for the fifth place. Of
course it is im])ossil)le for them to draw on this, as Mr. Bender is not
present, so I will ask you to vote iigain on the fifth vice president.

Mr. Stewart. — Can we vote by acclamation?

The President. — Yes, there is nothing against that.

You can have a standing vote on it.
' Mr. Stewart. — 1 move Mr. Tyler be nominated as fifth vice- presi-
dent.

Seconded by Mr. Dadant.

Mr. Dadant. — I mo^•e the nominations be closed.

Seconded, and unanimously carried.

Mr. Dadant. — I moAC the secretary be instructed to cast the vote
of the convention for Mr. Tyler.

The motion was seconded, unanimouslv carried, and so ordered.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEFPElts' ASSOCIATION. 47

The Secreta^^y. — I hereby cast the unanimous ballot of this con-
ventioir for S. A. Tyler .for fifth vice president.

The Presidext. — It seems we have hurried this election along.
Mr. Paddock is here. I know he is very anxious to talk to us this after-
noon, so I thought it would be just as well to have Professor Paddock's
paper this afternoon. Professor Paddock. (Applause.)

Professor F. B. Paddock. — Mr. President and beekeepers : I
didn't expect to come on the program until tqmorr6,w morning, but I
might as well get it out of my- system and relieve bath you and myself.
We will just have to call this a talk. It may be something like the
'situation in our own state last vear, when I asked our s;ood friend Dr.
Bonney what Jie was going to talk on. He said, ."Oh, I don't know —
something or other." And as time went on and he didn't deliver bis
subject, I put it on the program "Something," and he talked on "Some-
thing." Perhaps that is what this is going to be, but. in the absence of
anything better I will call it, "Beekeeping of Tomorrow." We are all
interested in tomorrow. Mexicans are not the only ones that have
"manana" for their motto. We can look forward to tomorrow with a
great deal of expectancy, because tomorrow holds much for the beekeep-
ers. But the beekeeping of tomorrow will be built upon certain things
that we are not giving clue consideration to now.

The last figures for our State gave an annual production per colony
of 38 pounds. We like to tell big stories of honey production in Iowa,
and they do not call it beekeeping in one section unless they make two
hundred pounds per colony. One man has a record of fifteen years in
Avhich he has produced one hundred and sixty-five pounds per colom',
so there must be some very poor people in the* state to run the figure
down to thirtv-eight pounds.

We have no figures to show that the production is increasing as it
should. I have no doubt when we do ^,Qi the figures they will' indicate
a slight increase, otherwise we will not be able to show, results of our.
extension Avork, which has been very excellent. Just how much that
increase in production is we cannot say at this time, in my opinion it
' is not Avhat it shoidd be.

The lack of increasing oiir production is reflected in another way.
In 1914 thie American public was consuming honey at the rate of two
pounds for every man, woman and child. In 1920 we are consuming
the same amount of honey. If there has been an increase in production
in this United States, where has it gone, and if there has been an in-
crease, why haven't we, been getting it? . If there has been a slight in-
crase, what is responsible for it? ! ■

J believe .we trust entirely too much today to the good Lord. We
put a great burden on His shoulders. What are we doing, ourselves,
to increase honey production in the United States? I know there are
some of you here, who will contend we are producing all the hOney we
can consume. Your argument for that is the fact that honey prices have
recently dropped, there is little market for honey at the present time,
except locally. Those conditions were, brought about by abnormal world
conditions. Foreign exchange is reported to be responsible in a very

48

twp:ntieth axxual ■report of the

^f» iSIUL—ilMOli

PROF. F. B. PADDOCK.

/

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 49

Jarge measure for the money market, i^ormally the United States is
an exporting country, but with exchange as it is today, we are an im-
porting country.

I heard some interesting things at the Chicago meeting. The
honey from Chile, Central America, the West Indies, Mexico and Porto
Rico is being sent to this country in large quantities. Why is that con-
dition different from what it used to be ? We were told a few years ago
that eighty-five or ninety per cent of the honey from those countries
was shipped to Xew York harbor, in bond, to be sent to Hamburg, Ger-
many. That honey cannot go there today, because of exchange, cargo
space, etc. , , '

Another interesting thing was brought out at Chicago. The bees-
wax market was down, and it was interesting to me to learn why it is
so seriously affected today. The beeswax has been sent to this country
from Africa. We didn't appreciate the importance of beeswax pro-
duction there, and why? The normal market for African beeswax has
been Russia, where it was made into candles for church services. It
never came to our attention, for it has been Baid that the bolsheviks
haven't had time to burn candles, so that beeswax is dumped on our
market.

We have got to do something to increase our production and con-
sumption at home. We are consuming two pounds per head. It was
interesting to me to learn that the consumption of honey in European
countries was pound for pound of sugar. Our consumption was two
pounds in 1914, at which time we were consuming about seventy pounds
of sugar. The two pounds of honey consumed remains the same, and
Ihe consumption of sugar is going up so fast we can't get figures on it.
The last I heard was ninety-eight pounds.

Among the things we ought to do I would include bookkeeping for
beekeepers. Mr. Ranehfuss at Council Bluffs last month gave us some
interesting figures, almost amazing. His figures showed that a man
must produce sixty pounds of extracted honey to breaks even. I admit
there are few beekeepers who are in a position to say what their bee-
keeping is costing them. Why shovildn't we do it in beekeeping the
same as we are doing it in other lines of business? We have got to
get at this cost business before we can legitimately ask for a definite
price on the market. Before we can defend any price on the market
Ave have got to know the cost of production. I am glad to say a great
many beekeepers are becoming interested in this matter and are taking
it up in one way or the other. We did a little work on this at Ames
last year, and we found that for the modified Dadant Hive it was cost-
ing us three dollars and fifty-five cents, that is to assemble a story and
a half. That is a larger item than I had figured it should be. You buy
your bees at seven dollars and a half, you buy a hive at eight dollars, as
hives are selling, and you figure that your investment is fifteen dollars.
We are too apt to consider only the capital investment and we fail to
appreciate the labor investment.

— 4 B A

V

50 TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

The third point to consider in the matter of increased production is
good queens. In our state the extension work has- resulted in a good
many beekeepers buying their first Italian queens. Beekeeping has been
conducted unsystematically for a long time and beekeepers have been
content with wild bees. Foj the first time they have enjoyed the bene-
fits of the Italian bees, and so many of those beekeepers are so enthused
that they are going to treble their orders for queens next spring.

I But the question comes to me, are we getting out of our queens all
thai we should ? I want to give you a review of a yard that has been
under my observation this year. This yard was made up of sixty colo-
nies originally. Those sixty colonies were made from forty-frame nuclei
and twenty-pound packages. All the bees were received approximately
April twenty-seventh. The queens were supposedly raised at approxi-
matly the same time, and the bees came from the same yard. The
queens of course canje from two different sources and their history is
followed out in two different tables.

After the time they were received, on April twenty-seventh, there
was some loss, due to the queens disapparing for one reason or another.
Those nuclio having lost their queens Avere distributed among the others
in the yard here and there, wherever they were supposed to be needed.

In summing up conditions between April twenty-seventh and June
fifth we can only say that so far as it is possible for us to figure, the con-
dition of those colonies and the care received was equal. In other words
they were received at approximately the same time, all were treated
the same in that they were put on foundation, all were fed apparently
equal, all were given help whenever needed, so that when you put them
all in a sack you have got to say, so far as the beekeeper is concerned/
those colonies all received the same attention. If we go to diagnosi^ig
any differences, it is very technical and will get us in deep water, so I
think we can say we started on an equal basis.

I Of the twenty colonies originating as packages on April twenty-
seventh, only fourteen were colonies on June fifth. The others were
lost from one cause or another.

An arbitrary standard of rating was given to those colonies. Those
having brood in six-frame modified Dadant hives were considered as ex-
cellent, five-frames as good, four frames medium, and bfelow four frames
poor. That is arbitrary, but since all colonies were rated at the same
time, we can accept that as well as any other rating. On June fifth,
previous to the main honey flow in our section, we found two were rated
as medium and twelve Avere rated as excellent of the fourteen existing
colonies. From April twenty-seventh to June fifth, a period of about
five or six weeks, those colonies had been given the same attention, and
yet at that time there was a difference in those colonies, a visitde dif-
ference. In those two colonies we had only four-frames of brood,
whereas in the other colonies Ave had six frames of brood. The reason
for that Avas not apparent at that time and Avill not be apparent, but
it is the same reason as shoAvs up in the season in the harvest. Of these
forty three-frame colonies nine had been lost, giving thirty-one colonies,
and those thirty-one colonies Avere also rated on June fifth, and Ave found
thirteen good and seventeen of them excellent, and one poor.

i

I

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATldN. 61

The question arises, why should we find that difference in rating
over a period of six weeks? In my opinion the question can be just
as easily answered at that time and as easily remedied as it can later,
but in going through this last season's work the cause of this did not
become apparent until after the season. Why should one colony, when
the qiieen came at the same time, raised in the same yard, have only
three frames of brood and this one have six frames of brood?

You can give all the excuses you want. I was saying, "perhaps
tomorrow some unforseen something will happen which will cause that
queen to do better, that will cause the colony to pick up and be in the
condition of the other colonies." I found after the season Avas over
there were a great, many other beekeepers in the same situation. Go to
any yard and you will find some with one super and some with five
supers of honey. If you ask the beekeeper why, he will give you excuses,
but I want to tell you this is not an age of excuses, it is an age of results.

After the honey flow was over and the honey was gathered oii
August 1st, approximately sixty days — our sweet clover crop was of that
duration — ^these two medium colonies had a total of one-half super to
show for their season's work. These are modified Dadant supers with
^n estimated forty pounds net of extracted honey. One of those me-
/diums did not produce a single pound of surplus honey all season.
The other produced half a super or twenty pounds. We didn't expect
anything more of those, because they were only mediocre colonies. Take
these twelve excellent colonies on June fifth, which look to be all the
same, but what did August fifth show? August fifth showed that two
of those twelve colonies produced one-half super of surplus honey. Going
down the chart, it will be seen that two produced one and a half supers,
and one produced two and a half. I have a dividing line showing that
five of the twelve colonies produced less than the average produced for
the yard, and five, the biggest single unit, produced three supers or one
hundred and twenty pounds and two of those colonies produced four
supers or one hundred and sixty pounds.

What is the trouble? Something is wrong when there is variation
during the honey fiow. When it comes to dollars and cents there is
something wrong, because one colony gave the owner one hundred and
sixty pounds of honey, which: is selling afthirty cents a pound. Everj--
thing was equal as far as we can make it. Another colony made twenty
pounds which could also be sold for thirty cents. Take the same thing
in the other table. We didn't expect much of those good colonies, and
we were not disappointed. Seven colonies only produced one-half
super each, twenty pounds of honey, and yet these were started out in
the same way of April twenty-seventh as the others.

We find in table two tha.t there are thirteen colonies which pro-
duced only thirteen and one-half supers of honey. Getting into the
class which is rated as excellent again, the colonies were just as good,
that is excellent, in that they all had six frames of brood at the begin-
ning of the honey flow. What happened to part of the colonies? They
produced one-fourth super or ten pounds of surplus honey for the sea-
son. , Two more produced twenty pounds of honey, four of them pro-

52 TWENTIETH AXXUAL REPORT OF THE ,

diiced only one and one-half supers apiece, two produced two each. Ten
colonies were rated as excellent on June fifth, which is as good as the
other seven. Ten colonies out of the seventeen only^ produced a total
of eleven and one-half supers of honey. Son^ething- wrong. Of the
remaining seven colonies in the excellent class, five colonies produced
three supers each. You will see the coincidence in tables one and two,
five colonies in each set produced three supers of honey each. One
colony produced four supers and one colony produced five supers. This
last coJony on June tenth did not look any better than the one that pro-
duced one-fourth super. Soriiething is wrong.

In my opinion, the mainspring of the colony is the queen. I don't
know what Jay Smith will say tomorrow morning, but let us go further
Avith these figures. If all of these fourteen colonies had produced what
is taken as the average or what most good colonies would produce, if all
those fourteen colonies had produced three siipers each, we would have
had forty-two supers produced in the package colonies instead of having
twenty-nine and one-half. If we would put that in pounds of honey
at thirty cents a pound, the owner of those colonies of bees has lost one
hundred and twenty dollars cash, as a result of the queens laying down
on himl. That is the only way I can put it, or as the .little boy said when
his grandfather got up with rheumatism, he said, "Granddaddy hasn't
got a good get-away." That is what happened with these queens, they
didn't have a good get-away. They laid down.

In table two, if all the colonies had produced what was evidently
the average, three supers, we would have had in that yard an increase
of seventeen hundred and sixty pounds of honey. If every colony had
produced three supers, and it looks reasonable to expect that three is a
logical number in that the biggest single item is three supers and the
l)iggest single item in this set is three supers, we should rightfully ex-
pect the colonies in that yard to do what the average colonies did do.
What do we lose? We lost four hundred and forty dollars in these
colonies this season, in my opinion, due to poor queens. ^ In my opinion
those queens were all excellent on June fifth, but a portion of them
flattened out, did not deliver the goods.

What was the beekeeper doing all this time? Hoping and trusting
that conditions would change, but hope can't do everything. Four
hundred and forty dollars for the number of queens that went bad,
or eighteen dollars a queen. Every poor queen in that yard cost the
beekeeper eighteen dollare in cold cash just that one season. Does it
look reasonable to you ? Are you convinced from figures I have shown
you, that that is the case ? Am I expecting too much of those queens ?
If I am, I- want you to bring that out in the discussion. AVhat are we
going to do to remedy that condition ? The real remedy is a long hard
row. The- real remedy consists in breeding queens from a production
standpoint. I know you will say mating can nOt be controlled, and I
am not going to argue that point with you, but I want you to bear in
mind that the egg production in this country has been increased. I
read the other day about a three-hundred egg hen. How do t^y do it ?
Most of that work was done at the Maine Experiment Station, where

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. / 63

each individual had a record, and the progeny kept was based Upon a
record of production. If any of you are buying hogs or cows, don't
you look at the production, look at the history back of it ? Experiments
at the Ames Experiment Station with dairy cattle show tliat in one
generation they could take a scrub cow with a pure bred sire and prac-
tically double the milk production. That in my opinion is reasonable
evidence that although you can only control one side of your mating,
you can successfully improve your production.

I believe the time is going to come when beekeepers are going to
demand not a queen, but a queen who has a history back of her. When
I had Ehode Island Eeds I bought them from stock that had a history.
So in my opinion, the time is going to come when we are going to buy
our queens from Smith, Davis, or any other queen breeder, when we
know those queens came from colonies that will produce a reasonably
good surplus of honey. In the meantime it is going to be perhaps t^n
or fifteen years before we can get it on a working basis. In the mean-
time I think it is reasonable to assume that no beekeeper would want
to keep the poor queens.

We are going to go further on that. We are going to get back into,
this period of time, we are going to get into the period between April
twenty-seventh and June fifth. How much patience should we give a
queen ? In my opinion we should not give a queen very much leeway,
because although we like the queen for color and gentleness, neverthe-
less it is pounds of honey that isi going to count. Therefore I believe
we should watch our colonies carefully in this period and previous to
the rating, which at this time was given on June fifth. If we find the
poOr queens previous to the honey flow, I believe there is a time in the
building up period when we can introduce a queen in the hope that that
queen will act as a relief pitcher. Buying queens as we do, we have
no assurance that the queen we put in will do any better than the one
we took out, but I am satisfied that the problem is worth trying.

Improvement can be made, and selection should be given by the
beekeeper. I am satisfied that although all the poor queens have been
Replaced this fall, they will not come up to the standard next year. Xo
doubt we can find some of them that will show a better rating in the
spring, and we can gradually increase .our yard against the handicap of
^laving to get queens of unknown history. I thank you. (Applause.)

Mr. Kjldow. — How could you have told anything about your
queens for that period, from April twenty-seventh to June fifth ?

Professor Paddock.— In going through your yard you see some
colonies have three or four or five frames of brood. My proposition is
not to ask all of them to fiave five frames, but those which are laggins,
to replace these queens.' If you are watching your colonies carefully,
you will know when they are not checking up like the average. We
knew it, and yet we were trusting something would intervent, we didn't
know what it was to give them a shove, to put them up with the- aver-
age, b|it the time never came. I found others in the same vicinity doing
ihe same thing. .They knew those colonies were not doing what they
should do. A man would say, "I know this colony is wrong."

>

54 TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Mr. Kildow. — We don't know.
I Professor Paddock. — We put in too much time in hesitation. He
who hesitates is lost. I hesitate to hesitate more.

Mr. Kildow. — The thing to do is to be more careful about selecting
better queens for breeding.

Professor Paddock. — You know it is the history in other iifies.

Mr. Tyler.t— Wouldn't it be policy to raise your queens from those
five that produced the most?

Professor Paddock. — That question has been put to me several

times, raising your queens from one colony and mixing your drones

from one of these. We cannot control mating, but we could predomi-

: nate drones by putting drone foundations in there and getting a lot

of them. Dr. Phillips says we do ot know the inheritance drone.

Question. — In increasing your output, which side will you increase
it from, your drones or queen?

Professor Paddock. — Not enough breeding work with these has
been done to show, but it is a logical conclusion and has been confirmed
by the general history of breeding that jwe can improve on either side.
With the bees we can control the maternal side and we cannot control
the paternal side.

Question. — Don't you think if you get your drones from a colony
of high production and cross them with a virgin queen from a colony
of high production, that you would increase your production ?

Answer. — Personally I do. ^The drone is an unfertile egg and of
the same constitvition as the queen.

Mr. Stone. — You assmiie that those supers average forty pounds
of honey?

Professor Paddock. — They averaged thirty-eight pounds, I sup-
pose. I

Mr. Stone. — How many frames were in them ?

Professor Paddock. — Eleven frame supers, modified Dadant sup-
ers.

Mr. Dadant. — I would guess above forty.

Professor Paddock. — We figured it wouldn't run far from forty
pounds.

. Mr. Stone. — In a nine and ten-frame super they will run around
fifty pounds. i , i

Professor Paddock. — The principle is the sanie.

Mr. Stewart. — You get those packages from the south?

Professor Paddock.I— Yes. ;

Mr. Stewart. — Were those bees in all .those packages the same age ?

Professor Paddock. — We don't know, but the bees entered here
were raised in the north, anyway.

Mr. Stewart. — The old bees dropped out and you . didn't have
enough honey. V

Professor Paddock. — If .-you go to diagnosing those things you
are going to get into deep water.

Mr. Stewart. — The age of bees has a great deal to do with their
work. ^ 1

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS" ASSOCIATION. 55

Professor Paddock. — You can pick out peculiarities -v^ith any one
of those colonies, but rather than go into details it seems to me better
to strike an average all the way through.

The President. — Anyone else anything to ask the professor ?

Mr. Coppin. — sThere might easily be such a thing that the fault
was really not in S(i)me of those low-grade queens, it might be that he
would be short of bees to raise the amount of bees that you had. . You
can't tell anything about that.

Mr. Bishop. — I would like to ask if you have had a queen poor for
a little over half the season, and then came up and made the average,
if she was a-good queen.

The President. — That is a very good question. Have any of you
ever had a poor queen that became good, that was not up to the aver-
age, and afterward came up to the average? Personally I never have.

Mr. Coppin. — If we didn't watqh it thoroughly, there is such a
thing as the queen being superceded, and the young queen taking the
old queen's place, the beekeeper not knowing it without having the
queen's iwings clipped. .'

The President. — Any other questions on this subject? If not,
have you any questions upon any bee subject?

Mr. King. — Here is one. What would you consider the best way
to increase where you have plenty of drawn combs ?

The Secretary. — Buy about a two-pound package of bees and
turn the bees loose on themf^

Mr. Coppin. — I consider we always have plent}^ of drawn comb.

Mr, Stone. — I would say, stimulate 3'our bees, and when they get
strong enough, divide them the way Werner did.

Mr. Kildow. — A very good plan' would be to build them up about
the starting of the honey flow. Take the old queen and a couple of
frames of brood, and put them in the hive, and build it up. T^hen
give the old colony, if you have them, a young queen.

Mr. Bishop. — A year ago last spring I lost the bees I had from an
attempt to ship them, and last spring I had a time getting started again.
I got Eoot queens and made divisions. I got Dadant queens and made
a further division, and I sent down to Davis and got another queen and
divided a ten-frame hive. Part of the time I used drawn comb and
run out of that, so I commenced with foundation. This winter I have
read everything on increase I can get hold of, and I am going to try
next year and see if I can't produce sixty colonies of bees and a little
honey.

Mr. Stewart. — At what time in the summer would 3'ou make your
increaae?

Mr. Kildow. — I would suggest before the honey flow.

Mr. Stone. — Mr. President, I want to repeat what Mr. Louis Wer-
ner said, when he told how he increased bees. The floods drowned
everything but four colonies, and he bought four more and by fall he
had sixty-four. He would stimulate his bees, and every once in awhile
he told about having a neighbor that had bees, and he tried to increase
his, arid he said, "I have my bees educated ; they swarm just whenever

56

TWENTIETH AXXUAL REPORT OF THE

1 tell them." He said, "They are going to swarm next Tuesday, and
when they swarmed he would double his colonies by dividing every
colony.. He had first eight, then sixteen, thirty-two, sixty-four colonies
in the same year from those eight. It was a pleasant job, and easy to do.

The Chairman. — I think it would be well for us to adjourn until
tomorrow, as we have Jay Smith's paper in the morning, and I under-
stand- Mrs. Kildow has a paper. We will also have the report of the
auditing committee in the morning, and the committee on education.

Whereupon adjournment was taken till 9 :00 a. m. the following day.

<J

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS'' ASSOCIATION. 57

WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION.

^he meeting^ was called to order by Dr. Baxter.
The President. — The first thing this morning is the report of the
auditing committee.

Mr. DadaNt. — "We, the undersigned, have audited the report of
the secretary and treasurer and find the same correct.

; "Signed, M. Gr. Dadant,

^ A, L. KiLDOW,

Committee."
The President. — You have heard the report of the committee.
What shall be done with it? ^

Mr. Tyler. — I move it be accepted. '''^^
Mr. Kildow. — Second the motion.
(The motion was carried.)

The President. — The report of the educational committee is next
in order.

^Mr. Dadant. — Tl\@-t5ommittefe drew up two different papers, one
to cover the inspection and the other the educational work. I will read
the educational first : . ^ ^ '

Wheseias, The need for a thorough course of education in beekeeping
has become a desirable and urgent need to the better development of the
honey resources of the State of Illinois, and

Whereas, The beekeepers of the State of Illinois are confronted with
many problems such as wintering, diseases of bees, honey flow and nectar
secretion, hive sizes, races of bees, queen rearing, etc., and

Whereas, Illinois, ranking as one of the foremost states in value of bee-
keeping interests, yet being outranked by a great many in instruction and
research in beekeeping; be it

Resolved, That the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association request, recom-
mend and urge the establishment of a thorough department in beekeeping
at the University of Illinois, such department to include a full four-year
course in instruction, a division for researdh on beekeeping subjects, and
proper educational extension work throughout the State; be it further

Resolved, That a copy of this resolution be sent to the proper authori-,
ties at the UNIVERSITY OP ILLINOIS to bring this matter most forcibly
to their attention. '•

Mr. Dadant. — I move the adoption of this resolution.
Mr. Stewart. — Second the motion.
(The motion was carried.)

Mr. Dadant. — The other resolution is as follows:
We herewith ask and urge an appropriation for bee inspection, which
will compare favorably with our sister states of Iowa, Minnesota, Indiana,
Wisconsin and Michigan.

We further recommend and request that the law governing the state
bee inspectors' per diem salary be changed.

Mr. Dadant. — I move the adoption of this report also.

58 TWENTIETH ANNUAL EEPOKT OF THE :

Mr, Kildow. — Second the motion.
(The motion was carried.)

Mb. Kildow. — I was at a conference of inspectors of several states,
in Chicago, last week. Xew York is getting ten thousand dollars and
they are going to ask fifteen at this session. Michigan is getting ten
thousand and is going to ask for fourteen. Minnesota has three thou-
sand and will ask four thousand. Wisconsin has five thousand and they
are going to ask for ten thousand. Montana is getting a law through
this winter, asking for three thousand. In Mississippi a law is being
enacted this winter, asking for ten thousand dollars, Florida is getting
ten thousand, Texas sixteen thousand five hundred, Illinois is getting
■two thousand a year. Kentucky gets seventy-five hundred for inspec-
tion. We are getting two thousand a year. Of course we can't com-
plain a great deal because that is all we are asking for, but, we ought
to ask for a little more. I would like to know how much we ought to
have. I have put in my plea to vote for an appropriation, but whether
I have got enough I don't know, I have asked for an increase to three
thousand. Whether I have enough or not, I do not know.

The President. — I don't believe you have.

Mr. Kildow. — We won't get more than we ask for, that is certain.

The President. — I think it is wise, when you ask, to ask for plenty.
They may cut it down.

Mr. Kildow. — I would like to say while I am at it, in attending
thisi conference of inspectors I find that out law and our system is as
good as any that is proposed, and I believe we can get what money Ave
need. Wisconsin has a system which they like, and yet they do not exact-
ly like it. It is a system of a clean up area, but they take a small area of
Ithe state and work that all together. The rest of the state is howling
to beat the band at them. Of course they have reason to howl, because
they are probably rotting with disease and the other parts of the state
are getting help. It will take the inspectors several years to get across
the state, two or three years to clean up a certain area and feel they
have got it clean. By that time part of the rest of the state is pretlty
bad off. One of the inspectors says they are howling, and I do not
blame them either, and I would like to have it so at tjiis date we could
get money enough so we could pay several competent inspectors enough
so that they can take a certain area and work that thoroughly, and yet
have the work scattered all over the state, so that when a call comes
in we could attend to it. I believe in that way we could get along very
well. As fast as we would clean up one area wo would go to another,
and in that way we would finally get the state under control. I have
in mind asking for money enough to get competent men. With the
money we have under present circumstances Ave can't get enough good
men.

The President. — Has anyone any questions this morning that
they have handed in to Mr. King ?

Mr. King. — I have one ; A\'hat is the increase of value of a super
of drawn combs over one of foundation, ten-frame shalloAv super?

Mr. Paddock. — What is the value of conjib over foundation in
supe^? If you w\\\ refer to Bulletin 158 you Avill find this very thing

y

ILLINOIS STATE beekeepers' ASSOCIATION. 59

answered. The experiment consists of five colonies given drawn combs
and five colonies given foundation. Those five colonies were as nearly
equal as it was humanly possibly to make them. The five colonies sup-
plied with foundation throughout the season made an average of ninety
pounds of honey, the five colonies supplied with combs throughout the
season made an average production of two hundred and ten pounds.

The Peesident. — Has anyone anything else?

Mr. Kildow. — Drawn comb is worth something.

The President. — Certainly. We will now have the paper by Mrs.
Kildow.

Mrs. Kildow. — Mr. President, gentlemen: Theory and practice
as applied to beekeeping. From what I have seen and questions I have
heard, I decide that some beekeepers, especially the beginners, think
there are principles and rules that will apply to every apiary. True there
are, but their application is made under different conditions and the
principles must be tempered to these conditions.

Any beekeeper without theory and knowledge of his work will find
obstacles that have been overcome by his predecessors, and it is their
theory combined with their experience that will help the beginner, if he
only takes time to investigate conditions under which these will apply,

Mr. Aikin once said, '"Eemember an apiary won't always be 'just
so'." Where is the apiarist, though he be old in the business, that has
had all the conditions and management just the same for two seasons?
Each season requires a management peculiar to itself^; and for this rea-
son no matter how sound may be the principles set forth, these princi-
ples must be applied according to the peculiar needs of the location,
and the object in view. If Vou are working for comb honey, the prin-
ciples laid down by a beekeeper producing extracted honey will not
apply to you.

The apiary that has been properly cared for in the fall will not
need the same attention in the spring, as one that has gone into winter
in poor shape. What we do from fall to spring has much to do Avit.li
how we do from spring to fall.

Yet we must not be discouraged because all theory is not appli-
cable to our conditions, but as Mr. Doolittle said, "Do a little thinking-
en our own hook."

You undoubtedly have heard of the beginner, who having bought
a colony of bees, was asked to read the bee journal. He remarked that
his bees would not go according to books. Other beekeepers have noticed
that at times their bees were obstinate and trespassed all bounds and
utterly refused to be guided by books.

But the books and periodicals are good and indispensable to suc-
cess, and they should be read and given deep study, while it requires
practice, thought, observation and adaptability to make beekeeping
successful. '

Back to our statement, what we do from fall to spring.

Suppose our object is comb honey, then we should get our supplies
and have dll sections ready before the spring work begins. But the
question that is perplexing us is how many sections we shall need. It

60 TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

i

1

is best to have a good supply, as they will keep, and in case of a rush
we may lose considerable honey, if short on supplies. This work should
all be done during the winter monthai^

Another, topic that claims att^ion between fall and spring is
winter protection, and if the bees are wintered out doors, they certainly
need protection, as it gives a more even temperature to the bees, and is
again in brood-rearing during the spring.

After this is done the beekeeper must still be watchful and oc-
casionally go through the apiary to see that all is right, and that there
is no robbing on the bright sunny days. Now we are drawing close
to spring and as the warm days come, it is best to get busy and examine
each colony that we may know the exact condition, and be able to de-
termine what to do. For should any colony be getting destitute of
stores, attention is required at once. Or some colonies may be queenless
and they will need attention, or possibly it may be wise to unite these
colonies. Then special care should be given that each colony is snugged
up to protect it.

The spring has passed and the beekeeper's work begins in earnest.
The bees should again be examined and now practice is your part, for
it is only by steady work and vigilance that you will keep in touch witli
the condition of your bees, and know just when to put on the supers,
and when to do the many things that fall to the lot of the good beekeeper.

Should you find disease in your apiary, you will find that you re-
quire both theory and practice. For these must go hand in hand to
intelligently treat foul brood.

From questions that frequently come to the office of the Inspector,
Ave find that, theory in these diseases is neglected, and we say read,
study and place yourself in condition, that with personal instruction
from the inspectors, you may be able to ap|)ly the theory and principles
to your own conditions.

Do not be discouraged about asking questions, nor think them too
simple to ask, for it that is what you wish to know, that is the one to
ask. Eemember, questioning leads to education.

The summer passes and if the flow of honey was free and your bees
in good condition to take care of it, you now have honey to take off.
This should be taken off while there is yet a little honey coming in,
and placed in the honey-house to be cleaned up.

Now we are back to fall with our work, and we see that theory and
practice must still go together. But our practice will be. more success-
ful if we read and study the experiences of our noted beekeepers. The.
watchword is study and think, but this alone will not make a good bee-
keeper.

It was W. Z. Hutchinson who once said, '"We cannot learn beekeep-
ing from books any more than a man can learn to be a physician from
studying books. He will have an apprenticeship to serve in the dissect-
ing room, and it is the same with the beekeeper, he, too, must dissect
subjects in the beeyard before he can diagnose a '^case'."

I agree with that thought expressed by Mr. Hutchinson, and es-
pecially is it applicable to 'the inspectors.

a

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS" ASSOCIATION. 61

Universit}^ men with the theory are only half ready for the work,
they need real, true practice before they are ready to diagnose a case of
foul brood and give instructions for its treatment.

Again Ave have seen from personal observation that a man that
could pass the best civil service examination for inspection work did
not come up to the standard in real work and the art of handling men.
Here again comes Mr. Doolittle's suggestion, do a little thinking on
your own hook, and take into consideration the conditions and the men
you are to work with. Combine theory and practice and tact with good
will toward your fellow beekeeper and success will be yours. (Applause.)

The Peesident. — This paper is open for discussion.

Mr. Stewart. — The only discussion is that it is excellent all the
way through.

The President. — I agree wdth you on that, absolutely. Any
questions. We will now have Mr. Smith's paper. Mr. Jay Smith of
Yincenne's, Ind.

Mr. Smitpi, — Mr. President ladies and gentlemen: I am certainly
mighty glad to be here in Illinois. I claim Illinois as my home state.
1 was born in Whitesid^e County. My father likes that county so well
he is still living in his ninety-f outh year there, and still growing strong.
I am trying to imitate him, I want to live to be one hundred years old,
to see if I can't learn a little bit about bees. It seems when we learn '
one thing about bees, w^e find two things w^e don't know. We learn
those and then there are four things v^e don't know, until we get along
as far as Dr. Miller, when he says, "I don't know much about it," but
if he didn't there is no use in the rest of^us trying to learn.

In talking about queen rearing, I do not offer any objection to^
being called a crank on the subject of queens. I believe beekeeping
can be summed up in a short way, in two points, good young queens
and a large brood nest. Of course there are lots of other things that
go with it, but if a person would know that much and practice it, he
Avould be surprised at the results he could get. The only reason we are
finding out the large brood nest is important. I would as- soon have a
poor queen ia a single story eight-frame hive as a good queen, because
the poor queen would stand some show of filling that up and giving a
surplus. A good queen would fill it up and cause a swarm.

I am .not saying anj^thing against the eight-frame hive. The
object is a large brood next. I don't believe many of us still realize '
the importance of a good young queen. The best queen you can have
is one you rear yourself, in your own yard. It has been preached to us "^
enough and we think we know that. For instance, people say, "Fresh
air is- good for you." Do people know that fresh air is good for them,
when there are six hundred thousand people dying -^ every year with,
tuberculosis and four million more have it and they are going to die
with it, largely because of the lack of fresh air. Do people know fresh
air is good for them? They do not, seemingly. The same way with
beekeeping and queening.

I met a man the other day who had two thousand nine hundred •
colonies of bees, and he never raised any queens. He said he expected
to double his apiary next year. How are you going to do it ? He said

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n,i.i\<)i.> MA'ii; iii:i;Ki;i.i'i-:i;s Assdci viiox.

63

iiic uav \Vf ;ill do — it was in ('aliloniia. and llii'V do lia\i' some ocekcfii-
ors out tlu ic, tliat will siir|>ris(' vou tlir wav tlicv do things. 'I'liis man
was a siirccssful Ix'ckci'iicr in Satitiap). lie said tlicv split the co'onv
lialf in two. nave cacli pai'l a new stand and let it ^'o at that. 'I'licy do
not caic which one tho (iiiccn is in. If she is one part tlic othn- part
cf the lohiiiy will I'aisc a new (piccti. If the colony i^cts too weak, they
x't it on top of another one and let it i^o at tiiat. 11' one I'loncx tlow
Tails they will inoxc t<i another. Oidv rcccntlv are thev waking up to
the iiiipoi'tance of xouni; (pieens, hecause of iMiropean t'oul hi'ood, wliieii
'- [luttinu them out of hu-iness in a i^reat many cases. 1 douht whether
luiropean I'oul i)r.o()(| pre\ails throuuh vour disti'icts, hut Dr. I'hillip-
ttlls me It >eems to \h' epidemic only in certain localities, owinn to the
honey llow . .\ lii^ht honey llow will cui'e it in a u^reat manv case-.
1 lit conditions are ri^iht out thei'e t'oi- lMiro[)eaii fold hrood, so thev arc
|indin<: out if they real (pieens thcmsehcs and uive them 'pieeii cells.
;ui(l follow that up, they can almost foryet Muropean t'oul iii'ood, in I'act
1 know uf a nundier of cases where this has J)een successful.

In one place t here ■ were two apiaries close together. Thcx had an
inspector nut thei'c. lie would i^o and look oNcr the hees and sav. '■'^'onr
colonio are ilisea.-ed. ^'oul■ apiarv must he cleaned up. 1 will he
ai'ound in ten day>, if it i<n"t clean then 1 will hum it np for vou."
ile didn't last \<'ry loim, hut the law-ahidiiiL:' citi/cn huriied up hi^
colonies and went out of liu.'finess.

Tho.-e people were close toj^'etlier. Thev followed in.-t met i()n> as
iie>t thc\- could and dotrovcd the comhs. 1 think tlu're'were se\cn(\-
(i\ colonics, which ln^ shook in one hi\c and hiirnecl up mo>t of them.
lie had one colony when 1 was there, and they didn't look like they
would la>t till spi'ini;. lli> neiuhhoi', not o\cr a mile awav., uot some
'nforiiiat ion on this, and when the inspector came around he said. "I
want to follow instmclions all I'iu'ht. hut l.ha\c hci'c a letter fi-om
Doctor .Miller, from the h'oot ('ompanv. and Dr. Phillips at \\'ashini;Ioii.
.-Mid I i;ct Dadant'k journal, and the\' all sa\ it is ci'inunal to desl ro\
t:'ood condi> and colonies sliuhtly alTected with luiropean foul lu'ooil. [
am not ,L;oini:' to desti'oy them, and neithei' are you. 1 am uoim: lo take
.are of thi.- as he.-t 1 can." lie hliilTcwl the fellow awav. I'e hail one
iiundred and lifty colonies with no trace of h]ui'opean foul hmod. hi-
--aid. I looked through his \ a rd and couldn't lind aii\. lie had a
surplus of ahoiit one hundred and lifty pound.- pei' coloiiv. and h'' did
it entirdv l)\' raisins;' hi> Ojwn (pieeir- and uiNinu' each coioin a riiiii!
'pieeii cell at the ri;^ht t inie.

There is a piod illu-t ral ion on the \aliic of \oiiim' ipieen-, one mai!
out of husiiiess and the other man doini;' well. lie -aid he had for^oitei:
'•hiropean foul hrood. lie said thei'e is a certain time when it doe-n"t
hurt to have a co|on\' (pieenle-s for a certain lenuth of time.

1 reipicen e\('r\' \;'ar and pav no altenlioii to luiropean foul In'ooii.
(M' cour.-e. American foul iirood is a dilTereiit st(M'\. I jii-t mention
tlio-e ['•-■w thin,ii< to call your attenlion to the fad. I don't (»e!i.-\i
there arc any of u> hei-i-. includiim niy-c!f. that fully reali/.e ju-! tin
jJii[)ortancc of the yoium' <picen.

64 TVVENTIETII ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

The Greeks have a saying that anything that is worth learning is
worth learning three or four times. I learn that every year, and last
year I learned it again, in a very peculiar way.

I had two colonies side by side. They were packed in sawdust.
Even in our mild climate I think it pays. I was behind with orders
and wanted to sell off the queens and thought I would requeen all of
them,'. One of them looked like a fair queen, and I thought it would
hold over. The other one was a nice queen. They went through the
winter, the old queen died and the young queen was good. The other
I gave a queen cell later, and it built up the colony so it was a good
colony. By selling off a queen for a dollar and a half I lost forty dollars
just as plain as could be. After a fellow has a few lessons of that kind
he will begin to see it pays to have good young queens.

As to how often they are queened, that is a matter of judgment.
I queen every year because I work my queens pretty hard. I formerly
sold packages of bees, pound packages, but I have discontinued that.
You can hardly get a price that will jutsify the sending of a pound
package. It hardly pays to take them out if he has got any kind of a
lioney flow. I used to shake out bees and the queen would keep on
laying for the entire season. I found that it was very seldom a queen
would do very well the second year with that kind of handling. Where
running for honey alone, it is probably a different story.

Methods of rearing and queening. I haven't anything revolution-
ary to tell you. The simplest way of course is the way I am telling you,
take out a queen and they will rear one. That is the poorest way you
could rear a queen, because if a colony is queenless it is in an abnormal
condition. There is scarcely any condition in nature where a colony
would lose a good queen. There are some once in a while. Tlie queen
occasionally takes sick and dies. I have seen once in awhile a good
healthy queen laying out deid. In that case the bees' have to resort
to rfearing a new queen under the queenless impulse, but under a con-
dition regularly what the bees want is a queen as quick as they can get
one. They are in a desperate plight. The}^ dp not card how good she
is, or how poor, they want one right off, and they can later supercede
her if she doesn't come up to their standard. They frequently choose
larva too old, and the older larva they choose, that queen will hatch
first, and so if you leave them to their devices the poorest queen they
raise will be the one in there from the oldest larvae, that will hatch first.

One can modify that a little "by culling out and selecting the lively
cells, and get fairly good results. There is a modification of Dr. Miller's
method, that I have found for the person who wants to raise twenty-
five or fifty queens a year, that is very good. I go to the best colony
I have, one that contains a breeding queen, and give her an empty comb
in the center, and in about two days I look and if there are a good many
eggs I do not allow them to hatch. Dr. Miller allows them to hatch,
and trim off the comb around the larva. I prefer to take them when
they have eggs. Then I go to a good strong colony and take away their
queen and all their brood, and set this one frame in that colony. I
have noticed frequently that they will enlarge those cells around the
edge before the larvae ever hatches, but not always.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATIOX. 65

« ..■.■■.■■-.,'

Usually they feel the larvae as soon as hatched and float it out, and

Imild a cell down over the comb, and very frequently I have seen them

enlarge a cell still containing the egg. Sometimes they will put a little

larva jelly in the bottom of the cell by the first egg before it is hatched.

. They seem to be anxious to feed that when the baby arrives.

Of course when these cells are completed you treat them the same
as you do any other, that is you use the same method. That is the
method 1 like best, except the grafting method. It has some advantages
jiid a great many disadvantages. That must be done during a honey
flow, for if there is no honey flow you will have to feed. The disad-
vantage is if you are requeenihg any number, you do not know exactly
Avhen the queen are going to hatch, and^ if you wait a little long and one
hatches too soon, you will have trouble. If you anticipate it too far
ahead and cut out cells and put them in a queenless colony, you waste
several days waiting for that to hatch.

The grafting method was originated by Mr. Doolittle, and it is
pretty diflictilt to improve very much on w^hat Mr. Doolittle did. If we
try it we find ourselves going back to him. I think every one that has
five colonies of bees ought to have Mr. Doolittle's book. Mr. Doolittle
was a profound student, he advocates some thiugs in there that I believe,
if he had lived and worked five or six years longer, he would have dis-
continued. ^ I sold some virgin queens and I said the balance I believe
is going to increase. I didn't have a virgin. Some good beekeepers
do that. Wesley Foster buys a good many virgin queens, and I do not
see how he can buy a virgin queen and have her -shipped through the
mail and have her put in a nursery cage and put in a colony and have
her worth five cents.

The virgin queen the moment she puts her head out of the cell
ought to be fed by nurse bees. That is the way they are taken care of
in nature. It isn't theory. I have owned five hundred nursery cages
and I will sell them awfully cheap. I will never use another one. the
way I look at it now. I have tested them out many times. In one
]jarticular ease I took cells out of the same batch, and put some in
nursery cages the day before they were to hatch, and allowed them to
hatch them, and a like number of cells I gave directly to the nucleus.
As soon as these hatched in the nucleus I introduced them in good shape.
It took about three days. Every one that hatched in a nursery cage was
delayed in its mating or laying eggs, exactly the time it was in the
nursery cage, or were delayed three days.

Out of a large number tried, every one hatching in a cell with one
exception was laj'ing before the first one was laying that hatched in a
cage. That ought to be evidence enough that a virgin queen ought to
be among the nurse bees the moment it hatched, yet there are good Ijee-
keepers who will buy virgins. There are one or two queen breeders
Avho make a specialty of shipping virgin queens and nothing else. I
have sometimes thought I would buy some of those for experiment.

We are getting methods of that kind, so that we are getting away
from nature. Another thing I do not like is the cell protector. I do
not believe it does any good in the first place. If you put a cell in a
-. - — 5 B A " ■ ■ " ■

66 TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPOET OE THE

cell protector and the bees are of such a disposition that they wouldn't
accept the cell, you may be sure they won't accept the virgin when she
hatches, because they will accept a virgin queen before a laying one. If
you leave it in there till they do accept it, you might as well leave them
queenless for the same length of time.

In the Doolittle method, you are probably all familiar with that,
he dips his cells. I have a system that holds twenty dip cups, all gal-
vanized iron, and they slide through that easy, so we dip twenty times,
and the directions they usually give is dip twenty cells, put them in hot
wax, and put them on your paper. They won't stick there.

In the paper just read, there was one splendid suggestion and that
is, do all the work you can in the winter out of the way. . If you are
grafting many cells, these should be deeper, and all that work done in
winter, get that t)ut before the rush season. They must ])e wrapped up
and put away to keep all dust out, because the bees have to clean it out,
and they clean out the larvae too. I never measured many cells, I don't
know the exact size, but I know a good many of the sticks they send out
are too large. The theory is that the queen cell is 'iarger than a worker
cell, and makes the queen, consequently as you make a queen cell still
larger you have a better queen, but the bees don't see it that Avay. They
usually won't accept it; it is unnatural, if too large.

You notice some queen breeders use drawn comb for grafting, and
get good results. I have tried all kinds, even deep cells, as worker cells
and larva> they will accept and make just as good queens out of small
cells as worker, but the;^ have to float them down and make the cell
larger below, but a cell a trifle larger than a drone cell is the size I
make them.

In nature the bees keep the queen cell narrowed 'down in the en-
trance, so that only one worker bee can crawl in. You may have noticed
a worker bee feeding the larva? and trying to back out and its feet would
get caught. They keep the entrance to that cell just large enough for
a worker to crowd in and out. I presume it is to preserve the moisture
or heat, or something, so if you could make a cell large inside and the
end of it small as a worker cell, you Avould have perfect cell, but you
couldn't very well dip one of those, so a compromise is to make the cell
small and have it just as flaring as necessary in order to get of the
mold. In fact, you can make the walls almost straight. You will find
they will accept many more cells that way, and when once accepted they
will go ahead. ' "

Different people have different methods. AYhat will work with one
will not work with another. One man had a machine that would stamp
the cells. I got one and stamped the cqlls, put them in the swarm box,
and they wouldn't accept any of those, and they did accept all of mine.
The cells Avere large and shallow. , I doin't know Iioav the men that in-
vented it did, hoAv Avell he liked it, but I threAV the thing away. I would
rather have them dipped. .

Yon can buy cells ready-stamped, but most of them are too large.
Some use the wooden cell cup. I used that for a long while, but I find
there is no advantage there. The difficiil^ feature with the cell cup is
that thev have a nail in the base. Xowl tliev tell vou to stick them on

^ ^J

ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES ASSOCIATIOX. OV

with wax if you use a wooden cup. Xo advantage at all. It is a great
disadvantage to use a wooden cup. You have to keep saving them, and
a wax cup and-all has a number of advantages. It doesn't take up so
much room. If you have a nucleus a little crowded the cup will spoil
the cell, but one made out of wax you can press in the comb farther
and it doesn't interfere. ^

The making of the cup ceil is a very simple matter. There are

several ways of getting them to accept the cells. The difficult part of

, grafting is to get the cell started. After you get them once started 5'ou

can get colonies under different circumstances to go ahead and finish the

job.

Bees have a very peculiar instinct. One is that they are great
finishers. They are not much to start things, some of them, but once
started they want to see the job completed. You see that illustrated
in a great many ways. If you put on a common honey super without
aoy drawn combs they don't want to go up in there, they would rather
swarm. But you put a few combs in there and get them once started,
you can take that one off and set another one on, and they will go right
in and up and to work. Having once started a job, they want to finish
it.

Mr. DeMuth tells us that the secret of keeping them from swarming
is that bees want to finish the job, so always see to it that they never
have their job finished, always give them empty combs and sections
ahead, so they will feel they have an unfinished job. The same with
the cell. If you can get them started, instinct will tell them they must
go ahead and finish.

I have had some very peculiar accidents along that line. I bSTd
some cells nicely started and gave them to a colony to be finished, taking
out the queen. They did a fairly good job, though, they finished three
or four in good shape. After a short time I looked in and they had as
nice a laying queen as you ever saw, got in there by mistake, and yet
they finished the number of cells. Evidently they thought somebody
had started those cells and they ought to go ahead and finish them, and
there Avas nobody around to tell thein to stop. I have had a great maiiy
cases of that kind.

The method that has been advocated to get cells started is a very
good one. Go to a colony and take away the queen and all of the brood,
and give them the grafted cells. I do not know where I first ran across
that, but in looking over Doolittle I found it there, I cannot claim
oriiiinalitv, or that I was the originator of it. It is verv 2:ood. But.
Doolittle originally devised the scheme of getting them to finish above
the queen excluder, and I think that is the best way when your colonies
are strong, or during a good honey flow.

