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TENTH ANNUAL REPORT

or THE

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cc-Jccpers^

ssoeianon

Organized Feb. 26, 1891

SPRINGFIELD. ILLINOIS

Compiled by
JAMES A. STONE, Secretary,
R R. 4, Springfield, III.

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TENTH ANNUAL REPORT

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-f- i Organized Feb. 26, 1891,

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SPRINGFIELD, ILL.

COMPILED BY

JAMES A. STONE, Secretary,
R. R. 4, Springfield, 111.

Springfield, 111.

Illinois State Register Print,

1911.

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LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

Office of the Secretary, /

R. R. 4, Springfield, III., March 1, 1911. S

To his Excellency, Charles S. Deneett, Governor of the State
of Illinois:

Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith the Tenth
Annual Report of the Illinois State Bee-Keepers' Association.
Respectfully submitted,

James A. Stone. Secretary.

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FATHER LANGSTROTH,
Inventor of the Movable Framue Hive.

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OFFICERS

—OP THE-

Illinois State Bce-Keepers' /Issociation

FOR 1911

C. p. DADANT, President

Hamilton, III.

A. L. KILDOW, Putnam

State Foul Brood Inspector.

VICE-PRESIDENTS.
1st— W. B. MOORE, Altona

' 2d— J. W. BOWEN, Jacksonville

3d— I. E. PYLES, Putnam

4th— AARON COPPIN, . . . ' Wenona

5th— LOUIS WERNER, Edwardsville

JAMES A. STONE, . Secretary

^ CHAS. BECKER, Treasurer

Pleasant Plains.

l.ist of members will appear in back of Report. Also Statistical Report.

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Following is a copy of tKe law passed ty tKe Illinois Legislature
May 19th, and signed by the Governor June 5th, 1911, to take effect July

1st. 1911: ■ /t:. :/.-:•-- ..;:.::'-;:-:,-v.--.v:;:^ -■■,-■,, v-'/ : - ■^ ■ . .- -V/,;-- .,. ^:,..::

For an Act to prevent the introduction and spread in Illinois of foiil brood
among bees, providing for the appointment of a State inspector of Apiaries
and prescribing his powers and duties., . ^ , : >

- " Whereas, the disease khown as foul btood exists to a very considerable
extent in various portions of this State, which, if left to itself, will soon ex-
terminate the honey-bees; and '■:■ 'r,,^'\::-'-'-.^- ::'---■ '- - '■' -)^'/ :-^-;^'\':':'r:[:-:.v_'--- -■ ■']

Whereas, the work done by an individual bee-keeper or by a State In-
spector is useless so long as' the official is not given authority to inspect and,
if need be, to destroy the disease when found; and

Whereas, there is a great loss to the bee-keepers and fruit growers _Qf
the State each year by the devastating ravages of foul brood; , - - >

Section 1. Be it enacted by the People of the State of Illinois, represented
in the General Assembly: That the Governor shall appoint a State inspector
of Apiaries, who shall hold his office for the term of two years, and until
his successor is appointed and qualified, and who may appoint one or "more
assistants, as needed, to carry oh the inspection under his supervision. The
Inspector of Apiaries shall receive for each day actually and necessarily spent
in the performance of his duties the sum of Four Dollars to be paid upon
bills of particulars certified to as correct by the said State Inspector of
Apiaries, and approved by the Governor. c

Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of every person maintaining or keeping any
colony or colonies of bees to keep the same free from the disease known as
foul brood and from other contagious and infectious diseases among bees. All
bee-hives, bee-fixtures or appurtenances where foul brood or other contagious
or infectious diseases among bees exists, are hereby declared to be nuisances
to be abated as hereinafter prescribed. If the inspector of apiaries shall have
reason to believe that any apiary is infected by foul brood or other contagious
disease, he shall have power to inspect, or cause to be inspected, from time
to time, such apiary, and for the purpose of such Inspection he, or his as-
sistants, are authorized during reasonable business hours to enter into or
upon any farm or premises, or other building or place used for the purpose
of propagating or nurturing bees. If said inspector of apiaries, or his as-
sistants, shall find by inspection that any person, firm or corporation is maln^
taining a nuisance as described in this section, he shall notify in writing the
owner or occupant of the premises containing the --imisance so disclosed of
the fact that such nuisance exists. He shall include m such notice a state-
ment of the conditions constituting such nuisance, and order that the same
be abated within a specified time and a direction, written or printed, pointing
out the methods which shall be taken to abate the same. Such notice and
order may be served personally or by depositing the same in the post office
properly stamped, addressed to the owner or occupant of the land or premises
upon which such nuisance exists, and the direction for treatment may con-

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sist of a printed circular, bulletin or report of the Inspector of Apiaries, or
an extract from same.

If the person so notified shall refuse or fail to abate said nuisance in
the manner and in the time prescribed in said notice, the Inspector of Apiaries
may cause such nuisance to be abated, and he shall certify to the owner or
person in charge of the premises the cost of the abatement and if not paid
to him within sixty days thereafter the same may be recovered, together
with the costs of action, before any court in the State having competent juris-
diction.

In case notice and order served as aforesaid shall direct that any bees,
hives, bee-fixtures or appurtenances shall be destroyed and the owner of such
bees, hives, bee fixtures or appurtenances shall consider himself aggrieved
by said order, he shall have the privilege of appealing within three days of
the receipt of the notice to the county court of the county in which such
property is situated. The appeal shall be made in like manner as appeals are
taken to the county court from judgments of justices of the peace. Written
notice of said appeal served by mail upon the Inspector of Apiaries shall
operate to stay all proceedings until the decision of the county court, which
may, after investigating the matter, reverse, modify or aflirm the order of
the Inspector of Apiaries. "Such decision shall then become the order of the
Inspector of Apiaries, who shall serve the same as hereinbefore set forth and
shall fix a time within which such decision must be carried out.

Sec. 3. The Inspector of Apiaries shall, on or before the second Monday
in December of each calendar year, make' a report to the Governor and also
to the Illinois State Bee Keepers' Association, stating the number of apiaries
visited, the number of those diseased and treated, the number of colonies of
bees destroyed and the expense incurred in the performance of his duties.

Sec. 4. Any owner of a diseased apiary or appliances taken therefrom,
'Who shall sell, barter or give away any such apiary, appliance, queens or
bees from such- apiary, expose other bees to the danger of contracting such
disease, or refuse to allow the Inspector of Apiaries to inspect such apiary,
or appliances, shall be flnedi. not less .than $50.00 nor more than $100.00.

NOTE— This bill would have been embodied in the report but was not
enacted into law till after the books were bound.

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ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KDEBPERS' ASSOCIATION

Formation of the Illinois State Bee-Keepers' Association.

Springrfield, 111., Feb. 26, 1891.

The Capitol Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion was called to order by President
P. J. England.

Previous notice ihaving been given
that an effort would be made to form
a State Association, and there being
present bee-keepers from different
parts of the State, by motion, a recess
was taken in order to form such an
Association.

P. J. England was chosen temporary
chairman and C E. Yocum temporary
secretary. On motion, the Chair ap-
pointed Thos. G. Newman, C. P. Da-
dant and Hon. J. M. Hambaugh a com-
mittee on constitution.

Col. Chas. F. Mills addressed the
meeting on tihe needs of a State As-
sociation, and stated that it was his
opinion that the bee-keepers should
'have a liberal appropriation for a State
Apiarian Exhibit at the World's Col-
umbian Exposition.

A motion to adjourn till 1:30 p. m.
prevailed.

AFTERJNOON SESSION.

The Committee on Constitution re-
ported a form for same, which, on
motion, was read by the Secretary, by
sections serially.

Geo. F. Robbins moved to substitute
the word "shall" for "may" in the last
clause of Section 1, Article III. This
led to a very animated discussion, and
the motion was lost.

J. A. Stone moved to amend the
above-named section by striking out
the word "ladies" and all that followed
of the same section, which motion led
to further discussion, and motion
finally prevailed.

Section 2, Article II., relating to a
quorum, was, on motion, entirely
stricken out.

Mr. Robbins moved to amend Article
v.- by adding the words "Thirty days-'
notice having been given to each mem-
ber." Prevailed.

Thos. G. Newman moved to adopt
the Constitution, so amended, as a
whole. Which motion prevailed.

See Constitution.

J. A. Stone moved that the Chair
appoint a nominating committee of
three on permanent organization. Pre-
vailed.

Chair appointed as such committee.
Col. Ohas. F. Mills, Hon. J. M. Ham-
baugh, and C. P. Dadant.

Committee retired and in a few min-
utes returned, submitting the follow-
ing named persons as candidates for
their respective offices:

For President— P. J. England, Fancy
Prairie.

For Vice Presidents — Mrs. L. Harri-
s'on, Peoria; C. P. Dadant, Hamilton;
W. T. F. Petty, Pittsfield; Hon. J. M.
Hambaugh, Spring; Dr. C C. Miller,
Marengo.

Secretary — Jas. A. Stone, Bradford-
ton.

. Treasurer — ^A. N. Draper, Upper Al-
ton.

Mr. Black moved the adoption of the
report of the committee on nomina-
tions. The motion prevailed, and the
officers as named by the committee
were declared elected for the ensuing
year.

Hon. J. M. Hambaugh moved that
Mr. Thos. G. Newman, editor Ameri-
can Bee Journal, of Chicago, be made
the first honorary member of the As-
sociation. Prevailed.

At this point Col. Chas. F. Mills
said: "Mr. Chairman, I want to be the
first one to pay my dollar for member-
ship," at the same time suiting his
action to his words, and others fol-
lowed his example, as follows:

CHARTER MEMBERS.

Col. Chas. F. Mills, Springfield,

Hon. J. M. Hambaugh, Spring.

Hon. J. S. Lyman, Farmingdale.

C. P. Dadant, Hamilton.

Ohas. Dadant, Hamilton.

A. N. Draper, Upper Alton.

S. N. Black, Clayton.

Aaron Coppin, Wenona.

G-eo. F, Robbins, Mechanicsburg.

J. W. Tocum, Williamsville.

Thos. S. Wallace, Clayton.

A. J. England, Fancy Prairie,

P. J, England, Fancy Prairie.

C, E. Tocom, Sherman.

Jas. A. Stone, Bradfordton.

I FIRST HONORARY MEMBER.

Thos. G. Newman, editor American
Bee Journal, Chicago.

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TEX'TH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

State of Illinois— Department of State

ISAAC N. PEARSON, Secretary of State.

To all to who7n these Presents shall come — GrKETing:

Whereas, A certificate duly signed
and acknowledged having been filed in
the office of the Secretary of State on
the 27th day of February, A. D. 1891,
for the organization of the Illinois State
Bee-keepers' Association, under and in
accordance with the provisions of "An
Act Concerning Corporations," ap-
proved April 18, 1872, and in force
July 1, 1872, and all acts amendatory
tihereorf, a copy of which certificate is
hereunto attached.

Now, Therefore, I, Isaac N. Pearson,
Secretary of State, of the State of Illi-
nois, 'by virtue of the powers and du-
ties vested In me by law, do hereby
certify that the said, The Illinois State
Bee-Keepers' Association, is a legally
organized corporation under the laws
of the State.

In Testimony Whereof, I hereunto
set my hand and cause to be affixed
the great seal of State.

Done at the City of Springfield, this
27th. day of February, in the
year of our Lord one thou-
sand eight hundred and nine-
ty one, and the Independence
of the United States the one
hundred and fifteenth.

L N. PEARSON,
Secretary of State.

[Seal]

'' iss.

Secretary

of

STATE OF ILLINOIS
County of Sangamon

To Isaac N. Pearson,
State:

We, the undersigned. Perry J. Eng-
land, Jas. A. Stone and Albert N. Dra-
per, citizens of the United States,
propose to form a corporation under an
act of the General Assembly of the
State of Illinois, entitled, "An Act Con-
cerning Corporations," approved April

18, 1872, and all acts amendatory
thereof; and for the purposes of such
organizations, we hereby state as fol-
lows, to-wit:

1. The name of such corporation is.
The Illinois State Bee-Keepers' Asso-
ciation,

2. The object for which it is formed
is, to promote the general interests of
the pursuit of bee-culture.

3. The management of the afore-
said Association shall be vested in a
board of three Directors, who are to
be elected annually.

4. The following persons are hereby
selected as the Directors, to control
and manage said corporation for the
first year of its corporate existence,
viz.: Perry J. England, Jas. A. Stone,
and Albert N. Draper.

5. The location is in Springfield, in
■the County of Sangamon, State of Illi-
nois. [Signed,]

Perry J. England, '
Jas. A, Stone, ^

Albert N. Draper. '

STATE OP ILLINOIS, \ ^^
Sangamon County. f

I, S. Mendenhall, a notary public in
and" for the County and State afore-
said, .do hereby certify that on this
26th day of February, A. D. 1^91, per-
sonally appeared before me. Perry J.
England, James A. Stone and Albert
N. Draper; to me personally known to
be the same persons who executed the
foregoing certificate, and severally ac-
knowledged that they had executed the
same for the purposes therein set forth.

In witness whereof, I have hereunto
set my hand and seal the day and year
above written.

S. Mendenhall,

[Seal] Notary Public.

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ILrLIXOIS STATE BEOE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATIOX

CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAW

I

-OF THE-

Illinois State Bee-Kccper$* /Issociation

^

CONSTITUTION

Adopted Feb. 26, 1891.

ARTICLE I.— Name.

This organization shall be known as
The Illinois State Bee-Keepers' Asso-
ciation, and its principal place of busi-
ness sihall be at Springfield, HI.

ARTICLiE II.— Object. ij

Its object shall be to promote the
general interests of the pursuit of bee-
culture, .

ARTICLE! in. — Membership.

Section 1. Any person interested in
Apiculture may become a member up-
on the payment to the Secretary of an
annual fee of one dollar ($1.00).
(Amendment adopted at annual meet-
ing, November, 1905): And any affili-
ating Associatioi^, as a body, may be-
come members on the payment of an
aggregate fee of fifty cents (50c) per
member, as amended Nov., 1910.

Sec. 2. Any persons may become hon-

orary members by receiving a ma-
jority vote at any regular meeting.

ARTICLE IV.— Officers.

Section 1. The officers of this Asso-
ciation shall be. President, Vice-Presi-
dent, Secretary and Treasurer. Their
terms of office shall be for one year,
or i^mtil their successors are elected
and qualified.

Sec. 2. The President, Secretary and
Treasurer shall constitute the Execu-
tive Committee.

Sec. 3. Vacancies in office — by
death, resignation and otherwise —
shall be filled by the Executive Com-
mittee until the next annual meeting.

ARTICLE V. — ^Amendments.
This Constitution shall be amended
at any annual meeting by a two-thirds
vote of all the members . present —
thirty days' notice having been given
to each member of the Association.

BY-LAWS

ARTICLE I.

The officers of the Association shall
be elected by ballot and by a majority
vote.

ARTICLE n.

It shall be the duty of the President
to call and preserve order at all meet-
ings of this Association; to call for all
reports of officers and committees; to

put to vote all motions regularly sec-
onded; to count the vote at all elec-
tions, and declare the results; to de-
cide upon all questions of order, and
to deliver an address at each annual

meeting.

ARTICLE m.

The Vice-Presidents shall be num-
bered, respectively, First, Second,
Third, Fourth and Fifth, and it shall be

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10

TENTH ANNUAL, REPORT OF THE

the duty of one of them, in his re-
spective order, to preside in the ab-
sence of the President.

ARTICLE IV.

Section 1. It shall toe the duty of the
Secretary to report all proceedings of
the Association, and to record tihe
same, wtoen approved, in the Secre-
tary's book; to conduct all correspond-
ence of the Association, and to file
and preserve all papers belonging to
the same; to receive the annual dues
and pay them^ over to the Treasurer,
taking his receipt for the same; to
take and record the name and address
of every member of the Association;
to cause the Constitution and By-Laws
to be printed in appropriate form, and
in such quantities as may be directed
by the Executive Committee from time
to time, and see that each member is
provided with a copy thereof; to make
out and publish annually, as far as
practicable, statistical table showing
the number of colonies owned in the
spring and fall, and the amount of
honey and wax produced by each mem-
ber, together with such other informa-
tion as may be deemed important, or
be directed by the Executive Commit-
tee; and to give notice of all meetings
'of the Association in the leading pa-
pers of the State, and in the bee jour-
nals at least four weeks prior to the
time of such meeting.

See. 2. The Secretary shall be al-
lowed a reasonable compensation for
his services, and to appoint an as-
sistant Secretary if deemed necessary.

ARTICLE V.

It shall be the duty of the Treasurer
to take charge of all funds of the As-

sociation, and to pay them out up<K»
fhe order of the Executive Committee,
taking a receipt for the same; and' to
render a report of all receipts and
expenditures at each annual meeting.

ARTICLE VI. ■

It shall be the duty of the Executive
Committee to select subjects for dis-
cussion and appoint members to de-
liver addresses or read essays, and to
transact all interim business.

ARTICLE VII.

The meeting of the Association
shall be, as far as practicaJble, gov-
erned by the following order of busi-
ness:

Call' to order.

Reading minutes of last meeting.

President's address.

Secretary's report.

Treasurer's report.

Reports of committees.

Unfinished business.

Reception of members and collection.

Miscellaneous business.

Election and installation of officers.

Discussion.

Adjournment. '

ARTICLE VIII.

These By-Laws may be amended
by a two-thirds vote of all the mem-
bers present at any annual meeting.
C E. Tocom,
Aaron Coppin,
Geo, F. Robbina

ILLINOIS STATE BEDE- KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

11

(Bill asked for in the 47th General Assembly.)

Bee-Kecpcrs^ Association

§ 1. P'or expenses of annual meetings,
and for foul brood inspection; per
annum, $3,000; officers to re-
ceive no salary.

§ 2. How drawn.

§ 3. Duty of Treasurer of Associa-
tion. •

A Bllili

For an act making an appropriation for the Illinois State Bee-Keepers' Ass'n.

Whereas, The members of the Illi-
nois State Bee -Keepers' Association
have for years given much time and
labor without compensation in the en-
deavor to promote the interests of the
bee-keepers of the State; and,

Whereas, The importance of the in-
dustry to the farmers and fruit-grow-
ers of the State warrants the expendi-
ture of a reasonable sum for the
holding of annoial meetings, the publi-
cation of reports and papers containing
practical information concerning bee-
keeping, therefore, to sustain the same
and enable this organization to defray
the expenses of annual meetings, pub-
lishing reports, suppressing foul brood
among bees in the State, and promote
the industry in Illinois;

Section 1. Be it enacted by the Peo-
ple of the State of Illinois represented
in the General Assembly: That there
be and is (hereby appropriated for the
use of the Illinois State Bee-Keepers'
Association the sum of three thousand
dollars ($3,000) per annmn for the
years 1911 and 1912. For the purpose
of advancing the growth and develop-
ing the interests of the bee-keepers of
Illinois, said sum to be expended un-
der the direction of the Illinois State

Bee-Keepers' Association for the pur-
pose of paying the expenses of holding
annual meetings, publishing the pro-
ceedings of said metings, suppressing
foul brood among bees in Illinois, etc.

Provided, however. That no officer
or officers of ithe Illinois State Bee-
Keepers' Association shall be entitled
to receive any money compensation
whatever for any services rendered for
the same, out of this fund.

Sec. 2. That on the order of the
President, countersigned by the Secre-
tary of the Illinois State Bee-Keepers'
Association, and approved by the Gov-
ernor, the Auditor of Public Accounts
shall draw his warrant on the Treas-
urer of the State of Illinois in favor
of the treasurer of the Illinois State
Bee-Keepers' Association for the sum
herein appropriated.

Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of the
treasurer of the Illinois State Bee-
Keepers' Association to pay out of said
appropriation, on itemized and re-
ceipted vouchers, such sums as may be
authorized by vote of said organiza-
tion on the order of the president,
countersigned by the secretary, and
make annual report to the Governor of
all such expenditures, as provided by
law.

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12

TENiTH ANNUAX, REPORT OF THE

A Bllili.

As asked for in the 47th General Assembly,

For an act providing for the appointment of a State Inspector of Apiaries,
and prescribing his powers and duties.

f

Wliereas, The disease linown as foul
brood exists to a very- considerable eji-
tent in various portions of this State,
which, if left to . itself, will soon ex-
terminate the honey bees; and.

Whereas, The work done by an in-
dividual bee-keeper or by a State In-
spector is useless so long as the
official Is not given authority "to inspect
and, if need be, to destroy the disease
when found; and.

Whereas, There is a great loss to
the bee-keeprs and fruit-growers of
the State each year by the devastating
ravages of foul brood:

Section 1. Be it enacted by the Peo-
ple of the State of Illinois, represented
in the General Assembly: That the
Governor shall appoint a State In-
spector of Apiaries, who shall hold his
office for the term of two years, and
until his successor is appointed and
qualified, and who may appoint one or
more assistants, as needed, to carry on
the inspection under his supervision.

Sec. 2. Said Inspector shall, when
notified of the exis-tence of foul brood,
or any other contagious or infectious
disease among aj)iaries, examine all
such as are so reported, and all others
in the same locality, and ascertain
whether or not such disease exists, and,
if satisfied of Its existence, shall give
the owner or the person who has the
care of such apiaries full instructions
as to the manner of treating t'hem. In
case the owner of a diseased apiary

sliall refuse to treat his bees as di-
rected, then the said Inspector may
treat them at the owner's expense, or
burn the diseased colonies, or their
combs, as in his judgment seems best
to prevent the spread of the disease.

Sec. 3. The Inspector shall, on or
before the second Monday of December
in each calendar year, make a report
to the Governor and also to the Illinois
State Bee-Keepers' Association, stating
the number of apiaries visited; the
number of those diseased and treated;,
the numher of colonies of bees d^
stroyed, and the expense incurred
the performance of his duties. Said li
specter shall receive $4.00 for each da\
actually and necessarily spent in th|
performance of his duties, and be
imbursed for the money expended^ by
him in defraying his expenses, omt of
the appropriation made to the Illi
State Bee-Keepers' Association; pro-
vided, that the total expenditures for.
such purposes shall not exceed three-
fourths of the amount appropriated.

Sec. 4. Any owner of a diseased
apiary or appliances taken therefrom,
who shall sell, barter or give away any
such apiary, appliance, queens or bees
from such apiary, expose other bees to
the danger of contracting such disease,
or refuse to allow the Inspector of
Apiaries to inspect such apiary, or
appliances, shall be fined not less than
fifty dollars nor more than one hoindred
dollars.

ILilAN'OlS STATE BBE-KBEPE3RS' ASSOCIATION 13

No.

CERTIFICATE OF

Illinois State^ Foul Brood Inspector of Apiaries.

Da;te .....' .191.

I have this day inspected the Apiary of:—

Mr

P. O .

No. of colonies in Apiary

fin cellar Lfoss .
Outside Loss .

iUas. Comb
Ubs. Extracted.

No. colonies apparently healthy

No. colonies diseased

Name of disease

Date bees to be treated. '. . .

No. colonies or hives to be burned.
Subscriber for , .

Remarks

Foul Brood Inspector of Illinois

14

TENTH ANNUAL (REPORT O'F THE

Code of Rules and Standards for Grading Apiarian Exhibits at Fairs, a^
Adopted by Illinois State Bee-Keepers' Association.

COMB HONEY.

Rule 1. Comb honey shall be marked
on a scale of 100, as follows:

Quantity 40

Quality 40

Style of display 20

Rule 2. Points of quality should be:

Variety 5

Clearness of capping 10

Completeness of capping 5

Completeness of filling 5

Stralghtness of comb 5

Uniformity 5

Style of section. 5

Remarks: 1. By variety is meant
different kinds, with regard to the
sources from which the honey is gath-
ered, which adds mudh' interest to an
exhibit.

2. By clearness of capping is meant
freedom from travel stain and a water
soaked appearance. This point is
marked a little high, because it is a
most important one. There is no bet-
ter test of the quality of comb ihoney
than the appearance of the cappings.
If honey is taken off at the proper
time, and cared for as it should be. so
as to preserve its original clear color,
body and flavor will take care of them-
selves, for excellence in the last two
points always accompanies excellence
In the first. Clover and basswood
honey shoud be white; heartsease, a
dull white tinged with yellow; and
Spanish needle, a brlgiht yellow.

3. By uniformity is meaJit closeness
of resemblance in the sections compos-
ing the exhibit.

4. By style is meant neatness of the
sections, freedami from propolis, etc.

5. Honey so arranged as to show
every section should score the highest
in style of display, and everything that
may add to the tastiness and attract-
Ivn«ss of an exhibit should be con-
sidered.

EXTRACTED IBONEY.
Rule 1. Extracted honey should be
marked on a scale of 100, as follows:

Quantity 40

Quality 45

Style of display 15

Rule 2. The points of quality should
be:

Variety 10

Clearness of color 5

Body 5

Flavor 5

Style of package 10

Variety of package 5

Finish 5

Remarks: 1. ^Light clover honey
pouring out of a vessel is a very light
straw color; Spanish needle, a golden
hue, and dark clover honey, a dull am-
ber.

2. Style of package is rated a little
high; not only because In that consists
the principal beauty of an exhibit of
extracted honey, tout also because It
involves the best package for market-
ing. "We want to show honey in the
best shape for the retail trade, and
that, in this case, means the most at-
tractive style for exhibition. Glass
packages should Ibe given the prefer-
ence over tin; filnt glass over green,
and smaller vessels over larger, pro-
vided the latter run over one or two
pounds.

3. By variety of package is meant
chiefly different sizes; but small pails
for retailing, and, in addition, cans or~
kegs (not too large) for wholesaling,
may be considered. In the former case,
pails painted In assorted colors, and
lettered "Pure Honey," should be
given the preference.

4. By finish is meant capping, label-
ing, etc.

5. Less depends upon the manner of
arranging an exhibit of extracted than
of comb honey, and for that reason,
as well as to give a higher number of
points to style of p^ackage, a smaller
scaile is allowed for style of display.

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ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASiSOCIATIOX

15

SAMPLES OF COMB ANI> EX-
TRACTED HONEY.

Rule 1. single cases of comb honey,
entered as ' such for separate pre-
miums, should be judged by substan-
tially the same rules &s those given
for a display of comb ihoney, and sam-
ples of extracted, by those governing
displays of extracted honey.

Rule 2. Samples of comb or ex-
tracted honey, as above, may be con-
sidered as part of the general display
in their respective departments.

, GRANULATED BONEY.

Rule 1. Candied or granulated (honey
should be judged by the rules for ex-
itracted honey, except as below.

Rule 2. The points of quality should
be:

Variety 10

Fineness of grain 5

Color 5

Flavor 5

Style of package 10

Variety of package 5

Finish 5

Rule 3. An exhibit of granulated
honey may be entered or considered
as part of a display of extracted
honey.

NUCLiEI OF BEES.

Rule. Bees in observation hives

should be maked on a scale of 100. as

follows:

Color and markings 30

Size of bees 30

Brood 10

Queen 10

Quietness 5

Style of comb 5

Style of Olive 10

Remarks: 1. Bees should be exhib-
, ited only in the form of single frame

nuclei, in hives or cages with glass

sides.

2. Italian bees sihould show three
or more bands, ranging from leather
color to golden or light yellow.

3. The markings of other races
should be those claimed for those races
in their purity.

4. A nucleus from which the
queen is omitted should score zero on
that point.

5. The largest quantity of brood in
all stages or nearest to that should
score the ihighes.t in that respect.

6. The straightest, smoothest and
most complete comb, with the most
honey consistent with the most brood,
should score the highest in that re-
spect.

7. That hive whicti is neatest and
best made and shows the bees, etc., to
the best advantage ■ should score the
highest.

QUEEN BEES.

Rule. Queen bees in cages should
be marked on a scale of 100, as fol-
lows:

Quantity 40

Quality and variety 40

Style of caging and display. ... 20

Remarks: 1. The best in quality
consistent with variety should score
the highest. A preponderence of Ital-
ian queens should overweigb a pre-
ponderance of black ones, or, perhaps,
of any other race or strain; but sam-
ple queens of any or all varieties should
be duly considered. Under the head
of quality should also be considered
the attendant bees. There should be
about a dozen with each queen.

2. Neatness and finish of cages
should receive due consideration, but
the principal points in style are to
make and arrange the cages so as to
show the inmates to the best advan-
tage.

BEESWAX.

Rule. Beeswax should be marked
on a scale of 100, as follows:

Quantity 40

Quality V. 40

Style of display .' 20

Remarks: 1. Pale, clear, yellow
specimens should score the highest,
and the darker grades should come
next in order.

2. By style is meant dhdefly the
forms in which the wax is molded and
put up for exhibition. Thin cakes or
small pieces are more desirable in the
retail trade than larger ones. Some
attention may be given to novelty and
variety.

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16

TENTH ANNUAL, REPORT OF THE

foul Brood and Other Diseases of Bees

,1 (Republished by permission of N. E. France, Foul Brood Inspector of

I Wisconsin.) v-

Foul brood — ibacillus alvei — is a fa'tal
and contagious disease among bees,
dreaded most of all by bee-keepers.
The germs of disease are either given
to the young- larval bee in its food
when it hatches from the egg of the
queen-bee, or it may be contagion
from a diseased colony, or if the queen
deposits eggs, or the workier-bees store
honey or pollen in such combs. If in
any one of the above cases, the dis-
ease will soon appear, and the germs
increase with great rapidity, going
from one little cell to another, colony
to colony of bees, and then to all the
neighboring apiaries, thus soon -leav-
ing whole apiaries with only diseased
combs to inoculate others. The Island
of Syria in three years lost all of its
great apiaries from foul brood. Dzier-
zon, in 1868, lost his entire apiary of
500 colonies. Cowan, the editor of the
British Bee Journal, recently wrote:
'The only visible hindrance to the rap-
id expansion of the bee industry is the
prevalence of foul brood, which is so
rapidly spreading over the country as
to make bee-keeping a hazardous occu-
pation."

Canada's foul brood inspector, in
1890 to 1892, reported 2,395 cases, and
in a later report for 1893 to 1898, that
40 per cent of the colonies inspected
\sere diseased. Cuba is one of the
greatest honey-producing countries,
and was lately reported to me by a
Wis.consin bee-keeper who has been
there, and will soon return to Wiscon-
sin: "So plentiful is foul brood in
Cuba that I have known whole apiaries
to dwindle out of existence from its
ravages, and hundreds more are on
the same road to sure and certain
death. I, myself, took, in 90 days in
Cuba, 24,000 pounds of fine honey from
100 colonies, but where is that apiary
find my other 150-colony apiary? Dead
from foul brood." Cuba, in 1901, ex-
ported 4,795,600 pounds of honey, and
1,022,897 pounds of beeswax.

Cuba at present has laws to sup-
press foul brood, and her inspector is
doing all possible to stamp the same
{{I'om the island.

2 Even in Wisconsin I know of several
quite large piles of empty hives, where
also many other apiaries where said
disease had gotten a strong foothold.

By the kindness of the Wisconsin
bee-keepers, and, in most cases, by their
willing assistance, I have, during the
last five years, gotten several counties
free of the disease, and at the present
writing, March 12, 1902, have what
there is in Wisconsin under control
and quarantined. This dreadful dis-
ease is often imported into our State
from other States and countries, so we
may expect some new cases to develop
until all the States shall enact such
laws as will prevent further spread
of the same. Arizona, New York
a899), California (1891), Nebraska
(1895), Utah (1892), Colorado (1897),
have county inspectors, and Wisconsin
(1897), and Michigan (1901), have
State inspectors. The present Wis-
consin law, after five years of testing
and rapid decrease of the disease, is
considered the best, and many other
States are now making efforts to se-
cure a like law.

There are several experimental api-
aries in Canada, under control of the
Ontario Agricultural College; also a
few in the United States, especially in
Colorado, that have done great work
for the bee-keeping industry, and their
various published bulletins on the
same are very valuable. The Wiscon-
sin State Bee-Keepers' Association has
asked that an experimental apiary
might be had on the Wisconsin Ex-
perimental Farm, but at present there
are so many departments asking for
aid that I fear it may be some time be-
fore bee -culture will be taken up.

Causes of Foul Brood.

1. Many writers claim foul brood

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ILtLINOIS state BEE-KBEPERiS' AiSSOiCIATION

17

originates from chilled or dead brood.
Dr. Howard, of Texas, one of the best
practical modem scienitific experi-
menters, a man of authority, has proven
beyond a doubt that chilled or common
dead brood does not produce foul
brood. I have, in the last five years,
also proven his statements to be true
in Wisconsin, .but I do believe such
conditions of dead brood are the most
favorable places for lodgment and
rapdd growth of disease. Also, I do
not believe foul brood germs are float-
ing in the air, for, if they were, why
would not 6very brood- comb cell of
an infective hive become di6e3,sed? I
believe that this disease "Spreads only
as the adult bees come in contact with
it, which is often through robber-bees.
Brood-combs should not be removed
from any colony on cold or windy
days, nor should, they be left for a
moment in the direct rays of sun-
shine on hot days.

2. The foul brood may be caused by
the need of proper food and tempera-
ture. Generally this disease does hot
appear to be serious during a honey-
flow, but at the close of the honey sea-
sonv or at time of scarcity, it is quite
serious, and as the bees at such times
will rob anywhere they can find stores,
whether from healthy or diseased
combs, it is the duty of every bee-
keeper to keep everything carefully
protected. Hive- entrances contracted,
no old combs or any article with a drop
of honey in where the bees can get to
it. While honey is coming in from
the various flowers, quite a portion) is
used direct as food for the larval bee,
and with such no disease would be
fed to the bees. Such, fed bees, even
in a diseased hive, will hatch, as is
often the case. I never knew a case
where a bee hatched from a brood cell
that had ever had foul brood in. If
the germs of disease are there in the
dried scale attached to the lower side
walls, bees will store honey therein;
the queen will deposit eggs, or the cell
may be filled with pollen, or beebread,
as some call it. Said honey, or pollen,
when it comes im contact with those
germs of disease, or the food given to
the young bee, if in the proper temper-
ature, said germs of disease will grow
andi develop rapidly.

Causes of Contagion.

I fully Ibelieve that if the history of
foul brood in Wisconsin were known.

nearly every case could be traced to
contagion from, diseased combs, honey,
cr from home diseased queen-breed-
ers' cages. Hhere are some instances
where I have traced the history of con-
tagion in Wisconsin:

1. Diseased apiaries, also single col-
onies, sold either at auction or private
sale. Several law suits have resulted
in the settlement of some of the cases.

2. Brood-combs and various imple-
ments from diseased hives, used by
other bee-keepers, and borrowed ar-
ticles.

3. All the bees in an apiary dead
from foul brood, and the hives having
an abundance of honey in the brood-
combs, said combs placed out by the
side of hives, so that neighbor's bees
might get the honey. From those
combs I lined robber bees to seven
other apiaries, and each time became
diseased and were treated.

4. Robber bees working on empty
honey packages in the back j'ards of
grocery stores and baking factories.
Said honey came from diseased api-
aries, some located in far distant
States, even Cuba.

5. Loaning of hives, combs, extrac-
tors, and even empty honey-packages.

6. Buying honey from strangers, or
not knowing where it was produced,
and feeding it to bees without boiling
the honey.

7. Too common a practice of using
old brood-combs from some apiary
where the owner's bees have died from
"bad luck," as he calls it.

8. Queen-bee — by buying queen
bees from strangers and introducing
her in the cages they came in. I have
traced several new outbreaks of the
disease to the hi-^es where such queens
were introduced, and the queens came
from distant States. To be safe, on ar-
rival of queen, put her carefully alone
in a new and clean cage with good
food In it. Keep her in there, warm
and comfortable, for a few hours be-
fore introducing. The shipping cage
and every bee that came with the
queen should be put in the stove and
burned. I do not think there is any
danger fro^i the queen so treated,
even from diseased hives, but I do
Imow of many cases where disease
soon appeared in the hives, where the
shipping cage and bees were put in
with the colony. The great danger is
in the food in said cage being made
from diseased honey. I was called to

18

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT O'F THE

attend a State bee-keepers' meeting
in another State, and I asked if any
there had had experience with foul
brood. There was a goodly number
of raised hands. Then I asked: "Do
any of you think you got the disease
by buying queen-bees?'" Again sev-
eral hands were raised. Even bee-
keepers there had traced the disease in
their apiaries to the buying of queens,
and all from the same breeder. If you
get queens from abroad, I hope you
will do with them as I have described
above. Better be on the safe side.

Experiments.

1. A prominent Wisconsin bee-
keeper some years ago had foul brood
among his bees so bad that he lost
200 colonies before the disease was
checked. Having a honey-extractor
and comb-foundation machine, he first
boiled the hives in a large sorghum
pan. then in a kettle all combs were
melted after the honey was extracted;
the honey was boiled and also the
extractor and implements used. The
bees were returned to their hivjes on
comb-foundation he made from the
wax made from the melted combs,
then ifed the boiled honey. Several
j-ears have passed, and there has been
no sign of disease in his apiary since.

2. Foul-brood germs are not always
killed when exposed to a temperature
of 212 deg. F. (boiling point) for 45
minutes. But in every case where the
combs are boiled in boiling water, and
same were well stirred while boiling,
no germs were alive.

3. Foul brood in brood-combs is not
destroyed when exposed to the. temper-
ature of "Wisconsin winters of 20 deg.
below zero, and in one case I developed
foul brood from combs that had been
exposed to 28 deg. below zero.

4. Honey, if stored in diseased
combs, acts as a preserving medium,
and in such cases the germs of disease
will remain so long as the comb is
undisturbed. Four years at least.

5. Honey or beeswax, or the refuse
from a solar or sunheat extractor, is
not heated enough to kill foul-brood
germs. Several cases of contagion
where robber bees worked on solar ex-
tractor refuse or honey.

6. Comb-foundation made by sup-
ply manufacturers is free from live
germs of disease and perfectly safe to
use. To prove this experiment be-
yond a doubt, I took a quantity of

badly diseased brood-combs from sev-
eral apiaries and rendered each batch
of combs into wax myself on the farm
where found. Then on my own foun-
dation mill I made some brood-foun-
dation. I also took quite a quantity
more of said wax, went to two whole-
sale comb-foundation manufacturers,
and both parties willingly made my ex-
perimental wax into comb-foundation,
just the same as they do every batch
of wax. I then divided the various
makes of foundation, and selected 20
of the best bee-yards In Wisconsin,
where no disease has ever been known;
had the same placed in 62 of their best
colonies, and in every case no signs
of disease have appeared. Those same
colonies continue to be the best in the
various apiaries.

Symptoms of Foul Brood.

1. The infected colony is not liable
to be as industrious. Hive entrance
with few guard bees to protect thedr
home. Sometimes fine dirt or little
bits of old comb and dead bees
in and around the hive-entrance, and
often robber bees seeking entrance.

2. Upon opening the hive, the brood
in the combs is irregular, badly scat-
tered, with many empty cells which
need inspection.

3. The cappings over healths' brood
are oval, smooth, and of a healthy
color peculiar to honey-bee brood, but
if diseased, the cappings' are sunken,
a little darker in color, and have
ragged pin holes. The dead larval bee is
of a light color, and, as it is termed,
ropy, so that if a toothpick is inserted
and slowly withdrawn, this dead larva
will draAv out much like spittle or glue.

4. In this ropy stage thfere is ..more
or less odor peculiar to the disease;
it smells something like an old, stale
gluepot. A colony may be quite badly
affected and not emit much odor, only
upon opening of the hive or close ex-
amination of the brood. I have treated
a few cases where the foul brood odor '
was plainly noticed several rods from
the apiary.

5. Dried iScales. — If the disease has
reached the advanced stages, all the
above described conditions will be
easily seen and the dried scales as well.
This foul matter is so tenacious that
the bees cannot remove it, so it dries
down on the lower side-wall of the
cell, midway from the bottom to fron^
end of the cell, seldom on the bott

•::?^-'

IDDIXOIS STATE BEE-KEJEIPiEES' AiSSOCIATIOX

W

of the cell. According to its stage of
development, there will be either the
shapeless mass of da,rk brown matter,
on the lower side of the cell, often
with a wrinkled skin covering', as if
a fine thread had been inserted in
the skin lengthwise and drawn enough
to form rib-like streaks on either side.
Later on it becomes' hardened, nearly
black in color, and in time dries down
to be as thin as the side walls of the
cell. Often there will be a small dried
bunch at the front end of the cell,
not larger than a part of a common
pin head. To see it plainly, take the
comli by the top bar and hold it so
that a good light falls into the cell at
an angle of 75 degrees from the top
of the comb, while your sight falls
upon the cell at an angle of about
45 degrees. The scales, if present,
will easily be seen as above described.
This stage of disease in combs is easily
seen, and is always a sure guide or
proof of foul brood. Such combs can
never be used safely by the bees, and
must be either burned or carefully
melted. Be s'ure not to mistake such
marked combs in the spring for those
soiled with bee dysentery. The latter
have a somewhat similar appearance,
but are more or less surface soiled,
and will also be spotted or have
streaked appearance by the dark
brown sticky excrements from the
adult bees.

Treatment.

"A bee-keeper who does not discover
foul brood, before his nostrils remind
him that there is something wrong
with his bees, is not the proper person
to treat the case," Dr. Howard, in
his valuable book on foul brood,
states. "I regard the use of all drugs
in the treatment of foul brood as a
useless waste of time and material,
wholly ineffectual, inviting ruin and
total loss of bees. Any method which
has not for its object the entire re-
moval of all infectious material beyond
the reach of both bees and brood, will
prove detrimental and destructive, and
surely encourage the recurrence of the
disease." In Wisconsin, I have tried
many methods of treatment, and cured
some cases with each method; but the
one that never fails, if carefully fol-
lowed, and that commends itself. Is
the McEvoy treatment. Canada's foul
brood inspector has cured foul brood
by the wholesale — thousands^f cases.

J

McEvoy Treatment.

"iJn the honey season, when the bees
are gathering honey freely, remove
the combs in the evening and shake
the bees into their own hives; give
them frames with comb-foundation
starters, and let them build comb for
four days. The bees will make the
starters into comb during the four
days, and store the diseased honey in
them, which they took with them from
the old comb. Then, in the evening of
the fourth day, take out the new
combs and give them comb-foundation
(full sheets) to work out, and then the
cure will be complete. By this method
of treatment all the diseased honey is
removed from the bees before the full
sheets of foundation are worked out.
All the old foul-brood combs must be
burned or carefully made into wax,
after they are removed from the hives,
and all the new combs made out of the
starters during the four days must be
burned or made into wax, on account
of the diseased *honey that would be
-stored in themf All the curing or
treating of diseased colonies should
be done in the evening, so as not to
have any robbing done, or cause any
of the bees from the diseased colonies
to mix and' go -with the bees of healthy
colonies'. By doing all the work in the
evening, it gives the bees a chance to
settle dpwa nicely before morning, and
then there#Js no confusion or trouble.
This same method of curing colonies
of foul brood can be carried on at
any time from May to October, when
the bees are not getting any honey, by
feeding plenty of sugar syrup in the
evenings to take the place of the
honey-flow. It will start the bees rob-
bing and spread the disease, to work
with foul brood colonies in warm days
when the bees are not gathering honey,
and for that'reason all work must be
done in the "evenings when no bees
are flying.

"When the diseased colonies are
weak in bees, put the bees, two, three,
or four colonies together, so as to get
a good sized colony to start the cure
with, as it does not pay to spend time
fussing with little, weak c^olonies.
When the bees are not gathering
honey, any apiary can be cured of foul
brood by removing the diseased combs
in the evening and giving the bees
frames with comb-foundation starters
on. Then, also, in - the evening feed

20

TENTH ANNUAL REPOORT OOF THE

the bees plenty of sugar syrup, and
they 'wiill draw out the foundation and
store the diseased honey which they
took with them from the old comibs;
on the fourth evening remove the new
combs made out of the starters, and
give the bees full sheets of comib-foun-
dation, and feed plenty of sugar syrup
each evening, until every colony is in
first class order. iMake the sjTup out
of granulated sugar, putting one pound
of water to every pound of sugar, and
bring it to a boil. As previously stated,
all th'e old comb must be burned, or
made into wax, and so must all new
combs made during the four days. No
colony is cured ofl foul brood by the
use of any drug.

. A, I. Root, of Medina, Ohio, says:
"The starvation plan, in connection
with (burning the combs and frames
and boiling the hives, has worked the
' best in treating foul brood. It never
appeared after such treatment, though
it did in some cases where the hives
were honey-stained and not boiled,
thus confirming the theory or fact of
spores."

All the difference from the IilcEvoy
treatment that I practice is this: I
dig a deep pit on level ground near
the disease apiary, and after getting
a fire in the pit, such diseased combs,
frames, etc., as are to be turned are
burned in this jxit in the evening, and
then the fresh earth from the pit re-
turned to cover all from sight. Often
I use some kerosene oil, a little at a
time ibeing poured on old brood-combs,
or those having much Ihoney in, as they
are ha^rd to burn. If diseased combs
with honey in are b^urned on the sur-
face of the soil, there is great danger;
the honey, when heated a little, will
run like 'water on the soil, and in the
morning the rotober ibees will be busy
taking home the diseased honey that
was not Ih'eated enough to kill germs
of foul brood.

I also cage the queen while the bees
are on the five or six strips of iflounda-
tion. It helps to keep the colony from
deserting the hive and going to other
colonies.

R. I/. Taylor, Michigan University
Eixperimental Apiary, reports: "The
plan that the colony be shaken out
into another hive after being allowied
to ibuild comb for four days, I have
proven, in 100 cases, to he unneces-
sary."

In Wisconsin, I, too, have cured sev-

eral cases hy the one transferring,
wihen honey was not coming in very
freely, but it is better, and a great
saving of time to both bees and awner,
to exchange, in three or four days,
those foundation starters, for full
sheets of foundation. Diseased hrood-
combs, and those with honey in, if
melted in a sun or solar extractor, the
wax, honey or residue is not hot
enough to kill germs of foul brood.
This I have proven by several experi-
ments. It must be boiled and well
stirred while boiling, to be safe.

I do not believe in, or practice, burn-
ing any property, such as hives, bees,
beeswax or honey, that can toe safely
treated and saved. Many times it is
poor economy to save all, and so manj'
bee-keepers are not so situated as to
keep all diseased material from rob-
Tjer bees wihile taking care of it; the
best and only safe way is to "burn the
diseased comhs and frames. /

Utah.

Utah has county inspectors, and
from one who has remarkable success
I copy the report of his method of
treatment:

"Wherever found it should be dealt
with earnestly and with dispatch. If
the colony is weak, I recommend
smothering the bees, and in order to
do this witihout letting a bpe escape,
take a tablespoonful of sulphur and
place it in the hive entrance of the
hives; if there is any breeze, turn the
hive so it will (blow in the entrance.
Then fire the sulphur and it will soon
kill the ibees. This should be done
early In the morning, before any of the
bees are flying, as one bee escaping
from the ttiive might carry the disease
to any colony with which it may take
up its abode. If the colony is a strong
one, I would keep the entrance partly
closed, so as to prevent any other bees
from getting in. Then as soon as fruit
blossoms come out so the bees can
obtain honey, I treat them. I procure
an empty ibox of any kind, so it is
clean, then find the queen, put her in
a screen wire cage, which is easily
made. Take a small piece of screen,
roll it up and tie a string around either
end; cork up one end, then place the
qneen and a few workers, ttor company,
in tihie cage, and place in the other end
cork. Put same in this fbox, and shake
all the ibees out of their hive into this
box. This must ibe done in the even-

't*!:.*..

ILLINOIS STATE BBE-KUEPiEIRS' ASSOCL^TION

21

ing, when no bees are flying. Keep the
queen in this box for 2i4 to 48 hours, al-
lowing the bees to fly in and out as
they please. Next take a clean hive,
with good, healthy combs or founda-
tion, and shake bees into it, letting tbe
queen go, andi they will be free from
disease. The old combs are melted
into wax, bringing same to a good
boil. Often washing with boiling
water any hives or implements that
might contain disease. Wherever
strictly followed, this has effected a
cure." — 'C. Wilcox, Emery Co., Utah.

Pickled Brood.

Some seasons pickled brood is quite
bad among bees, and in a few cases
I have known it to reduce large colo-
nies, even large apiaries, to doubtful
hiopes^Jbut those same colonies, after
I/^ave tlhem treatment, were in a
lonth free fromi disease. Some-
times It takes as careful handling as if
foul brood. I do not believe it is con-
tagious, for all I have seen 60 colonies
in one apiary badly reduced by it. As
an experiment, one of my out-apiaries
had '50 colonies at one time with
pickled brood. I treated them, and all
w«re soon free firom dead brood. At
the same time I took ten of the worst
brood-combs, where at least two-thirds
of the brood were dead, and placed
these oombs in other strong, healthy
colonies. They at once cleaned out
the dead' brood, and reared as nice
brood as one could ask for. ,

Symptoms.

The larval bees (in last of May and
tlbrough June) show light brown spots ;
a little later the cappings have small
holes in — the cappings are not sh.runk-
en or dark colored, as in foul brood.
The dead bee will be first swollen,
with a black head, dried to a hard
bunch, and often turned up — China-
man-shoe-like. The skin of the dead
bee is quite tough, and, if punctured,
the thin, watery fluid of the body will
flow as freely as water, often a little
yellow or brownish colored from the
dissolved pollen from tihe abdomen of
the bee. It has very little or no smell;
does not at any time stick to the walls
of the comib; is easily pulled out of the
cell; is never ropy or sticky, and, if
the colony is properly cared for, the
bees will take care oifl themselves.
Plenty of liquid, unsealed honey and
pollen near the brood, and hives so
protected as t« keep the bees and

brood comfortaJble on cold days and
nights.

Never put bees on old black brood-
combs, or those with dead broods in;
better make wax of the combs, and
give the Ibees full sheets of brood-
oomb foundation.

/ Treatment.

Keep all colonies strong, -with plenty
of unsealed honey near the brood, and
if hives are properly sheltered, so as to
be warm on cold days and nights, there
will be little or no pickled brood. If
the queen is old, shows signs of weak-
ness by putting several eggs in one
brood- cell and nursing several others,
so that the brood is patchy, I would,
kill such a queen, feed the ibees a lit-
tle, and, when queen-cells are started,
remove them all and give them a
queen and bees, between t-wo of her
own brood- combs from a hive where
she ihas lived. I do not think pickled
brood is often the fault of the queen,
but rather a lack of proper food and
heat in the hive. In most cases, a
shortage of liquid honeiy, or moldy
pollen, even in hives with plenty of
sealed honey in the outer 'Oombs. There
is a time in spring in Wiscon^n, be-
tween dandelions and white clover
bloom, when there is no honey coming
in tfirom flowers, and often cold days
and nights, so itihat the live bees con-
sume the liquid, unsealed honey first,
and cluster in a compact body to keep
warm; the result often is the larval
bee, just changed from the egg to a
tender little grub, is either starved,
half-fed or chilled, so that it grows
slowly, and too often it dies, and then
it is we first notice this about the time
■white clover honey begins to come in.
In other parts of the State, where
piokled brood appeared it was from the
same cause, and at other dates, which
was due to a difference of time of
honey Moom.

Wherever I fed daily some honey, or
even sugar syrup, and kept the hive
warm, all dead brood soon disap-
peared while in the same apiaries
other colonies affected and not so
treated, continued for some time, but
got rid of it as soon as treated.

Strong colonies of bees in the fall,
with a young laying queen, and an
abundance of good honey, sealed or
capped by the bees, if properly cared
for during "Winter, whether in the cel-
lar or 4n chaff hives, wintered out of

22

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT O'F THE

doors in sheltered' location, seldom
have pickled brood, chilled or other
dead brood, or dysentery, and are the
colonies that give their owner profit.
Black Brood.
Black brood is another fatal and
contagious disease among bees, af-
fecting th'e old (bees as well as the
brood. In 1898, 1899 and 1900, it de-
stroyed several apiaries in New York.
Ijast year I found one case of it in
Wisconsin, which was quickly disposed
of. Dr. Howard made more than a
thousand microscopic examinations,
and found it to be a distinct form of
(bacteria. It is most active in sealed
brood. The bees affected continue to
grow until they reach the pupa stage,
then turn black *y^ and die. At this
stage there is a sour sonell. No de-
composition from putrefactive germs
In picMed brood. In black brood the
dark and rotten mass in time breaks
down and settles to lower side- walls
of the cell; is of a watery, granulated,
syrupy fluid, jelly-like; is not ropy or
sticky, as in full brood, and has a pe-
culiar smell, resemlbling sour, rotten
apples. Not even a house fly will set
a foot upon it.

Treatment.

Best time is during a honey-flow,
and the modified McEvoy plan, much
as I have treated foul brood, by
caging the queen five days, remove the
foundation starters, and giving full
sheets, keeping queen caged five days
longer. As great icare should be taken
of diseased hives, combs, honey, etc.,
as in foul brood.

Dysentery.

Dysentery among bees in Wisconsin
in the spring of the year is often quite
serious. Many colonies die with it.
Dysentery is the excrements of the old
ibees; it is of brownish color, quite
sticky, and very disagreeable smelling,
and is sometimes 'mistaken for foul
brood.

Causes.

1. Bees confined too long in the
hives, so that they can no longer with-
hold their excrements, and are com-
pelled to void the same on the other
bees and combs.

2. Poor winter stores, gathered in
the fall from honey-dew, cider mills,
sorghum mills, rotten fruit; also some
kinds of fall flowers.

3. Old and especially moldy pollen
or bee-bread.

4. Hives too cold or damp. If mois-
ture from the breath of the bees is
not carried out of the hive by some
means, such as through a deep cushion
of some kind over the ibees that will
absorb anoisture and at the same time
retain tlhe heat, or by some means of
ventilation, so that all is dry and com-
fortable. If mold forms on the combs
or cellar is so da^mp as to form mold,
there is great danger the bees will
have dysentery and die.

Treatment.

1. First of all, have an abundance
of combs of sealed clover or basswood
honey in brood-frames carefully saved,
and see that each colony is wintered
on such food. Three or four such
combs will winter a fair colony safely,
if conflned on those combs late in the
fall, and the hive contracted to fit the
same. This is one of the most im-
portant conditions for success In win-
tering.

2. If in the fall tihe "bees have gath-
ered this unwholesome honey from the
above named sources, it should all be
extracted and either exchanged for
those honey -cgmbs, or feed the bees
good honey or* sugar syrup until win-
ter stores are^ secured. This should
be done before cold weather in the
fall.

3. Hives contracted and made com-
fortable, iwheCher in 'Cellar or out-
doors.

4. If wintered in chaff hives out-
doors, with feed as above directed, and
there come one or two warm spells
during winter, so that the bees can
have a cleansing flight, they will not
have dysentery or dead brood, and will
be much ,^tronger when clover opens.

If wint'ered in the cellar, the bees
will not need so much honey, and if the
winters are generally long, with doubt-
ful warm spells, the cellar will be best.
But to keep the bees from dysentery,
so often fatal to cellar-wintered bees,
they should have such winter stores as
above spoken of, then the cellar kept
at a uniform temperature, aJ>out 42
deg. F., ventilajted so the air 'is fresh,
and no mold will form in the cellar.
Fresh air-slaiked lime on the bottom
of the cellar may help, if it is damp
or has poor air.

5. Dysentery will not appear if bees
are kept on sugar syrup, or best grade
white clover or basswood honey, and
are in a dry place, either sheltered by
cellar or chaff-hive.

i "'-■ :)

^f^i!%y>JP^^i^if-<^^'Wf:^^

ULLINiQIS STATE ' BEE-KEIEIPEIRS' ASSOCIATION

23

C. p. DAD ANT, President.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

TWENTIETH ANNUAL SESSION

OF THE

Illinois State B)ee-Kceper$* ilssociation

November 17 and 18, 1910.

AT THE STATE HOUSE.5 .--^

Kit

The meeting was called to order by
the Fourth Vice-President, W.^ flBl
Moore, at 10 a. m., Novemiber 17, 1910.
Prayer was offered Tjy George "W. York,
of Chicago.

The Secretary, Mr. James A. Stone,
announced that Mr. C. P. Dadant,
President, would not he able to attend
the Convention on account of illness.

Mr. York— Mr. Chairman, at this

point I would like to move that the
Secretary be instructed to send a tele-
gram to our President, expressing our
regret on account of his absence.

The motion was seconded and car-
ried.

Pres. Moore — ^The first in order of
business are the minutes of the last
meeting.

M:r. Stone — There were some things

■:j?»!«=7''-' '

24

TEX!TH ANNUAL, REPORT O'F THE

that we want to bring up in the min-
utes of the last meeting so I will read
them:

MINUTES OF LAST MEETING.

The meeting was called to order by Vice
President A. L. Kildow, at 10 a. m..
November 18, 1909.

The meeting was opened by prayer bv
George W. York, of Chicago. A member-
ship of twenty-flve were present at the
opening of the meeting.

Reading of minutes of last meeting was
dispensed with.

Secretary's report ^was read and ap-
proved. ■>•

Mr. Dadant moved that a committee be
appointed to act on the resolutions recom-
mended in the Secretary's report. The
Chair appointed: C. P. Dadant, J. W
Bowen, and W. H. Hyde, as such Com-
mittee on Resolutions.

The Treasurer read his report, which
was referred to the Auditing Committee
to be appointed.

The Auditing Committee was then ap-
pointed by the Chair as follows: W. B.
Moore, I. E. Pyles and Louis Werner.

The Secretary's financial report was
then read and referred to the Auditing
Committee.

Report of the L,egislative-:=-t?ommittee
for the previous year was called for and
the Secretary, acting as Chairman of the
same, gave a verbal report.

A recess was taken until 1:30 p. m.

At 1:30 p. m. President Kildow called
the meeting to order.

A paper on European Foul Brood by Dr
Miller was read by Mr. York.

Dr. Bohrer gave an address on the
necessity of Foul Brood law for all the
States.

The candidates named for Foul Brood
Inspectors were: Aaron Coppin, W. B.
Moore, A. L. Kildow and Frank Hinderer,
to be voted on later;

Motion by Mr. Bowen that a Legislative
Committee of 12 be appointed, to be
elected by ballot. Motion carried. Com-
mittee to be elected at next session.
^^djourned at 5:30 to meet again at 7:30
p. m. for a night session.

Meeting called to order at 7:30.

Committee on Resolutions reported the
following:

Resolution on the death of our late
President, J. Q. Smith, was read and
ordered to be placed In our report and
copies be sent to the family.

A resolution asking for more space at
the State Fair for the honey exhibit was
read and approved, and a cop-"- ordered
sent to Secretary Dickirson, which was
sent December 3d.

A resolution asking that the Premium
List be changed in several points named;
also to be sent to the Secretary of the
State Board of Agriculture.

Resolutions tendering the thanks of the
Association to Mr. York for the use of his
mailing list in sending out matters of in-
terest to the Association.

These resolutions were all acted upon,
approved and adopted. The committee
were C. P. Dadant, J. W. Bowen apd W.
H. Hyde, as named previously.

Adjourned to meet at 9 a. m. next day.

9 a, m. Second Day: Motion to proceed
to the election of a Foul Brood Inspector
carriei.

Motion prevailed that after the second
ballot the lowest one was to be dropped.

Mr, A. L. Kildow was elected on first
ballot, having received a majority of the
votes.

The convention then proceeded to vote
for the officers of the Association for the
ensuing year.

The Secretary was instructed to cast
the ballot for C. P. Dadant for President
for the ensuing year.

Proceeded to ballot for five Vice Presi-
dents with the folio-wing results: 1st,
Aaron Coppin; 2d, J. W. Bowen; 3d, Louis
"Werner; 4th, W. B. Moore, and 5th, I. E.
Pyles.

Voted that the President cast the bal-
lot for J. A. Stone for Secretary, salary
placed at $75.00; the salary of the Treas-
urer placed at $25.00.

The Secretary was instructed to cast
the ballot for Charles Becker for Treas-
urer.

Committee on Legislation as follows:
C. P. Dadant, James A. Stone, Charles
Becker, J. W. Bowen, A. L. Kildow,
George W. York, Louis Werner, John
Bamberger, W. H. Hyde and I. E. Pyles.

Committee -vra,s called to order and
elected C. P. Dadant, Chairman, and J.
A. Stone, Secretary, of the committee.
• Motion prevailed to appoint a committee
of 3 to lay out the work, whereupon
Messrs. York, Becker and Stone were
appointed such committee.

On motion the meeting adjourned sine
die. .

Pres. Moore — You have all heard the
minutes of the last meeting, are there
any alterations? If not they will
stand approved. I so declare them.

Pres. Moore — The next in order is
the President's Address; we will omit
that -under the circumstances.

Pres. Moore — ^We will now have the
secretary's report:

SECRETARY'S REPORT FOR 1910.

Last year our report showed that the
membership in the association was the
largest we have ever had — 256.

Even our President remarked last
year at the meeting that as the year
had been a failure, our membersihip
would be apt to be cut down for the year
1910.- We are hsippy to say our record
of growth has made good, with a. mem-
bership of 286, a gain of just 30 over
last year.

Those joining the State Associ-
ation direct were 177

Those joining through -the Chi-
cago Northwestern were. 86

Those joining through the North-
ern Illinois and Southern Wiscon-
sin were 17

Those joining through the West-
ern Illinois were 6

Total 286-^

%.;■.; i&S^i!.:.

; .i^Siiki^ J^fev-- ■

IDLIXOIS STATE BEE7KE)EPHRS' AiSSQCIATION 25

1 • , .

We had 300 copies of our last Annual ting their letter, I began to thlnte -
Report in cloth for the memhers of tbe probaibly we did not have it in our Re-
Association, and 100 paper bound. The port; I knew t had gone over it in
supply of the cloth-bound is about ex- reading the proof, but I found, in mak-
hausted, ajid for the paper bound there ing out the Index, I had in some way
is but little call. Several Ldbraries failed to put it in. It is on the 104th
have made, a call for the Reports and page, under Louis C. Dadant's picture.
ask to be placed on our mailing list. But since then we have clipped

They are as follows: through Gleanings a revision of the

1. University of Illinois Library same receipts that we think is better,

Vols. 1-9 as the one given In our Report con-

2. New York State Lribrary tains too much honey to the amount

Vols. 1-9 of fruit. My wife has tried some of

3. Ontario Agricultural College them' and thinks the proportion of

Vols. 1-9 honey too large.

4. Bureau of Entomology, Wash- Mr. York — ^Is it written by the same

ington, D. C Vols. 1-9 lady who wrote the other article?

5. The John Crerar Library, Chi- Mr. Stone — ^Yes, it is the same per-

cago Vols. 1-9 son; she revised the former receipt.

6. Illinois State Historical Library Mr. York — Her name is Mrs. H. K.

Vols. 1-9 Board, of Pennsylvania.

7. Illinois State Library. .Vols. 1-9 "We have received— Mr. Stone con-
Others were sent (at their request) tinuing to read report) — several letters

to editors and professors. from the World's Panama Exposition

Siome of the States are asking for which read as follows:

our Code of Rules for judging honey iit- u. -o t-. »*• ^

„* tn„- r, rrn. -kt -u i oS x ■■-. j World's Panama Exposition Companv,

at Fairs. The Nebraska State Board New Orleans, La.

of Agriculture asked for them through , ' July 6, 1910.

their Secretary, W. R. Mellor. The Illinois State Bee Keepers Association,

State Fair of Oklahoma have made Springfield, 111.:

the same request through their Sec- _ Gentlemen— As you probably know, New

■rafa-rv Tvrr T « ivToVian Orleans and San Francisco are rival con-

retary, ivir. i. &. Manan. testants for congressional recognition as

When these different 'States begin to the logical point at which to celebrate the

copy our Code of Rules it shows us completion of the Panama Canal with a

+v,^ ^,v,T^,^,.+o»,«« ^f i,^.,.,-^^ +1,^^ ^^r.i-4-.r gTesit Woild's Panama Exposition in 1915,

. the importance of having them pretty ^nd the matter will be settled at the

! well up to date, and nave them correct, December session of Congress.

and I make one suggestion regarding Over 60,000.000 people reside within a

tbi<9 Ifltpr in m-v TP.nn-rt radius of 1,000 miles from New Orleans,

tnis later m my report. ^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^ radius from Frisco

In other States individuals have there are only 6,000,000 people. The

asked for our rules, saying their State average railroad fare to New Orleans for
was going to use the Code of Rules - over 75 per cent of the people of this

„.3« 4. J 1, J.T, Tin • c<i i -n 1 country to visit an Exposition here will

adopted by the Illinois State Beekeep- be.;$12-.50 as against $37.50 to Frisco; and

ers' Association. because of its geographical location with

A .,Tr».„« ««rv,^„r„, t^ r\^^^^„■^A o„u reference to the^eenter of population in

A syrup company in Oakland, Call- t^e U. S., also its proximity to the

fornia, wrote us to know what it would Panama Canal, New Orleans is the only

cost them to get the receipt from our logical point for an exposition celebrating

Association for "Canning Fruit with iehie^Sn?°'' °^ *^^* ^^^* American

Honey— Can What You Can." They Tour own' State will be greatly bene-

understood we had a newspaper clip- fitted, both directly and indirectly, by an

nine- of it and <«aid "TpII n<5 <hn-ar mnpVi exposition held in New Orleans. It will

ping or It, ana saia, leii us iiow much ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^j^jj^^g ^^^ ^^^ Mississippi

the postage would be to get it, and we valley and the South, whereas any bene-

will advance it." We answered that it fits resultant from an exposition held in

was the property of the Illinois Bee San Francisco will be confined entirely to

i7 Trip x^flOlnC C/OflfSL

Keepers' Association, and could ooily ^^ endorsement by your organization

be gotten by paying the $1.00 mfember- of New Orleans as the logical point will

• fiPhip fee, when they would get ■fee re- have much weight, and we are going to

^««_4. A.X. <nii.i- u XT- \ J. need everv possible influence m Congress

ceipt on the l(Mth page of the feport in Decemberwhen the selection of a site

that would be sent to them. The next comes up. May we. therefore, ask you to

mail from them enclosed $1.00. please consider and act favorably upon

: The reason I named the page was. *^eltTietfng?^°'''" resolution at your

when I came to investigate, after get- Thanking you in advance for such ac-

• :^s^_--:it:&'

26

TiENTH ANNUAL. REPORT OP THE

tion, and for your kind reply, we beg to
remain,

■Ver>' truly yours,
(Signed) NORMAN WALKER,
Chairman, Committee on Meetings and
Conventions.
NW-JGB.

Mr. Stone — Later we received an-
other letter just like this. We should
have answered it but we let it go un-
answered until we got another letter
like it, and then we got the follow-
ing letter still later:

World's Panama Exposition Company,

New Orleans Logical Point, Hub of the

Western Hemisphere, 1915.

New Orleans, Oct. 1, 1910.
Illinois State Bee Keepers Association,

Spr/ngfleld, 111.:

My Dear Sir — ^We have already ad-
dressed you two communications in re-
gard to our proposed World's Panama
Exposition, to be held In New Orleans in
1915, soliciting at the hands of your or-
ganization the adoption of a resolution
endorsing the Crescent City as the "Logi-
cal Point" for this celebration.

The time is drawing near when Con-
gress will decide this momentous question
and the presentation of these resolutions
will be an important factor in our favor.

May we not ask your organization to
adopt resolutions favoring the Crescent
City, and thus add to our strength?

Soliciting your prompt attention and
early advice, we beg to remain,
Tours very truly,
(Signed) NORMAN WALKER,
Chairman, Committee on Meetings and

Conventions.

O'S-PHL.

Mr. Stone — ^Shall I read this resolu-
tion?

Pres. Moore — I think it would be
w-ell to take that up a little later.

Mr. Stone — If there is a Committee
appointed to act on this they can have
the resolution.

iMr. Diebold — Have they prepared
resolutions for us to pass on?

Pres. Moore — Tes, they sent a copy
of the resolution they would like to
have us ipass.

Mr. Stone reads the resolution, as
follows:

Resolution 1.

Whereas, The Officials and Engineers in
charge of the constructioin of the Panama
Canal have announced that It will be
completed and open for Commerce in 1915 ;
and

Whereas, Practically the unanimous
sentiment of the President of the United
States and other officials, the members of
Congress and the American people gen-
erally, is that no celebration of the com-
pletion of the Canal can produce such im-
portant and beneficial results as the hold-
ing of an exposition, where the people of
the world will be brought closer together

through this imion of the Atlantic and
Pacific, the East and West, and will meet
and confer with each other and exhibit
the resources and products of their several
countries; be it

Resolved, That we cordially approve the
Idea of a World's Panama Exposition and
pledge it our moral support and assist-
ance; be It further

Resolved, That we see in New Orleans
the "logical point" for such Exposition by
reason of Its proxmity to the Canal and
because It is the gateway for a large part
of the Import and export commerce of
these United States with the countries
south of us and with the World, easily
reached from all points In this Continent,
North, Central and South America; in all
respects situated to hold a great World's
Exposition, and we therefore endorse New
Orleans as the best point at which to hold
the World's Panama Exposition, in honor
of the completion of the Canal.

Mr. Stone, Secretary, continuing to
read report:

We sent out 1200 blank applications
for membership early in the year,
using the mailing list of the American
Bee Journal, through the kindness and
assistance of its editor, Mr. York. His
list had about 900 bee keepers' names
in this State. Then comparing our
own list with it we found 300 m'ore
names not on his list, w^hieh made up
the 1200.

Since we have followed this plan of
increasing our membership, it seems
to be growing larger each year, though
there is a good deal of tedious work
in comparing lists of names. But it
takes work to win, and if our gain
next year equals this, we will pass the
300 mark in membership.

We also sent out 1,200 blank peti-
tions to the legislature for a Foul
Brood Law, and up to date have re-
ceived back signed petitions from 23
districts out of the 51; total number of
signers, 376. We ought to have 3,000.

District 35 took the lead with 59.

A call came from our foul brood in-
spector for more blank petitions and
we had a second thousand printed.

We must not fail to give credit to
our foul brood inspector and his as-
sistants for adding several members
each to our list; one of them as many
as 7 or 8,

This morning (Nov. 17, 1910) we got
in a list of 20 names; these do not
count in our membership for this year;
it would put our membership up to
almost 300 if it counted for this year;
this gives us a good start for next year.

At our last convention a picture of
the members in attendance was solic-

. ^,:;, ■•■-■{^//^:

■ ?-- -lT5^3f^^"^rV=;;^iV75%^'jr^)ps:^«^ .

ILLINiOIS STATE BEE-KEEPHRS' A'SiSaCIATION

2?

iled by an artist who assured us a good
job. He showed a negative copy of it;
took a good many orders, and failed to
deliver the pictures. When we began
to doubt his responsibility we were in-
duced to secure one copy and from it
have the picture in the Report, so that
we would not be entirely cheated out
of our picture.

I will say right here that we have
made arrangements with an artist up-
on whom we can depend, and he will
come directly after dinner, if agreeable
to the convention, to take our picture;
we had better take action upon this,
this morning.

We were considerably troubled last
year to get the names of the members
of whom we were not sure, but suc-
ceeded in getting all right but one (No.
17.) We were obliged to send the list
around to several different parties, to
ask them to name those in the picture.
Mr. York named those he could, and I
sent it to three others.

If it be the voice of the meeting we
will have the picture in the next Re-
port; we will be careful to get the
names before adjournment.

Our last Annual Report cost us $1.01
per copy, and so much complaint has
been" made, as to affiliating societies
getting their members in for 25 cents
each, and our State members direct
must pay 50 cents, and all get the same
Report; and the 25 cent members for
their one dollar get membership in
three societies, that the question then
comes with a double header: Where is
the justice in it? And how long will
the State association last at that rate?

The members of our Executive Com-
mittee who were present at our State
Fair decided that a change in our con-
stitution must necessarily be made in
regard to affiliating societies. There-
fore we gave 30' days' notice of the
same when our cards were sent out
giving notice of this meeting.

The President of the National (Mr.
George W. York) at Albany delivered
as fine an address as we ever listened
to, and in it spoke of the good that the
National was doing, and how much
more good it might do if it was not
handicapped for want of means to do
more in the way of advertising the
honey for sale, and the honey wanted
by members of the National.

At the close of the address the con-
vention (a crowded hall at all ses-

sions) was so enthused that all kinds of
propositions w;ere named, and resulted
in a committee being appointed to act
npon the President's address.

The committee will recommend to
come before the next meeting of the
National that the fees for membership
in the National be raised to Jl.O'O, the
same for affiliating societies joining as
for direct members.

This will necessitate a change in our
fees to the State Association at our
next Annual meeting. The change
could not be made at the National
meeting in October for the reason that
45 days notice had to be given before
the election, and it was then only 30
days until the election, which you all
know comes in November, and is by
postal card.

We recommend that some action be
taken as to the delegates coming to
our convention from affiliating socie-
ties. Our Association, three years
ago, voted that their railroad fare be
paid them, which has been done since
then, and on one occasion a delegate
came, collecting his fees, and went
home without even opening his mouth
in the convention. iPerhaps he could
not talk. Then let him learn or stay
at home.

The object of this move was to in-
sure a good program, and we who pay
our own way have a right to expect
help from those whose railroad fares
are paid. Again, on this subject,
should we have a limit of the member
or members of a society to entitle
them to a delegate? Cases have been
where the delegate drew out more than
his local association put in. Why not
have it the rule to pay railroad fare
not to exceed the amount that comes
from their affiliation?

I give these to yx>u as suggestions
that you may act upon them if you see
fit.

W^e would like to have the sense of
this convention as to a time limit on
our Reports. For example: When
our Reports are printed and sent out
we keep on all summer sending out
Reports to each and all who send in
their fees. If a bee-keeper joins in
June or later he gets the last Report,
and his year runs on by the time of
issuing the next year's report, and he
gets that — two Reports for one fee.
That does not serve the member
right who sends in his fee at the be-

^?r^'.''T^|-^*Tf:'C , \ 7""

■7 ■.■^■^•;f<g^3SS?'■^ ■ - -' ■

'■■'>'f-"J '-'

28

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT O'F THE

ginning of the year, for he only gets
one Report, unless he renews his mem-
bership.

In our Code of Rules for judging
honey at Fairs, on page 14 of last re-
port, should not the latter clause of
remark 4 be stricken out? I will read
the entire clause:

4. By Style is meant neatness of the
sections, freedom from propolis, etc Un-
der this head may also be considered the
size of the section. The 4^ x 4^ being
the standard, should take the preference
over all others, and 1% to 2 inches in ]
width over narrow ones.

This is in regard to the size and di-
mension of sections. I think we had
better act upon this during the meet-
ing here.

JAS. A. STONE, Sec.

Mr. Moore — 1 move that the report
be adopted as read. (Seconded and
carried.)

Mr, Moore — ^The next thing is the
Treasurer's Report.

Mr. Becker, the Treasurer, read his
report, as follows:

TREASURER'S REPORT.
Chas. Becker In Account with Illinois State Bee- Keepers' Association.

1909.
Nov.
Nov.
Dec.

17.
22.
13.

Nov. 27.
1910
Nov. 16.

Nov. 16.

Dr.

To balance on hand $ 69 69

To fees turned in by Secretary 89 00

To J. A. Stone (per L. C. Dadant) 52 fees 13 00

$ 171 69

By salary to Secretary Stone

By balance

To balance on hand $ 96 69

Cr.

75 00
96 69

171 69

Chas. Becker, Treasurer, in Account with Illinois State Bee-Keepers' Association-
State Fund.

1909. Dr. Cr.

Nov. 17. To Balance on hand (f orward> $ 1,368 69

1910.

July 19. To warrant on State Treasurer 1,000 00

? 2,368 69
1909.

Nov. 22. By credit (forward from page 85) $ 128 02

Nov. 22. By Treasurer Becker, expense of bond , 15 00

1910.

Jan. 29. By Miss Stewart (report two meetings) 160 00

Jan. 29. By Geo. "W. York, printing 1200 letters, etc 36 90

May 9. By 111. State Register for 400 reports 245 75

July 6, By A. L. Kildow, 10 days inspection and expenses... 53 10

July 27. By I. E. Pyles, 9^ days inspection and expenses 59 16

July 27. By A L. Kildow, 9 days inspection and expenses... 52 67

Aug. 9. By A L. Kildow, 6 days insi>ection and expenses 36 80

Aug. 9. By I. E. Pyles, 9 days inspection and expenses 58 18

Aug. 19. By Frank Hinderer, inspection and expenses 39 25

Sept. 2. By A. L. Kildow, 9 days inspection and expenses... 52 36

Sept. 2. By Chas. Becker, 10 days inspection and expenses.. 61 26

Sept. 10. By I. E. Pyles, 14 days inspection and expenses .... 8431

Sept. 10. By W. B. Moore, 10 days inspection and expenses. . . 62 96

Sept. 22. By A. L. Kildow, 3 days inspection and expenses... 17 13

Sept. 22. By Chas. Becker, 3 days inspection and expenses... 17 54

Oct. 10. By T^ouis "Werner, 9 days inspection and expenses.. 45 00

Nov. 3. By Aaron Coppin, 5 days inspection and expenses... 27 50

Nov. 3. By F. Hinderer, 4 days inspection and exi>enses. . . . 25 44

Nov. 16. By balance _. . 1,090 36

$ 2,368 69

Kov. 16. To balance on hand $ 1,090 36

96 69

Total balance $ 1,187 05

Pres. Moore — You have now heard ing committee be appointed, and that
the Treasurer's report, what shall be the report be referred to that Com-
done with it? Do you want to appoint mittee.

an Auditing Committee? This motion was second by Mr. Die-
Mr. Kildow — I move that an audit- bold and carried.

ILIjINOIS state BEE-KEEPERiS' AjSSOiCIATION

29

Pres. Moore — I 'will appoint Mr.
York, Mr. Bowen and Mr. Pyles as the
Auditing Committee.

Pres. Moore — ^We will now have the
financial report from the Secretary,
Mr. Stone.

Mr. Bowen — ^I move that this report
be referred to the Auditing Committee.

Mr. Stone — If I read this report here,
the meeting will get placed before
them an itemized account of what they
are spending money for.

Mr. Bowen — ^Do you mean to say
that the Treasurer does not know
about the matter you refer to in this
report?

Mr. Stone — No, sir; not until the end
of the vear.

Mr. Bowen — ^Very well, then you had
better read it.

Pres. Moore^The Secretary pays the
moneys out of current funds as he gets
them in, and charges them to account.

Mr. Stone — I could advance nearly
$100 to run the expenses, and turn
the money over to the Treasurer and
make demand for money .40 times a
year. I spoke of that in session once,
and said that if it were demanded of
me, that I turn in the money as soon'
as I get it, I would not act as Secre-
tary.

Mr. Diebold^ — ^If there is any balance
left after you pay the bills you turn it
over to the Treasurer, according to
my way of thinking.

Mr. Stone reads Sec. financial re-
port as follows:

1909.
Dec. 13.
1910.
Jan. 22.
Feb. 23.
Nov. 16.
Nov. 16.
Nov. 16.
Nov. 16.

SECRETARY'S REPORT.
Secretary Stone in Account with State Association.

Dr.

To Louis C. Dadant (52 fees).

To Louis C. Dadant (8 fees)

To Louis C. Dadant (7 fees)

To Louis C Dadant, (during year 19 fees) . . .
To 150 fees to State Association during year.

To W. B. Moore, 6 fees from W. Ill

To B. Kennedy, 17 fees from N. Ill

13 00

2

00

1

75

4

75

150

00

1

50

4

25

Cr.

1909.
Dec. 13.
1910.
Nov. 16.
Nov. 16.

Nov. 16.

1909.

Nov. 18.
Nov. 18.
Nov. 30.
Dec. 14.
1910.
Jan. 13.
Jan. 18.
Mch. 23.
April 12.
April 21.
April 28.
July 6.
Aug. 4.
Oct. 29.
Oct. 31.
Nov. 8.
Nov. 15.
Nov. 16.

Nov. 16,

By 52 fees turned in to Becker.

By 150 fees turned over to N. E. France.
By balance

To balance on jiand $ S9 25

Same in Account with State Fund.

By typewriter to copy report

By bank for excliange ;

By letter heads, envelopes and printing

By postage

By 1200 petitions and printing same

By express on copy and cuts

By postage

By roll book for new members and sundries

By 250 manilla envelopes to send report

By postage to send repvorts

By 500 stamped envelopes

By 1000 more petitions ordered by President

By postage

By badges for convention

By 500 postal notices and postage

By typewriting

To balance • i

By balance credit,
there

84 49

13 00

75 00
89 25

5 177 25

?

65

15

• ; 7

54

2

50

6

50

1

05

2 25

1

60

3 00

26

00

10

62

6

50

3

00

9

08

3

15

90

$ 84

49

$ 84 49

any re-

Pres. Moore — Are
marks?

Mr. Bowen — I move that it Jje re-
ferred to th« Auditing Committee.

Motion was seconded by Mr. Diebold
and carried.

Mr. Bowen — ^I may be intruding a
little now, but I thiniki there is a wa.y
to do this; there are business methods
for governing everything. I don't
question but what Mr. Stone has paid
out and accounted for what he has

30

T'ENrH ANNUAL, REPORT 0(F THE

collected, but it is my understanding
that it should 'be the duty of the Sec-
retary to report all these moneys to
the Treasurer.

Mr. Stone — I pay them over at the
end of the year.

Mr. Bowen — But the Treasurer
should do the paying by order of the
Executive Committee. I don't ques-
tion but what it is all right, but not
according to rule.

Pres. Moore — The proper way to
handle this is, as the money comes in
Mr. Stone can use it for expenses;
there should be an order drawn on the
Treasurer for the amount he pays out,
and the Treasurer should give him a
ref ejpt.

Mr. Stone — That is the way it is
. done, and the President signs the
order.

Mr. Kildow — It is also necessary to
turn over the receipted bills to the
Treasurer; he may accept them as just
so much cash.

Mr. York — ^When the Secretary buys
25 cents worth of stamps he can't get
a receipt; that is too small business.

Mr. Moore — By handling everything
in that way it keeps everything ac-
cording to business form — making an
order for the entire amount.

Mr. Bowen — He should have a war-
rant from the Treasurer for every-
thing that he pays out; otherwise you
will get yourself in a tangle.

Mr. Bowen — I move that it "be re-
ferred to the Auditing Committee, and
they will straighten it out.

Mr. Moore — ^Was there not a Legis-
lative Committee of twelve appointed
last year?

Mr. Stone — Tes, Mr. Dadant is Presi-
dent of that.

Mr. Moore — Tou are the Secretary,
Mr. Stone?

Mr. Stone — A motion prevailed for a
Committee of three to lay out the
work; whereupon Messrs. York, Becker
and Stone were appointed.

Mr. Moore — That was a sub-com-
mittee of the Legislative Committee.
That sub-committee reports to the
Legislative Committee as a whole, and
they report to this Association; of
course we all know what the Legis-
lative Committee did.

Mr. Stone — ^A conmiittee of three
was appointed to lay out the work;
when Mr. Bowen made that motion,
if you will remember, before this con-

vention, it was just before the Com-
mittee was elected; the Secretary said
that we had been in the habit of send-
ing out 1,000 blanks for membership
fees; and it was thougiht by the Sec-
retary a good thing to send with the
membership blanks a petition for sign-
ers^— the same as the petition we had
previously sent out — and we decided
to send out these petitions for signa-
tures, at the same time that the mem-
bership blanks were sent out, andi let
them do the work — and then send a
number — a. dozen or so copies of these
blanks to each of this Committee of
twelve and Jet them do their work in
circulating them — and we found dur-
ing the year that they did not circu-
late the petitions as well as some of
those not on the committee.

Our largest petition was sient in by
one of the members of the cdmmlttee,
but nearly as large were sent In by
persons that just happened to get the
list through the mail with their blank
application for membership, and, on
account of that, that committee ceased
to do anything. That is all the explan-
ation we ha,ve, Mr. President.

Mr. Diebold — As I understand it,
those petitions were for bee-keepers
to sign to induce the Legislature to
pass a Foul Brood law.

'Mr. Pyles — Does the Secretary know
how many names have been sent in on
these petitions from that committee?

Mr. Stone — ^I gave the number in my
report. Something over 376; we ought
to have had 3,000.

Pres. Moore — ^Thas is a very im-
portant thing, to get plenty of signa-
tures on those petitions. It has
considerable bearing upon the mem-
bers of the Legislature when we go
before them for that law.

Mr. Pyles — I have a list to send in, •
but I understand that it is not neces-
sary that I should send it in until just
before the Legislature meets.

Mr. Stone — ^The only trouble is, that
in laying it aside you often forget to
send It in at all. There was one over-
sight in sending out this petition —
there was nothing saiid about where
to send it. On the blank for member-
ship it spoke about signing this peti-
tion and sending it in with the fee —
but it did not say on the petition
where to send it.

Mr. Pyles — iMr. Stone, in circulating
these petitions, those that I gave out

ILLINOIS STATE BHE-KBBREiRiS' AiSSOCIATION

31

and sent out, I told them to send it
to Mr. Stone, or to me, and I woul^
forward any that were sent to me, to
Mr. Stone. I said this to all the people
with whom I left the petition for cir-
culation. I think there will be a great
many come in before it is time to use
them. By some time in December,
anyhow, you will, I believe, receive a
great many of these petitions.

Pres. Moore — 1 think a great many
more will be heard from. Mr. Stone
will, no doubt, receive a great many
more of these petitions.

Mr. Stone — ^Was there a Resolution
Committee appointed? There ought to
be one to act on this Panama Expo-
sition, and other things.

Pres. Moore — ^Will somebody make a
motion to that effect?

Mr. York — ^I move that a Resolution
Committee of three (3) be appointed.

Motion was seconded and carried.

Pres. Moore — ^I will take that under
advisement and appoint a comma ttee
immediately after dinner.

Mr. Stone — Maybe you will not be
in the ch^r after dinner. I see two
Vice-Presidents that outrank you are
now here.

A Member — There comes a senior
now.

Pres. Moore — ^We will leave that,
then, to the acting Chairman after
dinner.

Pres. Moore — Any other committees ?

Mr. Stone — ^Mr. President, allow me,
before you adjourn^ to state that we
had better, after we think t^j© members
are all here that will be iilsre, decide
whether we will have okv pictures
taken, as last year, and have the ar-
tist here the first thing after dinner.
I am in favor of having this picture
taken and having it put in our Report.
I believe a good many will want , that
Report just'to get their picture.

Mr. York — I was going to ask
whether or not it would be better to
have the picture taken on the second
day of the convention; would we not
have a larger attendance on the sec-
ond day? If so, why not have the
picture taken tomorrow afternoon, or,
rather, tomorrow forenoon, just before
" we adjourn? If a number of those
present here today will not attend to-
morrow, we would better have the
picture taken today.

Motion was made and carried that
the picture be taken tomorrow (Nov.
18, 1910) just before dinner.

Dr. Bohrer — I have had a mimber of
letters from parties in Illinois and
other States, concerning yellow sweet
clover seed. I brought a small box of
it here, and all members who have not
anything of this kind, and who would
like to have a little of this seedi will
you not go to the Secretary and get
some of it? Take home a teaspoonful
of it — sow it in your garden and
transplant it. If you sow it in Feb-
ruary, it will grow, but won't bloom
until the next year. The seed is free,
so call on the Secretary for as much
as you desire.

Mr. Diebold — ^If sown in February, in
this cold climate, will it bloom next
spring?

Dr. Bohrer — No, it will grow, but
will not bloom until the year following.

Mr. Siebold — ^I would like to know
what species it is.

Dr. Bohrer — ^It is yellow sweet clo-
ver. ^It does not grow as' tall as the
white. It is about two or three weeks
earlier than the white. I think the
yellow sweet clover is very desirable
where you have sweet clover at all.

Mr. York — I would like to call a
meeting of the Auditing Committee at
once, after adjournment.

Motion to adjourn until one o'clock
was seconded and carried.

The convention then adjourned to
meet at one o'clock p. m.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

The convention met at one o'clock
p. m., as per adjournment, with Vice-
President Moore in the chair.

Pres. Moore — Mr. Coppin, the 1st
Vice-President, is here. I will ask
him to take the chair this afternoon.

Mr. Coppin — I would rather be ex-
cused, and have Mr. Bowen fill the
chair. We drew straws, and I believe
I got the wrong straw. I think he is
better qualified to fill the chair.

Mr. Bowen — ^Of course, Mr. Coppin
being the 1st Vice-President, I would
rather havei him fill the chair; I have
not looked after the order of business,
but I will do the best I can for you.

Mr. Bowen, 2d Vice-President, takes
the chair.

Pres. Bowen — I am ihformed the
next thing in order will be unfinished
business.

Mr. Stone — The last thing before
dinner a motion was made that a com-

iiJMSi&i&sii^JiSM

,'^-JS.

