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TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

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Illinois State Bee

Association

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Organized February 26, 1891, at
Springfield, Illinois

Compiled by

G. H. CALE

Hamilton, Hlinois

THE UBRm Of THE
JUN2 0 1928

UNIVERSIIV Qf II-UNOIS

[Printed by authority of the State of nUnois.]

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ILLINOIS PRINTING CO,

DANVILLE, II,L.

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49770—900

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^ LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

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^ Office OF THE Secretaey.

^ Hamilton, Illinois, May 1, 1926.

^ To His Excellency, Len Small, Governor of the State of Illinois,
(P Sm: I have the honor to transmit herewith the Twenty-

^ fifth Annual Report of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Associa-

^ tion. ,
^ G. H. Gale, Secretary.

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TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

Illinois State Beekeepers' Association

For 1925

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OFFICERS OF ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIA-
TION FOR 1926.

Dr. A. C. Baxter ... . . . . . . President

Springfield
A. L. KiLDOW . . . ... . Inspector of Apiaries

Putnam
E. A. Johnson . Vice President

Peoria
W. H. Force ......... Vice President

Champaign
W. H. Galeener . . . ... . . Vice President

Vienna
A. G. Gill ......... Vice President

Chicago

Glen Glass . Vice President

Cameron
Elmer Kommer Treasurer

WoodhuU

G. H. Cale . . Secretary-
Hamilton

List of members in back of report. Also index.

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President's Annual Address
TWO YEARS AGO AND THE PRESENT.

(By J. R. Wooldridge.)

Chicago, November 24, 1925.

When we stop and think what our Association was doing for
the beekeepers of the State two years ago, and what it is now
doing we cannot help but reahze and know that many things
have come about benefiting the beekeepers through the efforts
of the membership and Officers of the State Association.

Two years ago when I was chosen President of your Asso-
ciation I found a charter with only a few members, about one-
fourth of the counties in the State organized and little interest
manifested by any of the counties unorganized — ^but now see
what we have — almost one-half the counties, organized, members
enthusiastic, more activity than was ever known, and, best of
all, a strong desire to learn the best methods of beekeeping and
willing to help themselves, which means a greater production
and success.

The State Association Treasury had a small amount of
funds available, had no unpaid debts, but not enough funds to
do anything with in the way of promoting new business. The
State appropriation lund was much larger, but was almost com-
pletely exhausted, with over $800.00 worth of vouchers unpaid
and no funds available ; however, this deficit has been overcome
in various ways and at the close of the Biennial period, June 30,
1925, we find the Association free of debt with all current
vouchers allowed for, and we closed with $1.65 to our credit,
which, of course, reverted to the State Treasury and is no longer
available.

This left the State Association free of all incumbrances to
start on the 1925 appropriation, available July 1, 1925, with all
current bills vouchered to date.

At the time of taking office two years ago, I accused the
State Association of being indifferent and on the stool of "do
nothing" and failing to function as an Association should, and I
appealed to all the Officers, Members and Beekeepers in general
for full cooperation in bringing the work of the Association up
to standard. This harsh accusation caused the beemen of the
State to stop and think. They realized the accusation was harsh,
but just, and they proposed to correct it by becoming active, and
I am pleased to say their activities have borne wonderfully.
Just see what they have accomplished with no great effort. The
establishment of a full course in beekeeping at the University of

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10 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE i

Illinois with a two day short course for the more experienced
beekeeper to attend who desires all the latest information rela-
tive to the Industry. The State Association during this time
established four other two day short courses, two of the four
being held in southern Illinois, and the other two being held in
northern Illinois under the guidance of the most up-to-date au-
thorities in beekeeping of the day.

This arrangement practically serves all of the beekeepers
of the State desiring to avail themselves of this privilege and all
free to them. These short courses, six in number, are the first
ever held in the history of Illinois.

The County Associations have increased largely until nearly
one-half of the counties in the State are organized with many
other counties clamoring for help to organize. I might add that
had there been funds sufficient and available for this purpose to
pay me a daily wage during this time the whole State practically
could have been organized by this time. I now have a large list
of unorganized counties asking the State Association for help to
organize.

Many series of field meets have been held with good speakers
and good attendance throughout the State, with many other
counties asking for similar help unprovided for on account of
lack of speakers and finances to carry this work forward, and in
my opinion, this is one of the best ways to enlighten the inter-
ested beekeepers throughout the State by giving them the op-
portunity and a chance to hear and see for themselves the
demonstration of handling live bees by those who know, and
should be pushed to the limit.

The task of establishing demonstrative apiaries equally
throughout the State under the care of our University has been
badly retarded on account of the lack of the necessary funds,
but^it is to be hoped that our University in the near future will
provide for our Industry as well as they do for many other
agricultural industries of the State, in the most scientific way
known.

Why should the beekeeper be forgotten because he does not
demand of the University his just right and until you do come
in force and demand recognition you must take a back seat and
keep still.

As a matter of information I will say at no time in the
history of our Grand Old State have the Administrative bodies
listened to the bitter cries of the beekeeperes of the State as
they do now. This assertion is well borne out by remembering
what the 54th Assembly of Legislators did when they set aside
$36,500,00 for inspection of apiaries to eradicate the State of
American Foulbrood and save our Industry.

This is especially so of the Division of Agriculture which
Director S. J. Stanard heads. He actually seems to be one of us
by being willing to extend the helping hand at any time possible

:id:^&ix:^

ILLINOIS STATE beekeepers' ASSOCIATION 11

for him to do so. Indeed, the beekeepers have reason to be thank-
ful in having Director S. J. Stanard for our leader.

The State Association now enjoys the greatest membership
in its history. It also has more activity, more cooperative spirit,
with the brightest future ever known, and can be made a won-
derful power in the State if correctly handled, and bring to the
beekeepers of the State their just right. Through the efforts of
the State Association and the beekeepers in general they have
placed Illinois ahead of any State in the Union as to the amount
of appropriation of $36,500.00 for inspection of apiaries to free
Illinois of American Foulbrood.

Thanks to our generous Legislative people for listening to
our tale of woe and especially is this so of Representative Walter
R. Miller and Senator Richard R. Meents. Oh! How they did
work for the beekeepers and the beekeepers owe them a great
debt of gratitude in going to the front for us. Now, will the
beekeepers of Illinois do their part?

When you look back over the past two years and note what
has been accomplished with such small funds available it be-
hooves the Association to provide an increased revenue for the
unavoidable running expenses of the Association, and the yearly
dues should be placed at $2.50 per annum. No other organiza-
tion in the State has such small dues and no organization has so
small a fund to do with.

The State Association business has largely increased in
every way in the past two years and from my office alone in the
last year there was more than 6,000 pieces of mail forwarded,
which requires much time, thought and energy.

Now that we have assembled in our friendly annual con-
vention to discuss and select the Officers for the ensuing year,
let us bury all petty grievances and work undividedly for the
greatest amount of good to all.

Now, that I leave the office of President cheerfully, it is to
be hoped that my successor will be full of "pep" and push the
good work on now that the foundation is well formed.

Thanking one and all for the honor bestowed and coopera-
tion given me during my Administration.

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12 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

ANNUAL REPORT OF SECRETARY.

(By M. G. Dadant.)

My report as Secretary of the Illinois State Beekeepers*
Association for this season, naturally covers only the eight
months period, extending from December, 1924, to August 1,
1925. Owing to illness and pressing work along other lines, it
became necessary for me to resign the Secretaryship of the
Association, much to my regret.

In the eight months in which I exercised the office of Secre-
tary, I can say that what was accomplished was in no measure
due to the activity of the Secretary of the Association, but was
due to the fact that beekeepers everywhere in Illinois, were
striving in themselves to make the Illinois State Beekeepers'
Association a real active association, accomplishing results.

In other words, beekeeping organizations have been "hit-
ting their stride" in Illinois, and acceding to the cooperative
efforts, without which no association, we believe, can succeed.

As a general plan, the Illinois Association has been pursuing
the policy of division of the State into five different districts,
each of which was overseen by a Vice President of the Illinois
Beekeepers' Association.

These divisions in turn, were divided along county lines and
the impetus was given wherever possible for the organization of
beekeepers into County Associations for the most efficient pro-
cedure.

To my mind, the County organization plan is the very best
one for several reasons. In the first place. County beekeepers
know each other fairly well and are able to select officers who
are able to realize the problems of each county association and
furthermore, are able to select deputies to a State Association
meeting who can intelligently represent their section of the State.

Furthermore, County. Associations can recommend deputies
as inspectors for bee diseases and can give their very best co-
operation to holding to a minimum the expenses of such deputies
in performing their work of inspection in the different counties
so organized.

Nor do we have to accede to a merely rough statement to
know that the county form of organization is the proper one for
Illinois, because it really has succeedeed. Bear in mind that there
are now over thirty county associations in Illinois, all functioning
in a good manner and all of them recommending deputies to
State Bee Inspector A. L. Kildow.

^•"^r^ars^.-K-'c^r^--^ ^rwjDTf^jr-ar

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 13

Not only have the county associations performed this work,
but they have been the means of educating beekeepers in the
different counties in proper methods of handling bees, proper
methods of marketing, proper methods of handling disease, and
in many other ways urged a cooperative effort.

To my mind, the continued decrease in disease in the State
of Illinois, is largely due to the efforts of the county associations
working in close cooperation with the good work of the Chief
Inspector for combatting the disease. We must bear in mind
that four years ago, the percentage of disease in Illinois was
fourteen per cent, whereas it has shrunk during 1925 to a mere
four per cent among the forty thousand or more colonies which
were inspected.

It becomes difficult to look into the future and try to visua-
lize what the outcome of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Associa-
tion will be in Illinois, but undoubtedly if the present progress
continues and the present cooperative efforts of the County or-
ganizations is not restricted through sectional differences, we
can see no reason why the prosperity of the Association should
not continue.

Undoubtedly, the associations in themselves as well as in-
dividual beekeepers, are wielding a strong influence on appropria-
tions which are secured from our State Legislature. In other
words, by cooperative effort, we can make our Legislators see
that we really need funds for combatting disease and for exten-
sion work.

As a last remark, let me say that the appointment of Mr.
V. G. Milum for both extension and teaching in Illinois, I believe
is going to have a marked influence also, because Mr. Milum, I
hope, will be available for extension work throughout the State,
whereas previously, such calls had to be answered by voluntary
services of different members of the Illinois State Beekeepers*
Association organization or by calls for help to the different bee
journals or supply companies.

Extension in itself, is a very valuable adjunct to proper
disease control, since it makes for better beekeepers everywhere.

■\ "

v

14 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

MINUTES OF THE 25TH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ILLI-
NOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION, SPRING-
FIELD, ILL., DECEMBER 8-9, 1925.

Meeting called to order by President J. R. Wooldridge, 9 :30
A. M. Minutes of the last meeting read and approved.

Papers were read or addresses made by the following per-
sons : J. R. Wooldridge, Prof. A. G. Milum, Prof. G. H. Cale, J. I.
Hambleton, of the Division of Bee Culture at Washington, D. C,
Geo. Demuth, Editor of "Gleanings," C. P. Dadant, Editor of
"American Bee Journal."

Report of Treasurer read and on recommendation of the
auditing committee, approved.

Report of State Bee Inspector A. L. Kildow read and ap-
proved.

Moved and seconded that a vote of thanks be extended to
the Governor, Hon. Len Small, for the loan of $1,800.00 last
June, until our appropriation became available. Carried.

Motion made and carried that the secretary be instructed
to write to Dr. Philips conveying the regards of the Illinois Bee-
keepers, to be read before the Apis Club in England.

Motion made and carried that the work of A. L. Kildow as
State Inspector be approved.

Motion made and carried that the dues of this Association
remain as they are: $1.50, or $1.75 with a bee paper.

Mr. A. L. Kildow requested the secretary to notify the mem-
bers thirty days in advance of the next meeting, so that there
may be an opportunity to vote on any changes in the Constitution
that may be desired.

The following were elected to office:
President, Dr. A. C. Baxter; Secretary, G. H. Cale; Treas-
urer, Elmer Kommer; First Vice President, E. A. Johnson; Sec-
ond Vice President, W. H. Force; Third Vice President, W. K.
Galeener; Fourth Vice President, A. G. Gill; Fifth Vice Presi-
dent, Glen Glass.

There being no further business the meeting adjourned,
subject to the call of the executive committee.

Lewis R. Allen, Secretary Pro Tern.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS* ASSQCIATION IS

RESOLUTIONS APPROVED AND ADOPTED AT THE AN-
NUAL MEETING, DECEMBER 8, 1925.

1.

Be it Resolved, That the Illinois State Beekeepers' Associa-
tion in Convention assembled, December 8tH and 9th, at Spring-
field, Illinois, express its appreciation of the support given by the
Governor and the Department of Agriculture of Illinois in ad-
vancing $1,800 to carry on our work, and we extend our thanks
to them for their continued and effective cooperation.

2.

Be it Resolved, That this Committee extend its thanks to
M. G. Dadant, Dr. A. C. Baxter, and all others who have so freely
given of their time and efforts in securing the state appropria-
tion now in effect and that appreciation be extended to any who
have made special efforts to build up the bee industry in Illinois.

3.

Be it Resolved, That the Association extend a vote of
thanks to the officers who have so faithfully served it during the
past year and all who have taken part in the program of this
Convention for their instructive talks.

4.

Be it further Resolved, That this Association express its
thanks to the management of the Hotel St. Nicholas for the use
of its parlors and for all the courtesies rendered the Association
in the past.

5. ■ ■ - . -

Be it Resolved, That this Association request the State
Legislature to pass a law requiring all bee owners to register the
number of their colonies and their location with the Department
of Agriculture of the State once a year between March 1st and
April 20th, such law to provide for the collection of a cash pen-
alty for failure to register.

2nd. That no bees be permitted to enter the State without
a certificate of Inspection from the State Inspector of the state
from which the bees are sent.

3rd. That no bees be moved from one locality to another
without a permit from the Chief Inspector or one of his Deputies.

4th. That this Association advocates the eradication of all
box hives, gums, or any other receptacles to house bees, other
than moveable frame hives.

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16 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

SCHOOL CHILDREN AND THEIR INTEREST IN
BEES AND HONEY.

(By V. G. Milum, University of Illinois.)

It is a well established fact that the ideas that one learns in
his early years are those that he carries along with him over a
longer period of time than those obtained in later life. The
things we learn when we are youngsters have the greatest ap-
peal to us. If this is true, would not it be a good plan for every
beekeeper to start upon a campaign of educating our American
youngsters of the value of honey as a food. But suppose such a
thing were accomplished, the good results would be much further
extended, for many are the facts and ideas that are brought be-
fore the American grown-ups by the education of their children
who are the inspiration of every good American home. It then
would not be many years before a lot of the false ideas regarding
honey, nature's only original sweet, not man made, would be a
thing of the past, and the demands for it would be constantly
increasing.

How are we to accomplish this end ? Every beekeeper has a
wonderful opportunity in his community. This is by implanting
ideas of bees and honey in the minds of the school children
through the medium of the public school. Let us consider some
of the ways in which it may be accomplished. In connection with
National Honey Week, State Honey Week, or County Honey
Week, or at any other time, permission usually can be obtained
to give talks before various groups of school children. During
any special times the school principals should be notified in ad-
vance that a speaker will be furnished upon request. Almost all
teachers or principals are glad to have speakers on such interest-
ing subjects as "Bees and Honey."

In preparation for such prospective talks the speaker should
be sure that he knows his subject thoroughly in order that he
will be able to answer all questions asked. In some cases, it may
be best to have the material written out, but usually more in-
terest is secured if the speaker does not read from a paper.
Where the beekeeper does not wish to give the talk himself, he
can easily instruct one or more of the pupils so that they may
give an interesting discussion before their fellow students. (Suit-
able material for such talks can be secured by writing to the
Beekeeping Division, University of Illinois, Vivarium Building,
Champaign, Illinois). Each speaker should be provided with an
observation hive and samples of honey, in order to make the
talks more effective, for in talking to children or even to older
people, it is always a good plan to have the subject material

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 17

before them, because their attention can be held more easily. In
these talks, the organization and activity of the colony should
be covered thoroughly, followed by the production of honey step
by step with an explanation of the difference between comb and
extracted honey production. This gives opportunity to explain
the changes brought about in honey by the ripening process,
explaining that the more complex sucrose or cane sugar is broken
up into dextrose or grape sugar and levulose or fruit sugar, which
simple sugars are more easily digested by the human body than
ordinary cane sugar. vThe care of honey should be explained with
careful directions for liquifying granulated honey. However, in
talking of granulated honey, one should always explain the true
causes of granulation and encourage the use of honey in the
granulated or crystallized form. When we have educated the
public to use granulated honey, its consumption will be increased
and one of the beekeepers most serious problems will be solved.
If the beekeeper gives the talk himself, he should not mention
the fact that he has honey for sale; his knowledge of the subject
will indicate that and direct any prospective customers toward
him.

There is opportunity for such talks on Bees and Honey as
outlined at Civic League progf^ms, opening exercises in graded
and high schools, and in the Community Meetings, which are
becoming quite popular in many sections of the country. Here
is what one enthusiastic beekeeper did in his own school district.
On the last day of school in connection with a -district picnic, the
children gave a program which was entirely about bees and
honey. Certainly such an event should plant ideas of the value
and importance of honey as a food. The beekeeper can furnish
bee and honey exhibits to schools where he cannot give an actual
demonstration or talk on the subject. An observation hive set up
in a school window for a few days, along with an educational
honey exhibit would go a long ways toward directing customers
toward the exhibitor. In some schools, the industries of the
locality are studied by the children in their geography classes.
Beekeeping is important ! Honey production is one of the leading
industries. Why shouldn't it be studied along with the others?
Here is the beekeeper's opportunity to furnish the bee and honey
exhibit, together with pictures and descriptive material, which
can be made an interesting source of study.

Another wonderful opportunity to advertise honey in the
schools is in connection with the courses in domestic science
which are now taught in practically all graded and high ^schools.
The beekeeper can send or give the teacher a booklet on the use
of honey in cooking and then send along a pail of honey with a
suggestion that it be used for that purpose. Most teachers would
be glad to spend some time using honey in cooking and making
candies. There is no doubt that the result would bring more
customers to the beekeeper. And when the girls in the cooking
class are serying waffles to the parents, teachers or the school

r7.j..-r;-,v^p--g^^.

18 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

board, why not have your honey served with those waffles. Ad-
vertising? Yes! Or with the hot lunches served by so many
county schools and some city schools. In such cases an occasional
donation will receive due credit and if the honey is good honey it
will be well repaid for.

Another idea is that of offering honey as prizes at school
fairs and other competitive exhibits. When the committees in
charge of such affairs ask for donations from the business men
to be used as prizes they never think of asking the beekeeper
about donating a prize. If the beekeeper is not a business man
he should be. And what would be nicer as a prize in some con-
test than a nice pail of "Pure Illinois Honey" produced by C. A.
Beeman, Honeyville, Illinois. And remember, when the list of
prizes is published in the local paper, the names of the persons
or firms making the donations are always published. Is not that
advertising, and advertising that will pay dividends?

All of these suggestions have been given with the idea of
indicating ways of getting facts of bees and honey before the
children; with developing within their minds the value and
deliciousness of honey as a food. Once that the children are
firmly convinced, total conviction will soon follow, for what
parents are there that do not listen to a more or less degree to
the wishes of their children.

Some of these ideas could be used by a county beekeepers
association in the cooperative marketing of the honey crop of its
members. Of course, there are many other ways of getting the
idea of "Honey as a Food" before the minds of the people, which
can be worked out by a small group of wide-awake beekeepers
who are concentrated in an area not larger than that represented
by the average county in the State of Illinois. This avenue of
education is only one of many possibilities. The group of bee-
keepers who, with a little teamwork, put the idea across will get
the reward. It will benefit the whole group by building up a
market besides giving the pleasures desired from the cooperation
and friendship of fellow beekeepers. Will it not be worth a
little unified effort?

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ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 19

SOME BEEKEEPING EXPERIENCE.

(By C. P. Dadant.)

I am requested, by our President, to give an address on the
above question. It is a very liberal subject, which may embrace
almost anything in the experience of a beekeeper.

I have concluded that the best question I can bring forward
is one on which there is not enough light, the diseases of the
adult bees. We have all heard the description of the diseases of
the brood and they have been studied so as to diagnose them
fairly, but the diseases of the mature bee are still enveloped in
more or less mystery.

My first experience with the diseases of the adult bee was,
I believe, in 1879, when after a hard winter, we lost a number
of colonies from what it is common to name "spring dwindling."
The appearance of the bees is easy to describe. Their abdomens
are loaded with fecal matter, they drag themselves about, some
of them discharge the contents of their abdomen within the
jhive, or around the entrance, while others are unable to discharge
the load of feces and drag about in a paralyzed manner until
they finally die. Even queens die of spring dwindling, although
they are likely to survive until the colony becomes too weak to
keep up the necessary warmth.

In the case I have just mentioned, it was not difficult to
diagnose the cause of the disease. Bad honey, honeydew and
fruit juices harvested the previous season, could account for all
the trouble. The bees, confined to the hive a long time during
the cold weather, had become sick with diarrhea, or dysentery
as some people call it, and had discharged the fecal matter within
the hive or at the entrance because they were no longer able to
withhold it. Those that had been able to retain it, in many cases
were afflicted with what we saw fit to call "constipation" or en-
tire disability to void the feces. In those cases, they went about
partly paralyzed, dragging themselves about at the top of the
combs, their bodies shining, their abdomens congested. Many
dragged themselves to the outside and died there. In some
cases, the disease appeared to become epidemic, as it lasted, clear
into May and once or twice till June. Old beekeepers called this
"the May disease." The May disease is not confined to the
United States, but is known all over the world, in Germany as
"Maikrankheit," in France as "Mai de Mai," in Italy as "Mai di
Maggio."

But here comes a question. This May disease which, in our
case, appeared to be a result of constipation, after the unhealthy

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20 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

consumption of bad stores, appears in different countries with
about the same symptoms, but ascribed to many various causes.
It was found in Florida, by a very practical beekeeper, O. O.
Poppleton, who had practiced beekeeping in Iowa and spent years
along the east coast of Florida. It was found in California, and
described to me by Major Merriam, of San Marcos. Each of those
men ascribed the disease to different causes, the cause described
by Poppleton not existing in California.

Worse yet, a similar disease, with almost entirely similar
diagnosis was found in Italy, in the vicinity of Ancona, along
the Adriatic, where there is practically no more winter than
there is in Florida or in Southern California.

In the British Isles, the "Isle-of-Wight disease" is very
similar to the troubles already mentioned. The damp, unpleasant
weather of spring in that country would almost explain the
trouble. But it becomes epidemic and destroys colonies long after
the causes would appear to have been removed. In Great Britain,
the Isle-of-Wight disease destroyed the bees of entire sections of
the country, a few years ago.

The German scientists discovered a microscopic parasite in
the stomach of the honeybee, which they called "Nosema apis."
The trouble was ascribed to this parasite. But healthy bees were
found carrying quite a number of them, while some diseased
bees had none. In England a mite, "Acarapis woodi," also called
"Tarsonemus woodi," which invades the breathing tubes of the
honeybee, was charged with being the cause of the Isle-of-Wight
disease. It is thought to be almost a proved fact. But there has
been no Tarsonemus found in America, according to our scien-
tists, and they have put an embargo on the importation of bees,
to prevent its introduction. Then what will we say about the
disease, or diseases, found in so many different parts of the
country, with so similar diagnosis to that of the Isle-of-Wight
trouble?

When I visited Italy, in the summer of 1913, I met many
beekeepers in the Province of Ancona. They were, most of them,
positive that the disease, which they called Mal-di-Maggio, and
which was still showing in a few instances, in September, was
caused by the blossoms of red-hawthorn (Crataegus). But there
is no hawthorn in Florida, where Poppleton found the disease,
and the hawthorn of Illinois blooms long after the beginning of
the trouble. Then what is the cause of the disease ?

Moreover, we have had, here, in Illinois, temporary troubles
of a similar nature, which we cannot as yet ascribe to anything.
During the month of June, 1924, my son Louis, whose home is
the old Dadant home, and who has the home apiary in charge,
called my attention to a number of bees dragging themselves on
the ground, just as if suffering with disease. They would walk
about and try to fly and would finally gather into small knots
of a dozen bees or so, on blades of grass, as if in misery. This

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ILLINOIS state-beekeepers' ASSOCIATION 21

was during a fine warm day, when everything appeared favor-
able.

The next day, I called him up by telephone, from my own
home in town, to inquire about the trouble. The sick bees had
disappeared and nothing of the kind was detected during the
rest of the season.

I could write for days upon this matter, but would bring no
light whatever. Yet there is a solution. There must be a number
of diseases with almost entirely similar diagnosis. But their
causes, in most instances, are unknown to us. It remains for the
young beekeepers, the young scientists, with the acquired knowl-
edge of their elders, to push investigations farther along.

There is no doubt in my mind that a number of different
causes bring similar results. Bad winter food, in countries of
cold winters, is without doubt responsible for much of the diffi-
culty. The Nosema apis and the Tarsonemus woodi probably
bear their share of the troubles found. But what is it that causes
disease of the adult bee where none of these troubles appear?