To go back to the grafting. It is a simple process. A great many
people have spoken about the results they got by grafting, what a grafter
thevNvem.-.aJid'the^ results they got, supposedly from a good job of lay-
ing the larvae in, but I have found out that in itself is a very simple
process. You can take anybody that has good understanding and show
them, and inside of an hour they can do just as good a job as anyone
else if they are careful. The difficult part was to ge,t the colonies and

68 TWEXTIETII ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

the bees in the right condition to take care of these things. Ladies
especially are good at grafting larvte. They are used to handling the
needle and their eyes seem to be trained f6r it. I let my wife do that
two years ago, and she did so well she has had the joh ever since.

There are several features about the grafting that a person needs
to observe. I don't say anyone who never had any experience could
go ahead and do it, but you could. You have to show them how, but
if a few very simple rules are followed, it is quite easy. I have always
said you have to have a very strong light in order to see the larvae well,
but ni}' wife can take it in the house when it is cloudy and do very good
work. So it depends on the light. If you are in the bright sunlight
on a sunny day, it will touch the larvai and your cells will dry too rapid-
ly. It is better in the house. I used to, on a hot, dry day when the
atmosphere was exceptionally dry, sprinkle,; the room to keep the larvae
from drying out. And Mrs. Smith told me another thing, what is the
Vise of moistening the whole room? Wring out a wet towel and lay
over the cells after you get them grafted (laughter). I had never
thought of that, and some of these little tips are more valuable than
you can imagine. After you graft three 0r four bars — we graft three
before we put them in to be finished — after you graft three and the
atmosphere is dry, and you put in the royal jelly, it will dry up, ]>ut if
you lay a wet towel over them it will keep them moist and free from
dust. ^f, . ,

Eoyal- jelly I have found is a necessity. A good many can graft
and get good results without it. I have tried a number of times to
abolish royal jelly in grafting cells, because it is somewhat of a nuisance,
but after trying it different times for ten years off and on, I find with
me it is one of the essentials. When there is a heavy honey flow coming
on, and not a light honey flow, and the conditions and everything are
just right, and there is lots of food aroiiiid the larvge laying in the
worker cell, when you dip that out you get enough of it, they can get
by all right, but even then a little royal jelly is a benefit. But where
you have to depend on raising queens the royal jelly is very good. You
will get a larger percent of them to accept the cells, and the bees will
take hold of it sooner.

About the first thing after you put iii the jelly they remove it,
take it out. I don't know whether they eat it or swallow it or put it
back, but I have sometimes put a spoonful of jelly on the frames, but I
never could see it had any special benefit. ' They seem to take out the
jelly the first thing, and in doing that they moisten the larvae and im-
mediately put in more jelly.

I learned another little kink, the trouble in getting royal jelly, and
how to get it. J. W. Jords, from the Imperial Valley, two hundred
feet below the sea level, there it gets lone :hiindred and twenty-five and
thirty in the shade, and the air there is so clear, no inkling of a haze
at all, and it is one of the best bee countries in California — Mr. Jords
is there and he says, *'Do you know royal jelly will keep from one sea-
son to another?" Y^es, it will, we have bottles of it and keep it over.
I don't know if there is any special advantage in keeping it from one
season to another, but I adopted his plan and I find it one of the handi-

ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES" ASSOCIATION. 69

est things I ever tried. I use this (indicating a small container for
cold cream). You can't use a bottle^ because you can't get the Jelly in
and out. Get something like this, from your wife's dressing table or
manicure outfit — you will find one something like that— this one has
Melba on it. I put it in and then pour in beeswax so it will seal well.
The nice thing about that is that I can carry it in my pocket all the
time. I have made a jelly spoon to dip it out with. Those you buy
are too long, and you can't carry them in your pocket. I whittled this
out of a toothbrush handle — got it out a manicu.re outfit, too. I carry
those in my pocket and when working with the bees I have them handy
for use as needed.

How can you get the royal jelly? Dip down in the cell
Avith the spoon. During the season I have never yet had to hunt for
royal jelly because I have two of these. By keeping that tight the royal
jelly Avill keep indefinitely. These are some of the little things that
help. Xot all beekeepers are as accommodating about certain things
as others. Once in awhile you find a fellow who thinks he knows it
all and wants to keep it all in his hat. I ran across a fellow like that
out west. He said he had taken a short course in beekeeping the year,
before. He said, "Those fellows are all writing to beekeepers, telling
us what to do. I was in business before they were born." I was ex-
plaining something to him about grafting, and' he said, "I had that
twenty-five years ago." After it was overwith he said, "There is one
thing you said that has always puzzled me, and that is moistening the
rolay jelly. I put it in here, then put in some distilled or rain water,
stir it till it is thin, about the consistency of the royal jelly you will see
at the bottom of the workers' cell." He thanked me very much for
that. He had found out some little thing that even he could not learn.

About foul brood, we do not want somebody to come into your terri-
tory with foul brood, because there is a menace in moving bees around,
but we had a law prohibiting anyone from moving bees that had Euro-
pean foul brood. That meant every one had to stay in his o^vn place
because they all had it. This fellow that I speak of was an inspector
and he said, shake for your foul brood. Some people think that he is
such a big man and the world is so small, there isn't room for another
one like him, and he wants it all himself. He is afraid somebody is
going to move in and bring bees within four or five miles of him. If
they would pay more attention to good queens and have large hives, they
would never know whether there is anyone else there or not.

In grafting with jelly keep it rather thin. I like to sit down in a
chair and take the bar with the cells on. Yon just graft them in a hole
and they work fine until you use them once, and then they got all stuck
up with propolis. After going around and trying them all I came back
to Doolittle's good old method, and I don't believe it can be improved
upon.

I don't suppose anyone here ever visited the Davis's in Tennessee,
but if anyone here has ever visited John or Ben Davis, I would like
to ask them a question: They use drawn comb for grafting, and I
have often wondered why. Mr. Pellet writes it up. I want to find out
why they use drawn comb to graft. After you have grafted it seems

70 TWEXTIETH AXNUAL EEPOET OF THE

/

to me the cells are so much better. They couldn't get any better ac-
ceptance, because if you work it right with the cells you will get prac-
tically all of them accepted. I knoAV that when we have had twenty on
the bar we have had an average of eighteen out of twenty accepted, over
a loftg period of time. ^ ery frequently we would have sixty we put in
a swarm box all complete, not often, but we have had it done; so if a
person grafts carefully, and if the celk- are in the right shape, take
larvffi of the right size — and it is diffii^ult to describe that — say about
tvrelve hours after it has hatched, I use it as small as you can see it,
but some people can see it as soon as it gets out of the egg, and they
won't accept them that way. I don't know whether it is the handling
that injures, or whether the bees don't like it. If you put eggs in the
cell alone, the bees won't accept it. The nature of the bee is peculiar.
I don't know why they do that, unless they reason that if there are eggs
there is a queen, and she is superceded, and in superceding they seldom
have consideration and accept the eggs.

I used the Swartbmore method, and once I thought it would be nice
ji I could get the queen to lay in the cells. I had no difficulty in doing
that. We got them all and put them into a small nucleus, giving the
queen no other room, and she laid all right. She never laid any drone
eggs. Then I take them out and put them into the bigger flange cup
and give fifteen or twenty to a colony. Four is the most that they have
ever saved, but they usually save two or three, and sometimes four.
AVhy they did that I don't know unless it w^as because their nature told
them if there were eggs there there must be a queen. If you take the
young larvae, the same principle hold good, if such very young larvte is
there, there must be a queen, but if you get larvs fourteen to twenty-
four hours old, they seem to take it for granted that the queen has been
out for some time, at least that is the way they argue.

The method of starting the cells after they are grafted you prob-
ably have heard a great deal about, especially the swarm box. I ex-
perimented wath that about ten years ago, and got some excellent re-
sults, then I discarded that metho4 and went back to the Doolittle
method of the queenless, broodless colony. Several years ago I tried the
swarm box again, and found it so much superior that I used it exclu-
sively. I modified it slightly. I used a box wide enough to hold 5
standard frames. I use the Jimibo frame. Five frames, putting in
two, one on each side. I see that .there is a little pollen, a little honey,
and some empty cells in the comb. There is no special advantage in
having pollen in there. Theoretically, there is. They can't produce
loyal jelly in any quantity without some of this kind of food they get
their pollen from, but from a practical standpoint they have enotigh
of that already in their systems.

Then I make this box by putting a screen on the bottom, and I put
on some legs, with a space of about two inches underneath. I go to a
colony in the morning, and find out if they are queenless. Two hours
is plenty long, and I have had very good results when I was hindered in
putting them up, in getting them to accept it in an hour. I like to
shorten the time as much as possible, because when bees have been con-
fined in the box about so long they refuse to do good work. I don't

ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKEEPEKS' ASSOCIATIOX. 71

know whether they want to fly or not or whether they run out of royal
jelly, but they shouldn't be in the box longer than twenty-four hours
to do good work, so if you leave them queenless four or live hours they
will lose that time that they would be working in the larva.

I usually go to the yard about one o'clock and leave about three.
You don't want the light straight over your head. I prefer grafting
inside of a house for several reasons ; it is cooler, you can see better with
a shade in the house and do better work with the comb. Your eyes seem
to take the light better. Then you can lay the cells out of the hot sun
and you are away from the robbers. Even when there is a pretty good
honey floAv, the robbers will find it out and make themselves a nuisance.
Your combs are kept cooler. If you take a comb out of the colony to
be grafted you shouldn't keep it out over three or four hours. They
seem to commence to dry. If the larvae gets dry so you can't graft, you
-put it back in and get another one.

We like to graft about three bars of twenty each, sixty cups, and
put them in one at a time. The holes are in the top of the swarming
box. If we used the Swarthmore method it would take a half day to do
as much as you can do in an hour this other way, and it is absolutely
no better. I have tried them side by side. You can graft the sixty and
put them all in at once and get as good acceptance in every way as you
can by putting them in one at a time. They have more food than they
can use anyhow, and it doesn't get dry, they are just exactly as well off.

I do not know who invented the swarming box. Swarthmore uses
it. Doolittle doesn't mention it. There is one other, Alley, I think, used
it. The one I have I like very well. I make two covers and put on it.
The first cover has a square cut in the top so you can set down all the
bars in there as once. I have two blocks at each end, so the bars rest
on those blocks. I have another cover or slide over the opening, to close
it. The first cover is to keep the bees from crawling up. When I put
them in, I lay the three down so the cells are up — take this box (illus-
trating) I have a funnel top. I go out to the bees about one o'clock.
First I weigh them out, I find five to seven pounds is about the right
number. The more the better off you are, just so you don't crowd the
box. I make the box large and have it well ventilated.

You have to have powerful colonies to take seven pounds away
and leave enough to take care of the brood and keep the queen good,.
If youj use the same comb over and over, you will have t-o be giving that
some brood to keep it up, because these bees being taken away so much,
the queen doesn't like it so well and the colony will run down in strength,
but you will be surprised how well the queen does if you take away these
beesi It doesn't injure the way you might think it would.

A good basement is important to put this in. The reason I had
a failure about ten years ago, when I tried the smaller box, it worked
all right in the spring, but by and bye it didn't work so well and I
wasn't sure what was the matter. I gave them water. I could do
better out of doors with a queenless, broodless colony. I had a good
concrete basement, and I piled up hives and supers to make it dark at
one corner and have access to the place so I can walk in without opening
any doors. That gives them plenty of fresh air and ventilation without

72 TWEXTIETH AXXUAL REPORT OF THE

(

the light. The temperature varies but little there. In cool weather
it is good, because if an ordinary cool spell comes up in the spring, 3.t
is warm in there. I have had them in there when the temperature was
100 outside and they did exactly as good work as they did at any other
time.

I have personally weighed them out sometimes to know how many to
put ill. You can judge about how many ought to go in, but I don't like
t() miss the four poimds, or at least five to seven pounds of bees. You
must give them plenty of ventilation because they generate a good deal
of heat.

I put these bars down inside for another reason. Bees can cluster
over bars and keep everything the same temperature as the hive, ^^'heu
.1 come to the grafting cells I lay them down and pick up the swarm
box and give it a little jar on the concrete floor. The bees are clus-
tered in this vacant space and they drop to the bottom in one mass or
cake. I put the little sheet with three bars in there, and slide the cover
on them. I have seen it done repeatedly. The bees will cluster on the
cells, on the three bars, and all hang together, and they have been witli-
out brood for two hours.

They should be taken from a strong colony with a good young queen
or prolific queen, so there is plent}' of uuhatched larvae. These nurse
bees have been feeding this larvae to the highest degree. Take them
away for two hours, and this royal jelly accumulates, and they have a
lot of that. In about two hours they realize they are broodless and
queenless. They want a queen, and they want some siwiod at the same
time, and they have got the food, so they immediately take hold to draw
[he cells out. They have the instinct to build combs, but they do not do
that while they are queenless. If they have a queen they will imme-
diately begin to build comb.

I have examined stands inside of an hour, and I found the ceil al-
ready shaped nicely and commenced to draw the eggs in immediately
to make it small so just one can get in. The little larvfB in there would
be literally swimming in thin, -transparent liquid in that length of time.
You can take those out early next morning, but the cells will not be
progressed quite far enough, the larvfe won't have sufficient size to do
the best work, so I prefer to leave them in till next evening, about three
to fi\e o'clock. By that time all of the cells will haxe been drawn out
nicelv, and the larvti? literally swimming in royal jelly.

Then we give that to a finishing colony, down in a dark place, and
the bees seem to be content. Bees sometimes try to get out. Once in
awhile one starts it, and you will hear thonn roar just for a little time,
and you would think they were all down on the screen trying to get out.
I find them clustering on the cells. A dozen or two bees at the bottom,
roaring, will make a lot of noise, but they seem to stay right on the job.

There are several ways, of course, to finish the cells. The most
economical is over the qtieen excluder. In order to get them finished
over a queen excluder, the colony must be extra strong. When a honey
flow is coming on they will be in splendid shape, but when that is over
you can hardly get the queen interested in the job long enough to keep

ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 7:3

on laying, to keep the colony up where it should be. Then I go to
other colonies, get hatching brood, and reinforce those.

Another thing to be done, . the queen below the excluder must be
replaced occasionally. The most troublesome thing you have is swarms
during a light honey floAV or when they are strong, and the queer thing
about it is you can't tell when they are going to swarm. You can't tell
by the queen cells. They will swarm when there are no cells in there
except the ones you gave them and it doesn't do any great damage, if
you have the queen's wings clipped. To prevent that, occasionally re-
queen. It is all right in a case of that kind to take out the old queeai
and let a cell hatch. You have got conditions for building as good cells
as an}'^ swarming or superceding colony ever built. It is generally
acknowledged the superceding cell is the best, but I found a number that
were not good. I believe very frequently when they supercede a queen
she is sick or something happens, and they do not do as good a Job. I
liave one at home from an excluder queen, where I allowed her to super-
cede, and the queen looks all right, but she is a little crooked. I
imagine this queen, being old, laid two eggs in a cell, and kind of de-
formed they superceded the queen. Put these in there (indicating) and
the tenth day from the day of the grafting they must be taken out.
They will hatch on the eleventh day usually, and ten days from the day
you graft you take them out because they will be hatching. Leave them
with the same colony to finish.

Different people have different systems. The one we use I like
very well. We graft twice a week, Wednesdays and Saturdays. That,
times the thing so we take out the queens Mondays and Fridays, and
that leaves them queenless, so that we put in the cells Tuesdays and
Saturdays. That leaves the colonies queenless twenty-four hours.

I prefer to give these directly to a nuclei without any cell protector
v>'hatever. The objection usually had to these cells is the difficulty in
getting them off the bar. They say they will build wax and stick them
all together ; with a sharp knife a slit is made in the bottom of the cell
and they are shaved off. As you introduce them to a colony you should
handle them as soon as possible. It doesn't do any harm to lay them
on one side, if you take them out on the tenth day, because the queen
is so far advanced there is no danger of injury. If you leave them an
hour they should always stand on end. If you don't stand them on end
you will have crippled queens. I used to think deformity was caused by
rough handling, but I laid them in cotton as carefully as I could, and
it didn't help.

I was talking with Mr. Snodgrass and asked him about laying them
down on the side, and he said if the wings are not completely formed,
laying the larvas on the side would have a tendency to retard circula-
tion and paralize certain parts of the body, and I know that is a fact.
I find it is well to have a little box to p*it these cells in, all right side up.
If you put them in inside of an hour and keep them out of the sun or
keep them warm, if the weather is cool; you will practically never see a
deformed or crippled wing.

As a matter of requeening, it is usually advocated to give a cell to
a colony, remove the queen and give the cell to the colony. That is a

74 TWEXTIETII AXXUAL REPOUT OF THE

A-ery good way, it saves equipmeut and some trouble, but evervthiug
considered, I think it is better to allow this cell to be put in ([ueenless
nuclei and introduced the laying queen to a colony. I do not like the
idea of having a good, strong colony (pieenless, without a laying queen
ten and twelve days. The theory is that if you have to do this after the
honey How is on, the bees that would have hatched if you had left the
old queen in would have been consumers instead of producers. Possibly
localities may vary, but I never saw the time where I ever had any colony
too strong to suit me early in the spring, to get nectar from the apple
blossoms and pears, to build up on, then from the alsike, white clover
and sweet clover. Then you want them strong to Iniild up for the fall
flow, and then you want them strong for winter and during winter you
want them strong.

One of the great features about wintering strong colonies in this
way is that a less area is exposed to the atmosphere. If you have a real
small cluster of bees you will have to have insulators, they are not
enough to keep themselves warm. - The larger the circle the better it
is. You supplement that of course with such packing as you can.

There are several Avays of using these cells. A good way is to give
it to the colony to be re-queencd. If there is European foul brood in
the apiary that is especially to be recommended, because the bees seem
to clean house better when they have a virgin queen in there. They ex-
pect her to lay, so they will polish up the cells nicely, which they will
not do under any other circumstances. If you will look into a colony
that is queenless, you can almost tell it. You Avill see scattered honey
and pollen in a kind of shiftless way, but if you see a patch about six
inches all cleaned out and polished, you know there is a virgin queen in
there without looking further. They are expecting the virgin queen to
lay.

There are several localities where they have only a fall flow. We
speak about building up in the spring, you want your colonies strong-
early in the spring, but there are certain places where they depend on
alfalfa in July. They have nothing before that. They go through the
swarming impulse and then they commence to run down hill when the
honey flow comes on.

It seems to me that would be the ideal condition, let them build up
in the spring in a two-story hive, and then divide it and give the queen-
less part the cell, let that hatch ; as -the honey season comes on kill the
old one and unite them by the ncAvs^paper method, and you have got two
strong colonies as the honey floAv is beginning. You are using one of
the divisions as a nucleus. The only extra equipment would be an
extra bottom board and cover, unite them and set the bottom board and
cover away. You have the advantage of two queens laying there a long ^
time, and after the honey flow comes on you have a young queen, reared |Jf

that year. She will never swarm unless forced to do it. T

Another way is to have a regular nucleus built. I don't believe in
baby nuclei. It will take about one man's time to keep one hundred
baby nuclei on the job. They will swarm out with a virgin queen,
when she commences to lay, and when they come back and you turn
a queen excluder, the first thing they want to do is to kill their queen.

ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKEKPEliS^ ASSOCIATIOX. 75

Wheu there is a swarrfi the drones like to gather in and go along. I
had a baby nncleus abscond, the queen couldn't ga with them, and
when they got back they couldn't get in, there were so many drones
along, so I used baby nuclei for three or four years, and gave them
up, using nuclei with a standard frame. As to the start, it doesn't
make any difference. I prefer a nucleus holding frames on each side,
then I only u.se one with a division board. You can slide the division
board over and find your queen immediately. Mr. Mendelsohn uses
-the eight-frame hive.

Some people are saying a great deal about the eight or ten-frame
California hive, and I hope it will stay there. They call them the
migratory hive because they move them all the time. The end bars are
so long that they come tight against the hives, so when moving them
they won't shake around this way and that way. I saw three of them
demonstrating a hive. They had pickaxes and tools to get into the hive
and tear the combs out.

This eight or nine frame hive has three partitions, making two
compartments, has an entrance one at each end, and I stood on the blind
side when he was working. Take that off, and you have three little
covers that sit over. That outfit has some advantages over the other.
He says one advantage is in this (indicating) pulls out the division and
makes a colony over. I was going to pull mine out, but I have never
done it. I was going to pull one out and double them up for winter,
but I find a thin division board in there doesn't do any harm. You can
just as well winter in a twenty-two frame as well as a fourteen frame,
just as well winter two queens as one. That makes a splendid outfit
then for a queen, just like the old queen.

When this queen is laying nicely, you want to requeen, kill the' old
queen and take the nucleus out of this hive to be re-queened. When
3'ou requeen, kill the old queen, put on a newspaper and set on the empty
hive body on top.

I think Dr. Link invented that newspaper method. If you never
used it, you want to get the habit. It is the nicest thing to unite colo-
nies with, I ever saw. In theory it doesn't look very good. So I had
some squares made and thought it would be much better, but it is a
failure. The bees in the top part will half of them die. I don't know
why, I thought they must fight, but I didn't see how they could fight
through the screen. I think they worry and try to get down there, and
if you look in there you will find a double handful dead. Take two
newspapers, fold them, lay them over the hive and set the other one on
top, this way (indicating). In this way you can move one hive a con-
siderable distance and they will soon gnaw a hole in there, and they
will unite. I don't remember ever seeing a single dead bee.

Another thing. Being confined that length of time and. gnawing
through, the}' seem to realize something is wrong and they mark the
place, because if you take a hive a short distance away, and move it,
when they unite you will find them going back to the old place.

One of the great objections people have to rearing queens and put-
ting them into the colony, is because you have to introduce them, and
that is why they prefer the cell. I have been making a study of queen

76 TWEXTIETH AXXUAL REPORT OF THE

introduction, and those of you reading the Journal have probabl}^ seen
something about the cage I have been experimenting with.

Eegarding introducing queens; sometimes a person in the queen
business will find out something from customers he would not find out
any other way. The astonishing thing I found out was the number of
queens there was, not being introduced. On one occasion a man wanted
six queens early in April. I sent them. In a little while he ordered
some more, and queens got cheaper. He ordered more. By and bye
he wrote me a letter and said, 'I want to get one of your queens. I
liaven't succeeded in introducing one of them yet. What is the trouble?"
The only trouble with hi in was that he hadn't been taking off the card-
board, off the cage. Where they follow directions with the ordinary
mailing cage, there has been an appalling loss. Mr. Erban, one of the
inspectors in Indiana, believes the amateur loss to be two out of three.
I said that is awfully high. This man we spoke of, that had fought
foul brood and raised his queen successfully, he has had what success
you have. He said, I have been keeping track of it, and I have a loss
of queens I get through the mails, being introduced, exactly two out of
three, and he was an expert beekeeper. He followed the regular direc-
tions.

With the common mailing cage I find I get the best results if vou
take out a frame and put this down in the comb, and take off the card.
The bees will cluster under there and^ get acquainted. I believe the
people that follow that method lose fifty percent. I wouldn't put it
at two-thirds, as a good many do. I had a letter from one man who
said he wasn't interested in introducing queens, because he never had
a failure. He said he didn't believe some people followed directions.
He had good luck during the honey flowl Then he got another dozen
queens, and he said he handled them in exactly the same way he did tlie
first ones, and he had trouble. I said, that is nothing wrong. You
introduced a queen in a cage of that kind, she can't live iji there, and
she has the scent of this wood, and she is a stranger to the colony. They
can only get partially acquainted with her through that way, and if you
M'ould examine carefully before they are taken out very frequently you
would find they are trying to get another queen, and will kill her off.'
Thev are waitinu' to eat her out of her cell, then thev jump on her and
kill "her.

I think the mailing cage should.be a mailing cage only, and not an
introducing cage. I can't talk ^ery long on this subject without men-
tioning Dr. Miller or Doolittle^ Miller's cage is very much better than
that. You have to transfer the^queen. You ought to always transfer
her. You don't know whether tlje person shipping her has got foul
brood or not. He may have a certificate of health, stating that there
is no foul brood in his yard. You don't know. I don't care who I get
a queen of, I always burn up the cage.

The first cage is a Doolittle cage. This is made by Fowl of River-
side. That to my notion is the best cage there is. This man made a
hole in there, so he could fill it with granulated sugar. That is Doo-
little's method. It takes them about three or four days to eat through
there. I called that the virgin introduction cage. I do not believe

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATIOX. 77

ill virgins. If a virgin were confined in there that lengtli of time, she
would be injured. But for laying queens that is one of the best in-
stances of that kind.

There has been a good deal of talk lately about a queen excluding
zinc placed over this, and there has been a controversy as to who was
the originator of the use of this device, but a man by the name of Cos-
tello used it thirty years ago. It comes and goes. AVhat is the trouble?
In order to be of any advantage the bees will have to mingle through
that perforated zinc with the queen a number of days. There is no
(Short cut in introducing a queen. This business of taking out a queen
and putting in another, and smoking them, you are lucky if you intro-
duce them. You lose lots of them. You half drown them and all that.
In a lot of so-called methods of introducing them they get a certain
percentage of them introduced and they let it go at that, they lay it
to the queen. Once in awhile they will smear honey on them. I don't
think that does any good. If there are robbers around it does a lot
of harm. When a colonv i^ets in a condition that they want to fight
robbers, you will know they have got a starving queen. The bees will
-cluster all around, and you can push the combs tight against it there
and hold it there. You ought to have about two inches of candy and
allow them to eat her out. But when there is a light honey flow on,
you will get a large percentage of acceptance.

Worse than losing a queen is to have one crippled. Many queens
are injured by introducing. You do not know it, perhaps. Perhaps
you have seen queens that have been introduced, and you would find
three or four days afterwards they are not laying. You will find bees
tormenting them, and the bees keep picking at them, and you will see
the ends of the wings all frayed out. Very seldom a queen treated like
that will amount to anj-thing.

Dr. Phillips tells us a bee as far as they can find out has no power
to recuperate strength as compared with us. It has so much energy
or pep, and when that is gone they are through. They can't take a
rest like a human being and regain their strength. If that is true a
queen that is worried, afraid of her life, has worried tlie best part of
her energy away. I have seen many of those that never amounted to
anything afterwards. Even worse is to have them injured till they will
be a poor, in different queen. They will stay in there and carry a col-
ony throng a honey fiow and you will miss a good honey crop, because
the queen was not properly introduced.

Dr. Miller changed that to a flat case so he could slide it in the
entrance without taking out a comb, which saves that extra trouble.
"Wlien I found out there was such a large percentage of loss among the"
queens, I commenced to review a good many of the methods used. I
read Langstroth and Quinby and Doolittle. I read Doolittle every
year. I found out that the pushing comb cage they spoke very highh'^
of. I think Mr. Doolittle said he introduced ninety-nine per cent.
Take a wire screen, cut out four corners, press it in. That was recom-
mended by every one as a safe and sure method, but I wondered if that
was true, why they have gone back to this cage (indicating). It is
called the Benton cage. They said people wanted something simple.

7b TWEXTIETH ANXUAL REPOET OF THE

they did not want to fuss with a lot of these things. I said there is
nothing simpler and easier than that mailing cage, but it doesn't intro-
duce the queens. That is the only objection. They all recommend
this. Mr. Knott said they used to have what they called the Pan cage.
It was a mailing cage and an introducing cage combined, pushing the
comb cage. It had a wooden frame and tin slide, and when you intro-
duced the queen you stuck a tin through the comb, pulled out the slide,
and the queen got down on the comb. Knott said he used to introduce
practically all of them that way. But he said it was a very poor ship-
ing cage, having tin on the bottom the queens were killed, but they
seemed to want the combined cage. I tried some of these, and I found
the pushing comb cage when it didn't fall out of a place was quite sure,
but I didn't find it as sure as they sdid. Once in awhile they would
kill a queen, probably one in twenty-five.

.Somebody spoke not long ago about putting a piece of perforated
7.mc in so that the bees would eat through the candy and get to this
perforated zinc, then they would get to the queen one at a time. It
didn't look as though it would amount to anything, but I like to try
out anything with a semblance of virtue. It really was a splendid
feature.

I wonder why you couldn't combine that with the pushing comb
cage. I made a combination, and I have introduced a number of queens,
and up to date I haven't lost a single queen or a single one as much as
injured. I hadn't intended to ever ^ make these, but I found what I
wanted was a better method of queen introduction, so I worked it out,
and the people are welcome to it if they want it. It is difficult for an
ordinary person to make those teeth. You can make those and use a
smooth tin if you want to. You can't press it in as well, it is more
liable to fall out. But I will explain the working of this first. When
a queen comes through the mail there is a cork in it like that. Take
a mailing cage and that little tin on there, take that off first, then hold
it up this way (indicating) and the bees and queen will all run up in
there. As soon as you see the queen go in, put this cork in there. You
will notice this perforated zince on here, and it is necessary to have it
the right size. I used some old flat zinc with square holes, and it was
too large, a queen would go through once in a while. This is a little,
smaller. I never had a queen go through that. All the workers will
crawl out and get away, and that is what you want them to do. Doo-
little says they cause more trouble in introducing the queen than the
queen herself, but there is another reason why you want to get them out
of there. They usually die in the cage immediate!}^ when you put them
in there. You will find all the workers dead and the queen still alive.
It is natural for the workers to get out, and they try to crawl out through
there while the queen is satisfied to stay in there. You can start with
as many of those as you wish, and the queen will finally be in there all
alone. I would leave them in there only a very few minutes.

We have been using this for some time and we have no disease.
Bees Mdll eat hard candy when it is all dried out. The reason people
have trouble with invert sugar is because of the fact that they make the
candy too soft. Bees get a little of that smear stuff on them and it will

I ILLIXOIS STATE BE^KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 79*

suffocate them. You wouldn't notice it on them, but they breathe
through the abdomen and a very little on there will start them to worry-
ing and they will die and kill the queen, too. So candy ought to be
.made very stiff. My wife makes fondant. It would go to taffy or get
granulated. The only thing that keeps it liquid is the water, so when
the water dries out it gets hard. You can mix a little honey with it.
There is no grain in it, you can take it in your mouth and it will melt.
Xo more grain to it than there is to butter. Take an old tough comb,
it will not work on a new comb. It will fall out, the teeth will break
"through. You must have an old black comb with cocoons in it. The
trouble with the push comb cage undoubtedly is that bees would gnaw
under this and it would fall out. So we take this and push off the bees,
don't shake them off because you can't shake them all off. Push them
off, put this in, press it in about half way, then take this and drop that
^n place that way (the speaker illustrated the working of the device),
and put in this metal blind over the zinc so the bees can't get to the
queen immediately; take hold of this and press it in there as solid as
you can. Otherwise when they gnaw in there and gnaw away it will
fall out of place.

After using that for two days, open the hive and take it out. I
liave watched the bees go in there. It is very interesting. The queen
is in there alone. If you can find hatch brood it is all right. It works
just as well without. You want some empty combs and a little honey in
the cells. The bees go in one at a time. The queen has been in there,
and that is her home. When that bee goes in there, he acts like he is
going into a strange hive. He is scared to death. They are afraid of
the queen. They feed her, and she is hungry, and she will be laying in
time in a cell. Another one comes in and the queen will get to laying
and get up full speed in that cage. I have seen some cells where there
Avere over fifty eggs, by that time the bees had -gone in and fed her,
crawled out through this opening, and in some mysterious way they
communicated to the colony the knowledge that they have a queen.
They would start on this little piece of comb ; they wanted to supercede,
and they started eighteen cells for her to lay in. They won't do that
with any other cell. If they have her in one of these cages where the
bees can't have access to her, but where the bees can get access to a
queen through an excluder the whole colony recognize they have a queen,
but they want to supercede her, and an old, decrepit queen is very easy
to supercede. They seem to think, as far as we know, they have got a
queen tbat needs to be superceded, and they start superceding her. So
I leave that two days, then I take it right out, I have never seen a
queen killed or injured.

Mr. Mendelsohn got two hundred cages of that kind. He used
them during the whole season and introduced queens to lay workers and
didn't lose a single queen. He says it is absolutely certain. A tinner
can make these, if you can't, you can make a smooth tin around it. The
Eoot C'ompany promised to make them, but they have put it off. I
gave it to them, I didn't want to get anything out of it. These two
pieces combined I wouldn't be without for anything in the world.

so TWENTIETH ANNUAL EEPOET OF THE

Another thing, you can frequently save queens that wouhl other-
wise be lost. The bees accept them. On one occasion when I looked
in, the queen was laying all right. There was a virgin hatched about
the time this queen was released, and she laid one comb entirely full,
then the virgin met her and killed the laying queen. It ; showed the
bees were entirely satisfied with her, but things like that are liable to
come up.

I saved two queens last year in a peculiar way in the same hive.
This had been in there an allotted time, and I saw the bees balling the
cage. I knew there was something wrong. I looked, and a virgin
queen had got loose from the nucleus and had gone into this place. I
don't know how they find those combs, but I know this, it isn't luck
and chance, that they hunt out a queenless colony, because I have had
so many cases of that kind. I know they couldn't go into all the others
and be killed. I don't know that they really hunt them out or smell
them out that way, but you probably have seen them go up and try to
go into a colony, and they would get close and the workers woidd stamp
on their hind legs. They would do that, and they would keep on tyying
1o find one, and when they find one that would let them, they would go
in. I found a virgin in there once, and I took out the virgin queen,
and in a few days I took out this and saved the virgin queen all right.

I think I have said all I need to, more than perhaps you care to
hear. If there is any discussion about this I will be glad to hear it. I
don't claim to know all there is about queening. Here is a little bottle
of royal jelly that I am keeping over till next year.

Mr. Kildow. — Your flat cage there is taken from the old Pete ( ?)

Mr. Smith. — It is partly that and ])artly the old Push-comb, and
this queen excluder, Costello got that.

Me. Kildow. — I mean the other flat cage there is about practically
the old Pete cage without the sliding tin, except the big hole you might
say, and the tin over the face of it.

]y[R. Smith. — This is what they call the Long Distance. You have
seen the Pete cage. I

Mr. Kildow. — I have used it some years ago. Your cage is good
enough.

^Yhe^eupon a short rece«s was taken.

The President. — Please come, to order. If you have any ques-
tions you would like to ask Mr. Smith, or is there anything in the ques-
tion box?

Question. — AA'hat is the size of the swarm box you have mentioned ?

Mr. Smith. — It is wide enough to hold five frames. If you made
it the size of an eight-frame, it would take too many bees. I make it
out of light stuff, but you have to carry it around out in the yard. I
have two iron handles to carry it by, and the inner cover telescopes in,
and you can shake the thing around and the covers can't fall off. I
have a hole cut in the center with a mason jar, with honey in it. to
feed while they are in here. The main thing is the feeding back and
forth. Thev must have fed three or four days before they are in. They

cage

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 81

will take a quart of diluted honey, and that makes a jar, but they do
not seem to care for sugar syrup. Swarthmere uses a swarm box, and
they used a cut of it in one of the government bulletins. I think it is
better than the other. You take the queenless and broodless method.
Take out the queen and all that brood, and set it back in there, which
is a big job. You have got the nudleus queen, and put the queen over
the excluder. If you have a colony strong enough you can brush the
bees back and re-draft twice a week. It is a little hard on the queen. I
have had one or two queens killed.

Question. — Do you have a screen over the entrance?

Mr. Smith. — Xo, over the entire body. We have to have a good
deal of foundation. ■

The Peesident. — Anything else? If there is no other question,
there is a very important subject to be taken up at this time. That is
the question of our joining the American Honey Producers' League.
The question is open for discussion. I think Professor Paddock here
could probably tell us more about the league than any other man present.
We would like to hear what he has to sav about the matter, and about
what it would cost to join.

Professor Paddock. — The American Honey Producers' League
stands for the advancement of the industry, and I believe we all appreci-
ate that. The constitution as it was written out asks that any state
joining the League send to the secretary-treasurer of the League a
dollar for each one of its members, with the proviso of one hundred
dollars as a minimum. The League had a meeting in Chicago, an open
meeting of the executive committee. The executive committee invited
friends of the League to meet there and thresh out some of the points
in question, and the one of most importance at that time was that the
different associations could not be expected to send a dollar to the league
for each member of the state association. In Iowa, for instance, I
realized very clearly that we could not this year expect all of the mem-
bers of our association to see the advantage of the league and be willing
to subscribe a dollar. What our association did do was to guarantee
thje league a minimum of one hundred dollars, and as many of our
members as see fit will send in their dollar, and the balance will prob-
ably be made iip out of the funds of the association. We hope to grow
from that so that in the course of four or five years all of our members
will see the advantage of the league and will become members. In four
or five years we Avill then have our membership, also the membership of
the league.

The same question came up in Wisconsin. They are developing a
second organization, Avhich is a buying and selling organization. It is
the intention that all the members of the organization will eventually
become members of the buying and selling organization, and that only
one organization will retain their membership and eventually be a mem-
ber of the league.

Another step was taken. In so far as the League has not been able
to or has not rendered any positive service to the beekeepers of the
United States, the membership taken noAv will be dated for 1921 mem-
— 6 B A .

83 TWEXTIETlt ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

I

bership and not 1930. Those states which have paid in their hundred
dollars will be given credit for 1931 membership. Are the people
familiar with the work of the league?

The President. — Just a few of them. I don't think they all are.

Mr. Paddock. — The league is a co-ordination of the state societies
of the United States, Mexico and 'Canada — possibly farther than that
later on. It hopes to act as a co-ordinating force for the various state
organizations. The league is composed of seven bureaus: marketing,
legal, educational, and others, seveW.in all. The bureau on marketing
wiU have in its hands information which will assist the beekeepers of
this State in their marketing problems. It will have available infor-
mation as to the honey contained in Philadelphia, and advise other state
associations to shop to Philadelphia or not to ship to Philadelphia.

There is one view held that is not correct. The league does not,
attempt, or will never attempt to sell anybody honey. The league is a
service proposition and can serve only when called upon. It will not
dictate in any sense of the word at any time.

Another value of the league comes out in their legislative com-
mittee. Eight here in this State you probably have some problems about
education, about foul brood inspection, and about appropriations. ISTow,
Mr. Kildow has given you some information. The committee of the
league will have on file a copy of each law and a copy of the appropria-
tions, and probably the comments of the various men in charge of the
foul brood, so that if you are interested in any changes, you would write
to that committee and get this information, a summary, perhaps, of the
systems which had proved most satisfactory, and the average amount
f'xpended in the work.

Another aim of the league is to correct differences between beekeep-
ers. For instance, there is a great deal of dissatisfaction on the part
of those receiving the packages, those receiving queens. That may not
always be the fault of the shipper, may not always be the fault of the
receiver, but there is a difference there, and we had this case come up
in Chicago: a beekeeper from Montana had consigned some honey to a
broker in Chicago, and the broker had refused to pay anything on that
shipment of honey. The league proposes to assist that beekeeper, if
lie is a member of the league, to get a one hundred per cent settlement
on that shipment of honey. It does not guarantee that, but the point
is that if an attorney representing the American Honey Producers'
League takes care of such matters the broker will not fight it, whereas
be would an individual beekeeper, because the league's representative
Avouid call upon this broker personally. Such services as that is what
the league expects to put over.

The league has been voted upon favorably by virtually every state
west of the Mississippi Eiver, and the states east of the Eississippi Eiver
are rapidly approving and will take membership in the league. The
league has the support of everyone connected with the industry outside
of the producing one, that is, the supply manufacturers, the beekeeping
publications, etc. It is quite probable that the league will put on an
advertising campaign in the neiar fiiture to increase the consumption

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPElJs' ASSOCIATION. 83

of honey, believing that at the present time the public needs to be edu-
cated to the ,value of honey to increase the consumption.

That is verbally some of the things the league hopes to do. I
would be very glad to answer any questions that I can, that you might
want to ask. If you do not understand this clearly you should ask
questions, and it is a matter of vital concern to the beekeepers of the
country today. It, is just as logical, I believe, as it was for the states
to come together in their government. It is a co-ordinating agency,
as I see it. Today Montana and Utah are shaking in their boots to
know how much honey there is. They want to know where to send
their honey, and that will depend on the whole situation. It is hoped
that the league will be able to co-ordinate the marketing and relieve
Montana so that they will be relieved of the ill-advised shipments, say,
to Kansas City, when the Kansas City market has been supplied. In
this State it should be of immense assistance to you in establishing a
system of educational research work, and in bureaus of legal aid.

Another point that came up was, how much tariff should we ask
Congress to put on honey? Who is going to solve that? Is Illinois
or Iowa or California going to solve that? It is a matter of national
concern. I mentioned yesterday the honey coming into this country
and what it is doing to our market. That is a tariff question. The
league is already at work on it. It has a committee appointed which
is now at work, and it hopes to make its recommendations to Congress.
Those recommendations will be of assistance to Illinois beekeepers and
to beekeepers of every state in the Union. The league will carry on a
national advertising campaign. They probably will not get very far,
because Mr. Dadant tells us it costs twelve thousand dollars for a back
page in the Ladies' Home Journal, per issue. It is a ijiatter of getting
finances to start with. They are going to raise as much money as they
can, put it in the hands of some recognized advertising agency and allow
that agency to dispose of that money to the best advantage. I think
that is very logical, too.

Me. Smith. — It seems to me that alone would be worth the mem-
bership fee.

Mr. Paddock. — The beekeepers are not going to put up that fund.
That fund today is being raised among the honey bottlers, the supply
manufacturers. That is the one thing that developed most forcibly
at the Chicago meeting, that this problem of relieving the honey situa-
tion is felt more keenly by the men who handle honey than it is by
those who produce it, and the men today who are most anxious to solve
the beekeepers' problems are not the beekeepers themselves, but the men
who are connected with the business as manufacturers and in the other
capacities.

Mb. Kildow, — The middlemen.

Peofesor Paddock. — No, I wouldn't call him the middleman, the
bottler.

Me. Kildow. — Did the league send representatives to all these dif-
ferent states, requesting them to come in?

Professoe Paddock. — Ko, I don't think so. They didn't to our
own. They had a representative in Wisconsin, but I think it was a

1 1

84 TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPOET OF THE

coincidence rather than cause and effect. Nebraska I know voted to
join the league. I think every state association realizes that this is a
step in advance, a logical step. We all have certain interests in com-
mon. We may have some little differences of opinion, but we(^an not
progress as well as we could if we allow those little differences' to act
as a hindrance to progress. It came out in the Chicago-Xorthwestern
meeting that the California exchange proposes to spend within the next
six weeks, twenty thousand dollars in advertising in Chicago papers,
advertising what they call the Chicago territory. Sonle of those fellows
who have been producing two and five and ten cans of honey and taking
it up to his grocery store will begin to get uneas)', but Avhenever a de-
mand is created for honey, and California serves that demand once,
they may not necessarily serve that demand the second time or tlie third,
but whatever goes to boost in Chicago is going to boost the consumption
of honey all over the United States, and Boot's will tell you today that
their advertising campaign which is costing them fifty thousand dollars
is not bringing back fifty thousand dollars in money to them, but is is
helping the beekeeping industry of the United States. It is creating
a demand for honey all over the Uiiited States, that every one of us who
are producing a pound of honey -receive some benefit from their adver-
tising.

The President. — This is open for discussion. It is vital.

Mr. Tyler. — Last year I produced in the neighborhood of six
thousand pounds of honey. I was at Lincoln, where they have a whole-
sale grocery establishment. I went in there and asked them if they
were in the market for some honey. He asked me how much I had. I
told him. He asked me how much I was getting for it? I told him I
was getting thirty cents a pound in five pound pails. He said, "I don't
believe we can get together 'on the price." He said, "We are buying
California alfalfa honey that we can sell to our trade for fifteen cents.
At about the same time I met a Avholesale man and in a little conversa-
tion I found out he was a honey producer, and he wanted to know what
I was getting for hone3\ I told him. He said, "Do you know what
I am getting for the the Airline honey in 14-ounce bottles?" Four
and a half dollars a dozen in fourteen-ounce bottles. That is about
thirty-seven and a half cents. At the same time that Airline honey
was retailing for forty-five cents a bottle. Somebody was making big
commissions.- It wasn't hurting my trade. I couldn't dump my honey
en a wholesale man because he could buy western honey cheaper; at the
same time Airline selling at forty-five cents for fourteen ounces was
helping me sell my honey at thirty cents a pound in a ten-pound pail,
Avhich was satisfactory to me. But there you have a line on about what
the bottlers want to make or were making. Those people were whole-
sale grocers, they bought honey in siixty-pound cans and sold it that
way. They were not bottlers, they were wholesalers.

Mr. Smith.— rEvidently you concluded that the Airline company
was making a big profit. I have talked to Mr. Root a good deal about
that, and he says if you try to bottle honey and sell it direct to whole-
salers, vou can't rlo it. TJiie^" selLit to the broker, jobber, wholesaler

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEKS'' ASSOCIATION. 85

and retailer, and they really make a modest profit, but there are about
five people living off of it.

Mr. Tylee. — I didn't have the price of everyone that handled it,
but I am simply giving you a few prices in the different steps they were
taking.

Me. Smith. — I think the Airline honey is a great benefit to all of
us. I used to bottle it for them and sold it, but you have to get a big
price, for the retailer wants 33 1-3 per cent. The wholesaler Avants 10
per cent, then your bottles and all that makes it expensive.

I have always had a hobby that if some company would sell sixty
pound cans and buy from the producer and sell by parcel post, there
would be a good thing in it. During the war someone said they would
sell to their customers free of transportation charges, honey, so they got
a carload of honey in sixty-pound cans. They let their subscribers
know, and it went right out at thirty cents a pound. They ordered
four or five cars, and it was all over-subscribed.

I believe we are making a mistake by selling people honey in small
glasses. Sixty pounds is small enough. I have a lot of customers that
take it in sixty-pound cans. A person can't supply a family of eight
or ten with honey bottled in bottles, but if they knew where they could
get sixty-pounds, they would buy it. The grocer's trade demands the
small package. A little honey is all they carry, so they come to me and
buy in five and ten gallons.

Me, Kildow. — I think there is another thing that is wrong. ^ I
doubt whether we can ever educate the city people especially a big
manufacturing town, to buy in large quantities. They live from hand
to mouth. They get what they want for one meal. They want a five
or ten-cent package, and till they get out of that habit of buying in
piecemeal and not buying in larger quantities, we will never make much
headway, because it is getting worse all the time — they buy from meal
to meal. If it is raining so they can't get to the store, they have to go
hungry.

Me. Smith. — It has been proved there is another class that will
buy it in sixty -pound cans.

Mb. Stone. — The sixty-pound cans go mostly to the country people.

The President. — We are wandering from this proposition. The
question is before us : is it to our best interests to join the American
Honey Producers' League?

Mr. Kildow. — As far as Illinois is concerned, I can't see where it
would help us except in an indirect way a little. You couldn't go over
the entire State of Illinois and get a carload of honey.

The President. — I don't believe it is the idea of the league to
try to collect honey in carload lots.

Me. Tylee. — I believe our producers of Illinois will be benefitted
by joining the league.

The Peesident. — What do you say, Mr. Dadant?

Me. Dadant. — I figure we have got about three hundred and fifty
members. Membership in the league, as I understand it, is one hun-
dred dollars, that is thirty cents a member. We are not taking a very

86 TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

big chance if we spend thirty cents. If it comes out all right, probably
next year we will be ready to spenc^ three hundred dollars.

The President. — If we join now and pay the one hundred dollars
there is nothing more to be paid until January 1, 1922.

Mr. Bishop. — I would be in favor of joining this league from my
experience in the selling business. The State association in theory
belong to the national association and get the national advertising, and
I wouldn't have them stop that for ten dollars a year, just for the good
it has done me. Probably some of you have noticed our national ad-
vertisement is just a smear of paint with a brush at the end. It says
"Paint and varnish," and those few. simple words are doing wonders
for our business, and I can't see why-^ven though it costs us one dollar
apiece for the advertising, I don'l^see why we should discontinue it.
I think we should join the league, I think you would get it back ten-fold.

The President. — Personally that is the way I feel about it.

Mr. Withrow. — If you never risk anything you never make any-
thing. The only way I know of to find out is by trying. I, for one,
would be in favor of trying this league.

