THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY 638.06 IL v.z% Cop. 3 LI8RABV K^ \ Twenty-Eighth Annual Report OF THE Illinois State Beekeepers' Association THIRTY-EIGHTH YEAR OP ASSOCIAimN Organized February 26, 1891, at ^^ABY Springfield, Illinois '''^£Hs Compiled by V. G. MILUM Champaign, Illinois (Printed by authority of the State of Illinois) 6 3?.^^ V^ LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Office of the Secretary, Champaign, Illinois, April 25, 1929- To His Excellency, Louis L. Emmerson, Governor of the State of Illinois: Sir : I have the honor to transmit herewith the Twenty-eighth Annual Report for the thirty-eighth year of the Illinois State Bee- keepers' Association- I V. G. MjiLUM, Secretary. It 'i Jeftersons PRoniNG & Stationery Co. SPKiNaFiELD, Illinois 1929 17449-flOO 695028 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE THIRTY-EIGHTH YEAR OF THE Illinois State Beekeepers Association 1928 OFFICERS OF THE ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION FOR 1928 Dr. a. C. Baxter A. L. KiLDOw E. A. Johnson - C. A. Mackelden E. A. Meineke Tom Benton Emory Warner Elmer Kommer V. G. MiLUM - Springfield Putman Peoria Jerseyville Arling-ton Heights Johnston City Monticello Woodhull Vivarium Bldg., Champaign List of members and index in back of report President Inspector of Apiaries Vice-President Vice-President Vice-President Vice-President Vice-President Treasurer Secretary OFFICERS OF ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION FOR 1929 Dr. A- C. Baxter C. A. Mackelden Edward C. Heldt Emory Warner Edwin Peterson A. G. Gill Elmer Kommer V. G. MiLUM - A. L. Kildow - President Vice-President Vice-President Vice-President Vice-President Vice-President Treasurer Secretary Vivarium Bldg., Champaign Inspector of Apiaries Putman Springfield Jerseyville Stanford Monticello Kewanee Chicago Woodhull \ MINUTES OF THE THIRTY-'EIGHTH ANNUAL CONVEN- TION OF THE ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION— SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS, DECEMBER 6-7, 1928 (Preceding the regular convention, the deputy apiary inspectors met at the call of Chief Inspector, A. L. Kildow, for a school of in- struction oni the evening of December 5. Methods of inspection, treatment of disease, and plans for the inspection work of 1929 were discussed.) The regular convention in the parlors of the St. Nicholas Hotel at Springfield was called to order at 9:30 a. m., December 6, 1928, by President Baxter, of Springfield, with about fifty beekeepers in at- tendance. At the suggestion of the President, the reading of the minutes of the last meeting was 'dispensed with and upon motion were accepted as published im the printed Twenty-seventh Annual Report of the Association. Following this President Baxter gave a short address in which he pointed out that with the large number of beekeepers in the State of Illinois too few are members of our ^Association. He stressed the fact that with a larger membership a greater program of co-operation could be developed for the benefit of the beekeeping industry. The following con>mittees were appointed by President Baxter : Auditing Committee : — Roy Roselieb, Prophetstown, and Ed- ward C. Heldt, Stanford ; Resolutions : — C. A. Mackelden, Jersey- ville, and S. A. Tyler, San Jose ; Banquet : — Edwin Kommer, Wood- hull, and W. H. Force, Champaign; Question Box: — Benj. Fischer, Roanoke. The general report of the secretary was read and on motion was accepted as read. The financial reports of the secretary and treas- urer were read by V. G. Milum, Champaign, and Elmer Kommer, Woodhull, respectively, and on motion were referred to the auditing committee. These reports were approved by the auditing com- mittee and their report accepted at" the final business session on December 7. These financial reports showed a balance, on hand at the 1927 Annual Convention of $264.95 with receipts for member- ships during the year of $318.50, making a total for the year of $583.45. With expenditures during the past year of $277.60, there remained on hand at the 1928 Annual Convention a balance of $305.85, showing a net gain of $40.90 over the balance at the time of the 1927 convention. The report of the State Inspector of Apiaries was read by A. L. Kildow, of Putman. This report was for the year ending June 30, 1928, and showed a total of 6950 apiaries visited with 82379 colonies. Of these 4210 colonies were found diseased and 1592 were destroyed, while 825 were treated by the inspectors. With the remaining dis- 10 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE eased colonies the owners were allowed to treat by following out the instructions of the inspectors. Following this business meeting, the regular planned program of speaking was carried out with the exception of the subjects by Mr. E. W. Atkins of Watertown, Wisconsin. Mr. Atkins was ill at the time and was unable to attend. The first speaker was Mr. M. D. Farrar, of the State Natural History Survey, Urbana, who spoke upon the subject, "Weighing Bees for Profit." Following this Mr. H. C. Dadant discussed the question "Saving the Beeswax." (Their discussions as well as that of the other speakers on the convention program are included in the 28th Annual Report of the Association in which these minutes are printed.) Following the lunch hour an interesting program was given with H. H. Root of Medina, Ohio, speaking upon the "Color, Flavor, and Clarity of Honey" ; Dr. H. E. Barnard, President of the Ameri- can Honey Institute, Indianapolis, on the "Aims and Purposes of the American Honey Institute," and Professor P. H. Tracy, of the Dairy Manufacturing Department of the University of Illinois, dis- cussing a "Study of the Use of Honey in the Manufacture of Ice Cream." Following this a number of interesting questions were discussed under the leadership of Benjamin Fischer. The second annual banquet of the association was held at the St. Nicholas Hotel starting at 6:30 p. m. on the evening of the first day of the convention. After the usual banquet courses, a resolu- tion was presented and passed, conferring honorary membership on Dr. A. C. Baxter and Mr. A. L. Kildow. Following this a number of persons, including the speakers, were introduced by the toast- master, Mr. C. A. Mackelden. Mr Huber Root, the last speaker on the banquet program, gave those present some real advice. Assembling at 8:115 p. m., those present listened to a discussion by Edwin Peterson, of Kewanee, on "A Visit to the A. I. Root Company of Medina, Ohio." Following this, each person present was allowed to give a two minute discussion of any subject that he chose. The majority of the beekeepers present chose to talk upon the subject of "Wintering." The regular business meeting of the association was called to order by President Baxter at 9:00 a. m. on Friday, December 7. Following the report of the auditing committee, which was accepted as previously mentioned, a number of resolutions were submitted by the resolutions committee, all of which were adopted as read. The officers elected unanimously with np^other nominations for the respective offices being made were as follows: President, Dr. A. C. Baxter, Springfield; Vice-President, C. A. Mackelden, Jerseyville, Edward C. Heldt, Stanford, Emory Warner, Monticello, Edwin Peterson, Kewanee, A. G. Gill, Chicago; Treasurer, Elmer Kommer, Woodhull ; Secretary, V. G. Milum, Champaign. Mr. ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 11 Tames A. Stone of Farmingdale, Illinois, a charter member of the Association, claimed the honor of nominating- Dr. Baxter for Presi- dent, and expressed the hope that he might be able to do so as long- as Dr. Baxter would accept the office. C. A. Mackelden and Emory- Warner -were re-elected as vice-presidents, -while the 1927 president, treasurer and secretary -were retained for another year. The association adopted the following amendment to the con- stitution : Amendment to Section 1, Article 3, Constitution of the State Beekeepers' Association to read as follows : Any person interested in apiculture may become a member upon payment to the secretary an annual fee of One Dollar ($1.00), not including a subscription to a bee journal. And any affiliating association as a body may become members on payment of an aggreg-ate fee of fifty cents ($.50) per member. The question of what is an association for the purpose of affil- iating members at the 50 cent rate, was discussed but the final de- cision was left to the executive committee. Following" the final business meeting, Mr. C. Swanson, Hamil- ton, Illinois, discussed "Preparing Honey for Market," and Mr, H. H. Root, Medina, Ohio, spoke on "What About Honey Now?" The meeting adjourned at 11 :30 a. m., December 7, 1928. V. G. MiLUM, Secretary- 12 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE RESOLUTIONS APPROVED AND ADOPTED AT THIRTY- EIGHTH ANNUAL CONVENTION, DECEMBER 6-7, 1928 Be it Resolved, That the Illinois State Beekeepers' Asso- ciation in its 38th Annual Convention assembled, at Springiield, Illinois, December 6-7, 1928, hereby approve and adopt the following Resolutions and that a copy be spread upon its books and copies sent to the various appropriate authorities concerned. 1. Whereas, In the past history of the Illinois State Bee- keepers' Association, it has been customary to confer honorary membership on certain of its members who have rendered long and faithful service in behalf of the Association, and Whereas, there are now certain persons who have given faithful service to the Illinois Beekeepers' Association for many years who previously have not been so honored. Be it Resolved, that this Association in recognition of their services confer honorary membership upon Dr. A. C. Baxter of Springfield and Mr. A. L. Kildow, Chief Inspector of Apiaries, Putman, Illinois. 2. Be it Resolved, that all hives and appurtenances shall be equipped with removable frames, which will lessen the cost of in- spection. 3. Be it Resolved, that the Bureau of Entomology be urged to put forth a strong effort to determine the origin of the various bacteria or other organisms that affect the honey bee. 4. Be it Resolved, that we have more rigid enforcement of the laws pertaining to the shipment of bees on combs into the State of Illinois. (Resolutions Nos. 2, 3 and 4 were submitted by a committee representing the Deputy Inspectors, assembled in school of instruc- tion at the St. Nicholas Hotel, Springfield, December 5, 1928. This committee consisted of C. A. Mackelden, J. R. Wooldridge, and W. H. Snyder.) 5. Whereas, the information now furnished by the Bureau of Census regarding the number of colonies of bees owned and pounds of honey produced per colony is entirely inaccurate due to the fact that the census blanks do not include the enumeration of bees owned by persons living in villages and cities, and whereas there is constant demand and use for correct information on the total ownership of bees and production of honey. Be it Resolved, that this association again urge the Bureau of Census to have the census blanks for 1930 include such spaces for ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 13 the recording of bees owned in villages and cities, as well as on farms. 6. Whereas, the Bureau of Agricultural Economics now reports at frequent intervals the origin and destination of some 30 com- modities which are shipped in carlots, and whereas if this same information on honey were available there would be less doubt as to where honey is being produced and where it is being used. Be it Resolved, that the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association urge the Bureau of Agricultural Economics to include honey in its reports of carlot shipment of commodities. 7. Whereas, an amendment to the federal highway act provides that specifications for federal aid projects hereafter may include planting and maintenance of shade trees for the purpose of beauti- fying the highways, and Whereas, there are many trees such as linden, tulip-tree, hard maple, and others which yield nectar and pollen freely which would be of a distinct economic value in the building up of colony strength and in the production of honey, while at the same time enhancing the beauty of such highways, Be IT Resolved, that the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association urge the inclusion of trees of this type in the federal road tree-plant- ing projects, except that shade trees are not to be planted along or bordering cultivated fields, and that the proper federal authorities pass this information on to the appropriate construction and main-, tenance units. 8. Whereas, the Corn Sugar interests have in the past few years made several attempts to secure the passage of laws allowing the use of corn sugar for sweetening purposes without so stating on the label of the package or container, and Whereas, the passage of such a law would destroy the confidence of the consuming public in many desirable food articles and would tend to undermine the Pure Food and Drug Act paving the way for other types of adulteration, and Whereas, such a law would not make corn sugar more available to the housewife as claimed by its previous sponsors, nor increase the price of corn for the producer or farmer according to an opinion of the Secretary of Agriculture, and Whereas, the corn sugar interests in 1928 used various means such as transferring the hearings from one committee to another in Congress and claiming the support of the Farm Bureau and the National Grange which organizations had not passed resolutions favoring the law, therefore, Be IT Resolved, that the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association go on record as opposing any such legislation as proposed by the bills introduced into Congress as Senate bill 2806 and House bill H. R. 10022, under date of January 25, 1928, or any amendments 14 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE thereto which may later encourage the breaking down of the Food and Drug Act of 1906, and furthermore, Be IT Resolved, that this association authorize its acting secretary at such time as may be necessary to transmit copies of this resolu- tion signed by the executive committee to the proper representa- tives in Congress and such other important officials and committees in Congress as may have such bills before them for consideration. Further, Be it Rosolved, that all local associations be asked to make urgent and convincing protest to the proper authorities at such time as is deemed necessary when notified by the bee journals or through the office of the secretary of this association. Whereas, Dr. E. F. Phillips and representatives of the bee jour- nals were especially active in tracing these bills through the last Congress, Be it Resolved, that this association extend to these dutiful sen- tinels a vote of appreciation and thanks for the services rendered in protecting our industry from this unsound legislation. 9. Whereas, the proper grading of honey and other products is the only sound basis for fixing prices in the markets, and whereas properly graded products establish confidence which leads to the establishment of quality prices, and Whereas, there is in existence a workable set of rules for grading and packing of honey recommended by the Department of Agri- culture which already have been adopted by other states ; Be it Resolved, that the Illinois State Beekeepers Association rec- ommend to Illinois beekeepers the adoption and use of these rules as set forth in Circular No. 24, U. S. Department of Agriculture, subject to such changes as their future use may find necessary, and that the secretary take such steps as are deemed advisable to ac- quaint the beekeeper with these rules. 10. Whereas, the Bee Culture Laboratories of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology have been of great service to the beekeepers of the State of Illinois in the constant studies and investigations of bee- keeping problems, therefore Be it Resolved, that the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association extend to that office and its personel a vote of confidence with hopes for continuance of this service with possibilities offered for greater expansion of its activities in the future especially along the lines of investigations relative to the marketing of honey and to its charac- teristics and its possible uses. 11. Whereas, the recently organized American Honey Institute with Dr. H. E. Barnard as its President is attempting a worth while service in its program of education for honey and its uses which we believe will greatly increase the consumption of honey, thereby benefiting the beekeepers ; ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPEKS' ASSOCIATION 15 Be IT Resolved, that the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association pledge its support to this organization and commend its activities with a hope that they may be continuous. 12. Whereas, certain investigations relative to the use of honey for sweetening purposes in the manufacture of ice cream recently conducted by the Department of Dairy Manufacturing of the Uni- versity of Illinois have given excellent results and show, promise of a greater utilization of honey in the manufacture of dairy and other products, therefore, Be it Resolved, that the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association heartily commend the University Dairy Manufacturing Depart- ment and especially Professor P, H. Tracy for their endeavors in this investigation, hoping that some means may be obtained whereby further studies may be continued along the same and other lines looking toward the greater use of honey in the manufacture of dairy and other articles of food. 13. Be it Resolved, that the members of the Illinois State Bee- keepers' Association use their influence with their respective Sen- ators and Representatives relative to the Budget System as pre- pared by our Chief Inspector, A. L. Kildow. 14. Be it Resolved, that we, the members of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association, recommend to our new Governor, Mr. Louis L. Emmerson, our esteemed Chief Inspector, A. L. Kildow, for reappointment. 15. Be it Resolved, that a vote of thanks be extended authorities of the St. Nicholas Hotel, for their continued courtesy and co- operation in allowing the use of the hotel parlors for our meetings and other services rendered. 16. Be it Resolved, that this association hereby extend a vote of thanks to all those who have taken part in its meetings, con- tributing of their time and efforts to make it a successful convention, 17. Be it Resolved, that this association hereby vote thanks to its officers for their conscientious, faithful service during the past year. (Signed) C- A. Mackelden, S. A. Tyler, Resolution Commitiee- 16 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR 1928 Woodhull, Illinois, December 5, 1928. To the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association — GREETINGS. I herewith make my Third Annual Report as Treasurer of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association, subject to your approval. RECEIPTS No. Balance on hand at last convention _ January 5 — Received from V. G. M;lum, Sec'y — (1) January 5 — Received from V. G. Milum, Sec'y (2) January 14 — Received from G. H. Gale, Former Sec'y (3) January 23 — Received from V. G. Milum, Sec'y (4) January 23 — Received from V. G. Febt-uary 16 — (Received from V. G Milum, Sec'y... Milum, Sec'y (5) (6) February 16 — Received from V,. G. Milum, Sec'y (7) January 31 — Received from E. A. Swanson, Treas., Henrj'^ Co (8) February 16 — Received from V. G. Milum, Sec'y (9) February 18 — Received from V. G. Milum, Sec'y (10) February 29 — Received from V. G. Milum, Sec'y — — (11) February 29 — Received from V. G. Milum, Sec'y (12) February 29 — Received from V. G. Milum, Sec'y (13) February 29 — Received from A. E. Sw^anson, Treas., Henry Co. (14) March 30 — Received from V.. G. M.'ilum, Sec'y _ .._ (15) April 4 — Received from V. G. Milum, Sec'y , _ _ (16) April 30 — Received from V. G. Milum, Sec'y (17) April 30 — Received from V. G. Milum, Sec'y (18) May 4 — Received from A. E. Swanson, Treas., Henry Co (19) June 6 — Received from V. G. Milum, Sec'y (20) June 6 — Received from V. G. Milum, Sec'y (21) June 23 — Received from A. E. Swanson, Treas., Henry Co. (22) July 5 — Received from V. G. Milum, Sec'y _ (23) September 1 — Received from V. G. Milum, Sec'y _ (24) October 16 — Received from V. G. Milum, Sec'y — — (25) November 3 — Received from Fred Meinen, Sec'y., Baileyville (27) November 30 — Received from V. G. MSlum, Sec'y (26) Total receipts — — — — -$264.95 11.25 11.00 29.75 5.50 3.50 2.00 1.00 9.50 9.00 16.50 4.00 8.00 4.00 3.00 22.00 6.50 31.00 3.50 2.00 26.75 22.75 5.00 11.25 29.00 18.50 6.00 16.25 4583.45 EXPENDITURES January 27 — Elmer Kommer, Expense Meeting Dec, 1927.. February 6 — M. G. Dadant, for banquet tickets, etc May 30 — V.. G. Milum, 3 months' salary April 10 — Elmer Kommer, Expense Executive Meeting.. .-_ $ 21.25 10.65 — 50.00 20.16 April 10 — V. G. Milum, Expense Executive Meeting 7.93 June 5 — V. G. Milum, 3 months' salary — — — — 50.00 Septe'mber 17 — V. G. Milum, 3 months' salary 50.00 November 8 — Elmer Kommer, Expense Executive Meeting 13.56 November 8 — V. G. Milum, Expense Executive Meeting 3.80 November 20 — V. G. Milum, 3 months' salary — 50.00 Total Expenses during term.. -.1277.60 "-•;.-■;■•>■ -■ -'*'^^ ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 17 Recapitulation: Total Receipts $583.45 Total Expenditures 277.60 Balance on hand $305.85 (Signed) Elmer Kommer, Treasurer, Illinois State Beekeepers' Ass'n. December 7, 1928. We, the auditing committee, have examined these records and have found them correct. (Signed) Edward C. Heldt, Roy Roselieb, {Auditing Committee) 18 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE' FINANCIAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY FOR PERIOD BEGINNING DECEMBER 7, 1927, AND ENDING DECEMBER 6, 1928. RECEIPTS. Balance in Treasury at last convention, December 6, 1927 $264.95 Received by Secretary and transmitted to Treasurer or received by Treasurer direct according to the following Membership Dues Receipt Numbers: Date re- Amount Remitted Receipt ceived by received by for Bee Remitted No. Treasurer Description Secretary Journals to Treas. No. 1 January 5 M. G. Dadant, collected at convention __ -J$ 17.00 $5.75 $11.25 No. 2 January 5 Peoria County _ \l.00 11.00 No. 3 January 14 G. H. Cale _ __ (2^*25 to Treasurer) 29.75 No. 4 January 23 Piatt County 5.50 5.50 No. 5 January 23 Cook County - 3.50 3.50 No. 6 February 16 .Woodford County 2.00 2.00 No. 7 Februjary 16 DeKalb County 1.00 1.00 No. 8 January 31 Henry County , (9.50 to Treasurer) 9.50 No. 9 February 16 Stephenson County — 5.00 Grundy County 3.50 Whiteside County __ .50 9.00 No. 10 February 18 Cook County -16.50 16.50 No. 11 February 29 DeKalb County 4.0O 4.00 No. 12 February 29 Iroquois County 8.00 8.00 No. 13 February 29 Hancock County 4.00 4.00 No. 14 February 29 Henrv County (3.00 to Treasurer) 3.00 No. 15 March 30_ Members at large— 20.75 5.00 Grundy County — 75 Woodford County 1.50 McHenry County 4.00 $ 27.00 $5.00 22.00 No. 16 April 4 Cook-DuPage 6.50 6.50 No. 17 April 30 .Piatt County __ 3.50 Woodford County 50 Montgomery County 6.00 Kane County __ 2.00 Shelby County 8.50 Hancock County 4.00 Champaign County 3.00 Members at large 5.25 1.75 $ 3Z75 $1.75 31.00 No. 18 April 30 Williamson County 3.50 3.50 No. 19 May 4 „.... Henrv County (2.00 to Treasurer) 2.00 No. 20 June 6 Members at large __ 12.25 3.50 LaSalle County — .50 Champaign County .50 Mercer County 2.50 Kane 1.50 McLean _ 3.00 DeKalb __ 4.00 1.50 ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION 19 Receipt No. Date re- ceived by Treasurer Description McHenry Cook — Woodford ... Whiteside ... Amount received by- Secretary 3.50 50 1.00 „ 2.50 Remitted for Bee Remitted Journals to Treas. No 21 June 6.. -Rock Island Kane — Williamson . Grundy Jo"'Davies Ogle $31.75 5.50 1.00 1.50 .75 7.00 3.00 $5.00 26.75 Shelby 1.50 Cook-DuPage 2.50 No. 22 June 23- No. 23 July 5..... .Henry County .... Warren County $ 22.75 4.50 .50 (5.00 to Treasurer) .Members at large 8.00 2.25 Woodford County .^ 1.50 Kane County 1.00 DeKalb County .50 Piatt County 2.00 Hancock County .50 22.75 5.00 No. 24 , $ 13.50 September l......Fulton County 7.00 Kane 1.00 Jeflferson 7.50 Woodford __ __ 50 Saline-Galatin 6.00 Whiteside _ 2.00 Will .^ __. 5.00 2.25 11.25 $ 29 00 No. 25 October 16 _Members at large 3.00 JoDavies County 50 Cook-DuPage 7.50 Mercer __ _ 5.50 Lee-Ogle __ 2.50 .50 29.00 No. 27 No. 26 $ 19.00 .50 October 29 ...Northwest Independent (6.00 to Treasurer) November 27_ Members at large 13.25 Franklin County 1.50 Woodford County 1.50 3.50 18.50 6.00 N Christian County Cook-DuPage . Shelby County McHenry 1.00 . 1.50 .50 .50 $ 19.75 3.50 16.25 20 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Totals received by Secretary and Treasurer $342.25 Remitted by Secretary for bee journals 23.75 Total Received by or remitted to Treasurer $318.50 $318.50 Balance on hand December 6, 7, 1928— 264.95 Total receipts for year ending December 6, 1928 $583.45 EXPENDITURES From December 6, 1927, to December 6, 1928, by Vouchers as follows: No. 1 January 19 — Elmer Kommer, Expenses to annual meeting, Dec. 6, 7, 1927_ _ _ $ 2L50 No. 2 February 1 — M. G. Dadant, Banquet tickets for speakers and supplies for Mrs. Cornforth's lecture 10.65 No. 3 March 30— V. G. Milum, 3 months' salary , _ 50.00 No. 4 April 4 — Elmer Kommer, Expenses to Executive meeting at Springfield on March 30 20.16 No. 5 April 4 — V. G, Milum, Expenses to Executive meeting at Springfield on March 30 _ 7.93 No. 6 May 31— V. G. Milum, 3 months' salary _ 50.00 No. 7 September 10 — V. G. Milum, 3 months' salary 50.00 No. 8 November 6 — Elmer Kommer, Expenses to Executive meeting at Bloomington on November 1 „ „ 13.56 No. 9 November 6 — V. G. Milum, Expenses to Executive meeting at Bloomington on November 1 3.80 No. 10 November 6 — V. G. Mflum, 3 months' salary 50.00 Total vouchered from association treasury $277.60 Recapitulation: Total receipts _ — - _$S83.45 Total expenditures — — 277.60 Balance on hand Dec. 6, 1928 _ 305.85 Balance at 1927 Annual Convention 264.95 Net gain over balance one year ago — $ 40.90 ' ; (Signed) V. G. Milum, • Secretary Illinois State Beekeepers' Ass'n. December 7, 1928. We, the auditing committee, have examined the records of the Secretary and the Treasurer of the Illinois State Beekeeprs' Asso- ciation and find them correct. (Signed) Edward C. Heldt, Roy Roselieb, Auditing Committee. ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS* ASSOCIATION 21 GENERAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY FOR PERIOD BEGINNING DECEMBER 7, 1927, AND ENDING DECEMBER 6, 1928. (V. G. Milum, Champaign, Illinois) At the conclusion of one year of service as the secretary of your association I must say that I have enjoyed the work and I hope that the duties have been fulfilled to your satisfaction. To one not ac- quainted with the work, the enormous amount of details at first seemed stupendous and, no doubt, a large amount of time was wasted in mastering; these details. During the last few months this difficulty has been relieved considerably and much of the work turned over to a stenographer. One of my first acts upon taking oflfice was to check up as much as possible upon the membership records and mailing addresses of each of our members from the previous correspondence in order to eliminate complaints of members who did not receive the monthly bulletin or the annual report. Probably most of these are now correct with a few exceptions in which the local secretary refused or ignored several letters of inquiry on my part. The local association secretaries are aware of the fact that early in the year I sent them a general letter of information at the same time asking for cooperation along certain lines, especially as to the scheduling of meetings in a series in order to conserve the time and energy of the speaker and reduce the expenses. Furthermore it was hoped that more and better speakers could thus be obtained for the local meetings. Only a few secretaries returned these blanks, probably because of lack of definite information at the time. Your secretary still believes that the principle was correct but perhaps the method of securing the cooperation was not right. In the above mentioned letter a blank was enclosed for supply- ing us a list of old members and their addresses. Only a few of these were returned. However, during the year these were rather consistently used by the secretaries in sending in the new affiliation fees. Further cooperation of the local secretaries would greatly facilitate the keeping of the state association records. Often the names of persons for whom an, affiliation fee is sent are included in the middle of a paragraph in a letter. In this way they may be easily overlooked, and at the same time are hard to file away prop- erly, since a part of the letter may want to be saved for inclusion as a news item in the monthly bulletin. An attempt has been made to acknowledge each receipt of dues from local secretaries for the group of their affiliated members and for each beekeeper whose dues for membership at large have been 22 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE received. As each separate dues is received, the beekeeper's card must be located in either the paid-up or un-paid file or if a new member a new card made out, the date of payment recorded, and the original list from the secretary checked. If the envelopes for the next issue of the monthly bulletin have been addressed, then an envelope must be addressed and proper disposal made of it. It has been the practice during- the past year to send a number of the back issues of the bulletin to each new member. Membership Dues Concerning the membership dues at large there has been some confusion and misunderstanding regarding the amount of dues to be paid. It is my understanding that the amount of $1.75 was originally established for the express purpose of getting a bee journal into the hands of every beekeeper. Under our present system, members of local associations are affiliated for the sum of 50c and no stipulation is made regarding a bee journal. However, the association under the present 'system demands that less than 9% of its members must subscribe to a bee journal and in prac- tically all of these cases the beekeeper is already subscribing to one or more bee journals, else he would not know anything about the association or be interested in its aims and purposes. During the past year one member was lost and several complained because they did not get two years of a certain journal included with their dues since the price for two years was the same as one year for- merly. On the other hand, it seems probable that our membership could be considerably increased in some unorganized counties by reducing our dues to one dollar per year, at the same time giving cur members the benefit of reduced rates, which policy the bee journals, no doubt, will continue to follow. On the basis of this information and reasons your executive committee deemed it advisable to offer an amendment to the con- stitution reducing the dues of members at large to $1.00 per year, not including a subscription to a bee journal, the fee for affiliation of local members to remain at 50c per member. When is a Local Association? There is another point that needs some clarification and that is, when is a local association considered to be an association from the standpoint of the affiliation of its members? During the past year the 50c affiliation fee has been received from one or two mem- bers of associations which have not reported any activity during the year. The question is, are these beekeepers members of an association and should the affiliation fee be accepted. A definite understanding on this question may be desirable to eliminate com- plaints and confusion in the future. ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 23 The Annual Report The annual report was ready for delivery in fair time this year but this could be considerably speeded up if local association secre- taries and inspectors would see that their annual reports are sent in promptly to the secretary elected at each convention. A number of local secretaries failed to send a report for 1927, and an account of these particular associations was given from what information was previously available. It may be noted that the inspectors reports are of two types, those covering a period ending June 30, and the others covering the calendar year. Since the calendar year report of bee disease con- ditions is more informatory as to progress in disease eradication and prevalence of the disease, it would be desirable and much more useful to have all local inspectors reports to cover the year for which our state association report is to be issued. It would be much more satisfactory if the local inspectors would use the blank form provided by the chief inspector for recording numbers of apiaries, colonies and other statistics and then add any additional remarks at the bottom of this blank or on additional sheets of paper. The annual report for 1927 was mailed to all 1927 paid-up members and all new 1928 members who had paid their dues at the time of mailing of the reports in late July. With this procedure these new members for 11928 should not be entitled to the 1928 re- port unless their dyes are again, paid before that report is ready for mailing. Com Sugar Legislation Early in February of this year the dangerous corn sugar legis- lation about to be rushed through Congress was brought to our at- tention chiefly through the efforts of Dr. Phillips and the editors of the bee journals. Dr. Phillips apparently was right on the job keeping everyone notified through mimeographed sheets of informa- tion, which he sent out. The first set of these were recopied by the secretary and sent to all Illinois local association secretaries. Later information was given through our association bulletin. The response by the local association was quite satisfactory with the secretaries of Cook, Montgomery, Jersey, and Stephenson counties sending us copies of letters and telegrams of resolutions and pro- tests against the passage of these bills. Your secretary sent pro- tests signed by the executive committee to the various committees in Congress before which the bills were to be heard as well as letters of protest to our senators and representatives at large, ex- pecting the local asociation to take care of their local representa- tives. At the very beginning of this correspondence we were faced with the difficulty of entering protests for our association without a resolution covering the particular point in question, although we 24 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE did make use of the resolution, offered at the 1926 convention. No doubt this question will be brought up again by the Corn Sugar people so this convention should pass a resolution regarding this unfavorable and unsound legislation. Executive Committee Meetings Since our last annual meeting two executive committee meet- ings have been held. The first meeting Avas at Springfield on March 30 with Dr. A. C. Baxter, Elmer Kommer and Chief In- spector A. L. Kildow present. Deputy Inspector W. H. Snyder was also present. The chief business transacted at this meeting was the preliminary arrangements regarding the summer tour. The complete minutes are submitted herewith. The second executive meeting was held at Bloomington on November 6, with Elmer Kommer, A. L. Kildow and V. G. Milum present. Preliminary arrangements and suggestions were made for this convention which have been followed with one exception. A kangaroo court was planned but a competent judge could not be secured. The Second Annual Tour The second annual tour which was held on August 1-4 covered a 500 mile circuit starting at Bloomingtan, and proceeding thence to Gibson City, Sibley, Strawn, Chatsworth, Ridgeville, Onarga, Buckley, Urbana-Champaign, Monticello, Decatur, Macon, Mow- eaqua, Findley, Shelbyville, Pana, Ohlman, Witt, Taylorville, Springfield, Mason City, San Jose, Kingston Mines and Peoria. Beekeepers were visited, their system of management explained and other discussions given along the route. Those helping with the speaking program besides the owners of the apiaries visited were Mr. H. H. Root of Medina, Mr. Evertt Warren of Chicago, Mr. Maurice Dadant of Hamilton, and Deputy W H. Snyder of De- catur. A total of 161 beekeepers signed the registration list with 66 being the largest attendance at any one meeting. Seven cars with sixteen people covered the complete circuit or nearly all of it. Mr. Harry M. McCaskrin, of Rock Island, Representative in the General Assembly, covered a part of the first two days for the purpose of obtaining more first hand information regarding bee- keeping conditions and the needs and problems of the beekeepers in order that he might present the issues before the General As- sembly when legislation regarding beekeepers comes before that body. A more complete report of the tout was given in the August- September issue of the monthly bulletin, a complete set of the bulletin being submitted as a part of this report. (An account of the annual tour by Mr, H. H. Root, Associate Editor, Gleanings in Bee Culture, as given in the November-December issues of this ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS* ASSOCIATION 25 journal under the title "Visiting- Illinois Beekeepers" is reprinted in this report.) Activities of Local Associations In reporting upon the activities of local associations the secre- tary must of necessity rely upon information furnished by the local association secretaries, except where the writer has actually helped to arrange for meetings or has attended meetings as a speaker. During the past year, the state association, secretary has served in this latter capacity in the following counties: Cook-DuPage, Woodford, Grundy, Piatt, two meetings in Iroquois, McHenry, Will, Saline-Gallatin, Vermilion-Edgar and Jefferson. The latter two associations were definitely organized at the meetings attended on September 13 and July 6, respectively, although the Vermilion- Edgar County Association has not as yet affiliated with the State Association. Shelby County beekeepers organized their association on March 12 with the assistance of Deputy Inspector, W. H. Snyder, and held subsequent meetings on April 12 and May 12, as well as being included in. the annual tour. The Northwestern Independent Beekeepers' Association was organized late this fall and has affiliated its membership, but no other information is available at the time of compiling this report. The Iroquois County Association, although holding its organiza- tion meeting late in 1927, was definitely aflfiliated for the first time this year. Likewise the revived Grundy Cpunty Association was linked up with the State Association at a meeting on February 11. (The Secretary's report on activities of other local associations are omitted from this portion of the printed report because of being fully covered under the activities of local associations.) In spite of your secretary's plea for co-operation in arranging meetings in a series in order to conserve the time and energy and expenses of the speakers only a few consecutive meetings were ar- ranged. Thanks to the co-operation of the local associations of Mercer, Henry and Rock Island, these counties were included in a series on June 21 to 23 with Mr. H. C. Dadarnt and Chief Inspector A.' L. Kildow as the principal speakers. Chief Inspector A. L. Kildow was able to cover another series during the week of May 7-12, which included Kane, DeKalb, Will and McHenry Counties. Other meetings for beekeepers exclusive of local meetings held during the year were the Short Course during Farrner's Week at the State University, January 10-13, The Interstate Beekeepers' Meet- ing at Dubuque on July 25-26 and the Second Annual Tour of the Association. It is to be regretted that only eleven Illinois bee- keepers, including three speakers on the program, attended the Dubuque meeting. 26 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE The Source of Our Memberships A survey of the association memberships records for the past year shows that the Cook-DuPage Association has contributed the most members, affiliation fees for 76 members having- been sent in by its secretary. At the end of this report is a table showing the contributions to our membership by counties during the period of December 1, il927, to December 1, 1928. Our 1928 memberships by months when paid is as follows : December (il927) or previous, 77', January, 1928, 43; February, 94; March, 25; April, 68; May, 63; June, 48; July, 40; August, 33; September, 12; October, 38; November, 4. The total membership on December 1, 1928, was 545. A total of 301 beekeepers who last paid their membership dues in 1926 have been dropped from the mailing list. A total of 319 who last paid in 1927 before December 1 have been dropped. If the association could attract these 620 members into the fold again, a combined membership of 1150 would not be an impossibility. What can we do to hold our membership? The following facts on solicitation of memberships dues is of interest. Of 85 members previously dropped but not notified, an invitation to pay their dues being sent on April 30 with a sample copy of the bulletin enclosed, 112 members have since been placed in good standing. Out of 222 members notified on April 30, 1928, that their names were to be dropped from the mailing list, 24 have responded or have been reaffiliated, through their local association secretaries. Of 475 former members sent an invitation to renew their mem- bership on May 18, 1928, a sample copy of the bulletin being en- closed, two persons responded. One hundred and fourteen members were sent an appeal to pay their dues on October 13, 1927. These included those whose membership expired during the period from January 1 to June 30, 1928. Up to December 1, responses from 12 of these had been received. Totaling the above, we find that of 896 beekeepers who have been members since 1922 who were written during the past year, only 50 halve been reentered on our membership roll in good stand- ing. Some 16 letters were returned showing death of the beekeeper or moved to unknown address. There are now 129 beekeepers who have dropped in arrears since June 30 who have not yet been notified or solicited to pay their dues. From the figures quoted on the source of our membership and the results of direct solicitation it is apparent that the local as- sociation must bear the burden of holding up or increasing our memberships. Your secretary should like to suggest that a com- mittee be appointed to draw up rules for a membership co^ntest, ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION 27 the winning- association to be awarded a suitable trophy to be held for the period between conventions. In order to give smaller counties and associations an equal chance some percentage basis of award would have to be used. For instance, with the previous year's total membership as a basis, a point might be given for each percent of old members retained plus two points for each per cent of new members. The membership figures for the past year as presented in this report could be used as a basis for calculations, eliminating those counties from eligibility for the trophy who had not held a meeting during the past year or who had less than 10 members. One of the things that has held our members is the benefits of inspection for with the lapse of inspection service on June 1 there was an apparent decrease of interest in local association activities. A secretary of a local association recently wrote, "We must have inspection or our association will cease to exist." It, therefore, appears that the State Association and local associations must back up all efforts in securing a larger appropriation for inspection for the next biennium. There must be other ways of keeping up our membership and keeping everybody satisfied. Some of the things being done by other associations are listed in the December issue of our monthly bulletin, a copy of which you have in your hands. May it be sug- gested that those present read pages 2 and 3 for possible hints as to future activities. OUR 1928 MEMBERSHIP BY COUNTIES AND 1929 CONTEST RATING First figure = elapsed membership since 1922 = 922. Second figure = actually paid up Dec. 1, 1927 - Dec 1, 1928 = 545. Third figure = membership contest rating (includes to Oct. 1, 1927). ( ) = membership at large in 1928 = 55. Adams 3 Gallatin and Saline 20-12-13 Green 0-(l) Grundy — 8-8-16 Hamilton — 1 Bond _ 1 Boone 3 Bureau — 3- (2) Calhoun 1 Carroll — 0-(l) Cass -_ — 1-(1) Champaign ...14-7-21-(l) Christian 10-2-12 Coles - 1 Cook-DuPage 128-76-84- (6) Clark— 16 Crawford 1 DeKalh 9-27-27 DeWitt 2 Douglas 2 Edgar _ 1-(1) Ford 2-(l) Franklin 52- (2) -54 Fulton __ 12-14-14 24- (2) ll-(2) Logan Macon M acoup in , — 1 - ( 2) Madison 3- ( 1 ) Hancock _.10-16-17 Henderson 2 Henry 52-41-45 Iroquois 0-16-16 Tackson 28-(l) JeflFerson 0-15-15 Jersey __ 17-(1)-18 Jo Davies 11-16-20 Tohnson 17 Kane __ 31-13-13 Kankakee 4 Kendall ._ 18-(1) Knox 6 l..rfcltvC .................................... — O LaSalle 12- (6) Livingston — 7- (2) Marion — 23 Marshall 2 Mason — 16-(1) McDonough 1 McHenry _ 11-16-16 McLean „ 21-15-18 Mercer _ — 1-26-26 Menard 5 Montgomery 23-12-12-(n Morgan — 3- ( 1 ) Moultrie 30-(0)-30 N. W. Independent _......0-l2-12 Ogle-Lee 17-11-14 Peoria __ _ 11-19-20 Perry _ — 2 28 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Piatt __9-22-22 Pike _ l-(2) Pope - 4 Pulaski _. 