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^

TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

Illinois State Beekeepers'
Association

S-f- J923

Organized February 26, 1891, at
Springfield, Illinois

&

[Printed by authority of the State of Illinois.]

U.I iN'ois State Journa? i'<>

SlM;INf;i't-'i " fLLrNOlS

1922

'68335 — 500

63 ^..0 6

IL.

■ ■ ! . ^

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

. Office of the Secretary,
Hamilton, Illinois, March 15, 1922.

To Kis Excellency, Len Small, Governor of the State of Illinois.

Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith, the Twentj^-first-
Anniial Report of the Illinois Statfe Beekeepers' Association.

M. G. Dadant, Secretary.

/ ' i.

512322

KATHKIl J.ANtlS'l'liOTH,
Inventor of the Movable Frame- Hive.

OFFICERS OF THE ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS'
ASSOCIATION FOR 1922.

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List of

iii('iiil)('r,< aiiu iiiue.x in lirick of i-cjiorr.

DR. A. C. BAXTER,
President of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association.

/

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL SESSION

OF THE

Illinois State Beekeepers' Association

Wednesday and Thursday, Dec. 14-15, 1921

St. Nicholas Hotel, Springfield, Illinois

BEEKEEPING.

I am proud to be a beekeeper.

The 800,000 members of my craft add $20,000,000
each year, to Uncle Sam's agricultural dividends.

Our bees increase by cross pollination, the yield of
fruiting plants, in return for the nectar they sip.

Beeswax is required in the manufacture of many
highly polished articles of commerce.

, Sturdy pines and flowering linden trees go to make
our beehives.

Nectar transformed by the bees becomes honey, an
energizing food.

Our craft makes possible a compliance with the
biblical injunction: "Eat thou honey, because it is good."

I am truly proud to be a beekeeper.

Kennith Hawkins.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL SESSICW
OF THE ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

Wednesday and Thursday, December 14-15, 1921, St. Nicholas

Hotel, Springfield, Illinois.

The meeting was called to order, President A. C. Baxter, in the
chair.

Minutes of the last annual meeting were read and approved.

Eeports of the Secretary and Treasurer were presented and re-
ferred to an Auditing Committee for review.

The President read his address, which was as follows:

? President's Address.

Members of The Illinois State Beekeepers' Association, Ladies and
Gentlemen:

This morning we are assembled in the Thirty-first Annual Meeting
of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association. To you who have attended
these meetings from year to year since the organization of this associa-
tion I extend sincere greetings. To you who are in attendance for the
first time, and to those who are visitors I extend a hearty welcome and
invite your attention and participation in the deliberations of this asso-
ciation.

The past season, has been a very poor one for most of the Illinois
beekeepers. The beekeepers in the northern part of the State fared much
better than those of the central and southern parts and some large crops
of honey were obtained in the favored sections. This past season t^e
honey crop has been poor over most of the State and in the central and
southern part the bees have not secured sufficient honey .to carry them
through to the honey flow next spring.

It is hard for some beekeepers to realize that plenty of good storcb
in the hive for winter and spring are necessary to harvest a crop the next
season. To those beekeepers who have colonies light in stores we urge
early feeding in the spring to insure the rapid building up of the colonies
so as to be jeady for the spring flow of necta^. We find that beekeeping
is like other lines of agricultural industry, that beekeepers are liable to
have poor crops and the returns from' the apiary will be light. Biit
despite the poor season, which most beekeepers have just passed through,
it is doubtful whether there is a more optimistic lot of people in any
business. We are already planning for the coming season with hopes
of a better crop.

10

TWENTY-FIKST ANNUAL REPORT OF THK

GEO. SEASTREAM,
Treasurer of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 11

During the ]ast summer I attended one field meeting of beekeepers
and five Farmers Institutes and at all of these was asked more questions
by beekeepers on most elementary questions about bees, than could pos-
sibly be asked by a flock ot small boys. If 1 were asked what is the
greatest handicap to beekeeping my answer would be lanorunce. Anyone
who travels among beekeepers throughout the State must arrive at the
inevitable conclusion that manv of them do hot know the commonest
facts about bees, which appear in all books on the subject. Many of
them read no books, but confine their reading to the news of beekeeping
as given in the journals. We find them much concerned with the latest
market reports, failing to realize that they are losing half the possible
crop, through a lack of knowledge of bees. As Dr. Phillips has said :
"It is a greater error to fail to produce half the crop through ignorance
than it is to sell the crop for half what it is worth." The best beekeeper;
the one who thoroughly studies his bees and who is best informed as to
bees; is not the beekeeper who has the most trouble over marketing his
crop. Those beekeepers who study and apply their knowledge to bee-
keeping usually have no marketing "problem," because their product is
so much better than that of the average beekeeper that it "sells itself."

This amazing ignorance can , only be removed by education which
must be secured by the cooperation of the enlightened beekeepers and the
State University. For a number of years we have endeavored to have
a Department of Apiary instruction at our State University, but due to
lack of money and to lack of interest we are still without adequate edu-
cational advantages in apiary instruction for our agricultural students.
It therefore behooves us as an association to exert our best efforts to ex-
tend the function of this association by the formation of an association
in each county in the State as a competent part of the State Association,
Then our membership will be larger, our influence wider and greater,
and we will be able to get the support from the State needed to. carry
on the work.

The chief difficulty the County Associations will meet is to keep
alive. This is entirely a question of leadership. TheSBpe^dent may be
a live-wire and keep up interest, but officially the Secretly is the heart
and soul of any association. If the right selection is made in filling
this most important office all is well, if not the society may expect an early
demise, or a post mortem existence awaiting retarded interment. But by
the development of strong County Associations with the State Associa-
tion a federation of the counties we could solve most of the problemsi
that confront the beekeeper today. ISTever can we expect to receive
greater aid from the State, than we now receive until we help ourselves.
It is only by united effort of the beekeepers, that Illinois can take its
place as a progressive honey producing State. Let each and ev^ry mem-
ber of this association return to his home with a high resolve to interest
his beekeeping neighbor, who may belong to that ignorant or uninformed
class, and make Illinois one of the best and biggest honey producing*
States in the Union. (Applause.)

The President. — The next in order is the Question Box. I will
place Mr. King in charge of the Question Box. ,

12

i^NDJ

TWENTY -FinST ANNUAL . KEPORT OF THE '

MAURICE G. DADANT,
Secretary of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEBS' ASSOCIATION, 1^5

I am going to vary the program a little. The papers were not to
start till this afternoon, but I am going to ask Mr. M. G. Dadant to read
his father's C. P. Dadant, p^per.

Illinois Place in Beekeeping.
(By C. P. Dadant.)

Illinois is one of the very best states in the Union, especially in
agricultural matters. Yet, in beekeeping it does not hold the rank to
which it should be entitled. It was the home of one of the earliest
pioneers in beekeeping, M. M. Baldridge, who was a member of the first
National Convention ever organized. It was also the home of Mrs. Lu-
cinda Harrison, who, for years, wrote of beekeeping in the Prairie
Farmer. It has been the home of the American Bee Journal ever since
1872. Last, but not least, one of 'the most successful beekeepers, and
writers, the man who was called "The Nestor of American Beekeeping"
Dr. C. C. Miller, spent the greater part of his days with us and died
among us, after a life of the greatest usefulness to beekeepers the world
over. So Illinois is noted for illustrious beekeepers.

Illinois is a good State for honey production, and its honey is of fine
grade. For 30 years, our association has been chartered and has- received
a small appropriation from the State, a very favorable position when
compared with most of the different State organizations. But we have
not taken advantage o£ this as we might. In spite of the appointment
of a bee inspector, we have allowed disease to invade our apiaries; and
the presence of numerous box hive apiaries in addition to a lack of in-
formation on the part of the average farmer, has prevented such measures
as we need to eradicate all traces of brood diseases.

Iowa, Michigan, California, Minnesota, Wisconsin and several other
states have more important experimental stations and courses in beekeep-
ing than we. Minnesota has a fine building, at the State Fair grounds,
entirely devoted to bee exhibits and I am told it is fully occupied every
summer. In short we are holding a secondary position in the promotion
of our business, although our location in the most central part of the
Mississippi Valley should enable us to dispose of our crops , of 'honey in
so successful a manner that our beekeepers would reap much greater
benefits.

Thus we should succeed, not only in producing more honey in more
thriving apiaries, but we should be enabled to sell it at most remuner-
ative prices. The following requirements are easy to secure, if we only
bestir ourselves: ; .

We should secure from the State of Illinois an appropriation suffi-
cient to keep several men constantly in the field every summer, educat-
ing the casual beekeeper among the farmers on how to care for his bees
in a way that they will not be a menace to the commercial apiarist who
keeps bees as a permanent business. It is very much in this as it is in
fruit growing: many people keep just enough of an orchard, without
particular care, to maintain undesirable conditions which the commercial
fruit grower has to combat continually. The man who owns only a

14

TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

DR. C. C. MILLER,

1831 — 1920

"The Nestor of American Beekeeping."

ILLINOIS. STATE BEBKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 15

dozen apple trees and as many peach trees and pear trees, pa3's no atten-
tion to them and propagates codling moths, !San Jose scale and other
spreading pests, so that, no matter how much the orchardist follows the
requirements of progress, he is compelled to continue an unpleasant fight
against disease and insects that should be made to disappear. The same
troubles and identical conditions prevail in Illinois beekeeping. A prac-
tical apiarist may overcome and entirely destroy disease among his own
bees, but there are just enough careless beekeepers within reach to again
infest his apiary, so that his efforts are useless. It is our place, as a
regular, long organized association, to take such steps as will enable us
to coiitrol disease entirely.

In the advertising of honey, we neglect the easiest and most prac-
tical ways of making our honey known. No product is more in need of
advertising, in a judicious manner, than is honey, because no product
has undergone a greater modification in the modes of management than
honey. Some things have changed but little in 600 years. For instance,
they still shoe horses in exactly the same manner as they did GOO years
ago. But less than a hundred years ago,- even the scientists were almost
universally ignorant of the history of the honeybee. Honey was robbed
from the hives, either by killing the bees or by breaking open the box or
the log that enclosed them. Now we have most modern ways, with excel-
lent products. But the average consumer does not even know that there
are as many different kinds of honey, as there are different blossoms,
and that honey may be pure and yet be water white, or nearly as dark
as molasses; neither does he know why we now produce hone\' in such
fine straight combs in little wooden sections.^ He suspects this comb of
being actually manufactured out of parafiine and filled afterwards with
glucose, and, in consequence, he mistrusts the most delicious of all sweets.
Many people know so little about extracted honey, of which they have
vaguely heard, that they even call it "extract of honey." We ^^ould sell
a hundred pounds of honey where we sell one pound, if the people who
can consume it are shown what it really is. This may be done most
satisfactorily by exhibitions. Once or twiqe honey has beeh extracted,
before the public, at our State Fair, with good results. But this must
be continued. We need a bee and honey building where constant exhibit
of hoiiey production and full explanations will enlighten the visitor. No
country produces more honey than we do, but few states a r^ more back-
ward in trying to inform the public than Illinois is.

Many bright and intelligent beekeepers hold that honey will never
sell in large quantities, that it will never be a staple. They forget that
we live in a country that' consumes over 80 pounds of sweets per head,
annually, in fact, in the country which consumes the "greatest amount of
sweets of any in the world. Yet, in this same country, we produce and
consume less than 2 pounds per head of the purest and best of all sweets,
just because it is not at all times on the market and because the average
consumer has very little knowledge of honey and of its production and
high quality. The result is that corn syrup, an- inferior sv/eet, manu-
factured with injurious chemicals,, sells twenty times more readily and
more plentifully) than honey. ,,

IG TWEXTY-FIKST ANNUAL KEPOliT OF THE

There is another point upon which we should indicate our desire to
help progress. It is in the matter of cooperation with other states, con-
cerning the control of diseases, by inter-state regulations; the general
advertising of honey as other sweets are advertised which are very in-
ferior to it; -mutual exchange of ideas and consultation concerning the
extent of the crop and the probable prices to be obtained. In this last
requirement, 1 hardly think many know, as well as I have been able to
ascertain, the great need there is of information. We all know about the
daily prices of wheat, corn, eggs, butter; but how many of our apiarists
arc informed as to the price they should expect to get for their honey.
The average beekeeper, unless he is a very large producer, takes a load
of honey to the city, without knowing whether he can get 10 or 30 cents
per pound for his product. The result is that he usually sells it at what-
ever price the grocer oll'eis him. Only a few producers establish a stable
price, both for wholesale and retail, and consistently continue to sell
at that price. In our own case, we could name a half dozen beekeepers,
who with only a few hundred pounds of honey to sell, regularly wait
until our established prices are known by the average retailer, and de-
liberately sell theirs at a few cents less per pound, so as to be able ta
get rid of their product promptly. These are matters which hold the
business of beekeeping below its normal status.

What then, do we need?, /■

We need not only to be members of this association and read its
annual reports, we also need to attend the meetings, give our open sup-
port to its officers and help push the wheel out of the rut.

We need to join in applying to the Legislature for greater appro-
priations, to help educate the uninterested producer who neglects his
apiary and makes it a menace to others. This may be both an inspection
and field work.

We need to spread a greater amount of information on beekeeping,
by more regular addresses at Farmers Institutes, by practical and ex-
tended courses in beekeeping to our young scientific farmers, at the uni-
versities, so they may go home with a sufficient knowledge of the honey
bee to care for her.

We need to apply for a special building at the State Fair grounds;
which l)uilding may he used both for entomology or the study of in-
jurious insects, and the exhibit of all products and harvesting methods
of beekeeping; shov/ing plainly that this insect, the only insect directly
producing a beneficial crop, in this State, has been misunderstood by the
masses, and that honey is not sufficiently appreciated.

We need, above all things, to give our hearty support to the Ameri-
can Honey Producers League, with the expectation that sooner or later,
this League will repay us a hundredfold for our investments in it. Of
course we must not expect, when we pay ten dollars to support it, to get
back a hundred within the next six months. That has been the trouble
with most of our associations ; we wish to get too much, and get it too
promptly, to permanently gustain our associations. A little less selfish-
ness will get better results in the long run. If a well managed national
organization helps us to get one cent per pound more for our honey than

.i.ixois ^iaim: i',i:i;Ki:i:i'i;i,'-- x.^xmi \i ion ,

ir

\vv i:v\ witlii'iit il, \vc will ijc Weil i'c|i;iiil. llicu-uii sdiiic tif u- may mil.
acliiaily nali/.c thai \\<' arc' iirt 1 iii'i any liciirllis. I'l'dL^ic-- lia- cxcr Im'imi
-liiW. u inirs> lidW lilllc \\c lia.\r ail\aii(H'(| fi-diu llic wai.-'nl' >a\a,i;vi-y.

1: IS ijnt iiccc.>->ai'\ for iiic io i-xjiai lalc aii\' larllii'i- ii[i(iii tlir licni'llls
llial will lir .jcinci! l|-(iiii a (■•iiici-iai.l arlinii (if llliiiii!> licckfcpci-^. i
\\,-is diic »il' llic cjiarti'i' !ii('!iii)i'r> n!' ilii> a>snrian(iii. 1 rciiii'iulMT the Hnic
wlirii il was (liiiiciill 1(1 liniiLi' inLivihcr hhmt liiaii a iiali' a dd/iai iii«ai.
-I! i ;i!ii iKiI inipaticiit (if i-c.-iiii.-. luil 1 dd Iihim' liia!. tiiDiiLi'h 1 am |ia>t
lliifr -cdrc and icii. i niav \c1 Iinc l(> >ci' (iiir IlliiKii- Siai;' licckccjicr-"
A.-Micial idii liiic ()( \\\v lies! ill ilic ja'iid nf iirduiT--. ( A |i|i|;!iisi'. )

'I'm; l'i;i:sMii;NT. — Tlic |ia|)ci- i- (i|i('ii im- dixii^.-mn.

Mi;, ixii.now. — Tlirrc i- ndtlnni; nincii tn -a\" -i; i.- !imi lThihI. I
Wdiild like to ini|ii'cs> (111 (iiir iicckcciic!- rnctid-. ilia! iIkv lake llial lo
iicarl. It i> well wdrtii it. ''

'I'm; l-"(iri.i;i;()(M) liii.i..

Mi;. 1^. .1. Ua.xii;!;. ;■ I lliink ilicrc i> a ureal deal to di>(iis> in iliat
papci-. csiicciailv 1 hat louiin'ood (jiic.-! ion. roi-tiic inspccioi' t liat i.- a \ci'y

Tlu'it- art- >til! tiid niaii\- loy lii\ ■> iVki' tliis onr in llljiiciis. I.ul; !;i\-.-s ar.' nm
|irii(lu(i-is and t!ii\' ijiv liUcl.\' to liarlmi' disia.-i-.

moiiiciitons (|ii('stioii. 'riicrc a//' a Lircat many |irc-cnl w lio oiii.;']ii to
consider il ver\ t lioroii^'lil V. to /see uliat tliev can do to imii!'o\(= it.

Tlii- Inspeclioii Law wasMiassed liy (nir l,e-is!al lire iii I'.Ml. If

yon reineinlier, this Stale soci(;iv liad iieeii trviiiu' I'oi' >i\ years i)revioiis

to i:'et this Inspection Law ow the statute lio(ik>. hut faildl. and it. i-

only hy mere (diaiice that it ilasse*! in litlL

— 2 P. A

18 ' TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

During 1917-18 I was in Utah and all through the west. I passed
the winter of 1918-19 at Salt Lake City, and a foulbrood bill was in-
troduced in the legislature there, and it was passed. In that bill they
appoint a State Inspector of Apiaries, and that law also requires each
county to appoint an Inspector of Apiaries. The State Inspector visits
all these County Inspectors during the year and checks up their work
first, what they have been doing, and the result is that within the last,
two years they have stamped out foulbrood to a great extent.

When. I visited the l^intah Basin, one of the greatest beekeeping
locations I have ever been in, where they count their crops from three
to five sixty-pound cans to the hive surplus, they had lots of foulbrood,
but I understand that it is practically cleaned up now. They are not
permitted to keep any bees in gums. They must be movable-frame
hives; not only movable-fiame hives, but the combs must be so one
can take them out and inspect them.

They have the same kind of a law in Idaho. I think we ought to
try to have our bill remodeled so as to make it more efficient. Illinois
is a great honey-producing State. Of course, we have dry years when
the crop is short. In the west, where they irrigate, they never know
what a failure is. Nevertheless, we could produce fifty times more
hone}' in this State if we would go at it right and try to make the most
of our resources.

That is why I think this paper ought to be considered very care-
fully and we ought to do something. We ought to have a Committee
oil Legislation appointed for the next term of the Legislature.

^1k. Bender. — I think the idea of appointing a County Inspector
for each county is an excellent one, where a competent man can be
found for that county, but it might take more money than we have to
carry it out, if we appointed that many inspectors.

Mr. KiLDOW. — I have been very anxious and very much interested
to see what could be done further for the beekeepers of this State. I
think in many localities there is a feeling the State is doing hardly
anything. It is not connected up right. Dr. Baxter mentioned that in
his address; we need organizations in the counties, through which the
State can function, otherwise the State organization doesn't mean much.

I haven't got to the point of having anything constructive to offer.
I so often hear of desperate cases, people are \'ery desperate about the
situation, they are up against it, they do not know what to do. So
many of those come to my attention that I am anxious that this State
make a forward move somehow, to do more for the beekeepers.

Sweet Clover.

^lit. Stone. — Mr. President, the future of the beekeeper in this
State, I think, is going to be great. I was at a lecture yesterday after-
noon, given by a man who has been speaking at universities for ten
years — and the greatest thing he had to speak about was the advantage
of sweet clover, getting more sweet clover. It is the greatest fertilizer
for the soil, that grows, and the farmers now are all being taught to
raise sweet clover instead of red clover even, because it is a greater

ILLINOIS STATi: BEBKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. '19

fertilizer. There isn't anything that is equal "to sweet clover. My
neighbors all arotind say they didn't have any clover honey this year. -
Our bees. worked all summer — just sounded like a swarm. We had
twen^y--^cres of sweet clover pasture, and we didn't plow it up. W,e
sowed it. two consecutive springs, so we let it seed every year, and it is
a permanent pasture.

That great sweet clover man of Iowa, Coverdale, says that there is ,
no plant equal for forage to sweet clover, and our farmers are finding it .
out. We have been raising it for 38 years, ahd fe kne\y it was from :-
the beginning, from w'hat the beekeepers told us about it. ^ '

There was a man from Mississippi who sent a letter up, and Mr.
Baldridge read it in the Chicago convention, I don't know how many.
years ago that was. Mr. Dadant's father w^as there. He told of having
100 acres of sweet clover meadow, and told what good hay it made. We-
took right hold of that, principally because it was a great honey, plant,
I suppose, and we have been raising sweet clover ever since, r:' .■■

The neighbors tried to declare it a nuisance, a foul weed, a^l in'
the towm meeting I took the stand that it was one of the best plants w'e .
had, and they almost laughed me out of the meeting. But I was in an
agricultural implement store a few years ago, and a young man who w'as
agent for machinery said, '^'Mr. Stone, 1 often think about the" time ■•
they abused you so in the town meeting ; those same fellows are coming
here to find where they can get sweet clover seed." The time is comiiig
when sweet clover is going to be generally raised to, a large' extent.

The Pkesident.— Anyone else h-ave anything to say in .regard to
this paper or the Beekeepers' Association? I -heartily agree, with -what
our former President, E. J. Baxter, has said in regard to the foulbrood
law. . ■ : " ..

Appropeiations. , . ' - ■ ■

The President. — I can't help but feel that the State association,
while it has filled, in the time past, .a very unique niche in beekeeping,
has almost reached the limit running along its present plan. We have
got to be bigger, w^e have got to be better.' We must have county or- •
ganizations. We must have every man that is producing honey,,. com-
mercially or for just the fun of it, the back letter, interested in the
State association, if we -ever expect to get anywhere. • /■ •" ..■'. .'■. . '. ,

I have appeared three different times before the •Committees on."
Appropriations, and every time they "s.ay, , wdiat is -yo.ur membership? .
Most of them have our report with the membership publislied, .-and they
sit down and figure out in' dollars and cents how much per capita we are
getting, and they stop there. I went to the last Legislature and asked
for two thousand dollars a year to run this /society. ■ I expected to have
county organizations and send men into' the various eouiities to give in-.''
structions. They just laughed at me. I got $1,200 — thought I was.-
lucky to get that. But after a good deal of maneuvering and button- ;
holing, we did get an appropriation for the State Inspector of Apiaries ,
moved up one thousand dollars.

20 TWENTY-FIEST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ' _ '. j

The Chicago organization of Cook County got behind it and de--
nianded that they have a man, even asked for an automobile to ride
around in, so they let us off with three thousand dollars because they
didn't know what we would ask for. Xhat shows what a little push and
pull by the beekeepers will do. I have gone to the Appropriations Com-
mittee a number of times, and outside of about half a dozen men in the
State who have always been pushing this — there are some of them —
nobody else ev^r writes a letter, no man in the Legislature from your
district has ever had a man from your district say anything to him
about it. You know a legislator only does what the people, back of him
ask for. If you could get a little agitation in your own newspaper about
the beekeeping industry, and get some newspaper man all worked up
about it, and. he writes a great long piece, you know that legislator is
going down and see that newspaper editor before a week, to find out
exactly what is back of it, because he is afraid- of4,l^se votes at home. ■
That is the only way you are going to get this thing anywhere.. You
have got to work, and it isn*t going to cost yOti anything to' do it. It
will cost you a little effort to talk to the other 'fellow, to get. yout news-,
paper interested, but if you .will go to work and line up your newspaper
man and take it up with the head' of the State society, 3'ou will' get
something.' for that newspaper if you , are i)ot able to write it yourself. .
We expect you to see that it is put in.' Get the. newspaper map himself
to write it. He can probably write a ■ better : sfcory^ and -you will get.
somewhere; you will get what the States. ought to. have, what the bee-
keeper ought to have. If you don't, you will- never- get ' any where, you
will stay a little society of about three or four. hundred people in. big
years, and in lean years you will run down to about one hundred as you
are doing now. Then the State Inspector com^^s iip and asks for soine-
thing, and they will say, "You don't amountto *much, it is only a little
bee business aiid only 100 men in the society. ', We will give .them^ a few
dollars apiece and let it go at that."'": 't^hat, is; exactly the way they treat
you, and it is only by cooperation and united, effort that you will ever
move. I don't care who your President -is or who your Secretary . is.
They are not the society. You men are the society. Some of the best
suggestions we have had as to what should be done have come from some
of the small county, organizations. They have boosted the game, and
the thing to do i& to form an organization in every county ; get every
man in whether he has one hive of bees or a hundred. If he is interested
and wants to join, get him in. ^ ■

Let those counties be component members of the State organization,
and if we could have an organization in every one of the counties' in the
State, think what it would mean ! It is appalling when you go- out and'
ask one of these bee papers how many men are taking the paper in the
State. Some of them will say, "We have got one thousand people
taking the paper in the State." Here we are with a society of 150 to
200. There is something wr6ng. Of course it is true, as Dadants' paper
said, there are a great many men that put in $1.50 or $1,75 in the State
association in the spring, where they would like to have $20 in return
from that association next fall. That can't be done, but there is one

\

ILLINOIS STATE BBBKEEPERS' . ASSOCIATION. --. 21

way. to look at it.. Suppose you have never ha(L.this association, suppose
you had never had a State Inspector. ..

Me. Kildow. — That is a thing they never look at.

The President. — I am going to tell you, if this society dies there
will be no State Inspector in Illinois. There will be no education in
beekeeping, only what you gather up yourself. There will be no law
against -fouibrood, bringing it into .this State — you might as well go
out of business.

Mr. KiLDOW.^-There isn't now. . ■ .

• Mr. E. J. Baxter. — That is why we must change it.

The President. — So it is up to you. . .

Question. — What is the law about moving bees?

The President. — There isn't any at the present time.

Mr. Lower. — In the State of Colorado you can't move them.

FOULBROOD.

The President. — A man can ship bees into the State of Illinois,
if he brings them in on a wagon, with all his fouibrood in the wagon,
there is nothing to keep him from moving them. They bring him up a
little on Interstate Commerce if he ships by freight or mail.

Mr. E. J. Baxter. — Let me say a word there. There is a law in
this State preventing you from shipping fouibrood bees from one place
to another. There is a clause in the law that says there is a $50 fine for
disseminating fouibrood, therefore if you can prove that the man who
brought in those bees knew he had fouibrood and brought them in, he
is liable for disseminating fouibrood, and is subject to a fine; but it is
not strong enough. We want a law that will compel him to have them
inspected and bring in a clean bill of health wherever he takes his bees.
That is what we want and ought to have. That isNj^ie/law they- have in
Utah. You can't take bees a mile without having them inspected and
having a clean bill of health, nor can you ship anything from the out-
side, into Utah. This law is giving results. I must say that in Utah,
their society was nothing; it consisted of the president and secretary,
and I don't believe they had a meeting in a half a dozen years. But
they went to work and got the beekeepers interested from one end of the
State to the other. • '■'' - -.

They wrote to the legislators telling them what they wanted, they
came to Salt Lake City and interviewed them, and they had to pass it.
Besides, they got statistics together. They showed them what. Utah was
producing and could produce. Not only did they show it in the shape
of money, but there are other things, for instance the poUenization of
plants, the pollenization of sweet clover, of. alfalfa, and of fruits. And
Utah is a great alfalfa seed producing State and a grower of fruit. .
They took that into consideration. There are thousands of acres of
sweet clover in Utah. I have seen fields of 160 acres side by side, dozens
of them. You find that all through the west. I guess there is more
sweet clover honey raised and more alfalfa than anything else.

When you take all these things into consideration and show the
legislators what it means to the- State, they will not be slow in granting

99

TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

you what you ask, and that is what we must do hei'e, and the easiest
way to do it is to organize in county associations. It is not necessary
for the State association to send anybody into that county, if there is
any live beeman there, a live wire, he ought to be able to get ui) an
organization and through correspondence with the Secretary of the
society or the President, know just what is wanted and push it through.
That is the only way to get things — work for it. You can't get any-
thing for nothing, it takes hard work.

In getting all these bills through, there wasn't a cent of money
spent in cash, but there was lots of hard w^ork, and that is what we
have got to do, and we have got to begin at the bottom with the coun-
ties. Get good associations there, get strong associations. I don't see
why we can't. We have the beekeepers in the State to do it, we have

Fruit growing combines weU with beekeeping, and besides, the bees are necessary

to proper fertilization of fruit.

the resources, we have the flora and conditions to produce the honey,
all we want to do is go to work.

Mr. Kildow\ — That is one thing the Inspectors in the State have
been trying to do since we have had the law — trying to get the beekeep-
ers in the different localities in the State interested so they would start
local organizations. That one thing we have been pushing all the time
since we have had the office, is to talk association to the people, get them
together because we know when we get a bunchy together they will do
more than they do individually. But some of you who have tried that
thing know it is uphill business. You are interested, but it is a hard
matter to get the other fellow interested sometimes, but it is the thing

ILLINOIS STATE BBEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. ' 23

we have to come to. I don't say we have to have an organization, in
every county, because I think that is asking a little too much, but we
could get two or three counties together, or if we had a large county
we might get an association in that county. The number of different
associations getting together and consulting, .talking these things up,
then coming to our State association as the unit, with that we- can do
something, we can. get ihe laws wa want, we can get a law that, we can't
move' bees^we haven't it now. You can bring all the foulbrood you
want -into -the State, there is no direct law against it.

I tried to get that law last, fall, but the Legislature wouldn't in-
corporate it. I Wanted an amendment to have all bees coming into
Illinois come in with a certificate of inspection, but I didn't get it: We
don't get things every time we Avant them, even if they are good.

Mr. Stone. — Suppose the appropriation was sufficient, is the pres-
ent law sufficient. to get rid of all the foulbrood in the State?

Mr. Kildow. — Yes, if we can get money enough. We got an in-
crease of a thousand dollars, but that won't go any further than it did
before. It will use up about the extra money we have appropriated for
increased per diem pay of Inspectors. We ought to have a ten-thou-
sand-dollar appropriation in the State of Illinois.

■ ' . . ^ ■ '■ .

Moving Bees.

Mr. Tyler. — You spoke partly on what I was going to speak on,

about an association in every county. My particular county only has

about eight or nine men that keep bees. I don't believe a man will get

very much of an association in that county, but there are about three

-.counties close together, and we could have a nice collective association.

In regard to moving bees, and not being able to move bees a mile
without inspection, I think that would go a little against our neighbors,
especially a man running outapiaries and who hadn't any foulbrood, he
would have to treat all his foulbrood in the outapiaries, and I have not
found that a success. I have had some experience in the last 'two or
three years, and as . long as I have tried to treat it in outapiaries I
couldn't get any results, but when I got to looking after foulbrood at
home and treating it properly in the evening and then giving the
shaking treatment at a proper time, I got somewhere. I am running
nine apiaries this year, and have had some experience along that line.

Mr. Wooldridge. — Along the lines of what Mr. Kildow just mtMi-
tioned, I would like to give a little experience that I have had, under
his supervision. Last January fifth — during the fall previous we had
foulbrood in that section of Jackson County, near Carbondale. He
came down there on an inspection trip and during the convention he
told us what we should do. He said we should organize, so on the 5th
day of January we called a meeting. We had a fair attendance. We
called another one a month later, and we had a still larger meeting,
and at the present time we are some sixty-odd strong in membership.

During this time we named it the Jackson County Beekeepers'
Association, but we found that there were others living near the line
that would like to come in. Some thought it was detrimental to keep

34

TWENTY-FIHST ANNUAL KEI'ORT OF THE

them out, so I suggested that it be changed to Southern Illinois Bee-
keepers' Association, and we could take them in from any part that
would feel inclined to join us. We found that was satisfactory, and
while we have had some experience down there with foulbrood, quite a
lot of it, we have also an inspector down there, and those people are
hungj-y for advice. They are willing to do almost anything to get out
of their trouble.

I ^ don't believe it would be advisable to confine it to the county,
because sometimes our headquarters are located too near the county
line; we could get people right over the line that would be eligible for
membership, that perhaps would feel as though they had no right there.
So' I wouldn't suggest a county, but I would say let the associations be
thick enough so everybi^dy could be in attendance distance. Then affil-
liate ourselves with the State association, then when appropriations
came up we would be greater in number. Neither am I in favor of
confining the membership to those who have one colony or more. Every-

Qroup of Beekeepers at a field meet at Putnam, lU.

bodv who is interested in bee-culture should have the right to become a
member of our association, so long as he pays his dues. The greater
the number, the bigger we will look in Springfield when we are after
money. We can't do anything without that appropriation.

Mi;. WiTifROW. — Mr. President, I- think the main drawback in this
association or any other, is a lack of cooperation. Xo reason why, if a
man belongs to this association, he shouldH^t-ge-out-and_geL another,
his neighbor or somebody. I don't know why they don't unless it is
jealousy-
Last spring we sent out some letters asking the membership, to
interview their Senators and Representatives. Dr. Baxter told me at
the time, "You better put in a list of all the Eepresentatives and
Senators in the State." I said, "Everybody knows who the Senators
and Eepresentatives are." Sure. But there are a lot of them, I found
out later, that' didn't know who they voted for. It appears very peculiar
io me that a man would vote for a fellow and not know who he voted
for.

illijfois state beaskeepeks' association. "^ 25

Local Associations. ■

Mr. Bender. — About this matter of county associations, it is rather
uphill work for one reason: The most extensive beekeepers in every
county are least interested in a county association. I know at least two
cases where the principal beekeeper made it" his business to choke the
county association to death instead of helping, because he said he didn't
want to start a lot of competitors.

Mr. Kildow. — I would like to raise the question how these local
associations can link up with the State association.

The President. — You will have to link up possibly in the way of
some of the other county associations already formed. They come in
under the same rule as the Chicago ?^^o^thwestern. They are affiliated
bodies.

Mr. E. J. Baxter. — The Ibcal fee is paid to the local association,
then the State society gets a certain per cent of it?

The President. — Fifty cents. .

Mr. Kildow. — One State I know of has their State association
managed by a board of managers, and that board of managers is com-
posed of a representative from each local association, that is if they
come up to certain requirements, and then they feel they are a part of
that.

The President.- — That possibly can be worked out after we form
the county associations.

Mr. Kildo'w. — Then if the State or State University is doing any-
thing and it is possible for them to go out into these local and count}'
associations and put on some kind of an educational meeting, the asso-
ciation will feel it is worth while for it to be linked up with the State, it
will be getting strong and confident, and that will work for good

Bees Stinging.

The President. — Have you any questions, Mr. King?

Mr. King. — Why do bees sting some people and not others ?
"' -,- Mr. Bender. — I never could be perfectly sure that they were any
different^ If bees would sting me, I could never be sure that they made
the slightest distinction except on account of the action. I think if any
man would go in an apiary and do exactly what I do, they wouldn't
sting him any worse than they do me.

Mr. E. J. Baxter. — A difference in color will make a difPerenco.
Black they will sting while lighter colors they will not.

Mr. Bender. — I know some men who never get a sting. I know a
. man who took more stings in a day than I got in a long time, and paid
no attention to them. Our methods are different, yet he is just as good
a beefnan as I am.

Mr. Withrow. — I would like to ask Mr. Bender, did that fpllow
have rheumatism ?

Mr. Bender. — ISTo, I never knew him to have rheumatism.

Mr, Stone. — I asked that question because I wanted to know.
There is a reason. It isn't just because a man does a certain way that

26 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

he gets stung and other times does a certain way and doesn't get stung.
I never had a bee sting me in the middle of the hand. I believe some
people's skins are tougher than others, and I don't believe a bee can
sting them. I have had bees light on the back of the hand, where there
was no hair, and they would curl up, and I knew they were trying to
put their sting in, but if they did get hold of a hair they would put
their sting in. I don't believe the weight of a bee will put a sting in
your flesh. j '

The President. — I believe it can.

Mr. KiLDOw. — I believe there is a little difference. I have seen
people away off from the beeyard get stung, without any provocation at
all, probably a block or two away from the beeyard, but there is a scent
in some people that the bee will resent the minute they get close to them
they will sting them, while others will go around bees and they are not
bothered. I think there is something'in it.

Mr. E. J. Baxter.— I don't believe it is scent,-/! believe it is the
condition of the person. If a person is nervous he isj almost sure to get
stung, while a man not afraid of them goes right among them. I can
handle most any hive without gloves, veil, or anything else. "I never
wear gloves; 1 do get stings, but let anyone else come in without' a veil
and gloves, they would soon be run out of the yard.

Mr. Kildow. — I have to disagree .with Neighbor Baxter, because a
man ten or twelve rods from bees, his nervousness isn't showing in that
yard, and I don't think it has any effect on the bees. Apparently a good
many times there does seem to be a scent that is objectionable to the bee.
We wouldn't probably notice the scent, bat a l)ee will.

Mr. Baxter. — You have" to have good nerves.

Mr. Stewart. — ]\Ir. Baxter, when you are sweaty and full of dirt
as a working man can be on a hot day, they will sting you. Take a
bath and put On clean clothes, do the bees bother you so much.

Mr. Baxter. — Every l)it.

Mr. Bender. — As far as the distance from the hive is coiiecriie:!,
I think perhaps I could break the record on that. Last summer I was
driving east from town, at least a mile and a half from any beehive, and
a bee lit on my face and stung me. I didn't have time to be afraid.

The President. — Let us proceeed with the next question.

Pure Italians.

Mr. King. — Does it pay a honey producer to try to keep a pure
Italian stock?

Mr. E. _J. Baxter. — Mr. President, I say most assuredly. I have
had all different kinds of racGs of bees within my experience, and T have
got down to the pure Italian, as pure as I can get them. I don't look
for color, I don't consider that a characteristic of the race, but you want
docility and you want them to be very prolific, then you are all right,
but above all things get rid of your black bees. I go to work at mV
hives in the fall when I am taking supers off, and get them ready for
winter. If there is a black colony, I know it has to be fed before I look
inside. Here is a pure Italian, docile, strong, and I know without look-

/

ILLINt>IS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 27

ing inside that they have plenty of honey. In. poor years you will find
that invariably the case. A pure Italian will produce honey when the
black will starve to death. The past year has been next to the poorest
season in my forty-five years, and yet although I fed lots and lots of
hone}^, my pure Italians as a rule I didn't have to feed this fall.
The President. — Proceed with the next question.

■ Beekeeping and Foulbrood.

Mr. King. — Does beekeeping ever pay where foulbrood is present?

Mr. Dadant. — I would say yes. It would be pretty difficult in
this day and age to have beekeeping pay anywhere if we had to have it
non-paying wherever foulbrood was present. If the question is changed
to does beekeeping pay where foulbrood is not checked but is allowed to
go rampant, I would say it doesn't pay, but the careful beekeeper can
fight foulbrood continually year after year, and still have his bees on a
paying b^sis. \ - ■

Mr. 'E. J. Baxter. — I had bees 45 years ago. Six yeap ago I got
a foulbrood scare, I had never had foulbrood in my yards. 1 learned
that the;re was a young man about a mile east of me, that had a colony
of foulbrood. We inspected it and we found foulbrood. Mr. Kildow
told hi^ what to do according to the State law. He went to wor^^arrd-
took tiye combs of this diseased brood out of \he hive, made a big pile
of it aiid stuck it up in the fork of a tree. I happened, to notice it. I
telegraphed Mr. Kildow to come right away. We went there and
burned up every hive he had on the place, and we told him about this
$50 nne. I watched my bees carefully to see that I didn't get any foul-
brood. If I had, I would have prosecuted him sure, because that v/as
disseminating foulbrood. My bees didn't take it. One^fxtny neighbors
took it, and he killed every bee he had on the place, and it has been the
last of it in that section. There has been a good deal of foulbrood in
Hancock County, within ten or twelve miles of me, but it has never come
up/ where I am, to my knowledge. I should feel very bad if anyone
having foulbrood should bring it into my locality, and I would certainly
pfrosecute them under this clause of the law on disseminating foulbrood.
|f we had this certificate business they couldn't do it. The inspection
would have to take place before the bees were moved, and they would
/have to be declared free from foulbrood, but in this other case- there
would only be a fine after the thing had been done. That is why it
would be a great deal better to prevent it beforehand than to get dam-
ages afterward. •

Felt Cloth for Packing.

Mr. King. — Who has had experience with hair felt cloth for pack-
ing bees, what is their experience with same?

Mr. Bender. — In the old countries it used to be the rule to do that,
it used. to be the way they would pack bees in winter. They never
wintered in cellars, but packed them outside. Of course the hives .are
difl^erent frorii our hives, but if beekeepers knew anything at all about

•I'

28 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

taking care of their bees, they always looked for material to put over
them in the winter time, on top of them and next to the frames.

Mr. E. J. Baxter. — I don't know just the quality of this cloth,
if it is impervious to air and moisture I would say no. Since 1883
Ernest Eoot claimed the bees must be hermetically sealed and never
remove the cloth on top. He thinks differently now. I have been
using Mr. Dadant's methods. When you are examining your bees any
time in the winter, you will find them dry and snug, while if you leave
the cloth on top or anything that excludes the moisture and air from
rising, in cold weather you will find sheets of ice on the combs and your
bees will starve to death with a whole hive of honey. You want venti-
lation. In ventilating my bees the entrance is wide open, and in the
cap in the north end — the bees always face south — I have an auger hole
of about an inch, closed with a wire screen, so that the moisture escapes.
Sometimes when I unpack my bees in the spring, where I had omitted
this escape I find the leaves as wet as can be. That shows there must
be some means of escape for the moisture, because they give off a great
deal of moisture during winter. If the cloth prevents that, I would say
no. It. may be all right around the sides, but, be careful to have plenty
of ventilation. .

Mr. Dadant. — I think the questioner had in mind a cloth some-
thing like the old felt boot which is a cloth that will take up moisture,
that isn't impervious to it. They make some of those like tlio filiro-
felt and some of those materials advertised a year or two ago. I think
they would be all right, because they do let the moisture through, they
are not impervious.

Time to Pack for Winter.

Mr. King. — What time in the fall is the best to pack the bees for
outside wintering? (v

Mr. Kildow. — Just as soon as it is cool enough so you can get
around the. hive without having the bees out after you, the sooner the
better, I think.

Mr. Stone. — I believe bees that haven't been packed at all are just
as well off now as the ones that have been packed year after year.

Mr. Bender. — 1 claim if you pack them too early they will raise
brood later than they ought to.

' ^Ir. Dadant. — If you pack them after they have once formed a
winter cluster and. disturb them any, you are apt to start brood rearing.
My opinion would be the best time to pack them is after you have made
your last examination, so that they will need to be disturbed no more,
and before the first cold spell, that will require winter clustering. I
don't know when that is going to be. With us we pack them as quick
as we can get the material. We use leaves. In fact, we haven't some
of ours packed yet.

The President. — The average beekeeper packs his bees too late,
and he also packs them whenever he can. I have tried it late and I
have tried it early. I packed one year very early and all my bees started

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES ASSOCIATION.

-29

broodrearing, the ones I packed much later after there had been a cold
spell, I didn't have any trouble with. I used the same method of pack-
ing, that the Cadant people use.

Mr. E. J. Baxter. — I say pack early.

Mr. Kildow. — If 5^ou pack early, bees cluster in the entrance and
if it comes on a cold spell they are where you ought to have them, with
all the honey back of them. If you pack early their honey is above them

Ecu'ols wnU chaff packed hives wintered out of doors in the apiary of E. J. Baxter

at Nauvoo.

and it takes a long cool spell to kill them. This season is rather warm.
I don't know how that is going to act, they may start broodrearing, I
don't know.

The President. — Proceed with the next question.

Electricity to Eeplace Packing.

Mr. King. — Who has used electricity for heating hives (taking the
place of all other packing), what success have you had?

The President.— I will ask Mr. Dadant to answer that question.

Mr. Dadant. — I haven't had any experience. It would be pretty
expensive, I think.

Mr Wooldridge. — I asked that question for the reason I have tried
it already two years. If nothing happens the Cook County people will
have an opportunity to see it in operation, if it gets cold enough later

30 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

on. I am going to invite tliem to come out to see it. I find it the
cheapest. We all know the packing proposition is a serious one for the
reason it is expensive, takes lots of work, and it is difficult to tell when
is just the right time to do the packing. I have tried an experiment in
'fixing a coil that makes about the right kind of heat, that does not melt
the frames, and the bees- recognize where the heat is. In cold weather
they will work over to this heat unit. Then after they have worked
themselves over there I may put it in the farthest part of the hive again,
and they will again move, showing they recognize where the heat is.

Some would say it is too expensive. It is the most economical way
I have ever found, I think all of you will agree the first cost is about
all the cost there is to it. An electric globe that will use 60 watts will
,heat 26 hives, so the bees are not clustered so tightly bvit what they can
jmove around. In addition to that they start about two or three weeks
'earlier in brood raising in the spring. We realize most of us get con-
sumers in the place of producers, when the white clover comes. That
is one advantage that we have.

I place the thermometer where most of the family pass in at the
kitchen door. When we see it down to a certain point we realize it is
going to get cold. If the switch isn't on we put it on. In that way we
have a constant heat and at a very little cost. It is very little expense
after the first cost, and that apparatus can be put on the market for $5
or less per colony, then you haven't very much expense afterward.
Some one has raised the objection that we are not near power current,
but it is easier to put your colonies on a truck and truck them to a
current than it is to go out and buy these quadruple packing boxes and
take care of the packing or get new packing every year, so I would like
for this association to investigate some way of getting away from the
expense of the winter packing. Why do you pack ? It is so much more
trouble, it seems to me you people who are decidedly interested in bee
culture ought to get busy and fathom out something that we can pack
those bees with, with the least trouble, and get the beginner interested
in it.

Mr. Lower. — The, question of packing is so interesting I can hardly
keep still. I have read bee culture since I was a boy in regard to pack-
ing hives, etc. In Colorado ours are always packed when we take the
honey off. We use an inner cover, one-fourth inch thick, which covers
the hive completely over the frame and has a slot one inch long and
three inches wide. With some of the bees we use a metal cover. We
leave them that way all winter. The warm air from the bees is escaping
from the opening, and we never think about putting anything over them.
I jam a new beekeeper, only been in business about five years, but no
beekeeper ever thinks of putting any packing in they just simply leave
plenty of honey below.

Keep the bees dry, that is the main thing. It might not be out of
the way to state we never disturb the honey below. We leave that full,
and in the ordinary standard hive it is sufficient to last them through
the winter. Just the minute we take the upper supers all off and put the
inner cover and outer cover on, we put a brick or stone on top, and the

^

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. [ 31

bees are packed. We use a standard frame, put out by the Lewis people
at Watertown, Wisconsin, a standard size frame.

Mr. E. J. Baxter. — This electric process is interesting because it
is a new one to me, and if I were a young man it would be worth ten
times the cost of coming here, just to have heard that. I would go right
back west and go into beekeeping in Utah, Idaho, even California, they
have got to have packing. Their bees are suffering from cold spells dur-
ing brood-rearing and the brood is killed, but with that electric process,
it would be an easy matter to protect them when they needed protection
and the result is the bees would be strong, healthy, and would be ready
for the orange flow and for the other flows that come. They are be-
ginning to pack now in California, and in parts of Utah; they lose
hundreds and thousands of colonies in the winter time by not packing.
I have the Dadant-Quinby hive, ten-frames. Of course I have no foul-
brood, remember that. I have ten frames and a division-board. As
soon as I take off my honey, about the last week in September, I go
through the brood nest. I examine every frame and see that they have
just what honey they ought to have and according to the strength of the
hive I leave from eight down to six frames. The others I take out and
move the division-board over. These frames I take out I store away in
the honey house, giving them back in the spring. Then my bees are
ready to pack the last week in September. Just as soon as the first
leaves drop and are thoroughly dried, I gather them up and go to pack-
ing. I fill this empty space with leaves. It will make my brood-nest
much smaller, they will have less space to keep warm, and when spring
comes they can breed up faster and when I unpack I expand and give
them frames, if they need them, so th^lt they can build up fast. I find
a great advantage in doing so, and as far as this outer covering is con-
cerned, T do not need that because my hives are all double-walled hives
with a dead-air space between, which is a protection from heat and cold.
With this packing insi^:le my bees are ready to winter in the very coldest
weather. I have contended for forty years that bees do not freeze to
death if they are dry.

Mr. Stoke. — -How about it if it stays so cool they can't get to the
honey for a week?

Mr. E. J. Baxter. — They can get to the honey any time, if you pack
them right, but if not packed right it is quite the reverse. During the
winter of 1884 and 5 — some of you remember what kind of weather we
had — I had one apiary packed. I was foolish enough to teach school
that winter again. The result was I had two apiaries not packed, they
didn't even have a cloth on top, and they were chilled. I examined some
of those hives in the winter time, and there was a quarter of an inch
of ice right up and down every comb. Out of 65 colonies I had 12 left
in the spring, in each apiary. Where I had them well packed I didn't
lose over 5 per cent. Conclusion, keep the bees dry. They didn't fly
that winter for six ^v^eks at a time. The cold began early in December,
and there was a thaw about the twelith of January. Then we had snow
and it froze up and was cold till March 30th, below zero. Hardly a day
passed but what it was below zero, yet those well packed bees came out
all right.

32 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF TPIE 1

f

WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION.

The President. — The first ipaper on the program this afternoon is
"The Value of Sweet Clover," by X. A. Weston, of Urbana.

The Value of Sweet Clover; in Farm Economy.
(By N. A. Weston.)

Prefatory Note. — In the preparation of this paper, very free use has been
made of numerous bulletins published by the United States l>epartnient of Agricul-
ture and by the Agricultural Experiment Stations of the different States, especially
those of Illinois and Ohio, and also of many articles and editorial comments in the
agricultural journals. Full acknowledgment is here made for the use of these
nriaterials.

The cultivation of sweet clover on the farms of the United States
is, relatively speaking, a very new thing. Within the memory of many
men now, laving sweet clover was commonl}^ regarded as a noxious weed
whose -destructiou was, in many places, the object of severely stringent
la'ws. As a wild plant it has, for a long time, been rather widely dis-
tributed in the United States, growing as a usual thing in waste places
and in uncultivated fields.