The President. — It has been moved and seconded that we join the
American Honey Producers' League.

The question was voted on and unanimously carried.

Mr. Tyler. — ^What about the payment of that one hundred dollars,
will that come from the secretary?

The President. — If there are one hundred men in the association
that care to join, we will have to send out a letter to the members in
regard to the matter. We can certify those one hundred men. If we
do not some time during the next few months hear from them, we pos-
sibly can take the money out of the treasury. We will probably have
it by that time. One hundred dollars can be taken care of very readily
by the association. The entire membership at one dollar apiece we
can't take care of. We will have to have the secretary send a letter
out to each man, and if he cares to let him put in a dollar, we will let
him do it. I think the real honey producers will do so. I think ama-
teurs starting in the business will not feel it will do any good to join
the league, and those men will always have to be taken care of in the
association. We can't limit this association to men that produce honey
and put it on the market. If we did we would fall down with our
appropriation in the legislation. ''

One other question and then we are ready to join, and that is the
question of admitting the ChicagOr^orthwestern for the ensuing year,
at fifty cents apiece. Mr. Kildow has a little word to say about that.

Mr. Kildow. — Mr. President, I don't know whether I ought to say
anything about that. It didn't suit me, the remarks that the president
up there made. I only want to say a few words about it. He likened
this State association to a dog's tail, and said they didn't like to be
wagged by the tail, and I didn't like it, in view of what they get from
this State association. I for one pretty near voted against them coming
in, because I hate to force anybody. in, and that is the way they acted,
like they would have to be forced in, because they claimed that they
didn't get any benefit from this Sta']fee' organization. It was no benefit

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEBS' ASSO9IATION. 87

.V* . ; .

for us to pay their stenographer and give them a report and let them m

for fifty cents, becauW they were the dog, and wanted to wag us. You

folks do as you please afeckut that, I don't know whether I will vote at all

or not. I didn't like that kind of expression from a society that is not

anywhere the size of the State society. I think the State society should

be the unit. *

The PRESiDEN-f.- — As I understand it, they have sixty-one mem-
bers belonging to our societ}'^ here — last year, not now.

Mr. Stone. — ^We have 285 members without them.

The President. — ^We paid about $98 as I remember, for the
stenographer, and then we publish their report and give them our re-
port, for fifty cents per capita. I would like to have them still stay
jn the society; it makes members, and members are something when,
you go before the appropriations committee. If I could get the mem-
bers of this society to go out and get just one member, and that man.
get another man, we would soon be up to one thousand. It is a very
simple matter for me to ask for an appropriation of two dollars per
capita, and there isn't a man on the appropriation comm,ittee that would
say no. But when I go over and ask for five dollars per man, they think
it is a little too much. So for that reason, I would still like to see
the Northwestern come in. Of course, if they don't come in, that is
fetill their pleasure.

Mr. Stone. — They finally voted to come. The time was when they
tried to get the State associations to have their meetings in Chicago.
I wrote them we had to have the meeting in Springfield to elect the
officers. They said elect the officers there. I referrd them to our
charter, that the place of meeting of the State beekeepers association
should be at Springfield, Sangamon County, Illinois, and we never had
any more trouble from them, but they have always wanted to get hold
of the fund that the Illinois State association gets.

Mr. Witheow. — I do not know just what per cent of the member-
ship of the Chicago-Northwestern really live in the State, but I expect,
about fifty per cent of the members live in Indiana, Wisconsin and
Michigan. It doesn't look right that we should pay out ninety-eight
dollars for a stenographer and then only charge them fifty cents and
give them a report, and charge our own members a dollar and a half.

The President. — Practically half of the printing bill is due to
the Northwestern. Of course, that makes a more readable report. It
makes added papers to read. Only about one-fifth of the membership
ever attends any of the meetings. They say, what is the use? We can.
read the report.

Mr. Stone. — Mr. President, I would like to make a motion. I'
move that they be allowed to join our association the same as they have
with a fee of fifty cents per capita, coming in in a body, provided that
they will pay the reporter for reporting their association meeting.
Leave it with them, then, whether they will join.

The motion was seconded.

Me. Dadant. — Before we go ahead with this we are liable to stir
up some enmity within the State, and it is too bad to do that. I think
the time is going to come when this State is going to follow the lead of

88 TWEXTIKTII ANXUAL REPORT OF THE

Wisconsin, and some of those who iMve affiliated with county associa-
tions. When that happens, the Chicago-N^orthwestern will be a really
social gathering more than anything else, because. Indiana members
will belong to their state through their county, and Wisconsin will also.
I hate to see this motion made to arouse any antagonism between them.
I believe it would be better to let the matter drop entirely.

The President. — I want the members of this association to under-
stand the feeling that has existed. Personally I feel that it would be
better to let these men come in.

Mr. Stone. — Mr. President, with the consent of the second I will
withdraw that motion from the simple fact they will say the State pays
for their stenographer and they ask us to pay our own. So I withdraw
that motion.

Mr. Kildow. — I think there were only about two people in that
convention, that caused all that trouble. That was the president and
•secretary. The president made remarks and it seemed from what I
could see that he did not want to join the State association, because he
made the remark several times in this tone, that they would have to
pay a dollar per member. I had to correct him. We never have charged
them that. First they only paid twenty-five cents, and the last two
years they paid fifty cents. They have no right to say we would charge
them a dollar. Finally the membership voted that they would come in.

There is another thing. They voted to go into the league and pay
one hundred dollars. They voted to come in with iis and pay fifty
cents. I think they had thirty-five members that paid in a dollar and
a half, and the}^ were wondering where they would get the money to
come in. So they made a motion to pay out what money they had, and
assess the members to get funds to go into the league and come in here.

Mr. Dadant. — How many members have we outside tlie State,
i;liose that come in with the Northwestern, come in here and are fur-
nished reports?

The President. — There are about thirty of them outside the State,
-at a reasonable estimate.

Mr. Stone. — There arc some that come into our association out-
side the State, indirectly.

The President. — Xow, oefore I entertain a motion to adjourn, the
first thing I want you to do is to get some more members for this as-
sociation. The second thing I want you to do I want every one of you
to see your legislator, the man in the. House and the man in the Senate,
I want you to tell him that we need an increased appropriation. We
have asked for five hundred dollars more a year, the next thing I want
you to speak to him about is the fg.ct that we are trying to start a de-
partment of education in beedom at the State University. See that he
is for that appropriation, and don't let him go until he says yes. It
can be done, if you all w'ork.
^' A motion to adjourn sine die will be in order.

It was moved, seconded and carried that the meeting adjourn
sine die.

The meeting adjourned at 12 :30.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATIOX. 89

PRELIMINARY NOTES ON THE VALUE OF WINTER
PROTECTION FOR BEES.^

(By J. 11. Merrill, Apiarist, Kansas State Agricultural College and

Experiment Station.)

That a strong colony of bees will gather more honey than a weak
one is a fact accepted by all experienced beekeepers. However, to gather
more honey, this colony should be strong at the proper time in order
to take the fullest advantage of the honey-flow. The proper time to
have a colony strong is at the beginning of the honey-flow. If it be-
comes strong too early, it consumes stores which the bees have in the
hive; if too late, it cannot assist in gathering the crop for that season.
Whether or not the colony is strong will depend to a large extent upon
how it passed through the winter.

Gates, 1914, gives some very valuable data on the temperature of
the colony of bees throughout the year. Phillips and Demuth, 1914,
give the results of some very careful observations on the temperature
of a colony of bees in winter, and further explain in detail the actions
of such a colony during the winter which are necessary in order to main-
tain a proper temperature. Phillips maintains that a bee may be com-
pared to a storage battery in that it has a certain amount of ^lergy to
spend, after which it dies. He further says that the bee is obliged to
resort to muscular activities in order to maintain the proper hive temper-
ature. A system of winter protection which would minimize this ex-
penditure of energy would result in a strong colony in the spring.

Phillips and Demuth, 1915 and 1918, give directions for preparing
bees for the winter which will aid very materially in securing a strong
colony of bees at the right time of the year. Although their explana-
tions as to the need of winter protection for bees, and how to secure
this should be satisfactory to all, there still remain a large number of
people who either through mistaken observations of their own, preju-
dice, or on account of giving value to mistaken observations of others,
will persist in refusing to accept even the clearest explanation if it does
not happen to coincide with their preconceived opinions. This latter
class of people are prone to maintain that these explanations may per-
haps be facts, but they apply to some other part of the country than the
one in which they reside. In order to convince them that these facts
apply to their locality as well as to all other localities, and that these
problems apply in every respect to them as much as to other beekeepers,
it is often necessary to conduct additional experiments to prove further
something which has been clearly explained before.

• This paper was not read at the convention, but the executive committee
thought it worth printing.

90 TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

It has been the purpose of this experiment to gather data along the
following points:

First, the comparative value of one-story and two-story hives for
M'intering; second, the importance of a AAdndbreak; third, the compara-
tive value of packed • and unpacked . hives for wintering ; fourth, the
amount of stores needed to last a colony until the honey-flow commences :
fifth, the effect of climatic conditions on wintering; sixth, to ascertain
what form of winter protection will insure the strongest colony of bees
at the beginning of the honey-flow.

In order to secure data on t|iese points, experiments have been car-
ried on at the Kansas State Agricultural College since 1917. In the
experiment, two sets of hives are used. One set is placed in an open
exposed situation where it receives no protection at all from the pre-
vailing winds, and the other set is placed in a very dense hedge wind-
break, so that the strength of the wind is very materially broken before
it re'aches the hives. In each set there are three colonies of bees corre-
sponding in every way with each other. That is, there is one one-story
hive, one two-story hive, and one packed hive in each set. The packed
hive is in a single packing case, with four inches of leaves beneath it,
fcix inches around it, and eight inches on top, used as an insulation. The
entrances during the winter months are contracted to one three-eighths
of an inch auger hole. Each one of these six hives rests on a platform
scale, and is not removed from its position throughout the year. Daily
readings are taken throughout the year of the weights of the various
hives, and all changes in weight recorded each day. In order to deter-
mine the amount of honey that is in each hive, and the number of bees
present, a general weighing of the colonies is made in the fall on the
date thaf the bees are put into winter quarters. On the day that the
honey-flow starts, another general weighing is made, to determine the
]iumber of bees which have passed through the winter and results of
both the spring and the fall weighing are compared to secure the data
desired. Briefly, the method of weighing is as follows :

Each colony is weighed early in the morning before any of the bees
emerge. Next the weight of the hives without the frames is ascer-
tained, and the weight of the frames with honey. From the weight of
the frames of honey is deducted the weight of the empty frames, giving
the amount of honey which is in the colony. We then know the weight
of the hive, and also the combined weight of the hive and honey. This
total, when subtracted from the weight of the hive, honey, and bees, gives
the weight of the bees. Precautions are taken in recording these weights
to prevent the bees from filling up with honey, thus making, according
to the figures, a larger number of bees and smaller amount of honey
than really exists in the hive. The process of weighing these colonies
is rather complicated, usually requiring from three to four persons a
whole day in order to weigh the six colonies in the experiment.

The number of bees in a pound has been variously estimated, but
for the purpose of this experiment we assume that there are 5,000 bees
in every pound. If this number is adhered to throiighout the experi-
ment, it will be as fair to one colony as to another. As stated iabove,
the weight is recorded each day from each one of these hives through-

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION.

91

out the year. In addition to these, the record of the temperature, the
direction of the wind, and the strength of the wind for each day is also
recorded in order that we may have an opportunity to learn what effect
climatic changes have on the wintering of the bees. These colonies are
brought as nearly as possible up to the same strength in bees and honey.
The queens used in them are all from the same stock, purchased from
a reliable queen breeder, and introduced into the. colonies on the same
day. Each colony is requeened during the month of August in order to
insure a young queen to carry on the duty of the hive. The weighing
which is conducted in the spring shows whether or not there has been
an increase in the number of bees during the winter. It is considered
that the form of wintering which produces the largest number of bees
in the hive on the day that the honey-flow starts is the most successful
method of wintering.

40000

32000

24000

16000

BOOO

0

-

2 SI

'ORY

2 ST

ORY

\IST

ORY

1 STORY

•

1

1

.

1

UNPACKED PACKED UNPACKED PACKED

NO WINDBREAK

WINDBREAK

Fig. 1. Showing the number of bees at the beginning of the honey-flow, the
advantage of packed over unpacked hives, and the value of sheltering with a
windbreak.

Table I. Number of Bees and Frames of Brood in Each Colony May 4, 1919

Unsheltered — Islo Windbreak

One-story Two-story Packed

11,718—3 2/3 frames 16,406—3 1/2 frames 36,718—4 1/2 frames

One-story
14,063—4 1/2 frames

Sheltered — Windbreak

Two-story

20,936—3 3/4 frames

Packed
38,594—5 3/4 frames

92 twentieth annual uepoitt of the

Comparative Value of One-Stouy and Two-Story Hives.

At first glance it would seem that bees would winter better in a
one-story hive than they would in a two-story hive, since there is less
space to keep warm, and consequently, they would not use as much
energy as they would in a two-story hive. If the winter stores are prop-
erly arranged so that th^ bees will be in the upper hive body during
the coldest part of the winter, the objection of extra room to be kept
warm is largely overcome. Two of the requirements for good winter-
ing, according to Phillips and Demuth, 1915, are, first, plenty of stores,
und second, plenty of room for brood rearing. A two-story hive suits
these conditions much better than a one-story hive would do.

Table I shows that in the spring the two-story hive in the open had
Wi,406 bees, while the one-story hive had only 11,718, or a difference
of 5,688 bees. In the windbreak, the two-story hive had 30,936 bees
and the one-story hive had 14,063, or a difference of 6,873 bees. This
shows not only the superiority of the two-story hive over the one-story,
but also shows that the windbreak made )x difference of 1,185 bees.
i

Table II. CompAkison Betweex Number of Bees ix Fall axd Spkixg

Weighings

Xo Windbreak

1917-18 1^18-19

One-story ,. -332 -3,282

Two-story '. 2,808 -469

Packed 4,576 22,968

Windbreak

^ One-story 4,538 313

Two-story 13,346 5,936

Packed 15,132 24.844

In 1917, the average daily consumption of honey for the six hives,
over a period of 139 days, was one-eighth of a pound.

In 1918, the average daily consumption of honey for the six hives,
over a period of 150 days, was one-eighth of a pound.

Table II shows that in the winter of 1917-18, while the one-story
hive in the open lost 332 bees during the winter, the two-story hive simi-
larly placed gained 2,208 bees. With those bees protected by the Avind-
break the two-story hive gained 13,346, while the one-story hive gained
only 4,538. During the winter of 1918-19 the one-story hive in the open
lost 3,282 bees, while the two-story hive only lost 469. In the windbreak
the two-story hive gained 5,939, while the one-story hive gained only 313.

If the number of bees at the beginning of the honey-flow be a proper
standard, these results plainly indicate the superiority of the two-story
hive. The same factors which make this possible ought to make the
deeper and larger hives superior even to the two-story hive, since the
latter will have plenty of room for stores and ample room for spring
brood rearing without too large a space for the bees to keep warm.

Comparative Value of a "Windbreak.

A ?tudy of Table I would indicate the value of a windbreak, espe-
cially to colonies which are not otherwise protected. In the case of the

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION.

93

oue-story hive, there were 2,345 more bees in the hive protected by a
windbreak than in the unprotected one-story hive. The protected two-
story hive had 4,530 more bees than the unprotected two-story hive.
While the protected packed hive only had 1,776 more bees than the un-
protected packed hive, thus indicating that although a windbreak is very
valuable, yet if it is not possible to provide one the loss may be partially
overcome by using sufficient packing. The figures shown in Table II

r^

2A000

J

A^WV

(

1

1

1

•

20000

/

1

1

1
1

/
/
/

tftOOO

1

1

.

/

1

1

I

1

I9AAA

1
1

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1

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\

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1
1

1

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ovww

1

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4000

/

1

-

1

y

V,

/

\

h

/

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X 4

<

A

y

\

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\

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\

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ft

10 \

WIN

DBR

tAh

w

INOI

iRE/

AK

1917-18 1918-19

1917-18 1918-19

I Story

2 Storu

Packed •

Fiff 2 Showing the gain or loss in the number of bees between the faU and
spring weighings, demonstrating thd value of both packing and wmdbreak.

also indicate very clearly the value of a windbreak. In 1917-18 the
one-story hive lost 332 bees during the winter, while the one-story hive
in the sheltered position gained 4,538. During the next winter, the
same hives respectively lost 3,282 and gained 313. The two-story hive
shows the value of a windbreak more clearly even than the one-story,
because while the two-story unsheltered hive gained 2,808 in 1917-18,

94

TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

the sheltered hive gained 13,3iG. In 1918-19 the first hive lost 469
while the second gained 5,936. Judged by the standard already adopted,
the windbreak is shown to be very valuable as a factor of winter pro-
tection. I

' i ■

Comparative Value of Packed and Unpacked Hives for Winter.

During the winter of 1917-18, the packed hives were insulated with
shavings and excelsior for packing material, but it was not as good as
the forest-tree leaves which were used in 1918-19, and which will be
used in the future.

10

IW

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9
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1

1
1

/

1

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)

/

/

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/

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/

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9

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3

1

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J.

■y

^

'/

■\

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)

0

/

i

'

DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. HAY.

I Sfori/ !

Pocked \

Fig. 3. A comparison of tlie amount of stores consumed each month by
colonies in packed hives and the amount consumed by colonies in unpacked hives.

Table I shows that the packed hive had 25,00 more bees than the
one-story unpacked hive. This represents about five pounds of bees,
which, at their present market value of around $2 a pound, would mean
about $10. The difference between the number of bees in a packed hive
and in an unpacked one in the sheltered set of hives was practically the
same as in the open.

Table II, which gives the results for 1918-19, shows that the winter
of 1918-19 was harder on the bees than was the preceding winter, and
yet this is the winter in which packed bees wintered the best. In fact,
there is more difference in tliis unfavorable winter between the packed

r

V

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATIOX.

95

and unpacked hives than in the more favorable one. This is shown by
the fact that while the one-story hive in the open lost 3,383 bees, and
the two-story hive 469, the packed hive gained 33,968. In the sheltered
hives the one-story hive gained 313 bees, the two-story hive gained 593,
but the packed hive gained 34,844. When judged by the standard of
the number of bees in the hive, packing appears to be the most valuable
factor of wintering, excepting, of course, suflScient stores.

The Amouxt op Stores Xecessary to Last a Colony Uxtil the

BeGIXNIXG OF THE HoXEY-FlOW.

The amount of stores necessary to last a colony until the honeA'-flow
begins will depend largely upon the size of the colony, size of the hive,
and upon the amount of protection which it has.

6

S

4

/X

f

/

' N.

y

\\

3

f

^

/

^S

^/

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2

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1

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.1

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2

\ 1

DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY.

Unsheltered

Profecfed 6y i/Vindkreak

Fig. \. A comparison of the number of pounds of .stores consumeil by colonies
that are not sheltered with the amount consumed by colonies that are shelterea
by a windbreak.

Figure III represents, graphically, the amount of stores consumed
by the bees in each kind of hive throughout the winter. As will be
seen in an examination of this figure, the colonies in the one-story hive
consumed less stores than any of the others, while the colonies in the
packed hives consumed the most. This difference is especially notice-
able during the month of March at which time the stores were being
used for brood rearing. A comparison between Figure I and Figure
III will show a direct relation between the amount of stores consumed
and the number of bees present in each colony at the beginning of the
honey-flow.

' Figure IV represents a comparison of the amount of honey con-
sumed by colonies wintered in the open, and those sheltered by a wind-
break, The sheltered colonies consumed less during December, Janu-
ary, and February, but during March they used more than the unpro-

96 TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

!

tected colonies. During April they nsed less stores, or rather did not
lose as much in Aveight, owing to the fact that brood rearing had con-
tinued for some time, and since it was greater in the sheltered colonies,
the presence of the new bees, and what honey could be gathered at that
time account for the fact that they gained Aveight during that month.
A study of this figure will show that during the months of December,
January, and February, when stores were being consumed only to main-
tain the life of the bees that w^ere already in the hive, those which were
in sheltered positions did not consume as much honey as those in the
open. However, during the month of March they consumed so much
more honey than did the other colonies that the total amount consumed
was about equal in both cases, the difference being that the colonies in
the sheltered positions consumed their greater amount of stores for the
purpose of brood raising. Had weights been taken only at the beginning
and end of these periods, the fact that the unsheltered hives consumed
more at one time than the sheltered, and less at another, would not have
been noticed.

Table III. Monthly Change in Weights

In the upper column for each month are placed those colonies protected
by a windbreak and in the lower those not protected. Unless otherwise
stated, the figures given represent a loss in pounds of weight.

One-story Two-story Packed hive

December, 1918, to January, 1919

2 6/8

3 2/8

3 4/8

3 2/8

! 3 ■■■■
January, 1919, to February, 1919

4 2/8

3 5/8

5 1/8

5 4/8

4 6/8

5 2/8
February, 1919, to March, 1919

8 1/8

4 1/8

3 4/8

5 4/8

3 7/8

3 3/8
March, 1919, to April, 1919

4 3/8

6 2/8

5 5/8

10 7/8

4 3/8

6 5/8'
April, 1919, to May, 1919

9 2/8

4/8 gain 1/8 gain

4 1/8

2 5/8

2.5/8
Total for 151 days

115/8

16 2/8

17 3/8

24 4/8

18 7/8

20 7/8
Average Daily Consumption

37 5/8

1.6 oz.

1.8 oz.

2.6 oz,

2. oz.

2.2 oz.

3.9 oz

Table III show^s that the total amount of stores consumed for a
period of 151 days was less for the one-story hive in the open, being
16 2/8 pounds, and greatest for the packed hive in the sheltered posi-
tion. Eeference to Figure I will show that the number of bees in tlie
spring is proportional to the amount of stores consumed. The one-story
unpacked hive lost 3,282 between fall^and spring, while the packed hive
gained 24,844. The difference betw'een the sheltered and unsheltered
colonis, as regards daily consumption, was 4/10 of an ounce for the one-
story hives, 4/10 of an ounce for the two-story hives, and 1 8/10 ounces

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEKS ASSOCIATION.

a?

for the packed hives. It has been shown that less honey will he required
to winter bees in a one-story hive than in either the two-story or packed
hive; that less will -be required in a two^story hive than in the packed
hive, and in each case less stores will be consumed where the bees are
not protected by a windbreak than would be the ease if they are protected,
l)ut the number of bees in the colony at the beginning of the honey-flow-
is directly proportionate to the amount of stores consumed by that colony
during the winter. ^ ,

The Effect of Climatic Conditions on Wintering.

One of the arguments most commonly made against using winter
protection is that the bees in some particular locality may not need any
winter protection because that locality has such open winters.

24000

20000

16000

12000

8000

4000

1

PACKED

J

-

'/Am

CKfl

»

PACKED

'//VPA

CK£L

1

1

1

1

■ ■■— ..

1

1

1917 *I8

1918 19

Fig. 5. Shows the average gain in number of bees in packed and unpacked
hives during a severe winter with long periods of cold weather and the gain or
loss in the same colonies during an open winter with shorter periods of cold
weather.

Figure V represents, graphically, the effects of both a severe winter
and an open winter upon the number of bees to be found in the colon}''
in the spring. In the winter of 1917-18, which w^as very severe, bees-
were confined to their hives for long periods at a time, while the winter
of 1918-19 was an open winter Avith no long periods of cold weather.

Figure V plainly shows which winter w^as the more favorable for the
successful wintering of bees. During the severe winter of 1917-18, the

— 7 B A

98 TWEXTIETII ANNUAL REPOKT OF T[IE

ciie-story hive in the open lost 332, while during the open winter of
1918-19 the same hive lost 3,282. During the severe winter, the two-
story unprotected colony gained 2,808, while during the open winter this
same colony lost 469. During the severe winter, the one-story colony,
protected by a windbreak, gained 4,538, while in the open winter the
same colony gained only 313. The two-story hive, protected by a wind-
break, gained 13,346 bees during the severe winter, but only 5,936 dur-
ing the open winter. However, the effect of climatic conditions is much
more noticeable on the unpacked colonies than on the packed ones. The
insulation which is placed around the hives protects the bees from any
sudden changes of weather. If the warm sun beats upon unpacked
colonies it soon causes a considerable rise in temperature within the hive.
However, with a well insulated colony this, would not be the case. Al-
though the unpacked hives did not do as well during the open winter
as they did during the severe winter, yet the packed hives did even better,
owing to the fact, as explained before, that they were packed with leaves,
which is a better insulating material than that which was used the previ-
ous winter. While one colony in the open was losing 3^282 bees, the
packed hive in the open during this open winter gained 22,968, but in
the windbreak, while the one-story unpacked hive gained 313, the packed
hive gained 24,844.

The figure above, and the data which accompany it, plainly indicates
that a severe winter, with long periods of cold Aveather, is really much
more favorable than is the open winter with shorter periods of cold
weather.

PoRM OF Winter Protection Which Will Insure the Strongest
Colony of Bees at the Beginning of the Honey-Flow.

Eeference to the figures given above would show that the two-story
hive has advantages over the one-story hive, and also that probably for
the same reason a large hive would be equally as good, if not better,
than the two-story hive, and also that a well packed colony is greatly
to be desired over an unpacked colony. The difference in the number
of bees in the unpacked and packed hives is sufficiently great to more
than repay the expense which a beekeeper may be put to in providing
f-ufficient packing. In order to know the amount of stores to leave in
the hive, the beekeeper must take into consideration the type of hive
he is going to use. If it is a one-story to be used with no packing, he
should leave at least 20 pounds of .stores, as this would usually carry
the bees through until the beginning of the honey-flow. However, 25
pounds would be a safer amount. If he is going to winter his bees in a
two-story unprotected hive, then he had better leave 25 to 30 pounds,
preferably 30 pounds. If, however, he is going to pack them he should
leave enough stores to last well into the spring, as he will not need to
molest them during the early spring. For this reason he should leave
40 to 50 poimds. While ordinarily they would pass the winter well
on 40 pounds, it would be better to have the 50 pounds in there for safety.

The value of a windbreak has been clearly shown, and as explained
by Phillips and Demuth, this should consist of a broken windbreak,

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS^ ASSOCIATIOX. 99

such as a hedge, or if a fence must be used, it should be so constructed
that there will be large cracks between the boards. To sum up the
whole thing: a packed hive sheltered from the wind by a good wind-
break, having 45 or 50 pounds of stores, has the best chance of passing
tlie winter successfully, and will probably contain the largest number
of bees in the spring at the beginning of the honey-flow ready to take
advantage of the same.

Summary.

First. Directions liave been given in previous publications as to the
method for giving bees winter protection. The purpose of this work is
to secure data showing the necessity of using this winter protection.

Second. Six hives containing a known amount 'of honey and a
known number of bees were placed on scales, and daily readings taken
of all changes in weight.

Third. Three of these hives were sheltered by a windbreak while
the others were not.

Fourth. Each set of three consisted of one one-story hive, one two-
story hive, and one packed hive.

Fifth. In addition to making daily readings of the changes in
weights, a general weighing was made at the beginning of the honey-
flow in the spring to determine the number of bees in the colonies on
that date.

Sixth. These observations show that the two-story hive is prefer-
able to the one-story hive, and the packed hive is much to be preferred
over the unpacked hive.

Seventh. It was also shown that a windbreak is very essential,
especially to colonies which have no other form of winter protection.

Eighth. The effect of a severe winter was found to be less injuri-
ous to the over-wintering of bees than an open winter.

Ninth. Colonies which are packed for the winter consume more
stores, owing to the fact that more stores are necessary, due to increased
brood rearing.

L»* S|TV LINOIS

OEC'2 1921

PROCEEDINGS .

> of the

Twenty-fourth Annual Convention

Gtiipago-Northwestern Beekeepers' Association

■ ■ '• ; ;' held at •:- .

Chicago, 111., in the Rose Room, of the Great Northern Hotel

December 6 ancf 7, 1920

^

* MTV ' UMOtt

E. S. MILLER,

President, Chicago-Northwestern Beekeepers' Association.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 103

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHICAGO-NORTHWESTERN
BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

President, E. S. Miller, Valparaiso, Indiana.

Vice President, C. 0. Smith, 5446 Cornell Avenue, Chicago, Illinois.

Secretary-Treasurer, John C. Bull, Valparaiso, Indiana.

FIEST SESSION.

Monday Morning, December o.

Meeting called to order by the president.

The President. — We will have first the reading of the minutes
of the last annual meeting.

The President. — You have heard the reading of the minutes.
Are there any corrections? If not they will stand approved as read.
Xext is the report of the secretary-treasurer.

Cash on hand December 15, 1919 . ." $ 49.93

Receipts since December 15, 1919 109.50

Total $159.43

Total expenses 120.95

rp

Balance on hand December 6, 1920. . .". $38.48.

The President. — You have heard the report of the secretary-treas-
urer. Are there any suggestions or amendments?

Mr. Stewart. — I move the report be accepted as read.

Mr. Smith. — Second the motion.

The President. — It is moved and seconded that the report be ac-
cepted as read.

The motion was unanimously carried.

The President. — We will have the report of the standing com-
mittees. We have a committee on legal affairs. Mr. C. 0. Smith is
chairman of that' committee.

Mr. Smith.^ — There is not very much to add to the report made
last year at the close of the session. We have done a little work. In
fact, we rather felt that it was the intention of the meeting to discharge
the committee when they accepted the report, but the committee when
they accepted the report, but the committee was not discharged officially,
so I suppose a report is in order, of what has been done, although what
has been done has been done, really, not by the committee acting as a
committee but because we haven't had a meeting. I didn't have the
addresses of the other members of the committee and didn't call them

104

TWEXTlIiTJI AXXUAL ItEl'ORT OF THE

during the year, but I have done' a':1ittle work, because I felt there is one
line along which we can acomplish something for the beekeepers of the
north. . : ■

I do not want to make an}' general accusation against the shippers
of bees from the south, but I doUhink there are too manv men in the
south taking advantage of the denland for package bees up north, to
swindle them. There are men in the south who advertise to ship bees,
without any intention of keeping their agreement, and I think there is
quite a number of them, so that I feel that a prosecution ought to go
forward against probably one of the most prominent men down there,
and in my week way I have attempted to prepare matters for a prose-
cution.

Secretary, Chicagio-Northwestern Bee-
keepers' Association.

I have got a good deal of evidence. The postal inspector in Cliicago
told me he thought I had enough /evidence. He is not in this district,
and the prosecution will have to \h^ made in the southern district. I
have taken it up with the postal inspector in that district and he referred
the papers to Washington. I got a request from tliem to furnish certain
evidence, and I found that I had been somewhat careless and didn't have
:all the evidence needed, although I placed what evidence I had before
the inspector in Chicago and I thought I had enough.

In this particular case the nlan advertised to send bees by parcel
post or express. He is a prominent beekeeper and advertises in all the
bee journals. His dealings witli the bee journals had been satisfactory,
for they gave me good letters of recommendation when T inquired about
him, but I feel I was entitled to the same treatment that I would get

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATIOX. 105

from any other reliable atlvertisement of a business man. I looked over
his advertisement in the bee journals and selected him for three reasons:
one was he lived on a line of transportation that came direct to Chicago ;
another was he guaranteed safe delivery by parcel post if you would pay
the postage in advance. I live close to the postoffice where the bees
would be delivered to me within an hour or two after they arrived by
parcel post, so they wouldn't be on the way very long.

In his advertisement he said he would make a reduction if you had
the bees sent by express. I wrote him in February and got a prom])t
reply that he would ship the bees on April 29th. I sent him a larger
deposit than he required. The fore part of April I sent him all his
money to pay for the entire lot of bees. I didn't hear anything further
from him till in May. He didn't even acknowledge receipt of the
money in May. As it had gotten too late to get the bees, I wrote
him to cancel the order, if he had received the money, but that he prol)-
ably hadn't received it because I had heard nothing from him. Within
a few days I got a reply to the letter sending him the money. It said,
'■'I received your money and unless I get further orders I will ship the
bees next week." I knew he had received my letter canceling the order,
and that he didn't intend to cancel it, but that he intended to keep my
money because about twenty minutes after I got his letter acknowledg-
ing receipt of the money, some of the bees came. They came by paicel
post, in fair condition. I accepted them. A few daA's later some came
by express, in very bad condition, and fifteen or twenty days later some
more came by express, and they hadn't paid the express charges, ^fost
of them were dead, or a great many of them were, and I din't consider
them worth the amount of money that the express corapahv was asking
as express charges, so then I didn't want the bees.

• I wrote him to refund my money for the bees that I refused in bad
condition. I told him I had received black queens when he advertised
pure gold ones. I paid him an excess price because I thought I was
getting good goods from a square dealer. He paid no attention to my
correspondence. I have taken the matter up with the bee journals. I
presume they WTote him at different times, and finally took the matter
up with the postal inspector. Then I got a check for part of the money,
with a receipt on the face of it, "Settled account in full." I took the
check and went to the postal authorities, and asked them if it would
make any difference in prosecuting whether I accepted that part pay-
ment in full for the account or not. The inspector said so far as the
effect on the prosecution is concerned, it would make no difference. You
can prosecute him for defrauding you through the mail just as well if
you make a full settlement as you can before, but you can't collect any
more money from him. I said I am lucky to get part of it, so I cashed
the check and am preparing to prosecute him for defrauding through
the mails.

There is a good deal said in the bee journals excusing shippers
from the south, who ship bees, and I have no doubt those men have their
troubles the same as any other man has his troubles. l)ut ordinarily a
business man if he has .troubles expects to stand the^loss himself, if he
is honest. He doesn't expect to shoulder it on somebody else.

^ lOG TWENTIETH ANNUAL EEPOET OF THE

1 inquired at the oliice of ^the lioot Company in Chicago and found
that there has been u number of complaints about this same shipper.
iSince m\' controversy with him he has not advertised to my knowledge
in any of the bee journals, butl have learned from other sources that
tlie demand he has for bees is more than he can supply, and he claims
to be one of the biggest shippers in the United States.

A man who will advertise packages of bees to be shipped in April
and doesn't deliver them until the first of June is in the same class with
the man that would sell you seect corn to be delivered in April and
doesn't send it till in June. A mail buying one or two pound packages
of bees buys them for seed, not to get a crop of honey that year. If that
man keeps the queens and lets thenl'lay in the heavy laying season thirty
or forty days, he is robbing his customer, besides sending them when
the weather is hot, wdiich is liable t© cause them to die. He is upsetting
your plans. My time in June was w^orth more to take care of them than
the bees would have been worth if they had come. I lost the time I had
set apart to take care of them when I -agreed to handle them.

I want to treat fairly with my fellow man, and I want to be treated
fairly. In fact, I nearly always insist on being treated fairly, just as I
would treat him. If this man shouldn't be prosecuted, and there is any-
one here wlio thinks he should not be, I wish you would say so, and if
any of you know of a southern beekeeper who should be prosecuted,
notify this committee and Avell try to make a case for them, because I
am satisfied that is the only thing that will stop this thing. The bee
journals are doing all they can, but a man can be fair with a bee journal
and absolutely dishonest with his customer, and there isn't one man in
a thousand that loses forty or fifty dollars by some man taking it away
from him, that will waste one or two hundred dollars in prosecuting
liim. He will charge it oif and let it go. This association, if it does
anything, should do things for the benefit of its members, and that is
the theory on which I am working. ^

We secured the services of an attorney for our association. You
will find his name and address on the literature. We obtained his
services on the terms T outlined here last year, on the terms I believed
we could get an attorney. If any of you need his services individually
it Avould be necessary for you to engage him, but his services for the
association cost you nothing. I have known the man for a great many
years, know lie is a good, straight-forward honest attorney, and he has
agreed to serve us under those terms. T thank you.

The President. — You have hear4 the report of the committee.
What shall be done with it. ./■ ■-

Mr. Haan. — I move the report be received and placed on file.

Mr. Coppin. — Second the motion.

The President. — You have heard the motion and the second. Is
there any discussion ? All in favor of receiving and placing this motion
on file signify it by saving aye. Contrary no.

Me. Stewart. No. i

The Peestdent.^T think th^re were two votes in favor and one
against. Those in favor of receiving the report please rise ; those opposed
the motion is carried.

\

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEiPERs' ASSOCIATION. 107

The next ou the program is the pajier by Mr. C. P. Dadant. Who,
I uiiderstand, has been unable to attend. His son, L. C. JJadaut, is at
present attending anotlier meeting in tliis building.

Tlie American Honey Producers meeting is in session at the pres-
ent time, liepresentatives of asscoiations all over the United iStates are
here, holding a conterence regarding ways and means, and outlining the
work that is to be done in the future. That meeting is now being held
in the east room immediately below us. .-

Next is the price committee report. . ]\lr. Bull is chairman of tliat
committee. We will have that report.

The Seceetary. — We sent out letters last summer, the sanre as we
have been doing for the last three years. We sent out one letter, I think
it was about the 2Gth of August, recommending prices, and' that is the
onlv letter we have sent out this year. I sent out about 950 of them.

The President. — Are there any suggestions in regard to this price
committee, the effect of reports being made, whether it has any sub-
stantial effect on (prices of honey, whether it does any good or any
harm? Has anyone am^ suggestions along that line, or any discussion?

Mr. J. A. MacXeill. — I think it is a valuable thing for the associ-
ation to have this letter. It has been of help to me. In the first one
or two it seemed to me that the price was placed a little higher than
it should have been, but it was my mistake and not the mistake of the
committee. This last time there was a slight reduction in price from
what it had been, or was it the same ?

The Secretary.— It was the same.

Mr. J, A. MacXeill. — I have been selling a little higher tliaii the
price given in the letter, but I reduced it and I believe it is about right.

I ran across a fellw on the street the other day, who was selling ten
pounds for four dollars and a half, and charging two twenty-five for a
five-pound pail. That looks entirely unreasonable in view of the whole-
sale price of money. But if he can get it, all right. But the price as
given by the committee in this letter has always been fairly well in
agreement with the wholesale price, and I. am beginning to have a great
deal more confidence in the price fixed by this committee.

Mr. Steiwart. — Doesn't every man make his OAvn prices without
regard to anything you send out? It is a matter of business with him.

The President. — Sometimes it helps us in doing that, if we have
sonrebody to look the field over and study the conditions. Sometimes
it helps us in determining what we shall ask for it. I might be at a loss
to know all the conditions prevailing in the different parts of the
country, and if somebody can make a study of this and help ns out with
the information, we are able to use it. We are not compelled to accept
those prices, but sometimes the advice is helpful. Are there anv other
committees to report before we proceed with the rest of the program?

Mr. Toppin. — I was of the opinion that the letter sent out had a
tendency to raise the- price instead of lowering it, as soon as thev know
about it. I know nrices were always quoted a little higher around in mv
neighborhood, and it had a tendency to make mine lump ur». a<s well
as others, so in mv estimation it would probably benefit me a little, and
in other localities it would benefit the buyer.

108 TWEXTip:Tir axxual report of the

The President. — We know that conditions have been such all over
the country that one man would sell honey for ten cents and another
for thirty or forty cents. We will now hear from Mr. Dadant on "The
Drone.'' '

Mr. Dadaxt. — This paper was to have been given by my father,.
Mr. C. P. Dadant, and on account of his being unable to be here T
brought his paper to read.

The Drone.
• (By C. P. Dadant, Editor of the American Bee Journal.)

I have not selected this subject for the purpose of either praising or
condemning the drone, but only to give the facts concerning this mem-
ber of the bee family and to determine from these facts what must be our
attitude towards him.

Drones are the largest inhabitants of the bee hive. The cells in
which they hatch number about 18 to the square inch, or 36 when we
figure both sides of the comb; while the cells in which the workers are
I'eared number a trifle over 27 in the same area, or 55 for the two sides
of the comb. This, for a square foot of comb, gives us 5,184 drone
cells or, for a square foot of worker comb 7,920 worker cells. These are
approximate figures. But we can safely estimate that the space of comb
that will accommodate five drones will be about sufficient for 8 workers.
We should keep these figures in mind, for they have great importance
in the management of the apiary. r

The drone is by far stronger than^the worker. His wings are com-
paratively larger, so that he makes a much greater hum in flight. His
eyes are much more numerous, the compound eyes almost joining together
at the top of his head and containing, according to Cheshire, over 12,000
facets each, while the eyes of the worker number but little over half as
many. He is more vigorous in every way. If we try to kill bees with
brimstone, which happened to me two or three times, to get rid of vicious
Cyprians, we find that an amount of sulphur smoke or gas, which will
kill the workers of the hive, may leave the drones alive.

Cheshire, who investigated and described the drone's organs, ex-
plains that the greater power of flight and vision, of the drone, is neces-
sary for the purpose of mating.

It is well known that the mating of the queen w^ith a drone takes
place in the air, on the wing. It i^herefore important that the drone
be well supplied with organs of sight^and of smell, for it is with either
or both of these organs that his search for a mate is carried on. It is
also well known that drones mate with queens of hives located as far
as 4 or 5 miles away. The probability is that the drone travels the
greater part of the distance. We have lately quoted, in the American
Bee Journal, the experience of a beekeeper who, having sold his bees
to be transported a few miles, set some empty hives on the stand which
they occupied, in case any of the bees should return. Many returned,
but they were all droiles, thus proving tliat drones wander fartlier away
from home than workers, a,nd so ]eai;n their way home from a greater
distance. : •

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATIO^T. 109

But if the drone has powerful orgaus of action, he lacks in other
things which makes the value of the worker bee. He has no pollen
baskets, no wax-producing organs. He never goes into the flowers for
nectar, perhaps does not even know that his food, supplied by the work-
ers, conies from the Howers. He goes to the field for a good time and
conies home to eat. His ideas of life and usefulness are evidently of an
entirely different order from those of the worker. But he is well fitted
for the purpose ascribed to him in nature.

When bees build comb in a natural w^ay, undisturbed by man and his
control, they build from one-eight to one- tenth of their combs of drone
size. Let us look into this and try to find out why so much space for
drones, when it is evident that one or two drones would be sufficient for
the purpose of fertilizing the young queens that may be reared in each
colony.

If the mating were to take place close to the hive, or in the hive, it
would be possible for a very limited number of drones to be sufficient
for the mating of all the young queens. But if the mating took place
within short range, it would probably be of the queen with her own
' brother, for in nature there are not hundreds of harboring places for
bees, such as hollow trees, Avithin a few yards of each other. So there
would be constant in-breeding of the same family, with a probable weak-
ening of the race. But, with a large number of drones produced in each
hive, the young queens, mating far from home, have good chance to mate
with drones of other colonies. So, in natural conditions, numerous
drones are necessary.

How do the bees know hoW much drone comb to build? How do
they know when to begin on these cells of larger size ? A theory which
Avas advanced by my father, Charles Dadant, upon this matter, has al-
ways appeared to me at least partly explain the question in a satisfactory
manner.

When the bees swarm, they usually have an active, prolific queen.
In fact they often swarm because they are not enough empty cells in
the brood chamber of their hive to accommodate the queen's laying
capacity. Usually she is so full of eggs that she drops them involun-
tarily, while with the swarm. So, when they swarm, the queen needs
plenty of cells in Avhich to lay her eggs. She desires worker-cells, in
Avhich she can fertilize the eggs, as they pass out. So she makes known
her desires to the workers. Their vocabulary is not extensive, but un-
doubtedly very explicit. The workers therefore build worker combs.
After a large proportion of the combs have been built and they find
themselves ahead of the queen, with plenty of room for her to lay, they
turn their attention to the building of larger cells, which are not oiil}^
used for drones, but also for the storage of honey and are more quickly
and readily built, since they contain less material than the worker combs.
This explains why the outside combs often contain the drone cells, while
the Avorker cells are in the center.

An experiment Avhich any one of us can make Avill show the plausi-
bility of thej above theory. Let us suppose that we give a swarm of bees
a hive half Ifull of foundation or of already built worker combs. The
queen Avill find plenty of room at the start and the Avorkers Avill build

I •■

110 TWENTIETH ANNjLlAL REPOET OF THE

more drone combs than they would have built otherwise. They are far
enough ahead of the queen to think of building storage combs and they
do so. It is therefore badpolicy to give to a swarm a part of built combs.
We must either give them just enough starters to direct their building
of straight combs in the frames, or we must give them a hive entirely full
of built combs or of comb-foundation, so they may not have to build any.

Young queens are very active and ' usually very prolific. So, in a
swarm containing a young queen, the bees will build more worker comb
than if they have an old queen who is losing her fertility. Queenless
hees build all drone combs. There is no queen there and perhaps no
prospect of any. |

Comb foundation is not absolute guarantee of worker combs being
l)uilt. Mr. Diemer, of Liberty, Missouri, who is an old, experienced
beekeeper, showed me two combs which were built on foundation and
were of \\>orker cells on one side and of drone cells on the other. The
bees had evidently delayed the finishing of the outside face of the ou^tside
combs, in the hive, and when the time c^me to finish them^ not needing
worker cells, they had disregarded the rudiments of worker cells on the
base and had built the drone c^lls upon them, so that the base of those
cells did not have the regular three losanges which are found in the base
of each cell in an ordinary comb: • Instances of this kind are freaks and
not to be expected usually. So it may be said that the giving of founda-
tion to the swarm ordinarily prevents the building of drone comb.

In the domestic keeping of'»bees, where a large number of colonies
are congregated together in any -iipiary, it is entirely useless, and in fact
wasteful, to permit the "rearing, by each colony, of as many drones a?
would be raised in a natural way by (Colonies left to their own devices. It
i> comparable to the uselessness .of keeping, without castrating them, all
the males of our domestic animals, whether stallions, bulls or boars. If
we can prevent the rearing of an excess of drones, we are helping our bees
to save, and therefore helping ourselves.

There is another advantage in preventing the production of an excess .
of drones. It is in stopping their production in colonies of inferior
value or colonies which we consider as having undesirable traits, such as
a cross disposition! or too great a propensity for swarming. We do not
have control of the mating of bees as we have that of our barn animals.
But we can increase the possibilities of desirable matings and in the same
ratio decrease the possibility of undesirable ones. In fact we achieve
a result similar to that of contracting the less desirable of our barn
animals. i,

It is true that the total prevention of drone production in the aver-
age hive is an impossibility. ; But the production of 200 to 300 drones
in a colony is a trifle, when we compare it with the possible production
in that colony of a square foot of drone brood. We have figured;, as
slated in the beginning of this address, that over 5,000 drones may be
reared in that space of comb. In many cases, that many drones, and in
most cases, at least half that many drones will be found in colonies left
to themselves. Then the average beginner thinks of buying drone trap's
to do away with those drones. Let me open a parenthesis and say thfit,
ill dealing in bee supplies, I^ at one time, positively refused to deal in

/

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERs' ASSOC FATIOX. Ill

drone traps, because I considered them as nuisances, until I found thgit
many beginners insist on having them and do not think a dealer is well
stocked in bee supplies unless he keeps drone traps, among other useless
'•'traps".

Perhaps our beginner will follow the advice of some sage of great
wisdom and will cut the heads of the drone brood just before it hatches.
That is to say, after permitting his bees to use up much of their activity
in rearing that useless drone brood, he will compel them to dig it out of
the cells and to throw out of the hive the entire worthless lot. Then
they will burnish those cells and very probably allow the queen to again
fill them with eggs, to again destroy this brood when it is ready to hatch.
A much better way, and in fact the only way, of controlling properly
the amount of drone brood to be raised in a hive, is to remove the drone
comb at the beginning of the season and replace it with worker comb.
I insist that it must be replaced with worker comb by the beekeepers;
for the same reason which has caused the bees to build drone comb, iu
that spot, would again induce them to rebuild it there.

Some people advance the assertion that drones are necessary in the
economy of the beehive for other purposes than the fertilization of the
queen. They claim that drones keep the brood warm. This would be
an argument, ij: the drones did not have to be reared, and kept warm,
first, at a time when young bees might have been reared in their place,
and if the bees retained them when the weather takes a change for the
worse. But just as sure as a? storm and a change in the temperature
come, which stop the crop and the yield of nectar, just as often as this
happens, the bees begin to kill off the drones. Nor do they let up on
these massacres until fair weather comes again, when they are again
tolerated in the hive.