It is very difficult to bring about progress, even with the
acquired knowledge of others to help us. The reason is that
many of the so-called discoveries are incorrect. Take for in-
stance the cause of what is called European foulbrood. Cheshire
ascribed it to a bacillus which he called "Bacillus alvei." But our
own scientist. Dr. White, found and proved that Bacillus alvei
was only a bacillus of putrefaction, which invaded the cells after
the death of the larvae from Bacillus pluton. That explained why
there was disagreement upon the odor of what we call European
foulbrood. Some claimed that it was a stinking foulbrood, while
others asserted that this disease had only a sour odor. It was
only the date of examination which made the difference. Just
as soon as the larvae died, when the only bacillus developed was
Bacillus pluton, the odor was sour; but just as soon as the bacillus
of putrefaction "Bacillus alvei" developed in the dead brood,
there was a carrion odor and the disease was called "stinking
foulbrood," a term still used by many of our contemporary writ-
ers, to describe European foulbrood.

So it will be necessary to be very careful in trying to diag-
nose between the different diseases. It will take minute investi-
gations and much microscopic research. I wish I had my life to
live over and be able to study such things, for we are only on the
threshold of the study of all sorts of diseases. Mankind has
solved several difficult problems, one of which is the prevention
of yellow fever, by destroying the Stegomya that causes it. So,
we must not be discouraged by difficulties, but go on with scien-
tific researches with probability of success.

iMhS^^i::

22 tw£;nty-fifth annual report of the

WAYS OF DECREASING COSTS OF SELLING HONEY.

(By H. H. Root.)

Hoover has given us a splendid rule to follow : "Sell produce
as near the point of production as possible." poes it make any
difference, so long as the buyer pays the freight? I don't know
of any greater fallacy than that. The buyer does not pay the
freight; neither does he pass the freight on to the consumer.
The seller pays the freight.

Last summer I attended a state meeting in northern Michi-
gan and the gentleman who took me from that meeting to Gay-
lard, Michigan, where I was to take my train that evening, told
me that he had several tons of honey to sell and asked if I would
not buy it. I told him I thought it would be more profitable for
him to sgll his honey close by. Day before yesterday I heard
from him, telling me that he had disposed of all his honey in his
own state for several cents a pound more than I could have paid
him. There are plenty of places in the United States where
honey is shipped at an expense of 2, 3, and 3i/^c per pound for
carrier charges. It is a very short road to eliminating cost of
selling if we bear Hoover's splendid rule in mind and remember
that selling locally decreases the cost of selling. I could spend
an hour giving you illustrations of people who have sold their
honey to very good advantage close by. J. A. Green, Colorado, in
a small town, has sold almost his entire crop right there in that
town. He didn't start out and sell the crop in one morning. Of
course not — it took years, and that is what I want to talk about
here for just a few minutes.

Mr. Nordman has said here, that, no cooperative society in
existence can successfully fix a price above a fair average market
price. In substance that is what he said, and that is absolutely
true. The prevailing average price can be raised, not at once,
but over a period of time. It is folly for any one of us to think
that he can sell his own individual honey for away above the
market price except on reputation, and get away with it year
after year.

In Iowa, I made the statement that the average beekeeper
will talk your arm off on bees but on honey he is silent. I don't
hear any one talking about the food value of honey. We are apt
to talk about bees, forgetting honey. I wonder if any two or
three men in Wisconsin are doing the amount of good in preach-
ing the gospel of honey that Miss Fischer is doing in her won-
derful work. I wonder if we men are doing what we might do
along that line — we ought to do it.

>-..-Hf^" ^ T^^^^^T"*; ¥*^V , '^'^"T?'^

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 23

May the Association live long and prosper. It seems to me
that the Association may function beautifully along this line,
not only in cooperative selling, but in cooperative publicity. The
final aim of all associations should be to have affiliated county
associations that can work with a common purpose in telling
the ignorant and indifferent public about our product. It seems
to me that there is not an association in the United States, re-
gardless of how small, that should not have a publicity committee
of perhaps one person who can see to it that frequent articles
are written and sent to local papers. These articles ought to be
accompanied occasionally with some true advertising, paid for
either by the Association or its members. In the Nebraska As-
sociation there is one fertile brained man who has had hundreds
of honey articles accepted. Newspapers are anxious to get them.
I am sure that the "American Bee Journal" and "Gleanings" will
render assistance along these lines and will furnish data from
which articles can be written.

Today we are able to talk over the radio on honey. R. B.
Wilson, New York, has given several talks on honey over the
radio and says it is not at all difficult to arrange for them. It
requires only some one who knows his subject, who is interesting
and who has a voice that will carry, to put it across.

There should be talks at schools, high schools and grade
schools. I may have told some of you in the summer that I have
talked in every high school in Cleveland, Akron, and Barbartown.
Honey should be discussed at Kiwanis, Lions, Exchange, and
other luncheon clubs. I have talked at nearly 50 clubs on honey,
never once mentioning my honey. These clubs are very anxious
for speakers to talk on food products. It is very much worth
while. There are many who are eager for that information.

Here is something new. Banks, especially during Thrift
Week, are anxious for something new. You can put a glass hive
of bees in a bank window with a printed card telling about bees
as bankers. Banks are glad for these exhibits and most of them
will pay 1 10 for having the colony of bees in the window during
Thrift Week.

The deplorable fact is not so much that people are not eating
enough honey and that the average consumption of cane sugar
is 115 to 118 pounds per capita per year and only a little over
two pounds of honey. The deplorable fact is that people are in-
different. They never think of it — they don't know it is there.
It is not a part of their vocabulary or a part of their diet. We
have the whole future ahead of us along that line.

Here is something else that I think can be done at a com-
paratively little expense. I brought along with me from Medina a
little exhibit that has been loaned to us by the Field Museum.
The Field Museum, through the N. W. Harris Extension School,
has made eight splendid exhibits like this one, from material
that we furnished from Medina ; 500,000 school children in Cook
County are going to write papers on these eight exhibits. We

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24 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

can't start too young telling children about honey. It starts a /i

little interest in honey, as has already been proven. The same
can be done elsewhere, and I would like to see it done here in
Milwaukee. It would be a splendid thing for the Wisconsin mar-
ket.

This idea of passing honey on to big meetings: There are
plenty of chances to do this. When you hear of a big meeting
which 200 or 300 attend, tell them you would like to furnish the
honey. Let the Association chip in on that. A lot of people that
have never yet thought of honey will then surely think of it.

We, as beekeepers, have not done our part. And when I say
beekeepers, I want to claim the honor of being a beekeeper. We
have 22 bee yards that we are running on a commercial scale.
I would much rather be considered a beekeeper than be classed
with any other group in the whole wide world.

'I

/

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCLA.TION

25

WEDDING BEE AND BLOSSOM IN 1200 ACRES OF APPLES

(By G. H. Gale.)

The title is significant of the story. Bees and apples have
been linked together by necessity long enough for acceptance,
but there has never been an attempt on a larger scale to demon-
strate how much bees will do for the commercial apple grower
than the one I am about to relate.

I have seen apple trees cover acres of ground, but never be-
fore have I seen them sweep from view as they do on the McClay
estate at Hill view, Illinois. Here, as far as vision carries, the
world is apple trees, and to see the sea of bloom in spring is a
red letter event. The beauty of the delicate flowers can never be
more gorgeous, as they spread about, far into the distance.

The town of Hill view is just half way between Kansas City
and Chicago, on the Chicago and Alton railroad. The soil is espe-
cially well adapted to fruit growing, as it is a deep, wind-blown
loess, still loose for many feet down and still fairly sweet where
it has not been too badly washed. The land is quite hilly, not
easily farmed, and the slopes allow enough air drainage so that
trees are not often injured by low temperature. Because of these
natural advantages there are a number of large orchards in the
region.

26

TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

One of the oldest of the large commercial orchards belongs
to the McClay estate. The father of the present McClay boys
came from Vermont, in 1869, and in time established in Chicago
a successful produce commission house. He bought apples in
southern Illinois and married an apple grower's daughter, later
buying the place at Hillview where, forty or fifty years ago he
established the orchards which now bear his name.

The present orchards comprise the original plantings, still
owned entirely by the estate, and a later block now owned by
Albert McClay, who is the present manager of the entire place,
in all about 1,200 acres, the largest acreage of apples in the world
under one management in one place.

The orchards are in a commanding location, seeming to be on
top of the world. From different vantage points one can look out
over great distances, with avenues of trees extending in every
direction. It does not look as though it would be hard to walk to
any point among them and back, but it is not as easy as it looks.
No novice will attempt it twice, as it takes a "barrel hound," as
the old men well acquainted with the ground are called, to guide
a newcomer around successfully.

The apples grown are mostly varieties which will keep well
in storage, principally Willow Twigs, Black Twigs, Jonathans,
Ben Davis, Missouri Pippins, Gano, some Maiden Blush and
Grimes Golden and a few Winesaps.

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ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPER S ASSOCIATION

27

Albert McClay is a masterful man, used to heavy loads, and
one who cannot be interested in small ventures. An establish-
ment of the kind he manages is just to his liking and some idea
of its immensity can be gained from the striking figures in the
course of this story.

The amount of money invested in an enterprise of this sort
is not apparent to the casual observer, but when the facts are
known they rather stagger the imagination. The permanent
physical equipment, buildings, stock, trees, machines, spraying
outfits, ladders, mixing tanks, pipe lines, trucks, and all the odds
and ends needed for the work, are valued at a sum which would
be a comfortable fortune for most of us. The cost of planting
trees, bringing them to bearing, and keeping them in condition
from year to year is well into six figures. As Mr. Rice, one of
the orchard foremen, put it, "When we have to spend money in
this orchard we just shut our eyes and spend."

Besides the residences of the manager and his mother, two
large, substantial homes, there are about thirty-eight houses on
the estate where the regular employees live with their families.
These homes are owned by the estate and rented at a nominal
figure. Scattered about among the different orchard blocks, they
serve partly as a protection to the crop.

The big boarding house, which you see in the picture, will
accommodate a good share of the crew during the picking season.

KmiklS^jSa-*). •-..--;. ^

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28 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

The barns, barrel sheds, and packing house, added to those build-
ings already mentioned, would, if gathered together, make a
fair-sized village.

Stretching through the orchards are fourteen miles of pipe
lines, leading to the big mixing tanks, conveniently placed so the
sprays may be mixed right among the trees. There are seventeen
spray outfits, all of which are in use at some time during the
spraying season.

International trucks haul materials back and forth from
the orchards to the packing house and to the cars as they are
loaded. The hilly nature of the land is such that cars cannot be
used to advantage in the orchards themselves, so wagons are
used for this purpose and mules are the most satisfactory motive
power. There are iif ty or more mules on the place all the time.

About eighty-five men are employed constantly. It is their
job to work the orchards, pruning, fertilizing, cultivating, and
generally caring for the place. It is probable that the annual
overhead of an orchard of this size, whether or not an apple is
picked, will come somewhere between $150,000 and $200,000.

Things are comparatively quiet at Hillview until the picking
season. But when the fruit is ripe, how things change! Apple
men come in from all directions — ^bosses, pickers, sorters, facers,
tailers — all good men from north, south, east and west — ^until
250 or 300 of them are there. For two or three months the pick-
ing of fruit will be their task. Some of these men have been
coming to the McClay orchards for years. Although there is
naturally quite a fluctuation in the membership of the crew, most
of them are veteran orchard men who know their work and
know it well.

To watch a group of experienced apple pickers, perched about
a tree, fills the novice with awe. Apples disappear like magic
from linib to bag. Each picker has a number, and as he empties
his bag on the sorting table, he calls his number, which the boss
enters on a tally card. This keeps strict count.

When the men gather at the boarding house at night it is a
unique sight. The cooks have supper ready and, at the call, the
long lines of tables in the big dining room are filled with famished
huskies. There is the best of food and plenty of it.

After the meal the boys gather for an evening of entertain-
ment. There are games, music and impromptu amusements.
They have the best of accommodations. The rooms are separate
like those of a hotel, with every comfort provided, even to shower
baths.

This is a fair picture of the setting for the most outstanding
practical experiment in the value of bees as pollinators that has
yet been tried. McClay has given every attention possible to the
trees, leaving nothing undone that might increase their vigor
or their yield. Two years ago Mr. W. P. Flint, the Illinois Exten-
sion Entomologist, from Urbana, suggested to him that the light
set of fruit he had been getting in certain blocks might be due

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ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION

29

to the lack of insect pollinators at the time the trees were in
bloom. Flint suggested that bees might help.

The idea seemed logical to McClay, so he tramped the coun-
tryside, picking up colonies of bees, since that was to him the
beginning and end of the problem. It was simply a job of buying
bees in hives and setting them in the orchards. It soon became
apparent, however, that to establish the bees was a man's sized
job and that there was more to beekeeping than he had ever
supposed.

The farther he went, the worse it got; in fact he soon ad-
mitted that it was entirely beyond him. But he was sold on the
need for bees, as every worth-while experiment, that gave him
published information, pointed out irresistibly that bees were a
help in the commercial orchard, and, in the case of some fruits,
were an absolute necessity. Since man has upset nature's balance
in planting fruit in large blocks, he must establish it again by
providing all the conditions needed for fruit setting, pollinators
not excepted.

His next step was to hire a competent beekeeper, Mr. Ken-
nedy, who came to him from Nebraska. Kennedy, a firm believer
in clean bees, induced McClay to buy packages from the south,
as he found that many of the hives McClay had so painstakingly
gathered about the countryside had foulbrood.

Kennedy boomed right into the job, but many of the trees
had been in bloom some time, when the last shipments of bees

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30

TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

came, so they were established rather late for best results the
first year. Colonies were set among the trees so that each one
had close access to a limited number. The plan followed was to
have one hive at every twelfth tree in the row and the next lot
six rows over, alternating the position of the hives so they were
between those in the previous row. This management was a very
important item, as important as any in the entire experiment, as
it insured a maximum number of bees in a small area. The value
of this became evident when the bees had only a few flying hours
in the day. They stayed close to the hive and worked hard, while
more extended foraging would have been difficult, and at times
impossible.

It is not considered good practice in this orchard to spray
with the bloom on, so no revision of schedule was needed on that
score for the sake of the bees. When the bloom starts to drop,
spraying begins, and since there are other varieties still in bloom,
it was deemed best, to avoid all possibility of injury to the bees,
to move them to the foot of the hills, some distance away, in
reach of the river bottom land. This soil, as well as the loess on
the hills, is quite sweet, making for a ready growth of clover,
and large amounts of alsike are grown there.

With the alsike and the usual white clover and fall flowers,
which are so common in the Illinois river bottoms, a good crop
of honey would have ordinarily been assured. Theirs was the
luck of the beginner as a late freeze in May caught all the clover
and ruined the prospects from that source.

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ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 31

There is little in the orchard for the bees when the bloom is
over, as practically no cultivation is carried on. McClay much
prefers blue grass sod on these hills, as it insures better air
drainage and better moisture conditions. With the bees out, the
beekeeper can prepare them for a flow elsewhere. They are in
the best of shape, coming from the apple bloom with an abund-
ance of honey and pollen. After the season, the colonies are
prepared for winter and in the spring moved back again to the
orchards in time for the bloom.

The results the first season in the orchards cannot be taken
conclusively in favor of the bees unless they are followed by
similar results the next few years. But even so, they are strik-
ing and the older men, who have been in the orchard for years,
admit that something has influenced the set of the fruit in a
way they have never seen before, although not all of them are
ready to admit that the bees are responsible for the difference.

From the early set, everyone was jubilant. The prospects
were for 100,000 barrels of No. 1 apples, which would have been
a phenomenal crop. A freeze on the 25th day of May destroyed
many of the newly set fruits ; later a hail storm left marks, and
finally a series of hot, dry winds cooked many of the exposed
apples so they rained down in heaps. Ten thousand barrels were
estimated lost by this drop.

In spite of the reverses, however, the crop was remarkable.
There were 65,000 barrels of No. 1 apples and 200 carloads of
bulk apples. The previous best crop was 51,000 barrels, which
gives an increase for 1925 of 14,000 barrels over the best crop.
It was over twice the crop for 1924, while the yields in the two
nearest commercial orchards were only about half what they
were in 1924. If the bees are responsible for only a part of this
increase they will surely be an investment in high finance.

The first bees were placed among the Ganos and Missouri
Pippins. Since 1910 there had not been a paying crop of Ganos.
The best crop in that interval was in 1923, when the yield was
an average of 2^^ barrels to the tree. This year the yield was
51/^ barrels to the" tree. The Pippins were loaded as never before.

The last bees were put in a small block of Winesaps. They
are young trees and have set a noticeable amount of fruit but
once before. Although the bloom had started to fall, the bees
did some work, with the result that there was a scattering set of
fruit all through the block, with one or two trees quite well set.
K full colonies had been there in early bloom, with a heavy set
of fruit resulting, it would have been the most convincing evi-
dence in the entire experiment.

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32 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

HOW BEES "MAKE" HONEY.

(By O. W. Park, Iowa Experiment Station.)

In early times it was thought that honey was a product of
the flowers which was simply gathered and carried home by the
bees, and that it was stored by them in the honey comb without
change. For this reason, the scientific name first given to the
honeybee was Apis mellifera which means the honey-carrying
bee. Later it was discovered that there was a vast difference be-
tween honey and the original product obtained from the flowers
by the bees, so the scientific name was changed to Apis mellifica
which means the honey-making bee.

The sweet substance the bee sips from the clover blossom is
properly known as nectar. While the chemical composition of
nectars from different sources has been found to vary somewhat,
in general we say that nectar is composed of about 80 percent
water and 20 percent sugar which usually is in the form which
is known to the chemist as cane sugar. Chemical analysis of
honey has shown that on the average, honey — the finished prod-
uct— is composed of about 20 percent water and 80 percent sugar.
These are the same figures as for nectar except that they have
traded posifions. But other changes have occurred also. The
cane sugar of the nectar has been acted upon by certain agents
in the body of the bee which have split up the molecules of the
cane sugar in such a way that the resulting products are known
as dextrose and levulose. In addition, the bee has added a min-
ute amount of some acid. It is often called formic acid although
chemists have never determined just what kind of acid it really
is.

Since, on a previous occasion (See Report for 1923, p. 41-46),
I told you about the activities of field-bees in gathering the nec-
tar, we will proceed at once to a discussion of the ways in which
these remarkable changes are accomplished by the bee in the
process of making honey out of nectar. But, don't expect too
much along this line, for there is yet a great deal that has not
been found out about the process.

In any field of knowledge in which only a part of the facts
are known, a theory which takes into account practically all of
the known facts in the case often proves very helpful in gaining
other facts and, finally, in solving the problem. On the other
hand many theories prove to be worthless, yet in the absence of
facts, theories are to be encouraged, for there is nothing to lose
but much to gain through the use of them. So I want to bring
to your attention at this time a theory which was advanced

■*'. ^-r.-TJirAAS^^;-.':,

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION SS

several years ago by Doctor Brunnich of Switzerland, in an at-
tempt to uncover the facts concerning the method or methods
employed by the bee for the elimination of water from the nec-
tar. Some of you, no doubt, are familiar with this theory which
may be referred to as the "excretion" theory.

Briefly stated, Brunnich's "excretion" theory is that the
honey-sac is a sort of semi-permeable membrane or filter through
which a part of the water of the nectar passes into the blood
from which it is removed by the so-called "rectal glands" which
discharge it into the rectum.

In support of this theory, Brunnich cites the work of Huillon
as well as experiments, of his own. During a good honeyflow,
Huillon took away all the combs from three colonies one evening
and the following morning gave them empty combs. From colony
1, he removed these combs in the evening of the same day. From
colony 2, the combs were removed the next morning. Colony 3
was placed in the cellar on the evening of the first day and was
left there three days, after which the combs were removed.
After being extracted, the specific gravity of the three samples
thus obtained was found to be: 1.394, 1.415 and 1.432 for colonies
1, 2 and 3 respectively. These densities correspond respectively
to 26, 22 and 17 percent water. Since ripe honey often contains
as much as 20 percent water these results would indicate that
the samples from colonies 2 and 3 were both practically ripe so
far as water reduction was concerned, and that the sample from
colony 1 had been reduced in water content to a much greater
extent than could be accounted for by evaporation from the nec-
tar while stored in the cells.

Brunnich showed by an experiment that a comb containing
fresh honey left in a strong colony, but protected by wire-cloth
so that no bee could reach it with its tongue, changed in density
only from 1.288 to 1.340 during a period of eleven days of fine
weather. Since it has been rather commonly observed that new
honey normally ripens in about three days, we come to the con-
clusion that ordinary evaporation from the cells does not account
for a very important part of the water reduction process.

In this connection, the work of De Planta may be cited. He
found that the sugar content of nectar from four different spe-
cies of plants ranged from 7 to 40 percent, with an average of
about 20 percent. While he made no determinations on nectar
just as it arrived at the hive, he reported analysis of what he
called "new honey" from five samples produced by three species
of plants. The sugar content of these ranged between 66 and 79
percent. De Planta's own interpretation of these data was that
he believed that the bees threw off a considerable quantity of
the water while the nectar was in their honey-sacs.

In line with this theory, there is also the well known circum-
stantial evidence that, during a heavy honeyflow, incoming bees
often spurt out a tiny jet of colorless liquid before entering the
hive. A. I. Root, in 1874, while conducting an experiment on

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36 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

wintering bees in a greenhouse, made an observation which is of
interest in this connection. The bees had been in the greenhouse
three days and were feeding on thin syrup from a feeder located
at the opposite end of the room, when he noticed laden bees
going out of a hive so rapidly that he suspected the colony was
being robbed. But he succeeded in following them on the wing
and made out to his entire satisfaction that after flying a while
in the sunshine, they discharged from their bodies what seemed
to be only pure water. After this maneuver, they were seen to
return immediately to their hive with bodies so reduced in size
that they made quite a contrast with their comrades who were
just going out. Root suggested that this might be a part of the
natural process of freeing the raw honey of its superfluous water.

Thompson, in 1880, reported similar observations on bees
fed very thin syrup either inside the hive or in the open air. He
also collected on a sheet of oil-cloth, enough of the spray to get
a taste of it. He found no sweetness about it and, so far as he
could tell, it was pure water. He concluded that the honey-sac
must be a sort of laboratory or filter.

Other observations on the tiny jet of colorness liquid ejected
by bees working on thin syrup or nectar are so numerous that
only a few of the more important ones can be mentioned in this
brief discussion. E. R. Root relates that his father once collected
the spray from bees working on the spider plant, by catching it
on dinner plates and after tasting it, decided it was nothing but
water. He found also that upon evaporating, no deposit was left
on the plates. For comparison, he collected nectar direct from
the plants and found it decidedly sweet.

It has been shown that the excretion theory is supported by
considerable evidence and, so far as the writer is aware, there is
only one little bit of evidence against it, and that is the fact that
bees carrying only water have been reported, in a few cases, to
eject colorless liquid in a manner similar to those carrying thin
syrup or nectar. This may possibly be accounted for by the fact
that most field-bees have been found to carry a small quantity of
honey in their honey-sacs when leaving the hive. If water be
added to this, the result is a dilute sugar solution, which is ex-
actly what is obtained by bees when they feed on thin syrup or
nectar. It should be remembered, however, that in spite of the
fact that the "excretion" theory fits in nicely with most of the
known facts, it is as yet only a theory.

Ripening Done by House-Bees.

We are not, however, dependent upon theory alone for an
explanation of how a considerable portion of the moisture is
eliminated from nectar. Observations by the writer and others
have shown that the house-bees greatly facilitate the evaporation
process. You will recall that when a field-bee comes in with a
load of nectar, as a rule, she does not deposit her load in a cell
but passes it over to the house-bees, usually distributing it among

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ILLINOIS STATE BEEKJEEPERS' ASSOCIATION - 37

three or four of them. The manner in which the transfer is
made is shown at A in Figure 1, in which the field-bee (upper),
with her tongue folded back under her chin, is forcing the nectar
to flow out over the upper surface of her tongue, while the house-
bee (lower), with outstretched tongue, transfers the nectar to
her own honey-sac.

When the house-bee has received her portion of the field-
bee's load, she meanders about the hive in search of a place where
she will not be crowded. Here she usually takes up the charac-
teristic position shown at B in Figure 1, having the long axis of
her body in a perpendicular position with head uppermost. She
at once begins to go through a series of operations which are
illustrated diagrammatically in Figure 2.

Starting with the mouth parts at rest as shown in the first
diagram, the jaws are opened wide and the whole proboscis is
moved somewhat forward and downward. At the same time, the
distal portion of the proboscis (d prb) is swung outward a little,
and a small droplet of nectar appears in the preoral cavity (pc)
as shown in the second diagram. The whole proboscis is then
raised and retracted almost to the position of rest, but is de-
pressed again and is again raised as before, and so on. With each
succeeding depression, the distal portion of the proboscis swings
outward a little farther than before, but it makes only the be-
ginning of a return to its position of rest.

Accompanying the second depression of the proboscis, an
increased ampunt of nectar appears in the preoral cavity, some
of which begins to flow out over the upper surface of the probos-
cis. As the proboscis is raised and retracted the second time, the
beginning of a drop of nectar may usually be seen in the angle
formed by its two major portions as shown in the third diagram.
This droplet increases in size each time the proboscis is alter-
nately depressed and raised until a maximum droplet is produced
as illustrated by the flfth diagram. The bee then draws the en-
tire drop inside its body. As the nectar begins to be drawn in,
the drop assumes a concave surface at its lower end, as shown at
a in the sixth diagram. The distal portion of the proboscis is
extended as at b until the drop has disappeared, when it is
again folded back to the position of rest indicated at c.