Sweet clover is a member of the large family of plants now com-
monly called legumes, but formerly more generally known as the pulse
family. This order of plants includes the clovers, beans, peas, and
indigo plants, and the locusts among the trees, each of which consti-
tutes a distinct genus or sub-family. The name "Sweet Clover'^ is
really a misnomer, as the plant belongs to a genus quite distinct from
the clovers. It is also different from the alfalfas, another genus which
it resembles, but as a member of the same great family of plants it is
closely related to both the clovers and the alfalfas.

Three different species or varieties of sweet clover have long been
recognized. These are the white biennial, the yellow biennial, and the
yellow annual varieties. The white biennial is the most widely dis-
tributed and the best known, but there seem now to be several distinct
strains of it, although they are not so conspicuous as the different strains
of red clover. In the summer of 1916 fields of an exceptional early
blooming strain were found in Illinois, Iowa, and North Dakota. The
most conspicuous difference between these plants and those of the ordi-
nary white sweet clover was the fact that they were in bloom during the
first week of June, about three weeks earlier than the ordinary variety
should bloom in these localities. An annual white-flowered sweet clover
was found growing in several different places in the fall of 1916. Mr.
H. S. Coe, agronomist of the United States D'epartment of Agriculture,
says that the seed from which these plants were produced was grown in
Alabama. It resembles the common white sweet clover in most respects,
but is strictly annual instead of biennial. It has not yet been de-
termined whether this is a distinct species or merely an annual strain
of the common white biennial species. This is the annual white sweet
clover, the discovery of which has been credited to Professor H. D.
Hughes of the Iowa State College of Agriculture and which has recently
been given the name of Hubam.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEBS' ASSOCIATION. 33

The original home of sweet clover is supposed to have been in
Bokhara in central Asia, and the plant is sometimes called Bokhara
clover. It has been common throughout Europe for many centuries.
It was known to the ancients and was highly prized by Greek and
Eoman beekeepers. Sweet clover was the honey-lotus of the Greeks.
It now grows in practically every country in the world.

So far as is known sweet clover was not a native of America but
was introduced from Europe, though nothing definite is known of the
time or method of its introduction. Its wide distributioii seems to
indicate that it was accidentally introduced in many places in colonial
times. Probably the first scientific mention of it in the United States
is in a book on the flora of Virginia published in 1739. The spread of
this plant in the United States has been very rapid in the last fifty or
sixty years and especially since it has come to have a recognized com-
mercial value. The production and sale of sweet clover seed became
quite, an important industry in the sweet clover district of Alabama
before 1880. At that time commercial distribution of the seed began
in the South and to some extent in the TsTorth, although widespread
commercial distribution in the North is of much more recent date.
Sweet clover is, howeyer, widely spread and is found in every district
of the United States from Maine to Washington. It has followed the
great trunk lines of the railways across the continent and has spread
out along improved highways where it has probably been carried in road
materials, while along unimproved roads it has been distributed by the
mud on wagon wheels. Some of the railroads have grown sweet clover
along their right of ways as a means of protecting and retaining em-
bankments. Apiarists in different sections of the country have also had
a share in the distribution of sweet clover as it has always been highly
esteemed as a honey producing plant. There is more than on'e place
that has a tradition that some "bee man" scattered seed along the high-,
ways.

It is not possible to make a definite statement about either the
distribution or cultivation of sweet clover in the United States. There
are no complete government or other statistics on the matter. An
investigation in Ohio in 1912 showed that sweet clover was then grow-
ing in every county in the State either along roadsides, in cultivated
fields, or in pastures. At that time it was variously regarded by
farmers. Some looked on it as a pest, while others considered '^'t very
valuable for pasturage and hay and as a green manure. At the present
time the United States Department of Agriculture issues no reports or
statistics relating to sweet clover production as it does in the case of
the principal farm crops. But in recent years it has been grown rather
extensively as a field crop in the limestone regions of Alabama, Missis-
sippi, and Kentucky, in northern Illinois, and throughout fthe western
north-central and mountain states. There are, in fact, only a few of
the states in the east and south where sweet clover is not grown as a
cultivated crop. In 1917 one of the bureaus of the United States
Department of Agriculture published a map to illustrate the distribution
of sweet clover cultivation by indicating the counties of the country

— 3 B A

34 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL KEPOET OF THE

in which 50 acres or more was being grown in cultivated fields. This
map has been reproduced on a somewhat larger scale and shows clearly .
the extent of the cultivation of sweet clover and its concentration in
certain localities.

In the study for which this map was prepared it was shown that the
acreage of sweet clover in northern Illinois was at that time greater
than in any of the other eastern north-central states, while the other
regions with large acreage were the western north-central and mountain
states and the limestone regions of the South. The progress of sweet
clover cultivation since 1917 has undoubtedly been very great, although
we have no means of measuring it statistically.

As its distribution over the country suggests, sweet clover is
adapted to a very wide range of climatic conditions, and probably may
be successfully grown in every state in the Union. In this respect it is
superior to the true clovers and probably also to alfalfa. Neither the
high temperatures of the i^outh nor the hard winters of the North
severely affect the plants, provided sufficient moisture is present in the
soil. Sweet clover thrives in the humid districts of the country as well
as in the semi-arid regions where the rainfall is insufficient for normal
crops of red clover and timothy. In some of the semi-arid regions of
the West sweet clover has proved more resistant to drought than alfalfa.

The adaptation to soil conditions is also of very wide range except
that it does not thrive in acid soils and in soils which are not inoculated
with the bacteria essential to its life processes. It has been grown on
all the principal soil types of the United States where the soils have
been non-acid and well inoculated. It has growii luxuriantly on soils
rich in lime in many parts of the country where the lack of nitrogen and
humus has caused farms to be abandoned. Sweet clover thrives well
on heavy clay soils and steep embankments where little else will grow.
But of course like many other plants it makes its best growth on fertile
soils rich in lime. The scarcity of sweet clover in the New England
and eastern states as indicated in the map is largely a question of acid
soils. It will be noted also that the southern half of Illinois has prac-
tically no sweet clover culture in 1917. The late Dr. C. G. Hopkins,
noted agronomist of the Illinois Agricultural. Experiment Station, in
reporting on the status of sweet clover in Illinois in 1911, said, "^Sweet-
clover grows along the highways and railroad right of ways to a very
considerable extent in central and northern Illinois, In southern Illi-
nois, where the soils are almost invariably strongly acid, sweet clover is
rarely found except where road cuts have brought subsoil containing
limestone to the surface, or where limestone may have been used for
railroad ballast or for road making."

As was stated at the beginning of this paper the cultivation of
sweet clover is a relatively new thing in farm economy. A study of the
agricultural literature of 25 or 30 years ago yields very little informa-
tion concerning it. Slight attention is paid to it in the publications of
the. experiment stations, which were then rapidly extending their scien-
tific investigations, and in the agricultural journals it is more often
referred to as a troublesome weed to be exterminated than as a useful
plant on the farm. A generation ago no man would have believed that

ILLINOIS STATE BEIEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATIOX. 35

the sweet clover plant which grew so luxuriantly in the hard clay of
roadside ditches would some day be transplanted to similar situations in
the fields and be lifted out of the class of weeds and become one of the
most useful and beneficial plants.

The value of sweet clover in the economy of the farm has been only
gradually realized, and largely also, it may be said, as a result of many
happy accidents. One of these occurred in what is now the great sweet
clover region of central northern Kentucky. The story has been told
many times, but its unusual economic significance, as well as its ro-
mantic character, will justify briefly telling it again.

This svyeet clover region of Kentucky comprises some seven or eight
counties lynig just south of the Ohio Eiver and extending 40 or 50 miles
southwest from Cincinnati and includes a part of the famous tobacco
growing district of northern Kentucky. In general, the region is a
broken one with many steep hills and a soil full of broken limestone
fragments. Tobacco has been the staple €rop of the region for more
than a hundred years. Cultivation has been largely by tenant farmers
on a share system. The plan was to cultivate the land for a time with a
rotation of tobacco and wheat, grass being sown occasionally with the
wheat, then to allow it to go wild for a period of years, and then to clear
it again and repeat the process. The consequence of such a system, as
will be readily appreciated, made the whole region a scene of desolation.

About 30 years ago sweet clover was introduced into this region by
accident, and a man who liked and kept bees was responsible for it. He
was a typical "hill-billy" farmer of the region, who planted a few acres
of tobacco each year and then gave it scant attention during the growing
season, but spent much of his time fishing and hunting for bee trees in
the woods. Once when visiting a neighbor, he observed the bees were
very fond of certain fiowers growing in the garden. He secured some
of the seed and sowed it in his own garden and then, as rapidly as pos-
sible, seeded his whole farm. The sweet clover thrived and spread and
furnished a valuable bee pasturage. But the people of the neighborhood
became alarmed and believed the weed would take the entire country.
One spring our bee-man farmer plowed a field that had been growing
sweet clover for several years and planted it with tobacco. "While the
cultivation of this tobacco was neglected, as usual, the field produced
the heaviest crop in the neighborhood, much to the astonishment of
everybody. The crops of the second and third years were equally as
good. jSTot only was the yield heavier than in neighboring fields, but
tobacco buvers said the color and quality were also better. The people
of the neighborhood pronounced it all a piece of "luck," but the bee-man
farmer thought the sweet clover had inuch to do with it. The farm on
which this happened is now one of the jewels of the district.

The fame of the sweet clover soon spread over the northern Ken-
tucky counties, where it has been introduced on hundreds of farms as a
fertilizer for tobacco in a rotation consisting of tobacco, of wheat, and
then, for several years, of sweet clover. This rotation hns proved a great
improvement over the earlier practice, and probably the greatest good

36 rWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

that has come from sweet clover in northern Kentucky is in the restor-
ation of worn-out land.

It has also been discovered accidentally that sweet clover is valuable
as a pasture and as a hay crop. Live stock has. usually accepted it in^
the first place because other grasses were not available, but having once
become accustomed to it all kinds of stock seem to relish it and often
eat it greedily. Some of the fine Kentucky stock that in former times
was raised on the famous blucgrass pastures is now produced on sweet
clover pastures.

It was these accidental discoveries of the value of sweet clover in
practical farming that led to a widespread study of its characteristics
and to experimentation with its uses both by scientific agriculturists
aiid by practical farmers. As a result of this study and experimentation,
the advantages of sweet clover are now generally well understood, and
its cultivation is being rapidly extended. As these investigations have
demonstrated, its value consists primarily in its use as a fertilizer, or a
crop for soil improvement, and in its use as a hay or ensilage crop and
as as pasture. In further discussion of the importance of these uses of
sweet clover, attention will be confined principally to the corn belt region
and particularly Illinois.

Sweet clover is now grown successfully on many farms in the corn
belt, both in rotation with other crop^ and as a catch crop to be plowed
under. One of the most serious difficulties which the agriculturists of
this region must meet is that of cheaply restoring humus and nitrogen
to the soils used in the production of the principal farm crops. It is
believed by some that, in the course of time, sweet clover will entirely
revolutionize the rotation system of the corn belt. It can be introduced
in any of the rotations in common use in much the same way as red
clover and aslike clover. Success depends, however, on careful attention
to the essential conditioris of its growth. There are three of these essen-
tials. They are: (1) lime in the soil, (2) inoculation of the soil or seed,
and (3) the scarification of the seed. Lime is the most urgent require-
ment, and m many sections of the corn belt it is unwise to attempt its
cidtivation without liming the soil. It will do well in limestone sections
and wherever alfalfa thrives. Inoculation is necessary where soils do
not have the required bacteria, and scarified seed will give the best
stand, though seed that has not -been produced in a dry climate will
sometimes grow well without the scarifying process.

Sown between two main crops, without occupying the land during
any full crop season, sweet clover makes a better crop for plowing under
than any other legume in the corn belt region. When sovra with oats
in the spring or on winter wheat or rye in March or x\pril, it will grow
with great vigor after the grain is harvested and may be plowed under
either in the fall or the following spring. If well turned under in the
fall it will not prove troublesome as a weed in the growing crop of the
succeeding spring. Plowing under in the spring of the second year is
not so easilv managed, because it must be left until late, usually early in
May, in order to secure as large a growth as possible. But at this time,
other work demands the attention of the farmer, and dry weather and

ILLINOIS STATE BBEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATIOX. 37

the heavy growth oi roots often make the plowing difficult. As to the
value of sweet clover as a fertilizer when used in this way, there caii be
no doubt. Ur. Hopkins has emphasized the fact that 6.1 tons of dry
sweet clover matter furnish as much humus-forming material' and as
much nitrogen as would be furnished by 25 tons of average farm manure.

A recent investigation by the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion, the results of which were published in a bulletin^ in May, 1921,
has shown more clearly than any previous study the value of sweet clover
as a means of providing nitrogen in appropriate form in soils used in
growing corn. This study was made on the University north farm at
Urbana in Champaign County, and on the experimental farms in Wood-
ford, Crawford, Cumberland, and Jasper counties. The method em-
ployed in the investigations was that of determining periodically during
the growing season, the amount of appropriable nitrogen in the soil of
a series of plots that had been subjected to different treatments with
manure, limestone, rock phosphate, potassium, and sweet clover. The
results obtained on the farm at Urbana in 1918 showed that the number
of pounds of nitrogen per acre, in two million pounds of surface soil
pe]" acre, was largest, with one exception, in the case of the plots on
which sweet clover had been grown and turned under, at practically
every weekly test during the principal part of the growing season of
the corn from the 10th of June to the 12th of July. The exceptional
plot was one treated with 80 tons,' field weight, of manure, which was
fi'^'^e times the amount usually applied, and also with five times the usual
almoiunt of rock phosphate. Each weekly test showed a larger nitrogen
content in the case of this plot. The apparent utilization of nitrogen
by the growing crop on all plots was largest in the seven days from
June 34th to Julv 2nd. This utilization was higher on one of the sweet
clover plots than on the highly manured plot, while the rest of the sweet
clover plots showed a higher utilization than any of the remaining ones.

It is the conclusion of the investigators in this experiment that sweet
. clover offers the best solution of the problem of supplying a cheap source
of nitrogen for farm crops. With the' exception of manure, the animal
sources of nitrogen, such as tankage, dried blood, guano, and others, are
limited in supply, and their price is so high that their use as a source
of nitrogen for general farm crops is out of the question. The chemical
fertilizers, that is, the nitrate compounds of ammonium, calcium, and
sodium, are also too expensive to apply to soils on which staple crops
are to be grown.

In the bulletin dcalins: with the results of this investigation, the
authors say :

"A crop that possesses the combined ability to grow rapidly in early
spring and to decompose rapidly when plowed tmder makes an ideal
green manure for feeding such a crop as corn. By virtue of its rapid
rate of growth and large dry-matter production, it conserves large
amounts of soluble plant food, especially at times when the soil would
otherwise suffer heavy losses. It possesses in common with other legumes,

1 LTniversity of IHinois, Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin No. 233. Sweet
Clovf^r for Nitrate Productivity, by Albert Lemuel Whiting and Thomas E. Rich-
mond.

38 TWENTY-FllJST ANNUAL REPORT OF TJlJi

when properly inoculated,, the property of utilizing atmospheric nitrogen.
This plant stores in its roots large amounts of resen^e food (especially
nitrogen) which becomes available upon growth in the spring of the
second year. The lea\es are very tender and decay rapidly when the
crop is turned under green. The roots and stems decompose at slower
rates than the tops. Thus the three different parts represent three
sources of nitrogen that furnish three rates of nitrate production.

"Once a weed by law, sweet clover is now coming to be regarded by
soil scientists as the greatest crop for soil improvement. Few soils are
able to meet large crop demands for nitrate nitrogen. Since sweet clover
will supply nitrogen at an insignificant cost, it could well be utilized as
a green manure by most farmers. Wide use of it for soil improvement
is sure to be made in many countries.^'

The limits of this paper will not permit an extended discussion of
the other uses of sweet clover on the farm. It may be said, however,
that it has come to have a recognized value as a hay or forage crop. The
fall growth of the lirst year is generally preferred for use as hay. It is
finer and makes hay of better quality. On limed soil well inoculated
it will yield a ton or more of hay in September or October. The growth
of the spring of the second year is ranker and coarser, but if it is cut
in May live stock will eat it well. The harvesting of such a crop is,
however, a difficult problem owing to weather conditions and the pressure
of other work on the farm.

Sweet clover has not been much used as a silage. Some have put
up the fall crop in this way, but ordinarily it is preferable as hay. The
spring crop is so full of water that usually much of the value of the
silage is lost in the juices that leak away. The fall crop of the second
year cut in bloom makes good silage and sometimes yields as much as ten
tons to the acre. The straw left from producing sweet clover seed has
also been used for silage, but needs to be thoroughly wet down when put
in the silo.

Sweet clover is undoubtedly much more important as a pasture and
has become the principal pasture crop on some very successful farms.
ISTo trouble has been experienced in getting animals to eat it unless they
have been turned in after it got too big. It is believed by some that if
rightly managed sweet clover might become the main pasture crop
throughout the corn belt. Sown with oats or on other small grain in
the spring, the fall crop of the first year will usually furnish excellent
pasturage for stock. A sweet clover pasture is usually available two or
three weeks before other grasses. There is little danger of injury to the
stand from close pasturing. To maintain the pasture in good condition,
enough stock should be grazed to keep it down, and in case it gets too
high it ought to he clipped but not low enough to kill the plants.

The combination of sweet clover and bluegrass in pastures has some
distinct advnntages. They grow well together even where there is a
perfect stand of each. Sweet clover adds nitrogen to the soil and where
the stand of bluegrass is poor it soon thickens up and is better than it
would b(> without the sweet clover. Sweet clover adds to the total and

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 39

gives a longer season, and in some places has doubled the carrying
capacity.

The value of sweet clover as a pasture was well demonstrated in
many localities in Illinois during the drought of the past summer. Many
midsummer pastures became so bare that stock had to be taken off. In
Grundy County, one of the centers of sweet clover culture, the sweet
clover pastures were in good condition in the middle of July after many
weeks of hot, dry weather and were about the only pastures where stock
could be grazed. The outstanding feature of the Grundy County pas-
tures has always been their long period of usefulness. Bluegrass natur-
ally dies down during mid-summer under Illinois conditions, and it is
now the opinion of many that sweet clover will out-yield and out-carry
any bluegrass pasture.

Next to its employment as a green manure, there is probably no use
of sweet clover which gives so much promise and which lends itself to
so wide an application as this combination of sweet clover and bluegrass
for pasture. It may be profitable even on high priced land because of
its quality and carrying capacity. It can also easily become a valuable
asset on cheap lands and by its use greatly reduce the cost of keeping live
stock.

If time permitted it would be interesting to review the e.\])eriences
with sweet clover on many prosperous farms in the corn belt of Illinois
and Iowa. It has been introduced into the rotation systems on many
grain and live stock farms both for use as a catch crop to be plowed
under and for use as hay and pasture and sometimes for the production
of seed. It fits in well with all the different types of rotation whether
or not they are in series running for two, three, four, or five years.
Many farms in the corn belt in a very low state of fertility have been
restored in this way without any loss of time in the production of the
main crops that are grown for the market. i

In the agricultural papers and the bee journals during the past two
years, a great deal of attention has been given to the large annual white
sweet clover, sometimes called Hubam, which was discovered in 1916.
Trials of this new strain made in 1918 in all parts of the country showed
most remarkable results. In comparison with other clovers, raised under
the same conditions, it made astonishing growths, often attaining a
height of five to seven feet and even more in some instances. TIhis far
there has been little opportunity for scientific experimentation with this
new annual sweet clover, but some experiment station men })elieve it can
be fitted into crop systems in much the same way as the biennial variety,
while others are of the opinion that it is likely to replace all of the other
clovers in its usefulness on the farm.

Sweet clover has long been highly regarded by beekeepers as a
source of honey and is probably one of th^ best nectar-bearing plants
that grow in the United States. In comparison with other honev pro-
ducing plants it seems to be far less subject to variation in nectar pro-
duction due to differences in temperature, moisture, and atmospheric
conditions. "While widely distributed in the United States, it has prob-\

40 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

ably not been the source of much surplus honey except in those districts
where it has been more or less extensively cultivated.

In very considerable measure honey production will always be a sort
of secondary or subsidiary farming industry. There are of course some
sections of the country, river bottoms and swampy lands, cut-over and
burned-over forest areas, and rough, mountainous, and desert regions,
where the beekeeping industry will always be able to stand alone. But
with respect to a very large part of tlie country successful beekeeping
will always be dependent on the cultivation of honey-producing crops on
the farms. This is especially true of the great interior valley and par-
ticularly sections of the corn belt region where practically every acre
of ground is included in cultivated fields. The cultivation of sweet
clover has made honey production a much more successful imdertaking
in many localities than it was formerly. If sweet clover comes to occupy
a still more important place in farm economy in the future, as many men
believe it will, beekeepers will at the same time find it the basis of a more
extensive and profitable industry for them. (Applause.)

Ttie President. — The paper is now open for discussion.

Mr. Stone. — That is as good a paper as I ever heard read, and I
want to vouch for everything. The more experience an^-body gets the
more he will realize that all of it is true. 1 would like to ask Mr. Wes-
ton one question : The second year's crop, what time can you plow that
under ?

Mr. Weston. — There seems to be no definite time, no very definite
consensus of opinion, it has to be plowed under in time for the crop,
some say about Ma}' 10th. Some farmers won't get a great deal of it
plowed and the crop in by May 10th.

Mr. Stone.— What time in the fall ?

Mr. Weston. — T should say as late as it would be feasible. It
should be plowed under while it is green. In the case of a spring crop,
the idea there is to let it grow until it would yield one, one and a half
or even two tons to the acre, then plow it under. It is the decomposi-
tion of the green tops, the leaves, the finer parts of the top, that yield
that first supply of nitrogen in soluble form.

Mr. vStone. — That is all there after it dies.

Mr. Weston. — But you nxe likely to lose some of it. You may
plow your crop under in the fall and you can't be sure you will get all
the nitrogen it would produce in the spring. It will decompose, and if
there are heavy rains a good deal of the nitrogen will be washed away.

That is one aspect of the problem, of course, which is often lost
sight of. There seems to be a tendency a good many times, if I under-
stand the agriculturists right, to postpone the plowing under until the
spring, then plow it under as quickly as possible ami ]>lant your noi)
of corn. This particular investigation I have referred to is an investi-
gation on the use of nitrogen as a fertilizer of corn lands, not for any
of the small grains. I should say you can't name any definite time for
plowing under in the spring. That will depend on the state of the
season, of course. It is always a troublesome, time, at least the agri-
culturists sav that because there is so much work to be done, the weather

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEJ'EKS' ASSOCIATION. 41

is getting liot, tlie grouud is likely to get dry, the sweet clover grows
very rank and the plowing becomes hard. Of course, where tractors are
used it isn't so serious, probably, but 1 am not sure it has been proved
that the tractor in itself is profitable farm economy.

Mr. Stoke. — 1 want to warn you all against what 1 tried to do.
We had a sweet clover pasture we had used for about six years. We
sowed it two consecutive springs and it didn't come very tnick tiie fiist
year. You know it is all right if it doesn't come very thick the first
year, then the second spring it will have a better chance to grow. We
found after about four years it began to be so thick in some places that
the seed expected to come this spring would be choked out. When we
made up our minds to plow it under in the fall of the year, the season
was so dry it all died, and we thought we could plow ainihiiig uiideJ"
with a tractor, but we found we couldn't plow that under. We disked
it twice, but the disc didn't touch the ground. We had to let it go till
spring and we had a hard time plowing it under then, but we finally got
it under. It should have been plowed under green.

^Ir. Weston. — Yes, it would have been good when you got it under.
]\Ir. Wooldridge. — Does frost injure the value of it? In the fall
plowing should it be plowed under before frost comes, or could it be
delayed for awhile longer?

Mr. Weston. — Do you mean frost injures the growing crop?
Mr. Wooldridge. — Yes.

Mr. Weston. — I should say not. Of course frost will stop its
growth. Whether it will result in much loss 1 do not know. I don't
think 1 have seen anything on that.

Mr. Kildow. — It will stand lots of frost.
Mr. Weston. — But 1 think that affects its growth.
Mr. A\'ooldkidge. — 1 know it checks the growth and it begins to
dry up, but would it aft'ect it before the frost comes, or after?

j\1r. Weston. — To get the most nitrogen value it should be plowed
under in the green state.

Mr. Tyler. — Why plow this under? Why not let it go to seed
and the beekeeper will get some benefit from it. As a seed proposition
1 think it pays better than a corn crop, especially this year.

The President. — Yes, or any other one. The main object to
Professor Weston's talk was to get the farmer interested so you ^could
go home and get him to sow sweet clover.

Mr. Weston. — The farmers, generally speaking, will never go to
raising sweet clover for bee pasturage.

Mr. Tyler. — They can raise it from a seed proposition and it will
•pay better than anytliing they are raising today.

Mr. Weston. — When you come to consider the matter of economy,
taking farming as a whole, it is its pasture, fertilizing, and forage, that
is going to determine the extent to which it is cultivated, and bee pas-
turage is going to be incidental. Of course, if we can get sweet clover
introduced intqf our agricultural system, that is where it becomes a part
of the crop and takes the place of other kinds of clover, and where it
goes into pastures, as it may, it is going to be a better thing for the

42 TWKXTV-FlPiST ANNUAL KErOlJT 01" TliE

beekeeper than under present conditions wliere red clover is used in
crop rotation, which bees do not handle so readily.

It seems to me the success of the cultivation of sweet clover so far
as beekeeping is concerned, is to get it spread as widely as we can, as
generally as we can, so it will be in pastures as well as growing in waste
places. Then there will be much more bee pastures than under present
conditions.

ill!. LowjiK (Colorado). — I think if you can induce the farmers to
sow it in their iields for a few years there will be enough along the
higinvays for the beekeepers. They have it out in Colorado on the
sage land.

Mr. Kildow.- — 1 would like to ask if there are any statistics show-
ing the increase in acreage in sweet clover in Illinois?

Mil. Weston. — ]\lr. President, there are not. 1 searched every
available source of information for that. 1 have found, however, that
the Department of x\griculture at Washington, Division of Agronomy,
have some information, but they have never published it. This little
map which I have was made up in the Division of Agronomy and De-
partment, of Agriculture, and is based on such information of that kind
as they had, but there is nothing of that kind published, nothing that
is available. That is one of the great problems wliich beekeepers and
everybody else ought to be agitating and talking about. We do not
know ami haven't the information to enable us to form an opinion about
nian}'^ of these important questions, because we do not have the statistics.
It is not only true of sweet clover, but true of other things; a lot of the
statistics which the United States Department of Agriculture puts out
are worthless.

You may have come across in some of the publications of the de-
partment statistics on the annual production of^ clover seed in the
United States. They publish a lot of stuif about the annual production
of clover seed, acreage in clover, amount of seed produced, present seed,
and all that. What will you think when 1 tell you that item, clover seed,
includes all kinds of clover? A great many farmers think it is red
clover. It is red clover, sweet clover, alsike clover, white clover, every
kind that is grown, all lumped together in that statistical report of the
United States Department of Agriculture. You can form your own'
opinion as to what the statistics on clover seed are worth when you take
all these things and put them together and figure Out an average price
for the whole thing. That is the character of a good deal of the
statistical information that we get. We do not have anything of any
particular value wbatever, so far as the acreage of sweet clover is con-
cerned.

Sweet clover hay is included in the United States Department of
Agriculture statistics on hay. They publish every year statistics of the
hay crop, but that includes timothy, red clover, alfalfa, sweet clover,
and all the other kinds of hay, and those statistics are just as worthless
from the point of view of the study of any one of these as our statistics
on clover.

Mr. Tyler. — About the only thing you can do is to watch the seed
man. A few years ago if yoii wanted any sweet clover seed you had to

ILLINOIS STATE BBEKEEPERs' ASSOCIATION. 43

order it. Now the seed men keep it on hand and our farm bureau in
Logan County has ordered two thousand bushels for that county.

Mr. Stone. — I would like to ask another question. The University
I suppose knows about the patent that Mr. Dillard got up for gathering
the seed without cutting the clover, so you can get the seed and plow it
under too. Do you know about that?

Mr. Weston. — I think I have heard them speak about that.

The President. — Only one trouble about that machine you speak
of, it is in the process of litigation. Two men claim the patent, conse-
quently there will not be any made for about five years.

Mr. Woolridge. — Has anybody had experience in determining how
much nectar an acre of sweet clover with a reasonably good stand will
produce. How many pounds of honey?

Mr. Dadant. — I wrote to several different honey producers in all
the states, I could pick up, and put a hypothetical question to them —
how many pounds of honey did they get froili 100 colonies of bees in a
reach of 100 acres of sweet clover. They were all dependent on climatic
conditions, but the average answers was about 80 to 100 pounds per
colony. It was simply a hypothetical question, an individual opinion of
probably forty or fifty different honey producers.

Mr. Coyle. — How about the quality of white clover honey comb
and extracted, compared with sweet clover?

Mr. Kildow. — I do not know, but E. K. Eoot says Hubam sweet
clover will produce as fine a honey as any plant that grows.

Mr. Lower. — There are a few cases of pure sweet clover honey in
front of you, you might look at it.

Mr. E. J. Baxter. — I have been advocating the planting of sweet
clover for 25 years, and advocating sowing it along roadsides and waste
places as mucli as one could.

I notice this map is incorrect. They give very little area to sweet
clover in the west. Utah has hardly any sweet clover. When I traveled
througli Utah, I saw thousands and thousands of acres of sweet clover,
and it produces by far more honey than the alsike. The alfalfa in
southern Utah especially, has the weevil, which cuts down the crop very
materially, but it doesn't injure the sweet clover and they get more
honey from sweet clover than they do from alfalfa. The same in the
Uinta Basin. The Uinta Basin was originally an Indian reservation.
The government opened it to settlement and, I believe constructed an
irrigation system, and a lot of the Indians were allotted a certain
amount of land. The rest of it was thrown open to entry. They have
thousands of acres which belongs to the Indians, and the Indian agent
rents it out for five years, to have it fenced and improved, and one of
the conditions is that the first year it must be sowed to sweet clover.
In one bench east of Eossville, a tract seven miles long by two miles
wide, there was one thousand colonies of bees and lots of room for more.
They estimate their crop from 180 to 300 pounds per year per colony,
so you see the possibilities are great. I believe sweet clover is the
greatest honey plant we have in the United States, and in the course of
time it will be the plant for honey. It produces a very good quality of
honev.

44 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OP THE

I remember in 1903 I had a large crop of honey and I sold it in
different parts of the United States. A man by the name of Smith in
Michigan sent for five barrels of white clover honey. He said, "Be
sure and don't have any sweet clover." I was sick at the time and told
my man what honey to get for him, and when I got well I found he had
got one barrel of sweet clover honey among them. In about two weeks
the man came back with an order. He said, "Send me five barrels more
honey. Send me sweet clover honey, even if it takes dynamite to blow
it out of the barrels."

In 1877 the State Board of Agriculture at Springfield established
a department of statistics. They appointed some five hundred corre-
spondents. Brother Stone was one of them, I was one in our county.
I gave them the crop statistics from time to time as they asked for them,
and at the end of the year I gave thein the crop report. iSTauvoo is a
grape growing centei-. They were grown there in the "40's. We are
shipping out from there about 150 carloads of grapes every season when
crops are good. I gave them a report of how many grapes were being
shipped out every fall, and when 1 got their annual report I was horri-
fied to see that the whole State of Illinois was credited with less than
one-third of the grapes we shipped in Xauvoo in about three weeks.
When I asked them how it happened, they said they ha'd to average it
over the State. That is the way you get your report.

Nineteen hundred and fourteen was a very dry year. I had to feed
my bees all that season and in the fall, too. Not only did I have to feed
my bees, but farmers had to sell their cattle because they had no feed
for them. In February, 1915, I crossed over on the Mississippi on the
ice, to Montrose, to take a train for Denver to attend the national meet-
ing. There I saw one of our big farmers. He had a large farm right
where I had one of my apiaries and had to sell much of his stock. He
had no feed.

I said, "Why don't you plant sweet clover and save your stock?"
He said, *'I don't know that that would make any ditTerence." I said,
"One of your friends out here in the country, by the name of Solon, had
seven acres of sweet clover, and he kept all his cattle, had plenty of
pasture all summer long. Then I told him what Mr. Coverdale had
told me, that he had planted some oats in the spring of that year, 1914,
and that he had sowed sweet clover with it, and in the fall he had a fine
growth of sweet clover after the oats were harvested. It made him two
tons of very fine hay to the acre. , I told him about that and about what
Mr. Coverdale told me about stock. He had just been up to Chicago
in September to market some of his stock. He said his steers were
pastuKHl on sweet clover without corn, yet he topped the market fifteen
cents over cornfed cattle. The man said, "1 am from Missouri, you
will have to show me." A man. stepped up and said, "I am from Mis-
souri, too. I live at Jacksonville, Illinois. I got some of my friends
together and we went up to Mr. Coverdale's and investigated. We were
shown. We bought enough sweet clover seed to sow one thousand acres.
Next spring we are going to rotate corn and sweet clover." You can't
go in the west anywhere but what you will find sweet clover, that is the
common crop everywhere. There is nothing to equal it in the amount of

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION*. 45

forage produced or in the amount of fertilizer or in the amount of
honey.

Mr. Kildow.— a few years ago it used to be that all the western
honey was sold as alfalfa. I have noticed in recent years they want it
all to pass as sweet clover. The brokers talk about white sweet clover
honey and don't talk about alfalfa honey from the west. From my
experience it seems to me the western honey coming in now is quite
superior to what it was a few years ago.

Me. Westox. — I want to say about that map. it is simply designed
to show the distribution, not the acreage. Each one of those solid dots
represents a county in which 50 acres is in cultivated fields. In Kansas,
for example, there are about as many dots as there are counties.

Me. Coyle. — In the matter of sweet clover displacing alfalfa on
the market, one great drawback to alfalfa is the reputation it has for
candying. Some dealers I have met in the east will not buy western
honey because it candied. Most men who handle alfalfa honey admit it
candies more readily than others. For that reason, naturally the
dealers Avill be more apt to say that they have sweet clover honey.

Mr. E. J. Baxter. — 1 do not believe that alfalfa candies more
readily than sweet clover. Sweet clover candies very quickly.

The President. — It is about equal in that respect. If there is
nothing else we will go to the next paper, Locations in Illinois, by
Edwin J. Kommer, of CamlDridge, Illinois.

Adaptability of Illinois for the Location of a Beekeeper.

(By Edwin J. Kommer.)

Illinois, as well as other states, has good and poor localities for bee-
keeping. Location in itself, however, does not insure production, for we
have even in the ideal location good and bad years for honey production.
Location and production are not sufficient to insure a brisk demand for
yoiir product. It must have color and flavor.

It is evident, therefore, in order to have an ideal location, there are
important factors which make it adaptable and profitable. These are
highlands, lowlands, climate, and flora.

The importance of the highlands and lowlands of the location,
however, might be compensated by the other two. If, however, climate
does not in a natural way compensate the ideal essentials of your loca-
tion, there is the possibility that the highlands and lowlands become an
important factor. Should your climate conditions not be favored with
freqvient rains, the hills would probably not be as favorable as the low-
lands and swamps, which in many cases are not tillable and, therefore,
offer plenty of flora for bee pasture.

Climate, however, becomes an important factor in those locations
where physiography does not furnish the flora at all times, but is de-
pendent upon the early spring and late fall rains. If the climate was
such, that we have an abundance of early rains, this would bring out
the flora for our summer crop of honey. If these fail us our summer
crop will be a failure. Then, too, climate might be the factor to main-

4G TWEXTY-FllJST ANNUAL KEIORT OF THE

tain and to bring out by fall rains the flora to produce the fall crop and
winter stores.

Excepting the silk worm, the honey bee is of most economic im-
portance among insects. Its importance is its honey. Therefore, flora
becomes an important factor, not the variety of flora, but the abundance
of suitable flora, as the flavor and color of the honey depends upon the
kind of flowers from which the nectar is collected. Heartsease, Spanish
needles, asters, white, sweet and alsike clover are Illinois' best honey
producers.

Hence, combining these factors, early spring rains giving the hearts-
ease a good start, would give us a good crop of heartsease honey. Then
with frequent summer and fall rains for the clovers and asters Ave should
have a good fall crop and winter stores.

In conclusion, 1 believe Illinois has a large number of suitable loca-
tions. Some can be made more suitable by introducing sweet clover.
Some locations may be better than others, but since we cannot all have
the best, I do not believe it is policy to crowd the other fellow and in
so doing cut short his and your production.

The Peesident. — This paper is open for 'discussion.

Mr. E. J. Baxteu. — ^Ir. President, there is just one thing that I
do not want to let go unchallenged. The gentleman said that the honey
bee next to the silk worm was the most valuable insect. I beg to differ
there. I say that the honey bee as an economic proposition is the most
important insect in existence. Aside from the production of honey,
it does the pollenating of our plants. Even without the honey it would
be more important than the silk worm. Years ago California fought
the bees, got them out of the country, but they were mighty glad to get
them back again. In Washington they paid rental to have bees put in
their orchards. A jgreat many of our plants would produce nothing
without bees. A scientist said some time ago that there were about
sixty special insects that fertilize our flowers, that the honey bee is one
of them, that it was more important in that respect than all the rest
of them put together.

In getting the law through the legislature of Utah that was one of
their trump cards. Therefore, I say the honey bee is one of the most
important of insects in the world.

The President. — Anyone else anything to say in regard to this
paper?

Mr. Stone.— ^I think as far as the location is concerned, that the
corn belt is going to have it. The agricultural bureaus are now all
talking sweet clover as the best fertilizer; that means where there is
the most corn raised, there will be the most honey.

Colony Manipulation.

Mr. King. — I have a question: How may a person manipulate a
colony of bees without getting stung? •

Mr. Kildow. — That reminds me of what I heard Wilson, the ex-
pert of Mississippi, say. He said the way to do is to get a long rope,
catch the bee and tie it by its leg, and when you get all the bees on that

ILLINOIS siAiL jm:kkli;i'i:i;s assoc iaiion. 1.

r()|)(' then vou can iiinuipulatc the lii\(' witlidut daiiiiri' of liciiiu' >!inm'.
( La ugh tor. )

.Mk. I^. .1. I') AXTLi;.--! kiinw a hctter way than liiat. ^'(•ll all kn<n\
Mr. ('. 1*. l)a<huit. lie attended a hee coiix cnl ion in wc-^lerii .Missoiii'i
this snniinei'. at Mi'. Dienier's phice. He said that lhe\ npciicd hive
urt<'r hi\(' without a xcil, nohody ,i;<it slum;-. Why? Uecau.-c hi' had a
<^()od strain (d' hecs to iH\u'iu witli. .\iioihei' reason, he went at il I'iiziil.
lie difhi'l uo at it in a hurried niannei- nv in a haiaini— eaiaiin way to
arouse iheni and u'et them aii,i;'ry. lie snioi\ed them well lir^t, saw lliev
were well lille(| with honey.

Ml'. !\iN'(i. — 1 )oe> It pay to try to save hitc swai-ni.-. I would call
a late swarm one that comes ahout .\o\eud»ci-.

TiiK I'iMisi i)i-;N'r. — ^'ou coidd >a\ca -warm ot \irr< at an\ time nro-
vided \()ii had iilleil condis t<i u'ive them.

.Mi;. W'i li.i a .\i>. — Mr. Chairman. I thought I would -it >liil. luu I
dond iielie\e 1 Will no\\-. -iiu-c that <]Ue>tioii came iiji. I p al m\ place

.\|il):natus I'ov c;itclii)i,i; swaiins as iii\"iitfil liy an lUiiinis InckreiH-i'.

we hail liothiiiir tin's \-ear i)ut late swarm.-. I hail no -wai'ui- unlil ai't.T
the Huddle of .\uL;iist. Some of those -wai'iu- ma.de mc a >uper of c<iml\
liotiey. Do you think that was woi'th saxinL;? 1 do. c\eii if 1 shoiiM
lose my liee>. 'Idle oiilv dandier I think from -axiiii;' late -wai'iii- i< tin-.
that lhe\- po--ihl\- will not -tore eiiouLih pollen foj- the feedme- i,\' \\\,-
yoiiii;;- hces in the spiMnu' and llie\- will die then. Thai i- my tlieorx'
oil sa\ iiie' late swarms. ()f cour.-e if oiic <lioiild l;o tln'onLih and supply
that lack and U-i^d them a suhstitiite foi' heehi'ead. then I ihiuk a swarm
as late as the middle of S(>ptenihei' in niv localit\" would he all rii^ht.
On two occasions since 1 Innc had hce- 1 ha\e had a -warm oii tlie eiehtli
n\' Sciitemhei'. That is prett \- late I -hould sav, hut in hoth ea-e- thev
made sulllcient stores without aii\' U'r^l. to winter, and were, i^ood >wa'in-
in tlie spriiiu-. So I sa\' .-ave the hecs at anv tiiwe. Some of tlie>c pc<]p|c

48 TWENTY-FIKST ANNUAL REPORT 01' THE

are talking about having to feed. You might as well feed a swarm that
comes oft' November first as feed them if they came off May first, if they
had no supplies.

Mr. E. J. Baxter. — I will answer that in another way. I will say
have the right kind of hives and manipulate them right. You will have
no swarm to save, that is the best way to do it, isn't it ?

The President. — That is correct.

Me. Baxter. — A swarm that conies out in November or even in
October I wouldn't waste the honey trying to save them — something
wrong with the manipulation. Have hives large enough to give them
the necessary room and manipulate them right, and you will never have
any swarms to speak of, even in good years.

The President. — I have had but two swarms of bees in five years.

Mr. Kildow. — Some fellows want swarms.

Mr. Baxter. — I make all the artificial swarms I want.

FOULBROOD.

Mr, King. — Which is the easiest to eradicate, American or Euro-
pean foulbrood?

Mr. Kildow. — I will treat the American before I will the Euro-
pean. When I treat a colony for American foulbrood I have done with
it until the}^ steal that disease from some other colony. European I am
not so sure of. One remedy we have in European is to kill the queen
and let them go ten or fifteen days without a queen, then give them a
young queen or a ripe queen cell. Sometimes it will cure it, at other
times it won't. You are not sure, you can only wait and watch develop-
ments. But in American when I shakis that I feel I have it done. Treat-
ing European foulbrood seems to be a case of wearing out. Sometimes
we cure it the first time. Sometimes it will take a couple of times. You
may think you have it cured one year and next spring it will show up.
It is a pretty hard proposition, to my notion.

Mr. Weston. — How is European spread?

Mr. Kildow. — I don't know. 1 have seen very bad cases of robbing,
but European foulbrood I never saw any come from it, I don't know
v/hj. I run across apiaries through the country myself, away from other
bees, where a man has never introduced other queens or bees in his yard,
and I find that thing dropped down in there. I am well satisfied how it
spreads in the yard after it gets started, but how the first germ gets
in there I do not know. I think it is scattered in the yard, probably by
the nurse bees mixing. In numerous cases we have had reports where
the prevailing winds blew across the street or into the other part of the
yard, and scattered foulbrood.

Mr. E. J. Baxter. — Couldn't you say the same thing of the Ameri-
can. Take that Haas case, we inspected all the. bees and couldn't find
another case. Yet there was foulbrood. That was American surely.

Mr. Kildow. — Yes, that was American all right, but I prefer to
treat the American rather than European. I have better success.

Mr. Stewart. — It doesn't pay a man to treat European like Ameri-
can foulbrood.

ILLINOIS STATE BBEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATIOX. 49

Mk. KiLDow. — ^0, we had that demonstrated when European foul-
brood first was known. Probably some of you remember in one of our
conventions a man from Chillicothe reported at one of our conventions
at Springfield, that he had some disease, he didn't know what it was.
He shook the same as for American, it came back that year. -He shook
several years, finally he wore it out. When he came to investigate, it
was what turned out to be European foulbrood. Dr. Miller did that.
He shook and melted up the combs. It doesn't seem to help it by shak-
ing them. If I understand it right, the queen is affected, especially
after the colony becomes affected quite badly, the queen becomes con-
taminated with that germ. So it is of no use to shake the colony and
put them on foundation, because just as soon as the first brood com-
mences, yovir disease comes back. If you would kill the queen and in-
troduce a new queen at the same time, you would probably have a cure
all right.

Question. — Do you advocate killing the queen and leaving them
queenless for two weeks?

Mr. Kildow. — That is what we advocate. Let them go. queenless
for ten days at least, if you give them a ripe cell eight or ten days after
that, or if you give them a queen in a new cage you make it about
eighteen or twentv da\s from the last larvae. If the colonv is verv had,
the queen is affected. Bees will do better cleaning if you put a queen
cell in the colony. They Avill do a better job of cleaning than they will
where there is a queen in the hive.

Ml?. King.— A cell started in a diseased hive will hardlv ever hatch.

The President. — That has been my observation.

Mr. Kildow. — Of course some of them won't hatch. The only
thing is to wait long enough till the brood of that colony has got past
the stage. Give them a queen from another colony and you will get a
clean brood.

Mr. Wiley. — Out of the eggs of the old queen, if you are lucky
enough to get one hatched out, it will show European foulbrood, so it
doesn't pay to try anything like that. I have found that out. I have
had European foulbrood the last four years.

Mr. Kildoav. — I have had numerous colonies raise their own queens
that come out all right.

Mr. Wiley. — I never got one that would do it.

Mr. Baxter. — I think it would be advisable to give them a queen
cell of a clean colony.

Buying Bees.

Mr. King. — Which is the most profitable, to purchase for honey
production three frame nuclei or three-pound packages of combless bees,
both at the same price?

Mr. Kildow. — I will take the three.-pound packages of combless
bees. I would rather have them on my o^vn combs, that is one reason.
I feel then that I am not afraid of any foulbrood of any kind. For that

— 4 B A

50 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

reason mostly, I believe I would rather have three-pound packages than
three frame nuclei, I believe I will get more bees.

Mr, Williams. — Isn't it a fact that when you get three pounds of
bees you have three pounds of workers ? And usually when you get these
bees, the harvest is on and they are ready to go to work in the field. If
you get your three frame nuclei you have to wait for them to hatch and
get into the field, and you have lost probably three weeks' work, so the
three pounds of bees would accomplish more.

Mr. Baxter. — I would say three pounds of bees every time, be-
cause I can put them in the kind of hives I want.

Foundation.

^Ir. King. — Which is the best, a full sheet of foundation or just
part of it?

j\1r. Dadant. — There isn't any question but what the full sheet is
superior to the starter or half sheet, chiefly for two reasons : One that
vou are almost assured of all worker comb, and the other that bees make
wax at the expense of honey, and the more wax you can furnish them
the better oft' you are.

Secretary Withrow.- — Mr. President, I would like to have Mr.
Dadant state also why he considered it the cheapest. There have been
quite a few fellows write to me and say they couldn't att'ord to use full
sheets of foundation.

Mr. Dadant. — It takes from twelve to twenty pounds of honey, as
near as the}' are able to figure it, to make a pound of wax; therefore to
make a pound of wax the bees would have to use up at least $2.40 worth
of honey. With foundation selling at 85 cents a pound, you can hardly
afEord to charge your bees with making it — $2.40 besides allowing them
to lose time in harvesting honey, which they might- be doing while they
were making this wax. There is a clear gain in using a full sheet of
foundation over allowing the bees to make it out of honey.

The President. — Then you haven't taken into consideration the
fact that they would draw drone cells.

Mr. Dadant. — No, I left that out entirely.

Mr. Williams. — I saw a theory advanced a short time ago, that
when the bees swarm they naturally secrete so much wax, and if you
supply the sheets of foundation this wax they have secreted is lost, be-
cause they haven't any place to use it. I would like to know if anybody
knows anything like that.

In hiving swarms, many of you gentlemen have seen this; on the
limb, where they have been attached, are great sprinkles of wax, so that
for any length of time, even twenty minutes, they will begin to make
these little sprinklings of wax. Is it a fact they secrete all the wax they
need ?

]\Ir.. Baxter, — In the early days when t used to use Langstroth
hives and had swarms, it was a fact that a swarm lighting on a tree
would sprinkle the limb with particles of wax, but the minute they are
hived instead of using their honey in manufacturing wax. if vou .fjive
them combs thev will store that houev. J think of course it is natural

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 51

for them to secrete wax, because they know when they leave their hive
they have to build, it is a provision of nature, but when we furnish
them with necessary combs to store their honey, I don't believe much of
that is turned into wax and stored. As. to which is the most economical
and which pays the best, if I had to pay 20 cents a sheet for foundation
for the brood nest, I would use full sheets every time, rather than
starters. I have tried them all, and as a matter of economy the full
sheets are much cheaper than starters. You have good nice frames of
solid worker comb, and that is what you want. They always build
plenty of drone comb in the nooks and corners, therefore I say at all
times, no matter how poor j^ou are, use the full sheets and you will be
much better off in the long run than by using starters.

Me. Coyle. — If you are in doubt, go to someone that has used
inch starters instead of foundation, and compare with your own, you
won't want any more starters.

Aluminum Combs.

Mr. King. — Who has had experience with aluminum comb?

Mr. T^wer. — I have had a full set of them for two years, and
from the' little experience I have had I can't see any particular differ-
ence.

Mr. Stone. — Can't you see any advantage in them?

Mr. Lower. — I can't see any particular advantage in them, no. I
thought once or twice the.y didn't work quite as well as the wax comb.
The combs I got were shipped to me from Los Angeles. There is a
wire runs down from the top bar to the bottom bar, and the aluminum
strips are fitted around that to stiffen it. It always seemed to me that
the row of cells over that wire on both sides of the comb almost from
the top of it to the bottom bar, never had any brood. There was always
a row of cells straight down that didn't have much of any brood on both
sides of the frame, something about the way the wire was fitted in that
made those cells unacceptable to the queen and the bees, at least the
brood was absent. I am not real sure that the cells are always Just the
right size, either. I don't know Just what the size ought to be. The
natural combs as the bees build I believe are nearly 25 cells to the
square inch of space, and I think they tried to make the aluminum
frames that way, but I very often found in this set of aluminum combs
th-ere would be drones in some of the cells right in the middle of the
comb. Of course there is not much of any chance for drone cells, not
much space around the edges where the bees can build drone cells, and
it is prett}^ hard to say whether the cells were intended to be worker cells
or because there is a little variation in them. You at least find the drone
larvae mixed in with the others occasionally. As far as the wintering
is concerned, one of the objections which has been raised is in regard to
temperature. Of course the aluminum is a much better conductor of
heat and cold than wax. Wax is one of the best conservers I believe of
heat and cold that there is, and it is thought the aluminum would give
up too much heat, but I don't see that the colonies wintered any dif-

52 TWEXTY-FlItST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

ferent on aluminum combs than on the others. They were all packed
alike, but I couldn't see any difference whatever.