. In Europe, where beekeepers still use many straw skeps, it has
proved difficult to convince them of the necessity of the control of drone
production. Many times, while traveling in Europe, I met beekeepers
who said that, in some way, the drones made the colony thrifty, for they
always had theit best crops from the colonies that reared the largest
number of drones. They took the effect for the cavise. It is as un-
reasonable t-o ascribe the success of a colony to the presence of many
drones as it would be foolish to ascribe the success of a millionaire to the
fact that he wore expensive clothes. The drone are a result of the thrift
of a colony, not the cause of it. ■

This subject of drones and drones' control is one of my hobbies. It
has been discussed many times in beekeepers' meetings. But I do not
believe that the average beekeeper pays enough attention to it. I be-
lieve that a comb of drone brood, if allowed to be reared and matured,
and the drones from it are permitted to live till the end of the harvest,
will cost the apiarist as much, in crop, as that comb would contain of
honey. That is to say, I believe that when we exchange a square foot of
drone comb for worker confb, we increase our share of the honey by a
square foot of comb honey, not only one year, but every year of the life
of that comb.

Some people, believe that the bee was intended to feed man. I do
not believe that evervthiutr in nature is intended onlv for man, for it is

112 TWENTIETH AXXUAL EEPOET OF THE

too much vanity to believe that the entire universe was built just for us.
V>'e inhabit one of the innumerable planets revolving around one of the
innumerable suns, neither tiie largest nor the smallest, and we are only
an incident in the universe. I do not believe that the honey which the
bees harvest was intended for us any more than potato vines were in-
tended for potato bugs, but I do believe that intelligence was given us,
to use it, to benelit ourselves in all possible ways. The control of the
bee, in domesticity, is one of the, possibilities upon which we can improve,
until Ave may secure a great deal of comfort, much more than we have
yet received, from the habits of that insect, if we only learn how to do it.

The President. — This subject is open for discussion.

'Mils. Hammett. — Mr. Presftl-ent, I would like to hear some one tell
whether they ever exterminate the five drones, whether that is an advis-
able thing to do, and how many ithey exterminate.

The President.-— rWho will answer the question ?

^Ir. Dadant. — It is advisable to exterminate the drones, but the
larger part of the harni is done when you have allowed the colonies to
rear them. The bees have had to feed theni and bring them to maturity.
If you kill them then, you get rid of them at the wrong time. The time
to get rid of drones is in the beginning.

Mb. Coppin. — It is principally the beginner that will call for the
drone trap, and I am of the opiiiion that it does more harm than good.
It Avill trap a number of drones at. the same time, but I advise him not
to iise it, because they do not understand how it is used, and they trap
young queens at the same time Afery often.

Mr. C. 0. Smith. — I have seen a good many articles about the
drone. I studied them more carefully this summer than I ever did
before, and T think I know less about them than I ever did before, at
least T know less than I thought I did before. I found drones so many
times, and in so many hives, comparatively, where they had either used
the worker foundation or liad torn down worker comb and built worker
comb, that I have almost come^ to the conclusion that a hive is going
to have a number of drones it wants, regardless of what man does. I
found I had not the experience ior opportunity for observation that. Mr.
Darlant has had. and I believe he is one of "our best exponents of bee
culture, but T was astonished this summer. I think in two-thirds of my
fifty colonies I found drone comb scattered. I knew there was worker
comb foundation in the spring, I didn't know they had absolutely torn
flown the worker coml) for the purpose of building drone cond:». T know
it was done, but it might have been torn down for other reasons, because
they were dissatisfied with it. But it was not unusual to go to a hive of
bees and find three or four sqiiare inches of drones. If T din't want
the drones T usu.ally cut the heads off, thinking T might save some-
thing from that time on. '

1\Ir. Stewart. — AA^asn't that a pretty livelv hive of bees where you
had those drones, weren't they pretty good workers?

^Fr. S:mitii. — T don't recall ifis to that. *My handling bees is largely
for experimental purposes, for s'atisfaction, and it seems to me very
frequently that as soon as some -knowing bee man discovers a certain
principle to l)e true, if T take it up"fny bees prove it isn't true (laughter).

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEiPEES' ASSOCIATION. 113

I began studying swarinj,ng last year, and' the only swarms that I
had were in hives not half filled with bees or with honey. I had about
four or five swarms, and they all came from hives that the hive body
was not as full and at a time when they were not packed full of honey
or bees. . •

Me. Haan. — Did they have a queen?

Mr. Smith. — The queens were practically the same age, as far as
I know. Some of the older queens didn't swarm. The sun shone on
all my hives.

Mr. Coppin. — I would say that in each of those eases there was a
superceded queen.

The President. — I think myself it would be due to a failing queen.

Mr. Stewart. — Did they have plenty of honey?

Mr. Smith. — They did. I had a hive swarming within — after the
young queen hatched, with about a total of two or three frames of honey
and perhaps three or four frames of brood and bees and honey, all told.

Question. — How large was the entrance?

Mr. Smith. — I keep my hive entrance almost always full width of
a ten-frame hive. Some of them are three-eighths and some are seven-
eighths. Z"

Mr. MacXeill.— You didn't know the age of those queens ?

]\tR. Smith. — T knew the age of this one queen, because she hatched
and she was superceded. That is, there was a swarming, and I presume
they superceded the queen. I have a few colonies that invariable do
nothing so far as getting any honey is concerned (laughter).

The President. — Going back to the subject of drones. I will say
it is a good thing to go over your combs annually, and sort out all that
contains any considerable amount of drone comb. If they contain any
considerable amount of drone comb. If they contain more than two or
three square inches of drone comb, sort them out, and patch them by
cutting out the drone and inserting good comb in its place, or cutting
out the comb entirelv and inserting foundation. I cut out hundreds of
combs every year. The extractor is responsible for a good many of our
drones. When we extract in warm weather, the combs are likely to
crack and when put back they pull apart, and if your frames are not well
wired they will build in drone cells. I believe it pays to wire your frames
very carefully, and use nothing but good combs. If mice get in, you are
going to have drone comb built in there, if you put it back in the hive.

In case combs become mouldy in winter, oftentimes the bees will
tear down the comb, and rebuild it, and they will rebuild it with more
or less drone comb. In such cases, it is better to cut the comb out and
insert new foundation. If you are running for comb honey it is better
to use foundation than drawn comb in the brood chamber, as it tends
to force the bees up into the sections. In my oAvn experience I cut out
a great deal of the comb, if it is defective to any marked degree, and use
foundation. Xot only that, but I see that the frames are well wired.
I believe the best to rear as many workers as possible, and as few drones
as possible excepting in a few cases where you have superior stock. I
sometimes give full sheets of drone comb if I have them, to one or two
colonies of my nest breeders.
— 8 B A

11-i ' ; TWEXTIETII AXXUAL KEPOET OF THE

Mr. Stewart. — Do they always tear out the center of the comb?

The President. — Not always, but frequently they do. To illus-
trate: In one cellar the drain pipe became stopped and the water came
about half-way up tl}e hives. It killed the lower tier of bees all the
way around the cellar. In order to save the combs, the water was thrown
out with the extractor, within a week after the water had risen in the
cellar, some of them were used, but nearly every comb used the bees
gnawed away at least half of it, the part that had been under water,
and the combs as well as the bees in that thirty or forty stands were
lost. It shows that a little water will spoil brood comb, in a very few
days.

A Member. — \\'hen you crack a comb in the extractor it is usually
where the brood line begins. Do they tear that out and build their
own comb there?

The President. — I don't know how much they tear out. We find
there is a strip about. an inch wide, of drone comb, if that comb is broken
in the extractor.

A Member. — They built it at this point where the storage room
ends and the brood chamber begins.

The President. — It isn't so niiich that as it is when the comb is
broken it leaves a space tliere without anything and they build it up.
It sags and they build in.

The Member. — If that comb is built solid to the bottom bar, how
can it sag?

The President. — Xot all of theni are built that way. The combs
built flown to the lK)ttom bar are not so apt to break when you extract.
That leads us back to the manipulation by which you can do that. I find
it is a pretty good plan to have^tbe combs placed in the second story
when the foundation is being draAvn out or subsequent thereto, so the
bees will build them down to the bottom bar. They will not do it if the
combs are in the lower part of the hive.

The Me:\iber. — ^ly ex]3erience has been that when I use a full
sheet of foundation, at least half of the frames will have half of the
combs built to the bottom bar. I mean that in each frame there is about
half the number that do not touch the bottom bar, and it is usually in
the rear end of the hive.

The President. — That is probably due to the fact that you crowd
your bees. Maybe you didn't give them enough room above. Sometimes
they will build down points along -the comb to the bottom bar, they will
not build it down solid as they will if you put it above.

The Member. — In the frai^ie is about' half of the comb that will
touch the bottom bar, not all the' bottom part, but half of each frame.

Another Mejibier. — If yoli had the entrance open and the hive
covered with water T suppose the bees were trapped in there.

The President. — The water came up high enough to kill the bees.
In the past season T have drawn*- opt "^nietbing like two or three thousand
sheets of foundation in the second story, the most beautiful comb I was
ever able to produce, drawn all the way along so that oftentimes there
waa not a bit of open space next to 'the • bottom bar, and I think it is
very desirable to get combs of that sort. It increases the area, shuts
out the drones, you get more honey and more bees in your hive.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEBPERS' ASSOCIATION. 11">

Mr. Stewart. — That point is worth more than all this other talk.

Mr. J. C Wheeler. — I understand the Honey Producers' League
is holding a meeting in the building and is going to come in with us
this afternoon, and bring in their report. Is that it ?

The President. — Xo, if you will examine the program you will
see the president of the league will give an address this afternoon, so
that this association can understand what it is trying to do, but they will
not make any report to us.

Mr. Wheeler. — Wouldn't it be better for you to make your report
to us before they come into our meeting, before this matter is sprung
on us. You are their member and representative; I for one would like
to hear your report from the meeting, and what you advise in regard to
Joining this year.

The President. — If it is the desire of the members present for me
to give a brief outline of what has been done, I shall be pleased to do
that. I attended all the meetings of the league and was elected as a
member of the executive committee, and I think I can give you some
points, perhaps, that will be of value, if that is your desire.

A Member. — Let us have it.

The President. — You remember that we had quite a discussion last
year in regard to whether or not we should join and secure a member-
ship. At that time I thought possibly the large honey interests of the
west, California, for instance, would try to dominate affairs, but I was
agreeably surprised when I reached Kansas City, to note the fairness of
everyone connected with it. The- west gave way to the east, even more
than they asked. There was no tendency on the part of anyone to try
to control this affair. The aim was to form a league or association to
represent all the honey interests of the United States and Canada, if they
will come in, and other nearby countries. It was not the purpose of the
league to form a honey-selling organization, but to form an association
that will be helpful to all the smaller associations,, the state and regional
organizations, associations like ours, that take in several states, to benefit
them in various ways.

This afternoon I will have a number of copies of the constitution
adopted at Kansas City. I will be glad to have you get a copy of this,
and read it over carefully, and if you have not already done so, to find
out the purposes and what was done at this meeting. Mr. Le Stourgeon,
of Texas, is the president. He is a big man, and I am sure you will be
glad to meet him and get acquainted. He has built up the Texas Honey
Producers' Association until it is one of the strongest, most powerful
and helpful of any in the United States. At the Kansas' City meeting
we adopted the constitution, which you will find in this bulletin. The
executive committee was composed of five members, Mr. LeStourgeon,
president, George Ehea, vice president, Mr. Kauchfuss of the Colorado
Honey Producers' Association, Prof. Paddock from the Ames, Iowa,
college, and myself. /

We met in Buffalo, ISTew York, 'at the time of the meeting of the
National Beekeepers' Association. This association voted to turn its
affairs over to the American Honey Producers' League, as being broader
in its scope it would be able to take up the work in a more business like

116 TWEXTIETH ANXUAL EEPORT OF THE

way. The Xational had been a failure for several years, in fact, as some-
body said, has been dead for two or three years and didn't know it. What
little business there was left in the Xational was turned over to the
American Honey Producers' League which was unanimously indorsed
at the last meeting of the Xational Association.

One problem of the American Honey Producers' League is to pro-
vide funds to carry on its work and that is one of the purposes of the
meeting downstairs today, to arrange ways and means for providing
funds to carry this out. It is bound to be a big thing because it has
behind it the big men in the beekeeping Avorld. These men downstairs
represent millions of dollars of invested capital in the beekeeping in-
dustry.

As I said before, it is not the purpose to make this a commercial
affair, but to be helpful to all other associations whether they are selling
agencies or beekeeping meettags^for educational purposes or whatever
they may take up on the subject of beekeeping, educational, legislative,
marketing or advertising. They are going to advertise in a big way as
fast as funds will permit them to do so. I am sure this association will
make a mistake if they do not send a representative delegate to this
association «t this meeting in January. I believe there is a chance of
getting some value out of it.

Mr. Stewart. — You say the Xational never amounted to anything.
I'hirty or forty years ago, it was said the Xational was the one who stood
up and defended all the beekeepers jn their lawsuits.

The President. — That is what^the new association proposes to do.

Mr; Stewart. — At that time it was the best thing we ever struck
in the beekeeping world.

The Preside^t.-t-I would say the Xational has been going down
grade. I will agree with you that several years ago it did more eifective
work.

Mr. MacXeill. — Does it app^ear to you possible that a small as-
sociation such as ours can afford t:^: be financing a member of the execu-
tive committee, or does the Honey Producers' League expect to do the
financing for the executive comniittee. We would have to financ our
delegate only, is that it? ^

The President. — ^You would have to pay so much for each mem-
ber of this association ; it is supposed to be a dollar for each member of
this association, and then it is only fair to the delegate that his expenses
be paid on the road. It may not be very far away. They may hold
their meeting in Chicago, I don't know, the place and time hasn't been
set as yet. You may be able to get a delegate that would pay it out of
his own pocket, but it would seem to me fair to the delegate you send to
pay his expenses and then a dollar for each member of this association.
We pay fifty cents to the Illinois, ;and T do not believe we are gettiing
very much out of the Illinois Association.

Mr. Smith. — I read the constit^ion and by-laws very carefully, and
I do not believe Ave are eligible to membership. It says only one as-
sociation from each state can belong:

'&•

The President. — That has been changed. The executive commit

fc>^

tee has been in session within the last twenty-four hours and made some

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERs' ASSOCIATIOX. 117

changes, and besides if you read that carefully you will find it says state
associations and regional asj^oeiations. This is a regional association.
It is not a part of the state association, but the state association can
become a part of us if they wish. There is nothing in that that would
conflict with our rights to join. The clause you refer" to has been ruled
out only this morning, that is, it has been recommended to be stricken
out at cur next regular meeting. I want to say one thing in regard to
the constitution. If there is anything wrong with it, it can be changed.
If it doesn't suit us, the league can change it, and we ought to be repre-
sented on that. It is going to be the big thing in the future, in my
opinion. I may not be competent to set forth this thing fairly, but
there will be speakers here this afternoon that can describe the work of
the league much better than I can, but I believe it is going to be the
coming thing, and I don't believe We can afford to stay out of it.

Mr. Wheeler. — They have been in working order the last year,
what have they accomplished?

The Peesident. — We haven't yet had the money to do very much.
It takes money to make things go. Take the subject of national adver-
tising. We can't advertise unless we have money to, do it. If legal
cases come up like the one at Syracuse, New York, we can't give assist-
ance unless we have money. We have a committee appointed to go out
and get money, and there are not only beekeepers but manufacturers
that are willing to come across with the cash and help out, so it is going
to be a good thing for the producer and the small beekeeper.

Mr. Wheeler. — What is that legal case at Syracuse ?

The President. — That is one in which the city has passed an ordi-
nance requiring bees to be moved out of the city, but the beekeepers
asked for help from the American Honey Producers League, and if the
American Honey Producers League can get the money to handle itself,
it is going to take up all those questions. Another thing is legislation.
I want to call your attention to one or two points in this bulletin. On
the first page we have the work of the league outlined. Educational —
that national extension work is being taken care of at the present time.
Disease Control — that is being handled. Teaching Beel'eeping in agri-
cultural colleges. Disseminaiion of Information — ^that is a point that
can be taken up by the league. Services in Securing Equipment — serv-
ices in securing- bees and things of that kind. Standardizing Equipment
— I think that is important. Legislation — looking after state and nat-
ional appropriations. In Indiana we are wanting more money for bee
inspection. We have there three men trying to do the work that ought
to be covered by a dozen. We want a larger appropriation, and if this
American Honey Producers' League can help us in that, it will be of
value to every beekeeper. Pure Food Laws and Quarantine — oftentimes
bees and combs are shipped into the state, that are diseased. Often it
has been found that the combs are diseased and bees along the road have
an opportunity to get that diseased honey and spread infection. With
reference to inspection laws, they vary. One state has good inspection
laws and another state has none.

118 TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPOET OF THE

Pro visions for Marketing and the proper grading of honey. One
reason we do not get a good price for our, honey oftentimes is that it is
not properly graded.

They are taking up the question of national advertising, and the
standardization of packages. It is important, to have standard packages.
One fellow puts his honey up in one way and another in another way.
People want to know they are getting the same thing each time. Xot
only standard packages but standard grades of honey are important.
A crop reporting system upon which we can rely. Some of you get the
crop reports from Washington. They are not worth much since the in-
formation is secured from dealers who are financially interested.

Me. Smith. — Will the league be able to make the people tell the
truth?

The President. — The league will be a league of beekeepers, not of
merchants. The dealers say they are not going to tell of actual condi-
tions because the other fellows will get the information, but if tlie reports
are made by the beekeepers themselves, thy are going to give the facts
in the case. Distrihution — distribution is the big probldni. In the past
the beekeepers associations have been engaged in increasing production.
The bee journals are almost entirely devoted to an increase of produc-
tion. The whote clover regions of northern Michigan are being de-
veloped, and more and more honey is being produced. The same thing
is true in the south, until the time has now come when we are producing
more honey than we can dispose of at a profit.

The time has come when we must organize for better distribution,
or we are not going to sell our honey at a profitable price. During the
period of the war we had good markets, but that is not going to continue,
and unless we devote our energies, not to more production, but to better
distribution, distributing it properly over the country so that people can
be supplied with it, and so that consumers will consume more honey,
we are going to be up against the proposition of a glutted market. I
am told that there are ten carloads of honey in Michigan more than
Michigan will consume under present conditions. I know in Indiana
I have more honey than I can sell unless I get some new way of dis-
posing it. In the west they have more honey than they can sell. If
that could be distributed to places where honey is needed instead of
being dumped on the general market, it would raise the price and be
Avorth thousands of dollars to beekeepers.

The distribution in my mind is the most important problem to be
taken up by this league. Nearly all the men engaged in the selling busi-
ness are backing the league, not that they want to dominate it, but they
want to help things along in securing better marketing conditions.
According to our records it is only the bona fide producers, beekeepers
themselves, that ha,ve a vote in this league. The other people can become
advisory members,! but is it a producers' league, not a league of mer-
chants. ■

Mr. Stewart. — Isn't all organization simply a railroad affair, don't
they become that ?

The President. — We have been trying to prevent that in this case
by making it a delegate organization. The old national would meet here
in Chicago, and the people around Chicago would come in and dominate

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEKs' ASSOCIATION. llf>

the meeting. The next meeting would be held in Minneapolis, and the
people around there would dominate the meeting. We have provided
against this by a delegate membership.

Mr. Stewart. — Will they come?

The President. — Yes. At the Kansas City meeting last year we
had representatives from twenty-four different states and organizations.
They came from Xew York, California, Kansas, Michigan, Indiana.
They came from all over. And at our next meeting we are expecting
a representation from practically every state in the Union. The organ-
ization is being recognized in the states of Michigan, New York, Wis-
consin, Minnesota, and other central states, as well as in the west and
in the south.

Mr. MacXeill. — Is it the intention to have a general headquarters
in one place and have the meetings at that one place, or is it to be
shifted around?

The President. — The question of where the meetings will be held
with the executive committee. If it is found advisable to be held in one
place, it will be held there. It is better to have it near the center so it
will be less expensive for the delegates to travel. The probabilities are
it will be held near the center of the United States. We held the meeting
last year in Kansas City. Kansas City is the nearest to the center of the
United States of any large city we have.

Mr. Wheeler. — The value of honey as food and medicine is the
only key to the solution.

Mr. Stewart. — It is good food value at the price you are charging,
isn't it?

The President. — T don't know but that my discussion of this has
been rather premature, because we arranged that for the afternoon. If
you have any question to ask I hope you will get after the man who ex-
pects to speak here this afternoon. He is much more competent to talk
on the subject than I am. Has anyone a further question?

Question. — Should honey come down in proportion to what sugar
came down?

The President. — I don't think so myself.

Mr. XacXeill. — It should if it went up in proportion as sugar
Avent up. It went up about fifty per cent and sugar went up five hundred
per cent.

The PREsmENT. — I think the price Avill come down to some extent
but not so\j]j<m as sugar. It is coming down now.

A Member. — While sugar was scarce different manufacturing con-
cerns learned how to use honey. I under stand some of 'them are going
to continue using it. That may make some difference.

The President. — It is said that there is only a very few pounds of
honey per capita used in the United States, to 80 or 90 pounds of sugar.
By advertising we will sell more honey, but we never can sell as much
honey as sugar, because a majority of the people dont' like honey as well
as they do sugar. But we should not be discouraged because people use
large quantities of sugar.

120 TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Mr. Smith. — I think we often make a mistake in speaking of honej
as a definite product. There is more difference in the different kinds
of honey than there is in sugar and honey.

The President. — I would like for you all to meet promptly at one-
thirty and we will take up this discussion further. In regard to the com-
mittees, what committees shall we appoint at this time ? A motion is in
order.

Mr. Stewart. — I move the chair appoint a committee to look over
the secretary-treasurer's books.

Mr. Bull. — I will second that.

The President. — It is moved and seconded that an auditing com-
mittee be appointed. I will appoint Mr. Stewart, Mr. Smith and Mrs.
Hammett as the auditing committee. Are there any other committees to
be appointed?

The Secretary. — Before we adjourn I might say that some of the
price committee don't care to act any more. I believe we have onl}-^ one
besides rr^self. It would probably be better to add some more to that
committee. Possibly later in this meeting we might be able to get a
]ine-up on that. Shall we continue the price committee?

Mr. Smith. — Mr. Chairman, I move the price committee be con-
tinued.

Mr. Coppin. — Second the motion.

Whereupon the motion was unanimously carried.

Mr. Smith. — The Chair appoints all committees.

/The President. — Is it the desire of this meeting that the chair
appoint the committee?

Mr. Smith. — I move the chair appoint the committee.

The Secretary. — Second the motion.

Whereupon the motion was unanimously carried.

TkE President. — I will appoint two of the old members. In fact
there were only two this last year., The man I asked to serve didn't
serve. Mr. Bull and E. D. Townsend are named. Mr. Coppin, will
you act on this committee?

Mr. Coppin. — Better have sohie younger man to act.

The President. — We need an older man for wisdom. We would
like to have you on this committee if you will serve. Anything further?

Mr. Bull. — I move we adjourn.

The motion was seconded and unanimously carried.

Whereupon the meeting was adjourned till 1 :30 p. m.

MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION.

The President. — Gentlemen, please come to order. I see there
are quite a number of good looking people here that ought to be mem-
bers of the Chicago-Northwestern Beekeepers' Association. We will be
very glad to have your signature and your money, because we need the
money and because we want you to be members of this association. At
the close of the meeting this afternoon or sooner you will have an oppor-
tunity to join. I am very glad we have with us this afternoon a gentle-

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 121

man whom you will all wish to hear, a gentleman who has done a great
deal for beekeeping in his part of the United States, and I think valuable
to the beekeepers of the United States as a whole. I wish to introduce
to you Mr. E. G.^LeStourgeon^ of San Antonio, Texas, president of the
American HoUey Producers' League. (Applause.)

The American Honey Producers' League.

(By President E. G. LeStourgeon, San Antonio, Texas.)

Priends, beekeepers, after that introduction, I do not know what
you may expect from me, because I am a sort of radical, and bolshevik.
I believe with Michaela, a great French philosopher, that no greater
absurdity would have existed on earth, if a man hadn't silenced the
questionings of the child — if we do not question the old authorities we
cease to grow.

If Galilio had been satisfied with the theory of the cosmic universe,
we would never have known anything about the real facts. If you take
a watch and show it to a little child when its hands are moving, and you
tell him there are wheels back there, he immediately wants to see the
"wheels. That is the attitude of mind we as Americans and business men
must always take. We must always, whenever possible, when facts or
conclusions are given us, ask immediately, like the little child, let me
see the wheels.

That may not sound like an introduction to a talk such as I think
Brother Miller may have wanted me to make, but I think I can give
you an application of it. The American Honey Producers' League —
there is no such animal. It is a thing now in process of organization.
For many years iii the United States we have had an organization of one
kind or another, changing its skin like a snake, or coming out of one
chrysalis into another living butterflj', called the Xational Beekeepers'
Association. In my memory it met some thirteen or fourteen times.
I think it amended its constitution and changed the fonu or plan of its
activities from twelve to fifteen times. It iiever got anywhere. Finally
at the meeting two years ^go it was suggested that the National As-
sociaion call a conference. of the representative organizations of the vari-
ous states, to be held in some central place. They selected Kan'Sas City
as their meeting place and a«ked that in January, all beekeeping and
allied organizations send delegates to meet and formulate some plan to
be presented to the next meetirig of the National Association whereby
an organization of organizations could be made, where some business
thought should be put in the future business of national beekeeping.

About' twenty-four or twenty-five state organizations responded to
the call sent out by President Kindig aB(i sent delegates to this confer-
ence. The conference- met in Kansas City, and after two or three days
of deliberation, after trwo or- three days of studying over the problems
common to beekeepers in the United States everywhere, and tiie possi-
bility of united national action from the various state bodies, they formu-
• lated a proposal of organization, a proposed constitution, and a pro-
posed plan of activity. They were merely a committee meeting under
thff direction of the National Beekeepers 'Association, and had to report

I \\ i;N-ni rii \\ xr \i. iMi'ci; r oi- ■i-iii';

i;. c i,i';sT( >fu(; !•:•). \.

ii.i.ixdis -I All: !',Ki;Kr;i.i'i;i;^ v-soc iai ion.

n:]

1(1 the National I)('('kcc[)ci's' Assdcial i<Mi. 'I'hc Xntioiial Mfckrciicr-' As-
sociation was held ill liull'alo. Nfu ^'ol•k. ami thi> roiiiiiiil Ici- rcpoilc"!
!o till' .\ati(»iial l)cck('c|M'rs" Associal ion il> liii(|inij:'s and cnnclii-ion-.

'riic National Hcck('c|H'r>' Associal ion upon a iiiotHni niadr li\' oik'
of its older nicnilxTs. Mr. ('. I*. Hadaiit. dissolxcd or c<';i>-cd it>- actixitics
a- llic National |->cckcc|icr>" Association, and nici\uc(| ii-df in1<i the
American llone\' l'ro(iiicei-s" Leaiiiie. ceasini:' 1o c\i>t a< an oiijaiii/.al ion.
ordcriim' its Hoard of hireciors to wind \\\> its alTairs, ^o that the .\ineri-
I an lloiMA' I'rodiieers' League was horn al UulTalo and has iie\ei- yet
'gotten out of its -w addl iiiu' clotiies, so to ^peak.

.\s to the kind of (n'i:ani/.at ion the Anieriean lloiiev I'rodiieer-"
Leai;u<' is, state and regional hodie.- all o\ei' tlu' riiite(| States a^Jiliateil
with it hv eleeliiiL;- one of ihcir iiiiniher as a dejeiiate. who u<iuld he
-cut there as their \(»t iiiu rc)ire>eiitat i\c in I he hod \ , and raisini;' a inini-
niiiin ol -Sl'iO as a lee lor the organization to Join. I'rad icallv e\e|-\
heckeepiiiL;' state west ( d' the M ississi ] i| )i Kixcr lia- \(iled to alliliale.
Some (d' them luuc rai>ed the moiie\' and are waitiii,:.:" for rormal iioliee
liiat their mone\ is [lavahle, some \'c\v slate- lia\c I'orwardeil their money
alread\'. Some hall' do/.eii cor|ioi'at ions that ai'e made up of heek^epei--
III \arious states have al.-o ori;'aiii/.ed or >iL!iii(ied tlu-ir iiileiition to ji'in.
and await the moment to pav llieir lirst lee wiien<'\er the wuvk of the
h ai;iie is ready to he launched.

N'earK al.l ihe lar^c interests iiitereslei! in llie furtheriim- of hee-
kcepinii, and in tin puhiicalion of the literature, and in the prohlem-
(d' heekeepiim', lia\c -iiiiiilied their williin:iies> and i iiteiil iK+r lo j(uri in
liie mo\cmeiit to the extent id' diiiLi'in.L;' down iiilo their piM-ket- and pav-
iiii;' part ol' the incidental expenses (d' the leaLiue.

We lia\c IKit vet made a complete huil!.;('t of the aii-olutelv lieee,-^ar\
( Xpelld ll II res. hut we think there oUL;hl t<l he allowed Xrlilewhere in the

iici^h-liorhood of tell or tW(d\(' tlKuisand dollars per uiiiium.

We do not (-((iisider the possil)i lit ies, perha|)s, \'<>v a few \-ear-. of
more than liftv or one liiiiHlred orirani/al ions aHiliatini: with the h-aLi'iie.
'Idle niiiiimum fi'oiii sa\' one hiindi'ed >ucli orizani/.al ioii> would amount
to ten ihoiisaiid dollars. tlier(d'ore pi-iiu' t(t the time that one liiindrcd
organizations will lia\e allilialed and pci-fecled their memlier.-hip ii will
"HTe neccssai'v for the activities of the h'airuc either to lie cari'ied on li\-
voluntarv coiit rihut ions from lar<|-e. lixc interests who are intei-e.-ted in
its furt lierini;'. or from iiidi\i(lual l)eekeepers who ma\ he intei-esied in
the furtheriiii;' the activities (d' the lea^Mie and who will donate some of
the expenses. The other thiiii;" that iniuht he done would he to limit
tile work of the league to tlic funds the league has, and h-i it t;row an
its influence ei'ows. until such time that the ten thousand didlars neces-
sary for its fiiiictioninir miizlit he availahle.

As to what the leaiiue has (huie. (d'teii when i <s<> to a hunch of men
at a beekeepers' ineetini;', a man immediately asks, what lias the lea,ii;ue
(lone, what has heeii its activities. Of course I iliink it is hecause tlie
man who asks that (piestion does not know thai the leauiie is a hal)y.
It can do nothinir. It is his hahy. There is no leairue unles> there are
heckeepers identilied with it. There can lie no lea<:ue so far as the
C"hicatro-Northwesteni is concei'iie(l until liie ( 'hicai:o-N(ulhwestem and

134 TWENTIETH ANJ^'AL EEPOET OF THE

its neighboring associations have become identified with it. Service
doesn't grow on trees. We give service and we receive service, and we
will never get any more than we give. We must give in order to receive.
There is no doubt of that, and it^the beekeepers of America will all of
them give their services to th^ league, if they cannot give active service,
give work of one kind or another, if they will give strength and money,
either as individuals or as associations, then the league can give them
service. The service that the league can give has been variously de-
scribed and presented. It is merely, so far, a program. It is a hope of
something that can be accomplished.

We have proposed and hope to have a bureau of legislation, that this
bureau or committee working by and with the league shall in your state
if necessary assist in getting vital, broad, controlling laws, quarantine
laws and enforcement of pure food laws. We have hoped this committee
can get the legislators in the various states to make these laws universal.
We have hoped for laws pertaining to interstate relations, the prevention
of the shipment of diseased bees from one state to another, from Wis-
consin to Illinois if you will, that the national Congress should say,
perhaps, that it would have some sDrt of quarantine regulations and
control measures. )

On questions of that kind a league that represents organizations
such as this in every state in the I|-hion could have a powerful influence
upon your local legislative bodies, and a much moxe powerful influence
upon the legislative body at Washington.

We want it to liave a bureau or committee on education, this bureau
or committee on education to foster the teaching of agriculture in our
various agricultural colleges, this committee on education to undertake
the duty wherever possibe of educating the people of the United States
concerning beekeeping, its possibilities and its dangers, and to keep the
foolish from running headlong into beekeeping and the unfit to try to
keep bees when perhaps you and I know that it is wiser sometimes to
keep a man from going into the business for his own good, rather than
permitfing him to do so. It is not our function, it should not be the
function of the beekeeper to keep a man out of the bee business, because
the more bees that are kept and the more honey that is produced, in my
opinion, the greater will be the demand for honey.

We wanted to have a bureau of arbitration, so that whenever a com-
plaint arose between two beekeepers, we would settle those differences
among ourselves. It can be done in many ways, by having an under-
standing. For instance an understanding on what we call a nucleus.
If you in Wisconsin or Michigan buy a nucleus from me in Texas, it
always has been if I send you a two-frame cell brood from Texas that
distance they will starve to death before you get them. The same way
with a queen. I saw a judge at one of our fairs show a 3-bander queen
and called her a Cyprian and give her a first prize. He was a good
judge of bees, too.

This American Honey Producers' League functioning and acting for
all of us could formulate a code, a standardization of these things, so
that when you bought a colony of bees you would know what you were
expected to get at least. We could ask the bee journals that they carry

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKBEPERs' ASSOCIATION. 125

an advertisement from a shipper of bees or queens or a nuclei who would
agree to stand by and abide by the standardization rules of the com-
mittee of this league.

We want to have national advertising. Here is the rock on which
we get into a row every time we say it, because advertising costs money.
It costs lots of money, but if you will notice the great associations who
have put raisins, almonds, walnuts, citrus fruits on the American, market
have been lavish with advertising, and you may have noted that the
more lavish they are the more of their product they sell and the more
popular it is. I am not an old man yet, but I remember the time i saw
my first grapefruit, and when I tasted it I turned with horror from the
thought that people would use that kind of stuff for human food, and yet
there is hardly one of us here now that did not eat grapefruit for break-
fast this niorning. What is the answer? That the men in Florida who
could raise this commodity more cheaply than any other commodity,
Avhose climate and soil were adapted to those products, got together and
crammed, literally crammed grapefruit down our throats, because we
could not object to it; we could not open our favorite magazine with-
out seeing the beautifully decorated grapefruit staring us in the face.

We talk about over-production of honey in the United States. There
is no such thing. There an be no such thing in a country that uses
a hundred pounds of sugar in some form per capita per annum, and at
the same time uses less than one-half pound of honey; we know that
we do not produce honey enough. We are starving these good people
to death. Why my family alone use about two hundred pounds of honey
in a year. I am so selfish that I only raise enough so that a few of you
can get it, and the people of the United States as a whole get only a half
a pound per person. If we would take a leaf out of the books of those
poor sand grubbers in Florida, who have the poorest land the Lord ever
made, and who raise a product that is not edible at first sight, and make
you eat it by countless carloads, you will see that we can do infinitely
much more with honey if we will intelligently advertise it.

The chief and main function as I believe of the American Honey
Producers' League is to raise a fund from among ourselves, from among
our business men with whom we deal, the can people, the glass people,
the supply people, the people that we spend our money with, to raise a
fund from among them, and they will be glad to help in this work. Let
one of the ladies go home and look at her Ladies Home Journal, she
will see an advertisement for Airline honey there. Some of us indi-
vidually advertise our own honey. They would be glad to help us do it,
because we can not advertise honey without helping sell your honey and
everybodyelse's honey. We must educate the people of America to eat
honey, and we must pay the bill, but it will come back to us. There
is no doubt that in the sale of honey it will come back to us.

How is this money going to be raised? If fifty or one hundred
associations. come in and pay one hundred dollars minimum fee, how are
you going to have this advertising campaign? The league expects to
have a committee, separate and distinct from these other committees,
whose duty it will be to employ an intelligent business man to expend
whatever money is in its hands for this purpose, and to raise indepen-

126 TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

deiitly from various associations and manufacturers a fund to start an
advertising campaign.

A surprising thing happened this morning downstairs at our con-
ference. One gentleman said, wp want to start this five thousand dollar
fund for I advertising. We will put you down for two hundred dollars.
Another pian said, you can put me down for three or four or five times
that if you are really going to advertise. Advertising is the spirit of the
age. My association in Texas spends more money for advertising than
we are even talking about. One association in California expects to
spend twenty-five thousand dollars advertising honey in the city of Chi-
cago. As beekeepers all over the United States, how much can we
spend if we want to tell the people of America to use honey, over and
over again? When we do th^ there are going to be constant demands
for honey, because when you have advertisements in the papers that go
into the home they are going to be read and they are going to think about
honey. They will Avant to eat it. They are going to go to the grocery
store and ask for honey, and they will have to go from store to store in
order to get it. There are thovisands of grocery stores in this State of
Illinois that have no honey on the shelves. I made that statement in
Buffalo, and we walked around, all around trying to get it. We could
not find honey. The right. way to sell honey is in five and ten-pound
pails, for a food, for something to eat, not something to set up on a
pantry shelf that everybody is ashamed to stick a finger in because if
they did there would not be anything left in the jar (laughter).

That is a good way to adveBiise honey. The bottler is the only man
now that is selling honey, but it is our fault that honey is being sold
that way. We dont' do it that way in Texas. We ship carload after
carload in three and five-pound pails, and our people buy it that way.
The people in California ship it in carload lots. They ship it on over
into Xew York and sell it there in five and ten-pound pails to the people
of Xew York. That is the way you are going to do. You are going
to study selling honey, and you are not going to sell it that way until
the people of the United States know it is a food and know something
of its values. >

■ To go back to my i^iought of advertising. You try to find a grocery
store that has honey. You and I buy the honey .and take it home, but
this Housewife has called on three or four or five grovers before she
found what she wanted. She has made that grocer say to his jobber
salesman when he comes again, "I am getting calls for honey, send over
a case." And the jobber salesman goes in and turns the order in and
says, here is an order for honey. And the dealer thinks that is very
fortunate. He has had cases of honey there for four or five years, and
now that he has got rid of them he is not going to buy any more. So
the salesman goes back. The house was out, we didn't have any. The
woman comes in and says, have you got that honey? He cannot give
her the honey. Xow we have got them all started. They will get the
honey because the housewife will insist upon having it, and the honey
stores are going to be depleted a^d they are going to yell at you and me
to produce more honey. There couldn't be any such thing as an over-

ILLINOIS STATE B^EKEEPERs' ASSOCIATION. 127

production of honey, it is under consumption. Honey is a food and we
can never produce enough of it in the United States.

Dr. Phillips has told me we could produce in the United States ten
times as much honey as we do now, five pounds per capita. Which one
of you do not eat five pounds of honey in a year? So we can reach the
supreme aim. I would be hungry if I didn't eat more than five pounds
of honey in a year.

I am afraid I have gone far afield from the American Honey Pro-
ducers' League,, and its final success will revolve around again to the
subject of advertising. It is true the transportation problems are im-
portant, and the league hopes to be .able to appear before law making
bodies and classification committees and assist beekeepers everywhere in
the matter of rate making and any other problem that may come to the
attention of the beekeepers of the United States as a whole.

It is not the province or desire of the league in any wise to interfere
with the beekeepers' association in Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa or any
other, state. We hope the problems that concern those states can be
worked out by the associations in those states. The league is intended
to be an association of associations that will only have its fingers in the
pie on questions coming up from every state, that will come to all of us,
such as transportation, rate problems, educational problems, and so forth.
The league will probably do brood control work, the standardization of
beekeepers' supplies, c-lassification and grades of honey, and those things
that are common to us all. The future bee business depends on them,
and only by united action can we hope to solve those problems. The
state of Wisconsin tried it but have arbitrarily legally made grading
rules, and honey made in Wisconsin can not be sold in Wisconsin unless
it conform to the arbitrary standard or the rules, and you will see that
every one of them have their own ideas as to what the standard grade
ought to be^

If we could, among the small body of men we have chosen, work out
a plan for the entire United States on standardization and grading, don't
you see how much good it could do. The American Honey Producers'
League cannot make its findings mandatory, but if the Chicago-North-
Avestern Association had its most trusted man selected as a delegate to
meet with the most trusted man of fifty other associations, they could
put their heads together and solve the problems common to the entire
fifty complement organizations, you would have more confidence in their
findings than you would have in the findings of a legislative committee,
or in the findings of one of the old time organizations.

When the I^ational Association used to meet, it was merely a local
association from a radius of one hundred or one hundred and fifty miles.
One man would come from San Francisco, another man would come
from Texas, and still another from Florida, and there would be twelve
or fifteen out of town people there, then the people from right around
the country would be there. If a complaint came up, how would it be
. settled ? By the local influence there. Your state organization is more
or less the same way. Those who meet in the state capital consist
usually of every beekeeper within a few miles radius of the state capital.

1'28 TWENTIETH ANNUAL ItEPOET OF THE

and the question is decided after all by the local state association, anil
sometimes county association in whose area the meetings are held.

The plan of the American Honey Producers' League is to have a
voting membership of the league, delegates and representatives that are
strong enough to be able first to pay $100 for the privilege of being
members, or else to have as many as a hundred or more members in
order to perfect their membership in the league, at $1.00 per member.
This to begin with. That is as exact a statement of the league as I can
give you, and some of the activities through which it expects to function ■
are a paid secretary who Avill maintain a clearing house of beekeepers'
information, who will be at the call of beekeepers anywhere and every-
where for any problem that confronts them.

I started out here talking about questioning authority, and you
wondered perhaps if there was any reason why I should talk about that
from what I have said, and I will tell you why. There have been since
my father's time, many associations. My father was an old beekeeper
and knew Langstroth, he was a beekeeper before I was born. Some
of you may know all of the organizations that have existed as long as you
have kept bees. Did they ever accomplish anything? You paid your
dollar to the secretary and received sometimes a printed report of the
meeting, and you rceived once or twice a year, maybe, a letter from the
secretary, or saw the name of the association mentioned in the paper.
You had an annual meeting and you read a paper on what makes the
(jueens supercede one another, or why don't a queen lay an egg in a drone
cell, or some other vital question like that to your business, and your
society became a mutual admiration society. You like to see the time
come when the state association was going to meet, because we get to-
gether down at your college, and meet old friends. We get together, Ave
2,0 back and visit the school when we were bovs, and tell tales about what
we used to do, and we enjoyed our state association meeting, but as
l.nisiuess men or beekeepers did we get anything out of it ? You couldn't
kill those associations becausexhev^ became associations of memory, as-
sociations of the pleasures and thmights and recollections of happy days
and happy meetings. Maybe we met our girl at the association meeting;
maybe she is now our wife, and we go to that association meeting every
year like a honeymoon, but it is no longer a business matter. It does
not sell any honey. And so thd,t association tottered on and on, some-
times till the last patriarch died, as one man expressed it.

In contrast to that there has grown up a group of vigorous young
men who didn't have anything to do with the association. They were
interested in the kind of containers to put their honey in, where they
could buy their bee supplies most cheaply. They were business men
making theiT living out of beekeeping, and they went to these associa-
tions and found nothing there and dropped out, and organized an as-
sociation of their own. Sometimes they called it a corporation. Some-
times fifteen or twenty of them would club together and buy a car of bee
supplies, but before long the county organized an association that was
cooperative. There was nothing social about the meetings. When they
met it was, "How much money have we got in the bank?" "What do
you fellows think about extracted honey this year?" And that is the

I-

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERs' ASSOCIATION. 129

kind of questions that would come up at these meetings. The older as-
sociations never woke up to the fact that that kind of beekeeper as-
sociation existed until they began to hear about tons and tons and tons
of hone.v being shipped from California. Who shipped it? An apiary
didn't ship it. An association of business men called the California
Cooperative Honey Producers' Exchange shipj^ed it. Xine hundred
ninety-eight beekeepers of California acted as one man, buying as one
man, advertising as one man, selling as one man, putting honey on the
business map of America.

Here is something about Texas. They raised 19 million pounds
of honey, I read in the paper, and where do they sell that honey? Well,
they sold it, and they sold most of it under one brand in a limited area
of territory that they i)icked out because they had least competition
there, and they advertised Lone Star honey extensively until everybody
in the district knew about it. That is the way we sell honey in a west-
ern organization, because we do not wait for me to raise my honey and
peddle it around on the back of my wagon to my g-roeery storef We
take it down to the association office and tell them to sell it. As' these
organizations grow and prosper and multiply in mmiber, they begin
to have questions in common. They begin to study the locality, because
tliej' want to know where to send the honey to sell to the trade.

You say these western fellows are going to flood us with their honey.
They are not going to do anything of the kind. If you iise the same
common sense and business methods they are using, provided you adver-
tise your honey, put it up in a package that the trade demands and label
it neatly and ship it through the regular channels of trade into the hands
of your consumers, you will get the same results that they do.

As these problems begin to develop, Mr. Eauchfuss would write to
Mr. Justice of California and say, how do you handle this, and we are
helpless on account of the transportation problems and other things,
then Mr. Justice and a dozen others began to get together and talk about
cooperation among ourselves, the beekeepers of Colorado cooperating
with the beekeepers of California. And we Avould like now to see the
beekeepers of Michigan cooperate with the beekeepers of Indiana and
the beekeepers of Indiana cooperate ^vitll the beekeepers of Illinois^ and
that applies to every one of us. And out of that thought was born the
proposed American' Honey Producers'' League.

Don't any of you say, what has the league done? It has done
nothing. Ask yourself, what hav.e I done for cooperation ? What liave
I done for the American Honey Producers' League, and when you an-
sv,'er that question honestly we will have a sure enough American Honey
Producers' League and you will be members of it. I want to suggest ■
that if I haveB"t touched some of the points, in your minds, I would be
glad to answer any questions that may be asked. Then I hope that the
gentlemen will discuss this subject of the American Honey Producers'
League. We are very fortunate in having today more than a half a
dozen men who met in Kansas City a year ago. We have almost in its
entirety the resolutions committee to whom the various suggestions were
made or referred to when the present constitution of the American Honey

— 9 B A

130 TWEXTIETII ANNUAL IJEPORT OF THE

/ - ■ I

Producers' Lea<iue was written, and I ho])e that out of the discussion
that we may liave, if you desire, that some thought will come that will
permit some of those men to elucidate some point that I have forgotten.
I thank you. ( A^jplause.)

The Pkesident. — 1 would like to hear from anyone who is in-
terested ill regard to this league. ',

Mif. KiLDOw. — He says the organization of the state have never
been any benefit.

The PitEsiOEN'r. — They have been a stepping stone to this thing
coming now. If it hadn't been for the State organizations we coul(ln"t
have had this. You can't jump into any big things at once. It must
be gradual. That is what this association has done. I believe this is a
question we ought to decide at this meeting.

Mi;. MacNeill. — For an association such as our ow'ii here, I am not
wishing to criticize or raise objection, 1 am only asking for information,
I woukl like to know what these various (piestions, for instance of adver-
tising and distribution especially, how^ that could be handled to the ad-
^antage of a small association such as our own, or as perhaps even a
larger one. As ]\Ir. LeStourgeon says, production has never anything
like taken care of the demand possible to have from the producers. We
ai'e all able to sell our honey, aiu^ we are all getting pretty faii> prices.
Is it his idea that the advertising which he would put forth Avould make
the demand so great that the prices would be increased over what we are
now getting, and if so would that demand be more than we could supply ?
We all know we ha\e sold and are selling our honey at good prices. Where
is the advantage that is going to be reaped from the campaign of adver-
tising the future demand for honey?

The President. — Any answer to this question?