A bee commonly spends from five to ten seconds in carrying
out the series of activities illustrated in Figure 2. This procedure
is repeated with only brief pauses for about twenty minutes,
although both of these intervals are subject to considerable
variation. Upon the completion of this part of the ripening pro-
cess, the bee searches out a cell in which to deposit the drop she
has been concentrating. Into this cell she crawls, with her back
downward as shown in Figure 1, C. This position is characteris-
tic of a bee depositing honey. If the cell is empty, she enters
until her mouth-parts touch the upper rear angle of the cell.
The honey is forced out over the dorsal surface of the folded
proboscis between the mandibles or jaws which are held well

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38 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

apart. Then, using the mouth-parts as a brush, and turning her
head from side to side, she "paints" the nectar across the upper
wall of the cell so that it runs down and occupies the rear portion
of the cell. But if the cell already contains honey, she dips her
mouth-parts into the honey already there and adds her drop
directly and without the "painting" process. Whether the nectar
is ordinarily put through this process more than once before it is
fully ripened was not definitely determined, but it seems prob-
able that it may be worked over several times.

It appears that the procedure described above has for one
of its principal objects, the evaporation of water from the nectar.
This is effectively accomplished by exposing the nectar in a
thin film as it fiows out over the proboscis. The drop which
forms in the angle of the proboscis also exposes a relatively large
surface for evaporation, and a noticeable reduction in the size of
this drop is readily observed, as the drop is worked and reworked
repeatedly. It seems probable, therefore, that this activity of
the house-bees is responsible to a large extent for the concen-
tration of the nectar.

The bees also make use of another means for hastening
evaporation. When nectar is coming in rapidly, and particularly
if it is very thin, the house-bee often does not stop to put it
through the ripening process, but deposits it almost at once ; and
instead of depositing the entire load in a single cell, she usually
distributes it among three or four cells by attaching a small
hanging drop to the roof of each, as is shown in Figure 1, C.
The hanging drop exposes a maximum surface for evaporation;
and these droplets are "hung up to dry," either in empty cells
or in cells that contain eggs or young larvae. Later these drop-
lets are collected, and it is assumed that they are then put
through the ripening process already described. Thus we see
how necessary it is to provide a colony with more supers during
the honeyflow than will be required to hold the finished product.

It was formerly assumed that all of the excess water of
nectar was evaporated from the cells after it had been de-
posited, but Brunnich has given data to show that it is a physical
impossibility for evaporation to take place fast enough from
nectar in the cells, to account for such rapid reduction in water
content as has been found to occur. Furthermore, it is impossible
to say whether the activities of the house-bees described above
Nvould altogether account for this rapid reduction. If it should be
proven that the field-bee does have a means for separating out a
part of the water while carrying the nectar home, it would seem
probable that a similar process would also take place while the
nectar is in the honey-sac of the house-bee. Should this prove
to be the case, the rapid reduction of the water content of nectar
would be amply accounted for.

Comparatively little is known about how the bee changes
the chemical nature of the sugar content of nectar. There seems
to be no doubt but that the inversion process is brought about

■Ai

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS* ASSOCIATION 39

by a substance called invertase, but what its source may be, and
how and when it is added to the nectar are still unknown. If the
invertase is a product of some of the so-called salivary glands or
other glands which have their outlets among the mouth-parts,
the process described above, in which the nectar is repeatedly
forced out; over the tongue and drawn back in, would provide
ample opportunity for the addition of such a substance. It is
known, however, that the inversion process is not completed
when the new honey is first deposited in the cells, but that the
process continues for a time after it has been stored.

Reference has been made to the minute quantity of acid which
is always present in honey. Nothing whatever is known about
the source of this acid. Some of the early writers accounted for
its presence by saying that just before each cell was to be finally
sealed up, a bee would inject a small drop of acid with her sting
to keep the Tioney from spoiling, but careful observations by
more recent investigators have failed to reveal any such proce-
dure on the part of the bee.

It is commonly said and generally true that the bees do not
seal up the cells until the honey is entirely ripe. Since unripe
honey is apt to spoil, it usually does not pay to remove it from
the hive until it has been sealed. Furthermore, honey which has
been left with the bees for several weeks after being sealed, seems
to take on a certain richness and a superior quality which are
difficult either to account for or to describe.

The honeybee's "patent rights" on her secret process of
honey-making have not yet "run out" ; and, until they do, we
shall have to get along with what little knowledge we have on
the subject together with what we may be able to find out by
patient observation and research.

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40

TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

FRUIT GROWING AND BEEKEEPING NORTH AND SOUTH.

(By Frank C. Pellett, Hamilton, Illinois. Author "Productive
Beekeeping," "American Honey Plants," etc.)

It is natural for those of us who have always lived in the
North to dream of a home where the winter skies are always
balmy and where it is unnecessary to shovel coal and battle with
snow drifts. Someway we feel that winter in the South should
be like a continuation of our summers here. In our dream picture
there are orchards of the finest fruit and the bees are humming
away merrily piling up the honey throughout the year. I, at
least, must confess to once having had some such dream. Ac-
cordingly in the spring of 1902 I took a bride and an abbreviated
bank balance and went south to "The land of the big red apple"
which I had heard so much about.' Alas, how often the reality
differs substantially from the dream. I bought a fine orchard of
forty-five acres of bearing apples of well chosen varieties and
prepared to enjoy the life of a fruit grower. The year 1902 was
one of the few big apple crop years in the Ozark region. Did I

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ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION

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not see the orchard with its loads of fruit and did it not show
for itself what it would do? Unfortunately for me it seemed
unable to repeat the performance.

Climatic conditions in the Ozarks are such as to make out-
door living very attractive, but the soil is poor and requires much
feeding to produce properly. This could be done though some-
what expensive, but the fruit grower finds a much more difficult
problem in the spring frosts. The winters are mild and the fruit
trees blossom very early with the result that they usually get
frozen. With the exception of pasture for the team and a cow,
the balance of my farm was in timber and there was no room
for other crops. However, there seemed to be no occasion to
need other crops, for I could figure a comfortable income from
forty-five acres of orchard. For me the trees bloomed wonder-
fully and I will never forget the sight of that wide expanse of
pink blossoms. One is dull indeed who is unmoved by the sight
of a big orchard in bloom. Fortunately I enjoyed the blossoms
to the full for they were all the crop secured. In May, long after
the petals had fallen and when the little apples were nearly as
big as the end of my finger there came a freeze. The young
shoots on the oak trees were cut back from ten to fifteen inches
and the woodlands looked as though swept by a fire. Except for
one row of Whitney crabapples on a high point there was hardly
an apple left in all that orchard and the total sales were less
than $100.00. It is needless to say that we did not live on a very
elaborate scale that season.

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42

TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Although the frosts were not as severe every year, spring
frosts cut back the fruit crop to some extent every one of the five
years we lived there and it is my understanding that there has
never been a full crop of apples harvested in that orchard since
1902.

Since that time I have had the pleasure of visiting every
southern state, except the Carolinas, from Virginia to California
and have looked in vain for the country of my dreams. There
are a few small areas in California and extreme southern Florida
where frost is not a menace. Generally speaking, however, frost
is the bane of the fruit grower's life in all America, and the
farther south one goes the more serious it becomes. Here in
Illinois we have an occasional crop cut short by spring frost and
it is only as we go northward that the fruit grower is fairly safe
from its visitation.

K one wants to see really fine orchards he should look in the
North, rather than in the South. Western New York, the Grims-
by region in Ontario, northern Michigan and northeastern Wis-
consin are all regions where fruit growing has been developed
to a high degree.

Compensations.

Nature has a way of giving freely in one direction and with-
holding in another. To Florida she has given a pleasant climate
and ample rainfall, but the soil is so poor as to make one weep.
The toll for fertilizer is so high as to be unprofitable for ordinary
crops and it is only special lines which are in demand at high
prices, that are likely to reward the grower.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION

43

^ - .

An entirely satisfactory explanation has never been offered
to me for the almost entire absence of fruit throughout most of
the southern states. A few figs and peaches are about all the
fruit that one sees from Georgia to Texas. I feel sure that a
much greater variety could be grown if sufficient effort was put
forth. It is possible to raise a much greater variety of fruits in
Iowa and similar regions than in any southern state. At least
there is a far greater variety grown. ^

After one leaves the belt where apples are grown which
terminates in Tennessee and Arkansas, one finds but little fruit
until he reaches the citrus belt in Florida and extreme south
Texas. Even there the variety offered seems small compared to
this section. A few years ago the Texas Gulf Coast region was
boomed for fig culture. Many settlers were attracted by the
stories of profits from figs. Orchards- were set and plans were
laid for preserving the fruit. On a recent visit to Texas I was
told that the scheme proved to be a gigantic failure.

If one would grow cotton, or peanuts or sugar cane he should
go south with a reasonable prospect of success. If he would grow
fruit let him stay here or go farther north.

Nature has been very generous with Illinois and Iowa — a
rich soil, ample rainfall and not too extreme climate. Here in
this intermediate region one finds the opportunity to grow the
greatest possible variety of plants adapted to a wide range of
conditions.

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44 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE v'

Frijit growing has become an important industry in the
valleys of California but our problems are small compared to
theirs. Water must be provided by means of expensive irrigation
systems and carried for long distances from melting snows in
the mountains; frost is a constant menace in many locations and
they are dependent upon distant markets which can only be
reached at the end of long hauls. When, as sometimes happens,
freight cars are not available at the proper time much of the
fruit rots in the orchards. Labor problems are bad enough in the
middle west but they are not to be compared to California where
migratory workers are largely depended upon.

As far as insect pests and fungus diseases are concerned
there seems to be enough to go round and fruit growers in one
locality will find something to balance the bugs offered by an-
other.

The Beekeepers Problems.

There seems to be an almost universal notion among those
who have not investigated, that beekeeping in the South must
be a bonanza. It is a popular notion that the bees can work all
the year around and because of the mild weather there will be no
winter problem to contend with. The facts are that with bee-
keeping, like fruit growing, the farther north one goes, within
reasonable limits, the more profitable the business becomes.

There is a very serious winter problem in the South. Unlike
the wintering problem of the North it becomes one of conserving
bees and stores. There are long periods of warm weather when
there is nothing for the bees to gather in the field. The bees are
worn out with constant searching and brood rearing is continued
with the result that large quantities of honey are consumed in
rearing bees which are unable to add to the productive store of
the colony. It is the southern beekeepers problem to avoid con-
verting all the honey into bees which will be of no use to him.
To paraphrase the old corn story, they raise more bees to gather
more honey to raise more bees and so on forever, with little
honey teft for the beekeeper. In a famous beekeeping section of
west Texas I found beekeepers with hundreds of colonies who
reported not to exceed an average of 25 pounds of surplus honey
per hive for a ten year average. In contrast to that, near Winni-
peg, Canada, I found beekeepers who report 150 pounds for a y;
ten year average. . • ''^^

In the North, when the harvest is over, the bees discon-
tinue brood rearing and are inactive until the following spring. '.
They consume a minimum of stores since all they need is enough ?
to provide sufficient heat for the colony. The beekeeper has only
to provide proper conditions to carry them through the winter
with a minimum of loss.

In the South when the season is over there begins a long pe-
riod when robbing is a constant terror to the beekeeper. Bee-
keepers of my acquaintance in Louisiana sometimes find it J

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ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS* ASSOCIATION 45

necessary to plaster up every crevice in the hives with mud,
leaving only a very small entrance. The care of the surplus
extracting combs becomes a serious problem also. Because of
the mild weather the waxworms work throughout the year and
combs not left in the care of strong colonies will be destroyed by
the worms within a short time.

In the South there is a much larger variety of flowers which
yield honey in surplus quantity and the honey from different
sources is so mixed that it is difficult to keep the high quality
honey separated. The result is that the product brings a lower
price in the big city markets than does the clover and alfalfa
honey produced by northern beemen. There are several south-
ern plants like the bitterweed and the chinquapin which yield
honey of such poor quality that it is not fit to be used for food
and can only be fed back to the bees. In localities where these
plants are common it is very important to remove all good honey
from the hive as soon as they begin to bloom to avoid spoiling
the whole crop by the mixture. A very small quantity of bitter-
weed honey will spoil a barrel of good honey.

There are numerous locations in the South where there is a
serious shortage of pollen at certain seasons of the year. With-
out a pollen supply the bees cannot continue brood rearing and it
often happens that this dearth comes just when it is most needed
to enable the bees to build up in advance of the principal honey
flows. There are few northern locations where such a problem is
to be met.

Since the northern beekeeper produces a larger average crop
of honey of better quality and which brings a higher price, his
situation is much better for honey production. On the other
hand the southern beekeeper is far better situated for queen
breeding and the production of live bees. The development of
the package trade in live bees has opened a market for large
establishments which sell bees and queens to northern buyers.
For queen breeding go south but for honey production stay in
Illinois or go north.

The more I see of the South the more I am convinced that the
fruit grower or beekeeper will do well to produce his fruit and
honey in the North and spend his winter vacation in the South,
unmindful of the problems of production under its less favorable
conditions. If he can make his money in the pleasant season
in the North and spend it under balmy winter skies in the South,
he can get the most satisfaction from both the making and the
spending.

On the whole, the more I know of other regions the better I
like Illinois.

46 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

FIELD NOTES ON HONEY FROM LONG-TUBED FLOWERS.

(By A. C. Burrill, Curator, Missouri Resources Museum.)

Reason for Discussion. — This topic restates a question com-
mon in American bee journals and has not yet reached the dig-
nity of a thesis. It is a challenge to get more field research
rather than a solution of a dispute. Frequent, conflicting ob-
servations on honey bees as visitors on flora like red clover which
they are not supposed to visit for nectar on the theory that their
tongues are too short, (Graenicher, 1910; Folsom, 1909, page
116), is warrant enough for this statement. The further tenet
that honey bees cannot use their jaws to bite into fruits and
flowers as do some Aculeate Hymenoptera seems to be justified
(cf. E. R. Root, 1911 (1908) page 1) but may be affected by
further observations.

Literature on Bees at Perforated Fruits and Flowers. — The
latter tenet, viz. : that honey bees cannot bite fruits or flowers
has been well attested by Dr. Garman (1904) that snowy tree
crickets and other insects make the abrasions in grapes, pears and
other fruits, often by night, and the honey bee then feeds at the
punctures by day and gets the blame for the holes or perforations
they are found visiting. That the honey bee follows other in-
sects seems to be increasingly common in the scarce literature,
covering this topic on "Honey Bees and Perforated Flowers," as
quoted by Robertson (1925). This aptitude to find ways to
sweets through perforations by other insects may be considered
a natural extension of the social instinct by which bees of the
same or different hives search oiit stores of sweets indicated by
other insects.

Examples from Literature. — Just as honey bees follow into
holes in pears and grapes and the like, where holes were made
by grass culms as fruits fall, by tree crickets, ground beetles,
wasps, or ants, so honey bees seem to visit spots where they can
get sweet sap from pruned, worm-bored, or other effect causing
bleeding of box elders (Acer negundo), sugar maples (A. sac-
charum), etc., in early spring or at times when good nectar sup-
ply is scarce. Robertson quotes Sprengel (1793) and Mueller
(1873) on honey bees seen making holes in the flowers of garden
columbine (Aquilegia vulgaris), and Mueller again on perforat-
ing flowers of the European heath (Erica tetralix), and the
Ground Ivy or Jill-run-over-the-ground (Nepeta glechoma).
These are European observers and although the plants in ques-
tion are grown in America, the observations do not seem to have
been repeated in this country. Every summer in my youth I saw

■ :''!;^'^f^^B^j:^?^s'^^i^''W^'7r-^:^.^^^^^ ■'!w?^'l^^|^K^^^'^r.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 47

bees at the European ground ivy (N. glechoma) without noting
perforations, at North Brookfield, Massachusetts. Dr. Pammel
of Iowa (1883) has seen them at red clover (TrifoUum pratense)
but C. P. Dadant (American Bee Journal, March, 1923, page 119)
denies bees make any holes and some teachers of bee habits
agree with this view. Pammel measured red clovers stunted by
dry gromng seasons and could find no results shortening tubes,
so bees could reach the nectar. Pammel, Knuth (1906-8) and
others agree that the honey bee proboscis is too short to reach
nectar.

Often Get Honey Dew for Nectar. — My first field observa-
tions were in the great clover aphis (A. bakeri) epidemic in
South Idaho in 1916, when I was taken to a large red clover field
near Nampa, Idaho, on the edge of the desert or non-irrL^ated
lands, which nearly surrounded this particular field. The' bees
were here and not in the lava plain flora surrounding. Crystalliz-
ing honey-dew was on almost every blossom before the middle
of August, and so much honey-dew was stored in the combs of
leading apiaries (as E. F. Atwater, Meridian, Id.) in that vicinity,
a wine-red nectar, making a red-tinted honey, that few questions
were asked as to other sources of sweets, when thousands of bees
were working the clover field. It maybe honey-dew caused the
red color in the following records on red clover : Red-tinted honey
was shown by C. H. True, Edgewood, Iowa, at the State Fair one
year per Pellett in his excellent review (July, 1918; ib. 1923,
American Honey Plants: 289-293) and thin watery red honey
has been seen by T. Rehorst of Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, while
honey-dew from red clover leaves (only case in literature, Pellett,
ib.) is reported in the American Bee Journal, 1903, page 491.

Clover Aphis Fauna & Perforated Flowers; Honey-dew vs.
Sajp Leaks. — Due to the fact that the Idaho epidemic occurred in
a dry heat when nectar flow was wanting generally, bees were
forced to seek honey-dew sources to survive the summer drought.
The epidemic brought its train of lady beetles, western flower
bug (Triphleps tristicolor White) and other insects, including a
few undetermined Miridae (Burrill, 1918, pp. 421-2). Besides
preying upon the aphis, some of these insects puncture the clover
florets toward the base and must feed upon the nectar or plant
juices there. The flower bug usually finds its aphis more common
in the green leaf sheath bases or bracts of the leaves that sub-
tend the flower heads, but the young nymphs wander through
the fine spaces between the florets as in a miniature cane-break
in the pursuit of young aphis instars. Some of these punctures
exude sap, when the growing parts are turgid with sap. In in-
fested clover fields, one finds an occasional morning when dew, de-
spite the aridity, due to irrigation, is on the clover blooms, usually
on the tops of the flower heads. Also there are globules of honey-
dew under the clover head and in bad infestations, all through
between florets (ib. p. 421). Besides, crystallizing globules are
on the sides of florets close down to the calyx which I took to

-V^-;;7* ■,■■■'".■ ' - r'.V'". ■ z^'V"^'''-"- -''^-''-'-'^'.v .■■'-■' - ■ „ w7-7-^'*?n^-''*«^'-*"^Ii''^^^

48 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

be honey-dew but now believe were drops of nectar oozing from
punctures. Honey bees sipped at these lower globules when
"passing up" or neglecting the more hardened crystallized honey-
dew.

Bees Get Red Clover Nectar Also; Bumble and Wood Bees
Help. — These sources of supply were not given much thought
until the American Bee Journal and others (Pellett, ibid, July,
1918, 238-9; October, 1918, 347-8) took up discussion of why
honey bees visited red clover. It was stated that in case of
drought or epidemic, red clover florets are foreshortened in the
second crop and bee tongues can reach to nectar in these shorter
florets at least on the outer circles, (Folsom, 1909, p. 116; Phil-
lips, 1915, p. 395 ; Dadant, 1922, p. 96 ; Phillips and Demuth, 1922,
p. 9 ; Dietz, 1925, p. 15) ; Pammel and Knuth (ib. Vol. 2, p. 289) to
the contrary notwithstanding. This opinion is general, I believe :
Pellett (ib. 1918) and Dietz (ib.) quoting many beekeepers on
honey bees getting hundreds of pounds of nectar from red clover ;
and Phillips and Demuth (ib., p. 9) claiming it an important
minor source of nectar. Now there are other ways of securing
nectar and sweets that need more study than has been given bee
habits. Knuth (ib.) says the English bumblebee pierces the tubes
of clover flowers (Root, 1917, pp. 16-8, says bites holes in) and
that honey bees later follow through these slits to obtain nectar ;
Schneck says (1891) our carpenter or wood bee (X. virginica)
slits the lower end of red clover corolla tubes, followed by honey
bees getting nectar there. Dadant (1922, p. 96) says some bees
tear corollas to reach nectar, but it is too rare to be of practical
value. Schneck adds that honey bees visit wood bee slits low on
colorra tubes of Pentstemon pubescens, P. laevigatiis, Pontederia
cordata and Astragalus canadensis. He says (ib., p. 314) that
Baltimore Orioles slit trumpet-flowers (Tecoma radicans) like-
wise to reach the nectar but cites no bee visits to slits.

Bees and Sap Leaks on Alfalfa and Norway Spruce. — Fol-
lowing my 1916 observation in Idaho, I found in 1917 something
going wrong with seed production of alfalfa towards Buhl, South
Central Idaho. A Mirid whose work was sent to the Bureau of
Entomology or Plant Industry without recognition and identifi-
cation, punctured through forming seed pods into the seed, re-
sulting either in a bacterial rot or wilting to a flat thin pellicle of
what was left of the forming seed inside. A depression also oc-
curred outside of the pod, indicating where seed failed to form,
and on it, an exudate which dried down black gradually to form
another kind of a pellicle on the exterior. This injury differs
from clover-seed chalcis work, because that insect does not, to
my observation, cause a failure of the usual formation of seed
coats. Now, in the fifteen minutes allowed me to observe
this matter, an occasional honey bee came to the exudate where
it was still fresh. Was it sweet? In the case of sapsucker in-
jury to bark of Norway spruces in spring, we know the exudate
or sap was sweet and visited by honey bees, bluff of Milwaukee

-~.s}^i^il&:ii^.~i

i^j|^^?li?7!j^v-^>:'^- ■ ■■■- .";■■

ILLINOIS STATE beekeepers' ASSOCIATION 49

River, north Milwaukee, Wisconsin. I have waited eight years
to repeat the alfalfa observation without success, and in study-
ing at Logan, Utah, this summer, hoped to see this epidemic on
alfalfa again. Though assigned to an alfalfa field in which I
spent many hours each day, this Mirid and injury failed to come
to my attention, so I am passing on the observation as a sugges-
tion for any one who may be lucky enough to follow it up.

Wood Bees Aid Honeybees to Bush Honeysuckle Nectar. —
Three years of desultory observations on the habits of wood bees
(Xylocopa virginica) about bush honeysuckles, old porches, in
grass, and other places, show that wood bees fly at temperatures
in cold, late springs enduring about ten degrees more cold than
field honey bees also flying for honeysuckle nectar. Thus honey-
bees failed to visit as often or on as many days, nectar sources
such as perforated flowers, which soon wilt. Both wood and
honey bees fail to reach to nectar in the long tubes of the bush
honey-suckle (Diervilla florida) but the larger specimens of
bumblebee (Bremidae) can reach the nectar. Mr. Ernst Schwarz,
Preparator of the Missouri State Museum, urged me out to check
up his wood bee observations and we found that the wood bees
slit each honeysuckle tube in a longitudinal direction once or
twice, usually close to the calyx tube or just within or under its
sepal tips, and that honey bees go to the same slits for a means
of ingress for their own mouth parts. Hundreds of flowers were
so cut and directly visited by hive bees. This may not have been
put in print before, but its evident importance to the question of
honey bees getting nectar from long-tubed flowers was noted in
Science anent the long discussion as to whether honey bees do or
don't get nectar out of clover florets with tubes longer than the
reach of honey bee mouth parts. Honey bees are very essential
to get large seed crops from red clover according to L. C. Aicher
(1917, p. 1) and Westgate, Coe, Pammel et al (1915, p. 19) seem
to say honey bees set more seed in Iowa than bumblebees and
Phillips and Demuth (1922, p. 9) agree, claiming much of our
American clover honey contains red clover nectar. Pellett con-
cludes in 1918, "Whether the corollas are punctured by other
insects, the tubes are shortened by drought or the nectar rises
higher in the tube, remains to be proven," but in 1925 (ib., p. 590,
Dec. no.) reports them seen at perforations of other insects in
red clover corollas, (also Robertson, 1925) ; and in his book,
"American Honey Plants," (1923) found them getting at Buffalo
currant (Rihes aureum) nectar where unknown agencies had
slit the corolla tube entirely down one side. Robertson (1925, pp.
287-8) reports three more species of American flowers from
which hive bees get nectar through perforations made by wasps
(Odynerus or Leionotus) .

Ants Cut Stamens to Reach Fruit-Tree Nectar and May
Perforate Red Clover Bloom. — In closing, I would like to record
that ants have trouble in getting by stamen bars of apple and
prune blossoms to the nectar cup, where bees and other flying

' '.r-hjitj^-lilri.-..