Mr. Xichols.— 1 have had two years' experience with aluminum.
Although 1 have never tried to raise brood where I have had aluminum
comb, 1 have used it for surplus honey. I was in Iowa last spring, and
my wife wi'ote me she had one of the largest swarms of bees she had
ever had, and she put them in a hive without starters. Immediately she
put full sheets of aluminum comb above them. The bees went in thi}]-e,
and they have raised brood and done exceedingly well as far as ])ro-
ducing honey is concerned. As far as honey production is concerned I
would much rather have the aluminum with what experience I have bad
with it, than to have the foundation, because I have used both the
aluminum and the other side by side, and I found the aluminum i)ro-
duced again as much honey as I have from the starters.

The President. — I had two sets of these combs and I alternated
them in a hive for surplus honey. I found the one with wax couibs
were filled before the one with aluminum.

Mr. E. J. Baxter. — Isn't it natural to suppose that a swarm of
bees would produce more honey in a comb already built out than in a
foundation starter?

The Tr esident. — Xaturally.

Mr. E. J. Baxter. — Probabl}- twice as much, so that doesn't pi'ove
anything.

The President. — I found on the cool days in early spring there
were very few bees clustered on the frame of aluminum. All the l)ees,
in fact, were on the wax combs, just a few stragglers wore out on the
other combs; they changed temperatures too quickly. In the double wall
hives I didn't see much difference, but in the single wall colonies I did.

Finding the Queen.

Mr. King. — What is the easiest way to find tlic queen in a very
strong colony late in the summer, when no honey is coming in ?

Mr. Stewart. — Pick up that hive and set it aside. Put one in its
place, shake your bees out and put the combs back iu tlie stand, every he?
that can fly will come back to 5^our old stand. You can pick up your
queen then.

The President. — That is all right. But T believe you keep your
bees in the house. I am afraid you would have a good deal of robbing.

Mr. Stewart. — I am talking about outdoors.

The President. — I am afraid you would start robbing too much.
What do you say about this, Mr. Lower?

Mr. Lo'vver. — Lift out the frames one at a time and set down on
the outside. That gives one extra space, and 1 keep on looking till I
get her.

Mr. Baxter. — Suppose they are blacks or hybrids?

Mr. Lower. — I- never had any of that kind.

The President. — I never had any trouble finding an Italian queen
at any time of the year, but I have trouble in finding a black queen any
time of the year, and I have tried ]\fr. Stone's plan, and I have got so I

ILLINOIS STATE BBEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 53

put a queen excluder at the front of the hive. He said the)^ couldn't
fly, but they flew in just the same. The black bees do not sit still on
the comb. They all run down off the frame into the hive or some-
times out in front, and the queen runs and hides. Mr. Bender has
asked me to read his paper.

The Latest Drug Treatment for European Foulbrood.

(By C. F. Bender.)

There have been so many favorable reports of the latest drug treat-
ment for European foulbrood, that our skepticism is shaken. After all,
there is no real proof that drugs do not cure some things, sometimes.
At least they sometimes get well after the drugs are administered, and
who knows whether the drugs did not really cure? It is surely sooth-
ing to believe that our worst trouble can be removed by merely spraying
with a solution that is cheap, and apparently harmless. 1 admit that I
did not try sodium hypochlorite. 1 think 1 tried everything else.

To turn to the other side of the question, while I am not quite
certain that drugs ever cure, I am pretty sure that they sometimes kill.
Some even deny that proposition, but we will not stop to argue that
question at present. Assuming that drugs do kill, we are surely on the
track of the enemy; for the wise men tell us that we have only to kill
the germs, which cause the death of the larvae, and our troubles with
foulbrood will be ended. ^

Through an extensive experience in treating European foulbrood of
the worst type, I found that any antiseptic that the bees would take,
would cause the disease to disappear, while it was being fed. I used
salicylic acid, carbolic acid, (phenol), boric acid, and beta naphthol.
In the case of carbolic acid, the solution must be very weak, and the
bees starving, or they will not take the syrup containing it.

The same is true to some extent of the other drugs mentioned, iu
an extensive queen rearing yard, where European foulbrood was present,
I once fed beta naphthol through a whole summer. It was used in the
proportion of one ounce of the drug to sixty gallons of syrup. There
was no traces of disease for months, while the drug was being fed, but
when we began to feed plain syrup, it promptly reappeared.

We must remember that the drug^ must be brought into contact
with the germ, if the germ is to be killed by it. In the beehive, with
its stores of pollen and honey, much of it scaled over, the larval skins
adhering to the cell walls, the dried masses of infected matter are often
covered with wax or propolis, it is impossible to reach all the germs
that are so concealed. So we must regard complete disinfection, by any
drug, as impossible. Even admitting that a drug mig^it be found that
is powerful and penetrating enough to reach all these places, we still
have the infected queen, probably carrying the germs in her ovaries.
If, as has been repeatedly proved, the queen alone can carry the disease
to a healthy hive, though given without food or attendants, how can we
disinfect the ovaries of the queen? If, in addition to spraying with
sodium hypochlorite, we are to change the <iueen«. giving a youiia- Ital-
ian of resistant stock, then we may succeed. But changing queens is

54 ;, Tw i-:Mi-iii;si' annual KEiOitT gk 'j . i:

not mentioned in the accounts of treatment. 1 lia\e no doubt that in
certain cases, the use of the drug in question may so weaken the germs
that the bees may overcome it. But it will take experience to convince
me that we have found anything worthy to be called a cure.

Mr. Miller tells us that the solution can be made by dissolving two
pounds of sal soda in two gallons of hot water, and one pound of chloride
of lime in one gallon of cold water, mixing and allowing to settle. The
clear solution is to be used in an atomizer to spray the combs, after the
bees have been shaken olf. The white sediment in the vessel is merely
chalk, and can do no harm except to clog the sprayer.

As the product of the mixture is to be a hypochlorite, I would sug-
gest that the recipe should read chlorinated lime, instead of chloride.
The mistake is of little consequence, as most druggists give chlorinated
lime when chloride is called for. If the chloride is used the solution
will be useless, as it will contain only common salt. 1 would further
suggest, that as the hypochlorite acts by releasing its loosely combined
chlorine, a solution of chlorine gas in water would, perhaps, be quite as
effective.

TiiE PiiEsiDEXT. — I am sorry Mr. Bender is not here to add his
comment to this pajjer. The trouble with drug treatment on combs is
the fact that any of the drugs he mentions — he doesn't stand up for that
treatment — can't reach the spot, especially if the larva has dried down
in the skin and become adherent. There isn^t one of those drugs men-
tioned that will penetrate that scale. They have tried that treatment,
as 1 understand, a number of years in England, and they have found it
hasn't been a thorough success. Now with your ordinary hypochlorite,
that is something we doctors use on practically all wounds, as a result
of the late war. It is the basis of what is known as the Dakin solution.
We keej) a wound, regardless of how badly infected, thoroughly soaked
till the gauze or bandage is ready to drip. We keep it there for about
a week. We have no infection. It inhibits germ growth and gives the
system a chance to overcome what germs may be taken up by the system.

In the comb you are confronted with a condition of a dry scale, and
the only way that you could possibly use a treatment would be to soak it,
and I have a very serious doubt if the drug would penetrate the scale
and kill the germ, because as soon as that germ enters an environment
that is adverse to its life it contracts, in other words goes into a little
seed, you might call it; we call it a spore, and as soon as it comes to a
favorable condition, this spore immediately starts to swell, develops a
germ, and that germ immediately divides and makes two, and each one
of those two immediately divides and so on, as long as there is food for
it to live upon.

It has been the experience of all bacteriologists that any spore for-
mation to be killed must have something that would kill or break that
integument that is around this spore, and we found that boiling is about
the only way known, you know what happens when you boil combs.

Take the typhoid germ, which is probably the most resistent of all
bacteria that we have anything to do with. I have actually seen cultures
of typhoid germs that we have grown artificially in bouillon, thoroughly

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 55

boiled for eighteen minutes, cooled, and a plate inoculated from that to
another culture. 1 have seen them boil twenty minutes and tliey were
killed, they were not capable of inoculating another culture. So far as
freezing is concerned, 1 have seen it advanced to use carbon dioxide and
freeze your combs. That is a bigger fallacy than the other one. Various
germs have been known to live six months in a cake of ice and still come
out and infect the individual. The infection of bee comb or of the larvae
is practically the same as the infection of any other organism.

The question came up a while ago, of how European or American
foulbrood was disseminated. When it comes right down to it, there is
only one way to disseminate disease and that is to carry it. You revert
back to the old idea too much that a disease came up out of the ground
as a miasm. It isn't so. Miasms may reduce a man's vitality, or might
reduce any animal's vitality so it would lose its resistance and become
more liable to be infected, but European foulbrood is carried by some-
thing, whether it is the bee or some other agency, as the beekeeper. The
disease doesn't deliberately get up and walk out of one man's apiary and
go walking down to another one's, it has to be carried by some agency,
and that agency is usually bees.

I have attended a good many beekeepers conventions, and 1 remem-
ber one out in Kansas where they talked for three hours about how
European foulbrood was carried from one hive to another, and they ad-
vanced everything from man to wind. Wind doesn't carry it. It might
cause the bees to drift, but the bee is what carries it, just as smallpox
comes into a community if brought in by some individual, or it was
brought in by something that belonged to some individual that had the
disease. Things don't happen in this world by chance. There is a
reason. There is something back of everything. We are not living in a
chance world by any means, and I think if anyone goes out to disinfect
his colonies of bees by any drug of any kind, although my friend Stewart
won't agree with me, I think he is making a grave mistake and spending
his time for naught.

Keeping Caged Queens.

Mr. King. — How long will a caged queen live in a hive with a lay-
ing queen?

Mr. Stone. — As long as she is supplied with honey to eat.

Mr. King. — She won't last but a very short time.

The President. — That question hasn't very much bearing on bee-
keeping. I don't believe any man would deliberately get a caged queen
and put it inside the hive and have another one laying. There would
be no reason for it.

Mr, Dadant. — There might be contingency, in the case of a man
ordering half a dozen queens coming on a certain date, in order to make
increase. When they arrived it was very stormy weather and he wanted
to keep them till the weather got suitable to make the increase, which
might be two or three weeks. That would be one place where it might

56 r\VEXTY-FlRST ANNUAL REP015T OF THE

be worth while. We tried that a little bit this spring. We had some
queeiis in hives for nearly three months.

Mk. King. — With the queen caged?

Ml!. Dadant. — Yes, caged between the frames.

Mk. Xjldow. — 1 can't see any advantage in that' for one reason:
that queen would get the scent of that colony and she would be harder
to introduce in another. It seems it would be better to keep her in a
warm place. 1 don't see any advantage in putting a queen in the colony
to keep her warm.

The FiiESiDENT. — it is easier to introduce a queen into your apiary
from one hive to another than one which had not been in the apiarv at
all.

Mk. Tylek. — Mr. Kildow was out at my place a cotiple of years
ago in June to inspect some bees. 'We shook a colony of bees and caged
the queen, set her down in one corner of the hive without any comb or
frames. Three days later when we went back to shake the second time,
they had a little sheet of cojnb and a nice young , yeilow queen.
We put the yellow queen in the cage and went back three days later,
and there was a young black queen commencing to lay. I thought I
would leave one caged. 1 left her back in a corner of tlie hive, set the
frames that 1 added to this colony to one side, and left her on the other
side, and about two 'months later inspected it, and she was still alive.
About two weeks later 1 was in the yard again and she was dead, so
they live quite a little while, even though they are not placed between
combs.

Mk. Kildow. — She probably lived till her. own bees died and the
others wouldn't feed her.

Mr. WooLDRiDGE. — This summer 1 bought a good many different
queens from different breeders, some of them arrived at times when it
was impossible for me to introduce them. I took them out and put
them over the top of a good strong colony. 1 had never tried to experi-
ment before for the purpose of having them properly fed. jSTot that I
wanted to introduce them to this colony, but I wanted them cared for
till 1 could get ready to introduce them. I went back several times
and watched them, what care they were getting. I almost invariably
found the cage covered with bees, and so long as I left them in I never
had any ill effects and I would have good results introducing these
queens. I didn't lose one of them.

The Secretary. — I was wondering if that would affect the use-
fulness of the queen, having her caged that long. I don't believe she
would be as good a queen as she would have been if she hadn't been
caged.

Mr. Wooldridge. — I don't think it does her any good. I would
like to have introduced her as soon as possible.

The President. — I think that is true; I think a cage shortens her
life.

ILLI^TO]S STATK BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION,

57

Securing Legislation.

Mr. Gill. — ] do not expect to be here tomoTrow, so 1 would like to
speak, 1 am anxious that this State take a forward move. We have
said that in our organization i"s our strength, and I am wondering if it
is possible to get before the beekeqpers of this State in some way or
other, some sort of a policy so that they may understand, because when
we go home we don't get a chance to talk with anyone else — we don't
know what we should do. Do we want anything in the way of educa-
tion in beekeeping in the State? Then we ought to have some idea
about it, otherwise we will not have much information. Is our inspec-
tion adequate? Do we need more appropriation than we now have?
We ought to have some idea about it. Doctor Baxter said this morning
that I helped a little to get some increase in the approiniation. I did
it more or less ignorantly ; I didn't have a real good idea of what we

An lUinois River Apiary.

needed or could use to good advantage. It seems to me we ought some-
how to get that formulated so that the beekeepers may know what is
wanted, what we do want.

Mr. Kindig of Michigan said when they were trying to put through
their schedule, they had it well planned and they went to those v/ho
were up for election, before they were elected, both democratic and repub-
lican, and asked them if they would stand for the thing, so whichever
one was elected they had them after the election. That is something
we have got to work for a year or two or three years ahead, if we are
going to get things that we want.

58 TWENTY-KIKST ANNUAL REI OUT OF T::K

Mr. WooLDRiUGE. — It is my belief that we must have a greater
number before we can come to Springfield and expect to get any results.
Without we have an appropriation sufficient for our needs, we might as
well quit. But in order to do that, it seems to me we have got to get
up some way of finding out every beekeeper in our locality or within
the State. It seems to me that this association ought to instruct our
Secretary to mail out cards to all the members, asking them to solicit
their aid in joining this association or their local association, and let
that local association be affiliated with tlie State association, in other
words, the State association being tlife mouthpiece of the beekeepers of
the State of Illinois. We must increase our numbers so that when the
Senators and Eepresentatives ask us how many we represent, we can
give a good report. Let it come in by the thousands, not a few hun-
dred. We are able to do it if we all get in, we ought to do it. We
will never do anytliing till we do get together. For that reason I think
we should have this card system established and go forward, and allot
a certain amount of work to the members and get them interested, get
them to see liow many members they can get, and in doing that I think
we can certainly get up a formidable mimber, so that they will have to
sit up aiul take notice of us when we make the appeal for an appropria-
tion.

The Secretary. — I remember two years ago I did that very tiling,
sent out an application blank to every member, and sent everyl)ody I
could find was a beekeeper, one of those blanks to fill out. There were
about twelve or fifteen men who sent me new names, hihI 1 ni-d tied
to get them to get their neighbors to join. As long as I can remember,
there have been five or six men in the entire association that have sent in
any names for membership.

Mr. Wooldridge. — Did you have a follow-up system on that ?

The Secretary. — No.

Mr. Wooldridge. — Sometimes if you annoy a person enough it will
cause him to get busy. /

Mr. Gill. — I wanted to ask if the appropriation made this year is
sufficient to cover the work that could be done in the way of inspection ;
if we got an appropriation oi ten thousand by some means or other,
would we have a plan for using that to advantage?

The President. — Yes, it could be used to good advantage.

Mr. Ktldow. — The appropriation we got this time will only about
pay the extra fees for the deputy, yes, and it won't any more than do it,
so for the real inspection we will have no more money than we had
before. We could use ten thousand dollars in this State and get results.

Mr. Gill. — There is one thing we want to work for — see these
fellows before election.

Mr. Kildow^ — They won't promise us anything before election.

Mr. Williams. — I think you can send out all the postal cards there
are in the State of Illinois to the beekeepers and so far as, getting mem-
bers is concerned, you will accomplish nothing or little. Brother
Withrow I think sent me two or three and I know I didn't send him
anv back because I was verv busv and rjidn't have any information

ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION,

59

I could give him that would be of any value, but this 1 know that
I can do. I can get up a beekeepers' meet in Pekin, Illinois, that
so far as numbers are concerned will beat your State association. I
have done it twice, I can do it again. We have 200 beekeepers in Taze-
well County, one of the smallest counties in the State. The question
is, how are you going to reach them. I am anticipating a little some-
thing. The way I see to reach them is through the Farm Bureau. If
3'ou can't reach them that way, or through the Home Department of the
Farm Bureau, you cannot reach them at all. They will not pay $1.75
to the State association where they say in advance, "I can't go to that
meeting, I won't go to that meeting." I asked a half a dozen of our
people in our little town to come down here with me today. Oue fellow
thought he would come but he didn't. That is true everywhere else, so
let's don't try something we know is a failure before we start it.

Tbe statement was made here this morning. I think, that there
weren't any of the beekeepers said anything to the Representatives. Just

The Illinois River bottoms are fast being made tillable, but there are still many
locations where Spanish needle and heartsease abound.

last week I buttonholed the Representative that lives in my town, and
asked him what about the appropriation to the State Beekeepers' Asso-
ciation? Well, he scratched his head and said, "Williams, I really don't
know, but I believe I did something.'^ He is a lawyer of intelligence, a
man that takes a great deal of interest in the schools of. the State, in the
Farm Bureau of Tazewell County. If you could show him 200 votes,
he would be willing to do something. He voted for this appropriation,
not because he saw something good in it, but because he felt he ought to
do it. If you can make him see that there are 200 people in Tazewell
County in the production of honey, it will mean something to him.
You didn't have any trouble getting him to appropriate money for an
.exhibit of poultry at the State Fair, because Tazewell County had an

60 TWENTY-FIRST ANXUAL REPORT OF THE

exhibit. Form these local associations. ProbabW the county would be
too small. Make it the senatorial district. I know the increased appro-
priation will not any more than take care of the extra expense, so really
as far as the accomplishing of the work is concerned, what we got added
to the appropriation did nothing towards the advancement to the cause
of beekeeping.

The President. — Of course this subject of what we are going to
do is for a special order of business tomorrow. Our friend Williams
has a i^aper on that subject, but Mr. Gill is going away. If an appro-
priation comes out of the finance committee, recommended, we will get
that, provided the Governor doesn't veto it.

If you want to make this thing go, you have got to get behind it,
every one of you. Don't think there is any great advantage in belonging
to the association itself. Don't expect to pay in one dollar and expect
to get two back tomorrow. If you do, you had better quit, because it is
going to cost you something, even to die. One reason why big financial
men make money is that they put money in and may not see anything
in it for twenty years, but they know there is something in it. Farmers,
agricultural people, are the only people on earth that cannot control
absolutely the price of their product. That is the leason you never see
Je^^ish people farmers. They cannot control the price of their product,
and consequently each man stands by himself and he runs along in his
little old way, and thinks if he makes his own living he ought to be
satisfied. Some of them don't do that, but if you will get together and
cooperate, and when the Secretary sends you a letter at least have the
nerve and the courtesy to answer, and then he will pvohahly answer
yours.

The way to get to this thing and get it started, as I see it, is to
form county organizations. I don't care whether they are formed in
the Farmers' Institute. If there are only two men in tliat county that
are interested, get them all in. Don't have a Farmeis' Tu'^iitute in
your county unless somebody is talking about bees. Go ahead with your
orsranization. I want vou to think about this thing. You are going to
be back here tomorrow morning, if any of you have a ])laii:, we want to
hear it. We are going to get some place with this thing, or it is going
to (lie. .The older men that organized this organization did a wonderful
work. They got a foulbrood law, they got ever}thi]ig that evei' happened
for bees in this State. Of course we are sliort on our educational work
in the State institution, it is true. T wrote several letters over to the
University to the president in rcL'^ard to it. Xo student had demanded
a course in beekeeping' iji the Agricultural Depai'tment. consequently
it had never been put in. In thr> next place there was no a]iin'opriation.
In fact, the minute the Staff' I'nixersity comes in l)eforc these finance
committees they will ''"lop" off that a|)])ro]U'iatiou Ijecause there is no
demand for it.

You are not going to get anywhere unless you all get back of this.
Tomorrow we have a place in the meeting for this idea of organization.
Think it over. Perha])s you have some plan. I am soi'i'y ^[r. Gill won't
be here tomorrow because I know he is vitally interested, but we are
going to have some organizations over the Stat(>: it is up to you fellows

ILLINOIS STATE BBEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. , 61

to get back of them. It is no small honor for you to be president of
3'our local organization, wherever they want one. I don't think because
it is called by a county name, that it would interfere with the fellow
over in the next county. 'Take the State automobile association which
is responsible, practically, fo]* your sixty million road program, and
responsible for all the automobile legislation in the last few years, I
happen to be a director of that association and know something about
its workings. We have county organizations, and where we haven't
county organizatioi]s we have nothing but the State organization, and
by another year we will have practically thirty-five thousand automobile
owners in the State paying in at least five dollars to keep down fool
legislation. In this county we have one. We do not confine it to the
county, we call it the Springfield Automobile Association. There are
154 men in Cass County belonging to it. I don't think because it over-
laps it makes any difference. If a man really sees you are doing some-
thing with the mone\' he pays in he will g-ladly join the association.
Those men never expect to receive directly $5 or $10, whichever they
may be paying, but they see some results from what they are paying in,
not directly to themselves, but to beekeeping in general, and I really
believe if yoit can show the beekeeper that the industry as a whole is
getting something for what it is paying in, that he will be with you.

I have taken up more time than I intended to on this subject, but
we have one other thing here, before we adjourn.

Mr. Williams. — Before we go further I would like to say wlien
we were operating our association up in Pekin, tlie question was put
to me one time — I am asking this for information — that if we main-
tained an organization of beekeepers we were amenable to the State for
$25 fee. Is that right, or do you know?

The Peesidext. — My understanding of the regulations that we
have for any organization to come in as either a county or district, at
the present time on our by-laws, is that they should pay in 50 cents per
capita. That is what the Chicago and Xorthwestern are doing. If we
make that any less, all societies must bo on the same basis. Instead of
paying $1.75 in to us, you would pay that much into the county or dis-
trict or regional association, and 50 cents of that amount would be
transmitted to the Secretary. That as we figure would about cover
postage, etc., that we would have to expend. Xow, we have got to have
those county or regional associations as part of the State association, so
that we can use the money that comes from the State. Under the old
law the money was transferred directly from the State treasury to the
treasury of the Beekeepers' Association ; at the present time that money
stays in the State treasury and is paid out upon warrants drawn by the
Secretary of this association, signed by the President and transmitted
to the Directar of Finance, who 0. K's. them and sends them to the
Treasurer, and the Auditor then issues them.

The Seceetaey. — I have been a member of this association for
fifteen or sixteen years, and I have heard more good coinmon sense talked
in the last thirty minutes than I have in the last fifteen years. If every-
body would get behind that and boost, we would get some place. There

62 TWENTY-FIEST ANNUAL EEPORT OF THE

is one tiling you will have to do when you make out your bills, before
you can get paid, every bill has to be made in triplicate. I have to have
one myself, and they have to have two at the State House.

The President. — A^ow, gentlemen, we expect to meet -here tomor-
row morning at nine o'clock. I expect the Auditing Committee to report
the first thing in the morning, then we will have the report of the State
Inspector of Apiaries. The two papers that we have will follow the
election of officers. If there is nothing else this afternoon, we will ad-
journ.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 63

THURSDAY MORNING SESSION.

The President. — AVhile we are waiting on the Auditing Com-
mittee, there are two questions in the Question Box. We will have the
first one.

Mr. King. — Why don't this convention hold night sessions?

The President. — I suppose the man that asked that would like to
work all night, but there was to be a meeting last night, provided we
could have a moving picture film. Due to changing the time of our
meeting, we were unable to obtain this film.

Swarm Prevention in Foulbrogd.

Mr. King. — In treating American foulbrood, what is the best way
to prevent swarming ?

The President. — Do you mean absconding?

A Member. — Yes, that is what I meant.

The President. — Did they return after you had the queen caged?

Mr. Coyle. — Xo, I have caged a queen and they went in some other
hive. I always treat the diseased bees in a yard by themselves, treating
two or three or four, and I found they would bunch up, all go in one
and leave out a handful of bees with the queen on the cage. Of course
that destroys your colony, and you have only one colony, but that is
about all they are good for, to combine two or three into one. Still you
might have a valuable queen that you wanted to keep.

Mr. Stewart. — Do you value a queen very highly that has any dis-
ease of any kind in the hive?

Mr. Coyle. — I haven^t so far, but I can see where it would be the
case, where I should value the queen. The best queen you might have
in the yard, that you consider valuable for breeding, might get that
disease some way.

The President. — How often have you had this absconding to
happen ?

Mr. Coyle. — Every time I have treated for foulbrood.

The President. — This is American you are talking about?

Mr. Coyle. — Yes, I shake whenever I can get time. I have got to
do it and go.

The President. — I have been through the mill with American foul-
brood. My experience was if I shook early in the day I was very liable
to have it. If I shook in the afternoon, in the late afternoon, very few
absconded. Of course I used the method of taking away all frames and
leaving them without frames in the entire hive body, with a wool cover

64 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

or long board over it. Xext evening I take the cover away and give. them
their full sheets.

Mr. Coyle. — You don't catch the queen?

The President. — No, I give foundation, after about twenty-four
hours' starvation. I tried it without that length of starvation 'and it
would return on me. I have tried putting them in the cellar, and I
don't think it is worth while. I shook thirty-five one year, and only had
one swarm out on me.

Mr. Coyle. — You shook them in the evening?

The Prfsident. — In the afternoon, one after the other, right as
fast as I could go, and the one that I had to abscond was the weakest
colony of all of them. Really it did what you said it did, it really
swarmed. AYhat I did with it then was to kill that queen, and unite
them with another colony, because it was not strong enough anyway.
When they got out and hung on a limb, it didn't look big enough to me.

Price of Honey — Folly' of Selling Honey at Prices Netting

Less Than Wholesale.

(Bij Dr. Bounei/.)

With an indefi-nite amount of the 1921 honey crop still in the hands
of the producers, and the prospects of a good crop this season, honey
producers have been set to guessing what prices will be the coming year.
While no one may know to a certainty, I think I may state positively
that they will be just what the producers make them, and to make my-
self plainly understood, if producers insist on selling honey at retail at
about wholesale prices, or even a shade better, prices are bound to come
down, but if we can agree on a fair price and stick awhile we ■will be
certain of satisfactory returns.

What is a fair price, is a pertinent question, and one not easy to
answer, but while one man may think it has cost him but five cents a
pound to produce his crop, it is very probable that were he to keep an
accurate account of all expenditures he would be surprised to find what
the total would be.

Tn the first place, there is the question of time, and at the low rate
of $3.00 a day, and allowing but 100 working days we have $300 to
commence with. If the producer says his time is worth nothing, and
that the honey he produces is clear gain we have no argument to meet
him. However, there are expenses which he cannot avoid, and taking a
10-pound pail as a basis to figure from, his cans cost him, with freight
and cartage paid, and some loss, not less than fourteen cents each, labels
one cent, and if he does any advertising it will cost him at least five
cents a can. If sent by mail there is another sixteen cents to be added.
Besifles these costs is that of equipment, taxes, interest on money in-
vested and depreciation.

The wages a man earns in any productive business may be called
his ])rofit, but only after all other expenses have been met, but I have
more than all this in mind, for let us suppose tliat the stores are selling
honey in 10-pound pails at $2.00? They must make at the lowest esti-
mate twenty-five per cent of the selling price. Let us pretend, further,
that they paid $1..")0 the can. of the wholesalei', and that some benighted

ILLINOIS STATE BBEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 05

honey producer comes along and offers the same size package for $1.50.
What is the inevitable result? This: The Avholesaler must sell to the
retailer cheaper, the jobber to the wholesaler cheaper, and the jobber
will soon say to the producer : "I'll give you five cents a pound for your
honey, f.o.b. my station."

VVhat is a fair price for the producing retailer to make for honey,
in all size containers? I think it can only be approximated by study-
ing the reports sent out by the government, and after a deal of such
mental effort I found that in May and early June a little better than
eleven cents was a nation-wide average. I had previously sent out sev-
eral letters to large dealers, and their replies, based on 11% cents per
pound to the producer, indicated that we should get $2.25 to $2.50 the
10-pound pail, and I firmly believe that this is very close to the truth.
Mail order houses are quoting blended honey at $2.55 the gallon, which
is 2114 cents a pound, 10-pound pails are selling at retail in Sioux City
for $2.00 and in Council Bluffs the same. It is evident that $2.00 the
10-pound pail is the low price, for in this small town I am in I am
getting 221/^ cents a pound at retail. What I may be forced to by
ruinous coniipetition later on I am not thinking about, for my honey
will keep, and the time will come when I shall get better than 20 cents
the pound.

If anything calls for co-operation by the honey producers of the
country a case like this does. I may say, it is our only hope. With
county, state and national organization we may hope to set a price for
honey and as there will always be some who will slash prices, a fund
should be provided to buy up such stocks and stabilize the retail price.
This is a matter of the future and we may only hope to attain this
happy condition by liberal advertising as has been, I believe, commenced
by the Honey Producers' League.

I may state that I have had unfair competition for years. Larger
producers than I am have come close to me and sold 60-pound cans of
honey at $5.00 when I was asking $8.00. In June, 1920, I had a very
heavy flow from white clover and began with a quotation of $3.90 the
gallon and had very heavy sales, notwithstanding that other producers
in the county were peddling comb and extracted honey at 20 cents the
single pound. Possibly my flamboyant declaration that BON'N'EY
HONEY is the best in the world, as it is known to be, had something
to do with my success in selling.

When the entire nation is on a buying strike with three or four
million idle men and their dependents living from hand to mouth ; with
butter fat selling at eighteen cents against twenty-four in 1914; eggs
bringing as low as thirteen cents, and corn but forty cents a bushel, we
cannot expect honey to sell freely, and while the public will not buy at.
any price, the low price set by some foolish producers ruins our pros-
pects for the future.

There is apparently no remedy for this in the immediate future.
We honey producers, like manufacturers, farmers and merchants, must
pocket our losses and hope for the future. The writer is old enough to
have seen worse national financial conditions than those now prevailing,
and if we all will produce and save we shall come to the turn in the lane.
— 5 B A

66 TWEXTY-FIKST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

I wish to emphasize what I have said about co-operation. If 500
members of the Illinois Association will unite in an advertising and
selling campaign, buy up any crops they can where the producer wants
to cut prices, and work for mutual good it would not be two years
before we could sell in Illinois every pound produced in the State.
Suppose we put $5.00 each. into such a fund? This would amount to
$2,500, and I know from what I have seen of the Texas Association,
and the California Fruit Growers' combine that the $5.00 would come
back and bring with it many other $5.00. I think our State Secretary
would be willing to handle the honey, and I, for one, think a margin of
one-half to one cent a pound would provide ample compensation. If
there was no honey to be sold he would get nothing, but if he handled a
large amount he would get fair or good pay.

One man in Iowa has been talking about ISi/o-cent honey, at retail.
This means about six cents wholesale, or from jobber to producer, for
there is and must be a margin of 100 per cent between the producer and
the ultimate consumer. It is so in about all other food products, why
not for honey ? Did I say a margin of 100 per cent ? That is a mis-
take, for oats, which cost about one-half a cent a pound in the elevator,
sell at 6 to 10 cents a pound in the form of rolled or crushed oats.
Common field corn, worth now two-thirds of a cent a pound worked up
into breakfast food, so-called, sells for about twenty cents a pound,
which is some profit, believe me. What is the profit? Oh, barely a
trifle of 1000 per cent, and the joke is, if you do not load up the stuff
with cream and sugar you cannot eat it.

Of course, it is the advertising that makes it cost, as it does every
new thing, but honey is not a new thing. Still, the sale of it may be
increased indefinitely by advertising.

Finally, little children, honey is rated the best food in the world,
if it be not ruined by heating to keep it from granulating, so why should
we not get the top price?

Honestly, I thought I was about done, but I must say a few words
more, about granulated honey. We all know that heating honey up to
160 degrees to keep it from crystallizing in glass jars on the store shelves
spoils color, aroma and flavor, and also the Vitamines. On account of
this, I have resolved to hereafter draw off my honey so soon as it is
settled clear, after being strained well and let it granulate. So soon as
my supply of square cans is exhausted I shall put the honey into 5- and
10-pound pails, let it granulate and it is ready to be shipped, after I
have put on a slip which reads like this: "All pure honey will granu-
late in time, which does no harm. If you prefer it in the liquid form
simply set the can in a dish of hot water, when the honey may be poured
off. It must not be boiled. Many prefer honey in the solid form. Try
it once. This honey is absolutely pure."

There are several reasons why I shall do this. In the first place it
saves the time, labor, cost and discomfort of heating; friction top pails
are cheaper than square cans; for these call for cardboard cartons, for
mailing ; the honey will not spill if the can be wrecked, as cans are apt
to be, for whole blacksmith shops are put into mail sacks with honey.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 67

Dishonest mail clerks cannot well steal the honey, or part of it, the pails
can be saved where cans cannot, and, finally, the friction top pail is
vastly more popular than the square can.

Finally, again, unheated extracted honey contains the vitamines,
as does the section honey, and this puts it on a level with the other, and
as is well known, there is not much difference in the price of the two
at this time, except in large cities.

After I thought I had this all finished I received a letter from
M. G. Dadant, and his conclusions are of vital interest to us. The firm
of Dadant & Sons, if I remember, sell only what they produce, from a
matter of 500 colonies, in big hives, and are, therefore not interested in
pulling the price to the producer doAvn. Other firms, jobbers and whole-
salers are trying to buy as cheaply as possible, and Fd be doing the same
thing were I handling millions of pounds of honey, in every form
imaginable, for, you must remember a clear profit of one cent a pound
where a million pounds are sold amounts to a neat little sum. Mr.
Dadant writes substantially as follows :

"With reference to the price of honey; it is a little early yet to
make any suggestions but the woefully low price of sugar makes it
doubtful whether honey will be able to hold up at a very stiff price.
Carload lots of fine white honey are being offered as low as 6 to 8 cents
F. 0. B. California points which would mean about 8 to 10 cents here.
It is my opinion that the beekeeper in this section, if he sells his honey
to the jobber, will have to accept around 10 cents for it. There is
nothing, however, to prevent him from retailing the honey out and he
should be able to get at least 18 and more likely 25 cents for it if he is
anything of a salesman."

He finishes with this remark: "So many beekeepers are such poor
salesmen that it is a question in my mind whether it would not be better
to encourage them to job their honey out and let some other fellow do
the selling who can hold at a good stiff price."

Now I am not going to make any suggestions about prices, because,
for one thing, it is a little early, but I make this proposition, that we
get all we can. Let me tell you something. iSTot long ago one could not
pick up an agricultural paper without seeing ads of tobacco growers,
offering two-year old tobacco at as low as ten cents a pound. These
finally disappeared, and I wrote a heavy tobacco producer in Tennessee
asking him why. He replied that he did not get orders enough to pay
for the ads.

jSTot long since parties in Colorado offered honey in 60-pound cans
at a very low price, F. 0. B. delivery point; that is, they paid freight.
I no longer see these ads, because they did not get returns. Millions of
real hard dollars have been spent to boost the sales of California fruits,
but two-thirds of the prune crop of 1921 is still on hand, millions of
pounds of raisins are unsold, green stuffs ordinarily shipped from the
Golden State are allowed to rot in the fields.

People are not buying a thing they do not have to have. Some
have no money, while those who have are squeezing it so hard the eagle
screams. We might get up a little flurry with 15 cent honey, but I tell
yon I doubt it mightily. Moreover, about the time sales had started

68 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

some son of a gun would come along and set some 10 cent honey along-
side yours, then where would you be? This has been done time and
again, and will be done again. Few beekeepers have the money to buy
up such stocks, and if they had, and did buy, just as like as not they
would lose out, on account of a poor quality of honey.

No, as I said before, we must pocket our losses, but for Heaven's
sake let us not add to them by talking 121/^ and 10 cent honey. Get a
fair price for what you ,sell, and what you have left will be clear gain
over what you would have had had you sold all at a very low price. Or
else jobb it off. Far better to take the jobber's price than to retail it at
a cent or two more, for you will be doing a great deal of work for
nothing.

Persistent advertising will, sell some honey, but the question is:
how to advertise cheaply, and I can inform vou there is but one wav,
and that is to put up a sign HO^^EY FOE SALE HEEE. Do not be
afraid to go to a little expense, for a properly painted sign will last for
years.

Were I living in the countryside I'd have a sign two feet wide and
six long, painted on both sides, and set at right angles to the road where
it could be seen by all traveling either way. I have commenced on. a
sign which I shall put in plain view of the railroad, that passengers may
see. It will read :

FOE HOXEY WEITE DE. BONNEY,
BUCK GEOVE, IOWA.

This sign will be about three feet wide and twelve long, black
block letters on pure white. As there are four passenger trains daily
at my town, quite a number of people will get to read this sign. Will it
pay? Well, storekeepers in large cities pay so much as $50 each for
signs which are set so that those who pass in autos may read.

I shall now close, for good, by asking: Is it possible for us to
start today a State-wide organization for an uniform price for honey?

The President. — The paper is open for discussion,

Mr. Stone. — Mr. President, I have been in the habit of selling my
honey and taking orders in Springfield, selling it in five and ten-pound
buckets, but I have almost quit that, because I could hardly keep my
buckets filled fast enough to sell them from the painted sign on the tree
out near the road. Everybody could see it going both ways. I have sold
as high as eleven dollars' worth in a day, to people passing.

What I was going to say was this fall I took an order for a bucket
of honey for sale at twenty-five cents a pound. I sent it in by my grand-
son that comes every day to school, and I gave him a per cent for taking
it in. Afterwards I saw the gentleman that had ordered the honey. I
'asked him if he got his honey all right. He said, "Yes, and it is fine,
but I bought too quickly. I see down at Connelly's (one of the highest
priced places in town), they had honey in glass jars holding three
pounds, for sixty-five cents." I said, "You will be back for my honey
after you have tried ihat." I didn't know what they had, but I knew
they had some cheap-grade they were selling at the price. I looked at
it one day after that. It had candied, and it was blacker than any
candied honey I ever saw.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION.

69

Eeport of Apiary Inspector.

The President.; — We will hear the/report of the State Inspector of
Apiaries. ; /

Mr. Kildow. — I am going to change the time of making my report
and make the report from July to July, so this time we will only have
a half year's report and next year the report will come in for the year,
the same as I have to make to the State, so both reports will be alike.
Before there has been a little change in the report, because I couldn't
make them just come right, so I am only going to give you from
January 1st up to July, this year, and then the rest of this year will
come on next year, tQ coincide with my report to the Governor.

I am going to give you what we have done since July 1st in a
verbal way. I spent almost every dollar of our last appropriation. I
came within a few dollars of getting all the expense money out, which
left me within two hundred dollars of per diem.

report from JANUARY 1, 1921, TO JULY 1, 1921.

Date.

Number
colonies.

Number
apiaries
visited.

Number
apiaries
diseased.

Number
days.

Expense.

Office
expense.

Per diem.

January. .
February
March

April

May

June

Total

*

151

414

3

7

555

31

1,951

120

2,395

140

5,466

301

44

2 A. F. B.
1 E. F. B.

3 A. F. B.

3 E. F. B.
21 A. F. B.

4 E. F. B.
7 E. F. B.

\37 A. F. B.

78

3

■t

29

$ 12 28
15 24
53 43

72 05

2 95

1 25

59

135 56

2 00

57i

153 40

3 00

169J

$441 96

$9 20

$ 12 00
20 00
64 00

116 00
236 00
230 00

$678 00

* Inspection for sale of Bees.

Cook County has organized an association of somewhere in the
neighborhood of 125 active members, and Carbondale came in last fall,
with another organization. There is also in process now an association
in Saline County, that will probably be effected, before spring, and all
these associations through the State now are coming in and getting bee-
keepers in their neighborhood worked up, so the chances are they will
be in on the next year.

The deputies are all instructed to work up these things all over the
State, where they can get enough members interested to get an associa-
tion, and after they get that organized, to affiliate with our State asso-
ciation. •

We are starting in this July on our neW appropriation, and I am
going to the State House tomorrow morning to try to get a line on what
the Director of Agriculture will alloAV me in the way of carrying deputies
and getting work in a satisfactory manner. I want to get deputies
enough through the State so that they won't have too large a field to

r\\ i;\'r-i -i'i!;>-r anmai. iMM'oirr oi' iiii';

A. \.. KII.DOW,

Sl :iti' I iis|iccl(ii- of Apiai ics.

;'"! .

ii.i.iX'iis viATi-: i!i-:i:Kr;i:iM;i;s .\>su( i aikin.

:i

(■(>\ci'. ! tliiiik \\i' ciiii (III hi'ltci' wtirk tluiii the Wiiv \\c ;ir<' (luim; luiw.
i)cc;iii,-c we li;i\" liiu arc;!.- iii the State wIkti' tluTc i- iiii1hm1\' ainl the

i|c|il|1 \ lia.- to L;n ;i Idlli; \' a \' t(i U'l't ti) t lli'lll. If WC can U"! I lie ilr|>llt if-

\\c iic'ctl. \\i' rail lid iiii!!'i- aini licitcr woi'k wilii Ir-- mkimiv tiin.i we arr
ddinu' at iiiT.-i'iil . 'I'liat is diu^ of the thiii.i;',- I want to talk In liini aimiit.
Alsii I want twu men in tii" nm'tli |tai1 hI' tin- State tu wnrk in eui: junc-
tioii with the \\'isciiii-in mspeetcn's alon^' the line. 1 rerci\eii a lettei'
li-oni \\ i-eon-in a ninnl'i a;:'n. wantini: nie tu eddperate nn the nurth
line,-. ()!ir nieinlier>hi|i ha> rnn ilnwii |irett\ liad this la-t vi-ai'. We
have L;dt In ^ct that liaek di' when we ^o hefore the LeL;i.-lat a I'e twn
yeai> I'ldni miw and a-k I'di' ten tlidnsand ddllars a|t|trd|u-iai idn. thev
will t ni'n n- de.wn.

Mi;. W'lioi.ni; mk; i:. — What prneess would vuw I'eeoniiiicnd fdi iiiidiii'.:'

dllt a> -ddii a- pd^-jlile the exact munher (d' heekeepers in the State, and
lidw td appeal td them., have them solicited liv sdiiicdiie lhe\- kiidw. and
who i- la\dfal)!e I'di- the di\i.;aii izal inn. lla\e vmi an\ partnnlar way nl'
ddini;- that ?

.Mii. KlI.liKW. — It miiiht he a Liodd plan if the Secretai'v cdidd send
nut td the ineiiiiiei-s dl oni" asxieial ion in diU'ei'eni pai't> dl' the State u
half dd/cii return cai-d>. and ha\c the heekeepir send liie-e td se\ci'al
dl' Ills n-'i^lihor- thrduuhont the cduiilv. asking" them td i:i\e names id'
all the h<'ek"epei> i liev tail iliid ill their neiLiiihoi-linnd.

Mi;. \\'()ni.i)i;ii)(;i:. — Xd ddiiht the nieiidiei-.- id' the Si,-ile a--driatidii
\vhd are -calteied prdiiiisc iidiisly oxer the Slate wtnild he ah!e Id ijn that
much i'dr tiieir a--dciatidii. ;iiid it would he a helping' hand.

'idle mere I'acl that he kiidws the heekeeper Sdl ieit i iii;' him im ddul.it
Wduld lia\e some inliui'iice in causiiiL;' liim to .jdiii the assdciatioii.

Mi;. I\ I i.liow. -i t mi^iiht he a ^ood ]>lan to hav<' this association
appoint ;dMiul three i^'doci men of this association to draft plans lo work
on. 'I'he\- miiiiit he alile lo do it hctter than all working' touether. lint
we on,L:hl to work up somethin.u' ol' that kind. W'e could woi'k from now
until the next ineetini;' of the Ijcjiishit iii'e so we will lie ready and hjivc
some plans prepared, so we will know .just wliat we ;ire to do. 1^ tlioro
i.s any (|ii('stion in rei;-ard to loulhrood tliat I can answei-. it you will make
it known I will trv to.

Mi;. IiO\\'f-:i;. — May 1 tell von oi' a metliod we use in Coloiado. for
<:fettin;i' rid ol fonlhrood ? A heekee|)(M' will find that some old farmer
has some hecs and lias foulhrood. Il<> t(dephones the inspector and tells
him wdiat it is. W'e liaxc ;) county inspector in our county, and lie comes
and looks over the iiees and tells the fai-m(M' .just what hives ai'e infected
and just how to cure them. He i^ck s awav ami tidls him he will com<'
hack in ten days. He comes hack, and if the fai'mer hasn't cleaned them
lip he hums them up, and if nec-cssary takes the (h'])uty sherilT. Tie
,<i'ives him a chance first to clean up, and if ho is defieil Ik- comes hack
with tlie de]Mity sherid'.

Mi;. A\'ll,t.l a MS. — 1 used to he a deputy. When T first commeiued
kocjn'na- ]n'v>' at I'ekiii I knew nothinu' ahout foull)r()()d, hut it wasn't
lonii' till 1 found out there was soiiK^thina" wronii. 1 had what T con-
.cidcred a Iieautiful <-o!onv of hees that 1 wanted tn raise siime nueens

73 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

from. I wanted to do the whole business, so I took a queen out of that
hive and waited for them to start queen cells; gave a comb to another
colony that I wanted to raise a queen, they didn't raise any. Pretty
soon the lirst colony died and I began to look around and found out there
was something wrong, then I found out what foulbrood was, and 1 found
out that Pekin was the most rotten placie there was in the State for
foulbrood. A good many people who had bees there had lost all of them.
I commenced in my humble way to fight the disease, so I think I have
it down now so it is not in anyone's apiary but Williams. The numbei'
of apiaries has been increased in town, and I think it had been done by
mildness. There are some places where I expect it couldn't be treated
that way, but I believe the "soft answer turneth away wrath," where
violent means stirreth up strife too often. If we can get along on the
"live and let live" plan, and helpful kindness to each other, I think we
accomplish a great deal more than we do trying to fight them with fire.

Mr. E. J. Baxter. — Those are my sentiments. That is my method
of procedure, but when a man begins to fight me then I am ready to
fight him.

The President. — That is the way I feel about a man going out to
inspect and not being allowed to get on the place.

Mr. Wiley. — You have to be careful to start them off right. I have
i)een accused of leaving a man's hives open and the moths got in and
killed the bees after I had gone. You have got things like that to con-
tend with, you run up against a man who will say, "I don't pay any
attention to bees. Look at them." You are not going to do any good
by yourself, if he won't go with you you can't show him anything. It is
surprising what you get up against. Sometimes a fellow fights you at
the start, and if you will handle him real well he will get over his feeling
and take you around all over the neighborhood, where if you showed fight
you wouldn't do anything.

Mr. Stewart. — With all this talk, gentlemen, do you realize that
foulbrood is an awful weapon? There is nothing I am more afraid of
than to make a man mad, and in a half hour on some dark night, where
are you ? Don't stir him up.

Mr. Kildow. — It is a weapon in the hands of a man who wants to
do dirt. I said in the convention once before that I had a neighbor
w\i\\ fifteen colonies. I told him one day, Mr. Eankin, you have foul-
brood here in your bees and you ought to clean it up. He paid no atten-
tion, but his bees died and he took the hives up into a loft of a barn and
set them away. Of course, they had considerable honey and the first
thing he knew the robber bees were coming in, getting that honey. What
did he do? He went upstairs and opened a window and dropped those
hives out on the ground, honey and all. What happened ? Nearly half
the bees in Putnam were infected from that day, so you see how it can
be done. I don't think he did it for spite, but he wanted to get rid of
them then and there, and he thought that was the best way. He is out
of the business now, he hasn't any more bees.

The President. — That is that ignorance I was talking about yes-
terday morning. Anyone else anything to say in regard to foulbrood or
any question you want to ask Mr. Kildow?

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION, 73

Mr. BENDER.^They are much more likely to respect a man from a
distance than one that is close. The trouble has been where trouble
was already started one beekeeper tries to induce another to clean up,
and if he doesn't do it, he says, "I will get the inspector."

]\1r. KiLDOW. — It is a proposition, sometimes, to get two fellows
together on good terms, and it puts the inspector in a pretty bad posi-
tion to try to pacify those two fellows.

Mr. Stone. — We might go to the Bible and find out that the
Saviour Himself said, "A man is not without honor, save in his own
country." As soon as you find a man in his own country, you know as
much as he does.

The President. — I don't ^think this applies alone to beekeepers.

Mr. Belatti. — I have a little suggestion to make. I think if
every member of the association would visit Ms neighbor beekeepers and
try to give them a little advice, it would help some. I know in our
county anybody that gets anything wrong, they want me to come and
see what is the matter. I don't know wevy much, but I always make it
a point to go. If it is something I don't know, I will pass it on to the
State Inspector and let him find out. If anything goes wrong I usually
know of it shortly and some of them ask me to come and look at their
bees. 1 think those things would all help to keep disease out of a local-
ity where a beekeeper is.

Mr. Kildow. — That is where our county organizations would be
good ; they commune together and all feel on friendly terms.