■.■•tl t'-^rr

32

TENTH ANNUAL. REPORT OF THE

mittee of three be appointed by the
chair on resolutions.

iPres. Bowen — I would appoint on
that committee, Mr. Moore, Mr. Pyles
and Mr. York.

Mr. Stone — ^^There are quite a num-
ber of committees, it seems to me,
ought to be appointed. I guess all
these things will go before the Resolu-
tion Committee, though; it may be
that the Resolution Committee can
take up all these matters that were
suggested in tbe Secretary's report.

Mr. York — I would suggest that all
matters that the Secretary speaks of
be referred to this Resolution Com-
mittee, and that this committee report
tomorrow morning, and then we can
act upon these various matters at that
time.

Pres. Bowen — If there is no objec-
tion, that will be the sense of the meet-
ing.

Mr. Pyles — I would suggest another
thing, and that is, that if there is any-
thing that anybody wants a resolution
on — anything that they would like
brought before this convention — that
that person present it in writing, mak-
ing suggestions as to what is desired,
and we will try to take these sugges-
tions up in order.

Pres. Bowen — Is there any one here
who wishes to join the convention,
that has not already done so? If so,
now is the time to hand your money
to the Secretary — now is the time to
pay your money and get a badge.

Pres. Bowen^The next thing in
order is miscellaneous business. Is
there any one who has anything to
offer at the present time?

Mr. Stone — There are two papers
here from Dr. Bohrer — one on Euro-
pean Foul Brood, and one for an Act to
go to the Legislature, I would think,
from the looks of it. Is that what it
is, Dr. Bohrer?

Dr. Bohrer — The Bill is one to be
suggested to the Legislative Commit-
tee by the Illinos State Bee-Keepers'
Association. I think it would be well
for the bee-keepers of the Illinois
State Bee-Keepers' Association present
to look over this Bill, and If it is what
you want, to refer it to the Committee
on Legislation, and I wish to keep
this bill, they can make a copy of it; I
want to take the Bill back with me to
Topeka; our State Convention meets
next week. We want to try to adopt

something of that kind there. We
have a Foul Brood law but it is not
satisfactory. And as to the paper I
have written, whenever it is proper
for subjects of that kind to be brought
before the convention, it is at your dis-
posal.

Pres. Bowen — If there is no objection
the Secretary will read the Bill.

Dr. Bohrer— I now happen to be
afflicted with a cataract, and I could
not see what I was writing. If there
are any errors you will have to
straighten them out. I could hardly
see the letters on my typewriter.

Secretary Stone reads as follows:

Foul Brood Bill Just Passed in Kansas.

Ani Act for the Suppression of Con-
tagious or Infectious Diseases Among
Bees in the State of Kansas.

Be it enacted by the Legislature of the
State of Kansas:

Section 1. In addition to the duties
heretofore assigned to it, the State En-
tomological Commission is hereby direct-
ed and authorized to appoint one or more
competent assistants when required, who
shall be designated as "inspector of api-
aries," and whose duty it shall be under
the direction of said commission to in-
spect an apiaries, bees and hives for the
purpose of detecting and destroying in-
fection or disease in and among said
apiaries, bees and hives.

Sec. 2. Said assistants under the di-
rection of said commission when notified
by the owner of any apiaries or bee
keepers, or by any three disinterested
.taxpayers, of infection or disease of any
kind, shall examine air such reported
apiaries, and all others in the same
locality not reported and ascertain
whether or not the disease known as
American foul brood, or European foul
brood or any other disease, which is in-
fectious or contagious in its nature and
injurious to honey-bees in their egg,
larval, pupal or adult stages, exists in
such apiaries or among such bees, and If
satisfied of the existence Of any such dis-
ease, shall give the owner or caretaker
of the diseased infected apiaries and bees,
full Instructions for treating such cases
as in' the inspector's judgment seems best
or treat the ailment himself in case it
may seem best for the successful treat-
ment and stamping out of said Infection
and disease.

Sec. 3. Said assistants under the di-
rection of said commission shall visit
all Infected apiaries and bees a second
time in case the work of stamping out
the disease was not contemplated on his
first visit, withiii ten days thereafter, and
If need be biirn all colonies of bees that
he may find not cured of such disease
and all honey and appliances which would
spread the disease, without compensation
to the owner or the lessee thereof.

Sec, 4. It shall be unlawful for the
owner of any apiaries, bees, honey or ap-
pliances wherein disease and Infection ex-

l;v

ILLTNiOIS STATE BEiE-KE3EPBR6' AiSSOCIATION

33

Ists to sell, barter, or give away or move
without the consent of the inspector
herein provided for, any diseased bees
(be they queens or workers), colonies,
honey or appliances or expose other bees
to the danger of such disease or fail or
neglect to notify the inspector of the ex-
istence of such disease.

Sec. 5. For the enforcement of the
provision of this act the said State En-
tomological Commission or its duly auth-
orized assistants shall have access, in-
gress and egress, to all apiaries or places
where bees are kept, and it shall be un-
lawful for any person or persons to resist,
impede or hinder in any way said com-
mission or its assistants in the discharge
of their duties under the provision of
this act.

Sec. 6. After inspecting infected hives
or fixtures or handling diseased bees,
said commission or its assistants shkll
before leaving the premises or proceeding
to any other apiaries, thoroughly disinfect
any portion of their own person and
clothing and any tools or appliances usee!
by them which have come in contact
, with infected material and any assistant
t or assistants v,'ith him shall likewise
' thoroughly disinfect their persons, cloth-
ing or any tools which they have used.

Sec. 7. It shall be the duty of any per-
son in the state of Kansas engaged in
the rearing cf queen-bees for sale, to use
honey that been boiled not less than thir-
ty minutes in making candy to be used
in shipping queens. Any such persons
engaged in the rearing of queen-bees, for
sale, shall have his queen-bee rearing
apiary or apiaries inspected twice during
each summer season, and upon the dis-
covery of the existence of any disease
which is infections or contagious in its
nature and injurious to bees in their egg
larval, pupal or adult stages, said person
shall at once cease to ship queen bees
from such diseased apiaries until the said
commission or its assistants shall declare
such apiary free from all disease and in-
fection.

Sec. 8. The Entomological Commission
shall make annual reports to the governor
giving the number of apiaries inspected,
the number of diseased and in-
fected apiaries found, the number of
colonies treated and also the number of
colonies destroyed and the expenses in-
curred in the performance of this duty.
It shall also keep a careful record of
the localities where disease exists and
said record shall be open to the public
inspection.

Sec. 9. Any person or persons violating
or failing to comply with the provision
of this act shall upon conviction be fined
in a sum not less than five dollars nor
more than one hundred dollars or im-
prisonment not exceeding thirty days or
. both imprisonment and fine.

Sec. 10. The sum of five hundred dol-
lars for the fiscal year beginning July 1st,
1911, and the sum of flvo hundred dollars
for the fiscal year beginning July 1st, 1912,
or so much thereof as may be necessary, is
, hereby appropriated out of any funds In
the general fund not otherwise appropri-
ated, to carry out the provisions of this
act, on vouchers certified to by the State
Entomological Commission, for the sup-

—3

pression and stamping out of contagious
and infectious diseases among bees with-
in this state according to the provisions
of this act. The compensation of the as-
sistants provided for herein shall be de-
termined by the State Entomological
Commission, but shall not exceed five
dollars per day and their actual expenses
incurred in the performance of their
duties.

Sec. 11. Chapter 11. of the Session
T^aws of 1909, and all acts and parts of
acts in conflict herewith are hereby re-
pealed.

Sec. 12. This act shall take effect and
be in force from and after its publication
in the official state paper.

Mr. Speaker — Your Committee on
"Ways and Means, to whom was re-
ferred IHlouse Bill No. 366, have had the
same under consideration, and instruct
me to report the bill back to the House
with the recomemndation that it be
passed.

J. H. MERCER, Chairman.

IDr. Bohrer — ^I don't claim that that
is what I would give to the people as
a statute governing this matter, but it
was a rough sketch of what would be
good, and I thought it would offer sohie
suggestions to any Legislative Com-
mittee. "We intend to use it for that
purpose in our State, as a suggestion,
not to be final; there may be Bome
points that all would not be satisfied
with in either your State or ours. It
should be one of the grandest objects
of this convention, and we, as a people,
ought to feel it to be our main object
to have the Legislature as well in-
formed on this subject in all States as
it is possible.

■ This ds a modified copy of a law that
was sent out. The Bill was sent out
by Dr. Phillips, of 'Washington, D. C,
to our Secretary at Topeka, and he
sent it to me and wanted to know
what my opinion was of it, and I gave
him an outline of my opinion of it in
a letter; I copied it in part.

It is for you to think about. If j'ou
want to keep a copy of it to hand to
your Legislative Committee I would be
glad to have you copy it, and allow me
to have ^le original, which I brought
with me, that I may take it back with
me.

President Bowen — I would suggest
that this be referred to the Committee
on Resolutions, and let them report to
us their opinion in regard to the mat-,
ter and what to do with it.

Pres, Bowen — If there is no objection
it will be so ordered.

;.Tr.'-v- ■>-. ,.r^*'- _fli>^

! .

34

TEN^PH ANNUAL, REPORT OF THE

Mr. Becker — We, as the Illinois State
Bee-Keepers' Association, a year ago,
and two years ago, got up a bill, didn't
we? That has been presented to the
Leg'islature, and was to have been
presented again, and the Association,
a year ago, appointed a committee of 12
to solicit the bee-keepers' assistance
in sending out the petition this year,
that it might be presented to the
Legislature and ask them to pass this
law for us. Now, as I understand it,
this is virtually a new Bill.

Pres. Bowen — This goes to the Com-
mittee on Resolutions and they can
report back. If there is anything in
Dr. Bohrer's suggestions it is well
enough for the committee to con|ider
it.

Mr. Coppin — ^In the petition we have
gotten up, it does not read just like
this one; I think there are some
things there that would not suit the
bee-keepers of the State of Illinois —
not in the one you just read.

Pres. Bowen — ^What do you think
about the one we sent out?

Mr. Coppin — I forget just how that
reads.

Mr. York — I believe I signed one of
the blanks approving the Bill that was
gotten up about a year ago, but I
would not care anything about that if
we can get anything better; and if this
one, or one like it, is better, then I do
not care if I signed a petition for some
other one; I am for the better Bill, and
I don't think any one who signed the
petition last year would object if the
Leg'islature would pass a better one.
Other States, I believe, are signing the
kind of a Bill like Dr. Bohrer's; In-
diana and Oklahoma, I think, have
passed that Bill, and it is working fine.
They are cleaning up foul brood in
those States, and what we want is to
do that thing. We don't care about
any former Bill so long as we can get
one that will do the work.

Mr. iStone — With the Inspector,
would this Bill be as good as the other?

Mr. York— I don't think the Bill I
approved would be as good as Dr.
Bohrer's Bill, because, I believe when
the inspection of Apiaries is put under
the Department of Entomology of each
State, they have facilities for taking
care of the work that local associations
have not got at all. They have help
there to take care of the records, and
when information is brought in, or

when correspondence is had relative to
these matters, they attend to it, and
they can appoint a dozen deputy in-
spectors, if necessary. For instance:
The Entomologist of this State need
not go out to see a single colony of
bees, but could appoint such men as
Mr. Coppin, or Mr. Kildow, to do the
work, and you would have a central
place, it seems to me, where all this
work belongs. It comes under the
Department of Entomology, where it
should be, and where I believe it be-
longs; bees are insects, and I believe
Dr. Bohrer's Bill covers that. I do ap-
prove of this kind of a Bill, because I
think it is better than the other one.
We do not care so long as we get the
law in this State that will do the busi-
ness. What is the best way to clean
up foul brood? If this Bill will do
what is being done in Indiana and
Oklahoma, I think it will do the work
better than the one I signed the peti-
tion for. I am in favor of the better

Bill.

Mr. Diebold — I would suggest that
the Secretary read the Bill that was
before the Legislature last year, and
the year before, and which I under-
stand is the one I circulated around in
my county, so that my memory may
be refreshed on this subject, and that
it may be brought before the mind of
each of us.

Dr. Bohrer — ^Before the Secretary be-
gins to read that Bill, I would simply
state that the idea that Mr. Becker has
of the Bills would make no difference
with the Legislature at all, because I
have had some experience in legisla-
tive matters; I have been a member of
our legislature in Kansas two terms,
and some of the pet measures that
were introduced were so modified I did
not feel that I was the father of the
bill after they got through with them,
your committee as your Bill — you don't
know how it will come out after they
get through with it. We are trjang to
get something that will help you stamp
out foul brood. I won't say that this
is better than the one you already
have, but if it is better, it is the one
you want. I read It over hastily. Iff
is a modified copy of the Bill that Dr.
Phillips sent to our Secretary, and it
will have nothing to do with changing
the Bill you have already had before
you at all.

Mr. Kluck — ^Would it not be a good
thing for this committee to have the

I

aL^Seiu^-^ '"'a'L'^

^■?+i"lii^ii3^eaf -*^ A- . .

* *.'Jlr^:-i J-'-'-^Tr .

ILLINOIS STATE BBE-KE(EPHRS' ASSOCIATION

35

original Bill that Dr. Phillips has, to
compare it with th6 one Dr. Bohrer
has presented here?

Dr. Bohrer — ^I would like to have you
have it if he has one. I would like to
read his copy if he has one with him.

Dr. Phillips — There are very few
changes in it. I would suggest one
thing in regard to the drafting of the
Bill. I may say, candidly, I do not ap-
prove of the Bill that has been pre-
sented to you — the one that you have
petitioned for. d think you will be
sorry for it if you get it passed.

I think that the method of having
the inspection made under the State
Entomologist is so vastly superior to
the old plan of having the Inspection
made by an independent officer that
you will regret it if you do not adopt
the new form of inspection.

In Indiana, in Ohio, in New York, in
Connecticut and in Texas the officers
who have charge of horticultural in-
spection are in charge of bee inspec-
tion.

Bills of this kind are to be presented
to the legislature in Pennsylvania, in
New Jersey, and in Maryland, and per-
haps in some other States, during the
coming winter, and the matter has
demonstrated its feasibility so thor-
oughly that I don't think it is any
longer a matter of debate.

The work done in Indiana and in
Ohio is excellent. The results are
better than from any other inspection
In the United States. I can say that
with all due respect to the men who
have been inspecting. If you put it
in the hands of men who can handle it
better than any independent officer, it
will be easier to get the Bill passed.
It will be easier to get the Bill passed
if you have this added to an office that
already exists, rather than to establish
a ' new office, and it will be easier to
get your appropriation provided it is
simply an amendment to a Bill that
already exists.

If this Association, after duly con-
sidering the matter, decides they want
to- make the State Entomologist a
State Inspector of Apiaries, then I
would suggest they drop all the . Bills
they have previously drafted, and that
they have modified the Bill which
already exists under the office of the
'State Entomologist; present it as an
amendment to the Bill that already
exists, and amend the appropriation for
his work to include a sum sufficient to

cover the bee work, making it all un-
der an amendment — not make it a new
thing at all; have it as an amendment
to Bill No. so and so, and it will be
more favorably considered.

If you have the amount desired
added to his appropriation, it will be
easier to get the Legislature to grant
this.

The results have been so highly
gratifying by this kind of inspection,
I think we would be very much better
pleased with it than to make the in-
spector an ind>ependent officer, as
your Bill does.

And under your petition you limit
the amount to a sum that is entirely
inadequate for Illinois. The sum, as I
remember it, is not to exceed $600.00.
I don't see that an expenditure of $600
would be of any benefit to the bee-
keepers of Illinois. Tou should not ask
for less than $1200.00.

Mr, Kildow — There was some $1200.00
spent this year.

Dr. Phillips — No, $700 or $800. I had
a talk yesterday with your State Ento-
mologist, Prof. Forbes, of Urbana, 111.
There is no better Entomologist* in any
of the States than the one you have in
Illinois. The work would be free from
political influence, and done under the
management of a. man competent to do
the work — -for Mr. Forbes is a man who
is wholly competent.

I asked him whether he would con-
sent to have the work put under his
Department. He said: "I want you
to understand distinctly I am not so-
liciting thg job. I have more work to
do than I can do, but if the bee-keep-
ers of Illinois, and the State Legisla-
ture, feel it belongs here, I will do it."

I feel perfectly free to state that I
brought this to the attention of Prof.
Forbes because I feel that it is so
much better to have the work done in
this way. I base my information on
results actually accomplished in the
other States.

Mr. Diebold — ^I would like to say that
Dr. Phillips' method strikes me very
favorably, and we would very likely
get legislation along that' line, and get
an appropriation that would be large
enough to accomplish the results we
are after.

Mr. Siebold — ^I am heartily in favor
of what Dr. Phillips has said. I think
we would get the legislation much
quicker, and probably better than we
could do it under the plan as hereto-

L-iiasfe

<^iiii^-l<j-^£irtl^Vi-^..

■I

36

TENTH ANNUAL, REPORT OP THE

fore sug-gested. As it has been already-
stated, if it is done in connection with
another office that is already estab-
lished, i think the work could be done
more cheaply and more effectively.
The traveling expenses would be less,
and there are other points in its favor.
Dr. Phillips has already suggested
the main points of advantage. It im-
presses me very favorably.

I do not know just what the Bill is,
but if it has worked well in New York,
in Indiana and in Ohio and other
States, I think our legislature would be
impressed with these facts, more so
than if we put in a new bill from the
Illinois Bee-Keepers' Association. Our
legislature would be more favorably
impressed with a Bill of the kind that
has been suggested here this morning,
and we would get just as good results.
Anything to get good results! To be
able to suppress foul brood is what we
are after, and I think the way that Dr.
Phillips has suggested is the quickest
and the best way.

Dr. Bohrer — 'In the meantime, don't
forget that a legislative committee is
an important thing to have. Our
legislative assemblies are always ready
to give anything to an industry they
are satisfied the people stand in need
of and demand, and you have to put it
plainly before them, and if some one
goes around to lead them astray, your
legislative committee ought to be on
hand to head those people off.

Bee-keeping is so extensive an in-
dustry throughout Illinois — and I see
by the maps presented here by Mr.
Kildow that the districts are so infect-
ed in this State with foul brood — you
have no small question to deal with
here. It involves millions of dollars in
the State of Illinois alone. I regard
legislation in this State as being more
important on this subject than almost
any other State in the Union,

Just at this time there are many bee-
keepers who are selling their farms
and moving West, and spreading the
infection from State to State. They
oftentimes do not know that they are
doing this, because they do not know
that their bees have foul brood; yet
they have it. It came into Kansas in
just that way. I was credibly In-
formed that a man who sold bees in
Rice county had brought the Infection
from another State.

It Is hazardous for you bee-keepers

here in Illinois to invest extensively in
bee-keeping with your present sur-
roundings. It will pay you to put
much force and energy into the sup-
pressing of this menace to your bees.
No one will throw his hat higher in
the air than will I, when you have
gotten the Bill through.

I have no bees for sale. I am not
in the bee-business to make much
money out of it, but for pastime. If
my neighbors get into any kind of
trouble they are sure to call on me.
They don't only ask me one question
but they ask me hundreds. I have a
lot of work to do for nothing,

Mr. Diebold — That is what the bee
does — works for ^othing and clothes
itself.

Mr. York — ^I was going to make a
motion that we elect a legislative com-
mittee of three to take up this matter
with Prof. Forbes, It seems to me it
would be better to confer with him,
and see what is necessary to be done
to get through the kind of a Bill we
want, or how to amend the Bill we
have at present under which his office
is working.

If that would be a good thing, I
would like to make a motion to select ,
a committee to take this matter up ■
with him; he will know more about it, ,
and tell us what to do in order to get
the extra appropriation, or get the
right kind of amendment.

If Mr. Forbes always gets what he
goes after, he is the man we Avant to
tie up to; and if we can be more sue- •
cessful, working with him, that is the
thing to do.

If all right, I move that a committed
of three, called a Legislative Com- ,
mittee, be elected to take up this mat-
ter with Prof. Forbes and work in :
connection with him during the coming
winter, and put this matter through
the legislature.

Motion seconded.

Pres. Bowen — >I would like to ask the !
question, if the Executive Committee '
isi not the legislative committee. ,

Mr. Stone — ^The Executive Com- '
mittee are the Legislative Committee
so far as the business of this Associa- 1
tion is concerned, and when they are ;
made the Legislative (Committee it is •
by the vote of this meeting. ;

Pres. Bowen — ^A motion has been ;
made that a legislative committee of ;
3 be appointed to confer with Prof. |
Forbes in regard to this matter of r

,&.M,

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KHEPER'S' AjSSOCIATIQN

37

legrislation with reference to the ques-
tion of foul brood. Are you. ready for
the question?

Mr. Stone — ^l don't see why i* is that
we have not got onto this way of get-
ting a foul brood law before. "We have
never struck an idea that is equal to
that.

When it comes to a man like Prof.
Forbes, there is not a better man in
the United States, or there is not a
man that could be relied on more than
he.

I got very well acquainted with Prof.
Forbes when my son went to college.
My son thought there were no better
men anywhere than Prof. Forbes and
Dr. Biirrell, the latter was president of
the University when he went there.

I have learned that when Prof. Forbes
is on a Committee that goes before the
legislature, they take in every word he
says. If we can get his consent and
his help I am sure we are to meet with
success, and get the kind of a Bill we
want.

I would suggest that this Bill be put
in the hands of the Legislative Com-
mittee along with Dr. Bohrer's, and let
our Legislative Committee, that is
elected here now, be the Executive
Committee or not, just as the Associa-
tion sees fit to do, and then they will
have the handling of the legislative
Bill, whatever it is.

If they fail to make an agreement
with the University on this line, they
will still be at liberty to go ahead on
something else, more like what we
have signed the petition for. The
Legislative Committee might say:
there is the bill that all these peti-
tioners have signed, and it is not the
Bill you are asking for; perhaps if this
Bill you are asking for was placed be-
fore these signers, they would not
have affixed their signatures to it, and
so they would raake those signatures
out as null and void. Whether they
would do that or not is a question. I
am in favor of this Legislative Com-
mittee.

Mr. Kildow — Dr. Phillips said that
Prof. Forbes is a good man, but that
he has more than he can do now. If
that is the case it seems that is a
drawback. Then he has said that four
or six students could go out to do the
work. I am sure that lots of these
students don't know a bee from a
house-fly, and I would not want them
to come into any apiary of mine in-

fected with foul brood, fooling around
my bees. I would prefer to have some
one who has had experience. We don't
want to trust too much to him, and I
don't think we want to throw too much
out of the State Associa4;ion into the
hands of some man employed by the
State. I think this Association wants
to keep this in its own hands yet
awhile.

Mr. Becker — iE ani in favor of part of
that Bill, but I am opposed to that part
of the Bill turning the matter over to
the State ofiicer.

Now, then, that officer of the State
may know all about bees, and may be
all right, but he is not going to leave
his office and travel over the State of
Illinois inspecting foul brood.

He appoints two or three students
of the University that do not know the
first thing, not the first principle about
bees, and don't know foul brood, and
we old bee-keepers who have from 75
to 100 colonies — we are to take their
judgment and their decision. I am op-
posed to it. It takes away our power.
It takes it altogether from the bee-
keepers, for whose benefit this law
v,rould be passed, and turns it over to
a lot of fellows that don't know any-
thing about it. This is a question we
all want to study.

I have been out inspecting. It Is the
naan who has 75 and 80 colonies that
takes care of his bees, and if he has
diseased bees he knows about it; but
it is the man with 15, 20 and 25
colonies who don't look after his bees
as he should. He is the one that never
makes an effort, nor don't know much
about it. He doesn't ask you but one
question, but he asks from 50 to 75, all
about bee-keeping, and he doesn't
seem to know anything about the sub-
ject. He wants to get all the informa-
tion he can from you — ^I think the Bill
that we have got up here, and that we
have had before the legislature three
cr four years, is the one to use.

I think the Inspectors we have had
so far have been honorable and
straight-forward men, and have done
their duty, and I don't believe they
over-charge for anything that they
have done, and I believe they have
done good work.

If these men who have been doing
the work have no law to back them, to
compel persons to clean up, they have
made them to understand that there
would be one. I find nine out of ten

i#? -"V:

38

TENiTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

are ready to go to work if they have a
diseased colony or colonies, and clean
them up.

You get one of these young,- smart
students from collegre; he goes around
between the honey seasons and telld
you to clean up your bees, that the
bees are diseased, when there is not a
particle of honey-flow — what are you
going to do? You clean them up and
feed them yourself out of your own
stuff, or buy something to feed them,
or let him destroy them.

Mr. Pyles — I have a mind to get into
the band-wagon. In the first place, I
am in favor of I>r. Phillips' Bill to
quite an extent. If we can get any-
thing that beats what we have I am
heartily in favor of it. If it is possible
to have the State Entomologist do this
work, I would say to get him; if the
State is willing to pay him they could
simply add something extra to his
present salary to enable him to do the
work; they have a place to keep the
records; they can keep the records of
everything that is done. I don't think
there is any record whatever to be
found of any work that (Mr. Smith did.
Perhaps a year from now there will be
no record of anything that Mr. Kildow
and his assistants have done. The
record and report that we have here
with us today will be shortened down,
and no doubt a year from now, only
those people that are personally ac-
quainted with the work that has been
done will know anything about it.

I feel free to say — and perhaps I am
out as much time as any man — I
feel free to say that I did very
little work for the amount I re-
ceived; and very little work in the
way of benefit to bee-keepers, yet I
believe my record will compare favor-
ably with the other men that we had
■ out inspecting this year.

I am in favor of this Bill of Dr.
Phillips because I think it is better
than what we have got. In the first
place, it will be a political appoint-
ment, and we have no more guarantee
that when the Governor appoints some
one he will appoint a bee-keeper than
that the Entomologist of the State
will appoint a bee-keeper; and as far
as the students' doing the work is con-
cerned, they will perhaps do the work
just as well as the man whom the
Governor will appoint. They have the
advantage of an education along this
particular work and are studying on

this line; they have an education on
the subject that it is almost impossible
for a majority of bee-keepers to hax t.

Will the bee-keepers do this worL?

The time of the year that you talk
about doing the inspecting is not such
a time that a good bee-keeper will
leave his work and go out at $4.00 or
$6.00 a day; he is not going to go away
from his own place during a good
honey-flow.

Pres. Bowen — This discussion is out
of order.

Mr. York — The Committee on Reso-
lutions would be glad to hear this dis-
cussion.

Dr. Bohrer — ^The State Entomolo-
gist would appoint competent persons
to do the work; he would hunt up
these bald-headed bee-keepers around
here and take -lessons. Tou want to
formulate your law right; let the law
say that the State Entomologist shall
appoint a person who is competent.

Mr. Kildow — ^Who shall say he is
competent? Will it be left to the State
Entomologist to say who is compe-
tent?

Dr. Bohrer — No doubt he would go
to Mr. Kildow among the very first.

Mr. Stone — ^I want to ask Dr. Phillips
if he didn't say it was to be under the
charge of the University, and as
recommended by the Illinois Bee-Keep-
ers' Association?

Dr. Phillips — I don't know how your
laws are here in that regard.

Just a word in regard to Mr. Becker's
criticism; it is very distant. And I was
going to wait until the State Inspector
made his report for an opportunity to
say that I highly commend the work
that has been done in this State this
year.

I have known more about what Mr.
Kildow and his assistants have been
doing this year than ordinarily. We
were working together more or less as
I wanted some information they were
after, but just the same I know, and
you know that there are times during
the honey season when it is not worth,
the bee-keeper's while to leave his
own place for less than $15.00 a day,
and those are the days when inspec-
tion should be done; and that is the
reason why bee-keepers are not as
good inspectors as men who are em-
ployed all the time. A bee-keeper Is
at home while he should be inspecting.

This Bill will be drafted for the bee-
keepers of Illinois, and not for the Illi-

vd&f^t^ aV .: :v::,~

: ^,Z,-^.!Vlll^:.

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'-■. > ;^.iMS-£^A^».-i.;ijJsr:arf7..rt2^.!i;

rLLINOIS STAjTEJ BEE-KEBPIElRlS' ASSOCIATION

39

nois State Bee-Keepers' Association.
Tou have less than one-half of one per
cent, of all the bee-keepers in the
State. While you have the best bee-
keepers in the Association, you have
got 99% per cent, of them outside of
your Association.

With all due respect to your Asso-
ciation, which I think is a very excel-
lent one, and I have the kindest of feel-
ing for all your oflacers, yet your in-
terests and the interest of the 99%
per cent, outside of your Association
will be the better taken care of by the
State Entomologist.

Mr. York — I understand that Mr,
Forbes is not a fool. He is not going
to appoint students to do his work who
do not know anything about the work.
Mr. Forbes would not appoint any man
who does not understand inspecting
bees. There are plenty of men in this
Association whom he could appoint,
and whom no doubt he would employ,
and not simply some students from the
University. It would not be in the
University, but in the Department of
Entomology of this State.

I>r. Phillips — rThey will employ men
for this work for the whole summer —
perhaps for the whole year.

Mr. York — ^From what I have heard
of Prof. Forbes. I am satisfied that he
will not appoint any incompetent per-
son. He would want to spend that
money in the right way.

I want to see that we get the best
work done for all the bee-keepers of
this State. . '

As Dr. Phillips has said, this Asso-
ciation has less than one-half of one
percent of all the bee-keepers in the
State of Illinois. It seems to me that
work of this kind, that covers the
whole State, can best be done by a
State department; I should think that
it could be done better by them than
by members of the Illinois Bee-Keep-
ers' Association. There are less than
300 of the 35,000 bee-keepej:s of this
State in this Association.

If this works well in Ohio, in Con-
necticut, in New York State, why
should it not work in Illinois?

This bill that we have approved here,
and for which some of us have signed
the petition, contemplates spending
only $600.00, and $600.00 as used now
would not clean the disease in six
Counties of this State.

As I understand it, half a dozen men
jcould not cover this State; you would

need perhaps 25 men at certain times
of the year. If the State has enough
money to employ them, they can get
them, and clean this disease out.

I have enough confidence in Mr.
Forbes, although I have never met
him, from what Mr. Stone and others
have said of him, to believe that lie
would do the thing right.

Mr. Diebold — It strikes me, to get
the legislature to do what we desire, it
would be well to have it come under
an office that is- already established.
It has got to be scientific, and scientific
■men can prove to members of the
legislature that it is necessary to have
a law of that kind, and an appropria-
tion large enough to pay for the work
to be done.

Mr. Sieboldi — ^As has been stated,
there is only a short time in the year
when this work can be done, and that
is, when the bee-keepers are very
busy, during the honey-flow; there is
no use of undertaking this work in a
drouth, or in a season when the bees
are vicious, and therefore, I think, as
has already been suggested by ,Dr.
Phillips and others, that the University
at Urbana will not send out men that
do not know anything about this work,
but will send the right men, and at
the right time of year to do it.

Mr. Moore — 'There are only four or
six men that we can use for this work
during the summer season, the only
time that this work can be done, and
as far as diagnosing cases of foul
brood is concerned, it is a very simple
proposition; anybody, after he has
been shown a case or two, can tell foul
brood; however, it takes a more ex-
perienced person to know how to
handle it. These four to six men
would nowhere near cover the State,
and if those men in their inspection
find a case of foul brood, all they can
do is to give notice that it should be
cleaned up; then if the law is worked
right, and the Chief Inspector, the one
in charge, understands it, he can send
some other inspectors, who have had
experience, there to do the work.

I am heartily in favor of having the
legislature appoint the State Ento-
mologist. I think that is the best way
to <3o to get the best and the quickest
results.

Pres. Bowen — We have a motion to
appoint a Legislative Committee, and
this argument has been under that

I

40

TKNTH ANNUAL, REPORT OF THE

motion. Are you ready for the ques-
tion? (Motion was put and carried.

Pres. Bowen — I would like a little time
en the appointment of that committee.
Is there anything further to bring up
for the present? If not, I think it
would be a good time to hear the re-
port from our State Bee Inspector, Mr.
Kildow, if he is ready to give his re-
port.

Mr. Kildow — I will give a condensed
outline of what we have done during
the summer, and you can ask all the
questions you want to.

Mr. Kildow's Report.

As your Inspector I submit the fol-
lowing condensed report:

With the aid of my assistants we
visited 51 counties having foul brood.
With the co-operation of Dr. Phillips,
we find that American foul brood ex-
ists in 30 counties, and that European
foul brood exists in 27 counties.

On this map here (indicating to
map hung on wall) j-ou will find where
the American foul brood exists; these
red spots are the counties in what is
called "suspected," that is, Dr. Phil-
lips got reports from some of those
counties saying that they have that
disease, and some were sent to him
that he could not quite make out; so
we put those spots in the suspencted
counties, where we can't quite prove it.

Mr. Moore — ^In Henderson County, at
Gladstone, I found 20 colonies that
were badly diseased — no suspicion
about it.

Mr. Kildow — ^We don't put anything
in the report unless we are absolutely
certain of it — unless we have proof
of it.

Any time during the giving of this
report if you want to ask questions,
stop me and I will try and answer
right then.

These (indicating on map) are the
suspected ones; these big ones are the
counties where we have gotten proof
that the disease exists. That is Amer-
ican foul brood on that map (indicat-
ing the red marks); this is the Eu-
roepan foul brood, and these spots
here (indicating the red) are the sus-
pected ones. Twenty-seven counties
of European foul brood with seven
suspected ones.

Right here, close to me, within 8
miles, I was notified this year of a
diseased apiary. A man there with

60 colonies last fall knew he had a
little disease; he got a little cranky
at his father-in-law and he let his
bees stay there and rot down, and this
year a bee-keeper a mile and a half
from him, with 240 colonies, had 69
of his colonies show disease from the
effects of the apiary a short distance
away. He cleaned them up, but this
fall he showed me a few more.

Right across the Illinois river, just
two miles from that apiary, there are
two other large apiaries that no doubt
next spring will be badly infected.

I wrote to the man who let his bees
stay there in that condition, and I
went up there and saw his daughter;
she said that he was away, but to look
at the bees. I did so, and when I
returned home I wrote him a letter
asking him if he would not bury
those hees or destroy them in some
way so that he would not affect any
more apiaries; a few days afterwards
one of my neighbors said that he gave
me a cussing for writing the letter.

We want a foul brood la wto compel
him to clean up his dirty mess.

We visited many apiaries. These
apiaries range all the way from 450
colonies to one.

I want to say that down here in
Schuyler county, I think, one of my
assistants found an apiary of 450 col-
onies all in hox hives, on the Illinois
river.

During our trips through these
counties where the Association had no
members, we tried our best to' get the
Association represented, and we did
get about 5 or 6 new members for the
Association, part of these in counties
where we did not have any members.

That is the extent of my report. I
have cut it down short to give you a
little outline of where we have been,
and to show you where the disease
exists.

Any questions that you want to ask
I will try and answer.

A member — Have you any trace of
foul brood in Logan county?

Mr. Kildow — ^In Logan county, Amer-
ican foul brood, no European.

Mr. York — ^I would like to ask how
many assistants you had.

Mr. Kildow— I had 7.

Dr. Phillips — Do you know how many
actual •days' work it took to cover 51
counties — that is just one-half of the
State. There are i02 counties in the

;t--i;aL.-^-'*AiC-i-S'i ■

ILLINOIS STATE BEIE-KEEPEJRS' AlSSOCIATION

41

Btate. ;Could you tell from your rec-
ords the actual days' work?

Mr. Pyles — ^I know I had 37*^ days
inyself.

. Mr. Copping — I put in 5.

. (Mr. Stone — 94% days.

Mr. Pyles — I went to iSpring Valley
when I first started out. I found one
man who had a lot of bees in all kinds
of hives. He had a bushel basket of
combs that he had outside. I said,
"What will you do with these?" He
replied, "I will melt them tomorrow."

I was there about a monfth and a
half afterward and that ba^sk^t was
there yet.

'There are people who try their very
best to get rid of foul brood, and you
also run up against a proposition like
this. You can't do anything, and when
you find a case like this one, don't
you realize that you are not doing
anything? It looks that way to me.
. (Vice Pres. Moore takes the chair.)

Pres. Moore — The inspectors put in
106% days' inspection at a total cost
of $128.53 in inspecting 51 counties in
the State. You can figure what the
expense would be to cover the entire
State and cover it thoroughly.

Mr. York — ^I would like to ask
whether even one county was covered
thoroughly, of these 51?

Mr. Kildow — ^You have to go at
them kind of easy. You can't ask for
an apropriation to clean up the whole
State at once; they would refuse it
pretty quick.

Pres. Moore^-If this inspection work
is put into the hands of the State En-
tomologist, and more latitude allowed
him for expenses, he would cover the
State more thoroughly. We are doing
it in a slipshod way. We find the dis-
ease and will clean it up; some one
else may have it and won't clean It
up, and in this way the disease is
spreading. An inspector cannot get
everywhere. We can't go over the
entire county. We may miss a small
apiary, containing a few colonies, that
have the disease. It would be but a
short time until they are all infected.

Mr. York — It this should come un-
der the supervision of the iState En-
tomologist, he would know at all times
where the inspectors are. He can
telegraph to the nearest inspector, and
tell hiin • to go there while he is in
that neighborhood.

Mr. York — Mr. Klidow said he went

as far as he could with the money
he had.

Mr. Kildow — ^We are allowed only
$60'0.0O. The committee told me they
would back me up in anything I
thought best to do. The time of the
year was advancing, so that we could
only work at a certain time, and we
had to be a little easy.

Mr. York — I understand from Mr.
Becker's report there is about $1,000
in the treasury. I should think the
Legislature might say, "You don't
need any more money if you don't use
what you have."

Mr. Kildow — ^I deputized every man
in the State I knew of that was com-
petent to go out. I don't know of an-
other man I felt like sending out.

I talked to Dr. Phillips when I met
him in the summer; we talked about
plans of work the best we could in a
short time; he advised me to follow
out the same plan I was consideri«g.
We got to work just as soon as we
could. I was handicapped in not know-
ing whom to get. I gave the inspectors
— most of them — a number of counties
to go into, and told them to go over
those counties and look for any dis-
eased apiary. «

Pres. Moore — ^In regard to this bal-
ance you speak of, Mr. York, that I
think has been carried along for some
time. A year ago we had quite a
balance.

Mr. Stone — Let me explain; there is
the publishing of and getting out of
the report of this meeting to go in be-
fore the next appropriation.

Pres. Moore — ^As I understand it, the
appropriation is limited to $600.00 for
foul brood inspection.

Mr. York — ^You can use it for any-
thing you are a mind to; the new bill
calls for $600.00, We have a thousand
dollars to spend for anything we want
to spend it for. '

Mr. iPhillipsi — ^I would like to say that
I have been very much pleased with
the work the inspectors have done
in this State this year.

The systematic hunting for disease,
to find out just what the Association
has to do, and what the State has to
do to clean up this disease, is a big
step in advance.

Heretofore the inspection in this
State, and in lots of others, has been
a hit and miss proposition. The men
would do the w^ork that was imme-

42

TENTH ANNUALi REPORT OF THE

diately before them, with no big broad
and definite plan.

This year the pian here has been to
find out how serious a situation there
is that confronts us, so that the in-
spectors of the future and the State
Association would really un^derstand
what is to be done.

These maps show a deplorable condi-
tion; they show a deplorable state of
affairs in Illinois.

There is no IState in the United
States that has as many affected col-
onies as Illinois, as far as our rec-
ords go, and I think that all these
facts will be a great help to the Leg-
islative committee in- going before the
Legislature.

Another big feature, when Mr. Kil-
dow, next year, starts in, he will know
better than he has ever known be-
fore where to go, and that emphasizes
still more the desirability of keeping
an accurate reord.

Mr. Kildow — I had nothing to go by
last spring, only what I got from Dr.
Phillips, and in writing to different
parts of the State. I did not go to
those places where they said they
didn't think there was anything there,
because I knew there were many
other places to go that did need our
attention.

Mr. Becker — I want to show you the
difficulty we meet sometimes. Mr. Kil-
dow reported to me that there was
foul brood in one county. Now, who
are the bee-keepers in Menard
county? I found that there was a
man that had bees in Petersburg. I
got on the train and went to Peters-
burg. I found a man by the name of
Walker who wanted to sell his bees;
the city of Petersburg had passed a
law that he must keep his bees only
60 feet away from the street. I talked
with him and inquired about bee-
keepers, and found where I could go.
I went to those he told me of, and
looked over their bees, but found no
foul brood there. FinaJly I found one
man that had some in the country.
Well, I would have to hire a horse and
buggy to go out there, and hunt them
up, to see if there was anything down
there — so a Mr. Smedley, a retired
farmer, has a runabout, but it was out
of repairs, and he says, "If you go back
home, when I get my repairs made I
will take you over there." At first I
coTild find but one person who had bees.

and finally I got a man to take me
out there in an automobile (these men
that had the automobile had bees, but
there was nothing there, everything
was clean). We inspected bees on
five different places. Then I went back
and found there was nothing there, and
then to Petersburg and from Peters-
burg to Rockford. We found there Eu-
ropean foul brood, but not to any great
extent.

That is the difficulty you have to en-
counter; you have to run all over to
find out where the bee-keepers are.

(Pres. Bowen in chair.)

'Mr. IMoore — ^The report of the foul
brood inspector is before the house. I
move that the report be accepted. I
would like to make a suggestion that
we incorporate in that report the num-
ber of days' inspection work done, the
expense, and a list of the counties in
which American foul brood and Eu-
ropean foul brood are known to exist.

■Mr. Diebold — ^I second that motion.

Motion put and carried.

iMr. York — ^Mr. Becker said he went
around looking for fooil brood. As I
understand it, the inspectors are to go
out when the disease is reported to
them — is that the idea?

I>r. Phillips — Not under the -present
law.

Mr. York — If we got the new law,
the central authority would be reported
to, and he would send the inspectors
out — is that the idea?

Mr. Kildow — If I had waited last
summer for reports to come to me,
you would not have had anything done.
I got four requests last summer for
me to go and see their bees. If I had
just gone to those four places you
would not have had much inspection
done, and you would not have known
where this disease was, because they
did not send to Or. Phillips as he asked
them to do.

I got four requests. You have to go
out and hunt it up. The bee-keepers
don't want you to know they have
got it.

Mr. [Becker — ^I think there ought to
be one rule, and I understand it is the
rule of the Department in Washington
to inform our inspector of foul brood
m certain counties. If it would be re-
ported at the postoffice, we could go
to the postoffice, and if the postmaster
did not want to give the names, all
right, we could find out. A man in

ILLINIOIS STATJEJ BEE-KEJETPBDEIS' AiSSOCTATION

43

Mason county reported to me that all
his bees were dead but about 30 col-
onies, and he wanted to ' know the
trouble — what was the matter with
them. I says, "I don't know; I will
come tomorrow." The next morning
I went over into Mason county and
met the man who owns the bees, and
went out to his house and found that
his bees were actually starving to
death; you could see there was no dis-
ease there.

Mr. Co'ppin— I happened to be talking
to a lady bee-keeper in the same
country our inspector lives in, this sum-
mer. IShe stated there was something
wrong with her bees, and that she had
sent to Wisconsin. I said to her, "Don't
you know that we have a bee Inspector
here In the same county?" and she
said that she did not know this. I
said, "We have." She said, "I guess I
don't need It; I have been told that
the trouble was that my bees had foul
brood, and I have treated It and have
got rid of It." But each time when
I have been out there I have found no
trouble to find plenty of It. I was out
Inspecting only 5 days.

'Mr. Kildow--©he has plenty of it yet.

Mr. Ooppin — I notified our inspector
about It and he has gone there since.

Mr. (Becker — As I stated before, If
we were given the towns where the
foul brood was, the Inspector could go
there and locate it.

iMr. iPyles — tThere Is one thing else
that I think has not been covered, and
that is the work as it has been done
heretofore in the State. Last year Mr.
Kildow sent me to different places. He
had no record whatever of the work
that had been done before. When I got
there they told me that Mr. Smith was
there last year, and the year before,
and the year before. What benefit was
that to the people of the State of Il-
linois, to go just as an inspector and
find foul brood In their yard year after
year? it does no good to Inspect them
time and time again.

The men that need Inspection are
those men who do not know that they
have the disease, and If you are going
there for treatment, then go where you
know the disease is. If you are going
out for inspection. Inspect where you
don't know that the disease exists. It
Is not necessary to inspect year after
year where you have previously been.
That Is the way the work has been
done In the past.

I was out, under Mr. Kildow's direc-
tion, 37% days, and inspected over
3,lO0i colonies, and found 2S diseased
apiaries.

I was around usually where nobody
ha,d ever been inspecting. Mr. Smith
had always waited until he got a call.
He would go to Cook county and in-
spect an apiary, and then go home.
And then go to the south part of the
State, and go home; not saying any-
thing against Mr. Smith, he did it per-
haps as he thought best.

I think where we need inspection Is
where we do not know the disease ex-
ists. ,

Mr. York — ^It seems to. me very
strange that an inspector should go
year after year and find the disease.
I thought that the object was to get
the disease cleaned up.

Mr.Pyles — ^We have had no orders to
treat the disease, but I think that is one
thing that we do want to accomplish.
I believe if we could work with the
government, through Dr. Phillips, we
could work better. I think this Ih the
first year the State and the government
have gotten together. .

Mr. York — ^I understand the govern-
ment has a list of about 5,(H)0 bee-
keepers in Illinois. This Association
has only about 3(M)i members out of
that whole list, and only 62 counties
out of 10'2 counties. According to
that there must be in the State from
10,OiOO' to 12,000 bee-keepers. , ;;

When we were at Michigan last
week. Dr. Phillips and I, they In-
augurated a plan by which they are
going to use the names of bee-keepers
the government has. That is something
that I believe is a good thing to bring
up at this point in this Association. I
believe it will help to build up the
iState Association to co-opetate with
the government.

They started a plan at Grand Rapids
last week by which they are going to
use 4,0W names of bee-keepers that the
government has in Michigan. They are
to get out a circular on bee- diseases,
and also will invite the bee-keepers
to become members of the Bee-keepers'
Association, and get in correspondence
with these bee-keepers, whose names
the government will supply.

I would like to see something like
this started In Illinois.

If Dr. Phillips will tell us about the
«ame thing here, suggesting as to how

Ob.'i

''^-^.

W^yW-K^^^f7^::'^^^!S^^^^'^-' ■■'■' > ■ "'*-■'•■ -'' '- • ■

44

TENiTH ANNUAL, REPORT O'F THE

we could use those names, I think it
would be to our great advantage.

flVEr. Kildow — ^I would like to say one
thing: We carry our paraphernalia
withj us, and whenever a man wanted
us to we helped him clean up his dis-
eased bees.

Pres. Bowen — Before we hear from
Dr. Phillips, I would like to name the
committee on legislation: C. P. Da-
dant, Jas. A. Stone and J. E. Pyles.

Dr. Phillips-— I have been thinking
for some time of trying to sflnd some
way in which the material that we
collect can be made a little bit more
valuable to the bee-keepers of the
country. I am as anxious to find some
way by which the State Association
can get a lot of work to do, because
the harder a man works the greater his
interest will be. The harder an asso-
ciation works the greater will be their
Interest, and this applies to the indi-
vidual— the greater interest will he
tage in the Association if he works for
the good of the bee-keepers.

Since the situation as to disease is so
urgent, there is enough work for every
man with a knowledge enough about
the disease to work intelligently, and
it cannot be done by only a few.

It would be the height of folly to ex-
pect the inspectors of this State to do
all that is to be done among the dis-
eased colonies.

If you had 50 men traveling over the
State, they could not cover the ground
and reach everybody. And you cannot
get 50 men, so that some other way
must be devised by which the people
who have these diseases among their
bees can be informed concerning the
nature of the disease and concerning
their treatment.

With that thought in mind I have
been trying to see what other methods
can be devised in addition to the In-
spection, so that some of these things
that we so much need can be accom-
plished.

'The Bureau of Entomology for some
time past has been keeping a record of
all locations in which the disease Is
found, based on examination of actual
samples. We don't take anybody's
wordi for it. Mr. Moore said he found
in Henderson county a bad case of the
disease. Henderson county seems to
be outlined on our map, but we can't
make it solid red on his say so; we
have to say in our records that it has
been obtained from actual samples re-

ceived and examined. When it is from
an actual sample, there can be no ques-
tion about it.

In order to reach the people that
have the disease in their colonies we
have been making an effort to get the
names of bee-keepers in the counties
from which the disease is reported.

The situation in Illinois is something
like this: According to the last census
there were almost 35,000 bee-keepers,
which produce about 3v0O0,0O€ pounds
of honey per year. You have about
one-half of one per cent of the bee-
keepers in your Association.

Mr. Moore — ^In 1910?

Dr. Phillips — 'The census previous.
That census includes bees on farms
only; not in towns and cities; it is
supposed to be enumerated this time.

iThe method in which we have been
getting the names of the bee-keepers
has been to write to the postmasters
and ask them to give us this informa-
tion.

In Illinois we have sent to 1,335 post-
masters, and have received lists of bee-
keepers from 1,073 of those postmas-
ters. We have received replies from
80 per cent of the postmasters to whom
we have made this request, and have
made an increase in our mailing list in
these counties of 590' per cent, in the
62 counties. We have done this in 62
counties out of 102.

In the 62 counties we had previously
734 names of bee-keepers; in that same
territory we now have 5,048, an in-
crease of 4,314.

OPor the entire State, that is, all the
counties including 40 to which we have
not sent requests for names to the
postmasters, we have 5,177 names.

We have here a list of the counties,
giving a number of postofHces, the
number that replied; the number of
bee-keepers' names previous to the in-
quiry, and the number afterward. That
is merely a matter for office record.

It has occurred to me tliat possibly
there is some way these names can be
used. We got these names for the
purpose of sending to bee-keepers in
the counties where we know the dis-
ease exists at least one publication
dealing with this subject.

I realize that when a government
publication comes through the mail,
that in nine times out of ten it is
thrown in the waste basket I know if
we send a circular to the 5,100 names
on our list a great many will not be

■-i:

ILLINOIS STATE BHEtKEEPEEiS' ASSOCIATION

45

read, but we can accomplish a little
something from the method used bj'
advertisers of a mail-order house.

If you get in the mail something of
a similar nature — ^practically a repeti-
tion of the same thing, or on the same
subject, four or five times^something
on the same subject time after time,
after a while you will read it. You may
not read it the first time, but you will
read it before you get through.

The scheme I proposed in Michigan
was for the State Association and our
bureau, and perhaps some other office,
to co-operate on this thing and use
this list of names. Supppse your State
Association were to send something
to all of these 5,100 names on the sub*
ject of disease, and suppose all but 50O
threw it away; you would do a good
deal of good through the 500' you
reached. Suppose in a week or ten
days all these men got something else
on the same subject — probably 1,000
would read the second. Then in a week
or ten days, send out another letter on
the same subject — and before very
long you would reach a large number
of people that you had on your list.
'They would read what you had to say
in some form or other.

Now I realize that we do not have
on our list more than 25 per cent
of the bee-keepers in any one county,
" but I realize on the other hand that if
we get something in the way of litera-
ture into the hands of the 25 per cent
of the bee-keepers, it will do good
work, because they will spread it, and
their neighbors will get a knowledge
of it in this way.

If there comes a bombardment of
literature on a certain subject into a
county, it is going to get about — it is
'' ^ going to be talked about, and there is
going to be a certain amount of in-
terest concerning it.

We have done already a good deal
of work in sending out publications in
that way, and we immediately get a
lot of requests from these counties,
asking: "Please send me your Bulle-
tin," or "Please send me your circu-
lar," and ultimately I imagine we
: would get in touch with about 75 per
cent of the bee-keepers. I do not know
any way to reach iOO per cent — some
way in which we could reach every
bee-keeper.

Mr. Diebold — ISend a premium.

Dr. Phillips— JThat might be better.

Dr. Bohrer — ^Do it through the Sta-
tistical Bureau of your State.

Dr. Phillips — "We dont' reach all; be-.
sides that, you don't get their ears;
they don't listen to everything you say.

"When we realize that in regions like
Illinois, where the disease is prevalent,
the bee-keeping of the future is going
to be in the hands of the specialist, and
you are going to reach the few special-
ists in this 25 per cent of the men who
are interested, in this manner, we are
sure of accomplishing results by send-
ing out this literature in the manner
that has been suggested.

If there is going to be a way by
which your Association can co-operate
with us, I would be glad to take that
up with you, and see if we cannot do
something that will accomplish good
for the bee-keepers of this State.

Tou have some money from the State
which is given to you for the promo-
tion of bee-keeping, and I don't see
how it would promote it more than in
spending the money in endeavoring to
get these people educated on the sub-
ject of bees and bee-diseases, so that
they will know how to handle the situ-
ation when necessary.

Through your blank that you send
out you will say, "We have a State
Inspector, and his name is A. L. Kil-
dow, of Putnam, 111.," and this will be
a new piece of news to them; and then
he may get more than four requests a
year. They will hunt that man up and
write to him, and be more interested,
and if the thing is worked properly I
think it would do a great deal of good.

Another thing I think your State As-
sociation is in a very, good position to
do, and that is to go to your Experi-
mental Station and say, "We would
like to have some publications on this
subject issued and distributed by the
thousand in the State." If you will
furnish help to the men who write the
bulletin, and can furnish a large list
of names, I am sure, though I have not
said anything to these men ajpout it,
that they would be very glad to help
you in that work, and without any ex-
pense to you, and you would find that
that would be an additional benefit.

I would' like to hear suggestions from
you as to anything that you may think
of that would be more effective in get-
ting before the people the information
they ought to have. I would be very
glad to have these things brought out.

TJ^^WI^-'-

46

TENTH ANNUAL. REPORT OF THE

(Dr. Bohrer — I am certainly pleased
to hear these suggestions from Dr.
Phillips, and I think it would be an
excellent thing to inaugurate a sys-
tem such as he has suggested, but it
is no easy task. We have been to
work at that for more than 35 years
in Kansas.

This talk of Dr. Phillips to us is
along a line that we have thought,
and an action that we have got to
adopt as bee-keepers.

We want the educational institutions
of the State, and of all the States — ^the
Agricultural Colleges in particular — to
teach the habits of the bee and its
management. The students, in turn,
as they leave the institutions and go
out in the world, even though they may
never be practical bee-keepers, they
carry with them a fund of knowledge
that they will disseminate readily to
persons who want information con-
cerning the habits and management of
the honey-bee.

In tlie winter of 1S77, Prof. John An-
derson invited me to deliver a lecture
before the students of the Agricultural
'College at Manhattan, on the subject
of bee-keeping, and there were 200 stu-
dents in the hall, and a more attentive
audience I never addressed. He stated
to me that it was the intention to take
up bee-keeping there, but he said,
'INone of us know anything about it
whatever, and we want you to cite us
to authorities and give us an outline
talk of the habits of the insect, and it
will be a starting point for us."

I delivered the lecture, and I want
to say that a more interested audience
I never addressed in the hundreds of
lectures I have 'given; the attention
was so great that you could have heard
a pin drop at any time during the
lecture.

After that there were some bees
purchased and placed on the farm, but
no instructions have been given those
students there whatever.

Prof. Anderson got a political bee
in his head. He was made a candidate
for Congress and was elected, andi he
never came back in charges of the
school any more, and the industry has
been languishing, for the reason that
the regents of the college know nothing
about bee-keeping; they don't know
that it is worth anything, and scarcely
will they believe us when we tell them
the truth about it. They are appointed

by politicia,ns — appointed by the Gov-
ernor, who is simply a politician, and
when we write them up through the
papers they won't publish it, they take
it as an insult to the college and a
public official.

The teachers of the colleges know
nothing about bee-keeping, and these
officials not urging the colleges to
teach it, it remains untaught and is
neglected. And the result is, when-
ever we ask for legislation, because the
members of the (Legislature know noth-
ing about the science of bee-keeping,
they do not give us what we stand in
need of. i

(Millions of pounds of honey, as a re-
sult of this lack of education, are an-
nually going to waste in many and
most of our States, that might be saved
if people -would become interested in
the care of bees.

As I have before stated, the reason
we do not get such legislation as we
stand in need of at the present day
is because the members of our legisla-
tive assemblies know comparatively
nothing of the management and habits
of the honey-bea But after it is taught
for a series of years in our colleges,
in our industrial schools, that state of
affairs will cease to exist, because the
young men and women who are attend-
ing these schools, and being educated
in this direction, will become the
mothers and fathers of the young men
who. are to be our successors in the
legislative assemblies of the State, and
any industry requiring their aid, and
an appropriation needed from the
State, can be had when their wants
are put before them in an intelligent
form.

In our industrial schools the young
men and women acquire the most prac-
tical education that is obtainable, and
it fits them for usefulness in life in
any and all departments. . We have
less young men leaving our industrial
schools who part their hair in the mid-
dle, and less young men and women
who do not know which end of a cow
to go to for her milk, than from any
other source and when once the people
get to understand the mysteries of
bee-keeping and the sources of in-
come, and the benefit that that insect
is to the horticulturalist, as well as its
value for table use, it being the most
wholesome sweet in the world — every-
body will be ready to endorse the in-

;iMi

ILLINOIS STATE BEEB-ICEEPEDaS' AjSSOCIATION

47

dustry of bee-keeping and give it a
little support.

Mr. York — ^We are getting away
from our subject. We don't want to
get away from what Dr. Phillips has
said about using those 5,000 names.
They expect to get out a four- page
circular double letter size, in Michi-
gan, and use the 3d and 4th pages for
advertisers, offering the bee-supply
dealers and queen-breeders a chance
to pay for lihis circular, so that there
will be no expense to the Michigan
Association.

The Illinois Association can do the
same thing, and get out a similar cir-
cular to send to these 5,000 names, and
in that letter give them some instruc-
tions as to foul brood and other bee-
diseases, invite them to join your
State Association, and give them any
other information you wish that is
helpful to bee-keepers in this State;
and at the end of the circular, put
the advertising, which will cover all
the expense,

I think it would be a great help to
this Association to use those names.
I am sure the bee-supply dealers and
others will be able to heSp pay for it.
The -advertisements I believe will
cover all the expense, and in that way
you can co-operate with the Govern-
ment. "What they are trying to do is
to get foul brood cleaned up in this
State.

I would like to see this Association
follow the same lines as the Michigan
Association are going to follow. They
will soon be ready with their circular.
Our Secretary might get up a similar
one.

If this Association would send out
something in the way of a circular to
these names furnished by the Govern-
ment, and the State Entomologist is
authorized to take charge of the in-
spection work, the people will soon
"sit up and take notice."

Mr. Diebold) — ^From what Mr. York
. and Dr. Phillips have said, about get-
ting this information before the peo-
ple of the State of Illinois with the
least expenditure of money, I under-
stand that we have a little money here
at our disposal as an Association, and
I would suggest that the committee
on printing, ' who have these matters
in charge, be allowed to use some of
this money for the purposes suggest-

ed, and that the matter be turned
over to our Secretary,

Mr. York — You mean be referred to
our Executive Committee?

Mr, Diebold — Yes. %

Mr. Pyles — I move that you put this
matter before a committee and have
it pasised upon in some form.

Pres. Bowen — ^I think the Commit-
tee on Resolutions should take this
into consideration, without any refer-
ring being necessary; however, it
might be well to refer it to them.

I would like to express myself. I
don't think we ever had any one at
our Convention here who has really
put us in line of doing the work as it
should be done, as Dr. Phillips has.
He has outlined this work in a better
way than I have known any one doing
heretofore, and I feel like compliment-
ing him, I think Dr. Philips has put
us on the right road to get the busi-
ness done, and to get matters before
the bee-keepers of the State in a bet-
ter way than anything that has ever
been suggested.

I hope the Committee on Resolu-
tions will put it in such a way that we
can come before the legislature and
have them adopt the measures we
need, and have been trying to get
for so long a time.

Pres. Bowen — ^Is there anything
further? If not we will now ask Dr.
Bohrer for his paper.

Dr, Bohrer — My paper is in the
hands of Mr. York, and I will ask him
to read it, and if there is anything in
the different methods of treatment —
when the paper is read — that you
w^^ould like to ask about, I should be
pleased to have you do so.

Pres. Bowen — Mr. York will read
Dr. Bohrer's paper.

European Foul Brood.

All who have had experience with
European foul brood seem to agree
that the Alexander method of treat-
ment is a success, provided the direc-
tions or course of treatment marked
out by Mr. Alexander be rigidly adT
hered to.

The prominent feature is to keep the
infected colony queenless for 21 days,
and then to provide them with a virgin
queen or a queen-cell, which will keep
the colony without a laying queen for
SO days at least. .

48

TENTH ANNUAL, REPORT OF THE

In the meantime, the queen heading
the colony when treatment is to be
begun is to be destroyed. In fact, to
kill the queen is the first step to be
taken. But the reason for destroying
the queen has not, to my knowledge,
been given by any one.

And to me it is something of a
mystery why simply caging the queen
for 30 days would not fill the bill, and
especially so in case the queen be a
good one at the time she is taken from
the infected colony, and to my mind
there has not been a good and suffi-
cient reason given as to why she
should be destroyed.

In case this * matter has not been
fully tested I would suggest that some
one take the queen from a colony in-
fected with European foul brood, and
put her at the head of a colony on
comb foundation, and if the ailment is
at all traceable to the queen or her
eggs, the disease will quickly show up.

I have called attention to this matter
for the reason that it seems to me that
a good queen is worth saving in case
the infection is not traceable to her or
her eggs. I would test the matter for
myself, but have no European foul
brood in my apiary.

But there is another important item
that must not be omitted: In treating
European foul brood, when the Alex-
ander method is adopted, namely:
keeping up the strength of the colony
in numbers — as the matter of brood-
rearing is suspended for 30 days and
must cause great depletion in num-
bers, and must be kept up at the ex-
pense of other colonies that cannot
possibly well afford to be thus taxed —
this brings us to the point where it is
but a matter of business to inquire
whethfer or not the Alexander method
of treating European foul brood has
any advantage over the McEvoy
method of treating European loul
brood, the McEvoy plan being to put
the colony on comb foundation, which
does not stop the laying of eggs but
from one to three days, so that at the
end of 28 days young bees will begin
to emerge.

Moreover, ready-constructed combs,
if at hand, may be given them in a
very few days after they have been
transferred to new quarters, and the
process of brood-rearing can go on
with but little interruption. But
whether there be comb at hand to sup-

ply the colony with or not, the queen
will be saved under the McEvoy
method of treatment, so that in case
the colony at the time of treatment be
reasonably populous there will be no
serious delay in the matter of brood-
rearing. At any rate no more than
occurs in treating bees for foul brood of
the American type under this method.
But as to whether or not the destruc-
tion of combs which the McEiVoy sys-
tem requires will cause more loss in
brood-rearing as regards time than 30
days loss in egg-laying and in develop-
ment of brood under the Alexander
method, is a question that I am not
fully prepared to answer at present,
and will suggest that bee-keepers test
the matter, as I think it worth looking
after.

G. BOHRER.
Lyons, Kans.

Pres. Bowen — You have heard the
paper by Dr. Bohrer, is there any dis-
cussion?

Dr. Bohrer — I would like to hear
from Dr. Phillips as to whether the
disease is traceable from the eggs.

Dr. Phillips — ^We find a number of
organisms present in European foul
brood, the same as in American foul
brood, and have good reason to think
that one of them is the cause of it, but
we do not know which one. Dr.
Bohrer brought up the question of the
treatment of European foul brood as
to whether it is cheaper to use the
Alexander treatment for foul brood
or the McEvoy treatment, or whether
it is not really better in every way to
stick to the old stand-by, the shaking
treatment, and compel the bees to
build a new comb. My personal opin-
ion is that it is rather unwise to use
the Alexander treatment, as it is
sometimes called, because so many
people are getting bad results. In the
hands of a good bee-keeper, who is
careful, undoubtedly the Alexander
method is very often successful, but
since so many people are unable to get
satisfactory results with it, and since
we do not know why it works some-
times and not others, I would prefer to
recommend the shaking treatment.
The shaking treatment has been in use
for 150 years.

Dr. Bohrer — ^That is, take away the
comb and melt it up into wax? My
experience has been that boiling any-

_ "j^.-' -'<*r

ILLINOIS STATES BEE-KEEPE3RiS' ASSOCIATION

49

thing short of 30 to 35 minutes is not
safe. ^

Dr. Phillips — I don't think it is nec-
essary to keep thip wax hot that long.
As to the matter bf boiling, you don't
know the time that is necessary. The
length of time necessary to kill the
germs in European foul brood has
never been determined, and we cannot
determine it until \ve find out what
the organism is. V

Mr. Pyles — Is the Europeg-n disease
transmitted?

Dr. Phillips — ^Just the same as Amer-
ican; undoubtedly through honey-rob-
bing, the same as the American foul
brood.

Mr. Seibold — I had foul brood in my
apiary, and at different times have
experimented in boiling the frames
and using them again; in boiling the
frames there is always more or less
wax accumulates, and a little honey
sticks to it; in using those frames
again in most caseS' the disease re-
appeared, and I believe it is in the
honey; I can't help but think, if there
is a particle of honey left it is in the
honey; I am satisfied it is in the
honey, but I think the frames and hive
can be used by using a gasoline torch,
or burning it with coaloil and brushing
with a stiff brush; I think it is in the
honey.

A member — Tou think it is not safe
to use them even if they are boiled
for 30 minutes?

Mr. Seibold — Not unless you get all
the wax out by scratching them to
get it out; I think it is in the honey.

Dr. Phillips — There is one factor in
the discussion of European foul
brood that is almost always left
out of consideration. If the disease
is very bad in the colony it will
remain in the colony all during the
year; but when different men talk
about the treatment with which they
have been successful, they forget that
the probabilities are that if that
colony had been given any kind of a
show it would clean itself up. I know
men who think it is not necessary to
treat; some men do just enough to
give the colony a good start towards
its own recovery, and then they attri-
bute it to a certain treatment.

A great many colonies clean up the
disease themselves, provided they
don't get too far along. If a colony
is not badly affected it will oftentimes

clean itself up, and if you boost a
colony and give therh a chance to
clean up without doing any one of the
hundred different things that have
been given as treatments, which are
simply stimulants, they will clean
themselves up.

Mr. Diebold — ^If we give them a good
honey- flow, would that help?

Dr. Phillips — The only time to in-
spect European foul brood is when
there is a honey-fiow. In Indiana,
as soon as the honey-flow starts, men
leave the European foul brood districts
and go to American foul brood.

All these things that have been sug-
gested as treatments and advocated as
cures, or most of them, act as stimu-
lants. They help the colony .over bad
places and then the colony cures
itself; but the colony that cures itself
gets the disease next year!

Mr. Moore — If the bacillus is in the
larvae and the bees carry that outside
in the cleaning process, is there any
danger of it spreading?

Dr. Phillips — I have no doubt of it;
no doubt it is spread by that means.

Mr. Moore — I should think it would
spread worse than we have any rec-
ords of. I should think that dry lar-
vae would blow around, and would
cause the disease to spread more than
we have any knowledge of.

Dr. Phillips — It would have to get
with other larvae before it would pro-
duce disease. In Indiana, last year (in
1909) the inspector kept a careful ac-
count of the apiaries inspected, and
the number of diseased apiaries he
found, and he found that where the
American foul brood existed, about
one colony in ten was infected in that
region; and where European foul brood
existed, it was very much higher. In
regions where American foul brood
was found it was rare not to find
often 25 per cent infected.

I never heard of any European foul
brood in California, but the American
foul brood is much more virulent there
than in the East or North. The Ehiro-
pean foul brood is spread much more
rapidly than the American, but on the
other hand it sometimes disappears of
its own accord.

A member — iHow is it possible to
disappear of its own accord?

Dr. .Phillips — The disease, for some
reason which we do not understand,
increases in the spring and decreases

<^'^'

/ V --'"^r

■_--^^l>u^.f'.-^-.-

50

TENiTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

in the fall; why that is we do not
know. Often when a district is in-
'. fected, when there is plenty of it there,
It decreases in the fall; oftentimes if
w^e just start a colony on the road to
recovery it will finish the job.

Dr. Bohrer — Has not the discovery
been made that sometimes a scale is
left in the bottom of the cell and filled
with honey — that may be a cause for
It in the summer?

I>r. Phillips — It might be.

Mr. Moore — There is one point that
Henry Stewart brought out in regard
to his treatment for American foul
brood. He said he never saw a cell
filled with honey or partially filled
with honey, or had any honey in, in
which there was a scale of foul brood;
he said he never had found it, and
never knew of it being that way. He
said the bees always clean it out be-
fore they put the honey in that cell. I
don't see how they could.

GDr. Phillips — I' have seen bees tear
down foul-broody combs to winter in,
in an effort to clean it out, but never
saw them successful.

Dr. Bohrer — In any of your experi-
ments has there ever been an egg
found laid in one of those cells, that
has scale in the bottom of it?

Dr. Phillips — I have seen that.

I>r. Bohrer — Might that not be one of
the very causes of starting it?

Dr. Phillips — It might be.

Dr. Bohrer — I would be afraid of it
any way.

Pres. Bowen — ^What other questions
■do we want to consider this after-
noon?

Mr. iMoore — A pretty important part
of our meeting has always been the
question box. I would suggest we
have the question box passed now; if
there is anything we wish asked, have
it put in writing and put in the ques-
tion box.

Pres. Bowen — If any one has any
questions to ask, put them on paper;
we will pass the hat around, have
some one read the questions, and hear
the answers.

A member — ^I think it is time for the
election of officers.

It was moved and seconded that the
election of officers be had tomorrow
(Friday morning) at 10' o'clock, and
motion to that effect carried.

Membership of Affiliating Organizations

Mr. Stone — In the matter that I men-
tioned in the Secretary's report as to
the cost of membership of the affiliat-
ing societies — 25 cents — which has
made so much trouble, and is a just
cause for a discrimination between the
affiliating members and those coming
into the Association who pay 50' cents
— one paying 25 cents and getting
membership in three associations, the
one paying 50 cents only getting two;
each getting a cloth-bound copy of the
reports.

I stated in my report that our last
report cost us $1.01 per copy; that was
the exact cost of it. These members
getting it for 25 cents think it does not
cut any figure, that the State pays for
it — but why charge them only 25 cents
when members that come in directly to
the Association are charged 50 cents?

I wish to make a motion that Arti-
cle 3, 'Section 1, of our Constitution,
which reads this way:

ARTICLE III. Membership.

Section 1. Any person interested in
Apiculture may become a member upon
the payment to the Secretary of an
annual fee of one dollar ($1.00).

(Amendment adopted at annual
meeting, November, 1905) : And any
affiliating association as a body may
become members on the payment of
an aggregate fee of twenty- five cents
(25c) per member.

Mr. Stone — I want to make a motion
to change that to 50 cents per mem-
ber.

Mr. Kildow — I second that motion.

Pres. Bowen^ — You have heard the
motion to amend the Constitution, Ar-
ticle 3, Section 1, in accordance with
the motion made here, making it read,
instead of "aggregate fee o£ 25 cents
per member," "aggregate fee of 50
cents per member."

Then their fee is just the same as
we pay in coming into the State As-
sociation; then if they w^^ant to go into
the three Associations, that is between
them and the other Associations. The
motion is to strike out "25 cents" and
insert "50 cents."

Mr. York — Referring to this motion^
I would like to ask for information:
You know the Chicago-Northwestern
is the largest Association that affil-
iates with this Association. I think

IIxblKOIS STAT0E3 BEE- KBB HEIRS' AlSSOCIATIOX

51

there were 86 members last year. Now
a number of the Chicago-Northwest-
ern members are bee-keepers in other
States and many of them say that
they do not care anything about join-
ing the Illinois State Association, and
ask why they should pay 25 cents; ac-
cording to the Constitution we have
to come in as a body.

Mr. Stone — ^That does not mean, Mr.
York, members outside the State; that
means members in the State. There
was a resolution passed, and it went
into our minutes to that effect — mem-
bers in the State.

Mr. York — If we are going to join
in a body, that means everybody. The
Chicago-Nbrthwestern is held in Il-
linois, but its members do not all live
in Illinois.

What I was getting at is this: If
they should vote not to join at all un-
der this amendment, you would be out
nearly $30,

Mr. iSitone — ^In that case this Asso-
ciation would say, "We can't pay for
your report; we can't pay for the re-
port if you don't join our Association."
They will get value received by get-
ting the report of their association.
They also get ours, and they get the
National.

Mr. York — As President of the Chi-
cago-Northwestern, I want to under-
stand it thoroughly so that when I get
up before thart Association I will be
able to talk intelligently, and urge
them to continue their membership
here, because the report you send out
to them is worth a couple of dollars —
your own report, the Chicago-North-
western report and the National re-
port, three reports in one book — 50
cents would be very cheap for that.

I want simply to know your reasons
for desiring to raise the dues. I am
very anxious that the Chicago -North-
western members shall all become
members of the Illinois State Associa-
tion.

Some one has suggested, "Wliy
doesn't the Chicago -Northwestern join
with the State and give up their Asso-
ciation?" We don't want to do that;
I think we ought to keep up our As-
sociation. There are a great many
bee-keepers in the Chicago -North-
western Association, and it helps the
Illinois State to have them become
members, because it Increases your
membership here, and when you go

before the Legislature you have a
larger list of bee-keepers to present.
We arei going to raise our dues, I
think, in the Chicago-Northwestern
Association, to $1.50, so that we can
pay you 5,0 cents, the Nlational 50 cents,
and then have for our own use 50
cents per member, because we cannot
run our Association for less than 50
cents each.

Mr. Moore — In case of affiliating as-
sociations becoming members at 25
cents, does not that include member-
ship in the National?

Mr. Stone — ^No. I want to say one
thing in regard to what Mr. York has
said: The Chicago -Northwestern,
when it was .under another name, af-
filiated with the Illinois State, and one
meeting was heldl in 1892' in Chi-
cago in addition to the one here
at (Springfield, and that meant
two meetings in one year for
the State Association. In 1893 the Na-
tional met during the World's Fair
year at Chicago, in the neighborhood
of the World's Fair, and being Secre-
tary of both of them, I conferred with
some of the members of the executive
committee in the National Ass'n,
and we decided that we would not
have any convention in Chicago that
fall because the National had been
there. Mr. EGutchinson was Secre-
tary, and he made a strenuous kick
in some of the bee-papers, and said
it was on account of the Secretary of
Illinois State Bee-Keepers' Associa-
tion that a meeting was not held in
Chicago that fall. We intended to
hold another one the next year, and
they didn't give us a chance. That
was all there was to it.

Mr, York — The Chicago-N'orthwest-
ern Association, as we call it now, was
not started until 1898.

Mr. Stone — ^^The last meeting that the
State Association had in connection
with the old Northwestern Bee-Keep-
ers' Society was the year before the
World's Fair,

Mr. Kluck — As President of the
Northern Illinois Bee-Keepers' Asso-
ciation, I would state that Association
has simply paid their quarter per
member to the State because they
thought they recognized in the State
the only official way of getting a foul-
brood law established. They thought
the State representatives would not
recognize Northern Illinois. That Is

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52

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

the only reason they paid their dues —
because they thought the State Asso-
cdation would be able to get a foul-
brood law passed. Now, then, if Prof.
Forbes gets the appointment, I don't
believe our Association will pay their
dues outside of our home and the Na-
tional dues. They would feel as though
they were taxed a little bit too high
if they had to pay $1.00 to the Na-
tional and 50 cents here.

Mr. Stone — It will be only 50 cents
this year to the National.

Mr. Kluck — As I understand it, the
National has grown three times as
strong as it was, just through the affil-
iation of these other societies. Our so-
ciety thinks that with their home so-
ciety and with the National, they have
enough.

Mr. Stone — Mr. Kluck acknowledges
that they are dead bee-keepers, if
men do not think enough about the re-
port that the Association gets out to
pay 25 cents for it, and will refuse to
come into the Association because it
costs 25 cents more; besides receiving
the report they can come down here if
they want to and enjoy all the privi-
leges and get all the benefits of this
convention.

Our members say we are pay-
ing 50 cents, and the first thing,
when an advertisement came out for
members who might join' the Chicago -
Northwestern, it stated they would get
the benefit of the three Associations for
$1.00 — get the report of the Illinois
iSitate Bee-Keepers' Association, the
Northwestern and the National, all
three for $1.00. The first letter that
came to me after that notice appeared
in the American Bee Journal, was from
a man at Virden who had been a mem-
ber of the State Association, and we
got 25 cents out of him because noth-
ing was said about the Illinois State,
only that he would get the Illinois
State Bee-Keepers' Report embodying
the National and the Chicago-North-
western; we ,got 25 cents instead of
50' cents. Supposing they would all do
that, what would become of the Illinois
State Association after about a year
or two? Only give its members time
to find out there were three associa-
tions they could join and get the same
benefit, and we would not get any
members. I think this Association has
to change that clause or it will be
swallowed up, and there will be noth-

ing left of the Illinois State Associa-
tion.

Mr. Kluck — It costs' a member to
come down here from $i4.00 to $15.00;
it costs about half of that to go to
Chicago — from $6.00 to $10.00; some of-
them think they would rather go to
Chicago than come here. It takes us
a long while to get down here. If I
start home tomorrow at 11:35 a. m. I
get home at 10 p. m. When I come here
I start at 8:30 in the morning and get
here at 6:30 p. m. To Chicago we
have faster trains, and only a few
hours on the road; we can go and come
the same day. They seem to prefer
to go to Chicago' to the Chicago-North-
western on this account; to pay in
three or four associations — they don't
like to do it; and if the fee is in-
creased I know they will simply vote
against it as an organization.

Mr. Seibold — I don't see that that
has anything to do with the justice of
the matter of which our Secretary has
been talking. He is talking about the
injustice of our paying 50 cents and
other societies paying 25 cents.

Mr. Diebold — It looks to me that
there are not many members of the
Northern Illinois Bee-Keepers Asso-
ciation. We would like to have them
remain with us, but if they should not
— I would like to ask Mr. Kluck this
question: Would it pay you to pub-
lish and print the report of your As-
sociation?

Mr. Kluck — Ours is never published.

Mr. Diebold — It would not pay you
as an Association not to have the re-
port of the Illinois State Convention
by withholding the 25 cents. I think by
paying the 50 cents you would get
more than your money's worth.

Mr. Kluck — I am satisfied they would
get their money's worth, all right;
they simply would not come into the
Association.

Mr. York — I don't believe that the
Northern Illinois Bee-Keepers' Asso-
ciation will stay out on account of 25
cents a member; I believe the Presi-
dent would pay that difference him-
self, for the whole Association, rather
than have them out. I think when it
is explained to them they will be per-
fectly willing to come in. We will
raise our dues, I think, in the Chicago-
Northwestern, to $1.50; if we do, we
will have 50' cents for this Association,
50 cents for the National, and 50 cents

ILLIN^OIS STATE BE(E-KEEPiE3RS' A'SSOCIATION

53

for our own Association. I think we
can run it on that.

Mr. iSltone — At the National Bee-
Keepers' Association at Albany, N", Y.,
last week a committee was appointed
to formulate a change in membership
fee, and we incorporated the following
in our notice sent October 18, this
year:

"At the National Bee-Keepers' Con-
vention at Albany, Ni T.,' last week, a
committee was appointed to formulate
a change in the membership fees, on
account of which notice is hereby
given that at the coming meeting a
change in our Constitution will be pro-
posed as to fees of affiliating socie-
ties."

Pres. Bowen — Those in favor of the
amendment as read, make it known
by saying aye; contrary, no. The
amendment is carried.

Pres. Bowen— We have a number of
questions; I will ask Mr. Moore to
read them.

Best Bottom -Board, Cover and Hive.

"What is the best bottom-board and
cover, and what is the best hive?"

Mr. Pyles — ^^There are so many dif-
ferent opinions about that it is rather
hard to answer.

Mr. Moore — As far as the hive is
concerned, I think the best hive for
the ordinary bee-keeper is the regular
10-frame I>angstroth. I think the ma-
jority of bee-keepers would get better
results from this than from anj'thing
else.

As far as rny experience goes, I like
the metal-cover cap. I use it almost
entirely. I use a thin board super-
cover, and then a shallow telescope cap
adjusted probably 3 or 3% inches, cov-
ered with galvanized iron.

Dr. Bohrer — ^Use an inner co.ver? .

Mr. Moore — Yes, sir, and a metal
cover on top.

Mr. Diebold — ^Would not that make
the bees too hot, and increase swarm-
ing on a hot day?

Mr. Moore — No, not necessarily. It
fits loosely. There is a constant cur-
rent of air; you have two thicknesses
of wood and an air space between the
metal and the hive, so it gives plenty
of circulation of air.

Mr. Diebold — I am using ten of them,
and Inspector Kildow came to. my
yard last June; it was very hot
weather; and he found it was very hot
when he put his hand on it. He thought

it would increase swarming and sug-
gested that I cut some grass and put
on it, and I did.

Mr. Moore— Did you lift one of those
up and feel the super-cover under it?

Mr. Diebold — I don't believe I did at
that time; I did at another time.
Those with the metal cover on the
super-covers were quite a little warm-
er than those I put paper covers on, so
I found that Mr. Kildow's suggestion
to me to cut grass and throw on when
he had a real hot day was a good
one.

Mr. Moore — I find it a good idea in
hot weather to use shade-boards. I
,like them; I want to have the bees out
in the full sunshine, but use shade-
boards and find this works very well,
and the heat will not be too great.

Dr. Bohrer — What you call the Dan-
zenbaker cover is what is practically
an Acme cover, is it not?

Mr. Diebold — The Acme cover I never
had. I have had Root's cover, and
some covers I bought in Michigan that
were made on the same principle as
the Danzenbaker cover. : '

Mr. Moore — The Danzenbaker cover
is simply a flat board with metal
cleats on each end. For a bottom-
board I prefer a reversible one, made
with one side % entrance; the other
side %. The light bottoms are too
flimsy.

A member — How do you managQ^ to
keep bees in the winter, with that
cover ?

Mr. Moore — If you winter bees out-
side they should have some packing.
I winter in the cellar; if you winter
them outside you take the upper cover
off, and put a super on there, and fill
it full of packing of some sort, with
the metal cover on top.

Dr. Bohrer — I think painting the
bottom-boards and covers occasionally
is a very good thing. I have used the
Acme cover; it telescopes down over
the top of the hive, and there is an
• inner cover to it: and between that
upper cover and the inner cover, in
winter time, you can pack it with
paper. I have very often lots of news-
papers and . fill it full of them where
I leave them on the summer stand,
and in the summer season I put some
grass on top of them. I do not want
my hives to be in a dense shade.

As to bottom-boards, I don't send to
the factory any more for bottom-

■ •'■3^S5J>S ••

54

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

■ boards, but I go to the lumber yard
and get lumber free from knots; it is
about an inch thick; I get it the width
of the bottom of the hive; then rip
2x4 piece of scantling in two and nail
it on the under side and then put slats
on; let it be the proper distance to
form the entrance, and you have a
board that will last for years, giving
it a coat of paint.

Put four blocks of cement under
each corner to keep them up out of
the dirt.

A great many bottom-boards are
made out of poor lumber and let the
mice get through.

I go to the lumber yard and get the
lumber myself. I sometimesi order the
lumber from one firm and the body
and frames from another. I am not
building up or tearing down firms;
these companies all aim to do a fair
business, but I don't want Acme covers
made with less than %-inch lumber —
the part of the board that runs down
on the sides.

On top of that Acme cover I put
galvanized iron, and about two coats
of paint, and two or three thickness
of paper underneath.

Mr. Moore — There is a bee-space
over the top of the frames so that the
frames set down, and there is % inch
space between the top of that and the
super-cover, so that the bees can go
all over the frames.

Mr. Diebojd — He means a cover such
as is known as the ■Colorado cover.

Mr. Moore — The latest idea is to
have what is called sealed covers;
that is, the cover is sealed down over
the brood-frames," and any packing
you put on top is to keep the heat
from getting out; the idea of absorb-
ent cushions is practically done away
with now.

Pickled or Black Brood in Illinois.

"Is there any pickled or black brood
in Illinois?"

Mr. Moore — As I understand it, black
brood and European foul brood are the
same.

I found one colony of pickled brood
this fall. Pickled brood is nothing
that is contagious, or that there is any
particular danger from. As I under-
stand pickled brood, it is largely
caused by moldy bee-bread.

Dr. Phillips — ^Nobody really knows;
it is supposed to be caused by that,

but I don't think anybody knows; it is
simply guess work. It apparently is
not contagious. It does not need to
worry us any.

Mr. Moore — I believe that black
brood and European foul brood are one
and the same thing.

Wintering Weak Colonies. ^

"Is it best to winter weak colonies
out-of-door or in the cellar?"

Miss Holmes — It is best not to have
any weak colonies.

Mr. Moore — The main thing in win-
tering bees is to keep the cellar uni-
form; it does not matter whether it
is damp or dry; the uniform tempera-
ture should be as near 45 degrees as
possible.

Mr. iduck — Give them a lot of ven-
tilation.

Mr. Moore — Give them plenty of ven-
tilation so that the bees are quiet. If
it gets too cold or too hot they will
roar.

Mr, Diebold — My experience is that
I have not the right kind of drainage;
when a fall of rain comes my cellar
gets wet so that it is muddy when
walking around in it; I put the bees
up high enough out of this. Every
morning I make it my business, if it
becomes necessary, to go down there
and bail out the water; six or seven
gallons each morning, and I keep
probably four or five gallons of lime
in it. I have a shelf wide enough to
set the hives on; and I give the bees
plenty of ventilation. I have known
the thermometer in there to go down
as low as 40 degrees above freezing,
and as high as 48; fluctuating from 40
to 48.

I have taken them out in the spring
when it is nice and warm weather,
and have had them in fine shape. I
figured that dampness was death to
the bees, but having them high enough
above the wet bottom, with plenty of
ventilation, and distributing that lime
through there was what saved the
bees.

I turned miy hen-house into a bee-
cage, and I found they wintered in it
first-rate, after I had boarded It up
properly and used considerable saw-
dust and some leaves; but they re-
quired quite a good deal of attention. I
think that the cellar is the best place
for wintering bees, even though it is
a little damp.

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■Mr«»T

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPHRS' AiSSOCIATIOX

55

Mr. Moore — It does not matter about
the dampness if you can keep the tem-
perature up. A damp cellar with low
ventilation is death to the bees.

Pres. Bowen — Keep the temperature
up to how many degrees?

Mr. Moore — About 45 degrees; if you
let it get down low it is bad,

Mr. Kluck — ^Were honey-boards on
all your hives in the cellar, Mr. Die-
bold?

Mr. Diebold — There were super-
covers on most hives. On those that
didn't have super-covers, I used flat
covers, something made after the style
of the Danzenbaker, manufactured in
Michigan. They all had deep en-
trances; I had an opening from 2 to
3 inches.

Mr. Kluck — A majority of bee-keep-
ers take the cover off and put on a
gunny sack.

Mr. Diebold — When I brought my
bees out in the spring I found only one
colony dead.

A member— iHow many colonies had
you in the cellar when you lost the
one?

Mr. Diebold — I had 46 last fall, and
I think I wintered 10 or 11 in the bee-
cage, and didn't lose any last win-
ter; the rest were in the cellar, so
that was 38 or 39.

A member — 1 suggest that the first
hour of tonight's meeting be given to
the question-box, and let the resolu-
tions committee report at 8:30; they
can be out during that time.

Mr. Stone — There are some things
that should come before the Resolu-
tions Committee that have not been
attended to as yet. I asked that some-
thing be done about the time of send-
ing out the reports. If the report is
sent to a member in June or July, he
gets the report that has been issued
and he is a member next year when
the other report is issued, and gets
two reports, with one fee.

Mr. Kluck — ^In regard to these re-
ports; when we have them printed and
lying idle, it seems to me it is all right
for those people to have them. If you
have not got them, then I would not
see that they got any; I would not go
to the expense of re-printing them.

Mr, Diebold — As I understand, there
ought to be a time limit as to when
Mr. Stone is going to send out those
reports.

Mr. Kluck — If you have them on
hand, why not distribute them?

Mr. Stone — Who has a right to them,
the man pays 25 cents, or any bee-
keeper in the State? They all have
the same right so far as the reports
are concerned, but they do not have a
right to a cloth-bound copy that the
members have.

Mr. Kluck — Rather give them out
than have them lying idle.

Pres. Bowen — There is one thing I
would like to suggest; we are a long
time in getting the reports.

Mr. Stone — We send out our blank
applications for membership just as
soon as we can after this meeting;
then the members begin to send in
their names, and we begin to form an
idea of how many reports we are going
to need for the members ; we got
within ten reports this year of what
we have used; we have only 3 or 4
cloth-bound copies left. We could
not guess that close if we sent out
the reports in January when there are
no members. After we know about
how many we will want we put it in
the hands of the printer, and we have
to wait for them to get some jobs out
that they have that are more urgent.