12 Rock Island..9-12-12-(1) Sangamon 13-(4) Schuyler _1-(1) Scott _ 1 Shelby _ 1-21-21-(1) St. Clair _ ___ 2 Stephenson 6-10-10-(5) Tazewell __11-(1) Union __ 18 Vermilion 3- ( 1 ) Wat^ash 1 Warren 22-3-25 Wayne 1 Whiteside _ _-6-ll-25 Will „ __7-10-10 Williamson...29-10-10-(l) Woodford 52-1 7-20- ( 1 ) REGISTERED ATTENDANCE AT 38th ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSO- CIATION AT SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS, DECEMBER 6-7, 1928 Comb or No. of Extracted Name Address County ( Colonies Honey A. L. Kildow Putman Putnam 260 Both J. N. Koritz Buckley Iroquois 70 Both Louie Vannis Harrisburg SaHne 35 Comb Lawrence Peterson Kewanee Henry 203 Both Edwin Peterson Kewanee Henry Frank Bishop Taylorville Christian ISO Both Edw. C. Heldt Stanford McLean 146 Both C. F. Heldt Bloomington McLean 42 Both W. H. Force Champaign ^ Champaign 70 Both W. H. Williams Pekin Tazewell 42 Comb A. C. Baxter Springfield Sangamon 61 Both Elmer Kommer WoodhuH Henry 70 Both C. A. Mackelden Jerseyville Jersey 35 Comb J T. Hendricks Chatsworth Livingstone 108 Both S. A. Tyler San Jose Logan 200 Both A. G. Gill Chicago Cook 1 Comb J. R. Wooldridge Chicago Cook 108 Extracted Val. W. Heussner Lemont Will 38 Extracted Benj. H. Fischer Roanoke Woodford 30 Extracted John O'Brien Newark Kendall 164 Comb B. F. Bell Kingston Mines Peoria 162 Extracted Mrs. Bell Kingston Mines Peoria C. J. Anderson Morris Grundy 130 Extracted Emory Warner Mbnticello Piatt 75 Both Roy Roselieb Prophetstown Whiteside 85 Extracted Edwin Kommer Andover Henry 153 Both C. E. Bowen Lyndon Whiteside 130 Extracted C. W. Duerrstein Galena JoDavies 55 Comb George W. Lynn Lockport Will 140 Both Otis Kelley Marion Williamson 60 Both Roy Annear Mulkeytown Franklin 47 Both R. C. Merideth Whittington Franklin 36 Both S. S. Claussen Oregon Ogle 55 Both Ralph Annear Mulkeytown Franklin Jake Foey Mechanicsburg Sangamon 50 Both E. H. Stanley Dixon Lee 275 Both John Dineen Springfield Sangamon 12 Extracted O. R. Matthew Virginia Cass 140 Both Mrs. Matthew Virginia Cass Carroll Swanson Hamilton Hancock 10 Comb C. O. Miller Irving Montgomery 15 Extracted T. M. Miller Irving Montgomery M- D. Farrar Urbana Champaign ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION 29 Comb or No. of Extracted Name Address County Colonies Honey Edward Glotfelty Springfield Sangamon F. A. Amos Decatur Macon 4 Mrs. A. L. Kildow Putman Putman H. E. Barnard Indianapolis Pres. American Honey Institute E. W. Rittler Quincy Adams 215 Both H. C. Dadant Hamilton Hancock 400 Extracted F. R. Belt Canton Fulton 50 Both H. L. Williamson . Springfield Sangamon Mrs, J. H. Bearden T'aylorville Christian George Sloman Pawnee Christian 4 C. R. Taylor New Berlin Sangamon W. E. Votrian Springfield Sangamon J. Emmett Scott Carthage Hancock 150 Both Mrs, Louis Scott Carthage Hancock P. H. Tracy Urbana Dairy Dept. Univ. of Illinois H. H. Root Medina, Ohio Medina 1200 Extracted V. G. Milum Champaign Champaign (53 UnivoflU.) Jas. A. Stone Farmingdale Sangamon 18 Extracted Ernest J. Campbell Springfield Sangamon 33 M. E. Bray Litchfield Montgomery 30 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE WEIGHING BEES FOR PROFIT (The use of a scale colony) (M. D. Farrar, Urbana, Illinois) The value of using a set of scales in the apiary is often not fully appreciated by beekeepers. The larger producing beekeepers have included scales in their equipment for many years, but the owners of smaller apiaries also have need for a scale colony. It is a valuable indicator in any apiary, but is especially necessary in the out-apiaries where the beekeeper is unable to examine his bees daily. The condition is especially true where the beekeeper has his out-apiaries widely located and subjected to varied conditions of flora. In introducing the use of a scale colony to less experienced beekeepers, I wish to emphasize the fact that there is nothing com- plicated about the equipment or the method of using it. The time required to care for the colony would not amount to over five min- utes a day in the home yard. The records can all be made after sundown (during the honey flow). Almost any form of platform scales that have a capacity of from 500 to 1000 pounds will serve the purpose. If the scale capacity will permit, two colonies may be mounted on the same scale and thus approach a truer average of what the colonies are doing. A convenient place for marking down weights can usually be arranged near the scales. During the honey flow the weight of the colony should be recorded each evening after the bees have ceased to fly. By simple subtraction or addition with the weight of the previous day, the change for the day can be determined. The use of scales in the apiary need not be confined to the season when the bees are storing honey in surplus. The beekeeper should also know the exact net weight of each colony before it is packed for the winter. Scales should be used again in the spring to determine the relative loss of stores during the winter. As brood rearing increases in the spring, the honey supply disappears rapidly and unless some check of weights is made during this time, valua- ble colonies may be lost thru starvation within a few weeks before the honey flow. The saving of one or two strong colonies at this season might easily pay for the cost of a set of scales. The observ- ance of daily changes of scale colony during the honey flow has already been mentioned. After the honey flow is over there is often a use for the scales in the honey house. These are only a few of the uses that a beekeeper may have for scales that would justify their purchase. To explain more fully just what is going on within a colony of bees throughout the year, several charts have been prepared. Chart ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION 31 No. 1 is not based on data secured from any one colony but rather is based on a hypothetical colony. The upper half of the chart is designed to show what happens to the stores of honey within the colony. The curve represents the weight of the net stores of honey within the colony during the year. Starting with a colony in October, let us consider that brood rearing has ceased and that there are sixty pounds of honey within the hive. The colony is packed for winter at that time. During the winter months a well packed colony does not consume a great deal of honey. About the first of March the process of brood rearing begins. From this time on until the main honey flow starts in late June or early July, the honey is rapidly used up at a rate that is determined by the amount of brood reared by the colony. It follows then that it is often the stronger colonies that are in the greatest danger of starvation at this time. In some seasons the bees are able to gather a ligh surplus during fruit and dandelion bloom, but this surplus is not a certainty and often cannot be de- pended upon to carry the colonies over. If, for example, two col- onies of equal strength started in October, one with sixty pounds of stores aind the other with but thirty, and if a honey flow failed to materialize in May, the weight curve for the colony starting with only thirty pounds would be in danger of reaching the star- vation point long before the main honey flow started. This empha- sizes the need of knowing the weight of the colony in the fall. If |^<^|^e,i /toi^ pe^j:&7ilB!t.mi Chart No. 1 — ^Net Weight \ersus Strength of a Colony • f 32 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE on the other hand the colom.y has sufficient stores to carry it to the time of the main honey flow there is a good chance that it will store some honey during July and August and possibly produce a surplus. The latter part of August or the first of September is usually the end of the main honey flow. The surplus is removed from the colony at this time, leaving sufficient honey for wintering. The bottom half of chart No. 1 illustrates the relative strength of the colony in bees over the same period as the chart above. If for instance, the colony can be rated as strong in the fall, over the winter period the strength will decline very gradually due to the loss of old bees. This loss of old bees becomes greater as spring brood rearing starts. If there is plenty of honey in the hive, this replacement in the spring of old bees with young ones will take place naturally and although the colony may appear much weaker in the spring than in the fall, by the first of May the colony should begin to gain in strength and by the time the honey flow starts, it should be rated as a strong colony. A colony that has not reached its peak in strength by the time the honey flow starts has a poor chance to be a profitable colony for the beekeeper. In comparing the upper and lower graph, it is easy to see the danger from spring starvation when the bees are reaching their maximum strength and the food supply is at its lowest. After the beginning of the honey flow, the strength of the colony will gradually decrease to that of its fall strength. H I '^i. I- d \ i • 2\ Daily l^cffht Record of Color?/ onScaks 2j 4\ Amus: ^^ Chart No. 2 — Daily Weight Record of a Colony ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 33 On the other hand if the strong colony which starts in the fall, winters well and then in the spring runs short of stores any time up until the time the honey flow starts, it is apt then to take the direc- tion of the lower line in the bottom chart and either be severely weakened or die out completely. In either case, the beekeeper has little chance of securing a crop of surplus honey from such a colony. Since it is only the surplus honey that makes the beekeeper liis profit, it is only a wise policy on his part to have few such colonies in his apiary at the time when only strong colonies are needed. Chart No. 2 shows in detail actual records taken from the average of two colonies on a scale during a typical honey flow. Although this particular honey flow perhaps does not match up with the honey flow as observed in another locality, it is typical of any honey flow as they vary mostly in the time for beginning and end, duration or intensity. The same conditions which appear in this chart are apt to appear in any honey flow. (Note : This graph rep- resents the average made by two colonies on the same scale, South Dakota State Agricultural College, Brookings, South Dakota, Sum- mer of 1927.) A glance at the chart will show that the daily gain in weight of a colony is not a uniform process. In fact there are days when no gain is made and the colony often loses weight. Weather is perhaps the most vital factor influencing the intensity of the honey flow. High wind, temperature, humidity and rain or draught, all have important bearings on the honey flow. In this particular honey flow, the days on which the bees gath- ered a noticeable surplus were very irregular. During July hardly enough honey was coming daily to justify an attempt at the pro- duction of comb honey. In, August the flow was much stronger, both in intensity and duration. During this month bees worked well in comb honey supers. Considering the sharp irregularities during the late August flow, it is easy to see that the beekeeper would have great diflFiculty in forecasting just what the bees are doing in the supers without the aid of his scale colony. In fact, the whole record is only typical of conditions during any season. If the beekeeper will but place one of his average colonies on a scale and make the weight deductions each evening, he will find it much easier to plan his program for apiary manipu- lation. In selecting a colony to be used on a scale, the colony selected should be typical of his average colonies. A weak colony will often show no gain on the same day that a stronger colony will show a good gain. On the other hand, an exceptionally strong colony will show overly large gains and give the beekeeper a false impression as to what is actually going on in his apiary. In addition to the actual dollars and cents that the owner of an apiary may save by the use of a scale colony, there is another side 34 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE to the issue that often develops. Once a beekeeper has started such a practice of observing a colony of bees on scale, he will soon begin to derive a great deal of pleasure from his observation. If he is a beekeeper at heart, he will get a real thrill out of the knowledge that his scale colony has given a big gain in weight on a certain day and that he discovered the gain on the same day that it hap- pened. This gives him a chance to study the conditions while they are fresh in his mind. It might be compared to the weather report received by radio. It is news received while it is useful. ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION 35 PRACTICAL HINTS ON SAVING BEESWAX (H. C. Dadant, Hamilton, Illinois) Henry C. Dadant Hamilton, Illinois It is safe to assert that beeswax is worth saving at all times, as the market for it has re- mained practically stable over a long period of time. There have been but few breaks in the price and only one can be recalled during the past twenty-five years. Any product which does not fluctuate beyond the average with other commodities, comparatively, as beeswax has been doing, is an encouragement to the producer. Every ounce of beeswax saved is worth while, as onei may be assured that the cost of producing and saving it will be well repaid by a price averaging near 2 cents an ounce. The one break in the price alluded to hap- pened following the close of the World War. This occurrence was rather peculiar and unusual. Several factors contributed to it, the price moving below the low level of many commodities during the adjustment period of 1920 and 1921. In explanation of this, we must go back to the years previous to 1913. Among the statistics of foreign countries, importations of beeswax into Russia were given as 5,000 to 6,000 tons per year. Russia was then consuming from ten to twelve million pounds annually in addition to the beeswax produced in the apiaries of the beekeepers of that country. Since Russia is only beginning to develop commercially, the great consumption of bees- wax in that country was confined mainly to candle factories operat- ing for the Greek churches of Russia which were supported by the rule of the Tzar, The churches were wonderfully furnished with most beautiful candelabra, requiring hundreds if not thousands of candles each. The sudden closing of foreign ports followed by the overthrow of Imperial rule suddenly diverted much beeswax to the open market. In July, il913, a number of shipments of beeswax destined for foreign ports arrived in New York City and were sold at a price of a few cents per pound below the existing market. This wax, how- ever, was limited in quantity and the market of the United States soon assumed a normal tone. It was not until later that sufficient space on ocean-going vessels was available to transport such com- modities as beeswax. Large quantities which had accumulated during seven years in countries such as Africa and South America began to move on to the market suddenly. With Europe buying Z6 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE little, the market broke to an unusually low record. This, together with a general landslide in all commodity prices in this country, brought about a condition which caused beeswax users to buy only from hand to mouth, fearing every day that new low records would come. Such fears were well founded as large supplies and cut prices continued for months. In fact, New York prices dropped from 45c down to 32c one fine day in May, 1921, and from this point the price steadily declined during the next few months until less than 20c per pound was reached with some sharp declines for a short period of time around 15c. We need not be concerned today, however, regarding a break in the beeswax price as the market has remained steady since those unusual days. So small a country as the Island of Madagascar exports 1 to 2 million pounds per year which gives us some idea of the import field. The United States imports some 400,000 pounds per month on the average. The use of beeswax is spread over a great many industries, between 50 and 100 being named and over- production need not be feared. During the first foulbrood scare a few years ago, a prominent authority connected with the beekeeping industry suggested that all bees would need be shaken from combs each year to control dis- eases. At the period of low prices on honey preceding the war, the same party suggested that colonies might be run for wax pro- duction instead of honey. The honey market is sometimes dis- couraging but low prices would not justify destruction of good serviceable combs. Saving beeswax to this extent is not justified since the one-quarter pound in a comb is worth less than 10 cents while in the apiary its value is at least 25c, in addition to the frame, and usually considered more. It must also be remembered that from 7 to 20 pounds of honey is required for bees to secrete a pound of beeswax. Honey would need be worth but 2 to 3 cents per pound to justify a practice of melting good comb for the wax. A profitable quantity of beeswax is obtained rather easily by the beekeeper, yet much is wasted or lost. Better methods and a little care will be well repaid by more wax. Some cream of the beekeepers' profit may be found here. The rendering of material from the apiary containing beeswax has frequently been described as a mussy, laborious and exacting job. Beeswax in the comb or its crude form can at least be saved and shipped to those who make a specialty of reclaiming it in case the beekeeper decides not to render it himself. Up to the present time, honey has hardly kept pace with bees- wax as a staple product of the market. The four principal reasons for this are: (1) honey has increased in production faster than beeswax, (2) during our modern practice there are a great many more uses at the present time for wax than honey, (3) other sweets, ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION Z7 principally sugar, flood the market, and (4) there is undoubtedly a lack of proper distribution and demand for honey as a food. The beginningf of the development in the production . of bees- wax and honey dates back to the time when the ancients kept bees in any convenient log, box or old time receptacle. In those days, beeswax was prized, as it was probably the only kind of wax avail- able. The crude methods then in use of keeping bees and harvest- ing their products have not been improved upon to any great extent in parts of such countries as Africa, South America and even some localities in Europe. The natives of some countries still follow the method of destroying the bees, straining the honey through cloths and melting the wax by crude methods. In fact the combs Most hives will deliver a harvest of wax. containing decayed dead bees and brood are melted together in holes in the ground^ over a slow fire which accounts for the reputa- tion of rank odor of African beeswax. The writer wishes to appeal here to beekeepers. Please keep comb separate from cappings as the rendering process of each is quite different. Do not allow bees to get into your comb barrel and if brood is present, boil the combs at once with plenty of water. There are few materials more foul than dead brood and the beeswax resulting is a poor grade, not worth full market price. Moreover, much work is necessary to purify it. In some parts of Europe, owners of bees still keep them in immovable comb boxes, practice V 38 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE killing them at the end of the season, after which the contents of the crude hives are sold to a central plant where the honey and beeswax are reclaimed. Modern methods of beekeeping have practically replaced the old, until today each one of us is obliged to adopt economies in producing and saving the beeswax and honey in order to compete with our fellow producers. Beeswax may be lost at several differ- ent points about our apiary. Destruction by moth is probably where the greatest waste occurs, both in the apiary and honey- house. Hundreds of combs are sometimes destroyed by the moth in a short space of time. In the latitude of central Illinois, moth may destroy combs as early as May and continue throughout the summer and early fall. Hard freezing weather kills them in all stages and the only places moths may survive our cold winters is when hidden in the hive in some corner or crack away from the Here Is the adult beemoth whose eggrs give rise to the destructive worms that live in the combs. (Reprinted by courtesy of the American Bee Journal) bees and yet protected by the heat of the cluster. They may also survive in heated buildings where bee combs are stored. Combs in a tight box or good fitting hives are quite safe from moth in spring and perhaps early summer after passing through a cold win- ter. Although several weeks are required for the moth to develop during very cool weather, they grow^ rapidly in the heat of summer, the range being from about 4 weeks in summer to 20 weeks of our mild winters in the southern states from the egg to the miller. In fact the full development of the moth has extended over 31 weeks in temperatures just above freezing as shown by F. B. Paddock, It is necessary to inspect combs at least once a month and treat them if necessary with such materials as paradichlorobenzene, carbon bisulphide, or sulphur fumes in order to destroy them and their larvae. Care should be taken to give combs a second fumiga- \ ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION 39 Tunnels of th« beemath larvae through wax of comb, entirely destroyed. Finally the comb is tion within two to four weeks as larvae in cocoons are well pro- tected and may survive the first fumigation. Moth have been known to destroy comb foundation slig-htly and have even been found inside the cracks of cakes of beeswax although their consumption of beeswax in these cases is slow and small. Cocoons of beemoth on wood of frames. From these come the moths that lay eggs for the next brood of worms. (Reprinted by courtesy of American Bee Journal) 40 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE A Strong application of paradichlorobenzene will kill moth. In fact Geo. Watt of the Dadant Apiaries reports that a pound of crystals sprinkled over a high tier of supers and then closed tightly produces a gas quickly and does the work well. In case combs are not infested by moth, a tablespoonful per hive body on a paper on top of the tier acts as a good "Keep out" sign. Para- dichlorobenzene produces a heavy gas, is not poisonous to human beings, and is, therefore, quick to apply, besides being reasonable in cost. A tablespoonful of carbon bisulphide poured on a cloth or placed in a dish on top of the frames is sufficient for one or two hive bodies. The liquid produces a heavy gas and is well suitedrto treat a high pile of supers in the honeyhouse but as it is inflam- mable like gasoline, the crystals mentioned above are much pre- ferred. Hives and supers should fit tightly to prevent escape of gas through cracks. Discarded combs saved for rendering should be also treated to prevent ravages of moth. The burning of sul- A. Ready tO' put moth B. Same comb §tack cov- fumigator at top of a ered and safe from stack of combs. moths. (Reprinted by courtesy of the American Bee Journal) phur is cheap and good, especially when the entire honeyhouse is to be fumigated. Two pounds, of it should be sufficient for the ordinary small honeyhouse. Five pounds burned rapidly may be needed in case of a larger building or one that is not tight. All combs should be well exposed ; boxes of combs emptied on the floor and supers staggered in the tiers to allow free circulation of the sulphur fumes. Beeswax may be wasted or lost by allowing combs or scrap- ings of wax -about the apiary 'to lie on the ground to be melted down by the sun and lost. Formerly, one of the best methods to encourage saving of wax scraps about the apiary was to have a solar wax extractor nearby or a box about the apiary into which material of this sort could be placed. With the coming of bee dis- eases, however, it is best to carry all wax material into a building ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION 41 where the bees cannot have access to it and where it can be serv^ed and fumigated occasionally against moth until rendering can be done. Various methods of reclaiming beeswax are practiced, depend- ing upon the material in hand. We shall consider the methods of procuring beeswax from cappings, discarded combs new and old, refuse such as sediment scraped from the bottom of wax cakes and water-soaked wax, unfinished sections, slumgnm and propolis. In rendering material about the apiary, the beejceeper must keep in mind that beeswax is lighter than water. In fact its specific gravity is about .965 which causes it to float readily on water. If mm '- ^' ^S i y > r ■ [4 . B. A smaller home-made outfit that does well for the small beekeeper. A. A capping can large enough to hold a day's run. When drained the caps are ready to melt into cakes. (Reprinted by courtesy of the American Bee Journal) cooled slowly, sediment will settle to the bottom of wax, which is important. The glass bottles I have here show clearly how beeswax sepa- rates from its impurities by gravity. The beeswax floats and is the top layer. Immediately below is the layer of light refuse, cocoons, dead bees, etc. This material should always be saved as it is rich in wax. The fairly clear liquid underneath is dis- colored water while at the extreme bottom is heavy dirt, impurities and propolis. Wax worth saving is seldom found here. Cappings are secured by cutting away the wax sealing :^-om the surface of combs of honey previous to extracting honey from 42 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE the latter. If cappings are cut thin with a hand knife, about 1.2% of the honey crop in weight harvested, on the average, will be se- cured in beeswax. Uncapping, however, is often hurriedly done and cutting ^ inch or more in depth into the comb results in a greater percentage of wax. As some side wall of brood comb is often cut into, more impurities are present than in the case of thin cappings. Before rendering the wax, the removal of honey from cappings should be done as efficiently as possible. In fact, much honey is sometimes wasted by allowing it to remain in the cappings when the beeswax is rendered. Two principles are generally followed at the present time for removing honey from cappings; (1) draining by gravity or centri- fugal force and (2) a heating process with capping melter. In using capping melters, the problem is one of temperature since the melting point of beeswax, about 145 degrees, is the same as the limit to which honey can be heated without injury. Beyond 145 degrees, honey is liable to become damaged considerably both in color and flaver. It is a problem then of not overheating the cap- pings and yet bringing them to a liquid condition with the beeswax barely melted. In the operation of the capping melter, there should be frequent inspection in order that clogging does not take place, thereby preventing honey and wax from remaining on the hot surface of the capping melter after the cappings become liquefied. A temperature of 150 degrees is not too high provided it is of very short duration. Capping melters operate best while cappings are warm and fresh from the combs with honey adhering to them. There is probably room for improvement in devices of the kind both for saving the beeswax and the honey conveniently. If the draining method is practiced, the cappings should be broken up as finely as possible by stirring them briskly with a clean wooden stick every twenty minutes or less during the day while the uncapping is being done. This idea is the result of experience showing that honey will drain away from small pieces of wax more readily than larger flat pieces of cappings. The draining should, of course, occur during very .warm weather or while the can of cappings is standing in a heated room of hot summer temperature. Another method which is being practiced by some who have power machines, is to throw the honey out of the cappings by centrifugal force. In either of the last two methods, the honey remaining is usually fully as much if not more by weight than the weight of the wax present. This honey may be washed out in water at about 125 degrees and the sweet water used for vinegar making or the cappings may be melted over a capping melter to separate the re- maining honey. The lidney secured by the latter method will usually be offgrade on account of overheating but may be sold to the bakery trade at a reduced price. ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 43 Separating cans are usually used in connection with capping- melters. Since the weight of beeswax is but two-thirds that of honey, the wax floats readily and is easily separated by gravity. Hot water should be added to the beeswax delivered from a sepa- rating can to dissolve all stickiness of honey and allow sediment or impurities to settle. Otherwise the wax may require remelting in hot water. The beekeeper will find that there is nearly always some sedi- ment at the bottom of the cakes. In fact if the boiling is excessive, considerable residues may occur but they should always be saved. The appearance is such that beeswax does not seem to be present, as it may look like water-soaked pollen or corn meal. Residues of this kind are sometimes called water-damaged or water-soaked beeswax. Nevertheless scrapings and sediment should be saved and the best plan is that they be allowed to dry. After the moist- ure is evaporated, the remaining material will be found to be almost pure beeswax and may be rendered in a solid cake by heating in water and cooling or by rendering in a good wax press. Material of this ^rt is shown. The moisture removed by evaporation was 82% of the original water-soaked sample by weight. Eighteen per cent beeswax was therefore easily salvaged which is certainly worth saving. The rendering of fresh scrapings from frames or newly built comb, including comb which has been in use in hives not over a year or two, is quite simple. Such material contains almost pure beeswax with very little refuse and may be readily rendered into a solid cake of wax by heating in hot water without the necessity of boiling. It is best, however, to always boil wax in water at least thirty minutes in order to avoid the possibility of allowing any disease germs to survive. The loose sediment or scrapings from the bottom of cakes of wax from this source or any other should also be saved as it will be found to be rich in beeswax regardless of the fact that the appearance of such material causes one to believe that it is worthless. Rendering old bee combs is quite the most difficult problem and most disagreeable of all the mussy work which a beekeeper may find it necessary to do in connection with beekeeping. The yield of beeswax from combs, however, is very profitable and not a singk bit of comb should be wasted. Several different methods have been practiced when securing beeswax from combs. They may be placed in two classes. 1. Where the beekeper desires to save his frames and the wire in them, the combs are placed in a .*,hot water tank and after they are loosened from the wood, the . frames are placed in another tank for boiling and sterilizing. Frames saved in this way should not be piled out-of-doors in the sun as they will warp badly. It is a question, however, whether the rusty wires are worth saving. In fact, this method is not likely to yield 44 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE as much wax as the one to be descrided in the next paragraph. The comb found floating in the hot water is dipped into a wax press so constructed that it will receive one cheese of the material wrapped in burlap sacking and pressure is brought down imme- diately while the whole mass is quite hot. The press is so con- structed with slats on the inside surface as to allow the wax freedom to run rapidly out of the cheese as it is being pressed. Pure bees- wax is, of course, also found in liquid form on top of the water in the tank and may be dipped out. A more convenient method, how- ever, is to float the beeswax off through a wide overflow spout by adding water to the tank at the bottom through a pipe connection. 2. What is believed to be a more efficient method of rendering old combs, is to first break up the combs as much as possible and. soak them for a period of twenty-four to forty-eight hours in water without heating. Water at any temperature below the softening point of beeswax will be satisfactory. The combs should first be crushed as much as possible. The great advantage of this method is that the combs become well water soaked, all parts of the comb and cocoons filling with moisture. The comb is then ready to be boiled in a wax press under water. This arrangement causes the beeswax to melt throughout the comb and as all spaces are filled with water, the beeswax having no place to locate or be absorbed runs readily out of the comb and will be found floating on top the water. The best style of wax press made to carry out this proced- ure can be built at home at moderate expense. The whole arrange- ment is that of the old time cider press with racks or slatted mats between cheeses, except that the pressing is done under boiling water. Great pressure is not needed. In case a capacity of about seventy-five pounds of beeswax per day from three hundred combs is desired, a wax press should be constructed about 20x20x20 inches. A press of smaller capacity, about 16x16x16 inches would do well for the smaller beekeeper. There should be an opening in the bottom for drainage and by installing a suitable valve and T with pipe up from this point, water may be conveniently supplied. Two wood slatted mats are placed between three cheeses consisting of one inch strips of wood nailed together with one inch spaces between them. A metal mat is best for the bottom as direct heat decays wood rapidly. On top is placed a strgng slatted wood follower board made of four inch boards with metal plate on top of it to receive the end of the pressing screw and the machine i.s completed by the addition of a heavy screw and threaded socket such as a bench screw used in wood vice or soap press. The socket is, of course, anchored on a cross bar to the top of the press for proper operation of the screw. One of the best examples of this type machine is the Hershiser wax press. The water should be kept boiling well continuously and the screw turned down oc- casionally. Heavy pressing is not necessary and in fact the screw ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 45 46 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE should be turned up occasionally also in order to cause a washing in and out process througfhout the cheeses while the water is being kept about the boiling point. An apparatus of this kind requires but little attention except to see that the water is kept hot and the screw turned down occasionally. Cheeses are made by packing the comb compactly in burlap which has been spread over and down into a wood form 15x15x6 inches. A good, large, porous sack ripped open is very good for the purpose, being folded over ana -the flaps pinned together with nails. During the pressing and boil- ing they are finally reduced in thickness from six or eight inches down to one or two inches within the course of three or four hours. The remaining refuse may then be thrown away with a minimum of wax lost. The beeswax found on top the tank is floated out through a wide spout about 6 inch by 1 inch by adding water through the supply pipe at the bottom. Judging from the small number of wax presses sold, beekeepers are in many cases not saving near all the beeswax about their apiaries. In fact, so few machines are bought that they do not justify the cost of devoting space to them in a bee supply catalog. It is true, however, that many producers lacking proper equip- ment and time are shipping wax refuse to extraction plants in winter. The weight of the material to be rendered, whether cappings, combs or refuse, has little to do with the amount of beeswax that may be expected from them. For instance combs which contain considerable pollen and perhaps honey or are heavy with the ac- cumulation of years of cocoons, contain no more beeswax than comparatively new combs and the beeswax is much more difficult to remove when they are heavy and old. Generally, therefore, less beeswax per comb is secured in the case of heavy combs. Cappings may also be quite heavy with honey and contain many more times of honey in them, by weight, than the beeswax. Considerable honey may be wasted in this way. I have seen attempts to render cappings which were so heavily charged with honey, that severaj changes of water were necessary to finally dissolve all the honey in the cappings and finally reduce the beeswax to a good solid cake without being sticky. Granting that full sheets of foundation have been used in the base of ten new combs, which represents about Ij^ pounds of beeswax, one can expect that bees will add about one hundred per cent of wax in completing the combs to full depth or another 1^ pounds of beeswax, making a total of three pounds. It is hardly possible on the average, however, to secure three pounds of bees- wax from ten Langstroth size brood combs, for in some cases the combs will not be of full size, there frequently being a space with- out combs at the lower corners and along the bottom bar. Then, too, it is not possible to expect to reclaim all the beeswax, particu- ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION 47 larly from old combs. For these reasons, about 2 J^ pounds of beeswax on the average may be expected from ten Langstroth size combs. The old simple method of rendering combs by placing them in a sack and submergfing in boiling water with no other attention than occasionally poking, squeezing and turning the sack in order to aid in removal of some of the beeswax is very inefficient. This method, however, will serve very well where combs may possibly be infected with disease and the beekeeper must sterilize them be- fore making shipment to a good wax extraction plant. Most cer- tainly no combs which have been occupied by diseased bees should 'iSfeiii 1 ■ fl^H^^^k' i"^ *ai^^i 1 ^^^^^^^^K^+ ■■:<1 H ^K^) m IH IR^*'^ HB 1 ^I^B ^? V* ^^^^^^^B* Wax in cakes and in sacks. Neat cakes handle easy and ship well. (Reprinted by courtesy of American Bee Journal) be shipped without first sterilizing in boiling water and then drying before packing for shipment. , In fact, combs from diseased bees had best be burned, for American foulbrood in particular will re- appear at every possible opportunity. Stamping out this disease is much more important than the saving of beeswax. Combs con- taining honey should not be shipped under any consideration at any time. The best season of the year to transport combs is during the winter time and the packing should be in good, double sacks. Slumgfum is a word used to name the refuse remaining after some beeswax has been rendered from combs. It may be more or less rich in beeswax and is usually dark brown or almost black in 48 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE color. Unless the beekeeper is provided with a very good wax press and devotes proper care and time to the job, there will be enough available wax in the slumgum to more than pay for having it rendered properly by someone making a specialty of comb rendering. It is important to save the beeswax in the form of drawn combs even in comb honey sections. E. M. ,Cole claims a colony started on a full super of bait sections harvests a full super of honey more, than one with foundation only. Most of us know the importance of saving our good combs from damage and how much more valua- ble they are in that condition for apiary use than a poor comb is for wax. Contrary to the popular belief, the rendering of beeswax from propolis is not very valuable. The beekeeper should not confuse propolis with bits of wax from frame scrapings which frequently contain almost pure beeswax as burr combs do. In scraping frames, it would be well if all propolis could be kept separate from the true beeswax scrapings. Propolis is readily recognized especially in warm weather by the strong tendency of it to stick or adhere to the fingers and anything with which it comes in contact. Propolis is reported to contain 30 to 70 per cent of beeswax but in these cases, burr combs were no doubt scraped from the frames with it. Propolis in the purest state as obtained from frame scrapings, is found by two authorities to contain not over 12 to 20 per cent bees- wax. It has a tendency to cause beeswax to stick to it so firmly that no method has been found whereby much beeswax could be rendered from it except by solvents. So well does it retain its hold on beeswax that some wax which otherwise would rise to the top of water will remain at the bottom with the propolis even when hot. Solvents such as turpentine, chloroform, ether, hot benzine, carbon bisulphide, carbon tetrachloride, and other liquids have been used with some success. The resulting beeswax, however, is changed to some extent. The cost of the liquid and process of reclaiming it by distilation in addition to the cost of the outfit has made the solvent process too expensive for practical use. Following the idea of the solar wax extractor, which cannot be used except during the hot months of the year, Dr. C. C. Miller tried rendering combs in a hot oven during winter. This method has never been carried out to practical use, however, and the prob- lem of holding the proper temperature would no doubt be difficult without injuring the beeswax. In fact when wax is boiled with water, it cannot be injured even though boiling is continued for many hours. However, as soon as all the water has boiled awav, heating should cease for the temperature of the wax then rises above 212 degrees. Beeswax is liable to injury in a similar way as honey and the tem- perature must be watched. While honey should not go beyond 140 +o 150 degrees, beeswax will be injured very slowly at 250 degrees, ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION • 49 and above 300 degrees rapidly. Beeswax will not boil without water, but scorch, smoke and finally burn at high temperatures. Tanks used in rendering beeswax are made preferably of cop- per, tin and glass. Galvanized iron will do quite well so long as water is boiled with the wax. Rough iron should not be used in any case as it darkens or discolors beeswax rapidly. Smooth cast of wrought iron kettles will do with water in the wax. Galvanized iron tanks and tin cans for cooling as ordinarily used by beekeep- ers are satisfactory. The cooling cans are preferably made flaring in shape, to facilitate removal of the caked wax. Hot water poured on the inverted cold can will loosen the caked wax inside. During apiary work, the beekeeper should be constantly on the lookout for undesirable combs. They may be removed when found but if some good worker brood is present, place them next to the outside walls of the hive. In that location, brood is less likely to occur and they can be removed later. Another good place for such combs previous to removing them is above an excluder. What may be considered a poor comb ready for the wax press? A piece of normal size drone comb 3 15/16 inches square, a square decimeter, contains 521 cells. Not more than this number should be found in the entire brood nest in addition to what drone cells may appear along the two or three rows of cells adjoining the bot- tom bar during a honey flow. Combs containing a few square inches of drone cells but straight and complete may be used for extracting supers and saved from the melting pot. Don't allow moths to invade weak or queenless colonies. Keep the comb disinfected from moths in the honeyhouse and apiary. The combs in dead colonies of spring should be cleaned, saved and fumigated for future use, if good. Moldy combs .will result and be fit only for beeswax if they are not cleaned out and the combs al- lowed to dry. Junk all poor combs and* scraps of wax for the wax press. Keep cappings entirely separate from old combs as only very new comb will render nicely with cappings. Remove all the honey from cappings, thereby preventing a waste of honey and facilitating wax rendering. Every scrap of material containing beeswax about the apiary should be saved. It is easily done and nearly clear profit. The fact that it requires on the average ten pounds of honey consumed by bees to secrete a pound of beeswax, should be a re- minder and incentive to all, of the value of saving the beeswax. 