Mr. McMurry. — I think I see the gentleman's viewpoint. He is
perha^Ds a little misinformed in his statement that we have all sold our
honey and are selling honey for a high^price. I believe Mr. LeStourgeon
said the California i)eoi)le are in Chicago with carloads of h(mey, pro-
posing to s])end twenty-five thousand dollars to advertise California
honey in Chicago. Xow if they /lump that honey in here on Chicago,
v.'ithout the ])roper advertising, so as to take it up, that will affect ma-
terially the tons of honey up here in Wisconsin. I think I have got a
great deal better honey than they have, but here is what hurts, and here
is wdiere I see this league is going to do something that nothing else
has ever done before: through this league we can do something toward
an efjual distribution of honey, with all the fine honey produced in Wis-
consin, the thing that has hurt and hurt seriouslv has been this: we mav
be selling honey there wholesale for twenty or twenty-five cents a pound,
and all of a sudden California or Colorado will dump three or four or
five or six carloads of honey into Milwaukee, may be at two or three or
four or five cents below what we arc getting wholesale. I don't care
whether that honey is as good as ours or not as good, down goes the price
of our honey. The thing of it is this: no man liveth to himself and no
man dieth to himself. All industries are tied up together. What helps
the beekee])er in Florida will help me in Wisconsin. What hurts me will
hurt the man in California.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION.,. 131

It isn't that we want a liigiier price tlian we are getting, but some
of US say if sometliing isn't done iioney isn't going to be as high as it is
now, and tliat very siiortly, too. Tliere lias been a possibility this very
winter, of ten and twel\e-cent honey, and if the situation isn't Jiandled
carefully, if it hadn't been handled carefully by these cooperative con-
cerns and by these men willing to cooperate, 1 believe we would have
been suffering seriously tliis very clay, in the honey market.

I think 1 can see, and we will all be able to see that with the cooper-
ative organization here, which as Mr. LeStourgeon pointed out will have
no binding power at all, but simply cooperate with these great state
organizations and regional organizations heading up into this one nat-
ional organization, we can put on not only tremendous advertising pro-
positions which will take up our honey, but with the great crops of honey
coming on the market they can be handled in such a way that the
markets will not l)e glutted in Chicago and starving at Philadlephia,
as has happened in past years.

There have been two places where everybody wants to sell honey,
Chicago and New York, and wlien you get about a half a dozen big or-
ganizatiohs that begin to shove their honey into these centers. If they
knock the price (k)wn in Chicago it goes down in Wisconsin. If they
swamp Xew York and force down the price in Xew Y'ork the price goes
down in Wisconsin, too. There are some things we can't do in State
Organization. There are some things we can't do as individuals, but
there is nothing that we can't do along these lines, if we have gumption
enough to get together and work and i)ull together. Other people have
done it, and if we do not do it it is because we haven't the gumption
to do what we can. Sometimes I think we ought to get a big l)athtub
^and fill it full of gumption and a lot of us ought to take a bath in it
about once a week to absorl) it. And if we do not get together and
pull together and make this thing go along the lines outlined, and if it
isn't started along the right lines we will amend it. If this thing isn't
right we will fix it, and we will ])erfect it as we go along (applause).

The Presidext. — Anyone else have an objection or a question?
I am sure if anyone here doesn't understand this proposition thoroughly,
or if any one has any (jaestion about it, or any objection to the working
of this league thus far, we have here the opportunity to ha^"e those
things explained and defended. There are a number here who are mem-
bers of the American Honey Producers' League and have been instru-
mental in organizing it. We will be very glad to have any difficulties
ironed out at this time.

^Mr. LESToruGEOX. — The gentleman touched me very much in ref-
erence to our older organizations having done no good. T 1iave enjoyed
them, and anything that adds to hiiman ])le;isure or enjoyment or any-
thing like that does good and makes the world a brighter, liappier place
to live. The associations have done good in an educational way and as a
developer of great thinkers in beekeping, in fostering the industry to the
point it is now, but the point I wanted to make was that, that it did ns
no good here in our pocketbook, that they were organizations that were
not organizations with business brains in them and behind them. They
were academic debating societies. They were places where we came to-
gether over academic question and developed our thought, and to devel6]i

132 TWEXTIETH AXXUAL EEPOET OF THE

educational ideas concerning beekeeping^ but I see a different organiza-
tion. I see an organization that is a business organization, that helps
us in our business as the National Canners Organization helps the can-
ners, and as the Lumbermen's Association helps the lumbermen every-
where. The other gentleman asked a question, and I am afraid Brother
MacMurra}- didn't exactly catch it. He said in a small local association
like the Chicago Xorth-A\'estern that he wondered what the league would
do for such an association. It has an enormous market. All Chicago
lies here, and wherein does it need any advertising? 1 am not going to
answer the gentleman's question, but I am going to ask you to permit
Mr. Parks, who has already answered this question once before at another
meeting, to my satisfaction, to answer that gentleman's question, if you
will permit him.

Mr. Pakks. — Mr. President : 1 am almost sorry that I have to
attempt to answer that question, ]S'evertheless, it gives me considerable
pleasure to say what 1 think about it. ^Yhile I think the actual facts
in this case may be different, 1 4iave had considerable experience in or-
ganizing associations and have met tlie very question that you propose
here, but it one which looks entirely different to a person who is outside
of the small association than it looks to you who are on the inside of the
association. The reason of that is just this : you see ahead of you the
little line of selected customers thi^ you have built together in your
trade. You are figuring on what you have done today, and you figure
that you may be able to keep up that trade, but there is no future to it.
You can do the same thing over and over again. You never get any-
where. The demand for lioney is going to increase. You can't stop it
increasing. These other associations, these commercial organizations
are going to so advertise honey, whether we as the American Honey Pro-
ducers' League or not, or whether you as the Chicago Xorth-We?;tern
Association does, the business men are going to push honey until the
demands that is made by your own local territory is greater than you
can fill. What is going to be the result? The result is going to be just
exactly what is going to happen here, and very shortly. You have not
satisfied the Chicago market. And the honey is coming in here and it is
going to be sold, and some of you people are going to lose your local trade
that you have built up. You can't, afford to advertise yourselves. Xo
state can afford to advertise itself to the extent that it Avill completely
sell its product. T am not speaking now of the state organization. You
cannot advertise in any way that will dispose of your total ])roducts in
your isolated locality, we Avill say your restricted locality, without adver-
tising honey far beyond where you are selling honey, because just as soon
as you put down a thing on a piece of pa])er the next time you hear of it,
it aWII come back to you from London or from Xew Zealand or some
other point of the earth. AVe recently turned loose some stuff and got a
return from it in a very short time, from Finland. The same thing is
true right here. Tf you advertise your honey enough to attract people
to buy the surplus you have remaining over, you are going to sell some-
body else honey, and you can't afford to do it?

This is a cold business proposition. It isn't a piece of machinery
work. If 3'OTi will associate your association with the greater associations
around about vou. so that von have a voice in the deliberations of those

TLLIXOIS ^TATE BEEKEEPEBs' ASSOCIATIOX. 133

committees and bodies that will make a survey of the United States as
a whole, so they know where they can put the honey without glutting
the market, you will be benefitted thereby. Glutting the market is the
worst thing that can happen to you. We have never shipped a carload
of honey to ISTew York City, if we knew it, that glutted that market,^
but we don't know when everybody in the United States is going to take
a notion to put honey on the Xew York market. At the same time we
don't know there is a town down here, that will take two carloads of
honey if the}' had the proper advertising. If you are going to have a
say-so in that body that is going to ]ire-determine where to put that
honey, there is never going to be any such thing as having somebody
swamp a market, liecause nobody wants to do it if they can get a market
outside.

Here is one of the things that is of intense interest to you. You are
a small association. T thiidv you are large in numbers, but your territory
is small. You may have some trouble in securing freight rates. I
suppose everyl)0(ly who ships lioney does have. You just try, say a bunch
of fellows over in the northwest part of the State of Illinois, to go up
against the Interstate Commerce Commission and get a hearing on a
thing like that. They won't even look at you, but believe me, when a
bunch of men rei)resenting the allied powers of every single association
of Ijeekeepers and all men that are directly and indirectly interested in
beekeeping in the I'nited States, sends their representative there, they
will listen to him because they know if they do not listen to him that
that man has got right in his hand the ability to floor every one of them.
If you don't believe it, try it out. The beekeepers of the United States in
their associations that they are interested in, that they have got dollars
and cents in, that means bread and butter to them, when they want a
thing and want it bad enough to back it up by a dollar or two and a
little personal work, can get anything they ask for. We know exactly
what we can do in our state. In about thirty-six hours we can about
turn the state the way we want it turned, because scattered over the state
we have got members, and those men's bread and butter depends to a
certain extent on what they get for their honey. In business it is dollars
and cents that count, and it is a representation of dollars and cents that
count, and when you have got your dollars and cents mixed up into a
thing, it is going to mean a lot to you and you figure on just that per
cent of your capital that you invested, and if you put that thing in and
remember that you together amount to a little, and we down in Texas
only amount to a little, and Wisconsin only amounts to a little, put the
whole thing together, and you ]>ick out your highest man, if the associ-
ation has a man that is over and above surrounding associations in so
far as one point is concerned, and that man with the ability to see about
seven weeks ahead or ten years ahead, get those men together, your re-
j>resentatives and the other representatives, put them together, and your
association is not going to be a thing that can be caught and rolled,
but you are going to have an equal representation, and your association
will get from that more benefit than they can get from years of indi-
vidual work. You will be surprised, in a few years you will l)e wondering
why you ever existed by yourself, trying to build up your own little line
of business, trvina- to deliver anvwhere from fifty to fifty thousand

134 TWEXTIETII AXXrAL REPORT OF THE

pounds without asking and getting the aid of some man that could do
work cheaper tlian you could do it.

A man in our association marketed his lionev this wav. He got
considerahly more a pound for it than we were geeting. We like to have
that kind of man, hut when he came to figure out at the end of the year
if he had sold his honey through the association he Avould have made
more money selling at a lower price through the association than selling
it at a higher price, hut he lost hecause it cost him so much to sell it.
You will find, that true. By getting into a large association where you
get a lietter lihe of insight into the selling and advertising, and into the
distribution aiid standardization you are going to find that even though
you may not get so high a ])rice there will be more money come hack to
you. '

T don't know whetlier T have even touched the point or not, hut T
have delivered myself of some of the things I wanted to say. I thank
you. (Applause).

Ttie PREsmENT.— Any further discussion? Tf no one else has any-
thing to say on this subject, we will ]iave a recess fbr a few minutes, after
wliich we will take up the f|uestion of joining the league by this Xorth-
Western Association. In this recess we would be very gald to have any
of you who wish to become members to sign up witli our secretary. Mr.
Bull. It will be helping the cause and helping you.

Whereupon, a recess was taken hy the meeting.

The Prestdext. — T see th^t our league friends have deserted us,
leaving us to fight this battle pur^elves. Has anyone a motion ? You
can present a resolution of any kiiid and after a second it is open for
debate.

The Secretary. — T make a. n>f)tion that the Chicago Xorth-Western
Beekeepers Association join an(l/hecome a member of the American
Honey Producers" League and tliat a delgate be elected to attend the
next annual meeting of the league to represent the interests of this
association.

A Member. — I move its adoption.

The Presidext. — It is moved and seconded that it be adopted.
The question is now open for discussiour

A Member. — I move a committee be appointed to inquire into the
financial side of the ([uestion and report back to the association as to
our ability to support membership in this league. .

Which motion was duly seconded.

The Presidext. — You have heard the amendment and the second.
What should be done with the am^idment ? Are you ready for the ques-
tion?

A Member. — It is possible to state right here what tliie financial
obligation W'Ould be, isn't it? ■ •

The Presidext. — I think we can very easily determine that.

The Secretary. — Up to this morning we had a balance of $38.-18,
l)ut we have the dues coming in during this meeting, which ought to be
able to take care of the matter. The amount of dues is $1.50.

The Presidext. — One hundred dollars is required to be paid to
the league as a membership fee, and the expenses of the delegate would

ILLIXOIS S?TATE BEEKEEPERs' ASSOCIATIOX. 135

depend on where the meeting is held. Last year at Kansas City there
was something like $39 raised among individual members to bear the
expense of the delegate. It cost moire than that. 1 think the intention
is to hold these meetings as near the center of the United States as pos-
sible. It may be held in Chicago, in which case the expense would be
very little, practically nothing, and 1 am sure if we can join, if we can
raise the one hundred dollars to join, a number of us would be glad to
make it sufficient to pay the expenses of the delegate. I am willing
myself to give ten dollars towards it. Probably others woidd be willing '
10 do something.

Mit. GiLl. — Mr. President, last year 1 attended the meeting of the
Wisconsin Association, and 1 was very much impressed with what the
State of Minnesota is doing up there, and 1 attended again this year,
and was inspired ■ again, and 1 have come to feel more and more that
unless beekeepers are organized they cannot get the best results. I think
that is where we lack in our own State, we are not in a position to make
demands, and we are not going to get very much from the hands of our
State. 1 ihink anything we want or anything we should want, the
thing we need will come only when the demand comes from the outside.
1 believe therefore for this reason in the organization, and I believe we
ought to go into it. Furthermore, I believe we ought to go into it be-
cause I always feel like we ouglit to try something new, and there are
back of this organization some of the best beej»eepers in the country, and
we ought to have confidence that it will be a good thing. As far as my
confidence goes, I want, to be on record as favoring it.

The President. — I might state for the information of those here,
that Xew York, Michigan, Wisconsin, I believe Minnesota, California
and Texas, Colorado, all the leading honey 'producing states, are going
into this. I understand Indiana will, in all probability, and many of
the other states are falling into line.

Mr. Smith. — For that very reason, that is one of the strongest
reasons 1 have for thinking we ought to stay out. We have members
here, quite a number, from Wisconsin. We have quite a number from
Michigan. We have them from Indiana and Illinois. If one of these
states joins this Honey Producers' League, we all belong, because we all
belong to some of those organizations. This organization every year
for a number of years has joined our State association in a body. When
-we join the State association, if we do this year, and our State joins
the Honey Producers' League, then we are members of the Honey Pro-
ducers' League. It isn't necessary to have two memberships.

Another reason is that I don't believe they can do the majority of
our membership very much good, and I do believe that they will take
away from us quite ^a good deal that we appreciate and that we enjoy.
There is a great deal that we can do ourselves, as an organization, if we
will work as an organization, but for the past two or three years we have
spent a large portion of our time out of the two days that we take from
our work to come here and learn something about beekeeping, talking
about getting into some other organization. It seems to me it is a waste
of time. Why not join that organization in the first place as individ-
uals and quit? I have read their by-laws very carefully, but I haven't

136 TWKXTIETIL AXXUAL REPOKT OF THE

been able to iiiid out how to reallv ijet into the organization. I see in-
(lividuals, according to the charts, join the American Honey Producers'
League, and 1 see that they are joining in bodies. If they can join as
individuals, anyone of us that waiits to join can pay our money and
join, and if they join in a body you can join through the state and. save
the expense. We luue got a balance of a little overthirty-eight dollars,
and we are going to spend a hundred dollars to get into another organ-
ization. An organization don't amount to anything unless the organ-
ization does something for you that you want done. That organization
isn't going to do auything I want done, not a thing that 1 know of.
Thev are going to do several thinifs that I don't want done. Thev will
probably send forty or fifty carloads of honey from California and Texas
into this market, and from other places into this market. They are
going to standardize honey. If I produce a high class or grade of honey,
they are going to make my honey go as the standard of all honeys. That
isn't the way I want to sell hohey. I am going to tell you what I do.
A fairly good amount of my trade is to people who sell, who buy at
wholesale and sell Airline honey at retail. They buy my honey, put it
on the table and eat it. I am not saying anything against Airline honey
except that it is one standard thing all the time, and we get tired of
that. 1 wouldn't eat one-fourth of the amount of honey if I had to eat
the s^me brand all the time, and I don't believe you would, and I find my
customers, if I can change them and give a different kind that is lots
better than the kind you have sold me before. They will use a lot of it,
iind they will buy something else and that is better. I have done that,
for it tastes better.

'We have an organization here. I thought we had an organization
that met for the discussion' of beekeeping questions and the academic
questions that some speaker sort of made light of, that you didn't know
anything after you attended them. That is why I joined this associa-
tion. I would rather come down here and learn a fact that is true about
beekeeping, that somebody has dug out, that will help produce a few
tons more of honey; even if it doesn't help me to produce any more I
would rather learn that fact about beekeeping than to get two cents a
])ound more for my honey. This organization talk sounds very nice, but
there is another side to that question. There are people in Chicago
payir.g one hundred and fifty dollars a month for a sixty-dollar apart-
ment, because the carpenters are organized and won't work for less than
ten dollars a day, and they aye suffering from it. I am not speaking
against their organization, but I know what happens in organizations.
One of my customers was a switchman. He joined an organization, he
didn't have any work for eight months during all the time last year
when wages Avere so high. He couldn't work liecause he belonged to that
organization. He tlunight vfhen he joined that organization that he was
going to got a good deal l)igger wages. He lost more last year than he
will recoup in ten years if he does gei higher wages. There are two sides
to all questions. T want yon to think of the other side and see if the
organization is what is going to help you. It really seemed laughable
to me that we. with the one hundred and fifty dollars, about, that we
take in evei'y year, and our expenses to pay, that men whose time is

ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATIOX. 137

i
I

worth fifty to one hundred dollars a day would take it up coming here
trvino: to sret that monev. Thev are here trviuo; to 2fet one hundred
dollars out of ns. What are they going to do with it?

I want to tell you what I know happened. I talked with the offi-
cers of an organization called the Xational Beekeepers' Association. The
secretary told me they had two hundred members. Those members had
all paid their dues under certain by-laws, if not under a charter of the
state, and I think it was the State of Illinois. I saw seventeen of those
two hundred go into a meeting, take all the money they had, practically
(iisband the organization and start this Honey Producers' League. That
didn't suit me. It may, be none of my business. I thought I was a.
member there, but they finally ruled me out as being a member. But
that is what happened. Then they tell us that down in Buffalo that
organization abandoned itself. I would like to ask the question, how
many of the members were there? That organization was organized
for a certain purpose, and these people paid their money in for a certain
purpose, and these men who came in and organized the Honey Pro-
ducers' League took that money and used it for a different purpose. The
man at the head of the league now may not be the same man. In fact,
I think they have changed. I was delighted when I got the by-laws
after their Kansas City meeting. I read them, and I saw Ijy those by-
laws that we couldn't Join them, and was delighted. I said, we won't
have to take up another entire two days in the Xorthwestern discussing
this matter, because we can't get in. Now I find the committee has met
down in the room below us and changed their l)y-laws so we can get in.
I thank you for your attention. (Applause.)

Mr. Miller.-tI might say that some of the statements made by
Mr, Smith are not based upon the facts. I know Mr. Smith intends it
all right, but you have not stated the constitution correctly. One point
is this, that we will not save any money by joining the Illinois a:nd
letting them turn our money over to the league. It doesnt' cost any
more to join directly, and as far as I am concerned I don't see that the
Illinois has done us any good. What have we got back? Practically
nothing. Here we have an opportunity to get something back. Mr.
Smith stated also that the Xational meeting over at Buffalo turned the
money over to the Honey Producers' League to be used for their purpose.

Mr. Smith. — Xo, I didn't make that statement. But I hearcl the
man to whom the money was turned over at Chicago say he was going to
use it for that purpose.

The President. — It was used to pay up the debts and clear up the
accounts of the Xational, and there was very little left after that was
done. The money paid in for membership, there was no money paid in
at Buffalo to be jdiverted for other uses. There was a balance left over
from the preceding year, together with the debts and expenses of the
Buffalo meeting. The money was turned over to the American Honey
Producers' League and that was used chiefly to pav the del)ts of the old
Xational, there was very little left of it. They didn't kill the Xational
at Buffalo. Someone has said, it has been dead two or tbree years and
didn't know it. We just buried it over there. ^ly mind hasn't been
big enough to hold all the points Mr. Smith made. But two or three

138 TWENTIEIJI AXXUAL IJEPORT OF THE

statements he made Avere not quite correct. I believe Mr. Smith will
be with us when he knows all the facts cTnd reads them clearly and cor-
rectly. , '

Mr. Smith. — 1 believe 1 have a right after the chairman has said
what he did say, to e:^plain why I made the remark 1 did. There is
only about two hundred dollars in tbe treasury, so the treasurer informed
me at the meeting at the LaSalle Hotel, and it provided that the secre-
tary, of the Xational Association, Mr. Justice— they elected him secre-
tary of the Xational Association — Mr. Justice said he was going to send
out notices to all of the associations in the United States to prominent
beekeepers, and mentioned enough so that I kn^w there would be a good
part of it spent for postage if he kept Ijis word, and outside of the meet-
ing, talking with some of the officers of the association, the officers told
liim to go ahead and hire a stenographer and use the Xational Associa-
tion money to })ay tbat stenographer. How long would it take for them
to use up that two hundred dollars? That was to call tbe meeting at
KaAsas City.

il haven't .the slightest objection to the Honey Producers' League.
I don't want you to get that idea, but ,what is the use of me joining it?
What is the use of most of the i)eople, that I know- here joining? That
is a league for men who produce honey by the tons, who have got to
niaiket it by the ton. The time may Vome wlien 1 won't l)e able to pro-
duce any honey, then I will Avant to send to some man in Michigan tbat
lives where bees gather just the kiml of honey I want, and get it. And
I believe as a nation, the whole nation 'is better off if we will keep the
honey segregated and not make a standard brand of it. 1 am not criti-
cising Root's, because it was a money-making proposition for Eoot to
standardize their hoiiey. They can buy it at wholesale and give a cer-
tain class of people just what they want. 1 dont" want the Airline honey,
and I don't want Root's to become so big that nobody can sell anything
but Airline honey, and 1 don't want the Honey Producers League to
get that large, but they can advertise honey all they please. But a good
many of their arguments are fallacious to me. They have got the
honey selling league in California, one of the best that there is in the
world. It isn't equaled anywhere in the world, and I don't believe the
people of California are eating ten pounds of honey per capita per an-
num, and they are going to spend twenty-five thousand dollars to sell
their honey in Chicago. AA'hy don't they advertise their honey there and
save the freight rates? If advertising wall sell honey, let them sell their
honey on the Pacific Coast.

The Prestdext. — I think of one or two other statements of Mr.
Smith. I have attended every meeting of the AmericaSi Honey Pro-
ducers' League, and I have never yet heard of any proposition to stand-
cirdize honey, to mix it or blend it.

Mij. Smith. — We heard it today.

A Member. — He talks about standardization. I am sure no man
lias ever heard of the American Honey Producers' League selling a single
pound of honey blended or reblended, because the aim is not and nevei-
could be a selling organization. It could advertise the uses of honey
and indirectly sell the honev of every constituent member of the or-

ILLINOIS ST*ATE BEEKEEI'ERS' ASSOCIATIOX. 139

ganization. A committee on standardization merely means a comriiittee
to standardize on the idea of grades. Every state and beekeeper liaving
its own standard, the American Honey Producers' League felt that we
■might have a standardization of grading honey, which is altogether dif-
ferent from blending or standardizing honey (applause).

Mr. Stewart. — What better is this new organization than the old?

The President. — I believe I will call on Mr. LeStourgeon to an-
swer that question.

Mr. LeStourgeox. — The members of the old Xational thought it
was better and voted to dissolve the committee to carry on the work. I
do not know whether or not it is better because that is a question of per-
sonal opinion, if one wants an organization that merely meets once or
twice a year to read papers and discuss academic beekeeping problems,
the old National is a lot better than this one. If one wants a business
organization to look after the business interests of beekeeping, then this
one is surely better. It is a matter of opinion.

The President. — The National Association as I viewed it was
merely a migratory local association. If there was a Chicago meeting
the people surrounding that territory would attend. Next year it would
be at Denver, and a lot of beekeepers around Denver Avould attend. We
couldn't have any fixed policy. It was not a business organization. The
secretary and officers wer^ on the job only three days in the year.

It is proposed in this new association to have a permanent secre-
tary to be on the job every day in the year, to attend to the business of
the association. It is not proposed to sell honey or dump honey into
Chicago, the purpose is rather the opposite, to bring about distribution
and divert the honey away from the centers where the market is apt to
be glutted. 1 think one of the prime purposes of the association is to
divert the honey to places where there is a scarcity, not bring about a
congestion in large cities. I belie^■e Mr. Smith will be with us when he
studies this proposition thoroughly. I wish he could come to our meet-
ings we held this morning and yesterday and got the facts in this respect
and conversed with the members there, because I am sure every one iu
that organization is not working ior selfish purjjoses, but working for
the good of the whole organization Md for the beekeepers of the United
States. I would like to hear from ot)jiers on this. I don't waiit to mo-
nopolize the talk in regard to this, I think somebody else ought to take
I^art in it.

Mr. Henniger. — Mr. President, I am here to represent the State of
Utah, to join this American Honey Producers' League. Xow, it isn't
my idea that this association is to affect the old organization of any kind.
only to support them and to help them, and they help the league. I
don't think it will in any way interfere with the old organizations. We
do not intend so, and the money we are raising for this league is volun-
tarily contributed so far. We haven't taken any money out of the treas-
ury of the State association. I don't know just what the American
Honey Producers' League is going to do and* can do. Nobody knows
that. But there are things that can be done. We know there are many
things that can be accomplished, and we should have a national associa-
tion to help each state. That is my idea. We are ready to put in our

140 TWENTIETH JAXXUAL UEPOET OF THE

i

himdred dollars from Utah. '. We have a small association so far. If
we need two or three or four or five hundred, we will put it in. That
is the way I thinlv our people are ready to do. I took up with our ex-
ecutive committee the joining ::of this association and coming to Chicago
or sending someone.

The llrst thing one of our big men who numbers his swarms by the
thousands wanted to know, who is at the head of the organization. I
told him I would send him a copy of the Country Gentleman about two
years back, where a man from "Salt Lake City had gone all the way to
Texas to Avrite up tlie Texas Association, that the president of this league
liad organized our association in Texas, and what he had accomplished.
The Country Gentleman took about two or three pages writing up that
association and classing it as one of the most successfully conducted as-
sociations in the United States. As soon as 1 told Mr. Miller this, he
said, put my name tlown for ten dollars, and if you need more let me
know. And another man whO; gave me fi\e dollars called me by phone
in the southern part of the state- and said, let me know if you need any
more money.

We don't know all the good that is being accomplished but we want
to help, he said. 1 believe every state association at least should get
back of this, back it up and do what we can, because we need this as-
sociation and we need its help in a great many ways.

We have a problem in the west that 30U ha^'en't here. We have
carload after carload of honey tb^is "not sold. One of our beekeepers
took a carload of honey over in |iansas, and dumped it down there, but
lie didn't know. But if our National Association says at some place
there is not much honey, you cSn sell a carload there and at different
other places, the Xational Association or League should be a clearing-
house where we can get information and help each other and not let it
interfere with our state, county or other organization (applause).

Mu. Hawkixs. — The National Beekeeping Association isn't in ex-
istence any longer, and I think the league is the only association we have
at the present time that wc can go i;ito. It is the medium we are offered
to get this thing over.

IJemarks about whether or not this association would be any better
tlian the National reminds me of something I heard last night, of two
Irishmen who went to the undertaker's to see a friend who had passed
away. Pat saw Mike laugh, and he said, Mike, this is an awful place to
laugh, what are you laughing at? He said, "T am laughing at that,"'
poiiiting to the body of the frienc]. What are you laughing at the corpse
for? lie said, '"You knew Dinn'y, didn't you?'' Yes. "You knew he
didn't ])elieve in Heaven or Hell?' Then, he says, "iie is all dressed
up and no place to go'" (laughter).

The Pkesident. — What further have we?

Mi{. MacXeill. — Mr. Presiclent, 1 would like to have our treasurer
or president state whether the dues would need to be increased in order
for us to go into this league. We have lieard a great deal about the
American Honey Producers' League, and we have heard a great deal
about the league of nations. I am in favor of both of them. One of
the things we heard about the League of Xatipns was that there was no

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEBS' ASSOCIATION. 141

way to get out if we get in. I haven't heard how we are going to get
out of this if we get in and don't like it.

Me. LeSturgeox. — I think our friend has raised a point least clear
in the minds of the heekeepers. First there is no Article 10 in the
American Honey Producers' League, and there is a definite door out of
which to go when you are ready to go. In fact, there are two doors, one
out of which you go of your own volition, and one out of which you may ^
be kicked. In order to get in, the constitution requires that a state or I
regional organization that desires to Join the league must pay into the
treasury of the league a minimum charge of one hundred dollars. It
also says that it must pay into the treasury a charge amoimting to one
dollar for each member. That was an apparent contradiction, and it
was done for this reason, that nearly all of the state organizations are
built around membership fees, fifty cents, seventy-five or a dollar and
a half. It is obvious you can't take seventy-five cents and pay out a
dollar of it. But the organization desiring to join this league can raise
one hundred dollars and therefore immediately become a member of the
league. The period in which they would carry that association as a
member of the league would be as long as that was the maximum amount
that that state association could pay into the league. It would give the
league an opportunity to prove whether or not it could be of service and
give the state an idea whether or not it should continue its membership.
If you decided to do so; you would contribute more than the one hundred
dollars and you would amend your by-laws in your various state and
regional associations to make your membership two and a half dollars,
enough to cover your own expense and one hundred dollars to send to the
league, and after the sending of the third year your remittance to the
league your membership fee would be a dollar for every member in the
organization.

I dont' know how many members there are in the Chicago Xorth-
western Association. I will guess that there are 500, that many mem-
bers of this association represented here by a group of sixty or eighty.
A minority meet at your annual meeting and determine whether or not
this association shall become a member of the American Honey Pro-
ducers' League. You are a hopeless minority. In some cases one-tenth
of the membership visit the State Association meeting. Suppose this
body now decided that we want to join this league. How may we join
it? We must raise one hundred dollars. In Michigan, the gentlemen
present said avc will have to have one hundred dollars. We have eight
hundred members, we want a voting delegate to help out in the work
of the league. I have got five dollars for this work, who else has got
five dollars? The secretary took down the names of some, and in ten
minutes Michigan had joined the league. Michigan proposed, and it
has to lay over one year, that next year they will raise the dues of the
state association in Michigan to a sum sufficient to cover the activities of
the state association and have a dollar to pay for every member. If
their membership shrinks from eight hundred to three hundred, they
are so much better off.

W^e will take Wisconsin with about nine hundred or more nominal
members with a small membership fee. It is obvious that the state of

142 ' TWKNTIETK AXXUAL REPORT OF THE

i ■ ■ "

I . . -'

"Wisconsin can't join the league and send a check immediately for nine
hundred dollars, Init thev can ioin for one hundred dollars and become *
just as much a factor in the American Honey Producers' League as the
C'alifornia Honey Producers has been or the State of Xew York or State ,
of Montana that are already members of the league, and the moment
they have paid their one hundred dollars they can elect a delegate who
has jiist as much power and vote, as anyone there, and whenever the
etate raises its dues sufficiently to pay in a dollar for each man I believe
they will want it. [

This league is going to give' you service. The men who proposed
it think it can. I know it can, because I know the kind of service our
western associations are giving us;an,d I believe it can give you more than
the amount you paid into it. Don^'t let your delegate attend the meet-
ings for two successive years, for the league will ask you to elect an-
other delegate, because he is out under the donstitution, and you will
have to elect another man or lose lyour membership that way. Any time
you Avant to, you can walk out by not paying one hundred dollars next
time, and if you can pay more than one hundred dollars, do it by all
means, because you are helping in the work of cooperation. But you
here can raise one hundred dollars 4f you want to. If you don't want
to, put it over till next year, because the league won't die, it is going
to live. This is the age of organized cooperation, and united, will
amount to something (applause)..',

The President. — Any further discussion?

Mr. Smith. — How many members did we have last year, paid ? /

The Secretary. — Seventy-three.

Mr. Hawkixs. — I for one if the Chicago-Xorthwestern wants to
go into this association am willing to put up five dollars.

A Member. — Find out how much it is going to take to raise the
dues to cover that.

The President. — I think, gentlemen, the cpiestion is now whether
or not we shall join. The question of finances I think isn't the ciuestion.
We can get the money, if we decide to foin the association. I am willing
to do my share. Are you ready for the c]uestion?

Mr. S:MiTii. — I raise to a point of order. I ask for a roll call.

Mr. Wheeler. — I second it.

The President. — It has been moved and seconded that there be a
roll call. ; •

Whereupon the motion was imasiimously carried.
. Ti[E President. — We will give you five minutes to pay 1921 dues.

Whereupon a roll call Avas taken.

]\rit. Fred Miller. — I voted no. You can make it unanimous if
you want to. '

■ The Secretary. — Tlie vote; stands thirty-one to one.

^Mr. Haan. — j\Ir. President, J itiove we make this vote a unanimous
\()te. I

The President. — I believe, there was one who voted no. Do you
move to make this vote unanimous?

Mr. Haan. — Yes. ■,,

A Member. — Second the nnbtion.

ILLINOIS STATE liEEKKKl'EIJs' ASSOCTATIOX. 143

The President. — It has ;beun moved and seconded that the vote be
made unanimous in favor of joining the league.

Which motion, was unanimously carried.

TiJE PuEsiDEXT. — The next question we have to consider is the
question of finance. Has any one any questions or motions to make in
regard to financing the expenses of the delegates? Shall we take this
up in voluntary contributions, or how shall this be handled? I would
like to have this coiisidered before the deleijate is named.

Ml!. Haax. — Mr. President, couldn't this Ije arranged so that by
assessing each member a certain amount of the money necessary to send
this delegate to a convention, and having them pay this to the secretary
later on.

A Membeu. — Second that.

Tjie PitEsiDEXT. — You have heard the motion and second, that the
expense of the delegate be assessed to the membership after the expenses
have ben incurrd.

Mr. Hawkins. — Isn't it going to cost something to make the col-
lections?

The Presidext. — It would be l)etter if we could get a reasonable
amount today, and then whatever balance is left over, if any, let it go
into the general fund.

Mr. Yost. — Is there sufficient funds to take care of the expenditures
of the delegate ? If there is, I would suggest the expense of the delegate
be paid and charged, and that at the next meting of the Northwestern
there should be a settlement made. That would eliminate bookkeeping.

The Presidext. — There is not enough.

Mr. Gill. — It seems to be unusual to take a collection for expenses
if you don't know what they will be.

The Presidext. — Last year we passed the hat, I believe, and the
money was found here on the table after the meeting was over. Another
way this could be handled would be to allow the delegate to pay the
expeiise and add enough to our membership fees next year to cover it.

Mr. Haax. — ^Ir. diairman, in sendino; a deleaate from this organ-
ization to that convention we would all receive benefit, and in as much
as every member of this organization will be benefitted, I don't think it
would be just right to pass the hat around to a few of the members to
defray the expeiises of the delegate to this convention. I think it Avould
he better to have every member of the organization assist so much, enough
to cover the expenses of even mailing expenses and otherwise, and also
get enough money to go for a delegate. Then if we find we have got to
raise the dues to meet the expenses in the future, let us raise our dues.
We expect to receive benefits in accordance with the money that we
•spend. We can't expect something for nothing, and in order to get the
benefit we- must put oui' hands in our pocket a little and 'do something.

I think every member of the organization should also be willing to
do his share to benefit any member in the organization. I think it
would be better if we assessed this efpially on all the membersliip, with-
out the collectio)!. '^ \

TrrE Preidext.— You still favor the motion that was made?'

Mr. Haax. — Yes.

144 TWEXTlEXn AXXUAL REPOKT OF THE

The President. — Yoii have heard the motion and second.

Mr. Bull. — If thi.s isn't Avorth a few dollars, why do we spend rail-
road fare to come in here? Why j waste our time and quibble over a
dollar and a half? Let us make it enough to have some money in the
treasury so we can do something. : .

A Member. — Let us make it ifive dollars a year for each member,
ihen you can give a good time going out and seeing a show, or something.
They always have a good time at othtr conventions, a banquet or some-
thing like that. Make it five or ten dollars a year.

The Secretary. — Five dollars' a year is not too much.
■^^ . The President. — There is a motion before us, we better put that
first. Mr. Haan's motion was to first find out how much the expense will
be. and then assess it to the various members and get them to pay it
later. Those in favor of that proposition signify it by saying aye. It
is inianimous. The collection of this money will involve considerable
expense and labor on the part of the. secretary.

The Secretary. — Let them be assessed immediately. I will make
r. motion that the dues of this association be five dollars.

Mr. Stewart. — I second that motion.

The Secretary. — You that h^ve now paid in dues and do not wish
1o pay the other $3.50, we will refimd their money, and the others will
start an association that is going to amount to something,

Mr. Wheeler. — What about those that have paid?

The Secretary. — They can give me three and a half dollars or I
will give them a dollar and a half and they will not be members.

Mr. Gill. — Then your vote on the league is invalidated. There
ie only one member that voted no.

Mr. Hawkins. — I think by tomorrow you will have some i)retty
definite information as to where this' meeting will be held. If you post-
pone this assessment till tomorrow, T think we will be able to know
where the meeting will be held. I believe it will be named by tomorrow.
In that way, you can have a little niore definite information as to the
place of the meeting.

The President. — The (piestion now before us is to raise the fees
to five dollars.

Mr. IIaan. — I rise to a ])()int of order on that. I think thai mo-
tion ought to be as a substitute, -either an amenihnent or substitute to
the motion I made. ]\Iv motion wasn't put before the house at all. so
you are taking Mr. Bull's motion as inine. •

Mr. Hawkins. — Isn't the dollar and a half specifically niinied in
the constitution of the Chicago-Xorthwestern as the dues?

The Secretary. — Xo, sir. The dues of the Chicago-Xorthwestern
has always been one dollar and this fifty cents addition went to the State.

Mr. Hawkins. — You Avill have to look that up.

The Secretary. — Has anybody got a cppy of that? I think tlu?
amount of the dues has been fixed at the annual meeting. I don't think'
it is in the constitution.

Mr. Hawkins. — I just wanted to make sure on that.

■- - ■ n . ■■ : - ■ -■■_;■;-■•■ ■- ; ■■ ::

ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 145

The President. — The motion before the house is to raise the dues
of the Chicago- JSTorthwestern Beekeepers' Association from a dollar and'-
a half to five dollars. Are you ready for the question ?

The motion was unanimously carried. ^

The President. — The next question to be taken up by this associa-
tion is the question of joining the Illinois State Association. It has
been customary to join the Illinois State Association and give them part
of our money; whether we have gotten anything back from this or noty
I will leave it to you to decide. What is your pleasure ?

Mr. Kildow. — There was a remark made that we never get any-
thing from tlfe State association. The State association has always paid
your stenographer and your expense^ on a good many things. If the
State hasn't done you any good, by all means stay out and pay your own
stenographer.

The President. — I would like to ask in what respect has the State
benefitted the association, further than to furnish the book ?

Mr. Kildow. — That is a good deal, and if it hasn't done you any
good, I wouldn't bother about joining it. Then you can get your own
stenographer and pay her and go ahead.

Mr. Gill. — If you had to go to Springfield to attend that conven-
tion it would cost you considerably more than fifty cents. You get
practically everything that happen in that meeting.

Mr. Smith. — I would like to know what this association has fur-
nished us outside of the book, which the State has furnished. It seems
to me all that is of any particular value that we get here, came from the
State association, except our meeting here for a social meeting.

The Secretary. — Mr. President, it only costs fifty cents to join the
State, and as our dues are five dollars we can join or not join. It is up
to you to settle the question. ■ -

Mr. Kildow. — I am just answering his remark.

The President. — One objection that has been raised to joining the
State is that this association covers a number of states. It i^ what is
known as a regional association. The State might join us, but for this
more important association to join the State it seems to me is not just
the proper thing. The members of this association come from various i
states, and it seems to me a more important association than the State
association. Quite a number, perhaps half of our membership, is from
out side the State of Illinois. The question before us is whether or not
we shall continue to affiliate with the Illinois State Association.

Mr. Yost. — It seems to me from the fact that we have decided to
affiliate with the American Honey Producers' League, which really is a-'
National affair, it would eliminate us from any consideration of any
other association. I move we affiliate only with the Honey Producers'
League.

The Secretary. — I second that motion.

The President. — It has been moved and seconded that we do not
affiliate with any association other than the American Honey Producers'
League. '

—10 B A

146 TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Mr, Everett. — ^I don't see why we are trying to make a change.
We have always been pleased to get this book gratis from Springfield.
They have all the minutes there, and many good points of reference
that have been given in the different beekeepers' convention here and at
Springfield. I for my part would rather say that we join again as we
have done in the past.

Mr, Kildow. — jYou will have to pay your own stenographer and
your postage.

The Secretary. — We do not get any postage from the Illinois
State.

Mr. Kildow. — You would have to pay your stenographer, and your
members all get the book.

The Secretary. — That is all they get.

Mr, Kildow, — What more do you want for your money ?

The President. — For the information of some who have not previ-
ously been members I will say the Illinois State Association has fur-
nished a stenographer to take the notes of this convention, and has put
them in printed form in a book, together with the report of the Illinois
State Association, and that has been furnished free of charge to the
members of this association. That is what we get back from the amount
oi money we send down there, fifty cents per member.

Mr. Kildow. — You paid fifty ce;jits the last time, and the books cost
over a dollar to send them to every one of the members.

Mr, Ellis. — I know many joined to get that book. Many a man
hears good points but does not remember all that happened, and in that
book you have everything, and I learn more out of that year book than
I have learned out of many other books, and so that book alone is worth
to me more than a dollar. Every member of this association gets that
book and I think we are standing iii our own light if we refuse that.

Mr, Kildow. — As far as I am' concerned individually I do not care
a snap, but I hate to see you kick anything out that is doing you good.

The President. — It depends largely on how much we value the con-
tents of that book. Some of us think a 'great deal of it, and there are
others who care very little for it. The question is whether we shall join
and get that book with the stenographic report of our proceedings, or
not. The motion is that we do notjoin. It is up to you to vote which-
ever way you think it should go.

Mr. Haan. — I am not strictly in favor of pulling away from the
Illinois State Beekeepers' Association'' myself, principally on account of
tha;t book. There are times when I think over things I have heard here
at this convention, that we have puzzled our minds over a little bit, and
then we think better, and we get that and refer to it, and we find things
there that probably are very interesting to us. I know I have looked
over my book several times. I remember one instance of a wintering
problem I read over. It wasn't by this beekeeping association, it was by
the Illinois State, and it interestecl me quite a little, and there is no
doubt that the book is interesting to anybody that will take the interest
to read it. It is instructive as well as interesting. For that little book
alone, and the little half dollar it costs to join, I don't think I would

ILLINOIS STATE BEBKEEiPERS' ASSOCIATION. 147

begrudge that half dollar for the sake of the book, because there is quite
a little information contained in it.

The President. — There will be no Harm as far as I can see in join-
ing that association if we value the book sufficiently to pay our fifty cents.

The Secretary. — ^The question is this, if this association does not
join the Illinois State, then the Illinois State report will not contain
the report of our meeting.

Mr. Ellis. — It seems to me we are standing in our own light. We
can have our doings published without any cost you might say, and we
refuse if "v^e say we won't join the State association. I don't see why
we should do that.

The President. — There is the question of whether or not it would
invalidate our membership in the league. It is a case of a large as-
sociation being joined by a smaller and less important association. This
h an association of four or five states, and to join a state association
which consists of only local members, they certainly ought to join us.

Mr. Haan. — Is there anything in the constitution of the league
which is against us doing anything of that kind, continuing on with the
State Beekeepers' Association? Then why should we worrj^ about the
State? We say we don't know but what it might interfere with us in
joining the Honey Producers' League if we join the State association,
that is the way I understood you.

The President. — The question as it stands now is that we do not
join. Are you ready for the question?

The Secretary. — If you want, you can lay it on the table till to-
morrow.

The President. — All in favor of not joining the Illinois State As-
•sociation please signify it by the usual sign, aye, those opposed, no.
We will have a standing vote. Those in favor of not joining — 7. Those
in favor — 16. The motion is lost. It is understood we are to join the
association.

Whereupon the meeting was adjourned till Monday evening, De-
cember 6th, at eight o'clock p. m. .

MONDAY EVENING SESSION.

The President. — The meeting will come to order. We will hear
from Mr. S. B. Fracker, state entomologist of Wisconsin. Mr. Fracker
(applause).

Mr. Fracker. — Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen, when the Sec-
retary of your association Avas so flattering as to ask me to discuss the
inspection system in Wisconsin, I did not feel it was so much a compli-
ment to the soci^ty^as a curiosity which has been aroused and is being
aroused by every new experiment in apiary inspection.

Apiary inspection is a proposition which has been tried in all forms.
Every sort of solution has been suggested and tried, applying to both
American foul brood and European foul brood. It seems we have every
position which has been rung on the different methods that could be

148

TAVEXTIETH ANNjUAL KErORT OE THE

tried out to sec whether it is practicahle to control the diseases of hees
on a state-wide basis. i '

The first essential in connection with any cam})aign for the benefit
of the producer is that it shall be Supported and have the backing of the
producer himself. Possibly this '.isn't the logical place to introduce
that, but/it seems to me that that is the fundamental factor in the suc-
cess of any campaign, that that campaign shall not be imposed from the
outside or from above, but shall bq worked out by the producer himself,
and supported by him throughout' the entire campaign.

It appears that in Wisconsin; we are particularly fortunate along
those lines. The State Beekeepers' Association is supporting the apiary
inspection work in every way, not^\•itllstanding little delays and mistakes
and inconveniences which must arisC'^in case of the inauguration of any
extensive campaign. \

As an indication of the supporit from the association we might men-
tion the fact that whereas the State Department of Agriculture has al-
ready submitted a budget requesting that their appropriation for this
work this coming season be doubled, that the State beekeepers not being
satisfied with that have passed a resolution requesting the legislature to
triple the appropriation. At the same time about twelve committees
have passed resolutions for two successive years that work be undertaken
in their respective counties. We feel consequently that if the primary
requisite to the success of an inspection campaign, is the support of the
man who is affected, that we certainly ought to succeed in Wisconsin, if
our policy is right.

Xow let us take up for a moment an annual problem that is pre-
sented in the control of bee diseases. In order to do this it is ncessary
first to distinguish the two diseases in their symptoms, that is to dis-
tinguish them not as the beekeeper 'does, but to point out their different
points, as they affect a state-wide campaign.

We will take up American foul brood first. Point Xo. 1. The
outstanding characteristic that makes it necessary to undertake some
kind of a campaign for its control is the fact that it is contagious. That
y>oint needs no discussion. 2. That it can be distributed by the bee-
keeper moving bees and used bee supplies. This of course is the means
by which it has been distributed all over the United States. We have
charts that we have worked out for individual localities, so that the bee-
keeper is also primary inspector in- limited localities. The beekeeper
has only himself to blame for the^-fact that American foul brood is now
scattered from one end of the United States to the other. The amount
of disease varies in the different states, but probably no state is entirely
Avithout it. In Wisconsin we know of forty-two counties in which it
is present, varying down to approximately two per cejit of the apiaries
up to say forty-five or fifty per cerrt.

The third point is that American foul brood can at least be dis-
tributed by the bees for short distances throiigh robbing. This has been
given sufficient attention. It is hardly necessary to develop it.

The fourth point is that American foul brood is distributed by the
sale and distribution of infected boney primarily into large honey
markets, and through the fact that.tlie housewife and the companies who"

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERs' ASSOCIATION'. , 149

receive honey cans expose the cans after they are partially emptied, to
bees.

The fifth point is that American foul brood if uncontrolled is abso-
lutely fatal to the industry. This can be pointed out in a number of
Wisconsin counties which have every reason to be fine beekeeping coun-
ties, but where the industry has been entirely drivn out by bee disease.
Washington county, west of Lynn, is one of them, Dodge county is an-
other in which beekeeping is no longer profitable, owing to the fact that
bee diseases are so numerous that the profit is entirely lost. The slogan
•we have lised in some of the displays, including those at the State Fair,
is this, American foul brood first takes the beekeepers' profit then kills
his bees. In mosl counties it has gotten to the stage where it takes his
profits.

The sixth and last point in connection with American foul brood
is that the individual beekeeper is unable as a matter of practice to bring
his bees to such a condition that they can resist the disease. In other
words there is no strain of bees which can resist American foul brood,
and there is no condition of a colony which will enable them to prevent
loss from occurring, vrhich will enable them to throw olf the eft'ects of
American foul brood in fact.

If we take these points we have the basis and foundation upon which
any projected campaign or method for the state-wide control of Ameri-
can foul brood must be based. Look for a moment at European fou!
brood. We can outline it in somewhat the same way, although the points
will be a little different. In the first place European foul brood is con-
tagious in the same way that American foul brood is. lu the second
place, it is probably at least distributed by the beekeeper who has dead
bees, and by shipments of honey, very widely distributed, although not
imiformly. The reason that the word "probably" is inserted in there is
to cover the ignorance of all .workers on bee diseases, as to the details
of distribution of European foul brood in limited localities. L^nques-
tionably, it has been distributed from state to state by the shipment of
bees in the same way as American.