Mr. Stone. — I think when anyone goes to a neighbor it is a good
plan for him to tell them what the authorities above him say.

Mr. Kildow. — Better leave that to the last thing, though.

Mr. Belatti. — They all know I had disease there once, and that I
got rid of it since.

The President. — So they have a lot of confidence in you.

Mr. Wiley. — The best thing when you go to work on a neighbor's
bees is to get his confidence first.

Mr. E. J. Baxter, — We have got to change our law and our meth-
ods of inspection if we ever want to get anywhere. As long as we go
around this way we are never going to get anywhere. We clean up a
few acres and do somebody some good, and at the end of the season it
will be just about where it was at the beginning. We need more money,
and to change our methods of inspection.

Mr. Kildow. — How are we going to change the law?

Mr. Baxter. — I believe we ought to have local inspectors, either
district or county inspectors, then a State inspector to supervise. In
the west, where they depend largely on the production of honey for an
income, in the counties at large they had county inspectors, as Utah,
Colorado and Idaho, even in California. Maybe we can't do that here.
We could have district inspectors, covering a congressional district. All
it is necessary to do is go before the Legislature strong enough, show
them the importance of it and of the bee industry, not only as a means
of honey production but as a means of pollenization of our flowers, and
I think you will get what you want.

74

TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL KEPOKT OF THE

Mfi. KiLDOW. — How is that plan different from the one we are
working on now? Instead of counties we are getting a deputy here and
there, all over the State, where we can.

Mr. Baxter. — You haven't got enough of them.

Mr. Kildow. — It is on the same plan. : All we have to do is
enlarge it. I have got the deputies scattered al] over the State where I
can get one. All I want is more money to put more deputies in where
they won't get too far from their own home.

Mr. Tyler. — I think we are getting off on the wrong foot on this
police method. I think education is the proper way. Mr. Kildow was
out in our place last June, and you remember, Mr. Biggs and I were the
only beekeepers that went with you through my apiary. Biggs knows

Apiary and Honey House of F. A. Wicklein at Percy.

American foulbrood when he sees it and I know it, people think they
have got it, the}' call on ^Mr. Biggs or me. I think it ougiit to be more
along the line of education. Quite frequently the beekeeper will talk
nice to you as long as you are there, but after the inspector is gone he
tells other people around — not beekeepers — how he run the inspector off
the place, which he really didn't do.

Mr. Kildow. — An inspector can't talk to a man in a yard two
minutes but he is talking education to him.

Mr. Baxter. — Some of us "old-timers" know what education meanS:
Before this law was enacted this association undertook to eradicate foul-
brood in the State and to do inspection work. Our late president, Mr.
Smith, inspected and tried to clean up foulbrood. This association paid
his expenses. AVe went to work and had this law enacted, and the pur-

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. ' 75

pose of this law is to educate, but at the same time we have got teeth,
but the trouble is the teeth are not long enough. If you want to have
a law^ respected in this country you have got to have teeth, and the more
dangerous the teeth the more respect the people will have for the law.
I believe partly in Mr. Pellett's method, his method was through educa-
tion. He said teeth were a failure but you have got to have them.

Mi{. Bishop. — About two years ago I changed localities. I formerly
lived at Virden, Illinois, and moved from there to Taylorville, and I
moved over as I went, about one hundred and twenty-five colonies of
bees, and they were nice and clean. I hadn't had any foul brood for a
number of years. I had been living there, not more than about a month,
I presume, or two months at least at the outside, and there were quite
a few^ parties around Taylorville, in and near Taylorville, that have a
few colonies of bees ranging all the way from two or three to twenty or
twenty-five colonies, and they began to drop in once in awhile for a little
information in bjeekeeping. Of course I alwS,ys treat them nice and
courteous, and I give them what information I can. They wondered if
the bees didn't ha't'e'some disease. They would invite me out or ask me
if I could come out and examine their bees and see whether they were free
from disease or not. Finally I made up my mind I would try to help
them out and try to keep my own apiary clean, so I started out and
examined quite a few. In some places I would find American foulbrood,
some places I would find European, some places I would find both in
one little yard. Very seldom would I find a yard of any size entirely
free from disease and I gave quite a few of them instructions in treating
the bees. Quite a few of them did the best they could and some of them
cleaned up and some of them I couldn't get to do anything.

Of course without any authority all I could do was insist. So,
finally this summer they came so fast .1 couldn't keep up with them, and
I can't look after all of them in that vicinity without getting a little
something for it, but I did this in order to help my neighbors and to help
myself. There are a great many of them who have profited from the
instructions I gave them.

The President. — If there is nothing further we will proceed with
the next paper. The next paper is by W. H. Williams, of Pekin, Illi-
nois.

Creating Interest in Beekeeping.
(By W. H. Williams.)

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: I find what I have to say
has been threshed out three or four times, but sometimes it is a good
thing to say a good thing over many times before it is learned.

I feel the honor deeply, to be permitted to present to you this paper
expressing my views as to how to create a better interest in beekeeping.

In order to better any condition we must first know the need of a
better condition. First of all there are too many persons keeping bees
that are simply doing so by reason of circumstances. In my locality
many people have been getting their start from a stray swarm captured.

76 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

I have several such in mind, who were very enthusiastic at first but
afterwards their interest waned and no care was taken, many times no
room for storing being given the little willing workman. The result you
know before 1 tell you : They either contracted some form of foulbrood
or swarmed themselves to death. The wax moths came along and merci-
fully cleaned up the remains, and there ends a little chapter in beekeep-
ing history, in failure, where, had a little education been at hand, an
actual failure should and would have been a success, furnishing many
hours of pleasing recreation with the added blessing of some dollars of
profit.

I am not one of those calamity howlers that are constantly pushing
the idea that we have too many bees and too much honey, and that the
market is glutted, but rather I believe with all my heart that the added
beekeeper to our ranks creates a larger demand for honey that must be
satisfied.

Since I began shipping bees in Pekin the industry has grown from
two beekeepers to twenty-two, and from twelve to one hundred and fifty
colonies. I believe the consumption of honey has caused the increase of
the bees.

These conditions I am led to believe are largely the result of some
meetings held in the interest of beekeepers and some articles w^hich got
into the daily papers. Yet with all this, I feel there is a great work to
be done. We are not of one mind as to marketing, not one of the twenty-
two beekeepers other than myself having given the matter any thought
as to how much honey was produced and certainly no thought as to how
much shoiild be required to sweeten Pekin till the next crop. Eesult, a
wild scramble to sell all the surplus the next week after taking off the
honey. This need not be the case if we had an organized idea as to the
other fellow's interest.

This organization idea can only come through teaching, and an aim
strong in the belief that our association — I mean the State association —
must, if it deserves to live, get busy to correct such existing condition by
putting capable instructors in the field, to go up and down teaching the
possibilities in bee culture. You will ask how this can be done. I will
tell you what I think, you may think differently.

The Farm Bureau through its adviser can put in each meeting of
farmers a small place for beekeeping, for bees are the very life and
vitality of many of the fruits and crops of the farmer. No adviser can
well afford to ignore the place they occupy.

How to accomplish this desired result, is for us, as a State Bee-
keepers' Association, to organize locals all over the State, making a
county or two or maybe three of the most contiguous counties as a limit.

This will require money, and the inspector cannot spare any from
his meager store. I would therefore suggest that a license be required
of every one keeping bees, and a small tax to be collected on each colony,
a party refusing to qualify as a beekeeper upon conviction to be fined
double the license fee and costs. I understand Utah, Connecticut and
possibly other states have such laws.

illiisrois state beekeepees' association. 77

Licensing Beekeepeks.

The President. — Gentlemen, this paper is open for discussion.

Mk. Tyler. — 1 thought of that license myself, but the trouble is
such a law would be unconstitutional in this State. While we might
get such a law passed, people would find out it was a bluff.

Mr. Williams. — There are thousands of occupations in this State
that are licensed. Why should beekeepers be any more of an exception
than anv other?

Mr. Bender. — A doctor must have a license to practice medicine
because he practices on the lives of other people. But in this case if a
man is not a competent beekeeper nobody suffers from it but other bee-
kepers, and for that reason it wouldn't come under the exception to the
general rule, which is that a man has a right to do as he pleases unless
it can be shown that what he pleases to do is an injustice to the people
at large.

Mr. Baxter. — That used to be the case, but it is not that way any
longer. Our liberties have gone long before. A man can't do any more
as he pleases now, not by a long shot, besides under the police regula-
tions of this State the Legislature can do most anything ihey pieasy.

Mr. Ste'wart. — As long as you please to do right you can do as
you please.

Mr. Withrow. — I would like to ask Mr. Baxter, in L'tah do they
tax the beekeepers there?.

Mr. Baxter. — Yes, they are all registered. Every beekeeper in
the State has to register every colony he has.

Mr. Withrow. — You could get an appropriation under those con-
ditions, but I don't believe you could get it here till bees were taxed.

Mr. Baxter. — My bees have never been otherwise than taxed,

Mr. Bender. — It might be possible to have a licensing law. of that
kind and require a man keeping bees to get a permit from the State
Apiarist.

The President. — I, personally, think we can get a law of that kind
through. There are not many men keeping two or three hives of bees
that will go up to the Supreme Court to find out if it is constitutional,
and the other fellows don't want to.

Mr. Stewart. — When the inspector destroys our bees, should we
get pay for them?

The President. — Xo, you are a detriment to the other fellow.

Mr, Bishop. — I don't think beekeepers ought to get any pay for
the colonies destroyed, because lots of those people think that would be
a good way to get a buyer for them. They will let them get foulbrood
and have some of the neighbors notify the inspector, and he will come
down and destroy them, and the beekeeper will get the money out of
them. If they have disease they are of no use to him or anybody else
and I think they should be destroyed.

Mr. King. — In bee disease you are given a chance to clean up be-
fore they are destroyed. If you don't clean them up, .then destroy
them.

78 TWEXTY-FIEST ANNUAL EEPOET OF THE

Mr. Baxter. — When you destroy a colony of bees you simply de-
stroy combs and frames, but the hive still remains, and that is worth
more than all the rest of it put together.

Mr. Tyler. — I think the American foulbrood can be compared
more to the hog cholera. We have strict laws on hog cholera. A man
with hog cholera on his place has to be pretty careful or he will have
some of his neighbors on his back. I don't see why we can't have a law
on American foulbrood like that for hog cholera.

The President. — We will have the report of the Committee on
Eesolutions, on the death of Mrs. A. I. Eoot. Mr. Wooldridge.

Mr. Wooldridge. — Mr. President, we present the following resolu-
tion :

The Illinois State Beekeepers' Association in session assembled having
learned of the death of Mrs. A. I. Root, be it

Resolved, That the association express the sympathies of its members to
Mr. Root and his family in their bereavement and that copies of this reso-
lution be spread on the minutes of this association and be sent to Mr. Root.

J. R. Wooldridge,
M. G. Dadant,

Committee.

The motion was put, seconded and carried.

The President. — Keport of the Auditing Committee.

Mr. Dadant. — The Auditing Committee h^ve examined the reports
of the Secretary and Treasurer. We find a balance of $130.08 in the
treasury. There has been collected during the year $107.58, which has
not yet been turned in to the treasury, but against which there is out-
standing the salary of the Secretary, $100.00, which would leave $7.58
balance, making a total in the treasury of $137.58. We move, there-
fore, that the reports of the Secretary and Treasurer be accepted, the
Secretary to turn over the $107.58 still due the Treasurer, the Secretary
to. be paid in the usual way.

The motion was seconded and carried.

Mr. Williams. — I would like to ask a question for information.
It seems from what I can gather from yesterday and today, that the
membership has fallen oif. To what extent has it fallen off?

The Secretary. — Last year I think it was 258. It is now 135.

The President. — There was a mistake made in this 1920 report.
The membership as rej3orted in this .report is of 1921. I didn't observe
the mistake until after we had gone to press, but we should have re-
ported in this report the 1920 membership, because this report is for
1920. We have in this report at the present time the 1921 membership.
As I looked over two or three reports back, I believe that is a feature
about it we have got into as a result of years of usage, putting in the
wrong membership; we should put the membership in the 1921 report
what we have collected for that year, not put in the membership we have
collected for 1922.

There is one other thing we ought to do. We ought to have a
year start at some time and end at some time. We ought to have a year
from the first of January to the 31st of December, it would save a lot
of work to the Secretary. Then he can send out all his notices to pay
diies. The way it is now, he has to send out a few notices every month.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEKS' ASSOCIATION. 79

Mr. Williams. — As I understand, the membership would expire
with the expiration of the subscription to the Journal.

The President. — That is the way it is now, unless it has been
extended. The membership is from the day the man jDaid for one year.

The Secretary. — Mr. President, there ought to be some certain
date set. Those at this year's meeting will expect this year's report,
and also last year's report. We can hardly give them two reports for
one membership fee.

The President. — We have had some extra reports, and when a
man came in and we had 25 or 30 or 100 reports lying around, we
couldn't see but what we might as well give one to him, especially if
he was a new member.

Mr. Williams. — A member now should not be entitled to the re-
port of 1920.

The President. — Xo, he is entitled to the 1921 report.

Mr. Stone. — During all my secretaryship I wrestled with that
question and never got it settled. The only way we could do was to
give them that report when they signed at the Fair, as a gift, but I got
in the habit — the Secretary will notice how the book is — I would put in
an eight, if it was for the eighth of the month, just in the column that
I had their fee entered, and if they came in during the first three or
four months of the year, up to that time they vvere entitled to the next
report. If they came in later than that, they were not entitled to any
report till next year, and their membership would cover a year from the
time they joined.

The President. — Now we will proceed with the election of officers.
Nomination for President for the ensuing year is now in order.

Dr. A. C. Baxter was nominated, the nominations were closed
and the Secretary was instructed to cast the vote of the association for
Dr. A. C. Baxter for President. He was declared duly elected.

President Baxter. — Gentlemen, I thank you for the confidence.
The next order of business is the election of five Vice Presidents. Nomi-
nations are in order.

Messrs. Stone, King, Williams, Tyler and Bender were nominated;
Mr. Baxter, Mr. Weston and Mr. Dadant having declined.

On motion the rules were suspended and the Secretary was in-
structed to cast the vote of the association for the five nominees for
Vice Presidents in the order nominated.

They were declared duly elected.

The President. — Nominations for Secretary are in order. Mr.
Withrow, Mr. Dadant and Mr. Jeffries were nominated, the former and
latter withdrawing in favor of Mr. Dadant.

The Secretary was instructed to cast the vote of the membership
for Mr. Dadant and he was declared duly elected.

Mr. Dadant. — Fellow members : I appreciate the honor. At the
same time I feel quite a responsibility attached. In view of the accla-
mation after the election I am afraid I am not going to be able to fill
the bill. I will do my best, anyhow. .

The President. — That is all any man can do. Next in order is the
nomination for the office of Treasurer.

80 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Mr. Seastream was nominated and the Secretary was directed to
cast the vote of the membership for him. He was duly elected.

Mk. KiLDOW. — 1 want to move that we give a vote of thanks to our
Brother Wooldridge, of the Chicago Cook County Beekeepers' Associa-
tion, for commg down and lending his help from a live association.

Seconded by Mr. King, and unanimously carried.

Mr. Wooldridge. — Mr. President, I thank you for the honor shown
me. 1 do not feel i have been so very much help. I have never had the
pleasure of attending a State meeting. 1 am active in Jackson C6unty,
also more active in the Cook County Association, and we certainly have
got some interest stirred up at both ends of the line. It is my object
to get every beekeeper in the State into some local, affiliated with this
State association. That is my idea of how we can come to Springfield
and get the money we need. "^

Mr. Tyler. — I move we extend a vote of thanks to Mr. Withrow for
his services as Secretary of the association for the past two years.

Mr. Jeffries. — Second the motion. (Unanimously carried.) -

Mr. Dadant. — I move we extend a vote of thanks to the hotel man-
agement, for their many courtesies and for the use of the hotel for our
meeting. /

Mr. Baxter. — Second the motion. (Unanimously carried.)

Mr. Tyler. — How about the National Association, are you doing
anything with that?

The President. — Eead the letter you have, Mr. Secretary.

(The Secretary read the letter.)

The President. — Last year at the last hour of the meeting the
Illinois State Beekeepers voted to enter the Honey Producers' League.
I thought I had tokl the Secretary to send' a notice to the men that
wislied to join this association, to pay one dollar so that we misrht raise
one hundred dollars; he says I didn't. We cannot take a single dollar
of our State money to pay to join the association, because that is some-
thing without the State, and the State Finance Department will not
permit it. The only thing we could do was to take the money from
our own treasury — we didn't feel that we had the money. There is only
one way we can go into the Honey Producers' League, that is for one
hundred men to put up one dollar apiece. That is up to each individual
member. We have voted to come into the association, but we haven't
the money to do it. I think we should be affiliated. I think our new
Secretary had better send out those notices and find out what the feel-
ing is. If anyone has anything to say in regard to this matter, we will
be glad to hear it. As far as sending a delegate, we haven't the money
to pay the expenses of a man to Salt Lake, from our treasury, and we
cannot take it out of the appropriation from the State. If there is
some man going whom we are willing to entrust with our affairs, it is
all right.

^Ir. Baxter. — I think we ought to join. I think notices ought to
be sent out.

Mn. Dadant. — Why not put it up now?

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATIOX. 81

The President. — Wliat is the pleasure of the association in regard
to joining" the league, how many here are willing to contribute to the
fee for the league, stand up. (Approximately a dozen arose.)

The Secretary. — Mr. President, I believe the majority of us voted
we would go in. When you send out your notices you will find some
of them won't come in to the association if you have got that attached
to it. They are afraid if they get tangled up with the association they
will be responsible to the league, that if any suits come up they will be
connected with it. I got some letters like that last year.

Mr. Wiley. — I think this association ought to be members of the
National Honey Producers' League. They have already done a whole
lot. Last year I was at the league meeting at Indianapolis and there
wasn't anybody there to answer for this association. I believe we ought
to back that up. It looks like a dollar apiece with the chance of raising
the price of honey one cent would bring it back to you four fold in the
next year.

Mr. Tyler. — I think the way to settle it is right here. If we can't
raise one hundred dollars here, let's don't say anything about it.

Mr. Dadant. — I think we ought to raise just as much as we can
now, and I will take the responsibility of raising the rest.

The President. — All right. Start your paper, and each fellow
say what he will give.

Mr. WiTHROW. — Mr. Dadant, take the Secretary's chair.

(Mr. Dadant then occupied the Secretary's chair.)

Mr. Wiley. — I was about to make the proposition that I will pay
the railroad fare if I am efficient to go, I don't know whether I can
attend the business after I get there. Probably we can send a man that
can do a good deal more. I don't know if I can do much.

The President. — ^^The work is outlined. The only thing is they
want a representative there, that is the main point. You did very well
at Indianapolis.

(It was moved by Mr. Dadant, seconded by Mr. Coyle, that Mr.
Wiley be elected a delegate with the understanding that he handle his
own carfare. Carried. The association to take care of the other ex-
pense.)

Mr. Kildow. — I think we ought to thresh out the county associa-
tion or district association, whichever it be, and try to get some line on
that, or else make suggestions and have a committee to look after it. I
would like all the help I can get, to help me in my work.

Mr. Coyle. — This committee, I feel, is not only concerned with the
matter of getting appropriations for foulbrood, which is simple, but with
county or district organization working in certain territory, which, to
my mind, is a more effective method for effort than any jSTational Honey
Producers' Association. How well we know what it means to have the
little fellows coming in in the fall and dropping their honey on the
market. We only get a good crop once every other year. Some fellow
will drop his stuff for fifteen cents a pound. Anyway, I suppose every
man that has attended this convention and paid his own way to come
here, ought to be interested enough to be a member of a committee or

—6 B A ■

82 twexty-fTest axxual report of the

be one man, if there is no other in the county,- to go back to his county
and work up a membership in tliis association that will bring on a county
organization. If a man will come here to this organization and isn't
willing to go out and speak to his beekeeper friends and his acquaint-
ances about this matter, he lias no business coming to this meeting, and
I take it that every man that comes here is perfectly willing to do all
he can.

We have got to do it. The hardest work is coming. The honey
selling campaign is coming within the next six months, in Iny opinion,
and prices are going to go down, that is the way I look at it. We have
got to do some advertising,! mean advertising that is not going to cost
us too much money. I would like to see the President of this organiza-
tion appoint one man or two men, if there are enough present, or three
men, from every county in this State, to go back to their counties and
get all the members together and organize a county association or a
district association. In the next case, if you don't have any one man
here, perhaps you know of some man in some other portion of the State,
that will go ahead and do something, so that we will have an organized
effort all over the State. In the meantime you can appoint your com-
mittees and let those men know how the committees are to be organized.

The President. — Anyone else anything to offer?

Me. Williams. — I have had experience this fall in my little to^'n.
There was a lady beekeeper up there, produced about 1,800 pounds of
comb honey. She had never produced that much before, and she thought
she would never get rid of it. She put it on the market at once, for 25
cents a pound. She saw me Saturday evening and said, "1 wish I had
one thousand pounds more, mine is all gone." I had been holding mine
for 30 cents right along. It put my market to the bad, because they
would say, "I can buy honey from Mrs. Merritt for 25 cents, why should
I pay you 30 ? I find this is true, there isn't a grocer in Pekin but
what handles comb honey, there isn't a grocer in Pekin that has bought
a pound of honey produced locally. >I say that is the greatest trouble,
they will get their honey from the wholesalers and they are selling their
honey at 35 cents, so we have three standards right there in our little
town. If we had an organization there that could know how much
honey is ready for the market, and could go to the grocers and say, we
have this much honey to sell, will you take it!" If thev say no. we could
sell it locally. All you have to do is put up a little sign. That I know
can be done. The only thing to do is to get the right medium, the right
advertising, and with the organization you will know how much honey
there is to sell.

Mr. Coyle. — I have found that one of the best mediums of adver-
tising is to exhibit at the Fair. They have a good honey exhibit at the
State Fair. A great many farmers come down from all over the State
to visit the Fair. It would be very easy, it seems to me, for this organ-
ization to have a sort of a meet, along the line of selling, getting rid of
your honey and the crop during that Fair, because a good many of us
will probably be there, even if there is no meeting of your organizatten.
The State association is all right for you fellows within 25 miles of
Springfield, because you can travel in, but the fellow living outside of

^^-HjEtnois state beekeepers' association. 83

this district doesn't know anything about the Illinois State Beekeepers'
Association, but he will know something about it if you have a local
organization.

If you have got enough men that will go out and work this thing
up in the counties, why can't we have a get-together affair next Fair
time and see what our results are, and perhaps the organization can
have a speaker here, someone, that knows something about the selling
end if it. Maybe the Producers' League could give us a man on selling
or bottling.

Mr. Tyler. — It seems to me some of these California fellows don't
know how to sell honey. They ship in honey here by the carload and
sell it below our price. I bought five cases, two 60-pound cases of Idaho
alfalfa, which is like the sweet clover hone}^, for 12 1/2 cents.

The President. — Do you know what that honey is selling for in
the city? ?

Mr. Tyler. — At the cafeterias it is 15 cents for two ounces.

The President.^Do you know what comb honey is selling at ?

Mr. Ty'ler. — Twenty cents for a little square. It is the honey
coming into our State in carload lots, and I think the beekeepers of the
State of Illinois ought to get together in some way and take up that
honey. If we can't supply the demand in the State of Illinois for honey,
we ought to be a selling medium to sell that honey.

The President, — That is a work which would take many men to
take care of.

Mr. Coyle. — The American Honey Producers' League has started
out with the idea of preventing dropping in any one locality and I be-
lieve they are making a success of it, too.

Mr. E. J. Baxter. — It is only a matter of education and organiza-
tion, that is all. When you succeed in organizing the people in Illinois
and organize all the people in the west, you will have none of that
trouble at all. The Colorado Honey Producers' Association doesn't sell
any honey here, neither does the California Association, neither does
Utah. I know for a positive fact that beekeepers in the Uinta Basin
have been selling honey for five cents when the association has not sold
a pound for less than 12 cents, but that is the individual beekeepers that
do not know any better.

Mr. Wiley. — This fall I was selling honey at 30 cents a pound,
bulk, and comb at 35 cents in five-pound pails, to- the store. I sold
7,000 pounds. A man from St. Louis and another from Evansville
filled the town full of 10-cent honey and they quit me, and my last
2,000 pounds sat there till about a week ago. It is a thing we ought
to take care of. If the fellow had got in there before I sold my crop
he would have hurt me a good deal. Next year they will hurt me more.

Mr. Lower. — ^That is one reason I would like to see you folks be-
long to the National League.

Mr. Wiley. — This honey brought in was some of it good, some
bad, and some of it wasn't honey at all. But it was distributed among
the customers that each one got a sort of different kind, so I think they
are pretty well through with it in my locality.

84 TWENTY-FIRST AXNUAL KEPORT OF THE

Mr. Williams. — In order to get this thing before us down to a
business standpoint, I move, if it can be done at this time, that the Sec-
retary be instructed to communicate with someone from each senatorial
district in tlie State or county, as he cliooses, with a view to organizing
a local association to atfiliate with the State association. (Seconded and
carried.)

Secretary Dadaxt. — In order to get this clear, it isn't necessary
in your county associations, as 1 understand it, to ask for $1.75. If you
want to form your association with a membership fee of 75 cents, that
is all right with the State association as long as you send 50 cents to us.
If you only make it 50 cents a member and not keep anything in your
own treasury, that is your business.

Mr. Williams. — Don't make your fee too small, hec.uise if you do
you are going to have some expense to pocket yourself. Make your fee
large enough to take care of your local expenses, 50 cents for the State.

Mn. KujDOw. — Don't make your expenses so high you Avill freeze
out the little fellow, so be careful both ways. Get him in, get him in-
terested, then you can raise the fees.

Mr. Coyle. — Suppose we go home and investigate individually and
find out that there are enough beekeepers in that part of the State to
support a locah organization, the thing to do naturally is to send out
some cards or make a list of all the beekeepers, then we are going to
Jiave something to work on. Then we want some one that is from the
ontside. If we. get a State association man at that meeting, all right,
but can the association send a man?

Mr. Kildow. — When we are talking to an audience we want to talk
bee inspection and education at the same time.

Mr. Coyle.' — Then I suggest, Mr. Chairman, that the members
from different sections try to get together at the end of this meeting
and have an understanding among themselves before they go home. I
•live considerable distance from the fellows in our section.

The Presi^i^'t. — ^The thing to do is do exactly what this man did.
They formed their association. This association will affiliate tomorrow
or the next day.

Mr. Coy'LE. — We are in a section that is scattered. We have cities.

The President. — ^There are mails, telephones and the trains. All
you have to do is get your notices to the beekeepers and form your meet-
ing. If you only have five, you can start.

Mr. Dadant. — You can get your county agents to work with you.
JVIr. WiLLiAMS.-^There isn't a local paper in the State of Illinois
but what would fall over themselves to get the notice to put in their
paper that you are going to have a bee meeting at a certain place. You
can get 10 times as many advertising in your newspaper as you can by
sending your cards. We had people come to our meeting in Pekin, our
first, from all over. All we did was to put the notices in the Peoria
papers, the Bloomington papers and the Delavan papers, and we had a
meeting there of 65. I wrote hundreds of cards and they paid no atten-
tion, but if you \n\t a notice in the paper and get a reporter to write it
up, a nice article,, it attracts people at once.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 85

Mr. Baxter. — While we have a State University man here, I want
to reiterate something. There is no way of reaching the beekeepers of
this State easier than through the farmers' institute, and if at Urbana
tkey had one man who was a beekeeper and knew something about the
business, and could go to these institutes and make a five-minute talk,
like they send an agronomist, and at the end of his talk he would launch
off into beekeeping, giving its advantages, possibilities, the amount of
money that could be made, that would interest people, and it would do a
surprising amount of good. That is the way to reach the beekeepers.
We have thousands of young men going from the university to the farm,
why not give them a knowledge of beekeeping and get the people en-
thused all over the State, then you will have no trouble getting members
to your State organization.

Mr. Stone. — I think they won't need any enthusing. As sweet
clover comes in the honey producers will show up.

The President. — About appointing a committee, I think that
should be left to the Executive Committee. To appoint a committee
composed of various members scattered all over the State, it is too hard
to keep them together. But if the actual working force of your Execu-
tive Committee, through the Secretary, take up this matter with various
men in each county, or every man here when he goes home if he has the
idea to form a society in his county, let him write the Secretary anything
he wishes to know. You will have no trouble. The only thing is to go
out and form the county organization. If the county shows no life,
have the Secretary, myself and some of the others stimulate the men in
that district. The only thing is to do it.

Mr. Kildow. — I think we better leave it to the Executive Commit-
tee and the Secretary. .,

Mr. Witheow. — Before we adjourn, in all the bee journals there is
a column devoted to Dr. Miller memorial fund. I wonder if it wouldn't
be well for us to donate a little to this fund?

Mr. Williams. — Mr, Chairman, I move that this association donate
$20 to the memorial fund for Dr. C. C. Miller, to come out of the
association funds in the hands of Mr. Seastream.

(Seconded and carried.)

Being no further business, the Tieeting adjourned.

86

TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

G. H. CALE,
President of the Chicago-Northwestern Beekeepers' Association.

PROCEEDINGS

of the 7

Twenty-fifth Annual Convention

of the

Chicago-Northwestern Beekeepers' Association

held at

Chicago, Illinois, Hotel LaSalle

December 5 and 6, 1921.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS^ ASSOCIATION. . 89

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHICAGO-NORTHWESTERN
BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

President, E. S. Miller, Valparaiso, Indiana.

Vice President, C. 0. Smith, 5446 Cornell Avenue, Chicago, Illinois.

Secretary-Treasurer, John C. Bull, Valparaiso, Indiana.

OPENING SESSION.

December 5, 1921.

The meeting was called to order by the President and the minutes
of the last meeting were read and approved.

The Secretary-Treasurer. — Mr. Bull reported the following:

Cash on hand December 6, 1930 $38.48

Eeceipts from dues for the year. 76 .50

Eeceipts from assessments, .i. 84. 60

Total $199.58

Total expenses for year 197 . 86

Balance on hand $1.72

On motion the report was referred to an Auditing Committee, con-
sisting of Mr. Stewart, Mr. Bryant and Mr. Sievert.

The President. — There was a Legal Eights Committee, of which
Mr. C. 0. Smith was chairman. He is not present Can anybody else re-
port for him? (No report was offered.) Is there a report of the Price
Committee?

Mr. Bull. — I believe I was chairman. In regard to sending out
price letters this year, we didn't have sufficient funds, so I didn't make
up any prices. If you want to know why I didn't have sufficient funds,
it was ordered last year that we have an assessment to take care of neces-
sary funds. We still have $83.10 coming on those assessments.

The President. — In regard to the Price Committee, I might say
there was some question as to its legality. This committee was not sup-
posed to set prices, of .course, or to say to anyone for how little he should
sell, but simply to recommend what a reasonable price would be. But I
see recently the United States Government is doing that very thing in
its semi-monthly reports to beekeepers. They are free and give prices
not only from the wholesale dealers in our large cities, but also prices
quoted by beekeepers themselves. One side of the sheet gives the dealers'
prices, the other side gives prices quoted by the beekeeper, and every
state in the Union reports the retail and wholesale prices. We get it
every two weeks, so it really does the work the Price Committee has

90 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REFORT OF THE

done, and more. Tf yon want these reports, send to the Bureau of
Markets and Crop Estimates, United States Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C.

The next is a paper, "Queen Eearing," by Jay Smith. • Mr. Smith
is not present, so 1 will ask ^Ir. Fracker to read the paper.

Queen Rearing.
(By Jay Smith.)

We all know that a vigorous young queen is necessary if the best
results are to be obtained from the colony, yet do we really know it?

In a like manner, ])ractically everybody knows that fresh air is
necessary to good health, yet when we ponder over the fact that 1.60,000
people die annually from tuberculosis in the United States alone, and
that 8,000,000 more are affected and will ultimately die from it, and
that that dread disease is caused largely from w^ant of fresh air, the ques-
tion arises do people really l-noic that fresh air is beneficial to health?

If the majority of beekeepers know that a young queen is so impor-
tant they fail to realize the importance of it to the fullest extent, or if
they do, they fail to practice wdiat they know.

I believe if we all preach the doctrine of good young Italian queens,
we will do more for the advancement of beekeeping than we can by any
other means.

Personally I have always maintained that if a person kept as many
as 50 colonies of bees, he should understand how to rear good queens.
And if a person was in the honey business on a commercial scale and
making a specialty of beekeeping, he should be expert at queen rearing
and have all of the best literature on the subject and the best queen
rearing outfit obtainable. I have visited beekeepers who numbered their
colonies by the hundreds, who reared no queens, kept black bees or ny-
brids, and yet they were interested in finding some magical "cure" for
European foulbrood, or were dreaming of some "locality" where the bees
would gather more honey. If such persons would only in some way find
out that it was the young vigorous Italian queen that he wanted, and
then proceed to rear them, European foulbrood would cease to be a
menace, and his "locality" would suddenly improve.

It is the simplest kind of a matter to rear queens that are just
"queens." But to rear the very best — well that is a horse of another
color. If one merely goes to a colony and removes the queen, cells will
be started and queens can be reared, but if the colony is not strong and
if the bees get no food either nectar or syrup, probably few, if any, of
such queens would be good ones. However, if the colony is strong and
a light honey flow is on and then the beekeeper culls out all small cells,
very good queens can be reared in that manner. All grades of queens
can be reared.

I have seen queens from the best down to ones so small that it was
difficult to tell them from a worker, even upon close examination. I have
found several of this latter kind in the past 10 years. They hatched in
nuclei and they did not hatch in a queen cell, as none could be found.
The virgin queen hatched from a w^orker cell, I presume. Such queens

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATIOX. 91

i

are the same size as a worker and slightly different in shape and color.
They always disappear before mating time and I never knew one of
them to mate. My theory is that after the laying queen was removed
and a cell given to the nucleus, the l)ees began to feed a number of
larvae preparatory to making queens of them. Then when the queens
came out of the cell that had been given them, they failed to remove the
larva that they had been feeding royal jelly. Perhaps it had had so
little jelly that the bees did not notice it. Then they went ahead to
make a worker out of it, and the slight amount of jelly that this larva
received in excess of what a worker larva should receive, caused it to
take on a slight appearance of a queen. I mention this incident to
show that all kinds and grades of queens can be reared varying in char-
acter and quality, from workers up to first-class queens.

An easy method of queen rearing is to go to a strong colony and
remove their queen and all of the brood. Then give them a comb from
your best breeder containing eggs only. If a honey flow is on tlie bees
will at once begin to enlarge the cells even before the eggs are hatched
and as good queens as the best can be reared in this manner. The cells
are later cut out and given to colonies made queenless 24 to 48 hours
previous. When only a few queens are to be reared, this is a very good
method. However, I believe it will pay one to learn the Grafting
Method originated by Mr. Doolittle as it has so many points of superi-
ority over any other, where one is rearing even as small a number as 50
queens a year. Then again, if one is expert with the grafting method
he is in position to' rear queens in quantity when required and will be
able, to extend hl^s beekeeping operations much better. Most beekeepers
are familiar with the grafting process, so I will not dwell upon it here.
To lift the larva out of the worker cell and lay it into a wax cup is a
very simple matter. Good eyesight is necessary, but if one does not
possess it, the grafting process ma}^ be turned over to some member of
the family who has. The women folks are especially good at grafting,
as their eyes are trained to do fine work, such as fine sewing and general
needle work. The one doing the grafting need not necessarily know
anything about bees or be able to handle them as the comb containing
larvae and the cells are taken to the grafting house. As I stated, the
grafting operation is simple, but the science of getting the bees in the
proper condition to accept cells and properly finish them, is one that
requires much experience. One should have everything in readiness as
far as possible before the season for queen rearing approaches. I prefer
the dipped cells as used by Mr. Doolittle. We use a bar long enough to
hold 20 cell cups. Twenty dipping sticks working through holes in a
frame made of tin makes it possible to dip 20 cells at once. After they
have been loosened they are placed on the cell bar and a brush dipped in
melted wax is used to paint the cells so they will adhere to the cell bar.
This work can be done in the winter and have it out of the way of the
busy season. The bars thus prepared should be wrapped up in paper to
keep them free from dust, for the bees will not accept dirty cells.

When all things are considered, I believe that the swarm box is the
best ever for getting cells accepted. This is especially good when the
weather is cold or hot. The swarm box should be placed in a basement

92 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

or cellar in the dark, where it will be free from noise, light and sudden
changes of temperature. I prefer a swarm box wide enough to hold five
frames. However, only two frames are used — one at each side of the
box, leaving the space in the center for the grafted cell bars. The
swarm box is covered on the bottom with wire screen cloth and the box
is made bee tight. We have found it most convenient to fill the swarm
boxes at 1 o'clock in tlie afternoon and graft about 3 o'clock. A funnel
is used to put the bees in the box. Best results are obtained by using
from five to seven pounds of bees. If a light honey flow is on, all should
go well. If not, the colony from which the bees are taken shoul(i be fed
sugar syrup from two to three days previous to putting them in the
swarm box. Feeding at the last moment seems to do little good. Of
course, a colony must be strong in order to take seven pounds of bees
from it and still leave enough bees to care for the brood and keep the
queen laying. If the colony is not strong enough, it should be built up
with brood from other colonies. The swann box should contain two
combs containing a little honey so there will be no danger of the con-
fined bees starving. To be on the safe side, it is well to see that there
is pollen in the combs also. It is well also to feed the bees with diluted
honey while confined, but the feeding while they are in the box as well
as the pollen is a very slight help, for I have tried them both with and
without and sometimes I could not see that it did anv good.

Tlie im}Jortant item is the feeding before they are confined. I have
found that it brought best results to leave the bees in the swarm box for
about 24 hours after grafting. If taken out sooner, the cells are not
sufficiently advanced to warrant their continuance by the finishing col-
ony. If left longer the bees seem to run out of royal jelly and the
larvae are underfed. Some have reported good results by grafting with-
out the use of royal jelly, but I never could get as large a percentage of
acceptance, or as good queens when jelly wag -not used. For finishing
the cells it is best to place them in the upper story of a strong two-story
colony, confining the queen to the lower story with a queen excluder.
This colony must be extra strong. If it is not strong enough, it should
be given hatching brood until the two stories are crowded with bees. It
is necessary to requeen these finishing, colonies often in order to keep up
brood rearing throughout the entire season and to prevent swarming.
Swarming is very troublesome, for. you. cannot tell when they have the
swarming fever till they come out.

One may ask, "Cannot you tell by their starting queen cells ?" Xo,
because they swarm, on your cells and very frequently have no cells down
in the brood nest whatever. For finishing, I usually give one bar of 20
cells to each colony. We usually get 18 or 19 cells accepted out of the
20 and the finishing colony usually finds another that for some reason or
another they do not like and they tear it down, so we usually get 17
finished cells out of 20 grafted. Very frequently we get the entire 60
accepted and finished when all conditions are favorable. It is usually
recommended for the honey producer to give a ripe cell to the colony to
be requeened after having removed their queen 24 hours previous. This
is a splendid method if one is cleaning up European foulbrood. If
the colony is strong and has plenty of time to overcome the effect of

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEKS' ASSOCIATION. , 93

being without a laying queen for the time it takes for the virgin to
hatch, this method is good. Personally, 1 much prefer to mate the
virgin in a nucleus and introduce the laying queen, for in that case the
colony is without a laying queen the minimum length of time. In the
matter of nuclei there are 'as many varieties as there are beekeepers.
My own opinion is to keep away from the baby nuclei. I have 100 of
them in use — as playthings for the children and bird boxes, but for
mating queens, never more. A twin nucleus each side holding two stan-
dard frames is hard to beat. Mr. Mendleson of Yentura, California,
uses an eight-frame hive, divided into three compartments. He has
entrances on both ends and one on one side, and while he is working witli
them he sits on the "blind" side. It would, indeed, be hard to beat a
nucleus of that description.

The Pkesident. — How many have ever tried the use of the swarm
box in rearing queens?

Mr. E. W. Brown. — It works perfectly, and when the bees are with-
out a queen for a few hours they are begging for the' queen, and if you
give them the means to raise one they will start in right there.

Mr. McXeill. — I tried it last year, and it wasn't a very good year.
I didn't have very good success with it. We didn't feed the bees as Mr.
Smith speaks of, and while I got some accepted cells, I didn't get any-
thing like the number spoken of here. I am expecting to try it again.
I thought the feeding was necessary just at the particular time that you
Avere doing the work, but if it is necessary two or three days ahead, that
is probably a good reason why I didn't have good success.

The President. — Mr. Smith told me the proper way would be to
put a screen over the bottom of the box and make it otherwise as tight
as possible so the bees couldn't get through. I know it is important that
they be fed for a considerable time before the swarm box is prepared,
and that they be shaken into the swarm box and placed in a dark, cool
place. He leaves them there 24 hours. After 24 hours he puts each
bar in a colony above a queen excluder. I imagine it would be better
if we had no unsealed brood in this super where these cell bars are placed.

Mr. Haan. — What do you do with the bees after they get through ?

The President. — I think he puts the bees back in the hive from
where he took them, and that he keeps them there only 24 hours.

Mr. Haan. — If the bees are left alone 24 hours in your swarmbox,
then what is the use of worrying about bees in the hive where the bees
came from ? It is stated there should be enough bees in swith the queen
to keep the colony going.

The President. — If you take too many bees away the larvae w^ill
starve in 24 hours.

Mr. McNeill. — I think the main reason for the swarmbox is that
instead of getting from 18 to 20 cells accepted, as has been usual under
queen-rearing conditions, they get from 50 to 60. The ordinary bee-
keeper that we are familiar with is probably unable to use 50 or 60 queen
cells at one time. If I want to get 18 or 20 cells I take a good strong
colony facing south and face it east or west and put in its place an 8-
frame hive wath one or two frames of honey and pollen, and go through

94 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

the colony I have turned around and find the queen and put her to one
side. Then I shake nearly all the rest of the bees into the new hive,
but don't put any brood in.

All the field bees are coming into your new hive and they are bring-
ing in nectar if there is any. Do this at one o'clock and put your grafted
cells in at about three o'clock in the afternoon, on one or two frames.
I think I can get more accepted on two. Leave them there 24 hours.
Take your cells out which are started, put them over queen excluders
in strong colonies, for finishing, take your 8-frame hive up, put the queen
back in the old hive and put the hive back where it stood, and you are
through. You have 18 or 20 cells that are just as good as these formed
by the swarmbox, with considerably less trouble, and you have a number
of cells which you can use and not waste.

The President. — A very good plan, I think. Where one needs only
a few cells, sometimes you can do it this way. In the swarming season
if your colony is strong, place some of the brood above a queen excluder,
cells are nearly always started and in ten days will be ready for use.

Mr. Stewart. — When you put up that comb, is it not a good plan
to put some royal jelly in with it ?

The President. — The bees feed royal jelly to the larvae for the
first three days. It is already in there.

Mr. Stewart. — Would you feed during that time ?

The President. — I don't usually try to rear queens unless there is
nectar coming in. If you wanted to rear them at other times you would
have to feed. I don't claim to be an expert queen breeder, although I
rear a few every year,

Mr. Johnson. — I would like to say I have spent many an hour in
Mr. Smith's yard. He is a man that raises lots of queens, and he does
ever}rthing systematically. He does his grafting on one day and he works
in the basement another day, which are all certain days. He knows just
exactly what he is going to do every day, he has it all planned out. In
mailing queens I have watched him put them in the mailing cases, and
if there is a queen that isn't laying just right and doesn't look just right,
he pinches her head off and lays a little block down so he knows just
what he wants to look for, the next time.

Mr. E. L. Mould. — Does Mr. Smith hold entirely to the three-
banded queens?

Mr. T. C. Johnson. — Mr. Smith doesn't advertise or sell golden
bees at all, but they are about as yellow as you can get them. He started
with a yellow bee and he has been breeding for quality ever since. He
doesn't advertise what he calls a golden bee at all. They are just yellow
Italians, and some of thoni have a very slight black tip.

The President. — Do you know whether they are cross like some
of the goldens we get from the south?

T\fT!. Johnson.— They arc very gentle.

The President. — Some of the goldens are crossed with the Cyprian
stock, and are very cross. If there is no further discussion of this, we
have with us Mr. T. C. Johnson, State Inspector of Indiana, who has a
few words for us.

ILLIXOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION.

95

Getting Eid of Foulbkood.

Mr. T. C. Johnson. — Mr. President and fellow members: I am
certainly pleased to be with you for once. I have made plans for the
last ten years to attend this Xorthwestern Association, but have never
had the privilege. Last 3'ear I was to be here, and at nine o'clock in the
evening when I was all ready, I got a long distance call to take care of
the office while two of our men attended the convention.

I didn't come here with the intention of having anything to say,
but I am very interested in beekeeping, and that is one reason why I
came up.

Lots of farmers keep bees. There are many of them that have no
more use for a beekeeper or a bee law than people who never saw a bee.

Although sheds are good protection from winter and summer sun, they are difficult

to work under.

The first thing I would like to see is the hand of everybody that thinks
we can keep bees successfully without a State law or any protection
whatever from the State.

Mr. Wheeler. — I do for one.

Mr. Stewart. — I do. I have no use for them under the sun.

Mr. Wheeler. — That isn't my idea at all, but I think I can get
along without an inspector as I have done in the past.

Mr. Johnson. — That is not a majority, so I will go ahead with my
talk.

As far as I am concerned, I do not need an inspector, but how am
I going to get rid of foulbrood if my neighbors have it? How many
times win a good colony become diseased if there is foulbrood around it ?
If they discontinue State laws, they take my business away. That is
the way I look at it, and I think others have had the same experience.

•

96 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL EEPOKT OF TPTE

I clipped an article from a paper yesterday, that I want to read
you. 1 have been a farmer "all my life, and I think a lot of the farmer,
and I know he has reason to kick on a lot of things but I don't believe
anybody would make the contention this man has made if he knew any-
thing about bees. This man has fruit on his farm, but he doesn't do
anything. He can go out and tell how and when it ought to be done,
although he didn't do anything himself. He is paid for it. Last week
I was sent down to Indianapolis to represent the farmer, and after I
came back 1 saw this little article in the paper, where he spoke these
words at the Earm Bureau:

"Would Abolish Several Offices — John Cantley says State and
counties should shave expenses to the bone. The abolition of what he
termed all non-essential officers was advocated at a meeting of the Wash-
ington Township Farm Bureau. In these officers he included the county
agent, the inspector of weights and measures, the State bee inspector,
and the county road superintendent. The talk of Mr. Cantley was on
retrenchment in State and county expenditures. He said that everything
should be done to keep these expenses down during the present, so that
taxes will not be higher than is absolutely necessary." ^

Is the office of inspector a non-essential office? Can we keep bees
without a bee law or a bee inspector? If so, let us get fid of them as
soon as we can. I don't think we beekeepers should allow them to get
rid of them, and as far as the county agent is concerned, I say it is one
of the best things we have had and I don't think any State, ought to
allow it to go.

It doesn^t matter how good a law we have in Indrana for bees, if our
neighbors have disease we have it. I am going to attend every town-
ship meeting in my county this winter if possible, and give a talk on
bees, what they are good for, how to take care of bees, and I am going
to tell them we need bee inspectors. I feel we do need them. If I am
wrong, I wantio know.

The President. — I think the bee inspector should enlighten people
as to the necessity for eradicating disease. I don't think we can get
along without a bee inspector or a county agent. I am a farmer, and I
believe the county agent is doing a great work. A few years ago in our
county its was voted not to have a' county agent, but there was such a
noise made about it that next year they elected a county agent and they
have had one ever since, and he has been growing in favor all the time.
The fanner that cannot see the benefit of the work done by the county
agent or the State inspector must have his eyes pretty close together —
he can't see very far. These men are doing a great deal of good in
Indiana, and I am sure they do in Illinois if they do their work. I am
confident every beekeeper of any importance in the State of Indiaua will
uphold the inspectors.

T. C. Johnson. — We know that the farmers outnumber the bee-
keepers in all the states ; and when we get about two-thirds of all the
little beekeepers against us we have; got to be awake.

Mr. E. L. Mould. — I don't think the little beekeeper is as liable to
be against these things as the big beekeeper. The man with a lot of

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 97

experience is more liable to think he can go alone than the little fellow.
1 have had only several years' experience; I need this help. I am very
much in favor of it.

The President. — As an illustration, one of our Indiana inspectors
came up to my yard and looked me over once. He said to me, "You keep
up-to-date in most things, but there is one thing you are not up-to-date
in." And he just gave me one idea that has been worth more than a
thousand dollars to me inside of two 5^ears. A bee inspector can do a
great deal of good besides pointing out foulbrood. He can carry from
one beekeeper to another the best things he sees, and points of great
value. Mr. Johnson mentioned one thing to me. He said, "When you
shake bees or hive a swarm, to prevent stretching the foundation put an
empty hive body under it and the bees will attach themselves to the
bottom bars and will not stretch your foundation. It is these little points
that are valuable to us.

MiJ. Stewakt. — What was the inspector's idea that he gave you ?

The Pkestdent. — He said, "You are making a mistake destroying
all these combs in treating European foulbrood." Before that they said
destroy the combs, burn out the hives, as for American foulbrood. All
you have to do is to make colonies strong, requeen and use Italian stock.
In that way I have cleaned up all my European foulbrood and saved
many combs.

Mr. J. C. Wheeler. — I would like to ask a question about the
Italian bees. Do the Italian bees keep foulbrood out of Italy? ' They
don't have any German bees there, do they? There is a great talk made,
advertising Italian bees. I would like to know if anyone knows if they
are any better in eradicating foulbrood than black bees.

The President. — Mr. Johnson, will you answer the question?

Mr. T. C. Johnson. — I don't know anything about Italy at all, but
I know Italian bees are better to keep out foulbrood than the other kind.
Probably they do not have foulbrood in Italy, I do not know, but I
know they are all ris^ht for use here. You are talking about European
— that has got nothing to do with American at all.

Registered Bees.