Mr. York — ^Are there not very few
members coming in after the first of
July? Suppose you make the end of
the year July 1st? All members that
come in up to July get the present re-
port; those that come in after that,
they will wait until the next Report.

Mr. iStone — ^Then, Mr. York, if you
should join in June you would get the
last report; and when the next re-
port came out you would still be a
member and would get that.

Mr. York — ^My dues would end July
1st.

Mr. Stone — Then that would cut
those out; that would work if you
passed such a ruling, and advertised it.

Mr. Kluck — In joining the State Hor-
ticultural Society you get the back
numbers if it is for ten years back.
When I joined it I got ten books. If
you join today, and they have got five
years back, you get the five books. -

Mr. Stone — Ours would be the same
if you pay the postage on them.

Pres. Bowen — If you want some ac-
tion on that, Mr. Secretary, a motion
had better be made. If we are going

M

56

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

to discuss it, a motion is in order to
fix the time for sending out the re-
ports.

Mr. Moore — You want the Resolu-
tions Committee to discuss that and
bring the same before the Conven-
tion, as I understand it, in the form of
a resolution?

Mr. Stone — Yes, let it go to the Com-
mittee on Resolutions.

A member — Does not the State bear
the expense of publishing these Re-
ports? If that is the case, is it not
to the advantage of the bee-keepers
of the State to have them get into as
many bee-keepers' hands as you can?

Mr. Stone — The appropriation is
made for the benefit of the Illinois
State Bee-Keepers' Association to pay
for the expense of their meetings, the
publishing of their reports — that means
that it goes only to their members.

Mr. York — And for the inspection of
apiaries.

Mr. Stone— And for putting down
foul brood.

Convention then adjourned till 7:30
p. m.

. ■ Evening Session.

Convention convened at 7:30 p. m.

Mr. iStone — In speaking of the time
of membership, we sent out a notice
on our receipt card which reads:

"Received of the person to whom
this card is addressed, the sum of $1.00,
a fee which entitles him to a member-
ship in the State Association, and also
in the National, and a copy of the last
annual report;" for a while we had it
"the next annual report."

Mr. P>'les — Make it the current an-
nual report.

Mr. York — Yes, or "This year's an-
nual report."

Mr. Stone — If we make it for the last
annual report, that brings it in for the
whole year, all that join this year.

Mr. York — The last annual report is
past.

Mr. Moore — The resolution reads:

"Resolved, That the fiscal year of
this Association in the payment of
dues be counted from one annual
meeting to the next. That is, those
paying dues at this session, and be-
tween now and the next annual meet-
ing, be entitled to the published re-
port of this meeting only."

Mr. Becker — I think that i& proper
and correct. All of the Reports from

all of the associations being published
in the month of February or March,
he gets that Report. Now, then, if he
was to get the other Report, he would
get two Reports.

Mr. Kluck — What will the man get
that joins next September or October?
He wants this Report. All that be-
long to our association are in that
same condition. We simply have to
withhold our dues and not be mem-
bers of this State Association, and
come in at the -meeting today.

Mr. Kluck — When do you have your
annual meeting?

Mr. Kluck— In October; we pay a
few days before this convention; the
new members that come in want next
fall's Report.

Mr. Becker — Suppose you had your
convention in October, and you bring
your membership in here for 1910 and
1911, you get this Report for 1910
sime time next spring. Would you be
entitled, under the same money, to
get the Report in 1912?

Mr. Kluck — No, we want next j^ear's
report.

Mr. Moore — iln reporting new mem-
bers early in September or October or
the first of November, before the con-
vention, state that you want it to date
from the day of the convention; then
they would come in for the next Re-
port.

Mr. Stone — ^Could not something be
added to that, and for affiliating so-
cieties from year to year?

Mr. Pyles — That would not afCect
this at all.

Mr. Coppin — ^When I was out in-
specting I got 6 or 7 new members,
and I gave them to understand that
they would g«t a copy of the next Re-
port when it was published, because
we would have to have a lot of copies.

Mr. Kildow — I told all the members
I got, if we had copies enough left of
the last meeting they would get a
copy; if not, they would get the Re-
port for next year.

Mr. York — How many would get two
Reports; what has been the record in
the past?

Mr. Stone — I could count it up in
just a minute or two. It happens only
once in a man's membership, anyway.

Mr. Pyles — ^They should not expect
two Reports for the price of one mem-
bership. Suppose he drops out of
membership for a month or two ?

: AW<^

^i>-i.'T ^'iL.-i'-

\h<y-ir:-^''S^J^i^:i^-ii~4Ji3iz^^

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

57

Mr. Stone — I don't see why it could
not be put in there just as we first
talked about it, to have the year end
with the first day of July; all that
came in after that, that would be for
the ensuing year, get next year's re-
port.

Mr. York — ^We migl^t try that.

Mr. Moore — Tou can change those
dates any time you like.

Mr. York — ^If Mr. Stone thinks that
from July 1st to July 1st will be better,
we might try that this year and
change it next.

"Resolved, That the fiscal year of
this Association in the payment of
Liues be amended to read from July 1st
to July 1st."

Mr. Kluck — If in next September or
October we join, we would be cut out
for 3 months.

Mr. Yorki — You would not get any-
thing any way those 3 months; you
wouldn't get the Report.

Mr.. Moore — Your dues are paid until
next October; your members will all
get a copy of this year's Report and
those that come in next year in Oc-
tober would get a copy of next year's
Report.

Mr. Pyles — It seems to be a pretty
hard matter to suit everybody. If you
have it from the first of July to first
of July, it will carry us to the first
day of July; if you say from the time
the convention meets, your dues will
last from one annual meeting to the
next.

Mr. Stone — ^I "believe it is the best
the way that resolution reads.

Pres. Bowen — ^I would suggest you
table this resolution, and let the Secre-
tary use a little common sense in
sending out the Reports^ '

Mr. Moore — I think the way We have
been handling it in the past is as good
as any — a few extra Reports don't
amount to a great deal.

Mr. Stone — ^If this meeting takes ac-
tion, we can have our letterheads, etc.,
printed in a way bee-keepers will un-
derstand, and they will know when
they are paying their dues what Re-
port they will get.

Mr. York — ^You might try this for a
year.

Mr. Kildow — ^I think it will have to
be, from one annual meeting to an-
other.

Pres. Bowen — Let the report stand
as it is: ^

"Resolved, That the fiscal year of
this Association in the payment of
dues be counted from one annual
meeting until the next; that is, those
paying dues today and between now
and the next annual meeting, be en-
titled to the published Report of this
meeting only."

Resolution passed.

Mr. Moore reads second Resolution:

"Seeing that delegates having their
railroad fares paid from affiliating so-
cieties has not resulted as expected;
therefore, be it

Resolved, That for the future the
rule be dispensed with, except so far
as the Executive Committee may in-
vite them to take a place on the pro-
gram."

Resolution was adopted as read.
• Mr. Moore reads third Resolution:

"Resolved, That we express our ap-
preciation of the attendance of Dr. E.
F. Phillips, representing the Apicul-
tural Investigation of the Bureau of
Entomology of the Department of
Agriculture, Washington, D. C; his
wise and helpful suggestions, and also
offers of government co-operation in
everything relating to bee-keeping,
and the ridding of our State of the
devastating disease of foul brood
among bees."

Resolution adopted unanimously.

Mr. Moore reads fourth Resolution:

"Resolved, That we respectfully ask
the State Agricultural College and
Experiment Station to take up bee-
keeping as a line of teaching and in-
vestigation, with special emphasis _on
bee-diseases."

Pres. Bowen — ^If there are no objec-
tions the resolution will be adopted.

"Resolved, That the committee on
legislation of this Association confer
with the State Entomologist in the
preparation of the Bee-Disease Bill to
be presented to the Legislature during
the coming session."

Resolution adopted.

"Resolved, That it is the sense of
this Association that the bee-disease
inspection rightfully belongs in the
office of the iState Entomologist, and
that we urge the State Entomologist
to give us his aid, both during the
preparation and the passage of the
proposed Bee-Disease Bill in the next
session of the legislature."

Pres. Bowen — ^If there is no objec-
tion to this resolution it will be
adopted as read.

^

5a

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

"Resolved, That the Association do
everything possible in addition to the
proposed inspection legislation to edu-
cate the bee-keepers of the State in
the diagnosis and treatment of bee-
diseases and to this end that we co-
operate with the State and Federal
Officials interested in this line of work
in the distribution of literature on this
subject."

Pres. Bowen — If there is no objec-
tion resolution will stand adopted as
read.

Mr. Stone — I have a resolution
passed at meeting of the Northern Illi-
nois and Southern Wisconsin Bee-
Keepers' Association, OctobeY 19, 1910.

"Whereas, Our present Foul Brood
Law is largely ineffective.

Resolved, That our foul brood In-
spector be provided with power to ex-
amine any colony or colonies of bees,
that are suspected of foul brood, and
to treat them, and, if necessary, to de-
stroy them.

Resolved, That the foul brood In-
spector should never destroy a colony,
when in his judgment it can be cured.

Resolved, That it is the sense of the
bee-keepers of this State that our
Legislature, at its next session, make
such change in the present law as will
remedy this defect."

Mr. York — ^I move that that resolu-
tion be referred to the Committee on
Legislation, for their information.

Pres. Bowen — If there is no objec-
tion it is so referred.

The Chicago- Northwestern Report.

Mr. York — There is a matter I would
like to bring up as to the report of
the Chicago-Northwestern convention
that you have heretofore published. I
would; like to inquire as to that pro-
cedure for this year, whether it will
be the same or not; perhaps the
Secretary could inform us on that, or
does it require a motion?

Mr. Stone — I don't believe any
change will be made; if the Chicago -
Northwestern see fit to affiliate with
our Association, at the rate of 50 cents
per member; it lies with them whether
they want to join in a body at 50 cents
and have their report in our State Re-
port; it will lie with them.

Mr. York — ^It is all right then; what
I want to do will be to get them to

join at 50 cents instead of at 25 cents.
I think they will be glad to do so.

Mr. Kluck) — I would say for the
benefit of the members, we have "due
days"; some time in the last of May
or first part of June we have a meet-
ing in the vicinity of Freeport; we
have one at Rpckford that is inde-
pendent of our annual meeting^ and
we try to collect dues there and get
new members; then at Freeport we
have it at some bee-keepers' house,
an out-of-door meeting.

Mixed Workers and Drones.

"What is the cause of a queen pro-
ducing half workers and half drones
in worker cells?"

Mr. Phillips — Does that mean in-
dividual or total half drones, half
workers? There are queens which
produce individuals, workers on one
side and drones on the other. One eye
drone, one worker; one wing drone,
one worker.

Mr. Kluck — ^What are they good for?

Dr. Phillips — Nothing. I had some
the past summer; it has been reported
a great many times; I got a shipment
of them from a man in Florida the
past summer; nobody knows why that
occurs,

Mr. iMbore — ^It is a freak of nature.

,Mr. York — I think they must have
practiced "shaking bees," and shook
them up too much, and they got
mixed !

Mari<eting Honey.

"How to bring about a uniform way
for marketing honey at a uniform
price?''

Mr. Moore — Have a honey-produc-
ers' association for handling the honey
crop and selling it.

Mr. Diebold — ^That is my idea of -it;
that is the only way to handle it.

Bulk Comb Honey.

"Has any one tried producing bulk
comb honey; if so, with what result?"

Mr. Diebold — 'I tried last summer on
a larger scale than I had heretofore.
I must say I got more honey doing it
in that way than in a sectional hive,
but I find it is a great deal of work to
cut it out and put in glass fruit-jars.
It takes a great deal of talking to con-
vince people that it is a nice article,
but after they buy a jar, they say to

'd:S^!^&^Jiki^.K:^i^.j^iik'i4iAL-

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ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

59

me it is the finest thing they ever ate.
Mr. Kluck — ^What will they say when
winter time comes, and it candies?

Mr. Diebold — ^I heat up my honey to
3 60 degrees Fahrenheit, and after it
gets somewhat cool, about 80, I pour
It on the comb honey and seal it up
and label it "Comb Chunk Honey." I
think in a cool room it would candy
again.

,Mr. Moore — Tv.^o years ago (1908) I
purchased and sold lots of chunk
honey. There are lots of sections that
are imperfect, and I suppose I had
probably 600 or 800 pounds of that
kind of honey. I had no diflBculty
whatever in disposing of this chunk
honey at Galesburg; I sold lots of it
in 25 and 50 pound lots; I put it up in
cans and run extracted honey on it.

Mr. Kluck — At how high a price?

Mr. Moore — 12% cents a pound, 50
pound lots. I put it up in 10-pound
pails, also in larger sizes, some 25 and
some 50. The same persons I sold to
in 1908 asked me last season and this
for some of the same kind of honey, so
that I know it gives good satisfaction;
and I could sell, if I had that honey,
thousands of pounds right there. You
take section honey and often it will
sell, in a big crop year, readily in
larger cities at 18 to 20 cents a pound
or section, and generally they sell
them by the section; that makes it
rather expensive when you take off
the weight of the wood, where, if
people can buy bulk comb honey at
12% cents a pound in 25 or 50 pound
cans, families will use it up, and when
that is used, they will call for more.
I think that the working class of
people will buy it in that way in large
quantities. Of course, there will al-
ways be a demand for fancy comb
honey, because some people will not
have anything else, and it is a pleas-
ure to produce that kind of honey for
that market. I think it is a paying
proposition for bee-keepers to produce
I'Ulk comb honey.

Pres. Bo wen— While I do not make
a specialty .of bulk honey, where I have
defective sections, or by accident, or
otherwise, I have any trouble in dis-
posing of them, I have done something
in this line of bulk honey, but I never
get less than 15 cents a pound for i^t
I am not surprised that Mr. Moore
always sells his— at 12% cents retail;

there is no reason why you could not
get 15 cents for good bulk honey.

Mr. Moore — Two years ago we had a
big honey crop; section honey retailed
at 15 cents. You could buy fancy sec-
tion honey for 15 cents.

Pres. Bowen — ^The reason was that
men who had honey did not ask more
for it; a few men have 6 or 8 or 10
hives; some of them get 10 cents for
their honey, and are satisfied, but
those men are soon out of the way.
Some people say to me, "Why, we got
ours for 12% cents." I reply to that,
"You had better get some more there."
And they tell me, "They have no
more"; then they pay me what I ask
for it, if they find they cannot get it
for less.

Mr. Diebold — Two years ago I pro-
duced a good honey crop; I bought a
whole lot of cans and canned a lot of
this chunk comb honey; I labeled It
nicely, but when I took it to the stores,
they would say, "We can't see it. If
we could see it our customers would
like it very much better, and we could
sell it much more readily." So I am
putting it up in Mason jars, and it
looks pretty; I can sell it for a half
dollar, 3 pounds; two pounds of comb
honey in it, and one of extracted; to
merchants I sell it for 45 cents, and
take it out in trade.

Pres. Bowen — The main thing is to
ask a good price for it.

Mr. Diebold — I have a brother bee-
keeper who has a couple of daughters
and sons to help, and he has a lot of
bees and got a lot of honey. I got 15
cents a section for my honey, and this
man offered his for 12% cents a sec-
tion. Farmers come in with four or
five gallons of honey and get 10 or 11
cents for it, and consequently they get
the market, and I had to hold mine. 1
hunted around and found a marlcet in
Springfield for it at my price. It often
happens that the man who hasn't a
whole lot of honey offers it from 10 to
12% cents a pound, and in fact at any
old price he can get. We should edu-
cate them to ask more; I have to wait
until that man gets all out of honey
before I can find a market for mine.

Mr. York — ^It seems to me it would
be a good thing for Mr. Diebold to buy
out that other honey at 12 cents and
hold it and then sell it for 15 or 16
cents.

i; - -»">^-y*^i'^'''?v%'-=';'^^^

r=:'

60

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Mr. (Coppin — That is what I was go-
ing to suggest.

Mr. Diebold^ — I have had a notion of
doing that; but I said/ "I won't
monopolize things."

Honey and Foul Brood.

"How much honey would there be on
the market if it were all barred out
w^here foul brood is found?"

•Mr. iMoore — I think that question
refers to the clause in the foul brood
law, to prohibit the sale of bees and
honey from foul-broody apiaries.

Mr, Stone — That is not in our foul
brood law.

Mr. Moore — No, it is the one that
Dr. Bohrer ibrought, and also in some
of the others, in some of the Western
States. In their foul brood law they
prohibit the sale of honey from apiaries
where foul brood exists.

Mr. Kluck — To a certain extent that
would work a hardship.

Mr. Moore — in case a bee-keeper has
fifteen or twenty thousand pounds of
honey — fine first-class honey — ^and foul
brood is discovered in his apiary, he
would have that honey on his hands.
AVhat would he do with it?

Mr. Pyles — If he found tuberculosis
among his cowc, would it work a hard-
ship for him not to sell the milk?
Would you want your neighbor to buy
honey of you where you find you have
bees infected with foul brood?

Mr. Kluck — Suppose you have a
dairy, say 50 cows; two, three or four
of them have tuberculosis; you simply
throw out those three or four or five,
wihatever the number may ibe, and the
other 45 or so are aJl rig'ht. You go
on and sell your milk, and so it will
be with the sale of honey. A man may
have 5'0 or lOO colonies; he may have
10 per cent of these colonies diseased,
but the other 90 per cent are all right;
he surely will w^ant to sell that honey,
and it would be working an injustice
for him to have to keep it.

Mr. Coppin — I got 18,000 pounds of
honey one season, and I discovered I
had foul brood among my bees; well,
I would ihave felt pretty badly if a
bee-inspector should have come in
there and said: "Why, you cannot
sell any of your honey." I would have
been "up against it." I don't think
any bee-keeper would want to see
a law to that effect passed in the
State c^ Illinois. I shoud not vote for

it. I think we would be voting against
our own interests, because you are
liable to have a case of foul brood —
to fin<J a little of it, almost any time in
your apiary where you have many col-
onies of ibees. I think we s'hould ea.-
deavor to stamp foul brood out, but
not add that to the law.

Mr. York — As I understand itf there
is nothing detrimeoatal in honey from
a foul brood colony to the ihuman sys-
tem.

Dr. Phillips — It does not hurt the
human being; it is different from dis-
eased milk. Sections of honey that
have been drawn out, that have no
honey in them, you can say will trans-
mit the disease; particularly drawn
sections that they use for bait will
transmit the disease.

Mr. iMoore — it >would be quite a hard-
ship on a man with a big crop of honey,
1,500 or 1,000 pounds, to ihave his api-
ary 'inspected in July, and find foul
brood; he would not know what had
caused the infection, or know that it
was infected; it would be a hardship.

Mr. Pyles — The question to my mind
is this: How would you, gentlemen,
having in the neighborhood of 150 or
200 colonies in your yard like to have
your grocer ship in honey from foul
broody apiaries and have ttoat honey
scattered over your neighborhood and
give to the other bees foul (brood?

Mr. Coppin — Look at the map there
now (hangs on the wall, by Mr. Kil-
dow). Those two maps hanging there
— look at those. Probably not half of
this State has been examined. See
how much honey you could find in the
State of Illinois that would go on the
market if you could only sell it where
there was no foul brood.

Dr. Phillips — The way I understand
it, under' the law it would apply to
whole regions only, not to individual
apiaries and if there was such a law
passed bee-keepers in the State who
wanted to sell honey would be mighty
particular that the disease was not in
their yard.

It is not a fair deal or a square deal
to ship that foul-ibroody honey on the
marke:t and let some one get the dis-
ease in their apiary from that sourpe.
If you have shipped! honey from a diis-
eased apiary you have been doing harm
to some one else. This disease has
been spread all over the United States.

I would ibar out diseased hives; a

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ILLINOIS STATE I3EE-KEEPE21S' ASSOCIATION

61

man must 'have his apiary inspected
before his crop can be taken off and
sold; that is pretty hard; we want to
work this thing- conveniently to the bee-
keepers yet at the same time unless
you know that honey comes from^ pure,
clean colonies, you ougtht not to think
of selling it.

Mr. I>iebold — ^What protection would
we have against another man that ex-
ports into the State from the outside?

Dr. Phillips — What protection do you
have on nursery stock? It must have a
clean bill of health before It comes in.

Mr. York — Might have "local option"
on the thing!

Mr, Moore — That is one thing that
this legislative committee discussed in
talking over the foul brood bill, that
no bees should toe allowed to toe
brought into this State without a clean
bill of toealth.

Mr. Pyles — Are iwe willing to ship
them out?

Mr. Moore — ^If a man with foul-
broody colonies in this State should
ship them out, I don't know that we
can stop it.

Dr. Phillips — You can; you can pro-
hibit *he railroads from taking them.

Mr. Moore — That should toe incor-
porated in the law.

Dr. Philips — Bear in mind in this
connection — that a small amount of
the disaese has been spread by ship-
ping colonies; probatoly 90 per cent
has been spread by shipping tooney.

Dr. Bohrer — The question that is
before the convention now for dis-
cussion is one, of course, that I don't
like to discuss; and I want to say this
at this time: I have probably 100
pounds of infected honey in a cage I
have at home; I have it closed up and
sealed up, and the question arises
with me, what to do with it. I don't
believe I should sell it. I don't want
to do anything on this green earth
that will submit my neighbors' bees
to danger, and will not; I think I may
bore a hole and pour every ounce of
that honey in it, beyond the possibil-
ity of its ever doing any harm.

Now I have some good honey there,
so far as using it for table use goes;
I am not afraid to use it at home, be-
cause it does no one any harm. I am
not afraid to use it on my own table,
but I don't know when I would ever
use up a hundred pounds of it; I am
not going to sell it; I have made up
my mind I would not do that. I could

sell it, and no one would ever detect
It, tout I have made up my mind I will
not do this; I don't think I would be
doing right.

Let every man think and act upon
this subject. You don't want to take
any chances; If I can't use this honey
up that I have, I think it is better to
dig a hole and bury it. I believe that
this contaminated honey is the means
of spreading the bee-disease through-
out the United States more than any
other one thing, and I feel convinced
that honey being shipped from dis-
eased apiaries is responsible for a
great deal of trouble. You must get
people to understand that they must
do the right thing themselves if they
expect other people to do right. As I
have said before, each individual bee-
keeper should be educated, and we
should seek to educate the bee-keep-
ers in our community; try to get
everybody familiar with the industry
of bee-keeping, and then we will get
the protection we so much need; I
should think that we ought to be care-
ful in the smallest detail.

I believe if you have honey that is
contaminated, the only safe thing to do
is to destroy it, or disinfect it by hard
boiling; it can be disinfected by boil-
ing with water for a half an hour; I
have boiled it for 35 minutes; I won't
stop at 20 or 25; I do th« same with
frames; some gentleman said he was
suspicious of this thing of boiling
frames; I. keep them under boiling
water for 35 minutes; I used some that
I had boiled in this way, and never had
anything of the kind appear again.

You can't always readily tell the
disease. I had a strong colony — Jum-
bo 10 -frame hives — and the bees had
gone to work in the super and reached
the capping stage, and while the bees
were energetically at work bringing in
the honey, all at once they stopped
working; they crawled about the en-
trance of the hive listlessly; and wheii
I opened it I found foul-brood. You
may rest assured that there is some-
thing wrong if you see the bees list-
less in the midst of a honey-flow, and
it sihould toe given immediate attention.
I thought I would have to burn them
up and get rid of that 'kind of hive,
but I boiled them up and they were
all rigiht for us again; I think I have
performed a cure.

As to the honey — we have used some
of it, but I won't put it on the market;

62

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

I don't think I would be doing right
to my neighbor who has bees, or even
if it was to go out of the State.

I think we sihould go after this
thing, and stamp out foul brood. The
man who thinks he can get rid of it
easily is mistaken. I have read
everything on the subject I could find,
and have been watchful. None of our
laws along this line are perfect; we
should be clothed with authority to go
into a man's apiary and compel him
to make the effort to get rid of foul
brood if his apiary is infected with
it, and I think we are on the right road
now, if we will follow the suggestions
given us by Dr. Phillips today.

Mr. York — I don't think there is any-
thing to hinder Dr. Bohrer using the
small amount of honey; he might make
honey-vinegar out of it.

Mr. Diebold — Or extract it or boil it.

Dr. Bohrer — I might do that but I
won't sell it.

Mr. Diebold^ — I suppose if we had
legislation along the line of prohibit-
ing the sale of honey in an apiary
where there was foul brood, it would
work a hardship for two or three
years, but after that it would be got-
ten under control; but if it were
not, by that time I suppose there
would ibe a class of bee-keepers that
would get together and would vote to
repeal the law and we would get back
to where we are now.

Disinfecting the Honey- Extractor.

Pres. Bowen — I would like some one
to suggest in the matter of extracting
honey, how would you disinfect the
extractor?

Dr. Bohrer — I can't tell you the
amount of boiling water I throw into
mine and run through it, and I think
I have it thoroughly infected. It may
be I don't use hot water enough; we
pour 20 or 25 gallons of boiling water
— not scalding — in the extractor.

Dr. Phillips — I should think it would
wash away the infection.

Dr. Bohrer — I took every screw and
bolt out of that extractor and put them
all through the hot water. And every
tool and everything I used about the
hives. I stick them in the blaze and
heat them; I use carbolic acid on my
hands after hauling the colony; I keep
a pail Slitting in the apiary and it has
probably a 5 to 10 per cent solution.

After I have been working about a

hive that has been infected, I stick my
hands into a solution of carbolic acid
and water, and took my knife and
scraped my nails — andi I have sham-
pooed my hair. . Tou cannot be too
careful. I do this when I leave an in-
fected apiary; I first wash with soap
and use carbolic acid after that, and
when I go from one hive to another I
dip my fingers in the solution.

Dr. Phillips — It is not necessary to
disinfect your hands if you keep the
honey off from them. The carbolic
acid is safer than water, because the
bees will not follow that; a 5 per cent
solution of carbolic acid they will not
touch, while they will water, and
therefore it is better. It does not dis-
infect in the short time it takes to
wash off the hands.

Mr. Moore — I have been informed
that foul brood spores were alive after
being in a strong solution of carbolic
acid.

Dr. Phillips — After being in a solu-
tion 5 per cent carbolic acid they are
still alive.

Concrete Hive- Stand.

Mr. Stone — If everything else is
finished, I would like to ask the ques-
tion that I asked at the National, and
did not get any answer from anyone
who had a better hive-foundation or
stand than I have. I have a concrete
foundation on the ground for the bee-
hive to stand on. I would like to ask
if any one here has any way of mak-
ing a concrete hive-stand that is bet-
ter than mine.

Mr; Bohrer — Give yours.

Mr. Stone — In the Chicago-North-
western meeting, last year the ques-
tion came up, and they suggested a
concrete slab on the ground' 2 inches
thick, and Dr. Miller said that would
rot- the hiver if you had a flat sur-
face, or a bottom-board to stand up-
on, that holds the water, and both the
bottom-board and the stand would
rot — and the whole discussion ended
right there; they didn't decide any-
thing, nor at the National.

1 had a mould to make the concrete
foundation for bee-hiyes, and for that
reason I paid particular attention to
what was said there, having what I
thought was so much better, and
would probably please Dr. Miller. I
thought it was a pretty good thing,
and I liked it. I am delighted to go to

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ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

63

a stand of that kind and manipulate
a hive that is on it. It is very simple
to make. (Illustrating:) It is shaped
something like that, and) the hive rests
across the two ends of it; I ihave it flat
on the bottom; it runs straight up on
that side and down this way, and at
this end it makes a lighting place for
th : 'bees. In hiving bees I shake them
on the ground and they walk up that
incline into the hive.

Mr. Kluob — How i® it in the sum-
mer when the sun shines on it?

Mr. Stone — ^It does not get very hot.
I let the hive project an inch all the
way. I have the front end about an .
inch lower than the other.

Mr. Diebold — ^What is the cost of the
hive stand?

Mr. Stone — Ten cents.

Dr. Bohrer — I 'have used these: (il-
lustrating) : This represents the front
block; there is a slope from the top of
it down to the front; it makes a good
landing for the bees; the block for the
rear end I make about 5 inches square ;
you have to level them and then set
the hive on them. I mix the cement
1 to 5 — one of cement to five of sand.
Drive sticks around the mold' after you
have smoothed off the top, and in five
minutes time you can take the boards
away and the block is completed.

That makes a very hard block; if
you want to move them you can carry
them wherever you w-aht. The bees
running down here (illustrating) in
front of it, if they are heavily loaded
they can crawl right up; the bottom-
board rests right there; it is flat on
top; I make them right on the ground.
I make it slant from the mouth of the
hive to the ground; the bees will run
right up; you see them tumbling end
over end in the grass, and they will
run right up that block andi into the
hive. If you are not careful to level
it your hive will not rest level.

Mr. Stone — Tour foundation is in
two pieces?

!Dr. Bohrer — It is in two pieces. The
first I made was something after the
plan Mr. iStone speaks of, in molds,
but toads would scratch under them;
there was one as big as my fist; it was
a fat fellow. He was sitting there; the
foundation was sloped and, as Mr.
Quimby says, "looking as indifferently
as could be." OE}very once in awhile
that tongue would come out — and a

bee would go in. You can keep chick-
ens out, and everything of that kind,
where it is only 5 inches from the
ground. I remember that I had a cross
colony; the bees would come out and
go after me, andi I didn't know w-hat
caused the trouble, until I found there
was a hen under there, and it made the
bees mad. Another time I found a great
big snake, over five feet long.

Mr. Stone — I have my foundations
about ten or eleven inches high, or
about twelve inches at the back end
so that the rain wlir not splatter the
dirt up and discolor the hives.

Dr. Bohrer — ^Langstroth had legs on
his hive; the back legs two inches
longer than the front legs.

Mr. Kluck — I have discarded alight-
ing boards in my apiary for probably
15 years; when the bees get used to
it they can go in just as well. I don't
believe bees require an alighting board.

Mr. Coppin — ^I think it is very
necessary to have an alighting-board;
you watch the bees, if they have no
alighting-board, a great percentage of
them will drop on the ground before
they get home, and they are apt to
stay there, and) the rest make a sec-
ond flight to get home; the alighting-
boards I make out of shingles, gener-
ally; the bees drop on the board and
crawl in.

Mr. Kluck— If you try half of the
apiary with, and the other half with-
out, you will see.

Dr. Bohrer — ^About the percent of
cement — I use about two parts of ce-
ment to three of 'Sand.

Pres. Bowen — Very strong, that is.

Mr. 'Stone — I mix them about that
way, and put in about four parts of
crushed stone or gravel.

"Dr. Bohrer — Localities sometimes
supply you with those things.

Mr. Diebold — I would like to have
Mr. iPyles give us a little information
on hive-stands.

Mr, Pyles — ^I have no information. I '
think you can get just as good honey
with one kind of hive-bottom as with
another. One may not be quite as
easy as another to handle. I would
make use of any old board if 1 did not '
have any particular kind of stand. I
try to get along with what I have
got.

Convention adjourned until 9:00 a.
m. the next morning.

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64

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Second Day — Morning Session. -^

At 9 a. m. iPres. Bowen took the
chair, and, having aslted the Conven-
tion to come to order, called for re-
port of Auditing Committee.

Mr. York — We are not able to agree
exactly. We cannot figure it out and
make a balanced report; your Auditing
Committee are going to ask you this
morning to permit them, after the close
of the Convention, to straighten it
out, and have the report adopted in the
proceedings if they can get it so as
to be so reported. There is a slight
difference in the figures.

We will remain this afternoon and
will try to get it straightened out; if
you will pass some kind of action per-
'mitting us to make complete the re-
port after the close of the Convention.

It was moved, seconded and carried
that the Auditing Committee be per-
mitted to complete their report after
the close of the Convention, and have
it appear in the proceedings of this
meeting.

Exhibits and Judging at Fairs.

Mr. Stone — There is one matter,
whether it is important or not; the
different States are adopting our Code
of Rules for judging honey at the fairs,
and there is one item in it:

"By style is meant neatness of the
sections, freedom from propolis, etc.
Under this head may also be consid-
ered the size of the section. The 4%x
4%, being the standard, should take
the preference over all others, and 1%
to 2 inches in width over narrow ones."

I recommend that that latter clause
be stricken out. There should have
been a committee appointed to look over
the whole thing, because we know that
the section is 1% to 2 inches.

Mr. Coppin — I think it ought to be
scratched out entirely. That would
not give room for any improvements
in regard to size of the section; you
might as well keep quiet if you saw
room for improvement, because it
would be ruled out by the fair any-
way.

Mr. Moore — I don't think the size
of the section should cut any figure
at all in governing.

;Mr. Kildow — I think the section bus-
iness ought to be cut out.

Pres. Bowen — I think the 4%x4i4 is
the best yet; every one does not think

so. I think every one should have such
a size section as he thinks in his own
mind should be used, and I don't think
we ought to be handicapped by. any
such ruling as that. I never use any-
thing but a 4x4% section; that would
bar me out the same as those who use
4x5.

Mr. York — I move that that p^t of
the rule be stricken out.

Ruling was so made and carried.

Mr. York — I was the judge of a
honey exhibit at the last Illinois State
Fair, and I noticed they did not use
those rules at all; I wonder why it
was. Heretofore the Superintendent
furnished me with a set of rules,
poipts, etc., to judge by.

Mr. Stone — It is because we didn't
bind them to it.

Mr. Kluck — I would like to ask Mr.
York, did you rule out the other size
sections?

Mr, York — I never saw any rules at
all. They said to go ahead and do
what I think, is best, and I did. I
guess everybody was satisfied, but I
don't know.

I>r. Bohrer — It has been my lot to be
judge at two State Fairs for about four
years in Kansas, at Hutchinson and To-
peka. We have two rival organizations
there. 'That question never comes up
there at all, and I don't know whether
I would feel like inspecting by a rule
of that kind. I know there are some
other rules that have been detrimental,
and that I have respected because they
made their entries.

I remember one instance in the mat-
ter of preparing beeswax; one man
had made a Teddy Bear in beeswax,
and they allowed him to enter it. I
said, "There is no skill about that; it
is simply a ready-made toy of bees-
wax." I said, "How did they allow
you .to enter it?" "But as long as they
did, we have got to consider it."

They had the finest exhibit I about
ever have seen anywhere at Hutchin-
son this year, and it was put up in
sections like that (illustrating). I
believe that is the Danzenbaker sec-
tion.

Mr. Moore — That is a little nar-
rower.

Dr. Bohrer — The 4%x4% section was
the size of a majority there.

Pres. Bowen — It is everywhere, so
far as that goes.

Dr. Bohrer — That question was never

iifeSfe

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ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KE'BPEBS' ASSOCIATION

65

raised at all; I think it would be doing
a gross injustice to bee-keepers to at-
tempt anything of that kind. Some of
the prettiest honey I have ever seen
was in 4%x4% sections, and some
beautiful honey in larger sections I
have seen.

Mr. Diebold — My experience has
been with the 4% and the Danzenbaker
section; also 3%x5, known as the
Ideal; also with the 4%x4%. I find the
4% hard to clean the propolis — it takes
longer time. The others I find tip over
very easily on the table where they
are sitting; but I would prefer the
plain jsections, 4%, and the 3%x5.

Mr. Siebold — Almost all of our deal-
ers, when you send for sections, send
the standard section, which I believe
is 4%x4%, open on two sides. If you
don't name what you want, they will
send you that kind, which is consid-
ered by almost all of them, I Relieve,
as the standard section.

Mr. York — While we are on this pre-
mium list, I may say it has been sug-
gested to me that the premium for
handling bees at the fair be omitted
hereafter, and that amount of money
distributed on something else. At the
last fair there was only one of the
exhibitors prepared to handle bees, and
the weather was such that it was not
considered best to have them handled
at all while I was present. I believe
he got the premium for bringing those
bees there, just the same. There was
no education al30ut it at all for any-
body. It has been suggested that that
money be put on some other exhibit,
and not for handling bees in a cage.

A member — ^What premium did he
get?

Mr. York — $15.00' was the amount of-
fered. But there was no competition
at all.

Mr. Coppin — ^Where did you get your
information that the bees were not
handled?

Mr. York — ^Well, they were not han-
dled when I was there; the weather
was not good enough.

Mr. Coppin — They were handled
every day.

Mr. York — They were not handled
while the judge was there, and there
was only one exhibit.

Mr. Coppin — There has not been but
one exhibit, and Mr. Werner has been
the man doing that; I brought a colony
of bees for another purpose, and as

he was not there, I had made my en-
try thinking he might not come.

Mr. York — I am not criticising the
exhibit; I did not know until now that
they were handled there at all during
the fair; they were not handled when
I was there, so no award could be
given; it w:as received, I suppose. It
seems to me that handling bees at
fairs does not amount to much any
way; there are only a few people
around the cage compared to the 50,-

000 people there; probably only 25 or
30! ever see such exhibits. It is a
good deal like extracting honey on the
ground; I dont think it amounts to
much. I doubt if five people saw the
extracting done; $2.00 is the premium,

1 think, for that. It is nothing to me,
of course.

Mr. Coppin — When the judge is
there, the judge decides who should
get the premium, and the bees have
to be manipulated every day in the
week outside of the day the judge
makes his decision. I think these ex-
hibits are of much interest. When I
was there the people were crowded
around the cage every day.

Mr. Be<5ker — ^I move you that this
exhibiting of bees in cages and man-
ipulating bees in cages be left to
the Executive Committee; they have
to do the work anyhow; when they
meet again they can decide what to
do.

Motion seconded.

Mr. Bohrer — Before the question is
put, I want to say that I have seen a
good deal of this handling bees in
cages by men who are not honest. If
they would tell the people WHY it is
they handle the bees that way it
would be educational but they do not,
oftentimes. A man who was in a cage
manipulating bees, at Topeka, Kan-
sas, put a lot of bees in his bosom, and
he spread himself out and said: "I
will give $10.00 to any one that will
do this." He wanted to make the peo-
ple believe that no one but he could
do this; that he had sort of hypno-
tized those bees, and that noibody but
he couldi handle them in this wa5% and
he was nothing but a humbug — there
was nothing educational about that;
especially, on a Fair ground, where
you want to disseminate knowledge,
and give a lecture on the habits of the
bee and its management. - Don't try
to fool the people into believing you

66

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

are the only man who can do this, but
have some one give a scientific lec-
ture, and one that is educational.

Pres. Bowen — It has been moved and
seconded that this matter of exhibit-
ing' bees on the Fair Ground be left to
the discretion of the Executive Com-
mttee.

Motion.

Mr. Stone — I think that will be ali
right. I will tell you why we got this
premium. Mr. E. R. Root was talking
with several of us at the National Bee-
keepers' Association Convention when
it met in Chicago, several years ago,
and was telling about the exhibit
that he made at a County Fair in
Ohio, and' he said it took a good
deal of courage for him to go into
a cage with a hive of bees, without
any hat on, and his sleeves rolled up
to his elbows, but he says he subdued
the bees and handled them all right.
He spoke of the race that was going on
at the race track, and that he had
the whole crowd from there, and
some one from the race track came
over and asked him to dispense with
the handling of bees until the race was
over, that it was too attractive!

I would like to know if Mr. Werner
has not had a pretty big crowd every
year? I have heard people say at the
Fair, "Did you see them handling bees
out there in the Fair Grounds." I
think that it should be made known
what time in the day this will 'be
shown, when it is to be done. If left
with the Elxecutive Committee they
will manage things the way they think
best. We have these cages on hand,
made of copper or brass wire, they
cost $54.00.

Dr. Bohrer — Do you ever exhibit
bees without the cage? I have seen
that done.

Mr. Werner — I generally make two
exhibits demonstrating the handling
of bees, one with healthy bees, the
other foul brood, and was paid only
for the one and not for the other. I
have always had a very good crowd;
mine was educational; I demonstrated
to the people from the beginning to
the end, showing them how to handle
the bees and how to get at them. I
always had a number of people around
the cage. Every afternoon the exhibit
was at two o'clock, and the people
were there and iwere interested in see-
ing what was being done. I set up a

colony of foul brood bees, and a col-
ony of good bees, and I demonstrated
how to cure foul brood, and so on.

Mr. Stone — They ruled that part
out; we don't want foul broodi handled.

Motion was repeated, put and car-
ried.

Mr. Pyles — L^st year the election of
Foul Brood Inspector was taken up
before the general election of officers,
for the simple reason a number had
decided to keep the two offices sepa-
rate, and I move you that we proceed
to the election of officers, first the
election of Foul Brood Inspector.

Motion seconded.

Mr. York — I think Mr. Pyies said that
last year you elected Foul Brood In-
spector first.

Pres. Bowen — If there is no objec-
tion we will proceed with the election
of Foul Brood Inspector.

Pres. Bowen — We are open for nom-
inations under the head of Foul Brood
Inspector.

Mr. Kildow was nominated.

Mr. York — I move if there are no
other nominations the Secretary be
instructed to cast the ballot for Mr.
Kildow.

Motion seconded and carried.

iPres.^ Bowen — We are now under
the head of nominations for President
of this Association, whom will you
place in nomination for President?

Mr. Coppin — I nominate Mr. C. P.
Dadant.
Motion seconded and carried.

Mr. Moore — I move that the Secre-
tary cast the vote of this Convention
for Mr. C. P. Dadant for President.

Motion seconded and carried.

Mr. Becker — It has always been the
custom and rule that the salary of the
Secretary be fixed before we make the
nomination or election. I move that
the secretary's salary be fixed for next
year the same as for last, $75.00.

Motion seconded.

Pres. Bowen — It has been moved and
seconded that the salary of the Secre-
tary be fixed at $75.00, the same as
last year.

Motioai put and carried.

Mr. Stone — Now that my salary is
fixed, the salary of the Treasurer
should be fixed also.

Pres. Bowen — ^What has your salary
been, Mr. Becker?

Mr. Becker— $25.00.

V-' ^••." -'"=--. -N-

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ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

67

A. L. KILDOW,
State Foul Brood Inspector for Illinois.

Mr. Kildow — I move that the same
salary be fixed for the Treasurer's
salary as last year.

Motion seconded and carried.

Pres. Bowen — We are now open un-
der the head of nominationi for Secre-
tary.

Mr. Kildow — I niove that our pres-
ent Secretary he no'minated for this
office next year; he seems to under-
stand the business better than any
other man we can put in; ihe Is tried
and true. I move that we keep him
as our Secretary.

Mr. Stone — I hate that. I keep hating
it more every year. Tihe burden that
is being put on the Secretary all the
time is getting bigger every year, and
Dr. Phillips is going to make me a
lot of trouble if I am elected Secretary,
and I am just looking aifter a young
man whom I can throw this onto —
some one who 'will attend to it, and
then I am going to resign, that is, if
you elect me. I don't see any way of
crawling out of it now, and fulfill my
duty if I am elected, and therefore
I shall not say anything; but if you
can find a youn'g man I would consider
it a favor <if you would put the secre-
taryship on somebody else.

Pres. Bowen — We have closed under
the head of nomination for secretary
unless you want to make the election
by acclamation.

Mr. Moore — I move that the Presi-
dent be instructed to cast tihe vote of
this Association for Mr. James A.
Stone for secretary.

Motion seconded and carried.

Mr. I>iebold — ^Would it not be a good
plan to pay the treasurer a commis-
sion on the money he pays out?

Pres. Bowen — That matter has been
fixed, Mr. Diebold.

Pres. Bowen — ^We are open for nom-
ination for Treasurer.

A member — I nominate Mr. Becker.

Mr. Moore — I move that the Secre-
tary be instructed to cast the vote
of this Association for iMr. Becker.

Motion made unanimous.

Pres. Bowen — ^We will now proceed
in the usual way to elect the vice-
presidents. I think it is a poor way
o£ doing it. That is, we vote at one
time for five for vice-presidents and
the five higfhest are elected, holding the
positions in tlhe order of the number of
votes they g"et.

The balloting was done, and result-
ed as follows:

V^;

68

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

W. B. Moore, J. W. Bowen, I. E.
Pyles, Aaron Coppin, and Louis Wern-
er. They iwere declared elected in the
order named.

Mr. Stone — ^I move that Dr. E. F.
Phillips and Dr. G. Bohrer be elected
honorary members of this Association.

Motion seconded.

Pres. Bowen put the motion, which
was carried unanimously.

Mr. Diebold — I move to make the
reporter, Miss Stewart, an honorary
member.

Motion seconded, put and carried.

Dr. Bohrer — I brought a box of yel-
low sweet clover seed with me; I
thought the bee-keepers would like to
have a little of it. It blooms a little
earlier than the white; If you will sow
a tablespoonful of it you will get
enough of the seed to get quite a start.

Pres. Bowen — Do you say it blooms
the first of the year?

Dr. Bohrer — Nlo, you sow the seed
along in February or March, and it
will bloom the next year.

Bees Carrying Eggs.

Pres. Bowen — Mr. Crim wants to
know if bees carry eggs up into the
super through the queen- excluder?

Dr. Bohrer — That is a very hard
question to answer. The past season
I had something occur that I could not
account for; I don't see how they ever
got the queen-cell or where they got
the egg; there was not a queen in the
hive, and had not been for some weeks,
but there was actually the egg from
which the queen was reared — a worker
egg; where did that egg rome from?
I don't know how it got there, unless
the bees stole it and carried it to the
hive.

Mr. Moore — "Was that the only egg
in the hive?

Dr. Bohrer — ^^That was the only one.

Pres. Bowen — ^Did a queen develo>
from it?

Dr. Bohrer — I didn't allow it to re-
main until it hatched out; it was un-
doubtedly a queen; I opened it and
there she was; in a few days more it
would have come out, so that I some-
times think their efforts are not in
vain. I wondered why it was the
workers would get to w^ork and lay
eggs, because it seems almost an ab-
solute certainty that when they are
queenless, nothing left but workers to
lay eggs, they perish.

Mr. Crim^Did the workers lay the
egg that produced the queen?

Dr. Bohrer — That is the question — I
don't know. I don't see how they could
do that unless they were fertilized. I
wrote to Prof. Cook concerning that
matter and he wrote me an interesting
letter; he says he has always found
the spermatheca in a dwarfed Condi-
tion, and never charged with the sper-
matozoa as we find them in the fully
developed queen. He goes deeply into
the subject; deeper into the matter of
entomology than any other book we
have on the subject, because he is an
entomologist and can do that. I was
acquainted with him a very great many
years ago, and discussed with him
what is known as the drone question.
I noticed that some of the queen-
breeders today — Mr. Doolittle says that
fertilization of the queen affects the
drone progeny. J maintain that there
is no possibility of it. I expressed my
views of it to Prof. Clark, and he wrote
me in a letter that he had not only
tested the matter, but said he had
proved my position was correct, that
the fertilization of the queen has
nothing whatever to do on this green
earth with the drone progeny.

I wajjted to know, ateo, if his expe-
rience taught him that the drone
reared from a fertile worker could
fertilize queens; he said his impression
was the like had occurred. So if a
queen cell is put into a hive of that
kind it is very certain that they are
going to have a fully developed queen.
I don't think the fertile workers in
a colony are to be dreaded as much as
some claim they are. To me this is a
very interesting subject.

I would like to say to the bee-keep-
ers here, I don't know whether I will
ever be with you or not again. I
would not have come this time if it
had not been that I agreed to. I want
to thank you one and all for the kind
treatment I have received at your
hands, and have always received — in
fact, you did some things I never asked
for, and I accepted this evidence of your
kindness and respect reluctantly, and
I am pleased to note the fact that there
is harmony prevalent here that I do
not witness everywhere. Every bee-
keeper who comes here seems to be in
solid earnest about it.

I believe you are on the right road
now to success in securing an efCectual

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ILLINOIS STATE BEE -KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

69

Foul Brood Law, and no man will be
more pleased than I will be to see you
get it, because you are centrally lo-
cated here; you have more bees than
almost any other State in the Union,
and the foul brood getting into your
colonies is bound to hurt you if you
do not have it stamped out.

Pres. Bowen — I am glad thisi ques-
tion has come up again, because it
gives me a chance to relate an expe-
rience I had some years ago. I found
a hive that was queenless, and there
was not the sign of any brood in the
hive except two unhatched drones,
and a queen-cell that was very near
ripe. I cut that queen -cell out, and
didn't let it develop to see what would
become of it, unfortunately. I spoke to
Dr. Miller about it and he said as a
last resort sometimes bees will try to
produce a queen from a drone- egg
which came from a laying worker;
that is the only way he could account
for those two drones and' that queen-
cell being present. Sometimes as a
last resort the bees will try to produce
a queen from a drone-egg which came
from a laying worker.

In fact, all the cells were nearly
ripe; after I had destroyed them I was
sorry I didn't watch the result. Dr.
Miller says this sometimes happens.

A member — Speaking about one of
those hives being queenless, I got hold
of a hive of that kind myself that evi-
dently had been queenless; there was
no sign of egg- larva or brood' in the
hive — cell's practically all full of
honey, and I concluded without exam-
ining carefully that it was queenless,
and I sent for a queen to introduce.

I went through the hive in due time
to see what the result was of intro-
ducing a queen, and found no queen:
I took a more precautionary measure
towards introducing another queen,
and had the same result; but when look-
ing after the second one I found where
there were eggs and young larvae.
Thinking my new queen was doing the
work in the hive, I ran across the old
queen, without any wings on; I evi-
dently had overlooked it. She had

been dormant and not working. I was
sure the hive was queenless, but found
the old queen there and the new queen
gone again.

Dr. Bohrer — ^Did you introduce a
queen-cell, and did they accept it?

The member — No, I tried to introduce
the queen, thinking it was absolutely
queenlesa :

Wintering Bees in a Cellar.

"ITow long can bees be kept with
safety in a good, dry cellar with the
temperature at from 45 to 50 degrees,
without! a cleansingi flight,/while winter-
ing on combs of sealed honey?"

Dr. Bohrer — I have kept them from
the last of November until the first
of March, if not longer.

Mr. Kildow — They will go very safely
in this part of the country along until
in May, other conditions being favor-
able.

Mr. Moore — The longest time I kept
them was from the 16th of November
up to the 28 th of March.

Mr. Klidow — I take them out from
the middle of March until along in
April.

Mr. Kluck — I have kept them until
the last of April, from November.

Mr. iCoppin — ^I usually keep mine in
the cellar about four months.

Dr. Bohrer — These cellars I suppose
are all dry; mine is dry and dusty.

Mr. Moore — iStome of the members
want to get through and catch the
11:50 train, and the photographer will
be done by 11 o'clock. I think we had
better hurry through with what little
business we have left, and adjourn.

Pres. Bowen — What is the pleasure
of the Convention, is there anything
else to bring up? If there is nothing
further, a motion to adjourn sine die
will be in order.

Mr. Moore — ^I move that we adjourn
Bine die. '

Pres. Bowen put the motion, which,
on a vote having been taken, was de-
clared carried, and the meeting ad-
journed sine die, at 11 a. m., to meet
at the call of the Executive Commit-
tee in 1911.

f . ^.- ' -~^ •< ■

70

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

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ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATIOX

71

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ANNUAL CGNVENTlOftI

OF ikE

^

Chicago-northiDcstern Bec-Keeper$' :9$$cicmiion

HELD AT

'2tL

Chicago, Illinois, November 30 and December 1, 1910.

The opening session was held
Wednesday, Novemher 30, 1910, at the
Saratoga Hotel, at 10: SO a. m.. Presi-
dent George W. York, of Chicago, oc-
cupying the chair.

Pres. York called the meeting to or-
der, then the following invocation was
ofCered by Rev. R. .Scott Hyde, of the
Ravenswood (Ohicdgo) Methodist
Episcopal church:

"O, God, the God of our fathers, in
wlhom they trusted and were not con-
founded. We look to Thee for Thy
blessing; Thou art our Father; we are
Thy chdldren; miay we appreciate, dear
Father, the fact that if we are in the
business that we ought to be, we are
in league with Tihee toward the ac-
complishment of the higher ends of
life and of being. We are workers to-
gether with God for the good and the
welfare of humanity and the world.
We pray Thy blessing upon this Con-
vention assembled; upon all the inter-
ests that are to be considered; upon
each individual member; bless the
homes which they represent, and dur-
ing their absence from their homes
may the protecting care of God be
manifest. Hear us for all Thy bless-
ings. Hear us for Thy blessing upon
all the interests' flhat lie near our
hearts as men and women, and as a
Convention. Wilt Thou manifest
Thyself 'here today? and may we all
recognize the fact, O, God, that we are
Thine own, • and that we are at our

best; that we can do our best when
God is consciously present iwith us.

Hear us for Thy blessing again, we
pray Thee, upon this Convention; par-
don our sins, and in heaven save us,
for Christ's sake. Amen.

Pres. York — ^We are at the opening
of this session without a Secretary.
The Secretary, Mr. Louis C. Dadant,
is not able to be here. What shall we
do for a Secretary?

On motion, iMr. iMaurice G. Dadant,
who was present, was elected as secre-
tary during the Convention. >

Pres. York — There is a matter I
think we should take up first, that was
brought forward at the last meeting,
touching the question of dues. I will
ask the Secretary to read that part of
the minutes of the last meeting.

Acting Secretary I>adant then read
said part of the minutes, as follows:

"It is order that the iSecretary notify
all members 30 days before the next
annual meeting, that it is proposed to
change the dues of this Association
from $1.00 to $1.50 per year."

Pres. York — I believe notice of this
was sent out 30 days before this meet-
ing, according to the requirements of
the Constitution. The reason for this
was that we send 50 cents per mem-
ber to the National, making each mem-
ber here a member of the National.
The dues to the Illinois .State Associ-
ation have been raised from 25 cents

■l^&r'v^p.^a^e • fti.,- -

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEBPEIRS' ASSOCIATION

73

make that change in the Constitution.

Mr. Taylor — I move that to that mo-
tion this be added: "Except those
who have already paid their member-
ship in the National; those that have
to pay $1.00."

Pres. York — ^Does the mover of the
motion accept the addition? He does.
This will be made a part of the mo-
tion: "Except those who have already
paid their membership in the National
— they should pay but $1.00." The
motion to read as given, with this ad-
dition: "Dues to be $1.50, excepting
to those who ar« already members of
the National, an<J such will pay $1.00
a year."

Mr. Dadant — When you join the
National Association, does not this As-
sociation have to join in a body?

Pres. York — If they are members
already, they could not join twice.

Mr. Hoffman — As I understand it,
each and every Association — all of its
members — have to go in as a body, no
matter where they belong; that is the
way we do it in Wisconsin; if we don't
put all the names in you are not en-
titled to become a member for 50
cents ; if you are going to cut out these
few — won't that make a break?

Mr. York — ^I think not, if you have
already joined.

A Member — ^I believe that half of the
members gathered here belong to some
State Association, and this Chicago-
Northwestern is only an auxiliary;
that is what- I think. Most of the
members belong to a State Association
and they join the National with the
State Association as a body; we could
find that out.

Pres. York — 'How many now present
are members of the National, and have
their dues paid in advance — raise your
hands. About one -third, I think.

Dr. Miller — ^Would that not take ,
them all in if they joined this society?

Mr. Smith — ^I don't know how I got
Into this Association, by joining the
National, or whether I got into the
National by joining this. I gave our
worthy President the money — ^just how
he manipulated it I am not informed.
Do we allow other Associations to
come in in a body by paying certain
money?

Pres. York — This Association joins
the National In a body.

Dr. Miller — ^I think that would .be
earring out the spirit of the matter. I

don't believe the National would make
any objection to that. I think it is
really a desirable thing for a man,
when it is convenient for him, to be-
long to more than one State Associa-
tion; if he does so it seems to me it is
a desirable thing to make him an ex-
ception; I don't believe the National
would object to that.

Pres. York then put the motion,
which wasi carried unanimously.

Pres. York — I think, perhaps, the
next matter we would better settle is
about joining the Illinois State Asso-
ciation in a body. 1 will entertain a
motion on that, so that this matter
can all be settled at one time. We
must join in a body if we expect our
report to be published. By joining the
Illinois State as an affiliating asso-
ciation, they will pay for our short-
hand report and publish it, and we will
all get a copy.

Mr. Macklin — ^The same question
arises there. What about the Wis-
consin members? If they pay us $1.00,
30 cents of that will go to the State
anyway.

Dr. Miller — Can you tell us, Mr.
President, what we get for that? Can
you give us some idea what that re-
port would cost us?

Pres. York — Our report last year
cost between $80.00 and $90.00; it was
over 200 pages of typewritten manu-
script, and we paid State Association
about $20.00 as dues when affiliating.

Mr. Macklin — ^I move we join the
State Association in a body.

iMotion seconded, and then put,
which was carried unanimously.

Pres. York — ^Now the report of the
last meeting, will you have it read —
the Secretary's report? It may refresh
our memory somewhat if the Secre-
tary would read this report.

On motion the reading of the minutes
of the last meeting was dispensed
with.

Pres. York — ^I would like to ask how
many here that were requested to fur-
nish papers have them. I think there
were a>bout a dozen that were written
to, and nearly all responded, consent-
ing to write the papers, but I believe
scarcely any of them are here at the
opening of this session, I will appoint
Mr. Macklin to distribute the question
blanks. For a number of years this
society had no program — everything
was given up to the discussion of ques-

ts ...'..,._

72

TEXT'H AXXI'AL RKPORT OF TH 1-:

resolution passed at the last meeting
tile dues of this Asstniation be made
from now on, $1.50 a year instead of
$1.00. Are there any remarks on this
motion?

A member — I would like to ask a
fiuestion. I paid my National dues in
Wisconsin. I would like to be a mem-
ber of the Illinois and the Chicago-
Xorth western; how shall I work that?

A member — You get two or three
more years, if you do.

Pres. York — ^I think it would be prop-
er for the Secretary to find out all
those who are already members of the
X'ational, and that it would not be
necessary to send 50 cents to the Na-
tional again for such.

Mr. Huffman — I Relieve I can answer
that question. I am a member of the
AVisconsin State, also of tlhis Associa-
tion, and think it is not a bad thing to
pay a little in the future. I think we
had better pay $1.50, for we get three
or four years; we will be all the better
off. If you don't live that j'ear, the
Association is ahead that much.

Pres. York — There are some little
things to adjust to be exactly alike to

GEORGP: W. YORK,

President Cliicago Xorthwestern Bee-Keepers"

Association.

to 50 cents for the associations that
wish to affiliate. By affiliating with
the Illinois Association we have our
report published, otherwise ii would
not be taken or published, as the Illi-
nois State Association pays for taking
the shorthand report. Thus I have ex-
plained the reason for the change of
dues. X'o'w what will j^ou do with this
matter?

Mr. ;Macklin — Mr. President. I move
that the dues be increased to $1.50, ac-
cording to the resolution adopted at
the last meeting.

Motion seconded.

Pres. York — It has been moved and
seconded that in accordance with the

l.Ol'I.S ('. DADAXT. Secietaiy.
Chicago Xorthwestti n Bee-Keepers'
As.soeiation.

all, but we will Ihave to do what is best
lor the larger number, I suppose. The
motion is to adopt a change in our
Constitution, making the dues $1.50 a
year instead of $1.00, in accordance
with the resolution passed last year,
and notice sent out; the motion is to

■¥J^_ ii!;,y,^-~if'~. ■

•5-3q«

►T^?^;..

74

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

tions. Mr. Macklin will now distri-
but the blanks and any questions you
wish to ask, write them on the slips,
and we will take them up in a few
minutes. We will begin the program
in that way, and then, as we find that
those having' papers have come in, we
will have the papers read and dis-
cussed. It might be well now to have
an intermission of about 15 minutes,
after which we will then begin to take
up the questions. You can visit and
also see t)he Secretary about the dues.
You will please state if you are already
a member of the National; those that
are, will pay $1.00; the others, $1.50.

After the intermission, Pres. York
called to order.

Pres. York — I hope those who have
not yet become members will see the
Secretary as soon as we adjourn for
lunch. Mr. C. A. Hatch is here with
his paper, so I think we will begin with
that, and discussion will follow on this
paper, after which we will have some
of the questions.

CO-OPERATION AMONG BEE-
KEEPERS.

Mr. President and Fellow Bee-Keep-
ers: I feel as though I was in a strange
hive, almost. I don't know that I have
met with this Association before, and
you are nearly all strangers to me, so
I shall feel very awkward and act a
little more awkward than I feel.

(Dr. Miller — You will get over it be-
fore you are here very long!)

I take the liberty of doing something
like the ministers do — I have a text to
go by; I .made out tihis chart, copying
it from Mr. Crane, of Vermont, as it
was published in the Bee-Keepers' Re-
view, and then re-published in the
American Bee Journal.

(Exhibiting chart and hanging same
on wall.)

This is a table of honey expenses to
consumers, made out, as I have stated,
by Mr. J. E. Crane:

Price of a 1-lb. Bottle of Honey.

The first cost of honey to the pro-
ducer 8c

Freight on same l%c

Bottle • • 414c

Selling %c

Labels, etc % c

Jobber's profit 2c

Retailer's profit 5c

Leakage — loss by breakage 2c

Cost to consumer 24c

Two -thirds of what is paid for a
pound of honey doesn't go to the con-
sumer, but goes simply for packing
and getting it to Ihim; something is es-
sentially wrong somewhere, when it
costs' twice as much to get a pound of
honey where the consumer can use it
as it does to produce it; and then when
you look at the producer's side, it
seems strange that we get offly one-
third of the amount the consumer
pays.

As consumers, iwe should be wide
awake and try to find out what the
reason is. There is something tihat
calls for action on our part — something
that needs to be rectified — 'when we
only get one-third of what the consum-
er pays for our product.

Where is the trouble?

Now, I say that the trouble lies be-
tween the consumer and the producer.
The lack of co-operation between them,
and the lack of co-operation by the
producers as a body, in not making the
distances slhorter and the expenses less
between the consumer and the pro-
ducer.

We might say that the middleman
is' to blame — that he is making too
much money.

I don't think he is; I have been a
middleman somewhat myself, and I
find that to toandle honey out for less
than 5 cents a pound you can't very
well do it, in small quantities, and
make anything at it. You would have
to handle a great deal of Ihoney to make
a decent living, if that were your only
source of income, at 5 cents a pound.

I think the great trouble is between
the two points. We don't make our
wants known through each other. I
am inclined to think both the con-
sumer and the producer are at fault,
by not trying to let each other know
of- their iwants, one to sell and the other
to buy. How are we to know this?
Our daily papers are full of wants and
offers— wlhy is not honey a good thing
to offer?

If the consumer is so short-sighted
that he insists on buying only a pound
at a time, fix your goods to meet the
demand. But from several years' ex-
perience, a small package is not need-
ed, not smaller than 10 pounds, any-
way. I have a trade. that takes about
20,000 pounds annually, and 200 pounds ,
would cover all my sales in less than
60-pound packages.

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

75 -

Advertise, and advertise right, is the
plan. Plan your campaign carefully,
and cover your territory in such a way
that the greatest number possible know
what you have to sell, and then be
sure to deliver the goods as advertised.
If a customer 'finds fault, tell him to
send the honey right back, and be sure
to send him his money back wifh no
grumbling, and when you get the
honey, if you have sent him something
wrong, send him an equal amount of
real goods with your apology, and if
he is pleased he can pay for it, if not
it is a present. I never failed to get
my pay and get a customer, too, that
is worth all the honey cost as an ad-
vertisement. .

Customers are not dispos'ed to be
kickers unless there is cause for kick-
ing. Don't quarrel with them, but as-
sume they are right, and it will be
better for trade even if you do feel a
little out of humor.

But where does co-operation come
in? All I have said applies to associa-
tions as individuals. Societies can
unite in the expense of advertising, and
do what an individual could not.

A tax of $1.00 per member is a small
tax, but if the society had 500 mem-
bers, that would be quite a fund, and
$500.00 would be a heavy tax on the in-
dividual.

This is no experiment. Two States.
Colorado and Michigan, are doing It,
and reaping the reward — why cannot
others do it?.

How to do it is for you to deter-
mine.

The Colorado plan is to charge up
to each producer his pro rata of ex-
penses according to the amount of
honey sold through the Association.

Michigan has another plan by which
any prospective ibuyer has placed in
his hands a list of members with the
amount and kind of honey produced,
with advice to buy of the nearest one.

California has a successful Associa-
tion, and Arizona has one also. These
are both stock companies, and get
funds by membership dues.

California charges 5 per cent on
sales to cover expenses.

Arizona lays a tax on all cans bought
through the Association.

I have been a member of both, and,
in fact, of all three of the last-named
Associations, and all work well, but

I like best the Colorado plan of charg-
ing actual expense to members.

Very much can be done through co-
operation. Co-operation means mutual
help — the greatest good to the greatest
number. It calls for patriotism, public
spirit, and, in a measure, self-denial.

There is among some a desire for
co-operation that is much like the In-
dian and white man who went hunting
together; you have all heard the story,
no doubt, a turkey and crow being the
result of the hunt. Trouble came over
the division of the spoils; the white
man said to the Indian: "I'll take the
turkey and you may take the crow;
or, you may take the crow and I'll take
the turkey." This confused the Indian
for some time, but finally he says:
"Indian no get turkey."

Too many are like the white man,
and can see the turkey only, or, in
other words, they can see no advan-
tage in co-operation unless it be to
squeeze a higher price from the con-
sumer by controlling the market.

If you have an idea that co-opera-
tion is a combination so that j"ou can
boost prices up, you would better keep
out of it. What better would that be
than any other trust? If we wanted to
bo,ost prices and get a cinch on the
trade, we would be no better than the
Standard Oil people, or any other big
trust, and I have no patience with that
kind of thing at all.

Have we no higher conception of co-
operation than that? What are our
high ideals of brotherly fellowship,
and equal chance for everybody, we so
often boast of?

This spirit, if carried out to its legit-
imate ending, would suppress all small
bee-keepers and throw the whole bee-
business into a few Morgans and Car-
negies among us.

Co-operation can help us in three
ways — in buying our supplies, selling
our products, and defending our inter-
ests from enemies without and within.

This last is so well done by the "Na-
tional" that we can ignore it for the
present. The selling point seems to be
the more important, therefore, let us
confine our thoughts to this one point.

If we can co-operate in advertising
and let the consumer know wfhat we
have to sell, and what we will ask
for it, instead of having to pay 4
cents for a bottle to get it to him,
teach Jiim to buy it in large packages.

=!7*^-=

76

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Now, all this cry for small packages
I think is uncalled for, and ttie call
for glass is uncalled for. The idea
that the consumer has to see the thing
before his eyes, is a foolish one. The
only thing we can do as bee-keepers
is to let our wares be known, and tliat
we have a good thing; when, they are
convinced it is a good thing, then we
will have no trouble in Belling our
product.

My price is 10 cents a pound, and I
could have sold' a great deal more
than I had, right at my door, cash in
hand before it leaves the depot.

There is no reason why we all can-
not do this, I haven't a cinch on the
plan. You have to advertise and let
people know what you have, and they
are willing to take it if you have what
they want.

There is greater harm done by sell-
ing poor honey than by anything else.
"We iwould better ship it in to the biscuit
makers at what they want to pay, if
we haven't got the first-class article to
put on the market. "We have to put
nothing but the best on the market.

Suppose we tax each man that has
honey a cent a pound for all that he
sells through the organization; it
would make quite a revenue, and he
would get 2 cents a pound more by
doing it. You will not be the loser,
and we want to let the consumer
know, by co-operatiow, that we have
something to sell that is a worthy
product — a wholesome, honest, straight-
good thing in every way; let him know
that it is no manufactured thing, that
it is a sweet that is wholesome. Why,
almost everybody would take some.
Children all like honey, and when you
once get the public convinced that
honey is the legitimate sweet for chil-
dren to eat, why, your demand would
be unlimited.

We are not producing up to the de-
mand now, and let us keep the demand
above the production.

We can do it very easily by publish-
ing in some of our city papers. It
would not take such a great amount of
money. Suppose you wanted to exploit
Chicago. You would advertise it; you
would talk it up in the daily papers.

Take two or three of the daily
papers and put in an advertisement
for your Association here; say that by
addressing the Secretary you will have
a lit of producers who will tell you what

they have to sell, and what they ask.
A postal card will bring the business
to you.

Can you have a better combination
than that?

If you have 40,000 pounds of honey
and want to sell it. and determine
what point is good for honey sales, and
then see that everybody in tbat terri-
tory knows that you have that honey
to sell, you will dispose of your honey
without any trouble. That is the way
I do.

We can co-operate as a society and
do the same thing Michigan has done,
and that Colorado is doing, and Cali-
fornia and Arizona, as I have before
suggested, and surely if they have
done this, why can't we?

I know there is this objection to any
kind of co-operative societies in bee-
keeping or anything else — a man that
is outside of the society will some-
times get just as much benefit as those
that are Inside. That doesn't make
any difference. You know the parable
of the men working in the vineyard.
Those that didn't get more than their
penny began to kick. They got all
they were worth. As long as we get
all we are after, let those fellows out-
side have a little; be public spirited
eno'ugh for that, and they ought not
to be so hoggish but that they would
come in.

I have had men stand back and wait
until the Association had got all they
could contract for, and then they
would send me a telegram and get my
price; that is what I call hoggish. We
want to look out for that. I don't
think there is* one here who would do
that, because the fact that you are
here proves that you would not.

In California they tax their member-
ship, I think it is 5 per cent. It is
•some 12 or 14 years ago since I was
there. It may be only 2 per cent.
They have a central warehouse where
all the honey is sent, and then it is in-
spected. This tax of a certain per
cent covers all that, and the expense
of advertising, salesman, and the
secretary to keep all the records.

In Arizona they don't inspect the
honey. They raise their money by a
tax — I think it is 5 cents on every case
of cans that is bought through the
Association; that gives them a greater
fund than they need, and their honey
is so uniform they don't inspect it at

t^'..■ '- .-.. '-^■.'■l,i^7iC^i4ifl^-_

■Vr"?K;>->''i* -S'

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

77

all. It is not what we would sell as
table honey any way, it goes mostly to
to the bakers, and they don't inspect
it.

Here in this country I presume we
would have to inspect the honey; that
adds to the cost; we would have to
have a central warehouse; that adds
to the cost.

In Colorado they make no assess-
ment at all; the thing- is all closed out.
You can get an advance on your honey,
if you want to, of the Colorado Asso-
ciation, and when the deal is all fin-
ished, then they charge up actual ex-
penses, nothing more; they pay their
Secretary and Manager, I think, $75.00
a month for actual time put in — ^I don't
remember exactly. That worked the
most satisfactorily of any one of these
Associations that I have belonged to,
and cost a good deal less. They have
very efficient officers there, and I don't
think they could find a better man
in the United States than Frank
Rauchfuss, for the post he occupies;
such men are not to be found every
day, so that Colorado is very fortunate
in finding that kind of a man.

What this Association needs is to
get on to some of these lines.

I want to turn this chart over, and
let you see the "Revised Edition."
Change is the order of the day. We
don't like to be living in old styles
always. We have to imagine we are
making progress whether we are or
not.

(Turning the chart over). This is
the way I would have it stand.

So you see I raise the price to the
producer — Say 2 cents, anyway. Now
I would tax 10 cents a pound cash
with the order. I never have lost any-
thing since I commenced this way of
selling my honey.

I have sent some without the money
for it, but I have always gotten my
pay somehow or other; I have never
lost one cent.

As to the freight charges — ^you can
send it away to the corners of Dakota
for 75 cents a hundred pounds, so I
concluded % of a cent would be about
the right thing.

Then the honey would cost the con-
sumer 10% cents — ^13 cents rather.

The consumer would save, I mean,
over the other way, at twenty-four
cents, 10% cents; he would save 13%
cents.

The producer would make a profit
over the other way of 2 cents a pound;
then you could put in 2 cents for ad-
vertising, and that added to this would
make it 12 cents, and you could let the
consumer have it at 12 cents; then
you would save the consumer just half
of what he was paying before, and the
producers would make 2 cents and
the consumer would save 12 cents.

If there is anything that is not clear
about that I am here to explain it.

I extracted a little from our Presi-
dent's Address before the National
Convention at Albany; I thought he
put it better than I could say it, so I
just simply copied it. It reads:

"The time is rapidly passing away
when a single producer in any line
can make a success all by himself.
These are 'get together" times, and
bee-keepers have lost much., during the
past decade in not being properly or-
ganized so as to protect their own in-
terests, and realize a proper return
for their efforts in the production of
honey. Again, I say, leave the meth-
ods of production and the details in
that line to the bee-keepers of the
country, but the larger and more dif-
ficult work — the marketing of the
product — let that be controlled by a
National Organization made up of the
branch organizations in the various
States and Territories."

Mr. Rauchfuss, of Colorado, wrote
an article on the co-operation in sell-
ing honey, and one of the things that
he says that is worth thinking about —
after saying that we should always
have honey on hand when anybody
demanded it, and in a shape to sell, he
says:

"One of the things we bee-keepers
would run up against would 'be the
failure to supply the kind and grade
of honey desired when the jobber or
wholesaler wanted it ; then some com
syrup would be substituted, and some
valuable ihoney trade would vanish.
We shall have to he on deck with the
goods the year around."

That would be another problem

I find some people are not willing
to take one kind of honey that they
have not used, in place of the kind
they have been accustomed to, 'but I
do find this: a first-class honey of any
variety — that is, any first-class va-
riety, say such as clover, basswood
or alfalfa, will generally suit a cus-

78

TEX'TH ANXUAL REPORT OF THE

tomer, but anything that is a little off-
grade will not suit them.

I very nearly spoiled my trade two
years ago. I was short of honey and
sent to a jobber in the city of Mil-
waukee and got what he caled "orange
blossom honey." I think the only rea-
son why they could have called it
orange-blossom honey was because
there was no orange blossom about
it.

This idea of orange-blossom honey
I think is very far-fetched.

I have talked to some of the most
intelligent bee-keepers in California
and they say they never saw orange-
blossom .'honey, yet there are tons and
tons sold for orange-blossom honey.

This honey was alfalfa, as near as
I could figure it out, and something
'else mixed with it, probably some clo-
ver; it gave it a little off flavor, so
came nearly spoiling some of my cus-
tomers. They didn't like that kind of
honey. I explained it to them; I didn't
tell them it was poor honey, but I told
them it was as good honey as I could
get, and where they objected to that
honey, I said, "Send it back and I will
send' you some next year." I saved one
customer, one 'good customer, in that
way. He said he never would think
of buying honey of me again, but his
order came right along next year just
the same.

Pres. York' — You have all heard
what Mr. Hatch has said on the topic.
The question is now before you for
discussion. What have you to say?

r>r. Miller — I would like to ask Mr.
Hatch a question for information. As
you have presented it, the getting to-
gether of these bee-keepers of the dif-
ferent States has a good look. Now
do you think It is better for them to
get together as States, or for the bee-
keepers of the whole country to try
to get together? My mind is a blank
on that.

Mr. Hatch — My idea would corre-
spond with bur President's in his ad-
dress before the National. "We ought
to get together as a National Associa-
tion, and work on the plan that the
Michigan Association is working on.
They advertise their honey, I don't
know how extensively, but when an
advertisement is answered they send a
little pamphlet to the one who asks
for honey, with the names of all the
bee-keepers that belong to that Asso-

ciation, telling them just what they
have to sell, and the prices they ask
for it. In fact the Association sets the
price. They have a uniform price.
That would be one grand thing you
could get by co-operation. When this
cuctomer gets that in the little
pamphlet it instructs him to ^eal
with the nearest man who has what he
wants. Don't you see. Doctor, how we
could do that as a National Associ-
ation? We could operate exactly
along that line. I say "we" because
I was and I think Dr. Miller and Mr.
York were a few years ago in the
Honey Producers' League. That was
to exploit and advertise honey and I
never knew what became of it; it
kind of evaporated into thin air; the
last I knew of it the fund was turned
over to the National. Could you an-
swer what became of it?

Dr. Miller — It was turned over to a
special committee. There was some
advertising done in a general way by
it; some literature put into the papers
as a matter of general publicity,
whether enough to pay for the money
put in I don't know, but I think it did
some good.

Dr. Miller— On the way in here I
tore a bit out of today's Chicago Rec-
ord-Herald. The idea is this: Laun-
drymen all over the country got it into
their heads that people could save
money by having their washing done
at the laundries instead of having it
done in the kitdhen; that they could
save in the matter of comfort and ex-
pense. Now there is a general ten-
dency toward getting together in all
lines of business.

Here are these laundrymen; they
think they can get up a fund and put
enough literature into the papers to get
the people to do their washing through
the laundries, and so M is in other lines
of business. Now we are attacking a
big subject here. The question of get-
ting together is a big one. We have
stood every fellow for himself, as a
rule, and we are standing that, way to-
day. As the thing now stands with
us, Mr. Hatch and I are rivals instead
of brothers. He is doing all he can (I
am talking on general principles); he
is doing all he can to get the trade
away from me and from everybody
else, and he stands alone.

Mr. Hatch — I have succeeded in a

:i

rt

ILLIXOIS STATE BEE-KEEPEBS' ASSOCIATIOX

79

measure by having one of my best cus-
tomers ive in Illinois not far from Dr.
Miller.

Dr. Miller — That is the way the thing
runs. I am bitterly opposed to Mr.
Hatdh! Mr. Hatch is a nice man — I
have known about him for years, and
we ought not to be enemies; we ought
to be good friends.

By the way — if you will pardon me
for digressing just a minute — what
started the Bee-Keepers' Union in the
first place, was, Mr. Hatch's father-in-
law got into trouble with another man
who had sheep; the bees came and ate
up the thing that was in the clover
'blossom tlhat made it valuable to the
sheep. Some of you know about that,
and some don't That is what really
started the Bee-Keepers' Union, after-
ward uniting with the National Bee-
Keepers' Association. A number of
us united; I put in $1.00 with
no other idea than that it was to
help in a law-suit of a brother bee-
keeper. There was co-operation there.
I don't know enough to know what is
the 'best way to do this and to get to-
gether, and to get tihe advantages of
co-operation, but I do know this, that if
everybody is doing it and getting to-
gether, there ought to be some way
that you and I q,an get together, and
in some way have the advantages that
would come from such co-operation.

If the laundrymen can get together a
public fund to be spent all over the
country for the general benefit of laun-
drymen, the bee-keepers of the country
ought to be able to do that same thing.

There is one thing about it, though —
I don't know but what we will have to
face. In all that has been done hereto-
fore (and I believe that the National
has done a great deal of good — every-
thing that has been done has been for
the public at large), you and I as mem-
bers of the National 'have paid the ex-
penses for the benefit that has been to
all. Now I like the idea of being large
hearted, and not trying to do for your-
self alone, but, as a cold business prop-
osition, I believe we have to look out
for that and fix the matter in rome way
that the money we pay in for this
publicity will help us more than it will
help the other fellow that has nothing
to do with us. I know that is selfish;
I don't ilke the feeling, but if we are
going to make a success I feel we have
to do that and have the benefits to be

received in some way confined to those
who are taking part in it.

Mr. Ahlers — If I followed this advice
given just now I would have to reduce
the price of my honey, so I would
rather not say anything. But I think
the whole thing could be done by get-
ting together with the Association, the
honey being sold as by the Association,
by the members, and make that price
the minimum price, and if any member
can get a higher price let the Associ-
ation give its approval. Have the
members joining the Association pro-
duce the best honey; blow your own
horns; convince the people that they
cannot buy any better honey, and the
approval of the Association of tihe
honey I believe would sell it.

Mr. Hatch — ^I think he ought to tell
that secret^ — 'how to get that extra
price.

Mr. York — Mr. Hatch thinks you
would better tell us the secret — how
you get that better price — how you do
it; I think it is probably through adver-
tising!

Mr. Member — No, I don't know; of
course I sell direct to the consumer,
and all printed matter that I use reads
"Producer of dhoice honey sold directly
to the consumer," and the consumers
know that I produce choice honey, be-
cause I get their orders pretty regular-
ly; I simply ask that price. There are
lots of people who are willing to pay
a good price for a good article, and if
you a&k a lower price they will not pay
you a better one; you cannot then get
a higher price should you want to; if
you want to get a good price you have
to ask it. I am charging this year l%c
a pound higher than last year; I have
shipped forty orders more by express
than I did last year, up to date. I have
shipped quite a lot to Chicago; I ship
it all over the country by freight.

A member^When you add 1% cents,
what price would this make?

Mr. Ahlers — 'Lowest price is 11%
cents a pound if you take 60 pounds,
and 12 cents a pound for a 10-pound
lard pail of honey; I use the Dadant
pail. Shipped by express, 13 pounds,
12 cents; or 11% cents for 25 pounds
f. o. b. cars, andJ less than 60' pounds,
freight, % cent higher. It should have
been % cent higher.

A member — I would like to know
how you find your customers — I don't
want to sell to any of them.

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80

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT Of THE

Mr. Ahlers — That is the poiiit Mr.
York has been trying to bring out.

I advertise in German papers. The
Germans use more honey than Am-
ericans. It is just as natural for them
to use honey as butter. I have their
trade; they are very conservative; if
they buy a good article from some one
they don't want to change.

I started in Milwaukee, and I use
pails to put the honey in. It is a
pretty hard thing for them, after they
begin to use those pails, to break
away from it; they are handy for the
children to carry water in; they are
handy for the boys to use to go fish-
ing— to get minnows; they have a flar-
ing top. When any one comes around
with a different pail they become sus-
picious.

People cannot "run in" on my trade
very easily in Milwaukee, on account
of this flaring top pail; they can't ship
it from a distance; if they do it is so
costly they can't make anything.

I think we have an advantage In
selling good honey; I sell as good
honey as I know how, and supply them
regularly.

I don't produce all the honey I sell;
I buy a lot of it

I sell direct to the consumers, and
also a few stores. The stores buy for
their own consumption; what they sell
they buy somewhere else. The pro-
prietors of the stores buy honey of me
for their own use.

Dr. Miller — Probably Mr. Ahlers sells
honey in Dutch, Mr. Hatch.

Mr. Hatch — Mr. Ahlers is a peddler.

Mr. Ahlers — ^I object; I have not de-
livered a pound of honey in years.

Mr. Hatch — But you have to have
some one to do it for you.

Mr. Ahlers — Yes, I give him the
tickets; I don't run in houses to solicit
trade: we call on our customers; other
people come up to the wagon and call
for honey.

Mr. Hatch — That is what I used to
call peddling on the fruit farm.

Mr. Ahlers — I deliver in Milwaukee
by wagon.

Mr. York — As I understand Mr.
Ahlers ships all over the country two-
thirds of it.

Mr. Ahlers — Yes, two-thirds of it.

Mr. Ahlers — ^I don't advertise much
now.

I advertise in a Sunday German

paper, $1.40 a month; I was paying $4
a month; they were going to raise that
ad to $12 because I used a heavy head
line; I told them to cancel my order,
and I inserted a little order at $1.20,
and have not advertised any more ex-
cept when I want to buy honey; I
sometimes put a little add in the bee
papers.

Mr. Wilcox — I rather like this sub-
ject, and the manner in which Mr.
Hatch has presented it, although I
would not think It quite practical just
as it is presented there. In the first
place, we could not realize the prices
quite, mentioned there. There are
serious difficulties In the way; very
serious.

The diflBculty seems to be, there are
many grades of honey as every bee-
keeper knows. Different flowers pro-
duce a different kind of honey, and
even the same flowers — clover, for in-
stance— does not always produce the
same grade of honey; one week, honey
extracted is entirely different from
that extracted the week before.

In co-operation, the desigrn is to sell
through an organized body or agent,
and there must necessarily be some
means of grading that honey and ad-
vertising it so the buyer will know by
grade atfout what he is to get.

There is a serious difllculty, if we
attempt to ship our honey from place
to place, where it is produced through
this agent to be graded — there are
transportation charges.

If we adopt another plan and state
what we have to the agent, and he
advertises, from our representations,
and we receive orders direct from the
consumer and attempt to flll them, the
consumer will often be disappointed.
They will not be filled with just the
grade that was expected; and it is a
serious difficulty with me to know how
we can put it into practical operation.

There was an organization in North-
ern Wisconsin to which all the honey
was shipped, and they sold it whole-
sale. The organization has gone out
of existence, I believe; the members
of it were dissatisfied with the results,
and I am not able to devise any plan,
and never have been, by which it can
be entirely satisfactory. I hope we
will be able, among us here, those that
have had more experience than I have,
to do so.

ILLINOIS STATE BEE -KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

81

I have had some help through the
Information Bureau of the National
Association, telling me who has honey
for sale, and what kind, and I suppose
I found some customers by letting
them know what I had for sale, and at
what time, so when they are asked
they can refer them to me. By tha:t
way we can receive material aid, and
it comes very near Mr. Hatch's sug-
gestion of co-operation.

Each man reports his own price to
Mr. France, but it would be well if
we could have as nearly a uniform
price as possible. I can get 10 cents
a pound for first quality basswood and
clover honey in a small way, sold di-
rect to consumers, but I don't think
it is wise.

I have not been able to convince my-
self I ought to ask more. I have sold
all I could produce at 9 cents; I am
not sure but what it could have been
sold at 10. I wish you would work this
out. The errors of this calculation you
can see as represented there. There
ought not to be so much difference be-
tween the cost to the consumer and the
producer. This is true, not only of
honey but of other things. Take it in
potatoes — the consumer pays from 80
cents to $1.00 a bushel for potatoes;
the producer, where I live, sells them
for 20 to 22 cents, and they have sold
thousands of bushels at 15 cents. Why
is it potatoes sell for 15 cents, and re-
tail for 51.00?

It is not thQ bee-keeper alone, but
it is so with farm products of all kinds,
except possibly wheat, but these mat-
ters* can be improved; the conditions
can be made better.

There are too many middle men —
transportation charges, and numerous
ether things that consume the profit.

Mr. Macklin — Mr. Hatch, first gentle-
man, spoke about the Colorado situa-
tion. I have been through the Colo-
rado country, and it is very peculiar
because there are only certain districts
in Colorado whei-e there is honey. The
<3istrict is limited. Here we practical-
ly produce it throughout the entire
State.

I met Mr. Rauchfuss in I>enver; the
off grades and broken sections he was
selling out in glass jars.

They are well organized in Colorado,
but the territory is limited. He is not
the only man who sells honey in Colo-
rado— there is the Montrose organiza-

tion. They all co-operate and sell for
practically the same price.

I have had no trouble in selling my
best grade of extracted honey for 10
cents, without peddling or advertising.
I have a trade I sell to; I sold about
1,000 pounds, possibly. I don't think
it is advisable to buy honey to supply
customers. "Wlien I am out, I am out.

The matter of co-operation is a
pretty big thing for this State. If we
had almost standard honey, as in irri-
gated countries, we would have no
difficulty, but we have here all kinds
or grades.

Mr. Huffman — I would like to ask
Mr, Hatch if he gets pay for his pack-
age, at IQi cents?

Mr. Hatch — No, that goes in.

Mr. Wbitney — ^I would like to ask
Mr, Hatch whether the small bee-
keepers throughout the country belong
to these co-operative associations to
any extent?

Mr. Hatch — ^In Arizona, Colorado and
California, as has been stated, the con-
ditions are quite different from what
it would be here; they can very easily
concentrate all their honey in Los
Angeles and San Diego; and in Colo-
rado at Denver, because most of the
bee-keepers are right around those
points. And it is true in Arizona, that
nearly all of the bee-keepers live right
around within 50 or 60 miles of Phoe-
nix, so they can easily concentrate
right there; all in those States belong
to their Association; it is the first
thing a bee-keeper does — ^join an As-
sociation.

Mr. Wilcox — ^Does that apply to the
small bee-keeper?

Mr. IHatch — ^Tes, it does. In Los
Angeles some few bee-keepers sell it
to their neighbors.

Mr. Wilcox — In Illinois, and I think
it is so in most of the Middle West and
East, the small bee-keeper has a bet-
ter market at home than he would
have to join an association, because
many of them sell their honey at from
15 to 20 cents for extracted honey, to
local people.

Mr. Hatch — ^^The association could
not probably help him in any way.

Dr. Miller — ^I would not like to see
that statement go on record without
being challenged — that these inde-
pendent men would not be helped by
the Association — by co-operation. If
the general prices over the country are

■ /

82

TEN'TH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

raised, that is going to help you, even
though you have an entirely inde-
pendent market, because some of your
customers would catch on to it some-
time, that there is a lower price else-
where, so that the general good will
help every one.

Mr. Hatch — I accept the amendment.

Pres. York — Dr. Miller will not be
able to stay with us longer than this
afternoon, so that . we had better use
him as much as we can while he is
here. He has been asked to speak on
the topic of the "Value of Longevity in
Bees," and we will hear from him
this afternoon. We now are ad-
journed until 1:30 p. m.

FIRST DAY— AFTERNOON SESSION

Dr. Miller — I don't know enough
about the subject of the longevity of
the bees to talk intelligently, but you
can get started. I would be glad to
learn something on this subject.

Value of Longevity in Bees.