50 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE HONEY PRODUCTION (F. B. Paddpck, Ames, Iowa) The problem of production is vital in any industry and in bee- keeping there are so many factors which are unsolved that the situa- tion is extremely difficult. The price which the producer gets for honey is not based on the cost of production but on what can be obtained. The cost of production is not known so it cannot be used for the basis of price. Attempts have been made to help bee- keepers to keep records in an effort to arrive at a cost price. Today we cannot even gxiess intelligently, much less estimate what honey production costs. The Government has recently undertaken a study among some of the larger producers to ascertain what factors contribute to the costs. This work has already shown many pro- ducers that they are extremely inefficient in their methods of opera- tion. If money cannot be made for the producer at present prices there are two plans to follow. The first is to raise the price of honey and the second is to reduce the cost of production. The first plan is not so easy and is almost out of the hands of the producer. The second plan is within the power of the producer. The cost of production must be reduced by better practices such as first class equipment, a race of bees better adapted to honey gathering in a region, better swarm control, more successful disease control, more careful winter practices to reduce 115% losses. Some producers are making money today in spite of all these handicaps and others are not. Some few are making headway to reduce these handicaps. There is an increasing interest throughout the north in the use of package bees. These have been used quite often to make a start in beekeeping and this plan is as good as any w^hich could be suggested. It offers a means of getting clean stock operated in clean equipment which is a foundation stone to successful pro- duction. Many producers have employed packages to make up losses, either from winter or disease. Some have introduced pack- ages into weak colonies but the value of this is open to debate. There have been advocates of the practice of killing all colonies at the end of the honey flow and restocking the equipment with pack- ages the following spring. Experiments were conducted by Dr. O. W. Park of the Iowa Experiment Station as early as 1918 on the cost of producing honey, with packages and overwintered colonies. He found that the cost was practically equal for conditions exist- ing in central Iowa. Last year A. F. Karsten of northeast lowa gave results in favor of packages, even two pounds, in that region. In more northern regions more beekeepers are adopting the package type of production. The evidence at hand would make this plan worthy of trial by more producers. There is still another angle of ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS* ASSOCIATION 51 the packag-e production as outlined by Morley. Pettit of Ontario, Canada. His methods have been unusually successful in the past but the new plan may be even more successful. His proposal is to unite the colonies in the fall and replace the half with packages in the spring. This would automatically requeen every other year and it would reduce the swarm control problem. This is only a step from the Colorado plan which is to double each fall and each spring make the increase from within the yard by new queens. One of the cuts in cost of production must come from reduced winter loss. It may be cruel to kill bees after the honey flow but it is equally as cruel to let bees go through the winter without protection and scant stores so that it is necessary to starve to death in a.n effort to meet a situation which is forced on them by the indifferent beekeeper. The improved apiary practices for the last quarter of a century have revolved around good stock. The program has been to secure one race of bees to serve under the varied conditions throughout the length and breadth of this land. There can be no question but that much good has resulted .from the interest in good stock and frequent improvement of apiary strains. However, the time is at hand when we need to do more good in order to secure still better results in honey production. It is expecting too much of any race, regardless of its merits, to meet all our local conditions. It isn't done in any other form of animal or plant life, as cattle, poultry, fruits and small grains.' It is not sound business for the honey pro- ducers to hang on longer to a legend or tradition. The last year or two have seen much interest develop in a race of bees which might meet local conditions better than they are being met now. It is not safe to assume that any one other race will do better under all situations than the one being used now. Work is being done now in several widely scattered districts which indicate that another race of bees will bring greater returns to the producer. This may be due to the ability of the race to winter better, work under un- favorable conditions, resist disease or gather nectar from longer corolla tubes. The producer must sense the pasture changes that are taking place. Iowa beekeeping has seen white clover go out and sweet clover come in. During the last decade white clover has been less dependable as a source of nectar for reasons thus far unexplained. Crops are uncertain and cannot be forecasted as was the case for- merly. Beekeepers and apiaries have disappeared in the old white clover belt. Any revival of production in this area is due to the coming in of sweet clover. Sweet clover made its real start in Woodbury County (Iowa) and has spread in all directions. First the increase was largely along the river but recently the spread is eastward across the state. In the spring of 1928 ten thousand acres of sweet clover were planted in Boone county. All of this 52 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE acreage will not be directly available as pasture for bees. Some will be used as a green manure crop, some cut for hay but some will be used for stock pasture and some for seed. There is always some sweet clover getting established in the so-called waste spots. The demonstration apiary results in Boone county indicate very good territory for honey production. There are good possibilities for the beekeeper in those areas where dairy interests use sweet clover for pastures. The disease situation is always interesting and is mentioned here only briefly. European foulbrood was not uncommon ten years ago. In some areas it was prevalent every spring, in other areas the disease would appear only during the unfavorable seasons. Requeening with a good stock of Italian bees and more active ^piary management were recommended. This disease is seldom encoun- tered today. Sacbrood is seen so seldom that it is not possible to make any correlatioins between its occurrence and conditions of environment. American foulbrood is a factor in the cost of pro- duction. It has been shown that the disease can be controlled by area clean-up methods and it can be cleaned up in a locality by a solid community effort after an educational campaign. It takes time and money for this work as well as the cooperation of the beekeepers. A very close inter-relationship is developing rapidly between the fruit grower and the beekeeper. It had been recognized for many years that the honey bee was an important agent of pollina- tion but only recently has the bee been regarded as a necessity. This situation has developed along with intensive plantings of specialized crops. The grower of prunes, pears and apricots in California has been renting bees for the period of pollination. The cherry industry of the northwest did not flourish until plenty of bees were placed in the orchards to insure ample set of fruit. Bees are rented extensively in New Jersey to aid in the set of fruit in apple orchards and very satisfactory results have been obtained in Illinois by the use of bees scattered throughout apple orchards. The practice has been establishid in Michigan of renting bees for the pollination of cherries. The. wonder is expressed now if there will be enough bees in these localities to meet the demand of the fruit grower. Studies have been made on the management of get- ting the bees into and out of the orchard and also of the best dis- tribution within the orchard. There is certain to be a growing appreciation of the value of the bee in the pollination of truck and greenhouse crops. The import- ance of the bee in the growing of strawberries and raspberries especially will demand consideration when these crops are grown in large acreages. Bees are now used in the large greenhouses for winter pollination of cucumbers and tomatoes. ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 53 The value of the honey bee in the pollination of clovers espe- cially is well known but not generally appreciated. The extensive growers of sweet clover seed in North Dakota were anxious to secure plenty of bees and made inducements to beekeepers for the^ establishment of apiaries throughout" the territory. The importan< of the honey bee in the pollination of medium red clover is ni realized. The importance of the bumble bee in this instance Js entirely over rated and founded upon legen4. The development of beekeeping is coincident with the modern plan of general agriculture. The two must be closely associated for the greatest success of either. As the sweet clover acreage increases the opportunities for profitable honey production improve. The welfare of the fruit grower and the beekeeper are mutual. Nectar is produced in nature" by maJiy flowers which represents a natural resource of the soil. The honey bee is the only agent which can convert this raw product into a finished product for use by man. When nectar is not collected by the bee it is lost to man. It can be said that many times as much nectar is produced as is gathered by the beef and made available for use by man. When all attention is directed to the utilization of by-products it is certain that the importance of the honey bee can not be overlooked. The functions of the bee are distinctly two-fold, for crop increase through more perfect pollination of fruit and seed, and the con- servation of nectar for honey as a further food for man. It must be remembered that the honey bee is of more value to the agricul- turist in general than the beekeeper in particular. Crop Disposal It is only natural for some to feel that too much attention is being given to increased production. It is the opinion that there is already an overproduction of honey, especially in view of the in- crease which has been accomplished in the last ten years. In reply to such argument let it be said that the increase in production of honey has only kept up with the increase in population in this country. The consumption of honey in the United States was 2 pounds per capita and in 1928 the consumption was still 2 pounds. The production of honey in this country is estimated at 2^ pounds per capita. No other nation has a honey consumption as low, even Italy has a per capita consumption of 11 pounds and Germany tops the list with 45 pounds. The United States is exporting more than 11,000,000 pounds of honey annually to such countries as Great Britain and Germany. These countries will accept only the superior grades of honey properly prepared and in the best of packages. The future of honey consumption in the United States is the concern of the producer. There is every reason to believe that there will be more honey used each year in this country. There are three important agencies at work on this problem now and the re- 54 ■ TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE suits are beginning- to show what may be expected in the future. The Kellogg Company of Battle Creek, Michigan, is recommending the use of honey in connection with their food The word honey appears on^every package, over a million are produced daily, and in every piece of advertising including store window decorations. The home economics staff of this company is constantly testing new recipes for the use of honey. The work of the American Honey Institute under the direction of Dr. H. E. Barnard at Indianapolis is gaining by great strides. A big effort of the Institute has been the connection with the baking industry of the United States. The use of honey in cakes is being urged through the schools for bakers maintained by the Fleisch- mann Yeast Company. Preserves and Honey, Inc., was organized this year after the purchase of the four largest bottling plants of honey. This company has been able to treble the sales of honey at the end of three months effort and they are now engaged in an extensive radio advertising campaign in and around New York. This company has great plans for the future increase in the use of honey by the consuming public. There is another means of crop disposal which is available to producers everywhere, Cooperative Marketing. This plan has been in operation many years in Colorado but it has not spread rapidly. More recently the Inter-Mountain States Association was devel- oped and the results have been very satisfactory. There is Jiow one cooperative in Iowa, the Sioux Honey Company of Sioux City. The results of this organization have been equal to the expectations of any of its members. Cooperation is the means which has been widely recommended as a relief measure for agriculture and is considered by many as a magic word. According to Ed. G. Brown cooperation is merely the name of a system of ioyal, honest endeavor by which a people can lift themselves to a higher level of living. There are three things required for the successful operation of co- operative marketing. Loyalty of membership is probably the most essential. The manager must be one who has been trained in modern business methods and who has a vision. Inadequate, financial backing has had much to do with the failure of many co- operatives. Honey prices during the fall of 192S tended to rise on the carlfOts, whereas in a retail way there has been no such str^gthen- ing and in some instances there has been a weakening. Perhaps this has been caused by the volume of export sales, perhaps by the increased activity of the newly formed combine, "Preserves and Honey," likely both. These two agencies must have carlot ship- ments to be economical. And now comes the pooling of several cars of honey by Louisiana beekeepers into New Orleans, a blend- ing of the same, and carlot shipments in turn. Will the markets ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 55 in the future become wholesale or jobbing markets asks the Amer- ican Bee Journal. , ' The big reason why more honey is not consumed in this coun- try is that the people are not made to want it more than they want a corresponding article of food. The producer in a feeble way has been trying to get honey used but this method has not brought results. Most producers do not know enough about honey to be able to tell its merits and superior points. In the case of any other article of food the marketing agency is telling the public. Every company has a staff to find out the merits of their food and how to use it in ways which are better than any which have been proposed before. It is to be hoped that honey may yet be taken in and treated as other food items are so that the public may be told in an impressive nianner. All indications point to the beginning of a new era of marketing and consumption of honey. .V 56 V TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COLOR, FLAVOR AND CLARITY OF HONEY (H. H. Root, Medina, Ohio) Generally speaking-, we know that white honeys are. usually mild in flavor, while the dark colored honeys are apt to be strong-. In this paper I do not propose to deal with either the color or flavor of honeys in general, but I do wish to discuss the clarity of honey and how clarifying- processes often have a bearing, both on color and flavor. Honey may be cloudy, because of the presence of pollen, bits of wax, or bubbles of air. Pollen and wax are easily gotten rid of and large bubbles of air are of no consequence for in hot honey, - especially, they rise to the top and break quickly, so that their - presence is not objectionable. Even the bubbles of air introduced into hot honey as the jars are filled, need not concern us, for these are the large bubbles. What I wish to talk about particularly is- the presence of very small bubbles of air that might almost be called microscopic air, which are introduced when the honey is extracted. There seems to be a general impression that a honey pump introduces air into honey and causes the honey to look cloudy. If the pump is run too fast, or if it is left running- after the honey is out of the extractor, a pump will introduce some air into honey. The belt should be slipped off whenever the honey in the extractor or can is exhausted. Correctly used, the honey pump has no effect on the amount of air in honey and no effect on the granulation of honey. Honey that is cloudy, due to the pi^esence of microscopic air. is not only much inferior in appearance to that which is crystal clear, but it also is likely to granulate more quickly, for each tiny bubble of air may become a nucleus for crystals ta form. This is also true of fine particles of any foreign material, such as pollen or wax. Therefore, both for the sake of the appearance of the honey and the keeping qualities, so far as granulation is concerned, honey should be put on to the market as clear as it is possible to get it. There is just one remedy for getting rid of air and that is heat. When the heating is properly done, the air will be driven to the top. After a short while the clear honey may be drawn from the bottom of the tank. Care should be taken not to draw the honey down low enough so that cloudy honey is encountered. Usually it is unsafe to draw down closer than eight or nine inches from the scum, for the honey immediately under the scum is apt to be much more cloudy than that in the lower part of the tank. Heating to a temperature of 160 degrees is safe and as soon as the honey is ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION 57 clear, say in two or three hours, it may be drawn off at the bottom of the tank. In case the honey is extremely cloudy and one heating does not clear it up, it is far better to heat twice or even three times, each H. H. ROOT, MEDINA, OHIO time cooling- it, and not allowing the honey to remain heated for any length of time. The cooling is just as important as the heat- ing. In fact, if you are not equipped to do both, you had better 58 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE do neither. Tanks of honey, holding, say fifty gallons, heated to temperature of 160 degrees and allowed to cool themselves, will be several shades darker than the honey originally was and the flavor will likewise be injured by reason of the very slow cooling. For this reason a steam coil in the bottom of the tank is not as good as a steam or hot water jacket. While the steam coil is all right for heating it is a slow proposition for cooling. In the case of the fifty gallon tank, the honey willbe injured by reason of its own heat, as it will take nearly twenty-four hours to cool and in this length of time the honey changes rapidly. For this reason, in case of exceptionally cloudy honey, two heatings, or even three, followed by quick cooling, are preferable to one heating to 160 degrees that means maintaining that temperature from fifteen to twenty hours. If a water jacket is used, cold water may be turned into the jacket and the honey will be cooled quickly and taken out of the danger zone, so to speak. Ordinarily, if the honey is run into jars or cans as soon as it is clear, there is little danger of overheating, especially if a small sized tank is used. In case of a very large tank, say a hundred gallons or more, there is danger of overheating unless the filling is carried on at a very rapid pace. When putting honey heated to 160 degrees into sixt}^ pound cans, the cans should not be piled solid, as they will then not have a chance to cool quickly. Neither should they be put into a wooden case immediately, as the insula- tion thus aflForded will tend to retain the heat and darken the honey slightly, also to alter the flavor. The cans should be piled with plenty of space between, so that air can circulate. When filling five pound pails, it is better not to put them into the cartons immediately, especially if the cartons are piled up scHid, for the heat is retained by this process, enough to injure the honey. Even a comparatively low temperature will injure honey, if the heat is kept up long enough. Take a temperature as low as 130 degrees Fahrenheit — one can hold one's finger in water heated to such temperature for several miniites. Here is a simple experiment that anyone can perform to show the danger of long continued heat, even at a low temperature. Heat a gallon of honey to 130 degrees and arrange the gas burner so that this temperature will just be maintained. Every twenty-four hours pour off a two or three ounce sample. > At the end of a week, you will have honey ranging all the way from the original color of the sample, which stays water- white, to amber, the color of the honey that has been kept at 130 degrees for a week. It is the continued heat that injures the deli- cate flavor of the honey and darkens it from the beautiful color of the original. When you heat, therefore, take every care to pre- vent the maintenance of the heat, for the long continued heat in- jures the product. Honey is one of the most delicate of all foods and it deserves the very best handling. ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 59 PREPARING HONEY FOR MARKET (C. Swanson, Hamilton, Illinois) Most agricultural products take a generally set price. The price may be f. o. b. Chicago, or some other point, but for all of the same kind of product delivered at that point, the price is uniform. There are, of course, many exceptions of premium stock etc., but as a rule the prices of agricultural products are uniform and fixed. It is altogether different with honey. A beekeeper, whether he be a side-liner or an extensive full-time beekeeper, will find that some of his neighboring beekeepers are selling their honey at a much less price than he, and perhaps some of his neighbors are selling at a\higher price than his own. With honey there is a great range qf prices. Just why should there be such a range? First, .perhapsXthis difference is caused by the beekeeper or honey seller more than any other person. The second reason perhaps is the kind of honey and the market for that same grade of honey. The third is probably the type of package. It is astonishing to learn of the number of beekeepers who have honey for sale and cannot find a market for it. These are usually the small side-line beekeepers as they will sacrifice their crop of honey in order to move it quickly rather than to hold it a few months and get a much better price for it. I believe all the reasons given above for the range of price are in effect here. There is at present an inclination and perhaps one that is justi- fied, that the larger distributors should handle all of the honey. In this way they can to a large extent control its price and make beekeeping profitable for the beekeepers. We will all agree that beekeepers, as a rule, really do not know how to sell honey, and if one or two beekeepers in a community, even if they have a very small amount of honey, sell at a low price, it has a bad effect on the other beekeepers who try to obtain a reasonable price for their honey. Much can be said on both sides of the question as to whether honey should be distributed by the producer or by the regular honey dealer. Perhaps both have their place and perhaps the sys- tem is as good now as it would be were either one alone to have the distribution of honey. But to come back to honey markets there is a great market for honey. Why is it then that there are so many beekeepers who feel that there is no market available? Here is the situation. Several beekeepers have honey to sell. They live in or near a city or town in which people live who want honey. One fall and winter when honey seemed to be a drug on 60 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE the market the American Bee Journal tried an experiment to see whether the people wished to buy honey or not. There are a num- ber of beekeepers around Hamilton. Wherever one man has a large number of bees you may be sure that there will be other beekeepers with greater or less number of bees as it seems that beekeeping begets beekeeping. In view of the fact that there are a number of producers of honey around Hamilton, Illinois, and Keokuk, Iowa, we conducted our experiment there. The population of Keokuk is about fifteen thousand and our results were rather disappointing yet at the same time they were enlightening, because it showed that a great many beekeepers could have sold their entire crop as we sold six thousand pounds in Keokuk at a good price. This was during about two months, about one week of work was spent in actually pushing the sales with occasional follow-ups during the next two months. It occurs to most of us that the lack of market and selling is due to four things, as follows: First, inaccessibility; second, un- desirable product; third, undesirable and unattractive package; fourth, price. Inaccessibility is perhaps the greatest drawback. This covers the fact that the beekeeper lives in the country away from the thickly settled districts and someone, either the customer or the beekeeper, must transport the honey to the town. This is no draw- back to speak of if it were combatted, but existing as it does, it cuts down the sales to some extent. We believe the best formation against such inaccessibility is advertising, sales through stores and the regular channels of trade, sales and displays in .open market, sales to hotels, restaurants and other places where food is sold. Number two in the lack of market is our undesirable product. By this we mean a poor grade of honey. The cause of this honey being of inferior grade is perhaps the source of the honey, its unripe condition or wrong handling of honey. When the source of the honey is the cause of its poor grade, either dark in color or perhaps a flavor which is not desired by your customers, perhaps blending a small amount of this honey with some other honey which has- qualities that counteract the poor honey, will make it a marketable product. If you do not care to do this, there is always an outlet for such honey to bakers, syrup manufacturers and such commercial users. If your honey is unripe, then evaporation would be the best way to handle it. Honey may be evaporated by placing it in open containers and raising the temperature of the honey up to about 100 to 130 degrees. Surplus moisture is forced out of the honey by stirring occasionally and maintaining this heat. Another cause of poor honey is improper handling. This has come to our notice forcibly during the past three or four years. We know of one beekeeper who as a rule has stored his honey in a cellar. Dampness and lack of ventilation caused this honey to ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 61 absorb moisture and this fine honey beg-an to ferment when the warm weather of 1928 began. After it was evaporated, the quality was somewhat impaired and, of course, sold at a much lower price than it should. Another case is of a lot of honey with which we came into contact. This honey was a very nice color, but the flavor was questionable and we put this to the supposition that too much smoke was used in taking- off the supers. The honey seemed to have a smoky taste and while we are not sure that this was the cause, we feel that such improper handling would give to the honey !->.-, ■•'■.■ -■/._<: V'.. ■ • ■ V.lj-- .'*■■'■. . ■" •, ,- -, . 'v-Hi/ i^'-S4'-''^-'^;?^--^.^ ^' ■ -,■■«■■■::;••--».-'■ -1?...' f ^-.ii. 'T ■ ■■■ ♦T' ■'■ '♦ * - - --^ -. ': ,S-. -■.*;^ - '**■ .:,3^#^» ■■.• >i_:A ■., Tj-f- - -i -^ ^^^^■;-' ./..' °** '* ■ - * ,'V^ , -V .- . .'« . *.•"». « T^ ;■ "- ". *%, ^ ^ >- X ■ . ■». '^■•' :h ^ ■-;:•- - "" . %■ ■ . -- . * ; ■ i- , , ^ " •* ^ ■ ■>'^- * *-:,' ' ' ' - "^ ■_ ^ ,<*• - ■- " ' - " ■' > ' '*' A ■< . * .--,4^.. , ■ ■ - * - » '• ' *• - -^- • -■■■" 'W' ■ -■^ ■ .;:■ -■ :itt -'^■" . '.,•*,, * ^* „ *--■&:■■ ^■ * - .^iC, ., ' .^^^- ■t • ' ■ :- -^ ; ■ ^i, -:■ - . >'^' 4- ^"''•-. J,*V » ■ ■■ • . - > v- 'j: r. • - V- \ ' Fruit growers, of course, are familiar with the extensive ex- perimental work which has been done of late in the study of pollina- tion problems. The results have been so convincing that no well informed grower any longer questions the value of the bees in the orchard. Numerous cases have been published where previously unprofitable orchards had yielded heavy crops when bees were brought in at blooming time and provision made for intercrossing of varieties suited to each other. A short time ago, in visiting with ah extensive orchardist, he told me of his experience with an or- chard of fifty acres in Kansas. The orchard was a solid block of Jonathan with the exception of three Ben Davis and one seedling. Seeking a remedy for the light set of fruit he brought bees to the orchard with the result that he secured a good crop in that part of the orchard surrounding these four trees. The following year ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 81 he brought in bouquets of opening blooms from other orchards and set them in tubs here and there throughout the entire block. This time he secured a sufficiently large yield to convince him that his previous difficulty had been lack of pollination. ' In the February, 1928, and January, 1929, issues of the Amer- ican Bee Journal, Prof. H. D. Hootman of the Michigan Agricul- tural College gives accounts of similar work in Michigan. I need not go into detail here with work which is probably already quite familiar to fruit men. I may say in passing, however, that they were able to secure a remarkable increase in the yield of fruit by means of bees not only with apples, but with pears, peaches and cherries. In a block of J. H. Hale peaches which had previously yielded principally "buttons" from lack of pollination, they secured 1000 bushels of peaches from 400 trees when the bees were brought ■ in. Last autumn at picking time I visited the McClay orchards at Hillview, Illinois, and found a big force of men gathering a great crop. There are more than 1200 acres ol apples in the McClay orchards. With such an expanse, the wild bees and other insects that nature provides are very insufficient for the task. The crops had varied greatly from year to year until bees were brought in. McClay declared himself entirely satisfied after three years that the bees were a great asset to his business. One block of winesap that had not set a satisfactory crop previously, has yielded three good crops in succession since that time. To secure satisfactory results in the pollination of the orchard two things are necessary — proximity of inter-fertiLe varieties and the presence of insects to distribute the pollen. If a solid block of self sterile variety is located by itself with no other variety near, the bees alone cannot solve the problem. Either a certain percent- age of the trees must be top worked with other varieties or bouquets must be brought to the orchard at blossoming time. The result of this method in Michigan has brought such satisfactory results that it is very generally practiced in the neighborhoods where it has been tried. Topworking does not provide available blooms for immediate service and bouquets must serve in the meantime. Heavy losses from failure to set fruit have resulted in the past through lack of knowledge on this point. There is still some work to be done in the study of variety affinities. In Michigan they discovered that Bartlett and Seckel pears which had been much planted together were inter-sterile and incapable of fertilizing each other. Once the fruit grower knows which varieties are best adapted to this purpose his problem is comparatively a simple one. By interplanting in new orchards and top-working of old ones he makes available a supply of pollen which the bees may be depended upon to distribute. Hootman, in the article already mentioned, tells of a case where in a single cherry orchard the yield was in- V 82 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE creased by fifty tons which could be directly traced to the services of the bees. We come now to the problem of maintaining the bees in the orchard. There are two difficulties here. In the first place modern orchard practice requires spraying of the trees to keep insect pests under control. The poison that kills the insect enemy will likewise destroy the insect friend. In the second place where orchards are grown in large acreage it often happens that there is little pasture for the bees after the fruit is set. Both these prob- lems may be met by moving the bees and, in most cases, this prac- tice seems best in large orchard areas. I have visited several of the large orchard districts such as the Grand Valley of Colorado and the Pecos Valley of New Mex- ico. In many places the extensive honey producers have moved to other localities because of continued losses of bees from spraying. In the Grand Valley it is necessary to spray the "trees as many as eight times during the season. It is therefore more or less of a continuous process and is, accordingly, very difificult to find any system by which it can be done effectively and still protect the bees. In the northern states the problem is simpler for the reason that spraying need not be done so often and, also, because of different climatic conditions the bees are less often killed by taking the poison as a source of water supply. In the dry southwest water is not so readily available. The bees use large quantities of water in brood rearing and, when spraying is done, they find moisture readily available on the leaves of the trees. There is additional loss through the drip of poison to the cover crop, below. xA.lfalfa is much used as a cover crop in western orchards. When the bees visit the blossoms of the alfalfa, long after the fruit bloom has fallen, they are killed in large numbers. At Roswell, New Mexico, I found the most extensive beekeeper still remaining, getting permission to cut the cover crops in neighboring orchards at his own expense just in advance of spraying. When we remember that there are three different times when the bees may be killed from spray in the southwest — from the fruit trees at blooming time, from watering from the leaves and from visiting the blossoms of the cover crop, we are not surprised that it has proved to be a difficult problem to maintain bees in the orchards. In this region there is seldom complaint of losses except at time of blooming of the fruit trees. Where the orchardist uses care to apply the poison after the greater part of the petals have fallen the danger is not great. In some orchards with a number of varieties overlapping which prolong the blooming season over a long period, it is sometimes difficult to avoid some loss. Where the bees are placed on a permanent apiary site with sufficient' pasture to maintain them throughout the year, the cost ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION 83 of handling can be greatly reduced. In large orchards, however, better results in pollination are secured by scattering the hives throughout the orchard. If a hive is set under every fourth or fifth tree in every fourth or fifth row and alternating the hives, it is possible to secure very even distribution of the bees among the flowers. This plan requires that the bees be removed as soon as the blossoms have fallen to get them out of the way of machinery used in cultivation, spraying, etc., and to avoid having workmen stung when busy in the orchard. Since honey production is a highly skilled specialty which is not likely to prove profitable except in the hands of one who is well informed concerning beekeeping practice, it is often cheaper and more satisfactory for the fruit grower to rent bees for the short : " ■ .^:«% '' '■■ ^^' , ^^ ii^^^^M -m 1 m sX'i.'^^'l'Ai^^"'* ^^^^^^^Mk " ^(BIS ^^ ^4 • y *' P ^ft| *' %. - "Ik ■ - . ^L.J! V * f ']^m !p t ,. . *,, ■'■ 1 ^- ^^^^ '"^ ,^->| ' W' *,*: N> " ^^ • ■4 *,*' ,. i^ f ^ %« ^^ .i: .-< " * «i f EL *'*"•* « , »♦■=! ^-« - ' ■* .r^al :i^ ^^^ ^"3% \ ^ j^Bfflltj r ^B * .,, -,* .'\. if ^* «HH^p . f w ^' ^^ #■ ■" -r "%C^ % II * k'-' '^ F%^3 * ■ » '^ \* * # *» ; ^/ ^ A.. ♦ % * Jf "■■ -ir :f;' *iai ^ * s *" ^.'.jS* r * ti yf- .■f ■■-■■■ |^--^I«P||^HA K^ .,sv ■■=''»»5S^ 1 "i ?> ■HH 'Kx-.^sHII^HH % B. — ^Difference in the yield of cherries, with and without proper pollination. (Reprinted by courtesy of American Bee Journal) period when the fruit trees bloom. By this plan the beekeeper takes all responsibility' of moving the bees into the orchard, caring for them while there, and taking them out again when their services are no longer needed. In some orchard districts there are bee- keepers who make a specialty of this kind of service. The money received for moving the bees to the orchard cuts down operating charges for the season, and adds substantially to the net profit for the year. The fruit grower is relieved of the necessity of investing in bees and equipment and hiring someone to care for them, or adding that work to an already crowded schedule. 84 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Prices for this service vary greatly in different localities, but $5 per hive seems to be the prevailing price in localities where the service is rendered on a large scale. While the beekeepr profits somewhat from the nectar gathered by his bees, it is no more than they might gather in a suitable locality elsewhere. Moving costs are heavy and five dollars per hive is none too much where strong colonies of bees are furnished. Of course, the fruit grower should realize that it is not so much the number of hives which are present but the number of bees in each hive. One strong colony may ren- der a greater service than two or three weak ones. Colonies in mature orchards should be distributed at the rate of one colony to the acre, about 210 feet apart each way. Notice the second colony in the back- ground in above picture. With trees planted 40 feet apart each way, locate a colony near every fifth tree in every fifth row. (Reprinted by courtesy of American Bee Journal) As to the number of bees necessary, it is impossible to make any rule to fit all cases. When the weather is fine at blooming time the bees are able to fly for the greater part of the day and thus can visit an immense number of blossoms. It is during the unfavorable seasons when there are only a few hours of sunshine that the bees render the greatest service. Then it is that a few extra hives placed close to the trees will pay big dividends. The Michigan cherry grower who by help of the bees increased his crop by $7000.00, would hardly consider the cost of fifteen or twenty ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 85 extra colonies, even though the price was $5 each for the period of bloom. It is under just such unfavorable conditions when the weather is cold and cloudy, windy and wet and bees stay close to the hive, that the orchard with hives scattered throughout will yield much better than one with the bees all in one spot nearby. With the bees all in one apiary there is likely to be a crop of fruit near the bees and a gradual diminution as the distance increases until little fruit is set at the ^de farthest away. ' In the favorable spring one colony of bees may be sufficient for from five to ten acres of trees. In the unfavorable season one hive may be hardly enough for one acre. The best insurance is to have plenty of bees for any kind of season and, in the long run, this policy will bring good returns on the money expended. The fruit grower who is not able to rent bees from some capa- ble beekeeper, or the one who has a sufficiently large orchard to justify a considerable investment will do well to adopt a system of management that requires a minimum of labor and care. The use of a large hive such as the Modified Dadant will greatly simplify his problem. At this point let me say that no beehive in common use is patented and the adoption of any particular equipment does not interfere with buying supplies from a favorite dealer. 86 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNLAL REPORT OF THE VISITING ILLINOIS BEEKEEPERS^ (H. H. Root, Medina, Ohio) A beekeepers' tour extending over several days usually suc- ceeds according to the care with which the tour is planned and the promptness with which it is carried out. Staying too long in one place and then cutting out some part of the tour altogether to catch up results in confusion. The Illinois tour was carefully planned and the plan rigidly executed. It lasted from August 1 to August 4, and covered 550 miles in central Illinois. Part of the route was along the Sangamon River, the scene of so many of Abraham Lincoln's boyhood days, and all of it over highways which he con- stantly traveled — prairie country, beautiful, historical, and full of interest for every one. To Professor V. G. Milum should go much of the credit. He had an enormous police whistle, and also a habit of blowing this whistle right in the midst of heated arguments, discussions, or demonstrations ; but we soon found that whenever his whistle blew we had to jump for our cars. By this rigid adher- ence to a pre-determined schedule, every part of every day was carried out practically on schedule time. Professor Milum had had a number of large enamel-cloth signs painted in red, and these were tied over the spare tire of each car. This feature alone attracted a great deal of attention, as evidenced by the interest shown as the long string of automobiles passed through the cities, towns, and rural districts. A good many thou- sand people in central Illinois, by Saturday, August 4, knew for the first time that beekeeping has become a real business and that honey producers are enterprising and wide-awake enough to engage in a businesslike investigation of principles and methods as practiced by others. In central Illinois the honey season was quite unfavorable this year, but in spite of this a total of 16J different beekeepers partici- pated in the tour — the largest attendance recorded being at the apiary of Mr. Frank Zadel, Witt, Illinois, at noon of the third day. At the various meeting points where the discussions, speeches, and demonstrations were given local beekeepers were always in attend- ance, and frequently the local producers became enthused enough to go on to the next point, or to spend even an. entire day traveling from one point to another. The number of automobiles participat- ing was never less than a dozen, there were sometimes more than double that number in the "parade." The tour started at Normal, Illinois, at the apiary of J. L Wolcott. Mr. Wolcott has about thirty colonies in standard hives • Reprinted from Gleanings in Bee Culture, November and December, 1928. 1. W. R. Crowe, Gibson City, witli his two sons, M. E. Crowe and O. P. Crowe. 2. E. J. Steini)erfd:. Sililey, with hi.s two sons. E. A. and R. L. Steinl)erg. 3. J. T. Hendricks, Chatsworth. 4. John Diercouff. Ridsfville, in his c-oml)-honey apiary. 5. H. L. I>iinn. Onarga. in the midst of his 131 colony back-yard apiary, fi. J. X. Koritz. Buckley. 7. J. X. Koritz's apiary. Buckley. S. Mrs. P. J. Vollnier. Macon, and her 80 colony Hi)iar\-. (Reprinted by courtesy of Cleanings in Bee (.Culture) SOME MORE OF ILLINOIS BEEKEEPERS 1. J. H. Bearden, Taylorville. 2. E. F. Berry, Taylorville. 3. J. F. Rissinger, Mason City. 4. Mr. Schoff, of Schoff Brothers, at Peoria. (Reprinted by courtesy of Gleanings in Bee Culture) ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 89 and has had a fair crop this year. He had been having some loss of bees caused by entanglements on the bees' legs, due to pollen from milkweed. The writer did not join the tour until the next point visited, hence did not get a picture at this point. The second stop was made at the home of W. E. Crow & Son at Gibson City. Mr. Crow has about 65 colonies. He is fortunate in having two sons, both interested in bees, one of them being his father's right-hand man. Mr. Crow produces both comb and ex- tracted honey, and therefore uses shallow supers exclusively. His main source is sweet clover. In 1926 especially he had a great crop of Hubam clover that began blooming early in August. Mr. Crow has shipped comb as far away as Boston, Massachusetts. Edward J. Steinberg, of Sibley, Illinois, is another bee- keeper fortunate in having two sons who act as right-hand men. Mr. Steinberg has about 75 colonies. He requeens every two years — that is, renews half his queens every year, either in the spring or early in August. Most of his crop he markets in five and ten pound pails, shipped by parcel post at one dollar and one dollar eighty-five cents postpaid, respectively. For shipment in this way it is, of course, necessary, as Mr. Steinberg pointed out, to solder the lids in four places in order to conform to postal regulations. Mr. Steinberg advertises in various farm journals. Some years the larger part of his crop is shipped out by parcjel post. Outside of the third zone he either puts the pails in a carton or sends the honey by express. Edward Adams at Strawn. Illinois, believes in "hot" bees. If his bees get honey he does not care how cross they are. Mr. Adams' apiary is in a well-kept orchard, and the principal source of honey is sweet clover. J. T. Henricks, at Chatsworth, Illinois, makes his own founda- tion and raises his own queens. He has 108 colonies in eight- frame hives, which he advocates for comb-honey production. Mr, Henricks had taken off some honey, but was not expecting much of a crop this year. John Diercouff, at Ridgeville, also a florist and berry-grower, produces comb honey exclusively. At the time of the tour he was sure of a two-super average, and thought the crop might run to three supers per colony. As there is no alsike clover in this locality, the source of his honey is almost exclusively sweet clover. Earlier in the season there is a little white clover that helps out in brood- rearing. Mr. Diercouff winters outside on the summer stands in single-hive winter cases. While not a scheduled stop, there was an extra half hour avail- able late in the afternoon of the first day and we took advantage of this fact to call on Mr. H. L. Dunn, of Onarga, Illinois. Mr. Dunn has 131 colonies in his back yard, right in town, the largest number of colonies that I have ever seen in so small a space. Many of 90 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Mr. Dunn's hives and supers are home-made, but he says he is changing to factory-made. He had a good crop this year, and he ships most of his honey, since he hves in a small town and others supply the local market. He produces, both comb and extracted honey. Mr. Dunn's wife and daughter take care of any swarms that issue. Most of the hives are located on square conduit tiles for hive-stands. The last apiary visited the first day of the tour was that of J. X. Koritz, four miles north of Buckley. Notwithstanding tltat most of the sweet clover in this locality was winter-killed, we saw a large field close to the apiary, in full bloom and very fragrant. Mr. Koritz has about 75 colonies in this yard, and his apiary is beautifully kept, part of it being under a grapevine trellis. The grass was smoothly cut. everything being well kept and up to date. The evening of the first day was spent at Buckley, and after supper a program of speaking was held in the open air. A great many of the townspeople came over to the park to witness the demonstrations of new uses of honey. Second Day A couple of hours were devoted to an inspection of the equip- ment at the University of Illinois at the Vivarium Building. Pro- fessor Milum, being right at home here, acted in the dual capacit}' of host and general manager of the tour. In the college apiary V. G. MILUM IN THE COLLEGE APIARY University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois (Reprinted by courtesy of Gleanings in Bee Culture) APIARIES VISITED ON THE ILLINOIS TOUR 1. Nobody hurt. Just an incident on the Illinois tour, in the apiary of John Haslan, Moweaqua. 2. Herbert Howell, Findlay. 3. Herbert Howell and his family on the steps of their home at Findlay. 4. Frank Zadel, in his apiary at "Witt. 5. Frank Bishop, Taylorville. 6. Frank Bishop's apiary, Taylorville. 7. S. A. Tyler, San Jose, demonstrating his wax-rendering outfit. 8. Last meeting of the tour, at Schoff Brothers' orchard, at Peoria. (Reprinted by courtesy of Gleanings in Bee Cvilture) A FEW CLOSE-UPS OF ILLINOIS BEEKEEPERS Edward Adams, Strawn. 2. George Rasmussen, Urbana. 3. John MoweaQua. 