Mr. Haan. — Mr. President, I have been thinking this situation
over, and I think where we have inspectors if we could get appropria-
tions from the State necessary, I think we should have men going
around to examiiie every hive everywhere within their jurisdiction, and
anybody that has even one colony of bees should be registered some-
where, and his bees inspected every year at least once, I think. A great
many beekeepers diagnose the hive from the outside and they do not
really know what is going on inside. They let the colony go along,
never looking on the inside, and the first thing they know the colony is
dead. The neighbor bees rob it out. If we look in the colony after-
wards we find it is rotten with foulbrood. What are the neighboring
people going to do on account of these ignorant men? That is why I
think every colony should be registered somewhere in the State and in-
— 7 B A

98 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

spected at least once a year by an authorized inspector; but just calling
in an inspector every now and then when you think you want a little
advice or help, that is not getting at the bottom of the trouble or stamp-
ing out the disease.

The President. — I think it is a question of getting appropria-
tions. I think Mr. Haan is right if we can get the money to do it. In
addition we have had in the past, three bee inspectors to cover the whole
State. The appropriation allowed by the last Legislature was consid-
erably increased and I understand we are to get more next year. In my
county every colony was inspected except a very few, which we were
unable to find. Mr. Johnson came up there and we took him around
to every beekeeper we could find in the county. The second time he
came around to see whether or not they had carried out his program,
and he found in almost all cases they had done so.

Mr. Johnson. — How do you think we are going to get along with-
out the inspector? What we want is more of them. I keep my bees
clean, but I can't watch everybody's.

I have seen five swarms of bees put in the same hive on combs so
rotten that the moths wouldn't touch them.

Mr. Kannenberg. — I can talk from experience on foulbrood. I
never had the inspector come to investigate my foulbrood, I sent my
samples to Mr. France and he sent it back and said it was foulbrood.
We had a man three blocks away from me, who got the. bee fever. He
said he was going to make diamonds out of bees and he bought all the
bees he could get, wherever he could get any. He got as high as 25
swarms, paid a man $75 a month to look after his bees, and when he
came home (he hadn't given up his job yet) he started in with the bees.
He stirred them up in the evening. The result is today he has got
about four hives. I had over 125 hives, lost 45 hives in one season. It
cleaned me out, left me none. I started up again last year. I didn't
have any for a year, because I thought what was the use of keeping
bees when my neighbor had foulbrood and he didn't clean it out? So I
started in again, bought some nuclei and I had quite a lot of trouble
getting started. First the bees came and the queen was dead. They
sent me bees again and they were dead. I got a couple of pieces of
comb from somebody who had bees, and raised my own queens. It was
too late for the bees to get a start and I fed them, but they died the
next spring. I didn't have to go out to the hive and look in it for foul-
brood, I could smell it when I got in the yard. That is the experience
I had. Nobody can fool me on it; I can smell foulbrood in any yard.

Mr. Wheeler. — I am afraid we Illinois beekeepers and our in-
spectors may get a black eye, but we have no kick coming from our
inspectors. We have two new ones appointed this summer. We think
Illinois has as good ■ an inspection corps as there is in the country.
From the little word dropped here you might think we are complaining,
but I, for one, am not complaining. We have got good men. A couple
of years ago I had eight colonies. I ^fe^d something was the matter
with my bees and sent a sample to Washington. They reported Amer-
ican foulbrood and said I had better have the inspector. He spent a
day with me and I know now where the American foulbrood is. Today

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 99

I have 31 colonies and they are all healthy and a great deal of credit is,
due the inspector coming to help me with information as to what it
looked like and how to take care of it.

Mr. MacNeill.- — It would be interesting, I think, if we could have
reports from different beekeepers as to their honey production this year,
from the different sections, the average per pound from their colonies
and the maximum and minimum yield.

Mr. Kannenbebg. — From one colony I got 325 pounds of honey.
(Applause.)

The President. — How far south are you?
Mr. Kannenbero. — I am in Oak Park. I have sweet clover.

A Member. — I had 85 pounds per colony in JSTaperville from 20
colonies.

Mr. Sievert. — I got an average of about 65 pounds. I had a lot
of nuclei.

The President. — Mr. Bull, how is yours?

The Secretary. — One hundred ten pounds to the colony.

The President. — I would estimate my average at about 100
pounds.

Mr. E. W. Brown. — Mine is^_about 250 pounds per colony for 50
colonies. I am 18 miles west of Chicago.

The President. — You have the sweet clover, also.

Mr. MclSTEiiiL. — What was your best colony?

Mr. Brown. — A little over 300 pounds.

The President. — Around Chicago and south and west of Chicago
I understand "there are large quantities of sweet clover. That, is some-
thing we don't always get ia other localities.

Mr. E. W. Brown. — We have basswood and clover also. Every-
thing yielded this year.

Mr. Wm. Biegel. — I got four two-frame nuclei from the south
May 1st. I am on the south side in Chicago, and they made about 50
pounds to the colony and one swarm.

Mr. McNeill. — I had 95 pounds for the average from 80 colonies.
I have profited by other beekeeper's mistakes, and I have sent on the
good things that I know, to others. I thought I was doing pretty well,
but when I hear of this 250-pound yield I am going to get busy and see
if I can't do better.

The President. — I might say north of here, in Michigan and Wis-
consin, they had a fair crop of white clover this year. I was up that
way last week. Quite a number reported large crops of alsike honey in
north Wisconsin. Southern Wisconsin was not so good. Wisconsin was
not as good as Michigan this year. In Canada, Mr. Holtermann re-
ported a crop of 85,000 pounds, something like 250 pounds to the
colon}^, I understood. Their locality for alsike and white clover is much
better than ours. Some of us around Chicago get sweet clovier. A
large portion of my crop was golden rod.

100

TWENTY-FIRST -ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

HuBAM Clover.

The President. — We have a few minutes for the discussion of the
Hubani clover. AVho has had any experience with it?

A Member. — I got an ounce of seed last spring and I got about
seven pounds from it. The bees seemed to enjoy it. I want to go into
it a little heavier next year, and cultivate it. The papers advocate drill-
ing it three feet apart, but I think 18 or 20 inches would be plenty. On
a larger scale one wouldn't do that. I harvest the seed by hand. I
want plenty for myself.

A well kept Apiary at 'Morrison, 111. Chas. G. Macklin is the owner.

A Member. — I got a sample of the seed, perhaps 50 or 100 .seeds.
I planted it in the garden and I had blossoms in six weeks. It has
certainly got it over the biennial clover. As soon as it blossomed, the
bees worked on it.

Mr. McXeill. — You don't seem to get much out of yellow sweet
clover.

MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION.

The Pj{esident. — Gentlemen, will you please come to order? We
will have the subject, "The Bee-Tight Honey-House and Other Popular
Fallacies," by Mr. S. B. Fracker. AVhile we are waiting for Mr. Fracker
the chairman of the Auditing Committee has requested that we hear
his report.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEKS' ASSOCIATION. 101

Mr. Stewart. — We have examined that account and find it correct
in every respect as represented.

The report was accepted.

The Secretary. — A question has been asked about the journals.
With the dues the American Bee Journal is $1.35, without it is $1.50.

Mr. Wheeler.— Then what are the dues for this year?

The Secretary. — At the present time they are $1.50 if you do not
change them.

Question. — Is there not some provision which secures the A. B
Journal if ten or more members subscribe? I am prettv sure vou can
get it for a dollar.

The Secretary. — You are sure it is one dollar?

The Member. — Yes.

The Secretary. — Then I will take one dollar for it instead of
$1.25.

Mr. Kannenberg. — Does this include the State fee also ?

The Secretary. — It will if we vote to join the State. That has
not been done as yet.

Mr. Haan. — I was always under the impression, that we were mem-
bers of the State Beekeepers' Association.

The President. — We have been joining every year. ' •

Mr. Haan. — Then by paying our dues hei-e we are members of the
State organization.

• Mr. Kannenberg. — I make a motion that we join the State Bee-
keepers' Association.

Mr. Sievert. — Second the motion.

Mr. E. W. Brown.— What does that cost?

The President. — One dollar and fifty cents, as I understand it,
covers the fees of both associations.

Motion made and carried that this association join the Illinois State
Association.

The Bee-tight Honey'-hguse and Other Popular Fallacies.
(By S. B. Fracher, Wisconsin State Entomologist, Madison. \Yis.)

I was rath^ hoping that we would have a full sized apiary inspec-
tion law debate this morning. It looked as if it was going to start for
awhile, and I was rather disappointed because it didn't develop. I am
sure we could have all gotten into it and there would have been some
interesting things to say. Perhaps we can have one this afternoon, as
soon as I get through with the few remarks I have to make regarding
the subject as announced.

The intention in giving the subject as printed on the program was
to tell a few stories of the troubles that beekeepers have, and their suc-
cess in overcoming those troubles, rather than develop facts and figures
or to try to put over any sort of a proposition. In other words, we will
simply talk over the things that happened in individual cases and then
try to add up these stories to be placed in something like statistical
form, to see whether we have developed some results by the Wisconsin

102 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

method, which possibly may be different. Those may not be as encourag-
ing as we had hoped, nor as disappointing as we had feared, but may be
different from those developed in other states.

A letter came to the office the other day from a county inspector,
which told a story something like this: I was at Mr. Blank's apiary
the other day, and found that last spring in his yard of 55 colonies he
had a large number of cases of American foulbrood. He was familiar
with the treatment, consequently he shook all the colonies and put all
his infected material inside his bee-tight honey house until he could
finish the spring farm work. His sister looked out of the window one day
and wondered what the bees were doing, and called her brother in.
They proceeded to investigate, and they found that the bees were
securing access to the honey-house through the keyhole of the door and
getting out through the bee escape in the windows. That evening they
investigated further and found nearly all the infected honey from inside
the honey house was gone, that the combs were nearly dry. The result
was that this gentleman applied a treatment again this fall, and not
only had the loss of two sets of combs throughout nearly his entire
yard, but practically a loss of the honey crop besides. In addition to
that he had to feed the colonies treated the second time, because there
was no honey flow.

This thing happens so many times. Beekeepers treat so many
times without securing freedom from disease, that Mr. McMurray, who
was our first apiarian inspector, said the other day, I can't recall a
single case during the last three years in which I have been connected
with the Wisconsin work, in which a beekeeper has eliminated foulbrood
for himself in a yard by using the shaking treatment. Any of us can
clean up a colony, but, he said, I cannot remember a single case in
which a beekeeper has cleaned up a yard and freed it from foulbrood
by the shaking treatment. Neither of which in thinking it over could
answer the question definitely, consequently I went over the record of
the principal counties in which we had been doing area clean-up work,
to see if his idea was correct, that the beekeepers are not securing
complete results by the shaking treatment.

The contention was that only those who destroy their infected
colonies eliminate disease from their yards. I found it was not a cor-
rect idea, that in four counties we had rather accurate figures, showing
whether the owners of infected yards did treat their infected colonies
or destroy them. The figures on which these results are based include
the inspection of something like 1,400 yards this past season and
smaller numbers the previous year, this year totaling altogether more
than 24,000 colonies.

By looking at figures of this size we can probably reach a more
accurate conclusion as to the proportion of beekeepers who can treat or
destroy successfully, than we could if we were looking at individual
cases around a single town, or if we were looking at i)articular areas
in which the beekeepers had asked the inspectors to come and visit
them.

The results in these four counties show there are 163 yards in
which we know whether the beekeepers treated or destroyed their in-

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 103

fected colonies. Of those G4 applied the treating method, while' 99, or
a somewhat larger number, destroyed their infected colonies.

Looking at that GJ:, a record we have over a period of three years,
in some cases four yeaBs — we find that less than half of them did
succeed in freeing their yards from disease, but that in these four
counties during those four years 2? beekeepers applied the treatment
method and freed their yards completely from disease.

Mr. WHEELER.-^Will you tell us the difference between the treat-
ment method and the shaking method? We don't know the difference.

Me. Feackee. — I am using them synonomously.

Me. McjSTeill. — You spoke of the treating or shaking method, and
destroying the colonies. Do you mean destroying bees and saving noth-
ing?

Me. Feackee. — Yes, sir. There are some beekeepers, particularly
small ones, who would rather destroy their infected colonies sometimes.
If they only have two they would rather go out of business than go to
the trouble of treating the infected colonies, while there are others who
prefer to apply the treatment. The second class, those who destroy
infected colonies rather than treating them, are largely beekeepers who
have just a few each year.

The average beekeeper as we take them, yard by yard, was not able
to use the shaking treatment successfully, and free his yard completely
from disease. By freeing it from disease I mean entirely as based on
an inspection the following year after a treatment has been made. It is
easy enough to reinspect within three or four weeks and say the yard is
clean. A yard is never considered clean with us until it shows itself
free from disease the following season.

The inspectors usually do not treat except where requested for the
purpose of assistance. They give demonstrations of treatment when
they can secure the attendance of the beekeepers.

Of the 99 who treated their bees it was natural that some of them
went out of the bee business because that included all who had only one
colony and didn't care to treat bees, consequently 27 of them we find
at the end of the third year period were without bees. Forty-seven or
about half of them came through at the end of the period free from
disease, and only one-fourth showed up disease at the end of the three-
year period.

In other words here are 26 apiaries, 26 beekeepers who are destroy-
ing their infected colonies as fast as they find them, still at the end of
the three-year period the inspector goes in and finds disease in these
yards. There must be a reason for this, and this talk is directed toward
finding the reason. Beekeepers treat for disease and do not clean up,
and infection appears the following year and they often destroy infected
colonies.

Disease appears the following years. Infection may come in from
the outside. Where the buying and selling of diseased supplies is shut
off as completely as it is in Wisconsin, that isn't a very serious matter.
The State law prohibits the sale of any bees without a permit from the
State inspector, and that is being followed out by beekeepers to a limited

104 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

extent. Since we visit as many as 1,500 yards a year, it would be easy
for us to discover whether that regulation were being violated to any
great extent. Under the Wisconsin statutes a man cannot sell to his
neighbor without a permit or inspection certificate from the State in-
spector, so that the first and most common method of securing disease
in your yard, which is by the purchase of diseased material, is practically
cut off under our conditions. Up to four years ago when this law wag
put on the statute books, that method of securing infection was much
more common than any other. It ran beyond any other method of secur-
ing infection. It was much more commoTi than bees going out and
robbing diseased honey from some neighbor's yard and thus introducing
it. Charts showing that fact conclusively have been published in various
papers and the matter has been discussed before the various organiza-
tions.

The question now confronts us, why is it that 59 of these beekeepers
in four counties, when they were no longer purchasing diseased material,
were still being subject to infection of American foulbrood? The story
with which I began this talk, that of the gentleman in Green County
who had the trouble with the bees robbing out honey by going in through
the keyhole, we found repeated again and again in various ways. For
example, an old German beekeeper in the northern part of the State
was observed one day to sit absolutely motionless, looking at his honey-
house. A friend came up behind him and stood w^atching him. He
couldn't see that the old beekeeper was moving at all, except just puffing
on his pipe. The friend touched him on the shoulder and asked how
he was, indicating surprise that he was sitting there doing nothing at
all. The beekeeper said, "Well, I was just trying to figure out how the
bees got in the honey-house." The friend looked through the screen
door and the honey-house was full of bees. The window and the door
were screened. You have probably seen similar situations when the
door has been standing open.

This man had two-thirds of his yard infected with disease and he
was storing the diseased combs after treatment. He wanted to know
how those bees got into a honey-house that was screened and bee-tight
as far as he could tell. They went into the hone3Miouse and looked
all over, and couldn't find any way for the bees to get in. The beekeeper
has a heating system in there, with a stove pipe running to the outside,
large enough for every bee in the yard to come in in a very short time.
Being a dark way, they were unable to get out, and the only way they
had of getting outside was when he left the door open.

There is another case. If I didn't have the accurate story of a
man who had actually seen the case himself, I would hardly believe it.
The introduction is almost the same — a honey-house full of bees without
any apparent means of entrance. Xo going through the keyhole, no
heating method, and yet they were continually appearing inside the
honey-house and often were unable to escape. They didn't succeed in
figuring out any way from the outside hy which those bees could get in,
hut in happening to look down one of them saw, almost in the center of
the cement floor of the honey-house, a bee crawling through a crack in

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEKS' ASSOCIATION. 105

the cement. They didn't understand it. There was no continuation of
that crack to the outside, so they went outside to look. They discovered
that the floor of the honey-house had buckled, leaving a wide crack in.
the cement. By means of instinct the bees came up on the inside.
Naturally, they couldn't find the exit.

We are inclined to believe, when we see incidents of that kind, that
there is no bee-tight honey-house. The storing of infected honey and
supplies on one' premises is just as dangerous to the profits of the bee-
keeper as leaving the body of a hog which has died of hog cholera in the
barn would be to an Iowa or Illinois raiser of corn and hogs. The stor-
ing of infected material can destroy the bees and can result in continual
reinfection in a place where some bees, at least, are sure to get at it.
InVnany cases the honey-house is not nearly as tight as those in the
illustrations given. There have been plenty of times when a beekeeper
has sard, "My honey-house is perfectly tight," and there would be a pane
of glass missing or cracks in the siding a half inch wide. We are in-
clined to believe the beekeeper under these conditions is forgetting three
things. These do not appear in the directions for treating American
foulbrood at all, but it is assumed that every one knows them : first, that
bees will go after honey or sweets wherever it can be found, if at all
within reach; second, that the bee is a very small animal which can go
through a hole one-fourth inch across; and, third, that the germ which
causes the American foulbrood. Bacillus larvae, is so microscopically
small in size that the' most minute, next to invisible drops of honey,
even when they are dried up in the comb, may contain the disease.

The 59 beekeepers mentioned, who had maintained disease in their
yards throughout their best elforts to treat and destroy the colonies,
included a number of prominent names.. In fact, even down here at
Chicago, if I should put, up a chart and write the names of those 59
beekeepers, there are many names that many members here would recog-
nize. They are not the small beekeeper.

I was very much interested in the remark this morning by the
gentleman who said that a newcomer in beekeeping was anxious to sup-
port the apiary inspector -because that has been so universally our ex-
perience in Wisconsin. Of those who have treated three successive years
still having disease, there were only two yards in the whole group with
less than ten colonies of bees.

When beekeepers get together in associations they are almost always
those who own more than ten colonies of bees. They are the large com-
mercial beekeepers of the region, and nearly always this is passed back
and forth, again and again : "If it wasn't for the little fellow next me,
who maintains disease, I would be able to keep my apiary free." Our
experience indicates that the reverse is true, that the man with from
30 to 100 colonies has a harder time to eliminate disease from his yard
than does the man who has from 1 to 3 colonies. In the first place the
latter has nothing to lose and if he has disease among his bees he is
willing to destroy the infected colonies.

Mr. Wheeleb.. — What does he do with his combs and hives when
he goes out of business?

*■" L

106 TWENTY-FIRST ANXUAL UEPOIiT OF THE

Mr. Feacker. — If lie isn't caught at it, they will go back of the
barn. There is an interesting sidelight on that. This year the apiary
inspectors have had to clean np four big yards in which the amount of
the infected supplies was so great that they could not be piled behind
any ordinary outbuilding. 1 happened to have the pleasure or discom-
fort of helping in the process of cleaning up one of those cases myself.
The others were done by men sent out special. One of the largest bee-
keepers in each of the four different counties had, either an outyard or a
large number of supplies on his premises.

The one particular case in which 1 helped, a certain commercial
beekeeiier's outyard (a prominent member of Jiis local associatioji ) had
been permitted to die during a certain season. His outyard had been
overlooked by the men who were doing the clean-up work in that neigh-
borhood. In spite of his information on the subject that yard was
permitted to stay there. The lids were off. The yard was in an unbe-
lievable condition of abandonment. Combs were strewn about every-
where, hives were on end with infected combs in them, ever}^ time it
rained there would be American foulbrood scales get soaked up, and
just a few bees from the neighboring yards would come to pick up some
of the sweetened water. Under those conditions it was impossible for
anybody in the neighborhood to clean up.

Mr. Wheeler. — \\'liat did you do when you took it in hand ?

Mr. Fracker. — Packed up the wax. We had his assistance. The
inspectors didn't have to do it entirely. We had his personal assistance.
With his assistance, we cut out all the infected wax and comb out of the
frames, burned up the frames, scorched out the hives, and thoroughly
cleaned up the ground which had been rather well covered with broken
comb and sterilized it first as. far as we could.

Mr. Wheeler. — But you did not burn the hives?

Mr. Fracker. — Xo. We burned nothing whatever except the
frames, the lumber on which some hives had been resting, was piled up
to one side for him to carry into his basement for use as fuel for the
winter. The hives were good if he was willing to go to the trouble of
scraping out some of the charcoal. The wax could all be sent to a foun-
dation factory, permit for which was promptly sent him.

The excuse that several beekeepers have used has been this : "The
thing got away from me at the time, I should have looked after it. I
didn't have time to do so, and I thought that as long as the honey had
be^u robbed out of this comb that there wasn't any hurry about it." So .
old comb of this kind has been left in the rain to have the Bacillus
larvae, which causes American foulbrood, soaked up again and again
under conditions on which bee diseases could be distributed.

In the entire eastern part of the State we are now using the area
clean-up method, an area totaling altogether 22 counties. Xot all have
bee diseases. About a dozen of them need close yard to yard work.
Out of this entire eastern section of the State one county has not yielded
satisfactory results. There is one county in which the disease seems to
be proceeding in a way that it shouldn't. There are three or four rea-
sons for this, one of them is the fact that the beekeepers in that county
are infected with the germ of apiary economy. As someone has said,

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERs' ASSOCIATION. 107

beekeepers are very aft'ectionate-miuded men. They like the flowers and
they4ike the bees, they like the briglit- sunny days, they like attractive
ladies, they like sweets, but there is one thing that the beekeeper likes /
above everything else on earth, and that is a piece of old comb. In this
particular county the beekeepers are affected with that germ of economy
to such an extent that the county has had difficulty in freeing itself of
disease.

There are two attitudes one can have in cleaning up disease. One
is this : "Here are a half-dozen frames, maybe two dozen frames. I
am not sure they were on the infected hive. I have got them mixed
up in some way. 1 believe 1 will run the risk and put them On a clean
colony, and if that colony gets diseased 1 will know they were infected .
and 1 can destroy them." The other is this: "Perhaps those frames
were on an infected colony. I have mixed them up in some way. I
will just be on the safe side and eliminate them." When a single bee-
keeper or a group of beekeepers or a whole county full of beekeepers is
persuaded with one idea or the other, they are either going to maintain
disease or clean up disease in the proportion to which that germ of
economy affects them.

In addition to the bee-tight honey-house fallacy, the idea that we
can have a building in which we can store germs — for that is what we
are doing when we are storing infected honey — there are several other
things that we occasionally run across. In Langdale County, one which
has been practically free from bee disease so that we didn't know of a
single case, suddenly an infected yard was moved in from the outside
and not caught soon enough, resulting in five new infections, which have
since been cleaned up. One of these beekeepers had gotten disease in one
way or another — probably his bees had robbed out some honey from
this infected yard, which had been brought in — one colony out of four
was infected with disease. We were having a beekeepers' meeting in
that county and the inspector suggested that I go out with him and
visit these different places where they had cleaned up this year, and see
what we thought the chances were of their being free from disease an-
other year.

In this particular case we visited, the hired man said the bees had
been thoroughly treated. The infected material was stored in the wood-
shed and w^e promptly pointed out that that woodshed was not bee-tight. .
It had a door standing open, and the window had no pane in it. He
said, they are piled up in such a way that bees can't possibly get at it.
He said, "We have them piled on a board three bodies high, with a cover
on, and no bees could get in there at all." It seems almost laughable.
We went in and found that one of those hive bodies had one corner
sitting on the two by four, and there was a space at least two inches
high around two sides, the base of that hive in which bees could get in
and up to the infected supplies. ISTaturally there was no infected honey
left. It was another case of expecting to harbor germs ion one's premises
without paying the penalty.

Mr. Wheeler. — Would you mind telling us the instructions you
gave those beekeepers ?

108 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Mr. Fracker. — The only reason that 1 hadn't done that so far was
because 1 thought perhaps the association would be more or less bored
by something that is undoubtedly repeated each year.

This season mimeographed instructions are left with the beekeeper,
instructing him in the sliaking method of treatment. Tlie instructions
give two dilfereiit options to the beekeeper. Either he can shake the
bees by the usual methods, on to full sheets of foundation, or he can
brush them on, using a particularly long whisk broom rather than a bee
brush, brushing them from the infected comb into the new hive placed
on the old location. If there is nectar in this diseased colony or a honey
flew at that particular time, the bees are shaken on newspaper, usually
in front of the hive, and the bees allowed to run in, rather than being
shaken directly into the hive.

This refers to just the diseased colonies. It is only rarely that an
entire yard is shaken in that way. Once in awhile it is.

The optional method given is that of placing a frame of drawn
comb in the center along the frames of foundation and then removing
it next morning, but that optional method is never emphasized, owing
to the fact that that drawn comb will do very much more damage than
good if it is left in more than one day, and we are afraid it will be lefti
in more than one day.

It would be possible to give a talk wholly on American foulbrood
and its treatment. We are discussing some of the other aspects of the
problem this afternoon, and if any of you have questions along this line,
we will be glad to discuss with you, any of the details of the methods
of tieatment, or of the symptoms of the different diseases.

Another instance in this same county was that of a gentleman who
had read the instructions for treatment, apparently carefully, but he
had neglected to note one thing. After a talk on the symptoms and
treatment of bee diseases, he came up to one of us and said, "I am not
sure that I am doing this thing exactly right. I had six colonies of
American foulbrood this year, let me outline the method I am using
and we will see whether I am making progress, so that I probably won't
have any disease next year." He described the usual method of moving
off the infected colony a few feet and putting the clean hive in the i^lace
where the infected colony had stood.- Here was a comb honey producer,
taking off the comb honey supers and setting them to one side while he
shook the bees into the clean iiive, taking the brood frames and the hive
body in which the brood had been reared away and either destroying
it or putting it carefully under cover, setting back his supers of comb
only on the new hive into which he had shaken the bees. Of course he
was immediately ])utting infected honey back on top of the bees which
he had just shaken,- giving them the finest chance in the world to feed
that honey back to the brood that would sart in their new hive. He
couldn't have freed a yard or a colony of American foulbrood in that
way in a thousand years, because he had overlooked the fact that the
germ of American foidbrood was in that comb honey super, and he waa
placing it back on the same hive.

ILLIJJ^OIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION, 109

The trouble with the treatment method is not in handling that par-
ticular colony, but in the handling of the diseased material after it is
taken away from the infected colony, storing it in the honey-house,
saving it behind the barn" or woodshed in the way mentioned, being at
some place at which bees have easy access to it, although it may appear
to the beekeeper to be bee-tight.

Another instance. A man who had had no previous experience with
disease, a beekeeper who had been fortunate enough to maintain a yard
of 115 colonies in an area which had several large apiaries with consider-
able amounts of disease. He knew the conditions. American foulbrood
didn't appear to him to be particularly serious, because he had never had
it in his own yard he assumed it would remain free. Last fall, a year
ago, after the basswood flow in his neighborhood had been completed
several colonies of his bees got a fine flow of basswood honey, brought
in a considerable quantity of fine basswood honey after he knew that
there was no more basswood flow. He was enough of a beekeeper to
know that honey came from somewhere, he knew that the bees had
robbed out some colonies in the neighborhood and he thought it was
a good joke on the neighborhood beekeeper, some beekeeper whom he
didn't know.

In 87 colonies were symptoms of American foulbrood. In just a
few months as a result of one little robbing case, he had by feeding the
honey to his entire yard infected 87 colonies out of a yard of 115 healthy
ones, and only those who have treated entire yards for American foul-
brood know what a story like that means to the beekeeper.

I wonder if we took a vote of those in the room — we are not going
to do it, but I would like to find out how many of those here in the
Chicago-N'orthwestern Beekeepers' Association do have infected honey
and comb stored in a bee-tight honey-house, or old combs which might
possibly have come from diseased hives stored behind a barn, or a pile
of hives that had been sitting somewhere around their premises, last
August which was perfectly bee-tight, until Johhny came along one day
and knocked over the whole pile^not many, I see.

We are all anxious for lower taxes, and beekeepers are anxious to
eliminate the toll that they are paying every year to a little niicrosco]>ic
germ which we know scientifically by the name of Bacillus larvae. We
are paying that little bug a tremendous tail in all these Mississippi
Valley states, and I presume throughout the entire United States. The
beekeepers have joined together in associations of this kind for the par-
ticular purpose of reducing the toll that all of us are paying to that
bacillus, which is the cause of American foulbrood, and we can eliminate
that toll, we can wipe it off our account books. We can keep bees with-
out that annual loss of shaking bees, destroying comb, etc., if we will
remember those three things which we mentioned a few minutes ago :
first, that bees will seek out honey wherever found, second, they are very
small animals which will get through a small space, and third, Bacillus
larvae can exist in the most minute drops of honey.

At the request of a number who are interested in the broader out-
lines perhaps of an area clean-up policy, the methods of going into a

110 TWEx\TY-FIEST ANNUAL EEPOBT OF THE

large area and completely stamping out disease, if that can be done,
rather than the particular methods of cleaning it up in individual api-
aries, 1 might outline the policy on which we are working.

The State some time ago abandoned the method of going into
particular yards at request, and cleaning up particular neighborhoods,
because some beekeeper suspected that his neighbor had disease, and
adopted a policy of taking up an entire county at the request of a
beekeepers' organization and covering that county. That method was
begun in 1918. It has reached a point at the present time where we
do not need to drum u^p any trade. 1 feel somtimes that my biggest
job is to try to sit tight in Madison and keep from accepting more
requests for work of that kind than we can possibly undertake. Two
counties this past year, which we hadn't any hope of getting to within
a year, were so anxious to have work done in their territory that both
of them became more or less angry about it and said, "We will with-
draw from the State association unless we can have a clean-up in our
county this year," and this winter we have adopted a general policy
that we will go into new counties where the county board of supervisors
themselves, at the request of the beekeepers, makes an appropriation
large enough to cover part of the cost of the work in their county.
That is to reduce the claim, somewhat, the injustice, somewhat, of
spending State funds entirely in certain areas. The fact that the new
counties in which we will go next year have made appropriations of
$100 and $300 respectively, for an appropriation for work, totaling
about $300 a year in one county and $900 in the other, which is aj
larger county, is a sign that the board of supervisors are willing to
adopt that method of protecting the beekeepers in cases presented to
them.

In no case will the State ask the county to make an appropriation.
The State department is simply in a position where its funds will not
cover all the demands made of it. They will not cover the entire State,
and the only way in which we can determine the areas in which the
work will be done, which will be cleaned up of American foulbrood first,
is in this way. Wisconsin has 42 counties in which American foulbrood
exists, and some 20 or 30 of them in which it is virulent. These coun-
ties will have to be taken in order, and while progress is made it is not
practical, even if we had funds, to iry to clean up the whole State at
once. An area extends from Madison and Milwaukee, running north
to upper Michigan, and covers each one of these counties except two,
Washington and Ozelka. Some of the apiaries were 75 per cent dis-
eased when the work was begun, and others down to about 40 per cent.
In other words, the problem is much more serious than in Indiana,
certainly much more than in the New England States of Pennsylvania
and New York and Florida, for which we have the figures.

A Member. — How about Illinois ?

Mr. Tracker. — I have no figures on Illinois. Illinois may have as
serious a problem as W^isconsin. Jefferson County, in which American
foulbrood was introduced 50 years ago, has had^ it reduced until this
past year in the district infected with foulbroojl, of all the colonies
inspected in that county this year only 3 per cent showed disease. By

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. Ill

the time disease gets reduced that much there is only one thing to do,
that is to sulphur the bees and destroy the infected material. Jefferson
County is now in a position where that policy is immediately supported,
and that is the only way to do, rather than run any risks on these in-
dividual experimentations starting an American foulbrood conflagration
again.

In one county this year only three-fifths of 1 per cent of the colonies
have been found diseased. Milwaukee has been reduced from half of the
apiaries down to 4 per cent, Winnebago 3 per cent.

In order to get a broad view of this and find out just what pro-
portion of beekeepers cleaned up, I combined several counties recenth'
in statistical form. It has always seemed to me when we had a treat-
ment as successful as the shaking treatment for American foulbrood
developed, and we knew we could control disease in an individual colony,
that when we went out to try to control disease over a large area the
problem was what might be called a sociological one, it was a psychologi-
cal one, whether we could go out among 500 people and teach 500 people
how to apply a method that is comparatively complicated, and have them
apply it and get away with it and clean up their yards successfully was
a question.

Out of two typical counties in which a total of 500 yards have been
inspected, three were clean individually and 180 diflierent yards have
been infected at least once, 8G showed disease in the years 1918 and
1919 and had not shown any since. In other words, one treatiueat or
destruction was sufficient. In 1920, -ll more succeeded in cleaning up.
There were 77 that were infected, of which 11 cleaned up. In 1921,
33 previously infected yards were found diseased, and 17 new ones.
Whether that reduction will continue, we do not know, because the cam-
paign is rather new, but we do know that by visiting every apiary in
the district as far as we can, instructing the beekeepers in the treatment,
giving them a chance to treat the first of the year, then going back and
seeing where they are treated and applying a certain amount of pressure
in any bull-headed work the second year, and going back the third year
and treating the remaining colonies or destroying them ; by doing this
we find disease can be reduced in large areas.

I don't think it is too much to say, at the beginning of the cam-
paign, we would have thought it was an extremely optimistic statement
to make, that we believe American foulbrood can be completely eradi-
cated. At least, in a number of areas it has been reduced by the work
of the beekeepers themselves where they work uniformly over a large
area until American foulbrood in those apiaries is no longer a commer-
cial factor in the production of honey, and that is, the first level towards
which we are striving.

Mr. Stewart. — Do you think it is always necessary to destroy
everything ?

Mr. Tracker. — No, sir. As we pointed out here, it is not neces-
sary to destroy the bees.

Mr. Stewart. — Nor the combs?

Mr Fracker. — It is necessary to destroy the combs. We have
never found a case cleaned up in which combs were not destroyed.

113 TWEXTY-FIKST ANNUAL EEPORT OF THE

r

Mil. McXeill. — In inspecting a colony for foulbrood wliere you
have a suspicion it is tliere or have not, how much of an inspection
would you make, what kind of brood do you discover it in, and haw
far would you go in the inspection of the individual county?

Mii. Fhackek. — In the area of clean-up counties every frame in the
hive is examined until the disease is found. If it is found in the first
frame we go no further. If it is not found in any of the first eight,
sometimes the last two have nothing to look at while the disease may be
in the honey. You can't inspect that. It is inside some jDlace where
the brood exists.

Mk. McNeill. — As 1 understand it, there may. be only an occa-
sional cell.

Mk. Fuacker. — That occurs principally where an area is merely
cleaned up or just beginning to become infected.

Mi;. McXEiLL. — In cases of this kind it would bo difficult with from
three to six thousand cells in each comb, seven or eight combs of brood.
What would be the particular things that you would look for to find'
those two or three cells of brood ?

Mr. Fracker. — The frame is taken up and I run back and forth
along the frame, and you can quite easily look into practically every
open cell there is, and the inspectors soon become accustomed to see
diseased brood at a glance. In the case of new areas where a disease
is bad the first frame that comes up has it always in the cappings. In
the second place it has whole rows of scales along the larvae cells, and
in the third place around the edges here and there you will find bees
in the pupa state, dead.

Mr. McXeill. — Would your cells be sealed?

Mi{. Frackli!. — Usually yes. We have photographs of cases in
which they are not.

Mr. McNeill. — You would look more particularly at the unsealed
brood ?

Mr. Fracker. — At the unsealed brood, because it is more often in
a ropy stage. The common method of distinguishing European from
American foulbrood is used in almost all counties. A toothpick is dipped
into the diseased larvae to see whether it ropes. The first thing to do in
going over a large yard is to note holes in the capped cells if any ; second
to see whether there are dark-brown spots or dying brood, and third if
there is brood to see whether it can be easily removed and. whether it
ropes out.

Mr. McNeill. — To the eye of the inspector what would be the most
noticeable ?

Mr. Fracker. — The broken cappings one always sees first. You
often do not have them in light infection.

Question. — It is difficult to find disease where there are only a few
cells. The disease doesn't show up. Doesn't that make it necessary that
the system should be a follow-up system ?

Mr. Fracker. — I think unquestionably the inspectors miss cases of
the kind you mention. The only method of providing for that com-
pletely is the inspection each year. A healthy apiary is never inspected

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 113

twice the same season under our system with practically no exceptions
unless a beekeeper discovers disease. Infected apiaries are often rein-
spected the same season. In fact they are always revisited the first
season and often reinspected. This year w^e had a case in which we
notified the beekeeper we were coming. As soon as an inspection began
in the yard it was perfectly clear to anyone familiar with bees that indi-
vidual frames had been removed from these various colonies. The inter-
pretation was simple. The beekeeper had gone through and removed
everything he could see. He had missed three colonies in which there
were two or three ceils. Two weeks later we went back and the colonies
from which he had removed these infected frames showed plainly disease.

M]{. McXeill. — In my beekeeping 1 make a thorough inspection
of my colonies only probably once a year, in the early spring. What
chance is there for me to discover foulbrood if I have it ? I will inspect
individual combs at any time.

Mk. Fkackek. — It depends entirely on your surroundings. If you
have no infected honey or source of infected honey for a mile, your
chance of infection is verv small.

We have mapped some areas in which we have made a study of
every individual case of foulbrood to see where it came from, and the
number we could not trace to the purchase of second-hand bee supplies
was very small, apiaries remaining healthy sometimes to within a half
a mile of disease. Within the half-mile line the chances for infection
seemed to be pretty good. Under normal cases under your conditions
unless there is disease close by, the one inspection should be sufficient.

Mr. McNeill. — In your inspection do you look through every
colony?

Mk. Fracker. — Yes.

Question. — How many counties are in the area of a clean up ?

Mr. Fracker. — There are 22 at the present time, including the
entire boundary of the area.

Question. — Do you know the percentage of disease found in the
cleaned up area ?

Mr. Fracker. — I don't believe there is one in which a single case
was found this year. We have not cleaned up every infected county
within a three-year period. We have reduced infection to an average
of less than 3 per cent.

Question. — That is American only, or American and European?

Mr. Fracker. — That is American only. We have followed the ad-
vice of United State Bureau of Entomology. The fact that my yard
had European foulbrood wouldn't affect you, no matter how close you
were to me. You could protect yourself. On the other hand the fact
that my yard has American foulbrood, if you are within a half mile or a
mile of me, is a very much different matter and of more importance
to you, and the only organization that can protect you in such a case is
the State.

Question. — How many men do you have at work during the sum-
mer season? , ' ' ;

— 8 B A

114 T'WENTY-FI]{ST AXXUAL ItEPOKT OF THE

Mr. Eracker. — Our men work in pairs, working in cars, and there
have been about eight teams out full time. In' addition to that we have
about thirty county inspectors now, who make inspections. The staff
itself is quite a large one, but our Wisconsin season is so short, extending
over hardly twelve weeks for the inspection season, that we have to main-
tain a larger force for a shorter period than would be true in the Ohio
A'alley.

The President. — 1 am sure we appreciate the talk by Dr. Fracker.
It has been very valuable to me and I am sure it has been to you. I will
say that the membership fee in the Chicago-Xorthwestern Beekeepers'
Association is $1.50. You get with that a membership also in the Illi-
nois State Association, and if you care to take with that a subscription
to one of the Bee Journals, Mr. Bull will arrange that with you.

Mu. Wheeler. — Mr. President, I want to say something while this
man is here. I have a word or two to say from an experience of thirty
years with foulbrood. There are three points he misses, I think. Maybe
lie does it intentionally, maybe he doesn't and maybe he does not know,
and I think it is up to you fellows and the Wisconsin beekeepers to
know the experiences I have had.

There are three things in treating foulbrood. In the first place
this man has said that in sbaking your bees you go through your hives
and you find here and there a diseased one and you shake those bees off
promiscuously and give them a new hive, according to directions. A
great many of those bees that are flying and excited go into the neigh-
boring hive and carry disease. What is to be done with it?

Another thing happening is in case the queen is killed, where do
those bees go when the queen is killed? They go into the hive next to
them, within an hour. You go on year after year treating foulbrood.
I have a way — maybe you would like to know it — of getting around
that. I would just as soon you would know it, and that is, I inspect
my bees three or four times a year. A hive that has anything the matter
with it I mark it and when it comes a cool spell, before any bees fly in
the morning, I move every hive of diseased bees away, and if there are
any bees left on the bottom boards I scald them or kill them. I move
the bees to a place a mile from where they are, move them altogether,
put them all together in an apiary by themselves. I shake those bees
all out at the same time, they are all -shaken out or cleaned out of the
empty hives. I take that brood, and I am very careful with it. What
do you suppose I do with tbat? Do you suppose I go to work and melt
it where tlie robber i)ees can got it? ^o. I take it to a dark, cool celhir,
every drop of it, and ])ut it where no robi)er bee or live bees can go, and
T lea\e it there until the frost and cold winter comes, then I melt every-
thing up, scald my frames. Is there any chance of them getting the
honey in that way? That is my system. Xow I would like to answer
any (|uestions you folks miglit ask on that iioint.

Qi'ESTiON". — Where do you do that scalding and cleaning?
^\u. Wtteeler. — In the basement, after the cold weather is on. If
you do it in the summer time, who can kee\) the robber bees away or
from 2:etting in? T carrv it in where tlie l)oes can't s:et it. I melt it

■"^Wnr 8F » irr^rs j^^^^j.^

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS^ ASSOCIATION. 115

up after cold weather begins. If there is any leak in my theory I would
like to know it?

Mk. Johnson. — Wouldn't it be better to brush the bees instead of
shaking them?

Mk. Wheeler.— What difference would that make? I put them
all together. I shake every colony. Those bees have no place to go.
If they lose their queen they go into the next swarm. There is nothing
there. They are shaken on empty hives. Is there any leak to that?
This man sends out agents and they give instructions, they tell us to
shake the bees out. The little things are what count. Here is a swarm
of bees, you killed a queen in the operation. They spread themselves
into the air and give disease to every colony they go into. In my
method they are separated entirely. If they lose their queen they go in
with the others and there are none to carry disease. After 48 hours T
change combs again.

Question. — What do you do with the melted up honey?
Me. Wheeleb. — I extract the honey, melt the combs and all. I
do not try to do anything with it. It is in the brood nest and no
good. I do my shaking out in the beginning. You have got to treat
the thing as a terrible scourge and get ngiit after it. ii voa jpav;.'
loopholes, the disease comes back.

Question. — What percentage of your bees get foulbrood near Chi-
cago?

Mr. AVheeler. — I don't think they get it every year. Maybe a
dozen or so out 300 or 400 this 3^ear. Some years are worse than
others. In a bad season when they rob each other there might be 40
or 50. I think there was last year. One inspection will not do. Once
a month during June, July and August ; you have got to go through
them three times at least.

Question. — Does your method clean up that bunch that you take
away, absolutely? - -^ ,

Mr. Wheeler. — Xot absolutely, there may be one in 80 or 100
that will show it. I don't know whether that comes from what they
get outside, or where it comes from. But be careful as you may, it /
comes back.

Question. — That is one shaking on sheets of foundation?
Mr. Wheeler. — Xo, I shake them into an empty hive, leave them
48 hours and let them build comb as they will. Then 1 sliake tliem
again, then I put them on foundation. I do not allov\' a comb to go
with them or be with them.

Mr. Fraoker. — I am sure we appreciate the suggestions the gen-
tleman has made. I can heartily support everything said. The talk
made, I hope no one will understand, as being a complete diagnosis of
American foulbrood, because there are many points not covered.

With reference to carrying the infected material into a dark cellar,
my personal opinion is, and our experience has been that if it is. neces-
sary for some reason to store diseased material at all, a dark cellar is
the safest place it can be put. It is very far superior to any honey-
house you may imagine is bee-tight. Very often the cellars of bee-
keepers are under their houses, with a cellar window open. I have seen

IIG TWENTY-FIRST AXXUAL REPORT OF TITE

cases where bees were coming in and out of cellar windows. If the
cellar is dark and cool, that would not occur. If it is impracticable to
eliminate diseased material at once, it is important and much better to
put it in a dark, cool place.

The President. — We have with us Mr. E. W. Atkins, of Water-
town, Wisconsin.

Treatment of Brood Diseases and Maximum Honey Production.

(By E. W. Atkins.)

A maximum crop of honey is possible only when the beekeeper is
fully familiar with the principles of bee behavior. In a locality where
American or European foulbroed is present it is not only necessary to
know bee behavior, but also to know the behavior of the organisms which
cause the diseases. At the present time our knowledge of the diseases
is somewhat limited, but we have at least a very good working idea of
them. Before attempting to treat colonies for either of the diseases,
it is very nnportant to know which disease has to be handled, as the ,
behavior of the germs causing one disease is entirely different from that
of the other. For example, the American foul organism is capable of
producing spores which are extremely hard to kill. The spores exist in-
definitely in the dried-up remains of the larvae. The scales stick fast
to the cell walls and the bees are unable to entirely remove them. In
the case of European foulbrood spores are not formed and the dry scales
may be removed fairly easily by the bees. It is, therefore, not necessary
to shake colonies affected with European foulbrood, whereas it is abso-
lutely necessary to do so in the case of American foulbrood, otherwise
the colonies should be destroyed to prevent the spread of the disease.

Bees when gathering nectar place a considerable quantity of it in
empty cells in the brood chamber. In this way, if American foulbrood
is present, some of the nectar is likely to go into cells containing particles
of the scales. As soon as this happens spores of the disease float out
into the nectar. Since nectar is moved around a good deal in the hive
in the process of ripening it, the spores of American foulbrood are more
than likely to find their way into the supers. This makes it necessary
when treating for American foulbrood to not only thoroughly boil or
destroy all brood combs, but also any super combs which may have been
on a colony infected with the disease. Where only one cell of American
foulbrood appears in a^ colony, it is absolutely necessary to treat the
colony. If the diseased cell is cut out, other infected cells will appear
within a very short time. Cutting out diseased cells does not remove
the cause as the spores arc likely to be in honey in any part of the hive.
In order for the beekeeper to produce a maximum crop of honey in an
American foulbrood locality it is necessary to examine the brood combs
carefully every few weeks during the active season. The strongest
colonies may possibly contract American foulbrood first, as they have a
larger working force in the field than weaker colonies, with which to
over-power colonics weakened by the disease. PTowever, when a strong

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 117

colony contracts the disease it quickly loses strength and in a compara-
tively short time may be robbed out.

In the case of European i'oulbrood the weak colonies are usually the
first victims of the disease. Since we all agree that prevention is better
than cure, we should eliminate to the greatest possible extent the occur-
rence of weak colonies in the spring by providing the best possible con-
ditions for wintering. Another operation in the treatment of European
foulbrood is the introduction of prolific Italian queens. Where much
disease is present it is helpful to place the diseased brood above a queen
excluder with the new queen below on one or two combs of healthy
brood and empty combs in another hive body.

The introduction of Italian queens would be profitable even if Euro-
pean foulbrood were not present as Italian bees are in general much
better honey producers. In other words, the fundamentals which pre-
vent European foulbrood from becoming serious in an apiary are the
same as required in the production of a maximum crop of honey.

European foulbrood spreads more rapidly when no honey is coming
in. It is, therefore, a good plan under such conditions to feed a one to
one solution of sugar syrup to the infected colonies. This procedure is
especially beneficial in the spring.

When a careful look out is maintained for disease it is usually pos-
sible to make the treatment for American foulbrood at the beginning of
the main honey flow. By so doing the largest possible field force has
been obtained for the honey flow and at that time there is the minimum
quantity of honey in the hives.

The important point to bear in mind in treating American foulbrood
is that the spores of the disease are in the honey and if any healthy
colonies get any of it, they are more likely to contract the disease.

The treatment should always be made during a honey flow to pre-
vent robbing. Much care is necessary to prevent honey from being
spilled on the ground and on hives, and also to prevent the bees from
gaining access to the diseased combs of honey and brood. The combs
should be cut out of the frames in a bee tight room and boiled in a
closed vessel for at least 45 minutes, or destroyed by burning in a hole
at least one foot deep to prevent honey from flowing over the surface
of the ground. The earth must be packed into the hole again as soon
as the fire has burnt itself out.

In an apiary where a few colonies are to be treated, the xitmost care
should be used, otherwise all the colonics may get the infection and
possibly spread it to other apiaries in the neighborhood. Where tlie
beekeeper has the protection of a law his bees are less likely to get the
disease from other apiaries than in states where no disease exists and
should therefore do everything within his power to clean out the disease
from his own yards. The sooner this is done the more profitable honey
production will become in an American foulbrood locality ; and by good
miethods of beekeeping European foulbrood will cease to be a cause in
the reduction of the honey crop.

Mr. Stewart. — Did you ever see too much honev in the brood nest
in the fall ? " _

118 TWENTY-FIKST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Mr. x\tkins. — I have seen it while brood rearing is going on.
Mr. Stewart. — Does tliat happen often?

Mr. Atkins. — 2s ot if the bees have been provided with plenty of
room above. Under natural conditions if the bees have been given suf-
ficient room above, 1 don't think it is likely to occur.

Mr. iStevvArt. — Do you ever turn a 10-pound pail of syrup over
them ?

Mr. Atkins. — Quite frequently. It is a good idea if you are in
doubt as to the quality of the stores, to feed 10 or 15 pounds of syrup.
Ihey use that sugar syrup during the fore part of the winter. The
result is that they do not get to the natural stores of honey till towards
spring. Then if that honey contains impurities which are often fatal
in a cold climate during the winter, there is no harm done.

Question. — Did you feed the syrup for both outdoor and indoor
wintering ?

Mr. Atkins. — It is not so important tor outdoor wintering, al-
though it is advisable. Sometimes in the outdoor wintering of bees in
this northern climate, the bees are confined to their hives for a long
time.

Mr. Stewart. — If they have plenty of honey in the brood nest,
won't the average queen bring you a good swarm of bees every spring?