I think we don't realize how much
might be gained if we could gain just
a little in the matter of longevity; if
we could have a bee, for instance, that
would spend one day more than an-
other in its gathering, that would add
how much to the crop? I wonder if
some of you can tell nie what percent
of honey it would add to the crop.
How many days does a bee spend in
the field — can any of you tell me that?

Mr. Hatch — About 30' days; mine do.

Dr. Miller — Hardly that.

Mr. Anderson — I don't think mine do
more than from 10 to 15 days, taking
bad weather and everything all to-
gether.

Dr. Miller— I will give you a question
I think I will get several to answer.
What is supposed to be the life of a
worker-bee in the busy season?

Mr, Wilcox — 45 days.

Mr. Hatch — I would cut that right
through in the middle.

Mr. Wilcox — I mean the extreme
length, not the average.

Mr. Hatch — I think in the clover
season a bee will not live more than
two weeks.

Dr. Miller — Now you are taking an-
other point. Just now we are at the
whole life of the bee. There is a time
while it is a nurse-bee, and then it is a
field-bee. Mr. Wilcox gives us 45 days.

Mr. Wilcox — That is the extreme
length of the life.

Dr. Miller — The general answer I
think to that is 6 weeks. How many
days does it spend as a nurse-bee? You
all ought to agree on that, and several
ought to answer.

Mr. Taylor — I know wihat the repu-
tation is; it has been 16 days,

l^r. Miller — Take 16 from 42, what
will you have left?

Mr. Wilcox — 26,

Dr. Miller — 26 days, then, is the
working length of the life of the bee;
I think I would agree with Mr. Hatch.

Mr. Anderson — ^How old will it be
when it commences to nurse?

Dr. Miller — ^We can't stop for that.

Mr. Hatch — ^About 2 minutes.

Dr. Miller — ^If we take 26 days — and
I am pretty sure that is all that we
ought to allow, if not a good deal more
than we ought to — if we take 26, then
if we gain one day, we gain l-26th, or
about 4 per cent of the working life of
that bee, and ofi the amount of honey
it ought to gather.

So much for a starter.

Now another thing: You know there
are some colonies that will gather
more than others; two colonies stand
side by side; one gathers a great deal
more t^ian the other — and the one that
gathers the most will not seem to be
as strong in bees as the other — why
is it? It is because one colony has
bees that are longer lived and spend
more time in the field.

Mr. Taylor — Why not say the weak
colony dies off faster?

Mr. Anderson — Does not the dis-
position to gather have something to
do with it? Are not some of them
lazy?

Dr. Miller — Yes, there may be more
than one reason. If you can have a bee
live, longer, you will get a larger pro-
portion of honey.

Now another point I want to make:
There are some queens that live
longer than others. I think there are
strains of queens that will live a great
deal longer than others. There are
some men that say they want to .
change their queens once a jear, be-
cause after the first year the queen
is played out, and there are others
that will tell you that they don't care
to change more than once in three |
j-ears for a queen will live 2 or S -j
years. Now I don't know about it;- 1

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

83

I suspect there may be a difference
in bees themselves; in some strains
■ the queens will live longer than the
queens in other strains.

If that be true, where you have
greater longevity in the queen, will
you not be likely to have a greater
longevity in the workers? I believe
you will. Now I think perhaps I have
said enough to start you.

Mr. Whitney — If we have a suc-
cession of poor seasons, won't the
longevity then be increased?

Dr. Miller — Decidedly.

Mr. Whitney — So much depends on
the season; I have known colonies of
my own to remain all summer without
doing a thing, and the queen and the
bees were apparently all alive from
spring until fall.

Dr. Miller You will strike another

thing — they will all live longer be-
cause they are doing less.

Mr. Hatch — ^Would it not be fair to
state that the life of a bee depends
upon the amount of work it does?

Dr. Miller — Diecidedly, that is true,
but independently of that I believe
there is a difference in bees under
the same circumstances.

Mr. Hatch — Have the ability to do
more work?

Dr. Miller— Yes. ~ *

Mr. Hatch — I agree with you.

Dr. Miller — As to the practical
thing that we are to do. I think that
we might gain something in this way:
By watching to find out which are
our longer- lived queens. As a general
proposition I would say this: Breed
from your 'best storing colonies, but
on this point I would say, take your
longest-lived queens; breed from
them; j-ou are going to increase the
longevity • of the queens and workers.
I am on dangerous ground; I am
talking about a thing I don't know
muoh about.

Mr. Hatch — The thought has c'ome
to me, you know a bee working on
clover wears himself out faster than
on any other flower.

Dr. Miller — I don't know that; I
won't dispute it.

Mr. Hatch — According to my ob-
servation it is a fact. That comes
from his wearing out his wings. The
question arises with me, what would
be the effect of his having good
strong wings? Doesen't it make a dif-
ference in the vitality of the bee?

Dr. Miller — Yes, I think iit would.

Mr. Macklin — You said to breed from
your best producing queen. I had a
colony that stored three supers of
clover honey; they didn't store a pound
of fall honey while other colonies were
working nicely beside them, with the
same queen. Would it be advisable
to propagate that strain?

Dr, Miller — Yes, if on the whole that
colony did better than the rest. I
think I can see just a little bit of rea-
son why they didn't do so, but taking
your question as a whole, I should say,
breed from that one that gave you the
most honey, whether it did the first
part of the season or not.

Mr. Wilcox — There is one question
that sticks in my crop. I didn't know
that a bee didn't go to work until it
was 16 days old. I supposed the time
was about 10 days. I know some writ-
ers have it about 15 days, anj'way, and
really I would like to know the senti-
ment of those who have some evidence
on the subject.

Dr. Miller — I can only give you the
tradition of the elders. Sixteen days
is the orthodox time, and it is not
so easy to establish it now as it was
years ago when there were fewer
black bees plenty in the country, and
few pure Italians; I know that 16 daj-s
was the time stated, and it was not
disputed; and I think, Mr. Wilcox, that
you have no right to say 10 days. I
think this, however, that it does make
a decided difference as to conditions;
& bee, under stress, will go to work much
earlier than is the ordinary custom.
At one time I had a colony oi oees
that were started from brood alone;
I put sealed brood in the hive and let
the young bees hatch from that; it
was kept over another colony so as to
keep up the heat, and after a while I
put it on a stand of its own, and op-
ened the entrance, and those young
bees, when they were 5 days old, were
carrying in pollen. But that does not
say that that is the rule. I think
that 16 days is the fair rule.

A member — That may have been
caused by necessity.

Dr. Miller — ^Yes, I think that under
other circumstances they might be
longer. A bee works at what is most
needed; it will work as a nurse-bee
when it is 6 months old in the spring.

-^S J '

.. T* _^ _n.-— 'i* .^'■.

7f/.\'<-''':-

^l^T-

Tt -t ier^ ' ',-'^^'=*

■"S-^V-H

84

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

where under ordinary circumstances
it will work as nurse-bee in 16 days.

Mr. Wilcox — ^I want to call atten-
tion to the importance of this, or the
reasons for it. Almost every season
we know about when the honey harvest
will end, if we have been keeping bees
in that locality any length of time.
We don't want to stimulate queens to
lay during the last few days before
the honey harvest ends. We want to
keep the queens laying up to within
one month previous to the close of the
honey harvest.

Now, after the bees come in and
commence to work, it takes 21 days to
hatch (I know that) ; if I add 16 days
more, that makes 37 — don't yoiu see I
have to have eggs laid more than one
month previous to the close of the
honey harvest to get anything from
them?

Mr. Smith — I would like to make a
few remarks in the hope that if any
of you see anything very seriously wrong
with my trend of thought you will cor-
rect me before this convention ad-
journs. I have spent considerable
time on the lines that Dr. Miller has
laid down here, and it seems to me
that he is entirely right. I have con-
sulted with some of the best breeders
of other livestock, and men connected
with our educational institutions con-
cerning this matter. Our scientists
tell me that the same lines of descent
in the bee family will hold that hold
all through nature. It is true of the
vegetable kingdom and the animal
kingdom. I believe with our breeders
of horsesi — all of improved breeds of
hogs and cattle and every class of
livestock, where it is so much harder
to see what we are doing than it is
with the bees — they always select the
very best — the longest lived. It al-
most follows as a matter of course
that the insect or animal that has the
vigor to live for a great many years,
perhaps 25 per cent longer than the
average, is more vigorous during all
that life.

The horse that can make a mile in
2:10 or 2:20 on the track is a much
more vigorous yearling; a much more
vigorous tyo-year-old, and usually
lives to a greater age.

There is one point that was raised I
would like to give you my idea of, that
is. with regard to the wing of the. bee.

I don't think the wing has anything to
do with the bee, but I do believe the
bee makes the wing, and 1 believe a'
vigorous bee will have a stronger
wing than a bee that id not. I believe
power comes out of the bee into the
wing; it is the food that the bee eats
soon after it hatches. The food from
that time on goes into its digestive ap-
paratus, and is assimilated and makes
other organs strong.

A member— Would not the wing be
a point for judging?

Mr. Smith — ^It would be one of the
best points, but I think the wing is
produced by the bee. I believe if we
can add one, 2 or 5 or 10 days' — and I
believe we could add 20 days^ — it would
be a great thing.

Look at the short time it has taken
to cut the speed of trotting horses
from 3 minutes to 2, and there was no
special breed to start from. They se-
lected the speedy horses.

We must select the bees that are
the best breed; we must give just as
much attention to the drones as we
do to the queen-bee.

I discovered last year a queen-bee
that was selected by President York
something like 5 or 6 years ago. This
queen had a colony more than twice
the sfrength of any other colony of
115 in the apiary. I would rather pay
$50.00 for that queen than to get the
ordinary average queen at 50 cents a
dozen for my use.

I have bought queens by the dozen.
I have gotten perhaps one out of a
dozen that would lay up a surplus;
from the other 11 I would not get any
surplus. They were a loss to me.

Now it seems to me that we must
put in the time and the money neces-
sary into breeding our queens if we
are going to improve the strain.

We improve our strains of live-
stock by paying 2, 3 and 5, and as high
as 8 thousand dollars for one animal,
when the average js worth $1,000.00.
For the best breeders I don't know
but more than $8,000.00 is paid. We
must do the same thing with our bees.

I don't believe any man could pay
very much attention to his bees and
rear queens at 60 cents a piece.

Alexander Foul Brood Treatment.

"Is the Alexander treatment for foul
brood reliable?"

t-j

l.W

UjLJNois state bee-kebpees' association

85

Dr. Miller — I don't think it is worth
anything for American foul brood. I
think it is very reliable for European
foul brood.

Pres. York — ^Will you give the treat-
ment? iCome don't know, perhaps, just
wihat the Alexander treatment is.

I>r. iMiller — In brief, the Alexander
treatment for foul brood is this: Take
away the queen from the diseased col-
ony. In the first place, make sure that
the colony is strong, and that generally
means that you must strengthen It.
The treatment is good for nothing un-
less you have a strong colony. Then
take away the queen, and In 20 days'
time give a virgin queen or a queen-
cell, all pure Italian stock, and that is
all there is of the treatment,

Mr. Macklin — ^Was it very successful
with you last year? Did it crop out
again this year in those treated col-
onies?

Dr. Miller-^I don't know. I have no
way to tell positively. Because Euro-
pean foul brood is all around me, and I
can't tell whether they get it fresh, r
whether it crops out again. I think it
did crop out again in some cases, and
I think you will have rome crop out
with almost any kind of treatment you
'have. My impression is, if there had
not been anything within LOOO miles of
me, I would have had some repetition;
but I would vary as to one point from
Mr. Anderson. I don't ibelieve it Is
necessary to have pure Italian stock:
I believe iblack-stock (would be just as
good, if not better. The black stock is
better than the yellow stock. I think
that, generally, Italians are better than
the black, and on that account they are
better to cure disease, but with vigor-
ous blacks or vigorous hybrids I be-
lieve you could get just as good results
as you can with pure Italian stock, but
I made the mistake that I told you
about last year, of understanding that
Mr. Alexander gave, after 20 days, a
laying queen. I made the mistake of
thinking that he gave them a laying
queen, and so I gave one.

I got down to another theory since
last year, and I don't want to lose my
reputation for veracity, but I may as
well tell you what I did, and what I
think, and then you can form your
own conclusions.

As nearly as I could make out I be-
gan to get to this belief, that the dis-
ease is generally conveyed by the nurse

bees taking an infected larvae In its
first stage.

You know that bees will eat the lar-
vae when a colony is starving, and
they will throw out the white skins.

Now I suspect that in the same way
when larvae first dies with the dis-
ease that the bees will eat that larvae,
or at least will eat some of It, and then
with that they convey the disease.

/Suppose, however, that a larva dies,
becomes decomposed, and In a day or
two the nurse bees don't find it palat-
able, and they would not use it — so it
is only during a day or two that they
would take the diseased larvae.

Now don't understand that I think
for a minute the disease cannot be
conveyed in any other way; I think it
might be conveyed by spores In the
honey, but I think that is the principal
way; at least that is the working
theory.

If that be true, then here is a rather
startling conclusion: If you stop a
queen laying long enough so that there
will be no bad larvae that will be good
enough to eat, it will stop the continu-
ance of the disease.

When I got that far (and that was
pretty late last summer) I thought I
would try it. I had two colonies then
(I think that was the only chance I
had, with those two) to try it upon.
Instead of taking the queen away, I
caged the queen In the hive (that
stopped the laying) for 6 days, and then
started her at the end of 6 days, and
the colonies, both of them, were cured.

How long they will stay cured I
won't say. I know that is radical,
and I would not recommend that treat-
ment.

A member — That would explain why
colonies that seem perfectly clean in
early spring develop the disease In- that
period of dearth when sometimes the
bees get down to the ragged edge of
despair. In the early spring, good
colonies that were perfectly clean until
cold weather came, and there was no
honey, and they were near to starva-
tion, then it showed up in ever so
many hives.

Dr. Miller — ^Here is the point the
gentleman makes, and I .think it is a
good one:

Under ordinary circumstances the
bees are particular about what they
eat, but when it comes to a matter of
starvation, they would not be quite so

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86

TEN-TH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

particular, and would eat this diseased
larvae more plentifully, and at a more
advanced stage of decomposition.

Mr. Taylor — ^He said they had no
disease.

A member — Apparently had none;
they had the year before. Under the
same conditions they were clean in the
spring, and seemingly you could not
find any disease, until the period of
dearth, Avhich seems to strike us here
in Illinois for about 3 weeks, and just
after the dandelion and before the
clover.

Dr. Miller — I would say the disease
may enter a colony, and under some
circumstances the bees will keep it
cleaned down if there is only a little
of European foul brood; (I know prac-
tically nothing about American foul
brood) ; but about the European, they
^A-il] often keep it cleaned up — a good,
strong colony. I have had more than
(jne colony that had the disease in a
few cells, and have simply let them
alone, and thej' cleaned it out them-
selves; a vigorous colony will do that.

I want to say upon this whole sub-
ject that I believe if any of your bees
f,'et European foul brood that you will
do well to experiment at least on the
Alexander plan, or a modification of it,
because I have gone so far from it you
would hardly call it a modification.
You will do well to experiment on it
because we know nothing about that.

When I first started dealing with
European foul brood, I melted up good
combs by the thousand; (there were
at least 2,000 of them), and it would
have been a great saving to me if I
had known enough to experiment in
this way; even if I don't make a per-
fect cure in each case, I could weed
the thing out enough so they would
keep on and succeed in getting rid of
it. It is a question whether for years
I will be entirely clear of it, because
it is all round me.

Mr. Taylor — This is a very puzzling
question; a very puzzling subject. I
don't know much about European foul
brood: I don't know that I ever saw
but one case of it.

Dr. Miller — I would be glad to swap
with you, what I know about Euro-
pean foul brood for what you know
about American.

A member — ^I think you know about
as much as anybody; I don't know
that anybody actually knows about
European foul brood.

Mr. Taylor — My friend Hall had a
case of European foul brood (near St.
Joseph, Mich.), as I was Inspector, he
called me over there to see it.

I went there and looked through the
hives and gave him my opinion as to
v.-hat he had better try, and came
away.

I was talking with him just now; he
says: "I didn't have to do anything
with those bees; when they saw you
they quit having foul brood."

Mr. Cavanagh — I cannot agree that
there is no one that does know much
about European foul brood; I think
we are learning more about it every
year. I have seen the writings of
some men who know some thing about
it. I am going to add a few opinions
gathered from my limited experience
and observation, and with that of
others put them before this conven-
tion for discussion.

The opinions of some have been that
the disease does not exist in the honey,
but I, myself, differ. I think it does. I
think we will all admit that a vigor-
ous colony under proper conditions will
not take the disease.

This can be proved in various ways.
^Ve can put the diseased brood above
a healthy colony, and this healthy
colony twill not take the disease.

I think we will have to admit there
are conditions under which colonies
are not susceptible to fihe diseased
terms of European foul brood.

Admitting this, we have an explana-
tion of the conditions the gentleman
found who previously spoke; he spoke
of his bees being free from disease up
until the time that we had some 3
weeks of bad weather in the spring.
During these three weeks of bad
weather in the spring these bees ar-
rived at that condition when they were
susceptible to the germs of European
foul brood; that disease was in the
honey all the time, but previous to
this time that colony, in its vigorous
condition, did not take the disease.
They were proof against it. And that
is the reason that the disease de-
veloped during this bad weather. Had
the gentleman fed those bees over this
3 weeks' period, he would have had no
European foul brood. Allowing his
colonies, during that time, to become
in that condition, which a colony has
to be in to develop European foul
brood, they take it from the honey.

ILLINOIS STATE BEE- KEEPERS' ASSOCIATIOX

87

I contend that the disease lies in the
honey. I have seen it proved, by feed-
ing bad sections!.

We know that during a good honey-
flow, especially in the fall of the year
when the brood-nest is becoming
smaller, and the bees have less brood
to take care of, that European foul
brood will disappear entirely. We know
also that those colonies, in the spring
of the year, will remain free from the
disease.

Keep a good strain of bees, keep the
queens of proper age, and keep your
colonies in good condition where the
germs of European foul brood cannot
make any headway, and under those
conditions a man may not be afraid of
European foul brood.

We must first have proper bees, and
the experience of the bee-keeping fra-
ternity has proven beyond doubt that
the Golden Italian, the Cypriafi and
the Carniolans are all good. Some
claim that the leather-colored stand
equal to some othersi; I have not found
that to be a fact, but my experience is
not extensive enough to pass an
opinion upon them. My experience is
that black brood is a transmitter of
European foul brood.

Dr. Miller — What about hybrids?

Mr. Cavanagh — They are not as good
as the pure stock with me. A man in
a localitj- where European foul brood
exists should re-queen yearly. He
should keep proper conditions all
through. He should have vigorous
queens; he should get young queens,
and if he suffers' from a dearth of
honey at certain times of the year he
should fill in that gap by feeding, and
I guarantee he will have nothing to
fear from foul brood.

I have not had so much faith in the
Alexander treatment as I had a year
ago. I find that colonies, when they
are given a chance, with young Italian
queens, and have a honey-fiow to build
on, will clean them up and stay clean.

This plan cures equally as well as
the Alexander treatment; that is
rather a dangerous thing to pass out
promiscuously, but it is a fact.

If bee-keepers will keep their
colonies in proper condition so they
won't take foul brood in the early part
of the season, they won't have any
trouble with it.

Mr. Wilcox — I don't know a thing
about foul brood of any kind. I would

like to sum up this discussion: From
all that we read about foul brood, and
hear about it, I have reached this con-
clusion: That American foul brood,
at least, bears about the same relation
to bee-diseases that pulmonary tuber-
culosis does to the human race. It is
questionable whether it is contagious
or not. If it exists so commonly that
when the conditions are favorable for
its development it may be expected,
why, it is not really a dangerous thing.
It is impossible for bee-keepers to
keep their bees at all times in a good,
healthy condition, and strong. I do
not know, but I would not dispute it in
the least, but what it is this black
brood that breeds European foul brood;
but I doubt whether it is contagious.

I am inclined to sum it up in that
way. That this European foul brood,
or black brood, as it was formerly
called, can be taken only when con-
ditions are favorable. That it is doubt-
ful whether it is contagious or infec-
tious. I doubt if there is very much
difference between the two diseases. I
believe from all I have heard here to-
day that it is not a serious disease.

Mr. Whitney — I see Mr. Baldridge is
present, he knows considerable about
this foul brood business. I would like
to hear from him on how to cure
European foul brood.

Mr. Baldridge — I have had no ex-
perience with European foul brood; I
don't know it when I see it.

Dr. Miller — He is an American!

Mr. Cavanagh — The point I want
to bring up is this: Mr. Wilcox says
he doesn't class European foul brood as
a dangerous disease. I do. I tell you,
where you get European foul brood in
j'our bees, and have it spread' to about
% of your colonies, you will begin to
feel pretty sick, if you are anything
like me. It is a mighty dangerous
disease.

Mr. Wilcox — I don't say the bees
won't take it if they are in a weak
condition, I say conditions must be
favorable before foul brood developes.

Mr. Cavanagh — As to the transmis-
sion of Eiu-opean foul brood, I think it
is transmitted in various ways. We
don't know exactly how. I am willing
to give a little personal experience as
to how I have seen it developed, and
how rapidly.

I had an apiary of Italians — well, I
should think 1-3 were blacks and hy-

!^i^j*v?i-'^r"5:^- ■ ^- .■:■ ■'-'■'r^f^^^'^^-':^ : ■•■-'-

\'

88

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

brids, probably 2-3 pure Italian stock —
very good stock. I shipped into a loca-
tion where I know positively the col-
onies were 'healthy* and inside of six
weeks I am satisfied half the yard
would show European foul brood, and
inside of three months, 70 per cent of
the yard had it.

Now, I don't think for a minute that
those bees w^ent over and robbed out
any diseased larvae from other hives.
They robbed the honey from the hives
and transmitted that disease to those
bees, because it was backward weather,
a cold spring, and fhe bees, some of
them, were weak; that is what I think
about it.

'Mr. "Wilcox — Then they are very
often in a favorable conditiom to receive
it?

Mr. Cavanagh — ^Very often, in the
spring of the year, they are; unless you
have exceptionally fine weather; unless
your colonies are very strong and
rugged.

Mr. Taylor — How do you think the
germs of the disease got into the honey
that the bees robbed?

Mr. Cavanagh — You are asking
something that is beyond me, Mr. Tay-
lor, That would be something I would
be unable to answer. I would like to
hear some one on that, who knows
more about disease germs. I am satis-
fied it does get there.

Mr. Taylor — ^I don't think it can get
there without the existence of the dis-
ease.

iMr. Cavanagh — I would not think so.

Mr. Taylor — You cannot get seed
until you have planted.

Dr. Miller — ^When a man like Mr.
Cavanagh makes a statement, I am a
little careful about saying anything
against it, yet, with' all my respect for
him, I have a little question upon one
point. I believe with' him, thoroughly,
that there are many ways, and perhaps
some that we do not know about, 'by
which the disease may be carried. It
might happen from a spore on the side
of the hive, and by some accident it
might be carried on the foot of the bee,
and by some accident the nurse-bee
might get It into its mouth and feed it
to a baby bee, and it could be carried in
that way, but I don't believe, as a rule,
nurse-bees feed filth to their babes.

As to feeding honey: The year be-
fore last was the year I had a battle
with it, and I had a fight with dearth
and with European foul brood, both at

the same time. That is a combination .'
that is not to be desired. I commenced '
upon the foundation, and a num'ber of
colonies were put upon foundation, and ^
that worked all right — the cure was
complete. There didn't come any more '
foul brood there. Some, however, de-
serted their hives — it was because they
were starving — they had nothing to eat
— no flow on — so when I threw them
upon foundation I gave them honey to
eat, and I gave them honey that was
taken from foul brood colonies, foul
brood honey, and they ate that, and the
cure was all right; they didn't get the
disease from it. I don't say Mr. Cav-
anagh is all wrong, but I say there is
something he needs to question.

Mr. Cavanagh — I am glad Dr. Miller
started this; I am ready to fight to a
finish; I claim that the disease was in
the honey. I have had too many inci-
dents recited to me, and I think it has
been shown conclusively that it is. Dr.
Miller's colonies were probably not in a
condition to receive foul brood when .he
fed the honey back.

Dr. 'Miller — They had the foul brood.

Mr. Cavanagh — We will let that go
— ^but I talked a great deal with Mr.
Demuth, of Indiana, the inspector, and
I have worked some with him. We get .
together and have little confiabs. He
tells ms that he has a man down in
our State that was in a part of the
country where European foul brood
had never been heard of, and he bought
honey of Mr. Alexander at a time when
Alexander had European foul brood,
and the bees developed European foul
brood from it.

Now, if these statements are true, I
think it proves that he fed the honey
infected with European foul brood,
and that his bees got it. He says he
fed those unfinished sections to a col-
ony, and that the colony became in-
fected.

If a colony is in right condition It
will not be affected, but I am just as
well satisfied as anything can be that
that disease can be transmitted
through the honey.

Mr. Anderson — What do you mean by
condition?

Mr. Cavanagh — I don't know that I
am able to judge where a colony would
be in proper condition, or how. I can tell
you what I have seen — where the bees
have taken the disease readily — where
the bees have been wintered too early,
and are in a weak condition in the

1/.

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I^T^W^'-

liLIANOIS STATE BEE-KEEPEflRiS' ASSOCIATION

89

spring — ^and once I saw them where
they had plenty of honey, but short of
pollen; those 'bees became infected
much quicker than the others.

Take it in a iMve where it is weak —
where the bees are in a discouraged
condition — that will take the disease
more readily than a strong colony.

A colony that is very strong in num-
bers of bees, and has a vigorous queen,
and plenty of young bees — I don't think
they would take it.

Dr. Miller — May I toe permitted to
interrupt Mr. Cavanagh just a minute
to emphasize that point?

A lot of young bees (underscore
that young) — I believe that is exceed-
ingly important.

Mr. Howard — ^I believe one of the
right conditions would be a good,
strong colony with brood-rearing to the
fullest capacity, only a little honey
in the hive; plenty of honey lias been
coming in — then the honey stops —
there is not sufficient supply to carir
on brood-rearing that has begun — andi
I think European foul brood will de-
velop. I am convinced that feeding
over that period of dearth will exclude
the European foul brood, with the ex-
ception of a few colonies that may be
weak.

Mr. Macklin — ^I would like to have
Dr. Miller explain the difference be-
tween American and European foul
brood.

Dr. Miller — ^I suppose the question is
imeant to ask, how to distinguish the
itwo.

Without answering the question, in
the fullest manner, I think the most
sjatisfactory way of distinguishing the
American is by the color of the dead
brood. The principal thing you look
I'or there is, if you are looking to see
i:f it is European foul brood, is to
Hook for the yelloTv larvae — ^that is
what I look for.

Mr. Macklin' — ^What stage?

Dr. Miller — That will be when the
larv-ae isi about half grown, usually —
'It will look yellow.

Pres. York — "What about the odor?

Dr. Miller — There may be almost no
odor. Take a frame that is diseased,
you may not smell a thing about it. If
a whole colony is diseased, you may
hold your head over it, and you may
get something of a smell; but there is

not such a smell as of American foul
brood.

Mr. Hatch^ — Does this stringy larvae
apply to European foul brood also?

Dr. Miller — No, sir; European foul
brood has but little of that.

Mr. Hatch — ^Then I have had a com-
bination of both.

Dr. Miller — ^You may have had both,
though they usually don't occur to-
gether. I think Dr. Phillips said he
had not found any such cases.

Mr. Hatch — ^Where does the black
brood distinction come in?

Dr. Miller — Black brood is European
foui brood.

I suppose that name "black" (I
would favor calling the American foul
brood, "foul brood," and calling the
other yellow broodl I suppose the black
conies in after the larvae is all dead;
the distinguishing feature of it is that
the larvae look yellow; that is the
thing you look for to find disease.

Mr. Wilcox — ^I don't know much
about the distinguishing features of
pickled brood, only what I have heard
Mr. France say, that in pickled brood
tht>re is a watery sack; and where he
found that sack of water he pronounced
it pickled brood. The larval bees show
light brown spots.

Mr. Taylor — Pickled brood as I un-
derstand it, is, as Mr. Wilcox has said.
The skin of the dead bee is quite tough,
and, if punctured, then thin, watery
fluid of the bcdy will fiow as freely as
water. I suppose there is a little sack
that has held the water in, so that it
pulls out watery and the bee retains
its shape, which is very different from
other kinds of foul brood. Pickled
brood has very little or no smell, and
is easily pulled out of the cell.

Mr. Cavanagih — ^In regard to European
foul brood being found in the same
hive: Dr. Phillips, when inspecting in
Northern Ohio and Indiana, stated that
the Inspectors reported they found both
diseases in the same hive. He went
with Mr. Demutli several weeks, and
Mr. Demuth tells me he found both
in the same hive. The ropiness of
American fould brood can never be
mistaken for European.

Mr. Hatch — ^In regard to the way
this disease is carried: I could not tell
whether it was European or American;
I had the kind that would string out

^v.-

■ •>^t^|^s^;:':

i» ' - V fa

90

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

when you stuck a tooth-pick in it, an
inch and a half long.

Dr. Miller — That is American.

Mr. Hatch — I had that, and when you
get that, you have something that is
worth your effort to look after it. We
cleaned it all out of ours by transfer-
ring. We finally exterminated the
whole apiary when they carried it from
a neighbor, and it made me quite a
loss.

Then there was another neighbor
whose bees were affected; he cleaned
hit; apiary out but saved the combs,
and he sold these combs after he had
them lying idle about two years to
another man, and he infected an apiary
of 200 colonies, and he had to melt
those up and destroy them. There are
two ways I am positive they carried
i: — by the honey, and by the old combs.

In the case of Mr. ^Howard carrying
tlie bees over during the spring when
the European foul brood appeared — it
was in the bottom of the cell, and when
they got down so they had to use up
the bottom of that cell, they got foul
brood.

In the case of Dr. Miller, where they
didn't get it by transferring them on
foundation and the using of infected
honey^they ate it all up before they
got brood to feed it to.

Dr^ Miller — They could not.

Mr. Hatch — That was before they
got young brood.

A member — Dr. Miller, did they rear
brood while you were feeding?

Dr. Miller — They must have. I
don't say it is not in the honey; I
think it may be. I would be rather
surprised if it were not.

Mr. Hatch — No infection occurred
from the outside hive without disin-
fecting, but the combs, if they were
used again, you have got the infection
just as sure as fate.

Dr. Miller — I want to add a word
as to distinguishing between the two
diseases; I will tell you why I think
it can be done; I don't know, because
diseases had the American. With the
European, a diseased colony will carry
out the larvae — you understand the
dead larvae dries up in the case of
the European, and the bees can dig it
out, while the American dries down
like dried glue, and they will not carry
it out I think.

In the case of a diseased colony, I
would find on the entrance more or

less of these dead scales they had
carried that far and dropped them;
I suspect you would not find that in
American.

And then, if a rain came on and wet
the larvae, the larvae would all swell
up there, and j'ou will have them
alighting on the door step, those
swelled up larvae, and would recog-
nize diseased colonies by that.

Mr. "Wilcox — W^^ould the bees not
carrj- them out the same way if they
died of starvation?

Dr. Miller — Yes, but understand,
they would look in a very different
way; this is a dried-up black scale—
they are a little black lump that they
carry out.

Mr. Wilcox — Not black where they
carry it out from' starvation.

Dr. Miller — That is true; it is the
white skins they carry out in case of
starvation, but these are the black,
dried-up larvae, and, by the way, I
never paid any attention to them.
You talk about disinfecting the hive —
they were all over the ground for
yards around each hive; I don't think
the bees take the trouble to pick them
up and carry them and feed them to
the babies, and I don't think there is
any need for cleaning up the hives.

Mr. Cavanagh — I want to bring
home one more point on the sub-
ject of European foul brood: While
the combs from a colony that has
once been infected with European
foul brood can, under conditions, be
used safely again, there is a . condi-
tion in which they cannot, and that is
when the bees die from that disease
in winter, and leave that disease in
the cells. Those combs, if used next
season, the swarm is sur« to have foul
brood.

I moved into a localitj' with lots of
EurcJpean foul brood, and I had time
and again cases where hives were
badly infected where the foul brood
had been transmitted from hives
they bought from men that had a
regular hot-bed of foul broad.

At the same time I am using in my
apiary some combs in which the bees
were cleaned up two years ago. I
don't use these combs until late in the
fall, or until such time when the bees
are strong in numbers — plenty of
young bees and the honey-flow on; I
don't attempt to use these combs until

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KBBPHBS' ASSOCIATION

91

then; then put them on top the super,
'but don't put a swarm on them.

Mr. Whitney — I don't know any-
thing about foul brood of any kind
excepting- what I read in the papers
and bee-books. I want to ask the
question: In European foul broody
honey has it not been recommended
that it be boiled before it is fed back?
Do not the experts recommend that —
experts like Mr. France or Mr. Mc-
Evoy, or any of our experts on these
different subjects?

Mr. Cavanagh — I believe I have
read of it being recommended; all
those whom I have talked with rec-
ommend it. I, fed over a ton of honey
last spring that I had boiled over —
every bit of mine; just let it come to a
boil. It has not been proven neces-
sary to boil it any length of time, like
in the American. I believe it is per-
fectly safe to feed after it has come
to a boil. I didn't have a single case
develop after doing that. I would not
like to risk it without boiling, because
the bees are in condition when they
need feeding to be infected with foul
brood if it is there. But I think all
that is necessary is to just let it come
to a boil.

"Is not the treatment of foul brood
by Henry Stewart's method a bad
theory to have been published?"

Mr. Macklin — I talked with Mr.
Stewart (he lives about 12 miles from
where I do) a year ago, in November,
and he stated at that time that his
plan, which he afterwards published,
and which the publishers stated they
paid the highest ruling price for the
article, he told me of that plan a year
ago last November; I brought up the
question here at the last meeting; I
don't remember exactly what I said;
I explained it at that time — it will not
work. I think that his theory is false;
it might work in the hands of a few
experts, and if they were very careful
rot to use those combs for brood-rear-
ing purposes. I would not' risk it.

Dr. Miller — ^Does not Mr. Stewart
still believe in the plan himself?

Mr. Macklin — I think he does.

Mr. Taylor — ^Is that American or
European?

Mr. MacMin — European.

Mr. Cavanagh — ^European foul brood,
or American foul brood, or any other
kind of foul brood, is not cured as
long as that infection is in the combs.

The convention then adjourned to
meet at 7:20 p. m.

Mr. Cavanagh — Mi*. Stewart can no
doubt have them apparently cleaned
out in combs above a healthy colony,
and he can use those combs for 10
;/ears and it may not develop a case
below; but let him try it during brood-
rearing in his hive, and that disease
will develop.

Introducing Queen to Laying-Worker
Colony. ' ; ;,

"How best to proceed to introduce a
queen to a colony that is queenless,
and has laying workers?"

Mr. Macklin — I have had consider-
able experience and no trouble. I have
put a queen in the cage, introduced
her, and left her there for 3 days; then
take one of the combs out of the hive
and stand it up beside the hive and let
the queen out; then if the bees let her
run amongst them (if they show any
hostility, I rescue her and put her back
again for another day), but if they pay
no attention to her I put the whole
thing back and don't have any trouble.

Mr. Purple — I simply take a frame
out of a good healthy colony, with a
young queen, and put it in there.

Mr. Anderson — The best way is to
smother the bees.

Dr. Miller — No, I would not smother
them. In a majority of cases when
you have a case of laying workers you
have a colony that is more or less re-
duced, and the bees generally quite
old; I would not want to smother them,
but distribute them around among
friendly colonies.

Mr. Oliver — I would like to give a
dead sure way of curing them. Put
a good, strong colony on top of that
laying worker colony, with queen in.

Pres. York — ^We will now have 15
minutes for intermission.

Treasurer's Report — Election of Offi-
cers.

After intermission the Secretary-
Treasurer gave his report showing a
deficit of $3.15 at the opening of the
present convention. As there was a
deficit of $13.00 last year, some prog-
ress had been made.

On motion the report of the Secre- '
tary- Treasurer was approved.

The election of officers' for the en-
suing year came next, with the follow-
ing result:

92

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

For iPresident, George W. York, of
Chicago; Vice-President, Chas. G.
Maclilin, of Morrison, 111.; and Secre-
tary-Treasurer, Lfouis C. Dadant, of
Hamilton, 111.

How Much Should Producer Get for
Honey?

"If a grocer retails a pound of white
extracted honey in jar at 40 cents, how
much ougiht the producer or bee-
keeper get?"

Mr. Macklin — 30' cents.

Mr. Taylor — 27' cents.

Mr. Niver — I would say the producer
would "get it in the neck."

Mr. Smith — From what I have
studied of marketing products under
our present system, about 17 or 18
cents. I believe you will find the
greatest machine company that manu-
factures harvester machinery, and all
of these trusts', pay out more money
for the marketing of their product
than they do for the manufacture. It
cost more to market a self-binder than
it does to make it — to sell a suit of
clothes than it does to make a suit. It
costs more, I believe, in nearly all
lines of manufacture to sell goods^ — to
put them in the hands of the con-
sumers— than to manufacture. I be-
lieve you will find that is true.

Pres. York — The producer would
have to put it up. How much, if sold
at 55 cents per quart?

Mr. Cavanagh — I would like to know
as to whether you mean one can or a
car-lot; you can figure a little closer
in selling in large quantities?

Pres. York — If you were to take n
single can?

Mr. Wilcox — The question will again
come up as to whether you leave your
honey with the retail grocer, or ship
it; if you have to ship it you must
have a wider margin. If you sell it to
your own grocer to retail, 5 cents is
enoug'h,

Mr. Niver — "We are getting on a very
tender point with me. I have studied
it about ten years — that one question —
and coming right down to the funda-
mental thing, you have to understand
that the production is limited by the
consumption, and if you get the price
on honey too high it cuts down the
consumption below a point where it is
profitable to produce honey at all.

I contend that the only way to raise
the consumption of honey, to get it up

where it ought to be, is to get the
price within the people's reach; the
average price of honey, in stores,
where I am traveling, is 30 cents a
pound, excepting for medicines and an
occasional luxury. That is all wrong.
The argument of the bee-keeper is
that meat is very high, and so is flour,
and butter, and eggs — why should not
honey be? X^ie point is, that meat
and butter do not come into compe-
tition with honey at all. Honey is a
competitor of sweets — sugar, molasses
and syrups; they have not advanced
anything like any of the other neces-
saries of life.

Now I contend that a price of 12%
cents for extracted honey — I don't say
anything about comb honey because
there is so little of it consumed it
doesn't amoomt to anything; when you
get above 12% cents' a pound for ex-
tracted honey you are cutting down
the consumption to a point where it is
below a profit to produce it.

Can we get it to the consumer at
12% cents, or below that? Everybody
shakes their head and says, "No"; I
say it can be done, and be done at
present prices, but you must cut out
the expense — the 60 -pound can first;
that is sheer waste; costs % to %
cent peij pound. The bee-keeper must
put up his honey in retail packages;
then the bee-keeper must sell direct to
the grocer or the general market.
That is what I have been contending
for, and have been trying to systema-
tize.

The first thing the grocer says is
that there is no demand for honey. "I
have a dozen little tumblers- that sell
at 15 cents a piece, 6 ounces, and I
don't sell a dozen in a year." He
ought not to at that price. I go right
along and sell a couple of tons in his
same town; he thinks I am crazy, and
I sell at 12% cents a pound.

I attempted to put up honey in retail
packages that would ship at fourth-
class rate. That has to be done. I
have been retailing that to the con-
sumers and have a good, big trade;
they will take it that way, at a decent
rate, and take a great deal of it.

I have talked this to Mr. France, but
he says it won't work because bee-
keepers cannot be trusted; that they
will put up poor honey if it is covered
up by tin. I have found that bee-
keepers do not put up their honey

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

93

clean enough to put on the table. The
reason is the honey is too thick to go
through a fine cloth when they put it
through the extractor. I have to heat
it up; it may not be dirt; it may be
propolis or gum, but you must take
that out before the people will think it
is clean.

Oan we get the bee-keeper to put up
his honey in proper shape? So many
bee-keepers simply work for comb-
honey production, and comb-honey
production is going out of style.

There are a good many things in the
way, but it can be done, and if you sell
the honey cheap enough to people, they
will eat it — so that we can make it a
profitable business to keep bees and
prodnce extracted honey.

Pres. York — ^We are getting a little
off the question. The second part of
this is: "How much should the bee-
keeper get if the retailer sells a quart
of honey for 55 cents?"

Mr. Wilcox — He should not sell it as
high as that.

Mr. Macklin — It is too much.

Mr- Purple — ^^There is a case where
the middleman comes in for his big
profits. For the last two or three
years I ihave begun to see into the
middleman business. After being in
the manufacturing business, you find
the middleman comes in and says:
"Why, now you want us to sell this
product, how much do you want?" If
a staple article, it will average in price
anywhere from 20 to 50 per cent for
the middleman; he doesn't work for
nothing. You will find that out right
away. The ordinary middleman is
willing to do it for about 30 per cent;
you add that to the price of honey and
you will see what you £xe getting. I
don't think there is any dealer here
but w.hat will bear me out in that. The
actual producer doesn't begin to get
what is received for the article, no
matter what it may be.

"If white extracted honey is put up
in 12-ounce bottles, how much will the
bee-keeping get when selling to stores
in cities like Detroit or Chicago?"

Mr. Macklin — What do the bottles
cost?

Pres. York — 'Suppose they cost 3
cents each, by the dozen. How much
would the bee-keeper get when selling
by the dozen?

Mr. Niver — I found it retailing in
stores for 25 cents, as a rule. That

makes us keep our honey at home and
eat it if we can. I don't believe that is
good sens-. I believe the package is
too small, to commence with. I don't
believe in bee-keepers putting it up in
less than 3-lb. packages, and I think
they should be sold for 35 cents at the
retail grocers; that is what I have
been contending (for, and trying to sys-
tematize some way that it could be
done. Honey at present prices is a lit-
tle high, and I believe it could be done,
with a proper systematizing of busi-
ness, and, perhaps, a little co-operation.
It is a pretty hard subject to get all
around.

Mr. Ahlers — ^Honey can be sold at 35
cents a quart, and everybody make a
living at it.

Mr. Kimmey — ^It occurs to me there
are a good many talking on this sub-
ject wiho don't know as much as some
of those who don't speak out. We eve
ready to cry, "The middleman is to
blame!" Having never been a middle-
man, I don't know much about it. You
remember when we went to Texas, and
went in to buy some honey, and it was
labeled "York's Honey?" I would like
to hear from our President, and from
Mr. Arnd.

Mr. Cavanagh — I would suggest me
divide this meeting into two classes —
the bears and the bulls; the producers
and the fellows who are going to buy
and sell again.

I>r. Miller — 1 am not a middleman; I
■am one of the "end" men in the show!
(Laughter.) I would suggest this: We
are getting away, and persisting in
getting away, from the question; I
might as well stay away from it.
Mr. Niver says: "Cut out the 60 lb.
can." I would ask the question,
whether it might not be well to keep
the 60 lb. can, and get up a trade in
honey in 60 lb. cans? I don't see why
it might not be a good thing to strive
to get more families to use 60 lb. cans
of honey. It is not too much for a
family to use, and if you can do that,
and get the people to eat it at the low-
est rate they can get it, a good deal
more honey will be eaten, and you will
be doing the people as much good as
you will the bee-keepers. A man to-
day— a, citizen of Chicago — asked me
a question about comb honey and ex-
tracted honey — ^whether he would get
more, or as much, by buying extracted
as the comb honey. I told him if he

^^ihir^

■ ysf^zi'-'''

*. ■■-.■. -^ '■ ■ " '* ■ '.'* ■■ -X:-*--'..'- -J. .

94

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

was after the amount for the money

expended, to buy extracted honey. He

said they paid 25 cents a pound for
it, and wanted to know if there was
any way he could do any better. I
told him if he bought it in a 60 lb. can,
he could get it for 10 cents a pound,
and he said that was the thing for him
to do. People don't know that; if we
can get people to know that, they will
buy that much more honey. We keep
talking about 2 lbs., and 12 ounces; if
we go at it in the right way we can
get a lot more people to buy 60 lb.
cans of honey at a time.

Mr. Wilcox — ^I agree with Dr. Miller.
I have sold, this fall, 30 60 lb. cans
that I suppose were divided up one can
to each family, and I keep nothing
smaller that 12 lb. cans for shipping,
but for home trade and the neighbors,
I can get along with a 10 pound pail,
but would not handle anything
smaller. I tell them if they want it
in small quantities, for some one to
buy the large one and divide it up. I
believe most families can use a 60 lb.
can of honey, especially west of the *
Mississippi river, and I have sold more
than a dozen in Milwaukee this fall.

Mr. Ahlers — I w:ould like to give yjou
my price list to show you that I try
to sell to my customers 60 lb. cans;
I think my price list will interest you.
It is as follows:

"To My Friends ^nd Patrons — I
herewith take pleasure to hand you
my price list for honey for the season
1910 and 1911. These prices take effect
September 1, 1910. Orders received in
July and August, accompanied with "
payment, %c pound less.

6 10 lb. pails clover honey, at 11^/^
cents per pound; 12 5 lb. pails clover
honey at 12 cents; 60 lb. cans, in one
can, at 11% cents per pound.

The above put up in boxes holding
60 lbs. each. Boxes weigh about 8 lbs.

One hundred and twenty pounds of
honey, 2 cans in one box; weight of
box, about 15 pounds. Less than 60
pounds size, quarter of a cent per
pound higher.

Freight prepaid on shipments of 120
pounds or more."

And most of rny orders run 120
pounds or more, because the freight
amounts — the highest is 75 cents any-
where in Dakota, and to the farthest .
points in New York and Boston it
ranges from 75 to 90 cents a hundred
pounds, and if I get orders from New

York and Boston, they really don't be-
long to me — they belong to some other
bee-keeper, and I can afford to pay the
freight; they will take 120 • pounds if
they can save that little freight; it
amounts, to Chicago, 25 cents. I ship
a lot of it to Chicago. They would
take only 6'0' pounds, or 10, if it was not
for this little item of freight that 1
allow them.

"Thirteen-pound pail, at 12 cents
per pound; 25-pound pail, at 11 cents
per pound.

Shipped in light, sealed carton boxes,
weight, about 1 pound each, by Amer-
ican Express Company, Chicago; rate,
80 cents per hundred pounds; m.ini-
mum, 35 cents. Less J;han 60 pounds,
one size, quairter of a cent per pound
higher." (If I had that to do over 1
would charge 1-3 cent per pound
higher.) And I believe that bee-keep-
ers can sell their honey in 60-pouiid
orders. I think, as Dr. Miller says,
the people can he induced to take 60
pounds if they get it cheaper.

Mr. Arnd — A 12-ounce bottle of
honey would retail in Chicago at 25
cents.

A Member — ^What should it retail at?

Mr. York — 1 should say 20 cents
would be a fair price.

Price of Extracted Honey.

"Is there any excuse for any bee-
keeper selling extracted honey for 7
cents a pound this year?"

Mr. Taylor — ^Not if it is good honey.

Mr. Wilcox— I have plenty of it to
offer at that price.

Dr. Miller — ^What is the matter with
it?

Mr. Wilcox — ^Honey-dew. It is good
eating, if you don't know what it is
made. of.

Pres. York — All those who think
there is a good excuse for offering good,
white extracted honey at 7 cents a
pound this year, raise your hands. (No .
hands raised.)

Comb or Extracted Honey?

"Which should we produce, comb or
.extracted honey?"

Mr. Taylor — I think we should pro-
duce comb honey.

Pres. York — How many think we
should produce comb honey, raise
hands. (15 hands raised.) "

Pres. York— How many think we

i^;v5

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

95

should produce extracted? (Same num-
ber—15.)

Mr. Whitney — Dr. Miller voted twice;
that is not fair. Circumstances alter
cases. I would like to produce extract-
ed honey, and I would like to produce
comb honey. I would not do as. Dr.
Miller did, vote both ways.

Mr. Cavanagh — The conditions make
a great deal of difference, whether it
is practical to produce comb or ex-
tracted honey. You have to have a
pretty swift and steady flow to produce
comb honey advantageously. If you
have a slow flow it makes it unprofit-
able, as well as getting a poor quality.

Dr. Miller — In all seriousness I would
say we ought to vote on both sides.
I do believe that extracted honey ought
to be furnished to the public, and so
do I believe that comb Iioney should.
The majority of people, perhaps, can-
not so well afford to have comb honey.
I believe that comb honey, in its purity
and perfection, is just a little better
than any extracted honey you can get.
I know it is a little dangerous to say
that here, but I don't believe you can
get quite the same quality when you
extract it as you can in the comb but
there is so little difference for a staple
article that I should say extracted
honey is what they should have, but
some are willing to pay the extra price
for comb honey and they ought to have
it, so if you ask a general question I
should say we ought to produce both.

Mr. Whitney — I take back what I
said; I vote 'with you!

Mr. Smith — I have been trying to find
out which I ought to eat, whether the
wax in the comb is of any benefit to
the system if taken into the system.
I have been trying to find out which
is the most wholesome as a whole, so
when the question is answered, we
should produce the honey that is the
most wholesome for the human family.
We should produce that which is best
for the people, and for that reason, if
there is no difference, if some people
require wax and some do not, then it
is a matter for the local physician to
prescribe. If there is no difference, or
if there is, I believe each person ought
to determine it for himself: I am prac-
tically on the fence. I don't know
whether to become a middleman or a
producer; I don't know whether i-
should not eat honey at 12 cts. a pound
or potatoes at 60 cts., or bacon at 28

cents; I don't know what I can afford
to pay for honey to take the place of
those foods.

Mr. Wilcox — One Doctor once said,
"Eat what your appetite craves, if it
agrees with you."

Getting Rid of a Prolific Worker, *

"What is the best method to get rid
of a prolific worker?"

Pres. York — You might kill her.

Strengthening Weak Colonies.

"What is the best way to strengthen
weak colonies in the spring?"

Mr. Taylor — Feed them. .

Mr. Wilcox — The answer to that
question is very important if the mem-
bers do not already know; but if they
all know they cannot learn any more.
I think the most important point is to
supply them bountifully with food and
warmth, and they will take care of
themselves.

Dr. Miller — I think that question may
be answered in this way. In actual
practice all of us have colonies that
are v/eaker tnan the others and we
want to strengthen them; I don't
strengthen them by feeding them; as a
rule we strengthen them by taking
something from the stronger colonies.

Mr. Cavanagh — I would like to know
how many here have tried the Alexan-
der method for weak colonies. I think
a great deal of it. I would like a show
of hands on this. (Five raised hands.)

Pres. York — How many succeeded?
(No one raised hand.)

Mr. Wilcox — I don't think we under-
stand the plan alike.

Dr. Miller — I don't know which way
to vote; I tried and succeeded, and I
tried and failed.

Mr. Huffman — That plan of increas-
ing the colony when it is weak — Mr.
Byer, of Canada, this year at the Al-
bany Convention gave a very good idea
of it. Take the frames of brood, shake
the old bees and go to several colonies,
and shake the young bees in front of
weak colonies and they would accept
all of those young bees and become
workers, and you would have a strong
colony.

I have tried the Alexander plan and
failed. Maybe I didn't know how.

Mr. Bull — Mr. McEvoy gave a plan
of taking the brood all out and start-
ing a colony. ^

j;..-i;; ; ■^■■■;: :^i«wn--7ir?^;^

V6

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF TIHE

Mr. Niver — I think that is quite a
proiTiinent practice in Wisconsin, to
shake the young bees in front of the
weak colony.

Mr. Cavanagh — That would take
oare of the hrood and make a good
colony, but make an increase at the
expense of other colonies. The time
to make an increase is at the time of
the ciover season.

Mr. Wilcox — Have any of the mem-
bers here tried taking a very weak
colony and placing it in a warm room
or chamber that would be kept at a
uniform temperature, to see if it will
cause them to build comb?

Mr. Smith — I intend to try it next
spring; I have an incubator with out-
door entrance, and am going to put
in a thermostat and test the temper-
ature and see what those bees will
do; after the winter is over I will test
it again in the soring, and see if they
will build up earlier by giving them
artificial heat; keep the temperature
even. I am going to try that.

Mr. Taylor — My position on that
question is this: That we are in the
business not for fun but for a living,
and if we can't have enough good col-
onies to satisfy ourselves and produce
a crop that is satisfactory, we better
go into some other business; if they
are very weak, let them go.

Dr. Miller — Unite them with another
colony that is stronger. If you have
two or three of those little weaklings
in the spring unite them 3 or 4 of
them — and after they have united
they will die out; but if you have
one say with perhaps a rather weak
colony, but strong enough so it will
live of itself, unite with one of these
little weaklings, that will be a help,
and it will do better than one alone
would have done.

Moisture in a Bee-Cellar.

"Is it advisable to have moisture
in a bee-cellar for bees to winter
well?"

Dr. Miller — What do you mean?
How much moisture?

Mr. Wilcox — It is generally con-
sidered hurtful to have moisture in
the cellar, but I have several times
in my life wintered bees through the
whole or a portion of the winter with
a foot of water in the bottom of the
cellar, and my opinion is that if the
water is colder than the atmosphere

above it, it is beneficial rather than
hurtful, but if the water is warm it
would give out steam and be decid-
edly bad; a running stream through
the bottom of the cellar is rather ben-
eficial; I am not opposed to moisture
because it is moisture, provided the
temperature is right.

What is a "Breeder" Queen?

"What should be the characteristics
of a queen denominated 'a breeder?'"

Mr. Taylor — Dr. Miller would say a
long-lived one.

Pres. York — That would be one of
the characteristics anyw^ajy.

Dr. Miller — Possibly the meaning
of that question is, what is meant
when a man, in advertising, says a
"queen-breeder" or a "breeder" at so
much; what he means by that word
"breeder" I think, as a rule, Is that it
is especially selected; because it is
better than the average, or is super-
ior in some way and I think that the
word is used In a very mixed-up
sense and that sometimes it doesn't
mean anything and sometimes it
does. It depends on who the man is
that says it. If a man wants to sell
me a queen, and he says, "There is a
breeder," I would understand him to
say, MThat is one of the very best
queens I have," but what the word
would mean in one case and not in
another, I don't know.

Mr. Whitney— I asked that ques-
tion because I didn't know what the
queen-breeders meant when thej'- ad-
vertised a breeder for $10.00.

Dr. Miller — You will never find out.
Mr. Whitney— I don't know but
what Dr. Miller or Mr. Taylor, or
some of the men here, might tell me
what it meant. I have often bought
queens at $1.25 that I think were as
fine as any queen bred, as fine as a
queen that was called a "breeder" in
any apiary. It occurs to me that un- ;
less there is some peculiar character-
istic of these queens called "breed-
ers" .1 don't want any of them. They ;
ought to be long-lived and prolific
breeders, and produce good, strong,
bees; it seems to me there should be '
something— I don't know what It is— '
that recommends them. '

Mr. Taylor— What I think they mean '
is, that they mean to sell you a queen !
at a good, big, round price. '

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERe' ASSOCIATION

97

Mr. Whitney — I would like to know
how old they are to be before we can
determine that they are a breeder; If
two years old they are pretty nearly
ready to die; if one year old they have
a little time left them in which a man
could get some of his money back.

Accepting an Introduced Queen.

"Is there any variety of bees that will
accept an introduced queen more read-
ily than the Italian?"

Mr. Wilcox — I am not going to ans-
wer that question, but ask another
along the same line, almost: Which
will accept the queen the more readily,
old bees or young ones?

Dr. Miller — ^Young ones.

Mt. Wilcox — I have seen articles
printed in some of our bee papers
claiming that old bees would, while
my. theory is that the young ones will.

Upward Hive Ventilation.

"Is upward hive ventilation ever
necessary? If so, how may it best be
given?"

Dr. Miller — The first winter I
'wintered bees in my cellar, upward
ventilation was entirely necessary; if
there had been none the bees would
have died. I turned my hives all up-
side down; that was the orthodox way
— that is Quinby's plan, and it is good
today. It does not matter where the
ventilation is in the cellar, if you have
enough of it. In that case they were
entirely closed at the bottom and
opened at the top, and in that case,
ventilation at the top was absolutely
necessary; but I don't believe that it
is absolutely necessary if there is a
reasonable amount of ventilation be-
low, because my hives go into my
cellar exactly as they were on the
summer stand, sealed up tight, and the
bees winter well.

Mr. Whitney — Does the question
mean summer or winter?

Mr. Howard — ^I had reference to the
summer; I gave that question.

Dr. Miller — I don't believe it is ab-
solutely necessary if there is suffiicient
ventilation below, but in a great many
cases I believe it is a very great ad-
vantage. A great many years ago
Adam Grimm, of Wisconsin, and a
good authority, at this place (before
the days of sections) he had boxes on
top of his hive, the lid of the hive was
tipped up at the back so that the air

could pass up through there. I can
see him there, sitting with teeth to-
gether saying in his German way, "I
consider that very necessary." For
some years I practiced having my sec-
tion supers shoved forward so as to
allow the air to pass up at the upper
back end, but it hindered the finishing
of the sections at that point a little,
and for some years I abandoned the
plan; but I practise it now a good part
of the summer, because I think I gain
more than I lose by it. The general
advantage to the whole is so much.

Mr. Macklin — ^I tried Dr. Miller's plan
of shoving the super ahead on 40
colonies that had % inch hive entrance,
and in all those 40 colonies I had com-
pleted sections except one super, and
that had the rear row that were not
finished out while all the other 18 sec-
tions were completed, and during the
summer time the bees clustered around
the opening and didn't seem as though
they were getting any air at all during
the middle of the day, and sometimes
stayed there all night and would be
clustered there in the morning.

Dr. Miller— During the past two
years the rule seems to have been re-
versed. I had some colonies with the
ventilation, and some without; I found
that in these two years — this year and
two years ago (last year was a failure)
— I found those colonies that had had
\enfilation finished up their sections
without ventilation better than those
with it, reversing what had been the
rule formerly; I tried to account for
it in this way: The weather was ex-
ceedingly hot, and that gave them a
chance to stay there and finish up
better.

Mr, Whitney — My hives I have al-
ways used are double walled, tight
bottom, consequently if the bees get
ventilation in hot weather, it had to be
by moving the cover. The cover tele-
scoped about 2 inches over the top, and
under that cover there would be as
many as 3 sections or supers for comb
honey. If I moved the cover forward
slightly it gave good ventilation, and
I always had perfect sections at either
end of the section cases, as well made
as those in the center and at the side
also; that has been my experience; the
bees would hang out in great bunches
before the hive, before the cover was
slid, and would get back in the hive
in short order after I moved the cover
forward. There would be ventilation

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TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

enough up in the top of that hive, al-
■ most enough to blow out a candle. I
. have often struck a match and it would
blow it out.

Dr. Miller — Did the air pass up-
ward ? Did you notice after it was
blown out that the smoke was going
down in?

Mr. Whitney — Not a bit of it. I wish
Dr. Stearns was here he was in my
yard once when I tried to experiment;
he put his handkerchief down and it
blew it right up out of the hive.

Mr. Howard; — I have for several
years considered that upward ventila-
tion was necessary, and on shifting
the super, as Dr. Miller says, I have
gotten incomplete sections, so I began
to cast about for some way of ventilat-
ing the brood-chamber from the top.
I went to work and equipped practi-
cally all of my supers (I made them
all myself), with hollow section -rests,
and each of those section-rests had
holes at the side distributed around the
top of the brood-chamber, 30 in all:
this conducted the air along through
the end of the super up through the
end, boring a hole % or 2-3 up, and I
believe it has greatly helped me in
swarm-control.

Mr. Cavanagh — I am satisfied that
it is important to have plenty of venti-
lation in the hive to make the honey
ripen.

Workers and Drones From Italian
Queen,

"Why is it that the worker progeny
of an Italian queen show markings
triie to type, while her drone progeny
show every degree of variation from
almost pure orange to black?"

Dr. Miller — Ndbody knows.

Mr. Smith — I don't know. I believe
from observation in other lines that I
might give some reason for it. I be-
lieve that comes from the preponder-
ance of relation, we might call it, of
the drone. The father of the drones
is not the father of the workers, as I
understand bee- culture. Now you may
take ordinary animals, and in cross-
ing with the best grades,- or best
breeds, that breed is very tnaterial to
the offspring; the strongest will cer-
tainly predominate. If that queen-bee
is what we might call a mongrel, and
if she is mated with one of pure breed,
we would expect the workers to Ibe
much nearer the true variety of the

father of the bee than the mother. Is
not that true?

Mr. Whitney — I asked that question,
because I have carefully observed in
some of my best colonies, where the
queens were supposed to be pure 3-
banded Italians or 3-banded workers:
I have noticed that the drones were
almost every variety of color, from
almost pure as the queen in color, to
drones that were quite dark, and it
occurred to me that it might be pos-
sible that there was some taint, after
all, in the best queens we get, from
away back, and whether the Italians
would not degenerate unless we took
special pains to keep up the grade, if
left to themselves — whether they
would not finally go 'back again and
become perhaps degenerated. 1
thought perhaps there would be some
one here who might answer such a
question.

Mr. Wilcox — I can express my
theory on it from all I have studied.
The drone is the product of the un-
fertilized egg, and is not affected by
the mating of the queen, which laid
the egg, but will be of the same race
and strain as the blood of the mother.
The mother may have that mixed
blood somewhere, and it is either in the
may l^e called a pure Italian, and yet
there is in her a strain of dark blood
if the drones are mixed. If the drones
are all yellow and alike, you may be
absolutely sure that your queen de-
scends from pure blood.

Mr. Whitney — We are often told
that those drones are just as pure as
those that are evenly marked; we are
often told that those that are irregu-
lartly marked are just as pure as those
that are evenly marked.

Mr. Wilcox — I would not consider
them pure if they are not evenly
marked. If a queen produces part
yellow drones and part black, or
mixed drones, there is some mixed
blood somewhere, and it is either in the
queen or the drone.

Dr. Miller — ^Did you ever see an
Italian queen that would produce
drones exactly alike?

Mr. Wilcox — Yes, I bought some
queens from a man in Michigan that
produced deep yellow drones.

Dr. Miller — I doubt their being pure
Italians. I am talking about pure
Italians. These Americanized Italians

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3VSi*?<»^F?asr/¥:^ * •^■^J''i1F.

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

99

— tihey have gotten away from their
purity when they are yellow all over.
Mr. Wilcox — I took that "as the
standard of purity — the evenness and
regularity of the markings.

A Queen- Experience.

"After a queen has ceased to produce
worker-eggs, and is laying drone-eggs
in worker cells, is it possible to make a
worker-layer of her again?"
. Dr. Miller — Yes, Mr. Whitney did.

Mr. Whitney — I suspect nearly every
one here would say "No," it can't be
done." If she were an old queen I
would say s-o, but I had just such a
case as that. Dr. Bruenich, of Switzer-
land, wrote me that it is one of the
most interesting cases he has heard of,
and he thinks experiments ought to be
made along that line to ascertain, if
possible, what feeding will do. I will
state this case. I have stated it once
or twice before, and you people didn't
dispute me, but I thought you didn't
believe me.

I had a queen I introduced some time
in the latter part of June. I clipped her
right wing, so as to Tdc sxire to know
her and keep her in the hive. That
season was a poor one, but she did
fairly well, and by dividing I made two
colonies of bees, though they didn't
have honey to carry them through the
winter. I fed them. About the first of
April, the next ^ring, I visited the
yard, and that was one of the first
colonies I visited, hecause I thought a
great deal of that queen. I opened it
up and found the colony alive, but they
were the worst looking lot of bees I
have ever seen^slim, thin — the queen
had changed from her yellow, bright
color to a dusty brown, and was almost
as slim as a wasp, and in the center of
the brood-chamber she was laying;
more than 3-4 of the brood were drones
in worker- cells.

There were two lady bee-keepers
there, and saw this, and they said to
me: "Mr. Whitney, is not that too
bad?" I said: "Yes, it is, but I am not
going to kill that queen." 'She was not
a year old yet. She had laid most of
her eggs all right the year before.

I commenced feeding for 8 or 10 days,
and after two weeks, or a little over,
I examined that hive again. I hap-
pened to take out the frame that had
the queen on, and she was as plump
and nice as she 'was small before; her

bees were looking better, and there
were no more drones to be found in
the worker-cells at all; by dividing!
made four colonies of bee's from that
one that summer. The question is,
what caused that change in the queen?
Some thought it must have been an-
other queen, but I know it was the
same old queen.

I think experiments ought to be
made along that line, to see what feed-
ing will do with" queens under similar
circumstancesi but we might attempt
to experiment under different circum-
stances, and fail. They w.ere peculiar
in this case. While there was plenty
of honey in the hive, it was glazed over
as if varnished, and the bees seemed
to have all they could do to dig in and
get any feed at all. They were nearly
starved and heavy with honey.

I would like to know if any here have
had a similar experience, and if they
take my statement as true. I wish
that somebody, next spring, if he finds
a colony of bees that come out weak
and poor, that he would try it out, and
see if this can he done by others.

Best Package for Retailing Extracted
■ / -, 'Honey.

"What is the "best package, or con-
tainer, (for extracted honey in a retail
way?"

Dr. Miller — Sixty-pound can.

Mr. Niver — I sell honey in 60-pound
cans ■n'herever I can, and the worst
trouble about selling a 60-pound can
is, to find anybody who has money
enough to pay for it. A 3-pound can
comes" nearer the size of the average
family, although I have sold a great
many 60-pound cans the present win-
ter, but a great majority of my sales
won't average over 6 pounds at a time,
and this merely on account of the
financial standing of the people; they
are working for wages, and don't get
wages enough to get far enough ahead,
except in exceptional instances, to buy
a 60 pound can of honey. They would
buy it if they had the money, I have no
dou^bt.

Mr. Wilcox — I have sometimes said
that the larger the city in which you
sell it, the smaller should be the pack-
age. If you will send y^our honey west
of the Missouri river, a 60 -pound can
is small enough; it does very well in
Dakota, ibut when you go into Wis-
consin' and Illinois you will have to

■i^tWtT^-^' '^■^'<W-''^^'^'^^^':^i^^

yr

100

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

arrange for the smaller ones; 'many
will want 10 or 12 pounds, and, in large
cities, give them what they want, no
matter how small they are.

Mr. Smith — I have discussed this
matter with the people. 1 consider
taking up the matter of retailing honey.
I know that if people are educated up
to it, they will want it, and I know
that in Chicago there are thousands
and thousands of families who are
willing to pay for it, but we have to
meet the local conditions.

I have talked with a good many
families in good circumstances about
honey, and a large majority of thetn
say: "I want just honey enough, in a
package, to put on the table, and let
that be the end of it. I don't want
the hired girl going to a 60 lb. can, or
any other can; I want the package of
honey to be just like our breakfast
food, so that I can put it on the table
and it will all be eaten up, the dish
washed, and that is all there is to it."

On that point I want to say: The
smaller the package the larger the
price per pound required, and neces-
sarily so, because it costs more to dis-
tribute it. The grocer won't sell it un-
less he has 25 per cent. It costs him
16 per cent to 18 per cent to do that
business. He wants 33% per cent on
most goods, and usually 50 per cent on
honey — because he sells so little of it
he must make a big profit. I offer
him 25 per cent, and I say, "If that is
not enough I will deliver the honey
myself." They must accept a smaller
profit, as on other staple goods, the
same as flour or butter; they, don't
get 25 per cent on flour, butter and
sugar — why should they boycott honey
and want 50 per cent to 75 per cent
when they are selling sugar for less
than 10 per cent?

I believe with proper work among
the bee-keepers, the grocer can be sup-
plied with honey he will sell at 25 per
cent proflt, and then by cutting out un-
necessary expense in distribution I be-
lieve he can retail it at 12% cents a
pound, and then the sale of honey will
move along, and move lively.

American Foul Brood.

"If one's bees have American foul
brood, course of management will pro-
duce the greatest profit and leave them
without the disease at the end of the
season?"

Mr. Wilcox — il would say, send for
the foul brood inspector.

Mr. Ahlers — ^I think there is one way
that foul brood can be annihilated. The
people whose bees have foul brood —
they bother around with it for years
and years; some have it for 10 years
and some never get rid of it. They
are advised of these different methods
of getting rid of it. I say, get those
colonies working for honey. If a
colony gets a little weak, unite it with
another one, and just as soon as the
honey season is over, burn! them up
and save the combs. Use all the good
combs and get another crop of honey,
and you will have no more foul brood
to put away in the winter, and take
out dead bees in the spring.

I think those bees will give enough
honey to buy another colony of bees,
and more, too; and the wax melted. up
will buy the foundation, and all you
have is your labor for working it over.
You don't need new combs if s'ou get
bees from the South. They will re-
place those that you. burnt up. That
is the way I would do.

Mr. Macklin— I have followed along
that line somewhat, but I have not had
very many bees that have had Amer-
ican foul brood. I sold the honey for
6 cents a pound f. o. b. my town, to
bakers^— then I had the combs for wax
left. They will produce more than
enough wax for the new colonies I put
in, so I never carried over a colony to.
the next spring that had foul brood in
the fall.

Mr. Cavanagh — ^That is all very well,
■^with this exception: In the flrst place,
I don't think a bee-keeper has any
right to keep a colony that has fouI\
brood, all summer; the time to take
care of it is in the horley flow, by the-
McEvoy treatment." In the fall of the
year the question resolves itself to
this: Is that colony worth saving or
not? If it is not worth saving, give
them carbon di sulphide, rendering
up the combs and saving what honey
(■here is; if they are worth saving, why,
save them. Tou want to put in good,
clean, healthy combs of honey for
swarming. My experience has been
somewhat limited as to American foul •
brood.

Mr. Jones — So far as shaking them
on combs in the fall is concerned, two '
years ago we shook 3 colonies, one
died over the winter; one showed foul
brood in the spring — the other didn't;

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ILLINOIS STATE BEE- KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

101

last fall I shook 9, and 8 out of the 9
showed foul brood in the spring again.

Mr. Cavanagh— Where did you get
the combs you put the bees on, and
what time did you shake them?

Mr. Jones — I got the combs from
good, healthy colonies. I shook them
when the bees were in flight (in No-
vember).

Mr. Cavanagh — I cannot account for
your failure by the bees carrying im-
perfect honey with them? They don't
breed any more in the fall; they must
consume that honey in the winter.

Mr. Jones — I don't know that they
consume that honey in the winter,

Mr. Cavanaugh — I cannot account for
that theory. 1 even do this: I put
away extracting combs late in the fall
after the brood is all hatched, and give
them a good disinfecting. If there is
any scattering of foul brood I have
never seen it. I don't think there was
any disease in those combs; I did that
the year we had European foul brood.
I think thofa'e bees were infected from
some other way.

Dr. Miller — I think possibly Mr. Mc-
Evoy recommends this: That in the
fall, after breeding is done, you T)ut
your infected colonies upon full frames
of sealed honey. Now if Mr. Jones had
frames that had some empty cells in
which they could carry and deposit
honey that they had before — and I
think Mr. McEvoy would object to that
— Re insists that the combs must be en-
tirely filled and sealed with honey; and
Mr. McEvoy recommends that very
Ktrong'ly as a good treatment to give
in the fall of the year — a diseased col-
ony, full sealed frames of honey, and it
is just possible that in Mr. Cavanagh's
treatment he had the full frames, and
In Mr. Jones' he had frames that were
only partially full.

Mr. Jones — Not every cell was filled;
that is a pretty hard thing to get; you
may g'et an individual comb here and
there, but it is a hard thing to get
evfery cell filled.

Mr. Cavanagh — ^Were these colonies
badly infected, or only slightly?

Mr. Jones — They were not badly in^
fected.

Mr. Cavanagh — I don't want to be
misunderstood in the matter. I would
not treat any colony that is badly in-
fected with American foul brood; I
would put them out of existence. There
is no use in bothering with a colony

of bees unless they are of some com-
mercial value. A few bees would better
be killed than to fuss with them.

Strengthening Comb Foundation.

"Could not a brood foundation be
made heavy at the top and tapering
to thin super at the bottom, so that
in TYz in. frames no wire would be
needed ?"

Pres. York — Mr. Dadant should be
able to help us on that.

Mr. Dadant — I never have been able
to do anything like that yet. It is hard
enough to ge.t a straight sheet without
any knots in it.

Dr. Miller — Something that is prac-
tically close to that in effect has been
done. I believe there has been a patent
taken out, and there are some that
practice it. Take a brush and paint
the upper part of the foundation with
melted wax, so as to make it heavier
at the top; some speak very highly of
that. A Mr. Vogeler, of California, in-
vented the process.

Mr. Huffman — Did not Mr. Popple-
ton recommend that at the Sioux City
Convention?

Pres. York — ^He spoke of it, but the
California man recommended it.

Mr. Howard — ^I thought it might be
made so that one side would be thin
and the top thick.

Mr. Taylor — It is an easy matter with
a good press.

Swarm Control and Comb Honey.

"What is the best plan for swarm-
control when working for comb honey?".

Mr. Taylor — I can tell you how I do.
I give them plenty of room. Not
too much but see that they have
plenty of room; then there will
be some swarms, and I catch the
queen; put on the queen-trap, put the
swarm back; the old queen will be
killed and they will come back. If they
go up, as they will generally, unless it
is near the end of the season — when the
swarm is out I pull out all the rest of
the queen cells and put them back,
and that is the end of it.
■ Dr. Miller — I don't know; I am try-
ing to learn that. One way, a little like
this, and this is older than any of us —
put the swarm back every time it is-
sues, and if you keep doing that you
will finally get the thing over, because
the old queen will be killed in a little

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102

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Avhile and the first young queen comes
out; put that tack, and there will be a
battle and one or two queens will be
killed, and after you return your swarm
a few times there will be only one left.

Mr. Taj'lor — That keeps you working
all summer!

Dr. Miller — No, within 16 days, and
the thing will be ended.

Mr. Whitney — I would like to ask Mr.
Taylor if the queen was an exception-
ally good one would you kill her?
"Would it not be better to cut out the
queen-cells and put the swarm back?
Mr. Taylor — That is more trouble,
and generally there are liable to. be
young queens out, anyway. There is.
one thing, perhaps, well for you
to remember; If you kill the old
queen and put the swarm back, and
the swarm goes out with the young
queen, when you go to take out the
cells you will find several young queens
have gone out. It is not necessary to
pay any attention to the young queens,
only to the cells; you put the swarm
back and those young queens that are
out will dispose of each other without
any more trouble.

Mr. Howard — During the past sea-
son, 'with 40 colonies of bees stor-
ing an average of 80 lbs. per colony,
I have succeeded in what is to me
almost perfect swarm- control. How
it may work out next year, I don't
know-

My super, in the first place, holds
52 sections 11-frame hives; 52 4x5
sections; I use fences. In the begin-
ning I put on 8 to 12 sections; put
them inside of two fences; put apiece
of quilt over them in the center of the
super; seemingly the bees took to it
readily.

I got 80 lbs. per colony and with
perfect swarm-control; I had one
swarm go off before any supers were
put on, and I had one swarm come
off when I thought it was so late there
was no need of removing them. I
"wound up" my honey harvest with
less unfinished sections than I ever
had before.

Dr. Miller — ^While I said I was
learning about that and didn't know*
the answer, I might give two or three
points as to how to prevent swarm-
ing. You all know that plenty of
room is an important matter, and so
"^s the matter of upward ventilation;
that will help to prevent swarming.

As to the matter of giving plenty
of room, I believe it is a good plan
when you have the first super suffi-
ciently full so that you put the sec-
ond one under it, at the same time to
put an empty super at the top, and
always to keep the empty super on
top until, when the season begins
to close, you will find the empty super
on top. If it happens they are crowd-
ed for room that will act as a safety
valve.

Another thing that helps; will come
on the same line: If you will get the
old queen away, and get the young
queen in her place — a queen that has
just begun laying — and get her to
work, that as a rule is safe from
swarming the same season. There
may be exceptions. Let the colony
become queenless; if you take away
their own queen and let them be
queenless for 10 days — cut out the
cells and return the queen, gener-
ally that will stop swarming for a
time; they may swarm again; they
may in some cases.

As very closely related to that I
want to mention the subject of de-
stroying the queen cells. A beginner,
generally, when he finds out when the
cells are destroyed that stops the
rearing of queens, he knows that he
can k^ep cutting out cells and there
never will be any swarming — he will
find out that won't work at all. And
yet I have a good deal more faith in
. destroying cells than I used to have.

I believe there is a difference in
strains of bees about swarming, and
if you prevent swarming in a strain
of bees a good many years, they will
not be so much given to swarming;
and if you have a strain that is not
very much given to swarming, if you
will destroy the cells, in perhaps half
the . cases the tendency for swarming
will not be repeated, so I think it is
worth while to destroy the cells often
if it does not stop swarming in' more
than half the cases because the other
half that it does stop will do a whole
lot better work than if they were al-
lowed to swarm.

Mr. Taylor — !Do you ever put the
swarm back and find that not more
than half of them^ would swarm out
again? When a prime swarm comes
out, put the swarm back, queen and
all; and often not more than half of
them will swarm again.

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPEfRS' ASSOCIATION

103

Dr. Miller — I would not think so
many as that.

Mr. Taylor— I think half of them
will stay with her.

Dr. Miller — What do they do ?

Mr. Taylor — They go to w'ork.

Dr. Miler — I would not expect so
many as that, and yet bees are snch
stubborn things if they can have their
own way about it. For some years I
practiced taking out the queen and
putting her up into a nucleus and set-
ting it on top; sometimes the nucleus
would swarm out, and if they did
they would go back in the hive, and
they had their own way.

Mr. Whitney — I had a case similar
to that which Mr. Taylor speaks of.
It was an extremely strong colony; had
three section cases on, and I had no
idea they were preparing to swarm. I
went over to see them one morning about
9 o'clock; they were just coming back
to the hive. I examined them and
r found that they had 3 section-cases
full of honey. I raised up the lower
one, put two others under (and took
two off) and did nothing more. They
didn't swarm out again. The old queens
went back in the hive all right.

Some one wanted to know how I pre-
vented them swarming again. I just gave
them "a good talking to!" I told them
they were making a good record, and
it was a shame for them to spoil it in
that sort of way, and they never
swarmed again!

Mr. Wilcox — Did you look to see if
they had any queen-cells?

Mr. Whitney — ^I didn't look into the
hive at all. I got from that colony
seven cases of honey that summer.

Mr. Wilcox — In almost every case
where the queen was put back and
stayed contented, they swarmed on ac-
count of excessive heat. Of course,
putting them back. I ventilated them
by the operation so that they were con-
tented, and hot weather ceased, and
they went on with their work. , I would
expect, if _you put the old queen back,
when the swarm issues they would
come out again.

Mr. Macklin — ^I would like to ask Mr.
Miller one question: Suppose you have
some colonies that have swarmed, and
you didn't want any more increase ;
you have a swarm come off, and put
that in the colony that swarmed within
8 days of the time that it cast its
prime swarm; put the new swarm in

that — what is left of the old colony?
Will that new swarm in there take care
of the queen-cells and prevent after
swarming ? -

Dr. Miller — I don't know. If I stud-
ied on it a while I might make a guess.

Mr. Hatch — I have done it a great
many times; it generally cleaned out
all the queen- cells and stayed there,
and I got a full crop of honey from
that colony where otherwise it would
not get enough honey to build up on.

The convention then adjourned to
meet at 7:30 p. m.

FIRST DAY— EVENING SESSION.
Per Cent of Beeswax in Propolis.

"What- percentage of beeswax is in
the propolis which is scraped from
sections ?"

Mr. Taylor — I have taken it out, but
I cannot give you exact ounces.

Pres. York — What would you guess?

Mr. Taylor — Probably a pound of
wax to a thousand pounds of honey.

Pres. York — Not very much beeswax,
then,- in propolis?

Mr. Taylor — Not very much; but then
by scraping you can soon get out what
wax there is.

Mr. Howard — I came to the conclu-
sion, after trying it, that there was
nearly one-quarter down in our section.
I was astonished.

Ml. Taylor — ^It depends somewhat on
the flow of honey. If it flows fast
the bees don't get so much propolis,
and they put in more wax in place of
propolis.

Mr. Schlader — How would you sepa-
rate the wax from the propolis?

Mr. Taylor — Put it in water and boil'
it, and it separates itself. The propo-
lis einks to the bottom and the wax
rises to the top.

Mr. Whitney— ^Does not the amount
of propolis in the wax depend upon the
season of the year when you do the
scraping? If done in the fall there
would be a great deal more.

Mr. Taylor — It depends upon the sea-
son of the year when the honey is
stored.

Mr. Hatch — Depends en the location
of the bees, toe. There are two or
three things to consider.

Mr. Maeklin — Do you get enough to
make it pay?

Mr. Taylor — Yes. It doesn't cost

-fq:^!^'-

lU

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

anything. Put it in a boiler and heat
; it, and the wax is on top.

Mr. Wheeler — What do you burn
while you are heating it, wood?

Mr. Taj^lor — Burn gasoline if you
have a gasoline stove.

Mr. Hatch — Burn up more gasoline
than your wax is worth. You can take
the propolis and burn that.

Mr. Taylor — Malces good firewood,
too. If you want to hunt bear, you
can take some of it and set it out in
the woods and set fire to it, and the
bear will come there.

Providing for a Honey-Dearth.

"How shall we provide for the honey-
doarth which invariably conies in
Northern Illinois; by larger hives, by
removing honey in early spring and re-
turning later, or by feeding?"

Mr. Taylor — Have enough honey in
the hive the previous fall.

Mr. Howard — Will an 8-frame hive
furnish it?

Mrs. Holbrook — It will not.
Mr. Taylor — Depends on whether
they have them full of honey or not.

Mr. Schlader — I started 3 colonies a
year ago this fall with 85 inches of
honey, going across the frame that is,
a full frame would furnish 16 inches;
going down one side and down the
other would be 85 inches. They came
out in the spring with 35 inches left.

Mr, Stewart — How much did it
weigh?

Mr. Schlader — Probably about 2%
Inches to a pound. That would be
nearly 35 pounds.

Mr. Taylor — When they went in?

Mr. Schlader — Yes. And they came
out in the spring, about the first of
March, having about 35 inches left.
That would be, probably, 15 or 16
pounds left — a little Jess than 15
pounds.

Mr. Wilcox — 'How long after they
were taken out of winter confinement
were they weighed or estimated?

Mr. Schlader — They were wintered
outdoors, and they were estimated as
soon as the hive could be opened,
which was, I believe, the first week in
March. But, another thing, the bees
used up every bit of that honey before
they got new honey, after the first of
March.

Italians for Central Illinois.

"Have we not a better race of bees
for Central Illinois than the Italians?"

Mr. Whitney — Let me inquire, why
limit it Lo Central Illinois?

Pres. York — That is the question.
I don't know why. Probably, the per-
son who asked it is from Central Illi-
nois.

Mr. Howard — Because the conditions
are different in Central Illinois than in
some other parts. Take, for instance.
New York State, with a short, sharp,
abundant honey-flow; and Illinois,
with a long-drawn out honey-flow,
reaching on into September,

Mr. Whitney — ^I am partial to the 3-
banded Italian bee. I don't believe
there is any better bee to be found any-
where for the locality.

Mr. Taylor — I don't agree with that.

Mr. Howard — I don't, either.

Mr. Taylor — Give me the hybrid
every time. Hardly anybody to agree
with me; but I am satisfied that' my
hybrids are better than any Italians.
They don't sting so much, for one
thing. They go into the sections ever
so much better; store just as much
honey.

Mr. Moore — Dr. Miller produces
probably the biggest crops that any-
body could have produced with his
conditions, and has had uniformly the
hybrids, has he not? ./ '^il- /-

Mr. Taylor — ^Yes. They are different
hybrids from mine, because I don't
have to tie up my i)antaloon legs, as
Dr. Miller does!

Mr. Whitney — Don't you use the
leather-colored Italians?

Mr. Taylor — No; mine are hybrids,
the blacker the better.

Wr. Whitney — You can keep them!

Mr. Stewart — Don't they get blacker
every year? . ■

Mr. Taylor — I suppose they do. '

Mr. Stewart — Then they are the
stronger race of bees, six to two.

Mr. Taylor — You can't get the
Italian out of a case of sections nearly
so easily as you can the hybrids. If
you want to get them off, yoii have to
pick every one off by itself — stick to it
like burrs.

Mr. Whitney — They do stick to the
comb, that is true, pretty well but I
never fojind any trouble to take a
frame out and give it a little shake in
front of the hive, or take a smootti!

j&Sftfc'

ILLINOIS STATE BBE-KEBPBRS' ASSOCIATION

105

brush and brush them right off it in
less time than I can tell it.

Mr. Bruner — ^My experience is that
they don't stick to the combs. If you
want to find a queen you will have to
^o some hunting. The queen will be
on the bottom -Tjoard.

Mr. Taylor — You want to take a
different way to find her. I can find
two queens to your one with Italians.

Mr. Hatch — Tell us 'how you do that,
Mr. Taylor.

Mr. Taylor — Put a honey-board on
the hive, and a super of some kind on
top. Smoke into the front of the
hive, and tap on it with one hand and
smoke with the other, and in two or
three minutes — previous to that you
have the honey-board loose — you take
off the super and tip up the honey-
board, and the queen will be on the
honey-board.

Mr. Hatch — ^You mean the queen-ex-
cluding honey-board?

Mr. Taylor— ^Yes.

Mr. Hatch — ^I have tried this tapping
on the hive, and the bees generally tap
on me!

Mr. Taylor — You have Italians?

Mr. Hatch — No; hybrids.

Mr. Bruner — There is a difference in
hybrids, certainly. I have hybrids that
will do the tapping, and hybrids that
won't do it. They are gentle enough.
They are scared to death when you
come near them with a little smoke,
and that is the worst troutole so far as
handling them is concerned You have
to get out and chase them with a dog,
sometimes, to round them up.

■Mr. Taylor — My dog won'jt chase
them.

Mr. Moore — ^Chasing is "the other
way.

Getting Pollen Out of Extracted Honey.

'How can you get the pollen out of
extracted honey?"

Mr. Hatch — Let it settle and skim it.

Mr. Kannenberg — Don't pollen dis-
" solve in the Ihoney ? I think it does.

Mr. Taylor — It doesn't dissolve. It
ibreajis up, of course, but it doesn't dis-
solve.

Mr. Kannenberg — ^I think it does.

Mr. Moore — I have an opinion on
that, but I have nothing to back it up.
I see in the reports of the Pure Food
Commissioners that one of the tests
of pure hon«y is that pollen is always
found in it. I judge that it is like a-

good many other things — part 4s
soluble, and some of it is not soluble.
That is my guess, that some of it
is soluble in the honey

Mr. Taylor — I don't think it is soluble
in the proper sense of that term.

Mr. Kannenberg— I extracted some
honey and there was a lot of pollen in
it. The bees got in the supers and
had their pollen all up in the extracting
supers, and when I extracted it the
- pollen went out with it, and was as
soft as the honey, and melted the
same as if it was honey, and it was
black, and if you smelled it, it smelt
as if you had pollen altogether, in-
stead of extracted honey. You couldn't
see any pollen; it was all dissolved. :
Mr. Gruner— ^Pollen is a pretty broad
term. It covers practically every
different kind of plant, and its char-
acter, etc., vary with different plants.
You are covering a broad field. Some
of it is very tender. It will dissolve
and go to pieces in honey. There are
other kinds of pollen that certainly
would not.

Mr. Taylor — Isn't it a fact that a
man with a microscope can tell what
plant the pollen comes from that is in
the honey?

Mr. Bruner — ^Almost to a certainty, if
he is posted on pollen and its different
forms. But thete are thousands and
hundreds (Jf thousands of different
kinds. Those found in honey would
be known to a man who had given it
a little study.

Mr. Taylor — That shows it doesn't
dissolve.

Mr. Bruner — ^It would show so far as
those you found undissolved were con-
cerned. I doubt very much if it would
dissolve in most cases.

Mr. Hatch — 'I would suggest that
sometimes pollen ferments itself, and
it might be the result of fermentation
in this case. Otherwise, I don't think
a few particles would come out if
packed in very solidly.' - . _

/Hiving Swarms.

"Where of necessity hives must be
placed close together, how can the bees
returning from a swarm be hived in
the hive in which they belong? Queens
are clipped."

Mr. Hatch — I would cover the hives
on each side with a cloth. That is
the way I do it

•Wm^^^if^^f'S^Wi' . "^'^S7v^ST^?!^^^^^?^^*'?^:-T^H5!!fi^

''S

106

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Mr. Wilcox — I sometimes lay a wide
board between two hives, extending out
a foot or two. . Tliat creates a separa-
tion. At other times I turn one hiVe
facing the other way — in the opposite
direction — then there is no difficulty.