50 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

creatures fly over the tops and in to reach nectar. I have found
that Formica Integra Nyl., a form of F. truncicola common to
the Rockies and Inland Basin, gets around the difficulty by
gnawing down one to three or four stamen bars while fresh and
turgid, and thus gain access to nectar cup. Honey bees also use
this entrance and exit on occasion. It seems from bagging such
blossoms that apples develop but that single sepals may migrate
to varying distances up to half way around or down the cheek
of the apple before maturity. Some anatomists among the botan-
ists might like to follow this lead. It will probably be found that
common black ants (Formica fusca subsericea) have similar
habits; and by night, carpenter ants (Camponotus h. pennsyl-
vanicus), and mound-builders (F. exsectoides) . On Idaho red
clover, F. integra and F. fusca tend clover aphis, and also a tiny
yellow ant. May these ants also gnaw holes in red clover corolla
tubes ?

Wild Bees Replace Bumblebee Work on Red Clover in West.
— There is some doubt whether the larger bumblebees ever split
down mammoth red clover corolla tubes as do carpenter bees
previously noted, and it is still more doubtful whether bumble-
bees are of any importance to clover in irrigated districts due to
their scarcity in some years. If bumblebee scarcity should prove
general, there is an abundance of other native bees to take their
place at least in South Idaho. I refer especially to the so-called
"sweat bees" called to my attention by Dr. J. M. Aldrich of the
National Museum, of the genus Halictus whose colonies are often
enormous, even in the edge of populous towns like Twin Falls,
Idaho. A colony, almost half an acre in extent averaging at
least one hole to the square yard in the railroad yards at Twin
Falls, represented thousands of individuals. A similar colony
was seen three miles away in the Snake River bottom on the
Blue Lakes Ranch. They have been noted most extensively in
L. C. Aicher's Bulletin 101 of the Idaho Agricultural Experiment
Station together with the leaf cutting bees of the genus Mega-
chile. Does their work aid honey bees to gether nectar in red
clover ?

Lady Beetles and Other Inserts Perforate or Cut Clover
Tubes Short. — Some lady beetles undoubtedly bite corolla tubes
of red clover on occasion but whether honey bees get any ad-
vantage from their work, is not proved. There is much more to
learn about the activities of the very common Hippodamia con-
vergens. Its habits are quite varied with regard to feeding.
Under my observation in daylight it sometimes fails to eat clover
aphis but will sip at their honey-dew droplets. By enclosure in a
tin capsule box or under cover of darkness, it suddenly goes into
a wild frenzy of killing like a civit cat in a poultry yard and may
destroy more than one hundred aphids in a few minutes, being
entirely unable to consume its large kill. When there is no honey-
dew about, it appears to try to perforate red clover corolla tubes
in Idaho. I do not know if such habits have been recorded to

i:

'^SIlXt-JSHh:^:

WJIttfp,^iS!K|ft-«»iJiW-

ILLINOIS STATE beekeepers' ASSOCIATION 51

eastward. There are many other insects whose habits in this
connection may benefit honey bee (Folsom, 1909, p. 116, notes
that grasshoppers, beetles, and caterpillars cut red clover tubes
short) .

Do Honeybees Do Any Perforating in U. S.? — ^There is op-
portunity for every one to discover whether the honey bee can
make its own holes in corolla tubes of red clover as reported for
Europe. E. R. Root (1917, pp. 166-8; Dadant, 1922, p. 304) ad-
vocates raising longer-tongued honeybees, and in Europe is a
call for red clover with shorter corolla tubes (Jour. Ec. Ent. 18,
6; 574, par. 5, "Apicultural Notes," 1925; also Dietz, 1925).

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Note: Special bibliographies below are noted by a star after the date.

Aicher, L. C. The Production of Clover Seed Under Irrigation in

Southern Idaho. Id. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 100, p. 1-19, 1917.
Burrill, A. C. New Economic Pests of Red Clover. Jour. Ec.

Ent. 11, #5; 421-4, 1918.

Honey Bees Follow Wood Bees for Nec-
tar. Science LII, p. 134, Aug. 7, 1925.
Dadant, C. P. The Honey Bee, Ed. 1922. Hamilton, 111.
Dietz, H. F. Pollination and the Honey Bee. Nov., 1925, Ind.

Dept. Conserv. Pub. #52:1-20.
Folsom, J. W. The Insect Pests of Clover and Alfalfa. 111. Agr.

Exp. Sta. Bull. 134, p. 111-197. 1909.*
Garman, H. On an Injury to Fruits by Insects and Birds. Ky.

Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 116, p. 61-78. 1904.
Graenicher, S. 'Value of Length of Bee Tongues.' Bull. Wis.

Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. 6, 4:166-9. 1910.

Knuth, P. E. 0. W. Handbook of Flower Pollination. V. 1-2.
Oxford. 1906-8.*

Pammel, L. H. 1883 (See Robertson, 1925). 1915. (See West-
gate, 1915).

1888. On the Pollination of Phlomis

• tuberosa L. and the Perforation of Flow-

ers. Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci. 5:241.
Pellett, F. C. Red Clover as a Honey Plant, American Bee
Journal, Vol. LVIII, July, 1918, p. 238-9. lb. American
Honey Plants, Ed. 1923*, p. 289-293.

Bees and Red Clover; Another Experience.

Am. Bee Jour., Vol. LVIII, Oct., 1918, p.
347-8. Quotes J. D. Kaufman; B. A. Man-
• • " ley. .-■

Honeybee Follows Wood Bees. Am. Bee

Jour., Vol. LXV, 1925, p. 365.
........:.„. Perforated Flowers. lb., Dec, 1925, p. 590.

Phillips, E. F. Beekeeping, p. 1-457. N. Y. The MacMillan Co.
1915.

n

52 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

& G. S. Demuth. Beekeeping in the Clover

Region. U. S. D. A. Farmers' Bull. 1915,
p. 1-28. 1922.
Robertson, C. Flowers and Insects. In Bot. Gaz., Vol. 17, 6:173-
9. 1892.*

Honey Bees and Perforated Flowers.

Science LXII, Sept. 25, 1925*, p. 287-8.
Root, A. I. E. R. ABC and XYZ of Bee Culture, ed. 1917*, p.
166-8.

, E. R. The Beebeeper and the Fruit-

Grower, p. 1-14. 1911. Medina, Ohio.
Schneck, Jacob. Further Notes on the Mutilation of Flowers by

Insects. In Bot. Gaz., Vol. 16, 11 :312-3. 1891.*
Westgate, J. M. et al. Red-Clover Seed Production; Pollination
Studies. U. S. D. A. Bull. 289, p. 1-31. 1915.*

APPENDIX.

When this paper was given at the Kansas City meeting. Dr.
Pammel's paper had not been located. Suggestions given me at
that time led to a more prolonged hunt for earlier writings, and
while not yet complete, led to more discoveries.

Two of these papers were not in the State Library nor at
the large University of Missouri Library. Rather than bother
the Illinois and Shaw Garden Libraries, I wrote for the books to
the Congressional Library and copied out the most important
notes. No one seems to have put in print a confirmation of Dr.
Pammel's early work nor that of Thos. Meehan, the great florist
and nurseryman of Pennsylvania. If their observations are cor-
rect, it still remains to prove how common are the occurrences
cited. In Missouri we found that while wood bees and honey bees
rifled the honeysuckle tubular corollas without skipping any
large percent of the blooms on the Capitol shrubbery plantings,
similar bushes in bloom in several other parts of the city were
apparently neglected. In this Mr. Ernst Schwarz helped me.

Dr. Pammel thinks that all the blooms in a red clover field
may be side punctured as in Europe but there are so many fields
where this is not so that quantitative studies are now in order to
determine how much the clover honey yield in any important
honey region is due to red clover, and how obtained.

It seems that some one could well rewrite my present notes
or add to them under the following heads, of which we are quite
ignorant :

1. Is there any definite relation between bees getting pol-
len to those getting honey from red clover fields?

(2). Is slitting of red clover florets general or only in cer-
tain seasons, or only in certain places by certain breeds of bees ?

(3). Do honey bees usually follow wood bees or other in-
sects perforating clover florets ? Does the wood bee do the most
of this work? Do honey bees follow wood bees more than other
perforators of clover florets?

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPER's ASSOCIATION * 53

4. Do honey bees gather honeydew rather than clover nec-
tar? Is this honeydew collected from other clover aphids than
A. bakeri? Does this come mostly from stems and leaves, or
from between florets and the stipules or bracts that subtend each
red clover head?

(5). Is this honeydew from red clover always pinkish, or
does it differ according to the particular aphis in epidemic on
red clover? Do we surely know that bee-gathered red clover
nectar is not pinkish like its honeydew seems to be in Idaho and
Iowa cases?

(6). Do honeybees make their own holes or slits in red
clover ?

Of these heads, we have placed a parenthesis around those where the
average beekeeper or farmer can help observe to advantage. Here is what
the authors of these two rare papers says:

"Boring of Corollas from the Outside by Honey Bees."

(Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1878,, Meeting of January 15, 1878.)
— ^Mr. Thomas Meehan (observed late in 1877) referred to the
practice of the humble-bee (Bremus sp.) in boring the corolla
instead of entering by the mouth, even when there might be no
great difficulty in doing so. A few years ago it was not noticed
that any flowers were despoiled of their sweets in this extrane-
ous way, but it was now known that the list of plants so treated
was very large, and the humble-bee in America had already lost
considerable of its reputation as an agent in the cross fertiliza-
tion of flowers. He had carefully watched the honey-bee (Apis
mfillifera L.) for some years, but could never feel sure that it
also bored the corollas in the same way, for though he had often
seen them working from the outside, he suspected that they
used the holes made by the humble-bee. Mr. Ryder, at one of
our meetings, had insisted that the honey-bee did actually work
occasionally in this way, and Mr. Meehan said he was thus led
to go over the subject again, proving Mr. Ryder to be right. Late
in the autumn, long after most other flowers were gone, and
with no humble-bees about, scarlet sages. Salvia splendens, for
nearly a week together, received the sole attention of the honey-
bees, which worked among the flowers in great numbers, in all
cases boring the corollas near the base from the outside.

In connection with this fact, he said that among the scarlet
sages were a large number of the pure white variety, but the
bees visited them precisely as they did the scarlets, going to
either indiscriminately. As bees usually contrive to work on
one kind of flower only so long as there were plenty of that one
kind, the fact of their working on these two colors at once
showed that they did not make use of color only as a guide to
the flowers, but that they had intelligence enough to know the
Salvia splendens as well as we would, by experience, no matter
under what color the species might be represented; and the
experiments we read of, in which the bees failed to make use of

;~a

■t;-*' -*-» 't ■- is-v^^ 1 "^f ■»'»■*?— m^j^ -5^ -w, 't "7 ■>* •

54 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

a fresh flower when its corolla was taken away, merely showed
that the bee was not acting from an instinctive attraction by
color, but had been deceived into the idea that the flower had
faded away. Insects had evidently not only instinct, but were
able to exercise a judgment created by experience. In a recent
number of Nature, he said it was on record that a day moth, a
Macro glossum, made an attempt to extract honey from the arti-
ficial flowers on a lady's bonnet, but it was so well able to profit
by experience as not to make the attempt a second time.

He illustrated on the black-board the peculiar lever-like ap-
pendages or false anthers in Salvia, and said that these had been
looked on as special arrangements for cross fertilization. When
a bee entered it lifted the lever, and forced the true anther on
the back of the insect, which thus carried pollen to another
flower to be brushed against the stigma on entering. It was clear
that, however reasonable this seemed hypothetically, it could
have little foundation in fact in these long-tubed Salvias. An
insect of the honey-bee size could not enter, and a smaller one
that could, would not be large enough to reach the stigmas
which were high up at the apex of the arch of the corolla. Only
long-tongued moths could extract honey by way of the mouth;
but as they thrust only their tongues into the flowers, keeping
their bodies outside, the lever-like adaption to the bodies of in-
sects, as suggested by the prevailing hypothesis, had no force.

Page 247. From L. H. Pammel, 1888, Pollination of Phlomis tube-
rosa and Perforation of Flowers, Trans. St. L. Acad. Sci., 5:241-277.

Darwin (25a) in his "Cross and Self-fertilization," etc.,
states that out of many hundred specimens of Red Clover ex-
amined by him nearly all were perforated, and he has even seen
whole fields in the same condition. Thos. Belt (11) and others
have noticed the same thing. It is quite as common for Red
Clover to be perforated in this country as it is in Europe.
Pages 248-9.

In the summer of 1883, in the vicinity of La Crosse, Wis.,
I noticed large numbers of honey-bees on the flowers of Red
Clover, and wondered whether they made perforations, or what
they were doing. In some cases they obtained pollen, but in a
vast majority of cases nectar was collected through perforations
made by some other insect. Among beekeepers there is a notion
that the Italian bee is able to get nectar from Red Clover. I
doubt whether this is true, for in my experience I never found
them collecting nectar in the normal way ; they seemed to collect
only through perforations made by some other insect. One
thing will show, in part at least, why honey-bees go to the Red
Clover at certain times and not on other occasions. It is a well
known fact that the amount of nectar secreted by a plant varies
according to season and locality. There are periods, as I have
had occasion repeatedly to observe, when hive-bees cannot collect
enough to supply their young, and they then freely use the

.I^Sai'.-sili

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS* ASSOCIATION 55

perforations made by Bombus and other insects ; but when there
is an abundance of nectar they pass over fields of Red Clover,
and when Monarda punctata is in flower, and has a good supply
of nectar, they will even pass over fields of White Clover and fly
some distance to fiejds of wild Bergamot.

Although the rule seems to be that honey-bees do not per-
forate flowers, there seem to be exceptions, for no less an au-
thority than Hermann MuUer ^tates that they perforate the
flowers of Erica totralix (82 d'), using their mandibles to bite
holes in the tube of the corolla. The tongue of the honey-bee is
only 6 mm. long, so that it is not able to get the nectar other-
wise in these early flowers. Later he found honey-bees collecting
nectar in the normal way, but he failed to observe whether these
late flowers were smaller or not. He has recorded one other case,
that of Nepeta Glechoma (82c'), where Apis perforates the tube
of the corolla in order to get nectar. On the 17th of May, 1873,
he found a single specimen of Apis continually trying new flowers
of Nepeta Glechoma (89 a) till one was found where Bombus
terrestris had perforated the flower.

In this country, Meehan believes that Apis perforates the
flowers of Salvia splendens. I think, however, that generally
honey-bees only use the perforations made by other insects, and
tTiey are certainly quick to perceive these perforations. MuUer
records the most interesting case of Salvia Sclarea (92), in
which the tube of the corolla is so long that the honey-bee is not
able to get the nectar in a normal way. It made several attempts,
but did not try to perforate the corollas. When, finally, it found
several in which the corollas had just loosened, it immediately
began to sip the little drops of nectar which still remained at-
tached to the base of the corolla. It is certainly a clear case, for
the insect tried in every way to get nectar, except by perforating
the corolla.

Pages 255-6.

I have alluded to the manner in which Xylocopa makes per-
forations ; I must also describe how this is done by Bombus and
Apis. The mouth-parts are somewhat complex: the mandibles
or upper jaws are developed for the purpose of biting ; the maxil-
lae and labium are brought into use when the bee takes a liquid
into its pharynx. The maxillae are situated on each side of the
labium, and consist of a flattened stipe at the base, then the
rudimentary maxillary palpi, and from the stipe projects the
triangular and deeply grooved lacinia. When the maxillae are
brought close together a tube is formed which opens into the
pharynx. The labium or lower lip consists of a central portion
and two pairs of appendages, the paraglossae and labial palpi.
The central portion of the labium is divided into a basal portion,
the mentum and a terminal portion, the ligula. "The mentum is
hinged to the submentum, which in turn is hinged to the maxillae
by two chitinous rods." The labial palpi are deeply grooved, and
when brought together form a tube. In flying from flower to

i^i- .srr-;!^^:^ «^t «.> :? -.v;

56 " TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

flower the insect carries its sucking apparatus stretched forward
so that it is enabled to put it directly into the flower. The mouth-
parts of the bee are held in a similar way when the tender cellu-
lar tissue is pierced with the tips of its maxillae. While many
humble-bees are addicted to boring the tubes of corollas, they
also resort to biting the tissues of the flowers by the aid of their
mandibles.

The opinion is current that perforated flowers are not as
productive as unperforated ones.

V.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 57

ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE LOCAL BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIA-
TIONS FOR THE YEAR 1925.

THE NORTHERN ILLINOIS AND SOUTHERN WISCONSIN
BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

During the year we held four field meetings in this territory.
These did not have the attendance they deserved but certainly
laid the ground work for much county organization. Two coun-
ties were organized, Stephenson and Ogle, and a lot of "pep*'
put in existing organized counties. Publicity of the foulbrood
situation here was given by the newspapers and the farm ad-
visors and we are beginning to get much needed inspection and I
believe the next few years will see foulbrood under control, if
not entirely eradicated.

The small beekeepers and farmers are beginning to know
that when the moths destroy their bees there is something
wrong and are asking the assistance of experts in overcoming
this condition. While in 1924 our professional beekeepers had
reason to complain bitterly of conditions, that has not been the
case this past season and things are going along pretty much to
our satisfaction. Mt. Morris College begins the teaching of bee-
keeping this year in its School of Agriculture. Newspapers are
giving more space to bees and honey and are sending reporters
to our meetings and on the whole conditions are improving in
this territory.

Court D. Huggans, Secretary,

WARREN COUNTY HONEY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION.

One foulbrood eradication demonstration was held at the
home of Mr. Dan Hoover. Elmer Kommer was in charge. At the
annual meeting held in September at the home of Mr. Samuel
Goodsell, Mr. Wallace Smith of Cameron was elected president,
while the other ofl[icers were retained. Following the business
meeting, Mr. G. H. Cale of Hamilton, 111., gave a very instructive
and interesting talk concerning the management of bees. This
was followed by an apiary inspection in the Goodsell bee yard
which produced about 175 lbs. per colony this season, under the
management of Gilbert Goodsell, a fourteen-year-old school boy.

Glenn L. Glass, Secy.-Treas.

OGLE COUNTY.

To begin, we organized our Association July 16, 1925, with
the following officers: President, G. L. Sauer, Polo; vice presi-
dents, Chas. Mov, Polo, C. D. Huggans, Polo, and myself secre-
tary-treasurer.

Saii

58 T\VENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

We had with us as speakers at that time, A. L. Kildow, D, E.
Warren and E. W. Atkins. That was the last until we had our
meeting February 24, with an attendance of about twenty. At
that time all who wished to join we asked to come across with
their dues, to which eleven responded. A number of speeches
were made and topics discussed. C. D. Huggans was appointed
to draw up resolutions and by-laws.

By request of State Inspector A. L. Kildow we called a meet-
ing on March 19th, at that time we took in two more members,
making a total of thirteen members to date ; number in attend-
ance at this meeting, 16. A number of interesting topics were
discussed. A very interesting speech was made by Mr. Watt,
and Mr. Kildow answered a number of questions that were asked.

This covers, in brief, our activities.

Wm. T. Hardesty, Secretary.

DEKALB COUNTY.

On Feb. 27, 1925, we held a meeting and organized the De-
Kalb County Association. Mr. Wm. Ritter of Genoa, was elected
president; Mr. Frank Concidine of DeKalb vice president, and
yours truly secretary and treasurer. I was recommended for in-
spector and appointed. In July we held a field meeting at the
home of Mr. Wm. Marshall at DeKalb and had a fine crowd. Talk
on foulbrood by Mr. Atkins was good.

My report on inspection work as follows: Yards visited 87,
total swarms 2,018, inspected 532, A. F. B. 141, E. F. B. 11,
burned 53. I think A. F. B. is well under control here now, con-
sidering two years ago we burned 161 in an area of 10 miles here
at DeKalb. But you tell me what we are going to do with the
box hives? I have got seven men up this way with over 300 of
them. This year with some good hard work should see things in
good shape by Fall.

On December 12, 1925, we held our annual meeting and the
same officers were re-elected. At this meeting we discussed foul-
brood and best way of treating. All were in favor of starting
inspection early. Try to get all dead taken care of before robbing.
Use the fire for treatment as general. Two field meetings to be
held this year, one in each end of county. Left to President to
call other meetings.

C. H. TuDOR, Secretary,

LIVINGSTON COUNTY.

We made a temporary organization September 30th, 1925,
and appointed officers to hold until the third Tuesday in January.
The meeting then had to be postponed until February 16, 1926,
when we had what should have been the annual meeting. The
officers, temporarily elected September 30th, 1925, were made
permanent for the year 1926.

Inspection is progressing. More and more beekeepers are
beginning to wake up to the fact that this work has to be done
and to cooperate by county organizations. Since our February

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION

59

meeting, the Inspector has been receiving letters from both large
and small beekeepers to "come and inspect my bees as soon as
you can."

The writer is Inspector and I am very proud that I took the
first step in trying to clean up disease two years ago. Now the
work is progressing and organization makes it still better. Let's
make 1926 a one hundred percent bee year with the cooperative
system.

J. T. Hendricks, President.

CHAMPAIGN COUNTY.

The first meeting of the Champaign County Beekeepers' As-
sociation was held in Champaign on February 18, 1926, and the
following officers elected : President, W. H. Force ; vice president,
M. E.N.Smith; secy.-treas., Geo. Rasmussen. The purposes of the
organization are: 1. To cooperate in the eradication of foulbrood
in Champaign County ; 2. To give better advice on beekeeping as
a means to better crops and prices ; 3. To secure reduced rates on
subscriptions to bee journals; 4. To effect savings in the pur-
chase of bee supplies by ordering collectively; 5. To make the
acquaintance and friendship of brother beekeepers ; 6. To secure
the benefits of affiliation with the State Association.

We have decided to make a very special effort to rid Cham-
paign County of foulbrood. We have never had an inspector here
and therefore foulbrood is very common in the county. Better
beekeeping and marketing methods will be tackled later.

60

TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERs' ASSOCIATION 61

The first regular meeting after organization was held at the
Farm Bureau in Champaign on March 10. During a short busi-
ness session, Mr. W. H. Force, of Champaign, our President, was
elected to be recommended as foulbrood Inspector for the county.
After the business session short talks were given as follows :

Mr. Geo. E. King, of the University, spoke on "The Life His-
tory of the Honeybee." The pictures given in connection with
this talk were interesting to the beginner as well as to the com-
mercial honey producer.

Mr. A. L. Kildow, State Inspector of Apiaries, gave a short
talk on foulbrood. Mr. V. G. Milum, of the University, talked on
"Spring Management."

Besides the meeting of March 10th our new Association has
been conducting a window display in the Farm Bureau window
in Champaign. The purposes of our Association, and the benefits
to be derived therefrom, as well as the invitation to join the
Association were brought out on a poster in the center of the
back of the window. Both comb and extracted honey in glass
and tin were on display.

A comparison of the food value of 7 ounces of honey with
eggs, milk, oranges and bananas, together with the prices on
each brought forth a lively discussion with the County Home
Bureau advisor. She did not believe the display was true to
facts until I showed her Mr. Dadant's book on "First Lessons in
Beekeeping," and the illustrations contained therein, and tfie
Iowa Bulletin on which they are based. She was so completely
won over to the value of honey, inVthe end, that she has con-
sented to publish a good article as well as some honey recipes in
the "Home Bureau Bulletin."

Our display also consisted of samples of orange, sage, al-
falfa, and buckwheat honey, showing that honey varies in color
and flavor with the blossom from which nectar is gathered.

Cakes, cookies and honey candy showed several uses to
which honey could be put besides just on bread and biscuits.
Folders like sample enclosed on "New Uses for Honey" were
given out to the public, and also at our meeting on the 10th.

The results of this display were very satisfactory. The
names of many interested in the Association were obtained.

Much favorable good will for the use of honey was obtained.
The Home Bureau is now a booster for honey. Some sale of
honey cam.^ directly as a result of the window.

SALINE AND GALLATIN COUNTIES.

A few beekeepers from Saline and Gallatin Counties met at
the "Farm Bureau Office" in Harrisburg, Illinois, at 7:30 P. M.,
February 18th, 1925.

A splendid address was given by Mr. Rae, field man for the
A, I. Root Company, and at the close of the address an Associa-
tion was formed and affiliated itself with the State Association.

62 "- TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Twelve beekeepers joined the association at this meeting and
later seven new members were added.

The following men were elected to office : Mr. Geo- B. Scher-
rer, President; Mr. R. L. Gates, Vice President; Mr. Everett
Weaver, Secretary-Treasurer.

The members of the Association are: Geo. B. Scherrer, Al-
veri Bell, Louie Vannis, Andrew Turner, Albert Pruett, Kellie E.
Moye, Fred Devillez, Everett Weaver, W. W. Riegel, Walter Bald-
win, John C. Small, W. S. Dorris, E. M. Glascock, J. F. Billman,
H. W. Wilson, Otto Moye, J. H. Lamkin and W. O. Davis.

Five regular meetings were held by the Association and the
sixth planned this year.

The first meeting was held May 8th, at 1:30 P. M. at the
home of Alonzo Turner, and about 25 were present. Transfering
was done and seasonal subjects were discussed.

The second meeting was held at John Billmans on May 22nd,
at 1:00 P. M. About twenty-five beekeepers attended this meet-
ing, several colonies were transferred, foundation wired and
placed in frames and g-eneral subjects discussed.

The third meeting was held with a Queen Breeder in El-
dorado, H. N# Wilson. This was a very successful meeting and
about thirty-five people attended. The principal subject discussed
was the queen.