4. O. "W. Kennett, Ohlman. (Reprinted by courtesy of Gleanings in Bee Culture) Haslan, ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 93 right when the crowd was assembled, a swarm obligingly came out, to the huge delight of everyone. At the sound of the familiar whistle, the tour was resumed on schedule time. The first stop was made at Bondville at a yard of Geo. Rasmussen's, who lives in Champaign. Mr. Rasmussen has at this yard about 30 colonies, and in his talk to the beekeepers he stressed the value of good queens. He has Italian bees only and manages to get along with practically no swarming. Mr. Rasmus- sen spends very little time with his bees — up to the time of the tour only about one hour per colony the whole season. He allows the bees plenty of room. He took 6000 pounds of extracted honey from 22 colonies in this location the year before. Mr. Rasmussen has two other yards. The main source of honey is sweet clover, although there are late flows of heartsease, giving two good sources of honey. He has been keeping bees for four years. Apiary and honey- house of E. C. Brunner, Decatur. (Reprinted by courtesy of Gleanings in Bee Culture) Leaving the apiary of Mr. Rasmussen, a short stop was made at Emory Warner's apiary at Monticello, Illinois. Mr. Warner i.s an inspector, also secretary of the local association. While the yard in question that we visited has only about 40 colonies, he has other apiaries. He winters in two stories, without packing. He is now expecting to winter in one and one-half stories, as a full super is really too much. Mr. Warner produces extracted honey mostly, although he always likes to have a little comb honey. A stop not on the schedule was that at the apiary of E. C. Brunner, who is very pleasantly situated at a bend of a road just north of Decatur. He has a common alighting-board for whole rows of hives — a rather novel idea. After a splendid lunch at a roadside stand just north of Decatur, we made a quick run through Decatur to the apiary of Mrs. P. J. 94 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Vollmer, at Macon, Illinois. Mrs. Vollmer is a capable beekeeper and has 75 to 80 colonies in ten-frame hives. She produces extracted honey mainly, although comb honey some years. She winters with- out packing, with a shallow food-chamber on top of the brood- chamber when needed. John Haslan, Jr., at Moweaqua, Illinois, is a back-yard bee- keeper who also has two sources of honey — sweet clover and Span- ish needles. Mr. Haslan winters in packing-cases. The writer furnished a little diversion here when a screen gave way, resulting- in an awkward tumble when climbing down from the porch roof. No bones were broken — no' harm was done. The last visit on the afternoon of the second day was to the home of Herbert Howell, at Findlay, Illinois. Mr. Howell is a farmer and fruit-grower. He also keeps bees because he likes the honey and likes the bees. Last year he produced 3000 pounds of cut-comb honey and also section comb honey from fifteen colonies. To help prevent swarming, Mr. Howell provides an entrance in the back of each hive by removing the back cleat of the floor-board. Third Day A very short speaking program was held at the start of the third day of the tour at the home of P. W. Slater, at Pana, Illinois. Mr. Slater raises bees and puppies — an unusual combination, per- haps, but a happy one. Mr. Slater has had a fair crop of honey. The second stop this day was at the home of O. W. Kennett, Ohlman, Illinois, president of the county association. Mr. Kennett winters his bees merely by putting corncobs over the tops of the brood frames and a sack of dry leaves over all, for absorbing moist- ure. In the spring, if any colonies are weak, he unites them by the newspaper plan. He produces extracted honey mostly, although a little cut-comb honey. The latter he describes as a sticky product, and he expects to discontinue it. Mr. Kennett wages constant warfare against drones and believes in preventing them from being brought into existence. Mr. Kennett has a very large "Honey-for- Sale" sign in his front dooryard, and in front of this sign, under the shade of the trees, a short speaking program was held. The largest attendance at any one time was reached at the next point, at Witt, Illinois, when 66 beekeepers met at the apiary of Frank Zadel. Mr. Zadel has a beautiful place, his apiary being arranged under grape-arbors. Some of the speakers, including the writer, expressed a desire to remain right under that grape-arbor forever, especially after hospitable Mrs. Zadel passed honey cook- ies and honey lemonade. There have been some gross misrepre- sentations as to the amount of honey lemonade that I drank. One wild reporter put the amount down as fifteen glasses. Not so ; only eight glasses. Mr. Zadel made his own hives. Practically all ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION 95 of them are thirteen-frame. He uses square supers, somewhat shorter than the hive. He had a good crop this year. After lunch, the first stop in the afternoon was at Taylorville at the home of Frank Bishop. Mr, Bishop is an experienced bee- keeper of long standing. His home apiary, is pleasantly situated in his orchard. One member of the tour (not the writer) was made S^*'"^'-'-^ IK--*%C "■'"^ Jiff «., /-■ '■ -■' •" ' -■■■ -.^ -f-^ '- I^^^^B I^ihH f^**'^^'*l'f '"', V I 2S*^4^'^;if #'» /^ .* f .»^iii ^ \ { It i »»>» — — . m __^ «• ■ / i k ■ » •SS!^' Meetings in Montgomery County during annual tour. 1. One ofthe numerous speaking programs, this one at the home of O. W. Kennett, Ohlman, Illinois. 2. The whole group of visitors in Frank Zadel's garden, Witt, Illinois. (Reprinted by courtesy of Gleanings in Bee Culture) violently ill by eating too many of Mr. Bishop's harvest apples. At the program held in Mr. Bishop's front yard he mentioned that his honey sources include dandelion and fruit bloom, in addition to some white clover and an abundance of sweet clover. Mr. Bishop also pointed out the great difference that a few miles often makes 96 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE in the yield of honey, the heartsease crop especially being very spotted this year. We made a short stop at the home of a queen-breeder, J. H. Bearden, a neighbor of Mr. Bishop's. Mr. Bearden protested to Professor Milum that he could not make a speech, but we all asked him questions enough so that in the end he found out he could make a speech — and a good one at that. The last apiary stop for the day was made at the apiary of E. F. Berry, near Taylorville. Mr. Berry is President of the Chris- tian County Association. At his apiary great interest was shown by all present in one or two colonies, the bees in which, on the front of the hives, were "washboarding," that is, standing still and moving their heads up- and down and to and fro. The movement 2. Those who completed the entire 1928 Illinois tour: Front row, left to riffht — B. F. Bell, King-ston Mines; Mrs. B. F. Bell, Kingston Mines; Mrs. Geo. W. Lynn, Lockport: Geo. W. Lynn, Lockport; Geo. F. Harris, Canton; J. W. McKendrick, Silvis; Lawrence Peterson, Kewanee. Back row, left to right — V. G. Milum; L. C. Edwards, Chatsworth; M. G. Dadant, Hamilton; Everett W^arren, Chicago; H. G. Frymier, Carbon Cliff; Edwin F. Peterson. Kewanee. (Reprinted by courtesy of Gleanings in Bee Culture) is slow and measured. Many guesses have been given as to the cause of this same behavior. Who knows the right answer? No one seems to know the solution of the mystery. Last Day After a short get-together stop at the State Experimental Apiary, just north of Springfield, the tour was once more resumed. At the apiary of J. F. Kissinger, at Mason City, a distressing situa- tion was revealed. Through the purchase of some bees, Mr. Kis- singer got a terrible dose of American foul brood. On account of the inspection funds having given out early in the spring, there has been very little inspection in Illinois this season. Mr. Kissinger ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 97 is a sign-painter by trade, without much time to give to his bees, and before he knew it he had practically one hundred per cent in- fection. He has not lost heart and is -determined to clean up and start new. Here's wishing him the best of luck and freedom from such unpleasant experience in the future. The last scheduled stop of the tour was at the extensive fruit orchards of Schoff Brothers, west of Peoria, Illinois, where a speak- ing program was held. Mr. SchoflF explained that he keeps bees, not for the honey, but for pollinating his fruit trees. He has 126 acres of fruit, and at present forty colonies, although he expects to increase to one hundred, as he is convinced there should be at least one colony to the acre in a mature orchard, the bees being dis- tributed around to more thoroughly pollinate the blossoms. Mr. Schoff pointed out that in extensive fruit growing it is impossible to avoid some spraying of blossoms, although this is never done when it can possibly be prevented. There were fourteen who completed the entire tour. The average attendance at each stopping place was between 40 and 45. It was a strenuous tour, but well managed from start to finish. At no time did local beekeepers have to wait over a very few minutes for the dusty travelers to arrive. The interest and enthusiasm re- mained good throughout. 98 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TEMPERATURE RELATIONS OF HONEYBEES IN WINTER (V. G. Milum, Champaign, Illinois) This article is presented as an attempt to review the literature upon the subject of 'the temperature maintained within the cluster of colonies of bees during- the winter period. Many good articles upon the subject of wintering have not been mentioned since they contained no references to actual determinations of colony temper- atures. Other articles, especially those published in foreign coun- tries, may not have come to the attention of the writer, but these are, no doubt, few in number. On the other hand, comments upon the subject made by various writers will be included, although these persons have made no exact investigation or submitted any experimental evidence. As the writer has recently reviewed the literature on the tem- perature of flight and the proper temperature of the cellar tor win- tering of bees, no mention will be made of these phases of tempera- ture relations. These subjects have been considered by the writer in the Reports of the State Apiarist of Iowa for the years 1927 and 1928, respectively. The temperature of individual bees and of the brood nest will be omitted in this discussion. Probably the earliest recorded writings upon the honeybee that are now available are those of Aristotle who wTOte previous to the year 322 B. C. Aristotle made no statements regarding tem- perature relations of bees, other than that bees die in the winter if insufficient stores are left or else they might leave the hive when the stores were consumed if the weather continued fine. Since Aristotle is supposed to have recorded all the known facts of his time, we may safely .conclude that further temperature relations were not understood or observed, or else they were not brought to his attention. Pliny {77 A. D.) who copied much of the writings of Aristotle on the subject of bees and added theories of his own, many of which were false, apparently expressed no temperature relations of the honeybee. If we can credit the waitings of Butler in "The Feminine Monarchic," published in 1623, we can probably safely assume that the later writers up to the time of Butler added little to the knowledge concerning the honeybee, for he says that Collumella, Varro, Palladius and others imitated the ancient where they thought best and often chose the worst when with the ad- vantage of time they should have surpassed the earlier writers. Butler considered weather the worst enemy of the bees next to the bees themselves through robbing, with extremes of heat causing their death in summer, while in winter they are sometimes attract- ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 99 ed to fly out in too cold weather when the sun is shining- on bright frosty or snowy days. He sugg^ested shutting the hives up "close" to protect the bees from eastern winds and great frosts. He noted that continuous cold caused many to become sick and die when they flew out unless the weather was pleasant, .but he made no definite statements as to the temperatures within the hive. In 1884, Clarke (Gl. 14:91-2) mentioned Reaumur who in 1744 reported a torpidity which he regarded as the normal condition of bees in winter. Reaumur said that colonies of bees may be observed in freezing weather by turning the hives bottom side up without putting the bees in motion, when they will be found crowded and pressed closely together in a small space, yet Huber reported Reau- mur as finding brood of all ages in a hive in January at a tempera- ture of 93° F. in the brood nest. Swammerdam, in 1758, wrote "that there is such a wonderful heat in the hives, even in the midst of winter, that the honey does not concrete or lose its original fluid consistence, nor is it gathered into grains or crystals, unless in hives in which the bees happen to be fewer than usual. The bees, when they are fruitful, nourish, cherish, and warm their offspring in the midst of winter, and pre- serve a mutual heat amongst each other." 1 Keys, in the first edition of his book published in 1780, appar- ently was not quite sure what happened in a cluster of bees in cold weather for he expressed different ideas. At one point in his writ- ings he said that he believed there was a variable degree of cold in which bees could exist in a beneficial torpid state, without in- juring them, in which conditions they would consume no stores. He realized that bees individually could not resist cold slightly milder than the freezing point of water. But at another point Keys said that bees could resist certain cold but creating heat by muscu- lar activity, the amount of resistance depending upon numerous environmental conditions, the larger colonies being more able to withstand cold. He noted that four unprotected colonies died during a cold spell in January, 1776, at a temperature of "15 to 28 degrees" while strong colonies survived. Francois Huber, the celebrated blind naturalist whose "New Observations upon Bees" was translated by Dadant in 1926, denied the torpid theory of other authors when he said that with the out- side temperautre several degrees below zero, the thermometer in sufficient populous hives stood at 24 to 25° R. (86 to 88^4° F.), which he said suggested that the bees cluster together at low tem- peratures and move to preserve their heat. Huber referred to the writings of Swammerdam and Reaumur, the latter of whom he quoted as finding a temperature of 93° F. in a hive with brood in January which Huber also observed. 1. Swammerdam, J., 1758. Th& Book of Nature; or the History of Insects, p. 172. London. 100 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Bevan in his first book published in 1827, gave considerable upon the temperature of colonies of bees, apparently reporting for the most part the observations of others. He said that a summer heat was maintained in the hive in winter and that a thermometer placed in one ranged as high as 74° F. at Christmas. The rest of his statements were in regard to the results previously found by Schirach, Hunter, Huber, and Inch, the latter of whom he said plunged a thermometer into a bee hive in winter and saw the mer- cury stand 27° higher than it did in the open air. In his 1838 edi- tion, Bevan cited the observations of Newport to indicate that the high temperatures are probably due to disturbances at the time of reading. • The original writings of Hunter have not been consulted by the present reviewer, but Schafer (1898, Textbook of Physiology. 1 :792-3) says that Hunter, in 1837 reported finding that the tem- perature at the top of a hive full of bees in July was 27.8° C. (82° F.), with the outside temperature at 12.2 C. (54° F.) : while in December the hive temperature was 22.8° C. (73° F.) when that of the external air was only 1.7° C. (35° F.). Bevan, previously mentioned, also quoted the same observations of Hunter. Schafer, apparently quoting further from Hunter, said that individual bees have so little power of keeping themselves warm that they soon become numb and almost motionless when exposed to the moderate cold of a summer night, but that the aggregation of large numbers in a hive insures the production of enough heat to keep the bees active in winter, which production of heat requires a constant supply of food. According to Schafer, Wells and Bevan, Newport writing in 1837 (Phil. Tran. London. 2 :259-338) reported upon his numerous observations upon the temperature of bees. Newport found that when the insects were in a state of activity their temperature was above that of their surroundings ; the larva .ind pupa had a lower temperature than the adult, but had less power of generating and maintaining this temperature. In winter, the temperature of a hive fell considerably when the bees were in a state of repose and varied slowly with that of the outside atmosphere, these periods of repose being a deep sleep, not torpidity, broken at mtervals by periods of activity. Very low atmospheric temperature aroused the bees, and this prevented any great fall in the temperature of the hive. Witl^ an outside temperature of -7.5° C. (18.5° F.) at 7:15 A. M. January 2, 1836, Newport found that of the hive to be -1.1° C. (30° F.) and the bees were quiet, but after the bees were dis- turbed by tapping the hive, the temperature rose to 21.1° C. (70° F.) within fifteen minutes. At another time, Newport reported that with an external temperature of 1.4° C (34.5° F.), that of a hive full of active bees was 38.9° C. (92° F.) Newport's original article is not available to the author at the present time, but it is evident from a study of the temperatures ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 101 given in the last paragraph as well as of a somewhat more detailed report of Newport's methods given by Wells, in the Report of the Commissioner of Patents, for the year "'1860, that the bulb of the thermometer was not always in the center of the cluster for ac- cording to Wells it was only inserted about an inch within the free space of the hive. With this information, it is easy to account for the varying temperatures reported by Newport since high tem- peratures were only recorded apparently when the bees were dis- turbed or they were spread about in the hive at times for securing food. An article by an unknown author, published in Volume VI of "The Naturalist's Library" in 1840, (Rep. Bee World, 1 :il08) dis- cusses the reports of temperatures of winter clusters as found by previous authors, suggesting that weak colonies may not be able to keep up their temperatures in severe weather and may perish if the cold continues for a lengthened period. Further evidence to show the truth of this statement will be given later in this paper. The article also suggests that if the weather is mild, weak colonies may consume their stores, and then possibly perish from starvation in the spring. Writing in 1844, Huish, the notorious critic of the justly famed Huber, quoted from Huber, Keys, and Duncan on the temperatures of the hives, criticizing them all, and ending with a false conclusion that bees remain in a torpid state during the winter in northern climates, thus consuming less stores, resulting in fejver deaths from famine. Quinby, one of the early recognized authorities in American beekeeping, in his book published in 1864, gave a good account of winter conditions when he described the winter cluster as a sphere with the bees on the outside somewhat stiffened by cold a part of which lose their vitality as the cluster shrinks away from them with further drops in the temperature, while the inside of the cluster is brisk and lively as in summer. He also pointed out that when cold or severe weather prevails, some bees that are on the outside of the cluster are separated from the center of the cluster by the combs and cannot shrink with it, hence are found frozen to death. He did not believe that the reports from Russia of beesremaining torpid during the winter could be true if they were the same kind of bees. He pointed out that bees may not be able to conserve their warmth and thus are liable to freeze if the combs were filled with honey with no empty cells for clustering space. A small colony even with clustering space, he says, may be found frozen or even starv- ing. In cold hives, Quinby pointed out that continued cold may cause the formation of more and more frost and ice until the bot- tom board is covered and the bees smother as a result, or the bees may star;ve because they cannot move to stores which are covered 102 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE with frost, or that it may be the cause of dysentery because of a large amount of the water having to be retained in the excrement because of lack of transpiration at cold temperatures. Quinby sug- gested keeping bees warm and comfortable as a means of saving stores. Wagner (ABJ. 2:76) in 1866 in a general discussion of the wintering of bees expressed the idea that bees are often found dead in the hives with plenty of stores remaining, because after having eaten their supplies above in the combs they are then unable to move sidewise to the lateral combs because of lack of passage- ways, which loss he suggested might be eliminated by making an inch hole through the combs with an auger. He further suggested that bees might be protected from driving winds and extreme cold, with the surrounding temperature being kept moderate and equable, yet low enough to retard the commencement of brood-rearing until the close of March. In a later article (ABJ. 2:159) published in 1867, Wagner reported that a temperature of 23° F. showed on the bulb of a thermometer a little way in a hive when the outside tem- perature was at 7° F. He suggested that it would have risen as high as it does abroad during the warm days in summer, had the bulb been inserted where the bees were clustered. In 1867, Kirby and Spence (ABJ. 2:191-2) after reviewing the writings of Reaumur, Bonnet, Swammerdam, Huber, and Hunter, concluded that the clustering of bees in winter is for the preserva- tion against the benumbing effects of cold, that probably bees do not pass the winter in a state of torpidity in any climate, but that strong colonies in well insulated hives seem able to generate enough heat to counteract the ordinary temperatures to which they are exposed. These authors suggested that bees consume less food when exposed to the lowest temperatures that they can withstand than they do at higher temperatures, which fact they claim was recorded by Reaumur and corroborated by the almost universal opinion of writers upon bees, yet as further proof of their assertion they pointed to the observations of Hunter whom they said found that a hive grew lighter in a cold than in a warm week of winter. It is difficult to understand how the observations of Hunter can be thus construed to prove the point in question. The authors criticize Reaumur, than accept his conclusions, which happen to be partially in error. This article appears to be a good illustration of, the many cases of misinterpretation of the observations upon bees by other investigators. Langstroth (ABJ. 3:136) in a letter to the editor of The Amer- ican Bee Journal in 1868 said that when bees contract their winter cluster with increasing cold the bees on the outer combs do not always strike the winter passage in the combs, whereupon they huddle together and perish. He suggested that practically empty ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERs' ASSOCIATION 103 combs should be left in the center, into the empty cells of which the bees could crowd in forming their cluster. Bickford (ABJ. 4:109-110) in 1868, -suggested that bees must either be wintered in a repository where frost cannot enter or else in the sun without any outside covering on tl^e hive where the sun can warm them up occasionally, almost daily, thus giving the bees an opportunity to bring fresh food supplies from the outer combs to the central part of the hive. Gallup (ABJ. 5 :33-4) reported that one winter a few years previous to 1869 the temperature was from 10 to 34° below zero for thirty-four days in succession in Wisconsin during which time every swarm of bees perished with abundance of stores in their hives, that were attempted to be wintered on their summer stands in shallow hives, Langstroth or box hives, but those in hives twelve to fourteen inches high wintered well on their summer stands. He suggested that bees could expand upward more easily than side- wise to gather in more honey to the clustering space. In another article appearing the same year. Gallup (ABJ. 4:152-3) claimed that during a previous winter in Canada when the temperature for 60 days in succession was not above 10° below zero and the mer- cury frozen eight days, all bees in hollow^ trees died except those with abundant ventilation at the top of the cavity or hollow, as did hive bees also unless they had upward ventilation. Hunter, in his bock published in 1875, gave nothing definite regarding the temperature of the honeybee, but said that bees can endure cold, but not damp, and that they needed ventilation during the winter to remove the excess moisture formed by the consump- tion of stores. In an editorial entitled "Our Own Apiary," Glean- ings in Bee Culture (3 :27) for 1875 gives the results of observations upon a cluster of bees saying that the bees on the outside of the cluster seemed perfectly comfortable, with no movement of wings or change of places, while as the temperature became colder quite a hum apparently came from the center of the cluster. Bees were observed to emerge from the cluster, fly oflF in the cold, fall down and die. Berlepsch. in his book published in 1869, reported temperatures of 10 to 12° R. (54.5-59° F.) in the heart of a winter cluster, with the periphery near 8° R. (50° F.), while the sides and corners of the hive were covered with ice, at an outside temperature of -1 to -3° R. (29^ to 2534° F.) Root (ABJ. 14:43) warned against beekeepers trying to winter on full combs of honey in the center of the clustering space since the bees must have empty cells for clustering or they will be frozen in C0I4, weather. Moore (ABJ. 15 :496-7) in a paper read before the North Amer- ican Beekeepers Society at Chicago in 1879 stated that the cluster of bees expands and contracts with rises and falls of the hive tem- 104 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE perature and where no protection of colonies is given, there is dan- ger of bees perishing away from the cluster when a quick fall of temperature occurs. In 1881 Dadant (ABJ. 17:242-3) wrote that the cluster gathers directly below the sealed honey, those at the top eat and feed those below, the mass moving upward as the immediate supply of honey is exhausted. Experiments show a temperature of 70° in the clus- ter, the bees remaming quiet and almost asleep at this temperature. A humming sound is due to bees fanning their wings to create heat which requires greater consumption of honey. Rising tem- peratures in the cluster may excite the queen to lay. In 1881, Cook (ABJ. 17:258) in comparing honeybees with other insects, stated that "in a nearly uniform temperature of 3 to 8° C. (37.4-46.4° F.) the honeybees remain quiet, take little food and only move as the cold outside the cluster impels them to crowd toward the center, or in the absence of food in any part of the hive, to change the position of the cluster."^ He said that heat is in- creased by action at colder temperatures, which requires greater consumption of stores, followed by excessive accumulation of feces which results in dysentery unless the bees have an opportunity for flight. For this reason he suggested wintering bees on clear honey or sugar syrup to eliminate the pollen, which is conducive to brood-rearing with its increased activities and probable disaster. Similar ideas were again expressed by Cook (Gl. 13 :234-5) a few years later after Clarke had expressed his theory of hibernation in 1884, as given in the second paragraph following this. Cook then insisted that bees never hibernate, that they are always active, apparently wide awake, and that they must preserve their surround- ing heat. He said that if the surrounding temperature remained very low or very high for long periods of time the bees become excited and consume stores, thus intimating that the bees could break their cluster in cold periods to move to new supplies of stores. In another article. Cook (Gl. 13:311) reported that he had found that the temperature of the cluster will always range . from 20 to 30° F., above the outside cold in winter and in severe weather from 60 to 80° F. He asserted that bees take food, are constantly changing their positions and are easily aroused. Dzierzon, in his book published in 1882, said that he did not think that the vitality of bees was ever lowered to the extent of rendering them insensible and totally -torpid, as with many insects, yet is reduced to the lowest possible degree in late autumn and early winter, with perfect quiet and no humming especially at mild temperatures, there being no exertion to raise the temperature with the air immediately surrounding the cluster at about 8° R. (50° F.) at which bees are just able to move their limbs, and are momentarily unable to fly. He said that the temperature in the Cook. A. J., 1881. Insect life during winter. A.B.J., 17:258. ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERs' ASSOCIATION 105 cluster might be 12 to 15° R. (59 to 65^° F.), at which brood would not thrive. At another point Dzierzon related that as cold increases the bees draw together into a dense cluster, where they pass the winter in a state similar to sleep. Farther on, he says that strong stocks do not suffer at a temperature of -llO°, R. (9>^° F.) but if -18 or -20° R. (-8^2° to -13° F.) is maintained for several days or weeks, the cold penetrates the thickest partitions and walls, the bees hum louder, and weak stocks suffer considerably. With severe and long continued frost, Dzierzon said that entire stocks "fall asleep forever" when their honey-stores above or in their nest are exhausted. Clarke (ABJ. 20:758-761) propounded certain views on winter- ing at the Rochester National Convention in 1884, in which he laid down the old proposition that bees in cold climates instinctively sink into a condition of torpor or lethargy with the advent of cold weather and that when provided with proper shelter and sufficient food, they will infallibly winter well if they can "hibernate." He explained, however, that he meant hibernation to be a condition of perfect quietude. Clarke quoted various observations, many of which were in error, and failed to regard the writings that had hit upon the truth as good material for his discussion. These utterances of Clarke led to a long series of discussions of the true meaning of the word "hibernation," which when cleared up showed that Clarke really meant a condition of extreme quiescence in which bees re- main quiet and consume, very little stores. In 1885, Southwick (ABJ. 21 :85-86) asserted that bees do not hibernate, that if they were forced to do without food for 30 days they would probably die, and if they go into a state of "dormant vitality" produced by chilling, they will die if they remain long in it. He claimed that during cold weather the bees cluster on the combs as close together as possible, that the bees on the inside after taking a full meal of honey crowd outside, forcing other bees to the center of the cluster and continue doing so if they have honey in the cluster or right above it, and if they have a good comfortable hive and cold weather lasts, or if they cannot get to the honey they will starve. Doolittle (ABJ. 21:18i; Gl. 13:190-1; ABJ. 46:272-3) writing in 1885 and later gave the results of some observations which he made that year on the temperatures of clusters of bees. He used a self registering maximum and minimum spirit thermometer which he inserted between the combs which had been spread to three- fourths of an inch between combs. Doolittle kept the thermometer in one colony for a cold period of five days in which the outside temperature dropped to as low as 16° below zero. The coldest point reached in the cluster (presumably, the center) was 63° F. during this period. He found that the average temperature of the cluster of a good colony of bees was 64° F. when the outside tem- 106 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE perature was at zero outside the hive and that for every 15° change in the outside temperature, the change in the cluster is one degree. Thus: 16° below zero gave 63°; zero gave 64°; 15° above gave 65° and 28° above gave 66° F. in the cluster. Doolittle found that the temperature at points within half an inch of the top and of the sides of the cluster varied from 46° to 52°, according to the place and the coldness of the weather: one reaching 45°, that temperature, he says at which bees will barely fly in May. He suggested that these disturbances had caused diarrhea (dysentery) in some col- onies, the lowest temperature, in one being 75°. Doolittle thought that his experiments showed why bees used less honey in a cellar kept at not lower than 43°, when they only needed to raise the heat to 64° -to 67° where those on the outside needed to raise it from 16° below to 63° F. In answer to a query in the American Bee Journal, 1885 (ABJ. 21 :234) "Do bees ever mOve from the outside to the inside of the cluster, and vice versa, to get food, after they have once clustered for winter," the following reports were given : Dadant and Son said that they did not move, but those near honey passed it to bees under them and so on ; Demaree said that he had always had evi- dence of change of position but apparently bees passed honey to each other ; Cook reported that they were constantly on the move ; and Doolittle thought from his observations that there was no in and out movement. Cheshire, in Volume II of Bees and Beekeeping published in 1886, said that the bees begin to crawl into the empty cells of the clustering space when the external temperature is about 45°, that they maintain a temperature within the cluster which though not constant is never allowed to drop below 65°. He suggested 40° as the most favorable for wintering since the bees exerted the least effort when the surrounding air was at that temperature. Cheshire further related the experiments of McLain, who is also later in- cluded in this review. Under optimum conditions Cheshire said that the bees maintain 65° by the slowest imperceptible breathing, while with colder temperature more rapid and intense breathing follows, followed by flapping of the wings if the cold continues, with greater consumption of honey and evolving of heat. Dayton (ABJ. 22:230-1) in 1886 reported finding the tempera- ture at different distances from the center of the winter cluster when the bees were not breeding, to vary from 52° to 72° when the temperature outside the hives was 43° F. He did not think this was the temperature of the body of the bees, because when bees are clustered in a high temperature the temperature at the center of the cluster is lower than it is when the bees are clustered in a lower temperature. He said that the difference in temperature is causd by a difference in compactness of their cluster. In colonies that had brood in early spring, he found a temperautre of 88° at ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 107 the center of the cluster and 71° at the sides of the cluster. The following year Dayton (ABJ. 23:183-4) reported that the tempera- ture of the cluster averages about 70° (presumably the center), with 56° F. at the outside edge when the bees are quietly clustered. Again in 1892, Dayton (ABJ. 29:347-349) reported temperatures of 61 to 65° F. at the top of the cluster amongst the bees in some colonies, while in one suffering from dysentery the mercury stood at 80°. Kanzler (ABJ. 22 :309-310) reported in 1886 of inserting a bent thermometer into a hive to a depth of about five inches, which could be read during the winter without disturbing the bees other than that caused by carefully lifting the cover at the time of each reading. It is apparent from the temperature reported by Kanzler that his thermometer was not always in the center of the cluster. He found a temperature of 70° F. with an outside temperature of -22° ; and 41° at another time of -5°. The highest and lowest inside tem- peratures observed each month were as follows : For October, 87° and 64° F. at 44° and 40° F. outside temperature respectively; November, 75° and 52° at 63° and 31° outside temperature; Decem- ber, 56° and 46° at 39° and 21° ; January, 81° and 50° at 5° and 48° ; February, 60° and 32° at 45° and 7° and 16° F., outside temperature, respectively. Tinker (ABJ. 22:808-9) in 1886 asserted that bees exercise when they are subjected to cold temperatures, but it is in the form of a forced respiration, gradually increasing in its rate until quite rapid, without any other movements being visible until they begin to move about. He was sure that bees went through periods of hibernation between feeding periods of two or three hours length, the former of which he thought probably never exceeded ten or twelve days at a time. He claimed that the bees on the outside of the cluster become benumbed or torpid, did not take food and that there was no interchange of bees from the outside to inside of the cluster except when the bees warm up to feed. He was unable to observe any passing of food from one bee to another, es- pecially those on the outside of the cluster. Young (Gl. 14:301-2) partially defended Doolittle's assertion on the temperature of the winter cluster and criticised the theories of Clarke and Root, but his own experiments were not sufficient to be conclusive. Following the article by Young in the same issue of Gleanings in Bee Culture for April 115, 1886, Cross (Gl. 14:302-3) gave the results of his experiments upon the same sub- ject. He thought that the temperatures observed by Doolittle (Gl. 13:190-1) were probably too low, possibly because the bulb of the thermometer may not have always been in the center of the cluster. At the beginning of his experiments he was almost con- vinced of the hibernation theory because of finding temperatures of 39 to 66° F. from February 10 to February 11, supposedly in 108 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE the center of the cluster, but careful examination showed that the bees had moved so as to leave the bulb two inches outside the cluster. From February 18 to 28, temperatures of 64 to 80° F. were obtained with the thermometer remaining nearer the center of the cluster, while the outside temperature ranged from 14° to 53° F. at the time he took his readings at morning, noon, and evening. Cross concluded that the colder the weather gets, the more closely the bees crowd together, maintaining all the animal heat generated and hence a higher temperature. As the day advances, the day becoming lighter and warmer, the bees expand the cluster to make motion possible to secure another supply of food which they need almost daily, this conclusion being judged from the fact that the temperature of the cluster was highest in the morning, lowest at noon and intermediate in the evening. Gilliland (ABJ. 23:249-250) in 1887 pointed to the roaring of bees as evidence that bees were active during the winter and exercised to keep up the temperature, for he found that the audible roaring increased in the colonies of his apiary as temperature de- creased at least to 20° below zero, while with rising temperatures it decreased until it reached about 40°, when just a perceptible hum could be heard with the ear at the hive entrance. In replying to Gilliland, Demaree (ABJ. 23:297) claimed that w"ith his bees when the temperature approached zero or went below no sound issued from the hives, if the bees were in good health. This debate was replied to by other beekeepers in succeeding issues of the American Bee! Journal, apparently the majority supporting the contention of Gilliland, others that of Demaree. Evidently the condition of the bees and the ideas of what constituted roaring influenced the re- sults reported. McLain (ABJ. 23:405-6) reported the results of extensive ex- periments in 1886 at the direction of the United States Etomologist. McLain found that bees enter into a hibernating state at a range of temperature from 48 to 52° F. according to the humidity. Ex- perimenting at temperatures of 0° F. to 65° F., he found the shape of the cluster most permanent at 41° F., the colonies presenting the same outline for days together when this degree was maintained uniformly. He found that the bees roused themselves to activity at intervals of about a week with contented humming for 3 or 4 hours, taking of food, and reformation of the cluster, after which the humming ceased, respiration became slow, followed by silence imtil a change of temperature or demands of hunger again aroused them. The more perfect the conditions, the longer were the periods of inactivity. McLain found Z7° F. to be a dangerous point, the danger increasing as the temperature is lowered or the humidity increased. The amount of activity at 44° F. was only slightly greater than at 41° F., hence McLain recommended keeping the cellar at 44° F. because of less danger if variation occurred at this ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 109 point since harmful variations from 41° were harmful in the propor- tion of 1° below to 2° above, the former coming too near the danger point 37°. With damp repositories, a temperature higher in pro- portion was required. McFadden (Gl. 15:343-4) in 1887 reported that bees could be wintered at James Bay in northern" Canada on no stores (yet in the hives) by packing them on snow in a cave, with snow packed above them which was not allowed to melt. Doolittle (Gl. 15:565) in 1887 reported that out of five different experiments along the "McFadden line" to determine how long he could keep half a tea- cup full of bees alive after being chilled, four and a half days was the latest point that any could be brought to life again by warmth with moisture and three and three-fourths days by dry heat. All the bees used by Doolittle had empty stomachs. Ten years later, Doolittle (Gl. 25 :848-9) asserted that individual bees or even small clusters of 50 to 100 bees when separated from the cluster, often freeze to death ; the isolated individual always succumbing to the cold with a temperature below 40° F. unless it warmed up within 36 hours after it ceased to move. He did not think that colonies of bees in a normal condition ever froze to death, except after starva- tion from lack of stores inside the cluster in long cold periods. Root (Gl. 17:59) in 1889, suggested that when low temperatures are of only transient duration bees seldom suffer, but where we have a continuous week of weather below zero, especially if ac- companied by high winds then there is danger for the bees. Pouder (ABJ. 28:286) suggested in 1891 that entrance blocks be removed from hives to prevent accumulation of moisture and frost on the combs about the cluster, since there is a high temperature in the cluster and a low temperature outside. the cluster. Under such conditions he said that bees may starve to death in the midst of plenty simply because they cannot move to the side-combs which are thus cold and frosty. Abbott (ABJ. 34:787-9) in 1894, claimed that bees do not freeze in winter, but starve because of lack of food in the right place. He suggested that food should be above the bees and recommended sugar candy as the source of supply. He claimed that there is an interchange of the bees on the outside of the cluster with those in" the center of the cluster during cold weather. He said that on warm days bees moved their cluster to a new point or else carried stores into the clustering space. The following year Doolittle (Gl. 23:180) wrote that he was unable to observe any changing place of bees from the outside of the cluster to the inside, his observations having been made on clusters hanging below the frames. He thought that bees must pass honey from one to another. Albrect (ABJ. 37 :795) about 1897, claimed that bees in the cluster were constantly changing from the outside to the center of the cluster, 50° F. being the minimum temperature for the outer ■■■f 110 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE bees, unless the temperature sunk below this point from lack of food or disease when death ensued through freezing. The greater the cold, the greater the consumption of stores to keep up the heat of the periphery of outer bees, which may result in brood-rearing, which Albrect said, required a temperature of 86 to 95°. Miller (Gl. 26:254-5) review^ed the literature on the temperature of bees, apparently including Albrecht's observation, and then concluded that since the temperature of individual bees varied from 81.5 to 95° F., the bees attempted to keep the temperature of the outer edge of the cluster from falling below 50 to 53° F. Further conclusions apparently those of Albrecht were given. The American Bee Journal for February 15, 1900, gives a table of temperatures of the cluster from the Beekeeper's Review, by Howe who reported the observation of McLallen of Cornell University. This table represents reading on two cellar wintered colonies and five colonies wintered oustide, from January 24 to April 10. At average outside temperatures of 19° to 48° F., the average temperatures of each of the colonies (presumably the highest temperatures recorded) ranged from 71° to 83° F., 64° to 77°F. 63° to 86° F., 73° to 80° F., and 71° to 84° F., respectively, with a tem- perature of 41° to 64° F., on outdoor hives but not in the cluster. At cellar temperatures ranging from 41° to 52° F., the average temperature of the cluster of the two colonies ranged from 65° to 75° F. and 54° to 62° F. "An observer" (ABJ. 41 :613-4) pointed out in 1901 that the larger the cluster the bees had in winter the greater their ad- vantage in retention of heat since the radiating surface of the sphere decreases or increases on the square while the volume of the cluster increases with the cube. In like manner, he indicated that the larger cluster was proportionately in contact with a greater amount of honey. On this basis, he calculated that a single bee when incorporated in a l(5-inch cluster must be afforded over sixty times more, protection from cold that it would possess outside the cluster. Likewise this writer pointed out that where honey was stored above the cluster, especially in deep combs, the amount of honey within a given distance from the cluster was increased be- cause of the deeper honey cells and reduced space between the combs, which also gave an advantage to the larger cluster of the proportionate greater surface in contact with the cluster. He con- cluded by saying that the size of the cluster and the depth of the combs are really the essentials of wintering and must increase with the degrees of latitude. In 1906, Getaz (ABJ. 46:834-5) asserted that in winter the temperature of the outside of the cluster never falls below 68 or 70° F. He said that Dubost about 1800 observed that the center of the cluster often is warmer in cold weather than in warmer weather. The observations of Devauchelle published in Apiculture about ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 111 1900 were quoted, which described the winter cluster as being formed on empty cells with the bees loosely grouped between the combs except at the outside of the cluster where they form a com- pact covering, t Root (Gl. 38:35) in commenting upon the cold weather of January, 1910, suggested that if it continued there was danger to outdoor wintered bees in northern states even in double-walled hives. He said that the contracted cluster was able to withstand cold for a week to ten days or possibly longer during which period the bees take practically no food from the combs, using the honey within their honey-sacs or stomachs, and possibly some of the body tissues. He suggested that wherej the cold lasts longer than this period, clusters stiff with cold and immovable, may die. Where colonies are large, the cluster may not chill through, but the center of the cluster may move outward to get food while those on the outside appear to move inward, while within the cluster almost blood heat is maintained. In 1911 Byer (Gl. 39:65-67) stated that he never found a colony dead with honey above the cluster, although he had seen dozens of cases where the bees had died during cold periods of weather with honey at the far ends of the combs. With only two or three inches of honey above the cluster, disastrous results are bound to occur during cold spells in spring or even in February because the bees will have consumed all their stores from above as it is consumed faster thg re than on the sides, and when a real cold snap comes the bees will contract the cluster away -from the honey and then will starve. The observations of Byer recorded here were confirmed by Hand (Gl. 39:135-6) in the same year, basing his statements on observations on outdoor wintering in North-Central Iowa during spells of zero weather. Miller (A. C.) (ABJ. 43:408-9) in 1903, gave 65° F. as the nor- mal temperature of the winter cluster of bees. He pointed out that there was a constant circulation in the hive due to the warm air rising above the cluster, spreading out, and then sinking and passing out the entrance. In 1911, Miller (Gl. 39:664-5) said that the temperature within the hive and outside the cluster is within one or two degrees of the outdoor temperature, while that of the cluster is close to 70° F. In reply to this statement, Rexford (Gl. 39:729) reported that his tests with thermometers showed that in packed hives, the bees did warm the space inside the hive and away from the cluster. This apparently prompted Miller to make further observations for in 1912 he reported (Gl. 50:73-74) the results of measuring hive temperatures with long slender ther- mometers placed in clusters of bees, apparently in various types of hives but all with wide entrances. He found a temperature of 68 to 72° after the bees had quieted down, while the temperature outside the cluster was about the same as the temperature of the 112 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE open air, except just above the cluster where the temperature was just a few degrees below the center of the cluster. He said that the results are the same whether the hive has double walls with sawdust or chaff in between or whether they are only one-half inch thick. Distributing the thermometers caused a rise of 10 or 12 degrees in five to eight minutes, hence, he suggested, to avoid disturbing colonies of bees because of increased consumption of stores. Miller pointed out that in thin walled hives the temperature inside the hive but outside the cluster followed closely the tem- perature outside of the hive, while with the chaff hives, fluctuation was slower but eventually reaches the same level of cold to which the bees were exposed. With rising temperatures, the chaff hive, likewise, remain colder for a longer period. Miller said that the exact temperature changes occurring within the cluster after brood-rearing begins was not agreed upon by various investigators, some noting a regular rise and fall of about ten degrees each day, beginning about 10 A. M. and reaching a maximum about one hour later, remaining thus till about 1 P. M. and then falling to a mini- mum at 2 P. M., which was known as a feeding fluctuation. Others, he said, had observed a rise of only about 18° F. from the minimum of no brood to a steady temperature of about 88° F. in the presence of brood. He did not give the names of the observers whom, he was quoting. Miller further pointed out that the chaff hives did give benefits to the colony in that it assisted in the maintenance of higher temperatures during brood-rearing when the cluster broke and spread out over the combs. Holterman (Gl. 40:74-76), Byer (Gl. 40:76-78), and Root (Gl. 40:78), gave statements of conditions and results of reading of hive temperatures which seemed to prove that the results obtained by Miller regarding the low temperature inside the hive were not due to his large entrance (1x14 inches), the temperature inside the hive as recorded by the latter two writers being in general considerably higher than those recorded by Miller. Byer's readings showed an average of- 35° F. difference between inside and outside ; while Root's observations showed a difference of 28 to 38° F. higher in- side of different double-walled hives at different distances from the cluster. Another set of readings gave 33° higher inside tempera- ture to 1° lower than outside when there was a sudden rising of the outside tempertaure on a warm day. These observations serve as a good example of difference of opinion and results observed, which probably would not occur if all were observing the same set of colonies under the same set of conditions in the same locality. Root (Gl. 40:125) reported movement of cluster from one part of the hive to the other during very severe protracted zero weather in 11912, suggesting that the bees probably increased their tempera- ture to accomplish the shifting. On the other hand, he reported finding clusters completely dead, with all the immediate stores ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 113 eaten away but with plenty of stores in the hive. Root reported a varying- temperature of 20 to 75° F. showing on one thermometer while the outside temperature was at zero and below, the tempera- ture of 75° F. being noted when the Jjulb of the thermometer was in the center of the cluster and the outside temperature at 7° and 10° below morning/ and afternoon. He -did not make clear as to whether the cluster was surrounding the thermometer bulb or not when the 20° F. was recorded. Edgerton (Gl. 40:558-9) in 1912, called attention to the need of considering the "lag" of the inside temperature of the hive when heavily protected. His readings led him to the conclusion that about 45° is about the normal temperature in the upper part of the hive, if much warmer it is an indication that something is disturbing the bees, if much colder it is a sign that the cluster is too small for the frames they occupy or else they are not sufficiently pro- tected from the wind. Edgerton reported a fairly strong colony that starved from being unable to reach stores. Previous to the use of electrical thermometers or thermo- couples by Phillips and Demuth (U. S. D. A. Farmers' Bui. 93), in 1912-1913, there is no knowledge of any previous investigator having made use of such apparatus for the study of colony tem- peratures. In contrast to the ordinary type of thermometer used by many previous investigators, these electrical thermometers can be read without disturbing the colonies, thus avoiding any abnormal reactions at the time of reading. Phillips and Demuth apparently used 19 electrical thermometers, 12 among the aombs, 4 in the cor- ners of the hives and 3 on the bottom board. They made the fol- lowing statement as a result of their observations : "When the cluster is above 69° F. it is less constant than when it is below this temperature, indicating that at temperatures above this point the bees move about to some extent, while between 57 and 69° F. they are quiet, unless flight is desirable owing to long confinement. When a colony is without brood, if the bees do not fly and are not disturbed and if the temperature does not go too high, the bees generate practically no heat until the coolest point among the bees reaches a temperature of about 57° F. At tempera- tures above 57° F. a compact cluster is not formed, but the bees are widely distributed over the combs. At the lower critical tempera- ture, which is for the present stated as 57° F., the bees begin to form a compact cluster, and if the temperature of the air surround- ing them continues to drop they begin to generate heat within the cluster, often reaching temperatures considerably higher than those at which they were formerly quiet and satisfied."