The third |)oint is that the beekeeper can maintain his colonies in
such a condition and can maintain strains of bees so that loss is a
negligible factor. In other words European foul brood can be controlled
by the individual beekeeper, whereas American can't.

The fourth point, and one which is often left out in discussions of
this kind, is this: that European foul brood cannot be eradicated from
v.n apiary by any means now known. I am using the word eradicate in
its literal sense, taken out completely, root and branch, eliminated so
that it does not return for if it does return the following spring it has
not been eradicated. In other words treatment can be applied to Euro-
pean foul brood so that it will disappear this season, or you may see
year after year one or two cells by no means eliminated from that apiary,
and thus eliminating an important factory in the one success in beekeep-
ing as now known. ;

Here is one of these foundation points, the seventh mentioned in
connection with the amendment and that the entire policy in Wisconsin
has been based. We might glance for a moment at the possible solu-

150 TWENTIETH ANNUAL KEPOKT OF THE

tions. .In the case of European foul brood it is conceivable at least that
we could undertake a policy of preventing the transportation of diseased
bee supplies, attempting to clean the state or the United States county
by county through area clean-up campaign and the regulation of trans-
portation.

However, the third and fourth points, particularly the fourth, that
no means of eradication prevents' us. from undertaking the area clean-up
campaign, and the thircl point that- the beekeeper can provide for re-
sistance and protection of his own apiary, prevents us from an attempt
at regulating transportation. The oi>ly conceivable other solution of
that problem in the present state of cfur knowledge until some method
of sanitation is worked out so far as European foul brood can be kept
out completely, is the educational campaign to which the European foul
brood campaigns are now practically confined.

If we study American foul brood we find that five or six different
attempts have been made for controlling the disease on a large scale
by different states and at different times. One that is said to be most
popular now is that of education, that is the purely educational means,
attempting to get into the hands of every beekeeper the means of control
of American foul brood, and hoping that he will apj)ly treatment when
the bees become infected. "Every beekeeper his own inspector" is an
excellent slogan and is the basis of the educational method of controlling
American foul brood. That is not -being advocated in its entirety by
any state or anyone familiar with this work as far as we know at the
present time. In other words there is a number of cases being associ-
ated to some extent, although that association is sometimes rather care-
fully concealed with some legal measures.

We then have the second possibility as to means of controlling
American foul brood, education at the basis with legal application is.
necessary; but the legal application being applied only when it is abso-
lutely necessary and never being emphasized.

^ Another method that has been tried for a great number of years in
many parts of the United States is that of astringent law, but the in-
spection depending upon the application of the beekeeper himself. In
other words a state inspector who is a^•ailable, a man who suspects foul
brood in his neighborhood, calls him "in, and five or six apiaries imme-
diately surrounding the applicant are.- inspected and^ treatment applied
if found necessary. ■ ^

This is the method which has been tried throughout the United
States probably by every state. I think it was the central method in
Wisconsin for approximately twenty years.

The fourth possibility consists of an area clean-up campaign in
Avhich an attempt is made not to covier the entire state at one time but
to work out in some particular centers a policy which will ultimately
free the state completely from disease. This involves the hunting out
of every individual apiary, compulsory treatment either by the beekeeper
or by the inspector, and logically it ^Iso involves the regulation of trans-
portation because it is obvious as a mere mathematical or geometrical
]»roposition that if we clean up a particular area, say a county or half
a county, at great expense and free ^t completely from disease, that we

V

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 151

cannot keep it free from disease unless we prevent the introduction of
new infected material. Stated that way, it is apparent that the two
propositions, an area clean-up campaign and a regulation of the trans-
portation of bees and bee supplies, used bee supplies, must go hand and
hand.

There are two forms of American foul brood, control under a state-
wide scale, which I have been wondering exactly how to describe. The
most obvious way is to say that one of them consists of education under
the guise of law and the other consists of law under the guise of educa-
tion. But the meaning of those two terms is not apparent at all.' There
is one neighboring state at the present time which may be said to be in
fact trying out legal methods under the name of education, that is it is
held up to us as an example of purely educational methods, an apiary
inspection law without teeth. I was talking to a former local inspector
L,that state recently, and he tells me they have undertaken an area
clean-up campaign in one county in that way. Upon investigation I
find the inspectors actually and as a matter of practice let it be under-
stood in that county that they had the right to inspect apiaries whether
the beekeeper desired them to or not, which is the foundation stone of
a legally enforced area clean-up campaign, and second that they induceji'
the beekeepers to believe that they had to treat whether they wished to
or not. It is impossible to say a campaign of that kind is in any sense
an educational campaign, and if the inspectors are merely bluffing as
to the legal basis on which they are working, it is all right only so long
as they get away with it.

The other method, which is almost the opposite, of that, education
under the guise, of law, is' one that I referred to a few minutes ago as
the second possible method. It is one in which the apiary inspector
is actually a law officer, that is he has all the powers of the law officer
but he does nothing but education. That has been also true in a great
many states and for long periods of time, decades at a time. The two
methods really should not be confused because if a law officer lets it be
known that he is not going to enforce that law and it is generally under-
stood that he is simply helping the beekeepers if he never prosecutes
and never burns a diseased colony no matter how backward the owner
may be about treating it, then he is simply applying an educational
method under the guise of law.

Taking up these different methods, the one which has been adopted
in Wisconsin clearly comes under the fourth. In other words it is
avowedly and on the surface a campaign including the cleaning up of
areas township by township, county by county and eventually with the
expectation of covering large areas of the state and included with that
is the provision for the moving of bees and used bee material into a new ■
and clean territory and into territory which has already been cleaned.

These two propositions, the area clean-up and the regulation of
transportation, are obviously entirely different propositions. "While they
are tied up with each other and to some extent may be carried on by the
same man, in Wisconsin they are carried on by different men, by a dif-
ferent force. We have one staff organized in one way and secured in
one way for handling an area clean-up method of foul brood control

153 TWENTIETH ANNUAL, REPORT OF THE

1 ^

going into those counties which have been chosen on account of the pres-
ence of disease and support of the beekeepers without regard to the dis-
•ease situation in other parts of the state; and another staff entirely,
which doesn't spend nearly so much, time, is concerned ahnost wholly
with the transportation of bees and, lised bee supplies. Taking up first
the methods used in coimection wdth area clean-up campaign, the num-
ber of inspectors, etc., the amount of time it takes, and the cost,i, and that
kind of thing. '.

We have been working on the' five thousand dollar appropriation in
Wisconsin, of which some must go; for salary and some clerical assist-
ance. The average cost of inspecting an apiary varies from three to
four dollars and twenty-five cents, w'here the inspection is made on a
large scale, the inspectors traveling either singly or in pairs, preferably
one full time inspector with a local man visit every apiary in the county
as far as they can find them, and -they check that information in two
ways. Every man that they visit is asked for the names of the bee-
keepers in his neighborhood. The heekeepers are so numerous in most
of the territory in which our inspectors have been working so far, that
it is practically necessary to cover every foot of road in the country,
consequently eventually even if the neighbors do not know that bees
are there, the inspector will pass tliem. The result is the number we
miss, which is indicated by the number found the second time through
the county, is apparently quite small. In Milwaukee county the area
clean-up campaign in 1919 resulted in a great deal of attention to this
work and a good deal of gossip and conversation about it, and the re-
sult was there is a total of three apiaries, 1 think, found in 1920 which
had not been discovered in 1919. '.

So far as a statf is concerned,; the beekeepers themselves feel that
they can make so much more money at tlieir own work that we have
found it impracticable to use them on the era clean-u]) campaign,
which requires every minute of evety day. Part of the time men work
twelve hours a day, in order to get along as rapidly as possible and
allow for the rainy season, consequently the primary source from which
we secure the men who are engaging in area clean-up campaigns is edu-
cational institutions, instructors if|we can get them, and to some ex-
tent students. We try not to put ja student in charge of one of these
crews of two men if we can help it^' So far we have been very success-
ful in getting as instructors men who have had experience as county
.agents, and the more mature men, to handle that work. If possible one
-of these men works with a county inspector and county beekeeper at
the same time. This has two advantages. Both sides of the combina-
tion have advantages, in fact. On one side it keeps the local inspector
from being the object of a considerable amount of invidual criticism
which he would unquestionably be subject to if he was doing it alone.
When a man is sent to his neighbors they immediately think he is try-
ing to get something on them. We find that can be relieved to sopae
extent by the presence of the stranger who is doing most of the inspec-
tion, then the local man does not get nearly so much blame and has
none of the responsibility. j

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERs' ASSOCIATION. 153

The general policy of inspection is to inspect every colony, apiary,
every frame in every colony in the apiary, regardless of when disease is
found. The inspector, if there is one case where American foul brood
is found, gives notice to the beekeeper by a stamped, addressed card
like this, which is divided in two sections. It reads something like
this : Mr. John Smith, you are hereby notified that American foul
brood has been found in (blank) colonies, etc., etc., and then in large
letters, ^'BEES OR USED BEE SUPPLIES MUST XOT BE SOLD
OR USED WITHOUT A PERMIT OF THIS DEPARTMENT."
etc., etc. ♦

The primary object of the card is not, as is generally supposed, to
give us information. It does that, and it tells us whether the beekeeper
tried to treat or not, but not all of them are returned, and the apiary is
reinspected.

The primary object of the card is that, the beekeeper shall have the
card in front of him, stamped, something for him to do until he gets
that treatment applied. In other words it is much more of a reminder
than a notice, because it is something that he should send back. The
reinspection is made as soon as it is practicable after the first inspection,
never before two weeks, usually a month. We do not consider that the
reinspection gives us any idea of the results of the treatment. We iiever
say that an apiary has been cleaned up because the reinspection a month
later shows the treatment has been applied. An apiary is listed and
reported as clean once when a reinspection the following year shows it
to be clean. The next year, going back into the same county, every
infected apiary is reinspected and every apiary within a mile or half
mile, depending on conditions in the county.

In a few cases where disease is rather widely distributed, it is
necessary and desirable to reinspect every apiary in the county the
second year, also in three years. Xo campaigns have been carried on
for more than three successive years, so at the end of the time the place
is checked ^off and left for the county inspector, who is inspecting, when
he has opportunity.

/^ In both of these counties the disease was reduced to not to exceed
two colonies, and those two colonies treated before the county was left
for the local inspector.

The next question is "what results have been secured from this
method?" There is no one who can say off-hand in advance whether
two, five or seventy-five per cent, or ninety-five per cent of the l)eekeep-
ers would succeed in freeing their apiaries from disease the first season.
The second treatment for American foul brood is comparatively compli-
cated, especially considering the unfamiliarity that some keepers of bees
have with apiaculture practice. It is said that one of our beekeepers on
'■ securing some bees in combless packages and having a beekeeper put
them, on wrote into a bee journal a little later that all her combs had
gotten wormy. She wanted to know what she could do for it. She said
there was a worm curled up in the bottom of every cell. For beekeep-
ers that are not further along than that, the treatment for American
foul brood is a long ways ahead in their apiculture methods, consequent-
ly it is of interest to note, and something ve have to watch very closely

154 TWENTIETH ANNUAL }l{EPORT OF THE

to determine how long it takes to clean up an apiary, in other words
what the average beekeeper does.

What are the results of serious amount when the inspector does
not treat? The results are rather definite. They show not what the
bees will do or what the treatment or that particular means of sani-
tation will do, but they show the care of the beekeeper. In oiie pair,
of counties in which we made a special study, thirty-three per cent of
the beekeepers succeeded in cleaning up American foul brood by the
.shaking treatment the first season, w-ithout its evident re-appearing.
It was in the season of l!)18, when the failure of a honey flow made
treatment particularly difficult. Fifty per cent more succeeded in
freeing their apiaries the second seasQii, leaving approximately seven-
teen per cent, which showed disease thi^'^year, and which have of course
been treated.

In Milwaukee County where the i work M-^as somewhat more suc-
cessful, out of sixty- two apiaries treatetj in 1919, only twenty-one were
found with disease this year. In Winnebago and Calumet counties
fifty per cent of the beekeepers succeeded in freeing their apiaries the
first year. :

I presume I am talking to an audience of what is commonly known
as big beekeepers, in other words they are not the owners of one and
two colonies, consequently I feel I can "be particularly fr&nk in saying
that the last man to clean vip is the feig beekeeper. Of Jthese the last
twenty-seven per cent include almost; all the large beekeepers in the
territory, especially if they have more than ten per cent of their colonies
diseased. | -

In Calumet and Winnebago eovmties where I have been studyiiig
the figures within the last two weeks, I found each one of those who
succeeded in cleaning up American foul brood as a residt of the in-
spection of 1919 was one of the smaller beekeepers, and that every man
vv'ho had more than twelve diseased colonies, which in all cases meant
he had more than forty or fifty colonies of bees. , Every one of those
liad at least one infected colony on his premises next year. One thing
we sometimes hear, and that we ought not' hear at the beekeepers' meet-
ing, is ^e man who has fifty or seventy-five or one hundred colonics
saying there is disease here. How can you expect me to keep free from
disease when my neighbor who is a mile away has a couple of infected
colonies over there. If he would study the figures we have, showing the
results of apiary clean-up campaigns,; I think we could convince him
that; probably the only reason his neio;hbor couldn't get rid of disease
Avas -because he maintained a colony or two of it all the time on his own
premises.

The man with one or two colonies in most cases, in Wisconsin, has
fnore to lose, for instance, from the big neighbor, than the big neighbor
has to lose from the small neighbor. These are some of the interesting
results of our large-scale sociological experiment on how the keeper of .
bees can learn a rather complicated, comparatively, method of treatment.

As was said before, the requirements in regard to the transpor-
tation of bees are handled in a different way. These yellow application
blanks are sent to county agents, inspectors, officers of the county bee-

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEErERS' ASSOCIATION. 155

keepers' association, and as widely distributed throughout the state as
possible. When anyone wishes to move bees or move out bee supplies,
it is necessary for him to fill out one of these blanks. We sent out four
hundred of these applications during the past season. This represents
somewhere between eighty and ninety-five per cent of the numerous
cases of transportation of bees or used bee supplies in the state. In
about ninety per cent of them, the permit has been granted immediately.
Xo inspection is made. The reason for that is this, that the applicant
is- a man who is moving colonies of bees not to exceed three or four
miles, or h^ is moving from one part of a diseased county to another
part of a diseased county, or some similar situation where we believe
there is no possibility of transportation of disease.

The way our' law reads in regard to that particular provision is
that the inspector may refuse such permit whenever such refusal is
necessary in his judgment to prevent the dissemmination of contagious
disease of bees, or until he finds by inspection that they have no such
disease.

In case there is to be an auction sale, which means of course that
the bees and supplies will be distributed widely and generally, and that
there is no limit as to the location where they may go, they are always
inspected. In case the bees are to be moved interstate or inter-county,
inspection arrangements are made. This only covers about ten per
cent of the applications. The inspections are made quickly and with-
out cost to the apiarist. We have been working up a staff of county
apiary inspectors through the civil service commission. The county
inspectors take civil service examination. First they are recommended
by their county association, and if they pass the civil service, the high-
est one in the particular county who passes is named as county in-
spector. The application is then referred to the county inspector in
case an inspection is necessary, and when the application is referred to
him the permit is sent, so that when the inspector makes the inspection
he leaves the permit, if he finds the apiary free from disease.

In starting a new proposition of this kind we have some difficulty
in getting full information to the beekeepers at first. One question
that comes up is, are -the bees moved generally and widely without in-
spection certificates? If you find they are being moved, what do you
do? As to the number being moved without any reference to the law,
we can only judge from the reports that come in. We have sent memo-
randa during October to about two hundred correspondents in different
parts of the state and asked them to list all the cases that they knew of
the transportation of bees and used bee supplies in their neighborhood.
The result was when we checked over the list about two or three per
cent were found to be cases we didn't have on our records/ where no
permit had been secured.

As to what happens when we do run across cases where transpor-
tation hay been made without any permit, so far we have been prose-
cuting only in cases where a disease was actually moved. It wasn't
necessary to prove that the owner knew of disease. In fact we didn't
prove in court that disease was present at all. That wasn't the ques-
tion. The prosecution was made, the man was fined five dollars and

156 TWEXTIP:TTi AXXUAL REPORT OF THE

costs in each case, on the proof that he moved his bees and used bee
supplies without a permit from the state inspector of apiaries or with-
out an inspection certificate.

The policy of the State Department of Agriculture in all its lines
of work is always to warn the defendant first and then in case of a
second offense or in case there is any evidence of wilful neglect of the
rights of his neighbors, to proseci^e. -Naturally under that general
policy the number of prosecutions the first season has been very small.
However, they have been successfully prosecuted, so that the beekeep-
ers know the Department of Agriculture representing the other bee-
keepers in the state means business, that this is not an educational cam-
paign under the guise of law, that it is a campaign to eliminate x\meri-
can foul brood absolutely from the counties in which we are working,
and that it is a campaign, to prevent the distribution of infected ma-
terial from one place to another. I don't believe there is any question
in the minds of any of the beekeepers who ha\'e come in contact with
the law at all, that their neighbor beekeepers and the State Department
of xlgriculture and the county apiary inspectors and everyone concerned,
means that the law shall be enforced exactly as it reads, and that it shall
mean exactly what it says. ^

Possibly it is rather surprising that under these cii*cumstances the
counties seem to be enthusiastically back of the work. Xot only do the
laws appear somewhat drastic to beekeepers, but the governor's council
in talking the thing over at the time the law was signed by the governor
two years ago, stated it was just about as water-tight a law as there
was on the statute books along any- line. If the laws referring to the
wet and dry problem were like tlte transportation requirements, the
chances are there would be some difference in the degree of wetness
there is in some parts of the United States.

The results have been sufficiently promising in the counties where
it has been undertaken, primarily ih^the eastern part of the state. From
Madison, the county seat of Dane county, there is from Dane county
east to Lake Michigan north through the Rox River valley to the north-
ern border of the state, is the grdup of counties in which work has
already been begun. Three counties, are gaps in the series. The object
is to begin in that particular group of counties and work east and west
first, pushing the disease, so to speak, into Lake Michigan. We are
developing a line of counties thefe, from which we can attack in both
directions.

As an illustration of the support that the work is receiving, the
following counties have passed very insistent resolutions for the past
two years, asking that the area clean-up campaigns be begun in their
own counties, and individual requests have come from beekeepers in
about six more counties. The way those counties feel about it may be
illustrated by one little amusing incident. 1 understand one county
passed resolutions that if the State ^Department of Agriculture was
unable to put an area clean-up campaign on in their county by next
season, that they would withdraw from the State association. The dis-
ease is so serious there, that the beekeepers feel that something drastic
has to be done and they are willing; to do their bit.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEErERS' ASSOCIATION. 15T

As to the progress which can be made under our funds, we are in-
specting from nine hundred to a thousand colonies a year. We found in
1019, 352 infected apiaries containing 1,T00 colonies; in 1920 instead
of 352 we found 185 infected, although a good deal of new territory
was undertaken, illustrating the reduction in the same disease in the
territory where the work was being carried on for a second year. The-
]iumber of diseased colonies was reduced from one year to the next, from
1777 to 747. In addition to the mmiber of apiaries inspected, some-
thing over one hundred were inspected a second time on account of dis-
ease being found for the first time. Those in which disease was found
and reinspfections made included primarily those counties in which dis-
ease was found late toward the end of the season.

The principal attempts that are being made for the immediate
future are efficiency experiments, attempts to determine whether we get
the best results at the lowest cost, from having one inspector go out
alone or having two go together, the means, by which he has to travel,
the treatment that he shall insist is given, and that kind of thing. In
other words we feel that more than fifty per cent of the beekeepers ought
to be able to clean up. the first year. The fact that only fifty per cent
of the beekeepers clean up the first year is a strong recommendation
for the effectiveness of the shaking treatment rather than the reverse.
It doesn't mean the shaking treatment is fifty per cent effective, it means
the shaking treatment is one hundred per cent , effective, and that fifty
per cent of the beekeepers apply it properly. The mere fact that fifty
per cent of the beekeepers can apply it successfully is a strong indica-
tion of the fact that treatment is really comparatively easy to give.
However, we are anxious to raise that per cent. Different methods of
giving the information or demonstrations of the treatments will be
undertaken from time to time, in order to see whether we can develop
means that will enable us to free an area from disease in two years in-
stead of four, ^s it apparently now takes.

To sum up then, the foul brood method of Wisconsin consists of
a combination of an area clean-up campaign and the regulation of trans-
portation in which the work is done county by county and township by
township, the work being continued in each locality until the^ locality
is entirely free from disease as far as practicable. The work is under
the immediate direction of Mr. McLeary. The full time inspectors
have been six men chosen largely from educational institutions, and the
apiary inspections are made by county inspectors on the request of the
department, and consequently at the expense of the department. Thank
you (applause).

Mr. Kixdig. — I understood Dr. Fracker to say that in making an
inspection of an apiary, that he inspects all the combs in each hive.
Does that also cover an inspection of all extracted combs or all other
combs that may be on the premises ?

Dr. Eracker.' — The inspectors do not go into the extracting combs.
It does include other combs that may be on the premises.

Mr. King. — I would like to ask, where Dr. Fracker finds at the
close of their work that there is a difference in the recurrence of dis-

158 TWEXTIETH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

ease in treated colonies, if there' is a difference in comb honey or ex-
tracted honey? :■,

Dr, Fracker. — I can't answer 'that question. We have no figures
on it. !

Mr. King. — Our experience is that there is a larger recurrence
of disease in extracted honey than in comb honey.

Dr. Feacker. — Our work has been almost entirely in extracted
honey. I.

Question. — After the combs are taken off in the average extracted'
honey apiary you have no record of M^here the combs were, that you
afterwards found diseased?

Answer. — The inspection, is. largely made at the time they are
taken off. I can illustrate that by a case that came up. A large bee-
keeper, having in the neighborhood of two hundred and fifty colonies
of bees, had purchased extracted honey in cans from some western state
and thrown out his cans where bees had access to them. The result
was somewhere in the neighborhood of seventy cases of disease in that
yard, and it was distributed into some of his other yards in one season,
which was enough of a blow to stagger anyone. The situation was still
more complicated by the fact that when that was discovered or called
to his attention, he had mixed them all up and he didn't know which
of the seventy came from those colonies. He came up practically on his
knees to Madison at the time of the State Beekeepers' Association and
said that he had had experience with the disease, and knew he could
treat it, but he was afraid of the inspector, he was afraid the inspector
would insist on his destroying his whole set of supers. Of course, that
wasn't the logical thing to do. He immediately became convinced that
Ave were much more reasonable that he had supposed. The only thing
that was done was the only thing that could be practically done, arrange
for treatment, or destruction where necessary, of the infected combs,
use all his supers if possible this season, and identify the infected supers
that way.

Another large beekeeper in the northern part of the state became
infected with disease five or six years ago, when he had seven hundred
colonies.* He tried that method somewhat more carelessly, he couldn't
be convinced that the extra supers carry any infection. He treated,
and this last season he had, and ha has now finally become convinced,
and this summer he melted up one thousand extracting combs because
he applied almost the same thing that we have done in the case of the
man in the southern part of the state, except he applied it so universally
and successfully that he distributed disease throughout his apiary and
was consequently subjected to a verv serious loss.

Mr. Campbell. — In extracting I have always practiced the habit
of placing the super back on the hive from which it came, with all the
frames which came from that hive. It is a comparatively simple matter.
With a lead pencil I number the super with the same number that I
place on the hive or base. It is an equally simple matter to number
the frame if it becomes necessary, in taking a frame from more than
one super to place in the extractor. It is a very simple matter to keep
track of it in this way, it doesn't require an appreciable amount of time

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEBPERS' ASeOCIATION. ,159

and it saves at least ninety per cent of the chance of infection. There
is of course a slight chance of infection from the placing of a clean
comb, supposedly, on a different foundation. The chance of infection
is so slight that I never have personally experienced any difficulty there-
from. The numbering system will absolutely render it certain that
you do not get back into the colony any frames which did not come from
it. Another good result is that if that colony becomes diseased j'ou
can remove the frames from it without interfering with the rest of
your apiary at all.

Mr. McLeary. — I found two great difificulties among the beekeep-
ers with foul brood, one is this: a beekeeper loves flowers and a bee-
keeper loves honey, and a beekeeper, some of them, love the ladies, but
of all the things the beekeepers love it is old black comb. If you want
to break their heart, tell them to melt up some old, black super comb.
The man Dr. Tracker mentioned, if that man had taken out advice
four years ago, he needn't have lost his apiaries, but he set up an argu-
ment with me that clean super combs wouldn't carry the disease, and
he mixed his supers until he is practically out of the bee business, and
if nothing happens you will see some pictures made in one of the bee
journals by and bye, of stacks of empty frames, stacked up like small
houses, and I will give you the number of thousands of pounds of bees-
wax that he is getting out of one hundred thousand combs, and the
stacks of empty hives being scorched out at endless expense. It is hard
to get beekeepers to believe that.

The other is this, that while they do love old black comb, they are
afraid of the fire. It is so hard to get beekeepers to use fire. The more
experience I have with it the more I believe the thing to do with foul
brood colonies is to burn them up, throw coaloil over them and burn
them up, hive, comb, honey, bees and all. There isn't one beekeeper in
ten on the average that undertakes to fool with American foul brood
but what scatters it. That is one of the reasons we have so much trouble
With this recurrence all the time. It is the Job of an expert, and the
average beekeeper is not an expert. I am not talking about the little
fellow who keeps four or five colonies, I am talking about these fellows
that call themselves commercial beekeepers.

A Member. — tn case where a man had one hundred thousand
combs scattered among seven hundred colonies of bees, was the inspec-
tion department also experimenting?

Answer. — It was not. He was not in an area clean-up territory
and no work was being done in his neighborhood. The disease had
gone on for three years, I think, before the inspection department dis-
covered it. He was in a different locality entirely, from where most
of the work is being done, up in the northwestern part of the State.

The President. — I have a question I would like to ask Mr.
Tracker, what is the best disposition of those empty cans that are being
discarded, the sixty-pound cans not in shape to be used again, what is
the best way to get rid of them? We can't burn them up, we can't
bury them. What should we do with them?

Dr. Tracker. — We haven't undertaken that problem. I would
be glad to hear suggestions. There is one loophole that was just hinted

160 TWENTIETH AXNUALi REPOET OF THE

j

Jit ill the control of American foul brood, which we are not plugging
at all, which we do not know any way to plug, and that is this same
problem you speak of. I

We expect in Milwaukee county that the area clean-up will not be
l^ermanent on account of the large number of cans that are undoubtedly
thrown out, and Ave feel in the same position that your question indi-
cated you do, that at the present time we are not able to undertake that
proposition not only for the reason you suggest, that it is difficult to
dispose of them, for the reason that they are not usually in the hands
of beekeepers, and we feel that even a publicity campaign, requesting
the housewives and companies that hanctle honey dispose of them prop-
erly, might result in very serious disadvantage to the sale of honey.
While we can publish broadcast the fact that bees are diseased, it doesn't
affect the sale of honey at all. The fact that honey carries disease germs
we would not want to get to the housewife, and in Wisconsin we are
not ready to undertake it. .:

The Peesidext. — One suggestion has been that we fill the cans
up with water and let them stand for a considerable time and then let
the water run out. j

. Mr. Kindig. — So far I have always lived in a house with a big
enough door in the furnace to get a sixty-pound honey can in, and those
cans are saved in the cellar until there is a real fire in the furnace, and
then throw the cans in. If you leave it there until time to fire the fur-
nace next time, I will guarantee that anything inflammable will be
burned vip and the tin melted off the can. I don't have many of them,
but I have a certain number of cans every year, and when they come out
of the furnace they move out on the a^h pile and the garbage man gets
them. . ? ;

Me. Gill. — I am under the impression that if a tin is put in a
boiler and thoroughly boiled out, that the disease germs would be killed.

De. Feackee. — If it is boiled for a half an hour it would be.

The Peesidext. — Suppose you have several hundred or thousands
of them? .

De. Feackee. — I believe in connection with that the average man
when he throws a can away empties the hon,ey and throws the can out.
We know a honey can contains honey on' the side and will remain there ;
if that can is thoroughly rinsed oyt with hot water and turned up to
drain where the bees will not get to it, and then thrown out, there will
be less chance of it being a source of infection for the bees.

Me. Yost. — I don't think we could ever possibly cover the ground
thoroughly. We are advocating the marketing of honey in five and
ten.-pound pails, and we can't induce the average public to boil, burn
or destroy the five-pound buckets when they get them. They are not
going to do it, and Ave are Avasting ourr-time and our breath. It is just
a proposition Ave have got to fight out of existence along some other line.
Another matter, a good many used cans are offered on the market, and
they must be going someAvhere, and they become a source of trouble in
every place Avhere they go. It seems to me there may be a source of
attack that might solve the difficulty, i , ■

I - .■■,■■. ,;:■■:;■, .:■;■:■.;

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKBEPERs' AS^OCIATIOX. IGl

i,

Mr. Uhlmax. — There is another question I would iike to ask, and
that is in connection with the combs being put back on the hives for
the season, to see what recurrence appeared in the yard in the way of
disease and then to destroy the combs and treat the bees. Do you think
a season would be sufficient to show that up ? It has been a question in
my mind how long it would take a comb under those conditions to show
up the disease, because at the time they are usually put on, the bees
would not go up there and carry down anything that might be for food,
but would store honey in it, and later on might go to that super, maybe
in another year or two.

Mr. rR4CKER. — We have no information on that point, except this
one here. About twenty colonies in that apiary showed apparently as
a result of super -comb. We have every expectation that some of these
will show up next year, and the only way we have to find out how much
ii to watch it.

Mr. Kindig. — I had a talk with inspector Hickey who seems to
follow that proposition up. He knew it would appear for seven years,
that is his experience extended over that period. That is in following
it up for seven, consecutive years the disease still continued to show up.
1 asked him how much lonuer he thought it would take. He said it was
getting less and less, and he thought it was about over.

The Secretary. — In speaking of those extra combs, were the
combs that have had brood in them, or combs that never had brood
reared in them?

Dr. Tracker. — In this particular case they were both. In the
case of the gentleman whose apiary was reduced from 700 to 100, it
Avas those in which'no brood had ever been reared. That was his point,
that if one brood had been reared it was all right, and that was the
point on which he lost out.

Mr. Yost. — It occurs to me that if we consider all the probable
uses or methods of handling those combs, that the most practical plan
suggested this evening is that suggested by Mr. Campbell : to keep a
record, sterilize the extractor, and destroy the comb. It doesn't require
much time, avoidS' retreating, and it is a very simple thing to do.

The President. — What would be your method of sterilizing ex-
tractors ?

Mr. Yost. — Extract the combs that were from diseased coloiiies.
Probably extract all the diseased honey you get out of brood frame,
and rinse the extractor out with hot water. I think that is sufficient,
if the water is put in there boiling hot, allowed to stand a few days and
emptied and rinsed again. I think that is sufficient.

Dr. Fracker. — The primary fact seems to be to eliminate every
trace of honey. The method Mr. Yost suggests would undoubtedly
have that effect.

A Member. — It seems to me that the man who lost one hundred
thousand combs, his bees were diseased from some source to start with.
His combs were free from disease. How do we know that most of that
infection didn't come from the same source that diseased his first col-
ony? Even if he had destroyed every comb, the disease might have

—11 B A .

1G2 TWENTIETH AXXUAL |{E1'0RT OF THE

been spread through his 700 colonies, because the source of infection
was not removed.

De. Fracker. — That is a question. As I recall, the disease Mas
of about three years standing when discovered, but the smaller apiaries
in the neighborhood, to the extent of about six miles were all cleaned
up, so that the sources of reinfection were probably pretty well covered
by that means, although this was not in ,an area clean-up campaign.
We went out of the way from our regular activities in order to help
this particular spot in one of the counties.

My method in setting the extractor is this : I take out the baskets,
place a wash boiler on the stove with hot water, dip the baskets in and
out, and sometimes I. find it works \|ery well.

The President. — The annual reports from Washington say it
takes thirty minutes or more t-o kill' all the germs.

A Member. — About bees that die of foul brood, when I was attend-
ing the convention in Detroit some years ago, a man said that when
bees get disease in the wild state, the next season the millers will clean
it out, then it is gone for good, so I" don't think in that case you would
be troubled more than one season. .- ■

The President. — One other question T would /like to ask Dr.
Fracker. If T did not misunderstand him. his statement was that where
European foul brood had once gotten a foothold it was impossible to
eradicate it.

Dr. Fracker. — I am simply cjuotiiig Dr. Phillii)s on that. T do
not know. ■ We have never heard of any way of eradicating it.

The Pj!Esident. — I had three yards in 1906 or seven. The Euro-
pean fold brood struck me and cleaned out one yard one season. There
were not more than one or two hives left not diseased. I started in to
fight the disease. Xext vear in the second vard I don't think there was
a colony left but what had European foul brood. The third year all
three yards had it and T had a big fight, but I succeeded in getting rid
of it, and at my home yard we haven't had any European for nine or
ten years, and we haven't found any European in any of the vards for
three or four years. It seems to h'ave disappeared entirely from this
locality, not only in my yards, but T do not know of any in that immed'-
a'te locality. I think this disappeai-ance was largely due to efforts to
get ;'id of it, but it may have been due i^artly to the fact that Italian
bees/ were re])lacing the black bees. It doesn't seem to me that Euro-
pean foul brood is a serious problem when we have Italian bees.

Mr. Yost. — If I remember right, you were not the only man that
got cleaned up at that time. It was all over that territory. I think we
spent three years up there working on it, and I think we cleaned it up.

The President. — Do you know of any European foul brood in the
south part of that county at preseiit?
' A Member. — I don't believe there is a case reported in the county.'

The President. — I haven't seen a case of European in three years
in my yards,, or anybody else's yard.

A Member.- — I don't think that you can eradicate European foul
larood that way. It may destroy some entire apiaries and be there for
several years, and good honey years it will disappear, and the first thing

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATIOK". 163

yoii know, it will reappear again. As far as my experience goes, I
tliink that statement coincides with experience. ISTobody knows how to
eradicate European foul brood, by any sort of treatment. I believe it
will appear when you get certain conditions again, and have weak colo-
nies, and when other conditions are right.

' Mr, Kindig. — Dr. Phillips has been emphasizing recently the dan-
gers of foul brood, which may help you in that situation. In the series
of talks he has given for sorne time he has been emphasizing the fact
that European foul brood is principally confined to certain regions and
that a European foul brood region is iisually determined by a lack of a
good, spring honey flow, and that in those regions where there is a good
spring honey flow, dandelions, and so forth, followed by a white clover
flow, that European foul brood never becomes much of a menace. I
beliece all the inspectors here will agree with me that location has some-
thing to do with it, and conditions, as we have found in years gone by,
and I believe that to a large extent determines the condition of Mr.
Miller's county of Porter, that they are not naturally in a European
foul brood location, and when they requeened with Italian (fueens it
removed the chief factor in keeping European foul brood in that area.
. The President. — I think Mr. Kindig is slightly mistaken on that
point. Along the Kankakee and Calumet Eiver bottom we have condi-
tions Avhich Dr. Phillips said foster the propagation of European foul
brood. We haven't had any European foul brood since the time I
stated. Mr. Wallace mav have burned bees over in the other end of
the county. I tried it in one case ; I didn't burn any more. The point
I wanted to show was how we treated it and got rid of it. In mv own
case I eliminated it by eliminating the bees subject to foul brood. "WHien
I found a colony with European foul brood I nipped off the queen's
head, left them for ten days or so and then put them on top of another
colony with an Italian queen, and they were cleaned up. At first I
melted the combs up into beeswax, but I found that wasn't necessary.
Yon do not have to burn or melt combs that have had. European foul
brood. The old combs may be used over and over again, and after a
year or two's experience melting up combs I got along without it. It
is not necessary to- melt up combs to get rid of European foul brood,
but eliminate the disease by killing the queens that are susceptible to
this disease. I may be wrong, but I think the germs of this disease may
be in a great many combs that do not show disease, just as the germs
of consumption or tuberculosis may be in our systems but if we are
strong enough to overcome the effect of that disease we may not develop
it. Certainly it has been shown in the case of the large number of
people who have died in prisons and elsewhere, that have been examined,
it has been found that ninety per cent of them have tuberculosis germs,
but they didn't show it without a post mortem examination. The same
thing might be true of bees. There might be one hundred colonies of
bees. Every colony might have the germs of that disease but perhaps
only two or three will show it. By getting rid of those which are over-
come by this disease, which are not strong enough to resist it, by and
bye Ave eliminate the susceptibility to the disease. It has disappeared
in my home yard. I think it is eight years since I had any sign of

164 TWENTIETH AXXUAB EEPOET OF THE

European foul brood there, and I haven't seen a cell of it for three or
fonr vears in somethins^ like four hundred colonies altoflrether. I be-
Jieve we can eradicate it iDermanently unless it is brought in from some
outside source.

Mr. Smith. — I sent to a queen breeder in the south and got six
queens one spring. I put them in my yard and three developed what
I considered foul brood. Two of them 1 destroyed. A friend of mine,
a Chicago beekeeper, a very careful man, a chemist by trade, wanted to
take one of those queens and put it into a yard he had. He did so,
putting it in a colony where there was no foul brood, and the disease
developed there. He took her out of there and moved her south about
six or seven miles, into another apiary of a few colonies; the disease
developed there. I don't know whether it was European or American,
In the early stages I can't tell the difference, but as soon as he found
enough dead bees to be sure that the bees were unhealthy, he took the
queen out and moved her about twelv6, miles into another small a])iary
Vvhere there was no foiTl brood, and it developed there.

Ml!. Yost. — Some leading bacteriologists have claimed that Euro-
pean foul brood was fouiid even in the brood. I would like to hear
from Professor Kelty along that line.

Prof. Kelty. — My experience 4s limited only to one queen, to the
examination of the ovaries. Dr. White I believe performed a similar
experiment and had the same result! I know of no other work on the
subject outside of that. Of all I have heard in other reports similar
to that related by Mr. Smith, I have never seen a statement made by
bacteriologists which would prove it. There is a missing link some-
where.

A Member. — One thinig in European foul brood which I think we
overlook, they recommend for European foul brood re-queening with
Italian queens, also be sure that the colony is strong. That is good
advice unquestionably, but we sometimes give the impression that any
Italian bee has its resistance quality to clean up the disease. I think
you will find there is a good bit of difference, even with the Italians,
and that we should select those Italian bees giving results, not put her
in because she is an Italian.

The Presidext. — You would eliminate all those queens susceptible
to this disease and keep only those which seem to be immune.

I find here a written question-: "Would it be better to have just
one treatment that would answer for either American or European
foul brood instead of having two different treatments? After having
had twenty-five years' experience in fighting both American and Euro-
pean, I find the treatment that seems to be the most effective is to trans-
fer the bees, kill the t[ueen and give them another queen. Who knows
Avhen to treat for the American or when we treat for the European
there mav be a little American. One thing we do know is that disease
doesn't always yield to present treatment." Take the first part of that
question, would it be better to have one treatment that would answer
for both ?

The Secretary. — I don't believe a good doctor would try to treat
two diseases with the same medicines.

ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKEIEPERS' ASSOCIATIOX, 165

Mr. Eettig. — I don't see why you couldn't have one treatment to
answer the two purposes.

The Peesidext. — It seems to me the method of destroj'ing the
combs for European wouki be very costly.

Mr. Murray. — There is a wider difference than that. European
foul brood is a disease of weak colonies. If you have a colony that is
v/eak enoiigh to have European foul brood, and you shake the colony
and take away the comb and brood and put them out to build new comb
again, you have weakened them that much more. It is folly to attempt
to treat European foul brood by the shaking method. Everybody knows,
who has had. any experience with the disease, that you can take a comb
full of larvae of European foul brood, put it down in the center of a
brood next to a healthy colony of Italians, and they will clean it out,
and the colony as far as you can see will remain free from the disease.
You can't do that with American foul brood.

A Member. — Give the treatment for European foul brood first,
and if it does not respond, treat it for American.

Me. Eettig. — It has been suggested to have a law not to allow a
pound of honey to be sold wlierever there was any 'foul brood. How
would that work? If you treat for the Euro]3ean you lose the queen,
and if you treat for the American you lose the combs.

A Membe]!. — Can you always tell the American from the Euro-
pean ?

The Peesidext. — Xot always, but usually.

Ml!. KiXDiG. — I had a speciman sent to Dr. Phillips pronounced
American, and another specimen sent him from the same colon}' was
pronounced European, so it is a pretty hard problem to distinguish the
two diseases.

Mr. McMueeay.— "We found in one or two cases where they would
both be in the same colony.

The Peesidext. — Ordinarily you can tell the difference by the
appearance of the brood. In European foul brood the disease attacks
the larva before it is capped. In the American foul brood it occurs
after being capped. Of course, that is not decisive. The only decisive
test is a microscopic examination by someone who knows how to make
a diagnosis.

A Membee. — I would like to hear a word on paralysis.

The Peesidex'T. — That is something nobody knows very much
about the cause of. So-called paralysis doesn't always appear in the
same form. Usually the bees are dropped out in front of the liive and
the younger bees will be pulling at the older ones, the hairs on the body
will be worn off, and you will find them oftentimes in the grass in front
of the hive. Sometimes it has a different appearance. I remember
one time about swarming time I noticed in front of some of the hives
young bees crawling around through the grass. We found them out
ten, fifteen and twenty rods crawling all over the ground. I thought
perhaps a swarm had gone out and the young bees were not able to fly,
but upon examination I found that 'more than half of the yard the
A'oun<yer bees were comins; out and were unable to get back. This lasted

166 TWENTIETH AXNUAL liEPOET OE THE

a day or two and disappeared. 1 dou't know what that disease is, un-
less it is what is known as disappearing disease.

The MEiiBEK. — I had a case of paralysis in one of the strongest
colonies in the yard. The bees were fighting and pulling at each other.
First I thought they were robbing.: yl kept watching and it kept getting
worse and worse, and one day 1 picked up some of these bees and took
them in the house to inspect them.; They coukln't fiy, they jumped like
grasshoppers. ^Suddenly they would get the limps and roll around and
kick around for a few minutes, and then they would turn over and walk
around. They couldn't fly. That colony kept on going like that all
.summer, and I noticed some of the other colonies were affected in the
same way.

The PjiEsjDEXT. — That frequently occurrs. Nobody knows what
caused it. There is another disease called the Isle of Wight disease,
v\hich is in some instances like this, but we can't tell what it is. Tlie
only way is to have our specialist ''at Washington conduct a thorotigh
examination, microscopic, of thesef diseases. 1 think they are working
on it, but we do not know much about it yet. I found bees crawling
out that way and being pulled around by other bees one year a good
many years ago ami 1 took them and put them under a microscope, and
1 found they had something fast to their legs like long clubs, they
couldn't fly or get aromid on account of those things hanging to their
legs, sticking out 2)erha23s one-quarter of an inch. 1 wrote to Prof.
Cook at Michigan University, he suggested that it- might be pollen from
milkweed, and I looked into the matter and found that was Avhat it was.
Bees would get pollen from certain kinds of milkweed, and it would
ttick to their legs and the other bees would drag them out of the hive.

Here is another question : ^Vho has had experience in heating
colonies by electricity? AVhat success, if any, what kind of apparatus,
and the cost of power heating this j apparatus ?

Mii. Campbell. — There was an article on the next to last xlmeri-
.can Bee Journal on that proposition. Some experiments had been made
with heating -with an electric bulb in the hives. That would be the
November number of the American Bee Journal.

The Peesidext. — l)o you remember what their method was? ■

Answer. — To put a bulb in -the bottom of the hive for outdoor
wintering. :

The President. — The last question we have is, ''Who has used
two queens in one colony, what success, if any, what was the equipment
used to prevent fighting of the queens, also of the workers, yet have all
the swarms all working in the super above, brood nest, as good as you
have from one queen. What are the advantages and disadvantages of
this way of procedure?"' Who will answer this question?

Me. McMurray. — I carried oh some experiments along that line.
I had three queens working in a brood ilest with division boards made
out of queen excluding zinc. The bees mixed and intermingled in that
hive. They worked right along, they didn't care anything about the
different queens, so they didn't get together and fight. I afterwards
removed two queens aiid left the colony with one queen.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEIEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 16'?

The President. — I have done that myself. I had two queens
reared and working and laying in the colony without any excluding
zinc board, on the same comb, but that is very rare. The two queens
I found in the hives there at work. The hive a few weeks before that
had an old queen with a clipped wing, I found in her place two young
queens, both laying. This summer I found two cases of two laying
queens in a hive without any excluding zinc between them. The method
of having two queens in one hive separated by zinc will w^ork as long as
conditions are favorable, but if the weather turns bad so that it affects
the flow, of phoney, one of those queens is very apt to disappear.

Question. — For how long were those two queens working together
in one hive without zmcr

The President. — For a few days, perhaps a week. I put one of
iheni in another hive.

Whereupon the meeting was adjourned. /

\

1G8

TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPOET OF THE

TUESDAY MORNING SESSION.

The PriESJDEXT. — (ieiitleineu, you will please come to order. I
.^w (|uiti,' a nuiubor of iiu'iubers whoi voted yesterday for an increase of
the '$1.50 fee to $5. There are some who believe it would he better for
the association not to make such a radical change, and if we feel that
way al»out it the })ro])er thing to do would be to make a motion to recon-
sider and go over the ground again; The motion for reconsideration
should be made by someone who voted for it at yesterday's meeting.

Whereupon it Avas moved by Mr: Haan duly seconded and carried,
that the motion for ijicreasiny the initial dues be reconsidered.

' ^Ik. Uhlmax. — If a man belongs to a state organization that joins
the league, and then comes here and joins with this organization, it will
give him double representation. Personally I feel that I can stand
for supporting the league one year in Michigan, but I would like to get
some (lata on representation in more than one organization.

TiiE Pkesident. — That point wjlL be taken up by the executive
committee of the league, probably soiiie time today.

^I];. Eettig. — We are all here'' to help, and further our associa-
tion. How can we increase our membership? I think a fee of five
(loHars will keep some people out. As far as I am concerned I don't
mind it, but I believe we will cut off a lot of our membership in that
wa}-.

The President. — We want to do the greatest good to the greatest
iiumber. If it is the best interest to have a $5 fee let us have it, if not
let us make it smaller. I believe every one of those who have paid in
their five dollars, and there have been twenty or twenty-five, are glad
to do so. But there are two sides, ilp^d I would like to hear someone
on the other side. ? ' ,

The Secretary. — The question hns been raised in regard to in-
creasing our membership. There has been a -$1.50 fee for several years.
I have been secretary for four or 'five eyars and the membership list
lias ne\er yet reached the 100 mark. Last year we had 73 members,
which meant we had $73 in our treasury. We have either got to have
al)()\it four or five hundred at one dollar apiece, or one hundred at five
dollars. When I made this motion to; raise the dues to $5 it was to get
a little further ahead. The (piestion of electing a delegate to the league
comes up, and the (expense. Probably three dollars or two and a half
will be sufficient, after we get it started. My idea was to make it for
this one year oidy, so we get a start. It is up to you, what do you think
about it. "I

'Shi. Pettie. — I am anxious to get as many members as possible
into this meeting. I paid my $5, but -a lot of little beekeepers consideii
that question imi)ortant. Whv are we here, how can we sell our pro-

ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKBEPERs' ASSOCIATION. 169

ducts best? AVe have this association to learn how to produce honey,
not how to sell honey. :'

Mr. Zilligex. — "What is the use of raising honey if we are not
going to sell it. The object of business is profit as well as pleasure.
There is no use coming up here to learn production. There are plenty
of places to learn without coining here. If they want to find out any-
thinir, read the bee iournals. Last vear we had a little communitv fair
in Harvey, and from one da^-'s advertising there I sold practically all
I had. I think that advertising cost me possibly five or ten dollars. I
think if we put in five dollars this year and next year, it would be better.
-£. The S'ecretary. — ^It costs us $100 to Join the league. It will
probably cost $100 to Join the Illinois State. Where are we going to
get our money for expenses for the next year? We want to have enough
money so that when we come here next year we will have sufficient" funds
left in the treasury to take care of the delegate, wherever the conven-
tion may be held.