Mr. Atkins. — She will bring you a good swarm of bees, but I
maintain you are getting a better one if you have some of that honey
out of the way in the second brood chamber. There is no doubt that a
good queen is capable of distributing her brood in 14 to 16 or even 18
frames, or an average of possibly 12 frames of brood. If you are using
a 10-frame hive you can not have 12 or 14 frames of brood, because
there is honey there, too; then a certain percentage of those cells will
stretch, a certain percentage are drone cells and you don't get the
colonies.

. A good many beekeepers are using three hive bodies in the spiing
for the stronger colonies. I can't lay down any hard and fast rule, but
I can say this : Give additional room to each colony in advance of its
needs. If you are a little too late the harm possibly has already been
done. You are cutting off your working force and you are doing more
than anything else likely to cause swarming. We do not know all the
factors that enter into swarming, but . we do know that a tendency to
crowd the colony causes a greater tendency to swarming than one that
has an abundance of room.

Question. — Do you find the big hives retard swarming?

Mr. Atkins. — Yes, they have a great tendency to do so. We have
not tried the large hives out very extensively. We have tried them out
on a small scale and we couldn't say definitely, we haven't had enough
experience with them.

Mr. Johnson.— Instead of tiering up the hives, wouldn't it ]>e 1n't-
tor to have larger hive bodies ?

Mr. Atkins. — The "Long Idea" principle?

Mr. Johnson. — On that principle.

Mr. Atkins. — In the matter of supering that would have to carry
it up very high. The idea in supering is never to let the bees fill the

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 119

cells and seal them above the brood. In other words, nevert let them
quite finish their jobs. When one super is about one-half to three-
fourths full, raise it up and put another under it, whether extracted
honey or comb honey.

Question. — Don't you think a queen will work in the upper super
when it is placed about quicker than she will go down?

Mr. Atkins. — Yes.

Question. — Then it would be better to put it on top ?

Mr. Atkins. — Yes, if you winter in the cellar, you set your bees
out in the spring in one hive body. In about two weeks the hive body
the queen is already laying in is raised up and you put the five combs
of honey underneath. After awhile when the upper one is completely
filled with brood you can reverse it. That is merely a suggestion. Some
people do not care to do that. Bees prefer to work up. For that reason
the long idea, hive does not appeal to me. There are no hives on the
market that will eliminate swarming. ' <

Mr. H. H. Moe. — I will give my experience. I have often won-
dered at that Dadant statement of not over 5 per cent swarming. I
have probably matched beekeepers that have had large hives as against
my eight-frame. I am a comb honey worker. Don't confuse as a dis-
cussion of an eight and 10-frame idea, for that is a different proposi-
tion, but it is something like last summer, when there is no difficulty
about swarming at all. I think that will answer the question. Then
there are certain seasons like in 1913, when bees swarmed out before 6
o'clock in the morning, an extraordinary and unusual thing. That will
answer the question somebody suggested in regard to Dadant hives — if
it wasn't the location. It is not only a question of location but also of
season. When there is a poor season and the honey flow is slight, there
is little swarming.

Mr. Atkins. — I know in 1916 we used Langstroth hives. We used
bees supposed to be a non-swarming strain. We used young queen-
reared the previous August, and everything attempted to swarm. I
came to the conclusion that there was a lot we didn't know about it.
The nearest method I know of controlling swarming in extracted honey
production is the Demaree plan.

Mr. Stewart. — I had the long idea. They were long, they were
four feet long. Five out of six swarmed.

Mr Moe. — There is one other fact that should be added. There is
a difference in races, between the Italians and the common black bees.
The Italians will swarm any day, without any preparation, just as they
take a notion, and in a most interesting fashion.

Mr. McNeill. — Mr. President, I have enjoyed this talk very much.
It seems to me it is for the fellow that winters in the cellar. You can't
put two stories on when you're wintering outside. Two weeks after you
would ordinarily carry them out of the cellar, the first of April, and the
middle of April you would want to put on another story, and if you do
that with bees outside, you ought to do away with any advantage.

As far as the larger hive is concerned, it is all connected. I believe
the Dadants when they say they haven't more than 5 per cent swarming,
because I haven't any more myself, and I have practically their hive,

120

TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

the Jumbo hive. For the hist three years I don't think I have had more
than one natural swarm in 80 colonies.

I have had swarms, but they were practically all from supersedure
of queens. If you have any kind of hive and they have cells at swarm-
ing, time, some of thein will swarm. You can tell it is supersedure from
the fact that the queen is generally three or four years old and there are
some cells there. It is easy to change a Langstroth into a 10-frame
Jumbo hive, making a frame to lit on top and putting in Jumbo hive
frames. Then you can try it and see. You don't have to use extractors.
We don't bother with the bees in the fall to see if they have enough
honey, just leave them. If you lose one or two of them from starvation,
you don't have to bother yourself; go to bed and sleep all winter the
same as they do.

Mr. Atkins. — I am glad you brought up the question of wliat to do
in the case of colonies wintered outside. It is a point I omitted. It is

A rough protection, or corn fodder, on the .north helps this apiary to withstand
the cold sweeping winds of winter. Apiary of H. O. Bader at Fleming.

still more simple, I think, if you are using the Langstroth and winter
outside, from what it is if you are wintering in the cellar. Personally
I believe the best Avay to winter them in that case to insure having 25
pounds of honey in that extra hive body is to put it on in the fall, in
other words, winter them in two hive bodies without a queen excluder.

Mr. McN'eill.— It makes more expense. You have to have a double
back and the expense and trouble are about trebled in the case of two hive
bodies over one.

Mr. Biegel. — I have had some experience with the 10-frame hive
bodies, wintering a colony in two 10-frame bodies, four or five packed
together in a quadrupled case. In the same yard there were single

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES" ASSOCIATION. 121

bodies, four of them, which I packed together in a quadruple case, and
the actual difference in expense between the two is about 20 per cent.

Mr. Atkins. — What about the results you obtained ?

Mr. Biegel. — The results were in favor of the two 10-frame bodies.

Mr. Ste^vart. — You said yo.u put on your supers two weeks after
you take them from the cellar. Aren't there fewer bees around, that
die off?

Mr. Atkins. — Not if they were wintered well, no. There are a few
less for the first three weeks.

Mr. McNeill. — I would say with the Dadant method of packing
and also with mine, it would be practically impossible to winter in two
hive bodies. Mine are- packed with poultry wire and leaves are packed
about the hive body. They are left on the ground. The Dadants take
theirs off, but in any case it would be practically impossible to g^t poultry
wire to stand up to the height of two hive bodies packed pro^^erly, and
have it go through the winter without having considerable of it rot down
from the extra packing. It would sink down.

Mr. Atkins. — Do you use the Langstroth equipment?

Mr. McNeill. — Langstroth length.

Mr. Atkins. — All this discussion resolves itself into having suffi-
cient room for stores and brood. I am considering Langstroth equip-
ment, because everybody admits the Langstroth 10-frame hive is too
small. There are a good many commercial producers using an eight-
frame hive. The point is you can make an eight-frame hive as large as
you like, by adding extra hive bodies. In the 10-frame you do not need
so many. With the modified Dadant hive you need less.

The President. — I have here a communication from Mr. E. E.
Eoot. He says : '"Death and burial of mother makes it impossible for
me to come. Will not be on the program."

His mother died in Florida, I think Thursday, of last week. Mr.
Eoot was on the program to have given a talk on "Moving to New
Pastures."

The best thing that has been written up to this time in regard to
swarm control and, incidentally, for the production of comb honey, is a
government bulletin, written by George S. Dennith, Farmers' Bulletin
1198, to be obtained from the Chief of Division of Publications, United
States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

Mr. Moe. — There is more to swarming than many think. For in-
stance, different races of bees. I used to keep the different races of bees
and study them. One year a boy that I had, heard of an advertisement
and wanted to get some bees. Finally he sent for some. Next spring I
watched one colony, and before I was aware of it he cut out 32 queen
cells. That was a little more than I had had experience with. At the
State Fair that year some fellow from Chicago that seemed to know
something about them, maintained the only way to keep them from
swarming is to put them in an ice box. If some of you get that idea I
think the 5 per cent idea will be eliminated altogether. After years of
experience and careful study I have not yet. come to the point where I
would like to be a big honey producer. In my case cellar wintering.

122 . TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

carrying 150 hives or more, in and out during the winter and spring,
besides a lot of heavy lifting, is about as much as I can handle. I have
too many bees now.

Somebody has remarked that the 10-frame hive is too small for a
vigorous laying queen. You will have to have 12 to 14. It is not so
much the size of the body as it is to ge't frames built down to the bottom
bar. A lot of frames are not, as a rule, built, down to the bottom bar.

Diseased Honey.

The President. — If you have questions written, please hand them
in and we will try to answer them. Here is one: Is it safe to boil dis-
eased honey to feed to bees ; how long should it be boiled ?

Mr. Stewart. — Two to three minutes is long enough.

Mr. Moe. — No, I think that should be corrected. I think it should
be boiled 10 minutes at least.

The President. — There is another bulletin printed by the United
States Government that goes into this subject very thoroughly. They
have experimented in a scientific way on foulbrood, how to clean it out,
how resistant it is, and so forth. They claim it requires 30 minutes to
kill all the germs of American foulbrood, in a closed vessel. A closed
vessel is used because that causes more pressure, and the more pressure
the higher the boiling point. Some of the infection might get on the
sides of the vessel, and if it isn't heated to at least 312 degreeis Pahr.
you are liable to get some of those germs into the honey. I think it is
not a very safe thing to do, yet it is being done all the time.

A Member. — With a closed vessel and with the steam' above the
germs on the side of the vessel would be killed.

The President. — It wouldn't be very good for feeding in the win-
ter, but it can be used in the spring time. Of course, boiling doesn't
improve it any, but it can be used. If you scorch it, that spoils it. It
has been found that the germs are killed more quickly if there is water
added, more quickly than if it is all or nearly all honey. What success
have you had in selling honey this year, as compared with other years ?

Selling Honey\

Mr. Bull. — I find there is a much greater demand for honey than
there was 10 years ago, when I started house-to-house selling. It was
not at all uncommon in those days to find a dozen or a score of people
who had never tasted honey. Now, nearly every one knows of it and
uses it. I find there is probably five or 10 times as much hgney used
now as there was 10 years ago, in the Chicago district. I can sell it faster
than I can get the honey. As a matter of fact, I get more for my honey
than any of my competitors.

A Member. — On your looks or on the honey's looks?

Mr. Bull. — All on the quality of the honey.

The President. — Honey has been lower this fall than for some
time. It has been selling at wholesale for as low as 6 cents a pound.
It is considerably higher now, carload lots bringing 12 cents, and in

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 123

small lots to the retail dealer, in 60-pound cans, it is 15 and 16 cents.
To the consumer it is bringing 25 to 30 cents in five-pound pails. 1
have here a government report, giving the average prices in the various
states.

So far as the demand for honey is concerned, I have not only had
the same experience, but I have talked with a good many commercial
beekeepers and they claim there is more honey moving this year than
ever before, that hundreds of carloads are being sold, and honey from
the west is being shipped to our large cities, five or six cars at a time.
It was done in Detroit, and canvassers were sent out, selling honey direct
to the consumers. In this way a great deal of it is being distributed.
It is not being sent to the large wholesale dealers, so the producer got
out himself and sold direct to the retail dealer and consumer. A great
many producers are selling throughout the country, canvassing for them-
selves, and there is a good mail order trade. We are selling in my part
of the country quite a lot of comb-honey and honey in pails directly
through the retail grocers. Of course, to get a retail grocer to handle
honey in pails you will have to educate him to it, also the buying public,
so jn my own case I advertise the fact that the grocers in my town sell
my honey. In this way it helps them sell it and it helps take the honey
off my hands. The dealer can sell it more cheaply than I can by can-
vassing.

Question. — If we have a good fruit crop next year, what will you
get for your honey?

The President. — We will not get so much. It has been stated in
a recent article that there is a scarcity of canned fruit, and, of course,
we know that helps the sale of honey.

Me. McNeill. — What kind of a discount do you give from the
selling price to the grocer who handles your honey?

The President. — About 25 per cent. There are very few 10-pound
pails handled through grocers. We sell five pounds to the stores in
dozen lots and they sell it for 25 cents a pound. Everything is cash, a
dollar a pail for five pounds and he sells it for $1.25, and I have no
expense of boxing, no freight charges to pay. When they run short they
call me up and I get them more. They don't have any losses by having
honey lie around. They buy it in small lots.

Mr. Wheeler. — Do you pay any attention to its being granulated ?

The President. — On the cover I have printed a red label in large
letters: Notice. Pure honey is apt to crystallize or granulate in cool
weather. If preferred in liquid form, place the can in water and heat
slowly. Do not boil or overheat."

Mr. Bull. — Just another word on selling honey. I find that one
thing that reduces the volume of sales to a considerable extent isrvthe
variation in price. Beekeepers sell honey on the road for all kin as] of
prices. Honey is being offered this year as low as 12 cents for extraated
and 20 cents for comb honey. Anybody that wants to go out and canvass
will find that fact every day in the week. The fellow that is selling
honey along the roadside pays 50 cents to have a sign painted, then he
is through, straight cash, no expense of any kind for selling. But that

124 TWENTY-FIKST ANNUAL EEPOKT OF THE

%

nioves only a very small percentage of the honey moving in the United
States. How about the honey that has to be sold over the grocers'
shelvesjthat has to be taken to the consumer. Did you ever stop to
think what percentage of honey in the United States has to be shipped
out of places produced, to be sold? Then there is the foreign produc-
tion of honey that is being placed on our markets, which is cheap honey
— in quality and price. That honey has to be sold in competition with
our honey; somebody has to be paid for selling it. When you are selling
your honey so low that theirs has to be sold at twice your price, some-
thing is going to happen — you will be looking for a market for your
honey if you don't watch out. There is nothing that kills the sale of
honey so much as for some fellow to undersell. If you sell in small lots
at the same price that you wholesale to your grocer, naturally he cannot
compete with you and you are killing the trade if you go out and sell
honey to the consumer directly at the same price you sell it at wholesale.

It is considered by those who have studied the matter, that it iSj
worth as much to sell honey as it is to produce it. If it is produced at
a cost of $1, it should bring $2 by the time it reaches the table of the
ultimate consumer. It is worth money whether it is sold by the store-
keeper or yourself, and you can't alford to put this honey in the hands
of the consumer at the same price you do in the hands of the wholesale
grocer. If you do you will kill your trade. Your next order from
your grocer will be less each time. If every one would ask a nearly
universal price for a universal product, we woidd have a much better
demand than we have at the present time.

A Member. — They are selling comb honey on the roadside for 30
cents right along.

The Secretary. — We have beekeepers not far from Chicago that
sell 10,000 pounds of honey at their door every year.

Mr. Kannenberg. — Not every one of them.

The Secretary. — Some of them do.

Mr, Kannenberg. — It doesn't cost them much to sell it.

The Secretary. — We do not care how the honey is gotten there, if
they put their price where it belongs, give everybody a chance to sell, so
that the consumers when they go to buy a can of honey, no matter where,
find the price the same. If the price was the same in every place, what
would be the result ?

Mr. Hunter. — It cost me $1.50 to produce a pound of honey in
1919, and I sold it for 40 cents.

Mr. Kannenberg. — You are selling it for less than it cost 3'ou, a
lot of you.

The President. — The average production for the years 1914 to
1920 in the United States is given by the government statistics as 43.3
per colony. That is the average. If we consider one's time, the interest
on his investment, the depreciation of equipment, labor and all the
factors that go into making the cost, the cost of your containers, if you
figure it all — throughout the middle west honey cannot be produced for
less than about 15 cents a pound. The fellow who retails it for 10 or 12
cents a pound is fooling himself as well as destroying the market.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATIOX. 125

MONDAY EVENING SESSION.

The Peesident. — The pictures of the Lewis Company are ready
to be shown, and Mr. Atkins of Wisconsin will explain the pictures,
How Beeware Is Made.

(A 1,000-foot film was shown on the screen, and explained by Mr.
Atkins.)

The President. — We have with ns this evening Mr. W. A. Hunter,
of Terre Haute, Indiana, who will speak to us on the subject of organ-
ization.

Organization.
(By IF. A. Hunter.)

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen : The privilege of addressing
you is not only a pleasure but an honor I appreciate very much. I am
very anxious to see beekeepers prosperous. I keep bees and I enjoy them
very much, but I haven't made much money out of them.

My presence here with you more experienced beekeepers reminds
me of the story about the red-headed, freckle-faced, cross-eyed office boy
and the clothing manufacturer. The clothing manufacturer had been
for years, troubled by the labor unions. One evening, he came into the
office from the factory, wringing his hands, tearing his hair and walking
the floor, seeming to be in great distress. The office boy inquired the
cause of his anxiety and the boss related his experience to the lad and
finally stated that his workmen, although granted a 10-hour day, were
dropping their work even then, at from a half hour to an hour before
quitting time, to wash and clean up. The boy informed him that it
would be a cinch to overcome the trouble and suggested that he turn off
the water.

Your worthy President, Mr. E. S. Miller's article in the bee jour-
nals of late, covers the subject rather thoroughly, but I will endeavor to
emphasize some of the things you already know.

Organization is the act of arranging in a systematic way for use or
action. The duties of any industrial organization are manifold and ever-
lasting, and should incorporate the following activities faithfully and
judiciously administered by the association's executives : Educational
Promotion, Social Intercourse, Paternal Guidance, Fraternal .Benevo-
lence, Influential Execution and Financial Betterment.

Coleridge's definition, "What is organization, but the connection of
parts in and for a whole, so that each part is at once, end and means."'
We have organized governments. State organizations, political parties,
organized armies, organized football teams, organized baseball teams,
all for a specific purpose. A colony of bees is the best example of an
effective, co-operative organization. Every experienced and well' in-
formed beekeeper w^ell knows the benefits of organized co-operative effort.
God has blessed beekeepers with the privilege and pleasure of an inti-
mate acquaintance with the most perfect living example of highly organ-
ized efficiency that I have ever had the good fortune to become acquaihted

126 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

with. Each working member of a normal strong colony of bees strives
its utmost conscientiously, untiringly and unselfishly for the success of
the organization and salvation of its individual members.

I want to read a newspaper article, by Arthur Brisbane, the highest
salaried editor in the world : ''Three thousand pounds of sugar are
ordered sent to Massachusetts to feed starving bees. One single county
will need at least 30,000 or 40,000 pounds. Its bees had a hard summer
because of the rain. It is a comfort to know that when the bees get the
sugar they divide it up fairly. Each gets his share. Early in the sea-
son they killed off the drones, non-workers. Only one bee gets more
than the others, and it is not a bee that puts the little bees to work and
lives on the profits, nor is it a bee that watches others while they work
and takes the product away from them, giving them just enough to live
the next day. The extra amount is given by the bees to the mother bee,
called by human beings the queen bee. Only one bee in the hive has
children. She sees her husband only once in her whole life, on which
occasion he dies. Then she raises little bees while others work. This
seems a just, although a rather dull arrangement (especially dull for
the father bee.) Things are managed differently in the human hive —
too much sugar for few, not enough for many."

Social bees live in communities and thrive. The solitary bee's
female builds her own nest and provides alone a meager existence for
her brood.

Beekeepers may be divided into two groups, according to their in-
telligence, social and solitary. Social beekeepers associate, attend meet-
ings, mix and mingle, visit and converse, read and study, observe and
learn, and are benefited by the accumulative results of organized strength
and activity. Solitary beekeepers potter, alone, groping in ignorance
and we all know what sooner or later happens to them. Our Saviour did
not choose an anchorites' or monastic life, but had a social and affable
way of conversing with mortals. He was easily spoken to or addressed —
received others kindly and conversed with them in a free and friendly
manner, was courteous and sociable. There is no excuse or place for
solitary beekeepers in this day and age. Helping hands are extended
and a cordial welcome is awaiting them to join the onward movement.
Social beekeepers can and will prosper, secure happiness and add value
to their property through a well managed co-operative organization.
Strong colonies secure the surplus honey flow. Men strongly organized
secure the surplus money flow.

An association of beekeepers must have some definite objective and
persistently strive to accomplish its purpose. Individuality, selfishness
and jealousy must be abandoned for the good of the organization. In-
dividual advantages must be renounced utterly — on this principle rests
the success or failure of any mutually co-operative association of men,

John D. Eockefeller is the greatest economist and organizer the
world has ever known; he started in the oil business on $100 borrowed
money. Without the Standard Oil Company's organization, productive
ability, distributing facilities during the development of automobiles, the
ordinary man would be unable, even now, to enjoy the pleasure of an

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 12 T

automobile. Their service stations are everywhere. At no time or place
is, nor has there ever been, a shortage or over supply of gasoline.

When beekeepers serve the public honey in a like manner, there will
be no over production and prices will be stabilized. Beekeepers will
prosper, be happy and have plenty. Automobiles would not be w^here
they are today if beekeepers, in their preseut disordered state, had to
furnish honey to keep them going.

A nucleus must be built up into a strong normal colony to be of
any benefit. Beekeepers working alone, single handed, are very much
like taking a strong colony of bees, divided into as many parts as there
are bees in the colony using pill boxes for hives.

Harry Warren, the Nevada comb honey wizard, our good friend,
Mr. E. K. Eoot, Gleanings editor, tells us in the August and September,
1919 Gleanings, unites three colonies at the beginning of the surplus
honey flow. Why? The added working strength in one colony benefits
Mr. Warren more, financially, than the individual colonies would if left
alone un-united. This reminds me when the buggy business was in its
glory, Ohio, Indiana and Kentucky each had a vehicle dealers associa-
tion. They were not satisfied with their accomplishment, so they decided
to unite and form what was known as the tri-state dealers association.
After uniting their organized strength, they held an annual convention
in Cincinnati's Music Hall. They rented a lot of space, which was re-
sold at a profit, to the vehicle manufacturers to exhibit their samples
and make sales to the dealers present, mostly members of the tri-state
dealers association. The Music Hall in Cincinnati was a successful
vehicle market place once each year for one week, where vehicle dealers,
manufacturers and accessory men met and economically transacted busi-
ness in a very satisfactory^ manner with profits to all. I hope to see the
day when beekeepers of the United States will hold an annual exhibit
in connection with their convention where the producers and buyers can
meet, face to face, get acquainted and transact business under favorable
circumstances. I think, even now the Indiana State Beekeepers Asso-
ciation could hold its convention during the week of Indiana's Apple
Show and in connection have an exhibit of its products for sale, as well
as secure an exhibit of the things it buys and uses.

My only hope in addressing you today is to give you a few facts
and figures, as well as call your attention to the many possible benefits
of a strong beekeepers organization, so each of you, will not only join
this association today, but go home equipped to organize your county
and secure your delinquent brother beekeepers membership.

Some commercial beekeepers think beginners and little beekeepers
should not be encouraged — I can not agree with them, as this is a matter
of view point and brings to my mind the discussion at an Irish brick-
layers convention, on the purpose of mortar. Some of the delegates in-
sisted that mortar is used between the bricks to hold them apart, while
others were just as firm in their belief that mortar was put there to
hold them together.

Supposing Henry Ford was the only automobile manufacturer, do
you think he would be in the insane asylum? Henry Ford is able to

128 TWENTY- FIRST AXNUAL REPOUT OF THE

manufacture and sell a million cars annually. Every automobile manu-
facturer, automobile dealer, automobile salesman and automobile owner
assists Mr. Ford in the sale of his cars, as the combined influence and
propaganda has created the present demand for his automobile. I am
convinced, the more good beekeepers we have producing good honey,
selling good honey, and talking good honey, will increase the consump-
tion and certainly the desire for honey and create a demand that will
surprise all of us. Terre Haute is a much better honey market since
the beekeepers of Vigo County organized. Furthermore, Bradstreet
statistics show that only 5 per cent of commercial undertakings succeed
and 95 per cent fail, so there is very little to fear from the beginners.
Beekeepers die, so it is very important to recruit the ranks of our worthy
pursuit. Tons of honey go to waste in Vigo County, which is^a sin and
a shame. Our organized authorities hazzard the statement that we se-
cure less than one-tenth of 1 per cent of the nectar that is secreted in
the United States. Why in the name of common sense would any bee-
keeper wish to restrict their efforts to secure this wonderful sweet, a
food fit for the Gods and compel God's children to eat the unwhole-
some, injurious syrup placed on the market at the present time.

The work of an association, like an army, is limited only by its
numerical strength, financial support and executive skill. A strong
organization should and will not cost its members one cent, if properly
organized and managed by its executives and heartily supported by each
of its individual members. How is this possible? The supply manu-
facturers and consumers will not only pay all the expense of running
your organization but a substantial surplus, as I will show you later.

Organization enables producers of the second best sweet, a semi-
manufactured article, maple syrup to secure on an average 25.7 cents
per pound or $3.84 per one gallon square can for his product, in a market
flooded with cheap substitutes, adulterated maple syrups, and maple
blended syrups, at a much lower price, while the beekeeper is compelled
to accept an average of 10 cents per pound, or $1.20 per gallon for the
best and most delicious sweet known and the only natural sweet obtain-
able, without a comparable competing sweet in its way. The cut rate
grocers of Terre Haute, advertise pure honey in Mason screw cap glass
jars for 15 cents per pound, while pure maple syrup retails, without
advertising, for 36 cents to 40 cents per pound, or from $3 to $5
per one gallon square can. Does that trouble me? ''Not in the least."
They are simply discrediting the quality of the honey by offering it at
such a low price. As you no doubt know, people are suspicious of
honey, that is extracted honey, they think it is either manufactured or
at least adulterated. It is sur]irising how many people think comb honey
is manufactured. So when honey is offered at a suspiciously low price
the public is afraid to buy.

Over production of honey and under ])r()(l notion of manip s\tu]) are
not responsible for the difference in price. On the contrary, the pro-
duction of each is al)out equal. May, 1921 Monthly Crop Eeporter tells
us that 45,127,450 pounds, or 5,649,931 gallons of maple syrup was
produced in the United States in 1921. August 3, 1921, United States
Census tells us 55,201.552 pounds, or 4,605,129 gallons of honey was

ILLIN^OIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION^. 129

produced in the United States in 1919, which is the latest information
I am able to refer to. So as a matter of fact, there is approximately
one million gallons, or ten million pounds less honey produced in the
United States annually than there is maple syrup. From this, I feel
sure you will see that there is something radically wrong with the pro-
ducers and distributors of honey. Many claim that the foreign honey
dumped on the market is responsible and I agree with them. Every
drop of inferior foreign honey that reached the consumer, has a dis-
astrous effect on the honey market. However, if the American Honey
Producers League will incorporate on their label, "Produced in America"
and never permit their label to be used on any container except those
containing nothing but honey produced in the United States, then the
foreign honey will have a hard time finding buyers.

Maple syrup producers have to contend with maple syrup producers
in Canada. Quebec alone produced in 1921, 15,798,988 pounds, or
1,974,87314 gallons of maple syrup. It is interesting to note that the
farm values of maple syrup and maple sugar has advanced continuously
since 1917. Of course the war had its effect, but maple syrup and sugar
did not drop as low in proportion in 1921, as honey did. The following
statistics will show :

1917—14.7 to 16.3 cents per pound - $1.22 to $1.31 per gallon

1918 — 22.6 to 18.8 cents per pound 1.58 to 1.85 per gallon

1919—26.9 to 22.0 cents per pound 1.86 to 2.19 per gallon

1920 — 37.6 to 29.3 cents per pound. .,. . . ..... 2.35 to 2.93 per gallon

1921—25.7 to 24.9 cents per pound 2.17 to 2.27 per gallon

Does the maple sugar and synip producers organization pay? Whom
does it pay ? There seems to be a woeful lack of intelligence on the true
relative value of honey, the incomparable sweet. I wish to call your
attention to the first best sweet knovai. ]\Iaple syrup is the second
best sweet known and sorghum molasses is the third best sweet known
in the United States, for human consumption. From the producer to
the consumer, there is a senseless undervaluation of honey, all along the
line of distribution. The ridiculously low prices placed on honey -by
the producer, unconsciously degrades and discredits honey in the minds
of the uninformed. It certainly has no beneficial effect on the minds
of anyone connected with the honey producing, or marketing industry,
so far as the true value of honey, as a food product is concerned. Even
our best honey frequently sells for less than the third l)est sweet (sor-
ghum molasses), which is a coarse, strictly manufactured article, never
to be compared with honey.

The nut producers, through organization are able to sell nut hulls
for 48 cents per pound. While preparing this paper, I purchased one
pound of English walnuts, one pound of almonds and one pound of
cream nuts, to determine the net cost of the eatable portion. I paid
48 cents a pound for English walnuts in the hull and after cracking and
hulling, I had eight ounces of nut meats, costing me 96 cents per pound.
The almonds cost 32 cents per pound, with the hulls on and the goodies
cost 48 cents per pound, while the cream nuts cost 25 cents per pound

— 9 B A

1 1

130 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

in the shell and the wastage was 50 per cent, so the eight ounces of
cream meats cost me 50 cents per pound.

Comparing the cost of honey with poultry, butter, jams and jellies,
you will soon learn that this delicious sweet, with no hulls, peeling or
other waste, is and has been selling for less than it is actually worth.
The Xut Producers Association insist on living prices, yet I understand
there are four million dollars worth of foreign nuts dropped on the
American market annually.

Ignorance is the most terrible darkness and some solitary beekeep-
ers have an abundance. Ignorance is the absence of knowledge in gen-
eral or in relation to a particular subject. Tillotson tells us, "He that
doth not know those things which are of use for him to know, is but
an ignorant man whatever he may know besides."

What is education ? "It is the act of drawing out or bringing into
view," And knowledge is power. I consider education the first and
most important work for a beekeepers association. "Honest to good-
ness" beekeepers never get too old to learn, this is why they remain
young in spite of old age. "He that knows not and knows not that he
knows not is a fool, beware of him." "He that knows not and knows
that he knows not is a wise man."

A county association should require each member to own and study
at least one book on modern bee culture by some of our well known
and recognized authorities, provided or recommended b}' the association.
The association should also furnish each member a correspondence
course of at least ten timely lessons, on modern bee culture, delivered
at a time when the work, referred to in the lessons should be attended
to. These lessons should refer as frequently as practical to the book
studied by the member. Letters should be sent the members from time
to time during the active season, calling attention to any special work
•required on account of adverse, unusual or unsuspected conditions of
the colonies, weather or honey flow. The members should be kept in-
formed promptly at all times when condition necessitates special atten-
tion. State and government bulletins on bee culture should be provided
the members, or at least the members should be informed, when and
where these bulletins are available.

Frequent educational meetings in-doors and out should be arranged
with speakers, instructors and demonstrators present to inform the
members how to secure the best possible results from their labor and
investments.

As organized education in modern methods of bee culture advances,
box-hives, foulbrood and poor beekeeping will disappear. Prosperity
will then arrive, happiness follows and the beekeepers' property increase
in value.

Short courses should be held annually at places and times when they
will be well attended, by not only the members of the association, but
as many other beekeepers as possible. The various state organizations
should join in an effort to secure successive dates for short courses and
arrange with Dr. Phillips and other instructors to assign dates and
places where the short courses will be held. Members should be con-
tinually urged to subscribe for, and road regularly and continually the

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATIOK. 131

several good bee journals, which are splendid mediums of education and
they promote the beekeepers interest.

Your State bee inspectors deserve your organized support and help.
In 1917, California beekeepers lost 11,000 colonies of bees by disease
alone, valued at $89,000 — enough money to keep a national beekeepers
association running in high gear up grade for some time. This is an
inexcusable loss and should never happen again. Indiana beekeepers
must never let such a calamity befall them.

In 1859, Indiana produced 1,224,489 pounds of honey.

In 18G9, Indiana produced 395,278 pounds of honey.

This great falling off was caused by the Civil War. In 1879,
Indiana produced 967,581 pounds of honey, a substantial recovery over
war time production. In 1889, Indiana produced 2,106,817 pounds of
honey, a commendable gain of 1,139,236 pounds over 1879 production.
In 1899, Indiana produced only 1,681,554 pounds of honey, which was
425,263 pounds less than in 1889. In 1909, Indiana only produced
687,097 pounds of honey, which was 1,419,720 pounds less than in
1889, twenty vears before.

1,419,720 pounds of honey
30c

$425,916.00 annual money loss to Indiana beekeepers.
Yet honey eaters during the twenty years intervening increased con-
stantly. From this I feel that the Indiana beekeepers are in great need
of educational information.

In olden times beekeepers had to rely on their own efforts in G-od's
great out-door school, for their information, which is a marvelous edu-
cational institution of truth.

G-eorge Washington must have been a diligent student in God's
out-door university, for we are told, he was one of the best educated men
of his time, although a very poor scholar.

Francois Huber, without eyes of his own made some most wonder-
ful and important observations and discoveries of bee behavior, through
the eyes of a devoted wife and a faithful intelligent servant. Xo man
with all his faculties can read Father Langstroth's praise of Francois
Huber, the blind apiarist, without shame and wonder. When a man
learns to observe correctly and interpret truthfully, the wonderful lesson
of nature, he is struck with a profound reverence for God's great "wisdom
and goodness in providing in abundance, everything needed, for man's
fullest harmonious spiritual, mental and physical development.

Our Beloved, Wm. McKinley was a splendid example of a well
balanced, spiritual, mental and physical development — physically ma-
ture and strong, mentally pure and powerful, spiritually inspired and
reconciled to God's will; prepared and ready for the sudden and startl-
ing ending of his mortal existence. Only a super human overflowing
with a Christian spirit under such disconcerting circumstances imposed
on McKinley by his assassin, could have uttered, spontaneously, without
forethought, preparation or meditation — the miraculous diction — "God's
Will be Done." His only concern was for his invalid wife and the
demented fiend that fired the fatal and fateful shot.

132 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL EEPORT OF THE

Beekeepers are not now handicapped for the want of reliable and
complete information on bee culture and if they are not successful, they
have no one to blame but themselves.

Social intercourse in a beekeepers association can accomplish much
along this line. It should promote pleasure, secure benefits and develop
'happiness by imposing social duties upon individual members, who
should be required to cultivate companionable good fellowship, brotherly
spirit and personal friendliness. Frequent social meetings should be
held indoors and out with amusement and entertainment arranged by
the association for the promotion and development of friendly acquaint-
ance and exchange of ideas, for ivhen two beekeepers exchange ideas,
both are benefitted with no loss to either.

The executives of the association should exercise a feeling of
fatherly interest and responsibility in each individual member's welfare.
They should comi)ile and distribute results of experience and all other
beneficial information freely and frequently. They should maintain a
sympathetic, fatherly interest and activity in guiding, instructing and
helping each member ; for the association's future success is in exact
ratio to the individual member's success and loyalty. Members should
feel free at all times to look to and expect from a well conducted asso-
ciation, the assistance and help a mother, or father would extend a
child. A tender word of encouragement or sympathy at the proper
time, is frequently the turning point in a man's life and an association
should be deeply interested in the success, happiness and welfare of its
memliers. Fraternalism is always present when genuine beekeepers get
together. The beekeepers fraternal spirit is proverbial. This spirit
should be Jealously guarded and faithfully cultivated by the members
of an association to secure the best possible results and benefits.
Brotherly love, kindly advice, timely help and unselfish assistance, with
earnest encouragement, will do more to build up an association, than
anything I know of.

Brotherly interest of each member in the success, happiness -and
welfare of every other member is a most important thing for the fullest
development of an association, and will result in the greatest measure
of loyalty and cooperation.

Influential exertion should never cease and should be used to
its utmost for the beekeeping industrv. When the beekeepers of the
United States are organized as they should be, they can, like our grand
United States, command the attention, admiration and respect of the
world, secure much needed legislation, appropriations and law enforce-
ments, as well as protect the beekeepers' interests and investments
generally. A strong national organization will attract the attention,
respect and cooperation of others interested in apiculture and related
pursuits. '

Our government, states and counties are ready and willing to help
the beekeepers whenever and wherever they display sufficient interest in
their own welfare to help themselves. You hear a lot about California
beekeepers and California honey production. That is the result of influ-
ence brought about by effective cooperative organization and publicity.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS^ ASSOCIATION. 133

California honey producers receive from three to twenty cents per pound
less for their honey than Indiana beekeepers receive at retail. This
difference is the cost of distribution, and represents the charges made
by the transportation companies and middle men for their ser\'ices in
bringing the honey from the California producers to the Indiana con-
sumers. In spite of this financial handicap, the California beekeepers
are organized and have an influence that is very valuable.

As individuals, we are constantly knocking and complaining about
our public officials. This seems to be a weakness of human nature, we
abuse them on every occasion for what they do and do not do, as well as
condemn them unmercifully for the mistakes they make, but we never
think of taking the slightest pains to compliment or thank them for the
many good things they do accomplish. We seldom tell them what we
want done, but expect them to find out our .wishes and needs, the best
way they can. This is neither fair or reasonable. Our public servants ,
should be heartily supported and helped in every way possible by backing
them up in their efforts to help us and this can be done most effectively
through an organization. We owe public officials a great deal for the
untiring work they have done in behalf of the unorganized and indif-
ferent beekeepers.

A properly organized and efficiently managed beekeepers' associa-
tion will cost its members nothing; in fact, it should prove a profitable
investment and pay handsome dividends. The supply houses and honey
consumers are perfectly willing and stand ready to pay all the expense
and a surplus besides. This very thing was accomplished by the Vigo
County Beekeepers' Association in 1919. To realize the saving made
possible by cooperative buying and selling, it should be the association's
business to buy for its members, the best possible supplies at the lowest
possible prices and sell their honey in the most favorable markets at the
most attractive prices.

In 1919, the Vigo County Association of fifty-three members, with
an annual dues of $3.00 each, making a total of $159.00, held thirty-
three educational meetings, five indoors, and twenty-eight field meetings,
attended by one or more good instructors. Each member was provided
with one copy of Pellet's "Productive Beekeeping," worth at retail then,
$2.00. A correspondence course of ten timely lessons in modern bee
culture was furnished the members, during the active season covering
the following subjects: Preparations for the honey flow, spring man-
agement, disease treatment, transferring bees, swarm control arid methods
of increase, comb-honey production, extracted honey production, })repar-
ing and marketing honey, fall management, wintering bees.

A number of letters were mailed the members during the season
calling their attention to starvation and a number of other unsuspected
dangerous conditions. The books furnished the members were pur-,
chased by the association in quantity at wholesale prices, the difference
between the retail and wholesale price of the books in addition to the
one dollar covered the cost of preparing the lessons, postage, mailing and
all other expenses to conduct the association business and at the end of
the y^r a nice cash balance was in the treasury. During the season,

134 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

the association purchased for its members $3,133.64: worth of supplies,
saving its members $655.27, an average saving of $12.36 for each
member, which you must admit is a handsome dividend on a $3.00
investment, In June, 1919, a four days' automobile tour for the mem-
bers of the association was conducted by our genial State bee inspector,
Mr. Yost, with his guest, Mr. Edwin Ewell, of the Michigan Extension
Department of Beekeeping, which we considered quite an honor, as Mr.
EwelFs presence helped a great deal in making it, not only an enjoyable,
but very successful event. Eighteen new members were secured, two
badly infected American foulbrood apiaries were eliminated, eleven
colonies of bees were transferred from box hives to modern hives, thirty
demonstrations were made to 234 beekeepers, eleven colonies of American
foulbrood were treated for one member, 477 colonies were inspected in
twenty-seven apiaries.

The instructive talks and discussions carried on by and between the
members and a splendid instructive address by Mr. Ewell, were enjoyed
by all present, including guests from other Indiana counties and the
State of Illinois. The Vigo county beekeepers are getting more for
their honey this year than last year, for which the association should
receive proper credit.

You hear a great deal about the over-production of honey. Do not
let that worry you a minute. There is an under-consumption and a
lack of interest, as well as effort on the part of the producers to sell
their honey. There is not enough honey produced in the United States
to make a good display on the grocery shelves.

Disorganized beekeepers are as helpless as babies in trying to stabil-
ize the honey market. If you will pardon a personal remark, I will tell
you why the bottlers, as well as all others buying from the producer are
unable to pay a fair price. I not only produce honey, but I bottle honey
and my requirements compel me to buy from other producers. In pur-
chasing honey, I am very careful to not pay any more than any of my
competitors for the same quality of goods. In packing, I make every
effort to buy as cheaply as possible, so my competitors will not be able
to undersell me.

The producers can not blame the buyer when they do not think
enough of their honey to insist upon a fair price. I want to call your
attention to what cooperative buying through Indiana State Beekeepers'
Association would amount to annually. There are ninet3''-two counties
in Indiana. If each county's supply orders equaled Vigo county's pur-
chases last year, we would have a supply order to place amounting to
$287,374.88' at list prices. If each county saved $655.27, the total
saving for Indiana beekeepers would be $60,284.84. I have no doubt
you will now agree that it will cost the Indiana beekeepers nothing to
have a good, strong State beekeepers' cooperative association with plenty
of finance to carry on business that will get results.

Why does good candy bring $1.00 or more a pound, while our pure,
delicious, fragrant and nutritious honey sells for 25 cents to 30 cents
per pound? In 1918, there was manufactured in the United States
approximately 1,400,000,000 pounds of candy, although the candy manu-

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. " 135

facturers were limited by the government in their sugar supply. This
candy wholesaled for $350,000,000 and was retailed for $700,000,000.
The retail price ranged from 40 cents per pound for the cheapest grades
to $1.50 per pound for the highest grade of chocolate creams, in more
expensive packages. A good grade of chocolate creams, packed in plain
boxes, is selling for 80 cents per pound at the present time. There are
chocolate creams on the market, packed in attractive, but not expensive
boxes, selling for from $1.35 to $1.50.

This demonstrates conclusively to my mind just what is needed to
place honey where it rightfully belongs. Honey is a better food than
candy and much cheaper. When honey producers adopt the artful,
aggressive business methods of the candy manufacturers, there will be a
constant demand for unlimited amounts of honey at astonishing prices.
Honey must be supplied the public constantly in sufficient quantities,
distributed evenly, yet broadcast everywhere, always present wherever
people are found, the same as candy, cigars, etc., are put on the market.
You can find candy and cigars always wherever you go — on trains, in
stations, hotel lobbies, cigar stores, drug stores, grocery stores, news
stands, interurban stations, pool rooms, billiard halls, bowling alleys, in
fact, candy and cigar manufacturers never neglect your wants and con-
venience.

Never compare honey, God's delicious nectar, collected from God's
fragrant flowers, by God's industrious bees and converted, modified and
condensed into virgin honey, Undefiled by the hand of man, with the ■
unwholesome, adulterated, concoctions sold as cheap syrups, for honey
has no competition. It stands preeminently alone as the highest stand-
ard of quality and measurement for all other sweets.

Question. — What is the difference between the cost of production
of honey and maple sugar ?

j\Ii{. Hunter. — I would venture to say that the cost of maple sugar
is less than honey. I think the investment is less, and the equipment,
outside of the land and trees, if you count that in. The maple syrup
man takes. his investment, he takes his land and trees in, that ma}'^ be
the answer for the difference in price. He is a man of affairs, a busi-
ness man. He knows it is costing him something to produce it, and he
insists on getting it. That may be the answer.

The Member. — Find out and tell us next time.

Mr. McNeill. — The answer is simply that people like maple syrup
better.

The Secretary. — How much Karo syrup is used in the United
States today, compared with honey?

Mr. McNeill. — They buy it because it is cheap. You do not find
people eating maple syrup and honey, but Karo.

The Secretary. — The big ads in the Sunday newspapers is what
sells Karo.

A Member. — ^The restaurant keepers say they do not serve honey
because it is too thick. The syrup they do sell is thin and the restaurant
keeper says if the beekeepers can only make their honey of the proper
consistency they could sell it.

136 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Mr. Hunter. — A man in Terre Haute that I know makes sugar
syrup and flavors it with honey and calls it honey syrup.

Mr. McNeill. — Yes, and they flavor cane sugar with sample syrup.
You are advocating now using honey with this restaurant keeper as a
dilution or flavoring.

Mr. Hunter. — I just told what is heing done.

j\tR. McNeill. — 1 don't care what they use my honey for, as long
as they sell it. 1 think it is a good idea, but one of the greatest things
against honey is its granulation. You will find a thousand people who
have bought a can of honey and used it a few times, and they say it
granulated and they don^t buy any more. What are you going to do
about that?

]\1r. Hunter. — I put directions on it and they read it.

j\Ir. McXeill. — 1 tell them about by word of mouth, but they for-
get it.

The President. — 1 want to say that Vigo County, Indiana, has
the reputation of being the best organized county in the United States,
This is no doubt due to the efforts of Mr. Himter, with the aid of the
State Conservation Department, of which Mr. Yost is the head.

I agree with Mr. Hunter that the way to improve the price of
honey is effective organization and business methods. ^Yhen we get
those two things we will not be selling our honey at a loss or at cost,
as stated here this afternoon.

I would like to answer Mr. McNeill's question in regard to granu-
lation. If you put your honey in the bottles and heat it after it is in the
bottles, it will keep without granulation for a long time. I have had
some heated 150 degTeos Fahrenheit that I have kept nearly two years
without granulation. If you heat it and pour it out cold, it will granu-
late.

I am going to ask ISir. McXeill to take the chair if he will, as I
am su])posed to report next.

(Mr. McNeill acted as chairman of the meeting.)

Chairman McNeill. — We will have our president give his talk
now on the "American Honey Producers' League,'' the results of the
year's work.

Mr. E. S. Miller. — Mr. Chairman and Members: I am to report
as delegate to a meeting of the American Honey Producers' League
held in Indianapolis last winter, about the first of February. You will
remember, those of you who were present last fall, that the officers and
members of the Board of Directors and Executive Committee of the
American Honey Producers' League met in the Great Northern Hotel,
at the time the Chicago and Northwestern Convention was held. As I
happened to be one of those directors, I was taken away from the Chicago
and Northwestern meeting before we were quite through.

We arranged for some changes in the constitution of tliis league.
Furthermore, there were various bureaus; the Bureau of Eesearch, the
Bureau of Legal Aid, Standardization of Eqviipment, Legislation
Bureau, etc. The heads of those bureaus were appointed at that time,
each one of those being empowered to appoint his assistant, and they

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEKS' ASSOCIATIOK. 137

went ahead and appointed helpers or assistants in each of these de-
partments.

The first annual meeting was held at Indianapolis. The recommen-
dation of tlie Executive Committee in regard to ciianging the consti-
tution was adopted and the reports of these different chairmen of the
different eommittees or bureaus were brouglit before the convention and
adopted.

feince that time they have gone on and done considerable work. I
will say that at that meeting at Indianapolis there was represented a
large number of states, chiefly in the east, but extending west as far as
Colorado, delegates from these different states met there.

According to the constitution of the American Honey Producers'
League only delegates are allowed to vote. We had in addition to that
quite a number of others not delegates, who were interested. We had a
number of honey merchants, and dealers in bee supplies, also govern-
ment representatives. Dr. Phillips was there, H. F. V\alson of Wiscon-
sin, and various others representing the various governmental activities
of the state and nation which had to do with beekeeping. We had a
very fine meeting, not a large crowd but we had men there who were big
men in the business, and who represented millions of dollars worth of
honey production in their various localities, each delegate, representing
a state or regional association.

1 want to try to tell you some of the things that have been done by
these different bureaus and by the league as a whole. In the Bureau of
Eesearch Dr. E. F. Phillips was appointed chairman or head. They
are getting out a pamphlet in regard to the use of honey in making
candy and I understand it is to be published before long.

Jn regard to the Bureau of Legal Aid, Mr. 0. L. Hershiser of New
York was appointed chairman, and for assistants he appointed Colin
B. Campbell of Michigan and some other attorneys to assist him. I
was told by Mr. Campbell that 41 different cases have come up, all but
one or two of w-hich were settled satisfactorily to the beekeeper. Most
of them were cases in which towns and cities tried to prohibit the
keeping of bees within corporate limits. I understand there is one such
case in Chicago. In all but one or two cases the affair has been settled
satisfactorily to the beekeeper. One ease I understand has not yet been
settled, but probably will be shortly.

C. B. Baxter, of Kansas, was made chairman of the Committee on
Equipment and Standardization. Some of us have white honey, some
light honey, some light amber, some dark amber, and some dark honey,
and if we were to take two samples from different parts of the country
we might have a light amber of one beekeeper which is the same shade
as the dark amber of another fellow, so it is proposed to make a standard
of color and quality, and in this way when we speak of a certain kind
of honey we know just exactly what we mean.

The Boot people have put out an instrument for standardizing
honey, but it doesn't seem to have taken hold very well with a good many
beekeepers. Many of them think the price is rather high, but the
national organization is trying to get some standard for the grading of

138 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

honey, also a standardization of the grading of comb honey. Further-
more they will endeavor to standardize tlie equipment so that the sup-
plies, and equipment of one manufacturer will be the same in dimen-
sions, as the equipment sent out by another manufacturer, so that we
will not have the dithculty that many of us are having: for example,
a hive with a cover one-fourth inch too narrow and the bottom board
too wide. Some of the dealers 1 understand send out hives with the
bee space below the frames while a majority of them send out hives with
space above the frames, if there could be standard dimensions it would
save a great deal of trouble among beekeepers in putting the different
kinds of equipment together.

Colin B. Campbell was at the head of the Tariif Committee. We
know that Congress has been talking of revising the tariff, and through
him the league has recommended tliat a tariff be placed upon honey to
keep out the cheap foreign honey, of not less than 45 cents or more than
60 cents per gallon. What Congress will do about this in the future we
are unable to tell; it has not yet been threshed out, but it has been
presented to the commission which has to do with tariff revision.

Clifford Muth, of Cincinnati, was made chairman of the Commit-
tee on Advertising. He has been quite active, and- at our meeting at
Indianapolis about six thousand dollars was raised for advertising pur-
poses. It was decided to put in a series of advertisements in Good
Housekeeping. This magazine has a nation-wide circulation, it is found
in every town and every part of the country, on every news stand, and
it is read chiefly by the women who do the cooking. It was decided to
place in this magazine a one-fourth page advertisement, to run six times,
at a thousand dollars for each insertion. I believe that not ail the six
issues have come out yet, only two or three of them.