^ Phillips and Demuth at the same time recorded temperatures of colonies fed on honeydew honey as against another colony pro- 3. Phillips, E. F. and G. S. Demuth, 1914. The Temperature of the Honeybee Cluster in Winter. U.S.D.A., Bui. 93, pp. 5-6. 114 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE vided with g-ood stores. The colony with the honeydew honey gave temperature readings for the cluster varying from 71 to 91° F., at cellar temperatures ranging from 38 to 45° F,, during a period from October !l2 to November 25, the higher cluster temperature being reached on the latter date after which it dropped rapidly due to lack of bees. Another colony, as shown by a chart in Bul- letin 93, page 8, maintained a temperature of the center of the cluster ranging from 64 to 71° F. during the same period, while after November 25, it showed a gradual increase of average tem- perature with occasional greater fluctuations, 89° F. being the highest point reached up to the end of the regular series of read- ings on March 6. They summed up the results as follows : "It therefore appears that the accumulation of feces acts as an irritant causing the bees to become more active and consequently to main- tain a higher temperature, resulting in a reduction of the vitality of the bees. Poor food is evidently a more serious handicap than low temperatures. While the activity of the cluster is greater at some times than at others, there are not, as has been held, regular intervals of activity at which the colony rouses itself to take food."* Phillips and Demuth also studied the formation of the cluster, finding that it consisted of "an outer shell of bees close together with their heads toward the center. The bees in the outer shell are quiet except for an occasional shifting of position. Inside this rather definite shell the bees between the combs are not so close together nor are they headed in any one way. Considerable movement, such as walking, moving the abdomen from side to side, and rapid fanning of the wings, takes place inside the sphere and when a bee becomes unusually active the adjoining bees move away, leaving an open space in which it can move freely. Two bees may often be seen tugging at each other. In addition to the bees between the combs, placed as above described, others are in the empty cells of the comb on which the cluster is always formed, always with their heads in. Evidently the bees in the shell, whether in the cells or between the combs, are less active than those in the interior of the cluster. "The source of the heat of the cluster must, of course, be the oxidation of the food consumed by the bees. It is clear that heat for the warming of the cluster is produced by muscular activity. While, of course, some heat is doubtless liberated by other life processes, this is practically negligible when bees are quiet, as in Colony A when above 57° F. That higher temperatures may be produced, greatly increased muscular activity is required. For ex- ample, one bee was observed fanning vigorously for 7^^ minutes. The rapidity of fanning of the wings varied, and toward the end 4. Phillips, E. F. and Demuth, G. S., 1914. The Temperature of the Honeybee Cluster in Winter. U.S.D.A. Bui. 93, pp. 12-13. ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 115 of the time it became so slow that the outline of the wings was distinguishable. Rapid respiration may play a more important part in heat production than at first appears. One bee was ob- served to breathe 21 times in 14 seconds and then cease the rapid respiration. On other occasions 50 or more bees would begin shak- ing their bodies from side to side. It is at least evident from the records obtained in this work that colonies of bees in winter, either in cellars or out of doors, should be disturbed as little as possible. This appears to apply especially to cold weather out of doors or in the cellar, especially after the colony has been confined for some time."^ In an article appearing in the Third Annual Report of the State Bee Inspector of Iowa for 1914, Phillips stated that the lowest tem- perature that he and Demuth had found in the winter cluster was 57° F. In giving some details of temperature studies previously mentioned, he said that the temperature of a particular colony clus- ter gradually dropped as the outer air cooled until the lowest one was 57° F. when the generation of heat began, with a maximum temperature of 89.4° F. noted the following day. Other information in this article is similar to that already cited, except under a discus- sion of humidity where a cluster temperature of 60° F, is assumed which the writer states could only occur when the external tempera- ture is above 57° F. From our own observations, we are inclined to believe that under practically, if not all conditions with an out- side temperature above 57° F., the highest temperature as well as the average temperature of the cluster will be considerably above 60° F. In the Fourth Annual Report of the State Bee Inspector of Iowa for 1915, Phillips states that if the temperature immediately surrounding bees drops below 57° F., the cluster forms with the innermost portion rapidly acquiring a higher temperature, often as high as 90° F. in normal and higher in abnormal colonies. This statement is in direct opposition to various interpretations of re- cent years which would imply that the temperature of the winter cluster is 57° F. or that is the temperature which the bees try to maintain. In the Report of the State Apiarist of Iowa for 1917, Demuth stated that a temperature of 57° F. and above is maintained within the cluster during the winter period and stressed the conservation of bee energy by protection from temperatures below 57° F. In reviewing the work of Phillips and Demuth, Milner and Demuth (U.S.D.A. Bui. 988) state that "Temperatures as high as 30° to 35° C. (86-95° F.) are not uncommon, and indeed, were ob- served even when the air outside the cluster was as low as 0° C. 5 Phillips, E. F., and Demuth, G. S., 1914. The Temperature ot the Honeybee Cluster in Winter. U.S.D.A. Bui. 93, pp. 14-16. 116 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE (32° F.)."* The writer of this paper is able to find only one refer- ence in the article by Phillips and Demuth to a temperature of 95° F. which according- to the authors was recorded soon after flight. In such a case the temperature of the hive is naturally increased because of the excessive activity of the bees. Root (Gl. 52:879-881) in 1914 in commenting- upon the results reported by Phillips and Demuth expressed the idea that when the inside temperature of the cluster goes as low as 57° F., the bees raise the temperature of the cluster even though the outside tem- perature is becoming- colder and colder. This statement would indi- cate that 57° F. is also the highest point among the bees when they start to form a compact cluster, whereas Phillips and Demuth said that when the coolest point among the bees reaches 57° the bees form a compact cluster. Gates (U.S.D.A. Bui. 96) reported in 1914 the results of his investigations in 1907 and 1908 upon the temperature of one bee colony in which he inserted six long stem mercury thermometers. Four of these thermometers were between the central frames and extended seven inches below the cover, spaced from front to rear, while the fifth was between frames three and four at the rear. The sixth was inserted from the side beneath the frames. Gates found that the rate of consumption of stores exhibited a relatively con- stant decrease from month to month, but he found it impossible td determine any relation or rythm in the consumption of stores to changes in temperature due to metabolism. He pointed out that during bad weather, the colony might actually gain in weight due to condensation of moisture, which would disappear during fair weather, giving a marked decrease in weight. The arrangement of the thermometers in the hive apparently left only one in the clus- ter that acted inversely to that of the other five in the cluster and the outside temperature, except that during the month of November when the bees were less definitely and constantly clustered, this cen- tral thermometer tended to follow the curve of the outside tempera- ture. But" from December to the beginning of egg laying, -Gates found that the temperature of the center of the cluster reacted in- versely to the outside changes in temperature while the other ther- mometers followed the course of the outside temperature. Some of these thermometers were on or in the edges of the cluster. According to Gates, on warm days when the bees expand their cluster and move about the maxim'um cluster temperature increases to nearly as much as maximum summer temperautres, 91.76° F. (33.2° C.) being reported on a warm day in March. He said that the temperature of the cluster never fell below 62.6° F. (jl7° C.) and usually not below 68° F. (20° C.). The records show a gradual increase in the maximum temperature in the cluster as the winter 6. Milner. R. D., and Demuth, G. S., 1921. Heat Production of Honeybees in Winter. U.S.D.A. Bui. 988, p. 3. ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERs' ASSOCIATION 117 progressed, but with the beginning of incubation the temperature of the center of the cluster rose to 93.2° F. to 95° F. (34-35° C.) and continued practically at that level. Gates found that the tempera- ture below the cluster during the winter was practically the same as that of the outside air. He also found that the slightest disturb- ance of the cluster resulted in an almost immediate rise of the clus- ter temperature, appreciable throughout the cluster, which effects in some cases lasted four hours. On a check colony in a glass observation hive, Gates observed that the cluster expanded and contracted with changes in outsjde temperature to warmer or colder, respectively, the expansion usually being downward toward the bottom of the frames and toward the entrance, usually not sidewise so as to cover more frames. He said that no matter how cold the day the bees were always active on the outside of the cluster, with a constant and gradual interchange of the bees on the outside of the cluster with those on the inside. "So long as they are able to keep up their own body tempera- ture they remain outside, but when chilled theiy pass into the in- terior. In cold weather the interchange may be expected to be greater."^ It is our contention that the author of the last statement proba- bly erred when he assumed a greater interchange of bees in cold weather. This point will be explained in more detail at a later point in this discussion. . Attention is called to the fact that Gates indicated that the coldest outside temperaure recorded during his studies was 14° F. (-!lO° C.) and that the only protracted cold period was from January 23 to February 1 when the outside air ranged about 32° F. (0° C.) These conditions were therefore considerably ' milder than the weather and temperature under which some of the later wintering experiments herewith reported were conducted. Gates heard an intermittent buzzing in his experimental colonies which was more noticeable on cold nights than on warm ones. He also mentioned a peculiar trembling of the bees. In 1916, Brunnich (ABJ. 46 :298-9) declared that when a colony of bees is dead from hunger, the bees are packed so closely together that any considerable free motion of the wings is excluded. With lack of food, heat production ceases, the cluster temperature sinks and the bees then become paralyzed and die. He admitted that during strong chills certain bees in the peripheric shell use their wings to create heat, but he thought that the greater part of the production of heat was purely chemical, except the small part played by the mechanical labor through the muscular work of respiration, circulation, and digestion. He suggested that during very cold weather the bees create sufficient heat in the center of 7 Gates, B. N., 1914. The Temperature of the Bee Colony, U.S.D.A. BuL 96, p. 17. 118 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE the cluster to keep the bees in the periphery at 57 degrees, so that no bees will ever be chilled, with the conclusion that the cooler it is, the higher the temperature is in the center of the cluster. Phillips, in his "Beekeeping" published in 1919, made the fol- lowing statements to which the reader's attention is especially- directed : "When the temperature is sufficiently high the bees generate no heat but, whenever the temperature of the air imme- diately surrounding the bees drops below 57° F. (the lowest tem- perature which normal bees ever experience in the hive), they form a definite cluster. As the outside temperature continues to fall, the cluster becomes more and more compact and the temperature of the inside of the cluster increases rapidly. Within certain limits, the temperature of the cluster increases as the outside temperature drops and, as the outer temperature again rises, heat generation is reduced or discontinued while the temperature of the cluster drifts to meet the rising outside temperature. The bees which form the shell constantly shift their positions and exchange places with bees from within. A bee from the center forces its way head first through the shell, then turns around and rerriains for a time on the outside layer. The shifting seems to be more rapid in cold weather than in mild."^ Phillips further suggested that the inability of the cluster to shift its position to new supplies of stores a few inches distant is often the cause of death of colonies by starvation in extreme cold weather. Similar statements are made in the 1928 edition of Beekeeping. Demuth (Gl. 49:74) in an editorial in the February, 1921, issue of Gleanings in Bee Culture explained that the bees are more quiet in the early part of the winter, November and December, only generating heat suiTicient to maintain a temperature of 57° F. in the outer margin of the cluster, while in later months there is more activity and more restlessness especially if the wintering stores are of poor quality, w^hich results in the maintenance of higher tem- peratures within the cluster, causing a greater consumption of stores with the vitality of the bees being lost rapidly. Demuth gave' - a more complete discussion of these ideas in an article in the No- vember, 1921, issue of Gleanings in Bee Culture. Bullamore (Bee World. 3:129) reported a temperature of 85° F. as the temperature of a cluster of bees on December 12th, 1920, after a night when the temperature had fallen to 2° F., apparently an ordinary thermometer previously inserted or perhaps thrust into the cluster being used. Milner and Demuth (U.S.D.A. Bui. 988) reported in 1921 on an experiment : "To obtain information regarding the actual amount of work done by a colony of bees while in the winter cluster, a small colony 8. Phillips, E. F., 1919. Beekeeping, pp. 90-91. ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 119 on four combs having natural honey stores was placed in the cham- ber of a small respiration calorimeter and their carbondioxide pro- duction and oxyg-en consumption were measured for 10 days, while the temperature of the air surrounding» the bees was kept just low enough so that the bees at all times would remain clustered."" The temperatures were recorded by m^ans of 14 thermocouples, but as they say the temperature responses cannot be considered as entirely comparable to normal undisturbed colonies, since this col- ony was in a respiratory chamber of a busy laboratory. They found that "during the 12 days that the bees were in the respiration cham- ber the temperature of the center of the cluster gradually rose from an average of 16° C. (60.8° F.) on December 13 to an average of 30° C. (86° F.) on the 22nd, though the air outside the hive kept in the range of temperature of 6° to 9° C. (42.8° F. to 48.2° F.). Since it has been shown that disturbances of any sort cause a rise in cluster temperature, it is not entirely clear to which disturbance the rise of this colony should be attributed."^" The authors summarize as follows : "In the colony of bees under observation in the respiration chamber the expenditure of energy was reduced to the lowest limit by the maintenance of fa^^orable temperature and by the avoidance of all disturbing factors, so far as possible. Under these circum- stances, rarely found in the apiary, the energy produced by the bees, as measured by the carbon-dioxide and water produced and the oxygen consumed, was greater, according to body weight, than that produced by a man when working at hard manual labor, when we take into consideration the fact that the work* was done by only a relatively few of the bees in the cluster. Even assuming that the work of the period was equally divided among the bees, their energy output per unit of body weight is higher than that of the average laborer. When we take into consideration the fact that usually the bees do not have ;^uch favorable conditions in winter as these bees had, it is clear that the energy output is enormous in the average apiary."^^ From studies made of the insulating value of double-walled beehives, Phillips in 1922,. concluded that "the loss of heat is most rapid through the bottom of all the insulated hives tested, and the insulation of top and sides is never used to its full capacity as so much of the heat escapes below."^^ Phillips also asserted that leaving the front of the hive unpacked also reduces any effect of further insulation that may be applied. Adding some bottom in- sulation to the commercial double-walled hives then on the market was recommended as a means of remedying their defects and mak- ing them more efficient. ^. Milner, R. D., and Gates, G. S., 1»21. Heat Production of Honeybees in Winter. U.S.D.A. Bui. 988, p. 4. 10. ]bid, pp. 5-6. 11. Ibid, p. 14. 12. Phillips, E. F., 1&22. The Insulating Value of Commercial Double-Walled Beehives. U.S.D.A., Cir. 222. p. 8. 120 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE V Wilson, writing- in 1922, says : "Temperature has a great deal to do with successful wintering of bees, but winter stores and the age of the bees are equally important. When the temperature goes as low as 50° F. on the outside of the hive, the temperature in the hive is about 60° F. and the bees are found moving around freely inside. With the temperature of 45° F. to 55° F. outside the hives the bees form a loose cluster. In this they remain more or less to- gether but move about freely ; and single bees may be seen moving about by themselves. The temperature at the edge of the cluster is about 58° F. to 60° F. Below 40° F. outside the hive, the cluster becomes more compact and rounded, provided the clustering space .will permit. The upper edge of the cluster will be found just above the lower edge of the honey until the top bar is reached, then the cluster moves sidewise toward the rear of the hive unless the clus- ter was first formed at that point. "If the temperature surrounding the cluster is not too low, the bees will shift the cluster according to the location of the stores, but it is not uncommon in the spring to find all the bees dead with- in the form of the cluster and plenty of stores only a few inches from the cluster. This is somewhat common during a severe win- ter in Wisconsin if bees are left out-of-doors and unpacked. Ap- parently the bees will not break the cluster when the temperature around them is below a certain point and thus starvation occurs. In such clusters the bees are found packed tightly together with a bee in each cell, head inward. "^^ A preliminary report in 1922 of studies made at the Minnesota Experiment Station by Chapman and France (Minn. Sta. Rpts. 1922, p. 69) stated that records kept indicate that the temperature of the cluster of bees does not vary either directly or indirectly with that of the surrounding air, other factors playing an important part. Their observations extended over three winters and as many as 145 thermocouples were used in a single hive. Correlations that were being worked out by statistical methods to determine the re- lation and importance of the various factors have not been published up to 1929 so far as the information of the writer of this paper extends. Bartholomew (ABJ. 62:447-8) in )1922 reported that in the tropical area in the extreme southern portion of Florida, the tem- perature seldom falls below the critical temperature of 57° F. for the bees, usually not over one or two nights in a season, and then does not remain long enough at that temperature for the hive temperature to drop below 57° F., while in the sub-tropical regions there are only a few nights when the bees are forced to cluster. The writer pointed out that certain wintering problems as quality 13. Wilson, H. F., 1922. "Winter Care of Bees in Wisconsin." Wis. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 338, 26 pp. ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 121 of stores and necessity for winter flights do not worry the beekeeper in Florida. Brunnich (ABJ. 62 :265) writing in 1922 said that in the center of the winter cluster of bees where* the queen dwells the highest temperature is more than 85° F. while it diminishes toward the periphery so that the peripheral bees still have a temperature of 57° F. whether the outdoor temperature is 30° F. or -20° F. Brun- nich stated that the temperature of the outer bees does not fall below 57° or else they would chill and die. He describes the pro- duction of warmth as of a chemical character brought about by the slow combustion of sugar in the bee's body, possibly in the glands of Malpighi, as opposed to the theory of production by circuitous tissues and uneconomical transformation of motion. Yet, he insisted that there is a constant current and motion, with the bees in the center of thp cluster after having consumed their food moving to the exterior and the bees from the periphery moving into the center of the cluster to occupy the cells, continuing thus until the outside temperature rises sufficiently to allow the cluster to loosen and adjust itself to the changed conditions. The observations of Gates and Phillips and Demuth are men- tioned by Langstroth and Dadant in their 1923 edition. The clus- tering temperature of 57° F. is mentioned as also the increase of the temperature inside of the hive as the outside temperature de- creases. They further state that in very cold weather the tempera- ture of the cluster was raised to about 90°, apparently basing this statement upon the work of Phillips and Pemuth. Further on Langstroth and Dadant say that with intense cold the bees keep up an incessant tremulous motion, creating heat by active exer- cise, those on the outside of the cluster upon becoming chilled, being replaced by others. Gates is quoted to corroborate this opinion, who as previously stated based his conclusions and as- sumptions on observations when the bees were not exposed to ex- tremely cold temperatures immediately surrounding the cluster. Root and Root, in the 1923 edition of A B C and X Y Z of Beekeeping, say that the temperature of the hive should be kept down to about 96° in summer; that during the winter the temper- ature of the cluster may vary from 32° to 97° F. according to con- ditions. They suggest that if a dairy thermometer is inserted into a cluster and examined a day or two later, if the cluster has not moved in the meantime, a temperature as low as 57° F. may be ob- served. Quoting from the work of Phillips and Demuth, these authors, 1923 Edition, indicate that when the temperature within the cluster drops to 57° F., the bees raise the temperature of the cluster eveni though the outside temperature continues to decrease. This idea is generally conveyed in the statements by Root and Root, but at one point they say that when the coolest point in the cluster reaches 57°, the bees begin to generate heat. Further on 122 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Root and Root suggest that a prolonged cold spell lasting for weeks especially that down to zero may be disastrous because of the re- sulting dysentery. At another point, the statement is found that the temperature of the winter cluster should be about 57°, the point of least activity. Still further on, the authors say that when a ther- mometer placed on the bottom board inside the entrance shows a temperature of about 52° F., it may be surmised that the tempera- ture of the cluster will be about 57° F., or the ideal according to their opinion. Similar statements are given in the latest 1929 edition of A B C and X Y Z of Beekeeping. Armbnister, in 1922, first presented his "warmth theory" in the Archiv fur Bienenkunde, Voluine 4, pages 268-270 and again in 1923 in The Bee World under the title, "The Heat Economy of Bees in Winter". His theory was based upon the observations of Lammert whose records were presented in detail by Armbruster in 1923, in Der Warmehaushalt im Bienenvolk. Armbruster concluded that when the individual surface bees of the cluster are cooled down to 13° C. (55.4° F.) they attempt to find a warmer spot by crawling into the interior of the cluster, where if it does not exist, more and more activity results, as other bees attempt to find an inner warmer place. This increased activ- ity causes a sudden rise of the temperature up to 25° C. {J7° F.), directly due to the increased oxidation from new supplies of food taken, respiration and muscular movements accomplished by the spreading of the cluster and the emptying of fresh cells of honey near the edge of the cluster. After this, according to Armbruster, the production of heat suddenly ceases, followed by a cooling of the cluster by convection and radiation, with the bees eventually being forced together by the cool air sucked in at the entrance of the hive, the cluster being formed in about three hours. The cluster prevents the rapid fall of the inner temperature, but it falls slowly during a period of about twenty-one hours until the critical 13' C. is again reached, in the meantime the surface bees con- stantly changing their position into the warmer interior. Armbruster, in the first two publications mentioned, cited one of four plates given by Milner and Demuth as a confirmation of his theory, which was the only one of the four that appears to even approximate the description given by Armbruster. In fact, the graphs of Lammert presented by Armbruster in Der Warmehaushalt im Bienenvolk do not all confirm the latter's theory for these particular sudden rises as described are not indicated during a continuous period of nine days of the twenty-nine days of temperature records presented in graphical form. It is furthermore apparent that Armbruster was writing under the impression that the bees in the outer shell or periphery of the cluster never attained a temp- erature lower that 13° C- (55.4° F.). probably misconstrued from the observations and conclusions of Phillips and Demuth. Demuth (Gl. 51:116-7) in 1923, stated the temperature relations of a bee colony, by saying that the temperature in the margin of the cluster is about 57° F. If the outer corners of the hive are a few degrees lower, the temperatures of the inside of the cluster will be from ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERs' ASSOCIATION 123 60 to 70° F., with the inner temperature gradually increasing as the outside temperature of the cluster drops, in order to keep the outer portion of the cluster from going below 57° F- In another article im- mediately following the last, Demuth said that when a colony is not well supplied with stores there is a danger of the cluster contracting away from contact with the stores during sudden cold spells and starv- ing before the weather moderates enough for' the bees to move their cluster or carry honey into the center of the cluster. In still another article in 1924 (Gl. 52:758-9) Demuth, in comparing large and small clusters for wintering stated that in small clusters there is relatively a larger proportion of active bees and the temperature averages higher than in the larger cluster- Likewise the amount of heat lost by radi- ation is proportionately larger in the smaller cluster. The result is that the bees are worn out earlier in the spring and generally the smaller cluster starts brood-rearing first. Atkins and Hawkins, in How to Succeed with Bees, say that below 57° F. bees need protection, above that they fly. They conclude from the results of Phillips and Demuth that the ideal temperature tor the wintering of bees would be just a degree or two below 57° F. to keep them clustered quietly with low consumption of stores. They suggest that the bees should be kept as nearly at this temperature as possible when the temperatures outside the hive are below 57° F. Further on they say that the necessity for packing is based entirely upon the necessity of allowing the bees to keep the temperature within the hive as near 57° as possible. According to VThe Press Mirror" in the Bee World for August, 1924, Himmer published the results of the measurement of winter temperatures in the hive by means of a self-registering thermo-electric thermometer. Himmer stated that the rapidity of the fall of outside temperature is the stimulus to heat production and not the attainment of a definite temperature (as Armbruster stated). In cold weather, the change of temperature inside the cluster is inverse to the changes of the outside temperature. At the lowest outside temperature recorded, -30° C. (-22° F.), a cluster temperature of 30° C. (86° F.) was re- corded, and a temperature in the hive away from the cluster of -10° C- (14° F.). Sudden rises of temperature were noted at times but not at regular intervals, which did not conform with Armbruster's report here cited. The lower the outside temperature, the more sensitive were the bees to mechanical disturbances, and all disturbances, even slight caused a considerable deviation upward of the curve of the cluster temperature. The reviewer for the Bee World suggests that the results agree fairly with those of Phillips and Demuth. Tinsley, writing in the Bee World, 1925, asserted that the winter cluster is formed when the temperature inside the hive falls below 55° F. Whether this is the result of his own experiment is not stated, but he states that temperatures inside of hives varied from the freezing point in unprotected hives to 55° in specially protected hives, the particular outside temperature not being given. Maintaining the outer temperature at 55 to 56° F. would mean a great saving of bee life as well as food. 124 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE He says that heat is generated by the rapid consumption of honey acted upon by oxygen, supplied by the breathing of the bees, most rapidly in the center of the cluster. Brunnich (Erlanger Jahrbuch fur Bienenkunde. 3:154-160) in 1925, concluded from his experiments that his results did not confirm the hypothesis suggested by Armbruster, but indicated a somewhat eren temperature in the cluster which never droppd below 28" C. (82-4° F.), but mostly ranged about 31 to 32° C. (87.8-89.6° F.). His records pre- sented for one of several thermometers (No. 10) in the hive showed temperatures of 20.2 to 32.6° C. (68.4-90.7° F.) during a period of November 21 to 25 with outside temperatures ranging from -8.5° C. to 1.4° C. (16.7 to 34-5° ¥.)■ Judging from his conclusion, this thermom- eter apparently was not always the warmest one in the cluster. With outside temperatures of -4.3 to -0.2° C. (24.1 to 31.6° F.) from Decem- ber 8-12, the No. 10 thermometer gave temperature of 28.5° C. to 32.5° C. (83-3-90.5° F) ; while from January 14-17, with outside temper- atures from -13° to 3° C. (8.6 to 37.4° F.), that of the No. 10 ther- mometer ranged from 32.8 to 33.6° C. (91.0-92.5° F.). No doubt, brood-rearing was in progress during the January period and possibly during the December readings. Armbruster conducted further experiments in 1925 upon the tem- perature of two colonies placed in the bee cellar, the results of which he reported in The Deutsche Illustrierte Bienenzeitung for June, 1925. Flight weather had stimulated brood-rearing before the colonies were placed in the bee cellar where the temperature varied between 5-5° to 10° C- (41.9-50°F.). The temperatures were read by means of a Sie- men's self-registering fever-thermometer which was usually in the center of the cluster but always covered by bees during the observations. The temperature records apparently failed to confinn the theories and data as previously presented by Armbruster and he himself said that "sudden rises in tem.perature, perhaps beyond 12°, as Lammert's aver- age was, were not confirmed, but to be sure there was a very similar rise in temperature, when e. g. the hive was opened." Further on he admits, "The sudden rises in temperature observed by Lammert could also have occurred without disturbances, in case the domestic-aflFair§ of the colony requires them."^* This .last statement seems to have been ofifered to support his original theory. Park, in the Report of the State Apiarist of Iowa for 1925, in making certain deductions regarding cluster temperatures and winter protection assumes from the observation of Phillips and Demuth, that at 57° F. bees form a cluster and as the temperature of the outside air falls, the bees generate more and more heat maintaining a minimum cluster temperature of 57 degrees. He also assumes that any unnecessary heat production is excessive heat production. He states that 55 degrees atmospheric temperature should be ideal for the conservation of bee energy when there is no brood-rearing, which would give a temperature of 57° F. around the bees. With brood-rearing, occuring out of season, r4. Armbruster, L., 1925. Neue Versuche zuii) W^armehausehalt der Bienen Im "Winter. Deutsche Illustrierte Bienen-zeitung. 42:72-73. ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERs' ASSOCIATION 125 Park, assumes the unnecessary expenditure of energy to the extent of the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of the brood-nest from 57 to 93° F. and maintaining it at that level. Using 57° and 93° F-, respectively, as the temperatures maintained during absence and pres- ence of brood in the colony, tables based on Iowa temperatures for 52 3^ears are presented which indicate that bees must produce more heat in March, April and October than they need to produce from November to February inclusive, or during the normal broodless i)eriod. As stated these are based upOn a cluster temperature of 57° F. whereas the temperature of the cluster may normally be as much as 30 degrees or more higher than 57° during the winter period as has been shown by many records without brood-rearing in the hives. If the higher tem- peratures of the cluster or even the average of the cluster instead of the minimum of 57° were used as a basis of calculations, the graphs of probable actual heat production would, no doubt, show a greater amount during the winter period instead of the spring period with its warmer outside temperatures. According to Nolan, Hess in 1927 reported results of measuring temperatures by means of 28 thermocouples within the hive, using a potentiometer and also by a photographic apparatus which recorded the readings of an entire set of thermocouples for each hive in a period of 7 minutes. He advances the theory that bees take air into the cluster from the top and expel it through the bottom of the cluster. Hess believes that part of this air rises warming the air taken into the top of the cluster, while a part of this moisture laden air passes immediately through the entrance without condensing inside the hive. In the Report of the State Apiarist of Iowa for 1927, Phillips states that the temperature of the cluster in winter varies from 57" to 93° F. The succeeding statement is not quite clear since it reads as follows : "This is the temperature range at the center of activity in the center of the cluster, and the parts of the cluster away from the region of greatest heat production may vary all the way between these two figures, while the bees at the outer edge of the cluster have a body tem- perature almost the same as that of the air immediately surrounding them, except that they never drop below 57° F. while normal."^^ Some question might be raised as to whether a bee is normal when it is numb- ed with cold on the outer shell of a cluster in an unprotected colony in a modem hive, or a colony with only nature's protection, when the ther- mometer is hovering arotind -15 to -20° F., or even in some cases at zero temperatures. The writer suspects when bees drop away from a cluster during one of these cold snaps, their temperature is far below 57° F., although the temperature of many points within the cluster will be several degrees above the same point- In Research Bulletin 75 of the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station, entitled "Winter Protection for the Honeybee Colony", Wilson and Milum give the results of an extended series of temprature studies of colonies of bees during the winter period at Madison, Wisconsin. The temperatures of five colonies of bees were observed by means of 15. PhiUlps, E. F., 1928. Report of the State Apiarist of Iowa for 1927, p. 45. 126 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE thermocouples or electrical thermometers, each hive being provided with 44 of the electrical theremometers. They were arranged at two levels in the hives, one at three and one-half inches from the tops of the frames and the other at six and one-half inches from the tops of the frames. From the front to the rear of the hive the thermocouples were arranged in rows three inches apart with the greatest concentration of thermometers at the center. Thus no two points were more than three inches apart and always several thermocouples were surrounded by the clustering bees- The construction and arrangement of the temperature determining apparatus is explained in detail in the bulletin as well as the methods of recording the data. Those interested in this phase of the work should consult the bulletin for more complete information. The five colonies used in the experiment were provided with dif- ferent types and amounts of protection. One colony was wintered in a standard ten-frame hive with a metal cover, without insulation, the en- trance being reduced to a small size. Another colony was wintered in an ordinary commercial double-walled hive, without bottom packing, but with a six-inch packing tray above. The third colony was wintered in the bee cellar in a standard hive, with the full depth entrance. The fourth colony was wintered in a two-colony packing case which pro- vided approximately six inches of packing on all sides, with twelve inches of planer shavings above. The fifth colony was placed in a single colony packing case which allowed 10^^ inches of packing below and on the sides with 15^2 inches of shavings above. All of the outdoor win- tered colonies were located on the east side of a dwelling house within which was located the temperature reading apparatus in turn connected to the hives outside by the thermocouple leads running through rubber tubes. Thus all of the colonies were well protected from the cold winds from the west and northwest, while the colonies with less packing were protected somewhat from the north by the heavier insulated colonies. Those who are interested in the complete results and the exact data presented by the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station Research Bulletin 75 just mentioned should write for a copy of it. Several charts and tables- are presented which cannot be covered adequately by this review. As the writer of this article was a co-author of the above bull- etin, he submits herewith his conclusions on the subject of colony tem- peratures of the winter period based on a study of the literature on the subject as herewith reviewed as well as the experimental work covered by Bulletin 75- These conclusions, with slight changes in wording are a part of those presented by the writer in his thesis entitled "Some temperature relations of the honeybee colony" presented at the Univer- sity of Wisconsin in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doc- tor of Philosophy Degree. As previously mentioned certain temper- ature relations have been omitted from this review because of having been presented elsewhere or are to be submitted in the future. Hence, this article does not cover the entire field of writings upon the tempera- ture of the honeybee colony and its significance. However, with the ■ exception of studies made of brood rearing temperatures and their ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 127 relation to development, all conclusions from the above thesis will be given, since they have not been previously published in full. General Summary of Colony Temperature Relations 1 . The writer has not made a special study of the temperature of individual honeybees, but after reading the literature one must conclude that the honeybee (Apis mellifica, L.) is essentially a cold-blooded ani- mal when considered as an individual, since when it is not. engaged in actual muscular activity, especially that of flight, its body temperature tends to follow that of the outside air. This has been shown by the experiments on the temperatures of individual bees by various authors, and by the fact that an individual bee upon coming to rest, after a flight at a temperature of 46° F., soon becomes cjiilled and numb. Ex- posure to chilling temperatures eventually causes the death of individual honeybees, at a variable length of time depending upon the degree of cold. At higher temperatures heat is produced in the bodies of the in- dividual bees by the metabolism of carbohydrate foods, the rate depend- ing upon the amount of body activity, manifested by flight, fanning of wings, shaking of the body, respiration, and other forms of muscular action. 