Mr. Kildow. — I think Brother Bull has got things mixed a little.
I don't know what the Illinois State will charo-e him. I can't vote
either way on this.

Mr. Eettig. — We read the Ijee Journals and many good books on
i^eekeeping, but there are many points we don't get out of books that
v;e can learn from each other in a meeting of this kind.

Mr. Haax. — How about it if we were to Join the State and the
league, and the State Joins the league?

The Secretary. — We Join it twice, once here, and if the Illinois
State wishes to Join our membership would go in the same as if Ave
Joined individually. There is a minimum fee of $100, a dollar apiece.

Mr. Haax. — If we were- 100 members here we would have to pay
$100 to get in the league and $1 apiece for each member by going to
the Illinois.

The Presidext. — I don't think we have to Join twice, according to
the rules of the league.

Mr. Kildoav. — Whv don't you Avait until the league know what
they are going to do?

Mr. Bruxer.-i— We don't expect today for a dollar and a half twice
the service we got foiir years ago. Isn't it AA'orth $5 to belong to the
American Honey Producers' League in addition to the other service we
have had.

Mr. Gill. — I don't think Ave ought to Join the league tAvice, and
if Ave pay to the Illinois State it seems to me our membership Avould
jje combined with theirs, and if their membership is not large our com-
bined membership might be 100. I don't think Ave ought to have a
fee that Avould bar us from getting neAV members, but it should be suffi-
cient to accumulate a little money to get ahead for whatever Ave decide
to do. I think it Avould be Avell to raise this to $2 or $3.50. I move to
amend the motion before us to make it read that the fee be $2.50 in-
stead of $5. (Seconded.)

Mr. Yost. — I think there should be a resolution here asking the
league to eliminate the paying of dues more than once by an association.

170 TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

The Pj{Esident.— 1 am going to make a ruling in regard to those
v\-ho have paid for W^), that those who have paid for 1920 or 19"? 1 will
liave the privilege of voting on these questions, allowing Mr. Smith or
anybody else who has paid for 1920 to vote. Those in favor of substi-
tuting $2.50 for $0 please rise. (4 rose.) Those opposed (8). The
amendment is lost. .

'Mi{. BitUNEit. — I move as an amendment that we make the fees $1
]:er year.

Mr. WooLUKiucJE. — 1 paid my $1.50 as a member and withdrew it.
I will go to the Illinois Association and join there in preference to com-
ing in here and paying $5. It is not the $5 but I think it is going to
destroy the association. Your members are going down in number,
and when we come to a point jwhere we want an allotment from the
State you will be asked how maiiy people do you iiepresent? If we have
a lot of members and make an appeal for a budget in our State we will
get more consideration than if we have only a few members.

The President. — If there is nothing further we will vote on this
by ballot. The (piestion is, shall the fees be raised from $1.50 to $5?
Write no or yes on the ballot.' This is for the memberslii]) fee for rhe
coming year, 1920-21.

Messrs. Wheeler and Hahn were appointed tellers.

The President. — 22 votes cast, 11 no, 8 yes. The motion is lost.
The question now is whether or not we shall now make any increase in
membership fees. Is there a inotion on that?

Mi:. IJettk;. — Why not table this question and lie done witli it.

The Pj!es!dent. — There is no question before us. If you have
])othing further we will, i)roceod with our regular program.' Mr. Yost
will speak on Organization. Mr. Y^ost is chief inspector or apiaries of
Indiana. [ «

Ml!. ('. (). Yost. — ^Ir. President it ^^eems to me al'ter hearing so
much yesterday, that the topic I intended to talk on is a little bit out
hi' order for this moriii)ig, the subject of organization. It was threshed
out pretty well yesterday, and I believe organizations were given all
kinds of reputations. I might talk organization for a week and not
cover all the points or get to any satisfactory place, and due to the fact
that there has been so much discussion on it, I am going to read to
you a little bit some of the fundamentals that I have selected. •

That there is almost unlimited power in organization, is a fact tliat
is recognized by all thinking, men and women pursuing the various
vocations of the human race.

A brief study of a panoralnic history of the world would afford ns
some very interesting data relative to power, success and failure of or-
ganization, with its many forms and purposes which were good. i)ad,
selfish and weak, strong elements of. control. Should we make such a
historical survey, through earliest kingdoms and nomadic tribes, wars
of religion or crusades, wars of conquest, which were organized for the
purpose of giving a ruler or rulers more power, wealth and glory, the
building of great monarchies or empires, either limited or absolute, the
mighty Roman Empire, the powerful machine of Alexander or Caesar,
the Teutonic wave, the stormy periods incident to the building of the

ILLIXOIS STATE BEliKEBPEIJS ASSOCIATIOX. 171

British Empire, early discovery of new lands with accompanying pur-
poses of their settlement, formation of Eepublics and empires, of many
factions and destinations, nations with military organizations of great
magnitude, the. creation and destruction of powerful navies, finally our
own U. S. A., the grandest and most powerful governmeut ever organ-
ized.

We may, by some study of factors controlling these myriads of
organizations, form a clear conception of the direct or remote causes,
as to why they rose or fell, conquered or were annihilated or subdued,
developed in wealth and culture as become world powers. Whatever
transpired during this great world drama, most assuredly depended
upon the purpose, power and efficiency of the organization, relative to
the event.

. In mv mind there are three kinds of organizations, as follows:
good, bad and harmless, and each is dependent upon two elements for
its progress.

These elements are first the purpose and second the personnel or
officials in control. A beekeepers' organization is not, in principle,
luilike other thousands of organizations which play a prominent part
in the industrial world today. Banking institutions, railway and tele-
graph corporations, religious and educational institutions, secret orders,
industrial unions and scores of others relative to the mercantile or
manufacturing industries. We are all more or less familiar with the
life transitory of these combines or organizations. Some have pros-
pered, others failed and then reorganized. Some have passed into obliv-
ion to be replaced by new ones later. I believe that every intelligent
man and weman can readily apprehend the fact that the cause of fail-
ure or success of these organizations may be found lurking within one
or both of the two elements mentioned above (purpose and personnel
in control). It would at first seem unnecessary to mention the bad
and harmless class of organization, but I am firmly of the opinion that
our careful consideration of them will enable us to gain a compreheusive
idea of their most inner activities, their purpose, and control, their
growth and failure. A bad organization is one whose purpose is set
up in a misleading manner and rather than proving a source of pleasure
and profit for its subjects, it leads more or less to their misfortune or
downfall. Such an organization, while it may have a very bright colored
purpose on paper, is realy at heart only builded for the benefits of tlie
personnel in control.

Such systems as these are often found in political circles, also in
monarchies and. empires. The German empire consisted of a powerful
military organization. The purpose of this empire was such that the
subjects of same Avere marvels of loyalty, but we know how badly they
were deceived 'and how^ heavily misfortune fell upon them.

The Eussian monarchy reigned with a purpose probably just as de-
ceiving to its humble, uneducated peasants. In these cases the glory
and power seeking personnel in control came to grief the same as the
deceived followers.

A harmless organization is simply one whose purpose is merely an
innocent dream of beautiful theories and whose personnel are much

1?2 TWEXTIETH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

iiddicted to the (iiseussion of theories and ideals of a useless, harmless,
unpractical nature.

Good organization is one iji whose purpose we will find embodied
such fundamentals as are conducive to the happiness, prosperity and
cooiDerative contentment of its membership, a purpose with an attain-
able ideal builded solely along • legitimate and honest lines, a purpose
that within itself will create a desire in intelligent men and women to
become a part of the affiliation, a purpose that will relieve the many
needs of its i)rospective membership. The beekeepers certainly have
many needs and I do not believe that the followers of any other vocation
are more willing or anxious to form an impartial progressive, protective
combination than they. It occurs to me that there are three vital en-
vironments that are of special concern to the beekeepers of the present.
They are, disease environment, market environment and educational
environment. P]ither one of these environments is a large subject with-
in itself and can only be listed h^re as one of the important fundamen-
tals relative to progressive organization.

After having established a 'l^d purpose for the organization, we
must next look to the personneMn control. It does not matter how
sincere, commendable or applicable the object or purpose of an organ-
ization may be, or how faithful and true the assisting factors, unless
the control is made up of officials capable of untiring leadership that
will ever keep in xiew the real interest of every supporting factor con-
stituting the organization, the efficiency of the real purpose will be
greatly lowered even to the dangerous point of much failing in interest
and probable desertion by the membership.

The membership or supporting factors are the organizations em-
bodiment of life and there can be no surer sign of its decay than their
discontent and desertion. In order that the purpose or ideal set forth
in creating an organization may not become afflicted with degenercy
but instead will maintain a steady healthy development along progres-
sive and attractive lines, it is essential that every official be sincere and
of sufficient bigness, strength and energy to fulfill their destiny in a
manner as required for the coiitinued upbuilding of the organization.
(Applause.) ;.

Ml!. Dadaxt. — During this meeting we heard a great deal about
cooperative organization, and we have with us a good many represent-
atives from the different states. Practically every state in the Union
has some course of instruction in its agricultural college, which is edu-
(^ating the beekeepers in its own state. This is probably the most im-
])ortant work that is being done today. As you know, all of us have to
fight bee diseases in nearly every place we locate, and the biggest work
I think being done by the colleges that are conducting beekeeping
courses, is to educate the people in their state in the way of combatting
these diseases. You know Illinois is behind every state around us.
Probably Missouri is the only one that has as little instruction in bee-
kee])ing as we do. and I think they have a little more than 'we have.
Xotliing has been done in Illinois except the conducting of a few classes
in beekee])ing in the entomology department. I was at the university
a few weeks ago and I find the time there is ripe for the establishing of

ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKEEPEEs' ASSOCIATIOX. 173

a beekeeping course in the college of agriculture or entomology. Dr.
Forbes at the head of the health department has to get out a budget
calling for a substantial sum to be appropriated by the university for
the conducting of a beekeeping course, but like everj^ other department,
they are calling for something additional, and it is a question whether
that will be granted. We went to see Professor Davenport, vice-presi-
dent of the college, and put the matter up to him. He said the only
question is as to how much of a demand there is among the beekeepers
of the State for this course in beekeeping in the University of Illinois.
If there is a big demand for it, you will get it, he told us. It depends
on how you make your wants known as to how much money you can
appropriate for this purpose. In Illinois we have an inspection depart-
ment and they are working well but under a great handicap, and I be-
lieve if we can get a course of instruction at Illinois with short courses,
it will be a big help to the inspection department and I would like
to see at this meeting a resolution passed or a committee appointed
to cooperate or help push this through in the university, take it up
as beekeepers, and have them write to the agricultural department
or department of entomology- at Urbana, asking them to establish a
course in beekeeping there. It is only by the concerted efforts of the
beekeepers throughout the State that we are going to get something
worth while, and I would like to see such a resolution or motion passed
at this meeting, and some work really done on that subject (applause).

The Peesidext. — What is your pleasure in this matter? Will
you put this in the form of a motion or resolution?

Mr. Dadaxt. — I would like to hear from some of the other mem-
bers. I know a great many beekeepers think these courses in the agri-
cultural colleges on beekeeping are simply for manufacturing beekeep-
ers. They think if you establish a course in the Universit}^ of Illinois
you are going to make a lot of beekeepers there that will compete with
the other beekeepers. I would like to hear from you. I don't feel that
way at all. If thev aive a course at Illinois it will be alons: the ri2:ht
line.

Me. AVooldeidge.— We need education very badly in this State.
If we had an opportunity to have a real educational course where bee-
keepers could have someone that could give them good advice, instruc-
tion and observation, we would stamp out ttiis dreaded disease. The
only way I see that we can accomplish anything in that way is to get
it in our colleges and universities, and I believe if there is a concerted
effort on the part of beekeepers in the State of Illinois, the State in-
stitutions will take it up to the best advantage, and I heartil}^ approve
of having an appropriation set aside for the purpose of having a short
course at least established in our present State institution.

Me. Dadant. — It is up to- the beekeepers to inform the authorities
in the University of this need. That seems to be the logical place for
it to go. It is a question of making them see we need that education,
and if we can make them see that, they will give us thie course in bee-
keeping at the university. They are there to educate the people of the
State along the lines that they need education.

174 TWEXTIETH AXXUAL REPORT OF THE

The Presidext. — That ])eiiig the case, it wouhl seem to me if we
could pass a resolution favoring that, it would have considerable weight,
if that is your desire.

Mr. Hawkixs. — I think it is not necessary to go to the legislature,
because the universitv has a, certain definite amount of money voted to
them every year hy the legislature which the deans of the various col-
leges are privileged to use as they see fit. The dean of the college of
agriculture could appropriate out of his fund so much per year for bee-
keeping in the State of Illinois. The legislators don't ask how that is
going to be spent as long els they know it is well spent. I know, and
Mr. Dadant knows, that the Illinois College of Agriculture has been
favorable for a numl)er of years toward doing something in the way of
beekeeping instniction, and the principal reason why they have done
nothing is that they have not been asked to. The way to do that is to
go to the (lean of the College of Agriculture and say, we would like to
put on a course of beekeeping. Who asked for it? Then the instructor
Avill want to know that it is an outside desire for education in that line
for the university, before the university is warranted in spending money
there, and' when you present a resolution to 'the dean of the College of
Agriculture in the University of Illinois, requesting instruction in bee-
keeping be gi\en, you are going to have much more consideration.

Mb. Gill. — I want to say that for a long time I have felt if we want
anything at the hands of the State institutions the request must come
from without. And to the extent we can show we want this thing will
we get it, and I believe there is nothing that will do the beekeepers
more good than disseminating inforn\ation along u]) to date lines among
the young who will be the beekeepers of the next generation.

The Presidext. — Shall a committee be appointed to prepare a
resolution ?

Mr. Dadaxt. — I move that a committee be appointed to draft a
resolution and see that it gets into the hands of the president of the
University of Illinois, the dean of the College of Agriculture, and the
dean of the College of Entomology'.

Seconded and carried.

Mr. SA:\r'L Cushmax'. — I am interested in this movement, and I
realize that it ought to come fro^i those that do not conduct bee journals
and publications of that kind, pid don't sell hives of bees. I was the
first one about thirty-five years ago to be employed to teach beekeeping
in a college, the first one in this United States. I went out of business
a few years after, and it has been a pleasure to me to see it extending
all over the United States and in the agricultural colleges, and to think
Illinois doesn't have that sort of instruction doesn't look good to me.
I would be willing to connect myself with that resolution, back it up
and do what I can in the future. I have never had much experience
Avith foul brood. The great argument for having this instruction is
to serve the people that are fveeping bees, so that foul brood can be
stamped out and kept cleaned out, and I Avill heartily take lip that idea
and try to put it through to the best of my ability, if my name is of
any use.

ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKFJEPERS' ASSOCIATTOX. 175

Me. Smith. — It seems to me this is a move in the right direction.
AVe should have had it years ago and in my judgment we ought to have
it to the extent tliat everv man who keeps bees ought to be licensed or
have permission to keep them from some state institution. It is the
man who d,oesn't know anything about beekeeping that is a detriment
to others. If they get foul brood they are going to inoculate the whole
iieighborhood. It is wrong to allow a man who doesn't know anything
about a busiiiess to ruin the business of other men who do know some-
thing about it. There is enough honey going to waste in Cook county,
if gathered, to support three hundred families and give them all they
want. » We must control foul brood, and we can't do that in any other
way except by state laws and education. We ought to have a corre-
spondence course from the State university. If we had it, J would
take it.

The President. — I will appoint on that committee as chairman
Mr. Cushman, with Mr. Wood ridge and Mr. Smith. As I understand
it, none of these three gentlemen are manufacturers.

Question. — Whv does the crop of honey around the vicinity of
Chicago seem to be thinner this year than it has been for years?

Mr. Smith. — I don't believe it is the crop, I. believe it is the bees.
For three years I have had a strain of bees that have produced a sur-
plus every year, from 60 to 180 pounds, while other colonies in the
same apiary didn't produce any. All of them had the same chance,
hut only about five out of twenty produced a surplus. One of them
produced over one hundred pounds in that particular apiary. Xone
of the five produced less than sixty. I have never kept bees for profit
as a first consideration. My object in studying bees in the first place
was to find out something about them nobody else knew. I need a
hobby, whenever I haven't got a hobby I have the grouch (laughter).

The President. — ^W^e will adjourn till 1 :30.

Whereupon adjournment was taken until 1 :30 p. m.

TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION.

An election of officers was held, and the following officers were
elected :

President, Mr. E. S. Miller.

Vice President, Mr. C. 0. Smith.

Secretary-Treasurer, John C. Bull.

Delegate to the A. H. P. L. meeting, Mr. Miller.

The President. — We will hear the report of the resolutions com-
mittee.

Mr. Cushman. — Mr. President, the committee agreed we would
simply make the request for the instruction. The average business man
in our midst connected with beekeeping does not have much of an idea
of the value of the honey crop of any of our states or of the United
States, and I hope the president and trustees in the present college
may have something said to them that will call their' attention forcibly
to the importance of the industry in the various states of the country.

176 TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

and how much is being done there compared to what we are doing here.
Our request is to President McKenzie and the Board of Trustees of
the Universit}' of Illinois, Urbaua, Illinois.

Gentlemen, we, the assembled members of the Chieago-Xorthwest-
ern Beekeepers' Association urgently request that you furnish instruc-
tion in beekeeping for the educatfon of all in the State who now keel?
bees as well as the coming generation of beekeepers, that they may not
only be able to intelligently pvercome bee diseases now menacing the
honey producing industry ofi Illinois, but thoroughly understand the
most profitable and successful method of honey production.

The President, — You have heard the report, what do you wish to
do with it? I ,

Mr. Wheeler. — I move we adopt it. (Seconded and carried.)

The Secretary. — Mr. President, if I have this straight, yester-
day we had a price committee appointed to send out price letters, and
vre voted to join the American Honey Producers' League and elect* a
delegate to go to the meeting^ wherever it might be. Just a few min-
utes ago we elected the dek\^ate. After joining the league there was
a motion to assess the members for the expense of the delegate. That
being the case weare all subject to an assessment sufficient to cover
the expenses of the delegate at the Indianapolis meeting. We also
moved to join the Illinois State association. I presume our member-
!-:hip fee in the Illinois associajtion will be the same as in the past, until
we hear differently, anyway. ' In what order will these things be taken
u^j? ,In case there is not sufficient funds to do all this, in what order
will they be taken up, in the order they were passed, or how? First
price committee, second joijiing the American Honey Producers' League,
send a delegate there and pay the expenses, further join the Illinois
State' Association. I don't want to get tangled up if I handle this iiext
. year, I want to know exactly what procedure to take. The wording
of the resolution is that the assessment shall cover the expense of the
delegate only.

Mr. Yost. — I move that the outline be followed as it was taken
up, beginning with the price committee first.

Mr. Wooluridge! — I mo\e that we take the list and go down as
the time c-omes for the money to be used, and pay for it by special as-
sessment. I don't know what your rules are about making this special
assessment, but when the amoimt is obtained and pro rated to all the
members, let them pay u]). ,^

The Secretary. — You mean make one assessment for the entire
amount : V

Ml!. WooLDRiDGE. — Yes. Your books show the amount you have
collected.

The President. — Mr. Wooldridge's motion is that the money we
have be used as far as it will «o, and for the balance we will make an
assessment upon the membership. (Seconded.)

The motion was passed unanilnously.

The President. — Anything further before we adjourn? I want
to say I am pleased witli what has taken place here, and I hope we may
all pull together. There is nothing gained by pulling apart. Let us

. ILLTXOIS STATE BEEKBEPERS' ASSOCfATIOX. 177

work together and f^ee if we cannot make this association worth while.
I think we can.

(President Miller left and Vice" President Smith acted as Chair-
man of the meeting.)

The Chairman. — What is your further pleasure, ladies and gentle-
men? Any motion, any question you want to ask is in order, provided
it is within Robert's Eules of Order.

QuESTiox. — Have you a bee inspector near Valparaiso, Indiana,
for that territory?

Mr. Yost. — Xo, sir. I live in Indianapolis. Mr. Johnson is at
LogansjDoit. We have no county inspectors, and I think we never will
have.

Mr. Hawkins. — That proposition of inspection is really worth
some consideration. I think Mr. Kildow's greatest trouble in this State
is that he probably hasn't had the support by the beekeepers in the
state that he should have had. He has failed to receive the support of
the beekeepers in this State in different ways. I don't believe he has
ever had enough support, particularly when he was attempting to get
adequate funds for his inspection service. I don't believe he has had
the support of the beekeepers in cleaning up diseases, as he should have
bad. I am not criticizing the members of the Chicago-Xorthwestern
Association, because most of us know enough to clean up disease when
it appears in our own yard. I am talking about the smaller beekeep-
ers throughout the State, whom we might happen to know. I think
one reason you have as much disease as you do in Illinois is be<-ause
you do not stand back of Mr. Kildow. I think you people owe it to him,
in helping him eradicate bee diseases, to stand back of him in every way.
Go to him and find out, if he has got the kind of assistance he Avants,
and ask him what you can help him to do to get it. Let us make Illi-
nois a State free from bee disease. I do not know much about bee
diseases in the northern states; I am more familiar with the disease
situation as it exists in the south, and I know that they view with alarm
in southern states the importation of bees in any form from the north,
and they have a perfect right to fear the importation of bees from the
north because of the fact that through nine out of ten shipments of bees
of any consequence into the south from a state in the north could be
directly traced the bee diseases in the south. T know the first ca>e of
American foul brood in the State of Florida was traced directly to a
shipment of bees from Iowa, and at the time I was in the service T was
sent down there to trace the shipment, find where it went to, inspect
the bees if possible and find out if they had disease, and those bees were
brought across Georgia and on down the river and infected the whole
territory in Florid^. They had spent some fifteen thousand dollars
(leaning up the effects of that one shipment of bees. The southern
people, by virtue of these facts, have a right to fear shipments of bees
down south from this part of the country. It seems to me a commend-,
able thing that the commonwealth of Illinois, thorough as it is, should
liave more beekeeping work in the college and should be more free from
diseases than it is. I don't know whether Mr. Kildow feels ho has
—12 B A

178 twi:n'tikth axxfal report of the

enough help and funds, but if he feels like most of the inspectors he
will take all the money he can get. The funds come from the state
legislature by a committee of beekeepers appearing before the appropria-
tions committee or ways and means committee or Senate, and. asking
for them. I know the director of the department of agriculture at
^:)ringfield personally. He was .at one time a candidate for governor,
^e has some bees himself, and is very much interested in bee culture
v.'ork, and if Mr. Kildow neefls anything, and he needs support in other
than his own work, I am sujl he will find that man to l3e in a very
receptive mood toward the beekeepers in this State. Atkins is his name.

The CHATit:MAX. — Very few beekeepers come to us with any con-
structive ideas. We are not so big- that we know it all. We are not so
i\vise that we do not make mistakes.' We are not so successful that we
do not make appliances that can not be bettered, and the thing we in-
vite sincerely is constructive criticism from beekeepers,

A Manufacturer. — We welcome criticisms and suggestions. That
is why we ask the Ijeekeepers their opinion of certain items, but nobody
ever comes to us with constructive ideas except in very rare instances.
And what is more, we are willing to pay for them. We do not want
anybody's services or information for nothing, and at any time any
association or beekeeper has any ideas or criticisms about the goods we
make, they are certainly welcome to tell us about it.

The Chairman. — Personally I think the supply man does almost
more for the beekeeper than any other iivformation. I get as many of
their catalogues as !■ can and study them. I would like to ask Mr.
Hawkins Avhat they have done about a wintering case that is such as
developed by Dr. Phillips. . '

Mr. Hawkins. — We tried that out last winter at the University
of W^isconsin, and abandoned the idea on the principle that Dr. Phillips
has gotten up, for the reason that^ at the present cost of materials the
thing couldn't be put on the market at present at a figure we felt we
could afford to ask the beekeeper to pay. I believe the princi])le of the
thing is good, so this winter we are experimenting with an entirely dif-
ferent type, and we hope by next fall to have somethijig that can be put
out at a price which the beekeeper can afford to pay.

The Chairman. — Have you any new appliances that are not in
general use?

Mr. Hawkins. — That is a question I cannot answer.

Question. — How do you like the Porter bee escape?

Mr. Hawkins. — I have never had a Porter escape that didn't work,
that I know of. 1 have had them where you would have to wash them
out with boiling water to get them to work again. In shipping or
handling the springs may have been 1)ent out of shape.

Mr. Cusiiman. — My experience was unsatisfactory, and I thought
the explanation of it might be that during the war they may have used
different material. A dozen beekeepers of Maryland , told me they
couldn't depend on them. Of course I have never been, at the plant
of the Porter ])eo])le, so T don't know what material they used in war
time. I have seen Porter escapes aiul put them on myself, that I didn't

i

ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKEEPERs' ASSOCIATIOX. 1T9

think would work, but I bent the springs so they came tighter together.
1 think that would happen from the handling of the escape in shipping.

Mr. Hawkixs. — The people in the University of Wisconsin made
some interesting experiments this fall. They put an empty hive body
over an escape board in which they shook a lot of bees, and then used
a glass inner cover so they could watch the bees, and they found a very
interesting thing in connection with the trapping of those bees below,
that instead of the bees making for this hole, they went around and
around on the svirface board, and it looked as though most of them
that went through the outside found the hole. Then they took four
escapes, and put one in each corner so that when they started around
the outside they ran into one of these traps, and they got them out in
about one-tenth of the time. Some have escapes going across the center.
I do not know why it is put there.

A Member. — It was put there because that is the warmest place in
the hive. In the fall when the weather gets cool if you have an escape
in one corner' of the board the bees won't go through it at all. If you
put them in the middle you can get the bees out in cold weather.

Mr. Hawkixs. — Xinety-eight per cent of the honey is taken off
when the weather is warm. If you had four escapes there could be
sufficient circlilation to attract the bees to the corners.

A Member. — I have used ventilating boards in front, in order to
keep the honey warm enough to extract in cool weather. I iind if you
have any young bees in the upper story they will wander over this venti-
lating board and don't find the escape and don't pass below. They die.

The CiiAiRiiAX'. — We will hear from iMr. Kildow.

Mr. Kildoav. — I am going to ask a favor of the Illinois beekeepers.
Ever since the Avar I have been handicapped in my work in two ways,
by not having enough money, and by not having competent inspectors.
When we first started Ave thought Ave Avere getting fair wages, four dol-
lars a day and expenses AA^hile Ave Avere at Avork. The last feAv years
lliat hasn't been anything, A beekeeper of any experience at all would
not leave his yard and go out and inspect bees for four dollars a day.
You can't blame him. I can't get a good man, the money Avill not per-
mit it. And so this Avinter Ave are going to, in fact already haA^e put
in for an increase in our money, and I Avant to ask all you Illinois bee-
keepers to Avrite your representatives and senators, asking them to sup-
port the men that have our agricultural board, and if we can get a
reasonable amount of money we can get better qualified men, more of
them, and Ave can help more all over the State. As it is, I have only
had four men this summer, and they didn't do much. We tried to keep
it going a little, so it Avoiildn't fall clear doAAm, but they lost money
every time they AA^ent out. If we could get a reasonable amount of
money so we could put in more men and competent men Ave could do
more Avork and there AA^ould be no complaint. I Avish you AA^ould all
write your representatives and senators and tell them to support any
bill that the agricultural board puts up.

The Chairmax'. — I see another gentleman in the audience Ave
would like to hear from, Mr. BoA-den.

180 TWENTIETH ANNUAL EEPOUT OF THE

Mr. Boyden. — Mr. Chairman, I didn't come here to make a speech,
in fact I dropped in to attend the meeting of the league, but I want to
assure you I appreciate being here and meeting some of the men I used
to know years ago when I was a- small boy Avorking for Mr. York over
here on Michigan Avenue. I want to indorse something Mr. Hawkins
has just said to you relative to bee supplies. "We welcome any honest,
constructive criticism m our line. And referring to the gentleman
who said something about springs, I Avant to assure you if any of you
get goods from our house which are not satisfactory, we want to know
it. If you will send the springs back I will pay the postage and make,
the manufacturer send you good ones. The company have endeavored
since their organization to put out good goods, and it is distressing to
us to find our goods are not what we hoped they Avould be. I wish I '
could express to you something that is in my mind of some of us who
have something to do with the material manufactured in our factory
relative to standardization of equipment. We know many beekeepers
have many minds, but it seems to me that the forward-looking policy
of the industry should be the standardization of hives. I know there
has been a great deal said through the cohmms of bee journals of late,
relative to a larger hive, a thirteen-frame hive, a twelve-frame hive, and
I don't know what other kind of hive. T am sure they are all good.
From a manufacturing standpoint it is some problem to mainifaeture
all these sizes and keep the cost down. It is only by large pi'odnction
that the cost is maintained as it is at the present time. Possibly those
of you who have had the experience of selling your bees ai)preciate this
fact, that you can sell bees or equipment of standard sizes much better
than you can without those sizes, so that is a distinct advantage.

We hesitate about putting forth new ideas in catalogues, because
we like to see it tried out. If it is proved a success we Avant it. If it
is a fad or fancy we do not like to foist it iipon the beekeepers. AVhat
is successful with one mind would be a detriment to others, so it is
rather a problem to know where to draw the line. I believe beekeepers
can afford to stick very closely to standard goods.

T?rE Chairman. — I Avould like to have every one Avho wishes to
discuss the question take the floor. The only standardization that I
Avould recommend is that I am in favor of progress always, in favor
of changing when we get something better, but not otherwise. For in-
stance, it seems to me that the top bar of the Langstroth frame should
be of the same length. I find the Lang-stroth hive body is of two or
three lengths. I don't knoAv who makes the different lengths, but I
knoAv much of the time Avben I go to my apiary and change a frame
from one hive body to another, I have got to cut. off one-fourth inch
or drive a nail in the end of one to make it lap. They are factory made
hives.

Mr. Coppin. — They did manufacture tlie brood frame with a long
shoulder and didn't iise the staples in the ends. "NTow they are making
them M'ith a shorter shoulder, long enough for the. bees and with the
staple to keep them from sliding off, and if you have the short one and
don't use tlie staple, they will be a]it to drop down, Avhile on the other
liand some of those full-length. I find you need to cut some of them off.

ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKBEPERs' ASSOCIATIOX. 181

TiLE CiiAiitMAX. — That is as much the fault of the purchaser as
it is the fault of the manufacturer. The purchaser ought to know what
kind of goods lie wants and then order what he wants, and know what
is in his apiary, akd buy to match it. I don't blame all the troubles
I have onto other people. ;

Mk. Cushmax. — The resolutions committee would like to ask if
what we have done is all you want us to do, or dp you want us to go
further in any -way?

The 1' haikmax. — I understand it is the dutv of the committee to
see that the resolution gets into the hands of the proper party at Spring-
field. Anything further?

Mr. McMuri!AY. — On the question of European foul brood, there
is evidently something about that disease that we do not know. We
liave had some cases in Wisconsin where Europeana foul brood destroyed
large apiaries in spite of everything that could be done that was known
to do, and it takes on a form that even an experienced eye cannot detect
from American foul brood in certain stases. While I am on the floor
I want to say to you Illinois people that if you buy bees or queens from
Wisconsin we are going to do everything that is humanely possible to
see that those bees come to you free of disease. AA'e are not going to
allow diseased bees to go out to you if we know it. In some cases we
lia\e kept yards from moving out of the State. Our experience is that
wlien you move you move the disease. The same thing is true about
))ee:> coming into our State. We are going to have to know that those
ijees are not only clean when they started, but they must have been clean
for a long enough time tlutt we are reasonablv sure that there are no
foul brood cells in that jjoney. Sometimes I think we are going to
have to come to.tlie proposition that bees are going to be moved inter-
state as combless packages, or .•<hook on foundation and moved. Our
records show in Madison, where we tabulate and put things on maps,
that fold brood is being scattered by the movement of foul l)rood bees
and old hives, and that is the best reason why we should have a law
to control the_ moving of bees in the State. We quarantine all bees and
ali ijee supplies so that it is unlawful to move or sell bees or mo\'e or sell
used bee suplies without a permit from the State inspector. It is cost-
ing something to administer that law, but it is worth! it. I believe
today if you enforce a law like that and do not do any clean-up work
at all, Just quarantine e\ery colony of bees in the State and fight every
man that attempts to sell or move bees or used bee supplies without a
permit, that it would automatically clean them up. If the bees are
not moved it will not scatter. Foul brood scatters from yard to yard
^•ery slowly. 1 hope you people in Illinois will put on a campaign of
this kind, and that you will take special care in inspecting bees that
come into the State of Wisconsin, and we will meet you more than half
way. We will almost undertake to guarantee that you will not get any
infection from AVisconsin from gums, hives or usecl bee supplies.

The Chair:^iax. — Tell us under what conditions bees will be per-
mitted to enter Wisconsin from other states?

Mr. MAc]iIi'i!UAY. — The rules we have at present are that they nmst
have a certificate of inspection from our inspector, but our recent ex-

182 TWEXTIETir AXXUAL EEPORT OF THE

perience from some otliev states is leading us to modify that, so that
you must not only have an inspector's certificate, but we must be assured
that those bees have not had foul brood for perhaps a year before being
shipped, and that they are not coming from a foul brood neighborhood.

The C'liAiHMAN. — Even though they come in combless packages,

Mr. MacMukray. — Xo, that is another thing. We think bees are
perfectly safe provided they are fed on sugar syrup in transit. We are
afraid of bees shipped in the hive, comb and honey.

QuESTiox. — Under what circumstances do you permit second hand
hives to be moved? ^

Answer. — Our law recpiires that they be thoroughly scorched. And
it must be done in such a w^y around the edges and around so as to
destroy any honey.

QuESTiox. — Will they be permitted to have a passport into the
state ?

Answer. — Yes, after they have been treated, after they have been
thorottghly treated and reported to the authorities.

The Chairman. — Would yon consider scorching a hive in an ordi-
nary case sufficient?

Answer. — If they are thoroughly schorched, it makes no difference
how it is done. Some men use a little straw. Some use a plumbers
torch. It should be well done. That is the important thing, rriie
novice Avill not scorcli the top and bottom and edges, which may be just
as dangerous as any part.

The CitAnnrAN. — If there is nothing further, we will stand ad-
jotirned till next year.

Whereupon, the meeting adjourned.

i

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERs' ASSOCIATION. 183

FORMATION OF THE ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS

ASSOCIATION.

Springfield, III.. FeTiruary .?■';. i8.0/.

The Capitol Beekeepers' Association was called to order by President
P. J. England.

Previous notice having been given that an effort would be made to form
a State association, and there being present beekeepers from different parts
of the State, by motion, a recess was taken in order to form such an asso-
ciation.

P. J. England was chosen temporary chairman and C. E. Yocum tem-
porary secretary. On motion, the Chair appointed Thos. G. Newman, C. P.
Dadant and Hon J. M. Hambaugh a Committee on Constitution.

Col. Chas. F. Mills addressed the meeting on the needs of a State asso-
ciation and stated that it was his opinion that the beekeepers should have
a liberal appropriation for a State Apiarian Exhibit at the World's Columbian
Exposition.

A motion to adjourn till 1:30 p. m. prevailed.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

The Committee on Constitution reported a form for same which, on
motion, was read by the Secretary, by sections serially.

Geo. F. Rcbbins moved to substitute the word "shall" for "may" in the
last clause of Section 1, Article III. This led to a very animated discussion,
and the motion was lost.

J. A. Stone moved to amend the above-named section by striking out the
word "ladies" and all that followed of the same section, which motion led to
further discussion, and motion finally prevailed.

Section 2, Article II, relating to a quorum, was, on motion, entirely
stricken out.

Mr. Robbins moved to amend Article V by adding the words "Thirty
days' notice having been given to each member." Prevailed.

Thos. G. Newman moved to adopt the Constitution, so amended, as a
whole. Which motion prevailed.

(See Constitution).

J. A. Stone moved that the Chair appoint a Nominating Committee of
three on permanent organization. Prevailed.

Chair appointed as such committee. Col. Chas. F. Mills, Hon. J. M.
Hambaugh, and C. P. Dadant.

Committee retired and In a few minutes returned, submitting the fol-
lowing named persons as candidates for their respective offices:

For President — P. J. England, Fancy Prairie.

For Vice Presidents — Mrs. L. Harrison, Peoria; C. P. Dadant, Hamilton;
W. T. F. Petty, Pittsfield; Hon. J. M. Hambaugh, Spring; Dr. C. C. Miller.
Marengo.

Secretary — Jas. A. Stone, Bradfordton.

Treasurer — A. N. Draper, Upper Alton.

Mr. Black moved the adoption of the report of the Committee on Nom-
inations. The motion prevailed, and the ofiicers as named by the committee
were declared elected for the ensuing year.

Hon J. M. Hambaugh moved that Mr. Thos. G. Newman, Editor Ameri-
can Bee Journal, of Chicago, be made the first honorary member of the
association. Prevailed.

184

TWENTIETH ANNUAL KEPORT OF THE

At this point, Col. Chas. F. Mills said:

"Mr. Chairman, I want to be the first one to pay my diollar for member-
ship," at the same time suiting his action to his words, and others followed
his example, as follows:

CHARTER MEMBERS.

Col. Chas F. Mills, Springfield.
Hon. J. M. Hambaugh, Spring.
Hon. J. S. Lyman, Farmingdale.
C. P. Dadant, Hamilton.
Chas. Dadant, Hamilton.
A. N. Draper, Upper Alton.
S. N. Black, Clayton.
Aaron Ooppin, Wenona.

Geo. F. Robbins, Mechanicsburg.

J. W. Yocum, Williamsville.

Thos. S. Wallace, Clayton.

A. J. England, Fancy Prairie.

P. J. England, Fancy Prairie.

C. E. Yocum, Sherman.

Jas. A. Stone, Bradfordton.

FIRST HONORARY MEMBER.
Thos. G. Newman. Editor American Bee Journal, Chicago.

DEC|2 192)

<=^v^v«i/%.-%,,^*.,

'••>i».-

ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATIOX. ISo

STATE OF ILLINOIS— DEPARTMENT OF STATE.

Isaac N. Peaksox, Secretary of State.

To all to whom these Presents shall come — Greeting:

Whereas, A certificate duly signed and acknowledged having been filed
in the office of the Secretary of State on the 27th day of February, A. D.
1891, for the organization of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association,
under and in accordance witli the provisions of "An Act Concerning Corpo-
rations," approved April 18, 1872, and in force July 1, 1872, and all acts
amendatory thereof, a copy of which certificate is hereunto attached.

Now, Therefore, I, Isaac N. Pearson, Secretary of State, of the State of
Illinois, by virtue of the powers and duties vested in me by law, do hereby
certify that the said. The Illinois State Beekeepers' Association, is a legally
organized' corporation under the laws of the State.

In Testimony Whereof, I hereunto set my hand and cause to be afiixed
the great seal of State.

Done at the city of Springfield, this 27th day of February, in the year
of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety-one, and
the Independence of the United States the one hundred and
fifteenth. ,

[Seal] I. N. Peakso.x, Secretary of State.

State of Illinois, 1 ^,,
County of Sangamon, / '^''''
To Isaac N. Pearson. Secretary of State:

We, the undersigned, Perry J. England, Jas. A. Stone and Albert N.
Draper, citizens of the United States, propose to form a corporation under
an act of the General Assembly of the State of Illinois, entitled, "An Act
Concerning Corporations," approved April 18, 1872, and all acts amendatory
thereof; and for the purposes of such organizations, we hereby state as fol-
lows, lo-wit:

1. The name of such corporation is, The Illinois State Beekeepers'
Association.

2. The object for which it is formed is to promote the general interests
of the pursuit of bee-culture.

3. The management cf the aforesaid Association shall be vested in a
board of three Directors, who are to be elected annually.

4. The following persons are hereby selected as the Directors, to con-
trol and manage said corporation for the first year of its corporate existence,
viz: Perry J. England, Jas. A. Stone, and Albert N. Draper.

5. The location is in Springfield, in the county of Sangamon, State of
Illinois.

(Signed) Perky J. England.
Jas. a. Stone.
Albert N. Draper.

State of Illinois, ^^
Sangamon County. : '''

I. S. Mendenhall, a notary public in and for the county and State afore-
said, do hereby certify that on this 26th day of February, A. D. 1891, per-
sonally appeared before me, Perry J. England, James A. Stone and Albert
N. Draper, to me personaljy known to be the same persons who executed the

f -.

186

TWEXTJKTH A^"^:UAL EEPOPiT Ol" THE

foregoing certificate, and severally acknowledged that they had executed the
same for the purposes therein set" forth.

In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal the day and
year above written.

[Seal] S. Mexdenhall, Notary Puhlic.

(

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATIOX. - lb<

CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS OF THE ILLINOIS STATE
BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

Constitution.

Adopted Feb. 26, 1891.

ARTICLE I.— Name.

This organization shall be known as The Illinois State Beekeepers'
Association, and its principal place of business shall be at Springfield, III.

ARTICLE II.— Object.

Its object shall be to promote the general interests of the pursuit of
bee-culture.

ARTICLE III.— Membership.

Section 1. Any person interested in apiculture may become a member
upon the payment to the Secretary of an annual fee of one dollar and fifty
cents ($1.50). (Amendment adopted at annual meeting, December, 1919):
And any affiliating association, as a body, may become members on the pay-
ment of an aggregate fee of fifty cents (oOc) per member, as amended No-
vember, 1910.

Sec. 2. Any person may become honorary members by receiving a
majority vote at any regular meeting.

ARTICLE IV.— Okfkeus.

Section 1. The officers of this association shall be. President, Vice
President, Secretary and Treasurer. Their terms of office shall be for one
year, or until their successors are elected and qualified.

Sec. 2. The President, Secretary and. Treasurer shall constitute the
Executive Committee.

Sec. 3. Vacancies in office — by death, resignation and otherwise — shall
be filled by the Executive Committee until the next annual meeting.

ARTICLE v.— Amendments. -

This Constitution shall be amended at any annual meeting by a two-
thirds vote of all the members present — thirty days' notice having been
given to each member of the association.

By-Laws.

ARTICLE I.

' The officers of the association shall be elected by ballot and by a ma-
jority vote.

ARTICLE II. •

It shall be the duty of the President to call and preserve order at all
meetings of this association; to call for all reports of officers and commit-

188

TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

tees; to put to vote all motions regularly seconded; to count the vote at all
elections, and declare the results; to decide upon all questions of order,
and to deliver an address at eachi. annual meeting.

i
ARTICLE III.

The Vice Presidents shall be^ numbered, respectively, First, Second,
Third, Fourth and Fifth, and it sh^-11 be the duty of one of them, in his re-
spective prder, to preside in the absence of the President.

I

ARTICLE IV.

Section 1. It shall be the duty of the Secretary to report all proceed-
ings of the association, and 1o record the same, when approved, in the.
Secretary's book; to conduct all correspondence of the association, and to
file and preserve all papers belonging to the same; to receive the annual
dues and pay them over to the Treasurer, taking his receipt for the same; .to
take and record the name and address of every member of the association;
to cause the Constitution and By-laws to be printed in appropriate form and
in such quantities as may be directed by the Executive Committee from time
to time, and see that each member is provided with a copy thereof; to make
out and publish annually, as far as practicable, statistical table showing the
number ci colonies owned in the spring and fall, and the amount of honey
and wax produced by each member, together with such other information
as may be deemed important, or be directed by the Executive Committee;
and to give notice of all meetings pf the association in the leading papers
of the State, and in the bee journals at least four weeks prior to the time of
such meeting. -, ,

Sec. 2. The Secretary shall be' allowed a reasonable compensation for
his services, and to appoint an assistant Secretary if deemed necessary.

ARTICLE V.

)>

It shall be the duLy of the Tj^easurer to take charge of all funds of the
association, and to pay them, out upon the order of the Executive Committee,
taking a receipt for the same; and to render a report of all receipts and

expenditures at each annual meeting.

i
ARJTICLE VI. !

It shall be the duty of the li^ecutive Committee to select subjects for
discussion and appoint members to deliver addresses or read essays, and to
transact all interim business. ; -

ARTICLE VII.

The meeting of the associatidn sliali be,
by the following order of business:
Call to order. •

Reading minutes of last meeting.
President's address. ',]

Secretary's report.
Treasurer's report.
Reports of committees.
Unfinished business.
Reception of members and collection.
Miscellaneous business. ^

Election and installation of officers.
Discussion.
Adjournm.ent.

as far as practicable, governed

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEBPEES' ASSOCIATION. 189

ARTICLE VIIL

These By-Laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of all the members
present at any annual meeting.

C. E. YocoM.
Aaron Coppin.
Geo. F. Robbixs.

J

190

TWENTIETH 4XNUAL REPORT OF THE

Following is a copy of the ,:law passed by the Illinois Legislature May
19, and signed by the Governor June 7, 1911, to take effect July 1, 1911:

STATE FOUL BROOD LAW.
State Inspector of Apiaries.

Preamble.

I

§ 1. State. Inspector of Apiaries-;— ap-
pointment — term — assistants
— per diem.

§ 2. Foul Brood, etc. — what declared
nuisances — inspection — notice to
owner or occupant — treatment — ■
abatement of nuisance — appeal.

S 3. Annual Rejiort.
S 4. Penalties.

House Bill No. 670.

(Approved June 7, 1911.)
Ax Act to prevent the introduction and spread in Illinois of foul hrood
among bees, providing for the a:ppointment of a State Inspector of Apiaries
and prescribing his poicers andi duties.

Whereas, the disease known as foul brood exists to a very considerable
extent in various portions of this State, which, if left to itself, will soon
exterminate the honey bees; and

Whereas, the work done by an individual beekeeper or by a State in-
spector is useless so long as the official is not given authority to inspect
and, if need be, to destroy the disease when found; and

Whereas, there is a. great loSs to the beekeepers and fruit growers of
the State each year by the devastating ravages of foul brood;
► Section 1. Be it enacted by the People of the State of Illinois, repre-
sented in the General Assembly : \ That the Governor shall appoint a State
Inspector of Apiaftes, who shall hold his office for the term of two years,
and until his successor is appointed and qualified, and who may appoint one
or more assistants, as needed, to-,carry on the inspection under his super-
vision. The Inspector of Apiaries shall receive for each day actually and
necessarily spent in the performance of his duties the sum of four dollars to
be paid upon bills of particulars certified to as correct by the said State
Inspector of Apiaries, and approvied by the Governor.

Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of; every person maintaining or keeping any
colonj' or colonies of bees to keep ;the same free from the disease known as
foul brood and from every contagioiis and infectious disease among bees. All
beehives, beefixtures or appurtenances where foul brood or other contagious or
infectious diseases among bees exists, are hereby declared to be nuisances to ,
be abated as hereinafter prescribed. If the Inspector of apiaries shall have
reason to believe that any apiary ; is. infected by foul brood or other con-
tagious disease, he shall have pow.(^l' to inspect, or cause to be inspected, "
from time to time, such apiary, and' for the purpose of such inspection he, or
his assistants, are authorized during reasonable business hours to enter into
or upon any farm or premises, or other building or place used for the pur-
pose of propagating or nuturing bees. If said inspector of apiaries, or his
assistants, shall find by inspection; that any person, firm or corporation ig

.1

ILLINOIS STATIi BKKKKEPEUS' ASSOCIATION'. ll'l

maintaining a nuisance as described in this section, he shall notify in
writing the owner or occupant of the premises containing the nuisance so
disclosed of the fact that such nuisance exists. He shall include in such
notice a statement of the conditions constituting such nuisance, and order
that the same be abated within a specified time and a direction, written or
printed, pointing out the methods which shall be taken to abate the same.
Such notice and order may be served personally or by depositing the same
in the postoffice properly stamped, addressed to the owner or occupant of
the land or premises upon which such nuisance exists, and the direction for
treatment may consist of a printed circulS^r bulletin or report of the In-
spector of Apiaries, or an extract from same.

If the person so notified shall refuse or fail to abate said nuisance in
the manner and in the time prescribed in said notice, the Inspector of
Apiaries may cause such nuisance to be abated, and he shall certify to the
owner or person in charge of the premises the cost of the abatement and if
not paid to him within sixty days thereafter the same may be recovered,
together with the costs of action, before any court in the State having
competent jurisdiction.