The fourth meeting was held at the home of Kellie E. Moye.
This was an all-day meeting with a picnic dinner on the lawn.
Forty people attended this meeting and a general good time was
had. Mr. Thomas, Mr. Simpson and Mr. Whitchurch made short
talks, and Mr. Wooldridge, President of the State Association
made the address of the day which was enjoyed by all.

The fifth meeting was held with Louie Vannis and Everett
Weaver on September 3rd, in the afternoon. Ten people attended
this meeting. They saw a nicely kept apiary at Mr. Vannis* place
and enjoyed the visit. At Mr. Weaver's they visited and ate
watermelons.

The sixth meeting was planned for Mr. Billmans, but was
rained out.

Everett Weaver, Secretary.

HENRY COUNTY HONEY PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION.

As Secretary of the Henry County Honey Produces' Asso-
ciation, will make the following report:

During the season of 1925 we held five meetings, the first
one was held at Rock Island, 111., at the Harper House on Feb.
13th. Dr. A. C. Baxter, Springfield, A. L. Kildow, Putnam, A. G.
Gill, Chicago, and Geo. Watt of Hamilton, HI., were the speakers
of this meeting, and in the evening at 7:40, Dr. Baxter went over
to Davenport and gave a talk on "Bees and Honey" through
Station W. O. C, while the rest of us had a receiving set at
the hotel and received this excellent talk given by our President,
Dr. Baxter, and received by thousands of beekeepers all over the

,:..,.±

^^|tr5K!*^3«j*^j'*T-.- ■ •''^^:^&^y^jpr^f^l.^^^ '■ ■ ^PW«"?t

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 63

United States, and we believe that more such talks should be
made for the benefit of the beekeepers.

The next meeting was held on Feb. 19th at Cambridge, 111.
At this meeting the members brought in their beeswax and we
sent it in to have foundation made. This is done once a year, and
hundreds of pounds of wax are sent in every year for the mem-
bers, saving many dollars on comb foundation annually. At this
meeting a committee was appointed to see the Kewanee Fair
Board concerning an appropriation for premiums on Bees and
Honey and a premium list of |50.00 was recommended by this
Association. The committee reported later that the Kewanee
Fair Board had made the $50.00 appropriation and that it was
up to the members and all beekeepers to bring in their honey
and observation hives.

The next meeting was held at Galva, Illinois, on March 24th,
with M. G. Dadant of Hamilton, 111., and A. L. Kildow of Putnam
as speakers. L. S. Spreitsma, Secretary of the of the Kewanee
Fair Association, was present and gave a talk on what they were
willing to do for the beekeepers at the Fair in September.

The Beeware films were shown after this meeting at one of
Galva's picture shows with a good attendance.

On August 18th a field meeting was held at the Apiary of
Lawrence Peterson, 1315 Pine street, Kewanee, with basket din-
ners. E. M. Warren of Chicago, and J. H. Paarman of Academy
of Science, Davenport, Iowa, were the speakers of the day. Prof.
Paarman's subject was on "Honey Plants," while Mr. Warren
spoke on Fall management. Senator Randolph Boyd, Galva, 111.,
was present and made a talk to the beekeepers on the "Appropria-
tion for Bee Inspection," and he said that he did not hesitate to
vote for an appropriation for a good cause, and that he supported
this appropriation for the beekeepers. Senator Boyd is a member
of this Association.

The total membership of the Henry County Honey Producers
for 1925 was 74 members with mostly up to date equipment and
some record breaking crops were had by members from the ex-
cellent white clover flow in this locality in 1925.

Bee inspection work was carried on about the same as in
other years and all was done that could be done in the line of
stamping out the disease and, with only one exception, the dis-
ease is found along the outside of this county.

Elmer Kommer, Secretary.

64 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

COOK COUNTY.

Our Association held four meetings during 1925. Meetings
were held indoors in convenient down-town meeting places in
January, February and May. A field demonstration meeting was
held in July at the Apiary of E. A. Meineke, near Arlington
Heights, Illinois.

Educational programs were put on at each meeting. Dis-
cussions were invited on the part of members and advantage is
always taken of this opportunity. Prominent out-of-town speak-
ers who addressed our meetings were B. F. Kindig, President
American Honey Producers' League; James I. Hambleton, Di-
rector of Apiculture, Washington, D. C; J. M. Barr, extensive
Wisconsin beekeeper, and H. H. Root, of The A. I. Root Com-
pany.

Our Association was active in working for increased ap-
propriation for bee inspection. Several trips were made to
Springfield by members and one of our members. President J. R.
Wooldridge of the Illinois State Association, camped in Spring-
field for some time in this cause.

Letters were written to all and personal calls made upon
many of the Senators and Representatives in Cook and adjoin-
ing counties, which comprises about half of the representation
in the state legislature.

Inspection did not progress well here in 1925. It was not
possible to find near Chicago many suitable men who would en-
gage to work for the amount the state offered to pay inspectors. •

Cook County wants benefits itself but has always stood and
worked for better beekeeping conditions for the whole state. We
believe that as all prosper we prosper. Insofar as we have
strength we want to pull for the best possible conditions through-
out Illinois.

A. G. Gill, Secretary.

WOODFORD COUNTY.

The Woodford County Beekeepers' Association has made a
rapid growth during the year 1925, almost doubling the member-
ship of the year 1924.

The annual meeting was held at the Court House, Eureka.
Talks and demonstrations were given by John F, Smith, Eureka,
and Benj. H. Fischer, Roanoke. Later, March 23rd, a meeting
was held at the Victory High School at Roanoke. M. G. Dadant,
of Hamilton, addressed this meeting and several reels of motion
pictures were shown.

On the 27th of August, the beekeepers of several counties
gathered at the Lilly Orchards, in Tazewell County. G. H. Cale
of the American Bee Journal, Geo. E. King and W. P. Flint, of
the U. of I. and W. H. Snyder of Decatur were the principle
speakers. Many from Woodford attended.

The last field meeting of the season was held at the Apiary
of Benj. H. Fischer, of Roanoke, on the 26th of September. In

^!fB^ssB^;9sip'^^^?f^''^fs^^ii^^i^wi^t'«'TiT" •«s«^*?ff^»^f=-*«i^

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 65

spite of the threatening rain we had a very large attendance,
approximately one hundred beekeepers coming not only from
Woodford and adjoining counties, but also from counties beyond
and even from the State of Indiana. Addresses were given by G.
H. Cale, of Hamilton; V. G. Milum, of the U. of I., and H. A.
DeWerff, Woodford County Farm Advisor.

The members of the Woodford County Beekeepers* Associa-
tion saved 12% on their bee supplies through cooperative pur-
chasing. \

I Alfred E. Thomas, Secretary.

McLEAI*^ COUNTY.

The annual out-door meeting of the McLean County Bee-
keepers' Association was held on August 28, 1925, at Lilly Or-
chard, Lilly, Illinois. The speakers were G. H. Cale, of the Dadant
Apiary at Hamilton, Illinois ; George King and W. P. Flint, of the
University of Illinois ; State Inspector A. L. Kildow, of Putnam ;
Deputy Inspector J. H. Arvin, of Lilly, and W. H. Snyder, of De-
catur. Their talks were highly instructive and greatly enjoyed
by about an hundred beekeepers and their families. A basket
picnic dinner was served at noon.

The annual indoor meeting will be held at the Farm Bureau
building in Bloomington, on Saturday, March 27, at 7:30 P. M.
Professor V. G. Milum of the University of Illinois, will speak on
"Spring Management" and "Eradication of Foulbrood." There
will be a general discussion of beekeeping problems, election of
officers and a social time.

Elizabeth Seibel, Secretary.

GRUNDY COUNTY.

One meeting was held of the Grundy County Association, on
July 17th, at the Apiary of L. L. Ness, at Morris. The principal
speakers were Mr. E. W. Atkins of Watertown, Wisconsin, and a
representative of the A. I. Root Company. The topics were dis-
ease and marketing. Attendance about 45.

Gordon Bell, Secretary.

STEPHENSON COUNTY.

The Stephenson County Association meets the second
Wednesday of each month. Mr. Bert Lee has been recommended
for appointment for Deputy Inspector for Stephenson County,
address, Pecatonica. He is a man of life-long experience and
should make an efficient Inspector. Our President, W. H. Mc-
Caffrey, is an enthusiastic worker and is sparing no time to make
the Association a success. When the roads and weather become
settled, we expect a large gain in membership.

Frank Clark, Secretary.

"^-."sa

66 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

MONTGOMERY COUNTY.

Last year we held a field meeting on September 2nd, start-
ing at the Apiary of O. W. Kennett, Deputy Inspector, who was
and is our President. Mr. Kennett demonstrated treatment for
foulbrood, and Mr. Evans, from Decatur, showed how to carry a
swarm home in your hat, if you have nothing else handy. Then
Mr. Kennett and his wife passed around the watermelons, which
were given prompt attention.

After a stop at Nokomis for dinner, the Apiaries of H. G.
Holmes, Nokomis, Mr. Frank Zadel, Witt, and Mr. J. J. Durston,
Irving, were visited. General discussion was the rule and ques-
tions from interested beekeepers were taken up and settled in
this manner. While we would have liked more present, we feel
that we did very well for the first attempt. The total member-
ship for 1925 was 27. During 1926, we plan to have two meetings,
one for June 16th, and one in the Fall.

Wesley Osborn, Secretary.

ANNUAL REPORT OF CHIEF INSPECTOR OF APIARIES.

In submitting my report for the year ending June 30th,
1925, I wish to say it is impossible to go into the details of each
locality, but I will give a summary of the entire work.

The work was carried out on the principle of county or-
ganization and clean-up system. This principle of county or-
ganization is very satisfactory and will eventually result in a
clean-up of the State.

Last year we had 22 counties with inspectors and now we
have 41 counties. Some of these inspectors look after more than
one county, while Cook, DuPage, and Will Counties each have
more than one inspector.

Most of these counties have organized and are affiliated
with the State Association, a few of the organizations have lost
their "pep" but will undoubtedly be revived during the winter
and will be ready to push ahead when Spring comes. The co-
operation of the various Farm Bureaus have proven very bene-
ficial both to the farmer and the beekeeper.

The north part of the State, being the part where commer-
cial beekeeping is carried on, it appears that the beekeepers had
lost sight of everything except the production of honey. But in
the last year or two they have wakened to the fact that foul-
brood is getting afirm hold on them and is detrimental to their
production. So they decided to turn their attention to the fighting
of this disease, and as a result are asking for inspectors and or-
ganization for the work. This was a very pronounced sentiment
at a meeting of beekeepers at Rockford on October 20th.

The middle section of the State is under control with an
occasional outbreak of disease which is soon taken care of.

The south half of the State seems to be practically free
from disease, except in Madison and St. Clair Counties.

'^^r**i''??'¥t-^'^-XL' "■

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION

67

Last year we visited 2,025 Apiaries with 35,834 colonies. Of
these there were 445 Apiaries having A. F. B. and 226 having
E. F. B. This year we visited 3,471 Apiaries with 40,828 colonies
and found 761 Apiaries to have A. F. B. and 113 to have E. F. B.
We destroyed 943 diseased colonies that had American foulbrood
— ^three-fourths of these colonies destroyed were in the north
part of the State.

Our visits were mostly to infected and uncertain localities,
rather than where they were already cleaned up. Now that we
may make our work more profitable we would ask that the bee-
keepers in every county organize and then select a competent
up-to-date bee man whom you can conscientiously recommend for
County Inspector.

A. L. KiLDOW, Chief Inspector.

1924

No. Apiaries
Visited

No. Colonies

No. Apiaries
A. F. B.

No. Apiraries
E. F. B.

No. Colonies
Destroyed

July

633

536

438

99

1

36

259

866

602

8,284
7,991
7,406
2,193

Illinois S

Chicag

1
1,644
3,407
1,594
8,308

89
98
75
50

tate Association

0 Association M

1

11

65

204

168

20

26

6

0

Meeting

eeting

0

0

8

37

16

27

August

42

Sept.

106

Oct

138

Dec .

"

1925
Tan

Feb

1

Mar

10

111

May

345

163

Total

3,471

i 40,828

761

113

943

■■• ■■■^••■^%y\-Oj' ^:^^'■y'^|f;•yvrf'::^^

68

TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Report of the Deputy Apiary Inspectors

For the Year 1925

SALINE AND GALLATIN COUNTIES.

Number of colonies visited in 1925, 897; number in boxes,
547 ; number in modern hives with straight combs, 350 ; number
definitely promising to transfer in 1926, 114.

All beekeepers are urged to transfer out of old boxes, use
modern hives, full sheets of foundation and always have an
extra hive ready.

Everett Weaver, Inspector.

WILLIAMSON AND UNION COUNTIES.

I inspected two counties, Williamson and Union. I found
foulbrood in both. The region east of Herrin was the worst in-
fected. Around 1,500 colonies were inspected in the two coun-
ties, with 200 cases of American and only three of European
foulbrood, one at Carterville, one at Anna, and one east of
Dongola.

In all cases the owners of the bees were willing to clean up
and I did not have any trouble with anyone. I hope this next
year will find conditions improved.

Otis Kelley, Inspector.

LA SALLE, FORD, IROQUOIS, KANKAKEE, AND
LIVINGSTON COUNTIES.

The number of colonies inspected and the number found to
have American foulbrood in each county are as follows :

La Salle, number inspected, 268, number diseased, 28 ; Ford,
number inspected, 55, number diseased, 35; Iroquois, number
inspected, 942, number diseased, 133; Kankakee, number in-
spected, 161, number diseased, 30 ; Livingston, number inspected,
467, number diseased, 30; a total of 1,893 inspected and 256
diseased. Of these 45 were treated and the balance were burned.

The work is coming along very finely. The beekeepers, large
and small, are waking up since inspection work has been started
here. County organizations are forming and as far as I can see
into the future, it looks brighter for more work to be done and
for more organizations to form.

I shall try to have Iroquois County organize this coming
year as it is a powerful help in finding all the beekeepers with
the least expense. The best way to stamp out the disease is to
cooperate and that is what it is coming to now. We all want to
keep going and keep up progress.

J. T. Hendricks, Deputy Inspector.

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^^:M.:.,.

--..'^^.■^■LL.l-'tl['^'t^..PJS£iii^i^'J^'f.-s<^ii^ .

T'3g»i!'9^!ra8^^-y^!f?'«?«'^E«B???«^5J»S^^^me»Wf»

ILLINOIS STATE beekeepers' ASSOCIATION 69

EDGAR, CLARK, AND COLES COUNTIES.

American foulbrood is widely scattered through all these
counties. Sixty percent of the Apiaries inspected were infected.
The disease seems to be scattered mostly by poor managment.
Where colonies were found beyond redemption they were burned.
The Inspector was cordially received by the beekeepers, and,
with their help, I feel that the disease can be brought under
control to a reasonable degree. About one-half the bees were in
box hives or in frame hives with crossed combs. I visited 77
apiaries, examining 914 colonies of which 191 were diseased,
142 were treated and the balance burned.

Chas a. Kruse, Inspector.

HENRY, KNOX, BUREAU, MERCER, ROCK ISLAND, WAR-
REN AND WHITESIDE COUNTIES.

The work done in 1925 covers mostly three counties, al-
though trips were made into Rock Island, Bureau, Knox, and
Mercer Counties by the request of beekeepers but only one yard
was found with foulbrood, in Knox County.

Considerable work was done in Henry, Whiteside and War-
ren Counties, where 31 colonies were burned. In the balance of
the apiaries infected, instructions were given on how to shake
the bees successfully, and, upon my second visit, I found, in most
cases, that a very good job had been done.

Black bees are fast being replaced by Italians and some won-
derful results have been obtained with Italians in cleaning up
European foulbrood. When I visited the apiary of James Steiner,
Genesco, in the Fall of 1924, I found his apiary badly infected
with European, some of it rotten, and Mr. Steiner was asked to
requeen, which he did in the Spring of 1925. Upon my visit in
August, I found it all clean except one case, where the bees had
killed the queen he tried to introduce and reared one of their
own.

During the year, I attended three meetings besides the ones
held by our County Association, one in Warren County, one in
Henry County, and one in Rock Island County. The last one
was held at the apiary of Dow Ripley, Illinois CityT'with bee-
keepers in attendance also from Mercer and Rock Island Coun-
ties. At this meeting we organized the Rock Island-Mercer Bee-
keepers* Association with a good list of beekeepers who are mak-
ing a steady growth.

The meeting in Warren County was held by the Warren
County Beekeepers' Association, with a good attendance, at the
apiary of Dan Hoover, Monmouth, an up-to-date beekeeper of
that county.

The Henry County meeting was held at the farm of H. S.
Oliver, Kewanee. American foulbrood was found in the yard, so
a demonstration of shaking was given for the benefit of those
attending the meeting.

^ '.^i.^,---'- :^i.>^^^.

70 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

I inspected a total of 1,359 colonies, finding 177 cases of
American foulbrood, and 123 of European foulbrood. 243 of the
colonies inspected were in box hives.

Elmer Kommer, Inspector.

KANE COUNTY.

I received my appointment so late in 1925, I was not able to
do much inspecting. I inspected the following in the southern
part of Kane County: 12 apiaries, totaling 108 colonies, with 11
American foulbrood and 2 European foulbrood. Eight colonies
were burned.

^Ross R. Morrill, Inspector.

DU PAGE COUNTY.

As my inspection was spare time work, I did not get in much
territory. I inspected part of Du Page County and found some
cases of European foulbrood, but none of American,

H. A. Inglemose, Inspector.

GREEN, MADISON, MENARD, LOGAN, CASS, SANGAMON,
MORGAN, AND PIKE COUNTIES.

I found disease as follows: Green County, 520 colonies in-
spected, 182 with American foulbrood, in the northern part;
Madison County, inspected 24 colonies on a special call, where
foulbrood had just been cleaned up; Menard County, inspected
171 colonies, 4 with American foulbrood, and 8 with European;
Logan County, inspected 178 colonies, with one case of Ameri-
can foulbrood ; Cass County, inspected 562 colonies, 9 with Amer-
ican foulbrood, and 21 with European, the west side badly in-
fected with American ; Sangamon County, inspected 509 cblonies,
9 with American foulbrood, and 13 with European; Morgan
County, inspected 161 colonies, all clean; Pike County, inspected
954 colonies, 91 with American foulbrood, and 4 with European,
I made more than one trip to most of these Apiaries and de-
stroyed most of the disease.

Harry L. King, Inspector.

COUNTY.

During 1925, I visited 67 apiaries, containing 481 colonies
of bees, 69 with American foulbrood, and 24 with European. I
treated 12 for American and burned 14. Travelled by auto 329
miles, worked 18 days.

John La Fond, Inspector. .

QUINCY,ILL.

1,111 colonies were inspected, 41 having American foulbrood,
24 with European, and with 118 colonies in box hives. All the
cases of American foulbrood were either burned or treated and
all European cases treated.

The disease conditions are very much improved, but I still

"' 12^-^ H-Vr ->^ - v^- --^

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION »^ 71

find unfavorable conditions prevailing, so feel it necessary to
continue the search for new cases which are due, I believe, to the
selling of f oulbrood honey from other uninspected Apiaries, par-
ticularly those of other states, with our bordering state, Mis-
souri, mentioned.

E. W. RiTTLER, Inspector.

PULASKI, ALEXANDER AND MASSAC COUNTIES.

In Pulaski County, I inspected 502 colonies. Of these four
had American foulbrood, one had European. As this territory
was covered last year, it was in fairly good condition. In Alex-
ander County, I found foulbrood worse than in any of the three
southern counties of the state. In this county, 525 colonies were
inspected, there being nine cases of American foulbrood. The
apiaries having disease were re-visited, after giving them time
to get rid of it. I found that most of the beekeepers knew they
had disease and they were willing to try and get rid of it. In
Massac County, I found conditions excellent. There were 366
colonies inspected and no disease found. There were some good
beekeepers here and they would like to form an Association.

Wayne Lingenfelter, Inspector.

MOULTRIE, DOUGLAS, AND PIATT COUNTIES.

I inspected 1,596 colonies in Moultrie, Douglas, and Piatt
Counties. 386 colonies were in box hives. 127 had American
foulbrood, and 12 had European.

Paul R. Smith, Inspector.

WOODFORD COUNTY.

In my inspection work during 1925, 1 inspected 120 Apiaries
with a total of 876 colonies. 112 colonies were diseased in 40
apiaries. 72 cases of A. F. B. were found in 25 apiaries and 40
cases of E. F. B. were found in 15 apiaries.

Of the 112 infected colonies 36 were treated and 17 were
burned by the inspector. The balance were treated or burned by
the owners.

Slightly over 15% of the total number of colonies were in-
fected which is lower as compared with 20% in 1924. 33% of the
apiaries were infected as compared with 47% in 1924.

About 29% of the total number of colonies were in box
hives or cross built combs.

I spent most of the time in the western and northwestern
part of the county, that part having the most box hives and the
most disease. Some sections were practically all box hives.

Only a few second inspections were made and conditions
were found improved.

Benjamin H. Fischer, Inspector.

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72 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

MONTGOMERY, MACOUPIN, MADISON, AND CHRISTIAN

COUNTIES.

During the season of 1925, I did inspection work in the fol-
lowing counties : Montgomery and Macoupin, also some in Madi-
son and Christian.

Number of colonies inspected, 2,916; number of apiaries
visited, 296 ; number with American f oulbrood, 129 ; number with
European foulbrood, 87.

Mostly all colonies that were affected with A. F. B. were
burned. Those whom I permitted to transfer their diseased colo-
nies had no reappearance of disease on my second examination.
My instructions were carried out in every case with exception of
one. I destroyed his diseased colonies by burning them ; he says
he will gladly obey orders hereafter.

I found many beekeepers that knew nothing of bee diseases,
and also were unaware that there was an inspection on them.
Many who lost all of their bees with bee diseases thought that
it was only the moth that was killing them. Every effort was
made by me to enlighten them on how to control and prevent
disease among bees. The importance of keeping their bees in
movable frame hives was also explained. I also gave a demon-
stration on disease and better beekeeping here at my place last
fall, which was very largely attended, and several counties were
represented.

Our main honey flow in this locality comes from White
Clover and Sweet Clover. The acreage of sweet clover is in-
creasing from year to year. We occasionally have a fair Fall
flow from heartsease, Spanish needles, and asters.

0. W. Kennett, Inspector.

FRANKLIN, JEFFERSON, JACKSON, WILLIAMSON, AND

HAMILTON COUNTIES.

In the year of 1925, 1 inspected in Franklin County, Illinois,
2,496 hives of bees ; in Jefferson County, 23 hives ; Jackson Coun-
ty, 41; Williamson County, 22, and Hamilton County j-^ 507.

In Franklin County I found A. F. B. in 46 hives. Some of
the hives were burned and some treated, and as far as I know
A. F. B. did not appear again where it was cleaned up. I found,
in 1924, some E. F. B. ; itf 1925 I did not find any E. F. B.

The most of those having E. F. B. re-queened with Italian
queens and they seemed to clean it all up. I think if we depend
on the average beekeeper to clean up A. F. B. it will be scattered
more than cleaned up. In most cases they do not know how to
do the job and if it is left to them they, in some cases, do not
try, and if they do try they scatter it more than clean up.

R. C. Merideth, Inspector.

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ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS* ASSOCIATION 73

REPORT OF DEPUTY INSPECTOR, CHICAGO.

I inspected 326 apiaries, comprising 3,888 colonies of bees.
436 had American foulbrood, and I shook or burned over 286
colonies. The number of diseased apiaries were 76, and 58 of
them were entirely cleaned up, leaving 18 still to be attended to.

H. M. Crouch, Inspector.

HANCOCK COUNTY.

It was not possible to do much work the past year and a total
of seven days was all that was given to inspection. I examined
209 colonies, finding 76 with American foulbrood. These I treated
leaving the yards entirely clean. This looks like a high percent-
age, but owing to my limited time, I only inspected where I had
reason to believe American foulbrood existed.

Geo. R. Watt, Inspector.

CHRISTIAN AND SHELBY COUNTIES.

I visited 238 apiaries, comprising 2,128 colonies, finding 19
apiaries and 48 colonies with foulbrood. There was only 6 cases
of European and the rest being American. I destroyed 32 colo-
nies outright.

Frank Bishop, Inspector.

PERRY AND JACKSON COUNTIES.

During the season of 1925 I examined 1,361 colonies in 130
yards. Forty yards were diseased with American foulbrood,
about 129 colonies. All of these were carefully treated or de-
stroyed.

I only examined about 125 colonies in Jackson County, five
yards. Two of them had foulbrood, in Carbondale. If we clean
up in this and in other states, we will have-to cooperate and
educate, all working together.

Roy I. Annear, Inspector.

LOGAN COUNTY.

I inspected 834 colonies of bees in Logan County, of which
57 had Ainerican foulbrood and 8 European foulbrood. Several
yards had American bad in the Spring. I reinspected in Sep-
tember and found no trace of disease. The owner or myself had
cleaned up. In some cases the owner paid me to come back and
help him.

S. A. Tyler, Inspector.

DU PAGE COUNTY.

I visited 23 apiaries with 178 colonies of bees, 16 with
American foulbrood. I worked six days in all, but it was too
late in the season to do much. Eight of the colonies were de-
stroyed. I only inspected in a part of Du Page County.