2. While the temperature of 57° F. is accepted as the point at Avhich a colony of bees forms a cluster when the coldest point among the bees reaches that temperature, it is not the temperature at which the periphery or outside shell of the cluster is maintained. On the other hand, the temperature among the bees of the outside of the cluster when tightly foiTned varies directly with the temperaturjg to which the bees are exposed. With decreasingly low temperatures, the bees in the peri- phery of the cluster eventually become cold and stiff and then perish, as in the case of individual bees, if they remain in such a condition over too long a period. With such conditions existing in the outer shell of the cluster, it is impossible for the bees of the interior of the cluster and thoso of the shell to exchange places. While there is some interchange of bees exposed to higher temperatures, no normal bees can be expected to emerge from the warm interior of the cluster to take a place among the chilled bees on the edge of the cluster. 3. With the fbrmation of the cluster the bees tend to contract the cluster at colder temperatures, within certain Umitations. Since the bees are separated into bands by the midwalls of the combs, further contraction is limited after the cluster has once formed, to movements lengthwise and vertically of the combs, since the individual bees cannot and will not leave the cluster to pass around, over, or beneath the combs. At the colder temperatures, many bees are left stranded on the ends of combs because they cannot contract along the surface of the combs to- ward the center of that comb after they are once chilled. (This is es- sentially the idea expressed by Quinby in 1864, yet disregarded by most modem writers and lecturers on wintering of bees)- 4. In general the temperatures within the center of the cluster, after it is once formed, exhibit an inverse relation to that of the outside 128 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE temperature; i. e. with a rise in the outside temperature, the temper- atures of the interior of the cluster decrease, and vice versa. However, there are limitations upon this reaction, due to certain conditions. With outdoor wintered colonies, when flight weather of 46° F. or higher pre- vails or is approaching, the bees are usually aroused to the possibilities of flight at an outside temperature slightly below the flight temperature, which causes the temperature of the cluster to increase with an increase in the outside temperature. With cellar wintered colonies temperatures above about 50° F. seem to have the same stimulus. Unnatural dis- turbances of any kind, whatsoever, will cause a similar response in the temperatures of the cluster. 5. The inverse relation of cluster temperatures to changes in the outside temperature does not always exist with outdoor wintered col- onies with little nr no protection when the outside temperature drops to points below 0° F. or is maintained for long periods at temperatures near 0° F- At such temperatures, the bees anoear at times to be unable to raise or even maintain the cluster temperature, due to lack of stores within the cluster and their inability to break the cluster and move to a supply of honey, under which circumstances many poorly protected colonies eventually will perish if the cold temperatures are long con- tinued. 6. If at any time during the winter period, the reactions of tl^e inner temperatures of the cluster do not follow the inverse relation to the changes of the outside temperature, then any succeeding readings of cluster temperatures cannot be expected to show the inverse reaction until a normal condition is again reached within the cluster. 7. Low temperatures are probably never the direct cause of tem- peratures of 93° F- being reached and maintained in the cluster during the prevalence of the low temperature. However continued low tem- peratures with intervening warm spells without opportunity for flight may eventually cause the colony to become excited and increase its tem- perature to a point favorable for brood-rearing if the bees become loaded with feces, especially if wintered on poor stores, provided the colony did not starve and then freeze to death during one of the ex- tremely cold periods. 8. If a temperature of 56° F. is used as an arbitrary division point to determine points within a cluster that cannot be viewed directly by the investigator, then different colonies will show approximately the same average temperature in the cluster and the same high individual temperature when the temperature reactions within the cluster are showing the inverse reactions, allowing for the retarding effect of heavier insulation in the case of colonies with considerable protection. In the Wisconsin experiments of Wilson and Milum, the averages of those cluster temperatures above 56° F. when brood-rearing was not in progress, generally varied between 62''and 70° F. with the majority be- tween 64° and 68° F., but slowly increasing with the progress of winter, probably due to the gradual increase of feces, which might have eventu- ally stimulated brood-rearing, even if no flight had not been obtained. The highest temperature of the clusters studied tended to increase as / ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION 129 winter progressed, but it was more variable than that of the average of the.cluster. While 62.9° F. was the lowest maximum temperature of the cluster ever recorded in any of the experimental records of the three winters of 1921-1924, generally a range of 76° to 86° F- included the highest temperatures of all the colonies under normal conditions when brood-rearing was not in progress, 9. Colonies provided with six and one-half to ten inches of pack- ing are as well protected as those in a bee cellar with a temperature of 45° F., although the outdoor wintered colonies will use more stores and ffrffV\,^\^^\.r Colony temperatures as reported in Wisconsin Experiment Station Research Bulletin No. 75. Upper group of lines — Highest temperature • of clusters of five colonies. Group starting at 62° to 66° F. — ^Average of all points in clusters above 56° F< Group starting at 44° to 47° F. — Average of all points below 56° F. Lower discontinuous and continuous solid lines— Outside temperatures recorded at weather bureau and at point of eixperiment, respectively. lose more bees in spite of earlier brood-rearing. Colonies with no pack- ing and in double-walled hives are apparently about equally protected from outside cold during the winter as long as they have the same sized entrance, since the temperatures around the clusters are about equal- Such colonies can pass a cold winter if extremely cold periods are not of too long a duration, but they must suffer from being exposed to about equally cold temperatures (see chart of hive temperatures) with a con- sequent loss of the vitality of the bees. These conditions suggest that colonies in climates where temperatures drop below zero, should be pro- vided with sufficient protection from the cold temperatures and suffi- 130 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE cient stores of good quality properly located above the clustering space ' which should not be much larger than what is necessary to accomodate the cluster when it is tightly compacted at the beginning of winter. 10. Regardless of the opinions expressed by many writers since the discovery of 57° F. as the temperature at which bees form a cluster that temperatures near this point are suitable for successful wintering, the long used 45° F. is still best for all practical purposes. Using the rule that bees winter best when they are most quiet is a good practice, but 45° F. will secure good results under practically all conditions, al- though the proper temperature will vary somewhat with the conditions of the cellar. Among these conditions are the humidity of the cellar, the amount of ventilation, the quality of the winter stores, the size and strength of the colonies, the number of colonies, the type of hive, the size of the entrance, and the time of the winter period. IL, When, bees are in need of flight, such is apparently safe at a temperature of 46° F. in the shade, if there is no wind and the sun is shining. Flights in the earlier part of the winter do not stimulate the colcMiy to brood-rearing, yet after a period of quiescene flights iii late February, March and April usually stimulate colonies to begin brood- rearing regardless of whether pollen is carried in by the bees or not- However, brood-rearing may not be continuous from then on through the spring period, but is dependent upon the supply of pollen and honey in the hive and the ability of the bees to take further flights to gather supplies of nectar, pollen and water which are essential. 12, Temperatures up to 91° to 92° F- are apparently necessary to stimulate the beginning of brood-rearing but maintenance of such a temperature is not necessary for a continuation of brood-rearing. Tem- peratures as low as 76-3° F. were found in the brood nests with appar-, ently no ojther ill eflfect than that of retarded development. Temper- atures of 85° F. in parts of the brood nest are not uncornmon during the spring period, although after brood-rearing is once well established in the late spring and summer, the brood area generally ranges from 90 to 95° F. A temperature of 98.2° F. was the highest ever recorded in a colony by the author. Temperatures above about 95° F. tend to cause the bees to hang outside the hive with loafing which eventually results in swarming. ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 131 ANNUAL SHORT COURSE FOR BEEKEEPERS • University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign The annual beekeeping short course of the' Beekeeping Division of the Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, was held during Farmers' Week, January 9-13, 1928. The attendance averaged about twenty per session, with 65 different beekeepers registered exclusive of high school and university students who reported apiaries as large as 300 colonies. The principal speakers besides the University force were Mr. E- L. Sechrist of the United States Bee Culture Laboratories at Washington, D. C. ; Mr. Jay Smith of Vincennes, Indiana; Mr. Frank Pellett of Hamilton, Illinois ; Mr. W. H. Snyder, Deputy Inspect- or of Decatur ; Warren C. Ashley of Yorkville, and George Rasmussen of Urbana. The beekeeping program offered by the Department of Entomology on Jan. 17 and 18, 1929, as a part of the Farm and Home Week of the Illinois College of Agriculture was quite well attended in spite of the rough weather which prevailed.^ A total of 15 and 21 beekeepers attended on the two days, respectively, 11 of these being repeaters, so they were apparently satisfied. The various topics on bee behavior and management were covered by M. D. Farrar of the State Natural His- tory Survey and V. G. Milum, Apiculturist at the University. This type of meetings will no doubt be continued in future years. THE INTER-STATE BEEKEEPERS' MEETING The Inter-State Beekeepers' Meeting was held at Dubuque on July 25th and 26th but the attendance, especially from Illinois, was not as large as was to be expected. Among the Illinois beekeepers present were N. A. Kluck and wife, Lena; E. S. Lake and wife, Lincoln; Forest Earle, George S. and H. V. Hyde, New Canton ; C. W. Duerrstein and family, and Charles Knantz, Galena ; E. L. McDowell, Hanover ; Henry Price, Elizabeth ; L. C. Dadant, Hamilton ; V- G. Milum, Champaign,^ and A. L. Kildow, Putnam. The last three mentioned appeared as speakers upon the half -day Illinois program. ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 133 REPORT OF APIARY INSPECTORS MEETING SIOUX CITY, IOWA, FEB. 8 AND 9, 1929 (C- D. Adams, Madison, Wisconsin) Meeting called to order by Dr. R. L. Parker of Kansas- Mr. J. V. Ormond of Arkansas was appointed temporary secretary. Dr. Parker read letters from a majority of chief apiary inspectors of the United States endorsing the proposed organization. The following states were represented: Arkansas, J. V. Ormond; Colorado, R. G. Richmond ; Illinois, A. L. Kildow ; Iowa, A. D. Worth- ington; Kansas, Dr. R. L. Parker; Missouri, Arthur Allen; Nebraska,^ L. M. Gates ; North Dakota, J. A. Munro ; Ohio, Geo. DeMuth, repre- senting C. A. Reese ; Texas, T. W. Burleson, representing F. L. Thomas ; Washington, D. C., W. J. Nolan ; Wisconsin, C. D. Adams. Mr. C. L. Corkins expected to represent Wyoming but was busy at another meet- ing. Mr- R. G. Richmond moved that we adopt no constitution and by- laws at the present time, but instead prepare a "declaration of principles." This was passed unanimously. The chairman then appointed R. G- Richmond of Colorado and they later submitted the following report. The name of the organization shall be the, "Association of Apairy Inspectors of America". The object of the Association shall be to further the exchange of information between the g4>iary inspectors and to foster in the states and provinces represented by its membership such uniform apiary inspection practices as may be deemed advisable. After a short discussion a motion was made and passed that the membership of the organization consist of the officials in charge of the apiary inspection of the various states and provinces of America and he or his duly authorized representative may sit and vote at all meetings of the Association. The committee on nomination of officers reported the following: Dr. R. L. Parker, Kansas — Chairman. F. L. Todd, CaHfornia — ^Vice Chairman. C. D. Adams, Wisconsin — Secretary- On rqotion these officers were declared elected to the respective offices. A paper was read by Don B. Whelan, Secretary of the Nebraska Beekeepers' Association, giving the summary of a questionaire sent by him to the chief apiary inspectors of the various states. C. D. Adams was asked to give a short talk on the, "Area Clean Up Work in Wis- consin". The meeting then had an informal discussion on the subject of foul brood control methods. A committee was appointed to draft a set of rules embodying the conclusions arrived at as a result of the dis- cussion. 134 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE On the morning of February 9th, the committee drafted the follow- ing resolution which was later adopted unanimously by all inspectors present. Report of the Association of Apiary Inspectors of America in regard to certain features which we are in favor of incorporating into Apiary inspection laws. Be It Resolved : 1. That this Associatipn meet with the A. H. P. League in its annual convention. 2- That colonies diseased with American foul brood should be burned upon their discovery by an inspector. 3. That we favor the "area clean up" plan. 4- That we favor the certification of bees and used bee equipment in interstate and intrastate shipments. 5. That the Bee Culture press continue its policy of careful selec- tion for publication of articles dealing with various phases of bee diseases. 6. That we urgently request that the U. S. Post Office Depart- ment immediately impose regulations on the shipment of bees and used iDee supplies in conformity with those now imposed upon the Express Companies in compliance with the various state laws. 7. That we are opposed to the compulsory registration of apiar- ies and the collection of a special per colony tax for the state inspection service. 8. That we favor the collection of apiary statistics for the aid of this organization and the individual inspection services. C. D. Adams, Chairman, R- G. Richmond, "J. A. MUNRO. Later, on the same date, these rules were read to the American Honey Producers League meeting and approved by them without a dis- senting vote. The suprising and outstanding feature of the whole meeting was the absence of a dissenting voice on any of the important subjects under discussion. Apiary inspection was begun in some of our states twenty-five or more years ago. Each beekeeping state began the work only when the conditions became unbearable by the beekeepers. Some times the work was assigned to some practical beekeeper in whom the beekeepers had confidence but in most cases the work was assigned to some already existing department of the state government. In other cases the newly appointed official communicated with the Beekeeping Laboratory at Washington and started the work under the instructions of the officials there. Some of the work was started along entirely original lines. In former years each state passed an apiary inspection law without much regard to the laws of the adjoining states. In recent years there has been a decided tendencv of the states to revise their laws to more or SiaH??W!3:-"'?' ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 135 less conform to those of the neighboring states. Practically all the states now, where beekeeping is of considerable importance have fairly satis- factory laws in regard to bee diseases, but the rub is to get sufficient appropriations to enforce the laws. A law without an appropriation to carry it out is of little if any value. To the best of our information Michigan takes the lead in appropriations for this work with Illinois probably second. The amount of these appropriations depends largely upon the aggressiveness of the state and local beekeepers' organizations. At the Cincinnati meeting of the American Honey Producers Asso- ciation the apikry inspectors from five or six states got together and considered the advisability of forming an association of apiary inspec- tors but nothing came of it. In the fall of 1928 Dr. R. L. Parker of Kansas, at the suggestion I believe of President C. L. Corkins, sent out a call for a meeting of the inspectors at the meeting which was held at Sioux City, Iowa. He not only sent the call but kept up an aggressive correspondence with the "powers that be" in the various states to get a representative attendance. Representatives of twelve states and one from the bee culture laboratory of the District of Colum- bia responded. The object of the meeting is given in the enclosed report. Since this meeting letters have come to me from a number of Chief Apiary Inspectors not able to be present but who endorse every one of tiie resolutions. A representative of one state objected to the seventh resolution. This resolution was a surprise to some of us, but it was proposed and backed bv the states having had experience in at- tempting to enforce compulsory registration. Some of us expected some opposition on the first resolution but there was not a single repre- sentative there who volunteered a word in defense of the "shaking treat- ment" or any other treatment authoritatively advocated and almost uni- versally practiced ten years ago. It may be well to add that several others were suggested but were not considered matters of importance. The next meeting will be held at Milwaukee in 1930 where we hope to continue working for uniform policies and practices throughout the whole of America. 136 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNTY ASSOCIATION ACTIVITIES FOR 1928 Champaign County Association This association held no meetings in 1928 other than the stops in- cluded in the summer tour on August 2. President — W. H. Force, Champaign. Secretary-Treasurer — G- Rassmussen, Urbana. Christian County Association No meetings were held by this •association but the apiaries of Frank Bishop and J. H. Bearden, next-door neighbor beekeepers of Taylorville were the scenes of interesting stops of the third day of the annual tour on August 3. The apiary of E. F. Berry near Taylorville was also visited. President — E. F. Berry, Taylorville. Secretary — W. H. Stumm, Edinburg. Cook County Association (A. D- Boal, Downers Grove, Secretary) The eighth annual business meeting of this association, including the election of officers, was held on March 27th, 1928, at the Bismarck Hotel, Chicago. The weather was bad and only about twenty-five mem- bers were present. Mr. A. L. Kildow, State Inspector, talked on inspection prospects and was followed by Prof. Bruce Lineburg of Lake Forest College who gave an interesting address on Spring Management. During the summer field meetings were held at the apiaries of Mr. C. L. Duax at Justice Park, and Mr. M. G. Eldred at Ontarioville, 111. The first was held on Saturday, June 23rd. The speakers were Mr. H. H. Root, General Manager of the A. I. Root Co., and Professor V- G. Milum, State Apiculturist and Secretary of the State Association. This was a most interesting meeting, .both talks being most inspiring and bringing forth much comment from those in attendance. The meeting was rather poorly attended because of threatening weather- The second meeting on September 8th, was an experience meeting in which several members took part. Both Mr. and Mrs. Eldred told their guests how they produced and marketed big crops of fine honey. There was a general discussion of fall management and marketing prob- lems. This meeting was held on Saturday, September 8th and there were about fi,fty present- On Saturday August 11th, about fifteen Cook and Du Page County Beekeepers journeyed to De Kalb as guests of the Northern Illinois Beekeepers' Reunion. An enjoyable afternoon was spent in listening to talks by various Northern Illinois beekeepers. ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 137 The last meeting of the year was held on February 20th, 1929 at the Bismarck Hotel with nearly one hundred in attendance. The speak- ers were Dr- H. E. Barnard, President of the American Honey Insti- tute, Mr. F. B. Paddock, State Apiarist- of Iowa, and Miss Malitta Fischer, Editor of the Food Department of Gleanings in Bee Culture. Officers 1928 1929 President Mrs- Hope E. Kerwin E. M. Warren Hrst Vice Pres F. E. Briggs H. S. Heise Second Vice Pres H. S. Heise Mrs. Eleanor Simmer Third Vice Pres E- A. Meineke Earl Wooldridge Fourth Vice Pres ,Ed. Groh E. J. McCormick Fifth Vice Pres Gun Mozee Wm- Bigel Secretary-Treas A. D. Boal A. D. Boal This association held another meeting, not listed in the secretary's report, on Feb. 6, 1928 with an attendance of about one hundred. The speakers at this meeting were Mr. Frank C. Pellet of the American Bee Journal and Herbert J. Link, banker-beekeeper of La Porte, Indiana. Mr. Boal reports that the ninth annual meeting and election of officers of this association was held at the Bismarck Hotel, Chicago at 8:00 P. M. Monday March 25, 1929 with about 50 members present. Mr. G. H. Cale of the American Bee Journal gave an interesting talk followed by a general discussion of Wintering and Spring Manage- ment. DeKalb County A^ociation Secretary C- H. Tudor of this association reported a meeting on the evening of May 10th with Chief Inspector A. L. Kildow as the principal speaker of the evening. Mr- Morrill of Kane County also gave an interesting talk. About 50 were present at this meeting. On May 20th DeKalb County beekeepers held a picnic at the yard of Mr- Chris Holm near Geneva. A chicken dinner was served, the chicken being donated by our member. Porter Chamberlain. Inspector S. S. Claussen from Oregon gave a fine talk. Our president, Mr. Ritter, of Genoa and Secretary Tudor also aired their views on beekeeping. A large attendance and good time was enjoyed. The (Northern Illinois Beekeepers' Reunion was held at Tourist Park at De Kalb on Saturday August 11- An interesting program was offered according to various reports. President — W\ L. Ritter, Genoa. Secretary-Treasurer — C. H. Tudor, De Kalb. Edgar-Vermilion County Association At a meeting of beekeepers held at the apiary of Bert O. Callahan of Vermilion Grove on September 13, this Association was organized with Mr. Callahan as President; Everett Ellis, of Chrisman, as Vice- President; and Dale Hester, of Ridgefarm, as Secretary-Treasurer. Mr. A. L. Kildow, State Apiary Inspector was present and gave a dis- 138 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE cussion of "Eradication of Foulbrood." V. G. Milum explained the benefits resulting from a local organization of beekeepers and acted as temporary chairman in the formation of this association- This association held its first 1929 'meeting at Danville on March 16, with V. G. Milum as the speaker. Franklin County Association This association held no meetings in 1928 but again showed some activity by a meeting at Benton on the evening of March 29, 1929. Those present decided to continue under the old arrangement with Mr. E. E. Glick, County Farm Adviser, acting as secretary. A. L. Kildow and V. G. Milum attended this meeting. The surplus funds of the association are invested in bee supplies kept at the office of the Farm Adviser for sale to beekeepers desiring same. Fulton County Association This association held a meeting on April 21st. The principal busi- ness of which, according to Mr. Kildow who attended the meeting, was the reelection of the 1927 officers. Grundy County Association This association held its annual meeting at Fraternity Hall in Gard- ner on Saturday afternoon, February 11th- V. G. Milum discussed the Causes, Symptoms and Treatment of Bee Diseases. The election of officers resulted in the re-election of William Osborne, of Morris, Illinois as President and Mr. Ernest H. Davy of Morris as Secretary- Treasurer. The association decided to affiliate with the State Beekeep- ers' Association. Hancock County Association The beekeepers of this association apparently held no meetings in 1928, but Mr. M, G- Dadant of Hamilton has been active in keeping up its membership in the state association. Henry County Association (Elmer Kommer, Woodhull, Secretary) My report as Secretary of our association will not be as good as it has been, owing to the fact that we have experienced almost a failure in crop which has caused a lot of beekeepers to lose interest but we think it will come back again when we get another honey year. The past year was one that I term very peculiar, and it not only fooled the bees, but the beekeeper as well, for when the bloom came it had no nectar, and what little we did get was not the best of quality. As for meetings, we held one field meeting at Geneseo, 111, at the apiary of Mr. W. L. Myers who has a fine apiary of 50 colonies of bees in town. For speakers, we had the privilege of having H. C- Dadant ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION 139 of Hamilton, 111. and he spoke on "Behavior of Bees in Comb Building." We also had Mr. A. L. Kildow, Chief Inspector, at this meeting- and he spoke on "Bee Diseases and Inspection Work." The day was a bad one as we hit a rainy day, but the beekeepers came out after the rain, and the attendance was fair considering the weather. Our annual meeting was held at Cambridge on October 13th at the Court House when all annual business ancf election of officers was held. All old oflficers were reelected for another year. The Treasurer's report showed a gain in the Treasury over last year, even though our membership had fallen off some. Our next meeting will be held sometime during the winter, or early spring when we will send in wax for our members for making up foundation. The Honey Display at the County Fair was as good as ever and some very fine honey was displayed regardless of the poor year. The usual $50.00 was awarded to the winners. The inspection work was not carried on as well as usual, on account of lack of funds for that purpose, but we hope more funds will be available next year so that a general inspection can be had in this county- Iroquois County Association The Iroquois County Beekeeper's Association met at Watseka on the evening of February 14th. V. G. Milum spoke upon the subject of Bee Diseases. The election of officers resulted in the choice of J. N. Koritz, Buckley, as president; H. L.'Dunn, Onarga, as vice-president: and L. W. Wise, Watseka, as secretarv-treasurer. The association Iroquois County Beekeepers' Association Meeting, Onarga Sept. 22, 1928 140 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE passed a motion authorizing the affiliation of the Iroquois County As- sociation with the State Beekeepers* Association. This county was included in the itinerary of the first day of the annual tour on August 1 with stops at the apiaries of John Diercouff of Ridgeville, H- L. Dunn of Onarga and J. N. Koritz of Buckley with an evening program at Buckley. This association held its fall meeting at the home and apiary of H- L. Dunn of Onarga on September 22, with a good attendance. V. G. Milum discussed the question of bee behavior and gave a brief dem- onstration of honey grading. Jefferson County Association This association was definitely organized at a meeting held in the Farm Bureau Office on July 6. V. G. Milum attended, explaining the benefits of an association and discussing the subject of bee diseases. President — Xavier Kiefer, Belle Rive. Vice-president — Roy Wooden, Mt. Vernon. Secretary-treasurer — C. F. Anderson, Mt. Vernon. On the afternoon of Saturday, March 30, 1929, this association held another meeting with a good attendance. Mr. A. L. Kildow and V. G. Milum discussed the subjects of bee diseases and spring manage- ment, respectively. Jersey County Association This association showed no activity for the year 1928. Mr- C. A. Mackelden, Jerseyville, is the acting secretary of the organization. Jo Davies County Association The Jo Davies County Beekeepers' Association met on January 28th at Galena. Deputy Inspector S. S. Claussen of Oregon, addressed those present on the subject of "Why Bees Swarm." This association held its first 1929 meeting at the Court House at Galena on January 5th. Kane County Association (Ross R. Morrill, Secretary, Batavia) During the year 1928 this association held five meetings and one field meeting. At the field meeting, which was held at Wing's Park, Elgin on Sunday July 29th, there was an attendance of 53. Several from De Kalb County attended. A "pot luck" supper was enjoyed. Talks were given by Chief Inspector A. L. Kildow and Dep. Inspector C. H. Tudor of De Kalb County. McHenry County Association (Ray Page, Secretary, McHenry) McHenry County beekeepers to the number of 15 or 18 met at the Court House at Woodstock, 111. on Saturdav afternoon. May 12th, 1928. Mr. V. G- Milum, State Secretary and Mr! A. L. Kildow, Chief of the ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERs' ASSOCIATION 141 Inspection Department of Apiaries of Illinois were present and gave some very good talks on beekeeping and bee diseases. On July 29tli, we were all invited to attend the annual picnic of the Kane County Beekeepers' AssociatiQn at Wing Park, Elgin, Illinois, but unfortunately the attendance from McHenry County was very small. McLean County Association There are no reports of this association holding any meetings dur- ing 1928 other than that at the home and apiary of J. L. Wolcott of Normal at the beginning of the tour on August 1. Mr. Wm. B- Brigham, County Supt. of Schools whose address is 1301 N. East St., Bloomington, is the acting secretary of the organi- zation. Mercer County Association This county was included in the series of meetings of June 21 to 23 with a meeting on the former date at the home and apiary of the secretary, H. E. Miller of Aledo. An attendance of 25 to 30 beekeepers enjoyed the discussions by H- E. Dadant, A. L. Kildow, Elmer Kom- mer and Dow Ripley. The annual meeting of this association was held in Aledo on Tues- day, September 4th at which time the following officers were elected: President — G. W. Brown, Aledo. Vice-president — H. U. Decker, Aledo. • Secretary — H. E. Miller, Aledo. Treasurer — W. C. Egbert, Aledo. Directors — A. N. West, Aledo; R. M. Greer, Joy; Charles Greet,, Reynolds. Montgomery County Association ^ (Wesley W. Osburn, Secretary, Butler) The most important beekeeping event in Montgomery County in 1928 was the visit made us by the Second Annual Tour of our State As- sociation. We combined our annual field meeting with the visit of the tour, and through the co-operation of Secretary Milum, the event was well advertised among the beekeepers of our county. The result was a very gratifying attendance of interested beekeepers to greet the talented speakers the tour brought to us on August 3rd, at the apiaries of Messrs- O. W. Kennett. Ohlman, and -Frank Zadel, Witt. Mr. Zadel was host to the largest attendance of the tour, we understand, and we are proud to rest our reputation for hospitality on the welcome accorded us by his good wife and himself, assisted by Mr. and Mrs. Wolcansek. Mr. Wolcansek is our other member in Witt. For other details we refer you to the repotrs of the State Tour published in the September Amer- ican Bee Journal and the November and December issues of Gleanings. (The latter is reprinted in this report.) 142 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE We maintained our even dozen membership, and while the honey harvest was nothing extra, our members had fair crops, and the colo- nies went into the winter in good shape. Thanks to the efficient work of our deputy inspector, Mr. O. W. Kennett, the danger from disease appears to be less than formerly. Our inspector was taken from ser- vice last summer, on account of the lack of funds but we are hopeful that he will be restored to active duty for '29, as an insurance for the continuance of these conditions- One does not cancel his fire insurance policy because he had no fire last year. This association held a meeting at the Farm Bureau office at Hills- boro on April 11th, 1928. At this meeting O. W. Kennett, Ohlman, was elected president and Geo- H. Hill, Hillsboro, vice-president. Another meeting was held at 7 :30 P. M. June 4th, 1928. Each member of the Montgomery Association is given a member- ship card for each year's membership in the local association when his dues are paid. The cards bear the year imprinted in large colored figures. The Ogle-LfCe County Association (Elizabeth Ordnung, Secretary, Oregon) Two meetings were held during the year, on May 9th and Septem- ber 19th. Both were all day meetings and were held at the Oregon Col- iseum. At the former meeting it was decided to combine Ogle and Lee Counties in the Association, to be called "The Ogle-Lee County Bee- keepers' Association." Chief Inspector A. L- Kildow was present and gave an interesting talk on the necessity of thorough work in producing honey and keeping down disease. Other interesting discussions were held. Four members were added to both the Local and State Associa- tions. At the September meeting the officers for the previous year were re-elected. Interesting and instructive discussions were held. Those present from a distance were Chief Inspector A. L. Kildow of Putnam, E. M. Warren of Chicago, C- H. Tudor of De Kalb and Ross MorriU of Batavia. President — Geo. L. Sauer, Polo- First Vice-president — Chas. Mon, Polo. Second Vice-president — Edgar Confer, Lindenwood. Third Vice-president- — E. H. Stanley, Dixon. I Secretary-treasurer — Elizabeth Ordnung, Oregon. Peoria County Association The only 1928 activity recorded for this association is the final meeting of the annual tour on the afternoon of August 4th at the or- chard apiary of Schoff Brothers near Peoria- The beekeeping fraternity as well as this association lost a valuable friend and cooperator with the death of its secretary, Mr. A. E. John- son of Peoria on January 9th. Mr. Johnson was also a former vice- president of the State Association. ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS* ASSOCIATION 145 Piatt County Association (Emory Warner, Secretary, Monticello) We held our annual meeting in Monticello, January 7, 1928, with a good crowd in attendance- Prof. V. G. Milum gave a talk on Spring Management, also showing slides which were enjoyed by all. The fol- lowing officers were elected : President — Searel Watts. , Vice-president — E, C. Wyne. Vice-president — E. A- Larson. Secretary-treasurer — Emory Warner. Our summer meeting was held in conjunction with the tour and we all enjoyed Mr. Root's talk very much. On February 2, 1929, this association held its annual meeting and election of officers as follows : President — Q W. Brown, Monticello. Vice-president — Scott Piatt, Monticello. Secrtstary-treasurer — Emory Warner, Monticello. Richland County The beekeepers of this county are reported as having held a meet- ing at Olney on Friday, April 20th- Apparently no organization was perfected. Rock Island County Association ' The series of June 21 to 23 included this association with a meet- ing on the latter date at which H.^C. Dadant and A. L. Kildow were the chief speakers. This was an all-day meeting with a basket lunch at noon, at Paradise Farm owned by Dr- R. C. J. Meyer of Hillsdale- This association held its annual meeting at the S. F. Peterson (Sec- retary) Apiary, East Moline, on Monday, September, 3, with an attend- ance of about thirty. Mr. George Hartman, of Freeport, was the prin- cipal speaker and according to the secretary's report gave some good pointers on beekeeping management. The officers of the association are: President, Dow Ripley, Illinois City; Vice-president, H. G. Fry- mier, Carbon Cliff; Treasurer, Thomas J. Hayes, Taylor Ridge, and Directors, T. C. Hoefer, Taylor Ridge; C. F. Nelson, Hillsdale; and J. W. McKendrich, Silvis. Saline-Gallatin Association (Alvin Bell, Secretary, Ridgway) This association held four meetings in 1928, the first at Mr- Bill- man's, at which the officers elected were H. W^. Wilson, Eldorado, pres- ident, K. E. Moye, Omaho, vice-president, and Alvin Bell, secretary- treasurer. Louie Vannis was recommended as inspector. Louie Vannis had some combs of American foulbrood and explained it to flie mem- bers. The next meeting was at the apiary of H. W. Wilson, Eldorado^ queen breader, with 102 nuclei with young Golden Italian queens in them- 144 ^ TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE The third meeting was at Alvin Bell's at Ridgway on September 5th, with V. G. Milum as the speaker. This meeting was finished up by a watermelon feast. The fourth meeting, on September 28, was at the apiary of I-ouie Vannis- Saline County had only two yards with American foulbrood in 1928. This association held its 1929 annual meeting and election of offi- cers on March 29 at the Equality Township High School. A good rep- resentation of beekeepers augmented by some 25 or 30 boys from the agricultural classes at Equality and Eldorado gave a total attendance of over 50. Mr. A. L. Kildow and V. G. Milum were the speakers at this meeting. The 1928 oflficers were reelected- Shelby County Association Through the efforts of Mr. Frank Koontz of Stewardson, the bee- keepers of Shelby County organized on Monday, March 12. The election of officers resulted in the choice of Frank Koontz for president ; John Haslan, Jr., Mowequa, as vice-president ; William Rincker, SteWardson, as second vice-president, and C- E. Hill, Windsor, as secretary-treasurer. According to' Mr. Hill, "Mr. W. H. Snyder gave an interesting talk on 'Bee Behavior, Care of Bees, and Foulbrood, later urging our association to join the state association, telling the benefits of same." The association held another meeting, on Thursday, April 12th, at Shelbyville, at which time Mr. Snyder demonstrated transferring of bees at the home of Oscar Knearem. A constitution was adopted after which seventeen members paid their dues for one year. This association also held another meeting on Saturday, May 12th, and was included on the second day's schedule of the annual tour on August 2nd, with visits to the apiaries of John Haslan, Jr., of Mowea- qua and Herbert Howell of Findlay as well as a well attended meeting at Shelbyville in the evening. Northwestern Independent Association An association with the above name was organized at Freeport late in 1928 with twelve charter members also affiliating with the state association. Mr. Fred Meinen of Baileyville is the secretary. Stephenson County Association There are no reports of any 1928 activities of this association. Its membership is being kept up by the secretary W. H. McCaffrey of Freeport. Warren County Association (Glenn Glass, Secretary. Cameron) The year 1928 was a very poor honey year in Warren County. The production this yeair wzis about one tenth of last year's yield- A gi-eat many swarms have gone into the winter with insufficient stores and the indications are that the spring loss will be heavier than usual. The re- tailers had to depend almost entirely on western honey this year as ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 145 most of the bee men were able to dispose of their stock to their regular customers who came to their apiaries for it. Our annual meeting and election of officers was held at the home of our bee inspector Mr. Wal- lace Smith. The two main speakers of the day were Mr. Dadant of Hamilton whose subject was Races of Bees and Mr. Frank C- Pellet who spoke on Location and Management of Bees. Their talks were very instructive and interesting and were appreciated by all. Our retiring president made some remarks about his observations of Camiolans in comparison with Italians, . , Mr, A. J. Quinley of Cameron was elected president for the com- ing year. Mr. H. W. Vantine of Monmouth, Mr. Joe Pittman of Rose- ville, and Mr. John Kenan of Galesburg were elected vice-presidents and Glenn Glass of Cameron was reelected secretary-treasurer. Whiteside County Association (Lou Bradley, Secretary, Morrison) This association held a meeting at the apiary of C. C. Bowen of Lyons on August 15th- The annual meeting and election of officers was held at Morrison, 111. on December 27, 1928. Owing to bad roads and weather, the at- tendance was very poor. Mr. Roselieb, inspector, made a report of his inspection work and gave a very interesting talk on his visit to the state meeting. Officers elected were as follows : President — W. G. Lawrence, Fulton. Vice-president — H. C. Rodemacher, Morrison. Secretary-treasurer — Lou Bradley, Morrison. No one wanted the responsibilities of the inspection work, so no one was recoijimended, but Mr. Lawrence who was not present at the meeting was suggested by some of the members. Will County Association A number of beekeepers of this county gathered at the home of Mrs. Vera Winkler of Joliet for an evening meeting on Friday, May 11th. Chief Inspector Kildow attended this meeting. On June 9th, this association held a meeting at the home and apiary of George Lynn, at Lockport. A number of the beekeepers first as- sembled at the home of Mrs.. Edward Winkler at Joliet and then drove to the meeting place. After inspecting the apiary the crowd was called together to listen to the speakers, Mr. A. L. Kildow and V. G. Milum. Mr. Kildow spoke upon the question of eradicating bee diseases and especially urged that every beekeeper should become his own inspector in order to eliminate unnecessary loss from bee diseases because of not knowing the nature of the disease- Williamson County Association A meeting of the beekeepers of this county was scheduled for Sat- urday, April 21st, but no further information is available. 146 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Woodford County Association This association held its annual meeting and the election of officers at the High School at Eureka on Friday, February 10th. In addition to the beekeepers present a large number of high school students were dismissed from classes to attend the meeting. V. G. Milum of the State University gave an illustrated lecture on Useful Body Structures of the Honeybee with some additional comments on spring management. Mr. A. L. Kildow, State Apiary Inspector, of Putnam, Illinois, was present and gave a few words of advice to the High School students. Mr. Benjamin Fisher gave a report of his inspection work in which he pointed out that American foulbrood had been decreased from about 10% of infection when he first started the inspection work to slightly more than 1% at the present time. The election of officers resulted in Mr. J. P. Schied of Eureka, who is the High School Agricultural In- structor and Mr. A. E. Thomas of Secor, being reelected as President and Secretary, respectively. The Woodford County Association held its regular Fall meeting at the Eureka High School at 7:30 P. M. on Friday, October 5th. Ben- jamin H. Fischer of Roanoke reported upon the condition of bees, in Woodford County, Lawrence Nichols of Eureka discussed races of bees, Kenneth Dorward reported upon exhibits at fairs, and Alfred Thomas, Secretary, of Secor, spoke upon the organization of the bee colony. Mr. W. H. Snyder, State Deputy Inspector, also .spoke upon the history of the honeybee. An attendance of fifty beekeepers is re- ported at this meeting, it being an enthusiastic one, in spite of a poor crop having been harvested during the past season. This association held its annual meeting for 1929 at the Eureka High School at 7:30 P. M., February. 