We know, all of us, I believe, that honey sales are very much
greater this year than ever before. More honey is being sold throughout
the country than has been sold since beekeeping began in this country,
and in my opinion that is largely due to advertising — not altogether to
the advertising in the magazine, but that is a help. There has been
much other advertising also. This is one of the things that will help
bring honey before the people and raise the price to where it should be,
so that beekeepers can make a profit.

Mr. H. F. Wilson, of Wisconsin, was chairman of the Schedule
Committee. This schedule was arranged so that conventions were to
be held at Springfield, Indianapolis, or in Wisconsin and other states
in consecutive order, so that prominent speakers could be obtained to go
from one directly to the other. If Wisconsin held its meeting one week,
and two weeks later we held a meeting here, and a week later one was
held down in Indianapolis, the speakers would have to make separate
trips to attend them at the different times, but by arranging these
consecutively they have been able to get speakers for all of these meet-
ings. I have a letter sent out by Mr. Wilson in regard to this.

Further than this, they expect in the future to furnish speakers for
these different conventions, men who have a national reputation.

In regard to the financial affairs of the league, perhaps some of
you think it hasn't done very much, but considering the money at its

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERs' ASSOCIATION. " 139

disposal, it has done a great deal. Tins six thousand dollars raised was.
raised chiefl}^ by people who were not beekeepers ; the canners, the supply
dealers and various other industries connected in a way with the bee-
keeping industry furnished the bulk of that money, only a comparatively
small part was furnished by the beekeepers- themselves. There is a
movement now on foot, by which this advertising can be financed with-
out donation, and on a business basis. I believe it can. If we can put
the American Honey Producers' League on a business basis so it will
pay its own way, I believe it will be a great success, and one of the
greatest things for the beekeeping industry that has ever occurred.

It is said there are in the United States eight hundred thousand
beekeepers. If every beekeeper would pay ten cents toward the support
of the league, it would give the American Honey Producers' League a
fund that would amply finance it. If one cent per colony of the com-
mercial beekeepers could be so applied, we would get it back a thousand
fold.

As I said at the beginning, the way to bring about better- prices
and furnish a better market for our honey is to have effective organiza-
tion. I believe we should have our local organizations, our county
organizations. I believe the State organization should be strengthened.
There are many ways in which it can be made more profitable to the
beekeeping members. I believe we should have a strong National organ-
ization, one which is competent to finance itself. We know that every-
body is organized, even the farmers. The members of the Farm Federa-
tion pay into the organization ten to fifteen dollars, and every up-to-date
farmer is a member. This money is used to finance the county, State
and the National organizations. If we could have one-tenth part as
much as the American Farm Federation gets for financing their State
and National organization, we would put honey on a basis on which it
would bring us a profit.

Chairman McNeill. — Are there any questions, or any discussion
on this paper?

Mr. Cale. — Mr. Miller has spoken in his report in regard to this
financing of the county, State and National organizations. AValter
Diehnelt in North Milwaukee, one of the largest beekeepers in Wiscon-
sin, had a hive in his apiary on which was painted a red cross, and I^,
curious to know what that emblem meant, asked him. He said, *'I am
setting aside that hive for the Bed Cross Society," "And," he said, "the
product of that hive will go to the Eed Cross." Now, if every beekeeper
would set aside one hive, the product of which would contribute to the
finances of the association, he would feel as though he hadn't donated
anything.

Mr. McNeill. — Anybody else?

A Member. — Where is this Good Housekeeping magazine pub-
lished ?

Mr. McNeill. — I think it is published in New York City. I might
say in connection with one thing our President spoke of, and that is a
regular epidemic which there seems to be against beekeeping in the last
year. He spoke of one Chicagoan being up against it, and I presume

140 TWEXTY-FIltST ANNUAL RErORT OF THE

that 1 am that party. I have been keeping bees since 1913 and never
had any trouble or eomphiint until just this last season, last spring.
During the sugar shortage two years ago I produced a good sized crop,
and there were a good many that seemed put out about it. There are
some people that do not like to see anything going to anybody else that
they can't get a little piece of themselves. After that I think their
efforts began. There was really no basis for any complaint. I am thor-
oughly enough versed in the business to know what to do, to know
whether a complaint is justified. Of course complaint is justifiable
against bees to a certain extent as against everything else. Bees are a
nuisance to a certain extent, but if anybody ever had any children and
know of any greater nuisance on earth than children ; but we have got to
have them, and we are going to keep on having them. It is exactly the
same way with bees.

The Health Department of the city of Chicago was complained to
and without much investigation they ordered me to get rid of my bees.
I hadn't got very far into it at that time, but I immediately got busy
with the Health Department and they stopped the agitation for a little
while until I could get my forces together, which consisted of a letter,
after investigation of all the different features legally and every other
way, setting forth all the different features that were either complained
of or in favor of the bees. At the same time I happened to be going
away for a week, and I asked for that time in order to get in my letteir
after I got back. I wrote out to two or three queen breeders from whom
I had been buying bees, and Dr. Phillips in Washington, Gleanings, the
American Bee Journal, Mr. LeStourgeon, Mr. Parks of the American
Honey Producers League, and with great unity and great promptness
they all replied along the lines which I asked, many of them with dupli-
cate copies, one of which I could attach to my letter to the Health
Department, and the other I could keep for my files.

That was last spring. Before that the agitation was very strong.
Since that time I have heard nothing about it. So it shows one of the
activities and that the League is functioning to the great helpfulness
of at least one of us. I sent a copy of the letter that I wrotei, to Glean-
ings, but up to this time it has not been published. There was nothing
new in it except in the study of the law on the question. Bees are not a
nuisance; they cannot be so declared per se, that is in their ow^n particu-
lar selves, without some other circumstances. They are a nuisance under
certain circumstances. That is if you would happen to have bees im-
mediately near to somebody else's yard or your neighbors were disturbed,
or something like that, on the particular merits of that particular case
they would be declared a nuisance, but the point of law is that it rests
on the doctrine of negligence whether they are a nuisance or not; that is
if they are kept with every scientific discovery up to the present time, for
the protection of the neighbors and for the proper scientific keeping of
bees, then you are not liable for anything that they do unless it is by
your negligence. One of the things, for instance, would be to have some-
thing which would make the bees fly high if they are in the neighborhood
of a community where thev are liable to sting. That would be one thing

ILLI^TOIS STATE BEEKEEPEBS' ASSOCIATIOIQ". 141

that showed you were not negligent, by doing things shown to be neces-
sary for the protection of the public. If you are buying new strains of
bees all the time, intermixing them, running down and getting cross
and mixed strains would be another thing. Another thing would be
taking off honey in a scientific way. Such things as those, if they can
be established by your neighbors will make you liable if you have
neglected them, but if you have not A^oii cannot be held liable.

Mr. Millek.- — One or two points I omitted. The American Honey
Producers League is furnishing a card 16 by 20 inches, offering a rewaid
for the information that will lead to the arrest and conviction of anyone
molesting bees. The reward is one hundred dollars. These can be had
at the cost of printing and postage, ten cents, to post in your yards.

Another point 1 have to make is that the legal department of the
American Honey Producers' League are getting out a booklet giving the
laws down to date regarding bees, their relation to environments such
as have been stated by Mr. McIS^eill.

A Member. — In reference to a beekeepers' library, I would like to
ask Mr. Miller if that was in reference to a beekeepers' library of this
society, or was that any library ? I would like some information on
that, and whether or not it would be advisable to get a permanent home
for each society, a permanent place to meet.

(President Miller then acted as chairman of the meeting.)

The President. — I will try to answer the gentleman's question in
regard to the memorial fund. There was a committee appointed, Dr.
Phillips of Washington, Mr. Dadant of Hamilton, Mr. Kindig of Lans-
ing, Michigan, and others appointed to receive money for the Dr. C. C.
Miller memorial fund. It is proposed to put the subscriptions together,
to be used for purchasing books, getting together a library and for its
maintenance. The proposition was to put this library in some institu-
tion like some of the universities, Illinois, Michigan, or some other
state where it could be properly taken care of and maintained. The
money would be to furnish this library and maintain it. The bee-
keepers all over the United States have been solicited to contribute to
this fund. They need considerably more money than they have up to
the present time.

I think you will find reference to this in nearly every bee journal
published. The money can be sent to any of these gentlemen. I think
Boots also collect, as well as C. P. Dadant of Hamilton, Illinois, and
B. F. Kindig, of Lansing, Michigan. I believe Mr. Kindig's present
address is the new state office building, Lansing, Michigan.

The Member. — I refer to a library for this society.

The President. — It is a question whether it would be more profit-
able to purchase a library or whether we would better use that money
to assist the organization. I, myself, am inclined to think that organ-
ization would be more profitable to the beekeepers at the present time
than another library, if we could have access to the library being formed
with the C. C. Miller memorial fund. However, that is an open ques-
tion, subject to debate.

142 TWENTY-FIEST ANNUAL REPOET OF TPIE

Mk. McNeill. — I would like to ask Mr. Hunter how, in his asso-
ciation, he can induce men to do all the work necessary to carry on the
activities of a small association without some compensation?

Mr. Hunter. — You mean the local work down there?

Mr. McNeill. — Yes.

Ml!. Hunter. — ^he local work of most associations devolves upon
the executives. There are certain members that take an active part
and by reason of their being active in it they are usually placed in the
executive positions, that is their reward, for activity. We appoint, com-
mittees and try to get others to take an active interest and support, and
we have more or less work done by them. The buying of supplies is
up to the Secretary. It is a good deal of work for him to do, but he
does it. Of course, the members themselves should make out their own
orders and they should be Olv^ed by the Secretary and then those orders
compiled or placed with the Secretary and pass through the association's
hands in order to get the discount the supply houses are willing to give
you. You could, of course, appoint someone to look after that thing.
To handle it properly 3'ou must have , someone located at some central
point. Terre Haute is the county seat of otir county and is accessible
to the members. It seems to me the best way is to have a meeting for
the purpose of making up your orders. Have each member bring in
his requirements, made out on an order, as if he were going to mail it
in himself. Let the Secretary submit it to the supply houses and get
the quotations on them.

Whereupon the meeting was adjourned until December 6, 1921, at
9:30 a. m.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 143

TUESDAY MORNING SESSION.

Beekeepers and Agriculture.

. The President. — Gentlemen, you will please come to order. The
Eesolutions Committee I would like to meet as soon as we have an
intermission, and in the meantime if any of you people have a resolu-
tion you would like to have incorporated, please write it out and hand
• it in, so that we can get all the material together before the committee
reports.

Mr. C. 0. Yost, chief inspector of Apiaries for Indiana, talked on
"Eelation of Beekeeping to Agriculture."

The President. — I have one or two criticisms that I wish to offer,
not adverse criticism necessarily. In regard to the changing of the
tubes of the red clover, it doesn't seem to me worth while, in view of
the fact that we have an alsike which is ah'ead}^ superior to the ru i
clover. Furthermore, if such a change were to l)e made, would th'.^
farmers plant it in preference to the ordinary red clover? It would
be a task to get it started about the .county so that farmers would raise
that in preference to the ordinary, red clover, and alsike is replacing the
red clover very rapidly. It seems to me we already have a solution to
that problem. Mr. Yost spoke about seeding red clover in oats. My
experience is that it is about the poorest way we have of seeding any
clover, to sow it with oats, for the reason the oats grows so much more
rapidly they take the moisture from the soil and kill the clover. It is
much better to seed clover with wheat or rye, or, still better, seed it
alone in the springtime very easily. If you have a soil prepared the
preceding year, it is a good plan to sow it even on the snow along in
February or March.

Answer. — That depends upon whether or not you cut your oats
crop. If 3' on cut it for hay, it won't do at all.

Mr. Miller. — Most of the crops are not cut for hay.

Just one other thing, the membership fee. If any of you wish to
become members of this association, Mr. Bull will be very glad to enroll
you. The fee is one dollar and a half. Some of you perhaps have not
yet enrolled. We have here sample copies of the two bee journals, and
you get a discount, if you wish to subscribe for either of these journals,
and I believe every beekeeper who is really a beekeeper should take one
or more of the journals. You can't afford to go without getting all
the latest and best information possible to obtain.

One other point that came up in the talk by Mr. Yost was in re-
gard to this bluevine. I 'believe it doesn't pay to introduce a pest, even
if it does give nectar, and I hope that no one will send for the seed of
that bluevine, because it is one of the worst pests we have.

144 TWEXTY-f^lRST ANNUAL REI'OKT OF THE

Question. — Is it of any value as a fodder ?

Tjie President. — It is of no value, as I understand it, except for
honey production.

l.want to call attention to the fact that one of the most important
things that we have to consider in the honey business is the selling of
honey, and one of the most important and effectual ways of selling
honey is to advertise more. I would recommend that every one of you
who can do so, and especially those living in the small cities and towns,
that you advertise locally. There is a movement on foot for State-wide
and National advertising. It is going to help, but in addition to this
1 believe every beekeeper who is producing honey in a commercial way
should advertise quite extensively. These advertisements are not neces-
sarily costly. In your home paper, if you live in a town or city of five
to twenty-five thousand inhabitants, you can get local advertisements
put in for a very small sum. Put them in every week and change them
every time, and in these advertisements give some information or make
it interesting to the reader. If you simply say "Eat honey," they will
skip it, but if you put something interesting there, that gives a little
information, and then next week you give a little different information,
and next week something else, and the next week after that something
different, that will interest the reader and you will find you will work
up a much better selling business and it will help the honey producers
all over the country if all will do that.

Xow, we have a Committee on Eesolutions. I wish each one of
you who has something which he considers important to put in these
resolutions, would write it up and hand it to J\Ir. Kannenberg. the
chairman of the Pesolutions Committee and we will go to work on that.

We have one more address, Mr. Cale has a very important and
interesting paper, something that will be of value to all of us. \Ye will
have a few minutes intermission, after which the Committee on Eeso-
lutions will report, then we will be adjourned till 1 :30 after receiving
this report.

A short intermission was taken.

When to Spray Fruit Trees.

Question. — Would you mind giving us a -few remarks on the
proper time to spray and how best to avoid harming the beekeepers and
the orchard man. J am having some trouble down in Jackson County.

The President. — Would you rather have me speak on that or
some of these gentlemen, ]\Ir. Yost or Mr. Johnson are working along
that line.

The ]\Ie:\iber. — Go ahead and answer.

Tpie President. — I will say one or two things, then I will ask
Mr. Yo?t to talk to us along that line. In spraying fruit trees they
should he sprayed not at the time the blossoms are out but about the
time the petals fall. There is one firm in Illinois manufacturing a
spraying outfit, that advertises and recommends spraying at the time
the petals are out. T wrote to them at one time, ^protesting against that,
and it was not effective. Among our neighbors sometimes we can get

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEBS' ASSOCIATIOX. 145

together with them and arrange for spraying at other times. I had
one neighbor who had quite an extensive orchard, and 1 sent for some
literature on spraying, on postal cards, and 1 sent it to him and to
others around who wei'e spraying their trees. 1 saw him personally and
talked it over and we decided not to spray until late.

1 will say further that the American Honey Producers' League
through its legal department has settled several cases where beekeepers
and Iruit growers have not been able to get together on the subject of
spraying and poisoning bees. A great deal of difficulty has been en-
countered in the northwest, in Wasliington and Oregon, 1 understand.
Now Mr. Yost will you give us something along that line?

Mi{. W'ooLDHiDGE. — liow to liaimonize the orchard man and the
beekeeper? The man who runs a sprayer a good deal like an old-fash-
ioned threshing man, wants to get started early. He gets hold of the
weak ones and persuades them to spray while the petals are still on.
Can we harmonize them so as to get the orchard man interested by
having a few bees, so he won't allow him to spray except at the proper
time, so it won't hurt the bees ?

Mr. Yost. — That is not a new question at all, at least with us in
Indiana. For several years we have been having the complaint come to
us that some orcJiard men were spra^dng when the trees were in full
bloom, and that their bees were being poisoned as a result of it, and we
were asked whether or not there Avas a law prohibiting spraying at such
time. There is no such law, and it is questionably whether or not we
could get a law put through that would be effective and enforced to the
point the beekeeper has in mind. But here is what we attempt to do
over in Indiana, and it seems to me it is a fair possible solution of the
situation : The State entomologists and the agricultural colleges are
continually putting out bulletins that are supposed to be for the better-
ment of producers of farm products, beekeeping and all other lines
relating to that subject. It seems that an educational feature is needed,
and it seems that if the fruit grower understood his business, he would
not allow anyone to spray the trees when they were in full bloom, for
the simple fact that he will injure his crop of fruit more than he will
do it good.

There is one thing we cannot overcome, and that is this: The
recognized appropriate or best time to apply this spray, nearest to the
time they are in bloom, is when they are in the pink ready to burst
open. Not all the bloom is in that stage at one time, in one day or two
single days when 75 to 90 per cent of the bloom were in that particular
stage you would find a number open. There is possibly no way con-
ceivable of changing that situation. The bees will w^ork those first
blooms as they bear nectar and the weather is fit, and if they are sprayed
with something applied at that time by means of which the bees will
accept the poison, some of them will do so and carry it lioirie. others
will not. Sprays of arsenic that are not offensive will be taken up and
carried home, others will not.

Again at the close of the bloom it is advisable, and every fruit
grower who is on to his business and well informed knows w-hen the
—10 B A

146 TWENTY-FIRST ANXUAL REPORT OF THE

petals fall is the time to spray. Have you ever seen an orcliard or a
fruit tree after it was turned brown? You would say, "Now is the
time to spray, the petals are falling," yet there are hundreds of bloom
here and there through the tree. We have no way of getting away from
that unless we can lind some spray that is so ott'eusive to the honey bee
that they will refuse to take up the nectar.

Mr. Hunter. — That amount of the bloom dangerous to the bees
will be a small percentage.

. The Speaker. — It would probably be unnoticeable.

Mr. Hunter. — That wouldn't be a serious thing to the beekeeper.

Mr. Yost. — One brood of bees reared at that particular time is
much more valuable. One is probably worth more than ten or fifteen
reared later in the season. The loss would be really greater than you
would at first imagine.

Mr. Wheeler. — Does that poison ever reach the larvae?

Mr. Yost. — I believe so. I don't believe all bees die, because they
do not assimilate the food that they carry home. The whole thing
resolves itself into this : Our experiment stations and our State entom-
ologists get before these men the impracticability of spraying at that
particular time when the blooms are all out. I think it is up to the
beekeepers to see to it that proper advice is sent out along this line. I
do not believe any man who has fruit trees and enough energy to spray
them would spray them if he felt it was injurious to do so at that time.
His motive in doingjt is not to poison his neighbor's bees, but to pro-
mote tlie growing of a superior crop of fruit, and if he knew that he was
doing the wrong thing by using the sprayer at that time, I feel that he
would refrain from doing so.

This fall I had a man keep coming to me at Xorth Manchester — a
grape grower, who did not know who I was, he did not know I was a
bee inspector — and said, "Now, Mr., can you tell me of some way that
a man could poison bees when they come around the place eating up
the grapes ? Can you think of some good plan ?"' No, I didn't know
anything. I said, "Do you have trouble in tliat line?" Yes. He said
the bees were eating up his grape crop every fall. He said, "I will tell
you what I think will work. Next fall I am going to make a thick
syrup and put poison in it, and I am going to set it out and bait tbem
and poison them, then I will get my- grape crop." "You try that on
your neighbor's chickens first, and see whether you get into trouble. Do
you think it would be logical to put poison bread out to get your neigh-
bor's chickens in your yard, don't you think you would be in trouble?"
I tokl him who I was and said, "If you do a thing like that, sir, we are
going to watch you. In the first place the bees do not open your grapes
or destroy them as a result of their own activities. Your grapes are
diseased, and if you will take the advice of a man who knows how, the
bees will not get into your grapes. You will carefully spray them, then
you will have no further trouble with bees." Whether or not he will
do it we do not know, but we are going to watch him.

Mr. Wooldridge. — Wouldn't it be advisable to advocate at least
the orchard man havine: a financial interest in bees?

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEBS" ASSOCIATION. 147

Mr, Yost. — Yes, that is being done in Indiana and, I think, in a
great many places. They come along with the educational feature of it.
We try to inform them of the necessity of honey bees in their orchards.
The man sees the need of them, he has a good orchard. It will be
accomplished possibly in eight years, or nine. The bee is an absolute
essential. That has all to be done from an educational standpoint. I
believe that is our longest suit, and the bees becoming present in
orchards.

Mr. Samuel Cushman. — At a meeting not long ago in Chicago,
among the people who attended some one came up and left his name and
said, ''I am an orchard man. I am here to find somebody that will put
some bees in my orchard. When I was in Baltimore I had heard of an
orchardist, one of the most successful orchardists and a very extensive
one. I hunted him up to find out if I could put some bees on his place.
He had had a few colonies of bees and European foulbrood had nearly
cleaned them out. He had neglected them and had no bees there, only
one or two colonies. He said he would give me free a location, and a
house that I could use for storage, practically a honey-house. It turned
out I didn't go there, but I told a friend of • mine of it, and he took
about fifty colonies down State and he did that for him. A year after,
this young man sold out and somebody else bought him out, and the
man that bought him out was offered not only the location and the
honey -house free, but he said, "I will send my truck up to your place —
about twenty miles away — to get your supplies and bring them down,
and in the fall I will send my truck up to yonr place, because I don't
want you to take the bees off the place."

Mr. Moe. — There is still another subject on which you have not
altogether dwelt. You were thinking of one kind of apple. There are
many kinds that bloom in different periods. There are also cherry
blooms and other blooms in the orchard. x\ll of these come at a different
period. We have had, I think, the same difficulty in Wisconsin that you
have had nearly everywhere, the conflict between the beekeeper and the
orchardist. You might tell us something about spraying. You say that
the orchardist does himself injurj^ by spraying when in full bloom. I
wonder a little about that. I have treated oats for smut. Some claim
you kill a lot of the seed. We kill the weaker seeds and germs, but that
is a benefit. It allows the strong ones to grow and survive.

Mr. Yost. — I think the orchard man looks at it this way: Al-
though they bloom at different times, he would follow up the before and
after system of spraying, he would practice this : If the weaker ones
did not survive, and you know that a very small percentage do terminate
or complete their intention or purpose, that if he gets too many apple
blooms, he thins them down. Any practical fruit grower will do that.
I kno'w the fight between the beekeeper and the orchardist along that
line has been something like the controversy between the sheep grower
and the cattle man.

Mr. Eesnauer. — Referring to the poisoning of bees in taking
nectar from sprayed trees and taking it home, is there any possibility
that it would poison the honey to the extent that it would be injurious
to man?

148 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Mr. Yost. — That would depend on the man. One man could take
a certain percentage of arsenic and it would hurt him, and another man
would take more and it wouldn't hurt him at all. I doubt if a man
would take enough to make it dangerous.

Mr. Johnson. — In regard to spraying, there are several articles in
the bee journals in the last two months, and where most of the bees are
killed is where they are killed by spraying several different times during
the season. The bees get it from the plants in the orchard instead of
the trees.

Mr. Yost. — I believe we can get together on that if we try. There
are complaints that often come in when they really are not operating.
The beekeeper and the fruit man can get together on a mutual basis, I
believe.

The President. — It is almost twelve o'clock and I would like to
have the Eesolutions Committee meet with me for a few minutes. The
meeting will be adjourned till 1 :30, when we will hear the paper by
Mr. Cale, of Hamilton, Illinois.

Whereupon adjournment was taken till 1 :30 p. m.

TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION.

The President. — Gentlemen, if you will come to order, we will
proceed.

We have this afternoon the subject, "Eelation of Queens to Seasonal
Management," by Mr. G. H. Cale, Hamilton, Illinois. Mr. Cale.

The Eelation of Queens to Seasonal Management.
"" (By Mr. G. H. Cale.)

In a general way, it is well known that a good queen is essential to
the health, strength, and prosperity of a colony. However, an attempted
analysis of the definite relation a queen has to success in the management
of bees during the year may be of some value.

It is an axiom in beekeeping that, when other things are favorable,
the amount of honey obtained from a surplus flow depends, to a large
extent, upon the number and condition of the colonies of bees. There-
fore, the object of all well directed manipulation previous to the honey
flow is to have colonies overflowing with bees just as the flow begins.
The effort to obtain this objective is begun in the fall in the preparation
of the winter colony and it is at this time that the influence of the queen
is especially noticeable. An inferior queen can now do much to defeat
the beekeeper's purposes.

The point has been frequently stressed that to become rapidly strong
and prosperous in the spring the colony must contain numerous young,
vigorous bees, just before the winter period begins. Colonies that are
small in numbers or that have a large percentage of old bees suffer
severely in winter and may be quickly reduced to a critical condition.
Such colonies begin brood rearing too soon, often in January or Feb-
ruary, forcing the bees to expend their energy in maintaining an
abnormally high temperature. Under these conditions colonies may die

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION.

149

in winter or be so weak in spring that the queens cannot furnish brood
with sufficient rapidity.

In the average strong winter colony there should be, at least,
three or four pounds of bees, raised at about the same time, from eggs
laid as late as possible in the fall. Since the occurrence of killing
frosts usually marks the end of the brood rearing, the winter colony
must be secured before this. Three to four frames of brood, Lang-
stroth size, just previous to frost will insure the emergence of 15,000 to
20,000 young bees for winter, but this is an abnormal amount of brood
for this time of year, requiring the use of queens which are at their
prime in productiveness and activity.

Queens which have been laying one or more seasons rapidly slow
down in their egg laying at the end of the season and stop brood rearing

PtaN of brood - 100,000 bees

IS.OOO bfcs

April I

AlAil

Junei HoneifJow Julti

Piql

15,000 bu»

19.000 b«e,&

Chart Illustrating Development of Brood Rearing as the Season Advances.

early, especially where there is little nectar from fall flowers. They do
not provide ideal winter colonies. The activity of young queens is just
the opposite of this. They usually lay eggs continuously until frost,
insuring an abundance of young bees.

The writer was once interested in an experiment which entailed the
daily counting of the brood cells in eight colonies of bees and some of
the results obtained well illustrate this difference in the behavior of
queens at this time. Some of these colonies were headed by queens
which had been in use one or more seasons and others by young queens

150 TWENTY-riKST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

introduced in May, August or September. On October 28th, an average
of four frames of brood in all stages was found for the young queens
and an average of one frame of sealed brood for the old queens. Colony
1, Avith a queen which began laying only 16 days before frost, had
three and one-half frames of sealed brood on November 3d. Colony 7,
with a queen whieli began laying six weeks before frost, had still 336
eggs in cells on November 3d. Colonies 3 and 4, with queens intro-
duced in May previous to the honey flow, had two frames of brood and
no eggs on this date. The older queens had ceased egg laying long
before and all of the cells were empty.

In this case, it can readily be seen that the colonies with the
youngest queens were in the best shape for wintering in numbers of
young bees. It could also be reasonably expected, that, in the spring,
these colonies would still have a maximum population sufficiently young
anfl virile to push brood rearing activities rapidly forward.

When brood rearing is renewed in spring, the difference i]i the
behavior of young and old queens has been frequently noted. Here
again, old or inferior queens do not serve our purposes. It is normal
at this time of year for the colony to increase its adult population until
the queen reaches the maximum of her capacity in egg laying. This
point has been aptly called the peak of brood rearing and, from the
standpoint of honey production, the occurrence of this peak is of
extreme importance. For best results in the honey flow, each colony
must be built up to its greatest possible strength so quickly that most
of the workers shall be young and vigorous when the flow begins.

Brood rearing usually starts moderate!}^ in March or x\pril and
increases steadily until the first of May or June. If we could accu-
rately depict the behavior of queens during this period it would probably
be something like the accompanying diagram. Queens whose activity
brings results of this sort are ideal but not all queens meet the require-
ments. A reduction in prolificness, due to age or inferiority, changes
the picture materially. Brood rearing is then moderate gnd protracted
so that the peak of population comes too late.

Demuth has estimated the honey gathering population as five times
normal or ai)out 100,000 bees, a large majority of which should be reared
in the month or six weeks preceding the flow. This means that 70,000
to 80,000 cells of brood must be present in the hive at about the same
time. It means 2,500 to 3,000 eggs each day. This smacks of theory
but the facts of experience show that these high requirements are
actually met. Doolittle, whose word is well estimated among beekeep-
ers, stated that a good queen is one which will give us 3,000 to -4,000
eggs a day for a month previous to the honey flow. Charles Dadant
recorded the presence of 73,000 cells of brood filled in 21 days. In
Maryland, with the honey flow from the tulip trees due May 10th, the
writer found colonies in the Covernment Apiary with 14 l^anw^troth
frames, or about 70,000 cells of brood, on April 14th, four weeks before
the flow. However, this was only from young queens introduced the
previous fall. Brood in this amount, at one time, cannot be expected
when a single Langstroth liive is used. These colonies were each occu-
pying two 10-frame hive bodies.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 151

A further experience to illustrate this point was furnished during
the past season in the Dadant apiaries. We have a yard of 90 colonies,
known as the Gillam yard, located on the east blutf of the Mississippi
Kiver, in reach of a large acreage of heartease and Spanish needle from
which we obtain a fall flow. Tlie colonies in this yard were largely
headed by 1919 queens and, due to the pressure of other work, they
were not requeened this year. The fall crop from the 90 colonies was
three and one-half barrels of honey, or about 22 pounds per colony.
Further down the bluff is the Spencer yard. This started the season
with 65 colonies, also headed by old queens. The colonies were weak
in spring and built up slowly, finally showing bad infection with Euro-
pean foulbrood. We strengthened and requeened with young queens in
June to clean up the disease, reducing the number of the colonies to 40.
This was eight weeks before the fall flow. By the time of the flow the
colonies were exceptionally strong and the crop from the 40 was three
and one-half barrels, or 50 pounds per colony. In this case, the differ-
ence in crop between the two yards, due largely to a difference in queens,
was 28 pounds per colony, or $2.80 per colony.

There is a further objection to old or inferior queens, often over-
looked, in that they are frequently superseded in the spring or summer.
To be sure, this gives us young queens, but often so late that the peak
of population is delayed until during or at the close of the honey harvest
and a reduction in crop results. Supersedure will also increase the
amount of swarming since conditions favoring swarming are often
present when the supersedure cells are built. In the Dadant apiaries,
we use the Large Dadant hives and seldom have many swarms. This
year, of about twenty swarms, over 75 per cent were from colonies that
were superseding their queens.

So far, this has very evidently been an argument favoring the
maintenance of young, virile queens as an essential part of good man-
agement. There is one last gun to fire, however, which gives no mean
finish to the list of facts and that is the great value of such queens in
the control of European foulbrood. Everyone familiar with the disease
will agree that young Italian queens do much to keep disease in check.
Dr. Miller's slogan was "Strong colonies of strong bees," and he had
European foulbrood all around him. Yet he had little of it himself
because he kept his colonies so strong that it was rare for a colony to
show European at all. When it did show there was a comparatively
small amount, easily eliminated. Sturtevant. at Wasliingtoii. ''nun 1 it
difficult to infect strong colonies headed by young Italian queens, even
when large amounts of diseased material are fed directly to the bees.
He has emphasized the fact that colonies with European foulbrood may
be comparatively easily cleaned by strengthening and requeening. The
strength of the colony has much to do with recovery. During his ex-
periments, Sturtevant found that- of 10 strong colonies, ticiit-d i,- t>-
queening only 20 per cent showed recurrence of the disease; of 20
medium colonies, so treated, 50 per cent recurred; of 14 weak colonies,
57 per cent recurred.

Our own experience this past season with European foulbrood, at
the Spencer apiary, has already been mentioned. Of 65 colonies, over

152 TWEXTY-FIEST ANNUAL KEPOKT OF THE

35 had European foulbrood in early summer. These were treated suc-
cessfully by requeening and strengthening with frames of emerging
brood. Indeed^ where the brood of the colony was badly diseased it was
merely removed, com^jletely or in part, and given in exchange for sealed
brood from strong colonies, resulting in the complete elimination of the
disease. It must be rememberedTn&w^ver, that a mistake in diagnosis
would be disastrous where tliis method is employed since it would only
insure a further sjjread of American foulbrood.

Since good Cjueens are so nmch the soul of the colony, it would be
within the scope of this article to tell how queens are secured and in-
troduced but this is fundamental matter iu which most beekeepers are
well schooled and it is not our purpose to include it. There are a few
things of importance, however, which may well be mentioned. In our
own experience of several years trial, we do not believe it pays to re-
queen apiaries entirely with queens sent by mail. Supersedure is too
common and too many queens fail or are slow to regain their prolificness.
We think that the best results will be secured by raising queens from
selected stock in our own apiaries. To secure good stock, try several
untested queens from several breeders, line tliein up and watch them.
It is usually possible to get a very good breeding queen out of the lot.
Queenbreeders will agree that untested queens ship best and there is a
better chance of the purchaser getting his queen laying in the hive.
On the other hand, a breeding queen is a year old, her ovaries are
heavy, and frequently she is injured in the mails. Thus it often hap-
pens that a fine queen will be obtained and superseded almost at once.

In selecting a breeding Cjueen from the apiary, individual colony
records are almost a necessity. ' The common practice of transferring
brood, from colonies, that are strong to colonies having little brood,
makes accurate selection impossible. Queens not sufficiently prolific are
thus helped out and at tlie end of the season the comparative value
of queens cannot be knoAvn. A good breeding queen should give bees
that are gentle, industrious, and not given too much to swarming. A
queen which has a fine record for two successive seasons is preferred to
one with tbe same record for one season. Nothing can be decided by
the color of queens since queens are very irregular in their markings
and often dark Cjueens that look like hybrids produce fine bees. The
only way to test queens is to Judge their worker progeny.

The frequency of requeening is a matter of varying opinion. Some
good beekeepers believe that a queen is good until she shows signs of
decline, while others insist on annual or biennial replacement. The
jjroper measure of a queen's term of usefulness is to be found in the
severity with which she is used. fSeasons and locations vary in this re-
spect, but it must be remembered that in none of the cardinal periods
which we have mentioned must a queen offer a chance of failing. In
most locations requeening is necessary at least once in two years and it
is frequently necessary every year. In extracted honey production,
especially where tliere are two flow.s a year, as with us, queens are
worked very hard and must be replaced often to ke^p tlie colonies in
prime condition.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATIOX.

The best time of year to requeen is sometimes given as Augikst
but, in the Dadant apiaries, this time is inadvisable since it means tW
removal of queens Just before or at the beginning of the fall flow. A>
break in brood rearing then would be certain to reduce our crop. Un-
less queens are noticeably failing, they should not be removed during
the six weeks previous to a honey flow nor during the first part of the
honeyflow. After that they are of little further use, as far as that flow
is concerned, and may be taken out at any time. The same is true of
the six weeks period preeeeding frost. We are compelled, therefore, to
requeen, as far as possible earlier in the season and aim to do it during
the latter part of the clover flow. This avoids the midsummer dearth
when the work would be difficult because of robbing and the failure
of colonies to accept new queens. The only other time available to us
is toAvards the close of the fall and this necessitates the introduction
of laying queens previousl}' produced and mated in nuclei.

The majority of our queens must bear the burden of brood rearing
ifor the fall crop, the winter colony and the spring crop. It is a good
queen that will keep this up for two seasons and, therefore, annual
replacement is becoming more and more a part of our manipulation.

A labor saving method of requeening is l)y the introduction of ripe
grafted cells previously produced in cell building colonies. Where this
method is used, however, it is important to remember that the raising
of cells must be so timed that they may be introduced to the colonies
to be requeened and the virgins which emerge may mate and begin
laying at least six weeks before either a honeyflow or the end of brood
rearing in the fall. The time usually allowed from the starting of cells
to the beginning of egg laying is about 25 days. Also, for best results,
the mating period should come when there is a nectar flow, otherwise
there is too great a loss of virgins and too many are either imperfectly
mated or fail entirely to mate. Sufficient extra queens should be raised
to introduce to colonies in which this happens. These queens may be
mated in nuclei and the latter may be reunited with the colonies from
which they were made. Queens left over may be disposed of jks desired.

Me. Stewart. — Can you get one hundred thousand^ees in one
hive ?

Mr. Cale. — Yes, sir.

Mr. Wooldridge. — I get it every time.

Mr. Stewart. — What percentage of queens produce that many
eggs?

Mr. Cale. — Not as large a percentage as we wish might. That is
the ideal condition which we are describing. It is a condition in which
we wish all our colonies might be, but a condition in which we find but
few of our colonies.

Mr. Wheeler. — Were the hives the same?

Mr. Cale. — They were exactly the same, they were Dadant hives,
somewhat different from any you are accustomed to, 11 frames to the
hive.

Question. — Could you tell us whether you know you had swarms
or not?

loi TAVENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Mk. Cale. — We have two ways of determining this. Most of our
yards are situated practically at the back door of some house. In other
words, we pay for a location and expect that location to give us protec-
tion. All our yards, except our temporary yards which in the fall are
placed on the Mississippi bottoms, are placed at the back of some house,
often close to the house. These beekeepers will tell us uually they some-
times mark the hives from which the swarms come. Sometimes they
catch the swarms and hive them for us and we give them a dollar for
each swarm they catch. In that way we keep pretty close tab on them.
In some cases we find the condition which you are all familiar with.
Cells are torn down, and all the appearances of a colony that has
swarmed.

FOULBEOOD.

Mr. Stewart. — I raise the question, does the germ form a disease
or does the disease form the germ ?

Mr. Cale. — ^The germ forms the disease. I can't prove it here, but
I can take you into the laboratory and prove it.

Mr. Stewart. — What caused the disease?

Mr. Cale. — Bacillus larvae causes American foulbrood, bacillus
phiton causes European foulbrood.

yhi. Hunter. — What about mixed infection?

Mr. Cale. — Sometimes we have colonies in which there is what is
technically known as mixed infection. It was previously suppossd that
American and European foulbrood could not exist in the same colony,
but investigation showed that there were locations in which both dis-
eases might be present at the same time and in the same hive. The
number of such cases has been frequent. You may have European and
American foulbrood in the hive, and in that case it would be disastrous
to perform a treatment in the way I have given. ■ We were taking a
chance. If we had had a lot of American there and hadn't seen it, we
would have distributed it certainly.

Mr. Wheeler. — Can you treat European foulbrood with the shak-
ing method and succeed?

M]{. Cale. — You can treat it with the shaking method and succeed,
but the number of times you will succeed will be comparatively few
compared witli the number of times you will succeed the other way. It
used to be our belief that the only way to cure any disease was to shake
it, and we got into trouble with European foulbrood. jSTow we believe
the proper way is to requeen and strengthen, not shake. The difference
is this : the germs that cause the two diseases behave in different ways.
The one causing American foulbrood produces a material from the
larvae which it attacks which is extended at the base of the cell and
fastens down in the cell wall like so much glue. The tight scale is the
American.

Mr. Haan. — Would you give a good description of the difference
between American and European foulbrood?

Mr. Cale. — I will try, and if I leave out any points Mr. Johnson
or Mr. Yost, or those more actively engaged in inspection work, will add.
In diseases we have what we call typical disease and we have what are

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION". 155

also known as. variations; an inspector has to inspect on variations, but
when he does meet a typical one he immediately pronounces it so and so.
In a typical case of American foulbrood the attacking organism, Bacillus
larvae, attacks the larva usually as it extends in the cell. Quite late
in its life, it is not coiled, but extended in the cell. It is quite close to
the time of capping over that cell. The germs iiiereasing in number
•cause the organism to begin to lose its pearly luster and the tubes in
the body of the larvae through which the animal breathes — they do not
have lungs as we do, they breathe through a system of tubes — begin to
show up in a white line, and sometimes the body assumes a grayish
■cast, which is followed by a yellowish cast^ The larva constantly flatten-
ing down, lay the length of the cell, head straight out. Finally it
flattens down into a coffee-colored mass, loses all its liquid material and
becomes a dried scale which has in its process of disintegration fastened
itself to the cell walls. Oftentimes the head of that organism remains
upward like a gondola and frequently attaches itself to the top of
the wall.

This is a poeitive indication of the disease and is never found asso-
ciated with anything else, and if seen is always taken as evidence of the
presence of American foulbrood.

The cell cap covering the diseased material instead of being high
and porous, becomes flattened, loses its brown and becomes a dark
greasy color, and very often is pulled partly away so that we have a burst
appearance. Also in this' disease the fact that it so closely adheres to the
cell makes the even mass of scales rather prominent. That is typical
of American foulbrood.

Mr. Wheeler. — That process goes on before and after it is capped ?

Mr. Gale. — Yes. And in variations of that we find the larvae
attacked at a much younger stage. The inspector can give you many
variations of typical American foulbrood. Then there is the typical
European foulbrood. The organism which causes this disease is Bacillus
pluton. It attacks the larva as it is coiled in the cell at the bottom.
The first indication of something wrong is often a dislocation of the
larvae. You have seen larvae dislocated. They do not lie in the bottom
of the cell, they are out of place, and the color begins to change. The
tracheae show up. The color changes to a pasty yellowish mass down
to a coffee color, then a loose scale, not adhering to the cell wall, and
easily removed. This makes it possible for it to be cleaned out.

Variations from the typical in European foulbrood are much more
numerous than they are in the American foulbrood. The organism
which was previously supposed to cause the disease, Bacillus alvei, is a
larger organism, shows a different appearance from Bacillus pluton, and
almost always appears in the same tissues with Bacillus pluton.

It is a secondary factor. We may call it a vulture. This sometimes
gives an appearance to, the disease which will deceive you into thinking
you have American foulbrood.

A Member. — Alvei is American, too, isn't it?

Mr. Gale. — No, it is associated with European, but it causes an
appearance which may cause you to think the disease is American,

156 TWENTY- FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Mr. Johnson. — xVbout European foulbrood, the way to treat it is
to make the colony strong. Suppose you run across a man with only
one colony very badly affected. How are you going to treat it?

Mr. Cale. — I do not know.

Mr. Johnson. — My way is to take all the brood away and if you
have bees enough to cover one frame well, leave it in, adding the others
one at a time if you can, and they will come up.

Mr. Cale. — Good suggestion. In California they have shaken
everything for years and they are losing thousands of dollars by shaking
for European foulbrood, by putting the colony in a weak condition and
leaving a small number of germs somewhere. That brings it back in
a weaker colony that is less able to handle it than the colony you have
shaken before. It doesn't work.

Mr. Wheeler. — Will you please tell me one thing? I want to
know about the capping in European foulbrood. Do you have holes in
the European foulbrood?

Mr. Cale. — I don't want to take up the prestige of Mr. Yost and
Mr. Johnson, who are active inspectors, but I will answer the question
since you ask it. In a case of secondary infection, to use the profes-
sional term, in other words, where organisms other than the ones calising
the disease have gotten into the meat of the larvae, we sometimes find
that larvae die extended in their cells, just as in American foulbrood.
and that the caps of the cells arc placed over them, and perforations do
appear, but that is rare. An infection of that sort requires sending the
brood for an examination. I would not trust myself to diagnose a case
of that kind. I had two or three last year, and I sent them to Wash-
ington.

Mr. Haan. — You say one should test the larvae with a toothpick?

Mr Cale.— That is all right where the disease has gotten such a
foothold in the larvae that it has reached that state where it ropes.
But it is American foulbrood before it reaches that stage. That is one
of the tests for it, but remember if you do not get that test, ther§ still
may be American. If you get a fine silk-like thread that ropes out, it
is pretty good proof that it is American, but at the same time you may
not get that result and you may have what looks like disease and it
may be American without giving that ropiness. That is merely a stage.
On the other hand, there are not very- many of us that find the disease
until there is some of that ropiness present.

Mr. Kannenberg. — Has the European foulbrood any odor like the
American ?

Mr. Cale. — Xo. In a good many cases of European foulbrood
there is what we call a '^sweat-shirt" odor.

Question. — Is there an odor there when the secondary organism
gets in?

Mr. Cale. — Yes, then we do get a rotten odor.

Mr. Cusiiman. — When ordinary brood dies or gets rotten, do germs
get in?

Mr. Cale. — Yes, sir.

It is hard to understand the nature of bacteria. How many of you
have had the privilege of going into a bacteriological laboratory? They

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES'ASSOCIATION. 157

have methods of capturing organisms from the air and from materials,
and they have methods of isolating and taking those organisms by them-
selves and producing cultures. These show different colors, some red,
some orange, some green or white, or milk colored. Some of them have
very fantastic shapes, some straight lines, some are circles. They find
that the air and the earth and the tissues of living things are permeated
with organisms of a microscopic sort. A small number of them produce
disease, a very large number of them are beneficial. Two of them have
a very decided eff'ect on bees. Bacillus pluton and Bacillus larvae so-
called.

Mr. Wheeler. — One thing I am curious to know. Yesterday I
spoke of placing my diseased brood in a cold cellar and leaving it there
till fall. When fall came the brood had all been eaten up and scattered.
What had happened to that brood ? There is some kind of a germ tnat
seems to destroy the brood, entirely eat it up. It was a germ.

Mr. Cushman. — You put it away free from bees ?

Mr. Wheeler. — Yes, entirely. When fall came and I got ready
to melt it up, the cells were empty of that brood. I suppose it was
done by a germ that devoured it.

Mr. Moe. — There is a spore state, I understand, in bacteria. It
will live during intense heat and breed for itself. Perhaps that will
explain the condition. Ater the disease is through ravaging, to preserve
life for the future, in that you may get the whole thing. It is like so
many of our seed plants that produce seed that will live through the
cold during the winter and propagate life the next year. That may or
may not be the answer.

Long Lived Bees.

I would like to ask a few questions on the paper, if I may. I have
reared some queens and found a study and observation of them very
interesting. There is one thing in regard to queen-rearing that was
overlooked, that is in regard to long lived bees. Some advocate requeen-
ing each year. That has a few points in its favor, but there are great
disadvantages in connection with it. It was admitted in this paper that
you cannot test out a queen during one year. It will take more years
than that. The first year is no test. I have not followed that requeenin^
each year, but of course, it would kill off some of my best queens. We
can select the bees from our yard. In that way we cannot control the
drones. He goes back a generation or two before he gives an influence.

The President. — I think we all agree with you that in keeping
queens for breeding purposes it is well to keep them longer than one
year, so you can be sure of good stock.

The Committee on Eesolutions is ready to report. The other mem-
bers of this committee insisted I was chairman of that committee, so it
looks as if it were up to me to make that report. We have a few resolu-
tions which we will consider either together or separately, as you prefer.

The following resolutions Avere adopted :

158 TWENTY-FIRST AXXUAL REPORT OF THE

"Whereas, The death of Mrs. A. I. Root has been announced to this con-
vention; therefore, be it

Jiesolved, That the following letter of condolence be sent:
' ■ Chicago, III., December 6, 1921.

To Mr. A. I. Root, Medina, Ohio.

The officers and members of the Chicago Northwestern Beekeepers'

Association in convention assembled extend to you and to all members

of your family their sincere and heartfelt sympathy in your recent

bereavement.

Whereas, The large importations of low-grade honey from tropical and
semi-tropical countries has reduced the wholesale market price of all honey
below the cost of production; therefore, be it

Resolved, That the Chicago Northwestern Beekeepers' Association re-
spectfully asks that a duty of not less than 40 cents per gallon be laid upon
all honey imported into the United States; and

Resolved, further. That the Secretary be instructed to forward a copy
of the above resolution to the Tariff Commission of the United States and
duplicate copies to Congressmen of this district and Senators from Illinois.

Whereas, It is our sincere belief that effective County, State and Nat-
ional organizations afford the only National solution of the problem con-
fronting beekeepers; therefore, be it

Resolved, That the Chicago Northwestern Beekeepers' Association give
to such organizations its moral and so far as practical its financial support.

Resolved, That the present President and Secretary be instructed to edit
the stenographic report of this meeting, to the end that errors and unim-
portant matter be eliminated.

Mr. CusHMAisr. — The best stenographer in the world, unless she
knows as much about beekeeping as the speakers, never could make a
report that would give it right to you and me. And I believe that a
paper such as Mr. Cale has given us should be used and the discussions
relating to it printed, and that he should have the privilege of looking
over those notes and making them readable to give the right impression
before they are printed, and every other speaker the same way. I have
had experience in that and I know how it works out. I think it will
add to the value of the report. I received the report last year, and here
and there were things you had to correct in your mind in order to get
the right impression. I think it is very important, I value that book
very much. I think it is very important that everything be edited so
it will be just right.

The President. — The next thing is tlie election of officers. Who
will you have for your President?

Mr. IvANNENBtERG. — I will nominate our regular President, Mr.
'Miller.

The President. — Gentlemen, this makes the sixth year in which I
have acted as presiding officer of this association. I feel that it is time
that someone else take the reins. I do not believe it is a good thing for
an association, for one person to remain at the head of the association
too long. I think some chance should be given for new men to come in,
perhaps with new ideas, to conduct it in a better way. so I must posi-
tively decline to be President for the coming year. I want to say I
appreciate very much the honor of having been President, for it is an
honor, and I appreciate the confidence of the members of this associa-
tion, but it is my desire for you to elect somebody else for the office for
the coming year.

ILLI?fOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS^ ASSOCIATION. 159

Me. Moe. — Mr. President, if you feel that way I would like to
nominate Mr. M. G. Dadant They should be here, and that, perhaps,
would fetch them here.

Ml?. Wheeler. — We want you for President.

The President. — I can't serve any more, Mr. Wheeler, 1 thank
you.

Mr. Haax. — Mr. President,- 1 move we elect all the officers as thev
stand, for the present year.

The President. — I can't serve, Mr. Haan, I positively must declme.

Mr. Cushman was nominated and declined.

Mr. Stewart nominated Mr. C. 0. Smith.

Mr. Yost was nominated and declined.

Mr. Ivannenberg's name was suggested.

Mr. Kannenberg. — If you don't find a man right in your imme-
diate ranks here, and have to take a new man, Mr. Cale is a good man
to elect. As I understand he is with the Dadant apiaries, is a young
man with education and training, and I believe you ought to work
him in.

Mr. AVheeler. — I nominate Mr. Cale. I tried to get Mr. Dadant
to accept an office. I ask Mr. Cale if he will accept it?

Mr. Cale. — I do not know your membership or where they live.
You realize I live at the western edge of the State. It is a $20 trip,
we have our own State association that we are interested in more or
less, and while I would consider it an honor uncalled for, I think it
would be the part of wisdom for the association to elect somebody nearer
the headquarters of the association, which seems to be Chicago. I think
I would find it difficult to carry on the work.