Wm. J. Wallamhs, Inspector.

74 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

KANE AND McHENRY COUNTIES.

This comprises my work up to July 25th. After that I did
no work on account of the honeyflow being gone and the bees
would rob, doing more harm than good. I inspected 705 colonies
of which 141 had American foulbrood. 25 of them were burned.
I hope to be able to do more this year. Some of the remaining
diseased colonies have been treated but I cannot tell until August
how many will be clean. All, I hope.

E. J. Bryant, Inspector.

OGLE, WHITESIDE, CARROLL, AND STEPHENSON

COUNTIES.

During 1925, I inspected 3,417 colonies of bees in the above
counties. There were 518 diseased, and I burned 395 of them.
Most of these bees were found in Ogle County.

S. S. Clausen, Inspector.

LA SALLE, DU PAGE, WILL, KENDALL, LIVINGSTON, AND

KANKAKEE COUNTIES.

The total number of days of inspection was 29. Approxi-
mately 200 colonies were found with American foulbrood, and
about 45 with European. 180 colonies were burned. The Eu-
ropean foulbrood infection is very light among Italian bees and
practically nothing was done with it except to urge the owners to
requeen. The American foulbrood infection is about 8-10% of
what it was two years ago when this work was started in this
area.

My personal opinion of the Hutzelman solution treatment is
that it is practical on dry super combs, but the best, safest and
cheapest and sure method on equipment with dead brood and
honey in it is the bonfire route.

Gordon Bell, Inspector.

McLean and tazewell counties.

In McLean County I visited 46 apiaries, with 507 colonies.
34 colonies in 9 yards had European foulbrood, and 54 colonies
in 10 apiaries had American foulbrood. There were 108 box
hives in 22 apiaries. 6i/^% of the total colonies inspected had
European foulbrood and 10 3/5% had American foulbrood.

In this county, 27 colonies were burned, either by the owner
or by the inspector. Conditions were found to be much better in
those sections of the county gone over in 1924. The greater part
of the disease, especially the American foulbrood, being found in
new areas. All known cases of American were either treated or
destroyed.

In Tazewell County I visited 110 apiaries, with 988 colonies,
21 colonies in 10 yards had European foulbrood, and 123 colonies
in 29 yards had American. There were 235 colonies in box hives

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ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEES ASSOCIATION

75

in 50 apiaries. 2% of the total number of colonies inspected had
European, and 131/^ % had American foulbrood.

In this county 59 colonies were destroyed, either by the
owner or by the inspector. Known disease (American), was car-
ried over until Spring for treatment, in three apiaries, owing to
the lateness of the season. A part of the above figures are for
reinspection.

The greater part of the American foulbrood found in this
county was in the western and northern part. The beekeepers
as a whole have shown fine cooperation.

James D. Arvin, Inspector.

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76 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS OF THE ILLINOIS STATE
BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

Constitution.

Adopted Feb. 26, 1891.
ARTICLE I.
This organization shall be known as The Illinois State Beekeepers'
Association, and its principal place of business shall be at Springfield, 111.

ARTICLE II.— Object.
Its object shall be to promote the general interests of the pursuit of
bee-culture.

ARTICLE III. — Membership.

Section 1. Any person interested in apiculture may become a member
upon the payment to the Secretary of an annual fee of one dollar and fifty
cents ($1.50). (Since amended to $1.75). (Amendment adopted at annual
meeting, December, 1919) : And any affiliating association, as a body, may
become members on the payment of an aggregate fee of fifty cents (50c)
per member, as amended November, 1910.

Sec. 2. Any person may become honorary member by receiving a
majority vote at any regular meeting.

ARTICLE IV.— Officers.

Section 1. The officers of this association shall be, President, Vice
President, Secretary and Treasurer. (Since amended to include 5 regional
Vice Presidents.) Their terms of office shall be for one year, or until their
successors are elected and qualified.

Sec. 2. The President, Secretary and Treasurer shall constitute the
Executive Committee.

Sec. 3. Vacancies in office — ^by death, resignation and otherwise — shall
be filled by the Executive Committee until the next annual meeting.

ARTICLE V. — Amendments.

This Constitution shall be amended at any annual meeting by a two-
thirds vote of all the members present — ^thirty days' notice having been
given to each member of the association.

By-Laws.

ARTICLE L
The officers of the association shall be elected by ballot and by a ma-
jority vote.

ARTICLE II.
It shall be the duty of the President to call and preserve order at all
meetings of this association; to call for all reports of officers and commit-
tees; to put to vote all motions regularly seconded; to count the vote at all
elections, and declare the results; to decide upon all questions of order,
and to deliver an address at each annual meeting.

ARTICLE III.
The Vice Presidents shall be numbered, respectively, First, Second,
Third, Fourth and Fifth, and it shall be the duty of one of them, in his
respective order, to preside in the absence of the President.

ARTICLE IV.
Section 1. It shall be the duty of the Secretary to report all proceed-
ings of the association, and to record the same, when approved, in the

^;-\S'-.>T'-% '■■■■f.i^L'L^'' -.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPER's ASSOCIATION 77

Secretary's book; to conduct all correspondence of the association, and to
file and preserve all papers belonging to the same; to receive the annual
dues and pay them over to the Treasurer, taking his receipt for the same;
to take and record the name and address of every member of the associa-
tion; to cause the Constitution and By-Laws to be printed in appropriate
form and in such quantities as may be directed by the Executive Committee
from time to time, and see that each member is provided with a copy
thereof; to make out and publish annually, as far as practicable, statistical
table showing the number of colonies owned in the spring and fall, and
the amoimt of honey and wax produced by each member, together with such
other information as may be deemed important, or be directed by the
Executive Committee; and to give notice of all meetings of the association
in the leading papers of the State, and in the bee journals at least four
weeks prior to the time of such meeting.

Sec. 2. The Secretary shall be allowed a reasonable compensation for
his services, and to appoint an assistant Secretary if deemed necessary.

ARTICLE V.

It shall be the duty of the Treasurer to take charge of all funds of the
association, and to pay them out upon the order of the Executive Commit-
tee, taking a receipt for the same; and to render a report of all receipts
and expenditures at each annual meeting.

ARTICLE VL

It shall be the duty of the Executive Committee to select subjects for
discussion and appoint members to deliver addresses or read essays, and
to transact all interim business.

ARTICLE VIL

The meeting of the association shall be, as far as practicable, governed
by the following order of business:

Call to order.

Reading minutes of last meeting.

President's address.

Secretary's report.

Treasurer's report.

Reports of committees.

Unfinished business.

Reception of members and collection.

Miscellaneous business.

Election and installation of officers.

Discussion.

Adjournment.

ARTICLE VIIL

These By-Laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of all the mem-
bers present at any annual meeting.

C. E. YocuM,
Aaron Coppin,
Geo. F. Robbins.

Following is a copy of the law passed by the Illinois Legislature May
19, and signed by the Governor June 7, 1911, to take effect July 1, 1911:

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78 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

STATE FOULBROOD LAW.
State Inspector of Apiaries.

Preamble. § 3. Annual Report.

§ 1. State Inspector of Apiaries — ap-
pointment — term — assistants § 4. Penalties.
— per diem.

§ 2. Foulbrood, etc. — what declared
nuisances — inspection — notice to
owner or occupant — treatment —
abatement of nuisance — appeal.

House Bill No. 670.

(Approved June 7, 1911.)
An Act to prevent the introduction and spread in Illinois of foulbrood
among bees, providing for the appointment of a State Inspector of
Apiaries and prescribing his powers and duties.

Whereas, the disease known as foulbrood exists to a very considerable
extent in various portions of this State, which, if left to itself, will soon
exterminate the honey bees; and

Whereas, the work done by an individual beekeeper or by a State In-
spector is useless so long as the official is not given authority to inspect
and, if need be, to destroy the disease when found; and

Whereas, there is a great loss to the beekeepers and fruit growers of
the State each year by the devasting ravages of foulbrood.

Section 1. Be it enacted by the People of the State of Illinois, repre-
sented in the General Assembly: That the Governor shall appoint a State
Inspector of Apiaries, who shall hold his office for the term of two years,
and until his successor is appointed and qualified, and who may appoint one
or more assistants, as needed, to carry on the inspection under his super-
vision. The Inspector of Apiaries shall receive for each day actually and
necessarily spent in the performance of his duties the sum of four dollars
to be paid upon bills of particulars certified to as correct by the said State
Inspector of Apiaries, and approved by the Governor.

Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of every person maintaining or keeping
any colony or colonies of bees tp keep the same free from the disease
known as foulbrood and from every contagious and infectious disease
among bees. All beehives, beefixtures or appurtenances where foulbrood
or other contagious or infectious diseases among bees exists, are hereby
declared to be nuisances to be abated as hereinafter prescribed. If the
Inspector of Apiaries shall have reason to believe that any apiary is in-
fected by foulbrood or other contagious disease, he shall have power to
inspect, or cause to be inspected, from time to time, such apiary, and for
the purpose of such inspection he, or his assistants, are authorized during
reasonable business hours to enter into or upon any farm or premises, or
other building or place used for the purpose of propagating or nuturing
bees. If said Inspector of Apiaries, or his assistants, shall find by inspec-
tion that any person, firm or corporation is maintaining a nuisance as
described in this section, he shall notify in writing the owner or occupant
of the premises containing the nuisance so disclosed of the fact that such
nuisance exists. He shall include in such notice a statement of the condition
constituting such nuisance, and order that the same be abated within a
specified time and a direction, written or printed, pointing out the methods
which shall be taken to abate the same. Such notice and order may be
served personally or by depositing the same in the postoffice properly

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ILLINOIS STATE beekeepers' ASSOCIATION 79

stamped, addressed to the owner or occupant of the land or premises upon
which such nuisance exists, and the direction for treatment may consist of
a printed circular, bulletin or report of the Inspector of Apiaries, or an
extract from same.

If the person so notified shall refuse or fail to abate said nuisance in
the manner and in the time prescribed in said notice, the Inspector of
Apiaries may cause such nuisance to be abated, and he shall certify to the
owner or person in charge of the premises the cost of the abatement and
if not paid to him within sixty days thereafter the same may be recovered,
together with the costs of action, before any court in the State having
competent jurisdiction.

In case notice and order served as aforesaid shall direct that any bees,
hives, beefixtures or appurtenances shall be destroyed and the owner of
such bees, hives, beefixtures or appurtenances shall consider himself ag-
grieved by said order, he shall have the privilege of appealing within three
days of the receipt of the notice to the County Court of the county in which
such property is situated. The appeal shall be made in like manner as
appeals are taken to the County Court from judgments of justices of the
peace. Written notice of said appeal served by mail upon the Inspector of
Apiaries shall operate to stay all proceedings until the decision of the
County Court, which may, after investigating the matter, reverse, modify
or affirm the order of the Inspector of Apiaries. Such decision shall then
become the order of the Inspector of Apiaries, who shall serve the same as
hereinbefore set forth and shall fix a time within which such decision must
be carried out.

Sec. 3. The Inspector of Apiaries shall, on or before the second Mon-
day in December of each calendar year, make a report to the Governor and
also to the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association, stating the number of
apiaries visited, the number of those diseased and treated, the number of
colonies of bees destroyed and the expense incurred in the performance of
his duties.

Sec. 4. Any owner of a diseased apiary or appliances taken therefrom,
who shall sell, barter or give away any such apiary, appliance, queens or
bees from such apiary, expose other bees to the danger of contracting such
disease, or refuse to allow the Inspector of Apiaries to inspect such apiary,
or appliances, shall be fined not less than $50 nor more than $100.

Approved June 7, 1911.

(Bill passed in the 50th General Assembly.)

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80 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

BEEKEEPERS* ASSOCIATION.

THE ORIGINAL BILL.

§ 1. Appropriates $1,000 per annum — § 3. Annual Report,
provisio.

§ 2. How drawn.

An Act making an appropriation for the Illinois State Beekeepers'

Association.

Whereas, The members of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association
have for years given much time and labor without compensation in the
endeavor to promote the interests of the beekeepers of the State; and,

Whereas, The importance of the industry to the farmers and fruit-
growers of the State warrants the expenditure of a reaspnable sum for the
holding of annual meetings, the publication of reports and papers contain-
ing practical information concerning beekeeping, therefore, to sustain the
same and enable this organization to defray the expenses of annual meet-
ings, publishing reports, suppressing foulbrood among bees in the State,
and promote the industry in Illinois;

Section 1. Be it enacted by the People of the State of Illinois, repre-
sented in the General Assembly: That there be and is hereby appropriated
for the use of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association the sum of one
thousand dollars ($1,000) per annum for the year 1917-1918, for the pur-
pose of advancing the growth and developing the interests of the beekeepers
of Illinois, said sum to be expended under the direction of the Illinois State
Beekeepers^ Association for the purpose of paying the expenses of holding
annual meetings, publishing the proceedings of said meetings suppressing
foulbrood among bees in Illinois, etc.

Provided, however. That no officer or officers of the Illinois State Bee-
keepers' Association shall be entitled to receive any money compensation
whatever for any services rendered for the same, out of this fund.

Sec. 2, That on the order of the President, countersigned by the Secre-
tary of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association, and approved by the
Governor, the Auditor of Public Accounts shall draw his warrant on the
Treasurer of the State of Illinois in favor of the treasury of the Illinois
State Beekeepers' Association for the sum herein appropriated.

Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of' the Treasurer of the Illinois State Bee-
keepers' Association to pay out of said appropriation, on itemized ar w
receipted vouchers, such sums as may be authorized by vote of said orgau^
ization on the order of the President countersigned by the Secretary, ^liid
make annual report to the Governor of all such expenditures, as provided
by law.

Itemized in the Omnibus Bill as follows:

For shorthand reporting $ 200(

For postage and stationery 50^

For printing 55C

Expense of meetings 20(

Total amount of the appropriation $1,00^

The Assembly ruled that this is not to be paid in lump, but dra\
itemized accounts.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS* ASSOCIATION 81

CODE OF RULES AND STANDARDS FOR GRADING API-
ARIAN EXHIBITS AT FAIRS AS ADOPTED BY ILLINOIS
STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

COMB HONEY.

Rule 1. Comb honey shall be marked on a scale of 100, as follows:

Quantity 40 Style of display 20

QuaUty 40

Rule 2. Points of quality should be:

Variety 5 Straightness of comb 5

Clearness of capping 10 Uniformity 5

Completeness of capping 5 Style of Section 5

Completeness of filling 5

Remarks: 1. By variety is meant different kinds, with regard to the
sources from which the honey is gathered, which adds much interest to an
exhibit.

2. By clearness of capping is meant freedom from travel stain and a
water soaked appearance. This point is marked a little high, because it is
a most important one. There is no better test of the quality of comb honey
than the appearance of the cappings. If honey is taken off at the proper
time, and cared for as it should be, so as to preserve its original clear color,
body and flavor will take care of themselves, for excellence in the last two
points always accompanies excellence in the first. Clover and basswood
honey should be white; heartsease, a dull white tinged with yellow; and
Spanish needle, a bright yellow.

3. By uniformity is meant closeness of resemblance in the sections
composing the exhibit.

4. By style is meant neatness of the sections, freedom from propolis,
etc.

5. Honey so arranged as to show every section should score the high-
est in style of display, and everything that may add to the tastiness and
attractiveness of an exhibit should be considered.

EXTRACTED HONEY.

. / Rule 1. Extracted honey should be marked on a scale of 100, as fol-

5ws:

CJilahtiiy 40 Style and display 15

. Quality 45

Rule 2. Points of quality should be:

-.riety 10 Style of package 10

learness of color 5 Variety of package 5

ody 5 Finish 5

iavor 5

Remarks: , 1. Light clover honey pouring out of a vessel is a very
rht straw color; Spanish needle, a golden hue, and dark clover honey, a
11 amber. •

2. Style of package is rated a little high, not only because in that
"sists the principal beauty of an exhibit of extracted honey, but also
:ause it involves the best package for marketing. We want to show
ley in the best shape for the retail trade, and that, in this case, means

,-J'^-'< ■-' ■ ■-:,■'<:"■- ■^■'.'V,k:.:y'^^

82 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

the most attractive style for exhibition. Glass packages should be given
the preference over tin; flint glass over green, and smaller vessels over
larger, provided the latter run over one or two pounds.

3. By variety of package is meant chiefly different sizes; but small
pails for retailing, and, in addition, cans or kegs (not too large) for whole-
saling, may be considered. In the former case, pails painted in assorted
colors, and lettered "Pure Honey," should be given the preference.

4. By finish is meant capping, labeling, etc.

5. Less depends upon the manner of arranging an exhibit of extracted
than of comb honey, and for that reason, as well as to give a higher number
of points to style of package, a smaller scale is allowed for style of display.

SAMPLES OF COMB AND EXTRACTED HONEY.

Rule 1. Single cases of comb honey, entered as such for separate
premiums, should be judged by substantially the same rules as those given
for a display of comb honey, and samples of extracted, by those governing
displays of extracted honey.

Rule 2. Samples of comb or extracted honey, as above, may be con-
sidered as part of the general display in their respective departments.

GRANULATED HONEY.

Rule 1. Candied or granulated honey should be judged by the rules
for extracted honey, except as below.
Rule 2. Points of quality should be:

Variety 10 Style of package. 10

Fineness of grain 5 Variety of package 5

Color 5 Finish 5

Flavor 5

Rule 3. An exhibit of granulated honey may be entered or considered
as part of a display of extracted honey.

NUCLEI OF BEES.

Rule. Bees in observation hives should be marked on a scale of 100,
as follows:

Color and markings 30 Quietness 5

Size of bees 30 Style of comb 5

Brood 10 Style of hive 10

Queen 10 /

Remarks: 1. Bees should be exhibited only in the form of single
frame nuclei, in hives or cages with glass sides.

2. Italian bees should show three or more bands, ranging from leather \
color to golden or light yellow.

3. The markings of other races should be those claimed for those races
in their purity. .

4. A nucleus from which the queen . is omitted should score zero on
that point.

5. The largest quantity of brood in all stages or nearest to that should
score the highest in that respect.

6. The straightest, smoothest and most complete comb, with the most
honey consistent with the most brood, should score the highest in that
respect.

7. That hive which is neatest and best made and shows the bees, etc.,
to the best advantage should score the highest.

V

5gW?!|fp^wwiKyf^fK.j»^<-i'jJ3»^ ara-sp.T-'7TF4«.'»\-;=yXiWTWS;v>ri^e^if>-

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 83

QUEEN BEES.

Rule. Queen bees in cages should be marked on a scale of 100, as fol-
lows:

Quantity 40 Quality and variety 40

Style of caging and display 20

Remarks: 1. The best in quality consistent with variety should score
the highest. A preponderance of Italian queens should overweigh a pre-
ponderance of black ones, or, perhaps, of any other race or strain; but
sample queens of any or all varieties should be duly considered. Under
the head of quality should also be considered the attendant bees. There
should be about a dozen with each queen.

2. Neatness and finish of cages should receive due consideration, but
the principal points in style are to make and arrange the cages so as to
show the inmates to the best advantage.

BEESWAX. -^

Rule. Beeswax should be marked on a scale of 100, as follows: i

Quantity 40 Quality 40 i

Style of display 20 i

Remarks: 1. Pale, clear, yellow specimens should score the highest, 4

and the darker grades should come next in order. ^

2. By style is meant chiefly the forms in which the wax is molded 1

and put up for exhibition. Thin cakes or small pieces are more desirable i

in the retail trade than larger ones. Some attention may be given to 1

novelty and variety. I

Vl"*l2tt1tij.iA..,:^:V'

I - . V..1j7»(»

84 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

FOULBROOD IN BEES.

So important it is to be well posted on the two most important, and
likewise most destructive, diseases of bees, that a full description of the
diseases and their treatment is herewith given. These are taken verbatim
from Bulletins Nos. 2 and 5 of the Michigan Apiary Inspection Division
and were written by Michigan's former State Bee Inspector, Mr. B. F.
Kindig.

AMERICAN FOULBROOD.

American foulbrood is an infectious disease of the larvae of the honey
bee.

CAUSE.

The disease is caused by a microscopic organism similar in appearance
and habits to some of the germs which cause disease in the human body.
The organism is known as Bacillus larvae.

^ SYMPTOMS.

, To the beekeeper who is unfamiliar with this disease, usually the first
sjrmptoms apparent are a gradual weakening of the colony and the presence
of a very unpleasant odor in the hive. In the very early stages of the
disease it is recognized by an^ occasional brood cell capping being sunken
and darker in appearance than the cappings of the adjacent cells. A part
of these cappings may also have small holes in them, often ragged in ap-
pearance. Upon further examination it may be found that in a few un-
capped cells the larvae have died and are decaying on the lower cell walls.
Upon careful examination, the dead larval remains in all of the cells just
mentioned will be found to be similar in shape and position, although they
may vary somewhat in color. Soon after the death of the larvae it begins
to take on a brownish appearance and the longer the larvae has been dead
and the more it becomes dried down the darker is the color. When the
remains have dried down to a thin, scale on the lower cell wall the color
becomes almost black. When larvae die from this disease the decayed
remains tend to become quite gluey in their consistency. If a match or
tooth-pick be inserted into the cell and a part of the remains drawn out
it will be found to stretch out somewhat like glue. This quality is com-
monly spoken of as ropiness and is often considered the diagnostic symptom
of this disease. However, in making a diagnosis these four factors should
be present:

(1) The larval should lie on the lower cell wall.

(2) The color should be brown or black.

(3) The consistency of the "larvae should be ropy unless dried down
into a black hard scale.

(4) The odor should be repulsive, inasmuch as it is commonly de-
scribed as smelling like a glue pot.

Even in a very mild case of disease the first three symptoms should be
apparent while the fourth (the odor) may not be so noticeable if only a
few cells are affected. Whenever there is the slightest doubt as to the
diagnosis of disease a sample of the comb containing the diseased larvae
should be sent to the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bee Culture Labor-

ILLINOIS STATE beekeepers' ASSOCIATION 85

atory, Washington, D. C, where a microscopic examination will be made.
Upon application, the department will gladly furnish a mailing case for
sending in samples of comb for disease identification.

TREATMENT.

The only successful treatment for American foulbrood consists in re-
moving the bees from the combs and hives and placing them in a clean
hive without combs but in which the frames are fitted with full sheets of
foundation. There are slight variations in the method of treatment accord-
ing to the season of the year. These slight differences will be fully dis-
cussed under the method of treatment for the particular season. If it is at
all possible to avoid it, a diseased colony should never be treated in the
same yard with colonies that are not diseased. Wherever possible, the
diseased colonies should be removed a mile or more from the yard, given
the proper treatment and then returned to the yard. Whenever treating
for disease one should give due consideration to the location of other bee-
keepers in order that disease may not be spread by robbing during the
process of treatment.

SPRINGTIME TREATMENT.

When it is desired to treat the bees in the spring as early as possible
and when more than one colony is diseased, it is possible to save the brood
of each colony excepting the last one treated by the following plan:

Pick out from among the diseased colonies the ones which are deemed
strong enough to stand the shock of treatment during the month of May.
Each of these colonies should be transferred into clean hives with full
sheets of foundation and the brood which they had should be placed on
one or more of the weaker diseased colonies. In the process of transferring,
the diseased colony is placed two feet or so to the back side of where it
formerly stood. The hive into which it is desired to transfer the bees is
placed on the old stand. After placing a newspaper in front of the hives to
catch any honey that may drip, then taking one frame at a time the bees
should be brushed upon the paper in front of the new hive. Care should be
used to see that the queen enters the new hive. After she is in, a queen-
guard or queen and drone trap should be placed on the entrance to prevent
the swarm from absconding. After all the bees have been removed, the
combs may be placed on another diseased colony, as said before. If only one
colony is affected then the combs should be buried deeply or burned. In
all of the manipulations concerned with the handling of disease every pre-
caution must be used in order that no robbing may take place. If any
robbing occurs it is quite certain that each colony concerned in the robbing
will later become diseased. For this reason it is customary to treat dis-
eased bees late in the evening after the bees quit Ajring. If it is necessary
to treat them in a yard where there are healthy colonies, then the entrances
to all the adjacent healthy colonies should be closed with a screen so that
in the excitement and confusion incident to transferring if any of the bees
from the diseased hive attempt to enter they will be unable to do so. If
it is impracticable to remove the bees from the yard for treatment, then the
hives should be moved a foot or more each day imtil the diseased hives are
as far as they can be placed in the yard from other colonies. Many bee-
keepers who have treated disease from year to year find it advisable to
use a screened cage about six feet square and six feet high. They perform
all of the work of transferring within this cage. In this way it is impos-
sible for robbers to enter or for any of the bees of the colony to enter
another hive. Whenever bees are disturbed as in transferring they fill
their honey sacs with honey. In case it is a diseased colony the honey which
they carry may transmit disease to any colony which such bees may enter.
It is, therefore, very essential that all of the bees of a diseased colony be
kept together. Colonies which are strong enough to admit of treatment in
the month of May should build up and store a satisfactory amount of honey
during the following honeyflow.

: ■T'7st''P?;-'>s r- . j;r^ y -^

r^W^SM

86 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

SUMMER TREATMENT.