Mr. Taylor — It depends some on how
the swarm comes back, or is put back.
If they return voluntarily, they come
in a swarm, and, the best you can do,
some of them are apt to go into the
reighboring hives; but if they have
become caught in a basket, by a little
action you can easily get them into
the right hives.

Mr. Macklin — If the queens are
clipped, they will very seldom cluster.

Mr. Taylor — When I used to clip
queens (which I don't do now), some
years they v>'ould all cluster, and some
years hardly any of them would
cluster.

Mr. Wilcox — Spread a sheet over the
hive while they are returning.

Mr. Macklin — ^Suppose you have 5
swarms coming off all at once?

Mr. Wilcox — You can have 5 sheets.

Mr. Macklin — ^Tou can't be in 5
places at once.

Mr. Wilcox — I have had 8 or 10 at
once, and had to separate them; I have
liad them all alight in a bunch, and
had to separate them.

The secretary then read the paper
by Mr. E. B. Tyrrell, of Detroit, on

"Hoyv Bee- Keepers Can Help Each
Other."

There are a great many ways in
which bee-keepers can help each other,
but I have in mind at present three
which I consider of much importance:
First, by Encouragement; Second, by
Instruction, and Third, by Organiza-
tion.

Taking the first under consideration,
let me say that this applies more es-
pecially to the young bee-keeper who
is taking up the business as a voca-
tion. Well can I remember in my
early days of bee-keeping, when I
would scan the bee papers for articles
of encouragement, and with what rel-
ish I would consume such an article,
when found. How many times, though,
was I discouraged by reading articles,
and editorials too, that placed bee-
keeping in the "side issue" class. We
were told that it was too uncertain.
Writers seemed to think that it was

their duty to flaunt continually the
red flag of danger.

I am frank to say that I do not look
with favor upon methods of that kind.
There are already too many "Doubting
Thomases" in the world to-day. We
meet the obstacles in our business
soon enough. When we find ourselves
in the spring with dead bees we don't
need the fellow who said, "I told you
so," but we welcome the one who says
"That's nothing; that's one of the ob-
stacles in the business to learn to
overcome. Just make those old combs
into wax, buy some more bees, and
start again."

So help your fellow bee-keeper by
encouragement. Remember that what
the average man needs is confidence.
We can generally do what we think
we can. The fellow who stands in the
road yelling that a thing can't be done,
js generally knocked over by the other
fellow doing it, simply because he
didn't know that it couldn't be done.

There aro many men to-day who are
making bee-keeping their life work.
A few years ago we would have
thought this impossible. We do not
read so many discouraging articles as
formerly, and for that reason a bee-
keeper has a better chance to succeed.

Second, we have Instruction. Did
you ever meet that bee-keeper who
was afraid to give you some instruc-
tion because you might be his com-
petitor? And did you stop to think
what a narrow view that fellow took''

It is a universal law that the more
we give the more we receive. How
much better for us to tell our fellow
bee-keepers the Kinks we have learned,
and get from him what he has learned.
In this way we are both the gainers.

How unwise for us to withhold from
the new man instruction which will
help him get the best product, put it
in the best selling condition, and help
hini get the best price. By doing this
we have placed him under obligations
to us, and he will be slow to spoil our
market by lower prices, or poor goods. [^
Help the man and he is your friend.
Refuse help and he is not so particular
whether he injures you or not.

So help your fellow bee-keeper by
instruction. Both of you will gain, but
the instructor will gain the most. You
can not teach unless you learn. It
will demand analysis of your methods.
You will leirn your weak methods, and
you will see those pet methods of

<hr .:vXvi^#£Jif>fc^i.iA;y uJ^^^ . '

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' AS'SOCIATION.

107

yours worked out by your pupil from
an entirely different angle, and you are
apt to be surprised by the results.

Last, but by no means least, comes
Org-anization. This is the one thing
rKost needed by bee-keepers to-day.
True, we have many bee-keepers' or-
ganizations, but the whole system
needs re-adjustment. I hope that each
one present read your worthy Presi-
dent's Address to the National. It con-
tained some thoughts worthy of
earnest consideration. Bee -keepers' as-
sociations of this Nation should be
united. "Why have two or three as-
sociations in Illinois? Why not have
one only, and then have meetings in
different parts of the State, if neces-
sary?

■ Let us carry this idea still farther.
.Let us have all the different associa-
tions of this country united in one
grand whole. Let us have the State
Associations branches, or divisions,
and not a separate association as at
present.

This plan would enable these united
associations to have an office estab-
lished, with a man in charge. This
man could get reports from members
all over the country, and from these
reports an accurate estimate of the
honey yield could be drawn. This in-
formation could then be sent out to
the members. Markets could be looked
up, and a proper distribution of honey
made. Selling plans could be tried out
and reported on, and many other
things could be done.

I believe the time is not far distant
when the marketing of honey will be
practically directed through organiza-
tion. Steps are already being taken
along this line by some of the State
Associations, and it is only a question
of time when the attempt will be na-
tional in character.

E. B. TYRRELL.
Detroit, Michigan.

Pres. York — Mr. Tyrrell is the Sec-
retary of the Michigan State Associa-
tion. This paper is before you for any
remarks you may wish to make on it.

Mr. Taylor — One trouble is they
won't take our instruction. I have
tried to instruct Dr. Miller in two or
three things, and he always kicks.

(Laughter).

Pres. York — If you don't at first suc-
ceed, try, try again, I suppose!

Mr. Whitney — I have no criticism

to make on the paper, excepting where
it speaks of when the bees have died
in the spring, he advises rendering the
wax. I would not render any combs
into wax unless they were worthless for
use. I would keep them, save them for
future use. I suppose he would do the
same thing.

Mr. Fuller — ^Does the statement of
Mr. Whitney refer to foul broody
combs, as well as others?

Mr. Whitney— I speak of those where
the bees happen to die a natural death
during the winter. I mean, if combs
are good, do not render them into wax
simply because the bees have died.

Mr. Wilcox — It might be interesting
to ask Mr. Whitney what he would
call "good." What per cent or portion
of them should be serviceable to be
good? Some are damaged slightly,
some more, and some largely damaged.
Mr, Whitney — Damaged in what
way?

Mr. Wilcox — By mice, by moth or
mold.

Mr. Whitney — If there is any damage
of that kind, and they become worth-
less, use them to the best advantage
and make them into wax. I am speak-
ing of combs which are otherwise all
right except that the bees have died.
Sometimes in the spring we find good
combs but the cells are just full of
dead bees. Some think those combs
are worthless, but they are not. You
,j)ut those combs into a hive, and the
bees will clean them up nicely in a
very short time, and these combs are
worth money to keep.

Difference in Prices of Honey.

"Why is there such a difference be-
tween the price the bee-keeper gets
for his honey and the price the city
consumer pays?"

Mr. Stewart — Look up on the wall;
you can see it there. (Indicating
<?rane chart.)

Pres. York— Mr. Burnett is with us.
Maybe he' can help us a little on that.
He represents the city end of it.

Mr. Burnett^ — I think it is hardly fair
to call on me, a greenhorn in here, on
this subject. You would all like to know
all about it; I am sure of that. I wish
I could tell you; but" I suppose the fel-
low that handles the honey for the pro-
ducer consumes about as much in gen-
eral ways as the producer does, and his
wants or necessities are being sup-

''.^WW--

J^i~^'^W>-W^.^W- ■

108

TENTH ANNUAL. REPORT OF THE

plied; while there is still another man
who has to dole it out in a smaller
quantity, and he finds himself in a
like predicament. If the producer Is
spared the time of marketing his honey,
and seeks to do it through some other
sources, he must necessarily pay for
that privilege. I don't know that there
is any objection to the man who sells
honey between the producer and the
consumer telling whom he sells the
goods to, with this exception — the pro-
ducer would not need him next year,
or next time he has honey to sell, and
that law which is universal comes into
play, which is that the dealer must
protect his own interests. The produc-
er does so as far as he can, and the
consumer buys just as cheap as he can.
Now, he may have a friend in busi-
ness who sells honey for 25 cents a
pound, but there is a man a little way
from him that sells it for 22 cents. He
would like to deal with a fellow who
Is a member of his church and lodge,
and so on, but the fellow who sells it
the cheapest sells the honey. 1 see Mr.
Wheeler here, and I know that he
knows a great deal more about this
business than I do, and he can tell just
how it is done, because he comes in
between me and that other fellow.

Mr. Wheeler — I have not been listen-
ing; I have been thinking about some-
thing else.

Mr. Burnett — I am very sorry that
my remarks were so quieting. But (he
will know.
' Mr. Wheeler — I don't know.

Mr. Smith — I think I stated today
that I thought when honey sold for
40 cents, the producer ought to get 20
cents out of that, and I think a good
many thought I was making a wild
statement, that it was not nearly
enough for the producer. The retailer
must pay big rent in a city like Chica-
go: he must deliver that section of
honey or the pound of honey that the
customer orders, and he must deliver
it at the back door of the house. He
must heat his room where he keeps his
store; li.e must pay the clerks, the
bookkeeper, the cashier; and by the
time. that he gets through, I believe you
will find that the producer, at 8 cents
a. pound, in a good year, makes more
clear profit on that honey than the re-
tailer does, after he pays the whole-
saler a profit, pays the railroad com-
pany a profit — the railroad has some-

thing on it; then the commission man
has to have something; the man who
hauls the honey from the commission
house to the retailer's store has to have
something on it; and the retailer has
to pay his rent and deliver it. So, I
say, I don't believe you will find any-
where, except on a few articles they
advertise specially to draw trade in the
large cities, but what the producer
gets ICT-s than half. I believe Alexan-
der, the great New York producer, stat-
ed ho could produce extracted honey at
a cent a pound. He sold it at 7 cents.
That is several hundred per cent profit.
No retailer ever made that. No jobber
ever made that. I don't believe it
could be produced in this part of the
country for a cent a pound. But there _
is more work to the honey after it
leaves the extractor than there is be-
fore it goes to the extractor, if you con-
sider the time it takes to get it to the
bat-k door in 'the city, and I am speak-
ing of the city, not where the house-
wife goes to the grocery and buys the.
hoaey and takes it home All the goods
are delivered in the city, sometimes 6
miles from where you buy them. You
can go to the Fair Store, or Siegel &
Cooper's, order a cake of honey, and
they will deliver it at Hyde Park or
Englewood. _ -

A member — Or Ravenswood.

Mr. Smith — Yes. And I don't believe
they are making any more off it for
the time they put in than the bee-keep-
er is. I believe if the bee-keepers
want to get to the consumer through
an organi2;ation, they get a warehouse
somewhere, put a man there to take
care of the honey, and build up a trade;
keep samples there, keep a clerk there
to sell it to any one who may call, and
to those who want it In large quanti-
ties, and they can make more than they
do now. If j'ou get the housewife to
come and buy a gallon of honey and
carry it home, you have to make it
cheaper than her retail man does, be-
cause very often she will call up her
retailer and have it sent. The; retailer
is a convenience that is worth money
to every one in the city.

Pres. York — It was said this morning
that we have too many middlemen in
this city. Mr. Burnett is one of the
middlemen, and we have heard from
him. Mr. Moore is a middleman too,
and we would like to hear from him.

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KBBPEJBS' AStSOCIATION.

)09

Mr. Moore— I am intensely inter-
ested. I have been selling honey 25
years. I tell you it is a false way to
sell honey, to sell it in pound pack-
ages, absolutely absurd. Here is a
thing that sells f6r 10 cents, Uneeda
biscuit, a can of corn or peas. That
is all right. But when you come to
sell honey, that sells to only one-
fourth of the people — ^I tell you, there
are only 20 in 100 that ever have
honey on their tables. Isn't that true,
Mr. Burnett?

Mr. Burnett — I never counted them!

Mr. Moore — My experience is that
not to exceed 20 out of 100^ eat honey
on their tables. Tou are putting
honey in a ten cent package along-
side of a package that is a staple,
eaten three times a day. It is all
wrong. I sell a 5 pound can and a 9-
pound can only, and I won't be both-
ered with anything less. That is the
answer, why it costs so much to mar-
ket your honey, because of the enor-
mous labor in selling it. There are
hundreds of grocers who will tell you
they never have honey on their
shelves. They have to put capital
into it, and unless they put brains
into selling it, it won't sell at all, and
other things sell themselves. I con-
sider that table (referring to the
Crane chart on the wall) misleading
in several particulars. I have got
quantities of it for a quarter of a cent
a pound freight, and the leakage no-
body would agree would be 25 per
cent; that is, 2 cents, and the cost to
produce it is 8 cents, which makes 25
per cent leakage. That is not any-
where near the fact. I consider you
ought to reform this whole question.
I think it is the height of abstirdity
to undertake to sell a 10 -cent pack-
age of honey because the label and
the bottle, etc., are altogether aut of
proportion to the quantity sold and
the value of the goods.

Mr. Wheeler — ^How are you going to
change these wholesale articles?
. Mr. Wilcox — ^Would the fact that
it is a fancy article or a luxury make
a difference? If it were a staple ar-
' tide would it be cheaper?

Mr. Moore — If you could sell 10 or
20 times £ls much.

Mr. Wiloox — ^For the last two years
or over, the price to the farmer Is 20
cents for potatoes, but they are sell-
ing here for 80 cents to a dollar.

Why does iiot the same law apply to
potatoes that does to honey? That
must be a staple, for everybody eats
pota,toes. They are selling today for
20 cents at the farm station.

Mr. Hatch — I think Mr. Moore is
on the right track. Educate the peo-
ple up to take larger packages. I
would not stop at less than a 10-
pound package. I would not handle
anything less than 10' pounds. I
would pass them right up. I would
not sell anything less than 10 pounds.
If they didn't want it. I would tell
them it was the smallest package I
had. I am going further than that. I
am getting to where I won't handle
less than a 60'-poimd package. I
handle a few pounds around home. I .
sold hardly anything but a few
pounds around home in less than 60-,
pound packages. Mr. Moore is on the
right track; and we are working
against our own interest when we are,
cutting down the size of our pack-^
ages in section honey and liquid honey.
We want to go the other way.

Mr. Wheeler — You have to give peo-
ple what they want. If you won't, some
one else will.

Mr. Hatch — I should try to educate
them.

Mr. Bruner— Perhaps that is one of
the reasons why there is such a dif-
ference between the consumer and- the
producer. If we won't do it, some
one else will do it, and he wants to
be paid for it, that is all.

Mr. Burnett — That is something
that I come in contact with, and I
would like to say that Mr. Wheeler
has answered it briefly and concisely
after his own fashion. But it is very
diflBcult in any line of business, so far
as my knowledge extends, to draw
any hard and fast lines. Tou have
got to meet the necessities of the oc-
casion. There are people who will
buy it in 10-cent quantities who
otherwise won't buy it at all, and Mr.
Wheeler and others know this. They
don't put it up in small packages be-
cause they want to do so; but they
say: We cannot find a market for it;
we will have to put it in this size
package to sell it at all. If people
really wanted it or had to have it,
they would buy it in almost any kind
of a package. I know that I have had
to do so. Wlien I wanted' a thing I
had to take it in the kind of package

^•t.'T^jii!:::: ::^x;:;r°"'-»yi^.^t-'-^'!^^ y^y--^^:S--'-€t'yi^^Wr'f^^

■' i

110

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

I could get it in; and when a com-
modity is not a necessity — and hioney
will never be other than a luxury ex-
cept to the few — people sometimes
will use honey one 2 3, 4 and 5 years,
and then cut it out for as many more;
and that I know to be the fact that
people use it for a time and g-et so
they will have some in the house, and
it stays there, gets out of the con-
dition they want it, dust on it or
candied, or something other than is
inviting. People who eat honey, as a
rule, are not people who must econo-
mize to the penny. They buy honey
because they think it is something
that will make a relish, something
that will vary the table and be an in-
ducement to eat a little more than
they otherwise would. The man or
the family who buys honey to avoid
buying butter, "buys it in the cheapest
kind of package that it can be got in.
These things are all met by Mr.
"Wheeler, Mr. Moore and others who
peddle honey to the consumers or to
the retail merchant, and then when
they come into the market to get their
supplies, they 'buy it in the package
that is most convenient for them. The
60-pound package has come to be
almost a universal package. It is
something that an ordinary person
can lift without a great deal of diffi-
culty, and it is a;bout as cheap a pack-
age'as honey can bft put up in. The
fact is that the producer of honey has
asked that the price of these tin 60-
pound cans, so-called, be furnished
him at a low price. T!he manufac-
turers have tried to do that. The re-
sult is that they have given them a
much lighter tin, poorer soldering and
poorer joints, and when they are
filled with honey and jolted over a
hundred or more miles of railway, or
in wagons, they sometimes hurst, and
the honey is lost, probably the entire
can, if it is in a liquid state. But it
smears up everything it comes in con-
tact with and does more damage than
its own loss, and that is something
that may not have been mentioned
here, that the producer ought to see
that the package he fills is a stout
package, as stout as it can be of its
kind; that is, that it is perfectly
mechglnized, that the solder is good,
and that the joints are properly made.

Mt. Wilcox — In separate tin cans,
don't you find that the wood itself is

to liglit or too frail to carry the weight
that is put in them?

Mr. Burnett — ^Not generally, but oc- :
casionally we do. There have been
some of those cases coming this last
year or two — it has been more gen-
eral lately. We hardly ever have
California cans burst. The cases are
good, and they use better cans.

Mr. Pritchard — Right here I want to
give you a good point. It is more in
the nailing than in the package. We
have found packages nailed with
small nails that were a lot of w-aste.
But you take an 8-penny or a 6-penny
nail for packages, and they will hardly
ever break.

Wr. Whitney — Mr. Burnett speaks
of honey as a luxury. That undoubt-
edly is considered to be true by the
majority of people. Doesn't that
argue that we ought to advertise
honey in some way and get it before
the masses of the people that it is a
necessity, as well as butter and milk.
Are there not some countries where the
common people use honey freely, more
so than they do butter?

Mrs. Holbrook — In Germany.

Mr. Whitney — If we believe that
honey is a good thing for bread for
children, instead of butter, I think
that a pound of honey at 15 cents
would ^go further than a pound of
butter at 30, and would be a great
deal better for children and ordinary
families than butter, and after a while
would be considered a necessity. I
cannot understand why the people
cannot be educated up to the feeling
that honey is just as much a necessity
as any other food.

Mr. Schlader — What about the idea
of substituting honey for butter? That
doesn't occur at home at all. My boys
want butter if they have honey. They
want something to keep it from sog-
ging' into the bread. I must confess I
like butter with the honey myself; it
adds flavor to it.

Mr. WTiitney — That is very true
among those who produce ihoney and
butter too. But there are a lot of
people who would use it in place of
butter if it were properly placed be-
fore them, and especially if it was
soft granulated, it would spread just
like butter or ice cream.

Mr. Moore — ^I would like to hear from
you. Tou have had very large ex-
perience in this honey question in all

'iifeBiite;*?!

■ . .-i ■

;a>- A^MiSJ*y.'<>^&iI'4S^/'^i^4:-'iS^&P. •

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS'" AlSSOCIATION.

Ill

sorts of forms. I believe the Associa-
tion would like to hear from the Presi-
dent on this.

Pres. York — I was going to say-
something' about the boxing of the 60
pound cans of honey. I know that the
American Can Company use pretty
light lumber for boxing their cans, and
Mr. Burnett spoke about boxes from
California being heavier and better
nailed. The cans used to be shipped
to California either flat or unboxed,
and the boxes they make in California
are better than the boxes they make
here. "I have heard that explained,
and I think it is true, too. The Amer-
ican Can Company used to put up
pretty poor boxes. .

Mr. Burnett — The cans are now made
• better too.

A Member — 'I suppose it is the air of
California!

Pres. York — Probably the climate
helps. Mr. Moore wanted me to say
something on the use of honey. We
have it on our home table three times
a day, and oftener if we eat oftener
than that. I wish everybody did that,
and I had the honey; I think I could
sell lots of it. But I believe, as Mr.
Whitney says, something could be done
along the line of advertising. I have
talked of that, and I have done it in
my time, as well, but it takes money
to advertise. If every bee-keeper will
do his part in developing the home
market — distributing leaflets telling
about the use of honey — it is bound in
time to have an effect. M;r. Hatch
was saying this forenoon that he had
disposed of something like 20,000
pounds of honey. Mr. Ahlers, who was
here this morning, has sold something
more than 40,000 pounds of extracted
honey this year. Mr. France, of Wis-
consin, disposes of from 20,0.00 to 30,-
000 pounds annually. His crop was
something like 30,000 pounds this year.
If every bee-keeper will sell as much
as he can in his home market, he is
bound to cultivate a market, and peo-
ple who get it, and like it, will buy
it year after year.

One reason why there is such a
difference between the price the bee-
keeper gets for his honey, and the con-
sumer pays, is on account of the very
small packages. When I was in the
business and used glass jars, there was
a great deal of lahor in putting them
up, three or four dozen in a case, and
selling them to the grocers, and deliv-

ering them to the grocers. There is a
lot of work connected with the bottling
business, and it has to he paid for. You
cannot get help for nothing, and a
place to run the business for nothing;
insurance costs something; and that
all is bound to be added to the price
of honey paid to the bee-keeper, and
people must expect to pay more than
the original price. I think, myself,
that 24 cents a pound for extracted
hcney, as indicated by the chart on the
77all, is altogether too high. I am sure
it can be sold for considerably less
than that, and a fair profit made. I
think that from 18 to 20 cents would
be high enough for a single pound
through the grocery trade. I think
there is money in it, but it has to be
done on a fairly large scale, and when
you talk of doing a business of 1,000 or
5,000 pounds, that is not worth men-
tioning; that is no business at all. You
bave to do it up into tens of thousands
of pounds in order to make a business
of it, and make it pay.

Mr. Burnett — You made reference to
this card up here — the cost of honey.
I am going to object to the cost of
honey, 8 cents a pound. This is a
local, not a national organization.
Where do you manage to get a freight
rate of a cent and three-quarters?
Take the cent off for any member of
this organization for freight. Bottle,
4^4 cents; how is that?

Mr. Moore — that is right, for a one-
pound bottle.

Pres. York — About 3 or 3% cents.

Mr. Burnett— rl think about 3 cents
in the qua,ntities the ordinary one buys
it. What does "selling" mean here?

Pres. York — That is Mr. Hatch's
chart.

Mr. Hatch — That isn't my chart. I
would like to explain that. It was
made by Mr. Crane, who understands
the business. That is his table. Mine
is on the other side. When you get
through with that, I will turn it
around.

Mr. Burnett — I would like to know
why selling comes in here, because
later there is the jobber and retailer.

Mr. Hatch — That is selling to the
jobber.

Mr. Burnett — That would be anoth-
er freight chai-ge?

Mr. Moore — ^Parmer's cost of sell-
ing probably.

Mr. Burnett — ^I suppose the farmer
is producing it. That is a pretty

•:Jf JiP.'ss^'

f^

112

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

high price for the label. The jobtoer,
2 cents. Now, as a matter of fact,
the jobbers, none of them charge over
10 per cent, and and the cost, with the
freight and with that selling busii-
ness there, comes to 10 cents.- One
cent would be all that he would get
out of it, and we will cut that in the
middle. The retailer — ^well, let that
go without saying, and perhaps he
needs that. Then leakage 2 cents. I
think that 2 cents a pound is a pretty
high rate of leakage. As a whole, on
that, I should think that half of one
per cent would be ample. Now that
cuts that business there down quite
a good deal. It takes it down to
down to about 15 cents.

Pres. York — I will ask Mr. Hatch
to make any further explanation he
wishes on this side, and then to turn
the chart over.

Mr. Hatch — It may be that Mr.
Crane figured on putting those jars
in a case; that would add something
on selling to the jobber.

Mr. Burnett — We usually go on what
it says.

Mr. Schlader — He may have figured
that up all wrong but I find that is
what it retails for.

Mr. Moore — How many tons is the
production of this country ; does any-
body know? Ninety million popula-
tion. Are there ninety million pounds
of honey; does anybody know? »
Pres. York — Does anybody know'3 Is
it 45,000 tons, a pound apiece for the
whole population?

Mr. Schlader— That is 90,000,000
pounds.

Mr. Moore — I want to tell you what
is the ma.tter with the city markets.
Now, I am against Mr. York about
this advertising proposition. I want
to tell you why you don't sell
your honey. I traveled over In-
diana and Chicago. You know
the Glucose Trust are selling thou-
sands of -millions of packages. tPut
younr pound of honey at 20 cents. That
is as low as you can get it to the con-
sumer, pure honey in a glass. A
quart jar would be 60 cents, that is 3
pounds. The Glucose Company sells
a quart of Karo Corn Syrup for 10
cents, one-sixth the price of your
honey. That is why your honey is
not going to the people in the great
cities and small cities. The Glucose
Trust have spent tens of thousands

of dollars and sold four - or five mill-
ions of packages of this Karo Corn
Syrup with their pages of lying ad-
vertisements. "Better than honey for
less money. A bee would leave the
flowers and feed on Karo." That is
w^^hy you are not selling your honey.
The shelves groan with that glucose,
and that is the trouble. Glucose is
sold to all your neighbors within 6
and ten miles of your home. That is
the solution of your troubles. When '
you are selling it to the cities in 60
pound packages, some other man has
to put his time on it, like Mr. Wheeler,
and sell it in 10-cent packages. The
labor is out of proportion. You have
the cart before the horse.

Pres. York — The chart is reversed.
How does this side strike you, Mr.
Burnett?

Mr. Burnett — ^I think he was just
hiding that to see what I would say
about it.

Mr. Hatch — I would like to say one
word about this package business — the
can. Now, Mr. Burnett accused the
bee-keepers of demanding a cheaper
package to their own detriment. I
think he is in error in that. Those
fellows that make the cans, the Ameri-
can Can Company, have been cutting
down on their packages. This year
they sept out boxes with % lumber for
heads. Mind you, the heads were only
%, and the grain ran around the pack-
age, having holes cut in it, and some-
times you would lift it up and the top
of the package would lift off. What are
you going to do with that? It is not
our fault.

Mr. Burnett — You can't get any bet-
ter.

Mr. Hatch — Not that I know of.

Mr. Burnett — They sent to the fac-
tory in California and said the pack-
age must weigh at least 15 pounds. The .
same in Arizona. We are so scattered
all over creation you cannot buy them
by the car-load. They buy them by
the car-load, through their Association,
and they insist that the package shall
weigh, including the cans, 18 pounds,
and that is the way they get good,
strong packages.

Mr. Moore — Mr. Hutchinson, with his
raspberry honey, was intensely anxious
we should get in all the cans, and he
bound them with iron, and that helps
greatly.

Mr, Hatch — I wire mine; put two

y--.

&iaSM2s:\

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPEHS' ASSOCIATION.

113

wires around them and then cross-tie
them.

Mr. Moore — Mr. Hutchinson uses
hoop-iron around them.

Mr. Hatch — ^I put the wire clear
around and tighten it up, putting in
two pieces of wire on each side and
drawing them up tight, and never had
any loss that I know of. "

Mr. Dadant — "We have used boxes
strapped a great deal that way. It
gx)es right around each head of the
box and holds all the wood together,
and we ship to any distance with the
box strapped around, where it would
tear the box all to pieces without vt.

Mr. Burnett — Do you use hoop-iron?

Mr. Dadant — Yes, only a little light-
er.

Mr. Burnett — The hoop-iron answers,
although it is qi^ite a nuisance about
opening them, and so on. Some com-
plain a litle of that.

Mr. Wheeler — When those cans start
on the road, they scrape the bottoms
of the wagons and tear" people's hands.

Mr. Burnett — That is especially so
with wiring. Wiring is worse than
the hoop-iron. There are quite a
number of objections to it.

Mr. Hatch^I don't think you get my
idea, Mr. Burnett. Tour idea is to put
it around the end and nail it fast? •

Mr. Burnett — Yes.

Mr, Hatch — No; it is not nailed at
all.

Mr, Burnett — Your hoop is not in-
serted into the wood. It is outside of
the wood, a thirty-second part of an
inch above the wood.

Mr, Hatch — Get baling wire, such as
they use for baling hay.

Mr. Burnett — That is about a thirty-
second part of an inch above the wood,
the best you can make of it.

Mr. Hatch — It is generally about 2
inches from the end. I don't see how
it could bother at all.

Mr. Burnett — It bothers about trans-
portation to other cases; it tears other
cases, and it tears any vehicle that it
, goes into, and it is annoying on the
v/arehouse floors, tears them up. It
is really a serious objection. I think
that out to be done where you ship
beeswax, which is a commodity that
breaks up a package. That ought to
be hooped, or in a strong package, es-
pecially where it comes a long dis-
tance. But on honey, I think there will
. be a strong protest raised against wir-

ing or hooping the package before lon^.

Mr. Hatch — ^We had to do it because
the packages were so frail that they
would not stand.

Mr. Wheeler — We ought to insist on
a better package, packages such as we
had 30 years ago. - "

Mr. Burnett — We used to have no
trouble when the case was sufficiently
stout to contain the 125 or 130 pounds
of cans and honey. The first thing they
did about it was to dispense with the
center board. That weakened the case
one-half. Most of the California cases
today have center boards — we very sel-
dom have any trouble with them. I
think, with the center board, you would
need no wiring of the cases.

Mr. Hatch — The California cases are
made of inch or % lumber, ajid when
you cut that down to % and use a 6-
penny nail or anything that will hold,
you cannot do it.

Mr. Burnett — I do believe it is to the
advantage of every producer, every
handler of the goods, to have a center
board case. The cans rub together; the
moving of the car seems to rub, and
scrapes the tin off each package, and
I have often known it to work through.
Each can wears the other out in trans-
poitation, especially where the. tin i§
light, and with the center board that
is obviated, and a case is certainly
three times as strong with a center
board as it is without. Then, if one
end of the case gets injured, the other
is not damaged, as a rule, at least not
so much. The other part remains in-
tact generally.

Extracted vs. Comb Honey.

"Will extracted honey supersede
comb honey in time, or is extracted
honey in the market beginning to dis-
place comb honey?"

Mr. Wilcox — I think the dealers could
answer that question better than the
bee-keepers.

Pres. York — What do you think of it,
Mr. Burnett; is the handling' of ex-
tracted honey increasing?

Mr. Burnett — Yes; it ia. Extracted
honey in the last 10 years has gained
on the sale of comb honey very largely,
and I think that the fact that we have
now for the last two or three years
hardly seen a can of unripe honey on
the market — that is, it has not come to
me, and I have seen some other deal-
ers— has had a great deal to do with

—8

.-■ I-.- A-

II*

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

the increase of the sale of extracted
honey. I thinki that I mentioned in
this Association a quarter of a century
ago, or nearly so, that the bee-keepers
stood more in their own light with re-
gard to the production of honey than
anybody ^e, when it came to ex-
tracting it, and something Tess than
that time ago there was a great furore
among the bee-keepers about some
man who could take off honey and get
200 or 300 pounds of honey to the
colony, and they would get only 100 if
they resorted to the old, ordinary
method of leaving honey in the hives
until it was sealed; and before we got
through with it, and got soured on it,
the people had all got soured on it,
and we sold very little extracted
honey. The fact is, and I know from
our sales that we are selling to the
consumers — that is, it goes to them
from us; it goes to the middleman
from us, and to them direct — certainly
three times the quantity that we did
three or four years ago. Now, as to
comb honey, I don't know that it is
going to interfere with comb honey.
As long as extracted honey can be
produced at about one-half the price of
comb honey, it isn't going to interfere
with it, for the reason that the pro-
ducer, if he finds there is more money
in extracting honey than there is in
comb honey, it is a simple matter for
him to produce extracted honey. Comb
honey will, I think, keep its ratio very
largely. It will sell, especially at
wholesale, for 5 cents a pound more
than extracted honej'. Occasionally
we get a preponderant supply of comb
honey, and not quite enough of the ex-
tracted, and that ratio then does not
hold.

Mr. "Whitii^y — ^I would like to ask Mr.
Burnett, isn't it a fact that the passage
of- the pure food laws had something
to do with the popularity of extracted
honey?

Mr. Burnett — I don't know that it
did; but it helped everything that it
came in touch with, I am sure.

The convention then adjourned to
meet the following forenoon at 9:30
o'clock.

SECOND DAY— MORNING SESSION.

Convention met at 10 a. m., Dec. 1,
1?10.

Pres. York — ^We begin, this morning,
with a paper from Mr. Aaron Coppin,

of Wenona, 111., on the "Advantages
of the Split Section." Mr. Coppin sent
his foundation fastener, and a sample
of honey as he produces it. These can
be examined when we have a recess.
We will have the Secretary read the
paper: •

Advantages of the Split Section.

I am principally a comb honey pro-
ducer, using the split section. The .
largest part of my honey is put up in
shipping cases holding 24 sections each.
These cases are shipped in small or
large quantities to retail houses, none
of which are crated to help protect the
honey from rough knocks and care-
less handling it receives while being
shipped.

I have never had a single complaint
of my honey being broken, which is
due to the section I use, and the way
1n which the foundation is fastened on
all four sides.

For a number of years I tried to put
full sheets of foundation in both the
"split" and the one piece section, which
almost proved to be a failure, for when
the foundation was put in, there would
be any amount of sections that were
not perfectly square, but when placed
in the supers and wedged up, it
naturally gives the section a better
shape, and, at the same time, causes
the foundation to pucker or push out
of place.

At last I have what I call the "split
section." It is 414 by 5 inches in size,
and appears to hold a larger piece of
honey than the 4% by 4%. It is a
taller section, but only 1% inches thick,
so in reality the two styles hold the
same amount of honey.

This split section fits the standard
hive perfectly, there is no waste space
in length, as there is with the 4 by 5
inch section.

As the split section is narrow, I put
seven section holders in, making 28
sections instead of 24 in each super.

The section holder that I use has a
top bar, which keeps the sections clean, .
thus saving much labor after being
filled with honey.

I have planned an easy and quick
method of putting full sheets of foun-
dation In the split section, and the
sections in the section holder at the
same time.

First, I have a form or foundation
fastening in which I place a section-

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ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

115

holder. I then place half of each of
tJhe four sections in the bottom of the
form; having done this, I place a full
sheet of foundation in the form on
the four half-sections. This founda-
tion is made to order, 5 by 17 inches,
extra thin, then the last half of each
section is placed on, pressing the
foundation in firm between each sec-
tion. It is then ready for the super.
By the time seven section-holders
are placed in the super, and wedged
tight together, the foundation is just
about cut through by the half-sec-
tions.

I find that by furnishing the bees
with plenty of this kind of sections,
that it helps wonderfully to reauce
the number of swarms.

By the time these sections are taken
off the bees, the greater part of them
are filled even, and without pop-holes,
whidh grades No. 1 honey. When I
make an exhibit of comb honey at the
Illinois State Fair I can put -up 500
sections that are filled perfectly, with-
out one pop-hole.

Now every one may not have the
same experience, nor success, with
the ".split- section" that I do, although
it does not require a great amount of
skilled labor to put the foundation in
these sections and prepare them ready
for the bees to store honey in.

Lots of bee-keepers are careless;
some give the bees sections to fill he-
fore there is any honey in the field to
gather.

By putting the sections on early,
you will soon find any amount of holes
that the bees have cut in the founda-
tion. Now this is all unnecessary; if
the bee-keepers would only put the
sections on at the right time this
would never occur.

I am sending a section of my honey
and the foundation fastener with the
"Split Section" and foundation, so you
may see how simply it is all done.

A. COPPIN.
Wenona, 111.

Pres. York — How many have used
the split section? Mr. Wheeler has, I
know. Are there any othres? (Two.)
How do you like it. Miss Candler?

Miss Candler — I didn't like it very
well; I think in a good flow it would
work nicely. My bees didn't work the
honey out so evenly around the wood
as that sample is. The foundation is
apt to show around the wood, and in

the corners; probably the honey- flow
has something to do with that. I
could not make it come out square — the
two parts. They would break through
in the middle because they were not
square. The least pressure that was
put on them — they would come apart.
Of course I didn't have any contrivance
like that to square them.

Mr. Reynolds — What do you say
about that? I have never had sections
fill out as well as in split sections. I
think they are better than the ordinary
section.

Mr. Macklin — Do you use fences with
them?

Mr. Reynolds — No, sir, I use separa-
tors.

Mr. Macklin — Just plain separators?

Mr. Rej'nolds — Yes.

Pres. York — Mr. Wheeler has had

long experience with them, or used

to have. Have you anything to sayf

for or against?

Mr. Wheeler — I don't think so; it is
a toss up with me. There are some
things about them that are favorable,
and some that are unfavorable I dorf t
use them myself any more. I used to.
My daughters filled the sections with
foundation, and they decided they
didn't like it; that is one reason I don't
use them. Another thing is as Miss
Candler spoke of — the bees never put
the honey to the edge of the wood, that
is, as a rule; you can pick out nice
sections, and some swarms seem to
build out and others do not. If your
foundation happened to be on durinrg
a dearth there would be holes made
through them. I don't think 'they are
very satisfactory.

If you get the section filled out full,
it is not exactly true and square when
you press them in the shipping- case;
you will press one of the halves a little
bit and make it come down square with
the others, and that will crack the
honey and start it to leaking. There
are a lot of things like that about them.
They are nice in theory. I thought it
v/as my own idea; I wonder if Mr. Cop-
pon got anything of the kind from me.
I might have sent my honey somewhere
v/here he saw it, or I might have seen
his at 'the time I thought I invented it;
I didn't know of any one else in the
country using it.

Pres. York — Have you any objection
to the foundation showing between the
halves of the section?

■f:

116

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Mr. Wheeler— It would be objection-
able on the Chicag-o market. You have
to meet keen competition here.

Mr. Wilcox — ^Is there any other ob-
jection on account of so many pieces
to handle?

Mr. Wheeler — Just about as much
work.

Pres. York — It would be double the
folding, would it not?

Mr. Wheeler — Yes; and it costs more
to get the sections made. It is sur-
prising, where you fill out to the cor-
ners like that, how much more foun-
dation it takes. You have to let it
stick up above ; if you let it come down
even it would sag, and as soon as the
bees get a chance to stick their heads
up over the top of the foundation they
begin gnawing it.

Pres. York — I don't suppose the comb
foundation makers would object to your
using so much foundation!

Mr. Wheeler — You will have to ask
them about that. We have one here,
and he says, "Hurrah! for the split
section!"

Mr. Taylor — That paper says that he .
got 500 sections with no pop-holes; if
that is all he got, what were the rest?

Pres. York — He refers to the exhibit
he had at the State Fair, he probably
had more than 50'0 from his whole crop.

Mr. Wilcox — About 1% sections —
how many think it advisable to have
them as narrow as that? I would like
to ask this question. Is it, or is it
not, advisable to have them as narrow
as that?

Pres. York — How many think it is?
(One.)

Mr. Taylor — What is the difference
in the width of a plain section and one
that is not plain? Now that is evident-
ly the thickness of the upper and lower
part of an ordinary section; the other
part would be % wider, which would
make 1% section.

Mr. Hatch — You have % to % on
each side.

Mr. Taylor — It would be •% inch
larger for a whole section than that,
which would made % and 2-8 of %,
1 % section.

Mr. Hatch — That is 7-to-the-foot.

Mr. Taylor — That is a little more
than 7-to-the-foot; a scant 1% is 7-
to-the-foot; it takes just scant 1% to
make 7-to-the-foot.

Mr. Hatch — In theory it does, but in
practice you can't have it.

Mr. Taylor — I do. You will find
mine are 1 inch and just scant %.

Mr. Hatch— rl find in rainy and damp
weather the sections swell.

Mr. Smith — I am not an expert
enough to know all of the intricacies
about the different sections but I vis-
ited tahe State Fair at Springfield and
examined the honey exhibit by Mr.
Coppin, and it was marvelous to seethe
work that he had produced. He had
hundreds of sections without a single
defect, such as you see here — almost as
smooth as a board that had been
planed. It showed that he took an im-
mense amount of pains with his work.
I don't believe it would be at all ex-
aggerating to say that if a dealer in
Chicago could be sure that he could get
5,000 such sections of honey as Mr.
Coppin produced he could afford to pay
30 cents a piece for them.

Mr. Taylor — But would he?

Mr. Smith — He would' — ^yes.

Mr. Taylor — I never found them.

Mr. Smith — To justify such a price
as that you must be able to deliver the
goods when they are called for. There
are homes in this city where they
would pay 50 cents for a perfect sec-
tion of honey to put on the table. A
man will pay $500' a month for a place
to live in because it is just what he de-
sires anH that same man will certainly
pay a little extra for honey that he
wants to use on his table if he can find
it in perfect condition, and there are
many men just like this one. They will
go to the market and pay five and six
prices for apples because of their ap-
pearance; they pay more for nearly
everything, there is a large class of
people who will do that.

I would not hesitate, myself, to con-
tract today for 5,000 sections of honey
such as Mr. Coppin showed at the Fair,
if I eould get them, at 25 cents a sec-
tion; but I would want to be assured
that I will have those sections, and that
they will be just as good'. That section
(one on table) would not come up to
the average that he showed at the Fair
grounds.

Now, whether it is because of its be-
ing a split section or not, I don't know,
but I do know that the quality is there,
and it has the appearance that will
bring the price.

Mr. Taylor — I think I know why it
is well filled. It is not the skill of the
man, nor is it the skill of the bees, but

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ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

117

it is the crop of honey that is coming
In. You take an ordinary crop of
honey, and there would be places
around that — ^unless the bees are differ-
ent from mine — when they would not
fill it out to the wood. They would eat
the foundation out. You have to have
a good honey flow to get sections of
that kind.

Mr. Smith — He is the only man that
produced those results. Why should
we not attribute it to the sections?

Mr. Hatch — ilt is a very easy matter
to pick out 500 sections to take to a
Fair. Mr. Taylor can do that; Miss
Candler can; I can pick them out; it
is the "average" that we want.

Mr. Wheeler — ^There is nothing much
to that. I don't think that is anything
to judge from. A man going to a State
Fair to exhibit honey, could pick out
enough perfect sections to make a good
exhibit, but the question is, How many
has he like that? and how would the
whole crop size up? I know it is a
big thing. I will tell you what I have
done sometimes: I have taken a box
of honey~with that split section to the
market; the jolting of the wagon would
oftentimes shove those two pieces
apart; the bees will have that section
of honey full, and when I get to market
the wood will be loose in the section.
That wood works away from the foun-
dation— sometimes; it is not always so.
You have all sorts of peculiar troubles;
you cannot depend on things; you can-
not depend on the crop; you might
have a good flow of honey, but you
take the average crop, and the bees
will not fill out to the wood' — unless it
is an extra fine season.

Mr. Taylor — Some of you here will
probably remember the honey I brought
here — two years ago, I think it was. I
brought the case just as it came off the
hive, just as well filled as that. I think
our t*resident can recall the crop of
honey produced in McHenry County a
couple of years ago.

Pres. York — Mr. Coppin seems to get
enough -"or the Fair exhibit every year.
He makes the best of any comb honey
exhibit there every year; T don't know
how his crop would run; I wish he
were here to tell us all about it.

Mr. Taylor — I don't think the sec-
tions have anything to do with it; It is
the crop; what would the bees care
about a split section!

■Mr. Anderson — The 4% x 4% sec-
tions T use regularly, and up to the 10th

of last July our honey in McHenry
County was almost perfect. I have
some of my first honey left; I don't know
but that it is as good as that. I have
perhaps a couple hundred pounds out
of 4,000 left that is just as fine honey,
apparently, as that section is, take it
as it runs; but from that time on we
didn't get any honey you might call
good. It was light sections all round.
It is simply the season, and the amount
of honey that is going in, that makes
the honey in that shape, and the
strength of your colony.

Mr. Hatch — ^A few men I got honey
of the past summer use nothing but a
little bit of starter at the top of the
section. It is surprising how some of
the bees would build their honey
sealed like that. One man is a crank;
he thinks it is adulteration to put in
foundation, and his crop of honey was
filled out in good shape. I could easily
pick out 500 sections out of his as good
as that.

Mr. Anderson — ^There is another
thing I tried last year, putting in full
sheets and also starters. I take a strip
of foundation and cut it into ten pieces,
and for the top starter I cut it into 25;
that is what I usually put in. I took
those sections and some I filled full —
some I filled the super half and half,
and before the 10th of July I could
not see any difference in the honey
that was taken off; one was just as
good as the other. It was all imper-
fect after that.

Mr. Taylor — All of it was not im-
perfect?

Mr. Anderson — ^Yes, a large majority
of it; honey came in very slow, if at
all, after the 10th of July, at that time.

Miss Mathilde Candler, of Cassville,
Wis., next read the following pai)er:

Bee- Keeping for Women.

The avenues of labor and profit for
women have been thrown open to such
an extent within the last 30 or 40
years that they embrace nearly every
occupation to which men have access.
There are women lawyers, doctors,
dentists, architects, bankers, farmers.
I have even read of a woman black-
smith.

The field of endeavor is limited only
by her individual, real capability and
desire to do the world's work.

Among the occupations in which
women may be successful is bee-keep-

r.^ij^. _.•'-;_, -^'■.; -r

;-_-„„^ \-ir,i\.^-rj-^.

118

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OP THE

ing-. It offers some advantages to her
that many others do not possess.

First, a large capital is not required
to begin with. Indeed, it is best to
begin small and go slowly; a few
colonies of bees, extra hives and su-
pers, a bee-veil, gloves and smoker,
are all that is needed.

Of, course, there are a whole lot of
traps and contrivances that she can
buy if she wants to get rid of her
money, and the inexperienced apiarist
always does buy a whole lot of stuff
that is discarded later on. The above
is. really all that is necessary.

There is a great deal of work con-
nected with an apiary. It is a business
of details. I have received numerous
inquiries regarding bee-keeping for
women, and most of them seem to
think it a business giving big returns
with little labor. That is not exactly
the case. There is some money to be
made, to be sure, if carried on on a
sufficiently extensive scale — even a
small competence, perhaps. But it
would require all a woman's time and
energy.

While I believe most women would
do better at something else, yet, as
there are all sorts of women with all
sorts of tastes, there will be some to
whom bee -work would be congenial,
and these would find it fascinating,
and would probably make a success of
it.

But the woman who thinks there is
little work connected with it will fail,
as will the woman who does not do
the right work at the right time; or
the man either.

To secure a little pin money, or to
get the fresh air and exercise that
some women need, bee-keeping on not
too large a scale is excellent.

Of course, if she has a good helper
she can keep more bees at a profit;
but I am writing from the standpoint
of the woman who is largely dependent
upon her own resources and labor for
her success, and I believe that the
average woman, under such circum-
stances, would make a failure of ex-
tensive bee-keeping. Perhaps the
average man would, too; I don't know.

One thing I like about bee-keeping
as a business for women is that we
get "equal pay for equal labor." We
do not get less money for our work
just because we are women, and are

not made to feel that we are belittling
our occupation in competing with men.

And in the good time coming, when ^
bee-keepers shall co-operate together '
instead of competing with each other,
the business end of bee-keeping will I
be much more simplified for us, and f
more profitable, too, I ihope.

MATHILDE CANDLER.

Cassville, Wis.

Pres. York — We have not very - >
many women in our convention today
— not as many as yesterday. There
are - two or three here, I think Mrs.
Holbrook has had quite a little ex-
perience with bees. We would like
to know if she agrees with what Miss
Candler has said, and will add any-
thing to it.

Mrs. Holbrook — I can sanction one
point. There is a great deal of work,
and it requires a great deal of atten-
tion. My experience in the past, in
other lines of work, is that it demands
the same attention. If we succeed in
anything it requires constant thought,
and deep thought — your best time —
your best energy, and a love for it —
at least a deep interest — enough love
for it to keep a deep interest in it, and
enoug'h self-respect to impel you to I
give out, and to get in, all that is !
possible and I am so thankful from
mouth to mouth for the good thought
we get in the bee-paper articles.
That is the secret of our success.

We would be very slow in accom-
plishing a knowledge of, and in mas-
tering, bee-culture if we had to de-
pend upon our experience; it would be
an expensive occupation, but if we
can have the patience to wait until
the bee-paper has come, we are sure
to find some article that will meet the
need of that very hour, perihaps. I
have many a time picked up my bee- •
papfer and found an article which an-
swered the very question thatr I was
so much wanting to know. Now this
is a blessing which I feel that we
sometimes don't appreciate. ;

Then, again, we must believe — we

must first strive to get a proper article i

of honey — believe that we have it, an-» ■

then appreciate it enough to command \
a price which we know it is worth; if ' f

you don't believe in it yourself, you !

cannot expect any one else to believe ;

that you have a good article. No one ;

is going to give any more than you j

ask. j

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

119

I will say this (perhaps it does not
sound just right): I believe that the
amateur bee-keeper ■comes here with
more nerve than he goes away with.
Some of you older 'bee-keepers do not
believe sufficiently in your honey to
demand the price which that article
is worth to produce it. "We amateurs
strive to get the best article possible,
and we try to get the people to appre-
ciate that article; appreciate the
effort we have put forth to get the
best article possible, and get (them to
feel that we must pay the price which
it has cost to produce that good
article. If you believe in that, and
stick to it, you will not be talking 7
to 9 cents a pound for honey! No
pound of ihohey should be put on the
market for less than 14 cents; from
that to 20 cents, according to the way
you sell it, and you can get it if you
ask it, and the people, when you tell
them what it has cost, will agree with
you that you should get a proper price
for it.

If we will spend a little more money
in the spring to protect our bees and
get them strong for the honey-flow,
we can produce the honey; then we
can tell our customers what it ihas
cost us to produce that; the effort we
have made, and they at once agree
with us.

While I do not produce 40,000 pounds
of honey — if I produce 4,000 to 6,000
pounds — ^I have just as good a right to
stand for the price of that honey as
though it were 40,000 to 60,000- pounds.
While you may produce 40,000 pounds,
you have just as good a right to stand
for the price which that honey is worth,
as I have for the 4,000 or 6,000 pounds.

I didn't intend to say this, but you
have it now.

Mr. Taylor — I want to add just a
word to what has been said about ask-
ing a price for the honey. The only
reason our honey is low-priced is be-
cause we ask a low price.

The officers of our Michigan State
Association get together here in the
fall sometime (I don't know by what
authority — they must have created the
authority themselves) they got out a
little book advertising the producers of
honey, they ventured to fix a price, well,
they said, 14 cents for the best quality
6f honey, and a lower price for grades
not so good. I have felt indignant ever
since I saw that statement. What is
the use of fixing the price of honey at

\

14 cents? And there is" no reason why
the officers of the State Associa-
tion should fix a price at that
figure. I insisted on 16 cents and
got it, and there is no question
at all but what a great many bee-
keepers in Michigan sold their honey
for 14 cents simply because the officers
of the State Association named that
figure. We need not grumble about the
price of honey unless we ask a better
price.

Mrs. Holbrook — I have not sold a
pound of honey to the retail trade for
less than 20 cents when it is less than
5 pounds, either comb or extracted. I
have not sold a pound, for less than 14
cents when I have sold it at wholesale
prices — tv/o 60 -pound cans; and no one
has complained, and more than that,
the same customers are taking
more this year than they did last
year. Now put that in your bonnet
and think about it, and don't come here
next year and talk 7 to 9 cents a pound
for honey. We have to rise above
that; it takes our nerve to come here
and hear this. We study this thing ont
as to how we can rise to the point of
asking what a thing is worth, and ask
it, and get it in a small way; and then
out comes the bee-paper with "adds"
for 60-pound cans of honey at 10 cents
a pound. Andi then we come here and
talk for 9 and 10 cents a pound. Tou
see it takes the nerve out of these ama-
teurs.

Pres. York — I would like to ask Mrs.
Holbrook — 'have you been speaking
about extracted honey?

Mrs. Holbrook — Yes, I had in mind
extracted honey.

For comb honey, we get what we
think that is worth, from 20 to 24 or
25 cents for the Al fancy, or take a
little off where they would take 11 sec-
tions; give them one extra section;
where they take 6 sections, give them
the price of the half section. They
don't hesitate to keep sending for more.

I believe we must first think what a
thing is worth. People never object to
paying 20 to 25 cents for butterine — ■
and think of the difference in the cost
of the production of a pound of butter-
ine, and a pound of honey. Then think
of the difference in the value of a
pound of honey and the value of a
pound! of butterine. And then take 7 to
9 cents a pound for honey! It is ridic-
ulous! And it is not placing the value
upon that honey to which it is entitled.

m

120

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Mr. Whitney — On going to my room
last evening I got to thinlcing over the
line of thought of yesterday in regard
to the price of honey. It occurred to me
that the trend was all towards a lower
price by those who are handling large
quantities of honey, and I thought to
myself. Where does the small bee-
keeper get off at, if that is to be the
rule?

Now it seems to me that if lowering
the price is going to increase the
quantity of honey used, the question
naturally arises with me: It seems to
me if there is no surplus of honey, it
all goes, and if we have been holding
it higher than it ought to be, it settles
anyhow, and it doesn't seem to me it
is necessary to lower the price in order
to popularize the honey. I think if we
hold it at a higher price — I mean fancy
honey for table use, either extracted
or comb — that would be working along
the proper lines, instead of talking a
low price and forcing 60 lb. cans upon
the customer. Let them have 60 lb.
cans if Ihey want them, but keep the
price where it ought to be.

Why do we want to belong to a Na-
tional Association and have co-opera-
tion to lower the price of honey? Our
smiall bee-keepers better take to the
woods than to do that.

Mr. Wheeler — ^I wish you people —
some of you — could see the thing as I
see it. I am traveling between, and
in touch with the retail market as well
as the producer. I produce honey as
well as sell it. In selling honey you
have to keep in touch with the con-
sumer in a peculiar way, and the price
— it does not rise above a certain point;
just as soon as it rises above a certain
point the sales diminish.

Now it is not for you folks here who
go to these conventions and talk, to set
the prices. It is a great movement
all through the country — it is hard to
tell where it comes from, or what it is,
but the law of supply and demand goes
into effect. In setting the price on
honey, I have to watch the market, the
consumers, and the retail grocers, and
see what they say, and And out what
they are paying, and use my judgment
when I sell honey; if I don't, I will
"get left." Because some people
happen to find a "sucker," and sell
honey for a good price, it is no sign
everybody can get it. Some year you
people will all hold off with your honey

and have it all left over; that is what
would happen.

Two years ago the market here in
Chicago was loaded with honey. One
of my competitors went out and bought
it for 10 and 11 cents. He kept it over,
and in the fall he sold it away up, be-
cause there was no honey then to be
had.

You have to be careful not to get
too high with it.

I noticed a thing this year: The
price of honey is higher; higher to the
consumer as a rule, and the amount
consumed is. not nearly as much in
Chicago. I don't believe there has
been as much bought. There is a feel-
ing among grocers that if they have
to pay for honey so much that they
don't make a certain per cent, they will
quit handling it. The moment the
grocer or his clerk stops pushing an
article, the article will not be sold. It
doesn't go without their pushing it.
We are dependent a great deal upon
the way the grocery men feel about
it, and the more profit they make, the
better they will push it. So soon as
you folks begin to raise the price, so
quickly does the grocer man begin to
stop selling it. It is the law of supply
and demand; you have to be very care-
ful.

I foijnd out, in Aurora, where I used
to live, this fall there seems to be a
standing price, no matter what the
crop is or anything about it, or what
kind or how much you have. The peo-
ple who have a few colonies of bees
near there will rush their honey off
to the market for about a shilling a
pound. I went out there with honey
I paid 14 cents a pound for, and could
not compete with those people; I could
not sell a pound of honey; those grocer
men bought all the honey around there,
and I could not do a thing in Aurora
this year. iSome grocery men bought
as high as 30 cases at' a shilling a
pound. How are you going to compete
with those fellows?

Mr. Taylor — Get them to raise the
price.

Mr. Hatch — How are you going to do
it? It is the same with the Western
producers; they will sell their honey
at what they can get for it on the
market; alfalfa honey granulates com-
ing in to Chicago; we can't set a price
for those fellows; we would lose our
trade — that is all. We have to take

Sss

ji'i'^vifeiii: '

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' AiSSOCIATION.

-121

what the market says it is worth. A
(few people here cannot set the prices.

Mr. Ahlers — ^In 1908 I came from the
South and shipped up 28 colonies of
bees by express. I had a pretty good
crop of honey; in two months I had
2500 lbs., which was a good crop from
28 colonies, and I tried to sell it. It
was stated to me, "We are buying our
honey at 4 cents a pound; the farmers
are only charging me 5 cents a pound".
That was 11 years ago. Now every
farmer is getting 9 and 10 cents a
pound for his honey, and the bee-keep-
ers are talking all the time about the
price of honey — that the price of honey
does not rise; I think that is a raise
of nearly 100 per cent.

Everybody is not so fortunate as to
be a good salesman; everybody does
not live in a big city like Chicago,
where there are many wealthy people
who will pay a big price.

At the Michigan convention every-
body was offering their extracted
honey at 9% and 10 cents a pound.
I have quite a lot of expense in he
business, and at thajt price I just de-
cided I would stop. I told a party
that I would not buy any more.

The market is nearly bare, and
Michigan bee-keepers — most of them
— ^have sold their honey for less than
8 cents; they can get SVz cents now in
a wholesale way, if they have ten
tons — they can get 8% cents; that is
the price of honey; I don't think that
is a low price.

Where a man was formerly getting
$20.00 a month to work in an apiary,
you can afford to pay $50.00 a month
and* make more money on it at that
price than if you were selling it for
5 cents a pound. Where you live in
a city like Chicago, and have good
salesmen, you can get a good price
for your honey. If I lived on the out-
skirts of Chicago, I am sure I would
sell lots of honey at 25 cents a pound,
but I cannot sell it for that, not living
here.

Mrs. Holbrook — Upon what basis
are these low prices estimajted? One
season we get honey; the next season
we get half a crop; the following
season we may get a full crop. I
would like to know how you can pro-
duce honey for 7 and 8 cents, with, an
average of one-half crop for three
seasons in succession, and pay $50. CO
a month for an assistant, with lOO to

300 colonies? In this locality, with
bee-supplies going up every year, and
with the price of help going up every
season, and when some bee-keeper in
an outside town will offer 1,000 pounds
of comb honey at thirteen cents?

Mr. Ahlers — He is not a bee-keeper,
who has only 1,000 pounds of honey
to sell, and sells it at 13 cents. They
are farmers, as a rule; they do the
work themselves — lots of them, prob-
ably on (Sunday, and they don't pay
out anything for labor. I figured up
the other day, and I paid out $100
during the month of October for labor,
and I board three or four men part of
the time. I have not had a good crop,
but I made enough to pay my fare to
the conventions, and get me a new
suit of clothes, any way!

Mrs. Holbrook — ^We have the right
to take into consideration that that
money invested is entitled to from 3
to 6 per cent interest, also.

Mr. Ahlers — ^Some day I am going
to bring a statement to the conven-
tion, and show the whole season's
business; what I have paid out and
what I have taken in. The man who
is going to beat me on that has to
get up a little early, and work harder,
and produce better honey, and I will
show that I make money.

Mr. Taylor — This gentleman ihas
saved enough money to come to the
convention and get a new suit of
clothes — what did you sell your honey
at?

Mr. Ahlers — The lowest price I am
selling honey for is 11% cents — ezz-
tracted honey, in orders of 60-pound
cans; that is the lowest price.

Mr. Taylor — ^What do you get for
comb?

Mr. Ahlers — ^I don't handle it; I
would not sell it; I have a few sec-
tions that I give away. I promised
my wife, if business got a little bet-
ter, that she was to ihave a new hat,
if it didn't cost too much!

Mrs. Holbrook — ^We are entitled to
something more than a suit of clothes,
and a piece of bread — we want some
honey on our bread, and we are en-
titled to it if we give honest devotion
to our work. We want to make the
business a paying business if we are
going to follow it. If it is not worth
that, we must put our thought to
something else that will be remunera-
tive.

•toji-isi *5^ys«

,V^ ' -

123

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

If it is impossiljle to make this busi-
ness remunerative, I am going out of
the business and, more than that, I
don't like to see the bee-papers come
out, cutting the price of honey — quot-
ing low prices — because there are
many people in little towns, seeing
those low prices, think they are get-
ting a good deal when they are offered
13 cents. You must not put these low-
price agitations in the bee papers if
you want to keep the prices up.

Mr. Ahlers — At these prices I am
selling eO.OOO pounds of honey. When
I get to the middle of January there
will be over 60,000 pounds, I am
closing up my business for the rest of
the winter, putting my driver at home
to take care of the house, and my
wife and I are going South until May.

Mr. Wheeler — Did you produce aJl
of this honey?

Mr. Ahlers— I produced 32,500
pounds myself, the rest I bought. I
bought 9,000 pounds from one person
and 6,000 from another; I paid one of
them one-fourth cent more than we
agreed on.

Mr. Wheeler — The purchaser of
honey will get the price down as low
aa he can; I don't blame him for that.

■Mr. Ahlers — No one is in business
just for himself. I don't want to get
the price down if I know an article is
good. I want to treat the other man
as I want to be treated. That is the
right" sort of a rule to follow all round.
I pay enough for my honey so that I
can always get what ihoney I -want.

A member — Mrs. Hol'brook spoke
about having confidence in your goods
and asking a price commensurate
with your work. I offered my white
clover honey to the jobber to whom I
have sold for several years, at 15%
cents (comb honey), delivered, and he
wrote back and said my price was too
high. I got a letter in a few days from
a larger jobber, asking me what I
wanted for my honey. I thought, if I
had asked too much in the first place,
I would ask a little more, so I asked
him 17 cents, and he wrote back and
said, "ship it as soon as you can."

Mr. Niver — My little talk yesterday
I think has created a wrong impress-
ion. The impresion must be — from the
few remarks I have heard — that all
dealers wanted to cut the prices down
to the producer. My talk was in the
interest of bringing the two ends to-

gether— raising the price to the produ-
cer, and getting the price down to the
consumer. There is too much margin.
The producer gets 8 cents on an aver-
age perhaps this year, while the con-
sumer, on an average, pays 30. I think
that is too wide a margin, and it cuts
down th« consumption of honey.

iOut in New York State, where I got
my first education in the honey-busi-
ness, we got honey down to 5 cents a
pound, and Coggshall's were advertis-
ing 21 pounds for $ 1.00, dielivered any-
where in town. I quit the business. It
got too strenuous for me.

Then, coming up here to Chicago, I
saw there were good deal higher prices
in vogue, and I went to selling honey
to private houses — talking honey as a
food value and its cheapness as a food.
I have been at that for the last 10 years,
in selling it to private families, and
trying to educate the people to eat
honey and pay good round prices for
it, but in the stores, I found, where I
was traveling,, that the general price
was from 30 to 35 cents a pound; that
cut down the consumption; people did
not eat honey as they ought to.

Now about my dislike for comb
honey: I find that very few people eat
comb honey to any extent. The 25 and
30 and 50 cents a pound men don't eat
honey; it is the poor man that con-
sumes X,he most honey; the rich man,
who can pay 50 cents a pound for
honey, does not eat it at all, as a rule.

I have yet to find one man out of the
10,000 customers and over that I reach
every year, that eats over 24 pounds of
honey in a year. I have found good,
big grocers that run three and four
hands to attend to the trade of the
grocery store, that only take 24 sec-
tions of honey a year, to supply their
regular trade, while I was selling quite
a large number of tons of it in the
same locality, of extracted; and all
these things we have to think about.

My friend here says when you get
honey too high he cannot sell it at all;
people will not buy it, only in a very
limited way, and that limited way is
what makes the producer stay at home.

I have quit — like Mr. Ahlers — there
is not margin enough in it to keep me
on the road', so I am going to take a
vacation.

Last spring (in April) one large pro-
ducer in Wisconsin wrote to me: "I
have 10,000 pounds of fine white clover

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ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KBEPERS' AiSSOCIATION.

123

honey, and cannot find a market for it
anywhere. What will you pay for it?"
I wrote to him what I would give him
for it, and keep to work through the
summer; I generally take my vacation
then. He said, "You can have it."

Then this fall he wanted to sell me
his honey again. He wanted 10 cents a
pound for it, and would not take no
less, and he has his honey left.

I know of several big producers in
Wisconsin that hold their extracted
honey at 10 cents now. Well, I hope
they will sell it. I toldi them I could
not handle it at that price, without
raising mine, and then that would cut
down the consumption; it would make
the people believe it was too high at
the present high prices of living, and
they would feel that they could not
afford to eat honey, therefore I would
rather quit — not letting my customers
see me at all until honey could either
be sold' at a staple price, or was down
to where it was previously in my
travels.

Now about this question of labor
production: The price, or the value of
anything, is decided by the amount of
labor invested in it. If there is more
labor invested in producing a dollar's
worth of honey at present prices than
in wheat, the bee-keeper will go to
wheat raising, and vice versa.

Mr. Kannenberg — Mr. Niver says he
will go out of the business if the con-
ditions are so and so. That will give
the amateur & chance to sell his honey
in the home market.

Mrs. Holbrook — ^A man from a neigh-
boring State came into a village not
far from here, with a ton of honey and
sold every pound at 25 cents a pound,
around to homes.

Pres. York — Comb honey?

Mrs. Holbrook — ^All extracted honey.
He said to the people to whom he sold,
"No man can produce pure honey for
less than 25 cents a pound," thus giving
them the impression that any one
bringing any honey into the State for
less than 25 cents a pound was not
giving pure honey. Hence those peo-
ple bought that honey; they believed
in that man; and his goods were not
as good as other goods that were fur-
nished in that State; he made them be-
lieve he had the best honey. Do you
6ee the point back of that? He won
the confidence of the people. He said,
"TJiat honey cannot be produced for

less than 25 cents a pound and be
pure."

Mr. Wilcox — I know one or two men
who sell large quantities of honey, and
there is a secret in it; if I tell it, and
don't tell who they are, it may help
you some. They try to establish a
uniform grade. You all know we can-
not produce the same grade of honey
at all seasons of the year, or from
year to year; in different localities it
varies. But you can have a uniform
grade by buying different kinds of
honey and mixing it to a certain
standard — those different varieties of
pure honey; you can have it uniform
in color and flavor, and when they
establish a market for that particular
honey, and advertise it as their honey,
they can work up a trade; I know of
two or three bee-keepers who do that
^and I think there may be others. I
have never done it myself.

Mr. Huffman — I am a little like Dr.
Miller on this question; I think that
"location has a good deal to do with
it." These parties can get these big
prices where there is no competition.

Now Mr. Wheeler, in referring to
Aurora, struck the key-note with us.
We have parties — farmers. — producing
quite a little bit of honey — two or three
thousand pounds of honey — who never
think of asking more than 7 or 8 cents
a pound of it. They come in and they
flood our local market — fill up the
grocery stores all round — and what are
5'ou going to do to get higher prices
in such a place as that? I am asking
for information. I held my honey back
until that other honey was all sold, and
now I am selling it for 10 cents. What
are you going to do when they put their
honey on the market at these prices?
Where are you going to get off at? You
cannot buy it from them; they will not
sell it to you; they have their cus-
tomers. I offered 8 cents straight to
one party who had 2,000 pounds.

Mr. Reynolds — Nearly all our large
dealers here in town bought white
clover honey delivered at 6 cents.

Mrs. Holbrook — Wlio fixes the price
of honey, the producer, or the man in
the w^holesale house, or the commis-
sion man — the wholesale man or the
producer ?

Mr. York — I would like to ask Mr.
Burnett to answer that, as to how the
market is fixed here in Chicago?

Mr. Burnett — ^I will ask Mr. Cavanagh
to answer, by proxy.

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124

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Mr. Cavanagh — The man that sells
the product is the man that puts the
price on it; the man who produces the
article is the man who should put on
the price; the commission man is the
man to put the price on what he sells.
If a man writes 'n and asks a company
what they are going to take, then it
becomes their duty to put the price on
it.

Mr. Kannenberg — You go into a
wholesale house or a commission house,
and tell them you have honey for sale,
and that you will sell it for such and
such a price; the commission man tells
you the market quotation this morning
is only such a price — what will you do
then?

Pres. York — I would like to have Mr.
Burnett answer. I think it would be
interesting to know just how the
markets are here.

Mr. Burnett — I hope you don't think
I am going to pose as a Solomon in
this case. I was very much interested
yesterday in reading a reply of Edison
to a criticism of a celebrated divine,
so called. The substance of Mr. Edi-
son's reply was that the golden rule
is about as good a guide to go by to
get into Eternal Bliss hereafter, as he
knew anything about; and, further-
more, he took a rather advanced
ground in saying that we as human
beings are not creators of thoughts;
we simply get impressions from our
environment. Now I think perhaps
the ordinary commission merchant, of
which I claim to be one (very ordinary
at that), gets' impressions as to about
what he can obtain for honey, and he
acts accordingly.

Mr. Niver comes in and he asks the
price of honey. We tell him. "Well,"
the says, "I can't pay that price for it;
if I do I will have to raise my price,
and then I won't sell so much."

"Well, now." I say: "Niver, don't
you think the producer ought to have
so and so?" "Oh, yes, yes, yes, but
then I can't sell the honey; It has to
be sold at such and such a price," and
if Mr. Niver finds that he cannot buy
the honey anywhere less than ihe can
there, we are liable to make a sale.

The commission man certainly is
between two fires. One day a man
came in and wanted to know if we
could get higher prices for his stuff
if he sent it to us. "Oh, yes, we get
the highest prices going"; and he

seemed satisfied; he went away, and
another party standing by, says, "I
want to buy some honey, Mr. Bur-
nett." "Certainly, I' will be glad to
sell you." "I want to buy it cheap."
And I replied, "We are the cheapest
place in town — you have the right
place right here."

Another party stood by, looking on
(he was from Hegewich). By and by
he got a chance, and he said, "Well,
now, see here, Burnett, I heard what
you said." " What did I say?" "You
said to one man you could get the
highest for him, and to the other
fellow you said you would sell the
cheapest of any one."

"Yes, I replied, "1 am a commission
merchant; it is necessary that I have
two reputations." (Laughter.)

Mr. Hatch — I congratulate Mr. Bur-
nett on getting out of that corner.

Mr. Ahlers — I think we can all draw
our moral.

Pres. York — We have another paper,
or talk, on the program — Mr. Jacob
Huffman, of Monroe, Wis., on

Stimulative Feeding.

I did not care to give a talk on this
subject because I thought there were
others who are better informed, and
know ihow to talk on it better than I
can.

I haVe sketched a few items of no
great length; I am going to do as a
minister told me once — ^I will make a
skeleton, then when you people have
the opportunity to talk on it, you can
fill in the meat.

I have been asked to open this ques-
tion for discussion. I certainly could
give no better reason than has many
times been given by our best honey
producers. iStimulative feeding would
most certainly be necessary if in-
crease in colonies were the object, and
no less so when a honey crop, either
comb or extracted, is desired.

I myself was very much pleased
with the question answered by Mr.
Crane, at the Albany convention. He
said, that by stimulative feeding he
had been able to produce between
15,000 and 20,000 pounds of comb
honey, and an increase from GOO' to
800 colonies. How is that for stimu-
lative feeding?

We admit that seasons vary, and
some springs bees require less feed,
but my experience has been that feed-

£

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ILLINOIS STATE DEE-KEEPEBS' AlSSOCIATION.

125

ing at the proper time is beneficial.
The proper time may be considered
from more than one standpoint. No
colony should be allowed to become
short of stores, regardless of the time
or season. The fate of the honey
crop ihangs on how the brood is fed
between fruit-bloom and clover. It
stands to reason if frost or cold wet
weather comes, the brood would suf-
fer if no unsealed stores are within
their reajch.

My experience has been that feeding
in the open brings the best results;
gives each colony an equal chance,
but in my section of the country for
the last few years I find my neigh-
bors' bees are almost too impudent;
just help themselves without an in-
vitation. So I have to be satisfied to
feed each colony separately, and thus
make sure the food-supply is ade-
quate.

I prefer the division-board feeder,
but have successfully used other ways,
such as ampty combs filled with
syrup, etc. I think the Miller feeder,
for general purposes, the best feeder
on the market, and for fall feeding
there is nothing better.

JACOB HUFFIMAN.

Monroe, Wis.

Mrs. Holbrook — Does the Miller
feeder require removing the frame
from the hive? How are you going to
feed a colony in the winter, such as
you find are weak and require stores?

Mr. Wilcox — J would never feed a
colony in the winter unless absolutely
necessary; then I would feed it a comb
of honey if I had it.

Mr. Huffman — In my way, I will
answer that question. His plan is all
right If you have the honey to put in.
If not, take a chunk of candied honey
and put on top the frames and put a
quilt or something over that. I have
carried quite a few colonies through
the winter with candied honey. They
- seem to like it better because it is
honey.

Mrs. Holbrook — I was wondering if
it would be safe to give a colony a
pail of granulated honey in the winter.
Would it remain granulated ? Would
they be able to eat it without its "run-
ning," before spring?

Mr. Huffman — Yes, I have found it
very successful; I have fed 500 pounds
, of ihoney in that way. I don't know-
that it will do s colony the same good

as the liquid, but it is easier and
quicker; it will save the colony.

Mr. Arnd — ^Would not the heat of the
bees liquefy that honey?

Mr. Hoffman — I lay the pail down
like that (illustrating), and lift this
end up, and the bees can come up
around the pail on the side. I have
•seen as many as a quart of bees at the
end of the pail; the bees liquefy it
themselves while using it.

Mr. Arnd — Has any one tried stimu-
lative feeding by puttktg granulated
sugar in the division board-feeder?

Mr. Huffman — That is Dr. Miller's
plan; I never tried it. As I under-
stand, Mr. Arnd, you meant the divis-
ion-board feeder; I meant Dr. Miller
does that with his Miller feeder; he
puts in the granulated sugar, first, then
water on top, and that soaks down
through and liquefies it.

Mr. Arnd — ^I have heard if you put
granulated sugar, A 1 sugar, in the
division-board feeder, there would be
just enough moisture so that the bees
could go in and help themselves, with
no water in it at all.

Mr. Huffman — I think it might work
all right.

Mr. Arnd — They don't put in any
water at all;, there is enough moisture
inside the hive so that the bees can
suck the sweetness out of the sugar.

Mr. Wilcox — How many believe, if
the bees could take the dry sugar, put
into the feeder, there would be enough
moisture in the hive, or any other
place, so they could take any portion
of it?

Mr. Arnd — ^The way I happened to
a-sk that question, somebody told me
that was the way they stimulated their
bees.

Mrs. Holbrook' — How can you feed
sugar for stimulative feeding in the
spring? Stimulative suggests feeding
them prior to honey flow, or to brood
rearing. How can you feed sugar syrup,
or sugar, with safety?

Mr. Huffman — I might refer you to
what Mr. McEvoy said at the Albany
convention; he said a good deal the
same as Mr. Crane; who said his' bees
would all have starved if it were not
for the stimulative feeding. He simply
used granulated sugar, and all he did
was to make that haif and half, and
stirred it until the granulation was all
cut of the sugar, and fed it in that
way.

^

126

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

I have fed as late as October. I have
shaken swarms into a 10-frame hive on
foundation, and fed them granulated
sugar. I have had the bees winter
better, and have fed them on 2 cent
sugar; we have a condenser in our
town, and I can get good sugar at 2
cents. I have had good success with
it. Mr. Alexander, I believe, claims to
make it 3 and 2; I never have it any
stronger than half and half. I fed it
to 5 colonies in October, and had half
ihe frames sealed over; I fed them half
and half, and they came through
splendidly.

Mr. Wilcox — ^I feed every year, more
or less, for stimulative feeding in the
spring, and I mix in the proportion of
2 to 1—2 of water to 1 of sugar; boil
ir together, and then feed it in feed-
ers both at the entrance and on top,
and also the division-board. That
kind of feeding w^as not adapted to fall
feeding; you should make a distinction
there; it is too thick for the fall of the
year, and just right for spring.

Mr. Ahlers — I doubt if Mr. Wilcox's
bees were stimulated, but merely kept
alive. If you want to stimulate I think
the bees should have honey; they
■would have reared more bees if they
had honey; if they had had no sugar
they would naturally have died, but
it didn't stimulate them.

Mr. Wilcox — Then you think honey
is more stimulative than sugar?

Mr. Ahlers — I do. It seems to ex-
cite them; they go at sugar in a
general way, but with honey they seem
to get excited.

Mr. Holbrook — ^I saw an article in a
bee-paper, recently, to the effect that
sugar syrup weakens the longevity of
bees — and that appealed to me. If you
feed sugar syrup in the spring, is there
not danger of having them carry it
up in the combs? Can you say with
absolute certainty that your honey is
absolutely pure, when you feed that
sugar syrup in the spring for stimu-
lative feeding? I believe in stimula-
tive feeding, and I know the result
is most satisfactory, but I believe in
feeding honey.

Mr. iSmith — That is a point I would
like very much to get scientific evi-
dence on. I am a little inclined to
think if we feed sugar for stimAilative
feeding that we do not produce pure
honey. I am inclined to think that you
cannot get as good a grade of honey.

How many of us know whether we
get as good a grade of honey produced ;
from one flower as from another — •
from one blossom as another?

I don't know whether it would be a '
good thing to excite the bees or not. '
The honey may excite them, but that I
don't necessarily produce more bees.
That is a point I would like to have '
determined.

If we are going into the suJbject of •
bee-culture to succeed, we ought to
know a great many of these things,
and that is where this Association
might accomplish considerable — if we
could determine whether the bee is as '
long lived when fed on sugar as on
ihoney, and whether it can do as much
or more work. We don't know what
the best tfeed for our bees is. We
know when it comes to animals — be-
cause that has been tested scientifi-
cally, but we don't know when it
comes to producing honey. ^

Mr. Whitney — We all know that
honey is quite different when the bees
are fed on sugar syrup; there is more
or less pollen in honey, but there is
none of it in sugar syrup; pollen is
one of the principal foods of the
young bee. I would think, for stimu-
lative feeding, honey would be pref-
erable to sugar syrup. If you have '
not the honey, why, do the best you
can. ^

Mi*. Taylor — Bees need the pure honey;
they need the pollen; the bee can live
on pure sugar just as well as they can
on honey, and they will live better in
winter on the pure sugar syrup be-
cause they are not active; they don't
need the bee-'bread, as we used to call
it, but you can't rear a young bee oh
pure syrup; they ihave to have bee-
bread.

If you want to winter bees safely,
take the combs without any pollen in .
thenj- or foundation, and feed them ..
the pure sugar ^rup, and your bees
will winter flrst-class. There is
nothing to excite them or give them
any disease, but you can't rear any
young 'bees from that, and they don't
need any honey in the winter, but in
the spring, if you want brood, you
must have combs -with pollen in them,
or you must give them something that
answers for pollen in some shape, anc^
then your sugar syrup is just as good
as honey.

Mr. Cavanagh — The point iij regard

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ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

127

to stimulative feeding that we must
not lose sight of — a queen does not
control the amount of brood. If we
open one of our hives now we would
very likely find a comb somewhere in
the hive that has quite a good size
space of eggs, and will not find a bit
of unsealed brood; in the spring of
the year, if we have a pollen supply
we can make a balanced ration by
feeding sugar syrup, and where we
have a good pollen supply we can
feed sugar for stimulative purposes
successfully. On the other hand if
we attempt to feed sugar syrup when
-there is a large amount of honey in
the hive that is covering the pollen
up, we may do more damage than
good, because with honey, so long as
we are feeding plenty of sugar syrup,
the bees will not uncap that honey
and get to the pollen.

The time to stimulate the bees is
when they are short of stores, and
when they cannot get a natural sup-
ply of pollen; never feed them during
rainy weather or a dearth, when they
have plenty of honey in their hives;
if you do they won't uncover that
pollen unless they are 'breeding so
rapidly that they will uncover it.

Mr. 'Wilcox — Of course, most of these
things that have been said are true,
and not to be contradicted; we may
as well let it go and take it for
granted.

As to whether the sugar fed will go
Into the surplus at the first extract-
ing— in the first place, as has been
said, there is no necessity for feeding
at all if they have plenty of feed. If
they need the feed, if they are desti-
tute of feed, they will consume it, and
you can get somewhere near an idea
as to how much they will need. If
you feel too much they will carry it
up, and it will be extracted at the first
extracting. I have tried that many
times.

I have fed dark pure honey for
simulative feeding; have given them
too much. The first time I extracted
I noticed it; of course they carried it
up, and they will do the same thing
with sugar syrup, but sugar syrup has
"been partially, at least, chemically,
changed to honey. It is not pure
sugar syrup any more, and the thinner
you feed it, the more they change it,
and that is one of the objects of feed-
ing it thin. I don't think you need

to fear about feeding all that you
think they need; and don't feed for
the purpose of having it stored up
there, and then you won't feed them
enough to do any harm.

iMr. Taylor — I want to say a word
in regard to stimulative feeding. In
my opinion the only correct way to
stimulate bees is to — say in the fall —
see that they have an abundant sup-
ply of honey in the hive. I don't
think it is a good plan to put bees
into winter confinement unless they
have enough to last them through un-
til they get plenty of honey from the
fiowers.

We have to study these matters, to
save labor, to save care, and to save
the loss of bees. As a general thing,
a colony that is poor in the fall, has
hardly any honey, is weak in bees, is
not worth trying to save, anyway. We
get our bees well supplied with honey,
and they are all right in the spring.

Mrs. Holbrook — ^We all want to
produce the greatest amount of honey
possible from the fewest number of
colonies. Mr. Alexander says, if you
will feed the bees days when there is
no flow of nectar you will keep that
work going on; they will not get to
loafing, or get to robbing. Would it
be saifer to feed sugar syrup during
such days, either for comb or ex-
tracted honey? Will the bees draw
out comb on foundation with sugar
syrup ?

Mr. Taylor — They surely will; if It
is warm enough so they can work
foundation, but then it is not safe to
feed them much sugar syrup if their
hive is full of honey in the brood-
combs, because you might run the risk
of sending your sugar syrup into the
sections; but you can put your bees on
foundation as soon as warm weather
comes, and feed them sugar syrup, and
they will work out their foundation
and rear brood very soon; the only
thing is the temperature.

Mr. Whitney — I have seen a good
deal of that feeding business, and heard
what people say, and have been watch-
ing it for a good' many years. I think
the drift of this whole talk has not
been the right thing for this conven-
tion, especially when it is to be pub-
lished.

How are we going to have people
have confidence in us? Now you talk
about feeding sugar — of buying stuff

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128

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

of our competitors who are putting
glucose in their sugar. We talk about
buying that material from our compet-
itors and feeding it to the bees, and
tOien we come in here and publish the
matter. I don't think that there is any
need of this talk about stimulative
feeding.

The thing to do is, when you get a
good crop of honey — to keep enough
back for feeding. Don't go and sell all
your honey, and then buy something of
your competitor to feed back to the
bees, for some of it will go into the su-
pers. GIVE YOUR BEES HONEY!

A Mr. So and So, out in the country,
used to buy sugar by the barrel, and
feed it to his bees, and sold the honey
to everybody around there for pure
honey, when it was sugar honey! If
that man had taken care of his busi-
nes, and saved some of his honey in-
stead of shipping it all off, selling it for
4 or 5 or 6 cents a pound, and then six
months afterwards bought sugar to
take the place of honey to feed his bees,
he would save the. reputation of bee-
keepers and of his honey. I don't think
any man deliberately used sugar to
make honey, but I do think it is bad
policy to come to a convention and
talk feeding bees sugar.

What is the sense of it? Stimula-
tive feeding! The bee-papsrs are full
of it, sometimes. Some editors may
send out a question wanting to know
■what everybody does about stimulative
feeding, and they will all tell how they
feed, and the public gets hold of it, and
gets not very good impressions. If we
are going to buy glucose, buy it from
the man who says it is glucose.

The longer I 'keep bees, the less I
want to touch sugar syrup, or any
other kind. I feed my bees honey. I
don't think that anybody ought to say
at a convention that if you feed sugar
to your bees and they store it in the
combs, that it is honey; I don't think
that thing' ought to be said; I don't
believe it is so. The instant the chem-
ist finds this he will so state.

Mr. Smith — I can't let that talk go.

I believe bee-keepers, as well as
everybody else, are entitled to know
the truth. I believe in stating the
truth; I don't care if it ruins our bus-
iness.

If I can feed my bees 2-cent sugar
and carry them through, and get them
to put more honey up, I have as much

right to do that as a man has to feed
his cow hay and bring her up until clo-
ver comes, until she can furnish milk.
I don't know as much about honey as

1 do about sugar, I have run a sugar
mill; we have made hundreds of thou-
sands of pounds of sugar, and if you
get 2 per cent glucose into the juice,
you, cannot make sugar out of it. Cane
sugar is said to be largely glucose; if

2 per cent of that juice is glucose we
cannot get It to granulate. There is no
glucose in sugar.

We want to get at the truth in this
discussion about stimulative feeding.
This is worth more to me than all the
other discussions we have had, per-
sonally. What Mr. Taylor said is
worth $100.00 to me.

To Dr. Taylor: "I am not going to
give it to you." But we must cheapen
the production of honey if it is pos-
sible to do that, and make as much
money as we are making now; we
want to at the same time make more
money for ourselves; cheapen the
price of ihoney if we can make just as
much money for ourselves.

There have been lots of remarks
made here, and there have been some
remarks made that can be construed
to our detriment if people want so to
construe them. No honest person
would lallow sugar to go into his
honey and sell it as pure honey, but
there may be people that would rather
have a certain kind of honey with
sugar in — sugar' mixed with it. What
we want to do is to get at the truth
of the matter. I would like to know
if the bees can take that thin syrup
and convert it into honey — what is
caled grape-sugar — if they can do
that, I would just as soon eat it, if it
tastes the same.

Mr. Wilcox — Prof. Cook says they
can..

Mr. Huffman — I think Mr. Smith
has struck the key-note; if we can
find cheap feed for our hees and get
honey, and sell it for 14 cents a pound,
we have a bonanza. If you can find
a pound of sugar syrup in my honey
— ^and I have fed lots of syrup — ^I will
give you that honey, gratis. I never
feed it so that I know they are carry-
ing it into the sections or combs, but
feed enough to stimulate the bees.
What are you going to do with the
weakling that has not enough to keep
it alive? You have to 'build up and

■ -■■'s'-

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ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

129

strengthen them until they get ready
for the harvest. ■

Another thing: You want to study
your location. When your harvest
comes in, commence at the right time;
don't commence too early; don't com-
mence too late, but at the proper time,
and if you have fed properly and
rightly, you are going to get the bene-
fit from such feeding. Take Mr.
Crane, for instance. How many
pounds of comb honey does he pro-
duce and sell? He gained 15,000 to
20,000 pounds by stimulative feeding.
Also Mr. McEvoy, of Canada. I think
they are two of the best authority we
can look to, and if they will advocate
it, why should not we go ahead and
stimulate?

Will the sugar fed to bees make
them build comb? Yes, natural comb;

1 did it. I had three or four pieces of
comb as large as my hand; melted it
up, and took it to the bee-keepers'
convention and handed it to Mr. Ditt-
mer, and told him it was made of
sugar syrup, and I knew it; that was
the time I stimulated. This speaking
so decidedly about adulteration, of a
little syrup getting into the honey —
bless you, I don't know what to think
about it! I have been 35 years in the
business. In 1885 I had 215 colonies
of bees and took Heddon's plan. I put

2 to 1 — about 1-3 of that was sugar —
I fed that syrup and lost half of my
bees, and I have been feeding half and
half, and never lost any on sugar
syrup.

Mr. Wheeler — ^I want to answer one
question: This man put it pretty
strong, about glucose and white sugar.
I think if we remember that investi-
gation about the National Committee
trying to find out of the sugar trust
how they manufactured their sugar,
we all made up our minds it was — a
large percentage of it — glucose; but
they had a particular way of turning
that into white sugar, that they would
not allow the public or the Committee
to find out. I believe, myself, there
is more than 2 per cent of glucose in
(White sugar, just from that investiga-
tion. I have no way of finding out.
Another point I thought of when Mr.
Huffonan was speaking, about buying
cheap sugar. It has been my ex-
iperience, taught by people who are
supposed to know, that it does r.ot
pay to buy cheap sugar to feed your

bees; it pays to buy the finest grade
of sugar when you get it to feed your
bees; if you put 2 cents of feed in
your bees they only store that
amount; if you put 5 cents you get
enough for the money invested, and
more. So I don't see how 2 cent sugar
bought for bees would pay any one.

Another question: That the bees in
consuming the syrup and storing it in
the combs, never store half of what
they are fed. They will consume and
put into brood and destroy more than
50 per cent of the stuff that is fed, so
why in the world will you go to work
and extract your honey, lug it to the
market, and get very nearly the same
price you pay for sugar, and then buy
sugar next spring and feed your bees?