The President. — Xearly every year we have a representative of
^the Dadants present. They ought to be and are interested. I will say
that the membership of this association is supposed to cover several
states, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Indiana. We have among our
speakers more from Indiana and Wisconsin than we have from Illinois
this year. It is doubtful whether it will be advisable to nominate and
elect a man not present, and who probably would not accept the office.

Mr. Wheeler and Mr. Haan were nominated.

Mr. Wheeler declined.

A Member. — I think Mr. Cale would be just the man to put in
there.

A ballot was taken resulting in the election of Mr. G. H. Cale of
Hamilton, Illinois.

Mr. John C. Bull having served six years as Secretary, declined
renomination and Mr. F. Haan of DesPlaines, Illinois, was elected Sec-
retary for the ensuing vear.

The Secretary. — One question I would like to take up. The Price
Committee, what is to be done with it, shall we continue it or drop it?

Mr. Haan. — I believe the Price Committee was a good thing, and
I think it ought to be continued. I have felt as though it has helped
me along, although I didn't ^'^i prices this snmmer. I do think it

160 TWENTY-FIKST A^TXUAL REPORT OF TPIE

makes prices a little more uniform over the district, and it will tend to
give everybody a better show.

AxoTHER Member. — By all means, I think we ought to have a
Price Committee.

j\Ir. Moe. — I find it very interesting. I make a motion that the
present Secretary continue as a member of the committee, and that the
President be made a member and- that a third member be appointed as
the Price Committee for the ensuing year.

The President. — Last year a Price Committee was appointed
which failed to act for the reason there was some question in regard
to its legality, whether it could be construed in a way that it would make
trouble. Another point is that the United States Government sends out
price letters every two weeks, prices quoted by dealers and beekeepers
in every state in the United States. It averages the opinion of 30 or
40 different reporters in the different parts of the country. I agree
with you the work of the Price Committee has been very valuable.
There is one other point. The funds of the Chicago Northwestern are
very limited. I belie\e we have enrolled thus far at this session about
25 members at $1.50 apiece. There are some expenses in running the
office. If we add to that the expense of getting out a price letter prob-
ably an assessment would have to be made.

Mr. Cushmax. — How did you spread the information that this
Price Committee sent out?

The Secretary. — By letters to the membership and a mailing list
of about 1,000. The mailing list was a picked list made up of bee-
keepers of 10 colonies or more, so as to get away from mailmg to the
small beekeeper.

Mr. Cushmax.- — Whether members of the association or not?

The Secretary. — Yes, sir.

A Member. — How many members paid the last assessment?

The Secretary. — Forty-three assessments were sent out and up to
date 23 paid, a total of about $80 to be paid. I didn't have money
enough to send to Indianapolis for the league, so I dvig down in my
own pocket and waited for the money till I got it back. Also the dele-
gate paid his own expenses to Indianapolis.

The Presidex^t. — There was a motion made that a Price Com-
mittee be appointed.

A Member. Second the motion. (Carried.)

It was moved by ]\Ir. Haan, seconded and carried, that the chair
appoint tlie committee.

The Prestdext. — Anything else before we adjourn?

The Secretary'. — How are you going to raise the necessary funds
to carry on this price letter and how far do you wish to extend it? Do
you want to send it to the members only, make a mailing list of a
thousand, or what is necessary?

The Presidext. — Is there a motion? If not, we will leave that
to the discretion of the committee.

The Secretary'. — We found in the last two years that sending
out one letter about the last of July or the first of August, as soon as

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 161

we got the government crop report of July 1st, would usually do for
one year. At the present time the price is not going to change very
much in two or three months.

The President. — If there is nothing further a motion to adjourn
is in order, to meet next December. I think according to the program,
arranged by the League Committee, that we will hold the meeting the
fourth and fifth of December next year. This will be changed, of

course, if desirable.

Whereupon the convention was adjourned.

r

—11 B A

162

TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

HONEY VINEGAR.

Most beekeepers at times find themselves in the possession of low
grade honey which is unmarketable. Many beekeepers feed back such
honey to the bees, but such practice is often very detrimental to the bees.
The best means of using this honey is to turn it into vinegar. Honey
vinegar is when properly made seldom excelled by vinegar from any
other source.

The first step in the fabrication of vinegar from honey is to ferment
the honev and water solution and form an alcohol solution. The first
process of fermentation should be completed and all the sugar in the
honey solution transformed into alcohol. Yeast is required for this
fermentation and as all the substances are not present in the honey and
water solution for rapid growth of the yeast the substance must be added.
The best substances to add to secure the needed elements is ammonium
chloride and potassium phosphate. The proportions in which to use
them is as follows:

10 gal. of 10% honey solution.

2 oz. ammonium chlorid.

1 oz. potassium phosphate.

Add to this one-fourth cake of compressed
yeast softened in warm water.

Figure 1.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 163

A hydrometer is necessary to determine the percentage of the honey
and water. One of these may be obtained through the local druggist.
The hydrometer should be graduated, to the Baume scale, to read from
zero to ten degrees by one-tenth degree marks. To test the solution a
portion is drawn off into a long glass jar and the hydrometer floated in
it, as in Figure 1. Where the surface of the liquid cuts the tube the
degrees and tenths of a degree is read and compared with the following
table to determine the percentage of honey in the solution :

Percentage

5aum(

i Scale.

59 degrees Fahrenheit.

Honey Solution,

.6

1.

1.1

2.

1.7

3.

2.3

4.

2.8

•

5.

3.4

6.

4.-0

7.

4.5

8.

5.1

9.

5.7

10.

6.2

11.

6.8

12.

7.4

»

13.

7.9

14.

8.5

15.

You will observe that a reading of 5.7 shows a 10 per cent solution
which is the proper strength to use. If the reading is higher than 5.7
then more water must be added and if less, then more honey must be
added.

A clean barrel makes a good container for the fermenting solution
but it must rest on its side with the bung up and open. There should
also be two holes bored near the upper side in each end. The holes with
the bung will give sufficient ventilation. The yeast ferment must have
fresh air for its development. The openings should be covered with
gauze to keep out flies and bugs. The solution as described above should
have all the honey converted into alcohol in about two or three weeks if
the temperature of the room has been nearly constant and about 65
degrees Fahrenheit.

After having the honey converted into alcohol the next step is to
change this alcohol in the solution into vinegar. For this a special
apparatus will be needed. Obtain a good barrel and saw off each end so
as to make two tubs one foot deep. . Fit tight wooden covers to these
tubs. In each cover make three openings in line. One in the center
three inches in diameter and the other two one inch' in diameter and five
inches from the edge. Corks should be fitted in the smaller of these
holes, through one of which passes a thermometer and the other a glass
funnel. If a glass funnel with a tube long enough to reach the bottom

164

TAVEXTY-FIRST ANNUAL EEPORT OF THE

of the tub can not be obtained a piece of bamboo may be used. The iron
hoops of the tubs should be painted with asphaltum varnish. The
thermometer should reach about half way to the bottom of the tub. In
each stave in the tub a five-eighth inch hole should be bored. These
holes should slope downwards toward the inside of the tub, they should
be on the same line. Just one one-quarter inch hole should be made
one-half inch below one of the five-eighth inch holes, the latter hole to
govern the depth of the liquid in the tubs. A wooden spigot should be
fitted to each tub far enough from the bottom that when the tub is
drained about one inch of liquid will be left. This is to be used for a
starter when the tub is filled with fresh solution. A strip of gauze
should be stretched around the tubs over the holes to prevent the
entrance of pests and also a piece should be tacked over the large opening
in the cover. For a dia^am of the tub see Fisfure 2.

Figure 2.

Figure

The barrel and the tub may be arranged as shown in
The apparatus should not be disturbed while working except to add more
solution and draw off the vinegar. It will not need cleaning more than
once a year unless it becomes infected with some undesirable ferments or

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION.

165

pests and then it must be thorough!}' cleaned and scalded. The apparatus
should be placed where the temperature is nearly constant and around
65 degrees Fahrenbeit.

Figure 3.

The solution of fermented honey should be allowed to run into the
tubs through the glass funnel in which has been placed a small piece of
absorbent cotton, through which it must filter. The first time the tubs
are filled they must be inoculated with vinegar ferment and this can
best be done by drawing off a quart of the liquid and adding through the
large hole in the cover a quart of good cider vinegar. This vinegar
should be drawn from a barrel as the bottled vinegar on the market sel-
dom contains any living ferment. About ten days or two weeks after
the tubs have been filled all the alcohol in the solution should be turned
into acid. The rapidity of the action can be determined by observing
the thermometer. The temperature will rise while the change is talcng
place and when com.plete, the temperature of the liquid will fall to the
room temperature. If the action of the ferment should be too rapid and
the temperature rise above 80 degrees the larger opening in the cover
should be partly closed by a cover as otherwise there will he a loss in
acid by evaporation. To test the acidity of the vinegar the hydrometer
is used as in testing the honey solution and the percentage of acid may
be determined by comparing the reading with the following table. No
vinegar should be sold that does not test at least five per cent acidity :

166 TWENTY-FIBST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Acidity of

Baume Degrees. • Vinegar Per Cent.
Temperature 59 degrees Fahrenheit.

.1 1.0

.2 1.5

.3 2.0

A 2.3

.5 2.6

.6 3.0

.7 3.5

.8 4.0

.9 4.5

1.0 5.0

1.1 5.5

1.2 6.0

1.3 6.5

1.4 7.0

1.5 ■ 7.5

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEJEPEBS' ASSOCIATION. 167

FOULBROOD IN BEES.

There are two foulbroods. They are referred to in the United
States by the names of European foulbrood and American foulbrood.
Both diseases exist in the Eastern as well as the Western Hemisphere,
the terms "European" and "American" indicating simply the countries
in which technical studies of these diseases were first made. Dr. White,
whose microscopical and bacteriological studies have earned for him a
well-deserved world renown, discovered the germs that cause these dis-
eases (Circulars 94 and 157 of the Bureau of Entomology, Department
of Agriculture of United States.) The germ that causes American
foulbrood he named "Bacillus larvae" and to the one that causes
European foulbrood he gave the name of "Bacillus pluton." The word
bacillus means a stick, and the germs that produce these diseases are
minute plants which have the form of sticks and are so small that they
must be very highly magnified to be seen. These stick-like germs grow
and multiply in the bodies of the bee larvae, causing them to become
sick and die. We can judge' of the promptness of their reproduction,
and of their minuteness, when we read in Cheshire, that a dead larvae
frequently contains as many as one billion of these spores.

European foulbrood, at one time popularly called "black brood,"
being the lesser of the two diseases, will be described first. It has been
fully mentioned by Dr. Phillips, in Circular No. 79 of the Bureau of
Entomology, to which we refer the student. This disease has been quite
prevalent in the United States since 1900.

DESCRIPTION OF EUROPEAN FOULBROOD.

The brood dies early, death taking place, as a rule, before the larvae
are capped and while still coiled in the cell. The larvae soon after death
turn slightly yellow, and then brown, and, if not removed by the bees,
they dry to scales. ISTo ropiness of the dead larvae is usually present in
this disease. When there is ropiness present, it is never marked as in
the other foulbrood. Some of the larvae may die after capping. The
caps may be punctured or not, and are, in many instances, removed by
the bees. There is very little odor, and when present it is not so dis-
agreeable as in' the other disease. For a more complete description of
European foulbrood, see Bulletin No. 810, United States Department of
Agriculture, by Dr. G. F. White.

The methods of treatment of the two diseases differ greatly, and
are given in forthcoming pages. ■

American foulbrood, of foulbrood proper, is a more malignant dis-
ease than European foulbrood.

(From Langsfroth-Dadant Hive and Honeybee.)

168 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

DESCRIPTION OF MALIGNANT AMERICAN FOULBROOD.

"In most cases the larva is attacked when nearly^ ready to seal up.
It turns slightly yellow, or grayish spots appear on it. It then seems to
soften, settles down in the bottom of the cell, in a shapeless mass, at first
white, yellow, or grayish in color, soon changmg to brown. At this
stage it becomes glutinous and ropy; then, after a varying length of
time, owing to the weather, it dries up into a dark coffee-colored mass.
Usually the bees make no attempt to clean out the infected cells, and
they will sometimes fill them with honey, covering up this dried foul-
brood matter at the bottom.

"Sometimes the larvae do not die until sealed over. We have been
told that such may be easily detected by a sunken capping perforated
by a 'pin-hole.' This is by no means invariably the case. Such larvae
will often dry up entirely, without the cap being perforated or per-
ceptibly sunken, although it usually becomes darker in color than those
covering healthy larvae.

"The most fatal misapprehension has been in regard to the smell
of the disease. In its first stages there is no perceptible smell, and it
is not until the disease has made a considerable progress that any
unusual smell would be noticed by most persons. In the last stages,
when sometimes half or more of the cells in the hive are filled with
rotten brood, the odor becomes sufficiently pronounced, but the nose is
not to be relied on to decide whether a colony has foulbrood or not.
Long before it can be detected by the sense of smell, the colony is in a
condition to communicate the disease to others.

AMERICAN FOULBROOD TREATMENT.

"In the honey season, when the bees are gathering honey freely,
remove the combs in the evening and shake the bees into their own
hives; give them frames with comb foundation starters and let them
build comb for four days. The bees will make the starters into comb
during the four days and store the diseased honey in them, which they
took with them from the old comb. Then in the evening of the fourth
day take out the new combs and give them comb foundation (full sheets)
to work out, and the cure will be complete. By this method of treatment
all the diseased honey is removed from the bees before the full sheets of
foundation are worked out. All the foulbrood combs must be burned or
carefully made into wax after they are removed from the hives, all the
new combs made out of the starters during the four days must be made
into beeswax, on account of the diseased honey that would be stored in
them. The curing or treating of diseased colonies should be done in the
evenin.o;, so as not to have any robbing done, or cause any of the bees
from diseased colonies to mix and go with the bees of healthy colonies.
By doing all the work in the evening it gives the bees a chance to settle
down nicely before morning, and there is no confusion or trouble.

"It is well to give the bees some feed, either honey from perfectly
healthy colonies, or, if any doubt, then feed syrup of equal parts white

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 169

sugar and water, giving the feed in the upper hive above the bees, so
as to prevent robbing.

''Honey from infected hives should never be given to bees, unless it
is boiled for 30 minutes. Then it may be used safely. Such boiled
honey will be very dark colored, and the bees do not like it.

"Never let bees get to infected honey; better bury it deep in the
earth.

"This treatment is most reliable, and has been tested for many
years in all climates. The greatest number of failures are where the
operator is not careful in treating. Ever remember that a single drop
of infected honey, or piece of infected honey, or piece of infected comb,
carelessly left exposed, will be enough to give the disease to as many
colonies as come in contact with it.

"Hives well scraped, are safe to use again, and if the frames are
boiled under boiling water for some time, they are also safe to use again.
Comb foundation from infected wax will be safe to use, as I have proven
in 60 cases in Wisconsin. Queen-cages may contain disease, so, to be
safe, I remove the queen into a new cage before introducing, and place
old cage and attendants in the fire. If queens are from known healthy
colonies, they can be introduced in the shipping cage in which they
arrive.

"Avoid all bees robbing infected or just treated hives."

Instead of boiling, which is a slow process, the hives and fix-
tures may be singed by the flames of a tinner's blow-torch.

The odor of American foulbrood is similar to that of a carpenter's
glue-pot.

(N. E. France.)

TREATMENT OF EUROPEAN FOULBROOD.

This was customarily treated like American foulbrood, by removing
all the combs containing honey or brood. But in 1905, E. W. Alexan-
der, of New York state, who had much trouble with this disease, found
out that removing the queen for a certain length of time, returning her,,
or preferably giving the bees another of Italian stock at the end of 10
to 23 days, or sometime allowing them to rear another from her broody
usually conquered the disease. This indicates that the disease is not so
serious as that of Bacillus larvae. Indeed, the most important point in
the case with which the cure may be performed lies in the fact that the
dead larva does not become soft or ropy, but remains usually whole and
may be carried out by the bees, who even suck the juices of the very
young larvae when they die, as noted by Dr. C. C. Miller, who also
fought this trouble in his apiary. So the bees clean up the cells and
burnish them, if the disease is not too far advanced. Whenever all the
diseased brood has disappeared, the hive is judged safe for a new queen.
Italian bees have the reputation of being much more immune to Euro-
pean foulbrood than the common blacks, and it is always recommended
to introduce a queen of this race.

(The Hive and Honeybee.)

170 TWENTY-FUtST ANNUAL KEJ'OIfT OK TIIF,

FORMATION OF THE ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS'

ASSOCIATION.

Springfield, III., Fe'bruary 26, 1891.

The Capitol Beekeepers' Association was called to order by President
P. J. England.

Previous notice having been given that an effort would be made to form,
a State association, and there being present beekeepers from different parts
of the State, by motion, a recess was taken in order to form sucn an asso-
ciation.

P. J. England was chosen temporary chairman and C. E. Yocum tem-
porary secretary. On motion, the Chair appointed Thos. G. Newman, C. P.
Dadant and Hon. J. M. Hambaugh a Committee on Constitution.

Col. Chas. F. Mills addressed the meeting on the needs of a State asso-
ciation and stated that it was his opinion that the beekeepers should have
a liberal appropriation for a State Apiarian Exhibit at the World's Colum-
bian Exposition.

A motion to adjourn till 1:30 p. m., prevailed.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

The Committee on Constitution reported a form for same which, on
motion, was read by the Secretary, by sections serially.

Geo. F. Robbins moved to substitute the word "shall" for "may" in the
last clause of Section 1, Article III. This led to a very animated discussion,
and the motion was lost.

J. A. Stone moved to amend the above-named section by striking out the
word "ladies" and all that followed of the same section, which motion led to
further discussion, and motion finally prevailed.

Section 2, Article II, relating to a quorum, was, on motion, entirely
stricken out.

Mr. Robbins moved to amend Article V by adding the words "Thirty
days' notice having been given to each member." Prevailed.

Thos. G. Newman moved to adopt the Constitution, so amended, as a
whole. Which motion prevailed.

(See Constitution).

J. A. Stone moved that the Chair appoint a Nominating Committee of
three on permanent organization. Prevailed.

Chair appointed as such committee. Col. Chas. F. Mills, Hon. J. M.
Hambaugh, and C. P. Dadant.

Committee retired and in a few minutes returned, submitting the
following named persons as candidates for their respective offices:

For President — P. J. England, Fancy Prairie.

For Vice Presidents — Mrs. L. Harrison, Peoria; C. P. Dadant, Hamilton;
W. T. F. Petty, Pittsfield; Hon. J. M. Hambaugh, Springfield; Dr. C. C. Miller,
Marengo.

Secretary — Jas. A. Stone, Bradfordton.

Treasurer — A. N. Draper, Upper Alton.

Mr. Black moved the adoption of the report of the Committee on Nom-
inations. The motion prevailed, and the officers as named by the committee
were declared elected for the ensuing year.

Hon. J. M. Hambaugh moved that Mr. Thos. G. Newman, Editor Ameri-
can Bee Journal, of Chicago, be made the first honorary member of the
association. Prevailed.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 171

At this point, Col. Chas. F. Mills said:

"Mr. Chairman, I want to be the first one to pay my dollar for member-
ship," at the same time suiting his action to his words, and others roUowed
his example, as foHows:

CHARTER MEMBERS.

Col. Chas. F. Mills, Springfield. Geo. F. Robbins, Mechanicsburg.

Hon. J. M. Hambaugh, Springfield. J. W. Yocum, Williamsville.

Hon. J. S. Lyman, Farmingdale. Thos. S. Wallace, Clayton.

C. P. Dadant, Hamilton. A. J. England, Fancy Prairie.

Chas. Dadant, Hamilton. P. J. England, Fancy Prairie.

A. N. Draper, Upper Alton. C. E. Yocum, Sherman.

S. N. Black, Clayton. Jas. A. Stone, Bradfordton.
Aaron Coppin, Wenona.

FIRST HONORARY MEMBER.

Thos. G. Newman, Editor American Bee Journal, Chicago.

r

172 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

STATE OF ILLINOIS — DEPARTMENT OF STATE.

Isaac N. Pearson, Secretary of State.

To all to whom these Presents shall come — Gbeeting:

Whereas, A certificate duly signed and acknowledged having been filed
in the oflace of the Secretary of State on the 27th day of February, A. D.
1891, for the organization of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association,
under and in accordance with the provisions of "An Act Concerning Corpo-
rations," approved April 18, 1872, and in force July 1, 1872, and all acts
amendatory thereof, a copy of which certificate is hereunto attached.

Now, Therefore, I, Isaac N. Pearson, Secretary of State, of the State of
Illinois, by virtue of the powers and duties vested in me by law, do hereby
certify that the said. The Illinois State Beekeepers, Association, is a legally
organized corporation under the laws of the State.

In Testimony Whereof, I hereunto set my hand and cause to be affixed
the great seal of State.

Done at the city of Springfield, this 27th day of February, in the year
of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety-one, and
and Independence of the United States the one hundred and
fifteenth.

[Seal] I. N. Pearson, Secretary of State.

State of Illinois, /

r ss
County of Sangamon. \ '

To Isaac N. Pearson, Secretary of State ^

We, the undersigned. Perry J. England, Jas. A. Stone and Albert N.

Draper, citizens of the United States, propose to form a corporation under

an act of the General Assembly of the State of Illinois, entitled, "An Act

Concerning Corporations," approved April 18, 1872, and all acts amendatory

thereof; and for the purposes of such organizations, we hereby state as

follows, to-wit:

1. The name of such corporation is. The Illinois State Beekeepers'
Association.

2. The object for which it is formed is to promote the general interests
of the pursuit of bee-culture.

3. The management of the aforesaid Association shall be vested in a
board of three Directors, who are to be elected annually.

4. The following persons are hereby selected as the Directors, to con-
trol and manage said corporation for the first year of its corporate existence,
viz: Perry J. England, Jas. A. Stone, and Albert N. Draper.

5. The' location is in Springfield, in the county of Sangamon, State of
Illinois.

(Signed) Perry J. England,
Jas. a. Stone,
Albert N. Draper.

State of Illinois, \
Sangamon County. \ "

I, S. Mendenhall, a notary public in and for the county and State afore-
said, do hereby certify that on this 26th day of February, A. D. 1891, per-
sonally appeared before me, Perry J. England, James A. Stone and Albert N.
Draper, to me personally known to be the same persons who executed the

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 173

foregoing certificate, and severally acknowledged that they had executed the
same for the purposes therein set forth.

In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal the day and
year above written.

fSeal] S. Mendenhall, Notary Public.

174 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL EEPOET OF THE

CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS OF THE ILLINOIS STATE
BEEKEEPERS* ASSOCIATION.

Constitution.

Adopted Feb. 26, 1891.

ARTICLE I.— Name.

This organization shall be known as The Illinois State Beekeepers'
Association, and its principal place of business shall be at Springfield, 111.

ARTICLE II.— Object.

Its object shall be to promote the general interests of the pursuit of
bee-culture.

ARTICLE III.— Membership.

Section 1. Any person interested in apiculture may become a member
upon the payment to the Secretary of an annual fee of one dollar and fifty
cents ($1.50). (Amendment adopted at annual meeting, December, 1919):
And any affiliating association, as a body, may become members on the pay-
ment of an aggregate fee of fifty cents (50c) per member, as amended No-
vember, 1910.

Sec. 2. Any person may become honorary member by receiving a
majority vote at any regular meeting.

ARTICLE IV. — Officers.

Section 1. The officers of this association shall be. President, Vice
President, Secretary and Treasurer. Their terms of office shall be for one
year, or until their successors are elected and qualified.

Sec. 2. The President, Secretary and Treasurer shall constitute the
Executive Committee.

Sec. 3. Vacancies in office — by death, resignation and otherwise — shall
be filled by the EJxecutive Committee until the next annual meeting.

ARTICLE V. — Amendments.

This Constitution shall be amended at any annual meeting by a twoi
thirds vote of all the members present — thirty days' notice having been
given to each member of the association.

By-Laws.

ARTICLE I.

The officers of the association shall be elected by ballot and by a
majority vote.

ARTICLE II.

It shall be the duty of the President to call and preserve order at all
meetings of this association; to call for all reports of officers and commit-

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEBS' ASSOCIATION. 175

tees; to put to vote all motions regularly seconded; to count the vote at all
elections, and declare the results; to decide upon all questions of order,
and to deliver an address at each annual meeting.

ARTICLE III.

The Vice Presidents shall be numbered, respectively. First, Second,
Third, Fourth and Fifth, and it shall be the duty of one of them, in his
respective order, to preside in the absence of the President.

ARTICLE IV.

Section 1. It shall be the duty of the Secretary to report all proceed-
ings of the association, and to record the same, when approved, in the
Secretary's book; to conduct all correspondence of the association, and to
file and preserve all papers belonging to the same; to receive the annual
dues and pay them over to the Treasurer, taking his receipt for the same; to
take and record the name and address of every member of the association;
to cause the Constitution and By-Laws to be printed in appropriate form and
in such quantities as may be directed by the Executive Committee from time
to time, and see that each member is provided with a copy thereof; to make
out and publish annually, as far as practicable, statistical table showing the
number of colonies owned in the spring and fall, and the amount of honey
and wax produced by each member, together with such other information
as may be deemed important, or be directed by the Executive Committee;
and to give notice of all meetings of the association in the leading papers
of the State, and in the bee journals at least four weeks prior to the time
of such meeting.

Sec. 2. The Secretary shall be allowed a reasonable compensation for
his services, and to appoint an assistant Secretary if deemed necessary.

ARTICLE V.

It shall be the duty of the Treasurer to take charge of all funds of the
association, and to pay them out upon the order of the Executive Committee,
taking a receipt for the same; and to render a report of all receipts and
expenditures at each annual meeting.

ARTICLE VI.

It shall be the duty of the Executive Committee to select subjects for
discussion and appoint members to deliver addresses or read essays, and to
transact all interim business.

ARTICLE VII.

The meeting of the association shall be, as far as practicable, governed
by the following order of business:
Call to order.

Reading minutes of last meeting.
President's address.
Secretary's report.
Treasurer's report.
Reports of committees.
Unfinished business.
Reception of members and collection.
Miscellaneous business.
Election and installation of officers.
Discussion.
Adjournment.

<:

^^^ TWENTY-FIEST ANNUAL EEPOET OF THE

; ARTICLE. VIII.

Vrs^^^t^'H^,^^ ^:^'^' ^y - '-'"^^= vote 0, a., .,e naembars

C. E. YocuM,
Aabon Coppin,
Geo. F. Robbins,

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEBS' ASSOCIATION. ]

Following is a copy of the law passed by the Illinois Legislature May
19, and signed by the Governor June 7, 1911, to take effect July 1, 1911:

STATE FOULBROOD LAW.

State Inspector of Apiaries.

Preamble. § 3. Annual Report.

§ 1. State Inspector of Apiaries — ap- § 4. Penalties,
pointment — term — assistants
— per diem.

§ 2. Foulbrood, etc. — what declared
nuisance* — inspection — notice to
owner or occupant — treatment —
abatement of nuisance — appeal.

House BUI No. 670.

(Approved June 7, 1911.)
An Act to prevent the introduction and spread in Illinois of foulbrood
among bees, providing for the appointment of a State Inspector of Apiaries
and prescribing his poiaers and duties.

Whereas, the disease known as foulbrood exists to a very considerable
extent in various portions of this State, which, if left to itself, will soon
exterminate the honey bees; and

Whereas, the work done by an individual beekeeper or by a State in-
spector is useless so long as the official is not given authority to inspect
and, if need be, to destroy the disease when found; and

Whereas, there is a great loss to the beekeepers and fruit growers of
the State each year by the devastating ravages of foulbrood;

Section 1. Be it enacted by the People of the State of Illinois, repre-
sented in the General Assembly ^ That the Governor shall appoint a State
Inspector of Apiaries, who shall hold his office for the term of two years,
and until his successor is appointed and qualified, and who may appoint one
or more assistants, as needed, to carry on the inspection under his super-
vision. The Inspector of Apiaries shall receive for each day actually and
necessarily spent in the performance of his duties the sum of four dollars to
be paid upon bills of particulars certified to as correct by the said State
Inspector of Apiaries, and approved by the Governor.

Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of every person maintaining or keeping any
colony or colonies of bees to keep the same free from the disease known as
foulbrood and from every contagious and infectious disease among bees. All
beehives, beefixtures or appurtenances where foulbrood or other contagious
or infectious diseases among bees exists, are hereby declared to be nuisances
to be abated as hereinafter prescribed. If the inspector of apiaries shall
have reason to believe that any apiary is infected by foulbrood or other con-
tagious disease, he shall have power to inspect, or cause to be inspected,
from time to time, such apiary, and for the purpose of such inspection he, or
his assistants, are authorized during reasonable business hours to enter into
or upon any farm or premises, or other building or place used for the pur-
pose of propagating or nurturing bees. If said inspector of apiaries, or his
assistants, shall find by inspection that any person, firm or corporation is

—12 B A

178 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

maintaining a nuisance as described in this section, he shall notify in
writing the owner or occupant of the premises containing the nuisance so
disclosed of the fact that such nuisance exists. He shall include in such
notice a statement of the conditions constituting such nuisance, and order
that the same be abated within a specified time and a direction, written or
printed, pointing out the methods which shall be taken to abate the same.
Such notice and order may be served personally or by depositing the same
in the postoffice properly stamped, addressed to the owner or occupant of
the land or premises upon which such nuisance exists, and the direction for
treatment may consist of a printed circular, bulletin or report of the In-
spector of Apiaries, or an extract from same. ""

If the person so notified shall refuse or fail to abate said nuisance in
the manner and in the time prescribed in said notice, the Inspector of
Apiaries may cause such nuisance to be abated, and he shall certify to the
owner or person in charge of the premises the cost of the abatement and if
not paid to him within sixty days thereafter the same may be recovered,
together with the costs of action, before any court in the State having
competent jurisdiction.

In case notice and order served as aforesaid shall direct that any bees,
hives, beeflxtures or appurtenances shall be destroyed and the owner of such
bees, hives, beeflxtures or appurtenances shall consider himself aggrieved
by said order, he shall have the privilege of appealing within three days of
the receipt of the notice to the County Court of the county in which such
property Is situated. The appeal shall be made in like manner as appeals
are taken to the County Court from judgments of justices of the peace.
Written notice of said appeal served by mail upon the Inspector of Apiaries
shall operate to stay all proceedings until the decision of the County Court,
which may, after investigating the matter, reverse, modify or affirm the
order of the Inspector of Apiaries. Such decision shall then become the
order of the Inspector of Apiaries, who shall serve the same as hereinbefore
set forth and shall fix a time within which such decision must be carried out.

Sec. 3. The Inspector of Apiaries shall, on or before the second Monday
in December of each calendar year, make a report to the Governor and also
to the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association, stating the number of apiaries
visited, the number of those diseased and treated, the number of colonies of
bees destroyed and the expense incurred in the performance or nis duties.

Sec. 4. Any owner of a diseased apiary or appliances taken therefrom,
who shall sell, barter or give away any such apiary, appliances, queens or
bees from such apiary, expose other bees to the danger of contracting such
disease, or refuse to allow the Inspector of Apiaries to inspect such apiary,
or appliances, shall be fined not less than $50 nor more than $10U.

Approved June 7, 1911.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS" ASSOCIATIOjST. 179

(Bill passed in the 50th General Assembly.)

BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

THE ORIGINAL BILL.*

§ 1. Appropriates $1,000 per annum — § 3. Annual Report,
proviso.

§ 2. How drawn.

An Act making an appropriation for the Illinois State Beekeepers'

Association.

Whereas, The members of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association have
for years given much time and labor without compensation in the endeavor
to promote the interests of the beekeepers of the State; and.

Whereas, The importance of the industry to the farmers and fruit-
growers of the State warrant the expenditure of a reasonable sum for the
holding of annual meetings, the publication of reports and papers contain-
ing practical information concerning beekeeping, therefore, to sustain the
same and enable this organization to defray the expenses of annual meet-
ings, publishing reports, suppressing foulbrood among bees in the State, and
promote the industry in Illinois;

Section 1. Be it enacted by the People of the State of Illinois, repre-
sented in the General Assembly ; That there be and is hereby appropriated
for the use of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association the sum of one
thousand dollars ($1,000) per annum for the years 1917, 1918. For the pur-
pose of advertising the growth and developing the interests of the beekeepers
of Illinois, said sum to be expended under the direction of the Illinois State
Beekeepers' Association for the purpose of paying the expenses of holding
annual meetings, publishing the proceedings of said meetings, suppressing
foulbrood among bees in Illinois, etc.

Provided, however. That no oflBcer or officers of the Illinois State Bee-
keepers' Association shall be entitled to receive any money compensation
whatever for any services rendered for the same, out of this tuna.

Sec. 2. That on the order of the President, countersigned by the Secre-
tary of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association, and approved by the
Governor, the Auditor of Public Accounts shall draw his warrant on the
Treasurer of the State of Illinois in favor of the treasury of the Illinois
State Beekeepers' Association for the sum herein appropriated.

Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of the Treasurer of the Illinois State Bee-
keepers' Association to pay out of said appropriation, on itemized and
receipted vouchers, such sums as may be authorized by vote of said organiza-
tion on the order of the President, countersigned by the Secretary, and make
annual report to the Governor of all such expenditures, as provided by law.

Itemized in the Omnibus Bill as follows:

For shorthand reporting $ 200.00

For postage and stationery 50.00

For printing 550.00

Expense of meetings 200.00

Total amount of the appropriation $1,000.00

The Assembly ruled that this is not to be paid in lump but drawn on
itemized accounts.

* The Fifty-secon.l Assembly increased the annual appropriation to $1,200.00,
which is spent under the approval of the Director of Finance.

180 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL EEPORT OF THE

CODE OF RULES AND STANDARDS FOR GRADING API-
ARIAN EXHIBITS AT FAIR AS ADOPTED BY ILLINOIS
STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

COMB HONEY.

Rule 1. Comb honey shall be marked on a scale of 100, as follows:

Quantity , 40 Style of display 20

Quality 40

Rule 2. Points of quality should be:

Variety 5 Straightness of comb 5

Clearness of capping 10 Uniformity 5

Completeness of capping 5 Style of section 5

Completeness of filling 5

Remarks: 1. By variety is meant different kinds, with regard to the
sources from which the honey is gathered, which adds much interest to an
exhibit.

2. By clearness of capping is meant freedom from travel stain and a
water soaked appearance. This point is marked a little high, because it is
a most important one. There is no better test of the quality of comb honey
than the appearance of the cappings. If honey is taken off at the proper
time, and cared for as it should be, so as to; preserve its original clear color,
body and flavor will take care of themselves, for excellence in the last two
points always accompanies excellence in the first. Clover and basswood
honey should be white; heartsease, a dull white tinged with yellow; and
Spanish needle, a bright yellow.

3. By uniformity is meant closeness of resemblance in the sections
composing the exhibit.

4. By style is meant neatness of the sections, freedom from propolis, etc.

5. Honey so arranged as to show every section should score the highest
in style of display, and everything that may add to the tastiness and attrac-
tiveness of an exhibit should be considered.

EXTRACTED HONEY.

Rule 1. Extracted honey should be marked on a scale of 100, as follows:

Quantity 40 Style and display 15

Quality 45

Rule 2. The points of quality should be:

Variety 10 Style of package 10

Clearness of color 5 Variety of package 5

Body 5 Finish 5

Flavor 5

Remarks: 1. Light clover honey pouring out of a vessel is a very
light straw color; Spanish needle, a golden hue, and dark clover honey, a
dull amber.

2. Style of package is rated a little high, not only because in that con-
sists the principal beauty of an exhibit of extracted honey, but also because
it involves the best package for marketing. We want to show honey in the
best shape for the retail trade, and that, in this case, means the most

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES' ASSOCIATION. 181

attractive style for exhibition. Glass packages should be given the prefer-
ence over tin; flint glass over green, and smaller vessels over larger, pro-
vided the latter run over one or two pounds.

3. By variety of package is meant chiefly different sizes; but small pails
for retailing, and, in addition, cans or kegs (not too large) for wholesaling,
may be considered. In the former case, pails painted in assorted colors, and
lettered "Pure Honey," should be given the preference.

4. By flnish is meant capping, labeling, etc.

5. Less depends upon the manner of arranging an exhibit of extracted
than of comb honey, and for that reason, as well as to give a higher number
of points to style of package, a smaller scale is allowed for style of display.

SAMPLES OF COMB AND EXTRACTED HONEY.

Rule 1. Single cases of comb honey, entered as such for separate prem-
iums, should be judged by substantially the same rules as those given for
a display of comb honey, and samples of extracted, by those governing dis-
plays of extracted honey.

, Rule 2. Samples of comb or extracted Jioney, as above, may be consid-
ered as part of the general display in their respective departments.

GRANULATED HONEY.

Rule 1. Candied or granulated honey should be judged by the rules
for extracted honey, except as follows:

Rule 2. The points of quality should be:

Variety 10 Style of package 10

Fineness of grain 5 Variety of package 5

Color 5 Finish 5

Flavor 5

Rule 3. An exhibit of granulated honey may be entered or considered
as part of a display of extracted honey.

NUCLEI OF BEES.

Rule. Bees' in observation hives should be marked on a scale of 100,
as follows:

Color and markings 30 Quietness 5

Size of bees. 30 Style of comb 5

Brood 10 Style of hive 10

Queen 10

Remarks: 1. Bees should be exhibited only in the form of single
frame nuclei, in hives or cages with glass sides.

2: Italian bees should show three or more bands, ranging from leather
color to golden or light yellow.

3. The markings of other races should be those claimed for those races
in their purity.

4. A nucleus from which the queen is omitted should score zero on
that point.

5. The largest quantity of brood in all stages or nearest to that should
score the highest in that respect.

6. The straightest, smoothest and most complete comb, with the most
honey consistent with the most brood, should score the highest in that
respect.

7. That hive which is neatest and best made and shows the bees, etc.,
to the best advantage should score the highest.

183 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

QUEEN BEES.

Rule. Queen bees in cages should be marked on a scale of 100, as
follows:

Quantity 40 Style of caging and display 20

Quality and variety 40

Remarks: 1. The best in quality consistent with variety should score
the highest. A preponderance of Italian queens should overweigh a pre-
ponderance of black ones, or, perhaps, of any other race or strain; but
sample queens of any or all varieties should be duly considered. Under the
head of quality should also be considered the attendant bees. There should
be about a dozen with each queen.

2. Neatness and finish of cages should receive due consideration, but
the principal points in style are to make and arrange the cages so as to
show the inmates to the best advantage.

BEESWAX.

Rule. Beeswax should be marked on a scale of 100, as follows:

Quantity 40 Quality 40

Style of display 20

Remarks: 1. Pale, clear, yellow specimens should score the highest,
and the darker grades should come next in order.

2. By style is meant chiefly the forms in which the wax is molded and
put up for exhibition. Thin cakes or small pieces are more desirable in the
retail trade than larger ones. Some attention may be given to novelty and
variety.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION.

183

MEMBERSHIP OF STATE ASSOCIATION FOR 1921.

Aikman, H. L., Farmersville, 111.
Augustine, A. A., R. 2, Dakota, 111.
Arrowsmith, Mrs. H. P., Gibson City,

111.
Bishop, Frank, Box 186, Taylorville,

111.
Bowen, J. W., Jacksonville, 111.
Boyer, J. T., 308 Wheaton Av., Cham-
paign, 111.
Beaver, Wallace R., Lincoin, 111.
Belatti, F. F., Mt. Pulaski, 111.
Bishop, Elmer, Virden, 111.

Baxter, Dr. A. C, 1418 Holmes Av.,
Springfield, 111.

Bennett, C. S., 308 7th Kt., Charles-
ton, 111.

Brown, George E., Franklin, 111.

Bryant, E. J., 710 Walnut St., Elgin,
111.

Brelsford, W. H., Kenney, ill.

Berry, Eugene, R. 4, Taylorville, 111.

Bear, Wm. F., Buena Vista, 111.

Berg, Bernard, R. 5, Danville, 111.

Brigham, William, 1108 E. Oakland,
Bloomington, 111.

Council, J. R., St. Joe, Mich.

Cornelius, R., LaMoille, 111.

Campbell, E. J., Sullivan, iii.

Coppin, Aaron, Wenona, 111.

Coyle, J. F., Penfield, in.

Carlson, P. A., 503 S.E. 4th St., Galva,

■ 111.

Corson, Mrs. Nathan, Pleasant Plains,
111.

Crum, F. O., Palmyra, 111.

Davis, Chas. W., Curren, 111.

Dadant, M. G., Hamilton, 111.

Downey, Jas. C, Jerseyville, 111.

DeJarnette, F. J., R. 1, Reason, 111.

Eisenbise, Ira B., Lenark, 111.

Fisher, Floyd F., Shirland, 111.

Galushka, Joseph, 926 E. Pekin St.,
Lincoln, 111.

Gheen, Jas. T., Auburn, 111.

Grover, James H., Versailles, 111.

Hopps, A. D., LaMoille, 111.

Helwig, Frank W., Oquawka, 111.

Harris, J. D., Alahambra, 111.

Hallock, W. H., 308 W. Walnut, Fair-
bury, 111.

Hayes, G. M., ':!urren, 111.

Hohertz, S. J.,' LaMoille, 111.
Holcomb, Otis, LaMoille, 111.
Hansen, Charles, Minooka, 111.
Hettle, Henry, Marine, 111.
Heilman, Geo. A., 209 Sabella, Pekin,

111.
Holman, C. S., R. 2, Livonia, 111.
Head, Clarence A., 25 Hamilton Av.,

Elgin, 111.
Head, Arthur E., 264 Seneca St., El-
gin, 111.
Jefferies, A. E., R. 5, Springfield, 111.
Kildow, A. L., Putnam, 111.
King, Harry, R. 5, Springfield, 111.
Kommer, Edwin J., Cambridge, 111.
Kommer, Elmer, WoodhuU, 111.
Lewis, G. B., Co., Watertown, Wis.
Lloyd, Geo. B., R. 1, Box 118, Spring-
field, 111.
Lake, Geo., Illiopolis, 111.
Leib, E. L., Winchester, 111.
Lotz, Mrs, Ollie, 830 Mayo St., Car-

linville. 111.
Lind, M. H., Bader, 111.
LaFond, John, Oquawka, 111.
Logan, Alton L., Edwardsville, 111.
Mann, Louis, Lincoln, 111.
Morphis, Rev. J. H., Farmingdale,

111.
Matthew, O. R., R. 3, Beardstown, 111.
Moody, Geo. W., Box 11, LaMoille, 111.
Morgan, Moses C, Blue Mound, 111.
May, Fred H., Box 34, Meredosia, 111.
McDaniels, J. E., Girard, 111.
McClure, J. H., Roodhouse, 111.
Northern, H. P., R. 4, Versailles, 111.
Norberg, Arthur J., Spring Valley,

111.
Nitsche, Fred W., 646 W. 103rd St.,

Chicago, 111.
Ostemier, John, Mechanicsburg, 111.
Oberland, Wm., Penfield, 111.
Olson, Lewis, Andover, 111.
Penningdorf, F. C, R. 4, Elgin, 111.
Robbin, Daniel E., Payson, 111.
Richards, J. C, Scales Mound, 111.
Ritter, W., Genoa, 111.
Stewart, W. H. H., Emmerson, 111.
Seastream, Geo., Pawnee, 111.
Snyder, W. H., 2121 N. Water, De-
catur, 111.

184

TWEXTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Stone, Jas. A., Farmingdale, 111. Tyler, S. A., Emden, 111.

Smith, B. J., R. 4, Tuscola, 111. Tobin, John F., Rochester, 111.

Shearer, Hallocfl, R. 2, Mt. Carmel, Tresidder, Roy, Scales Mound, 111.

111. Toth, John & Son, R. 3, Peoria, 111.

DeSort, F., 1308 Ottowa St., Lincoln, VanButscle, Louis, 720 N. Center,

111. Collinsville, 111.

Swezey, Mrs. J. W., Grand Prairie, Valerines, Chas., Elkville, 111.

111. Vaughn, M. M., Latham, 111.

Suic.ock, Wm. E., R. 1, Scales Mound, Voight, Walter, 45 Bismark, Dan-

Ill.
Stickler, Wm., Lexington, 111.
Stuber, Fred, R. 4, Princeton, 111.
Stutt, Alfred A., Lincoln, 111.
Smith, W. H., 1807 E. Main, Danville,

111.
Schwinn, George, 917 Carolina, Pekin,

111.
Turner, W. P., Ill Dwryea Av.,

Peoria Heights, 111.

ville. 111.
Watcher, Martin, R. 4, Hinsdale, 111.
Williams, W. H., 1015 Bacon, Pekin,

111.
Wiley, C. H., R. 1, Harrisburg, 111.
Withrow, G. M., Mechanicsburg, 111.
Wuetig, Christian J., 118 Vermont,

Blue Island, 111.
Wheeler, J. C, 622 Austin Boul., Oak

Park, 111.

MEMBERS OF THE CHICAGO-NORTHWESTERN BEEKEEPERS'

ASSOCIATION.

Blume, W. B., Norwood Park, 111.
Brown, E. W., Box 117, Willow

Springs, 111.
Bruner, E. H., 3836 N. Kostner Av.,

Chicago, 111.
Bryant, E. J., 710 Walnut Av., Elgin,

111.
Bull, John C, 1013 Calumet Av., Val-
paraiso, Ind.
Coppin, A., Wenona, 111.
Cusliman, Samuel, Room 401, 105 W.

Monroe St., Chicago, 111.
Dadant, L. C, Hamilton, 111.
Haan, J. Frank, R. F. D., DesPlaines,

111.
Haberman, Mrs. Wm., Garden Lodge,

Lodi, Wis.
Hammett, Mrs. M. L., 400 Belle

Plaine Av., Chicago; 111.
Hassinger, Edward, Jr., Greenville,

Wis.
Howe, Dr. A. O., 4818 Lincoln Av.,

Chicago, 111.
Kelty, R. H., East Lansing, Mich.
Kohr, Chas. F., 9311 Western Av.,

Chicago, 111.
Kragness, T. A., 6031 Wentworth Av.,

Chicago, 111.
Kuback, Chas., Edison Park, 111.
Lewis, G. B., Co., Watertown, Wis.
Lyman, W. C., Downers Grove, 111.
MacNeill, J. A., 11339 S. Irving Av.,

Chicago, 111.
McQueen, Geo., R. 3, Elgin, 111.
Meineke, E. A., 3852 N. Kenneth Av.,

Chicago, 111.
Miller, E. S., 508 College Av., Val-
paraiso, Ind.
Mould, E. L., Elgin, 111.

Mundell, J. M., R. A, Gary, Ind.

Muth, Clifford, 204 Walnut St., Cin-
cinnati, Onio.

Neusiis, Wm., Yorljville, 111.

O'Brien, John, R. 2, Newark, 111.

Reichert, John G., 3227 Aurora Av.,
Berwyn, 111.

Rettig, F. J., Wabash, Ind.

Rife, C. F., Naperville, 111.

H. Roehrs, Hinsdale, 111.

Root, The A. I., Co., 230 W. Huron
St., Chicago, 111.

Rothe, E. C, Kerinan, Wis.

Scripter, Otis, Zion, 111.

Sievert, F. W., Porter, Ind.

Sopher, Frank, 8043 Muskegon Av.,
Chicago, 111.

Ulman, P. T., Lansing, Mich.

Weston, N. A., 601 E. Daniel St.,
Champaign, 111.

Yost, C. O., Department of Conserva-
tion, Indianapolis, Ind.

Young, Wm. C, Box 249, DesPlaines,
111.

Zilligen, Geo., 15030 Wood St., Har-
vey, 111.

Kannenberg, C. F., 1114 Augusta St.,
Oak Park, 111.

Amburn, Oscar, Mindoro, Wis.

Ecklund, Oscar, 682 Raymond St.,
Elgin, 111.

Brown, Henry F., Newark, 111.

Nitsche, Fred W., 646 W. 103rd St.,
Chicago, 111.

Moe, H. H., Woodford, Wis.

Hintz, August J., R. 2, LeMont, 111.

Coyle, J. F., Penfield, 111.

Tudor, Carl H., 137 Evans Av., De-
Kalb, 111 .

INDEX. 185

INDEX.

PAGE.

Aluminum Combs 51

Appropriations 19

Associations, Local 25

Association, Formation of 170

Baxter, Dr. A. C 6

Beekeepers and Agriculture 143

Beekeeper, Proud to be 8

Beekeeping, Creating an Interest in 75

Bees, Long Lived 157

Bees, Buying 49

Chicago-Northwestern Report 87

Colony Manipulation 46

Comb-foundation C 50

Constitution and By-Laws of Illinois State Beekeepers' Association 174

Dadant, M. G 12

Disease, Treatment of, and Maximum Honey Production 116

Electricity in Place of Packing 29

Foulbrood Law 177

Foulbrood 21, 27, 48, 63, 154, 167

Foulbrood Bill 17

Foulbrood, Dry Treatment for 53

Foulbrood, Getting Rid of 95

Grading Rules 180

Honey, Diseased ^ 122

Honey Selling * 64, 122

Honey Vinegar 162

Illinois as a Location for Beekeepers 45

Illinois' Place in Beekeeping 13

Inspector, Report of 69

Italians, Pure 26

Kildow, A. L : ... 70

Langstroth, L. L 4

Legislation, Securing 57

Letter of Transmittal 3

Licensing Beekeepers 77

Membership List ' 183

Miller, C. C 14

Moving Bees 23

OlRcers, List of 5

Organization 125

President's Address 9

Queen, Relation of to Seasonal Management 148

186

INDEX.

Queen, Finding 52

Queens, Keeping 55

Queen Rearing 90

Registered Bees 97

Seastream, Geo >. Iq

Spraying, When to do it I44

Stings , : .25

Swarm Prevention and Foulbrood 63

Sweet Clover 18, 100

Sweet Clover an Farm Economy 32

Winter Packing 28

Winter Packing, Felt for 27

Winter Packing Replaced by Electricity 29