Weak colonies on which the brood was stacked from the colonies
treated in May, or other colonies which were too weak for treatment at
that time, should be treated during the first few days of the main summer
honeyflow, which in this State is either the basswood or clover flow. The,
same method of treatment should be followed as described previously, ex-
cepting that in case some colonies are not strong enough at that time to
produce surplus honey, then, two or more colonies should be united at the
time of treatment. It is not advisable to handle colonies in such a way that
the surplus honey crop is entirely sacrificed. If an increase in the number
of colonies is desired, it can be made in the latter part of the clover flow
with but very slight sacrifice in the honey crop. The brood from five or
six treated colonies can be piled upon one diseased colony and after three
weeks when all of the brood is hatched, then the remaining colony should
be treated. Whether or not all of the colonies are to be treated at the be-
ginning of the main honey fiow is optional with the beekeeper. If they are
all treated at that time all frames containing brood must be burned or
buried at once. If some of the diseased colonies are still weak it is probably
best to pile the brood from those that are strong enough on them and ar-
range to treat three weeks later. However, when treatment is delayed until
three weeks after the beginning of the honey flow in some instances not
sufficient time is left for them to store honey enough for their needs. In
this case they will have to be fed later.

FALL TREATMENT.

It occasionally happens that a colony which becomes infected in the
spring may not be discovered until after the clover honey crop has been
gathered. In general, it is not advisable to treat bees when there is no
honey flow. The danger of robbing under such conditions is very much
greater and feeding must be restored to in order to keep the colony alive.
Late cases of infection may be treated during the month of October after
brood rearing has practically ceased. The method of treatment is the same
as described before, excepting that the bees are transferred into a hive
without frames. They should be left in this hive for at least 48 hours. At
that time the beekeeper should carefully remove the hive body from the
bottom board. A hive body full of combs of honey taken from a healthy
colony should be set in its place. Then the empty hive body with the bees
should be set on top and jarred slightly. The bees will then take possession
of the combs and honey and the empty hive body may be removed.

FEEDING IN CONNECTION WITH TREATMENT.

When it is desirable to treat very early in the season it is occasionally
necessary to resort to feeding in order to get the foundation drawn out and
to get brood rearing under way as quickly as possible. Realizing that the
bees carry with them a supply of honey which is sufficient for their food for
several days, it is not necessary to do any feeding until two or three days
after treatment. It is very fortunate that in the digesting of the disease-
carrjdng honey which the bees have in their honey sacs at the time of treat-
ment, all danger of disease is eliminated. When bees are placed on fotmda-
tion they very rjapidly use up the honey which they have with them in the
secretion of wax for comb building. For this reason it is not advisable in
treating disease to give the colony a set of drawn combs. When this is done
they deposit the honey which they carry with them in the cells and part of
it is fed to the young larvae which they proceed to rear. Thus the disease
which was present in the old hive is continued in the new one. When it is
necessary to feed, the use of a Boardman entrance feeder or an Alexander
bottom board is very convenient. If these are not at hand a very efficient
feeder can be made by punching a number of fme holes in the lid of a
friction top pail. This should be filled with syrup and inverted directly
over the frames. The bees will then suck out the sj^rup.

"-i: -J ■::j; ";:-.;>^vVi^4t-5rji

_|B^3P^^^'=?ijg^r-'"«f^j?T?ES^=ss^;(^ " W^'^^^^^^"^'*^^!'^;^^:

ILLINOIS STATE beekeepers' ASSOCIATION 87

DISPOSAL OF WAX AND HONEY.

Where only a small number of colonies are treated the best means of
disposal of the frames and honey is to bum or bury them. In cases where
a large yard is quite generally diseased it then becomes advisable to save
as much pf the equipment as possible. After the brood has been allowed to
emerge as previously mentioned, then the hive bodies of combs should be
removed to a bee-tight building.^ There the honey should be extracted at
once. The honey may be used fcf^r making honey vinegar. It is not desir-
able to sell this honey as it may be exposed by the purchasers in such a way
that bees may secure some of it and thus carry the disease to their own
hives.

After extracting, unless a very cold cellar is available for storing the
combs, it is necessary to cut the combs out and melt them at once because
of the danger of wax moths at that season. No one should ever attempt to
ship diseased combs to a foundation factory for rendering, excepting dur-
ing the months of December, January and February. When combs are
packed in a barrel and shipped, very often honey leaks out upon the floors
of the cars or in the freight house and becomes accessible to the bees of
the vicinity. This practice is forbidden by law in most states including
Michigan.

After disposing of the combs and honey the frames should be boiled
for not less than five minutes in a solution made from one can of concen-
trated lye to six gallons of water. Before placing the frames in this solu-
tion the wax and propolis should be carefully removed. After boiling, the
frames should be thoroughly rinsed in a tub of clear, warm water. The
hive bodies, super covers and bottom boards, should be thoroughly scraped
to remove all particles of wax, honey and propolis. Then they should be
gone over with a flame of a blow torch and the surface scorched until no
germs can remain alive. Ordinarily supers and hive bodies are more easily
sterilized by piling them up-side-down as high as one can conveniently
reach and burning a small handful of straw or paper on the inside. Care
must be exercised else the whole pile of supers will be burned up. A hive
cover should be convenient for putting over the top to stop the blaze.

It must be realized that there is grave danger in the handling of dis-
eased material unless every precaution is taken to prevent robbing. The
extractor should be thoroughly scalded out after extracting diseased honey.
If possible the extractor should be taken to where it may be turned up-side-
down and a steam hose turned into it with considerable pressure for at least
15 minutes. If the wax is rendered, the slumgum and the water used in
wax rendering should be buried after the bees have quit flying in the even-
ing. All vessels or tools which come in contact with the disease must be
thoroughly disinfected. If the above directions are followed carefully much
valuable material may be saved. If not, foulbrood will be scattered far
and wide over the adjacent territory.

METHODS OF SPREAD.
' American foulbrood is commonly spread through carelessness on the
part of someone. If carelessness on the part of beekeepers could be elimin-
ated the problem of controlling foulbrood would be very much simplified.
Weak diseased colonies may be robbed out because the entrances have not
been contracted to a point where they can defend themselves. Dead diseased
colonies are robbed out because the beekeeper carelessly leaves such colonies
e3dposed in the bee-yard. It is a beekeeper's business to know whether any
colonies are dead or weak, and it is his business to take care of them so
that they may not be a menace to the neighboring beekeepers. The careless
exposure of disease-carrying honey and the like is criminal and the offender
should be punished by nothing less than confinement in the county jail.
Often honey houses and other places where diseased honey and combs are
stored have cracks in the doors or windows or the siding does not fit prop-
erly and whatever is contained therein is exposed to all of the bees in the
territory. Often hives in which the colonies have died from disease are
sold either through ignorance of the seller, or as has been amply demon-

■ S^»VS*3aS*Li5i!3>\'' ?&*a"*fci^iSftiiia.ii*i*i

r-^fyfK'iWf'--

88 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

strated, because his sense of right and justice has never been properly de-
veloped. A careful survey of conditions in Wisconsin showed that a large
part of the spread of foulbrood was directly traceable to the selling or
moving of diseased hives or equipment. The feeding of honey, a part of
which was extracted from a diseased colony, causes an outbreak of disease
wherever such honey is fed. It is not always possible to know whether or
not some of it may have come from a diseased hive even though no disease
is known to be present in the bee-yard. Some of the honey in the yard may
have been stored from honey robbed from a diseased colony in the neighbor-
hood.

BEE-YARD SANITATION.

The bee-yard practice must be such as to prevent robbing.

Frames of honey should not be taken from one colony and given as food
to another colony.

A diseased colony should never be opened when there is the slightest
danger of robbing.

Diseased colonies should be removed from the yard as soon as discovered
and treated before returning them.

Carelessness, ignorance and malice are at the bottom of most of the
spread of disease.

Do not use equipment from an unknown source without seeing to it
that it cannot carry disease.

When a colony shows disease every frame connected with that colony
must be destroyed. Some have erroneously judged that those frames which
do not have dead larvae in them are suitable for further use.

*In purchasing bees buy them in combless packages, not on drawn
combs, unless there has been no disease among the bees for at least one
year. The selling of diseased bees contributed largely to the spread of
disease in Michigan.

Every super and every frame should be numbered to correspond with
the hive on which it belongs and should be used there and nowhere else.
If this suggestion is followed, extracted honey producers will find that
foulbrood is just as easy to control in their yards as in the yards of comb
honey producers.

EUROPEAN FOULBROOD.

European foulbrood is a bacterial disease which causes the death of
the larvae of workers, queens and drones. It attacks them normally when
they are about three days old and usually kills them before the cells are
capped. The disease is quite variable in its severity; in some cases most of
the uncapped larvae are affected, while in other colonies or under different
conditions of season or honeyfiow, but very few larvae may be attacked.

DISTRIBUTION.

European foulbrood is found in nearly all sections of the country, and
in Illinois is prevalent in Central and Northern Illinois. Several years ago
Dr. E. F. Phillips of the Bureau of Entomology, United States Department
of Agriculture, called the attention of the writer to what seemed to be a
striking coincidence, in that European foulbrood seemed to be particularly
virulent on the poorer types of soil. The truth of this statement seems to
be well borne out in the distribution of the disease in the various counties.
While the disease is frequently met with on the heavier types of soil, yet
it appears as a serious menace largely on the lighter soils where there is
but little incoming nectar during the spring and early summer months.
There are many counties in the State from which the disease has not been
reported. This should not be construed to mean that such territories are
immune from the malady. On the contrary, it seems to be purely an acci-
dent that this trouble has not appeared in many of these counties.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 89

PREDISPOSING CONDITIONS.

As noted above, areas in which there are but few nectar-secreting
flowers during the early part of the season seemed to be favorable for the
development of the disease. As Italian bees are essntial for the control of
this disease, it therefore follows that in those communities where the black
bees predominate European foulbrood is particularly serious. It has also
been noted that the poor wintering of bees is exceedingly favorable to rapid
progress of the disease. Those colonies are particularly susceptible which
are weak in numbers and slow to build up either because of insufficient
strength or because of the presence of a failing queen.

STRENGTH OF COLONY IN RELATION TO DISEASE.

Strong colonies of bees attempt to eradicate the disease from the hive
by carrying out the dead larvae. This reminds one of the reaction of a
strong colony to the presence of wax moths. Weak colonies seem to make
but little effort to clean out the diseased larvae as they appear. The carry-
ing out of the dead larvae seems to be an important factor in retarding the
spread of the disease within the colony. Nurse bees have often been ob-
served sucking the juices from the bodies of the dead larvae. Doubtless
the nurse bees, because of their contamination with the bacteria form the
principal agency in the dissemination of the disease within the hive.

Very little is definitely known regarding the spread of the disease from
hive to hive or from one apiary to another. It has been definitely shown,
however, that the disease can be transferred by the agency of the honey
taken from the diseased colonies.

• DIAGNOSIS.

The larvae are first affected by European foulbrood while they are
curled up in the backs of the cells adjacent to the midrib of the comb.
Frequently the larvae seem to move slightly before death and dead larvae
change in color from pearly white to gray or yellow, and if permitted to
remain in the cells they may become a yellowish brown or brown in color.
The larvae do not adhere tightly to the cell walls. In serious cases there is
usually a decided odor. There is but slight ropiness, if any at all. Queen,
worker, and drone larvae seem to be equally susceptible to the disease.

In case of any doubt in diagnosis of disease, write to the Bee Culture
Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, asking for a
box in which to mail a sample of the diseased comb. The comb should not
be wrapped in waxed paper nor mailed in tin containers.

I TREATMENT.

During the past ten years the methods of treatment for European
foulbrood have been changed quite radically. The transferring of the
bees from the diseased hive is no longer advocated.

E. W. Alexander of New York and Dr. C. C. Miller of Illinois, demon-
strated conclusively that the destruction of combs and the loss of brood were
unnecessary in treating this disease. Dr. E. F. Phillips has summed up
the whole matter of preventive measures : "The practices of good beekeep-
ing are those which result in the eradication of European foulbrood."*

Every beekeeper should look forward to the possibility of European
foulbrood becoming epidemic in his apiary. Preventive measures are there-
fore indicated rather than awaiting the coming of the disease and then
attempting to remedy the situation. The following points are particularly
important in this connection: Young queens, tin abundance of food, suitable
winter protection, Italian blood, and strong colonies.

In combating the disease after it has appeared, the queens of the dis-
eased colonies sKould be killed and Italian queens of known resistance should
be introduced ,as soon as the bees have had an opportunity to free the
combs from all dead larvae. The length of time required for removing the

^jE»««s3^^>w^^E^^s^g!«!^"»T-«^.i'^»!7n5T!!W'^rj^

90 TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

dead larvae depends upon the race of bees and strength of the colonies as
well as the amount of infection present. If colonies are weak, it is fre-
quently desirable to unite two or more colonies. The uniting of two weak
discouraged diseased colonies frequently results in a complete change of
morale and a quick cleaning up, of the diseased material.

In those apiaries where most colonies are headed with resistant stock,
it is unnecessary to send away for queens, fiipe queen cells from the best
queens may be introduced into the colonies at the time the old queens are
killed or a few days later, depending upon the severity of the disease. If
the cells are introduced some time after the removal of the queens, then a
careful examination of the combs must be made and all queen cells removed
before introducing the ripe cells. Negligence in this matter may result in
a hopelessly queenless colony due to the destruction by the bees of the cell
introduced and by the blasting of the cells reared by the colony because of
the disease present.

In connection with the treatment for disease, beekeepers frequently find
it advantageous to feed a thin syrup at frequent intervals. After requeen-
ing all diseased colonies the beekeeper should keep very close watch of the
performance of the various queens. He should begin rearing young queens
from those- queens which seem to produce colonies most resistant to the
disease. The beekeeper should not depend entirely upon purchasing queens
from regrular queen breeders. He should learn to rear his own queens from
those which he knows are fully capable of carrying their colonies through
the season without a severe outbreak of disease. The vigor of a queen
seems to be impaired by shipping through the mail. Vigor is of exceeding
importance in queens in apiaries where disease is present.

♦Farmers' Bulletin 975, "The Control of European Poulbrood," by Dr. E. F.
Phillips.

i=^

ILLINOIS STATE "^BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

91

4

LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS'

ASSOCIATION FOR 1925.

Abel, Chas. F., Cazenovia.
Adams, Edith, Earlville,
Adams, Ed., Strawn.
Adams, G. M., Arlington Heights.
Aigley, Dr. J. E., Farmington,
Aikman, H. L., Farmersville.
Allen, L. R., Carbondale.
Almond Bros., Libertyville.
Amacker, C. F.,Winfield.
Ambrose, L. W., White Heath.
Anderson, Roy, Chicago.
Anderson, C. R., Chatham.
Anderson, C. F., Morris.
Anderson, F. P., Anna.
Anderson, Joe, Carbondale.
Anderson, L. H., Elgin.
Annear, O. B., Mulkeytown.
Annear, Roy, Mulkeytown.
Armentrout, E. C, Irving.
Armstrong, Andrew, Johnson City.
Armstrong, W. H., El Paso.
Amould, Elliott, Compton.
Arrowsmith, Annie, Gibson City.
Arvis, J. D., Lilly.
Augenstein, A. A., Dakota.
Aukes, W., German Va.lley.
Baker, Chas. F., Cazenovia.
Baker, Wm., Forest.
Baldwin, Walter, Harrisbtirg.
Balmes, Geo. H., Wilmette.
Baltimore, Guy, WoodhuU.
Bangs, E. H., Chicago.
Banko, Mike, Valier.
Bamett, S. F., Irving.
Barr, C. W., Gardner.
Bamett, Edw. E., La Grange.
Bartelt, Geo. A., West Chicago.
Bartelt, J. W., Geneva.
Bartholomew, A. L., Glenview.
Baxter, Dr. A. C, Springfield.
Baxter, E. J., Nauvoo.
Baymilder, Dr. Minnie, Abingdon.
Beauman, Guy, Ttmnell Hill.
Beaver, Wallace R., Lincoln.
Beck, Geo. S., Evanston.
Beer, Robert, Roanoke.
Beglund, Wm., Geneseo.
Beier, Herman, Normal.
Bell, Alvin, Ridgeway.
Bell, B. F., Kingston Mines.
Bell, Gordon, Mazon.

Bellatti, Fred F., Mt. Pulaski.
Belt, F. R., Canton,
Bender, C. F., Newman.
Benner, Fred, Elgin.
Bennington, joe. Low Point.
Benton, T. E., Johnson City.
Berger, John, Carbondale.
Berry, E. F., Taylorville.
Beuster, Wm., Kewanee.
Beyers, Henry C, Decatur.
Biesicker, H. L., Monticello.
Bigel, Wm., Barrington.
Billman, J. F., Harrisburg.
Bilski, S. M., La Grange.
Binder, J. L., Marshall.
Bishop, Frank, Taylorville.
Black, John, Kewanee.
Black, Wright, Stonefort.
Blades, Lloyd, Simpson.
Blocher, D. J., Pearl City.
Blume, W. B., Chicago.
Boberg, Ed., Cambridge.
Bock, Henry, Beason.
Bodenschatz, J. A., Lemont.
Boswell, A. O., Marion.
Botterbush, Henry, De Soto.
Bowald, John, Secor.
Bowen, C. E., Lyndon.
Bowers, A. S., Lovington.
Bowman, Chas., Poplar Grove.
Boyd, C. J., Anna.
Boyd, E. C, Anna.
Boyd, J. J., Cobden.
Boyd, Sen. Randolph, Galva.
Boydaton, A. R., Cameron.
Boyer, John, Hanna City.
Boyles, J. C, Whittington.
Braun, H. H., Williamsville.
Brelsford, W. H., Kenny.
Brem, Joseph, East St. Louis.
Brenneman, A. I., Hopedale.
Bridgeford, Fred, Aledo.
Briggs, F. E., Arlington Heights.
Brigham, Wm., Bloomington.
Bright, John, Normal.
Brodbeck, P. M., Evanston.
Brooks, E. B., Liberty.
Brown, Carl E., WoodhuU.
Brown, Chas. W., Aledo.
Brown, Ed., WoodhuU.
Brown, R. W., Oneida. -

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92

TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Bruner, Bee Man, Chicago.
Bryan, H. J., Normal.
Bryant, E. J., Elgin.
Buckner, J. L., Buckner.
Bueche, C. P., Elgin.
Bunker, D. A., La Fox.
Burger, D., Decatur.
Burgess, G. O., Bement.
Burkland, Carl, Elgin.
Burkey, Harmon, Murphysboro.
Burnett, A., Lee, Rock Island.
Burnett, RoUie, Lowder.
Burtis, John C, El Paso.
Burton, W. R., Whittington.
Butow, R. M., Hubbard Woods.
Bj'^stedt, A., Kewanee.
Cable, Geo. S., El Paso.
Cale, G. H., Hamilton.
Campe, F. O., Barrington.
Carlson, Christ, Gardner.
Carlson, P. A., Galva.
Games, Jay, Woodhull.
Carpenter, Michael, Cortland.
Case, C. W., Rock Island.
Casper, Norman W., New Bumside.
Chamberlin, Porter, De Kalb.
Chambers, J. O., Pierson.
Chamness, A. E., Carterville.
Clark, Frank, Ridott.
Clabaugh, C. E., Odin.
Clausson, Frederick, Oregon.
Clausson, S. S., Oregon.
Clawson, W. A., Owaneco.
Claypool, Geo., Marshall.
Clay pool, Osby, Marshall.
Clayton, Roy, W. Frankfort.
Clifford, Irl, Altona.
Cline, Chas., Irving.
Clower, H. L., Morrisonville.
Coll, E. F., Cambridge.
Coker, Amos I., Jacksonville.
Concidine, Fraiik, De Kalb.
Concidine, Roy, Elva.
Connett, Iloy, Marion.
Cook, B. F., Downers Grove.
Cooper, F. M., Richview.
Copher, Carl, Marion.
Coppin, Aaron, Wenona.
Cornelius, W. H., Dow.
Covington, L. W., Stonington.
Grain, Geo. F., Carterville.
Crawford, Wm., Benton.
Greet, C. H,, Reynolds.
Criley, Elmer, Thompsonville.
Crockett, W. E., Monmouth.
Cronk, H. M., Chicago.
Crosby, James M., Momence.
Crum, F. O., Palmyra.
Cru2an, J. W., Humboldt.
Cunningham, J. C, Streator.
Curtiss, L. W., Gladstone.
Cushman, Samuel, Chicago.

Cyka, J. P., Elgin.
Dadant, C. P., Hamilton.
Dadant, H. C, Hamilton.
Dadant, M. G., Hamilton.
Dadant, L. C, Hamilton.
D'Arcy, Jos. A., Chicago.
Darnell, H. C, Eureka.
Darr, Ed., Ewing.
Davidson, Ed., Farmington.
Davis, Clay T., Braymer, Mo.
Davis, Harry, Marshall.
Davis, Mrs. Lane, Evanston.
Davis, Ward O., Eldorado.
Dean, D. H., Congerville.
Demaray, Mrs. Maude, Elmhurst.
Denning, James E., Joy.
Derricks, A. P., Kenny.
Desort, Frank, Lincoln.
Devillez, Fred, Harrisburg.
Devons, Philip, Ridgway.
Devore, C. H., Lexington.
De Werff, H. A., Benton.
Dillon, John B., Benton.
Dingledine, Louis, Eureka.
DoUins, E. D., Benton.
Dorris, W. S., Harrisburg.
Downs, W. A., Easton.
Duerrstein, C. W., Galena.
DuUeck, Frank, Spring Grove.
Duckwall, W. G., Jacksonville.
Duffield, Raymond, Illinois City.
DuUock, Frank, Spring Grove.
Dungan, Chas. F., Brimfield.
Dungan, Leonard, Illinois City.
Dunker, Wm. H., Woodstock.
Durston, J. J., Irving.
Ebens, John, Oregon.
Eckhardt, W. G., DeKalb.
Egbert, W. C, Aledo.
Eisemann, Chas. V., Chicago.
Eisenbise, Ira B., Lanark.
Eldred, M. G., Bartlett.
Elliott, W. T., Marion.
Engel, John H., Danvers.
Eldred, M. G., Chicago.
Elkins, W. E., Cambria.
Emmons, Frank, Havana.
Enlow, Claude, Zion.
Enslow, Fred, Rochester.
Enslow, F. A., Kewanee.
Erb, J. W., Naperville.
Ericson, H. A., Galva.
Everett, Wilham H., Mount Pulaski.
Eversoll, John, Scalesmound.
Fager, G. E., Anna.
Fairbank, R. L., West Chicago.
Faist, John, Freeport.
Fakes, M. R., Carbondale.
Fehr, Bennie, Roanoke.
Fennical, Frank, Galva.
Fesler, A. B., Cambridge.
Fienhold, Wm., Pontiac.

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ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION

93

Fink, Geo., Eureka.
Fischer, Benj. H., Roanoke.
Fischer, S. T., Roanoke.
Fludge, Dr., Galena.
Folkers, George E., Minonk.
Force, W. H., Champaign.
Forman, Mrs. W. E., Ohio.
Forman, Walter E., Ohio.
Forth, Julius, Roanoke.
Foster, Uriah, McLeansboro.
Frank, R. G., Benson.
Franks, Glenn, Erie.
Franseen, Walter, WoodhuU.
Franseen, W. S., Zeigler.
Frederick, Brither, Techny.
Freytag, P. C, Reynold.
Friend, Dr. C. F., Chicago.
Friend, U. S., Decatur.
Fries, Wm., Geneseo.
Funk, Henry W., Normal.
Fussner, Joe C, Brimfield.
Fussner, Wm., Princeville. .
Galeener, W. K., Vienna.
Gallatin, S. W., Martinsville.
Gates, C. M., Tiskilwa.
Gates, Everett, Harrisburg.
Gates, R. L., Harrisburg.
Gerlich, F. J., Hollywood.
Gerrettson, Fred, Fox Lake.
Getz, Joe, Metamora.
Gheen, Jas. T., Auburn.
Ghere, S. G., Centralia.
Ghere, S. J., Centralia.
Gill, A. G., Chicago.
Gillett, Geo. B., Hanna City.
Gilmour, John, Sesser.
Gingrich, A. D., Ozark.
Girot, Joe, Muddy.
Glascock, E. M., Eldorado.
Glass, Glenn, Cameron.
Glazebrook, A. H., Bonnie.
Gleich, Jacob, Nokomis.
Click, E. E., Benton.
Goetz, Erich, Lamoille.
Goodsell, Gilbert, Cameron.
Goodsell, Samuel Jr., Cameron.
Gordon, C. H., Central City.
Gordon, S. E., Rock Island.
Gosteli, J. J., Strawn.
Gouch, J. T., Gardner.
Graflfam, Frank, De Kalb.
Grant, H. L., Mt. Greenwood.
Greer, R. M., Joy.
GreflEe, C. D., Taylorville.
Gregory, G. S., Chicago.
Gregory, Zeno, Murphysboro.
Griesenauer, Geo., Chicago.
Groh, Edw., Chicago.
Gross, S. F., Ogden.
Groth, Louis E., Springfield.
Groves, H. W., Marion.
Gulledge, Ed., Marion.