Mr. Chapman — I can help you a lit-
tle bit, perhaps, as to granulated
sugar and glucose. Granulated glu-
cose can be bought in this town, but
the gentleman having experience with
sugar is speaking from another stand-
point. After glucose is put in syrup,
if you expect to make granulated
sugar out of it, you won't get granu-
lated sugar. You might be' able to
grind that glucose up and add it to
granulated sugar, after the sugar had
granulated, but if you put glucose
first in sugar syrup it never would
granulate.

Pres. York — I think we will have to
stop now. We will come back again
at 1:30 o'clock for the afternoon ses-i
sion.

Do not forget, if you like to look at
this foundation fastener of Mr. Cop-
pin's, it is here on the table. The con-
vention stands adjourned until 1:30
p. rn. ..

Second Day — Afternoon Session.

I*res. York — We come to the closing
session of the convention. We have
one more paper, I believe, that of Mr.
Wilcox. He will probably be here a
little later. We will go on with the
questions.

Melting Granulated Honey.

"What is the best method of melt-
ing 60 -pound cans of granulated
honey? Has any one tried the
Pouder hot-air tank?"

Pres. York — How many have tried
the Pouder method of melting honey?
Has any one tried the Pouder hot-air
tank?

—9

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130

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Mr. Bull — I have.

I*res. York — ^Does it work all right?
Mr. Bull — iPerfectly.
Pfes. York — Will you tell a little
about it?

Mr. Boill — I have melted only three
(3) batches; I used gas. I turned the
can upside down, and let the honey
run out; it takes about 10 or 11 hours
to melt a can.

Pres. York — ^The first part of this
question is: "What is the best meth-
od of melting 60-pound cans of granu-
lated honey?"

Mr. HufCman — Are you not liable to
over-heat the honey by this method?

Mr. Bull — Almost imposible by this
method.

Mrs. Holbrook — Arrange a standard
with a platform, and a second little
platform a few inches above; set this
60 pound can on that, and place a box
over this which is lined with asbestos,
an-d this is heated by a little lamp un-
derneath, on the principle of the Alad-
din oven. It will require about % cent's
worth of oil to liquefy a 60-pound can
during the night.

Pres. York — Any other method? 1
suppose the most common way is to
put it in a tank of hot water.

Mr. Rodenberger — I have a galva-
nized iron tank that holds 4 cans. I
put in about a foot of water; a couple
of strips of wood for the cans to rest
on,; andi have a tight cover; I set it on
the stove and let it heat; In a few
hour it requires an awful temperature ;
let it run out as fast as as it melts, but
then some of it comes out in lumps.
I let it settle a day or two before I
draw it, and it is perfectly clear.

Mr. Anderson' — It seems to me if a
60-pound can of honey is melted in an
hour it requires an awful temperature;
it is apt to scorch the honey. It takes
me 7 or 8 hours the way I liquefy
honey. Of course I liquefy 17 or 18
cans at a time.

Mr. Rodenberger — I said "I can do
it," but I don't do it; if you want to
hurry it you can do it; if I am not in a
hurry I let it set around there all day —
perhaps all night; stir it up once in a
while.

Mr. Whitney — Which is the best way,
to heat it in a few hours' time or to do
it slowly?

Mr. Rodenberger — I prefer to do it
slowly.

Mrs. Holbrook — That emphasizes
this point that came to me last winter,

in my experience- with a commission
man. He was liquefying honey in a
half hour's time, by setting it in a tank
and letting boiling water run over it,
liquefying it for his customers for the
retail trade. I saw some of that honey
after it was liquefied, and you would not
have recognized it as the same honey;
it was of a darker color, and the flavor
was changed, and those cnstomers were
not getting the benefit of the fine prod-
uct to which they were entitled. I
meant to have taken this matter up
with the bee-papers, to have them
send out a sheet to every commis-
sion man to show him how to liquefy
honey, that it might preserve its or-
iginal color and flavor.

Mr. Wilcox — What causes the differ-
ent flavor w:hen you heat it too much?
In what way dioes it change the flavor?
In sugar syrup it does not. What
changes' the flavor of honey when you
overheat it?

Mrs. Holbrook — ^When you have
over-heated honey, from the chemist's
point of view, you have changed it
from honey to sugar syrup. It is not
honey after it has been submitted to a
temperature of 212 degrees, or even
180 degrees; it is no longer honey, and
you can consult Hoyle on that; confer
with the Bulletins from Washington.

Mr. Anderson — I have melted a good
deal of honey in my time, and when I
try to melt honey inside of 8 hours'
time, I am apt to discolor it, and I
don't think I can get all the granules
out, I don't believe I have ever lique-
fied honey properly inside 8 hours; it
does not change the color, using 8
houre. I have liquefied it — on a rush
order^ln 5 hours. I hold it at a tem-
perature of 160 degrees or 150 degrees.
Mr. Wilcox — Won't it melt in 3
hours at that temperature?

Mr. Anderson — I have not been able .
to find out that way.

Mr. Pritchard — 'Am I to believe,
then, where honey is melted to a de-
gree of 180, or a little more, it keeps It'
from granulating— and then is it
honey or syrup?

Mrs. Holbrook — You will read in
one of the bulletins — it was a bulletin
that was sent us from Washington —
read that analysis, and when every
one of you have digested that ana-
lysis, you won't come here and talk as
you have today.

Mr. Wilcox — When you come to tallc '
about the chemical side of it, let me

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C¥*-?r*l?y,,

ILLrlNOIS STATE DEE- KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

131

tell you an experience we had in our
State. Five or six bottles were sent
up to the University, of white clover
honey, pure, A No. 1 comb. The man
that tested it said it was the worst
adulterated ihoney we had in the lot.
What does tihe chemist know about
it, at that rate?

Mr. Niver — Mr. France sent a lot of
honey to Washington, and some of his
toest honey^some that he thought the
finest that he produced that year —
was pronounced 2-3 glucose!

Mrs. Holbrook — Does not some one
recall the explanation of that? There
was an explanation of that being
turned to glucose.

Mr. Wihitney — 'I had a little talk
w^ith Mr. Prance on that subject about
the same time, and I judged from
what he said that the age of the honey
made a difference. He says you can
test honey one year — it will test up
to pyre honey; when you put it away
and have it tested the next year, it is
adulterated; time changes the chemi-
cal properties of the honey.

Pres. York — ^Perhaps we don't know
very much about t/hat, so it is hardly
worth while to spend any more time
upon it.

Does Same Honey Vary in Weight?

"If a tank of extracted clover honey
weighs 200 pounds at extracting time
(September), how much more will this
honey weigh in winter when granu-
lated?"

Mr. Arnd — I think it will weigh less.

Mr. Wilcox — I think it will weigh
more if placed in a room where it will
absorb moisture; if placed where it will
give off moisture, it will weigh less.

Mr. Smith — If it absorbs moisture it
will not granulate, will it?

Mr. Wilcox — Yes, it will.

Granulation and Crystallization,

"Define granulation vs. crystalliza-
tion. What is the difference between
granulation and crystallization?"

Mr, Niver — I raised that question
with Mr. Smith when he said cane
sugar granulated; I supposed it crys-
tallized— honey granulates — and that
was the distinctive feature between
the two. I would like to be set right.

Mr. iSmith — If you will tell us what
the difference is between a grain of
honey that granulates in time, and
sug'ar that is granulated (by heat, per-

haps he could get the information that
he wants. I have never examined the ^
grain of honey after it goes through
the process of what is called granula-
tion; whether it unites in a solid or
perfect crystal, or one of the various
forms of crystallization, I don't know,
but I would naturally suppose it did,
because rocks are crystallized. You
break up a rock, or sand, or anything
that becomes solid, and you will find
it was crystallized.

In our conversation, as we were
talking here this morning; molasses,
after it becomes sugar, dries so we
can handle it in our hands^, and we
call it granulated ; and. I think we call
honey granulated when it becomes dry
so we can handle it without its run-
ning.

Mr. Burnett — There is a difference, is
there not?

Mr. Smith — ^There possibly is. I never
examined granulated honey under the
microscope.

Mr. Burnett — You take granulated
honey, and take sugar; a temperature
that will melt the honey in your hands .
will require less than to melt sngar,

Mr. Smith — Certainly.

Mr. Niver — In my work the most dif-
ficult point I have to get over with a
customer who is not familiar with
honey is the granulation. They say,
"That honey that you sold me last year,
all turned back to sugar; it was' made
out of sugar."

If you melt up sugar, or make a sim-
ple syrup of it, when the water dries
out they notice that the sugar is crys-
tallized and becomes more like candy,
while honey granulates and is more
like lard'i always soft. There is a dis-
tinguishing difference. I made that ex-
planation. May be I have been "talking
through my hat." I would like to know.

Mr. Burnett — I move that Mr. Smith
take the matter up and make a study
of it, and report through the American
Bee Journal.

Mr. Smith — I will do that without
putting the motion.

Room Temperature for Bottling Honey.

'When bottling honey on a large
scale, at what temperature ought the
room to be for working and for tem-
porary storage? Object: To prevent
future granulation as much as possi-
ble."

■■■- '^" .'rr <—

;«i^.,-K,s,^a;j

132

TENTH ANNUAL RiEPORT OF THE

Pres. York — That is, after the honey
is in liquid form, I suppose, to prevent
granulation.

Mr. Arndi — After honey commences
to granulate, you cannot keep it from
granulating; you will have to keep it
in a temperature of much over 100 de-
grees after it starts.

Mr. Wilcox — If that question had
been simplified a little by leaving off
the first part, and asking what temp-
erature honey may be kept to prevent
granulation, my answer to that would
be 80 degrees is perfectly safe. I base
that opinion upon my experience in
storing comb honey. I have comb
honey stored 3 and 4 years' in my din-
ing room on top the cupboard, without
any signs of granulation. The tem-
perature remains all the year around
as warm as the upper part of a living
room would naturally be.

Mr. Arnd — Is it not true that ex-
tracted honey will granulate more
readily than comb honey?

A member — What kind of 'honey?

Mr. Wilcox — This that I have was
clover honey. There is quite a differ-
ence between clover and basswood;
a very great difference.

Mr. Arnd — Alfalfa will granulate
still more quickly.

Mr. Wbitney — I was going to ask
that question: Does different kinds of
honey granulate in different tempera-
tures?

Mr. Kannenberg — Mr. Wilcox says
says that his honey did not granulate
in 80 degrees temperature. I have
honey that I put away in 1907, and I
have it standing in my shop, and in the
winter, if you have water standing
there, I suppose you could skate in
there, and in the summer when it is
very hot, you could almost die In there
on account of the heat, and that honey
has not granulated yet. It stands both
the heat and the cold.

Mr. Arnd' — Mr. Kannenberg bad that
honey at one of the conventions, years
ago.

Mr. Wilcox ^I would like to know,
has it ever granulated since you have
had it?

Mr. Kannenberg — No.

Mr. Wilcox — I have some honey that
I have had since the World's Fair,
that has not granulated — some samples
— but they were once granulated.

Mr. Whitney — ^I have some honey in
the comb that I kept in a glass jar 4 or

5 years, and it was uncappedi, and the
jar was not sealed, either, and that
honey didn't granulate ait all; it was in
all sorts of weather. I suppose it is,
perhaps, because of the kind of honey,
and it was so thoroughly ripened that
the particles didn't move.

Mrs. Holbrook — We have on our la-
bels: "When this hon€y granulates it
is a sure test that it is pure honey."
The question arises in my mind: Shall
we educate the people to granulated
honey, or to clear honey in a liquefied
form; in other words, shall we try to
keep the honey before them in liquid
form or granulated?

Mr. Kannenberg — Both. Educate
them to both.

Mrs. Holbrook — ^In other words,
should the groceryman keep his honey
liquefied? I find the grocer con-
stantly liquefying honey to keeip it in
that state on the shelves, and by the
time spring comes you would be
ashamed to say that was your honey.
They cannot watch it closely enough
in heating it to prevent its coloring.
It seems to me we might as well let
the people see the honey in the granu-
lated form; if they come to believe it
is pure honey from its granulated
state, rather than sacrifice the color
and ^avor. of your honey to keep it
liquefied.

Mr. Arnd — In my place of business
I usually have honey both liquefied
and granulated. I have a little note
•on the granulated, "pure granulated
honey," so they will realize that is
pure honey just as well as the other.

Mr. Niver — I don't like to suggest to
people that honey is anything but
pure. I never say to a man "impure
honey," unless they ask me about it.
Everything that I print and in my talk
has no reference whatever to pure or
impure honey. I believe that question,
that there is such a thing as impure
honey, is hurtful.

Mr. Niver — I have been talking all
the while that pure honey generally
granulates in our Northern climate,
there is only one honey but that does
granulate here in our Northern clim-
ate— and that is the honey from
Florida. If my customers keep honey
any length of time I tell them they
must expect it to granulate. I believe
that it is the way we should do — teach
the people the truth; it is better than

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ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

135

error, any time. The truth is the best
at all times.

Pres. York — Mr. Niver said he tells
his customers that pure honey never
granulates.

Mr. Niver — I used the expression —
not as a suggestion; I never suggest
the words "impure" honey, or "adul-
terated." I tell them pure honey,
from the bees, in our Northern climate,
candies or granulates, as they call it,
and that it is to be expected that it
will do so.

Mr. York — ^I would say simply that
honey "granulates."

How Is Honey Sold — Simply As Honey,
Or on Its Merits?

"Is honey sold on its intrinsic merit,
or simply as honey?"

Mr. Burnett — That is a question I
would like to have some of these wise
folks talk about. It occurs to me that
it is an important question, for I think
the ol<J bee-keepers will substantiate
this idea that I have, which is simplj-
one from experience in meeting
various kinds of honey produced. This
year the crop of honey in a given local-
ity, say Southern Wisconsin, is very
white and in every way desirable,
both to the eye and to the palate, but,
next year, honey from that same
locality is of a different color, and the
flavor differs. -

Now we will say that Mr. Doe pro-
duced that honey last year, and his
name is on the packages, or on the sec-
tions— anywhere you please — and the
other fellow — the man who consumed
it, and bought it — he gets the name off
this package and writes to Mr. Doe
next year, or that year, to send him
some of his honey next year; that he
liked it so much, and Mr. Doe complies
with this request, and sends him the
honey next year, and the purchaser at
once sees that the honey is not the
same kind of honey that he had from
him last year. He thinks that he has
not sent him the same kind of honey
and wants his money back.

I have had a great deal of discussion
in the last quarter of a century along
those lines about people having their
names on their honey, where it came
from, and ,they wish to build up a rep-
utation for this particular thing.

It happens that a man bought some
honey that he was told came from

Southern Wisconsin, and he didn't like
it at all; he goes to the dealer, and the
dealer tells him., "Here is some beauti-
ful Wisconsin honey." And the custo-
mer says: "O, don't talk to me about
Wisconsin honey; I have got enough of
that!" The dealer shows him some-
thing else, and says, "How do you like
this?" "That is fine honey; that is all
right. I will take that." As a matter of
fact that was Wisconsin honey — sec-
ond choice, but this he was buying on
its intrinsic merit to him at that time;
he tasted it, and liked it, but the other
he refused because he was prejudiced.
The point is this: Should honey be
sold on its merits? because every year,
to some extent, the honey from the
same locality diflEers. This, I think, can
be thoroughly substantiated by people
who have had as much experience as
some of our friends here, and therefore
I maintain that the producer of honey
in sending it to the foreign market
should not put his name on it; it may
be all right in his home market; but in
sending it to an outside market his
name and address should not be put on
his honey. If it is good honey it will
sell on its merits simply, on the market
— a place where they pracficallj^ take
no man's word.

Mr. Wilcox — Those are good
thoughts, Mr. President, and I am glad
they are brought up. I am' one of those
who feel I would like to put my name
on my honey, for reputation, but how
am I going to do it? I have adopted
this plan:

So far as practicable, send a sample
before selling the honey, and tell them
you will sell that honey at such a price;
and at the same time, if you
have dealt with that person
any length of time, he ought to
know — and if he doesn't, you can tell
him — that you have different kindiS of
honey; always do that, because honey
the year before. There will be a differ-
ent flowers, will differ in color and fla-
vor, and it is impossible one year to
supply your customers with exactly the
same grade and quality that you did
the year before. There will be a differ-
ence that an expert will discover, but
the average consumer is not so partic-
ular as the producer; perhaps the deal-
er knows better, but the average con-
sumer does not. I have succeeded so
far in pleasing my customers; where I
have a doubt in the matter, I send them
a sample.

• -:r

134

TENTH ANNUAL. REPORT OF THE

Producer's Name on Honey.

"Should the producer's name be put
on packages?'

Pres. York — How many think it
should? ('Eight.) How many think it
should not? (One.)

Mr. Smith — It would depend upon the
kind of honey.

Mr. Arnd — And who was selling it.

Mr. Wilcox — I might state my reason
for preferring to put my name on the
package — that the railroad company
will know from whom it is shipped. I
have had several shipments laid up in
transit and they were lost and could
not be traced', except the name was on
the package, when they come right"
back and get a new bill.

I had some honey shipped to South
Dakota, and it went to North Dakota,
to another man by the same name, but
my name and address being on the
package prevented the loss of this
honey. The man that it was sent to,
or rather that got the honey, wrote to
me and asked me w^hy I was shipping
him honey.

Mr. Arnd — The name could be put on
in such cases as that; we could put
on a tag, and the tag could be taken
off. I think for a man to send any
honey to another who re-sells, that he
ought not to have his name on the
package, or, at least, only in such a
way that it could be taken off easily.

Pres. York — It is right to put the
shipper's name on each large crate or
package, but on each individual case,
is what Mr. Burnett means.

Mrs. Holbrook — I was brought up in
a peach-belt, and I know that the
Michigan peach has a reputation, and I
know that there were some men who
could not sell their fruit, and there
were other men who always kept their
name on the boxes, and their name sold
their fruit.

Tampering with Shipped Honey.

Mr. Ahlers — I want to say that it
makes a difference whether or not you
put your name on the packages. I
have had my shipping boxes, with my
name and address on the outside for
the past few years. Apparently the
railroad employees have learned to
taste my honey; I have lost at least a
half dozen pails from a dozen this fall.
Some railroads are worse than others.
Some one said to me that they had

probably found out the high quality of
honey I sold.

Mr. Burnett — I think what I said
previously covers that question quite
largely, too. It is a good thing not to
put the name on, because of the pre-
judice of the people against buying-
honey from localities where they sup-
posed they got honey from before that
was not good.

Now it is a very natural thing for
people in 'Chicago to ask the dealer
where this honey was produced. He
may have been told by the seller that
it was produced in Wisconsin or Cali-
fornia, and if the honey suits the buyer,
he wants that honey again. He gets
something that he is told is the same
kind. It tastes differently, and for that
reason it may be from the same party
and the same locality, yet the honey
tastes differently.

I know that last year, from Wisconsin,
we had a ^ipment of honey, and the
purchaser was in here this week (the
man that purchased this honey last
year) ; he said, "That was a fine lot of
honey I got last year, but it was very
different from this;" the man's name
was on the package and that is why,
in my judgment, it is a disadvantage
for people to put their names on pack-
ages of honey.

Thire is oftentimes a prejudice exist-
ing because parties have been falsely
informed. Take certain alfalfas, they
run year after year very much
alike; from the same place
they are very much the same,,
but the alfalfa honey of Arizona
is entirely different from the alfalfa
honey of Kansas, or the alfalfa honey
of Colorado; just why these things are
so is another matter, but from my ex-
perience you will see that it is a dis-
advantage for a man to have his name
on the package, beyond the necessary
directions to get it to its destination,
if it is to be sold through a dealer.

Mr. Wheeler — I had quite a bit of
trouble last year in honey being
tampered with on the road. It s'eems
to get worse every year. Nearly every
shipment I have received this year ha<J
been opened and comb honey taken out.
I had maybe a half dozen sections
taken out of the box. Of course they
knew who it came from. You never
seem to get any satisfaction out of the
railroad at all; it is just a little. matter,,
and it takes years, sometime=, to get

-t'.r-.T^y, ;•*,->:•; ...

■ :■[ :' •"^- J^SWB.>^K :.■ ■ :

:ggSa

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEJEPEORS' ASSOCIATION.

1%

anything out of them. I would like to
hear from Mr. Burnett as to how to
handle this matter of honey being
tampered w^ith.

Mr. Arnd — I want to caution people
who get honey to have their own
driver handle it. I have had lots of
honey from a certain party, and in one
case all of the honey was out of the
one can, and in the other lot there was
a leakage. You want to be careful to
have your own man handle the honey;
if not, the man who is handling it —
unless he ha,ndles it all — does not know
that there is a shortage and he receipts
in full. A man did some hauling for
me, and he had to pay for one can
of honey because he let the railroad
men put the cans on; they are foxy;
they put on the light weight ones, and
get a receipt in full, and that relieves
the railroad company, and the team-
ster has to stand it.

Mr. Ahlers — I believe if a person
goes at it in the right way, the rail-
road company will pay every claim
where you can prove a loss. I have a
claim right now for $81.42, and I would
not discount that 1 per cent; they will
pay it; I may have to wait a month
or so. I had one shipment that was
stolen, going to Cleveland, Ohio. I
had lost part of the papers and the
railroad company could not be held.
I wrote to the agent and told him that
certain papers were missing; I got a
claim for $1.13 just the day before I
left home. The railroad paid me the
money and it didn't belong to me; I
sent it to the party who lost the pail.
I charged the railroad company just
exactly what I had charged the man
for the honey; added the percentage;
figured it close; added the freight and
the percentage of tare on that one
pail, what it amounted to — $1.13 in all,
on a 10 lb. pail, and they paid in full.
I have several other claims, and they
will all be paid.

Mr. Arnd' — But you didn't give them
a receipt in full when you received
the goods?

Mr. Ahlers — There is the point; in-
struct your driver, every time, to look
at this honey and see if it corresponds
with your bill of lading or shipping
receipt, and if it doesn't, take your
receipt marked "short" or "leakage."

Mr. Arnd — That is all right; the
railroad picked up this package, one
can entirely gone; the can was there.

but no honey; the chances are the
man who carried it on got the honey.

Mr. Ahlers — If you watch those
points and are careful, they will pay
them every time, and so will the ex-
press company. I would like to give
them credit where they deserve credit.
I have had two express claims paid
lere in Chicago this winter.

Mr. Arnd — I have a claim against
the Illinois Central a year and a half
ago, for one box of sections I sent to
a customer and replaced them, and I
can't get $2.50 out of them.

Mr. Ahlers — I had the railroad com-
pany notify me three different times
in New Orleans, when I was there in
business, to come and get money they
owed me; that was the Illinois Cen-
tral.

Mr. Burnett — My experience has
been that the express companies are
the most difficult from whom to get re-
dress. I am talking of comb honey
now; they may break the honey away
from the wood, so that it is practically
all pulp, but if they have not broken
the case or outside package they will
not listen to a claim of damage. I
have had a number of those.

I went through that some 25 years
ago, with an agent of the American
Express Co. here, and their conten-
tion was that if they broke the pack-
age, and it let out the contents, why,
then they held themselves amenable,
but not otherwise.

Now in handling by express, they
usually have to do it quite rapidly at
stations here and elsewhere, and they
handle much more roughly than they
do by freight. For many years we
have not shipped any comb honey by
express, even if it were only a 50 lb.
lot or less; we sent it by freight.

Mr. Burnett — I would like to have
Mr. Ahlers explain what the nature
of these claims were against the ex-
press company.

Mr. Ahlers — A party from St. Louis
notified me that the box arrived ap-
parently in a very depleted or weak
condition — 3 combs entirely emptied;
I got this letter nearly evening.

Mr. Burnett — That is extracted
honey; it is different.

Mr. Ahlers — The express agent
phoned out to please give him the ad-
dress of this party; they couldn't
make out the address.

■^^•■Tfis,-:jr:-:i^ ,:

•'.'<,'-" -.^rS'S^.-'lV

136

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Mr. Burnett — ^What about comb
honey experience ?

Mr. Ahlers — In selling comb honey
the people will nearly all buy one
pound, and somebody will come along
and stick their fingers in it and then
no one wants it; and if I want to
sell it I 'have to sell it for 10 cents a
pound, and it is very hard work to
deliver comb honey on the wagon in
small quantities; and those same peo-
ple will buy 10 pounds or more of ex-
tracted honey.

Mr. Arnd — I have sold 4,000 pounds
of comb honey this year, local de-
livery, and I never have had any one
stick their fingers in the honey. I
don't want to be misunderstood; or do
not want to be understood as saying
that the railroad companies do not
pay their claims; i have had some
claims put in one day and paid the
next; but the railroad companies, as a
rule, do not settle their -claims very
well.

Mr. Ahlers — I shipped 300 pounds
to Quincy, 111., to an agent; the h'oney
arrived in good condition; he paid for
it; when he opened up the last 60 lb.
box he found a can missing; the space
was filled up with sawdust. He said
that apparently you could not see that
the box had been opened; he told me
about it and It made me feel rather
blue about it, so I made it up to him
on the next order, and I didn't make
a claim.

Mr. Burnett — You know it is' so easy
to get into a misunderstanding; we
are talking about two different things.
The impression would have gone
abroad perhaps if we had not objected
to it, that express companies will pay
, any damage to honey in transit, as
a matter of fact they won't, on comb
honey, unless they smash the pack-
age.

The contents can be smashed; they
will tell you, "We delivered the outer
package as in good order; we don't
know anything about the contents; we
are not responsible for them." But
the express people will, if they bring
in a consignment of comb honey, and
it is broken down, and it is evident
that it has had unusually rough treat-
ment— they will, as a rule, pay for
their damage.

Mr. Arnd — I guess it was about the
first of the year, or later than that —
about March I should think — the

American Express Co. came up to my
place with a couple of crates of comb
honey, by express, -with charges about
$8.00. I did not know whom it was
from; the shipper didn't inform me
he was going to send any honey; I
didn't order it; I don't handle comb
honey, and I rejected it; I could not
find out whom it was from. About
three or four months afterwards a
man wrote me and said, "On such and
and such a date I sent you two cases
of honey; it seems to me it is p/etty
nearly time to pay for it." I told him
the circumstances; that I had rejected
it because the honey was leaking, and
there was $8.00 express charges.

Pres. York — ^It is always best to
correspond in advance before shipping
honey to a dealer.

Mr. Arnd — I tried to get Mr. Burnett
over the wire that day; I wanted to
know if he would handle it, but the
express company would not wait.

Mr. WTieeler — ^The comb honey was
taken out and the case nailed up again
in the instance I spoke of. I got the
cases home before I knew it.

Pres. York — We have one more
paper or talk from Mr. Wilcox, of
Mauston, Wis., on

Double Walled Hives, Their Advatit-
^ ages and Disadvantages.

I had a letter from Mr. 'DIadant re-
questing me to write this, or if 1 came,
to tell it. I sat down and wrote an ar-
ticle and when I looked at it I was dis-
gusted, and I said that I would be at
the convention, and I would not occupy
more than three or four minutes.

Another good reason I have for not
taking your time is that you know
more about double-walled hives than I
do. Their advantages are, first, that
they are better out-of-doors for win-
tering bees. It is difficult wintering
them out of doors without double-
walled hives.

To winter well in our Northern cli-
mate, it is decidedly better to use the
double- walled hives; they are better
for out-door wintering, and in the early
spring they are better, as they pre-
serve a more even temperature.

Take the months of April and May;
we suffer from cold in Illinois, and se-
vere cold and freezing nights. We can-
not build up our colonies readily and
well without some sort of protection.

The extreme cold drives them over

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION:

137

the walls of the hives and interferes
with the brood-chamber.

These are the chief advantages of a
double-walled hive.

There are many ways of making
them, as we all know. The style is not
to be considered. There are probably
some other advantages. The robbing
bees in the spring do not enter a chaff
hive, or any otlher hive where they have
to crawl from 3 to 5 inches to get in-
side. You can preserve that long hall-
way for the entrance by laying a couple
of small sticks in the entrance. My
chaff-hives were never robbed unless
the bees died first.

For people who winter bees in the
cellar, as I do, they are too large to
carry out and into the cellar. Some of
them, are so large they w^ould not go
through a cellar-door.

Another serious objection is the cost.
A chaff-hive or double-walledi hive as
usually made costs twice as much.

These are the two principal objec-
tions.

There is another: They are very in-
convenient through the summer season
to manipulate. They can be made^so
that the upper and lower stories will
be separate; I have them both ways.

You cannot conveniently tear them
out, as I used to tear out either for ex-
tracted or comb ; for that reason I don't
use them, and don't recommend them,
unless you are so situated that you
must winter bees out-of-doors, Then
by all means, you must (have double-
walled hives, or a substitute for them,
as Miss Candler does, and some others.

That is about all I know to say on
the subject.

I leave it to you to inform me what
you know about it.

F. Wilcox.

Mr. W'hitnej^- — I have used nothing
but the double-walledi hive. There are
advantages I think that Mr. Wilcox did
not mention. Now, in early season,
when you have put on the section -
cases, we often have chilly nights, and
the bees, while they are at work in tthe
sections, will shrink away from the
outside tiers to the center in the single-
board hive, but they will ocupy the en-
tire section where the walls are double,
like those that I use, having a shelf ex-
tending two stories. I mean at fruit-
blooming time; often up to the middle
of June we have chilly nights some-
times in this Northern climate; per-

haps this is not so in Central or in
Southern Illinois, and what I say would
not apply to these parts of the State.

Throughout here it is true, and I
have had my coloniees build up good
and strong in the section-cases in the
double-walled hives when others who
have single walled hives in the same
neighborhood would get no work in
the sections at all.

One year — a very poor one here In
the North — I had then about 20 col-
onies— 22 I think; others in the same
neighborhood had many more bees
than I did. I secured 900 pounds of
good comb honey, and my neighbors
didn't get a pound. I attributed it
more to the kind of hive that I used
than to any manipulation, and, I think,
for comb-honey production, there is
nothing that equals that double wall.

I could put 3 section supers under
the cover of those hives that I used,
at a time. Of course, you cannot
tier up for extracted honey in them,
as you can in single-walled hives un-
less you put on what is called "cot-
ters," and build them up in that way,
and tier up; if you want to tier jtou
have to use additional "cotters" to en-
able you to build up so as not to have
the rain too bad in the hive.

For out-of-door wintering there is
nothing equal to that kind of hive, I
think, though some, of course, do use
the single-walled hive and put them
in dry goods boxes, and pack leaves
around them, and all that sort of
thing — tar-paper, and so on; but if I
were going to winter bees out-of-doors
I would not think of using anything
else but the double-walled hive in this
section of the country.

Pres. York — How many people use
double- walled hives? [Four.]

Mr. Wilcox — Mr. Whitney has intro-
duced a subject there that is not di-
rectly applicable to double-walled
hives; I agree with him perfectly.
There is no issue to be taken. I simply
stated they were better for early
spring, preserving even temperature.
When I -iproduce comb honey I have
a box without top or bottom to set
over, resting on the rim to protect
them; it makes them double- walled so
far as the upper story or supers are
concerned. I never put in extra cases
before the middle of June.

Mr. Whitney — We were instructed,
generally, to put them on as soon as

f «->;fi^«T^'",T;r-*^'-;.;j.?- :^-^J[j|^|Wa- ^=~^^^

■■:■]■

13a

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

we see the bees are making light col-
ored comb at the top of the brood-
chamber,

Mr. Wilcox — In you locality you
won't see that before the 15th of June.
I put mine on as soon as the middle
of May — sometimes a little sooner.

Winter Hive Cover in Spring.

"How long s'hould a winter cover re-
,main on the hive in the spring? How
late?"

Mr. Wilcox — It does no harm if you
leave it on all summer; it is an ad-
vantage in the hottest weather of July
or August; a chaff hive preserves a
more even temperature.

Mrs. Holbrook — Is not the individual
a good thermometer? When he re-
quires covering, is it not a good sign
that the bees do? When we need more
covering over lus, is it not a pretty
good sign that the bees should be kept
protected?

Mr. Wheeler — I have a little exper-
ience that cured me of spring protec-
tion.

I never tried it again; it seems to
be entirely different from anything I
can hear from people who do protect
their bees in the spring. I will tell
you what it was:

I had one bee-cellar I filled with
bees, and had about 100 hives; I used
plenty^ of dry oak leaves and tar- paper.
In the spring I took my cellar bees
out and they went to breeding; in three
weeks time I had a nice lot of young
bees hatched. I had heard a good deal
about spring protection, so I left those
100 hives standing out th^re protect-
ed— with tar-papers and leaves on,
everything, all right. I didn't touch
them until the 20th of May; I thought
they must be doing all right; accord-
ing to the bee-papers, they were well
protected. So I began at one end, pull-
ing those out there, and they were in
just the same condition they were in
the fall; I didn't find a particle of
brood in May — not hatched bees — no
brood. The 100 hives were all alike.
They were all in good healthy condi-
tion; they bred afterward, but I was
one generation behind time. The first
of June came; the honey harvest came
on, and there were the first lot of bees
just begining to hatch. That cured me
of spring protection.

Mr. Whitney — Did the bees fly any
until you opened them?

Mr. Wheeler — Sure; had a good, big
entrance. "

Mr. Whitney — ^Were there plenty of
bees in those hives?

Mr. Wheeler — Yes.

Mr. Whitney — You had too much
protection. They had bred up and
the combs were empty, were they not?

Mr. Wheeler — Yes.

Mr. Whitney — I had the same exper-
ience myself. I found in about 50 col-
onies that I examined not a single cell
of brood or pollen in the hives — not
one; I looked them all through — but
plenty of bees. I was surprised, and
wondered what I was going to do to
get those bees to work.

I gave them some artificial pollen
and they went to work; they bred up
all right, but I made up my mind to
this : That I had given them a little too
much protection. That they had bred
up in February and consumed every
bit of pollen 4;hat was in their hives;
and the bees were simply waiting for
something to turn up, or for the spring
to open so they could go to work. You
had 3 or 4' inches too many oak leaves.

Mr. W^heeler — Fruit-trees ' were in
blossom; they had plenty of pollen; as
soon as I took them out of the leaves
they went to work.

Mr. Stuebing — Do they need protec-
tion Tivhen they have lots of honey?

Mr. Whitney — The bees must have
lots of honey, and good honey; then
they don't need protection.

Mr. Wbeeler — One point I made up
my mind to: I really believe the Old
Sun is a good deal better protection;
standing out in the sun they don't need
that roof over them; the sun is better
than all the protection you can get.

Maurice Dadant — We had a little ex-
perience last winter with protection.
We have double-walled hives, and we
have always been protecting the bees
through the winter, with leaves all
round. I gue'^s there was too much
duck hunting last fall, and we left one
apiary out without any protection;
something like 80 co''onies in the yard.
We lost 3 out of the 80. In this one that
was not protected we lost 23. It seems
to us protection was wliat did it. We
got them all packed away this year
before the first of December.

Mr. Huffman — I believe I can beat
Mr. Dadant. I did the same thing the
winter before; I wintered out 30 col-
onies without any protection, and they
all came through but 2; go last winter

:i::,^:k

ILrLrlNOIS STATE BEE- KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

139

1 had a yard of 38. in double -walled
hives, full of honey; I was down here
to this convention; we had a snow-
storm after the convention; they stayed
out all winter; out of 38 I had 14 last
spring.

Mr. Wheeler — Miss Candler has
something along that line, about pro-
tected hives covered with snow-drifts.

Miss Candler — I protect my hives
with black paper — tar-paper — and the
snow, of course, warms that paper
through to the hive thoroughly; but
the snow was so deep that it simply
covered the Whole hives so that they
could not be seen, and in the spring
I lost 40 that were simply covered with
ice, so of course they died; they smoth-
ered.

Long-Lived Queen-Bees.

"What about long-lived queens?
What is the longest life of an active
queen you have known?"

Mr. Wilcox — Queen Victoria!
(Laughter.)
Mr. Niver — One queen I had 5 years.

Pres. York — How many have had
queens that were active at the age of
5 years? Raise your hands. [Two.]

Mr. Anderson — I have "one" that has
been active 52 years!

Mr. Wheeler — I suppose the life of
a queen depends upon the amount of
labor she has to perform. If we have
a succession of poor seasons that
queen w^ill live longer than though we
have a good honey-flow; so it is pretty
difficult to tell what the life of the
queen will be. The queen might be
conidered like a plank road — it wears
out. A queen that does good work, I
don't believe will live much over 2%
years, the average of a good queen.

Mr. Anderson — We have a gentleman
here who has a queen 7 years old, and
she did good T^ork the past year.

Mr. Duff — I have a queen, at the
present time, 7 years old^ — in a 10-
frame hive — and I think that colony is
in as good condition as any in the
yard. Last spring there was a
man in the yard who examined
the colony, in June; he found it
to be the best in the yard. I got it
from Mr. York, about 5 or 6 years
ago; I got 2 breeding queens; I left it
in his hands to select the best stock,
and he got me the two breeding
queens; I clipped the wings of those
queens, the only ones I ever clipped.

Mr. Smith examined theni last y-ear
and he can testify, it was at least 5Q
per cent better than any other colony
in the yard, and she is there today;
the other queen was no good from the
time I got her.

Mr. Wheeler — As to that on© particu-
lar colony. Do that queen'si queens
do as good work? Were their colonies
built up as sitrong?

Mr. Duff — Yes, without exception,
every year.

Mr. Wheeler — Then I think you ought
to breed queens.

Mr. Duff — I have done so; every year
her colony has been better than any
other colony. The past year," when I
didn't get any surplus honey to speak
of, I got surplus honey from that col-
ony.

Mr. Wheeler — I had a letter from a
gentleman about a certain queen. I
wrote to him to re-queen his entire
apiary from that queen; she was the
best queen he had; her hive was over-
flowing all the time; he said, "I have
50 colonies, and she is the greatest
hustler you ever saw."

I would breed from that queen if I"
were in your place, Mr. Duff.

Mr. Arnd — ^How many queens did
you rear for your own use from that
t(ueen, Mr. Duff?

Mr. Duff— About 40; that is all I ever
reared in one year.

Mr. Smith — I believe most of the
members present will give me credit
for making an investigation if I go
after it. I believe an investigation
.that would satisfy me would satisfy
most of them — an investigation as to
facts. I discovered this queen, and
Mr. Duff told me about what her rec-
ord was, and he asked me to see our
worthy President to verify her age.
Between the two gentlemen, they sat-
isfied me that the queen is 7 years old
this year. I wanted to buy the queen;
I could not buy her; the best I could
do was to arrange to get larvae to
rear queens from. I made that ar-
rangement, because, for me, I would
rather paj^ $100.00 for that queen to
breed from than to have a man send
me 50 other queens^ for nothing, that
I didn't know anything about. I went
through every colony to see what the
condition of this colony was, with re-
lation to the other colonies in the yard
that had had the same treatment ap-
parently. All of the colonies were put
up for the winter. She had received

- ■.T?^>'?.i'.-P' '-"-A "

"*'

/■l'^ «^%vv-;i^,v--:.:--<»,.-.:;-2-j./;3^ajP;-;' ^

140

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

no better treatment than the others:
in fact, I didn't think she had received
as good treatment as she might have
received, but the colony, to my best
judgment, was about twice as strong
when I examined it as any other col-
ony in the yard, and I believe I had
something to do with impressing on
Mr. Duff's mind the value of that
queen. Am I correct, Mr. Duff?
Mr. Duff — Yes.

Mr. Smith — I watched that queen all
summer. I got queens from her; I
have a queen from her 3 years old. I
would not take $50 for that queen, be-
cause I believe that natural laws work
the same through all nature. I talked
with a professor of our State Univer-
sity; he showed me what that law
was. He said the best illustration
they had — he showed me two heads of
wheat, one was bearded wheat, the
other was a smooth wheat; he said he
crossed those two grades of wheat;
two of them were bearded; two of
them were smooth. Now, according to
the law of nature, this head of wheat
here is smooth; it is a full brother
or sister to this one; they are both
smooth; one will never produce any-
thing else but smooth wheat, the
other will produce both smooth and
bearded.

Here are two bearded heads of wheat
that came from that crossed one; they
will produce both bearded and smooth,
and the other will always produce
bearded. That is the law of descent.
One will always produce bearded; the
other will always produce smooth; and
the other two will produce both. The
relation is the same; they came from
two heads of wheat.

I asked him the principle about the
law as to the heredity of bees; if they
could breed for longevity; he said
"Yes." I said, "Has breeding for color
anything to do with longevity?" He
said, "No."

He took me over to where there was
some corn, and said, "Here are two
stalksi of corn. Their ancestors 13
generations ago came from the same
hill; this one's ears are down here; the
others are up here — about 3 or 4 feet
apart. We took those from the same
hill; we bred down with the one that
was lowest in the hill, always selecting
the lowest ears,, for 13 years; the one
that stood highest we selected from
that, and always selected the highest.

until now we have a general average
of both kinds of corn, some 3 or 4
feet apart, established. That was done
according to law."

"As to color," he said, "that is an en-
tirelj^ different matter; we can take
that lower ear of corn, by cross-breed-
ing and selection we can get any color
we want. The color has nothing, ab-
solutely nothing, to do with the qual-
ity. I have never," he said, "bred bees
or livestock,, but when you come to
color, you can retain all the other
qualities and get any color you want."

Dr. Miller told us yesterday how
valuable a few days in the live of
worker-bees are to the honey producer.
I believe we can add a great many
days to the lives of bees, and that is
what we are at work on; that and
practically that alone. I will sacrifice
a colony for honey and for anything
else to get that quality.

I believe a long-lived bee has the
hustle and energy to it to do the work,
and I believe it is inherent in the bee
to insure honey. They will all gather
honey if they have the energy, and if
if we get qualities that will stand
for long life, we will get all the other
qualities.

I expect to have an apiary next year
without a single queen in it under 4
years old. To show you the value that
som^ of the bee-breeders put on longe-
vity, I wrote to one of the leading
queen-breeders of the world and asked
him if he could sell me a queen 5
years old. He said, "I have not one
in my yard over 2 jears old."

I will give you $10.00 a piece for
all 5-year-old queens that you can
furnish me.

I have very few answers to letters
that I sent out, saying they had queens
over 3 years old. One man said he
had one 4 ; some 2 ; one breeder said
he had at one time reared a Carniolan
qtieen until she was 7 years old. It
seems that very few of them pay any
attention to longevity.

"We are requeening every year. We
should give the matter of increasing
the longevity of our bees most serious
attention. The queen of Mr. DuflC is
an Italian queen.

Mr. Wheeler — Mr. Duff, what is the
condition of the other colonies from
which you have requeened from this
queen? Are those equally good, with
this 7-year-old queen, or are they
common, ordinary colonies of bees?

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ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

141

iMr. DTiff — I would say they are a
little better than the average, some of
them. I don't think, so far as I can
judge, they are as good, but almost as
good; very nearly as good; I will be
able to tell more about it next year

Mr. Wheeler — I wasi wondering how
long you have been requeening from
this queen.

Mr. Dufe— 'This year, from 40 to 50.
Of course I have reared previously
6, 8 or 10, but none have ever turned
out as good as she did.

I don't know from whom Mr. York
got this queen.

iPres. York — I think I know where
she came from.

Mr. Smith — Mr. York told me where
she came from. I wrote to that breed-
er and he said he had nothing over 3
years old. This queen was an acci-
dent. That is, she wasi purchased from
a good queen-breeder, and has been
kept all these years, and that isi how
the queen has been discovered.

Mr. Saxe — Don't you think you might
get a queen like that; and not get an-
other? I remember one time when I
was a boy, I had the finest pointer dog
he was as smooth and slick a pointer
there was in our country; he was an
offspring from a setter and a pointer;
as you ever saw. We bred him to an-
other pointer, and that other one was
partly setter and partly pointer. I
think in bees it is the same. Is there
anything in constantly breeding from
the same drones in the same yard, or,
rather, is it better to breed from some
onther yard? iSome of the finest stock
we have in the world are inbred stock,
but they don't average that way

Mr. Fuller — About future breeding of
these long-lived queens, with reference
to the effect of the drone on the life of
the progeny of this queen, I would like
to ask this question —

Mr. Smith — I will state my object in
asking for these long-lived queens. It
was so I could have drones from long-
lived queens to mate with queens that
corae from long-lived stock. I have
arranged with all the bee-keepers
within two miles of me that I know. I
live in the city, in a very thickly
settled portion of the city, near a park
of 60O acres, and my bees get all their
honey from that park, practically.
The bee-kQepers have agreed to trap
all of their drones — keep traps on their
hives all summer, if I will rear some

drones from these long-lived queens.
I have a theory that I evolved from
the study of all the efforts I have
heard of, with regard to mating queens,
and it is this:

I have four walls, 40 feet high. I am
going to put my queen colonies with
virgin queens in on the ground. I have
yet to determine where I will put the
drones, but somewhere between the
ground and 40 feet high. I don't ex-
pect to have any queens in my yard
under 4 or 5 years old. I believe when
the queen goes out to take her wedding
flight that she will mate with some of
those drones, especially if there are
none other within 2 or 3 miles. Whether
that succeeds or not, I don't know; it
has to be tried out. It is going to cost
something. I shall offer no queens for
sale until I know in reason that it
works, and then probably not offer
them for sale, for I doubt if the bee-
keepers throughout the country would
pay me for the time and trouble that
it would take to purchase queens in
that way.

There is one man who has a queen
that he has advertised' very largely;
he says she is 4 years oldi, and not for
sale. The best I could do with him was
to make a contract to furnish me a
few dozen virgin queens that I intend
to put into my yard and let them mate
witJhi those drones, I don't know whether
I can come to an agreement with Mr.
Duff to get the use of that queen to
rear drones or not. If I think more of
her than he does, I will get her, pro-
vided I can raise the price.

Dr. DufC — I think I will keep that
queen as a "keep-sake." You are en-
tirely w^elcome to what larvae you want
from her. ■

:, Weak Colony.

"When shall a colony be called
weak?"

Mr. Wilcox — A weak colony is one
that has less quality than they ought
±0 have at that particular season of the
year. I use the word "weak" and
"strong" with reference to the number
of bees in the colony.

Sour Honey to Feed to Bees.

"Can sour honey be used as bee-
food?"

Mr. Wilcox — Yes, if not too sour; the
spring is the best time of the year.

..-..ft^. ■^^^^'T^.tka:

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142

TENTH ANNUAL, REPORT OF THE

Stopping Up the Bee- Escape.

"Has any one had experience with
bees stopping up the bee-escape before
all have left the super?"

Mr. Smith— I had; I don't think
there were 10 bees left in the super un-
til the bees clog-ged the bee-escape;
the bees above nearly all died. There
seemed to be as many bees in the
super when I found them; I supposed
they had all gone below; I found bees
in the bee-escape, all clogged up.

iMr. Wilcox — ^Very likely it got
clogged up with dead bees more than
anything else.

Clipping Queens.

"How many clip queens?"

Twice as many clip as do not.

"How many, living in cities, clip
CLueens and how many do not? How
many in the country or suburbs clip
queens, and how many do not?"

Mr. Brooks — I would like to ask
Mr, I>uff why he does not believe in
clipping his queen's wings?

Mr. DufE — I simply do not practice
it; I prefer to look at them with their
wings; that is about the only reason.

Mr. Fuller — 'There are reasons for 3
city man clipping the wings of queens
that may not exist in the country or
suburbs, especially a man not at home.
I know some men in the suburbs who
are rearing queens for a pastime, for
recreation. Should a queen issue, un-
dipped, and swarm, the chances are
there would be a vacancy in the home
apiary. In the country, or suburbs,
where the people, are around to give
the alarm and take care of them, it
may not be so necessary. I believe it
is the custom, as a rule, for many bSe-
keepers living in cities to clip the
wings, and that is forced by necessity.

Mr. iSaxe — 'The last queen I got I
put in the hive; I was busy and did
not take the cage out for about 3 or
4 weeks. I am pretty busy in town,
and did not get home until late; she
was in there 3 weeks; I opened the
hive and expected to take the cage
out empty, and the end was solid with
dead bees, and the queen was in an-
other end and alive; is it possible the
bees fed that queen and kept her
alive? I took her out, and she buzzed
around in front of the hive, and all the
bees buzzing around piled in after her.

Pres. York — ^Perhaps the other bees
fed her through the wire-cloth.

Grading Comb- Honey.

"When selling white comb-honey it
is advisable to put the following sizes
in one grade: All combs weighing 13%
ounces and up?"

Mr. Wilcox — I have purchased large
quantities of comb-honey during my
lifetime. I make it a rule to crate it,
of course, according to the distance
I ship it; that to go to a long distance
must be well crated on all four sides;
that which is to go nearer, I sort out;
that to go near home, I crate it differ-
ently.

'Mr. Fuller — I don't know about this
subject, but I am going to talk on it.
Does it not make a difference whether
that honey is sold to the commission
man, or sold to the consumer? Is
honey re-cased after it reaches the
hands of the commission man ? Does
he use tlie same casing that comes
from the producer when he turns it
over to the consumer or retailer?

Pres. York — I would say they do not
re-case it.

Mr. Niver — I have had considerable
experience in the casing of honey years
ago when I was a comb-honey fiend,
but I have reformed since. I insisted
that as the grocer sold by count, the
producer s'hould pack it especially for
that idea, and that comb-hon«y should
be very nearly alike in one case and
another; there should be no packing
of fancy honey and No. 2, all in the
same case, because it bothers the mer-
chant. Merchants sell by weight, ex-
cept a few. I insisted that the way
to do it was to seTl by count,- and so
case. They formed a kind of company
in New York City and put honey in
my hands to sell down in the Pennsyl-
vania coal regions; they all brought it
in to our warehouse, and I cased it
on that system, and that system has
stayed there ever since. The merchants
insist upon it; when they buy fancy
honey, they want it all fancy. I see
the same thing is done in Denver; they
quote honey that way, by the count
and not by weight. It is much handier
for the grocer.

Mr. Wilcox — I really feel, and have
felt very strongly, that the bee-keepers
who sold by count, the only object they
have in selling by count is to prepare
the way for somebody to cheat. If a
retailer buys by count, he will have
something he can buy by* count, and
sell it for a pound. A section should

IDLflNOIS STATE BEE-KE-EPBRS' ASSOCIATION.

143

be as nearly a pound as you can get it,
without exceeding that amount.

Mr. Fuller — Does not the retailer
sell entirely by count?

Mr. Wilcox — The retailer usually
sells them by section and he buys them
by the pound ; that is the usual rule.

Divisible Hive for Extracted Honey.

"Has the divisible hive any advan-
tage over the standard Langstroth
hive for extracted honey?"

Pres. York — :How many think they
have — raise hands? (One.) How many
think there is none? (One.)

Mr. Niver — I asked that question,

hoping some one here knew something
about divisible hives? I don't.

Mr. Wilcox — It is no benefit for ex-
tracting purposes, but for an entirely
different purpose, there is a benefit. I
found, by experimenting with my bees,
that they were inclined to winter bet-
ter and build up quicker in spring in
the divisible brood chamber. I don't
know, taking it as a whole, that they
were of any advantage, but at the time
Mr. Heddon invented his hive I gave
it a thorough trial, and the bees would
always swarm earlier, and build up
earlier in the spring.

The convention adjourned at 3:30
p. m., to meet at the call of the Ex-
ecutive Committee.

NORTH PART OF SEICRETARY STQNE'iS APIARY— LOOKING NORTH.

In foreground shows the Concrete Hive Foundation — on wheelbarrow — and
under bee-hives in front row. Against the side of wheelbarrow is leaning the
Box-cover with bee escapes; both of which the Secretary described at the National
Convention at Albany.

' - - •^sj^ner' -~»- , ^- >-•• '

'^ '^f^'/^-firik.^-^j^j. ^,i ix;^ -'^/*r^'.'H^^J*'?*''^ <^«'

144

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

OFFICIARY

OF THE

National Bee-Keepers' Association

1910

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

President— GEO. W. YORK, Chicago, 111.

Vice-President— W. T>. WRIGHT, Altamont, N. Y.

Secretary— LOUIS H. SCHOLL, New Braunfels, Texas.

Treasurer and General Manager — N. E. FRANCE, Platteville, Wis.

BOARD OF DIRECTORS
Term Expires in 1911

WM. McEVOY, Woodburn, Ont. H. M. MEXDLESON, Ventura, Calif.

R. C. AKIN, Loveland, Colo.

Term Expires in 1912

R. L. TAYLOR, Lapeer, Mich. E. D. TOWNSBND, Remus, Mich.

W. H. LAWS, Beeville. Texas.

Term Expires in 1913

J E. CRANE, Middleburg, Vt. E. F. ATWATER, Meredian, Idaho

R. A. MORGAN, Vermilion, S. Dak. _

Term Expires in 1914

JAS. A. STONE, Springfield, 111. O. L. HERSHISER, Kenmore, N. Y.

H. A. SURFACE, Harrisburg, Pa.

ELECTION OF OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS

Novembei* 30, 1910 "

President— GEO. W. YORK, Chicago, 111.

Vice-President— W. D. WRIGHT, Altamont, N. Y.
Secretary — E. B. TYRRELL, Detroit, Mich.

General Manager — N. E. FRANCE^ Platteville, Wis.

^-^*-^* '>^

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ILLINOIS STATE BEE- KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

145

HON. N. E. FRANCE. .

REPORT

OF THE

FORTY-FIRST ANNUAL CONVENTION

OF THE

National Bee-Keepers^ Association

Held in the Common Council Chamber in the

Qty Hall. ALBANY. NEW YORK
Wednesday and Thursday, October 12th and 13th, 1910

By permission ol N. E. FRANCE, Gen. Mgr.

On "Wednesday, October 12, at
10:30 a. m., the President, Mr. George
W. York of Chicago, took the chair and
called the convention to order, and at
his request Mr. Morley Pettit of On-
tario, Canada, opened the proceedings
with prayer.

Pres. York — I am delighted to stand
before such a body of men at our
opening session; I really didn't ex-
pect as many at this time; I think by
the afternoon or evening we will be

—10

crowded out of this room. It shows
that the East is pleased to have the
National Bee-Keepers' Convention
again in her midst. I am sure from
the start we are going to have a great
meeting.

A member — Mr. President, you
omitted one thing just now. That is,
the ladies.

Pres. York — I have often heard it
said that the "gentlemen embrace the
ladies," so perhaps that will cover it!

^■:'^-^;'5^>2Si^:-' "■ ,-

'1

146

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Mr. France then made the an-
nouncements.

The President appointed Messrs. J.
L. Byer of Canada, O. L. Hershiser of
New York, Charles H. Weber of Ohio,
and Henry C. I>adant of Illinois as a
committee to distribute the numbers,
and get the names of the members in
attendance.

PTes. York — We will bring up the
question of committee just before we
adjourn for dinner. We ought to have
several committees', but we will ffive
the ladies the honor this time, and
begin with the paper, "What a Wo-
man Can Do With Bees," by Mrs. S.
Wilbur Frey of Sand Lake, Mich.
In the absence of Mrs. Frey, I will
ask Mr. Angus, our reporter, to read
this paper.

Mr. Angus read the paper as fol-
lows :

'<WiHAT A WOMAN CAN DO WITH
BEES."

It seems I have a rather hard sub-
ject to write on. About all that I can
do is to tell you a little of my ex-
periience, and express a few of my
views on the subject.

Bee-keeping is a business that is
seldom carried on on a large scale by
ladies, although I know of no business
that a lady can make a greater suc-
cess of than bee-keeping, provided
she is adapted to the handling of
bees.

When I was at the convention in
Lansing, last winter, I met a Mich-
igan lady wli'O was caning for and
managing 160 colonies, mostly for
com'b honey. She was very enthus-
iastic, and said she wa;s securing good
crops. I know of only two others
who are managing large bee-yards.

There are several ladies in our lo-
cality who own a few colonies of bees.
They are successful and enjoy the
work. They find both pleasure and
profit in their small yards. The bees
not only furnish lioney for their tab-
les, hut furnisih considerable sipending
money, besides.

Last, but not least, swarming time
with all its noise and excitement is a
day that is eagerly looked forward to
(by both the children and the owners
of a few colonies. It is quite differ-
ent with those that count their col-
onies by the hundred.

I regard bee-keeping as a healthy

business. I do not know that I was
ever laid up a day with sickness when
it was necessary to do bee-work.
You get enough fresh air and riding
between yards to give you an appe-
tite, and enou'gh .stings to cure your
rheumatJism, if you work bare-handed,
as I do.

If a lady makes a success of bee-
keeping on a large scale, she must
not expect to have much time to. sit
in the rocking chair, swing in the
hammock, or write long articles for
the bee papers. When the bees are
'working, "the automobile would be
just the thing for out yards." On the
other hand, she must adapt herself to
circumstances, and work early and
late, if necessary, in order to secure
a crop or control swarming. She will
need to be a good horse teamster, as
there are many pleasant rides both
morning and evening, if she is well
located with out- yards.

Bee-keeping is fascinating to most
people who are able to handle bees.
It is like a continued story — there is
always something just ahead that you
want to learn about them, or an ex-
periment that you want to try. I am
confident that there are a great many
ladies that are better able, and better
situated, to handle large bee-yards
than I, if they only had the necesssary
knowlecfge and a love for the business.

I have taken care of bees for the
past 22 years. I am the, mother of 3
children, the youngest being now 8
years of age. My time has been occu-
pied with various duties to such an
extent that it has been impossible for
me to give more than half my time
to bee-business during the working
season. With the little time I have
been able to devote to the busdness,
I have taken care of 150 to 200 col-
onies the largest part of the time dur-
ing this period of 22 years. I have
never failed to secure a paying crop
in the poorest season. I am a pro-
ducer of comb honey. You all know
it is much easier to produce extract-
ed, although in my experience the
section-honey pays much the better.

Order is one of Heaven's first laws.
In no place does it need to be ap-
plied more than in bee-keep4ng.
EJverything that you do must be in
apple- pie order or all your efforts will
have been in vain.

This is my motto: "Never put oft

..'■1 -. -.■■ ~i;--'i

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<JSi.-li**-ii:ri" ia Jtv-r

ILLIXOIS STATE BBE-KBEPBRS' ASSOCIATION

147

until tomorrow vvbat can be done to-
day."

MRS. S.' WILBUR FREY.
Sand Lake, Michigan.

Pres. York — This paper is now be-
fore you for discussion. I think it is
an opportunity for the ladies; if they
have anything- to say, now is their
chance. How many ladies here keep
bees? Raise your hands.

(In response to this request five
ladies raised their hands.)

Pres. York — How many think that
- bee-keeping Is a good business for
women ?

(In response to this- a number of
hands were raised.)

Mr. 'Stone (Illinois) — It said in the
paper that comb honey paid better
than extracted. I would like to see
how many think so.

(The raise of 'hands s'howed that
the convention was nearly unanimous
for extracted honey.)

Mr. McEVoy (Canada) — I think you
can get more out of your bees by
running for both, as you can get ex-
tracted honey from some colonies
that wSll produce no comb honey at
all.

Pres. York — The next paper is en-
titled "Bee-Keeping as a Business,''
by W. B. Cavanagh of Hebron, Ind.

This paper was read by Mr. France,
a& follows:

"BEE-KEEPING AS A BUSINESS."

There is some important feature em-
ibodied in every line of b.usiness which
attracts the man engaged therein.
Through this law we are able to
judge, and fwith a fair degree of ac-
cura<3y, the calibre and character of
the man, by the business he repre-
sents.

What, then, lis the "bee-keeper's char-
acter, and what has caused toim to
' engage in bee-keeping? The business
is no get-rich-quick scheme; neither
is it a life of ease; sa there must be
attached to it other attractions be-
yond mere monetary profit. Is it not
due to the bee-fever germ which suc-
cessfully thrives only in the lover of
Nature? This question I. will leave
for each member of the convention to
decide, while I mention some other
features of our craft.

First, iDee-keeping is a business
baseid on Nature's bountiful store; the
flowers wliose nectar secretion is in-

fluenced by rain, sunshine and atmos-
pheric conditions. No wonder, then,
that our 'business claims the class of
men and women who prefer hard
w'ork, attended by health and peace
of mind, in preference to business and
professional life in cities. No wonder
that bee-keepers as a class are honest,
industrious and persistent. Their bus-
iness requires and demands it. The
life is free from temptations of graft,
and near- lies, so common in other
commercial pursuits. The profession
draws one into close study and rela-
tionship with Nature, demanding the
deepest study and closest observation
for real success.

A good bus'iness must develop every
quality of man that is worth develop-
ing, and I believe that if bee-keeping
fails in this, then the man is not liv-
ing up to the possibilities of the busi-
ness.

The bee-keeper must be able to
keep in harmony with his neighbors
when Ms bees are acting the reverse.
He must work, watch and wait during
a greater part of the season, content
to have the external appearance of
the 'hives remain unchanged, yet
realizing that there will be a certain
reward in profits later. He must be
capable of quick decision in minor
matters and of sound judgment in all
decisions. Mechanical ability lis de-
manded in extensive operations in ev-
ery line of equipment; the ability to
handle and select hired help, to laj-
out work economically, to avoid un-
necessary labor, and to reduce operat-
ing expense by combining operations
in the apiary.

Then there is a purely commercial
side to bee-keeping — the buying and
selling of bees and the marketing of
the products. All taken together, and
successfully conducted, combine to de-
velop one into a fully rounded char-
acter, and a well-balanced business
man as well.

Is bee-keeping financially profit-
able? Yes; I consider it so, if a good
bee-keeper and a good location get to-
gether. Farmers cannot grow corn
on the Sahara desert, neither can a
bee-keeper produce honey where flow-
ers do not yield it. As a bee will
seek a nectar-laden flower, so will a
true bee-keeper seek out a location
where Nature's sources permit of
profitable apiculture. A man who has

148

TENTH ANiNUAL REPORT OF THE

failed because 'his location is poor
lacks a true bee-keeper's perseverance
if he permits any ordinary difflculty
to prevent his moving to a better lo-
cality. A well-known author has
placed the man second to the loca-
tion; but I contend that a real, live
bee-keeper will seek out the necessary
good location, and stock it .with bees,
regardless of difficulties.

Bee-keeping requires comparatively
small cauital, but large experience.
In fact, the bees and equipment are
as mere tools in tihe hands of an ex-
pert, which, properly handled, pro-
duce a honey crop. They are as deli-
cate mac'hinery, easily gotten out of
order if ignorantly managed. An ex-
perienced apiarist will rapidly increase
his apiaries from nothing to an
extensive business. A novice will,
through ignorant management, reduce
the property to a pile of empty hives
in a single year.

Is it not plain to all why bees are
rated as a poor security, and why the
business is considered hazardous by
many? Simply because everything de-
pends on the man in charge.

The future of bee-keeping appears
bright with possibility. Our laws are
recognizing the industry as never be-
fore. Their aid is material in both
pure focMj requirements and in ridding
our apiaries of foul brood. Most ex-
cellent publications afford the apiarist
a view of his brother's methods, and
of new inventions not a few. The
large bee-supply houses have sought
out the best in equipment, and have
contributed a world of unappreciated
good to the bee-keepers by establisih-
ing a standard of hives, supers and
honey-packages.

Last, but not least, we have our
State and National conventions wTiich
are taking an interest in the much-
neglected matter of marketing. Bee-
keepers are recognizing the intense
and comrnanding importance of qual-
ity relative to the demand for honey.
Steps are being taken to place this
superior article of honey before the
consumer in an attractive form. So
long as bee-keepers will keep the
standard of Quality wthere it should
be, there need be no fear but what
consistent prices will be forthcoming.

In conclusion, let us co-operate to
help one another, not merely in the
matter of establishing prices, but in

methods, equipment, new inventions^
and locations. Let- us live up to the
Golden Rule, and give freely to the
bee-keeping fraternity our mite, that
others may be benefited thereby^
knowing well that our very success
was due to following the teachings of
others. By so doing we sliall place
bee-keeping on a still higher levels
and we ourselves shall have per-
formed at least a part of the duties the
Creator has allotted us.

May our efforts be guided by a high-
er motive than mere monetary gain^
remembering that while our business
career is necessarily brief, our good
and useful deeds shall far outlive us^
to go forth and lighten the burden of
future generations.

F. B. CAVANAGH.

Pres. York — This subject is now be-
fore you for discussion. What have
you to say about it? How many here
have tried bee-keeping as a business?

(A large show of hands was given.)

Pres. York — I won't stop to count
them. I s'hould think there are thirty
or forty. Is there any criticism of
the paper, or any further suggestion?

Mr. McEvoy — I think that is one of
the best papers I have heard read in
a long time. (Applause.)

Mr. Dooly — I have been keeping
bees for thirty years, not as a busi-
ness, but as a diversion, and my suc-
cess has been principally in persuad-
ing people to keep a few colonies of
bees for the delightful addition they
will have on their table, but Chiefly
for the fact that it brings them in
close contact with Nature; and it will
give them the true principle of the
economy of life, that no man liveth
to himself or dieth to himself. The
bees, as we all know, live for the
others in the hive. The body is the
greatest thought in the mind of the
bee. It has been a great delight to
have many people tell me of the great
enjoyment they have in keeping bees,
and in keeping in touch with Nature.

Pres. York — Let us all try to keep
to the subject, "Bee-Keeping as a
Business."

W. L. Coggshall (New York)— I can
only say that the paper was well
written and well put in; it is a mat-
ter of experience; that is what tells
in all such matters. A man inexper-
ienced can't very well take care of
bees on a large scale successfully,

ILLINOIS STATE BEDE-KEEPERiS' ASSOCIATION

149

N. r>. West (New York) — Mr.
Coggshall's experience tells him that,
and the experience of a good many
others is about the same, only they
do not realize so much in the financial
line.

Mr. Byard (Vermont) — I would say
that ibee-keeping' as a business, if
properly handled, will give a good re-
turn for the money invested, and I
think there is nobody, who will make
it a study, who need be afraid to go
into it; at least, that has been my
experience. I like outdoor life. I
have given up other things in place of
It, and I am very well satisfied.

Mr. McLachlin (New York) — ^I have
t)een hoping to hear from some of
these men that keep five, six, seven
or eight hundred colonies; they don't
seem to speak. I have 140 colonies
this year, and I started with 80; I
have taken from that 80 a thousand
dollars worth of honey. I am running
for .business entirely now, having
learned how to do it, and with 140
colonies, with the same conditions
next year that we have had this year,
I expect to clean up $2,000. What
better business do you want? That is
comib honey entirely.

W. L. Coggshall — He may expect it,
and he may be disappointed in a poor
year.

Mr. McLachlin — When I came and
told my daughter I had a thousand
dollars worth of honey out of the
hives I thought she would faint; she
said, "I don't believe it." I said,
"You will see." My son came home
and said, "You are feeding your bees
out of season." That is another mis-
take. I commenced in season, and 1
disappointed my son, who is a bee-
man, and I think I disappointed our
inspector, Mr. Wright. He inspected
a hive up there, of black bees, and
advised me to re-queen and put in the
Italians. Thai same colony has put
nip 165 pounds of comb "honey this
•year.

O. L. Hershiser (New York) — Every
time we have already good reason for
honey we get a good crop of bee-
keeping prop^hets. I wouldn't advise
people, generally, to place too much
stock on a real good honey-flow in
any special locality. I think we ought
to count on some of the failures. I
have seen good honey-flows and have
heen greatly encouraged, and some-

times they have been followed by one
or two years of discouragements that
would "down" a good many people;
but I always remember the good sea-
sons are going to come by and by and
I keep preparing for them. A person
that has been at the business a good
many years knows that those things
come when the season is good, and
when the season is bad we have a lot
to overcome, and we have to have
courage to pass over them.

L. C. Root (Connecticut) — That is
very wise advice that has just been
given. We had a long experience par-
ticularly in the supply business, and
that is one thing that it seems very
hard for a dealer to impress a pur-
chaser with, the fact that usually the
time beginners commence in the busi-
ness of bee-keeping is the very time
they should not commence. When
you have a very poor season naturally
the people that are thinking of going
into the business say, "I don't think I
would; it is risky business;" then
when you have one good season they
will say, "This looksi better;" and they
have another good business, and they
will say, "I begin to like this business,
and I am going into it." So this is
good advice that was given, and be-
ginners should be taught this lesson.
Of course the supply dealer has this
to say to them, "I am glad to sell you
bees just at this time, hut it is not
the time for you to buy." Particular-
ly do I say that when they are think-
ing of going into it largely. People
say they are tired of their business,
and they thought they would start
bee-keeping; they thought they would
start with 50 colonies. It is always
a mistake to do that. Some times
you find them so extremely ignorant
in regard to the requirements. For
instance, think of this: a New York-
er one time wrote to us when I was
in company with M. Quinby, that he
was tired of his business; he thought
he would go to the country and buy
a little place and begin keeping bees,
and asked what we would charge him
for a pair to begin with! (Laughter.)
He told me he was going out of the
mercantile business. I told him I was
tired of the bee-business, and thought
I would embark in the mercantile
business, and if he would write and
tell me how to embark successfully in
the mercantile business I would tell

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150

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

him about the bees! I never heard
from him again.

W. D. Wright (New York)— I did
not recommend the Italian bees for
the sake of Mr. McLachlin getting more
'honey, because I know occasionally
the black bees will put up a nice quan-
tity and a fine article, but it was on
the score of the bee-disease which is
approaching his territory. There is
too much difference, as all those know
who have had experience, betw-een
the Italians and blacks and hybrids,
as regards controlling the disease of
black brood.

J. E. Crane (Vermont) — There are
one or two matters in Mr. Cavanag'h's
paper that it would do well for us all
to remember. One that struck me
especially favorable was that the bee-
keeper who would succeed in business
must seek out a location where honey
was to be found, not plant corn in the
I>esert of Sahara. That is an exceed-
ingly important point. Another, this,
per'haps, he didn't mention, that it
might have been well for him to have
mentioned, and that is that it requires
a great deal of courage and faith to
keep bees and make it a business suc-
cess, for we have just as many sea-
sons' of failure as of success. Last
year (1'909) was a season of failure
with us; we got enough to pay ex-
penses, and not very much more. Jf
we hadn't had something else except
honey, I don't know but w*at we
would have had to apply to the town
for assistance or live on our credit;
but I 'had faith in the future; having
kept bees for more than 40' years. I
had faith that the future had good
things in store for us, and when the
winter was past, and t<he bees built
up rapidly, I knew there was just on^
danger that was likely to befall us,
and that was starvation before clover
came, consequently I anticipated we
would have to feed, and we were pre-
pared for that with barrels of sugar
and hundreds of jwunds of honey, and
when it went well into June, and still
the bees were starving, or ready to
-Starve, if we didn't feed, the clouds
hung over very dark and heavy. We
persisted until the clouds broke away,
as they did on the 13th of June, and
in ten days we were taking off sur-
plus honey, and after five weeks they
had stored us somewhere from 35 to
40 thousand pounds, or in that

neighborhood; and two-thirds of it '
comb honey.

J. J. Hurley (Canada) — I think this
question is perhaps one of the most
important that could come before a
gathering of this kind — bee-keeping '
as a business. The assistance we are
receiving from our various govern-
ments, state or provincial, is for the
purpose of developing bee-keeping as
a business, and I think we cannot use
a convention of this kind to better
advantage than to impress upon all
those who are outside the profession,
the advantages of bee-keeping as a
busines.s. I know farmers who are
'working 100 acres of land who are
making no more than a bare living,
and who, if they had 100 or 200 col-
onies of bees, would make a better
living than thev are now making.
There is a gentleman living a short
way from my town who is anxious to
sell his farm; he has 130 acres of one
of the finest pieces of land I think I
ever saw; a beautiful house, beautiful
barns, and two magnificent orchards;
he says he would sell for $10,000. I
told him that his land was worth
twice the amount; I valued his or-
chards at $6,000; his buildings were
worth at least $5,000. I said, "If you
sell your farm for $10 000 you are
giving ^ yooar land away." I said, "I
would willingly pay you $10,000 for
your farm; I could put 300 colonies of
bees upon it; I would 'cultivate your
orchard; I would make five or six
thousand dollars a year off of your
place and never put a plow to it, and
could do it practically without taking
my coat off." This man said he
couldn't get help; he said he was
working himself to death, and he was
practically a slave to that farm, and
his wife also in the house, and the re-
sult- was, instead of his owning the
farm, the farm owned him, and he
was getting nothing but* a bare living
off it, after striving and w^orking hard.
The fault was, the man didn't know
his business; he didn't know how to
work the farm; he had an enormous
amount of capital invested in that
farm, but he didn't know how to make
use of it, because he was confining it
to his own labor. That is a mistake.
The man who is going to make a
business go is the man who can use
the labor of others, and who car df- •
rect it intelligently. So if he and i
thousands of other men like him could '

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ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPHRS' ASSOCIATION

151

only grasp the fact that bee-keeping
in conjunction with a farm, of that
description would practically place
him in the position of a gentleman
during the years that he would be
making a fortune, we would perhaps
be able to develop bee-keeping as a
business to a much greater extent
than we have developed it. I hope
the results of meetings of this kind
will be to spread abroad the idea of
bee-keeping as a business, as a legiti-
mate business, a clean and dignified
business, a business as legitimate and
refined as any business in the mer-
cantile class or in the manufacturing
class. There is no doubt about that.

E. Davison (Kansas) — We have
been hearing from various states; I
suppose it would be well to hear from
Kansas. It has been about two weeks
since I left my home; I ^ave been
v.-andering around over the country a
good bit between here and my State,
and I think, that I have learned a les-
son. I have seen a great many things
that I didn't know anything about. I
have seen the vessels on the Lakes,
and seen the men handling them, and
I have been in some of the manufac-
turing establishments, watching the
men at work there. I didn't know
anything about any of those things,
and I said to the people that were
with me, "I don't know a thing about
this, but I know something about bees
because I have made it a study."
This thing has impressed itself upon
my mind, that for a person to be suc-
cessful in any thing he has to be a
specialist. A person to be successful
in the bee-business has to make it a
study. There are a great many peo-
ple who would like to engage in the
business, and I know a few that en-
gaged in it that have not informed
themselves. Now, the thing for any
person' to do that is going to engage
in it — I suppose it would be proper to
talk to beginners or those thinking of
going into it — the first thing for any
person to do is to get all the reading
matter they can. I wouldn't advise
them to read everything, but to read
after the masters. We have got mas-
ters in the bee-business; they are the
kind of men to read after, and I would
advise them to read something of that
kind first, and then get the bee^ and
go to practicing, just as a doctor
would read medicine and then go to

practicing, or anything else. I know
a person can make a living out of
bees, but the first thing you have to
do is to get a location. You may
understand your business ever so
well, but unless you have a location
you will make a failure of it, or a par-
tial failure. Your location must be
right; and then get all the bees you
can handle, and any person can make
a little out o-f the bee-business.

Mr. France moved, seconded bj' Mr.
Wright, that the President appoint
committees on rules, resolutions, and
nominations. (Carried.)

COMMITTEE ON RULES.

Pres. York appointed as the Com-
mittee on Rules Messrs. Grant (Ver-
mont), West (New York) and Stone
(Illinois).

Pres. York stated that he would ap-
point the other committees later.

The convention then adjourned, to
meet at 1:30 p. m.

FIRST DAY— AFTERNOON SESSION

COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS.
At 1:30 p. m. Pres. York called the
convention to order, and appointed
as the Committee on Resolutions
Messrs. O. L. Hershiser (New York)
chairman, E. L. Hofmann (Minnesota)
and J. L. Byer (Canada).

REPORT OF COAI'MITTEE ON
RULES.
Mr. West presented the report of
the Committee on Rules as follows:

1. Paid up members only should take
part in discussions unless called upon by
the President cr voice of the convention.

2. Once speaking on the same subject
only, except by request of the President
or voice of the convention.

3. The president shall be judge of the
time to be spent in speaking by any
member.

4. The convention will be controlled
by Roberts' Rules of Order.

(Signed) J. E. CRANE,

N. D. WEST,
J. A. STONE.

Committee.

On motion of Mr. Cyrenius, second-
ed by Mr. Davenport, the report of
the Committee on Rules was feceived
and adopted.

Pres. York called on Mr. J. L. Byer
of Mount Joy, Ontario, to read his
paper, entitled, "Extracted Honey —
From Nectar to Market."

Mr. Byer — I assure you it was with
a great deal of diffidence I consented

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152

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

to write a short paper for this dis-
ting-uished body of bee-keepers. I be-
lieve our program calls for a five
minute address or paper on this sub-
ject. I think every one will agree
with me that if you try to boil down
your remarks on extracted or comb
honey to a flve-minute paper, you will
be at a loss to know exactly what is
of benefit to bee-keepers.

"EXTRACTED HONEY— FROM NEC-
TAR TO MARKET."

When receiving the first intimation
from our secretary that I was expect-
ed to say something on the a.bove sub-
ject at this gathering of bee-keepers,
I remarked to a friend that it was an
old and very common-place theme —
one in which it would be very hard
to bring out anything new, particular-
ly so, as nearly every issue of our
different bee-papers have articles
bearing upon this line of thought.

My friend retorted that this was the
case with almost any phase of the
industry at the present time, and that
it was only by "keeping eternally at
it," that any advancement would be
achieved. With this thought in view,
and with little hope of bringing any-
thing new before you, I shall briefly
outline a few essentials that I have
found by actual experience to be
necessary in the production of a good
article of extracted honey for table
use, — indeed, I am quite sure that it
will also pay those in the long run,
who produce other grades of honey for
manufacturing purposes, also to take
pains to produce the very best grades
that is possible in their location, as,
from what I can learn, even the man-
ufacturers who require honey, do not
from choice use the thin, unripened
stuff.

If asked to briefly epitomize the es-
sential factors that enter into the pro-
duction of good extracted honey, I
would among other requirements
mention the following: Good, stron?
colonies; at least a fair flow of honey,
and the possession of enough drawn
super combs to permit ripening of the
honey on the hives and allow for stor-
age of 'honey at the same time. And
after the extracting is done, that all
honey be put into retainers as soon
as possible, as in our climate honey is
more apt to deteriorate than improve
when left exposed to the atmosphere
for any length of time. By the term

"our climate," of course I include all
the territory having a humid atmos-
phere like Ontario, as there is no
question but that there are many sec-
tions in the Western States that these
remarks will not apply to.

Our subject title speaks of 'nectar"
and "honey," and by this we would
understand that there are different
stages in the production of honey by
the bees. Our dictionaries give us
little modern light on the word "nec-
tar," as we use the word in bee-keep-
ing, for the word, like many more in
the English language, has changed its
meaning faster than the lexicograpih-
ers have been able to keep pace. Stu-
dents of mythology know that the
original term, "nectar," was used to des-
ignate the food of the gods, and at
the present period our best diction-
aries, in addition to this meaning,
also define the word as meaning any
very sweet drink. But "nectar," as
we bee-keepers understand the term,
means the freshly gathered sweet sub-
stance found in flowers and carried
into the hives by the bees.

While nectar is undoubtedly sweet,
and more or less pleasant tasting
when thus gathered, yet experience
has taught us that if this freshly gath-
ered article is extracted from the
combs ^ too soon, without having- had
the excess of water content eliminat-
ed by the bees, the sweet taste of the
aforementioned gods to* insinuate for
a moment that they feasted on such
an inferior and ill-tasting food as the
resultant product is apt to be.

Modern methods of bee-keeping
render it exceedingly easy to produce
unripe honey, and I am glad to say
as well, that in the hands of bee-keep-
ers so inclined, to produce a good,
well-ripened article.

I say, "in the majority of cases,"
as fortunately on rare occasions,
for all we can do to the contrary, our
honey will not come up to the stand-
ard we would like, owing to peculiar
wegfther and other conditions that
sometimes are hard to be explained.

I have said that modern methods
make it quite easy to produce unripe
honey, and in this statement I have
in view the fact that nearly all ex-
tracted-'honey producers have drawn
super combs carried over from year
to year, and how easy it is to empty
those combs rapidly and often when

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ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KBEPBRiS' ASSOCIATION.

15i

fhe honey is coming in good and live-
ly!

Of course it is impossible to bring
up the S'Ubject of producing good ex-
tracted honey, without saying some-
thing about the number of supers to
ibe used in the process. In this con-
nection, while a very few still prefer
hut one super, it is gratifying to know
that the great majority of the frater-
nity have comb to the conclusion that
best results, both in quality and quan-
tity, are attained by using two or more
supers for ' eac'h ^colony of bees to be
operated on.

In my own case, I have by fores
of circumstances been obliged to use
both systems to a limited extent, and
never yet have I been able with one
super, anything nearly as small as the
S-frame Langstroth, to operate with-
out sacrificing either quality or quan-
tity, and I feel bound to say that any
one attempting to produce a really
good article of table-honey with an
equipment of one super per colony,
will lose in one way or the other —
quite likely in both.

After all my using of different
styles of hives, with one or more su-
pers per colony, I have come to the
conclusion quite positively, that in
order to produce a good crop of honey
it Is necessary to have a large stock
of extracting combs, and that in order
to produce a crop of good honey, the
same requisite is just as imperative.

Not siQ many years ago, the dealers
of honey in Canada did not offer very
much encouragement towards the pro-
duction of well-ripened honey, and
"color" was all they thought about
when a sample of honey was shown to
them. However this, state of affairs
has now changed, and good "body"
Is just a© essential as "color."

This reminds me that a few years
ago the Ontario Association of bee-
keepers had a well-known apiarist
from the New England States, lectur-
ing at its Toronto convention, and in
the course of his remarks he stated
that in his locality the people pre-
ferred a honey that would run freely,
like syrup, rather than an extremely
thick article that was not so nice to
handle. Perhaps the taste of the
people on this side of the border diff-
ers from that of us Canucks, but in
glancing down the "honey for sale"
column, in one of our trade papers.

this view is not substantiated. These
advertisements speak of the honey
"being left on the hives till after the
flow over, before being extracted,"
"thick and well-ripened," "still on the
hives," and other like phrases.
Strange that not one of these advertis-
ers speak of their honey being extract-
ed before being sealed over, ripened
artificially in tanks after being ex-
tracted, or in some other way seek
to convey to the would-be purchaser
that they have something other than
good, well-ripened honey to offer!

In regard to the use of tanks for ar-
tificially ripening honey, I will not
dispute the fact that the process is
possible to a certain extent with con-
ditions just right, yet I have to get my
first taste of honey so ripened that
would in any degree compare with the
naturally ripened article as finished
by the bees while yet on the hives.
It is noteworthy, in this connection,
that very few bee-keepers now advo-
cate the tank system of ripening
honey, while not so many years ago
many would be found to champion
the method.

I propose saying nothing in regard
to implements, hives or other fixtures
used in the production of extracted
honey, believing that I am in the main)
speaking to an audience that are not
beginners, an<J, after all, these are
but minor factors, and if considered
necessary, can be touched upon in the
discussion that is to follow.

In so far as the marketing is con-
cerned, the problem is pretty well
solved when we have the right kind of
an article to offer, as it is a pleasing
fact to know that good extralcted
honey is now regarded as a staple
food product, and not only a luxury.
To my mind it is to the interest of the
bee-keepers as a body, to encourage
the sale of honey in the granulated
state, which is a natural condition
for honey to be in after being extract-
ed for any length of time. This will
naturally, to a certain extent, discour-
age the use of glass as containers of
honey.

Right here I wish to say that the
buying of honey in glass is an extrav-
agant way to purchase honey. To be
sure, I recognize the fact that imuch
honey will continue to be sold in glass
packages, but, after all, those in the
main who profit most by this method

^^^■''JMWW'^

154

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

of retailing, are dealers rather than
producers.

A writer, in a recent issue of -the
Bee-Keepers' Review, claims that
when honey is brought from the pro-
ducer at S cents, it is not possible
to sell it to the consumer at less than
25 cents in bottles. In my humble
opinion, 8 cents is much too low a
price for a man to receive for first-
class honey, if he is keeping bees for
a living; while, on the other hand,
25 cents is too high a price for the
mechanic or artisan to pay, who has
to work for a living.

If the present system of getting
honey before the consumer calls for
twice the sum in profits for middle-
men as was originally paid the pro-
ducer for the honey, then there is
something wrong in the system, and
the sooner the producers recognize
this fact, and act accordingly, the bet-
ter for them.

In conclusion. I would say to pro-
ducers of first-class extracted honey,
do not think or act as if your product
is in any way inferior to comb honey;
use intelligent and honest methods
in your work, and there is no question,
in my mind, but that the use of our
product will increase by leaps and
bounds, as it has been doing during
the past few years. The element • of
suspicion that formerly lurked around
extracted honey is fast disappearing,
and it is "up to us" to help the good
work along by offering nothing but
well-ripened honey, and showing the
same animosity towards the thin, un-
ripened article that has been accorded
the adulterated stuff in the past; for,
after all, it is an open question as to
which has done the most harm to the
industry in the days gone by — adulter-
ated honey, or unripe honey. Person-
ally, I accord to the latter article the
more odium of the two.

J. L. BYER.
Mt. Joy, Ont., Canada.

Pres. York — I wouldn't be surprised
if Mrs. Byer helped to write that
paper, as I understand she uncapped
about 30,000 pounds of honey last sea-
son. The paper is before you now
for discussion. Has ansone a ques-
tion to ask?

J. E. Crane — I would like to enquire
how we are to get buyers to purchase
extracted honey in tin or paper pack-
ages unless they can see it, or get

merchants to sell it, while they are
still unwilling to do so, and while they
very much prefer glass.

Mr. Smith (Massachusetts) — I would
like to ask Mr. Byer how he manages
to keep the nectar or' the thin honey
separate from the thick or well-
ripened honey at the close of the
honey-flow, which to me (in Massa-
chusetts) is from the 1st to the 15th.
of September? This year it was about
the 15th of September, and with a
good deal of the honey I took off, a
great many of the frames would be
from one-third to two-thirds capped, '
and nicely ripened honey; the balance
of it too thin to extract.

Pres. York — "We ought to have Mr.
Crane's question answered before we
have another question. "Will Mr. Byer
answer? Mr. Byer — As I intimated
in my paper, there is no question but
that a considerable quantity of honey
will, in the future as in the past, be
sold in the glass, and the only ans-
v.-er I can give is to get them to
create a desire for it; but otherwise
it would be a policy of education. I
believe the demand is growing in On-
tario more towards honey in the bulk,
say five or ten-pound pails, instead of
in glass. I believe it is increasing
in gla^B, but to a greater extent in
the pail.

Mr. Davis (New York) — In support
of Mr. Byer's argument .relative to the
desirability of selling it in the glass
or tin, I think that the difference is
not so much in the question whether
it is tin or glass, without knowing
anything to the contrary. I trust that
Mr. Crane is interested or speaking^
from the standpoint of the small-
package glass, the jelly tumbler or
the olive bottle, or as it is put in
small packages. I think the house-
hold purchaser will be willing to pay
the added expense, the difference be-
tween glass and tin, provided the
glass is something which she can use-*
subsequently in household prepara-
tions, such as the Mason jar, or the
Economy jar, with the vacuum or
easy seal, and use that glass recep-
tacle in some other way in the future.
There is absolutely no doubt that the
argument is in favor of the glass pack-
age as against the tin, but it is
really an expense on the consumers,
unless they can use it in some other
v/ay in the future.

c»v -!>*: -V-

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

15S

Mr. Snyder (Pennsylvania) — ■! don't
think it is possible to educate oeoolo
in the city to use anything but a
small package; the tendency is. in all
food stuffSk to have a small package,
something the grocery store can han-
dle^ take right from the shelf and
give to the people from day to day.
In the country it is a different matter.
If you sell retail in the country you
can sell any way you see fit if you
work it right. When it comes to sell-
ing honey in large quantities for the
city trade, the small package is abso-
lutely the demand. I don't think any-
thing else will ever be sold in my
time.

P. E. Crane (Vermont) — We have
had some experience along that line;
we sell through the wholesale grocery
trade to the retailer, and I find the
trade in glass is increasing very rapid-
ly, whereas the tin package (we put
up the quart friction-top tin can) is
decreasing, and the reason is that it
sells in glass better than tin, because
it shows it up. There are a great
many people who like honey that
never think to order or buy it unless
their attention is called to it either
by enquiry or seeing it. The tin pack-
age has a label on it, but it does not
catch their eye as honey in the glass
does. There is a difference in the
price. The retail grocer has his
choice, and he will pick the glass
package 99 times out of 100.

Mr. Sherwood (New York) — I sell
quite a good deal of extracted honey
in glass to consumers in the city. I
live in Sullivan County, and they like
it all in glass packages, no matter if
they buy it in quantities; and I find
it very satisfactorj^ They seem to
think the same, for they use quite a
little of it. I get 20 cents for it.

Mr. Snyder — I find, alt'hongh I put
up the quart Mason jar, invariably the
people will take the pound jar, three
times in preference to the Mason jar,
because it has a good bottom, and it
will stand, and can be set on the
table.