21st. J. P. Scheid of Eureka and A. E. Thomas of Secor were reelected as President and Secretary- treasurer, respectively. ILLINOIS STATE beekeepers' ASSOCIATION 147 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE CHIEF INSPECTOR OF APIARIES FOR YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1928 (A. L. Kildow, Putnam, Illinois) In submitting my Annual Report for the year ending June 30th, 1928, I will simply give a summary of the work. We visited 6950 apiaries, with 82379 colonies, of which 777 apiar- ies and 4210 colonies were found diseased, and 1592 were destroyed, while 825 colonies were treated. In the apiaries where the beekeepers were careful and practical, the diseased colonies were left for the owner to treat by following out the instructions of the inspector. The past year was one of unusual activity, commencing July 1st with one of the heaviest honey flows that this State has ever had. There was an unusual demand for inspection which practically kept all inspec- tors on the go and ate into our appropriation at a rapid rate. This un- usual demand was unexpected, from the fact that our reports from a number of localities showed that they were practically clean, and it was our judgment that the money that would be used for those localities could be used in other places. As a whole the south half of the State was so wdl under control that we concluded it would be safe to cut our appropriation. The cutting down of the appropriation, however, proved to be a mistake, as the de- mand for inspection increased instead of falling off and ran us short of funds, so that on May 21st I called off inspection work in the south end of the State, and on the 24th b;^ orders from the Department of Agriculture, J called a halt on all inspection work except emergency cases. While we have done very little inspection work since May 24, we have accomplished far more than in any previous year. The past few months there has been considerable talk and many questions asked as to what has 'been done with our appropriation. Cer- tain localities want to know why they are not getting service, and it ap- pears that some think when an inspector is appointed it means a steady job or a permanent position. This is not the case as we only have 7 Civil Service men, all others are temporary. Then we have some bee- keepers in Illinois that depend on the inspector to call at their apiary once or twice a year and tell them whether or not their bees are clean. This should not be, the inspection service was created to educate the beekeeper in detecting foulbrood, in methods of eradicating it, to make them better beekeepers, and not to take care of or run their apiaries for them. The educational work consisted of Bee Meetings, Field Meets, Con- ventions and Inspection Work. The various counties held field meet- ings, some of them having regular monthly meetings to transact the apiarian work and discuss the difficult problems. Other counties see- ing the benefits of organization in their sister counties, have formed organizations of their own, that they might improve the condition of apiculture and eradicate disease. 148 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MR. A. L. KILDOW. PUTNAM, ILLINOIS tjtate Inspector of Apiaries ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 149 The field meets were often attended by beekeepers of several coun- ties. One meeting that should have special mention was the Interstate Meeting of Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Illinois which was held at Hamilton, Illinois, August 9, 10, 11, 1927. This meeting was also attended by beekeepers from other States. Then in December we had the State Convention at Springfield. All these with the work of the inspectors is for th^. purpose of eradicating foulbrood, and educating the beekeepers in the best and most profitable manner to handle their bees. (Signed) A- L. Kildow, Chief Inspector. CONDENSED REPORT OF DEPUTY APIARY INSPECTORS Illinois— July 1, 1927 to June 1, 1928 No. No. Per Inspector Counties Colonies Diseased Cent *Duerrstein, C. W _Jo Davies __ 2381 136 5.7 ♦Schwinn, G Stephenson __ __ __2291 65 2.4 *Claussen, S. S .Winnebago, Carroll, Ogle—. 4179 501 11 Bryant, E. J „..McHenry, Lake 2542 347 13 Enlow, R. N Lake _ 105 33 31 *Roselieb, Roy __ -...Whiteside _._ 1129 29 2.5 ♦Tudor, C. H _ De Kalb __ 1730 242 13 *Morrill, R. R Kane, DuPage, LaSalle 944 125 13 Wallanches, Wm __Du Page (?) 861 95 11 *Wooldridge, J. R Cook „_ __ 55 Young, C. W __ „ Cook 1187 17 1.4 Prill, Fred Cook __ __ 486 19 3-9 Haan, J. Frank Cook _ '. 872 66 7-6 Wooldridge, R. E Cook __ __ 241 32 13 (104) ? ? Bigel, Wm Cook 364 38 10.4 Bodenschatz, J. A .Cook „.. 643 46 7.1 Duax, C. L __Cook __ __ 139 17 12.2 Ripley, D. Rock Island, Mercer 566 31 5.4 Kommer, E __ Jienry _ 946 69 7 Pierce, C. L Bureau, LaSalle 4291 35 .8 O'Brien, J __ .Kendall __ __1389 42 2.2 ♦Anderson, C J _ Grundy :.. 958 52 5.4 Schutz, M .Will __ __ 899 65 7.2 *Huessner, V. S — Will 877 67 7 Long, J. W. Henderson __ _ 644 41 6-3 Smith; W. R „......Warren __ ___ __ 453 34 7.5 Bell, B. F Peoria _ _ 885 76 8.5 Fischer, Benj. .Woodford — 407 6 1.4 Foltz, A. -_ McLean ._1096 0 0 *Henricks, J. T __ —Livingston, Ford, etc 2741 147 5.3 Koritz, J. N Iroquois _ „ 434 39 8.9 Watt, G- R -.Hancock _._ ___ __ 64 0 0 172 Belt, F. R Fulton (?) __ __ 328 56 14 Heldt, E. C _ McLean „ 1269 84 6.6 Rittler, E. W —Adams, etc. — _ 433 50 11 Rose, Clifford Schuyler — 2398 154 6.4 King, H. I Cass, Menard, Morgan Sangamon 1903 55 2.8 150 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Inpector Counties Tyler, S. A Logan, etc Snyder, W. H Macon, etc — Warner, E — Piatt *Force, W. H Champaign, etc. — M'ackelden, C A Jersey — *Kennett, O. W Montgomery, etc. .. *Bishop, F .Christian, Shelby Smith, P -Moultrie, Douglas . *Annear, R. I ,._ Randolph, Perry Meredith, R. C Jefferson, Franklin Kelley, O. Williamson, etc. Vannis, L Saline, Gallatin No. Colonies 1315 7136 2822 3807 2073 3020 622 1274 1953 - 2573 _ 6201 1562 Total— -J1^2(i No Diseased 26 141 55 85 0 98 16 21 88 20 4 4 3517 Per Cent 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.2 0 3.2 2.5 1.6 4.5 .7 • 06 .2 4.5 Note: This table supplied by Chief Inspector, A. L. Kildow, but re- arranged by the editor according to tiers of counties from northern to southern Illinois. * These inspectors furnished separate reports printed in the following pages. ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 151 REPORTS OF DEPUTY INSPECTORS FOR 1928 Jo Davies County (Deputy P, W. Duerrstein, Galena) For the year 1928 I started work on May 1 and visited 48 apiaries, consisting of 920 colonies. I inspected and examined 611 colonies, and found 42 infected with American foulbrood. These colonies were destroyed by burning-, done by the owner and myselt. All of this work was done in Jo Davies County. The time was short as I was called off about May 24 and could only work in in- fected territories. There should have been more work done as the south and western half of my territory was badly infected with foulbrood two years ago, and I was not able to get over all this territory this year. There are a number of beekeepers I have heard of and have never been at their apiary. In this territory I have reduced foul- brood infection down to less than one-half and hope I will be al- lowed more time so as to make a real clean up. As the fall flow was not very good bees that were not provided with stores have gone into winter in bad condition, and if spring stimulation is not done promptly there will be heavy loss by dwind- ling and starvation. Stephenson County ' (Deputy George Schwinn, Orangeville) During the year '28, up to July first, when inspection work ceased for lack of funds, I inspected 256 colonies of bees. Of these 31 had A. F. B., the owner in every case agreeing to treat his bees. Owing to stopping of work I did not re-inspect, to see what success or failures they made of it. I expect some of them did not treat at all, which is all the better, as they would only make a mess of it. I did not get to all yards where disease was found in '27 as there was not enough time, owing to bad roads and weather, Carroll, Ogle, Winnebago Counties (Deputy Inspector S. S. Claussen, Oregon) I inspected a total of 2083 colonies of which I burned 302 that had A. F. B. I found a few with E. F. B. which were treated, some had new queens put in. After the inspection work let up, I still inspected 280 colonies where owners wanted them inspected and paid me for the work themselves. Out of these 280 colonies 18 were found to be foul. Most of my work was done in Ogle and Carroll and some in Winnebago counties. Winnebago needs a lot of inspection. Other 152 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE counties are getting pretty well cleaned up if people will only keep them that way, but there are so many careless beekeepers. Whiteside County (Deputy Roy Roselieb, Prophetstown) The following is my summary report of 1928 : Apiaries Colonies E. F. B. A. F. B. Days 121 905 46 25 16 In addition to this I put in two days on research of four dis- eased apiaries. The bulk of the diseased colonies were burned, although some strong colonies with little disease were treated by me in case of A. F. B. and by the owners if E. F. B. I found on inquiry that around 75% of the E. F. B. infected colonies were wild swarms caught in decoy boxes the year before. The spread of A. F. B. can generally be attributed to the care- less beekeeper. DeKalb County (Deputy Carl H. Tudor, DeKalb) My report on inspection work for the year 1928 does not show a large amount of work done owing to the fact that money was shy. I visited 93 yards with a total of 1887 swarms. I inspected 1203 colonies and found 267 to have A. F. B. One hundred and nineteen were burned, the others treated. I only found two swarms infected with E. F. B.; these were requeened. I find that inspection work is helping the beekeeper and that disease is not as plentiful as a few years ago. There are a few careless ones that seem to spread A. F. B. and they are not willing to help clean up. But the fire soon gets them ; about the second year they are done in my line. Kane, DuPage and LaSalle Counties (Deputy Ross R. Morrill, Batavia) My work for the year 1928 is as follows : Eighteen and one-half days of inspection, 107 apiaries visited, 911 colonies inspected, 108 colonies diseased with A. F. B., 91 burned, remainder treated by inspector or owner. In Kane and DuPage I found very little disease. In LaSalle I found one yard of 50 colonies all of which were diseased. In the city of Aurora I found two yards where all bees had died with A. F. B. The States Attorney furnished me a truck and helper and a beekeeper helped and all fixtures and combs were hauled to the city crematory and burned. This should stop the spread of disease in this city. ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 153 DuPage County (Deputy Wm. J. Wallanches, Downers Grove) During the year 1927* I inspected 985 colonies in 160 apiaries. In 39 apiaries I found 103 diseased, 50 colonies of these were burned, and 53 were treated. Also located a few colonies of Euro- pean foulbrood and proper instructions were given in treating- the diseased. I found all my parties very agreeable and willing to co-operate with me and that a little enlightenment on bee culture increases the interest of the small beekeeper. I inspected about three-fourths of the county; the remaining northwest part was not inspected on account of being late in the season. ♦Too late for 1927 report. Cook County (J. R. Wooldridge, Chicago) I am submitting the following report of inspection of Apiaries in Cook County for the year 1928. There w^ere 238 Apiaries visited, containing 1428 colonies of which 105 colonies were found to be infected with A. F. B. located in some 51 different yards. Many of the 105 colonies infected were given the fire treatment at time of inspection. There are still 36 A. F. B. reports in my oflfice awaiting action. This list is made up of colonies that the deputies considered strong enough at the time of inspection for treatment, which no doubt was done by the owner, and a portion of these are now clean. Regardless of what may have been done at time of inspection, a duplicate notice of all apiaries inspected and diseased are filed promptly in my office, this gives me the opportunity to check on the inspector as to his efficiency and to know personally that the work is done per the State's instructions. Generally speaking, the beekeepers of Cook County have be- come educated to know that the Inspector comes not to destroy, but to save them financially and place them on the road to success. The organization in Cook County for Apiary Inspection is rather hard to evade once a beekeper is listed, life becoming almost un- bearable until he thoroughly cleans his yard of all diseases ; by this time the beekeeper has become so interested that he suddenly re- members several others keeping bees in his locality and insists that they receive inspection at once. The inspector thanks him for the information and assures him he will act promptly on his sug- gestions. Unfortunately last spring we had most unfavorable weather for handling bees and credentials were not issued to the deputy in- spectors until about the middle of May and the work was discon- 154 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE tinued in a few days on account of the finances, hence, our poor showing" for the year 1928. This is no reflection on our deputy inspectors here as they are all well qualified for this service. I would be pleased if the law were more rigidly enforced along the north border of Cook County. There seems to be quite a traffic in moving bees by auto truck without Health Certificates from Wisconsin and our Northern Counties. I located one apiary of 118 colonies moved by truck originating in Wisconsin having no Health Certificate but found clean. Another apiary of 60 col- onies, 40 A. F. B., was moved from Lake County by truck without .a Health Certificate. The railroads require a Health Certificate before bees are ac- ceptable for shipment and I have not heard of any one holding a Health Certificate from Cook County having any trouble unloading bees in Wisconsin. You can readily see how helpless we are so long as these conditions exist. Grundy County (Deputy C. J. Anderson, Morris) Number of days inspection 11 Apiaries inspected 65 Colonies inspected 7il 5 Apiaries with American foulbrood 8 Colonies with American foulbrood „ „ 45 Colonies treated 20 Colonies burned - 18 The above report covers the period from March 20th to June 19th, 1928. The first part of the honey flow was too wet and the last most too hot so we got about half of the sweet clover flow. The weather was right for the fall flow. Asters were to be seen everywhere and stayed in tloom the full limit so bees went into winter quarters good and strong with food of fall flowers. My bees averaged 60 pounds per colony. The white clover in the pastures and the sweet clover got a good start this fall and looked the best I have seen it so I look for more honey per colony next year. Will County (Deputy Valentine W. Heussner, Lemont) The season of 1928 has been somewhat disappointing. Much work from the previous year had remained to be done. The spring weather conditions were very unfavorable for bee inspection work. Then on May 24, notice was received from Chief A. L. Kildow to close up the work of inspection, as the money for the present year had been used up. Hence, I am sorry to say, the year 1928 has passed with little or nothing accomplished in my respective county. ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 155 This, together with almost a complete honey crop failure, ranging from nothing in many apiaries, to 30 pounds'* as the high mark, has discouraged many beekeepers in this locality. But all are looking forward for a brighter, and more prosperous coming year. . » Iroquois, Livingston, Ford, McLean and Kankakee Counties (Deputy J. T. Henricks, Chatsworth) Total No. No. No. No. Colonies Diseased Treated Burned Box Hives A F B ' Iroquois 1024 43 2 41 1* Livingston 403 5 5 5 Ford 235 4 4 McLean 83 Kankakee 160 5 5 Total 1905 57 2 55 6 * Box hives were transferred. • I am sending the Total Report for 1928 and a few words in con- nection therewith as follows: As the inspection work was cut short for 1928 there was some interference with my plans for the season. I have a plan that any bees in trees and buildings shall either be gassed or trapped out to do away with these swarms that are only a menace to any bee- keeper. This is what we have to look forward to especially wher- ever there has been foulbrood, as I have eliminated swarms in trees and buildings and have found foulbrood among some swarms where it was the least expected. Nineteen hundred and twenty-eight has been a somewhat slow season for our bees, but at that I am living in hopes for a bigger crop of surplus in 1929 as a prophet and a hobby in beekeeping. Champaign County (Deputy W. H. Force, Champaign) From July 1st, 1927 to June 1st, 1928, I inspected 3807 colonies. Of this number there were found 85 diseased colonies. Co-operation and larger attendance at beekeepers' meetings are the fundamentals in better beekeeping. Montgomery County (Deputy O. W. Kennett, Ohlman) In the year 1928 I visited 116 apiaries totaling 1485 colonies of bees. I found 65 colonies affected with A. F. B. and 3 with E. F. B. These were found in 27 different yards. I found 44 colonies in box hives. 156 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE In my experience I find very few beekeepers that would know a case of foulbrood if they should see it. It is my opinion that all inspectors should be provided with some sort of sample case so he could carry a sample of the various kinds of bee diseases with him so he could show and familiarize beekeepers with it and how .to de- tect the disease when it makes its appearance. By this method I feel sure that the inspectors could do much good. My idea is to teach each and every beekeeper to be his own inspector. Of course anyone who has such sample in his possession must remember that precaution must be used. I come in contact with quite a number of beekeepers that don't believe there is such a thing as foulbrood. If I know for sure where I am going to be in the evening after my day's work is done I invite beekeepers to call on me so that I can talk bees and bee dis- eases with them. I am sure a lot of good can be done in this way. Of course in extending such an invitation it is important to specify the time you will have to spend on such occasions, for I have found myself going to bed after midnight. In this way I get to talk to many beekeepers that I otherwise would not get to talk to, espec- ially during busy seasons. Christian and Shelby Counties (Deputy Frank Bishop, Taylorville) Number of apiaries inspected in 1928 18 Number of colonies examined 400 Number of diseased colonies found and burned 9 Perry and Randolph Counties (Deputy Roy I. Annear, Mulkeytown) My inspection from July 1st, 1927 to July 1st, 1928, in Perry and Randolph Counties covered 1749 colonies of bees. I found about 3% diseased with American foulbrood. Most of these have been cleaned up by myself; some were burned and some transferred. But it seems impossible in some localities to keep the yards clean, especially close to towns or cities where honey is shipped in from this state and other states. Beekeepers as a rule are not careful enough in their own yards with American foulbrood. We must all be careful, examine all colonies at least three or four times each year and if you have any disease in your yard, don't shift combs and supers. STATE LAW ON BEE DISEASES DESCRIPTION AND TREATMENT Illinois Department of Agriculture S. J. STANARD, Director SPRINGFIELD APIARY DIVISION A. L. KILDOW, Chief Inspector PUTNAM, ILL. CIRCULAR NO. 261 NOVEMBER, 1927 The following material relating to bee diseases has been copied from Circular No. 261 (November, 1927), Illinois Department of Agri- culture, at the suggestion and by permission of A. L. Kildow, Chief Inspector, Putnam, Illinois. (Prepared by A. L. Kildow, Chief Inspector, Putnam, 111.) This bulletin is published especially to acquaint the public with the destructive bee diseases which are prevalent in the State and to show methods of controlling them. It is not the purpose of the state law to require the destruction of property, but on the contrary to conserve the property of beekeepers as much as possible and to place beekeeping on a paying basis. The owners of bees should do all in their power to elim- inate bee diseases, and it is to the interest of every beekeeper, when dis- ease is found among his bees, to observe and carry out treatment recom- mended. Some of the largest beekeepers in the State have had to fight bee diseases, and lessons thus learned have made them better beekeepers. The treatments in this bulletin are stated as concisely as possible in order that 410 one will be confused. If there is any doubt as to whet- her or not disease exists, write to the State Bee Inspector for assistance. ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 159 STATE LAW ON BEE DISEASES An Act to prevent the introduction and spread in Illinois of foul- brood among bees, providing for the appointment of a State Inspector of Apiaries and prescribing his powers and duties. Whekeas, The disease known as foulbrood exists to a very consid- erable extent in various portions of this State, which, if left to itself, will soon exterminate the honey-bees; and Whereas, The work done by an individual beekeeper or by a State Inspector is useless so long as the official is not given authority to in- spect, and, if need be, to destrp}'' the disease when found ; and Whereas, There is a great loss to the beekeeper and fruit grow- ers of the State each year by the devastating ravages of foulbrood; Section 1. Be it enacted by the People of the State of Illinois, represented in the General Assembly. That the Governor shall ap- point a State Inspector of Apiaries, who shall hold his office for the term of two years, and until his successor is appointed and qualified, and who may appoint one or more assistants, as needed, to carry on the inspection under his supervision- The Inspector of Apiaries shall re- ceive for each .day actually and necessarily spent in the performance of his duties the sum of Four Dollars to be paid upon bills of particulars certified to as correct by the said State Inspector of Apiaries, and ap- proved by fhe Governor. Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of every person maintaining or keep- ing any colony or colonies of bees to keep same free from the disease known as foulbrood and from other contagious diseases among bees. All beehives, bee fixtures or appurtenances, where foulbrood or other contagious or infectious disease among bees exist, are hereby declared to be nuisances to be abated as hereinafter prescribed. If the InsptiCtor of Apiaries shall have reason to believe that any apiary is infected by foulbrood or other contagious disease, he shall have power to inspect, or cause to be inspected from time to time, such apiary, and for the purpose of such inspection he, or his assistants, are authorized during reasonable business hours to enter into or upon any farm or premises, or other building or place used for the purpose of propagating or nurtur- ing bees. If said Inspector of Apiaries, or his assistants, shall find by inspection that any person, firm or corporation is maintaining a nuis- ance as described in this section, he shall notify in writing the owner or occupant of the premises containing the nuisance so disclosed of the fact that such nuisance exists. He shall include in such a notice a state- ment of the conditions constituting such nuisance, and order that the same be abated within a specified time, and a direction, written or printed, pointing out the methods which shall be taken to abate the same. Such notice and order may be served personally or by depositing the same in the postoflfice properly stamped, addressed to the owner or occupant 160 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE of the land or premises upon which such nuisance exists, and the direc- tion for treatments may consist of a printed circular, bulletin or report of the Inspector of Apiaries or an extract from same. If the person so notified shall refuse or fail to abate said nuisance in the manner and in the time prescribed in said notice, the Inspector of Apiaries may cause such nuisance to be abated, and he shall certify to the owner or person in charge of the premises the cost of the abate- ment and if not paid to him within sixty days thereafter the same may be recovered, together with the costs of action, before any court in the State having competent jurisdiction. In case notice and order served as aforesaid shall direct that any bees, hives, bee-fixtures or appurtenances shall be destroyed and the owner of such bees, hives, bee-fixtures or appurtenances shall consider himself aggrieved by said order, he shall have the privilege of appeal- ing within three days of the receipt of the notice to the county court of the county in which such property is situated. The appeal shall be made in like manner as appeals are taken to the county court from judgments of justice of the peace. Written notice of said appeal served by mail upon the Inspector of Apiaries shall operate to stay all proceedings until the decision of the county court, which may, after in- vestigating the matter, reverse, modify or afi'irm the order of the In- spector of Apiaries, who shall serve the same as hereinafter set forth and shall fix a time within which such decision must be carried out. Sec. 2a. No person shall transport a colony of bees or used bee equipment, except a live queen and her attendant bees in a cage without comb or brood, from one county of this State to another county of this State, without a certificate from the Department of Agriculture, stating that it has, within sixty days before the date of shipment, inspected the colony or equipment and found it to be free from foulbrood. Sec- 2b. No person shall transport a colony of bees or used bee equipment except a live queen and her attendant bees in a cage without comb or brood, into this State from a state or country having an in- spector of apiaries or other oflFicer char-ged with similar duties, without a certificate stating that the officer has, within sixty days before the date of shipment, inspected the colony or equipment and found it to be free from foulbrood. No person shall transport a colony of bees or used bee equipment, except a live queen and her attendant bees in a cage without comb or brood, into this State from a state not having an inspector of apiaries or other officer charged with similar duties, unless the shipper or con- signee has obtained from the Department of Agriculture, upon making a sufficient showing that the colony or equipment is free from foul- brood, a permit for the shipment into the State. Sec, 3. The Inspector of Apiaries shall, on or before the second Monday in December of each calendar year, make a report to the Gov- ernor and also to the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association, stating the number of apiaries visited, the number of those diseased and treated, the number of colonies of bees destroyed and the expense incurred in the performance of his duties. ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS* ASSOCIATION 161 Sec. 4. Any owner of a diseased apiary or appliances taken there- from, who shall sell, barter or give away any such apiary, appliance, queens qr bees from such apiary, expose other bees to the danger of contracting such disease, or refuse to allow the Department of Agricul- ture to inspect such apiary or appliances, and any person who shall vio- late the provisions of Section 2a or Section 2b of this Act, shall be fined not more tharr$100.00. 162 TW l..\l V-l-:i(,liTH ANMAI, KI-'.PORr Ol- THE AMERICAN FOULBROOD Description ( r>aci!ius iarvac. White) 'I'hc bc'.^t (k'scriplion which can he L^ivcii i^ that of Dr. K. \\ JMiil- iil^>, in ]^\-inncrs' lUillctiii 442. of the 1 )c]i;irtnieiit of Aiiriculture. ".\iiici"ican lotilhro.xl u>Liah\- >lio\vs itself in the larva, just aI)Out the time that it tills the cell aiul after it has ceased feeding- and ha.^ ])e- .^ini ])ni)ation i clian^in;;- from the i^ruh condition to the winj^ed insect). A ("oiiili n( Ain''iH-.iii l-"(iull)ro()(l At this time, it is sealed over in the conih (hy the hees). The first in- dication of tlie infection is a sliiTi'ht l)ro\vnish discoloration and the loss of the well-rotinded a|)])earance of the normal larva- At this sta.^e the disease is not nsiialK' recocii'nized hv the I)eekeei)er. 'J"he larva .^■radnally -^inks down in the cell and hecomes darker in color and the i)osterior end "ies aL;ainst the hottom of the cell, l^y the time it has ])artially dried i'iown and has Ijecome (|uite dark ( hni-^'ii coffee colored), the most iv])- ical characteristic (jf this disease manifests itself. * If a matcli, stick or toothpick is inserted into the decaying; mass anrl \vithdi"a\vn, tlie larva- remains adhere to it and are drawn out in a thread, which sometimes extends for an inch or more hefore hreakini,^. This ropiness is the chief characteristic in diai^^nosini^- the disease- 'Jdie larva continues to dry down and "raduallv loses its r(i]nness until it fmallv hecomes merely a scale on the lower side wall and hase of the cell. This scale adheres ti.si'htly to the cell and can he removed with difticulty from the cell wall. ILLINOIS STATK HI-.KKKi-J'KKs' ASSOiLX'! lo N ]<)^ 'Jlie scales can 1)C observed when the comb is held with the U>\> inclined toward tire observer, so that a bright light strikes the lower >ide wall. A very characteristic and ]ienetrating" odor is noticeable in the decaying larva. This can be best likened to the odor of hcntcd yhic. "The majority t)f the larvae which die of this disease are attacked after being sealed in the cells. The cappings are often entirely removed by the bees, but when they are left they usually become sunken and fre- (juently i>erforated. As the healthy brood emerges, the comb shows the .scattered stmken cappings covering dead larvae, giving a character- istic a])]^earance. '■i^u]>ae (the transforming grub, also called chrysalis) also may die of this disease, in which case they. too. dr}' down, become rojiy and have the o dried down to a scale." Treatment Previous to treatment cli]) the cjueen's wings when everything has I)een ])rovided. go to the diseased colony, remove the hive trom its stand and ])Ut it about three or four feet back- Place a clean empty hive t)n the old stand with a flat Ivoard or Hat cover half way over the enijity hive b(jdy with a brick on it to kee]) the cover from falling otT. Xow smoke the diseased colony just enough to kee]) them (|uiet iuid ])roceed to take otit the frames and shake or brush off the bees in the ojjen half of the empty body, ])utting the combs in another hive boily that \ott have placed handv to receive them. kee])ing ihem covered. After you have all the bees in the newly prepared hive, close the hive with the board that is already over half of it. Leave the colony two days, then at the end of this time raise the board that is used as a cover about six inches and bring it down on the hive with a (|uick shun. This will dislodge the bees that have clustered on the under side of the cover or board. Have a hive in clo.se reach with frames and full sheets of loundation. <|uickly put this i)repared hive over the one that has the bees in, the bees will go u]> in this hive and in the UK/rning lift the lop hive off and ])lace it on the bottom Ixjard, if any bees are on tbe sides of the hive body brush them in front of the colon\- and your treatment is c»»mp]ete. Xow take the diseased combs and burn thenr If anv comb has been built on the board or cover, this also must be burneti. If the in- s])ector linds a colony that is too badlv diseased to warrant treatment he mav order same burned. 164 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE EUROPEAN FOULBROOD Description European foulbrood usually attacks the larva at an earlier stage of its development than American foulbrood and while it is still curled at the base of the cell. A small percentage of larvae die after capping, but sometimes quite young larvae are attacked. Sunken and perforated cappings may exist as in American foulbrood. The earliest indication of the disease is a slight yellow or gray discoloration and uneasy move- ment of the larva in the cell. It loses its well-rounded opaque appear- ance and becomes slightly translucent, so that the tracheae may become prominent giving the larva a clear segmented appearance. Later the color changes to a decided yellow or gray and the translucency is lost. The yellow color is the chief characteristic of this disease. The dead larva appears as a moist, somewhat collapsed mass, giving the appear- ance are being melted. The larva finally dries in a grayish-brown scale against the base of the cell, or a shapeless mass on the lower side wall. Very few scales are black. The scales are not adhesive, but easily re- moved, and the bees carry out a great many of them. Decaying larvae which have died of this disease are usually not ropy as in American foulbrood, but a slight ropiness is sometimes observed. Sometimes a sour odor is present, which reminds one of yeast fermentation. Treatment As soon as the disease shows, kill the old queen, and if the colony is common brown or black, keep all queen cells cut out. Fifteen days after you kill the queen, introduce a young laying Italian queen. If the colony be of good Italian stock, allow the colony to rear a queen. Keep the colony strong; a weak colony will not rid themselves of dis- ease. OLD BOX HIVES Remove a portion of the top' so you can blow smoke in, turn the hive upside down, and place a box as nearly the size of the old hive as you can get, on top. Smoke into the opening that you have made and drum on the box, until you have all the bees out of the old hive into the box on top. Place the box containing the bees where the old hive formerly stood. Saturate the old hive and combs with kerosene and destroy as instructed in American foulbrood. In two or three days dump the bees from the box into a hive body which is placed on the stand where the box was and fill the hive body with frames of foundation and place the cover on your hive. Destroy all combs that were built in the box. If there is no disease in the old box hive, the bees may be run on full sheets of foundation at once. ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERs' ASSOCIATION 165 SUGGESTIONS By adhering to the following suggestions and avoiding the "Don'ts" the beekeeper may save himself much trouble and worry as well as finan- cial loss- Don't use frame hives without foundation. Don't use box'* hives, bees cannot be controlled in them. Don't allow robbing in your apiary. Don't waste your time trying to save a colony with only a handful of bees. Don't buy everything you see advertised in bee papers, as they may not all fit your conditions. Leave only a small entrance during spring, until your colonies show by clustering at entrance that a larger opening is necessary. Keep all colonies strong, even should you have to resort to feeding in order to have the colony breed up. Feed granulated sugar syrup, a pound of sugar to a pound of water. Use full sheets of foundation in your brood frames. Keep a good strain of Italian bees. Read the bee journals. The price of a good bee journal is money well spent. If you winter your bees out of doors, give them adequate packing, using forest leaves or other absorbents for this purpose. Place at least six inches of leaves over the brood frames and at least four inches of leaves aound the hives, except the Tront, held in place by wire netting. Black bfees and low-grade hybrids are the most susceptible to Euro- pean foulbrood. Keep only pure Italian bees. Make an effort to produce more honey this vear than ever before. 166 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE FORMATION OF THE ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION Springfield, III., February 26, 1891. The Capitol Beekeepers' Association was called to order by President P. J. England. Previous notice hav'ng been given that an effort would be made to form a State Association, and there being present beekeepers from different parts of the State, by motion, a recess was taker» in order to form such an association. P. J. England was chosen temporary chairman and C. E. Yocum temporary secretary. On motion, the Chair appointed Thos. G. Newman, C. P. Dadant and Hon. J. M. Hambaugh a Committee on Constitution. Col. Charles F. Mills addressed the meeting on the needs of a State associa- tion and stated that it was his opinion that the beekeepers should have a liberal appropriation for a State Apiarian Exhibit at the World's Columbia Exposition. A motion to adjourn 'till 1 :30 p. m. prevailed. AFTERNOON SESSION The Committee on Constitution reported a form for same which, on motion, was read by the Secretary, by sections serially. Geo. F. Robbns moved to substitute the word "shall" for "may" in the last clause of Section 1, article III. This led to a very animated discussion, and the motion was lost. J. A. Stone moved to amend the above-named section by striking out the word "ladies" and all that followed of the same section, which motion led to further discuss 'on, and motion finally prevailed. Section 2, Article II, relating to a quorum, was on motion, entirely stricken out. Mr. Robbins moved to amend Article V by adding the words "Thirty days' notice having been given to each member." Prevailed. Thos. G. Newman moved to adopt the Constitution, so amended, as a whole. Which motion prevailed. (See Constitution). J. A. Stone moved that the Chair appoint a Nominating Committee of three on permanent organization. Prevailed. Chair appointed as such committee. Col. Charles F. Mills, Hon. J. M. Ham- baugh and C. P. Dadant. Committee retired and in a few minutes returned, submitting the following named persons as candidates for their respective offices : For President — P. J. England, Fancy Prairie. For Vice-Presidents — Mrs. L. Harrison, Peoria; C. P. Dadant, Hamilton; W. T. F. Petty, Pittsfield ; Hon. J. M. Hambaugh, Spring; Dr. C. C. Miller, Marengo. Secretary — Jas. A. Stone, Bradfordton. Treasurer — A. N. Draper, Upper Alton. Mr. Black moved the adoption of the report of the Committee on Nomina- tions. The motion preva led, and the officers as named by the committee were declared elected for the ensuing year. Hon. J. M. Hambaugh moved that Mr. Thos. G. Newman, Editor, American Bee Journal, of Chicago, be made the first honorary member of the association. Prevailed. ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 167 At this point, Col. Chas. F. Mills said: "Mr. Qiairman, I want to be the first one to pay my dollar for membership," at the same time suiting his action to his words, and others followed his example, as follows : CHARTER MEMBERS Col. Charles F. Mills, Springfield Geo. F. Robbins, Mechanicsburg Hon. J. M. Hambangh, Spring J. W. Yocum, Williamsville Hon. J. S. Lyman, Farmingdale Thos. S. Wallace, Clayton C. P. Dadant, Hamilton A. J. England, Fancy Prairie ; Chas. Dadant, Hamilton P. J. England, Fancy Prairie A. N. Draper, Upper Alton C. E. Yocum, Sherman S. N. Black, Clayton Jas. A. Stone, Bradfordton . ,i. Aaron Coppin, Wenona FIRST HONORARY MEMBER Thomas G. Newman, Editor American Bee Jourfial, Chicago. 168 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE CHARTER STATE OF ILLINOIS— DEPARTMENT OF STATE Isaac N. Pearson, Secretary of State To all to whom these presents shall come — Greetings : Whereas, A certificate duly signed and acknowledged having been filed in the office of the Secretary of State on the 27th day of February, A. D. 1891, for the organization of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association, under and in ac- cordance with the provisions of "An Act Concerning Corporations," approved April 18, 1872, and in force July 1, 1872, and all acts amendatory thereof, a copy of which certificate is hereunto attached. Now, Therefore, I, Isaac N. Pearson, Secretary of State of the State of Illinois, by virtue of the powers and duties vested in me by law, do hereby certify that the said. The Illinois State Beekeepers' Association, is a legally organized corporat'on under the laws of the State. In Testimony Whereof, I hereunto set my hand and cause to be affixed the great seal of State. Done at the city of Springfield, this 27th day of February, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety-one, and the Independence of the United States the one hundred and fifteenth. [Seal] I. N. Pearson, Secretary of State. State of Illinois, ) County of Sangamon ) ^^' To Isaac N. Pearson, Secretary of State : We, the undersigned, Perry J. England, Jas. A. Stone, and Albert N. Draper, citizens of the United States, propose to form a corporation, under an act of the General Assembly of the State of Illino's, entitled, "An Act Concerning Corpor- ations," approved April 18, 1872, and all acts amendatory thereof ; and for the purpose of such organizations, we hereby state as follows to-wit: 1. The name of such corporation is. The Illinois State Beekeepers' Associ- ation. 2. The object for which it is formed is to promote the general interests of the pursuit of bee-culture. 3. The management of the aforesaid Association shall be vested in a board of three Directors, who are to be elected annually. « 4. The following persons are hereby selected as the Directors, to control and manage said corporation for the first year of its corporate existence, viz : Perry J. England, Jas. A. Stone, and Albert N. Draper. 5. The location is in Springfield, in the county of Sangamon, State of Illinois. (Signed) Perry J. England, Jas. a. Stone, Albert N. Draper. State of Illinois, ) Sangamon County, > I, S. Mendenhall, a notary public in and for the county and State aforesaid, do hereby certify that on this 26th day of February, A. D. 1891, personally ap- peared before me, Perry J. England, James A. Stone, and Albert N. Draper, to me personnally known to be the same persons who executed the foregoing cer- tificate, and severally acknowledged that they had executed the same for the pur- pose therein set forth. In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal the day and year above written. [Seal] S. Mendenhall, Notary Public. ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 169 CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS OF THE ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION Constitution Adopted Feb. 26, 1891 ARTICLE I. This organization shall be known as The Illinois State Beekeepers' Associ- ation, and its principal place of business shall be at Springfield, Illinois. ARTICLE II— Object. Its object shall be to promote the general interests of the pursuit of bee- culture. ARTICLE III— Membership. Section 1. Any person interested in apiculture may become a member upon the payment to the Secretary of an annual fee of one dollar and fifty cents ($1.50). (Amended to $1.75, 1919; amended to $1.00 at annual meeting Decem- ber 1928.) And any aflfiliating association, as a body may become members on payment of an aggregate fee of fifty cents (50c) per member, as amended No- vember, 1910. Sec. 2. Any person may become honorary member by receiving a majority vote at any regular meeting. ARTICLE IV.— Officers. Section 1. The officers of this association shall be. President, Vice Pres- ident, Secretary and Treasurer. (Since amended to include 5 regional Vice Pres- idents.) Their terms of office shall be' for one year, or until their successors are elected and^ qualified. Sec. 2.' The President, Secretary and Treasurer shall constitute the Execu- tive Committee. Sec. 3. Vacancies in office — ^by death, resignation and otherwise — «hall be filled by the Executive Committee until the next annual meeting. ARTICLE v.— Amendments. This Constitution shall be amended at any annual meeting by a two-thirds vote of all the members present — ^thirty days' notice having been given to each member of the association. By-Law^s ARTICLE I. The officers of the association shall be elected by ballot and by a majority vote. ARTICLE II. It shall be the duty of the President to call and preserve order at all meetings of this association ; to call for all reports of officers and committees ; to put to vote all motions regularly seconded; to count the vote at all elections, and declare the results; to decide upon all questions of order, and to deliver an address at each annual meeting. ARTICLE III. The Vice Presidents shall be numbered, respectively, First, Second, Third, Fourth, and Fifth, and it shall be the duty of one of them, in his respective order, to preside in the absence of the President. 170 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ARTICLE IV Section 1. It shall be the duty of the ' Secretary to report all proceedings of the association, and to record the same, when approved, in the Secretary's book; to conduct all correspondence of the association, and to file and preserve all papers belonging to the same ; to receive the annual dues and pay them over to the Treas- urer, taking his receipt for the same ; to take and record the name and address of every member of the association; to cause the Constitution and By-Laws to be printed in appropriate form and in such quantities as may be directed by the Executive Committee from time to time, and see that each member is provided with a copy thereof ; to make out and publish annually, as far as practicable, sta- tistical table showing the number of colonies owned in the spring and fall, ana the amount of honey and wax produced by each member, together with such other information as may be deemed important, or be directed by the Executive Com- mittee; and to give notice of all meetings of the association in the leading papers of the State, and in the bee journals at least four weeks prior to the time of such meeting. Sec. 2. The Secretary shall be allowed a reasonable compensation for his services, and to appoint an assistant Secretary if deemed necessary. ARTICLE V It shall be the duty of the Treasurer to take charge of all funds of the associa- tion, and to pay them out upon the order of the Executive Committee, taking a re- ceipt for the same; and to render a report of all receipts and expenditures at each annual meeting. ARTICLE VI It shall be the duty of the Executive Committee to select subjects for discussion and appoint members to deliver addresses or read essays, and to transact all in- terim business. ARTICLE VII. The meeting of the association shall be, as far as practicable, governed by the following order of business : Call to order. Reading minutes of last meeting. President's address. Secretary's report. Treasurer's report. ' Reports of committees. Unfinished business. Reception of members and collection. Miscellaneous business. Election and installation of ofTicers. Discuss "on. Adjournment. ARTICLE VIII. These By-Laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of all the members present at any annual meeting. C. E. YocuM, Aaron Coppin, Geo. F. Robbins. ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 171 BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION The Original Bill, § 1. Appropriates $1,000 per annum — § 2. How drawn. proviso. § 3. Annual lieport. An Act making an appropriation for the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association. Whereas, The members of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association have for years given much time and labor without compensation in the endeavor to promote the interests of the beekeepers of the State; and, Whereas, The importance of the industry to the farmers and fruit-growers of the State warrants the expenditure of a reasonable sum for the holding of annual meetings, the publication of reports and papers containing practical infor- mation concerning beekeeping, therefore, to sustain the same and enable this or- ganization to defray the expenses of annual meetings, publishing reports, suppress- ing foulbrood among bees in the State, and promote the industry in Illinois ; Section 1. Be it enacted by the People of the State of Illinois, represented in the General Assembly : That there be and is hereby appropriated for the use of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association the sum of one thousand dollars ($1,000) per anniun for the year 1917-1918, for the purpose of advancing the growth and developing the interests of the beekeepers of Illinois, said sum to be expended under the direction of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association for the purpose of paying the expenses of holding annual meetings, publishing the pro- ceedings of said meetii^s, suppressing foulbrood among bees in Illinois, etc. Provided, however. That no officer or officers of the Illinois State Beekeep- ers' Association shall be entitled to receive any moneys compensation whatever for any services rendered for the same^out of this fund. Sec. 2. That on the order of the President, countersigned by the Secretary of the Illinois ^tate Beekeepers' Association, and approved by the Governor, the Auditor of Public Accounts shall draw his warrant on the Treasurer of the State of Illinois in favor of the treasury of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association for the sum herein appropriated. Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of the Treasurer of the Illinois State Beekeepers' Association to pay out of said appropriation, on itemized and receipted vouchers, such sums as may be authorized by vote of said organization on the order of the President countersigned by the Secretary, and make annual report to the Governor of all such expenditures, as provided by law. Itemized in the Omnibus Bill as follows: For shorthand reporting. $ 200.00 For postage and stationery .„ 50.00 For printing _ ...„ 550.00 Expense of meetings 200.00 Total amount of the appropriation _ „ $1000.00 The Assembly ruled that this is not to be paid in LUMP, but drawn on item- ized accounts. 172 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE CODE OF RULES AND STANDARDS FOR GRADING APIARIAN E^XHIBITS AT FAIRS AS ADOPTED BY ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION Comb Honey Rule 1. Comb honey shall be marked on a scale of 100, as follows : Quantity _ 40 Style of display 20 Quality 40 Rule 2. Points of quality should be : Variety 5 Straightness of comb . 5 Clearness of capping _ 10 * Uniformity _ _ _ 5 Completeness of capping 5 Style of section _ 5 Completeness of filling 5 Remarks: 1. By variety is meant different kinds, with regard to the sources from which the honey is gathered, which adds much interest to an exhibit. 2. By clearness of capping is meant freedom from travel stain and a water soaked appearance. This point is marked a little high, because it is a most im- portant one. There is no better test of the quality of comb honey than the ap- pearance of the cappings. If honey is taken off at the proper time, and cared for as it should be, so as to preserve its original clear color, body and flavor will take care of themselves, for excellence in the last two points always accompanies excellence in the first. Clover and basswood honey should be white; heartease, a dull white tinged with yellow; and Spanish needle, a bright yellow. 3. By uniformity is meant closeness of resemblance in the sections composing the exhibit. 4. By style is meant neatness of the sections, freedom from propolis, etc. 5. Honey so arranged as to show every section should score the highest in style of display, and everything that may add to the tastiness and attractiveness of an exhibit should be considered. Extracted Honey Rule 1. Extracted honey should be marked on a scale of 100, as follows : Quantity 40 Style and display 15 Quality _ _ 45 Rule 2. Points of quality should be: Variety _ 10 Style of package 10 Qearness of color 5 ■ Variety of package 5 Body _ 5 Finish 5 Remarks : 1. Light clover honey pouring out of a vessel is a very light straw color; Spanish needle, a golden hue, and dark clover honey, a dull amber. 2. Style of package is rated a little high, not only because in that consists the principal beauty of an exhibit of extracted honey, but also because it envolves the best package for marketing. We want to show honey in the best shape for the retail trade, and that, in this case, means the most attractive style for exhi- bition. Glass packages should be given the preference over tin; flint glass over green, and smaller vessels over larger, provided the latter run over one or two pounds. 3. By variety of package is meant chiefly different sizes; but small pails for retailing, and, in addition, cans or kegs (not too large) for whole-saling, may be considered. In the former case, pails painted in assorted colors, and let- tered "Pure Honey," should be given the preference. ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 173 4. By finish is meant capping, labeling, etc. 5. Less depends upon the manner of arranging an exhibit of extracted than of comb honey, and for that reason, as well as to give a higher number of points to style of package, a smaller scale is allowed for style of display. Samples of Comb and Extracted Honey Rule 1. Single cases of comb honey, entered as such for separate premiums, should be judged By substantially the same rules as Ihose given for a display of comb honey, and samples of extracted, by those governing displays of extracted honey. Rule 2. Samples of comb or extracted honey, as above, may be considered as part of the general display in their respective departments. Granulated Honey Rule 1. Candied or granulated honey should be judged by the rules for ex- tracted honey, except as below. Rule 2. Points of quality should be : Variety _ 10 Style of package..... 10 Fineness of grain 5 Variety of package 5 Color 5 Finish b Flavor 5 Rule 3. An exhibit of granulated honey may be entered or considered as part of a display of extracted honey. Nuclei of Bees Rule. Bees in observation hives should be marked on a scale of 100, as follows : Color and markings 30 Quietness -.. 5 Size of bees _.. _ 30 Style of comb 5 Brood 10* Style of hive 10 Queen 10 Remarks : 1. Bees should be exhibited only in the form of single frame; nuclei, in hives or cages with glass sides. 2. Italian bees should show three or more bands, ranging from leather color to golden or light yellow. 3. The markings of other races should be those claimed for those races in their purity. 4. A nucleus from which the queen is omitted should score zero on that point. 5. The largest quantity of brood in all stages or nearest to that should score the highest in that respect. 6. The straightest, smoothest and most complete comb with the most honey consistait with the most brood, should score the highest in that respect. 7. That hive which is neatest and best made and shows the bees, etc., to the best advantage should score the highest. Queen Bees Rule. Queen bees in cages should be marked on a scale of 100, as follows: Quantity 40 Quality and variety 40 Style of caging and display 20 Remarks : 1. The best in quality consistent with variety should score the highest. A preponderance of Italian queens should overweigh a preponderance of black ones, or, perhaps, of any other race or strain; but sample queens of any or all varieties should be duly considered. Under the head of quality should also- be considered the attendant bees. There should be about a dozen with each queec^ 174 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE 2. Neatness and finish of cages should receive due consideration, but the principal points in style are to make and arrange the cages so as to show the in- mates to the best advantage. Beeswax Rule. Beeswax should be marked on a scale of 100, as follows : Quantity _ - 40 Quality — 40 Style of display , 20 Remarks: 1. Pale, clear, yellow specimens should score the highest, and the darker grades should come next in order. 2. By style is meant chiefly the forms in which the wax is molded and put up for exhibition. Thm cakes or small pieces are more desirable in the retail trade than larger ones. Some attention may be given to novelty and variety. ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS* ASSOCIATION 175 BEES AND HONEY PREMIUM WINNERS— 1928 ILLINOIS STATE FAIR Class J. Apiary — ^Amount Offered, $574.00 T. P. Smith, Danville Member in Charge Dr. A. C. Baxter, Springfield Superintendent E. W. Rittler, Quincy Judge Case of white comb honey, 24 sections — 8 entries, 7 shown, list, $4. Isabell Coppin, Wenona, 111.; 2nd, $3. Elmer Kom- mer, Woodhull, 111. ; 3rd, $2. Edward S. Kobold, Peru, 111. 4th, $1. Joseph H. Bearden, Taylorville, 111. ; 5th, Frank Bishop, Taylor- ville. 111. Case of amber comb honey, 24 sections — 7 entries, 6 shown. First, $4. Elmer Kommer; 2nd, $3. Frank Bishop; 3rd, $2. Isabell Coppin; 4th, $1. Edward S. Kobold; 5th, W. H. Snyder, Decatur, 111. Frame of comb honey for extracting — 7 entries, 6 shown, 1st, $5. Frank Bishop; 2nd, $3. Isabell Coppin; 3rd, $2. Joseph H. Bearden; 4th, $1. Edward S. Kobold; 5th, Gypsy Queen Farm, Pawnee, 111. Collection of labeled cases white and amber honey, containing 12 or more sections — 6 entries, 5 shown. 1st, $8. Frank Bishop; 2nd, $5. Elmer Kommer; 3rd, $3, Edward S. Kobbld ; 4th, $2. Isabell Coppin ; 5th, $1. W. H. Snyder. Display of comb honey — 9 entries, 7 shown. 1st, $30. Isabell Coppin ; 2nd, $25. Elmer Kommer ; 3rd, $20. Frank Bishop; 4th, $15. Edward S. Kobold; 5th^ $10. Joseph H. Bearden. Display of light extracted honey, 40 to 60 pounds — 9 entries, 7 shown. 1st, $8. Joseph H. Bearden; 2nd, $5. Isabel Coppin; 3rd, $3. Frank Bishop; 4th, $2. Elmer Kommer; 5th, $1. James A. Stone & Son, Farmingdale, 111. Display of Amber extracted honey, 40 to 60 pounds — 8 entries, 6 shown. 1st, $8. Frank Bishop; 2nd, $5. Isabell Coppin; 3rd, $3. James A. Stone & Son; 4th, $2. W. H. Snyder; 5th, $1. Joseph H. Bearden. Display of extracted honey — 9 entries, 8 shown. list, $30. Frank Bishop ; 2nd, $25. Joseph H. Bearden ; 3rd, $20. Isabell Coppin; 4th, $15. Elmer Kommer; 5th, $10. James A. Stone & Son. Display of Candied honey — 7 entries, 6 shown. 176 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE 1st, $30. Frank Bishop ; 2nd, $25. Isabel! Coppin ; 3rd, $20. W. H. Snyder; 4th, $15. Edward S.,Kobold; 5th, $10. James A. Stone & Son. Display of designs in comb honey — 5 entries, 4 shown. 1st, $20. Joseph H. Bearden; 2nd. $15. Frank Bishop; 3rd, $10. Isabell Coppin ; 4th, $5. Edward S. Kobold. One frame Observatory hive three banded Italian bees with queens — 6 entries, 4 shown. 1st, $6. Joseph H. Bearden ; 2nd, $4. W. H. Snyder; 3rd, $2. Frank Bishop ; 4th, $1. Aaron Coppin, Wenona, 111. One frame Observatory hive. Golden Italian bees with queen — 5 entries, 3 shown. 1st, $6. Elmer Kommer; 2nd, $4. Frank Bishop; 3rd, $2. Aaron Coppin. Display of beeswax and designs in wax, not less than 50 pounds — 9 entries, 8 shown. 1st. $30. Frank Bishop; 2nd, $25. W. H. Snyder; 3rd, $20. Joseph H. Bearden; 4th, $15. James A. Stone & Son; 5th, $10. Isabell Coppin. Honey vinegar, one-half gallon, with recipe for making — 5 entries, 3 shown. 1st, $4. Frank Bishop; 2nd, $3. Isabell Coppin; 3rd, $2. Ed- ward S. Kobold. Summary On the basis of 5 points for a first place award, 4 points for second, 3 for third, 2 for fourth and 1 point for fifth, the exhibitors had the following ratings: Frank Bishop, Taylorville, 57; Isabelle and Aaron Coppin, Wenona, 48; Joseph H. Bearden, Taylorville, 29; Elmer Kommer, Woodhull, 26; Edward S. Kobold, Peru, 19; W. H. Snyder, Decatur, 15; James A, Stone & Son, Farmingdale, S] Gypsy Queen Farm, Pawnee, 1. ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 177 GENERAL INFORMATION FOR BEEKEEPERS Bee-Journals Published in the United States : Regular To Assn. Subscription Members American Bee Journal, Hamilton, 111 $1.00 5Gc Beekeepers' Item, Box 838, San Antonio, Texas 1.00 75c Beekeepers' Review, Almont, Mich _ .50 50c Bees and Honey, 524 First Ave., S., Seattle, Wash _ 1.00 50c Dixie Beekeeper, Waycross, Ga 1.00 50c Gleanings in Bee Culture, Medina, Ohio 1.00 (2yrs.) 50c(l yr.) (The publishers will furnish sample copies upon request.) Several trade and state associations publish journals or circu- lars of information for their memberhip as follows : The American Honey Producer — Official organ of The Ameri- can Honey Producers' League. (With membership at $1.50 per year, otherwise 75c per year.) Wisconsin Beekeeping. Monthly bulletin Illinois State Beekeepers' Association. (50c to non-members.) ' Beecause. 12c. G. B. Lewis Co., Watertown, Wis. 4 Free Literature and Circulars on Bees and Honey. Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Most state experiment stations have bulletins or mimeo- graphed materials. A. I. Root Co., Medina, Ohio — The Bee Hive. Kellogg Co., Battle Creek, Michigan. Recipe pamphlets : Do you like Honey? Cooking with Honey. All-Bran poster, featuring a jar of honey. Tull page advertisement, featuring honey. Manufacturers of Bee Supplies The names of the leading bee supply manufacturers can be obtained by reading the advertisements in the bee journals. They will furnish catalogues upon request. Shippers of Bees and Queens. Consult the bee journals. The person or firm that remains in business over a period of years is usually the most reliable. W^hen 178 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE in doubt as to the reliability of any particular advertiser, write to the editors for definite information. Books on Bees and Beekeeping Price Atkins and Hawkins — How to Succeed with Bees $ .59 Campbell, C. P.— The Law of the Honey Bee 1.00 Dadant, C. P. — First Lessons in Beekeeping 1.00 The Dadant System of Beekeeping-. LOO New Observations Upon Bees — By Huber 3.00 Dadant, M. G. — Out Apiaries 1.00 Doolittle, G. M. — Scientific Queen Rearing. 50 Hawkins, K. — Beekeeping in the South : 1.00 Langstroth & Dadant — The Honey-Bee 2.50 Lovell, J. H. — Honey Plants of North America 2.50 Miller, C. C. — Fifty Years Among the Bees ;. 1.50 1,000 Answers to Beekeeping Questions 1.25 Pellet, F. C. — American Honey Plants 3.00 Productive Beekeeping 3.00 Practical Queen Rearing 1.00 Beginner's Bee Book 1.50 Phillips, E. F.— Beekeeping 4.00 Quinby, M. — Mysteries of Beekeeping Explained 1.00 Rowe, H. G.— Starting Right With Bees. .75 Smith, Jay — Queen Rearing Simplified 1.25 Snodgprass — Anatomy and Physiology of the Honey Bee 3.50 Root— A B C & X Y Z of Beekeeping. 2.50 Any of this list of books can be purchased from the bee supply manufacturers or the beekeeping journals. Every beekeeper should read several of these books. Advantages of Membership in State or County Beekeeping Associations. 1. Education on proper methods of managing bees which means bigger crops of quality honey marketed at quality prices. 2. United action and cooperation in the eradication of bee diseases. 3. Reduced rates on subscription to bee journals and free subscription to the association news. 4. Savings on bee supplies by ordering collectively. 5. Uniform prices for honey through cooperative marketing. 6. Acquaintance and friendship of brother beekeepers, de- veloping a spirit of mutual helpfulness. Diseases of Bees and Apiary Inspection Illinois State Apiary Inspection — Mr. A. L. Kildow, Putnam, Illinois. ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 179 EXTRACT FROM CIRCULAR OF INFORMATION Bee Culture Laboratories, Bureau of Entomology United States Department of Ag^culture J, Washington, D. C. Bulletins for Free Distribution Farmer's Bulletin 447, Bees Farmer's Bulletin 653, Honey and its Uses in the Home. Farmer's Bulletin 961, Transferring Bees to Modern Hives. (5c?) Farmer's Bulletin 975, Control of European Foulbrood. Farmer's Bulletin 1012, Preparation of Bees for Outdoor Winter- ing. Farmer's Bulletin 1014, Wintering Bees in Cellars. Farmer's Bulletin 1039, Commercial Comb Honey Production. Farmer's Bulletin 1084, Control of American Foulbrood. (5c?) Farmer's Bulletin 1198, Swarm Control. Farmer's Bulletin 1215, Beekeeping in the Clover Region. Farmer's Bulletin 1216, Beekeeping in the Buckwheat Region. Farmer's Bulletin 1222, Beekeeping in the Tulip-tree Region. Department Circ. 24, United States Grades, Color Standards, and Packing Requirements for Honey. A chart 'showing requirements for grades of honey and a circular on labels or stamps for honey grades are included in this circular. Department Circ. 218, Occurrence of Diseases of Adult Bees (?) Department Circ. 222, Insulating Value of Commercial Double- Walled Hives. (?) Department Circ. 284, The Sterilization of American Foulbrood Combs. ( ?) Department Circ. 287, Occurrence of Diseases of Adult Bees, II. (Nt)te : — ^The four preceding bulletins are available as long as the supply lasts.) Department Circ. 334, The Bee Louse, Braula coeca, in the United States. Department Bulletin 93, Temperature of Honeybee Cluster in Winter. Farmer's Bulletin 1005, Sweet Clover on Corn Belt Farms. Farmer's Bulletin 1062, Buckwheat. Farmer's Bulletin 1151, Alsike Clover. Farmer's Bulletin 1283, How to Grow Alfalfa. Farmer's Bulletin 1411, Crimson Clover, Seed Production. 180 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Bulletins For Sale by the Superintendent of Documents. The following publications are not avaliable in the Department of Agriculture biit may be purchased at the prices indicated. Re- mittances should be made to the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printingf Office, Washington, D. C, by postal money order, express order or New York draft. If currency is sent, it will be at sender's risk. Postage stamps, defaced or worn coins, foreign coins and uncertified checks will not be accepted. Department Bulletin 431, Sacbrood 10 cents Department Bulletin 685, Honeybees and Honey Produc- tion in the U. S 10 cents Department Bulletin 780, Nosema Disease 10 cents Department Bulletin 804, A Study of the Behavior of European Foulbrood of Bees in the Colony 5 cents Department Bulletin 809, American Foulbrood 15 cents Department Bulletin 810, European Foulbrood 10 cents Department Bulletin 988, Heat Production of Honeybees in Winter 5 cents Department Bulletin 11222, Growth and Feeding of Honey- bee Larvae 10 cents Department Bulletin 1328, Flight Activities of the Honey- bee 10 cents Department Bulletin 1339, Effect of Weather upon the Change in Weight of a Colony of Bees during the Honeyflow.-lO cents Department Bulletin 1349, Brood-Rearing Cycle of the Honeybee 10 cents Department Bulletin 1364, "Effects on Honeybees of Spraying Fruit Trees with Arsenicals" 5 cents Reprint K-128, Jr. Agriculture Research, Vol. XXVIII, No. 2, The Development of American Foulbrood in Rela- tion to the Metabolism of its Causative Organism 10 cents Reprint K-141, Jr. Agric. Research, Vol. XXVIII, No. 12, Morphology of the Honeybee Larvae 10 cents "The Utilization of Carbohydrates as Food by Honeybee Larvae," by L. M. Bertholf and "The Utilization of Carbohydrates by Honeybees," by E. F. Phillips, are both published in No. 5, Vol. 35, Journal of Agricultural Research. This number sells for 20 cents. Honey poster, "It's All Good Honey," may be purchased for 15 cents. The poster is printed in four colors and is designed to aid in selling honey. ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 181 Comb honey grading chart may be purehased for 15 cents. This chart is also printed in four colors. / Farmer's Bulletin 797, Sweet Clover: Growing the Crop (5c) Farmer's Bulletin 820, Sweet Clover; Utilization (5c) Farmer's Bulletin 836, Sweet Clover ; Harvesting and Thrash- ing the Seed Crop (5c) DISEASES OF BEES: Beekeepers in many parts of the country are suffering losses from the two serious brood diseases. Farmer's Bulletin 1084 gives the symptoms and treatment of American foulbrood and Farmers' Bulletin 975 gives similar infor- mation concerning European foulbrood. In case any discolored or dead brood is difficult to diagnose with accuracy, send a sample to the Bureau of Entomology for examination. On request the Bureau will mail a box suitable for the sending of a sample and give detailed directions for preparing it for mailing. Many states have apiary inspection for the detection of these diseases and for the instruction of the beekeepers in their control. Information con- cerning the inspection systems may be obtained from the Bureau of Entomology. PURCHASE OF BEES: When a beekeeper desires to in- crease the number of his colonies by purchase, the most com- mendable plan is to buy up any colonies in the neighborhood which are in the hands of those who through their ignorance of good bee- keeping practice are unable to get a crop. The purchase of bees in combless packages is advisable jonly where the shipper and the purchaser are both expert beekeepers. Do not send money for ship- ments of bees unless you are sure of the shipper's financial standing and business integrity. The Department of Agriculture does not sell or distribute queenbees or colonies of bees of any race. MARKETING : Where it is possible to develop a home market for the honey crop, this is recommended, but the beekeeper should be sure that he is not selling his crop so low as to lose the value of his labor. The Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the De- partment of Agriculture issues twice a month quotations giving the record of actual sales of honey on the leading markets of the country and these should be consulted before selling at wholesale. It also issues four reports annually on the crop conditions and the number and condition of the bees. These reports are free. KEEP BEES BETTER Cardinal Points: (1) Bees need in spring — plenty of stores, plenty of room for brood rearing and plenty of protection. (2) Swarming during a honey-flow is undesirable because it reduces the crop. See Farmers' Bulletin 1198 for methods of control. 182 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE (3) During a honey-flow bees should be given plenty of storage room. Neglect of this may lose half the crop. (4) Bees need protection from cold and wind in all parts of the country in which the winter temperature is often as low as freezing. See Farmers' Bulletin 1012 for methods. In unusually cold and windy districts cellar wintering is advised and Farmers' Bulletin 1014 gives the best methods. (5) The successful beekeeper is he who studies his bees and is prompt with his manipulations. Beekeeping is not a paying business for the shiftless beekeeper. The specialist beekeeper is the most desirable from the standpoint of the industry because the small holder usually has not sufficient interest in the bees to. see that they do their best. There is no reason, however, why a few colonies of bees will not be profitable, provided the owner gives them intelligent care. (6) It is impossible to keep bees with profit in box hives or "gums." The use of movable frame hives cannot be urged too strongly. (7) It does not pay to cultivate any plant for bees but it may be possible in some localities to improve the nectar resources by the planting of plants such as sweet clover on waste lands. If at any time the bees are short of stores, feed sugar sirup, but avoid the use of any sugar other than granulated and do not use molasses or glucose. Do not let the bees starve or even get so short of stores that they decrease brood-rearing before the honey-flow. James I. Hambleton, Apiculturist. ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 183 MEMBERS OF ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION (Dues paid between October 1, 1927, and April 15, 1929) Adams, Miss Edith, Earlville Bennett, H. E., Townsend St., Syca- Adam, G. M., 304 E. Euclid St., Ar- more lington Heights Bennett, James H., R. R. 3, Monti- Adams, Clyde, R. R. 2, Bonnie cello Aigley, Dr. J. E., 58 E. Fort St., Benson, Mr. and Mrs. James D., Farmmgton 413 Spring St., Galena Allen, F O. Stockland Bent, J. M., Milledgeville Allgren, G A., Bishop Hill g^^^on, T. E., Johnson City Ambrose, Lemual, Whit€ Heath Berglund, William T., Genesee Ammon, Henry, Galena r> t- r- r. r, ^ n- , •„ Anderson, C. F., R. R. 10, Mt. Vernon ^^"^^ % ^^ ^- ^,1- Taylorville Anderson, C. J., R. R. 4, Box 102, Beyers, Henry C, 1520 N. Monroe. Morris ^.^^?*"'; „ Anderson, L. H., 525 Morgan St., I^iegel, Wm., R. R. 3, Barnngton Elgin Biesicker, Hiram L., Monticello Annear, Roy, Mulkeytown Bima, Willie, R. R. 1, Johnston City Applegate, J. F., 609 W. Beardsley Binder, L. F., Harvard Ave., Champaign Birch, Reed, R. R. 2, Lockport Archer, W. L., McLean Bishop, Frank, Taylorville Attig, Fred, Ashton Boal, A. D., 94 Ross Court, Downers Augenstine, A. A., R. R. 2, Dakota Grove Averill, Louis, 1417 June St., Ke- Boedeker, F. A., 334 W. 118th St., wanee Chicago Backart, Arthur, Sadorus - Bodenschatz, J. Adam, Box 272, Le- Baker, Earl, Genoa mont Baltimore, Guy, WoodhuU Bolen, James, Dahlgren Bangs, E. H., 2l2 W. Washington Bourey, Fred, Rock City St., Chicago Bowald, John, Secor Barr, C. W., Gardner Bowen, C. E., Lyndon Barr, H. I. & Son, Rock City Boyer, B. M., Jersey-ville Barrett, Edw. E., 333 S. Waiola Ave., Boyd, Senator Randolph, Galva La Grange Bradley, Lon, Morrison Bartelt, Geo. A., R. R. 3, West Chi- Braun, H. H., Williamsville cago Brewer, Walter A., Atwood Barthoflf, R. J., Richmond Briggs, F. E., 211 N. Haddow Ave., Bassett, J. Harrv, 613 East 5th St., Arlington Heights Rock Falls " Brigham, Wm. B., 1301 N. East St., Batsorf, Amason, Aledo Bloomington * Baxley, Roy, Christopher Bright, John, R. R. 1, Normal Baxter, Dr. A. C, Myers Office BIdg., Broje, John, 2116 Neva Ave., Chicago Spring^field Brokaw, T. X. L., Nebo Baxter, El J., Nauvoo Brown, Chas, Woodhull Baymiller, Dr. Minnie M., Abingdon Brown, Chas. W,. Aledo Bean, NorVal, R. R. 1, Eldorado Brown, Clen, Aledo Bearden, Joe., 1014 Snodgrass St., Brown, C. W., 118 E. Bond St., Mon- Taylorville ticello Bell, Alvin, Ridgway Brown, Ed., Woodhull Bell, B. F., Box 56, Kingston Mines Brown, E. W., Box 117, Willow Belt, Forest, Morrison Springs Belt, F. R., R. R. 5, Canton Brown, Lynch, Scott Co., Monmouth 184 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Brunner, Mrs. Myrtle M., R. R. 5, Copenheaver, W. E., Mansfield Decatur Coppin, Aaron, Wenona Bryant, E. J., 710 Walnut Ave., Elgin Cornelius, W. H., Dow Bunker, D. H., La Fox Courtney, R. H., R. R. 7, Canton Burdzilduskas, Joe, Pana Cox, Bernard, Woodhull Burgess, G. L., Bement Cox, James H., R. R. 1, Hudson Burkart, C. C, Mendota Greet, C. H., Reynolds Burrows, Gene, 10330 Artesian Ave., Cronk. H. M., 6620 S. Hoyne Ave., Chicago Chicago Burtis, John C, El Paso Crow, W. E., Gibson City Busch, Martin, 5011 Moody Ave., Jef- Crum, F. O., Palmyra ferson Park Curphy, John, Onarga Bush, Frank, Jerseyville Cushman, Samuel, Room 506, 6 E. Cable, Geo. S., El Paso Lake St., Chicago Calame, Tom, Witt Cyka, Joseph F., 252 Illinois Ave., Caldwell, C. S., Elvaston Elgin Caldwell, L. R., Mt. Vernon Dadant, C. P., Hamilton Cale, G. H., c/o American Bee Jour- Dadant, H. C, Hamilton nal, Hamilton Dadant, L. C, Hamilton Campbell, Charles, 6147 S. Vickers Dadant, M. G., Hamilton Ave., Chicago Danner, U. K., R. R. 2, Mt. Vernon Campbell, E. J., 1208 Leland Ave., Dauhmer, H. J., R. R., Marion Springfield Davis, Ward O., R. R. 3, Eldorado Carlsen, Christ, R. R. 2, Gardner Davy, Ernest H., Morris Carlson, Chas., Woodhull Day, Alva. Lovington Carlson, P. A., Galva Dean, D. H., Congerville Carmichael, Philip, Stanford Dean, L. A., R. R. 1, Big Rock Carner, Jay, Woodhull Decker, H. U., Aledo Carpenter, Michael, Cortland Denning, James E.,,Joy Carson, S. W., Harvard DeSort, Frank, 1308 Ottawa St., Lin- Cass, B. C, Box 552, Chenoa coin Casson, Fred, R. R. 1, Farmington Devillez, Fred, Harrisburg Chamberlin, Marc, 304 No. Calif., Diedrich, Mr., DeKalb Ave., DeKalb Sycamore Diercouff, J. W., Ridgeville Chamberlin, Porter, S. 4th St., De Dineen, J., St. Nicholas Hotel, Spring- Kalb field Chambers, J. O., Pierson Dodge, Aldon A., 508 W. Grant St., Chamness, Elias A., Carterville Streator Chandler, Chester, R. R. 1, Alexis Doermann, A. W., 135 Grove St., Chandler, Paul, Aledo Blue Island Chapman, Mrs. S. H., 307 Calumet Donaldson, J. S., Hamilton Ave., Aurora Dowell, Fred, West McHenry Chesterman, P. L., Tower Hill Downs, W. A., Box 162, Easton Clark, Frank, Ridott Draper, C. R., West McHenry Clark, Geo., 237 West Empire, Free- Dressel, F. L., Jerseyville port Duax, C. L., 3414 S. Western Ave., Clausson, S. S., Oregon Chicago Cleveland, Frank, Prophetstown Duckwall, W. G., R. R. 2, Jacksonville Clifford, Irl, Altona Duerrstein, C. W., R. R. 1, Galena Clower, H. L., Morrisonville Dulleck, Frank, Spring Grove Cluck, N. A., McConnel Duncan, A. L., R. R. 1, Alexis Collins, Thos., Wellington Dunlap, Geo., Bondville Concidine, Frank, 515 DeKalb Ave., Dunn, H. L., Onarga DeKalb Eckhardt. G. H., 330 W. Roosevelt Concidine, Roy, 519 DeKalb Ave., St., DeKalb DeKalb Egbert, W.. C, Aledo Confer, Edgar, Lindenwood Eicher, Frank, R. R. 4, Batavia Conner, John, R. R. 2, Caldwell, N. J. Eisenbise, Ira B., Lanark Coon, Edson, Galva Eldred, M. G., R. R. 1, Bartlett ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION 185 Engel, John H., Danvers Engelkes, John, Rochelle Erb, G€0., Jerseyville Ermerling, Geo. J., R. R. 2, Kil- bourne Evans, J. H., R. R. 1, Dewey Faist, John, R. R. 1, Freeport Farrar, E. O., Abiline, Kansas Fehr, Bennie, R, R. 1, Roanoke Felderman, C. L., Galena Ferlin, Rev. John K., Lemont Fessler, A. B., Cambridge Finch, W. I., New Boston Fink, Geo., Washington Fischer, Benj. H., Roanoke Flake, Fred, R. R. 2, Aledo Flax, Charles, 87th & Paulina Sts., Chicago Folk, Frank A., R. R. 4, Polo Force, W. H., 1714 W. Church St., Champaign Foster, Geo., Box 92, Cuba Fowler, Delos, Hillsdale Fowler, J. H., R. R. 1, Ewing Franks, Glenn, Erie Frederick, Brother, Techny Freres, H. N., 1110 N. Vanborn St., Marion Freymeyer, H. G., Carbon Cliff Funk, Henry W., 710 N. School St., Normal Funkhouser, Ora, 724 Big 4 St., El- dorado Gage, John A., Texico Garret, E. E., Monticello Gasnow, John L., 1020 12th Ave., Moline Gates, C M., Tiskilwa Gerson, Louis, R. R. 2, Godfrey Getz, Joe, Metamora Gill, A. G., 224-226 W. Huron St., Chicago Gillett, Geo. B., Hanna City Glass, Glenn, Cameron Glossen, Math., West McHenry Goetz, Epich, R. R. 1, LaMoille Goodsell, Gilbert, R. R. 2, Cameron Gosteli, J. J., Strawn GraflFam, Frank, 433 Haish Ave., De- Kalb Graham, Harry, Pierson Grasser, John, Jr., West McHenry Creeling, Jacob, Godfrey Greer; R. M., Joy . Greet, Charles, Reynolds Groh, Edw., 3971 Normandy Ave., Chicago Gundry, Joseph, Warren Guthrie, Melville M., 4845 N. Meade Ave., Chicago Haan, J. Frank, Des Plaines Haas, Peter, El Paso Hageman, R. J., 224 Moseley St., Elgin Haggerty, Ada, Palos Park Hajorth, T. J., R. R. 1, Fenton Halla, G. T., 5220 Winthrop Ave., Chicago Hamilton, Ivan, R. R. 2, Aledo Hammond, AUie, Prophetstown Hanke, Paul, R. R. 3, Palatine Hardesty, Mrs. Wm. T. O., 100 S. 10th St., Oregon Harding, Geo. P., Monticello Harlow, W. H., Texico Harrington, Miss H. D., 809 Spencer Ave., Peoria Harris, G. P., R. R. 3, Canton Harris, Geo. T., R. R. 2, Taylor Ridge Harris, W. W., Box 565, Malta Hart, Hans, 10251 Ave. M., Chicago Hart. W. H., Harrisburg Hartke, Benj., Buckley Hartman, George & Son, R. R. 3, Freeport Hartman, Magnus, Eureka Hartz, Herman, R. R. 2, Palatine Haslan, John, Jr., Howeaqua Hassig, Elmer, 311 Iowa St., Joliet Hatch, Harry R., Lisle Hawkes, Wilbur D., E. Wilson St., Batavia Hayes, Thos. J., R. R. 2, Taylor Ridge HeflFner, Edward, R. R. 5, Canton Heise Bros., Palatine Heitman, H., Hamilton Heldt, Carl L., 801 West Jefferson St., Bloomington Heldt, Edw. C, Stanford Henrichs, John, Sr., Thornton Henricks, J. T., R. R. 1, Chatsworth Herrick, Mrs. Grace, c/o T. B. Sani- tarium, Oak Forest Hervey, W. A., 907 Knoxville, Pe- oria Hibbard, C. L., Midlothian Higgins, Mrs. James, R. R. 2, Lewis- town, Montana Highfill, Edward, Grafton Hill, A. P., 15939 Carse Ave., Harvey Hill, C. E., R. R. 3, Windsor Hill, Geo. H., 425 Crittenden St., Hillsboro Hoefer, A. G., 1655 Walnut Ave., S., Freeport 186 ' TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Ho€s, T. Scott, Butler Kelley, Otis, R. R. 5, Marion Hofer, F. C, R. R. 2, Taylor Ridge Kellogg, Jas. B., Lombard Hofmann, Frank, Riverside Kemmis, Edward, Prophetstown Hohertz, W. A., La Moille Kempf, Dennis, Roanoke Holm, Chris, Box 381, Genoa Kenan, John W., R. R. 5, Galesburg Holmes, T. J., Belle Rive Kennel, Geo. W., Metamora Holstlaw, T, J., R. R. 6, Mt. Vernon Kennett, O. W., Ohlman Hoover, Dan, R. R. 1, Monmouth Kerwin, Mrs. Hope E., Gross Point Horning, Lee, R. R. 4, Morrison Kettering, Frederick, Monmouth Hovi^arth, Anton, 2917 Natchez, Chi- Ketterman, A. R., Little York cago Kidd, Jessie L., R. R. 1, Champaign Housh, G. Y., Galesburg Kiefer, Windel, R. R. 2, Belle Rive Howlett, Jess, Aledo Kiefer, Xavier, Belle Rive Hudelson, Clyde W., Normal Kildow, A. L., Putnam Huffman, Alva, WoodhuU Kirch, Michael, 4534 Harvey Ave., Huessner, Valentine, R. R. 3, Box 10, Western Springs Lemont Kirk, Wm. S., Farmersville Hunt, C. D., Nevir Bedford Kirlin, Elva, Warsaw Hurff, Harry L., Easton Rd., Peoria Kling, Charles, 5719 N. Hermitage Hurley, Tim, Richmond Ave., Chicago Isringhausen, C. J., Jerseyville Klump, Orville F., Strasburg Jackson, .Francis, Dewey Knantz, Chas., Galena Jackson, S. D., Bartlett Knearem, Oscar, Shelbyville Jacobs, F,., Mt. Morris Kness, John, Morrison Jacobs, Raymond, R. R. 2, Box 84, Kobold, Edw. S., 1727 9th St., Peru Chenoa Koehler, Edwin, Itasca Jeffrey, Edward, Galena Kommer, Ed., R. R. 4, Cambridge Jepson, C. J., Ringwood Kommer, Elmer, Woodhull Johnson, Carl A., 417 S. Vine St., Koon, Wm. T., Onarga Kewanee Koontz, Frank, Stewardson Johnson, Frank O., R. R. 1, Box 115, Koritz, J. N., R. R. 3, Buckley Cambridge Korloski, Albert, R. R. 8, Decatur Johnson, Henry, Prophetstown Kraemer, Wm., 6331 Cornelia Ave., Johnson, Joe, R. R. 2, Maple Park Chicago Johnson, John F., R. R., Box 99, East Kress, J. F., Morrison Moline Krier, Anna, Des Plaines Johnson, Mrs.. Mary F., 418 S. Adams Krueger, Gust, Geneseo St., Peoria Krynicki, Mrs. M., 3757 N. Richmond Johnson, Pardon, Taylor Ridge St., Chicago Johnson, R. L, R. R. 5, Urbana Kubiak, Frank, 4910 W. 30th Place, Jones, G. H., 38 S. Dearborn St., Cicero Chicago Kull, James F., Strasburg Jones, Leroy, 307 "The Wildom," Kyle, D. Ralph, R. R. 5, Monmouth Hoopeston Lackie, Lester, Bradford Jones, H. W., Gary Lake, E. S., 920 Pekin St., Lincoln Kairis, Mike, 106 W. 7th, West Frank- Lalor, Frank, Valley View Farm, fort Barrington Kaneville Grain & ^upply Co., Kane- Lamkin, H. J., R. R. 4, Harrisburg ville L^incaster, Wm., Prophetstown Kaufman, Henry, Stanford Landen, Erie, R. R. 1, Melrose Park Keister, Milton, R. R, 7, S. Main Larson, A. E., Bement Road, Rockford Larson, M.. Gardner Keith, Virgil R.. Franklin Grove Lawrence, W. G., R. R. 1, Fulton Keller, P. E., 2105 W. Cedar Road, j:.echler, E. F., 210 Fifth Ave., Wil- Homewood mette Kelky, A. A., Gilman Lee, Robert, R. R. 1, East Moline Kelley, B. J., Gilman Lefler, F. M., Hamilton Kelley, Chas. F., Brimfield Lehman, Ed., R. R. 8, Peoria Kelley, John, Henning Leibert, Ralph M,, Elizabeth ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS ASSOCIATION 187 Lester, Bert, Ashkum Lewis, Dr. T. B., Hammond Lind, M. H., Bader Lingenfelter, Wayne, Ullin Lessee, Richard, Sandwich Love, Lloyd, Orion Lund, Elias, 6418 N. Nashville Ave., Norwood Park Lundahl, A. L., Gengseo Lyman, Mrs. Walter C, 900 Ogden Road, Downers Grove Lynn, George, 5th & Madison Sts., Lockport Lynn, Robert, 5th & Madison Sts., Lockport Lyon, Ralph E., Denver Machcek, Jacob, Riverside Mackelden, C. A., Jerseyville Madsen, L., Gardner Magers, H. C, 120 S. Kenilworth Ave., Elmhurst Magnuson, Eskil, Galva Mahaffey, Roland J., Cambridge Mangold, Frank, Mansfield Mapes, Maxel, Paris Marek, Ed. V. M., R. R. 8, Peoria Margibeth, Edward, 213 20th St., East Moline Marsh, Mrs. W. V», Aledo Marshall, Wm., 1015 Pleasant St., DeKalb Marxmann, H. P., Shelbyville Matthew, O. R., Virginia May, Fred H., Meredosia Mayewski, L. F., Byron McCaffuey, W. H., ^04 E. Stephenson St., Freeport McClure, J. H., Roodhouse M'cCormick, E. J., 6810 S. Winches- ter Ave., Chicago McDaniels, J. E., Girard McElhose, A. L., 816 Belmont Ave., N., Arlingfton Heights McGonigle, D. C, Tampico Mclnnes, Ralph, Sidney McKenrick, J. W., Silvis McKenrich, Ray, Silvis McKillop, Dan, Lynn Center McMillan, Granville, 348 W. Locust, Canton McNair, F. J., Dahlgren McPherson, Onis, R. R. 3, Mt. Ver- non McRoberts, Mathew, Chemung Medford, George, Jerseyville Meineke, E., Arlington Heights Meinen, F. & Son, Baileyville Meister, L. B., Metamora Meister, W. J., Low Point Meredith, M. E., 631 Congress St., Elgin Merifield, Paul, Council Hill Merrett, Johnny, Carthage Metzner, John, Hooppole Meyer, Ernst, Columbia Meyer, Dr. R. C, Hillsdale Meyers, Arthur, Baileyville Middleton, O. E., Assumption Miller. A. C, Waddams Grove Miller, Frank, Galena Miller, F. G., 233 S. Vine St., Ke- wanee Miller, F. W., 1112 Oak Ave., Evans- ton Miller, George, Waddams Grove Miller, H. E., Aledo Miller, Lew, Alexis Miller, Ralph S., Dwight Miller, Roy S., Little York Miller, Wm. T., Danvers Milliken. Emery, McConnell Milum, v.. G., Vivarium Bldg., Cham- paign Miner, A. B., Table Grove Mitton, Major L., 2737 S. 58th Court, Cicero Moler, Mike, R. R., Box 75, East Moh'ne Mon, Chas., Polo Monroe, Thos., R. R. 8, Peoria Moon, Miss Gladys, 505 Machin Ave., Peoria Mbon, S. B., 505 Machin Ave., Peoria Moore, Geo. W., 822 24th St., Cairo Morgan, Glen, Aledo Morgan, H. R.* Aledo Morrill, Ross R., R. R. 2, Batavia Mosher, Albert, Port Byron Motsinger, Sam, R. R. 1, Pittsburge Moye, Kelley E., Omaha Moye, Otto, R. R. 2, Omaha Mozee, Gun, 1017 Dakin St., Chicago Muehleip, Herman, Warren Mueller, Max E., 814 Park Ave., Wilmette Mueller, W. G., Bluffs Munroe, J. W., Plainfield Myers, Arthur, Baileyville Myers, W. L., Geneseo Nagel, W. J., Sheldon Nance, H. H., Windsor Neisler, Harold E., Irving F Neisman, F. W., R. R. 3, Winslow Nelson, C. F-, Hillsdale Newcomb, William, Carmi Newman, Chas. Clearing Station Nice, Jacob, Dahlgren 188 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Noack. Max, 744 'S. Crawford Ave., Chicago Norris, Chas., Monticello Nussell, Chas. R., Villa Grove O'Brien, John, Newark Oeth, Carl F., Johnson City Oleson, Christ, Hinckley Olson, David, R. R. 7, Monmouth Olson, Gus, 740 43rd St., Moline Osborn, Wesley W., Hillsboro - Osburn, William, Morris Ott, Raymond, Geneseo Ottaway, Ella M., 9601 Robey St., Chicago Overstreet, Nathan, WoodhuU Page, Ray, McHenry Page, W. E., Ina Pallister, Ralph, 210 W. College St., Harrisburg Parkman, Hiram, Aledo Parrott, J. H., 521 Brown St., Litch- field Peach, Robert J., Mitchell & Olive Sts., Arlington Heights Peckman, George, R. R. 3, Aledo Pellett, Frank C. Hamilton Pennington, H. W., 1106 N. Van- born St., Marion Peoria Seed & Bird Store, 406 S. Adams St., Peoria Peterson, C. B., 11335 S. Western Ave., Chicago Peterson, Edwin, 1325 Pine St., Ke- wanee , Peterson, Lawrence, 1325 Pine St., J Kewanee Peterson, S. F., 2326 Third Ave., East Moline Piatt, Scott, Monticello Pinnow, Louis, Jr., N. Crystal Lake Piper, C. A., R. R. 3, Woodlawn Pittman, J. C, Roseville Pitzen, M. J., McHenry Polcyn, A. J., 1323 Clement St., Joliet Potter, Ben, Mt. Pulaski Powers, Austin, Sterling Pratapas, D. B., 6953 S. Western Ave., Chicago Prescott, Louis, Milan Price, Henry, Elizabeth Quinley, A. J. L., Cameron Rambolt, Louis L., 616 Belden Ave., Chicago Rapp, Isadore, Belle Rive Rasmussen, George, 1203 W. Stough- ton, Urbana Read, Arthur, Eldorado Reents, L. H., 410 S. Montgomery St., Litchfield Reese, Henry C, Mount Prospect Retzer^ Allie, Hamburg Reulecke, William, Assumption Rice, Art. V., 82 Cedar St., Farming- ton Rice, D. A., 82 Cedar St., Farmington Rice, Mike, 170 Cleveland Ave., Ba- tavia Rice, Wm., 82 Cedar St., Farmington Richards, J. D., Scalesmound Riehl, Miss Amelia, Godfrey Rife, C. F., Naperville Ripley, Don, R. R. 2, Illinois City Ritter, W. L., Genoa Rittler, E. W., 2307 Elm St., Quincy Robinson, E. W., Jr., 1354 23rd Ave., Rock Island Rocke, Lawrence, Roanoke Rocke, Virgil E., Eureka Rodermaker, H. C, Morrison Rodgers, H. D., Box ITh Lewistown Rogers, Frank, Wyoming Root, A. I. Co., 224-226 W. Huron St., Chicago Rose, Herbert, Windsor Roselieb, Roy, Prophetstown Roselieb, A. C, Morrison Ross, Ezra, Mbrris Rudd, Samuel J., 129 N. Van Buren St., Batavia Rue Seed Co., Inc., The, 418 S. ,, Adams St., Peoria i Sager, C. F., 321 S. 8th St., Chilli- cothe Saucilus, F., 304 E. 6th St., West Frankfort Sauer, Geo. L., Polo Sauermann, Otto, 954 W. 103rd Place, Chicago Sauter, G. V/., R. R., Malta Scharfenberg, Wm., Morrison Scheid, J. P., Eureka Schmertman, Louis, 1326 S. Oak Ave., Freeport Schmitz, F. A., Hanson Schmoll, C. F., Osco Schofield, Dr. J, A., EI Paso Schrafer, G. W., Box 237, Eldorado Schuett, Chas. J,. 1027 Sherman Ave., Evanston Schumacher, H. W., Eureka Schwark, John, R. R. 5, Sterling Schwartz, Dr. J. G., Jerseyville Schwingel, J., Wheeling Schwinn, George, Orangeville Scott, J. Emmett, R. R., Carthage Scott, Roy, R. R. 2, Rock Falls Scott, W., 1401 Austin Blvd., Cicero ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 189 Seifert, Ira H., 5622 S. Throop St., Stevenson, A. M., 3021 Jarvis Ave., Chicago Chicago Sering, Mrs. B., 3541 Natchez Ave., Stewart, Miss Frances, Aledo Chicago ' Stewart, Henry, Prophetstown Shafer, J. J., Rock Grove Stocker, Frank G., 1174 Maple Ave., Shaw, Floyd, Prophetstown Oak Park Shay, Geo., Bement Stone, Jas. A., Farmingdale Shepherd, T. J., Opdyke Strieder, C G., Brimfield Shields, Lester, Stanford Stroberg, Fritz, Sycamore Shipp, R. W., 224 S. 7th St., DeKalb Stuckey, Lee, Martinton Shoflf, Myron B., R. R. 1, Peoria Stumm, W. H., R. R. 3, Edinburg Simmer, Mrs. E. N., 9607 Beverly Swanson, A. E., Hooppole Ave., Chicago Swanson, C, Hamilton Sincock, W. E., Scales Mound Swezey, A. H., 19 N. Kensington Sittler, Ida, Hooppole Ave., Lyons Skaggs, Dr. A. A., Lovington Swezey, Mrs. J. W., Garden Prairie Slankard, J. O., R. R. 4, Harris- Sykora, Albert, Box 747, Silvis burg Taylor, Lewis, Bement Slater, C. W. (Pete), Pana Taylor, O. W-, Griggsville Sloman, Geo. I., R. R. 3, Pawnee Terpening, John, R. R. 6, Galesburg Small, Dee, Marion Thomas, Alfred E., Secor Smidth, Mathias, 105 Summit St., Thomas, Curtis, Moweaqua Joliet Thomas, E. A., West McHenry Smith, A. W., R. R. 2, Aledo Thomas, O. G., R. R. 4, Harrisburg - Smith, Chas., Box 17, Shabbonna Thompson, H. C, 2614 17th Ave., Smith, E. T., W. Cleveland St., Moline Freeport Thompson, Roy, Sycamore Smith, Geo., 420 Hillside Ave., Hills- Tienstra, Ralph, Homewood boro Tilley, W. A., Tower Hill Smith, J. G., Douglass Ave., Floss- Tippler, Wm., R. R. 3, El Paso moor Toth, John S., 3326 Kimball Ave., Smith, John F., Eureka Chicago Smith, L. H., R. R. 1, Eldorado Travis, S. W., 804 Locust St., Litch- Smith, Paul, Lovington field Smith, Wallace, Caiperon Trent, A. L., 397 Herrick Road, Riv- Smith, W. B., R. R. 1, Eldorado erside Snell, David H., Washington Tudor, C. H,, 137 Evans Ave., De- Snow, C. H., Reynold Kalb ' Snow, W. E., Geneseo Ulmer, G. B., Strasburg Snyder, John W., R. R. 3, Freeport Unruh, Martin, Barington Ave., Dun- Snyder, Wilbur W., N. Albert Ave., dee Freeport Utt, Archie V., Oak Lawn Spaulding, Lewis G., R. R. 2, Spring- Utterback, H. K, R. R. 2, Ridge- field farm Stanish, E. C, Marengo Vail, Joe, Lewiston Stanley, E. H., Dixon Valerius, Chas, Elkville Stanley, Ulysses G., Mountain View Van Butsele, Louis, 720 N. Center Apiary, Nisbet, Pa. r" St., Collinsville Stanton, Edwin M., 275 N. View St., Van Dyke, Ben, Morrison Aurora Vannis, Louie, Harrisburg Sterns, R. W., 314 N,. Calif. St., Syca- Van Osdol, F. A., Morrison more Van Tine, W., R. R. 6, Box 9, Mon- Steiner, James, Geneseo mouth Steinle, Raymond, Galena Vaughan, S. G., Roseville Stendel, Wm., 11115 Edbrooke Ave., Voight, William H., Monee Chicago Voss, Karl & Son, R. R. 6, Freeport Stevens, C. W., Aledo Voss, Wm. H., Victoria St., Bar- Stevens, R. E., Tower Hill rington 190 TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Wachter, Martin, R. R. 3, Box 22, Wiley. C. H., Box 210, Harrisburg Hinsdale Wilhelms, John, Forreston Wager, Clarence, Genoa Wilkenson, Ida, R. R. 2, Harvard Wagner, J. N., 638 E. Stephenson St., Williams, A. W., Cora Freeport Williams, R. J., Danvers Walenga, A., 15307 Ashland Ave., Williams, W.' H., P. O. Box 472, Harvey Pekin Wales, A., 810 GHdden Ave., De- Wills, E. B., Wheaton Kalb Wilson, Howard H., Geneseo Walker, A. J., R. R. 1, Decatur Wilson, H. W., 38 Bee St., Eldorado Wallanchas, Wm., 5715 Dunham Winkler, Mrs. Edvir. R. R. 1, JoHet Rd., Box 166, Downers Grove Wirth, Edward Lee, R. R. 2, Proph- Walter, John D., R. R. 1, Box 56, etstown Congerville Wise, L. W., Watseka Walton, James, Galena Wolcansek', Joe, Witt -Wangler, Henry, Belle Rive Wolcott, J. L., Emelinc & Major Warehime. James, R. R. 3, Monticello Sts., Normal Warner, Emory, Monticello Wooldridge, R. E., 2021 W. 71st St., Warren, Harry R., 526 W. 18th St.. Chicago Chicago Wood, Ray, Taylor Ridge Waterman, F. C, Bartlett Wooden, Roy, R. -R. 2, Mt Vernon Watson, Frank, Jerseyville Woody, A. L., 19 South Wells St., Watt, George R., Hamilton . Chicago Watts, Searel, Monticello Wookey, Alonzo. R. R. 4, Peoria Weaver, Walter, R. R. 1, Cameron Wooldridge, J. R., 2021 W. 70th St., Webber, A. E., Mineral Chicago Weddle, C. M., Cisco Word, G. L., Gibson City Weiland, H. E., Assumption Wright, Lester D., Fenton Weiss, Lawrence M., R. R. 1, Taylor Wrigley, S. W., 123 W. Walnut St., Ridge Sycamore "Wellbrock, Claus, R. R. 4, Peoria Wuetig, Christian J., 118 Vermont Wellner, Ned, 109 Walsh St., Joliet St., Blue Island Werner, Fred, 416 McCormick Ave., Wyman, Ray, 712 East Orin St., Hollywood Freeport West, A. N., Aledo Wyne, E. C, Lintner Weston, N. A., W. Springfield Ave., Yakey, S. H., Mode Champaign Young, C. F., 414 S. Hamilton Ave., Wheeler, Vernon, Mazon Monticello White, Victor H., Onarga Young, Scott, Monticello Wicena, Dr. A. M., 2838 W. Polk St., Young, W. C, 8514 S. Elizabeth St., Chicago Chicago Wiersema, Klaus, Fulton Zadel, Frank, Witt Wilde, Clyde, Oregon f ILLINOIS STATE BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 191 INDEX Page American Foulbrood 162 American Honey Fnstitute and its Work, H. C. Barnard _. 69 Annual Short Course for Beekeepers 131 Bees and Honey Premium List, 1928 Illinois State Fair _ 175 By-Laws _ _ __ _ __ „ 169 Code of Rules and Standards for Grading Exhibits _ 172 Constitution „ 169 County Association Activities for 1928 - 136 European Foulbrood 164 Extract from Circular of Information, Bee Culture Laboratories 179 Formation of Illinois State Beekeepers' Association 166 General Information for Beekeepers _ 177 Honey, Color, Flavor and Clarity of, H. H. Root 56 Honey Production, F. B. Paddock SO Honey, Preparing for Market, C. Swanson _ 59 Honey, The Use of in Ice Cream, P. H. Tracy _ 64 Illinois' Future in Honey Production, Ml G. Dadant Td Inter-State Meeting at Dubuque, Iowa _ — — 131 Letter of Transmittal 6 Members Attending 38th Annual Meeting. 28 Members of Illinois' State Beekeepers' Association .183 Minutes of Thirty-Eighth Annual Meeting _. 9 Officers of Illinois State Beekeepers' Association for 1928 7 Officers of Illinois State Beekeepers' Association for 1929 8 Original Bill __ __ __ _ '....._ _ 171 Practical Hints on Saving Beeswax, H. C Dadant 35 Relation of Fruit Growers and Beekeepers „ 79 Report of Apiary Inspectors Meeting, Sioux City, Iowa, 1929 133 Report of Deputy Inspectors for 1928 151 Report of the Secretary for 1928 (Financial), V. G. Milum „ — 18 Report of the Secretary for 1928 (General), V. G. Milum _ _ 21 Report of State Inspector, A. L. Kildow 147 Report of Treasurer for 1928, Elmer Kommer 16 Resolutions Approved and Adopted, at 38th Annual Meeting 12 State Charter . 168 State Law on Bee Diseases...- a — 157 Temperature Relations of Honeybees in Winter, V. G. Milum. „ 98 Visiting Illinois Beekeepers, H. H. Root 86 Weighing Bees for Profit, M. D. Farrar 30 THE LiaHAiif uf m AUGl ^luo UNIVtRSlTY Of ILLINOIS