Gundry, Joseph T., Warren.
Haas, Peter, El Paso.
Hahn, Walter, Beason.
Hainlein, Peoria.
Hall, Sam, Hillsboro.
Hamilton, Glenn, Ewing.
Hanselman, Samuel, Mt. Pulaski.
Hardesty, Wm. F., Oregon.
Harding, Geo. P., Monticello.
Hare, Wm. C, Low Point.
Hare, W. W., Cazenovia.
Harris, Geo. T., Taylor Ridge.
Harris, J. D., Alhambra.
Harris, J. M., Benton.
Harris, W. W., Malta.
Hart, Hans, Chicago.
Hart, J. S., Fairfield.
Hartman, Emil. H., Secor.
Hartman, Geo. P., Freeport.
Hatch, Harry R., Lisle.
Hawkes, Wilbur, Batavia.
Hawks, W. L., Mason City.
Hayes, A. L., Galva.
Hayes, Thos. J., Taylor Ridge.
Heflin, Frank, Woodhull.
Heim, Chas., Three Rivers, Texas
Heise, H. S., Palatine.
Helwig, F. W., Oquawka.
Hendricks, James, Oneida.
Henricks, John, Thornton.
Hendricks, J. T., Chatsworth.
Henline, H. B., Bloomington.
Henry, Wm. M., Saunemin.
Henson, Roy, Du Quoin.
Hersberger, H. W., Centralia.
Hertzfeldt, H., Lincoln.
Heskett, Geo. W., Kewanee.
Hesselein, Wm., Metamora.
Hetherington, A. T., New Bumside.
Hettel, Henry, Marine.
Hewitt, Tom, Witt.
Hibbard, C. L., Chicago.
Hickey, A. W., Egan.
Higgens, John, Monmouth.
Hill, E., Kilboume.
Hill, Geo. H., Hillsboro.
Hill, Geo. W., Whittington.
Hilti, John, Saunemin.
Hinkle, Glen, Dongola.
Hinshaw, F. W., Hudson.
Hippie, David, Elgin.
Hodgson, F., Bath.
Hoefer, A. G., Freeport.
Hoeppner, Henry, Chicago.
Hofilund, Fred, Orion.
Hofmann, F., Lyons.
Holm, Chris., Genoa.
Holmes, Harold G., Nokomis.
Holterman, Wm., Monticello.
Holtz, Rudolph, Carpenterville.
Hoover, Dan, Monmouth.
House, Matt, Benton.

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94

TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Hudson, John, Valier.

Hudspath, R. W., Hillsboro.

Huey, Robert, Plymouth.

Huff, W. F., Galva.

Huffman, Dwight, Mt. Pulaski.

Huggins, Court S., Polo.

Hughes, C. F., Ewing.

Hunnington, Henry, Erie.

Hunter, Wm., Mackinaw.

Hunzinger, J. H., Eureka.

Hunzinger, John, Sr., Secor.

Hurff, Harry L., Peoria.

Hyde Bros., New Canton.

Iglemoose, H. A., Wheaton.

Inman, Earl, Martinsville.

Jackson, Francis, Dewey.

Jackson, Harry, De Kalb.

Jeffers, F. E., Glen Ellyn.

Jacobs, F., Mt .Morris.

Jennings, Mrs. Marie, Patoka.

Jensen, P. F., Elgin.

Jergensen, Adolph, Dwight.

Jewsbury, C. P., Jerseyville.

Johnson Bros., Nekoma.

Johnson, Alfred E., Cambridge.

Johnson, C. Ed., Cambridge.

Johnson, E. A., Peoria.

Johnson, Henry, Prophetstown.

Johnson, Pardon, Taylor Ridge.

Jones, Alva W., Harvel.

Jones, Leroy, Hoopeston.

Jones, W. C, Centralia.

Junk, T. H., El Paso.

Kairis, Mike, West Frankfort.

Kaneville Grain & Supply Co., Kane-

ville.
Kannamacher, Ferry, Marshall.
Keagy, A. S., Litchfield.
Keaster, Milton, Rockford.
Kell, W. H., Maywood.
Keller, P. C, Homewood.
Kelly, Chas. F., Brimfield.
Kelly, J. R., Benton.
Kelly, Otis, Marion.
Kelly, John, Henning.
Kemmerling, Chas. F., Kewanee.
Kemmis, Edward, Prophetstown.
Kempf, Dennus, Roanoke.
Kennel, Geo. W., Metamora.
Kennett, O. W., Ohlman.
Kenser, John, Strawn.
Kenyon, J. F., Low Point.
Keppel, Henry F., Cazenovia.
Kerley, A. D., Simpson.
Kerwin, Hope E., Gross Point.
Kesler, Henry J., Dongola.
Kettering, Frederick, Monmouth.
Kilby, E. E., Mackinaw.
Kildow, A. L., Putnam.
Kildow, Mrs. A. L., Putnam.
Kincaid, Chas., Freeport.

Kindlesberger, Geo., Aledo.
King, H. L., Springfield.
King, Leonard, Ernest.
King, L. A., Ozark.
Kirch, Michael, Congress Park.
Kirk, Wm. S., Parmersville.
Kirkpatrick, Amy, Anna.
Eliser, Justic, Geneva.
Kistler, Carroll S., Buffalo Prairie.
Klein, N. A., Dwight.
Kling, Chas., Chicago.
Knantz, Chas., Galena.
Koehler, Edwin, Itasca.
Kohl, F., Centralia.
Kohr, C. F., Chicago.
Kolbe, Julius, Dundee.
Kommer, Ed., Cambridge.
Kommer, Elmer, WoodhuU.
Kopp, Wm., Chicago.
Koritz, J. N., Buckley.
Kostenbader, Mabel M., Sciota Mills.
Elraemer, Wm., Chicago.
Kragness, T. A., Chicago.
Kranz, A., Chicago.
Kromer, J. G., Hampshire.
Kroschel, Robert, Gross Point.
Krueger, Gust., Geneseo.
Kjuse, Chas., Paris.
Kruse, Karl, Paris.
Kubiak, Frank, Cicero.
Kvmz, Jacob, Urbana.
Kiyneki, Alex., Chicago.
Krug, C. G., Gardner.
Lackie, Lester, Bradford.
Lafond, John, Oquawka.
Lalor, Frank, Barrington.
Lamkin, H. J., Harrisburg.
Landen, Erie, Melrose Park.
Lapsley, Mrs. Jas., Warsaw.
Larson, Mrs. C. A., Kewanee.
Larsen, E. A., Bement.
Larson, Gussie, East Peoria.
Larson, M., Gardner.
Lascelles, J. W., Havana.
Layman, S. C, Havana.
. Lechler, E. F., Wilmette.
Ledbetter, J. A., Cambria.
Lee, Lewis, Breeds.
Lee, Walter, Witt.
Lefler, F. M., Hamilton.
Lehman, Ed., Peoria.
Lemaire, E. A., Basco.
Lemasters, Mrs. J. S. W., Frankfort.
Lenny, A. L., East St. Louis.
Lewis, R., Havana.
Lewis, W. A., Havana.
Light, W. F., Leaf River.
Lind, M. H., Bader.
Lindburg, John, Mathersville.
Linder, Walter, New Boston.
Linn, A., Martinsville.
Little, Frank A., Hampshire.

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ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

95

Livsey, John, Montgomery.
Lloyd, J. H., Carthage.
Locke, Donald, Glen EUyn.
Long, E. J., Assumption.
Long, O. S., Orion.
Love, S. H., Milan.
Lovgren, John, Galva.
Lowry, W. S., Ewing.
Lund, Elias, Norwood Park.
Lundeen, A. C, Paxton.
Lyman, W. C, Downers Grove.
McCabe, P. B., Elbum.
McCaffery, W. H., Freeport.
McCarver, R. A., Carterville.
McClure, J. H., Roadhouse.
McClure, S. R., Monticello.
McCoU, J. G., Vienna.
McDaniels, J. E., Gerard.
McDermatt, Earl, Whittington.
Mclntyre, G. C, Aledo.
McKendrick, A. L., Silvis.
McKendrick, J. W., Silvis.
McKillop, Dan, Lynn Center.
McKinley, C. D., Havana.
McLaughlin, E. E., Carbondale.
McMillan, Dr. P. A., Tampico.
McNelley, B. A., Vienna,
McWhorter, H. E., Kilboume.
Maghee, W. H., Cerro Gordo.
MahoflEey, Roland, Cambridge.
Mann, Louis, Lincoln.
Mansfield, James O., Elgin.
Markham, C. B., Oneida.
Marsh, M. V., Aledo.
Marshall, Wm., De Kalb.
Martin, M. M., Caledonia.
Martin, Ray, Hillsboro.
Martinez, F. M., Roanoke.
Mathoit, E., Freeport.
Matthew, O. R., Virginia.
May, Fred H., Meredosia.
May, L. J., Anna.
Meineke, E., Chicago.
Meister, L. B., Metamora.
Meister, W. J., Low Point.
Melbert, Andrew, Chicago.
Meredith, M. E., Elgin.
Meredith, R. C, Whittington.
Merritt, Fred, Elgin.
Merritt, J. E., Berlin.
Metzner, John, Hooppole.
Meyer, Ernst, Columbia.
Meyers, Richard, South Holland.
Miars, Frank, Brimfield.
Milbert, A., Chicago.
Miller, Gus., Danvers.
Miller, H. E., Aledo.
Miller, Joseph, Galena.
Miller, John L., Basco.
Miller, James M., Lincoln.
Miller, J. S., Hanna City.

Miller, Ralph S., Dwight.

Millinger, Mrs. Lee, Cerro Gordo.

Milligan, E., Freeport.

Mills, C. W., Vienna.

Milum, V. G., Champaign.

Mitchell, Carl, White Heath.

Mitton, M., Cicero.

Mohan, David, Cambria.

Mon, Chas., Polo.

Monroe, Thos., Peoria,

Moon, Gladys, Peoria.

Moon, S. B., Peoria.

Moon, W. C, Henry.

Moore, B. C, Eureka.

Moore, Geo. W., Cairo.

Morgan, H. R., Aledo.

Morrill, Minnie E., Batavia.

Morrill, Ross R., Batavia.

Mortenson, A., DeKalb.

Moye, Kelly E., Omaha.

Moye, Otto, Omaha.

Mozee, Gunn, Chicago.

Muchleys, H., Warren.

Mueller, Max E., Wilmette.

Mueller, Robt. H., Decatur.

Mundhenke, L. W., East Dubuque.

Mundorf, C. H., Elirkwood.

Munroe, J. W., Plainfield.

Munroe, William, Edwards.

Murphy, John E., Monmouth.

Myers, W. L., Geneseo.

Neal, J. M., Neponset.

Neely, Geo., Stonefort,

Negray, John, Streator,

Neisler, Harold E., Irving.

Nelson, F. C, Urbana. -.

Nelson, Harry, De Kalb,

Ness, L. L., Morris,

Newcomer, S. M., Polo,

Newell, J. M., Chicago,

Nicholson, S, S., Champaign.

Noack, Max, Chicago.

North, Omer, El Paso.

Nun, L. E., Mt. Morris,

Nunn, C. E,, Chicago.

Oeth, Carl F., Johnson City.

Oilman, Simon, Byron.

Olson, David, Monmouth,

Olson, Herman, Rio.

Osbom, Wesley W,, Hillsboro.

Osbum, William, Morris.

Otto, Harry, Batavia.

Owen, A, T., Polo.

Owen, W,, Simpson.

Owens, Howard, Marion,

Paddock, Geo, W,, Darwin,

Page, W, A., Ewing.

Painter, E, W,, Hartford,

Palm, Walter, Rio,

Parish, A, L,, Carbondale.

Patchett, Earl, Martinsville,

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96

TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Paxton, L. M., Eleanor.
Payne, Grover, Whittington.
Payne, Roscoe, Macedonia.
Payne, Willis, Ewing.
Pearce, Jesse C, Ewing.
Peavler, Olin, Whittington.
Pellett, Frank C, Hamilton.
Peoria Seed & Bird Store, Peoria.
Perrine, Herbert, Eureka.
Petersen, Axel, Galva.
Peterson, C. B., Chicago.
Peterson, Lawrence, Kewanee.
Phelps, Leonard, Plymouth.
Phillips, Elmer, Martinsville,
Phillips, Fred, Ewing.
Phillips, J. A., Big Rock.
Philsburg, J. B., Petersburg.
Piatt, Scott, Monticello.
Pickard, Lloyd, Thompsonville.
Piefer, Frank, Lincoln.
Pifer, John W., Sullivan.
Pillsbury, H. F., Lynn Center.
Pinnow, Louis, N. Crystal Lake.
Pippin, B. R., Custer.'
Plank, Frank, De Kalb.
Piatt, Edwin, Witt. ,#

Pollard, D., River Forest.
Pollard, D. B., Chicago.
Polus, Harry, Chicago.
Porter, F. E., Havana.
Potter, Ben, Mt. Pulaski.
Preller, John A., Worth.
Prettyman, H., Havana.
Price, Henry, Elizabeth.
Prill, F. A., River Grove.
Proper, H. E., Herrin.
Pruett, Albert, Harrisburg.
Puckett A. J., Thompsonville.
Pyles, I. E., Galena.
Quinley, A. L., Cameron.
Rains, R. S., Kankakee.
Rassi, Jacob, Roanoke.
Rasmussen, Geo., Champaign.
Redmond, F., Herrin.
Redin, Thee, Kewanee.
Reed, Rick, Marion.
Reeder, J. R., New Bumside.
Reents, L. H., Litchfield.
Reese, Henry, Mount Prospect.
Reeve, J. J., Wheaton.
Reichert, J. G., Berwyn.
Rendelman, J. M., Anna.
Rentschler, H. E., Lincoln.
Reuter, Theo., Eureka.
Reynolds, Glenn, Oneida.
Rice, Mike, Batavia.
Rice, Stanley, Benton.
Rich, Chas., Metamora.
Richards, J. C, Scalesmound.
Richards, W. E., Kewanee.
Richardson, W. W., Belvidere.
Ridgeway, Ed., Herrin.

Riechert, John, Elgin.
Riegel, W. W., Harrisburg.
Rife, O. C, Naperville.
Ripley, Dow, Buffalo Prairie.
Ritter, W. L., Genoa.
Rittler, E. W., Quincy.
Robins, Daniel, Payson.
Roberts, Isaac, Illinois City.
Roberts, Thos. H., De Kalb.
Robertson, Roy, Whittington.
Robinson, C. H., Normal.
Robinson, E.- W., Rock Island.
Robson, G. A., Galva.
Rocke, Virgil, Eureka.
Roeder, Edw., Gardner.
Roetke, Herman, New Holland.
Roher, J. S., De Kalb.
Roller, Louis, Lincoln.
Roorda, Samuel, Chicago.
Roselieb, Roy, Prophetstown.
Rudd, Samuel J., Batavia.
Rue Seed Co., Inc., Peoria.
Rushing, Clyde, Marion.
Rushing, Henry, Marion.
Ruthford, Thomas, Carterville.
Sager, C. F., Chillicothe.
Saucilus, F., West Frankfort.
Sauer, Geo. L., Polo.
Sauermann, Otto, Chicago.
Sauter, G. W., Malta.
Scarborough, John, Benton.
Schaumberg, Frank, Eureka.
Scheerer, Geo., Shawneetown.
Scheid, J. P., Eureka.
Schlupp, Samuel, Roanoke.
Schertman, Louis, Freeport.
Schmid, Wm. H., Pana.
Schmidt, Henry, Jr., Havana.
Schmidt, Wm. D., Pana.
Schmit, Nick, Chicago.
Schey, G. W., New Bumside.
Schoenbeck, Wm., Chenoa.
Schoffenacker, Byron, Chestnut.
Schofield, Dr. J. A., El Paso.
Schohl, Geo. E., Mt. Pulaski.
Scholl, H. John, Polo.
Schryver, W. C, Polo.
Schuett, C. J., Evanston.
Schuey, W. P., Creal Springs.
Schultz, F. M., Elbum.
Schumaker, Andrew, Eureka.
Schumaker, H. W., Roanoke.
Schweitzer, W. H., Sullivan.
Schwingel, J., Wheeling.
Schwinn, George, Pekin.
Scott, J. Emmett, Bumside.
Scott, J. E., Carthage.
Scott, W., Cicero.
Sears, M. E., Wheaton.
Sebastian, W. H., Hamburg.
Secretan, John P., Peoria.
Seibel, Elizabeth, Bloomington.

ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION

97

Seidel, Alfred, Marshall.
Seifert, Ira H., Chicago.
Seymour, Dale T., Franklin.
ShaflFer, Henry, Hooppole.
Sharp, Asa, Royalton.
Shaw, Fannie M., Oneida.
Shaw, Irving, Oneida.
Shawler, L. A., West Union.
Shearer, Dr. C. T., Alpha.
Shipp, R. W., De Kalb.
Shlick, Joseph, Burlington.
Shofer, Henry, Hooppole.
Shoff Bros., Peoria.
Shoff, Myron B., Peoria.
Shoop, Chas. H., Elbum.
Showalter, N. E., Havana.
Showalter, J. B. F., Peldn.
Showalter, J. E., Kilboume.
Siegel, August, Evergreen Park.
Sigwalt, E., Chicago.
Sincock, W. E., Scalesmound.
Sittler, Ida, Hooppole.
Sloan, C. A., Odin.
Sloan, N. P., Odin.
Sloan, Tom, Martinsville.
Small, John C, Galatia.
Smith, A. L., Eureka.
Smith, John F., Eureka.
Smith, L. G., Westmont.
Smith, M. E., Mahomet.
Smith, S. F., Freeport.
Smith, Wallace, Cameron.
Snider, Wm. M., Earlville.
Snow, C. H., Reynold.
Snow, Ivan, El Paso.
Snow, W. E., Geneseo.
Snyder, Alden, Hillsboro.
Snyder, J. W., Freeport.
Snyder, W. H., Decatur.
Snyder, Wilbur W., Freeport.
Soderberg, Alfred, Manlius.
Sperlin, Daniel, Longview.
Sprietsema, L. S., Kewanee.
Standley, W. H., Reynold.
Staubus, C. C, Bloomington.
Steams, Sam, Marion.
Steiner, James, Geneseo.
Steinman, Roy, Central City.
Sten and Son, Osco.
Stephenson, J. C, Geneva.
Stevens, A. J., Carterville.
Stevenson, A. M., Chicago.
Stewart, Miss, Aledo.
Stickler, Wm., Lexington.
Stiner, James, Geneseo.
Stone, Jas. A., Farmingdale.
Stork, Fred, Freeport.
Strieder, C. G., Brimfield.
Strom, A. F., Midlothian.
Strubhar, V. J., Dan vers.
Stubbe, Adolph, Kewanee.

Stumm, W. H., Edinburg.
Sturgeon, Earl, Woodhull.
Sturgeon, E. P., Woodhull.
Swan, Chas., Riverton.
Swanson, A. E., Hooppole.
Swanson, C, Hamilton.
Sweet, Gamer L., Polo.
Swezey, Mrs. J. W., Garden Prairie.
Sykora, Albert, Silvis.
Tarro, Dominick, Taylorville.
Taylor, Lewis, Bement.
Taylor, O. W. .Griggsville.
Taylor, S. S., Carthage.
Taylor, W. A., Whittington.
Tead, Ordway, New York City.
Thillens, John, Chicago.
Thomas, Alfred E., Secor.
Thomas, C. J., Murphy sboro.
Thomas, O. G., Harrisburg.
Thomson, Duncan, Chicago.
Thrailkill, E. M., Carbondale.
Thrailkill, Fred, Centralia.
Thumel, Walter, Chicago.
Thurman, W. R., Marshall.
TifiFany, Neil C, Grand Tower.
Tilson, W. M., Fancy Prairie.
Toler, M. D., Gardner.
Toth, John & Son, South Bend, Ind.
Trent, A. L., Riverside.
Tucklinsky, John, Elgin.
Tudor, C. H., De Kalb.
Turbett, F. S., Maywood.
Turner, Andrew, Shawneetown.
Turner, Jessie, Monmouth.
Tutwiler, Jesse R., Streator.
Tyler, S. A., San Jose.
Ulrick, C. M., Eureka.
Unzicker, S. E., Roanoke.
Utt, A. v.. Oak Lawn.
Valerins, Chas., Elkville.
Van Butsele, Louis, Collinsville.
Vandevender, Harrison, Mt. Pulaski.
Vannis, Louie, Harrisburg.
Van Tine, Howard, Monmouth.
Vames, J. F., Chicago.
Vaughn, John A., Benton.
Vaughn, W. M., Valier.
Vidoljak, Theo., Clarendon HiUs.
Volz, Carl, Metamora.
Wachter, Martin, Hinsdale.
Wagner, Ernest, Batavia.
Wales, A., De Kklb.
Walgrave, John, Cambridge.
Wallanchas, Wm., Downers Grove.
Walter, John D., Congerville.
Ward, H. E., Ewing.
Warner, Emory, Monticello.
Warren, Harry R., Chicago.
Watson, Frank, Jersey^nlle.
Watson, T. J., Herming.
Watt, Geo., Hamilton.
Watt, Robert, Mt. Carmel.

1

*?*3=^ **y-^.5tA5tf^ps,3?'«

?l*^J*v£r"* ^™

98

TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Weaver, Everett, Hamsburg.
Webb, Cyrus, Ewing.
Webber, A. E., Mineral.
Weiss, Lawrence, Taylor Ridge.
Wellbrock, Claus, Peoria.
Wendt, Frank, Chicago.
West, A. N., Aledo.
Weston, N. A., Champaign.
Wheeler, A. E., Springfield.
Whitchurch, J. W., Centralia.
White, Harrison, Marion.
White, Lewis, T., Danvers.
Whitmore, H., Momence.
Whittington, J. F., Ewing.
Wieland, Fred, Cazenovia.
Wild, Clyde, Oregon.
Wiley, C. H., Catlin.
Wilham, Everett, Mt. Pulaski,
Williams, A. W., Cora.
Williams, E. A., Sandoval.
Williams, Ben, Johnson City.
Williams, Everett, Benton.
Williams, Loren, Ewing.
Wills, E. B., Wheaton.

Wilson, Howard, Geneseo.
Wilson, H. W., Eldorado.
Wilte, Thomas, Metamora.
Wingo, Aaron, Benton.
Winters, J. C, Marion.
Wolcott, J. L., Normal.
Wolf, A. J., Downers Grove.
Wolf, George, Elbum.
Wood, J. R., Taylor Ridge.
Wookey, Alonzo, Peoria.
Wooldridge, J. R., Chicago.
Wuetig, Christian, Blue Island.
Wunder, John, Chicago.
Wyman, Ray, Freeport.
Wyne, E. C, Lintner.
Yender, Louis A., Naperville.
Yotmg, W. C, Chicago.
Zadel, Fr., Witt.
Zeigler, Emil, Taylor Ridge.
Zeller, Katherine, Metamora.
Zilligen, Geo. W., Harvey.
Zimmerly, F. E., Elgin.
Zook, J. D., La Grange.
Zweilly, C. W., Willow Springs.

•■■■-J

INDEX 99

INDEX.

PAGE

Allen, J. R 14

Annear, Roy I 73

Arvin, James D 74

Association Bill 80

Bees in 1200 Acres of Apples 25

Bell, Gordon 65, 74

Bishop, Frank 73

Bryant, E. J 74

Burrill, A. C 46

Cale, G. H 25

Champaign County Association 59

Clark, Frank 66

Clausen, S. S 74

Constitutions and By-Laws 76

Costs of Selling Honey 22

Cook County Association 64

Dadant, C. P 19

Dadant, M. G 12

De Kalb County Association 58

Fischer, Benjamin H 72

Foulbrood in Bees 84

Foulbrood Law 78

Fruit Growing and Beekeeping 40

Gill, A. G 64

Glass, Glenn L 57

Grading Rules 81

Grundy County Association 65

Hardesty, Wm. T 58

Hendrick, J. T. . . . 59, 68

Henry County Association 62

Honey from Long Tubed Flowers 46

How Bees "Make" Honey .• 32

Huggans, Court D 57

Inglemose, H. A 70

Kennett, O. W 72

Kelley, Otis 68

Kildow, A. L 67

King, Harry L 70

Kommer, Elmer 64, 70

Kruse, Chas. A 69

La Fonn, John 70

List of Metmbers of State Association 91

Lingenfelter, Wayne 71

Livingston County Association 58

McLean County Association 65

Meredith, R. C 73

Milum, V. G 6

Minutes of 25th Annual Meeting 14

Montgomery County Associatoin 66

Morrill, Ross 70

Northern 111. and Southern Wisconsin Association 57

^-,4^..^^

100

INDEX

Officers of State Association 7

Ogle County Association 57

Osbom, Wesley 66

Park, O. W 32

Pellett, Frank C 40

President's Annual Address 9

Report of Chief Apiary Inspector 66

Reports of Deputy Inspectors 68, 75

Resolutions 15

Ritler, E. W 71

Root, H. H 22

Saline and Gallatin Association 61

School Children and Honey 16

Secretary's Report 12

Seibel, Elizabeth 65

Smith, Paul R. 71

Some Beekeeping Experience 19

Stephenson County Association 65

Thomas, Alfred E 65

Tudor, C. H 58

Tyler, S. A 73

Wallamhs, Wm. J. ..... 74

Warren County Association 57

Watt, Geo. R 73

Weaver, Everett 62, 68

Woodford County Association 64

Wooldridge, J. R 9

f.

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1

1

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