Mr. Byer — If honey in glass is not
properly looked after w^en it is put
in the store it ceases to become an
object of attraction. I went through a
large department store last week in
Toronto, and they had a large display
of honey in glass, and nearly all that
honey 'had started to granulate; it
was anything but pleasing to the eye.

and I think any customer coming in
there would just as soon take one of
the cans. Honey, half granulated, is
anything but pleasing.

Mr. Davis — In support- of the cans I
would like to call the members' atten-
tion to the fact that if the Corn Prod-
ucts Company can dispose of tons of
glucose in a tin package through the
medium of advertising, why can't we
dispose of 'honey . with the same
amount of advertising behind it? If
the customers go to the grocery store
and get two quarts of stuff in a tin
can, simply because they are educated
to it by the bill-boards all over the
United SItates, why, by the same
means, can't honey producers induce
them to take honey, whether they put
it in tin or glass?

Mr. iSnyder — It can't be sold at the
same price.

Mr. Davis — I know one village of
scarcely 15,000 inhabitants that 'have
consumed this season about 15,000
pounds of honey, and they buy at 15-
cents a pound.

Mr. Hershiser — ^I think the subject
is very well covered. Contrary to the
experience of a good many, I find I
can sell 'more honey for family use in
the tin than in the glass. I like to
sell at least a dollar's worth, and I
find that will go almost every time in -
preference to a smaller quantity. If
you are going to sell a Mason jar that
holds fhree pounds at 5 cents, and put
up 7 pounds of extracted honey for
a dollar, they prefer that to the three
pounds for 50 cents. Now I use a
five-pound lard pail, and I like the
flaring lard pail; it is the cheapest tin
package I can get. The cheaper the
package you can use, the more honey
you can sell, and seven pounds will
go for a dollar just as quickly, prac-
ti!?ally, as though you put up ten.

There is one point in this discus-
sion that I think merits more atten-
tion than any other that has been
brought up, and that is the tendency
a great many bee-keepers have of cut-
ting each other's throats on the price
of 'honey. One bee-keeper goes into a
locality and works up a , market, and
is getting a good price; another one
goes in, and he thinks the only way
for him to do business is to cut the -
price down. I don't think that is good
principle. If you can produce good
honey you can sell for just as much
as the other fellow, and you ought not

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156

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

to object to working up customers of
your own instead of trying to cut un-
der some other fellow, and get the
honey sold regardless of the effect
upon the market.

I have found more trouble in that
one thing in my market than any
other. There was a time when I
ibought jelly glasses at the rate of 50
barrels at a time, and put up honey in
jelly tumblers, and the market kept
working down and finally they wanted
them for a dollar a dozen. I got a
jelly glass ithat I could sell for a dol-
lar, it didn't hold as much honey as
the jelly glass did which sold for
$1.25 a dozen. I worked up a good
trade. No sooner had I a good trade
worked up than some of these fel-
lows down in Toledo and Detroit, and
New England, came up with honey,
some of it inferior, and went to sell-
ing for 95 cents, 90 cents, and finally
85 cents a dozen. The only way they
can do that is to buy the honey of
the producer for 6% and 7, or not
much more than 7 cents a pound, and
then they don't get anything for their
work. How can they get anything
out of it, buying honey for 7 cents a
pound and selling it for 90' cents a
dozen? They do business for fun,
that is all. The advice I want to give
to bee-keepers is, that your honey is
worth more than seven cents a pound
in the first place. If it is not worth
that, quilt the business. In the sec-
ond place, when you work up a trade,
no matter how much these fellows
come in to cut under you, stick to
your price. I never sold a dozen for
less than a dollar. I have gone out
of the business of selling honey in
glass tumblers. They don't sell so
much honey to the consumer as they
used to do; I sell direct to them, and
I get more for my honey than they
can get after having paid all the ex-
penses of transportation, putting up
the honey in containers, paying job-
bers' comniissions, etc. I don't see
how they have "the face," after pay-
ing all that, to sell for 90 cents a dozen.

L. C. Root — In response to the party
who speaks, of selling the corn syrup
for the price they do, of course that
i'9 done in a large way, and involves
an expense that an individual bee-
keeper would hardly take. There are
two ways in which the average bee-
keeper should dispose of the product.
We have to cater to two markets.

The kind that must have it in glass
to sell from the shelves of the grocery
store is one. But, it seems to me
what bee-keepers need to be urged to
do is to dispose of their own crop, and
this can be done. As some one has
said, bee-keepers as a rule have the
credit of being honest, and if people
are dealing with a person they think
honest, they will take their goods on
their recommendation, and more of the
honey that is produced should be dis-
posed of by the bee-keeper himself.
It is to me a sad thing that so little
honey throughout the country is con-
sumed. If we are wise in our discus-
sions it seems to me that the amount
of honey that will be consumed in the
future will be much greater than it is
now. I have been interested lately in
talking with a woman bee-keeper who
has just commenced this year. She
has had no experience until this j-^ar.
She has done remarkably well, and she
is disposing of all of her own honey to
the neighbors. Here is a great need.
We can't induce all the people that
ought to keep bees, to keep bees.
Father Quinby used to say there were
tens of thousands of pounds of honey
going to waste in every community
that might be had, not for the asking,
but simply for the taking. If we
could induce more people to keep bees
to supply their own honey it would
be a grand thing, but we can't do this.
The majority of people must have
their honey furnished to them by the
bee-keeper, and this may be done by
the bee-keepers themselves in tin
packages, but don't forget the shelf
goods, and the goods in glass that are
put up attractively, because large
quantities of honey in our little city
of Stamford are disposed of from the
shelves. I can assure you when such
honey as that is attractive, with a
nice label on it, it will invariably ad-
vertise itself, and people will come
back, and there will not be the dan-
ger of a paper or tin package. We
want to put up first-class goods.
People will come in and sell honey for
less, but if you, keep up the standard
of your honey, every section of honey
that you sell, high, so that when peo-
ple buy it they know if they want
more honey exactly like that which is
properly assorted, they know where
to get it, you need not fear. WTien
you put your card on your section of
honey people know that every time

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KDEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

157

they are going to get just exactly that
honey, they are not going to be de-
ceived, and they know that the next
time they will get a jar that is pure,
and thev will come back.

W. A. Selser (Pennsylvania) — I
would like to emphasize what Mr.
Hershiser has said about the price we
ask for honey, selling in glass or
other package to the retail trade. I
want to say, you are very foolish to
cut the prices of honey when you go
into a city where some other bee-
keeper has got just a little bit the
start of you. I have sold honey in
glass packages in most of the Eastern
cities, and I want to say I never had
very much fear when I went into a
store and found some other bee-
keeper came in and cut under my
price ten, fifteen or twenty cents a
dozen, simply because the grocer is at
oijce somewhat suspicious of the lower
priced goods. The man I feared was
the man that put up his honey as nice
as I did, and asked just as much, or
probably a little more, for it. In re-
gard to the ten-cent package, if a man
goes into a store and sells a dozen of
honey at a dollar a dozen to the retail
grocer, he can feel pretty sure that
that honey is going to sell at $1.00 or
!?1.20. If you sell it at 85 cents he will
out it to 8, or probably 7 cents; he
doesn't make one cent more, and you
know as well as I do that the ordinary
woman or jobber will pay ten cents for
a package of honey just as quickly as
they will pay 8 cents.

I want to ask Mr. Byer this ques-
tion: He said in tiering up above the
first super that you have a better
quality by tiering up three, four or
five supers high; I am not clear in
my mind, at the moment, why the sec-
ond super should be any better in
quality than the first super.

Mr. Byer — I said one or more su-
pers. I am sorry the discussion has
drifted off. In other places, if you
look through my paper, I think you
will find the word "good" underlined.
I regard this discussion on the ques-
tion of glass or tin a very minor point
in my paper. I did mention more
than one or two supers in the paper.
I certainly could give abundant rea-
sons why two supers would be better
than one. In the producing of ex-
tracted honey, when honey is coming
in with a rush you will find that sin-
gle super full and unsealed; but if

you don't extract that at once you
will lose in quantity; if you do ex-
tract you are going to take off inferior
honey. If you lift that super up and
put a second super under, the bees
will seal that top story over, and you
can extract that later on.

Mr Stone (Illinois) — I wish to em-
phasize what Mr. Hershiser said, and
when it comes to selling honey to the
man who sells it again, if you don't
believe it is better in the tin, just try
it as I have tried it. As long as I
want to keep them in ignorance I sell
the honey in the glass, but just as
soon as I tell them how much honey
they are getting in the large- sized
packages of glass, or the cost of it,
you see they add those two together,
and they are satisfied with the biggest
package you have got. Let them
know you are selling it in five-pound
tin pails, and by the glass, and you
will never sell them any more in the
glass. My customers all want the
five pound tin pails, because I have
educated them to know that that is the
biggest package.

Mr. Snyder — My experience is that
the more bee-keepers there are in the
neighborhood, and the more honey
there is sold, the more can be sold.

Pres. York — Mr. Smith asked a ques-
tion, and we have come to that now.

Mr. Levens (Massachusetts) — My
best success has been with Mr. Hers-
hiser's jars, but I think it would make
you weep to see how some grocers
keep comb honey. I have seen it on
the street in a glass case where the
thermometer has been several de-
grees below zero. I asked the man
why he kept it that way. I told hirii
if I was a bee I would sting him for
it! The trouble is, the grocers don't
know how to handle honey, and they
"queer" the trade in that way.

Mr. Smith — The point I wish to get
light on is, what to do at the end of
the honey-flow; the last honey-flow in
Massachusetts is from the 1st. to the
15th of September. I want to know
how to manage with the extracting
combs that contain more or less nec-
tar, or honey that is not thoroughly
ripened. I can manage all right
through the season up to that time,
but at the close of the last honey-
fiow from the 1st to the 15th of
September there are a great many ex-
tracting frames that contain more or

.fti ftJjfrf'^yiVj^- V*r

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158

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

less thin honey. I would like to know
how Mr. Byer managej* ii. such caaes.

Mr. Byer — If that loose honey was
mostly unripe I certainly would first
uncap it and extract it after.

Mr. Smith — That is exactly what I
did, but I wanted to see what Mr.
Byer would say.

Mr. Davidson (Kansas) — I have seen
a great deal of unsealed honey that
was ripe, perfectly ripe. After the
flow is over the bees will ripen that
honey, whether they seal it or not.
When the flow stops they quit sealing
their honey, and they ripen it; so you
can extract this honey after the .flow
is over.

Mr. McEvoy — Wasn't that sealed all
the same, although it wasn't capped?

Mr. Hilton — I wish to state one or
two facts in regard to that question
of the tin or sealed package. This fall
I inserted an advertisement in cer-
tain papers in Schenectady, "extracted
honey for sale; 12 cents per pound de-
livered." I only put it up in five
pound pails. The result M-as, I got
quite a few postals. I took my flve
pound pails and answered those
orders. The objection was raised, "I
can't use that much In a year." I
said, "You can take the five pound
pails and use what you like out of
them, and I will call next week and
take the remaining quantity back."
Wlien I called the next Saturday for
the remainder of the honey the la'dy
said, "I want another pail of that
honey. I was letting some friends of
mine try it, and one of them gave me
orders for two pails to be delivered
elsewhere." If you put a higher
priced package on the market, say
half a pound for 20 or 25 cents, that
honey is going to be too good for the
children and visitors to eat; they are
going to make that last a year or so.
In almost every instance I sold five
times the quantity of honey that I
would if I sold the small orders at
fifteen or twenty cents a pound.

President York called for the paper
by Mr. L/ouis H. Scholl, of New Braun-
fels, Texas, on "Bulk-Comb Honey
and Its Future." The paper is as
follows :

^'BTJLK COMB HONEY AND ITS
FUTURE.

You may talk about your section-
honey, and you may talk about your

extracted, — but Oh! your bulk comb
honey!

Yes, that is the way we, who have
given the matter • the most careful
study, look at it. We have had ex-
perience with all three kinds of honey
production and sale to fill the de-
■we began our bee-keeping career,
there was no other honey to produce
than section honej* and extracted.
Since the question of extracteid honey
was altogether out of the question
and the expense of an extra, laborious
and vexing method of producing
a first-class article of section
honey was some experience that will
never be forgotten. And had it not
been for the raging bee-fever within
us at that time, we might have gotten
tired of bee-keeping. It was quite, a
proposition to produce a large crop of
comb honey in this way, especially if
we had not learned the tricks of the
trade, that those w'ho continue to harp
on the production of section-honey
appear to possess.

Extracted honey was produced by
the great majority of our bee-keepers -
and it was the general product of the
box-hive bee-keepers all over the
country, with whom competition had
to be met to some extent. Thus it
was that very low prices, and a slow
sale for it, prevailed. It was only
the mo:^e extensive producer who
could ship his honey to the northern
markets, who could evade these con-
ditions, and here again' the freight
rates cut the profl'ts down to a low
margin. Under these conditions,
Texas wOuld not have become famous
as a ^honey-producer. Had it not been
for the introduction of bulk comb
honey as the leading honey in the
great Lone Star State, she would per-
haps be lagging behind today. Sec-
tion-honey was too high in price of
production and sale to fill the de-
mands of the general public; extract-
ed honey was in abundance, but it
dragged on the market.

With the advent of bulk comb
honey, Texas made strides forward
as no other state has done, in bee-
keeping, and has for several years,
and today stands at the head of the
list. Bulk comb honey has made bee-
keeping profitable; and bulk comb
honey has helped us to reap a golden
harvest, year after year. Bulk comb
honey has put section-honey out of

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IliLINOIS STATE BBE-KEBPERS' ASSOCIATION.

159

the market, practically altog-ether
since it is produced by only a few
scattering ones, in small quantity.

Bulk comb honey is the honey at
the present day. The demand is
greater for this kind of honey than
could ever have been expected with
any other kind. And the' profitable-
Tiess of this product has beeji proven
over and over again, so that it is
money in the pockets, if the bee-keep-
ers have a crop of bulk comb honey.
To have a crop of bulk comb honey is
just so much money for the bee-keep-
er's pocket, as soon as it is produced,
or even before. Either extracted or
section-honey must first be sold after
it is produced, and the prices are not
as high in comparison to the cost of
production, hence the profit is not so
great.

The advantages of its production
are greater also. It is easisr to pro-
duce bulk comb honey in a slow or a
fast fiow as well. It can be produced
on any kind of a colony of bees, even
if it is too weak to crowd into the
section-boxes, and more of it can be
produced on strong colonies. Under
the same conditions of the colonies
and the honey-fiow, more bulk comb
honey can be obtained than section -
honey, and this is especially true dur-
ing seasons that are less favorable for
section-honey production. The difCer-
ence in proportion in favor of bulk
comb honey increases as the favor-
able conditions of the colonies and
the honey-flows decrease. This is one
of the greatest points in its favor
when we consider the dry and other-
wise unfavorable seasons that so com-
monly prevail now, and which have a
consequent effect upon jour producing
colonies. If this is so, and it is easier
to produce and dispose of a crop of
honey, with greater profit, is it a
wonder that bulk comb honey has
found a place of its own, and crowded
almost everything else out of the mar-
ket, and that some of its advocates,
who have made money out of bulk
comb honey are enthusiastic about
this matter?

And why can not other states adopt
bulk comb honey? It is hard to see
any reason why it should not be. Es-
pecially is this true since the country
is more thickly populated, making the
selling of such honey far easier as
compared with our more thinly set-

tled country as yet, with the vast dis-
tances from the producer to the con-
sumer. If we can make it profitable
your advantage over us would only
make it more profitable. Have you
tried it? If you will, you shall find
that We are not over-enthusiastic
about bulk comb honey.

It shall not be the purpose of this
article to cover the entire ground of
bulk comb honey and its production.
Suffice it to say that it can be pro-
duced with any kind of hive in use,
but always preferably in shallow
frames. These are more easily pre-
pared with very light foundation in
full sheets; are more readily adjust-
able to the needs of the colony or
the condition of the honey- flow when
giving the bees super room; and are
much more easily removed when com-
pleted.

The finished comb honey can be put
up in various ways, but we have a
standard way of our own, which is
v/ell known to the producers and the
dealers, and other purchasers alike.
The adoption, years ago, of standard
sizes of honey cans, and listing them
in the same order by all bee-keepers,
when quoting the prices of honey,
has made it an easy matter for the
buyer to order, and for the bee-keeper
to understand what is wanted.

The most commonly used package
heretofore has been the two 60 pound
square cans to the case, exactly like
the extracted honey cans in all re-
spects, except for the large, 8 inch
screw-cap opening, to allow filling the
cans with the comb honey. The next
si«e on the list is the case containing
ten 12 pound friction top pails. These
are like the common syrup pails in all
respects, except that the Texas size
is enough larger to make a twelve
pound instead of the regular ten
pound pail. Each of these packages
are known as 120 pound cases of
honey, and are rarely sold otherwise.
It is an uncommon thing to ship less
than a case of honey, even one 60
pound can.

Then we have a case holding ten
6 pound friction top pails, and one
with twenty 3 pound friction top cans,
making two cases of 60 pounds of
honey each. The 60 pound cans are
used mostly for family use, as many
families order a case of two such cans.
If one family can not use a whole

m-

160

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

case, two neighbors go together, thus
saving on the price of the honey, since
an extra charge is made for a case
for a single 60 pound can, and the sav-
ing of freight also, since it costs al-
most as much to ship by freight a 60
pound can as 100 pounds more.

These large cans are also used by
retailers to retail out of the original
package in small quantities. This
last method is fast losing ground,
however, since the ways of the world
are changing to that of selling almost
everything in its original packages.
For this reason the demand for the
smaller packages as the 12, 6, and the
3 pound friction top pails and cans is
increasing over that of the large sizes,
from year to year. The 12 pound and
6 pound pails are in greatest demand.

Very little attempt has been made
to put bulk comb honey up in glass
packages as yet, but it will be done
extensively too. We have tried this
to some extent, and of all the pretty
things that can be imagined, a nice,
clear, white, glass jar, filled with long,
nicely cut pieces of fancy white comb
honey standing upright, fancy light
extracted honey surrounding it, when
held to the light this presents a sight
that is simply beautiful and appealing
to the appetizing tastefulness of every
one who has the slightest taste tyv
honey. And such a product sells!
We know this for we have several
times rolled one jar after another
over the counter into sheets of wrap-
ping paper as fast as this could be
done, while another took up the
money that was laid down by the pur-
chaser, one trying to get ahead of the
other, for fear the supply would not
last. This was at some of our Fairs,
where we had the same kind of jars
filled with the same kind of extracted
honey, only at a lower price, side by
side with the bulk comb honey, but
these were not taken until the bulk
comb honey was all sold. And then
the purchasers demurred while nu-
merous ones, who had to satisfy them-
selves with the extracted, proclaimed
that next time they would be sure to
come earlier, so as to get some of
the bulk comb honey. This has been
evidence enough for us to believe that
bulk comb honey would create a good
demand right by the side of section
honey, or extracted honey anywhere,
or in any kind of a market.

These are only a few remarks of
what bulk comb honey is, what it has
done, and what its future will be. To
begin to tell all about the advantages
and the details concerning the produc-
tion of bulk comb honey would be im-
possible, as that would take an enor-
mous lot o£ time. This can be better
done through the columns of the bee-
papers instead of this place of busy
work.

LOUIS H. BOHiOLLi
New Braunfels, Texas.

Mr. 3L,atham (Connecticut) — ^At our
Hartford Fair, in Connecticut, bulk
honey was shown, and tl;ie exhibitors
were given permission to sejl off their
exhibits, and in every case the bulk
honey sold out before the others, just
as Mr. Scholl mentions.

Mr. Vanderwerken (Connecticut) —
How is it possible to produce more
comb honey than extracted? The
paper says it can be done. How
about it when it candies? How much
will you have on your hands then?

Mr. Hershiser — I believe that the
question of locality comes in here. It
is my impression that honey in Texas,
and especially in California, doesn't
candy as readily as it does here, and
undoubtedly for those whose lot it is
to live in the "wild and wooly West,"
it may fte better for them to produce
this kind of honey; but I don't believe
it would be good to go into this kind
of production in this part'Of the coun-
try, because as soon as it candies it
becomes an opaque mass, whereby the
comb honey wouldn't show up at all
looking through the extracted honey
that surrounds it; and again, as the
gentleman has suggested, I don't
think it is possible to produce quite
as much comb honey as extracted. I
think it is a question of locality, some-
what..

Mr. Hardy (Ntew York) — I attended
the World's Fair at St. Louis, and I
noticed that a number of the Western
States had a very good way of adver-
tising; they had books or pamphlets
gotten out, and in those were very
nice photographs* one would be of
an alfalfa field in Kansas, and under
that would be the description "As we
do it out in Kansas." That paper is a
very able paper, as far as Texas is
concerned; it may apply to their con-
ditions there in good shape. They
have worked up a condition of trade

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

161

that desires that kind of honey, but
would it pay for us to change all
around and go into the bulk honey
business? I did think at one stage
of that reading I would enquire as to
the most direct route to Texas, but
from certain points which have been
brought out I am led to believe that
we are not entirely in the wrong up
here. Since I have started in the bee-
keeping business I don't believe every-
one in every other locality can tell
somebodj' else in every other locality
how to keep bees. It remains with
you and your environment, and the
honey- flow, whether it is short or long,
as to what you shall do, produce
comb honey, extracted honey, or bulk
comb honey.

Mr. Adkins (New York) — I have an
order standing on my books for this
w^inter to send to San Antonio, Texas,
comb honey!

President York — In a personal let-
ter to me iMr. iSchoU says: "One thing
that you might say in the discussions,
is that we have the greatest advant-
age in shipping our bulk comb honey
in cans, and these in cases, at the
very low freight rate of fourth-class,
or the same as that on extracted
honey."

Mr. Stone — In the face of what has
taken place down in Texas this paper
certainly is correct, because the man
who handles bee supplies in Kan An-
tonio, Texas, has advertised sections
at a very much reduced price. He
says he can't sell them down there
any more, and he won't send them
North again himself. That is good
evidence of bulk comb honey being
the thing down there.

Mr. West — For us up here in New
York the package seems to be quite
bulky. It is bulky over and over
again, and with us that bulky stuff
would get so hard it wouldn't be as
salable here as comb honey put up
the way we put it up in our State for
our trade. As has been said, it may
do better for Texas, but I don't think
it would do very well up here in New
York.

President York — ^There is plenty of
room for bulk in Texas — it is a pretty
big State.

D. W. Coggshall — ^As soon as that
bulk honey is shipped north it candies.
I have put it in my trunk and brought
it home, and when I got it home it was

■ :— u :: .

candied. They can use it down there,
but we can't in the *North.

Mr. Latham — I have had some ex-
perience in bulk honey, and the gen-
tlemen are right about the candying
of it. In any place where honey can-
dies readily you can't make a good
thing out of bulk honey. If a man
has such a class of honey that when
it has been heated and strained prop-
erly it will stay a long time without
candying, he can get a market for
that which will steadily grow. In
Connecticut we have a honey which
does not candy, and it will stand for
two years without candying. It is
simply a matter of putting that up in
bulk, and the people buy it before it
gets candied.

(At this point an intermission of
ten minutes was taken).

Mr. iJYance — I have a few copies
still left of the Annual Reports from
1905 up to the present time. I think
there is a good deal of value in eacli
one of them, and I will be glad, in-
deed, to send them for just the post-
age to any of our members. They
are tied up in a bundle, and the post-
age on them is about 20 cents. They
run from 1905 to 1909 inclusive. I do
hope there are members who are will-
ing to pay the postage for that valu-
able information.

President York — The next paper is
"Ripening Honey on the Hives," by
Mr. W. P. .Southworth, of Salix, Iowa.
Mr. France will read the paper.

Mr. France then read the paper as
follows :

RIPENING HON®Y ON TIHE HIVES.

Ripening honey on the hive, or the
best method of producing honey that
will "taste like more" to the consumer,
is a subject that I have given a good
deal of time and thought, and I wish
that I could be present in person to
defend the stand that I take.

I contend that it is not enough that
honey be entirely sealed in the comb
to be ripe and ready for market, but I
hold that honey should age in the
hive. I can not say how long a time
should be allowed for this aging,
as much depends on locality, the kind
of bloom, and the atmospheric condi-
tions.

My opinion is that this applies to
both comb and extracted honey, but
it is not so important to age comb

^^:ti^ti^J■^iL3*r•S-^<.^iM*■A y.'rCi^l-r

•!Se?S^ili4'^J■^^■f?SS&K^ii^iSfe£^iJ^SarA^

162

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

honey, because it must be sealed in
order to be marketable, and its at-
tractive appearance has much to do
with its ready sale. Therefore, we
must consider this point and not allow
it to become dark and travel-stained.
No doubt most of us have seen the
nectar in the open cells of our im-
maculate sections become bubbly and
sour, and the faces of the sections
become watery and greasy appearing,
even when kept in a warm, dry place.
This shows that the preserving prop-
erties are not complete.

In the production of extracted honey
the perfect ripening is more essential
as the extracting process causes the
honey to take In the ferment germs
that attack the particles that are not
thoroughly inverted or changed from
nectar to honey.

In my position as manager of the
Western Honey Producers, 200,000
pounds of extracted honey comes un-
der mj- observation annually. The
■first two years of our existence as
packers and distributers nearly all the
honey came in small lots, and we no-
ticed that there was quite a difference
in the quality and density of the
honey. This led to close examina-
tions and tests, and the cause was
soon located. Some of the honey had
been extracted too "green." One such
lot that was received in the fall of
1908 showed signs of outgrowing the
cans soon after it was placed in the
warehouse. Some of the cans were
hissing quite loudly when it was dis-
covered. This honey was at once
treated by our clarifying process to
see if the fermentation could be
stopped. We succeeded in putting it
in a condition so that it would keep
indefinitely, but the flavor was in-
jured so that it could not be used as
table honev.

Last season we were offered some
carload lots that were slightly fer-
mented, at half the price good honey
was bringing, but we could not use it.
A large grocery house bought it, and
by cooking it in a steam kettle made
an ingredient that they sell for pure
honey. It will pass the pure food
inspection, but it will not pass the
lips of the consumer the second time.
It is such honey as this, put up by ig-
norant persons (in the case mentioned
above I think it is largely ignorance
and a desire to get a large package

for little money), that is ruining the
honey market.

Give the consumer that rich, thick,
delicious honey, that is extracted later
in the season, and it will tax the
bloom of our fertile fields to supply
the demand.

Our honey business has expanded
in the past four years more than we
anticipated, and this has been brought
about by our putting out the best
honej'. We have secured this best
honey by getting next to the pro-
ducers, and showing them where they
are making their mistake. As a re-
sult, they were anxious to please the
consumer, and today our warehouse
is full of extracted honey, every can
of which will test perfectly in density,
formic acid and flavor.

The question will be asked, "how
are we to let all of our honey ripen
or age on the hive?"

My answer to this will depend much
on the locality and kind of bloom. If
the flow is practically light honey,
then tier up and leave it until fall.
If there is a light honey-flow followed
by a dark autumn flow from buck-
wheat and other blossoms, that im-
part a strong flavor, I would say,
leave the light honey until the dark
honey begins lo come in, and if a
little of the dark is mixed in it, it is
not so iferious a fault as to extract
green honey or nectar.

I have read with interest the arti-
cles written by G. C. Greiner, E. W.
Alexander, and others, on extracting
often during the season, and the
methods of artificial ripening. At
the same time I have considered what
constitutes honey, and would refer my
hearers to the bulletin published by
the Agricultural Department at Wash-
ington, D. C, entitled, "The Chemical
Analysis and Composition of Honey."
In this we find the following:

"In the modification of the nectar
by the bees several changes in the
composition are produced. Among
the most important of these is evap-
oration of the nectar to a water con-
tent of about 20 per cent. This is
effected in the hive by the bees ex-
posing the nectar in thin layers to the
action of a current of air produced by
the fanning of the wings. This evap-
oration is further hastened, according
to some, by process of regurgitation,
the nectar being continually thrown

*' 'T'Bwr T^'W^^i^^T^'V "•?■,"• ■""^s^T^,jS'«^S5!y5?eyi'-f"?^^^'5^*^5giW

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOOIATION.

163

out from the honey-sac on the partly
doubled tongue, and then drawn in
again until, by the movement of 'the
lieat and air of the hive, the nectar
is sufficiently reduced to be deposited
in the cells of the comb.

"Another change of considerable im-
portance which takes place while the
Tioney is in the honey-sac of the bee,
and also probably during evaporation
and storage in the comb, is the in-
versiion of a considerable part of the
sucrose in the nectar through the ac-
tion of the inverting enzym secreted
by the bees.

"Another modification produced in
"the nectar by the bees is the introduc-
tion of a mimite quantity of formic
acid. This acid is wanting in the
pollen and nectar of the flowers, and
is supposed to be introduced into the
honey by the bees just before the cap-
ping of the cells. The formic acid
thus introduced by the bees is sup-
posed to act as a preservative, and
prevent the honey from fermenting."

I am a great admirer of E. W. Alex-
ander, and have his writings that I
have studied carefully.

As far as I have tried his methods
I find them well suited to the condi-
tions in this locality, with one ex-
ception, and that is his method of
extracting the nectar from the combs
before it is sealed, or even well .evap-
orated.

In Mr. Alexander's locality, and
with his equipment and methods, this
process may work out; but in this
locality, and with the equipment that
the average or even extensive bee-
keeper has, I believe the plan is worse
than a failure — it is a damage to the
honey market. I am of the opinion
that no producer of extracted honey
should try it unless he wants to enter
quite extensively into the manufac-
ture of honey- vinegar; and I doubt
> if the nectar would make as good vine-
gar as ripe honey would.

Some bee-keepers favor the fre-
quent extracting of the green honey
on account of the apparent economy,
believing that it will save them some-
thing in the way of investment for
fixtures; such as extra supers, frames,
. foundation, etc. But from the econom-
ical standpoint alone, to say nothing
of the quality of the honey, I find that
it is easy to prove that having the ex-
tra fixtures and allowing the honey to

stay on the hive until the end of the
season, and then making a business
of extracting it at one time, rather
than to be dabbling in it at intervals
during the season, is the •cheaper
method, for much more time is sure
to be wasted at each small extracting
than would be wasted if the work was
left, to be done all at once.

Some argue that frequent extracting
of honey from the combs stimulates
the bees to greater effort to gather
more honey to replenish their scanty
store. On this question Mr. Dadant
thinks that the more stores the bees
accumulate, the more thej- will con-
tinue to gather, provided they have
the combs to store it in; that is, they
are not unlike human beings in that
thej- work the hardest when they are
prosperous; . but if their hard earn-
ings are taken away continually they
become discouraged, and are more
likely to give up trying to get ahead.

The all-important question with the
consumer is the flavor of the honey
that he is eating; and if we want him
to eat more honey, we must give him
the thick, delicious honey with the
bouquet of the flowers in it; and we
can not get this from nectar, nor can
man ripen the nectar so that it will
be equal to the honey that the bees
have finished. There is a fair demand
for good honey, and I predict that the
consumption of honey will not in-
crease until a good article is put on
the market universally. . ^

Four years ago I extracted a lot of
choice clover honey which I supposed
was ripe enough, and I wanted to get
it out of the hives before it should
become mixed with dark fall honey.
This honej' was put into cans and
pails very soon after it was extracted,
and sold. Later in the fall I was try-
ing to sell some honey to a man to
whom I had sold some of this choice
early honey, and he objected very
strongly, saying that the otlier honey
that I had recommended to him so
highly, had fermented, so that he had
to throw it out. This was where I got
my first intimation of what it means
to produce good honey. Some of that
same nice clover honey that I had in
the house I noticed was changing
rapidly, and it soon spoiled. I know
now that I can produce good extracted
honey, and I know that all the bee-
keeping fraternity can do it. The ma-

\.r '''^?

164

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

jority of the bee-keepers will be glad
to do it when they have their atten-
tion called to the importance of this
part of the work.

It is not more bee-keepers that the
country needs, but more careful,
painstaking honey producers that are
willing to sacrifice quantity for qual-
ity, and give to the consumers Na-
ture's richest sweet, properly prepared,
and then we will see the condition
that I referred to before, when the
bloom of our plants will be taxed to
supply the demand.

W. P. SQUTHWORTH.
Salix, Iowa.

Mr. France — I want to say that this
Western Honey Producers' Associa-
tion has grown from a mere nothing
to about as extensive an association
as I know of. It has grown to the ex-
tent' that they are. liquefying, bottling,
and sending out from six to eleven
thousand pounds of honey per day,
so that, in good, ripe honey, means
something. Mr. Southworth has sent
me souvenir cards showing their
methods of liquefying, bottling honey,
etc.

President York — This surely is an
important topic — the ripening of
honey on the hives, — and- the paper
now is before you for discussion. Mr.
Southworth is not here, but no doubt
someone can answer the questions
you may ask.

Mr. Davison — I have attended sev-
eral conventions, and I have read a
great deal in the bee-papers, and I
always feel like trying out locations.
With reference to this question of
honey fermenting, there is a great
deal in location. You take a damp
climate, and there is a danger of
honey fermenting. In the west or
semi-west, I have never seen any
honey ferment that was extracted. I
have seen honey there extracted, and
very little of it was sealed, and then
I have 9een it when it was all sealed,
and I have never seen any yet that
has fermented. I know this: You let
honey become well sealed, and it has
a better flavor than that which is ex-
tracted before it is sealed; it has a
heavier body, and the flavor is much
better. I suppose in this climate, and
in other parts of the United States
where there is a humid atmosphere,
it would probably ferment, but we

have no trouble of that kind in the
West, so it is the locality.

Mr. Stone — I, would like to state
what took place in my honey-house
this year, and I would ask if it is a
common thing, or if anybody else has
ever had the same experience. When
I extracted my honey I put it into
deep cans. I was afraid it wasn't en-
tirely ripe, and I thought from the
after results it wasn't quite ripe, but
when I poured it ofE those cans, thin
honey would be on the top, and the
heavy honey at the bottom. I don't
know whether mine was an accident,
or what happened, but the honey on
top was very much lighter than the
honey at the bottom. I would pour
out the light, and it would all run off,
and then keep pouring, and it would
come out very thick.

Mr. McEvoy — ^I saw a good deal of
that honey in many places through-
out the (Province of Ontario exirac-ted
honey was at the top, and the best
honey was at the bottom of the tank.
It is not left long enough.

Mr. iStone — Isn't that the reason that
sometimes when you take it out of a
large can and put it into a small can,
some of it will candy, and some won't?

Mr. McEvoy — Yes.

Mr. (Byer — The condition Mr. Stone
has just \ mentioned is likely to result
if the honey is left on till pretty well
sealed over, and then there is a lapse
of time when there is nothing coming
in. I have seen it several times when
that has occurred. It is more apt to
occur than if gathered from one con-
tinuous flow.
OOMIMITTEE ON NOMINATIONS.

President York — As to the Commit-
tee on Nominations, we really have
not had any motion as to whom that
Committee shall consist of, but at the
Convention last year. In Sioux City,
there was one man from each state
on the Nominations Committee. This
was the resolution presented there:

"Whereas, the present method of
nominating officers for the annual elec-
tion of the National Bee-Keepers' As- "
sociation seems inadequate, be it.

Resolved, That a committee of as _
many members as there are States
represented at the National Conven-
tion be elected to select and report
the names of two candidates for each
office, in addition to the nominations
obtained in the usual way."

:^^m

_;^j^--?^-

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

165

According to that resolution I wDuld
-name one from each State as the
Committee on Nominations; but this
same resolution, it seems to me,
should be passed before that Commit-
tee is appointed, to authorize the ap-
pointment. There will be the four
offices to ifill, President, Vice Presi-
dent, Secretary and Treasurer, and
three Directors. Do you wish to have
a motion to follow the same lines as
at the last convention? It seemed to
work all right; at least, I heard no ob-
jection to it.

Mr. Davenport moved, seconded by
Mr. Musgrove, that the resolution
adopted at the last national conven-
tion be re-enacted at this convention.

!Mr. ^France — I might just drop this
word at this time. In the nominations
which I have called for, the large per-
centage of those who replied said m
effect, "I am not acquainted with the
various members so as to vote under-
standingly on the nomination, and if
you know who is the proper one, vote
for me." I wouldn't say that the nom-
ination in that way was a blank,- but I
do think tliis way of taking a repre-
sentative from every state here to
form a Nominating Committee to dis-
cuss for and against the merits of
candidates is the ideal way of getting
a nomination.

President York — We are doing this
in addition to what the constitution
provides for, so it is not at all a
wrong method.

The president put the motion,
which, on a vote having been taken,
was declared carried.

The President named the following
as the Committee on Nominations:

J. E. Crane, Vermont, chairman.

J. H. M. Cook, New Jersey.

Allen Latham, Connecticut.

James A; Stone, Illinois.

Charles H. Weber, Ohio.

E. Davison, Kansas. ,

J. A. Smith, Iowa.

E. Li. Hoffmann, Minnesota.

B. M. Gates, Massachusetts.

Jacob Huffman, Wisconsin.

James S. Fowler, New Hampshire.

E^ A. Dittrich, Indiana.

Morley Pettit, Ontario.

Wm. A. Selser, Pennsylvania.

R. B. Ross, Jr., Quebec.

Charles Stewart, New York.

Dr. E. F. Phillips, D. C.

POISONING MICE IN HIVE.

"How can I poison the dear mice
that get into the hives in winter?"

J. E. Crane — ^A mixture of one part
arsenic, one part flour, and one part
sugar, I find verj^ effective. It is laid
in on top of the inside cover, not in
where the bees are.

HUOKLEHERRY BLOOM. ;

"Is huckleberry bloom nectar pro-
ducing?"

Mr. Latham — It is. I have proved
it for years. In Massachusetts it is
one of the best honey plants.

Mr. Hershiser — What is the color
of the honey?

Mr. Latham — iDark amber.

Mr. iHtershiser — 'What is the quality?

Mr. Latham — ^Very good; mild fla-
vor.

BEESi AS A SUPtPORT.

"Take one year with another, how
many colonies will support a man
comfortably?"

O. M. Smith — It depends upon the
man, how much it costs to support
him, and _ the location, and the
strength of the colonies.

SUCCBSIS WITH BEES.

"What qualities should a person
possess to be successful with bees?"

Mr. Snyder — Grit, grace and cor
hesion.

Mr. Oliver (New York) ' — Sobriety
and industrj-.

HOINEY-EKE'W FOR WINTER
STORES.

"There appear to be conditions un-
der which it is safe to depend on
honey- dew for winter stores for bees.
"WTiat are those conditions?"

Mr. Hershiser — ^The condition that I
think is necessary to . place depend-
ence upon honey-dew is that it be
gathered early in the season, and
when the hive is comparatively full of
brood a,nd a heavy flow of honey, so
that the bees use the good honey out
of the hive first during the winter,
and the honey-dew is left till later in
the season.

Mr. Byer — It depends on the quality
of the honey-dew, some will ferment
after it is sealed over.

Mr. West — iSome years ago when

« ..,.- >7-3W3f ass;-..-".- ;

";« :"

'i.-- i" .-^^^

166

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

honey-dew Caused great destruction in
our county I was called in a good
many cellars along towards spring to
see the condition of the bees; they
had dysentery very badly. There
was one thing I observed that spring:
we had two sizes of hives, one a ten,
and one an eight-frame, and when I
first discovered that it was troubling
my bees also, we got our bees out
as early as possible to give them a
spring flight, because after they have
a flight outside the honey-dew does
not seem to do them the same harm.
But I noticed in the ten-frame hive
the bees had gathered quite a quan-
tity of good honey in the earliest
part of the season, which was stored
and remained in those' outside combs,
and where these larger hives had had
an abundance of good honey the bees
didn't trouble the poor honey in the
cellar so very much; and those bees
were not affected by the honey- dew
like those in the sm9,ller hive that
had less good honey in it.

MANIJIFACTURED COMB HONEY.

"At the National Convention held
at St. Louis, in 1904, a resolution was
passed offering $1,000 for two sec-
tions of honey made by human hands.
Has it ever been called for?"

Mr. France — No; and not likely to.

FOUNiDAlTION IN SECTIONIS.

"What is the easiest and best way
to put foundation in sections?"

Pres. York— Dr Miller uses the
Daisy foundation fastener.

Mr. Cyrenius — After trying almost
all of the plans advised and recom-
mended, I cut the foundation into
strips half an inch wide, and
with the Daisy fastener I put it on
the bottorn of the box, then I invert
it and use section foundation, and put
as large a piece in the box as I can
with the Daisy fastener. It makes
one solid comb all the way through.

Mr. Davison — I have had some ex-
perience in putting foundation in sec-
tions. The way that I put it in now,
and which I think is the best, is to
put it in with melted wax. I take a
board with about three or four little
blocks on, just large enough so that
a section will fit down over the
blocks. I put in a bottom starter
about a quarter of an inch, and the
top starter you can put in just as

much as you please, fill the section
half full, less or more. Then I
have a ittle oil-stove on my table,
and I have two cans, one with water
and the other with melted wax in it-
The one with the melted wax sits in
the other one — one telescopes into
the other — and the heated water
keeps the wax warm; it doesn't cool
suddenly. After I have put the sec-
tion on these blocks and put the
foundation in, I take a little wax on
a brush and let it run down, and in
that way fasten the foundation to the
sections. You can fasten one or two
starters at one dipping. I have used
the Daisy foundation fastener and I
have thrown that away. This other
way there is no breaking down at all;
you can throw the section clear across
the room after it is cool and it won't
break.

Mr. Cook — Allow me to suggest
that instead of using the little brush,
you take a plain piece of tin, cut
about half an inch narrower than the
section; dip this piece of tin in the
hot wax about a quarter of an inch,
and enough hot wax will hold on to
the tin, and the tin will hold the heat,
and by moving it a trifle edgewise
the hot wax is distributed all along^
the angje right at the point you want
it.

Mr. Morford — Use a medicine drop-
per with the wax, and^ it will run
right along down.

Mr. French — We have had a great
deal of trouble with the foundation
dropping in our boxes, and I have
been using the Daisy. I visited Ar-
thur C. Miller's place last April, and
the question arose as to what kind
of foundation fastener we could get
that would fasten the foundation into
the boxes so that it wouldn't drop.
I told him I was having bad luck.
Mr. Miller says, "I don't know; but
if you can help me out we will try."
We had the Dewey, the Daisy, and
Miller foundation fasteners, and we
started. We laid the Daisy to one
side and used the Dewey and Mil-
ler, and by using a piece of one and
a piece of the other we got a machine
that would fasten the foundation in
so that it wouldn't shake. The next
thing came the cost. We couldn't get
over that, so we dropped it. Then
after I got the machine all ready and
in good shape Mr. Miller said, "Will

:<t.

ILLINOIS STATE BBE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

167

you please put the foundation into
this box?" I said. "No, I have finislied
the machine, it belongs to you
to do the rest of it." He was using
then the Danzenbaker section, 4 by
5% inches. That has been the worst
box to get the foundation into so
that it wouldn't break. He put it in,
« he threw it across the honej^-house,
and the foundation was there all
right. I told him that wasn't a fair
trial. I cut the foundation out and
told him' to fasten it over again, and
he did. Somebody came into the
honey-house, and he three the sec-
tion,' and it went out through the
honey-house door into the bee-yard.
The foundation didn't leaye the box,
•but broke off about half an inch from
the section. We tried it over again.
I started then and came to Black-
stone, and during the night I just saw
how that machine could be perfected
so that it would work all right. I
telephoned down, and the consequence
was as soon as I got home I made
the machine in a rough state, and I
have used it all summer with suc-
cess, and I have not had a sheet of
foundation drop.. The secret of the
whole thing lies here, that the plate
that fastens that foundation to the
box must heat the box, or section,
at the same time as you melt the
wax, and all the wax which remains
on the foundation that is melted off
is on the plate. As it passes to the
box it deposits it, and being hot, and
the foundation being hot, if you drop
it on there it cements there, and it
leaves no unsightly wax. It is as nice
as though put in with the Daisy fas-
tener. I have used it with success
this season. Mr. Miller writes me
that he has a machine simplified that
works the same. way. There is an-
other thing, this machine does not in
any way heat the foundation or box
when you use it, so when you are
using it in hot weather and putting
foundation into sections it is all cool,
. so that it will drop down easily, and
it doesn't warp or twist.

BLACK BEES VS. ITALIANS ON
BUCKWHEAT.

"Will black bees gather more honey
from buckwheat than Italians?"

President York — How many think
that they do, raise your hands.
(Seven responded).

President York — How many think
the blacks will not gather as much as
Italians? (About fifteen raised their
hands.)

TRAVEL^STAINED HiONEY.

"What is done with travel-stained
comb honey, caused by being left on
the hives -for ripening?"

J. E. Crane — ^Bleach it.

Mr. Hershiser — Sell it for thirds.

ALEXANDER MODIFIED SWARM-
ING.

"The Alexander method of modified
"shook" swarming contemplates set-
ting the old hive, containing bees and
brood, over a new hive-body furnished
with frames of foundation, and one
frame of unsealed brood and the old
queen — a queen-excluder being placed
between — so to remain until all brood
above is capped, after which the old
hive is set off on a new stand, and a
laying queen introduced, all queen-
cells being destroyed, or cut out, be-
tween setting on and setting off.
When no increase is wanted, why not
leave the old hive with honey-board
on top for extracting through the sea-
son?"

Mr. McEvoy — I lost over $300 one
year by just following that out exact-
ly that way, and I will give you my
reasons. The bees were bound to
crowd up to the brood, and then they
crowded in a lot of pollen below, and
it didn't work out right. The first
year I tried it, which was over 20
j'ears ago, it worked fine. The next
year I turned the whole yard whole-
sale, and 'I lost over $300.

President York called for the paper
on "Comb Honey — ^From Nectar to
Market," by Mr. S. D. Housed of Camil-
lus, N. Y. Mr. House read his paper
as follows:

COMB HONEY— FROM NECTAR TO
MARKET.

This is a broad subject, and has
many essentials which are important
in reaching the highest results. I
have grouped a few of the most im-
portant essentials for your considera-
tion. " '^

First, a secretion of nectar, which
depends upon location and an All-
Wise Providence.

Second, a practical bee-keeper, who
should be tactful and a willing worker.

'i-'-^^-^?^ .- tS'-'--;'

^'^^-■ii::.'' -i:"- r»'-7.

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-.-'.-Jr '--,'l-"_. ■-.-..• 1--— ■;?•■'„■ V

**^^".:^■•'?^•-/■

'^Iv^

168

TE^'TH ANNUAL, REPORT OF THE

and be a'ble to adapt himself to the
varying conditions that may confront
him.

Third, a strong, vigorous colony of
bees, with a young queen, bred from
a strain that have proven themselves
to be comb-honey builders of the
highest order.

Fourth, appliances.

The second, third and fourth essen-
tials depend entirely upon the indi-
vidual to perfect, and their product
v/ill show how much time, thought and
energy the bee-keepers have given to
their vocation.

With a system along the lines which
are to form the foundation of success,
we plan to have very strong colonies
at the opening of the 'honey harvest.
The first step to this foundation is
the re-queening of apiaries during
August previous to the flow, and with
the use of a very large hive, equal to
15 Langstroth frames. This large hive
serves a double purpose, the breeding
of a strong family, and the content-
ment of the family during the fore-
part of the season. I use a divisible
hive, wintering in two sections, and
give the third section in fruit-bloom.
This large hive reduces the swarming
impulse, or rather prevents it.

As the season progresses, and the
nectar yields sufficient to store clover
honey, we reduce our colonies to a
single section of brood, by shaking
the bees from the parts taken away,
and giving supers to make the original
hive capacity. This places the colony
in the position of a partly filled hive,
and they start in the supers at once,
which is much desired. If we get the
bees interested in storing honey, and
give proper super room there will be
but little swarming.

I usually give a super once in 7 or
8 days, these additional supers being
placed next to the brood. We raise
the supers about the time capping is
commenced, and the honey is finished
away from the brood where it gets
less soil.

The foundation is put in the sections
the same day it is to go on the bees,
and is usually drawn out within 24
hours. I consider this of much im-
portance; while the wax is fresh from
its packing it is more pliable, and the
bees work it out nearer like the nat-
ural comb. Second, when eating it
the consumer does not get a tough

wad of wax that he knows not what
to do with. There is no question but
that the bees will build on old founda-
tion by adding their wax thereto, but
they should not be compelled to do it.
We usually tier three high, and
when the fourth super is given, the
upper one is taken away.

Comb honey should be removed
from the bees as soon as finished,
thereby preserving that fine appear-
ance which is so attractive to the eye
— and should be stored in the supers
10 to 15 days at a high temperature,
when it should be fumigated with bi-
sulphide of carbon for the wax-moth.

I believe the most practical super
used in these modern times was in-
vented by the late N. N. Betsinger.
with its wire-cloth separator, giving
the bees free communication between
the combs, and past the sections lon-
gitudinally. Its hanging broad-frame
keeps the sections free from propolis,
and gives to a beautiful comb of
honey a much nicer appearance.

I find many bee-keepers who are
careless in cleaning sections for the
market, and are selfish in grading
their honey. When such honey is put
upon the market, it not only affects
the one who produces it, but every pro-
ducer of comb honey, in as much as
buyers ^uote the price of such sales
which misleads the producer of a bet-
ter grade into believing that the
price quoted is the market value of
No. 1 honey.

The great need of the bee-keeper to-
day is more uniform package, grading
and prices.

I beg to call your attention to our
brothers across the Northern border,
and to what they have accomplished
in advancing prices and the bee-keep-
ers through their strong organization.
WTiat- they have done we can do.

S. D. HOUSE.
Camillus, N. Y.

J. E. Crane — Does Mr. House use the
Heddon sectional hive?

'Mr. IKtouse — No, I do not. The Hed-
don principle is there, but not the
Heddon hive. 'the Heddon hive has
a close end frame, and I have a non-
spacing frame, 5 inch, with 6 inch
body.

J. E. Crane — 'Don't you get more or
less pollen in your sections?

Mr. House — In producing ten thou-
sand sections I might have possibly a

J2;T~^^Vf-i3

'^^'S.'a* '

ILLINOIS STATE BEB-KEBPERS' ASSOCIATION.

169

dozen or so that will show here and
there pollen; we overcome that fea-
ture if we place a new colony that has
just been hived on two combs in the
brood-nest to catch the pollen.

J. E. Crane — You recommend ar-
ranging - them so that they wouldn't
swarm. In that case you would keep
them on the old combs?

Mr. House — Yes, practically old
combs. Most of our honey is produced
on new combs, or combs a year old.
The combs are freshly drawn out, and
undoubtedly brood filled therein, and
honey or pollen, and then the super
that is put below for them to build
comb honey over, being most of it
larvae and unsealed brood at the time
it is reduced down, catches all the
pollen next to the brood.

A. A. French — Do I understand that
is for the extracting super?

Mr. House — No, that is the brood
super.

Mr. Cook — In tiering up in sections
do you put the comb honey supers un-
derneath the other?

Mr. House — ^^Thej- come next to the
brood.

J. E. Crane — How large are your
supers?

Mr. House — 2-4 sections.

Mr. Musgrove — When you reduce
the number of brood frames and put
the supers on for section hone^, do
you put a queen excluder between?

Mr. House — I certainly do.

Mr. Ross (Quebec) — 'Mr. House men-
tioned that one of the important fea-
tures of this system was re-queening
in August, or about August. That in
volves the catching of a great number
of queens in a short time. "Would he
mind telling us how he accomplishes
that?

Mr. House — ^We make a wholesale
dequeening, and also a wholesale
rearing of queen-cells from one of our
best queens that has been tested out.

Mr. Ross — Is the^ actual finding of
the queens done by the removal of the
comb?

Mr. House — I use a method of tak-
ing two or three sections of hives and
placing an excluding zinc about half~^
way in the hive, making two spacesy^
above and below; I have several of
those, and when we get ready to look
up the queens we go along and leave
a little smoke at the entrance and
run them up through, and then we

come back and run them down again.
We can run out easily 100 queens a
day. We use one piece of zinc, but
it gives an equal space above and be-
low. Our zinc would run about the
centre. • As we smoke a hive the bees
would run up above, and we turn that
upside down, and they go back down
through the smoke.

(Mr. Hershiser — 'Any combs in the
lower, part?

Mr. iHouse — 'No combs in the lower
part.

Mr. Pettit — How do 5-ou use the
loose hanging frames?

Mr. House — 'There comes a time
when you want to handle frames. I
don't want to spend all day to get a
frame out, and in the matter of spacr
ing, I can space ten hives while you
are getting out one closed-end frome.
We space up very rapidly, and after
the bees have glued it to the fasten-
ings, there is no danger of the frame
coming away.

Mr. Hershiser — Are they close fit-
ting? :. V

Mr. House — Not very.

Mr. MoEvoj-— What is the width of
the frame?

Mr. House — Seven-eighths of an
inch. ■

Mr. Latham — ^Do you use hanging
frames?

Mr. House — Yes; I shouldn't want
anything else. I have a super frame,
and one or two of those separators
with me. (Produces same.)

President York — You can examine
these at the close of the session. Mr,
House will leave them on the table.

At 5 o'clock p. m. the Convention
adjourned for the purpose of having a
photograph taken, to meet at 8 o'clock
p. m.

. EVENING SESSION.,

8 o'clock p. m.

President York — 1 will ask Mr. W.
D. Wright, Vice President of the As-
sociation, to preside this evening.

Mr. Wright — 'Ladies and Gentlemen,
I would rather ■ Mr. York would pre-
side, but in as much as he is on the
programme for the evening we will
have to excuse him. The first thing
on the programme will be , "Comforts
and Conveniences of the Apiary" by
Mr. F. H. Cyrenius, of Oswego, New
York.

170

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Mr. Cyrenius — Everything we can
do that facilitates our labor of course
is a help to us, is a convenience;
everything we can do to make our
labor a pleasure is a comfort.

Bee-keepers have learned very dear-
ly that to have good extracted honey
it must be thoroughly ripened. I am
not going to say anything on the sub-
ject only this, it carries us along after
the season where we have, if we are
not careful, a great many robber bees,
we can't extract the honey as nicely
at that time as at others. The fact
is, I have had much comfort in ex-
tracting my honey this fall out of
season; I am glad to bring you some
ideas; I only finished my extracting
last Saturday.

First there is the matter of bee
tents. We have made these great big
bee tents that we could tip over, get
into and do all that sort of work. If
you are going to have a tent I will
show j-ou one I have had a great deal
of pleasure with. I bought a large
umbrella, one of those five feet across,
and then a piece of screen material
IS feet long and 6 feet wide fastened
to the edge of this large umbrella, and
that frilled a little as a ladys dress
would be, so that a man could step
all around under it. I have my hives
in pairs so that I have plenty of room.
I take in my comb baskets and get
my combs out ready to extract them
without any robbing.

Now I have something better.

The combs are taken from the hives,
then passed through between these
two brushes, sweeping olf all the bees
at one stroke, and passing the combs
on to the comb carrier box without
changing his position. The lid of the
comb carrier is hinged with a couple
of wire nails and adjusted so it is
opened or closed with the foot on the
lever. The brush can be fastened to
a stool, or hive body, or with a pointed
iron rod with a foot rest on side,
so the foot will easily fasten it where
wanted. The comb box made of berry
crate material, with good , handle to
the cover. I take two of these comb
carrier boxes at a time. This con-
venience saves much time, and posi-
tively no robbing. During extracting
days I have by the watch taken the
combs out of two hives, brushed off
all the bees and placed the combs in
the carriers .in only 4% minutes.

My apiary has 3 long, double rows of
hivea, with a wooden track railroad
the entire length up to the bee house.
The car holds 6 hive bodies. It is a
pleasure to load this car and go
through the apiary. Try it.

Honey Strainer.

Now, another thing about extracted
honey. I am not here to discuss the
merits or demerits of ripened honey,
but there is one thing I do like. I
like to have my honey well ripened
and have it put up in cans the same
day it is extracted. The last extract-
ing I did I had a tub that would hold
half a barrel, and in that tub I laid
a cheese cloth across, and sunk it
down almost to the bottom, above that
I took a white mosquito bar and dou-
bled it, and put that down within
about four inches of the bottom of the
cheese cloth, then above that about
the same distance I put a single
cheese cloth, then above that I put
wire cloth, about four meshes to the
inch, and then above that only just a
little hollow I had coarse wire cloth,
two meshes to the inch; every one of
those strainers contributed their part
in taking everything out of the honey.
Then I had a gate in the bottom of
it, and I had this sitting up just abovp
the scaJes the right distance, and lean-
ing against the arm of the scales T
had this little bell striker and Avhen
I got just the weight i wanted that
told me my can was full of honey.

Hive Indicator.

Tomorrow on the subject of rearing
queens I want to show you a very
handy indicator for telling what my
queens are so that I can look from
the front of my bee yard to see what
I have got. I am- breeding from the
very' best queens I can buy or raise.
iHlere is a pointer made from a piece
of old broken section; when that
points right straight out it doesn't
mean anything. I give a queen credit
or demerit for every good or bad point
her hive possesses. If a hive winter*
better than any 'other hive I give them
a little credit by lifting up the pointer:
then a little later if I find they are
breeding up faster than the other
hives I give them a little more credit;
later, if I find they are gentle to
handle, th^y get a little more credit;
if they are the other way this pointer

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

171

goes down. I mark every good and
every bad quality that I can get
against a queen or for a queen, ex-
cept color. There is no use marking
color, because we can see the color
by looking at them. When I get that
pointer up, I say those are my best
queens, I know where to And them
any time of the year.

Apiary Cage.

Now, I want to call your attention
to a queen cage for the apiary; it is
made of a narrow piece of wire cloth
with a selvage for the plug end nailed
to a stick in the form of a W. If you
want to get a queen from any hive,
you put the open end down over her,
and in a moment she is in the cage;
if you want to get some more bees
you can scoop them up in the same
way; and no matter how you put them
into a hive the bees can always get
to the queen, and feed her. I find it
the very thing for the yard. B'Ut it is
not a mailing cage. If I was going to
ship a queen away I would scoop up
my bees the same way. I want to get
young bees with the queen for ship-
ping. I scoop them up and put my
shipping cage over them, and I either
smoke them up or immerse them slow-
ly in a dish of water, and they run up
in the shipping cake.

Now, a number of years ago I gave
Mr. Hutchinson one of my queen cell
■finders or supertighteners. We will
get at this more specifically tomorrow,
but I think while I am on these special
things I will call your attention
to it to-night. If we have a hive here
with a number of supers on It tiered
up, and we want to examine that hive
as to its queen cells, here is a little
thing which I use, this has eight bear-
ings on here. Now your hive is all
solid, and with a little smoke you can
blow that right up and see whether
you have any queen cells there or
not, without overhauling the hive. I
find that a great comfort. I can look
through 30 or 40 hives in an hour, tin
them up like that. Tomorrow I will
show you a little more in my queen
rearing talk how we will handle it.

Tools Painted White.

All the tools that we use about the
bee yard should be painted white; that
gives the greatest contrast of color

that we can use, because if they fall
down in the grass we can find them.

• Use Curtains.

Another thing that I enjoy very
much is to have a few curtains, some
large and some small, and if you arc
taking off some hives and robbers
coming, you can throw those curtains
over them.

Trap the Robbers.

I think it is a good idea to have a
window near the floor of your bee
houses, and just outside you can have
a hive and have it provided with a
bee escape so that you can have a
swarm of bees outside to catch any
bees that we take into the honey
house that are too young to find their
way back to their hives. You will
save a great many bees in that way.
I thank you for your attention. (Ap-
plause).

Mr. France — I would like to ask Mr.
Cyrenius this question: In using this
brush there will always be a little
drippage of honey from the broken
bur or brace combs. When the brush
becomes a little daubed up with honey
do you wash it?

Mr. Cyrenius^No, the bees take
care of that. There is very little in
that; there is none whatever in sealed
combs. You can wash the brush if
you wish. I have never had occasion
to wash it, because there are always
bees around it, and they clean it
right up.

Mr. Stevens — ^^The honey is ripe be-
fore you take it off.

Mr. 'Cyrenius — It is just as ripe as
you can have it, very little of it is
unsealed.

Mr. Garabrant ('Xtew Jersey) — I
would like to know how many have
ever used what is called the ordinary
wall- scraper. I find it one of the
handiest things I know of to keep
things clean. I use an ordinary trowel
sometimes, and find it very handy.

Mr. Hershiser — I might offer one
suggestion about straining honey. I
use in my out apiaries ordinary barrel
tanks, and for a strainer I scratch
what is called an americabo coffee
sack, which hasn't any coloring matter
in it, over the top of the barrel, or
use the ordinary cheese cloth, and
when that gets clogged I have a book.

-'^'^

172

TENTH ANNUAL, REPORT OF THE

and I just catch the four corners up
and hang it up above the honey, and
while the first cne is straining the
second one is getting clogged up, and
when they are sufficiently drained they
are ready for use again. There is no
need to go to the trouble of adjusting
this cloth over the barrel every time It
gets clogged.

Mr. Cyrenius — Look at it in this
way. I thought very seriously of the
suggestions of Mr. Hershiser, but
usually we have got some straining to
do anyway, and I know we can get
my honey put up in the cans and
sealed up as quickly as I can from
the time it leaves the hives; I be-
lieve it holds the flavor better. When
you come to put it in large tanks and
evaporate it you are losing a great
deal of the delicate flavor, which, once
lost, never can come back. When I
leave the yard mj" honey is all in
cans and sealed.

Prevent Robbing.

Mr. Stone — I followed the plan of
taking honey from the bees this year
in the robber season without any tent
and without anj'- brush, or anything of
that kind. Just make a box very
tight so that the bees can't get into
it, and you can have it large enough
to put half a dozen supers in at one
time; let the supers be comb or ex-
tracted honey." I use the brood-frame
size for extracting, and have a cover
that fits very tight; I put the sur-
plus cases of honey into the box, and
you can put in as many as you want,
and pile them zig-zag so that the
bees can get through. Then I put
the cover on the box, and it fits
tight, and in that box cover I cut a
hole five or six inches in diameter, and
if the box is large, cut more holes.
Then I put a wire screen in that like
a cone with a hole at the top large
enough for the bees to get out, and
they will fly out there faster than you
can count them, and not one of them
will come back. If I put combs into
that box one day and go back the next
day I would not find a bee in the
box, unless it was a case where a
queen happened to get up into them,
and then the bees won't leave it. I
haven't used any escape on the hives,
and I didn't have to brush any bees,
and I never took a bee to the honey-

house, and I never saw a robber
around.

Mr. Cyrenius — How long does it
take the bees to get out of that box?

Mr. Stone — They will get out in
one night.

Mr. Cyrenius — You don't know how
much I appreciate the benefit of that
animal heat in the combs, and I want
to do the extracting while I have that
animal heat, and do it right away. I
have tried this plan, and tried a
thick icloth over the hives, but, as
the last speaker says. It generally
takes till the next day to get all the
bees out. You might use a bee-
escape just as well.

Mr. Stone — You don't get the ani-
mal heat in one night.

L. C Root — With regard to sealing
the honey as soon as it is taken from
the combs, I used to think that the
honey would cure if it was left in an
open vat, that it was better to let it
stand, and it would cure in the stand-
ing; but I found in purchasing casks
to put honey in, that if I purchased
tihem where they were thoroughly
kiln-dried that thej^ were so dry that
if you put them in a moist place the
hoops would burst, and if you took
those same dry casks and put your
honey in it would shrink them so
that th^ hoops would drop ofE. That
was proof to me that honey was ab-
sorbing the moisture rather than
throwing it off. I have found lately
that the honey seemed to me to be
of much better quality, and held its
flavor better, to can it and put it in-
to the 60-pound cans and screw the
top on tight. I like it very much bet-
ter. I believe that point is extremely
well taken

Mr. McEvoy — That is just what I
have noticed on sealing it up the very
day. . I strain it through double
cheesecloth over barrels. If it won't
go fast enough I use five or six bar-
rels. If one barrel is not quite full
I draw sufficient from another and
fill it, and I put newspapers over that
and shut the air off at once, and the
barrels are waxed ; it holds the flavor
and it is choicer honey. You can't
afford to let anything out of clover;
you want to hold- all you have got.

Mr. Wright — We will now listen to
the address of President York.

The President then read his address
as follows:

■"iry^T^e-i^W^' f-i-y^ .

-^■€-i^JS^

ILDIXOIS STATE BEE- KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

173

PRESiDrENT YORK'S ADDRESS.

I/adies and Gentlemen: — We are
met in the 41st annual convention of
the National Bee-Keepers' Association,
in a city of great historic interest, as
it is the oldest surviving settlement
in the 13 original States, having been
founded in the year 1614. Even
"Yankee Doodle" was written in a
house still standing, on the east bank
of the famous Hudson River, opposite
Albany!

We are met in one of the greatest
honey producing States of the Union;
a State which contains, also, some of
the best and most extensive bee-
keepers in all the world. It is a
State rich not only in honey-produc-
tion but also in almost everything
else that benefits a civilization like
ours. Surely, we who have come
from a distance are honored here by
friendships and associations that we
will carry with us for many years
after this meeting.

This convention represents the
greatest association of bee-keepers
ever gotten together in this country.
While other countries may have or-
ganizations of larger membership, no
doubt our Association represents a
greater number of extensive honey-
prodiicers, and more pounds of honey
produced annually, than any other
similar orffanization in all the world.
Hence, in many ways, the bee-keepers
of this Association are leaders in al-
most everything that makes bee-
keeping worth while anywhere. There-
fore there, is a responsibility resting
tipon us that is upon no other class
or country of bee-keepers. The ques-
tion is whether we will measure up
to our opportunities and responsibil-
ities in the j'ears to come. If we are
to do this, our organization will have
to progress faster than it has done
during the past few years. The
things which this Association has
done in years gone by will not con-
tinue its success in the years to come.
The new times require new ways of
doing things. The organizations of
the future must be far ahead of those
of the past, in what they "do to ad-
vance the interests of their member-
ship, or they will fail utterly. The
question then arises, what can this
Association do to help the large mem-
bership which it has secured, and
produce for them the results which

they have a right to expect? This is
a big question. I do not feel that I
am able to answer it fully, or perhaps
even partially, but I am going to have
the hardihood to leave a few sugges-
tions with you, which, I hope, or at
least think, may lead to something
better in the months and years just
ahead.

While the National Bee-Keepers'
Association has done most excellent
work for its members during its many
years of existence, it seems to me
the time has come when some ad-
vanced steps need to be taken. For
a number of years its principal ob-
ject has been that of defending its
members" in their right to keep bees
in certain locations. Ignorant and
jealous neighbors have often been "a
thorn in the flesh" of some bee-
keepers, but when their complaints
were taken into the courts of law by
the Association, we have won in
nearly every instance, and rightly so.
That very important feature, or ob-
ject, of this Association is rapidly
passing away. In other words, there
is not now the demand for such de-
fense, as the right to keep bees has
become so evident that to-day it is
seldom questioned.

As stated in Article 2 of the Consti-
tution of this Association, its objects
are: Eirst, "to promote the interests
of bee-keepers; second, to protect and
defend its members in their lawful
rights; third, to enforce laws against
the adulteration of honey." The third
of these objects is practically taken
care of by the Department of Agricul-
ture, which is enforcing the pure food
law in a wholesome way. Then it re-
mains for us to consider the first
object, of "promoting the interests of
bee-keepers." It is true the other
two objects are in the interest of bee-
keeping, but as they are taken care
of, it seems to me that we should be-
gin at this convention something look-
ing toward the promotion of one of
the still greater interests of bee-
keepers. I r-efer to the disposition of
the honey product, and advertising its
use. This means a business organiza-
tion more than ever.

In the first place, the Board of Di-
rectors, number 12, is too large, and
they are too scattered. Three, or
possibly five, capable men are suflBc-
ient. It takes too long now for the

174

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

general manager to be permitted to
do anything. He must first write and
get replies from all 12 directors, and
by that time it is probably too late
to act. The experience of almost
anyone is, that a committee of one is
the easiest to get together to do any-
thing! Of course, I would not advise
a board, or committee, of only one,
but I think that no one will question
that a board of three or five members
would be more eflUcient, and accom-
plish all that a board of a larger num-
ber could do.

Second, our annual meetings can
never be more than a small represen-
tation of the whole membership.
State meetings can be fairly large,
and can consider many things that
would be of interest to the National
Association. I would have the State
associations branches of the Na-
tional, and not merely, as now, in-
dividual members working independ-
entlj^. The State brianches should
elect at their annual meetings one or
two delegates to the National conven-
tion, and then these National meet-
ings should be a law making body for
the whole, and meet at some central
place, the expenses being cared for
out of the general fund. Suppose this
present meeting were made up of
delegates from all the States and
Territories, who had been elected and
given authority to represent their
State and Territorial memberships;
then we could have an attendance of
about 100 of those most capable and
most interested and, doubtless, the
best able to consider the things of
vital interest to the bee-keeping in-
dustry throughout the whole country.
We must get away from discussing
the minor things of bee-keping at
our great annual National conven-
tions. The matters of the best way
to produce honey, the best way to
introduce queens, and the best way
to do a lot of things in bee-keeping
can best be left to the columns of the
bee-papers, all of which ought to be
taken and read by those who desire
to accomplish anything worth while in
bee-keeping. These National gather-
ings should be devoted to the larger
things of honey-production. They
should be business meetings through-
out, and have to do mainly with the
marketing and distributing of the
honey crop, beeswax, etc. If bee-

keeping is ever to be put upon a busi-
ness basis in this country, there must
be co-operation in marketing the
honey crop. The producers of citrus
fruits in California during the past ten
years have simply worked wonders
for those engaged in that line of busi-
ness, and they have done it through
co-operation.

'The time is rapidly passing away
when a single producer in any line
can make a success all by himself.
These are "get together" times, and
bee-keepers have lost much during the
past decade in not being properly
organized so as to protect their own
interests, and realize a proper return
for their efforts in the production of
honey. Again I say, leave the methods
of production and the details in
that line to the bee- papers of the
country, but the larger and more diffi-
cult work — the marketing of the prod-
uct— let that be controlled by a Na-
tional organization made up of the
branch organizations in the various
States and Territories.

Third, we should all help to make
the (State conventions a great success.
If possible, have some National of-
ficer, or officers, always present. Let
the National get out the programs for
the State conventions, or at least
assist them in doing it. By unitedly
working together, every State conven-
tion can be made "a hummer."

The honey-marketing question is
surely a live one. The b§e-papers can
not deal with it in a practical way
as they are not in a position to do
so. As before mentioned, ■ they can
tell the bee-keepers how to produce
honeyi but when it comes to selling,
it is another question. The beginner
desires to know where to sell, and
how much to charge for his product.
This advice can be satisfactorily
given him if someone is studying the
markets, and thus is in position to
know how to advise.

•This is not a new thing I am talk-
ing about. 'The 'Colorado and Mich-
igan Associations have been working
along this line for several years, and
they are gaining ground every year.
The Ontario Bee Keepers' Association
is also making progress in the same
way. Our National Association will
soon have to "get in the swim," or it
will pass away. It can't exist long
now by simply drifting. There is no

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEBPBRS' ASSOCIATION.

175

. such a thing as standing still m an
. organization of this kind; it must ad-
vance or it is bound to retire. Will
we stand by and see it go backward?

The time has come, I believe, when
the National Association can well af-
ford to employ a ma,n to look after
this work for them. One live man —
1 say a live man^-devoting his whole
time to organizing the bee-keepers of
this country, could make the 'National
Association go forward by leaps and
bounds, and could in a very few years
place the whole bee-keeping industry
on a much safer footing than it oc-
cupies today. It cannot be done, how-
ever, on the small compensation of-
fered at the present time. The dues
must be placed at $1.00 a year and
that would furnish funds for accom-
plishing the work. People are usually
willing to pay what it costs to be
well served. You cannot, for very
long, expect to get something for
nothing, as most men cannot afford
to engage in the philanthi-opist busi-
ness. It is true, we have had very
unselfish and generous work done in
the interest of this Association, but
its membership should no longer ex-
pect that any man in these days can
afford to devote his time and talents
to advancing their interests without
being paid for it, and well paid, at
that. Brains and busiiness ability cost
money these days, and the bee-keep-
ers of this country can well afford to
pay for them. For when they are set
r to work, they are going to return to
the individual bee-keeper tens of dol-
lars for the $1.00 membership.

It is true that some radical meas-
ures will have to be adopted. No
doubt the Constitution of this Associa-
tion will have to be amended, so it
will permit the doing of things that
need to be done in the best interest
of the members. If what I have sug-
gested meets with the approval of the
majority of those in attendance at
this meeting, I would recommend the
appointment of a committee for the
purpose of suggesting amendments to
the Constitution, and that before ad-
joumdng we take such action as will
be necessary to bring about the
changes in the Constitution that will
permit the carrying out of what the
best thought of this convention feels
should be done in the future.

Without in any way suggesting a

threat, I would like to say right here,
that it has been intimated to me that
unless the National Bee-Keepers' As-
sociation takes an advanced step
along the line I have indicated in the
foregoing, another organization is
likely to attempt to supersede the Na-
tional. This, of course, none of us
want to see done. The National
should lead, as it alwaj'S has led; but
in order to continue doing this, it
must adapt itself to the demands of
progress and advancement that come
with each succeeding year. Let us
consider carefully things that will
make for the greater success of bee-
culture, and let us not hesitate to go
forward, or at least to do \yhat we
can to advance a little the larger in-
terests of our constituency — through-
out the domain of our membership.

We are engaged in a wonderfully
interesting vocation. Its methods and
main product appeal to almost every-
one. Where Is the person who can-
not be interested in the marvelous
habits and occupation of the little,
busy bee? I have personally held an
audience of several hundred children
almost breathess while I tried to
show them, through the stereopticon,
the wonders and glories of the hive.
Any one can do that who knows any-
thing at airdefinitely about the honey
bee and itsi honey. I believe it would
pay this Association, when properly
organized, if it can, at not too great
an expense, keep some good lecturer
on the road, teling the people some-
thing about the bee and its work, and
incidentally emphasizing the high
value of honey as a daily food.

When this association is running as
it can run, it will have ample funds
for advertising honey in various ways.
No doubt it can establish its own
brand — that can be used by all the
state or branch organizations through-
out the country. With the wide co-
operation that I have here suggested
who will say that every pound of
honey produced every year, will not
bring a higher price, and thus more
profit to the producer? And not only
will better methods of production be
encouraged, but more honest grading
and packing will be compelled. The
brand of the National Bee-Keepers'
Association placed upon any package
cf honey, should be a guarantee that it
is absolutely all right in every par-

■''^?>rJ-^■^;^;■■•f 'Nj^ -<,.>:?: ';^'^'

176

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

ticular. It may be that there will have
to be various centers in each state,
where the crops of its members will
be sent for proper grading and pack-
ing, and then be shipped in car-lots
to the larger cities, where a demand
has been created in advance. A more
equal distribution of the honey pro-
duced can be secured in this way.

If, we have one or two energetic,
up-to-date business men devoting their
whole time to the management of this
organization, there is no reason why
they should not know the condition of
every large honey market on this con-
tinent, and thus be in a position to
supply the markets properly, and
bring about a more equal distribution
of honey than at the present time,
when often some of the markets are
overloaded and others are unsupplied.
This shoud not be, and need not be,
if there is someone whose business
it is to see that the honey product is
distributed as the markets demand.
This is done in other lines of produc-
tion, and I see no reason whv. with
the proper co-operation and affiliation
of local organizations, it cannot be
done as successfully for the honey-
producers.

But I must not go on longer. "We
have the field in which to work, but
it needs proper cultivation. It needs
wnse and business-like management,
in order to realize a just financial re-
turn for all the labor that has been
bestowed in order to secure a large
crop of fine honey. Bee-keepers are
not selfish; they do not want more
than their product is worth, but I in-
sist that they do want, and deserve, a
fair price as compared with other
food-products, and this they are not
getting today. I believe it is their own
fault. No one will attend to our
business for us; we must do that our-
selve, or take the consequences. The
consequences are often father serious.
Why not plan for the largest success,
rather than be satisfied with some-
thing small, or less than can be ob-
tained if properly done? "While we
are doing at all, we might as well do
things right. We may as well mag-
nify the business of honey-production.
I believe we can easily do this by a
system of co-operation and manage-
ment, and I think the National Bee-
Keepers' Association is the one organ-
ization that should make the first

move toward securing these impor-
tant conditions and results among the
bee-keepers of this continent. The
questions to be settled are: Will we
do it? Are we big enough to under-
take this great work, or will we drift
along as we have been doing in the
years just gone by? I believe the time
is opportune to take an advanced step.
I realize that it cannot be done rapid-
ly, as the best and most lasting things
of this world are of slow growth, but
I believe we should begin to move.
Any why not this be "moving day"
along these lines?

GEORGE W. YORK, Pres.
Chicago, III., Oct. 10, 19il0.

Mr. Wright — ^LVoes any member wish
to touch on anything along the lines
sugges-ted in the President's Address'?
He has given up a very great deal of
food for thought; there is no doubt
a great deal can be done along the
lines suggested, if we take the proper
action.

Mr. Davenport — Moved, seconded by
Mr. Davis, that a committee of three
be appointed to consider the proposi^
tions made in the able address of the
President, and make such amend-
ments to the Constitution of the Na-
tional Association as they may deem
proper.

The "Vfce President put the motion
which, on a vote having been taken,
was declared carried.

Mr. Hershiser — 'Are w€ going to
pass this question with out any discus-
sion? It is very important. It seems
to me there ought to be some dis-
cussion and a few thoughts on it.
The desirability of getting a higher
price for honey — raising the market
price — seems to me to be so evident
that no one would think contrary to
it; but how we are going to bring it
about ■ is a very large question. I
think it lies with the individual bee-
keepers, largely. It may be that it
is something that may eventually reg-
ulate itself, but there has been practi-
cally no progress in the last fifteen
years towards the raising of the price
of honey, while everything else has
risen. Once in a while some person
with the hardihood comes forward
and says we are getting good prices
for honey. I can remember, since I
have been keeping house, bacon has
gone up double the price; wheat has

I.J -;Pii.'-, ^^>;<?i5«tti,^.•=^u^s•-■'4,jS5|j*fc sf

ILLINOIS STATE BBE-KEBPEBS' ASSOCIATION.

177

gone from about 42 or 45 cents in
1894, up to double that price now, and
the price of food af all kinds has gone
up. The people raising a few chick-
ens in their back yard to furnish a
few eggs say they can't do it, and
come out even unless they get 35 or
40 cents a dozen,, and it seems every-
thing we consume has gone almost
double, while the price of honey has
hardly advanced. I went to a gro-
cery man I trade with in Buffalo; he
sent for me and wanted to buy some
honey. He said, "How much is it?"
I said, "16 cents a box." He said he
could buy honey from somebody in
the northern part of the state of New
York at 12 centa I said, "It costs
a little to ship it down, and there is
some breakage." "Yes," he said, "but
there is more margin. I think I ought
to buy it where I can buy it a little
cheaper." I said, "You can't buy it of
me any cheaper. When you were
selling bacon at 14 cents, I didn't
receive any more for my honey, and
you want me now, when bacon is al-
most double in price, to give you a
reduction on my honey." He saw
the point and paid my price for the
honey. Stick to your price; make
a price and stick to it. i:>on't let the
groceryman beat you down. Just as
soon as your groceryman begins to
fight with you, there is also a fight
with the producer of the goods and
the person going to distribute them;
he wants to get them as cheap as he
can. I, on the other hand, being a
producer, want to get my goods naeas-
ured in the value of other things I
have to buy. It is not a question
whether 10 or 15 cents for a pound
of honey is a high or low price, it is
a question of what it will buy in other
things. It is a questian of how to
get at it. I appeal to the individual
bee-keeper to get for your goods what
they are worth, and' don't have a panic
every time you get a little honey.

Mr. Davis — In seconding the mo-
tion as it was stated here, I wish to
say that the President's address em-
bodied some very good suggestions.
It ""has been my privilege to stat«
before in conventions of bee-keepers
the necessity there is for getting
together. I take exception to the
individual bee-keeper trying to do
anything by himself; I personally
/can't see how it can be done. Tou

—12

have been doing it ever since you
have kept bees; each one has tried
to get the best you could from your
dealers, and are you getting it? Per-
sonally, I don't believe you are; not
when there is such a vast difference
between what you get for it, and what
the man that eats it pays for it. Now,
there is something in the difference
between what you get for it and what
he pays for it, that is coming to you.
If the individual could do it by him-
self there would be no Standard Oil,
there would be no trusts, there would
be nothing like that for us to fight.
We haven't got to fear those who are
right here with us; we have got the
little fellow with his store soap-box
hive of bees to compete with. He will
come, in and sell all the honey he can
make in one year for 9 cents a pound,
and he sets the market price in your
immediate locaJity, and they think
you are an awfully mean fellow if
you don't sell your honey as cheap
as he does! You have to get to-
gether, and the fact that there was
no discussion on the subject seemed
to me it was so self-evident to this
intelligent body that it didn't need
any discussion. There is absolutely
no other way of deciding- it but by
■getting together. ;

Mr. Hershiser — I wouldn't have it
understood that I don't appreciate the
va.lue of getting together; I appreciate
that as much as anybody does, but I
desired a little discussion on this
question in order to sort of emphasize
the necesity of getting together; and
as appealing to the individual bee-
keepers, I certainly mean nothing per-
sonal to any individual bee-keeper;
I mean the individual bee-keepers as
composing a large class, each individ-
ual trying to do the best he can. The
last speaker says he doesn't think the
individual bee-keeper can do anything.
While that is not an important mat-
ter, I want to relate one little in-
cident that one of the inspectors of
this state w^as telling me. A whie
ago, during his inspection, he came
across a bee-keeper who had some
1,200 or 1,400 pounds of honey of all
grades; some very nice, and some
not so nitee, buckwheat and dther hon-
ey, and he was looking it over. He
said to the inspector: "I have that
honey, but I don't know what to do
with It." "Why," the inspector said.

178

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

"what do you want for it? What is it
worth?" He said, "I would take 6
cents a pound for it." The inspector
replied: "It is sold." So it was packed
shortly afterwards. This inspector
came around and loaded it on his
wagon, hauled it down to the village,
perhaps half a mile or a mile dis-
tant, and sold it for 12 cents, right
where this individual bee-keeper could
have just as well gone and got a miar-
ket for his honey, as to have feit he
was distressed by having a few hun-
dred pounds of honey which he didn't
know what to do with. If I have
made any mistajke about the facts in
this case, I appeal to Mr. Stevens.

Mr. Davis — I will qualify the re-
marks I made, relative to the indi-
vidual. I inferred from the tenor of
Mr: Hershiser's remarks that he
thought we could do better scrap-
ping, each one for himself.

Mr. Hershiser — No, I didn't think
that at all.

Mr. France— To me, this paper is
worth deep consideration; it is the
paper of the Convention. We realize
all there is in it. The next question
is: Are we going to settle right back
and Jet a committee of three do it all?
They can't accomplish it. We are alL
part of the committee, and unless we
all do something, this organization
diifts as it is, and it is time we were
doing, not as we have done, and the
recommendations in the President's
address are well worthy of our con-
sideration. In fact, I think it is al-
most worth while to take them in
detail. Yet, if this organization is go-
ing to develop, and do things, and
grow, those things have got to come
under consideration, and that in the
near future. Bear with me if I take
an illustration on the first proposition,
that the State associations should t>e
Ibranches of the larger, the Counties
branches of the State, and make it in
systematic shape. The illustration I
want to bring before you is this: I
was called from home away down
here to your State to attend your
State and County conventions at the
expense of the state; I just got home
when I was called right hack to Penn-
sylvania. Look at the extra car fare.
I said: "I won't do that again." It was
because there had not been an un-
derstanding beforehand. If we need
outside help to make these meetings

a success, if we put it in systematic
shape, that can be avoided. For in-
stance, if you want an outside party
to go to these varied places, make
your meetings immediately following
one another, so that that party can
travel from one to the other. Then,
again, several of the State Fairs are
looking for the some one of authority,
as judge; one who is capable; and
how quickly would they accept and
appreciate recommendations from a
National organization! In our State
every County Fair looks to the State
Horticultural Society to recommend a
horticulturist for judge, and he must
be a member of the Horticultural So-
ciety. Why couldn't that apply to
the bee-business? If we want laws,
it is co-operation that gets them.
Therefore this same question of sys-
tem comes in again. The National
has done something, but the work is
just begun. Our dues in the Nation-
al Association are not such as to place
us in a position in which we can do
these things. I am censured sorely
for not doing more, when I have noth-
ing to do it with. I must kee'p with-
in the limits of what the treasury con-
tains, and not do as I did the first
year as State Inspector, and use up
the little amount that was allowed
me, and go into my own pockets some
$40. T^he State shook their heads
and said. "No, you can't have that,
only what the State has allowed."
And so with the National, we must
not expend more than is in the treas-
ury. Last year, at the close of the
financial year, we had $509.00, and to-
day we have $533.00 and all debts
paid up. Now, I can't do much un-
der these conditions. Many of the
State^ Associations find, where we are
collecting dues of one dollar, saving
one-half of that dollar for the State
Association and one-half for the Na-
tional, that they can't exist, and can't
keep on doing good on 50 cents. I
believe it is four States already that
have decided they must change their
dues, and have the dues to the State
Association one dollar; and then the
National stands 'back and) says, "Well,
we will take a half of a dollar more
to carry out the National work." I
leave it for your consideration, that
If we are going to do something we
must have something to do it with. I
have heen curtailed as to the amount
of printed material I could send out

ILLINOIS STATE BEiE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

179

in that line alone. I have sent back
to our membership within a very few
pennies per .member, in actual cost,
their dues in printed material this
year, and still I am handicapped. We
have our President's address which
says, it is time now to do something;
not so much discussion, but get down
to business andi do.

air. L. C. Root — I am perfectly de-
lighted with what the last speaker has
said: I agree with him fully in regard
to the importance and value of the
President's Address, but the thing I
am most pleased about is the refer-
ence to the necessity of organizing.
I have been, as some of you knoW:
interested in this Association for s
long time, particularly in the earlier
days, when it was the North Ameri-
can Bee-Keepers' Association, which,
you will agree with me, did some
good work, and I have been an advo-
cate of more thorough organization.
I believe I have felt it as much as any-
one in connection with the work, and
recently my idea was so strong in
regard to that, that I was influential
in organizing an association in Fair-
field County, in Connecticut, with the
thought in mind that it was one way
to strengthen our State organization.
I wish every county in the State of
Conecticut would form a county as-
sociation and work for the interests
of the State convention, then that

^ our State convention should go to the
National with more people represent-
ing it than we have this time. It ap-
peared from what some of the speak-
ers said that the organizing of the
County convention would hinder rath-
er than strengthen the State organiza-
tion. For this reason I am special-
ly glad our friend made this strong
point. We need the County organi-
zations to work and strengthen the
State organization, and then throw
the force of the State organization to
this National Convention. I think we
ought to act.

President York — I would like to

" hear from Dr. Gates; I believe he can
say some things to us along more

y lines than marketing the honey prod-

" uct. We should strike out with the
intention of doing something. I thimk
this is I>r. Gates' opportunity to tell
us something we can do. -

Dr. Gates — I have not planned any
remarks for this occasion, but during

the last paper I couldn't help but think
of the work which is planned for Mas-
sachusetts. The outline of the Presi-
dent's address, the organization
scheme, is one which I have had in
mind for our iState. I have just been
talking with Mr. Stewart, and getting
a little information as • to the or-
ganization of New York State, and I
propose this winter, if possible, to or-
ganize an association in each of the
counties, or possilbly combine one or two
Counties of Massachusetts, and have
these local organizations tributary to
a State organization, and then, if pos-
sible, (and if it is considered advis-
able), have them a part or aflfiliated
with the National organization. I
think, perhaps, Massachusetts has had
less representation in the National,
than she should have. I know when
I was actively connected with the
Worchester County Society, the ques-
tion of joining the National came up,
and, if I may. be so frank as to state,
the vote was against joining the Na-
tional, because that local organization
at that time couldn't see any benefit
coming from the National, and I think
possibly they were in a. measure justi-
fied; but the point is, they should not
gain that idea; there should be no oc-
casion for it; they should feel rather
that they could not afford to do with-
out membership in the National, and
if some scheme as has been suggested
tonight were brought forward, I would
be very pleased to see it in working
order.

President York — I don't want to say
much more myself, but there are some
I "vvould like to hear from. I think
Mr. Byer could tell us something
about the organization work in Can-
ada, in a very few words.
. Mr. Byer — Mr. Pettitt will be more
able to do that.