In case notice and order served as aforesaid shall direct that any bees,
hives, beefixtures or appurtenances shall be destroyed and the owner of
such bees, hives, beefixtures or appurtenances shall consider himself aggrieved
by said order, he shall have the privilege of appealing within three days of
the receipt of the notice to the County Court of the county in which such
property is situated. The appeal shall be made in like manner as appeals
are taken to the County Court from judgments of justices of the peace.
Written jiotice of said appeal served by mail upon the Inspector of Apiaries
shall operate to stay all proceedings until the decision of the County Court,
which may, after investigating the matter, reverse, modify or affirm the
order of the Inspector of Apiaries. Such decision shall then become the
order of the Inspector of Apiaries, who shall serve the same as hereinbefore
set forth and shall fix a time within which such decision must be carried out.

Sec. 3. The Inspector of Apiaries shall, on or before the second Mon-
day in December of each calendar year, make a report to the Governor and
also to the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association, stating the number of
apiaries visited, the number of those diseased and treated, the number of
colonies of bees destroyed and the expense incurred in the performance of
his duties.

Sec. 4. Any owner of a diseased apiary or appliances taken therefrom,
who shall sell, barter or give away any such apiary, appliance, queens or
bees from such apiary, expose other bees to the danger of contracting such
disease, or refuse to allow the Inspector of Apiaries to inspect such apiary,
or appliances, shall be fined not less than ?50 nor more than $100.

Approved June 7, 1911. ,

^

193 TWEXTIETH ANNUAL KErORT OF THE

(Bill passed in the 50th General Assembly.)

BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

THE ORIGIXAL BILL.

S 1. Appropriates $1,000 per annum — S 3. Annual Report,
proviso. I

I ■
i; 2. Ho\y drawn.

Ax Act making an appropriation for the Illinois State Beekeepers'

Association.

Whereas, The members of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association have
for years given much time and labor vithout compensation in the endeavor
to promote the interests of the beekeepers of the State; and,

Whereas, The importance of the industry to the farmers and fruit-
growers of the State warrants the expenditure of a reasonable sum for the
holding of annual meetings, the publication of reports and papers contain-
ing practical information concerning beekeeping, therefore, to sustain the
Fame and enable this organization to defray the expenses of annual meet-
ings, publishing reports, suppressing foul brood among bees in the State,
and promote the industry in Illinois;

Section 1. Be it enacted by the People of the State of Illinois, repre-
sented in the General Assembly: That there be and is hereby appropriated
for the use of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association the sum of one
thousand dollars ($1,000) per annum for the year 1917, 1918-. For the pur-
pose of advancing the growth and developing the interests of the beekeepers
of Illinois, said sum to be expended under the direction of the Illinois State
Beekeepers' Association for the purpose of paying the expenses of holding
annual meetings, publishing the proceedings of said meetings suppressing
foul brood among bees in Illinois, etc.

Provided, however, That no ofl5cer or officers of the Illinois State Bee-
keepers' Association shall be entitled to receive any money compensation
Vv'hatever for any services rendered for the same, out of this fund.

Sec. 2. That on the order of the President, countersigned by the Secre-
tary of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association, and approved by the
Governor, the Auditor of Public Accounts shall draw his warrant on the
Treasurer of the State of Illinois in' favor of the treasury of the Illinois
State Beekeepers' Association for the sum herein appropriated.

Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of the Treasurer of the Illinois State Bee-
keepers' Association to pay out of said appropriation, on itemized and
receipted vouchers, such sums as may be authorized by vote of said organiza-
tion on the order of the President colintersigned by the Secretary, and m£i^e
annual report to the Governor of all such expenditures, as provided by law.

Itemized in the Omnibus Bill as follows:

For shorthand reporting ? 200.90

For postage and stationery ; 50.00

For printing 550.00

Expense of meetings 200.00

/ Total amount of the appropriajtion $1,000.00

The Assembly ruled that this is not« to be paid in lump but drawn on
i'temized accounts. i

ILLINOIS STATr- BEKKEErERS' ASSOCIATION. 193

CODE OF RULES AND STANDARDS FOR GRADING API-
ARIAN EXHIBITS AT FAIR AS ADOPTED BY ILLINOIS
STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

COMB HONEY.

Rule 1. Comb honey shall be marked on a scale of 100, as follows:

Quantity 40 Style of display 20

Quality 40

Rule 2. Points of quality should be:

Variety 5 Straightness of comb 5

Clearness of capping 10 Uniformity 5

Completeness of capping 5 Style of section 5

Completeness of filling 5

Remarks: 1. By variety is meant different kinds, with regard to the
sGUVces from which the honey is gathered, which adds much interest to an
exhibit.

2. By clearness of capping is meant freedom from travel stain and a
water soaked appearance. This point is marked a .little high, because it is
a most important one. There is no better test of the quality of comb honey
than the appearance of the cappings. If honey is taken off at the proper
time, and cared for as it should be, so as to preserve its original clear color,
body and flavor will take care of themselves, for excellence in the last two
points always accompanies excellence in the first. Clover and basswood
honey should be white; heartsease, a dull white tinged with yellow; and
Spanish needle, a bright yellow.

3. By uniformity is meant closeness of resemblance in the sections
composing the exhibit.

4. By style is meant neatness of the sections, freedom from propolis,
etc.

5. Honey so arranged as to show every section should score the highest
in style of display, and everything that may add to the tastiness and at-
tractiveness of an exhibit should be considered.

Extracted honey.

Rule 1. Extracted honey should be marked on a scale of 100, as follows:

Quantity 40 Style and display 15

Quality 45

Rule 2. The points of quality should be:

Variety 10 Style of package 10

Clearness of color 5 Variety of package 5

Body 5 Finish 5

Flavor 5

Remarks: 1. Light clover honey pouring out of a vessel is a very
light straw color; Spanish needle, a golden hue, and dark clover honey, a
dull amber.

2. Style of package is rated a little high, not only because in that con-
sists the principal beauty of an exhibit of extracted honey, but also because
it involves the best package for marketing. We want to show honey in the
best shape for the retail trade, and that, in this case, means the most

—13 B A

194 TWKXTTETII [VXXUAL REPORT OF THE

attractive style for exhibition, i Glass packages should be given the prefer-
ence over tin; flint glass over green, and smaller vessels over larger, pro-
vided the latter run over one or two pounds.

3. By variety of package is meant chiefly different sizes; but small pails
for retailing, and, in addition, cans- or kegs (not too large) for wholesaling,
may be considered. In the former case, pails painted in assorted colors, and
lettered "Pure Honey", should be given the preference.

4. By flnish is meant capping, labeling, etc.

5. Le^s depends upon- the manner of arranging an exhibit of extracted
than of comb honey, and for that reason, as well as to give a higher number
of points to style of package, a smaller scale is allowed for style of display.

SAMPLES OP COMB AND EXTRACTED HONEY.

\ ■

Rule 1. Single cases of cornb hOney, entered as such for separate prem-
iums, should be judged by substantially the same rules as those given for
a display of comb honey, and' samples of extracted, by those governing
displays of extracted honey. !•

Rule 2. Samples of comb or extracted honey, as above, may be con-
sidered as part of the general display in their respective departments.

GRANULATED HONEY.

Rule 1. Candied cv granulated honey should be judged by the rules
for extracted honey, except as below

Rule 2. The points of quality should be:

Variety ■ 10 Style of package 10

Fineness of grain 5 Variety of package 5

Color 5 Finish 5

Flavor f. . . . 5

Rule 3. An exhibit of granulated honey may be entered or considered
as part of a display of extracted honey.

NUCLEI OF BEES.

Rule. Bees in observation hives should be marked on a scale of 100,
as follows:

Color and markings 30 Quietness 5

Size of bees 30 Style of comb.. 5

Brood ,. 10 Style of hive 10

Queen 10

Remarks: 1. Bees should the exhibited only in the form of single
frame nuclei, in hives or cages with glass sides.

2. Italian bees should show, three or more bands, ranging from leather
color to golden or light yollow. '■'

3. • The markings of other races should be those claimed for those races
in their purity.

4. A nucleus from which the queen is omitted should score zero on that
point. ;-

5. The largest quantity of brood in all stages or nearest to that should
score the highest in that respect,

6. The straightest, smoothest and most complete comb, with the most
honey consistent with the most brood, should score the highest in that
respect.

7. That hive which is neatest and best made and shows the bees, etc.,
to the best advantage should score the highest.

iLLi^rois STATE beekeepers' a&sociatiox. 195

QUEEN BEES.

Rule. Queen bees in cages should be marked on a scale of 100. as
follows:

Quantity 40 Style of caging and display 20

Quality and variety 40

Remarks: 1. The best in quality consistent with variety should score
the highest. A preponderance of Italian queens should overweigh a pre-
ponderance of black i ones, or, perhaps, of any other race or strain; but
sample queens of any or all varieties should be duly considered. Under the
head of quality should also be considered the attendant bees. There should
be about a dozen with each queen.

2. Neatness and finish of cages should receive due consideration, but
the princijJlal points in style arg^to make and arrange the cages so as to
show the inmates to the best advantage.

BEESWAX.

\

Rule. Beeswax should be marked on a scale of 100, as follows:

Quantity 40 Quality 40

Style of display 20

Remarks: 1. Pale, clear, yellow specimens should score the highest,
and the darker grades should come next in order.

2. By style is meant chiefly the forms in which the wax is molded and
put up for exhibition. Thin cakes or small pieces are more desirable in the
retail trade than larger ones. Some attention may be given to novelty and
variety.

196 TWENTIETH iAXXUAL REPORT OF THE

FOUL BROOD AND OTHER DISEASES OF BEES.

Foul brood — bacillus aleviT— is a fatal and contagious disease anion?;
bees, dreaded most of all by beekeepers. The ferms of disease are either
given to the young larval bee jn its food when it hatches from the egg of
the queen bee, or it may be contagion from a diseased colony, or if the
queen deposits eggs, or the worker bees store honey or pollen in such combs.
If in any one of the above cases, the disease will soon appear, and the germs
increase with great rapidity, going from one little cell to another, colony to
colony of bees, and then to all the neighboring apiaries, thus soon leaving
whole apiaries with only diseased combs to inoculate others. The Island of
Syria in three years lost all of its great apiaries from foul brood. Dzierzon,
in 1868, lost his entire apiary of 500 colonies. Cowan, the editor of the
British Bee Journal, recently wrote: "The only visible hindrance to the
rapid expansion of the bee industry is the prevalence of 'foul brood, which
is so rapidly spreading over the country as to make beekeeping a hazardous
occupation."

Canada's foul brood inspector, in 1890 to 1892, reported 2,395 cases, and
in a later report for 1893 to 189^6, that 40 per cent of the colonies inspected
were diseased. Cuba is one of the greatest honey producing countries, and
was lately reported to me by a Wisconsin beekeeper who has been there, and
will soon return to Wisconsin: "So plentiful is foul brood in Cuba that I
have known wthole apiaries to dwindle out of existence from its ravages,
and hundreds more are on the- same road to sure and certain death. I
myself, took, in 90 days in Cuba, 24,000 pounds of fine honey from 100
colonies, but where is that apiary and my other 150-colony apiary? Dead
from foul brood." Cuba, in 1901, exported 4,975,600 pounds of honey, and
1,022,897 pounds of beeswax. '

Cuba at present has laws to suppress foul brood, and her inspector is
doing all possible to stamp the same from the island.

Even in Wisconsin I know of several quite large piles of empty hives,
where also many other apiaries* where said disease had gotten a strong
foothold.

By the kindness of the Wisconsin beekeepers, and, in most cases, by
their willing assistance, I have, during the last five years, gotten several
counties free of the disease, and at the present writing, March 12, 1902, have
what there is in Wisconsin under control and quarantined. This dreadful
disease is often imported into our State from other states and counties, so
we may expect some new cases to develop until all the states shall enact
such laws as will prevent further spread of the same. Arizona, New York
(1895), California (1891), Nebraska (1895), Utah (1892), Colorado (1897),
have county inspectors, and Wisconsin (1897), and Michigan (1901) have
state inspectors. The present Wisconsin law, after five years of testing and
rapid decrease of the disease, is considered the best, and many other states
are now making efforts to secure a like law.

There are several experimental apiaries in Canada, under control of
the Ontario Agricultural College; also a few in the United States, especially
in Colorado, that have done great work for the beekeeping industry, and
their various publishing bulletins on the same are veiry valuable. The Wis-
consin State Beekeepers' Association has asked that an experimental apiary
might be had on the Wisconsih Experimental Farm, but at present there
are so many departments asking for aid that I fear it may be some time
before beeculture will be taken uj.

ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATIOX. 197

CAUSES OF FOUL BROOD.

1. Many writers claim foul brood originates from chilled or dead brood.
Dr. Howard, of Texas, one of the best practical modern scientific experi-
menters, a man of authority, has proven beyond a doubt tfiiat chilled or
common dead brood does not produce foul brood. I have, in the last five
years, also proven his statement to be true in Wiscoosin, but I do believe
such conditions of dead brood are the most favorable places for lodgment
and rapid growth of disease. Also, I do not believe foul brood germs are
floating in the air, for, if they were, why would not every brood-comb cell
of an infected hive become diseased? I believe that this disease spreatls
only as the adult bees come in contact with it, which is often through
robber bees. Brood-combs should not be removed from any colony on cold
or windy d^s, nor should they be left for a moment in the direct rays of
sunshine on hot days.

2. The foul brood may be caused by the need of proper food and tem-
perature. Generally this disease does not appear to be serious during a
honey flow, but at the close of the honey season, or at time of scarcity. It is
quite serious, and as the bees at such times will rob anywhere they can find
stores, whether from healthy or diseased combs, it is the duty of every bee-
keeper to keep everything carefully protected. Hive enrances contracted,
no old comb or any article with a drop of honey in where the bees can get
to it. While honey is coming in from the various flowers, quite a portion
is used direct as food for the larval bee, and with such no disease would be
fed to the bees. Such fed bees, even in a diseased hive, will hatch, as is
often the case. I never knew a case where a bee hatched from a brood cell
that had ever had foul brood in. If the germs of disease are there in the
dried scale attached to the lower side walls, bees will store honey therein;
the queen will deposit eggs, or the cell may be filled with pollen, or beebread,
as some call it. Said honey, or pollen, when it comes in contact with those

, germs of disease, of the food given to the young bee, if in the proper tem-
perature, said germs of disease will grow and develop rapidly.

CAUSES OF CONTAGION.

I fully believe that if the history of foul brood in Wisconsin were known,
nearly every case could be traced to contagion from diseased combs, honey,
or from home diseased queen breeders' cages. There are some instances
where I have traced the history of contagion in Wisconsin:

1. Diseased apiaries, also single cdlonies, sold ; either at auction or
private sale. Several law suits have resulted in the settlement of some of
the cases.

2. Brood-combs and various implements from diseased hives, used by
other beekeepers, and borrowed articles.

3. All the bees in an apiary dead from foul brood, and the hives having
an abundance of honey in 'the brood-combs, said combs placed out by the
side of hives, so that neighbor's bees might get the honey. Fi-om those
combs I lined robber bees to seven other apiaries, and each time became
diseased and were treated.

4. Robber bees working on empty honey packages in the back yards
of grocery stores and baking factories. Said honey came from diseased
apiaries, some located in far distant states, even Cuba.

5. Loaning of hives, combs, extractors, and even empty honey packages.

6. Buying honey from strangers, or not knowing where it was pro-
duced, and feeding it to bees without boiling the honey. '■

7. Too common a practice of using old brood-combs from some Apiary
where the owner's bees have died from "bad luck," as he calls it.

8. Queen bee — ^by buying queen bees from strangers and introflucing
them in the cages they came in. I have traced several new outbreaks^of the
disease to the hives where such queens were introduced, and the queens
came from distant states. To be safe, on arrival of queen, put her carefully
•alone In a new and clean cage with good food in it. Keep her in there, warm

198* TWENTIETH ANNUAL KEPOET OF THE

and comfortable, for a few hours before introducing. The shipping cage and
every bee that came with the queen should be put in the stove and burned, i
I do not chink there is anj^ danger from the queen so treated, even from I
diseased hives, but I do know of many cases where disease soon appear in/
the hives, where the shipping cage and bees were put in with the colony.
The great danger is in the food in said cage being made from diseased
honey. I was called to attend a state beekeepers' meeting in another state,
and I asked if any there had had experience with foul brood. There was a
goodly number raised hands. Then I asked: "Do any of you think you
got the disease by buying qtieen bees?" Again several hands were raised.
Even beekeepers there had traced .the disease in their apiaries to the buying
01 queens, and all from the same; breeder. If you get queens from abroad,
1 hope you will do with them as I have described above. Better be on the
safe side. 1

EXPERIMENTS.

1. A prominent Wisconsin beekeeper some years ago had foul brood
among his bees so bad that he lost 200 colonies before the disease was
checked. Having a honey extractor and comb foundation machine, he first
boiled the hives in a large sorghui^i pan, then in a kettle all combs were
melted after the honey was extracted; the honey was boiled and also the
extractor and implements used. The bees were returned to their hives on
comb foundation he made from the wax made from the melted combs, then
fed the boiled honey. Several yegr^s have passed, and there has been no
sign of disease in his apiary since. ■

2. Foul brood germs are not always killed when exposed to a temper-
ature of 212 deg. F. (boiling point) for 45 minutes. But in every case where
the combs are boiled in boiling water, and same were well stirred while n
boiling, no germs were alive.

3. Foul brood in broom-combs is not destroyed when exposed to the
temperature of Wisconsin winters of 20 deg. below zero, and in one case I
developed foul brood from combs that had been exposed to 28 deg. below zero.

4. Honey, if stored in diseased combs, acts as a preserving medium,
and in such cases the germs of disease will remain so long as, the comb is
undisturbed. Four years at least.

5. Honey or beeswax, or the refuse from a solar or sunheat extractor,
is not heated enough to kill foul brood germs. Several cases of contagion
where robber bees worked on solar extractor refuse or honey.

6. Comb foundation made by ^supply manufacturers is free from live
germs of disease and perfectly safe to use. To prove this experiment beyond
a doubt, I took a quantity of badly diseased brood-combs from several
apiaries and render each batch of qombs into wax itself on the farm where
found. Then on my own foundation mill I made some brood foundation. I
also took quite a quantity more of said wax, went to two wholesale comb
foundation manufacturers, and both; parties willingly made my experimental
v;ax into comb foundation, just the same as they do every batch of wax, I
then divided the various makes of foundation, and selected 20 of the best
beeyards in Wisconsin, where no disease has ever been known; had the same
placed in 62 of their best colonies, and in every case no signs of disease have
appeared. Those same colonies continue to be the best in the various
apiaries. ,

SYMPTOMS OF FOUL BROOD.

1. The infected colony is not liable to be as industrious. Hive en-
trances with few guard bees to protect their home. Sometimes fine dirt or
little bits of old comb and dead bees irv and around the hive entrance, and
often robber bees seeking entrance.

2. Upon opening the hive, the brood in the combs is irregular, badly
scattered, with many empty cells w;hich need inspection.

ILLINOIS STATE BEBKEEPEKS' ASSOCIATIOX. 199

3. The cappings oybt healthy brood are oval, smooth, and of a healthy
color peculiar to honey bee brood, but if diseased, the cappings are sunken,
a little darker in color, and have ragged pin holes. The dead larval bee is
of a light color, and, as it is termed, ropy, so that if a toothpick is inserted
and slowly withdrawn, this dead larva will draw out much like spittle
or glue. '

4. In this ropy stage there is more or less odor peculiar to the disease;
it smells something like an old, stale gluepot. A colony may be quite badry
affected and not admit much odor, only upon opening of the hive or close
examination of the brood. I have treated a few cases where the foul broou
odor vi^as plainly noticed several rods from the apiary. (

5. Dried Scales — If the disease has reached the advanced stages, all the
above described conditions will be easily seen and the dried scales as well.
This foul matter is so tenacious that the bees cannot remove it, so it dries
down on the lower side wall of the cell, midway from the bottom to front
end of the cell, seldom on the bottom of the cell. According to its stage
of development, there will be either the shapeless mass of dark brown
matter, on the lower side of the cell, often with a wrinkled skin covering,
as if a fine thread had been inserted in the skiii lengthwise and drawn
enough to form rib-like streaks on either side. Later on it becomes hardened,
nearly black in color, and in time dries down to b^ as thin as the side walls
of the cell. Often there will be a small dried bunch at the front end of the
ce]l, not larger than a part of a common pin head. To see it plainly, take
the comb by the top bar and hold it so that a good light falls into the cell
at an angle of 75 degrees from the tip of the comb, while your sight falls upon
the cell at an angle of about 45 degrees. The scales, if present, will easily
be seen as above described. This stage of disease in combs is easily seen,
and is always a sure guide or proof of foul brood. Such combs can never be
used safely by the bees, and must be either burned or carefully melted. Be
sure not to mistake such marked combs in the spring for those soiled with
bee dysentery. The latter have a somewhat similar appearance, but are
more or less surface soiled, and will also be spotted or have streaked appear-
ance by the dark brown sticky excrements from the adult bees.

TREATMENT. _

"A beekeeper who does not discover foul brood, before his nostrils re-
mind him that there is something wrong with his bees, is not the proper
person to treat the case." Dr. Howard, in his valuable book on foul brood,
states: "I regard the use of all drugs in the treatment of foul brood as a
useless waste of time and material, wholly ineffectual, inviting ruin and
total loss of bees. Any method which has not for its object the entire re-
moval of all infectious material beyond the reach of both bees and brood,
will prove detrimental and destructive, and surely encourage the recurrence
of the disease." In Wisconsin, I have tried many methods of treatment,
and cured some cases with each method; but the one that never fails, if
carefully followed, and that commends itself, is the McEvory treatment.
Canada's foul brood inspector has cured foul brood by the wholesale — thou-
sands of cases.

McEVOY TREATMENT. '

"In the honey season, when ihe bees are gathering honey freely, remove
the combs in the evening and shake the bees into their own hives; give
them frames with comb foundation starters, and let them build comb for
four days. The bees will make the starters into comb during the four days,
and store the diseased honey in them, which they took with them from the
old comb. Then, in the evening of the fourth day, take out the new combs
and give them comb foundation (full sheets) to work out, and then the cure
- will be complete. By this method of treatment all the diseased honey is re-
' moved from the bees before the full sheets of foundation are worked out.
All the old foul brood combs must be burned or carefully made into wax.

200 TWEJS^TIETH ANNt'AL REPORT OF THE

after they are removed from the hives, and all the new combs made out of
the starters during the four days must be burned or made into wax, on
account of the diseased honey that would be stored in them. All the curing
or treating of diseased colonies should be done in the evening, so as not to"
have any robbing done or gause any of the bees from the diseased colonies
to mix and go with the bees of healthy colonies. By doing all the work In
the evening, it gives the bees a chance to settle down nicely before morning,
and then there is no confusion or trouble. This same method of curing
colonies of foul brood can be carried on at any time from May to October,
when the bees are not getting any honey, by feeding plenty of sugar syrup
in the evenings to take the place of the honey flow. It will start the bees
robbing and spread the disease, to work with foul brood colonies in warm
days when the bees are not gathering honey, and for that reason all work
must be done in the evenings when no bees are flying.

"When the diseased colonies are weak in bees, put the bees, two, three,
or four colonies together, so as to get a good sized colony to start the cure
with, as it does not pay to spend l;ime fussing with little, weak colonies.
When the bees are not gathering honey, any apiary can be cured of foul
brood by removing the diseased combs in the evening and giving the bees
frames with comb foundation starte]*s on. Then, also in the evening feed,
the bees plenty of sugar syrup, and they will draw out the foundation and
store the diseased honey which they took with them from the old combs; on
the fourth evening remove the new combs made out of the starters, and
'give the bees full sheets of comb foundation, and feed plenty of sugar syrup
each evening, until every colony is. in first class order. Make the syrup
out of granulated sugar, putting one pound of water to every pound of sugar,
and bring it to a boil. As previously stated, all the old comb must be burned,
or made into wax, and so must all hew combs made during the four days.
No colony is cured of foul brood by the use of any drug.

\"A. I. Root, of Medina, Ohio, says: 'The starvation plan, in connection
with burning the combs and frames and building the hives^ has worked the
best in treating foul brood. It never appeared after each treatment, though
it did in some cases where the hives were honey-stained and not boiled, thus
confirming the theory or fact of spores'."

All the difference from the McEvoy treatment that I practice is this:
I dig a peep pit on level ground near the diseased apiary, and after getting
a fire in the pit, such diseased combs, frames, etc., as are to be burned are
burned in this pit in the evening, and then the fresh earth from the pit
returned to cover all from sight. Often I use some kerosene oil, a little at a
time being poured on old brood combs, br those having much honey in, as
they are hard to burn. If diseased combs with honey in are burned on the
surface of the soil, there is great danger; the honey, when heated a little,
will run like water on the soil, and in the morning the robber bees will be
busy taking home the diseased honey that was not heated enough to kill
germs of foul brood.

I also cage the queen while the bees are on the five or six strips of
foundation. It helps to keep the colony from deserting the hive and going
to other colonies.

R. L. Taylor, Michigan University Experimental Apiary, reports: "The
plan that the colony be shaken out ii^to another hive after being allowed to
build coml^ for four days, I have proven, in 100 cases, to be unnecessary."
In Wisconsin I, too, have cured -several cases by the one transferring,
when honey was not coming in very freely, but it is better, and a great
saving of time to both bees and owner, to exchange in three or four days,
those foundation starters, for full sheets of foundation. Diseased brood
combs and those with honey in, if melted in a sun or solar extractor, the
wax, honey or residue is not hot enough to kill germs of foul brood. This
1 have proven by several experiments. It must be boiled and well stirred
while boiling, to be safe.

I do not believe in, or practice, burning any property, such as hives,
bees, beeswax or honey, that can be safely treated and saved. Many times

IXLIN'OIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATIOX. ' 201

fit is poor economy to save all, and so many beekeepers are not so situated as
'- to keep all diseased materials from robber bees while taking care of it; the
best and only safe way is to burn the diseased combs and frames.

UTAH.

Utah has county inspectors, and from one who has remarkable success
I copy the report of his method of treatment. ;

"Wherever found it should be dealt with earnestly and with dispatch.
If the colony is weak, I recommend something to kill the bees, and, in order
to do this without letting a bee escape, take a tablespoonful of sulphur and
place it in the hive entrance of the hives; if there is any breeze, turn the
hive so it will blow in the entrance. Then fire the sulphur and it will soon
kill the tfees. This should be done early in the morning, before any of the
bees are flying, as one bee escapeing from the hive might carry the disease
to any colony with which it may take up its abode. If the colony is a strong
one, I would keep the entrance partly closed, so as to prevent any other
bees from getting in. Then as soon as fruit blossoms come out so the bees
fan obtain honey, I treat them. I procure an empty box of any kind, so it
, is clean, then find the queen, put her in a screen wire cage, which is easily
made. Take a small piece of screen roll it up and tie a string around either
end; work up one end, then place the queen and a few workers, for company,
in the cage, and place in the other end cork. Put same in this box, and
shake all the bees out of their hive into this box. This must be done in the
evening, when no bees are flying. Keep the queen in this box for 24 to 48
hours, allowing the bees to fly in and out as they please. Next take a clean
hive, with good, healthy combs or foundation, and shake bees into it, letting
the queen go, and they will be free from disease. The old combs are melted
into wax, bringing same to a good boil. Often washing with boiling water
any hives or implements that might contain disease. Whenever strictly
followed, this has affected a cure." C. Wilcox, Emery Co., Utah.

PICKLED BROOD.

Some seasons pickled brood is quite bad among bees, and in a few cases
I have known it to reduce large colonies, even large apiaries, to doubtful
hopes, but those same colonies, after I gave them treatment, were in a month
free from disease. Sometimes it takes as careful handling as if foul brood.
I do not believe it is contagious, for all I have seen 60 colonies in one apiary
badly reduced by it. As an experiment, one of my cut-apiaries had 50
colonies at one time with pickled brood. I treated them, and all were soon
free from dead brood. At the same time I took ten of the worst brood-
combs, where at least two-thirds of the brood were dead, and placed these

* combs in other strong, healthy colonies. They at once cleaned out the dead

I brood, and reared as nice brood as one could ask for.

SYMPTOMS.

I - , - ■

The larval bees (in last of May and through June show light brown
spots; a little later the cappings have small holes in — the cappings are not
shrunken or dark colored, as in foul brood. The dead bee will be first
swollen, with a black head dried to a hard bunch, and often turned up —
Chinaman-shoe-like. The skin of the dead bee is quite tough, and, if punc-
tured, the thin, watery fluid of the body will flow as freely as water, often
a little yellow or brownish colored from the dissolved pollen from the abdo-
men of the bee. It has very little or no smell; does not at any time stick to
the walls of the comb; is easily pulled out of the cell; is never ropy or
sticky, and, if the colony is properly cared for, the bees will take care of
themselves. Plenty of liquid, unsealed honey and pollen near the brood, and

■ hives so protected as to keep the bees and brood comfortable on cold days

;< knd nights.

202 TWENTIETH AXXUAL REPORT OF THE

Never put bees on old black brood-combs, or those with dead broods in;
better make wax of the combs, and give the bees full sheets of brood-comb
foundation. , . ■

TREATMENT.

Keep all colonies strong, with plenty of unsealed honey near the brood,
and if hives are properly sheltered, so as to be warm on cold days and
nights, there will be little or no pickled brood. If the queen is old, shows
signs of weakness by putting several eggs in one brood cell and nursing
several others, so that the brood is patchy, I would kill such a queen, feed
the bees a little, and, when, gueen cells are started, remove them all and
give them a queen and bees, between two of her own brood-combs from a
hive where she has lived. I do not think pickled brood is often the fault of
the queen, but rather a lack of proper food aad heat in the hive. In most
cases, a shortage of liquid honey, or moldy pollen, even in hives with plenty
of sealed honey in the outer combs. There is a time in spring in Wisconsin,
between dandelions and white clover bloom, when there is no honey coming
in from flowers, and often cold days and nights, so that the live bees con-
sume the liquid, unsealed honey first, and cluster in a compact body to keep
warm; the result often is the larval bee, just changed from the egg to a
tender little grub, is either starved, half-fed or chilled, so that it grows
slowly, and too often it dies, and then it is we first notice this about the
time white clover honey begins to come in. In other parts* of the state,
where pickled brood appeared, it was from the same cause, and at other
dates, which Avas due to a difference of time of honey bloom.

Wherever I fed daily some honey, or even sugar syrup, and kept the
hive warm, all dead brood soon disappeared while in the same apiaries other
colonies affected and not so treated, continued for some time, but got rid
of it as soon as treated.

Strong colonies of bees in the fall, with a young laying, queen, and an
abundance of good honey, sealed or capped by the bees, if properly cared for
during .winter, whether in the cellar or in chaff hives, wintered out of doors
in sheltered location, seldom have pickled brood, chilled or other dead brood,
or dysentery, and are the colonies that give their owner profit.

BLACK BROOD.

"Black brood is another fatal and contagious disease among bees, affect-
ing the old bees as well as the brood. In 1898, 1899 and 1900, it destroyed
several apiaries in New York. Last year I found one case of it in Wisconsin
which was quickly disposed of. Dr. Howard made more than a thousand
microscopic examinations, and found it to be a distinct form of bacteria. It
is most active in sealed brood. The bees affected continue to grow until
they reach the pupa stage, then turn black and die. At this stage there is a
sour smell. No decomposition from putrefaction germs- in pickled brood. In
black brood the dark and rotten mass in time breaks down and settles to
lower side walls of the cell; is of a watery, granulated, syrupy fluid, jelly-
like; is not ropy or sticky, as in foul brood, and has a peculiar smell, re-
sembling sour, rotten apples. Not even a house fly will set a foot upon it.

TREATMENT. :

Best time is during honey flow, and the modified McEvoy plan, much as
I have treated foul brood, by caging the queen five days, remove the founda-
tion starters and giving full sheets, keeping queen caged five days longer.
As great care should be taken of diseased hives, combs, honey, etc., as in
foul brood.

4-

ILLINOIS STATE beekeepers' ASSOCIATIOX. 203

' DYSENTERY.

*

Dysentery among bees in Wisconsin in the spring of the year is often
quite serious. Many colonies die with it. Dysentery is the excrements of
the old bees; it is of brownish color, quite sticky, and very disagreeable
smelling, and is sometimes, mistaken for foul brood.

CAUSES. ' V, ..

1. Bees confined too long in the hives, so that they can no longer with-
hold their excrements, and are compelled to void the same on the other
bees and combs.

2. Poor winter stores, gathered in the fall from honey-dew, cider mills,
sorghum «mills, rotten fruit ; also some kinds of fall flowers.

3. Old and especially moldy pollen or bee-bread.

4. Hives too cold or damp. If moisture from the breath of the bees is
not carried out of the hive by some means such as through a deep cushion
of some kind over the bees that will absorb moisture and at the same time
retain the heat, or by some means of ventilation, so that all is dry and
comfortable. If mold foms on the combs or cellar is so damp as to form
mold, there is great danger the bees will have dysentery and die.

TREATMENT.

1. First of all, have an abundance of combs of sealed clover or bass-
wood honey in brood frames carefully saved, and see that each colony is
wintered on such food. Three or four such combs will winter a fair colony
safely, if confined on those combs late in the fall, and the hive contracted
to fit the same. This is one of the most important conditions for success
in wintering.

2. If in the fall the bees have gathered this unwholesome honey from
the above named sources, it should all be extracted and either exchanged for
those honey combs, or feed the bees good honey or sugar syrup until winter
stores are secured. This should be done before cold weather in the fall.

3. Hives contracted and made comfortable, whether in cellar or out-
^vdoors.

\ 4. If wintered in chaff hives outdoors, with feed as above directed, and
tnere come one or two warm spells during winter, so that the bees can have
a cleansing flight, they will not have dysentery or dead brood, and will be
much stronger when clover opens.

If wintered in the cellar, the bees will not need so much honey, and if
the winters are generally long,, with doubtful warm spells, the cellar will
be best. But to keep the bees from dysentery, so often fatal to cellar-
wintered bees, they should have such winter stores as above spoken of, then
the cellar kept at a medium temperature, about 32 deg. F., ventilated so the
air is fresh, and no mold will form in the cellar. FYesh air-slak*ed lime on
the bottom of the cellar may help, if it is damp or has poor air.

5. Dysentery will not appear if bees are kept on sugar syrup, or best
grade white clover or basswood honey, and are in a dry place, either shel-
tered by cellar or chaff hive.

f.

20-L

TWEXTIETII AXXUAL REPORT OF THE

f

MEMBERSHIP OF STATE ASSOCIATION.

Aikman, H. L., Farmersville, 111.
Augestine, A. A., R. 2, Dakota, 111.
Anowsmith, Mrs. H. P., Gibson City,

111.
Bishop, Frank, Box 186, Taylorville,

111.
Bowen, J. W. Jacksonville. 111.
Boyer, J. T., 308 Wheaton Av., Cham-
paign, 111.
Beaver, Wallace R., Lincoln, 111.
Ballatti, F. F. Mt. Pulaski, 111.
Bishop, Elmer, Virden, 111. '

Baxter, Dr. A. C, 1418 Holmes Av.,

Springfield, 111.
Bennett, C. S., 308 7th St., Charles-
ton, 111.
Brown, George E., Franklin, 111.
Bryant, E. J.. 710 Walnut St., Elgin,

111.
Brelsford, W. H., Kenney, 111.
Berry, Eugene, R. 4, Taylorville, 111.
Bear, Wm. F., Buena Vista, 111.
Berg., Bernard, R. 5, Danville, 111.
Brigham, William, 1108 E. Oakland,

Bloomington, 111.
Council, J. R., St, Joe, Mich.
Cornelius, R., LaMoille, 111. !

■ Campbell, E. J., Sullivan, 111. I

Coppin, Aaron, Wenona, 111. !

Coyle, J. F., Penfleld, 111.
Carlson, P. A., 503 S. E. 4th St., Galva,

■111.
Corson, Mrs. Nathan, Pleasant Plains,

111.
Crum, F. O., Palmyra, 111.
Davis, Chas. W:, Curren. 111.
Dadant, M. G., Hamilton. 111.
Downey, Jas. C, Jerseyville, 111.
De.Jarnette, F. J., R. 1, Reason, 111.
Eisenbise, Ira B., Lenark, 111.
Fisher, Floyd F., Shirland, HI-
-Galushka, Joseph, 926 Ei Pekin St.,
Lincoln, 111.
Gheen, Jas. T., Auburn, 111.
Grover, James H'., Versailles, 111.
Hopps, A. D., LaMoille, 111.
Helwig, Frank W., Oquawka, III'.
Harris, J. D., Alahambra, 111.
Hallock, W. H., 308 W. Walnut. Fair-
bury, 111.
Hayes, G. M., Curren, 111.
Hohertz, S. J., LaMoille. 111. ,

• Holcomb, Otis, LaMoille, 111. t '.

Hansen, Charles, Minooka, 111. »

Hettle, Henry, Marine, 111.

Heilman, Geo. A., 209 Sabella, Pekin,
111.

Holman, C. S., R. 2, Livonia, 111.

Head, Clarence A., 25 Hamilton Av.,
Elgin, 111. .

Head, Arthur E., 264 Seneca St., El-
gin, 111.

Jefferies, A. E., R. 5, Springfield, 111.

Kildow, A. L., Putnam, 111.

King, Harry, R. 5, Springfield, 111.

Kommer, Edwin J., Cambridge, 111.

Kommer, Elmer, Woodhull, 111.

Lewis, G. B., Co., Watertown, Wis.

Lloyd, Geo. B., R. 1, Box 118, Spring-
field, 111.

Lake, Geo., Illiopolis, 111.

Leib, E. L., Winchester, 111.

Lotz, Mrs. Ollie, 830 Mayo St., Car-
linville. 111.

Lind, M. H., Bader, 111.

LaFond, John, Oquawka, 111.

Logan, Alton L., Edwardsville, 111.
Mann, Louis, Lincoln, 111.
- Morphis, Rev. J. H., Farmingdale,

111.
Matthew, O. R., R. 3, Beardstown, 111.
Moody, Geo. W., Box 11, LaMoille,

111.
Morgan, Moses C, Blue Mound, 111.
May, Fred H., Box 34, Meredosia, 111.
McDaniels, J. E., Girard, 111.
McClure, J. H'., Roodhouse, 111.
Northern, H. P.,'R. 4, Versailles, 111.
Norberg, Arthur J., Spring Valley

111.
Nitsche, Fred W., 646 W. 103rd St.,

Chicago, 111.
Ostemier, John, Mechanicsburg, 111.
Oberland, Wm., Penfield, 111.
Olson, Lewis, Andover, 111;
Penningdorf, F. C, R. 4, Elgin, 111. '
Robbin, Daniel E., Payson, 111.
Richards, J. C, Scales Mound, 111.
Ritter, W., Genoa, 111.
Stewart, W. H. H., Emmerson, III.
Seastream, Geo., Pawnee, 111.
Snyder, W. H., 2121 N. Water, De-
catur, 111.
Stone, Jas. A., Farmingdale, 111.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATIOX,

•205

Smith, B. J., R. 4, Tuscola, 111. Tyler, S. A., Emden, 111.

Shearer, Hallocfl, R. 2, Mt. Carmel, Tobin, John F., Rochester, 111.

111. Tresidder, Roy, Scales Mound, IlL

DeSort, F., 1308 Ottowa St., Lincoln, Toth, John & Son. R. 3, Peoria, 111.

111.
Swezey, Mrs. J. W., Grand Prairie,

111.
Suicock, \Vm. E., R. 1, Scales Mound,

111.
Stickler, Wm., Lexington, 111.
Stuber, Fred, R. 4, Princeton, 111.
Stutt, Alfred A., Lincoln, 111.
Smith, W.'H., 1807 E. Main, Danville,

111.

VanButscle, Louis, 720 N. Center,

Collinsville, 111.
Valerines, Chas.. Elkville, III.
Vaughn, M. M., Latham, 111.
Voight, Walter, 45 Bismark, Danville,

111.
Watcher, Martin, R. 4, Hinsdale. 111.
Williams, W. H.. 1015 Bacon, Pekin,

111.
Wiley, C. H., R. 1, Harrisburg. 111.
Withrow, G. M., Mechanicsburg, III.

Schwinn, George, 917 Carolina, Pekin, Wuetig, Christian .T., 118 Vermont,

111. Blue Island, IlL

Turner, W. P., Ill Dwryea Av., Wheeler, J. C, 622 Austin Boul., Oak

Peoria Heights, 111. Park, 111.

MEMBERS OF THE CHICAGO^NORTH WESTERN BEEKEEPERS'

ASSOCIATION.

Blume, W. B., Norwood Park, 111.
Brown, E. W., Box 117, Willow

Springs, 111.
Bruner, E. H., 3836 N. Kostner Av.,

Chicago, 111.
Bryant, E. J., 710 Walnut Av., Elgin,

111.
Bull, John C, 1013 Calumet Av., Val-
paraiso, Ind.
Coppin, A., Wenona, 111.
Cushman, Samuel, Room 401, 105 W.

Monroe St., Chicago, 111.
Dadant, L. C, Hamilton, 111.
Haan, J. Frank, R. F. D., DesPlaines,

111.
Haberman, Mrs. Wm., Garden Lodge,

Lodi, Wis.
Hammett, Mrs. M. I„ 400 Belle Plaine

Av., Chicago, 111.
Hassinger, Edward Jr., Greenville,

Wis.
Howe, Dr. A. O., 4818 Lincoln Av.,

Chicago, 111.
Kelty, R. H., East Lansing, Mich.
Kohr, Chas. F., 9311 Western Av.,

Chicago, 111.

Mundell, J. M., R. A., Gary. Ind.

Muth, Clifford, 204 Walnut St., Cin-
cinnati, Ohio.

Neusiis, Wm., Yorkville, 111.

O'Brien, John, R. 2, Newark, 111.

Reichert, John G., 3227 Aurora Av.,
Berwyn, HI.

Rettig, F. J., Wabash, Ind.

Rife, C. F., Naperville, 111.

H. Roehrs, Hinsdale, 111.

Root, The A. I., Co., 230 W. Huron
St., Chicago. 111.

Rothe, E. C, Kennan, Wis.>

Scripter, Otis, Zion, 111.

Sievert, F. W., Porter, Ind.

Sopher, Frank, 8043 Muskegon Av.,
Chicago, 111.

Ulman. P. T., Lansing, Mich.

Weston, N. A., 601 E. Daniel St.,
Champaign, 111.

Yost., C. Or, Depa;M:ment of Conser-
vation, Indianapolis, Ind.

Young, Wm. C, Box 249, DesPlaines,
111.

Zilligen, ;/Geo., 15030 Wood St.,
Harvey, 111.

Kragness, T. A., 6031 Wentworth Av., Kannenberg, C. F., 1114 Augusta St.,

Chicago, 111.
Kuback, Chas., Edison Park, 111.
Lewi§, G. B., Co., Watertown, Wis.
Lymin, W. C, Downers Grove, 111.
MacNeill, J. A., 11339 S. Irving Av.,

Chicago, in.
McQueen, Geo., R. 3, Elgin, 111.
Meineke, E. A., 3852 N. Kenneth Av.,

Chicago, 111.

Oak Park, 111.
Amburn, Oscar, Mindoro, Wis.
Ecklund, Oscar, 68^ Raymond St.,

Elgin, 111.
Brown, Henry F.^ Newark, 111.
Nitsche, Fred W,-, 646 W. 103rd St.,

Chicago, 111.
Moe, H. H., Woodford, Wis.
Hintz, August J., R. 2, LeMont, 111.

Miller, E. S., 508 College Av., Val- Coyle, J. F., Penfield, 111.
' paralso, Ind. Tudor, Carl H., 137 Evans Av., De-

Mould, E. L., Elgin, 111. Kalb, 111.

' i

(«

\ i

-J I

)

.^

INDEX.' -;■,■-■ . mf

INDEX.

PAGE.

Address by President Baxter .<f 11

Adjournment of Illinois State 88

Afternooti Session, Illinois State i . . . . 27

Afternoon Session, C. N. W., First Day 120

Afternoon Session, C. N. W., Second Day. 175

American Honey Producers' League, LeStourgeon 121

Apm-opriation Bill ". / 192

Atkinson, B. W., Foul Brood 34

Beekeeping of Tomorrow, F. B. Paddock. 47

sBender, C. F., The Question of Supplies 25

Black Brood , .202

Black Brood, Treatment of 203

By-laws 187

Charter Members 184

Charter of State Association , ISo

Constitution and By-laws, Illinois State . . . .187

Dadant, C. P., Making Honey a Staple 18

Dadant, C. P., The Drone 108

Drone, The, C. P. Dadant ., , 108

Dysentery, Causes of. ... ■ 203

Dysentery, Treatment 203

Effect of Water on Brood Combs 114

Election of Officers, Illinois State 45

Election of Officers, C. N. W '. ........175

Evening Session, C. N. W % 147

Extractor, Sterilizing ! 161

Father Langstroth Picture 4

Formation of State Association 183

Fracker, S. B., Inspection Systems in Wisconsin 147 ,

Foul Brood, B. W. Atkinson •. ., '.34

Foul Brood and Other Diseases of Bees 196

Foul Brood, Causes of , 197"

Foul Brood, Symptoms of 198

Foul Brood, Treatment of 199

Invocation, Rev. J. M. Morphis 9

Inspection System in Wisconsin, S. P. Fracker. 147

Inspectors Report, A. L. Kildow 27

Kildow, A. L., Inspectors Report 27

Kildow, Mrs. A. L., Theory and Practice Applied to Beekeeping 59

Making Honey a Staple, C. P. Dadant 18

McEvoy Treatment ,199

Merrill, J. H., Notes on the Value of Winter Protection 89

Millin, F. Eric, Successful Beekeeping 42

Miller, Dr., Resolution on Death 16

Monday Morning Session, C. N. W . . 103

Monday Afternoon Session, C. N. W. 120

Monday Evening Session, C. N. W 147

Morphis, Rev. J. M., Invocation 9

Notes on the Value of Winter Protection of Bees, J. H. Merrill. . . ........ 89

Officers for 1921 . . . . x . . 5

•208

IXDE-X,

I PAGE.

Officers for 1921, C. N. W 175

Organization, C. O. Yost. . .- 170

Paiddock, F. B., Beekeeping of Tomorrow 47

Pickled Brood 201

Pickled Brood Symptoms 201

Pickled Brood Treatment '. '. 202

Picture, A. S. Kildow 28

' Picture, President Baxter 6

Picture, President Miller, C. N. W 102

Picture, Dr. Miller 17

Picture, Secretary Bull, C. N. W. .' 104

Picture, Treasurer Seastream ^ 8

Picture, Secretary Withrow, Illinois State Association 10

Picture, E. G. LeStourgeon 122

J Picture, Prof. F. B. Paddock 4S

Picture of Field Meeting 100

President's Address 11

Proceedings — Chicago-Northwestern Association 101

Queen Rearing, Jay Smith 61

Question Box 22-25, 27, 41 . 54, 55, 58, 80. 166

Question of Supplies, C. F. Bender 25

Remarks, Rev. Morphis '. 14

Remarks, Mr. Parks, C. N. W 132

Report of Auditing Committee 57

Report of Educational Committee 57

Report of Legal Committee, C. N. W . . .. . 103

Report of Secretary-Treasurer, C. N. W .j 103

Resolution on Death of Dr. Miller. .* 16

Rules for Grading Apiarian Exhibit .193

Second Day, Illinois State 57

Second Day, C. N. W 168

Secretary's Report 12

State Foul Brood Law " 190

State Inspector's Annual Report 27

Successful Beekeeping, F. Eric Millen 42

Theory and Practice Applied to Beekeeping, Mrs. A. L. Kildow 59

Utah, Treatment 201

Wednesda-y Morning Session, Illinois State Association 57

Yost, G. O., Organization 170

i

lilVIBSlTY OF ILLiHOiS UbfiARY

. DEC 2 1921

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