Mr. Merely Pettit — I was just think-
ing, as has been said, that our Presi-
dent's address is really the most im-
portant subject that we have up for
consideration tonight. We all under-
stand pretty well about the producing
of comb honey, and extracted honey,
and those things. It is now largely
a matter of selling. Mention has
been made of what has been done in
the Province of Ontario, Canada. I
just wanted to make a little correc-
tion in what our President said this
afternoon, something about Ontario

> f

180

TEiXTH ANNUAL, REPORT OF THE

being too small. I would like to
bring before the National Association
that we have representatives here
from Ontario as well as Quebec, and
we are doing things in the bee-line
there, and a number of your members
come over to our Ontario Association,
and we are glad to have particularly
the men from New York State, who
come there almost every year, and
others; and while I am on my feet,
I would like to say that we have been
looiking from year to year for a meet-
ing of the National at Ontario or some
Canadian point; it has not been there
for some years. An invitation was
issue from the Ontario Association
to this convention to come to Toronto
as soon as possible.

Now, with reference to the work
that is being done in Ontario in the
selling of honey. About five or six
years ago the suggestion was made
in the columns of the Canadian Bee
Journal, and then at the Ontario Con-
vention, I think the meeting at Barrie
the first time — Mr. Byer was connect-
ed with these references, and I think
I made some references myself in the
Canadian Bee Journal — and out of
that grew a committee; it started as
a honey exchange, which didn't do
very much in the way of organized
selling; it settled down to a crop re-
port committee. This crop report
committee, we were fortunate in the
selection of its members. The man
on this work is the important factor;
the man in charge of the selling or-
ganization is the whole thing. If you
get the right man it goes; if you do
not, it doesn't, as all who have been
associated with selling organizations
know well. This committee, in the
first place, was composed of Mr. Byer,
Mr. Couse (who is a business man,
and was Secretary of our association
for 21 or 22 years) Mr. Sibbald, and
one or two others, whose names I
can't recall; anyway, they were men
who were honey-producers, and busi-
ness men in the selling of honey and
in other lines. These men meet an-
nually to consider the crop report.
The crop report is obtained in this
way: "We send to our mailing list of
bee-keepers a post-card with a crop-
report form on it; this is sent about
July 20th, I think, and the report
is expected to be in by August. This
is sent to our mailing list, I am mak-
ing this a part of my work at the

Agricultural College at Guelph, to col-
lect a mailing list of bee-keepers in
Ontario. I now have about three
thousand names andl addresses of bee-
keepers in Ontario; I haven't nearly
all of them yet, but I am getting them
from the inspectors from year to year.
We send out a thousand post-cards
with the blank to be filled out. I have
forgotten just the number, but it is
in the neighborhood of 500 reports
we received from bee-keepers, stat-
ing their crop of white honey. Those
500 bee-ikeepers reported 1,375,000
pounds, in round numbers, of extract-
ed and comb honey, largely extracted.
They also reported on these cards
the number of colonies they have,
what their crop was last year, and the
prices they obtained last year, and
comparing this year's crop with last
year's crop, also taking into consider-
ation the fruit crop and other things
which "^ight bear on the prices of
honey, this committee estimates what
the price of honey should be for this
season. This committee has done
this sort of thing now for about five
years. I think it is, and have never
failed. The prices w^hich have been
received by the bee-keepers for their
crops, at least by the majority
of them. There is no combine, no or-
ganized selling as such, simply look-
ing to the report of this committee.
It has come now that the producers
largely look for this report; the buy-
ers also look for this report, and there
is not much trade done in selling until
this report comes, and the buyers
have just about made up their minds,
as far as white honey is concerned,
that they might as well depend on
these prices, because those who hold
the bulk of the honey in Ontario will
hold for those prices and get them.

Now, further than that, in the mat-
ter of organized selling, I have no
doubt a good work could be done. It
is very difficult, but it is being done
by some of your states, and some
groups of States combined, I under-
stand; and while it seems like a very
large mouthful, to control the whole
output of the United States, provid-
ed you can find the man, or body of
two or three men with the business
ability to dio this work, it can be done,
but, as has been stated, there must
be the money forthcoming to run the
business. How the business manager
of the National has continued' to do

.V''

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

181

the work that he has done, on the
appropriation or the money he re-
ceives from the membership fees and
on the allowance he gets for his own
time, is more than I can understand,
because it is a tremendous work that
Is being done, and the possibilities
for more work are so great, and of
the dollar-and-cent income to the hon-
ey-producers of the country the possi-
bilities are so great that the invest-
ment of a mere five or ten or fifteen
dollars membership in the National
would be as nothing to the benefit
that might be received from' this
work. (Applause).

Mr. Wright — We are very glad to
hear from Mr. Pettit; we know the
Canadiians are wide-awake.

Mr. Stone (Illinois) — I will state a
little circumstance that resulted in a
good deal. At our State Fair at
Springfield there were three exhibit-
ors; they all had about the same price
for their jars of honey beforehand,
but we found when it came to the
close of the Fair, a fourth man was
selling less per jar for the same size
than the others were: I had made
out a card that gave the size of the
jar, the weight of honey that was in
it, the price of the honey and the price
of the jar. by the gross, and the total
price of each of the jars. Just as soon
as the other men found I had that,
they all got it, and that is the estab-
lished price for extracted honey in
Springfield today; and there is no
honey sold in the jar but what is sold
at that price. The commission mer-
chants can't sell extracted honey at
all. There was one of them who had
some shipped in, and he offered it at
eight cents a pound. It was fine alfal-
fa honey. He couldn't sell it at all.
The extracted honey that is sold there
is sold) by the bee-keepers that live in
that vicinity. The comb honey we let
the commission merchants brin,g in
and sell. Whatever the established
price is throughout the United States,
the regulated price, it doesn't interfere
with our extracted honey; we sell
that at fifteen cents a pound, and add
the price of the jar to the honey.

A. C French — I attended the Valley
Fair; we had three exhibits there,
and each one who sold honey had to
take out a license and pay $5. Now,
■each one at the Fair sold honey at
the same price, no cut, and an honest
pound in each jar. We got 25 cents a

pound retail, and 20 cents wholesale.
Quite a number of merchants were
ready- to pick it up at that price. One
Boston merchant came there and
wanted to know how much sugar I
put in. I told him about ten pounds
to a gallon. I thought that was suffi-
cient. He said: -'It looks like it." i
said, "now the proof of the pudding is
the eating. If you want to taste it,
pick out any jar you have a mind to
in the exhibit." "No," he said, "you
pick one out." "No," I said, "that is
your privilege, not mine." There was a
rack on the showcase where the light
didn't strike it, and it was dark, and
he picked one from that. I said, "Hold
that up to the light." He did so. I
said, "I want you to know that the
statement I make is ajl right." He
tasted it and said: "I would like four
cases of that." I said, "you are paying
a pretty good price for sugar." He
said all the sugar that was in that he
could put in his eye. We have one
price. If I can't get my price for my
honey, it stays with me.

Mr. Garabrant — With reference to
the remarks of Mr. Pettit, about some-
one establishing the price and supply-
ing stores, I might say that for' three
years past, several times I have not
quite been able to get the market
price, but I have asked them if they
knew what the market price was. I
think in only one case have they been
able to find any established market
price, unless they chanced to have
bought a case of honey in New York
City. Some committee such as he
suggests should distribute some sort
of information to storekeepers, as to
the market price to pay the local
producer, and they would know when'
a man came in whether he asked too
much or too little. My experience
has been that the local producer sets
the price in a great many cases,
either high or low, as he chose to see
it.

L. Zotner — When you mark it grade
No. 1 honey it should be No. 1, and
not No. 2. That is the way to estab-
lish a price. When you go to a whole-
sale man and tell him you have No. 1
honey, and it is put up in a good, pre-
sentable shape, you will get your
price.

Mr. Hurlej' — I would like to say a
few words on the address of President
York. I think we all owe a debt of
gratitude to Mr. Hershiser for opening

182

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

the discussion, I was afraid when
Mr. York sat down it might pass with-
out discussion. This is the most im-
portant matter that has been brought
before this convention, because it con-
sists of a question of the life of the
association itself. Now, there has been
much said tonight about what ought
to be done, but nothing practical has
been suggested. I would like to sug-
gest a practical, plan, which might be
worked out. I think it could be worked
out, and should he worked out. I
have here in my hands a magazine
called, "The World's Work" for Octo-
ber, which describes what has been
acomplished by co-operation in Eng-
land by a few weavers, w^ho, 60 years
ago, . scraped together a few pounds
and started a small co-operative store.
After ■ working enthusiastically and
making of that great co-operative
question, almost a religious question,
they have succeeded, after 60 years,
in organizing a large businesis enter-
prise that is greater in its volume of
business than the Carnegie steel in-
dustry in your" country today. These
few weavers who started this co-op-
erative enterprise have succeeded in
accomplishing a work, which, in 1908,
did a business of $517,000,000 worth.
Now, let us have something practical
suggested at least for the committee
to work upon. My idea would be this:
the basis of the National, as suggest-
ed by Mr. York, should be the State
Association in conjunction with our
Provincial Association, because I am
gratified as a Canadian that you per-
mit us to join with j-ou in your Na-
tional Association, and you have
thereby practically made it an in-
ternational association. If some one
State would take this matter in
hand and organize a co-opera-
tive store, or a co-operative sell-
ing center, and place a man like
Mr. France, or someone whom he
might name or select, in charge of
this selling center, and have all the
bee-keepers in your State on your roll
and have your entire honey product
shipped to this selling center, and
have it classified according to its
quality, and there have it sold
throughout the State and wherever
you could find a market — have one
selling point to control the sale of that
honey. You would then have the
commencement of a selling organiza-
tion for your entire output of honey.

I believe much could be accomplished
if you would make that an aim. It
may appear difficult to start such an
enterprise, but I believe it is possible;
I believe that the enterprising men of
New York State are capable of put-
ting it through. I believe that the/
men before us to-night are capable
starting such an enterprise, and if yc
once started it and made it a succe^
in one state, from there it would soon
spread. I do not think the task is as
great as has been accomplished by the
co-operative societies, both in Eng-
land and Scotland. The difficulties
they overcame are far greater than
selves to you in forming such a sell-
ing organizzation as would dispose of
your crops of honey. I believe there
is to be a move made in that direction
in Ontario during the coming year.
Otir Honey Crop Committee of Ontario,
while it is doing very good work
in giving the bee-keepers a suggestion
as to what price honey should sell at,
yet I wish to say it is not covering
the case entirely; it does not cover
the case of a man whom Mr. Her-
shiser has mentioned. We have hun-
dreds of men in Ontario, and away
back in the Counties, who are produc-
ing from 300 to 10,000' pounds of honey.
Those men are not reached by the
Honey Crop conimittee report, at least
they are not affected by it, and they
go into the towns nearest to them and
sell their honey for whatever they can
get for it. While the Honey Crop Com-
mittee has done good work among the
large producers it has failed to reach
the small producer, and it is the small
producer that makes the standard of
the price, and something should be done
to get in the honey from those men
that have it and can't sell it, and don't
know how to sell it. By having some
selling organization that would bring
their honey to a common centre and
sell it in a business like manner, I
think you would accomplish just what
you desire. The first thing to do is
to get yQur State organization in a
perfect condition, and then let your
National be based upon the pedestal
which your State organization would
constitute; then your National would
be a parliament, a legislative body
set up by your State organizations.
(Applause.)

The president called for the paper
on "Selection in Breeding to Increase

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

183

the Honey Grop," by Mr. George B.
Howe, Black River, N. Y.

Mr. Howe — ^What I am about to say
has been repeated in the Bee-Keepers'
Review, only a little differently. It is
not what I shall say, but what I have
done that you should look at.

SELECTION IN BREEDING TO" IN-
CREASE THE HONEY CROP.

In trying to impart to you one of
the most essential things in apiculture
and yet the most neglected, for we
have been told that it was impossible
to improve the honey bee, I often
wonder what reason anyone has for
such an idea. We all know what has
been said on the subject, and yet a
few years in selecting and breeding
not only contradicts, but proves be-
yond a doubt that it was all theory.
Theory is all right, used a^ it should
be, but facts are what we want. In
my breeding I have been led by facts,
not by color or any other hobby. 1,
wish that my most beautiful bees
w^ould produce for me as much honey
as the other less standard stock.

The old theory is that it matters
very little what drone a queen mates
with, if she has a good mother. I
have the proof that it does make all
the difference in the world, if you
wish the very best queens. Just
stop and think seriously about this.
Does not every breeder of animals
put as much dependence on the male
in breeding? You will find that he
does, and more.

It is a wonder that we have as good
honey-gatherers as we have. And let
me explain just why it is so. It is all
in the law of the nature of bees, for
the strongest drone is pretty sure to
mate with the queen. You all know,
or should know, that in years past
our very best honey-getters were
ruthlessly killed with sulphur fumes,
because they made the most honey.

I find after years of records of . tho
best queens that I could rear or buy,
it was the colonies that were very
dark, some showing only two yellow
bands unless filled with honey. So

I have found that colonies with bees
too yellow, or too dark or black were
not the largest producers.

There is a standard in color to go
by, and it never has yet failed with
me. . In all fancy stock there is so

much to sacrifice for beauty. Now,
then, it is an easy matter to select
a good breeding queen. Rear a few
queens from her; and if the average
is high and even, she is a good breeder.
Otherwise she should not be used.

; LONGEVITY IN BEES.

There is one way to prove this trait
in your bees, and that is in the work-
ing season. It will surprise many
to know that ten days, or even five,
on a bee's life means many dollars
in the bee-keeper's pocket. Don't
think that if your bees winter per-
.fectly that they have this trait. Test
it in the working season. It is the
only sure test. Be sure that every
queen-mother has this trait. Also j-our
drone-mothers.

HEREDITY.

Here hangs our success or failure
in selecting a breeding queen. Never
use a queen just because she is a
wonderful honey producer. Test her
to know that she produces her desir-
able traits in her daughters. Not
every queen is a breeder; very few, in
fact, that are what they should be;
but I find that in being led by facts,
and not by any theory, I am gaining
in getting more good queens. I put
great stress on my breeding queens,
whose bees show vitality to fly in
the rain and when it is cool. Also
they should have long wings. Some
Italian bees carry as much as a third
more honey than the black bees. Bear
in mind these trivial things — as they
v.'ll look to many bee-keepers, — for
they are of vital importance, and
should not be overlooked.

Remember, any bee will gather and
store honey when there is an abund-
ance of nectar in the flowers, but in
selecting my breeders I prefer a poor
season. Then we surely know that
when they store a good surplus in
such seasons she is worth the price.

Any one can easily tell when bees
have the most desirable traits, with
a little patience. Longevity you all
know. Certain colonies will have as
many bees in the hives as other colo-
nies, that have a third more brood.
Furthermore,! those same colonies
keep their numbers steadily increas-
ing, while the other colonies come to
a standstill. If you will take a frame

184

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

of brood from these best bees, and
put it into a colony of black bees,
keeping a careful record when the
last bees hatch, and when the last
bees disappear, of these bees that you
are testing-, you will surely know,
if in the working season, that you are
right.

Proliflcness is all right, and all
breeding queens should be prolific,
but without the other traits to go
with it, it counts for nothing, and I
think we have . been misled by some
writers advocating it so strongly.

We must watch our bees to learn
their range of flight. It will surprise
some to know that some colonies in
the same apiary fly less than half
the distance that other colonies do.
There are facts, and I will say that the
trait of long range in our yellow
bees is in this direction. I think
we, as a whole, have been led too
much by color alone, losing sight of
traits that great honey-producers
must have. I find that my best
colonies winter perfectly, and unless
they do, we should not use them as
breeders in this northern country, at
least.

This trait of longevity is separate
from hardiness, and should not be
confounded with it. And if bees do
not show length of life in the work-
ing seasons over other colonies, we
vvill not know they possess this most
valuable trait. I bring this up to be
sure that you understand it. No race
of bees show the trait or character-
istic of hardiness like the black or
German bee, to m.y knowledge. But
there are too many poor colonies of
this race. So stick to the dark
Italians, every time, if your bread
and butter depends upon honey as a
business.

The drone has been sadly neglected
and unless we select our drone-mothers
as persistently, and know thari: they
possess all the desirable traits of our
fiuee]) -mothers, we will never succeed
in producing the very best honey-
gatherers.

GEO. B. HOWE.
Black River, N. Y.

PRICE OF EXTRACTED HONEY.

"How much should we get for ex-
tracted honey in a retail way?"

Mr. Garabrant — We have had honey
in my section in the central part of

New Jersey retail up to 25 cents a
bottle.

Mr. Yates (Conn.) — That is about
what they sell for in Connecticut. We
get 25 cents a pound, retail, for pound
sections, too.

Ml-. Horn — We get about the same
price in Massachusetts.

Mr. Garabrant — I didn't speak of
comb honey; that varies from 20 to
25 cents per section.

Mr. Coggshall — If a man buys a
bottle of milk he will return the bot-
tle; why do not bee-keepers follow
the same practice?

Mr. Yates — The Board of Health
in our section won't allow that.

GETTING INCREASE AND HONEY.

"As a producer of extracted honey
how can I best make increase and
not affect my crop of honey?"

Mr. Hershiser — I would suggest you
make the increase the year before.

DARK HONEY FOR WINTER
STORES.

"Are buckwheat, hearts -ease and
Spanish -needle safe for winter stores,
providing other conditions are favor-
able to successful wintering?"

Mr. Latham — P^or several years in
Massachusetts my bees have wintered
on that food. I have counted on it
every j"ear, flllling up in the fall on
Spanish-needle and golden-rod and
aster, and I never had any trouble
wintering.

The following Committee was ap-
pointed to take action on the mat-
ters suggested in the President's Ad-
dress: O. L. Hershiser (New York);
J. L. Byer (Canada); and James A.
Stone (Illinois).

The convention then adjourned, to
meet "Wednesday, Oct. 13, 1910, at 9
o'clock a. m.

SECOND DAY— FORENOON SES-
SION.

At 9:30 a. m.. President York called
the convention to order, and, after Mr.
Selser had invoked the Divine Blessing,
said: "I am sure we are all gratified
at the spirit of harmony and good
fellowship that has prevailed through-
out the meeting thus far. So far as I
know there has not been an unkind.
I think we ought to be thankful for

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

185

that. I believe today we are going
to have another good time, for I feel
that we have all come here with that
object. I believe that is the spirit
that wil govern to the end of this
meeting.

At the request of the Presiden':,
Mr. F. J. Root, of Newark, N. J., read
his paper, entitled, "Advertising to
Create a Larger Demand for Honey."

Before reading his paper Mr. Root
said: "I had two papers prepared on
this topic, and the other was really
a very interesting affair, but, to my
consternation, when I opened my
satchel I found that it had been left
at home, and when I get home there
will be something doing, because my
wife was to blame! I know, when
I tell her, she will say she had nothing
to do with packing my satchel, but
every husband here will agree with me
that the bl^me has to be placed exactly
where it belongs — on the woman!!
What I have to say now is largely
along the same lines Mr. York spoke of
last night, which also shows that "great
minds run in the same channel."

ADVERTISING TO CREATE A
LARGER DEMAND FOR HONEY.

On my way home one night, some
years ago, I noticed in the window of
a grocery store, a most tempting dis-
play. The window, a large one, was
entirely filled with honey — comb and
extracted. The packages were all
clean and beautiful, the labels artis-
tic, and of themselves attractive
enough to cause the passer-by to stop.
Around the sides of this window
were illustrations mounted on card-
board showing apiaries in different
parts of the world, the processes of
collecting the honey, and in fact the
A B C of bee- culture. Glass shelves
supported the different glass pack-
ages, and on one of these was a large
plate of golden-brown biscuits ac-
companied by a print of finest butter.
The whole display was irresis'tible,
and a genuine crowd had gathered.
They not only looked, they acted. I
resolved that I would have some of
this nectar at home, as I could not
recall seeing any on the table for
months.

Imagine my delight on reaching
horhe to find that my wife had ap-
parently anticipated my wants. There
was the honey, the biscuits, the but-

ter. I expressed my delight, and my
better half said she, too, had seen the
window and had utilized it. "I don't
know why we haven't had honey
oftener," she said, "but, somehow, I
never think of it."

I mentioned the incident to some of
my neighbors, and several of them I
found had duplicated my own ex-
perience. Nor did the use of honey
die out, and to this day its appear-
ance may be noted on tables frequently
where it seldom, perhaps never, had
been seen before.

It seemed curious to nie to hear
adults say they had never before
seen any honey in the comb. Speaking
to the grocer about the matter he said
that practically his entire trade in
honey dated from this window, and
his trade had increased at least six-
fold and was still "on the mend."
• In my office I have related this ex-
perience to a number of people, and
have had a remark in reply, to the
effect that, "while we all like honey,
for some reason we very seldom have
it on the table." May not the reason
be that the housewife has not thought
of it? She has not seen a "honey win-
dow." The retailer will say he has
had no call for it, and his stock con-
sists of a sickly-looking mass covered
with the dust of last month, and the
specks of the flies of last year, maj-be.
The jobber receives no orders from the
retailer, so purchases none fix)m the
producer, and the producer — that's you
— keeps pegging away, year after year,
making some growth, but apparently
giving no thought as to conditions,
irught be bettered. You must increase
the demand. We seldom hear of a
honey famine, and it seems to me that
under present conditions the supply is
always ample, and more.

Are you going to let matters drift
forever? Are you willing to see the
statement that "Karo is better than
honey," placed where it may be seen
by millions of readers — as it has been
— and make no effort to contradict it?
You are letting them steal your goods
and you must not complain if your
sales grow less, or at least if they
do not increase as you hope for.

It is the purpose of this paper to urge
a change upon j^our part, to outline
briefly a campaign of publicity, which
I believe in- time will return at least
three dollars for every one si>ent. It

186

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

can't be done over night, and the effort
once begun should be persisted in in-
definitely. To take it up a few months
and then stop will be worse than noth-
ing.

There ought to be used at least a
quarter page space in such periodi-
cals as the Ladies' Home Journal,
Good Housekeeping, Woman's Home
Companion, and other papers of sim-
ilar nature, as well as papers like the
Saturday Evening Post. A reliable
advertising agency should secure the
best possible position for an adver-
tisement in these papers, and the
sign should always be hung in the
same place. This advertisement
should be changed with every issue.
It should be written by one who can
Vv-rite perfect English, and who can
make every advertisement interesting
and to the point. Part of the space
might well be taken up with an illus-*
tration of honey in its different
forms from hive to dining room — aye,
to the very brown biscuit. The cuts
should harmonize with the text, and
be so well constructed that the reader
will not recover from the shock with-
out asking his (or her) grocer for a
package of honey. The housewife
will then have no occasion to say she
didn't "think" of honey. It will be
borne in upon her, month in and
month out, just as she is never allowed
to forget "Royal" baking powder.
You will thus have gained one step
toward the victory.

The demand caused by the adver-
tising in the big magazines will be-
felt by the retailer, and you can utilize
to advantage his trade papers, a
connection with one of which for 27
years has made me somewhat famil-
iar with these journals. Not all of
the quarter of a million of "men who
sell soap," as a retailer was lately
defined, read their trade papers, I am
sorry to say, but a lot of them do,
and many of them take a deep and
earnest interest therein. You should
utilize the best of these, and as intelli-
gently as the magazines are used;
but of course the argument with the
retailer falls into another line than
that by which the consumer is ap-
proached. The leader may have
very slight interest in the merits of
honey as honey; but he needs to be
told that you are carrying on a cam-
paign that is bound to affect him

personally; that he will be acting
with discretion if he will lay in a
stock of honey to meet the call. Urge
him to "study up" a little on the honey
question. Tell him what argument
he can use, and show him that by
making a little extra "honey effort"
he can increase the sale many fold.
Suggest to him the method spoken of
as to a window display — using honey
alone, and not placing it by the side
of sauer-kraut and limburger cheese
and Bologna sausage. Honey is a royal
article and needs better treatment in
display than does salt mackerel, good
as these may be. It should be sep-
arate from its friend, the enemy,
Karo, and similar goods. In fact it
deserves a place by itself — not that it
will suffer by comparison with other
goods, but the very nature of the ar-
ticle sets it among the choicest food
products.

The grocer wants to sell good
goods. At least I believe that most
of them do. Then he likes to know
that an article is well advertised and
will sell all the year around; and,
finally, he wants a remunerative prof-
it. Given these points, and the re-
tailer will wake up. He will see that
the honey-counter is rescued from its
"innocuous desuetude," and, I believe,
he will keep everlastingly at it. A
good retailer exerts a lot of influence
among his customers, and can almost
make or break any food product so
far as his store is concerned, unless
it is founded on a rock.

Permit me now to switch off a
little f"om the main point, and to
suggest that every package of honey
be of a quality that will maike good
every assertion made in the adver-
tisements. A California producer
wrote me a few weeks ago that nine-
tenths of the honey in market is not
sufficiently ripened, and that it rather
prejudices the consumer. Leave no
stone unturned to make the article all
that can be desired. The packages
should be attractive and clean, and
neatly labeled. I believe that there
should be a distinctive word or illus-
tration used in the advertisements
and on every package of your honey,
so that it will become impressed
firmly within the mind of the con-
sumer.

Of course your advertising cam-
paign will help all producers, and

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

187

there will be those who will not con-
tribute a penny to lubricate the ad-
vertising wheels; but this word or
figure on your own brands will be the
open sesame, and' you will doubtless
have more direct results than will the
outsiders. Failing this ,trade-mark,
the increase will fall upon the unjust
as well as the just.

There are numerous details to toe
worked out, but you will not have to
worry over them. Let the other
fellow do this w^orrying. He is paid to
do it, or at least to prevent worry on
your part.

The larger your organization, and
the more cheerfully and unanimous-
ly you work together, the less will be
your individual burdens, and if you
can get together 5,000 strong, you
have a body that will exert a mighty
influence in the direction indicated,
that is, the increase in the consump-
tion of honey. No one man can do
much alone, though occasionally we
find one like the man from Middle-
bury, who s.peaks right out in meet-
in', and I am constrained to read a
few lines from a "talk" he has been
making to grocers in a trade paper
down east:

Ordinarily when a grocer orders goods
from the jobber he is very particular to
specify exactly what brands he wishes.

He does not leave it to the wholesaler
to send whatever he happens to want to
get rid of. In fact, the progressive gro-
cer recognizes that on his judgment in
selecting brands his profits in a great
measure depend.

But many times that same grocer will
order honey without saying anything
about the kind, and one lot that he gets
may be native honev, and the next come
from California. Sometimes the quality
may he good, sometimes it may be indif-
ferent.

Is it any wonder if that man does not
have a big honey trade?

And now to move up a peg, the
question arises:

Can money enough be raised to pay
for this campaign? Let us see. I
am informed by A. L. Boyden that the
production of honey in this country
is 60,000,000 pounds per year. Ol
this amount he thinks nine-tenths ia
produced by 10,000 bee-keepers — 54,-
000,000 pounds. There are not 10,-
OOO members of the National Associa-
tion, though there ought to be, but
ca,n we count on 5,000 members with
a production of 27,000,000 pounds, or
even 20,000,000 pounds? Now if you
tax yourselves say one-eighth of one
cent per pound, and produce 2,000,000

pounds, $25,000, you have a good
start; but one-fourth of a cent and
$50,000 will be twice as much and a
half-cent will be a good w-ad. These
seem rather liberal sums, but Post
spends a million or even more every
year. And $50,000 divided among
5,000 is $10 per capita spread over a
whole year. It means that the pro-
ducer of ten tons will pay $50.00, the
producer of half a ton, $2.50. If only
2,500 contribute, of course the burden
per capita is greater. This matter of
raising money is however not strict-
ly a part of this paper, and I must
apologize for switching off.

Wliat may we hope will be the up-
shot of this advertising? If it will in-
crease the consumption of honey one
ounce per capita of the people of this
country per year, it will mean over
16,000,000 pounds. • Think of it. One
ounce spread over 52 weeks — an
amount per week you can put on the
point of a blade of a table-knife.

Is it unreasonable to suppose this
Increase can be secured? If Mr. Boy-
den's estimate of 60,000,000 pounds is
correct, you will add thereto more
than 25 per cent. And the honey of
quality, the goods with the National
Bee-Keepers' Label, is the sort that
will win.

When will you be ready to do more
than talk? This is not a sudden prop-
osition. I have written to honey
people for years about it. They have
invariably been ready, individually,
to help ; but of course the individual
can't do much alone. Get together.
Put the wheels in motion, and don't
turn back. Contribute cheerfully,

and make suggestions as to the cam-
paign. "Wide advertising has helped
other industries, and it will help
honey. The way to begin is to com-
mence. Do it now.

F. J. ROOT.
Newark, N. J.

In my other paper I sought to show
that three cents a day contributed
by 5,000 members to your association
would prodoice a fund of over $50,000.

Advertisements ought to be written
by somebody who knows something
about honey, who can tell a honey-bee
from a hornet, and who knows the
glucose is not exactly the same stufC
as honey.

A nice illustration of honey, such
as J. E. Crane used on his letter-

188

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

heads, is enough to make one's mouth
water for it.

There ought to be some sort of seal
on every package sent out by the
National, and I don't know but what
this ought to be copyrighted.

Pres. York — I am sure Mr. Root has
a great deal in his paper that is
worthy of our best attention. He is
not at all financially interested, I be-
lieve, in bees or honey in any way,
but he has had long years of experi-
ence in advertising along the grocery
line. Mr. 'Root's paper is before you,
and I hope it may be thoroughly dis-
cussed, or, at least, that you will have
something to say on it. to show your
appreciation of Mr. Root's efforts.

Mr. Cyrenius — I think this is a mat-
ter of very much importance and that
the bee-keepers themselves are large-
ly to blame for the depression in
prices that confronts us at the pres-
ent time. • We have been indiscreet
in extracting honey, and have put a
great deal of unripe honey on the
market, which has rather given us a
black eye when we come to sell good
honey. I think we have learned bet-
ter, but the question which comes up
now is to sell the product we have. I
want to call your attentioifi to two or
three experiences I have had along
this line. A few years ago one of
the neighbors wanted to know if I
couldn't come and take his honey off
for him. Being a good friend of
mine, I consented, and took the morn-
ing train one day. with my extractor,
and went out to his yard, and during
the day, I think, I extracted some
1,200 pounds, took off about 600
pounds of comb honey, and filled up
his milk cans, and boilers, and all
available household utensiils, and
when I get all through he said, "What
will I do with this honey? Can you
tell me how I can get rid of it?" I
said, "Yes, I can." I told him to get
a few tin pails that would hold about
five pounds, and a few Mason jars
for the white honey, and have in his
wagon a convenient pair of scales,
and also receptacles in which he
. could draw it verj* easily. I said. "You
have several men and horses and
wagons around here, and the farmers
Ji'ke honey as well as the city people.
Just have the man go around the
block and call at every house, and see
what he sells." Now, as a result, that
man sent to me only a few days after

that and wanted me to furnish him
some honey to fill out his orders that
he couldn't supply. I am talking of
what you can do in your home market.
I think you bee-keepers would be won-
derfully surprised if you knew the
amount of honey you could sell right
in your own vicinity.

Another instance, in the year 1893
duning the World's Fair, I made a
very large ex<hibit at the State Fair
in Syracuse. First of all I had very
large pieces of comb curios. I had
one box five feet long built o;it in de-
signs, and I had another one where
there were four combs built four
inches thick and 40 inches long, and
just as square and true and straight
as a piece of wood, and a number of
other pieces. At the close of the Fair
I sent to Mr. Hershiser some of those
specimens to be exhibited at the
World's Fair in Chicago. The bal-
ance of my exhibit I broug'ht to Os-
wego, and I went to one of our gro-
cers there and said: "Look here, I
have some honey I want you to sell."
"All right," he said. I said, "I want to
make an exhibit here; I want to
show you something you don't very
. often see in Oswego." And one even-
ing I pulled the shade down, and
made up that display in the window,
and piled it away up with beautiful
honey, and large designs; among
other things I had two or three ob-
servation hives of bees. As a result,
it was only a few days before he gave
me $50 for what honey he had sold.
That shows what it will do if you
have it in attractive form.

The past summer a farmer started
up a little bit of a grocery in a com-
munity where you wouldn't think a
thing of that kind could exist at all.
I said. "Look here, I want you to
sell " some honey." He said, "I don't
know that I will have any calls." I
said, "That doesn't matter; all I want
you to do is to hand the goods out."
I made a little exhibit, and he has
been surprised by the amount of hon-
ey those farmers have come around
and taken. We were asleep on
this thing; let us get up out of our
Rip Van Winkle nap. There is a great
field for us to work along this line.
We can ^ell our crop; there is no
trouble about that. ;

Pres. York — You can't sell every-
thing in the home market, and this

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

189

paper is jnore for the large bee-keep-
er.

Mr. Stone — The first President of
the Illinois Bee-Keepers' Association
lived at Irish Grove, Illinois, and he
sold all his honey among the farmers;
he put it in gallon buckets and
charged them a dollar a bucket. He
raised a pretty large crop; he had
nearly 100 colonies of bees.

L. C. Root — This matter of selling
honey in large quantities is one of
extreme importance. You remember
a few years ago we thought that all
the section honey we sold must be
glassed, and when we began to sell
honey there was no glass, you remem-
ber, but the result of it was particu-
larly when the California honey be-
gan to come in, and it was produced
without separators; that one comb
would run into the section adjoining
it, and it almost ruined our trade in
section honey. I remember going into
the different groceries here in Al-
bany and in the smaller towns in the
Mohawk Valley, and I would find they
had a pan made just large enough to
receive the case that the honey came
in from California. When they broke
that apart, it was set in there so that
it would catch the drippings, and the
dealers said they couldn't handle It;
they absolutely refused; and up to
this time the dealers in our city offer
^ the very choicest honey, and the peo-
ple will come in to examine it — and
honey must show itself and advertise
itself — and people will come in and
invariably take hold of dt the flat way,
and you will find finger prints in it
wherever they can. get at it. Since
we are selling honey by the section
rather than by the pound it seems
almost impossible to sell the honey
that was gla?sed, hut it is one of the
large questions. The best dealers
say they must have it so that the
honey can be seen; and the first
thing ever\' good judge of honey does,
is to hold it up to the light to see
whether it is clear. I haven't had
as much practical experience in this
later day handling of it, only in the
small markets, and I "see the effect
of handling it and breaking it. Only
last year I lost one of the good market
men because, in delivering it, it had
tipped over in the delivery wagon.
We have with us Mr. Ellwood, who has
had experience right along this line
of glassing, and I was little surprised

to have him tell us they still glass
their honey in selling it.

GLASSED COMB HONEY AND
PRICES.

Mr. Ellwood — About twenty years
ago, at the time glassed honey came
into the market, the dealers in New
Tork told us we should keep on glass-
ing our honey, and they utterly re-
fused to handle any honey that was
not glassed. They are handling our
honey yet. I firmly believe if all of us
had kept on glassing our honey that
the market for honey would be double.
I was very glad to hear Mr. Root. You
can't make a very fine display in win-
dows unless the honey is glassed, and
I am very sure this helps the trade
more than any other one thing. I re-
call an incident several years ago, I
was in a neighboring village, and a
man there was running a large retail
store, and he asked me if I didn't have
some honey for him. I told him I had,
but it was late buckwheat honey. It
was 18 miles from home, and I thought
the best way to get there was to hitch
up a team and drive over. I did so.
It was in the month of November, the
day before it froze up. I put on a light
wagon what I could conveniently carry
in five pound pails. These pails were
neatly labelled, and the word "Honey"
very prominently on them so that any-
one could read the word across the
room. W^hen I got there he says, "I
can't handle that honey, I don't want
any such quality of honey as that; I
can take two or three dozen, that is
all my trade will call for. I don't have
much call for honey." That is what
they all say. If the goods don't dis-
play themselves they don't have much
call. I told him I couldn't take that
honey back. We finally compromised;
I left the honey there. I piled it up in
a neat little form, and I agreed at the
end of two weeks to come and take the
honey away which was not sold. At
the end of two weeks I was surprised
to receive a letter saying he would
very much like to have me bring out
some more honey.

The people would say, "What a pile
of honey that is; there must be some-
thing in that, or he wouldn't be hand-
ling it in such quantities." Every-
body wanted a pail. I was very glad
to hear Mr. Root's paper, it was one
on the right lines. We can all of us do

190

TENTH ANNUAL. REPORT OF THE

very much by advertising our own
goods.

Mr. Davis — It is ratlier a surprise to
me to hear a note of surprise in the
enquiries relative to glassing honey. I
\vould like to say that from one County
in this State this year was shipped
between 100 and 125 thousand pounds
of comb honey in glass, and it is the
only way they do ship, and they have
a national reputation as beemen. They
have a market that takes all the honey
the individual producers can supply,
as high as 35,000 pounds, and they keep,
above the market price, for it is a good
class of honey.. Why should they
change? I think they are very reas-
onable in the stand they take. They

• have made a lot of money glassing
their honey,- and they are going to
continue. On the other hand, the con-
sumer that buys that package gets a
very small article of food compared to
the 16 ounces of extracted honey. You
can dispose of more extracted honey
in the comb section, with or without
glass, and get just as good a price for
the extracted honey as for the comb
if you convince the people they need
At ba41y enough to pay you the same

o^^p^ce for it. The trend of the discus-
sion on this paper it seems to me has
got away from the very broad adver-
tising campaign to simply disposing of
what you can produce in a small way
at home immediately. Now, the sub-
ject of this paper is a large educational
advertising campaign that will create
a demand for honey in the large con-
suming localities such as our metro-
politan district of New York City, and
make honey a necessity, and create a
firm demand for it, the same as butter
or other commodities for table use.
That is the only basis on which we can
expect a marked raise in the price of
our goods, to have a demand for it
from the standpoint of, the consumer
that it is something they must have,
and not something they can get along
very easily without.

Pres. York — Mr. Davis is right; it
is along the wide advertising line.
What can this Association do along
that line? Has anyone a suggestion?
Do you want to make any recommen-
dation ?

Mr. Garabrant — I would suggest a
label, insignificant as far as cost is
concerned, that every member of the
Association should use on first-class

honey. If every member of the As-
sociation would guarantee not to use
it on anything but first-class honey It
should be gotten out by the Associa-
tion so that it would be uniform. The
Unions have their union label on near-
ly everything; why shouldn't we work
on the same principle?

Mr. Davenport — As the result of the
reading of Mr. Root's valuable paper
we have had considerable discussion,
and a number of reports that are very
confirmatory of the great importance
of advertising for the disposition of
the honey crop, therefore I move that
Mr. Root's paper be referred to the
committee of three appointed last
ev^ening.

(The motion was duly seconded).

Mr. Root — Some prefer the idea of
a direct contribution instead of an as-
ijessment of so much per pound. As
I stated at first, if you can get 5,000
members who would contribute three
cents a day you are going to raise a
fund of about $54,000 a year, and by
contributing this amount per day there
will not be any question as to true
amount of honey they produce. On
the other hand, there may be some
objection to that. The trouble may be
to get the five thousand members; but
it seems as if there ought to be 2500
men in this country who would agree
to contribute six cents a day, which
will amount to the same thing. Of the
two methods, assessment per pound or
so much per day, that is in your own
discretion.

Mr. Stone — As a member of that
committee I will say that there are
steps being taken to put the afllliated
membership of the National at one
dollar instead of 50 cents; then this
would have to be added, and it will
make it pretty burdensome. It is like
compulsory education, it is putting
upon people something that they won't
willingly take. I don't believe we can
set a figure and ask people to come
to it. There might be som« volunteers
that would willingly give that. I
don't believe that had better be re-
ferred to the committee with the idea
of taking up anything like that.

Mr. Root^-I can't believe that a tax
of $20.00 a year, say a dollar and a half
a month, is going to be found burden-
some to the great majority of this in-
telligent Association, I mean, make
the dues one dollar, and then add

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

191

another dollar for this advertising
campaign. It seems to me it ought
to be worth $5' a year to every bee-
keeper to belong to the Association.

Mr. Snyder — ^I think without a very
large campaign it would have very
little effect. A campaign was made
amongst the bee-keepers in our State
to join our Association, and in re-
sponse to 5,000 letters which were
sent out, to the best of my knowl-
edge we received seven applications.
That is not a very large return, and
they were all bee-keepers, too. If a
bee-keeper can't see the value of the
Association, it will, I think, take an
awful lot of capital in advertising to
make any impression on the public.
There was something said about the
Corn Products Company. There
are millions of dollars spent by that
organization for advertising, and nat-
urally we can't sell honey as cheaply
as they can sell corn products. Seven-
ty-five per cent of the people use
those corn products; and when we
speak of the corn products and the
advertising they do, and what we
should do, there is no comparison at
all.

Mr. Davenport — The object of re-
ferring this matter to the committee,
and in making the motion, was not
to instruct the committee that they
should adopt all the features suggested
by Mr. Root, but rather that they
should consider those points and see
if they could not combine them with
their own propositions, and formulate
a plan for the re-arrangement or
amendment of the constitution that
would cover the ground we want to
cover for the disposition of the honey
crop. It seems to me it is a very
proper thing that they should meet
together and take into consideration
the points presented in Mr. Root's
paper.

Pres. York — It seems to me that all
such matters as look to the advance-
ment of the Association should be re-
ferred to this committee, because
they are going to act on the various
propositions and put them up to the
Board of Directors, who have control
of tlie funds. They have absolute
control of the fund's; nothing can be
spent without the consent of the
Board of Directors.

The President put the motion, that
Mr. Root's paper be referred to the

committee of three for consid'eration,
which, on a "vote having been taken;
was declared carried.

Pres. York — There was one paper
passed over for the reason that it
was not here. It has come this
morning. It is "Co-operation Among
Bee-Keepers — Advantages and Pro-
cedure," by Frank Rauchfuss, of
'Denver, Colorado. I will ask Mr.
France to read the paper.

Mr. France read the paper as fol-
lows :

IS CO-OPERATION NEEDED
AMONG BEE-KEEPERS.

To answer this question we will
take a copy of the American Bee
Journal of Oct. 2, 1887, wherein we
find the following market quotations
on comb honey:

R. A. Burnett, Chicago, white comb
1-lb sections, 18 to 20c; McCaul &
Hildreth Bros., New York, fancy white
17 to 19c; Clemmons, Cloon & Co.,
Kansas City, choice white 1-lb, 20c;
C. F. Muth & Son, Cincinnati, say,
"We think choice white comb would
bring 18 to 20 cents in a jobbing way."

Now what do we find in the same
"old reliable" American Bee Journal
in the way of market reports, 23 years
later, by the same firms or their suc-
cessors?

R. A. Burnett & Co., Chicago, fancy
comb, 17c; Hildreth & Segelken, New
York, fancy white 15 to 16c; C. C.
Clemmons, Kansas City, No. 1 white,
$3.50 per case, (which is equivalent
to 16% per pound); Fred W. Muth
Co., Concinnati, fancy comb 16 to 16%
cents.

Now does not this comparison speak
volumes ?

The year 1887 was a year of light
crop, but it cannot be contradicted
that the honey crop of the United
States for 1910 was also a poor one.

Now let us take up - a few of the
most important articles of bee-sup-
plies used:

(Prices from American Bee Journal of
Oct. 12, 1S87): each

One Story 10-Frame Bee-Hives,

K. D $ .90

Brood-I'm.mes, per 1000 12 . 00

4V4 One-Piece Sections, per 1000.. 4.00
Shipping- Cases, without glass, 50. 6.00
Thin Surplus Foundation, 100
pounds _.. 47.00

(Present prices for the same arti-
cles, from Root's 1910 catalog:)

--:W:

192

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

One Story 10-Frame Bee-Hive,

K. D $ 1 . 50

Brood -Frames, per 1000 19.00

4 % One-Piece Sections, per 1000. 5.50

Shipping-Cases, without glass, 50. 9.00
Thin Surplus Foundation, 100

pounds 53.00

This shows that the bee-keepers
now get nearly 20 per cent less for
their honey than they did 23 years
ago, while the requirements of the
trade are much more exacting than
they were then; and that the bee-
supplies used now cost 25 per cent
more. In the 23 years, the population
of the countrj' has nearly doubled
and the necessaries of life, food, cloth-
ing, etc., have greatly advanced; in
fact the purchasing power of a dollar
is reduced to nearly one-half.

In the business world we find many
changes. Most of the important arti-
cles are now under the control of
gigantic trusts, which dictate prices.
All lines of business are organized,
even the retail grocers — but not the
tiller of the soil and the bee-keeper.
Although in some sectionis of the
country a start has been made in an
encouraging manner, much needs to
be done yet.

Co-operaton among bee-keepers in
this country- has, if I am correctly in-
formed, been only attempted in the
"West. Unfortunately, the flrst at-

tempts were not successful, which de- •
layed the movement, but now several
organizations seem to be in success-
ful operation.

In the writer's opinion the best field
for co-operation is where many large
apiaries ^.are in close proximity to each
other, and where the market for their
product has to be found in distant
territory, to be shipped there in car-
load lots. In such a locality it should
not be very difficult to get together a
number of progressive bee-keepers to
form a local organization, draw up a
constitution and by-laws, and sub-
scribe sufficient capital to make a
mod'est start; adopt suitable grading
rules, uniform shipping-cases, and se-
lect a competent person as a manager,
one in whom all have) confidence, and
who is willing to devote the necessary
time for the proper performance of
his duties — of course for a reasonable
compensation. The memiber® should
resolve right at the start to stand to-
gether, even if outside parties try to
break up the organization by tem-
porarily offering attractive prices.

They should resolve to build up a
reputation on the quality of their out-
put by grading and' packing their comb
honey in such a uniform and neat
manner that it will be a pleasure to
their manager to pass on their grad-
ing.

Such matters as warehouses for
storage of honey, the supplying of
honey in small lots to near-by trade,
and the furnishing of bee- supplies to
members', would better be worked out
after a success has been made with
the carload shipping.

An effort should be made to work
harmoniously with other co-operative
associations.

One thing must not be lost sight of,
namely, the only co-operative associa-
tions of producers that have attained
success are those that put out uniform
packages of strictly graded goods of
high quality; that keep closely in-
formed about crop conditions of their
community, andi carefully watch the
movement of the same at the various
centers of distribution, thereby secur-
ing right prices for the crops of their
members.

Organization in an exclusive ex-
tracted-honey locality, is a compara-
tively simple proposition, as the grad-
ing and packing requirements are
easily compliedi with; also the hauling,
storage and loading in cars are simple
matters.

That co-operative marketing of
honey is profitable even , in densely
populated localities, where there is a
near-by market for all that is pro-
duced, has been demonstrated in Eu-
rope.

The aims of the management of
every co-operative association should
be to build up a reputation for the
quality of their goods, secure a good
price for them, treat all members
(large or sinall) in> a strictly impar-
tial manner, and distribute the profits,
after first setting aside a reasonable
dividend on the shares of stock sold
on the basis of the amount of honey
disponed of through the association.

It is the writer's opinion that the
Board of (Directors should be elected
by the direct vote of all the members, >
without previous nomination. Thereby
a true expression of the members is ^
secured as to whom they want for
their directors. That this can be done
in a satisfaxjtory manner is demon-

■^.'^^

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEDPEEfcS' ASSOCIATION

193

strated by the Colorado Honey-tPro-
.ducers' Association, whose membership
is scattered over a large territory.

Members should not be compelled
to sell their honey through the asso-
ciation, nor to buy their supplies
through it, for if a co-operative asso-
ciation cannot demonstrate that it can
do better in the majority of cases
than a single individual, then it needs
fixing.

A good, live co-operative association
is not only a blessing to those belong-
ing to it, but also a benefit to every-
one connected with that industry
within a wide radius.

The bee-keepers of Colorado and
other Western iStates would be glad if
our brethren in the Middle and Eastern
States would organize, as we feel that
it would be to our mutual benefit.
F51ANK RAUCHEUiSS,
Manager Colorado Honey-Producers'

Association.
Denver, Colo.

Pres. York — It seems to me that co-
operation and advancement is in near-
ly every paper now. Mr Rauchfuss
is manager of the Colorado Honey-
Producers' Asisociation. They have
been organized for a number of years
along co-operative lines, not only for
the selling of the honey crop, but for
buying bee- supplies. What will you do
w^ith this paper?

PRICES COMPARED TO 23 YEARS
AGO.

Mr. (Selser — I want to say to the bee-
keepers that that paper is rather mis-
leading, and some of the statements in
it are hardly correct, although I do not
accuse our good friend of not trying to
state it as he understood it.

In the first place, in regard to the
prices of supplies and' honey, he
makes a comparison between the quo-
tations of the market today, and 23
years ago. I don't recall what was
in the bee-papers as to quotations 23
years ago, but I do know something
which to me is much better than that.
I know actually what honey brought
23 years ago, and something about
what it is bringing to-day. In sub-
stantiation of that statement I want to
say that probably some of you here
know that it is not so many years
ago wh«n buckwheat honey in kegs
was offered in this iState at 3 7-8 cents
a pound. I was up in this State some

20 years ago and bought a carload of
buckwheat honey at that price. To-
day that very same honey is sold
right in this State, within the last
thirty days, at seven cents a pound.
That doesn't look very much like a
decline in prices. I also went to
Wisconsin and Michigan twenty odd
years ago, and I contracted there in
car lots for white clover honey in
barrels at 5 1-2 cents f. o. b., and the
individual bee-keepers through Wis-
consin were only getting 5, 4 1-2 and
4 3-4 cents, and they were very glad
to have me contract with them. This
year that very same honey in barrels
has sold at those same points for 8
and 8 1-2 cents a pound. That doesn't
look very much like a decline. Sit-
ting over there at the side is a gentle-
man I have been dealing with for
many years for fancy white clover
honey in the comb, and he can re-
member not so very many years ago
when you could get, right up in St.
Ijawrence County, that honey for
about 13 or 13 and a fraction cents.
New York people bought it in car-
lots some fifteen or twenty years ago.
This year that same honey is sold for"
16 and 16 1-2 cents in car lots. Gentle-
men, you are very much mistaken
when you make the statement that
bee-supplies have gone up and honey
gone down. That is positively incor-
rect. I think we have never seen a
time in a quarter of a century that
honey brought as good prices as it is
bringing today. As to the price of
honey, retail, it is one of the peculiar
things that a grocer fixes the retail
price of comb honey at 25 cents, and
he can get 25 cents for the flat pound
of comb honey from the average shop-
per that comes in his store. If he
pays by the case to the dealer, 16
cents, he sells for 25 cents; if he pays
18 cents he sells for 25 cents; if he
pays 20 cents, he sells for 25 cents,
but it raises the question that the re-
tail grocer buying a case or two of
comb honey can hardly afford to sell
it on five cents a pound margin, so
that when honey goes up, there is
going to be a great deal less of it
used, simply because the grocer
thinks he can't sell honey on such a
low margin. The average retail gro-
cer won't sell more than three or
four cases at the outside, and when
the season closes, he will have half a
case to carry over, and he has got to

—13

194

TENTH ANNUAli REPORT OF THE

count on a loss. I would like to have
it go out from this convention to the
world at large, if nothing else, that we
as bee-keepers are getting more money
for our honey this year than we ever
got in the history of the honey busi-
ness.

Mr. Snyder — Are there any bee-
keepers here who remember what
prices they got for honey, twenty
years ago? (Quite a number raised
their hands in response.)

Mr. Huffman (Wis.) — ^I can't just
agree with the last speaker. I will
have to agree with the paper written.
I know what honey was worth 20 and
25 years ago. We got from fifteen
to eighteen cents a pound for comb
honey. I live in Wisconsin, and I
want him to resmember it was eight
or ten years ago that honey went
Tlown. Take the data and compare it
with the paper, and see if the gentle-
man who wrote the paper is not cor-
rect. Mr. Selser is getting in be-
tween. I sold honey about six or
eight or ten years later for five cents
- a pound, but not 23 years ago.

Mr. Hershiser — ^What was the price
■ of honey in Wisconsin that you just
quoted, Mr. Selser?

Mr. Selser — I said they were get-
ting 4 1-2 and 5 cents for white clover
extracted honey by the barrel. I didn't
say exactly 23 years ago.. If I did say
that, I will stand corrected. I said
about ten to fifteen or twenty years
ago. At the present time it is selling
at eight and eight and a fraction cents
in barrels in Wisconsin, if you can get
any, strictly white and alike.

Mr. CHershiser — .Htow is> it they sell
it at that price there, and out in Cin-
cinnati and other cities, after paying
freight and commission, they don't
sell it any higher? They saj' strictly
fancy white honey, and if there is any-
thing better than that, I don't know it.

Mr. Selser — ^I don't know that they
are; not Wisconsin honey. Wisconsin
and Michigan produce the finest
white honey we have.

IMr. Weber — I would like to contra-
dict Mr. (Hershiser on that. He will
find our quotation today is 9% cents
on white clover honey, and if he has
any to offer I will pay hirh 8 cents f.
o. b.

Mr. IHershiser — I am looking for a
little higher offer. I don't consider
that a snap, by any means!

Mr. Davenport — It seems to me that
the quotations offered by Mr. Selser
hardly have application to this dis-
cussion with regard to Mr. Rauchfuss'
paper. You all know that extracted
honey years ago was a drug in the
market. I am aware' of one party
that had 35 tons of extracted honey,
and sold it for a trifle over 5 cents
a pound, and it went to the Chicago
market, and today that man doesn't
get so very much more than he did
then. Then there was a good deal
less demand for extracted honey. The
use of it was almost unknown. We
know it is entering into manufactures
a great deal more largely, and the de-
mand is much more extensive; the
National [Biscuit Company alone have
a standing advertisement calling for
all the honey that the bee-keepers
want to sell. They use it extensively,
and all these different agencies that
make use of extracted honey have in-
creased the value of it during the last
decade or two. You will notice Mr.
Selser doesn't make the comparison of
the quotations on comb honey as ex-
tensively, and his quotation on comh
honey refers to buying in St. Lrawrence
County, distant from the market, and
he, at that time, got it at a lower fig-
ure, and today it brings a somewhat
larger figure. It is not a just compari-
son in support of his id'ea. But, the
paper by Mr. Rauchfuss has no appli-
cation to this proposition, and I would
be glad if someone would make the
motion that this paper be referred to
the committee of three in order that
they might take it into consideration
in connection with the plan of co-oper-
ation among the bee-keepers, for
the sale of the product of the bee-
keepers, and for the formulation of a
plan for amen-diment to the constitu-
tion to cover these various grounds. It
is not that they shall incorporate ideas,
but that they shall consider thean in
connection -with any plans they have
already formulated, and see if they
can amend those plans.

Mr. Hershiser — ^I came in a little
late, and I didn't hear fully the discus-
sion. I would like to ask about when
it was iMr. Selser bought buckwheat
and other honey so cheap in New
York State. '^' '

Mr. (Selser — ^I said I couldn't tell
exactly; I should say, in round figures,
about fifteen years ago, maybe it is

i ■

.;; J-*,. •,* ' _

■7'^. '^

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

195

longer than that; but I would like t'~'
say, while on my feet, I was replying
to this paper in fact; as I understand,
and as the association understands,
he was sort of bemoaning the fact that
bee-keepers are getting so much less
for honey today than 23 years ago. I
say that statement, perhaips uninten-
tionally, was misleading, and not ac-
cording to the facts. We have a gen-
tleman here from New York, and I
wish he would be called on. I would
like to have OVTr. iSegelken say how
prices compare today with those of
twenty years ago.

(Mr. Hershiser — I want to make the
broad statement that at the time Mr.
Selser refers to, along about 189'4 or
18'&5, we were getting higher prices
for honey than we are today, I refer
to what you could buy with what you
had to sell. In those days we got, ac-
cording to what he says, 3% cents to
3% cents a pound for buckwheat
hon6y. Do you off-hand remember
what you could get for a horse then?
If you had a good horse, worth about
$200 today, you would get about $40
then. Do you know what you got for
wheat then? It happened to be my
misfortune to be at home helping my
father out of financial difficulty. I
know he had about 1,200 bushels of
wheat in his grainary, and we hauled
it away and got 43 cents a bushel for
it! How much wheat could you buy
with honey at 3% cents a pound,
compared with what you can buy at
the present time? You get todaj'
twice as much for wheat and pork,
and three times as much for a horse,
and everything else in proportion.
What I want is to be able to buy as
much with my money today as I could
then. I want just as much living
, now as I could get out of it then. We
can't get that much today until we
get together in some way or other,
formulate some idea to bring the pur-
chaser and producer together in some
form, where they can discuss things
and get what their product is worth.
We have to think of these things, and
get together in some way or other.
(Applause.) I tell you, brother bee-
keepers, it is a burning question
whether you get a proper compensa-
sation for the work you arg doing. We
go into the bee-yard and stand the
smoke, and endure the heat, and ev-
erything of that kind, to produce a
crop of honey, and then we should

not be so foolish as to fool it away.
I don't ask that we get too much for
it. I recognize the fact that Mr.
Crane brought out, that if we ask
too much (fior our honey we cut off the
consumption. We just want a fair
price. We don't want so much as
Mr. Crane, even when he sold his
honey at such a price that the jobber
couldn't sell it, and make a loss on it.
Wihen I take issue with the gentle-
man that we are getting as much or
more for our honey in those days
than now, I want you to remember it
is the purchasing power of what you
got for it that we have to consider,
and not the money. Money we can't
eat or wear; (but it has a purchasing
power.

Mr. Segelken (N. Y.) — As far as the
subject under discussion goes, I will
say that I endorse every word that
Mr. Selser has said, from A to Z, be-
cause I know what he has talked
about. We are in exactly the same
position. Mr. Hershiser might be
right in some respects. There may
be conditions in some markets and
some localities where* they got better
prices, but that is not the rule all
over the country. As I understood,
Mr. Selser referred as a whole, not
selecting any section or locality. 1
can only endorse what he has said as
far as the prices are concerned. The
higher they go, the better we like It
ourselves, but we can't force them up.
If you bring the price of extracted
honey too high, the manufacturer will
not use as much as if he could buy
it at a reasonable figure. You take
the confectioners, who use probably
the most of the extracted honey, and
ask them, and see how much more
honey they will use if they can huy
extracted at five cents; or if they
have to pay eight or nine cents they
will cut out the larger part of it.
Comb honey is just about the same
as Mr. Selser says. For fancj' white
honey, I doubt very much whether
you could find fifty stores in the
United States, where they could get
more than 25 cents a comb. If it
could be driven, to 30 cents we would
li'ke to see it, but how to do it is the
question.

Mr. Huffman — I endorse, as I said .
before, what Mr. Hershiser has said.
I want to ask him this question with
regard to the production of those days
and today. The last man on the

196

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

floor endorsed all Mr. Selser said. I
say, I don't, because I live in Wis-
consin, and I know what honey
hroug'ht at the date that the paper
says, and I know what bee-keepers
got, and later they got from five to
six cents. You must take into con-
sideration the locality, and all those
the purchasing power of a pound of
things. Prices went down. Take
honey today, and then where are
you?

Mr. Hershiser — ^Oh, I think the
production now as compared with
then is 50 or 100 per cent more. I
want to say to Mr. Segelken it is not
my purpose to talk the rise in the
price of honey to the point where it is
going to shut off consumption, and' I
want to congratulate Mr. Segelken
upon the fact that he has in a great
measure enabled California bee-keep-
ers to get a higher price. I remember
when the white sage honey was bring-
ing to those bee-keepers only 3 1-2 to
4 and 5 cents a pound, but now I
know they must be getting a good
deal more than that, because now he
asks nine cents a pound.

Mr. Weber — I think if all was con-
sidered and weighed, and one crop
after another taken into considera-
tion, that honey today is in better de-
mand and in better shape than it has
previously been in my time. I can't
recall twenty years ago, for I am not
that long in the business, but within
the last seven or eight years I can,
and I wish to say here that I think
if the crops were compared, which
we can't do very well, because one
year the crop is bad in one portion
and good in another, and in another
year you will find it just the oppo-
site, but I think if we compare crops
today in general we will find honey
has advanced about fifteen to twenty
per cent.

Mr. Hershiser — I think that is true,
and I thik the other things we have
got to use along side of it in our liv-
ing,— flour and meat and one thing
and another, — have advanced about
50 per cent.

Mr. Latham — I am not an old man,
but I was selling honey 25 years ago,
and I could' sell honey at 25 cents a
box as easily as I can get 20 cents
today, and the honey I produce to-
day is better than the honey I pro-
duced 25 years ago.

Mr. Davis. — I think the solution of
the difference in the price between
what the consumer pays and what
the producer gets is not the fault of
the large honey-jobber or buyer, but
the fault lies in the fact that the pub-
lic do not demand honey, and it is
not a staple in the grocery store. In
the north country, in St. Lawrence
County, the largest dairying County
in the United States, barring one,
the farmer receives in the form of a
check On his bank about 29 1-4 cents
a pound for butter, after all the ex-
pense of manufacturing has been tak-
en out, and the butter retails over the
counter in New York, and in Ogdens-
burg, for 32 to 33 cents a pound, mak-
ing a small margin of difference be-
tween the price the producer gets and
the price the consumer pays for it.
Why? Simply because the dealer
knows he can make a small margin
on that and make a quick return. He
doesn't have that butter tied up in
his ice-box for six months or a year,
and part of it left over till next year;
it is sold almost before he pays for
it. Now, before the producer can ex-
pect a larger return for his honey,
some campaign of education has to be
made to make honey a staple, not a
luxury, and until the market is in that
condition, I don't see, in justice to
the dealer or in justice to the jobber,
how honey, retailing at 25 cents a
pound, can be realized more for by
the producer than 'sixteen or seventeen
cents.

Mr. Van Anken' — I worked' for our ,
Vice-President about 31 years ago,
and he put up his comb honey in two-
pound sections, glass both sides; he
sold several tons of that honey in
New York at 20 cents a pound, 31
years ago. That will show you the
difference between prices now and
then.

The President put the motion to re-
fer the paper to the committee of
three, which, on a vote having been
taken, was declared carried.

Pres. York — ^We will call now for
the report of the committee appoint-
ed last evening, on the President's Ad-
dress, of which Mr. Hershiser is
chairman.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.

Mr. Hershiser — As chairman of the
committee on the President's ad-

«'..fe'^^si'

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

197

dress of last evening, I beg to report
verbally that the committee met, and
after some deliberation concluded
that the matter was so momentous,
had so much involved, and required
so much thought and deliberation,
that it would be unwise to proceed
with anything very definite at the
present time. We can't very well
get together and in a few moments
formulate anything that is going to
be at all accurate and far-reaching,
and so we concluded to do this, to
recommend the appointment of the
secretary and general manager of the
association — have this committee en-
larged by the appointment of that
many new members, ex officio — and
make it a standing committee, and
that they be given time to deliberate
and see what is best to be done. We
desire to do something effectual, and
something that will benefit all bee-
keepers, and' for that purpose we
make this recommendation.

It was moved and duly seconded,
that the report of the committee be
approved of.

Mr. Davenport — ^When will the
committee report, and to whom?

Pres. York — They will have to make
all their recommendations to the
Board of DDrectors.

Mr. Davenport — Will any action be
taken before the next annual meet-
ing?

Mr. Hershiser — I don't think any-
thing can be done that would be of
any permanent value before the next
annual meeting. If there is any-
thing to- be done in the way of amend -
. ing the constitution, that can't be
done immediately. According to the
constitution it takes some 40 or 45
days' notice previous to the annual
election to get an amendment i>assed,
and, that being the case, we can't do
anything that is very permanent in-
side of that time; and that is w^hy we
conicluded that more time and delib-
eration would be of benefit.

Dr. E. P. Phillips, on being called
upon by the President, saidi — I haven't
any desire at all to discuss this sub-
ject, but it is to me personally a mat-
ter of very great regret that the com-
mittee has taken the action it has.
"We all listened with great pleasure to
the address of the President, and on
account of his remarks we realized
something radical must be done, and
at once. 'Those members who are not

present, and who do not have the op-
portunity of hearing the President's
address, and will merely read it (it is
not the, same to read an address as It
is to hekr it) will not be enthused in
this matter as we are. The result will
be, when it comes up to the ballot,
they will not know what to do.
Whereas, if those of us who are here
present could formulate some plan,
which seems to us to be the best that
could be submitted as the sense of this
convention, it would go through be-
yond all doubt. But, if that is going
to be left to the Board of Directors,
and to a committee, it will not be as
effectual as it will be if it is passed
on by this convention. It seems to me
it would have been a great thing if
we could have formulated some def-
inite line of action, and presented it
this morning for discussion, and have
the thing put up in definite shape.

The Board of Directors have been
running the National now for a good
many years, and; with all due respect
to them, we know how they have been
running it; and if it is left to them to
change we can only assume they will
make changes in accordance with past
plans, and those of us in the conven-
tion got the idea something else was
necessary after listening to Mr. York's
stirring address. For that reason I
would like to have something done
right here and now.

Pres. York — ^^The committee can
have tinother meeting before the con-
vention closes, and 'bring in a further
report.

Mr. Stone — As a member of that
committee, I understand it is to talk
over and suggest the changes to be
made, then they will come before this
meeting at its next annual session.
Notice has to be given 45 days before
the next annual election, and I think
Dr. Phillips' point is well taken; but
won't it come before the convention
before any action is taken? It will
be the action of the convention, and
not of the Directors.

Mr. Davenport — As the mover of that
motion, it was contemplated that what-
ever plan was formulated by the com-
mittee would be submitted to the
annual convention of the National Bee-
Keepers' Association. In view of the
suggestion that has been made, I move
an amendment to the motion to
approve of the report, that the Presi-

■-I.

198

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

dent and Secretary, and General Man-
ager be added to the committee, ex-
off icio, and that they be a standing
committee to report at the next an-
nual meeting.

Mr. Davis — I think we are putting
the obpect of this movemeait off one
year without accomplishing anything
in the meantime. How much further
along will we be a year from now?
My idea is to start something now, if
it is nothing more than making a re-
port to the separate State and County
bodies for their consideration during
their own local deliberations, and let
them thresh over the proposition as
brought forward by this committee.
The State conventions have not held
Iheir meetings yet, and this subject
can be brought before them for dis-
cussion, and those members will
have had sufficient knowledge to dis-
cuss it, whereas mow, we, each of us,
have a small idea individually as to
what co-operation will mean to the
larger bodies. "We haven't got any
proposition here in any tangible form
to discuss, and if we defer action unti'
a year from now, how much better off
will we be?

:Mr. Hershiser — I think it would be
well for us to call another meeting
bf this committee, and invite these
gentlemen that think they have some
way of bringing this matter about im-
mediately to come in and tell us how-
to do it.

The President read from the consti-
tution, showing that no amendment to
the constitution could be made this
year; also with reference to the powers
of the Board of Directors.

Pres. York — The Board of Directors
have the power to use the fund® in
any way they think fit for the inter-
ests of the association; that can be
done any time this year, but you can't
amend the constitution until next
year.

■Mr. Snyder — If that is the case, it is
within our power to get the money
for them to spend.

Pres. York^ — ^^This convention can
recommend that the directors do so
and so.

Mr. Snyder — I move that we advise
them, if they see fit, to raise the dues
to one dollar straight in the National.

)Mr. Huffman — We have a motion
before the house. Before you put that,
it .might be well to consider this, and

let these people go in with the com-
mittee and see if they can get any-
thing better.

I made a motion, which I am willing
to withdraw, if my seconder will con-
sent.

(On consent of the seconder being
given, the motion was withdrawn.)

Mr. iSnyder — My motion was that
this committee advise the Board of
Directors to raise the dues to one dol-
lar a year.

Mr. Palmer — (Pa.) I second the mo-
tion.

Mr. Stone — Our committee decided
to do that -very thing, but we didn't
report it because it would be brought
before the Board of Directors, and
they would bring that before the asso-
ciation at the next annual meeting.

The President here read what was
stated in the constitution on the ques-
tion of dues.

GVlr. 'Huffman — I think the motion is
out of order.

Mr. Snyder — I will withdraw that
motion with the consent of my sec-
onder.

(On consent being given, the mo-
tion was withdrawn.)

Mr. Hershiser — ri suggest that as we
are going to have a meeting of this
committee this afternoon, that we fix
the hour at 1 o'clock, and then these
gentlemen that have ideas on the sub-
ject meet with us, and we will get
along much faster and have a good
chance to deliberate about it.

iMr. Huffman — I think Mr. Her-
S'hiser's suggestion is a gpods one.

Pres. York — iPlease, then, meet with
the committee at 1 o'clock. I would
like to hear from Dr. Gates; I think
he can say something that will be a
help to the committee and that we
all ought to hear.

■ Dr. Gatesi — I- wondered- whether my
remarks should come before that com-
mittee. There are one or two phases
of this situation which I have had in
mind. I want to say, first, I am highly
gratified to see the enthusiasm run so
high for re-organization.

It is very gratifying to see the at-
tempt to re- organize and establish a
sound footing. The educational phase
of the convention of the National Bee-
Keepers' Association was brought out
partially in the President's address
last evening. This educational phase
interests me particularly. It is a

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ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEBPEORiS' ASSOCIATION

199

broader subject than might be at first
thought. The subject might be put
under three topics, and I want to ven-
ture one other hazardous remark — it
might be considered' by some imperti-
nent— and yet I can't help but think
that the reports of the National Bee-
Keepers' Association, to be of perma-
nent value, should be reference books
for every bee-keeper, and in that
connection I would suggest and urge
that the reports and publications, no
matter what form they take, should be
put in permanent form, put on good
paper, have good printing, be well
edited/ and put in permanent, readable
form so that they might be preserved.
As it is today, I doubt if there are
three or four librairies in the coun-
try where you could obtain a complete
set of the reports of this organiza-
tion for reference. I may be entirely
wrong there, but* I have made an at-
tempt, two or three times, to get items
published by this society, and was un-
able to obtain! them. fThat point
seems to me perhaps worthy of con-
sideration.

Then, another topic for this educa-
tional phase of the convention of the
National might .be sitated, the rela-
tion, of the National to the Federal
Government, or to the State Govern-
ment, or the Department of Agricul-
ture. That might, at first, not appeal
to you as an educational matter, yet
the Bureau of Entomology, or the
Agricultural Department of that bu-
reau, and' the various agricultural
commissions or departments of the
State, are strictly educational institu-
tions, and^it is the relation of the
National to these institutibns that I
have in mind to call to your atten-
tion. For instance, just to itemize
one or two things which are done to
promote apiculture by the Federal
Government; and I might say in con-
nection, too, thiat I am possibly at lib-
erty to speak freely on this subject'
because I am not connected with the
Department of Agriculture at "Wash-
ington any more, otherwise I should
hesitate about making these remarks,
yet you all recognize the freeness
with which samples of brood, which
are considered tO' be diseased, are
examined down there; it is an expen-
sive procedure, yet anybody is at lib-
erty to send in a sample which he
thinks is diseased, ITo show you how
they are spreading their information.

I believe something like 100,000 pub-
lications were gotten out from there
this year, first-class publications, ad-
vanced ideas. The Bureau, or Depart-
ment of Apiculture, is a source of gen-
eral information. Its other function,
too, is the research bureau, taking up
problems which are too great, and
entail too much expense. The money
now expended) is something like $10,-
000 a year, that must pay for thei en-
tire equipment and maintenance and
salaries of those connected with the
work. At present the work, as you
know, is largely a matter of investi-
gation of the diseases of bees. There
are other diseases of bees, probably
so-calledi paralyMs, and) so-called
pickled brood, which should be looked
into and studied, but which at present
cannot have attention because of the
necessity of the focusing of the at-
tention on the two brood-diseases,
European and American Foul Brood.
Those are some items of what is being
done there.

My point was not to refer to that
particularly, but to bring out the re-
lation which the National should bear
to that work. It seems to me if the
National were functioned to its full
capacity, it would be highly within
their power; they would have every
right to shape the nature of the work
which is to be done at Washington.
For instance, if the National finds
out that the disease studied is not giv-
ing them satisfaction, if they find out
they would rather have some other
problem considered — for instance, the
control of swarming — it should be
within their power to control or shape
the policy at Washington, and if they
made the effort, and m.ade it in the
right way, they could. If they con-
sider the disease investigation is
necessary, but to spend only $10,000
a year on examining or studying bee-
diseases alone is not sufficient, and
fifteen or twenty thousand dollars
should be spent, so that a fuller study
should be made, including the other
diseases; it would be within the Na-
tional's power to obtain that money,
or to obtain money for other research
problems. Tou see my point. It is
merely to shape the policy at W^ash-
ington, or in any of the other Agri-
cultural State Commissions or Depart-
ments. What applies to Washington,
applies equally well to the State Com-
missions and Departments. I will take

200

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Massachusetts for illustration. I don't
think I am overstepping my right
when I say that the bee-disease in-
spection for iMassachusett® this year
was on a trial basis. The legisla-
ture put it on a trial hasis for one
j'^ear. This year it will come before
the legislature for reconsideration.
Now, I personally wish that the Na-
tional organization were so constituted,
were running in such a manner as to
be in a position to send out their ex-
perts to (Massachusetts and help us get
a favorable reconsideration of the Bee
Disease Law there. The whole of the
Southern United States has got to have
Bee Disease Laws considered, and' the
various iStates in the W^est and Middle
West must have their laws reconsid-
ered. All those things could be shaped,
handled, helped along and promoted by
the national Organization. I think
possibly that will make clear the rela-
tion which I intended to bring out be-
tween the National and the Federal
State Departments; but in compar-
ison with this society as it now
stands, with the conditions as they
exist in Europe, I want to make just
the remark which I made to one of
the officers last evening, if I recall
rightly, the 'National organization of
bee-keepers in Germany, which is a
small country, densely populated, but
has a membership which reaches
something like 85,000 to lOO'.OOO mem-
bers, and I think that the National
Bee-Keepers' Association of this coun-
try has one and a half "thousand mem-
bers in comparison. It appears to me
to be decidedly evidenced that there
is something wrong with the machin-
ery which controls the National or-
ganization.

Mr. Hershiser — As a member of this
committee, I want to make a few re-
marks. About six or seven years ago
we had perhaps two thousand mem-
bers, something like that, or a little
over; we have ' about four thousand
members now. But, instead of four
thousand memib^ers we ought to have
forty thousand, out of about three
hundred thousand bee-keepers in the
United States, and I think it is up to
every member of this association to
make an individual effort to get in a
few members. I have done so in the
past, anld sometimes they will stay a
year or two and then drop out, but
just before I came down here, a young

man that keeps a few bees, expressed
the wish and intention of joining this
association. I explained to him how
good it was to belong to this associa-
tion; nothing but the most recent and
livest topics pertaining to bee-keep-
ing were discussed. Wlien this asso-
ciation meets it is discussing the burn-
ing questions of bee-keeping, and that
dollar they expend is the most produc-
tive dollar they can spend. It is a
very fine investment, because they get
the information for a dollar which .
they want right then and there. This
foul brood question, and everything
else of that kind has been discussed,
not so much at this meeting, but there
has been a surfeit of it in the past.
I think each member of the associa-
tion should try to get some members
in, and get more money and then it
wouW he easier for the association
to accomplish things.

The matter of raising dues, or main- ;
taining the dues at one dollar each,
is one thing that will have to be
adopted in some form or other.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON NOM-
INATIONS.

The President called for the report
of the Committee on Nominations.

Mr. Crane presented the report of
the committee, as follows:

J. B- Crone, of Vermont, and E^ L.
Hoffman,, of Minnesota, were elected
president and secretary, respectively.
Charles Stewart, N. Y.. absent.

The following nominations were
recommended:

For President: Geo. "W York, Chi-
cago; M. V. Facey, Minn. e

Vice-President: W. D. Wright, N. Y.
Thos. Chantry, Cal.

Secretary, E. iB. Tyrell, Mich.; Dr.
B. N. Gates, Mass.; Louis Scholl,
Texas.

Directors: Prof. H. A. Surface, Pa.;
J. A. Stone, 111.; A. Holekamp, Mo.;
Orel L. Hershiser, N. Y.; Frank Wil- -
cox. Wis.; W. P. Southworth, Iowa.
E. L. HOFFMAN, Sec.

Mr. Davenport moved, seconded by
Mr. Stevens, that the report be adopt- '
ed:

The President put the motion,
which, on the vote having toeen taken,
was declared carried, unanimously.

The President, as Mr. Byer asked
to be excused from the committee on

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ILLINOIS STATE BEiE-KBEPEeS' ASSOCIATION

201

the President's Address, appointed In
his place, Mr. Jacob Huffman, of Wis-
consin.

BEST HIVE STAND.

"W'hat is the best foundation for a
hive to rest on?"

Mr. Huffman — Cement foundation.

Mr. Latham — I made a foundation
for my hive last spring' that has
proven very satisfactory; I made it
in this way: A board form was laid
on the ground, and coal ashes mixed
six to one with Portland cement
poured into this form. It is very
cheap. Twenty-six hive-stands took
only seven bags of Portland cement.

Mr. Huffman. — ^I have used the one
the last gentleman has described, and
I wouldn't have any other.

iMr. Stone — I asked that question
because of a discussion that occurred
in the Chicago-Northwestern Associa-
tion last year. When I read over the
proof I saw that it ended with a slab
of concrete two inches thick laid flat
on the ground, and Dr. Miller said.
"That won't do because it will rot the
hive;" I was at the same time mak-
ing foundation oif concrete for my
hives; the form is a "U" shape. It is
a delight to me to go to a hive with
that shape and sort of foundauon.

Mr. Huffman^ — ^With regard to the
hive rotting on cement foundation, I
don't think it will when you have a
reversible bottom to the hive, because
there is an air-space around that. If
there is any danger of that, all you
need to do is to cut a couple of slabs.
When you have your hive-stand per-
manent, and you want to move the
hive you can't do it. It is all right
if you want it to stay in the one place.

FOUL BROOD TREATMENT.

■ "The treatment of foul brood, to
be answered by Dr. B. N. Gates, and
Mr. Charles 'Stewart.

Dr. Gates — I have had only six or
eight weeks' experience as inspector
and Mr, Stewart has had years, and
I would prefer to allow Mr. Stewart
to speak on my behalf.

Mr. Stewart— 'I didn't know I had
been slated to give a talk on bee-dis-
eases; it was totally unexpected, but
in as much as there is a call for some-
thing of this kind, I might make a
few pertinent remarks, and one Is
this, that sooner or later the bee-dis-

ease seems to be destined to reach
to every apiary; it is hardly possible
to check its spread. A man said to
me the other day, one of the members
of this association, "The bee-disease
has appeared in a totally unexpected
place; there has been no traffic in
bees in that section; there has been
no exchange of anything whereby this
disease could have been brought
there." Now the question is, how did
it come there? To the man that has
studied this thing closely, that is a
comparatively simple matter. There
may have been various ways in which
it may have been brought there. For
instance a man may ship some honey
that is a little diseased; it may have
been shipped to New York or Buffalo,
or wherever you choose, and when it
was unloaded there may have been a
little pool of honey inside of the car,
and that car may have been brought
into any State, and the bees may go in
and visit that car and carry the honey
out. Or, some person may have had
a box of lioney, or sent it to a friend,
and this honey may have come from
the diseased colony and been thrown
out. So that it is a hard matter al-
ways to follow up this thing and find
out where the trouble originated. It
is well for every man to be prepared.
The best preparation I know of today
is to Italianize. Italianize all your
colonies. This may seem to be quite
a task. It is not necessary, unless
the disease is at your door, to Italian-
ize all at once. You may buy some fine
queens and breed your own queens.
There is no reason why you should
not be master of this branch of the
business just as well as the produc-
tion of honey. If you are going to
be a bee-keeper you must be what we
call an all-round bee-keeper — a, man
who is ready to do any and- all parts
of the work. One of the first things
you should learn is the rearing of
fine queens.

Another fiact I want to emphasize,
and that is ttie strain of the Italians;
they vary greatly as to vitality and
vigor in cleaning up disease. The
head inspector for Canada has just
been discussing that thing ~ "on the
side;" and you will find some strains
of bees are almost immune to this dis-
ease. The assertion has been made
in this State, by a man ihired to come
here and attend our institutes, that he

202

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

believed a strain of bees could be
bred tbat was practically immune to
foul brood. Whether this may be so
or not, I am not, prepared to say, but
certain it is, that some strains are al-
most entirely immune. So that you
will use considerable care in select-
ing a strong, vigorous strain of Ital-
ians. This, in connection with the
shaking treatment, which you are all
more or less familiar with, and which
has been laid down in our bulletins,
seems to be the key-note for the erad-
ication of bee- diseases, that is, so far
as it may be, to produce a crop. It
is a question if foul brood will ever
be thoroughly eradicated, any more
than the time will come iwhen you will
never hear of that contagious disease
called smallpox. The germs are al-
ways present somew^here, and it is
liable to break out under favorable
conditions. The favorable condition
to ifloul brood .is, bees weak in vitality.
One of your inspectors can go Into a
yard and tell you pretty nearly what
would be the result of foul brood
started in on that particular yard,
by observing the bees carefully. If
■they were inbred blacks, those small,
little bees, and your hives' were rather
antiquated and unhealthy, he would
tell you in one season it would pretty
nearly wipe out your apiary. If, on
the other hand, they were pretty
strong and vigorous, he might say
he would give you about two sea-
sons before: it cleaned out the yard.
In case you didn't use vigorous meas-
ures, if they were strong at times,
with a low vitality, he would tell you
that the disease might go all around
you, and you might find little, if any
at all, in your yards. I have known a
man who wasn't a very good bee-
keeper, in fact, way under the average
as a bee-keeper, who had a large num-
ber of colonies, something over 100,
perhaps 150, and he had one fad, and
that was purchasing Italian queens,
and he would buy them promiscuously
from all over; thereby he crossed up
his bees and had a vigorous strain of
Italians by crossing, and he passed all
through this disease in eastern New
York, and while I visited his yard
frequently I never found a case of
disease that it was necessary to treat.
In iflact, I never found a case of dis-
oase in his yard. This is a strong
endorsement for the Italian bee. I
merely tell you these things, and I

think they will be endorsed by all
inspectors. If you wish to be on the
riglit side, Italianize.

Mr. McEvoy — This gentleman has
come out squarely on that. Italianize.
This black brood originates among the
blacks and other crosses, and it is
the outcome of neglected and uncared-
for brood. The blackss are poor feed-
ers and caretakers, and what this gen-
tleman has said about them dwindling
down, and the disease making head-
way, is correct. The best cure for
that is to Italianize, and don't let the
disfease get headway. You can't save
combs from foul brood, that is, once
the matter is dried down and glued
fast, because it is there as long as a
comb lasts.

Mr. Wright — iMost of the members
know where I stand on that question,
because I ihave given it a number of
times to the National) Association. I
also believe in Italianizing In advance
of the disease. That is the best pre-
ventive measure. After the disease
gets in, in handling it, about the only
way to do is to Italianize as soon' as
possible, and if your bees are all
Italianized you will have very little
trouble afterwards. I have had many
examples of Italian bee-yards in dis-
eased territories, and I have gone in
and found very ifiew diseased colonies
in the yards. If the disease is prev-
alent Ve nearly always look into the
black and hybrid colonies, and that is
generally where we find it.

Mr. 'McEvoy — The Italians are the
greatest house -cleaners. If a little
larva dies, they will clean it out; they
are the greatest feeders and the great-
est house-cleaners, and it is to every
person's interest to work the Italians.
I can endorse what Mr. Wright says,
every word of it.

Mr. Stewart — Another point I want
to call your attention to, and that is'
along the lines of the Italians that are
not so vigorous as others. It was
a puzzle at one time how black brood
spread so rapidly, and rather by ac-
cident than long series of experiments-
we discovered how it spread. I was
traveling in the northern part of the
State, of farther north than this,
where there was one man had some
very fine Italians among the rest, and
a few colonies of goldens, and in trav-
eling over the country we found these
golden Italians got very badly dis-
eased. About four miles away, we

■'JA.W^;*.?^

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

203

fouiMi a yard of black bees, and three-
quarters of th-em had these yellow
Italiajis, and they were all diseased
slightly. Now, the only way that
this apiary oould have acquired this
disease apparently, or contracted the
disease, was hy these bees flying over
them and dropping in them. I ques-
tion ifirom a badly diseased colony if
a bee ever goes to the field so desti-
tute of honey in its honey- sac that
there are not some germs of EJuropean
foul brood in its honey-sac, and these
bees being driven down by the stress
of the weather, attracted by the hnm
of that apiary, or possibly if the young
bees dropped into these colonies and
regurgitate of this honey, the disease
is thereby started in those brood colo-
nies. That siheds light on the way it
might be spread by intermingling. The
blacks will tolerate a lot of inter-
mingling, whereas the Italians are not
so fond of having strangers visit their
home.

"Will the introduction of a good
Italian queen generally cure foul
brood?"

Mr. Stewart — It doesn't say what
kind ol^ foul brood. If that was the
Americs^, I wouldn't say it would
euro. it.

Mtr McEvoy — (No, it won't.

Mr. Stewart — ^As an inspector, I
don't like to advocate the fact that
Italians introduced into outside colo-
nies, or colonies diseased with Euro-
pean foul brood is the remedy to be
relied on alone. If you have sickness
in your family you may call up the
doctor and tell him the symptoms,
and perhaps he could send something
to you, but it is quite essential that
the doctor should come there and
know all the conditions; and before I
said the introduction of an Italian
queen would cure that particular yard.
I would want to look the ground over
very carefully.

Mr. McBvoy — If ft is black brood it
can be carefully managed, and the
combs saved, but if it is the real foul
brood, the ropy stuff, it cannot be
cleaned out of the combs; it never
can be. It is there as long as that
comb lasts, and the Italians won't do
that.

"Which is the better for warding off
foul brood, the dark of yellow Ital-
ians?"

Mr. Stewart — Personally all the evi-
dence I have had has been in favor of

the dark or leather strain of Italians,
but I have had reports showing that
the light-colored Italians have been
more successful in the ihands of some
people. I think that is largely owing
to the vigor of the strain. I dont
think we should class them as very
light or leather-colored, and look for
some particular qualities in the clean-
ing up of the disease, take any strain
of Italians that are very energetic and
vigorous.

Mr. Selser — I should like to put the
question In the negative, and say you
will introduce foul brood very often,'
by introducing an Italian or any other
kind of queen. I want to warn those
wiho have not seen foul brood, that
they be very careful in introducing
a queen. The best way of introduc-
ing a queen is, put nothing in contact
with her. You should put your queen
into the hive alone, without any thing
else.

Mr. McEvoy — In introducing a
queen, he is right; there is lots of
disease introduced through Italians,
but it is not the queen, it is in the
candy.

Mr. West — ^I think the subject has
been pretty well covered In regard to
Italians. W^e get quite a good deal
of proof that they are superior in
wiithstanding the disease, because we
go into a great many yards where we
find the disease has first struck that
locality, where it has almost ruined
the aipiaries, and yet we will find a
few Italians that will stand until the
blacks are nearly all destroyed and
gone, by the disease. Take some of
those colonies where they have been
entirely destroyed, or down to the
number of two, three and four, and
they win go into the fields, and they
will build up the apiaries very often,
and from that strain of bees we can
many times get queens that are more
immune to the disease than from some
other source. We find a great many
that go down, where there has not
been anything done, until the yards
are entirely ruined, until from a cer-
tain few colonies the yard has been
built up again by Italians. Many
Italians suffer because of the disease.
The point (has been taken in regard to
introducing an Italian queen, that that
is one of the best things we can do.
There is quite a difference in the Ital-
ian queens we introduce, and some-

204

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT O'F THE

times In the condition, and in the way
we introdu'ce them, but I think it is
far siuperior if we have bees, when
they become diseased, that we just
swap combs, and give them' frames of
foundation and clean ihives, and give
them a new Italian queen at the same
time.

At 12:30 p. m., the convention ad-
journed, to meet at 2 o'clock p. m.

SECOND DAY— AFTERNOON SES-
SION.

At 2 o'clock p. m., ithe President
called the convention to order.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.

Mr. 'Hershiser again presented the
report of the committee appointed on
the President's Address, which em-
braced the following resolutions,
which were adopted:

Whereas, The proceedings of this
convention have been especially en-
riched by the able address of our
President, therefore, be it

Resolved, That the many wise sug-
gestions contained therein merit our
most carefiul consideration and atten-
tion, and 'that it is hoped that they
will be considered by every bee-keep-
er as especially addressed to him.

Resolved, That it is the sense of
this convention that the Board of
Directors of this Association take im-
mediate active measures to the end
that the points in the President's Ad-
dress be brought before all local affili-
ated and non -affiliated bee-keepers'
associations in the United States and
Canada, for discussion.

Resolved, That it is the sense of
the convention that the Board of Di-
rectors of this Association use its
funds as far as possible in the em-
ployment of an efficient person to or-
ganize State and County associations
of bee-keepers, to be affiliated with
this Association, and in all other, ways
to advance the organization of bee-
keepers.

Resolved That it is the sense of
this convention that such points in the
President's Address as look to amend-
ments in the iConstitution be com-
mended to the Board of Directors for
immediate action, and that they be
earnestly urged to use what power
they now have to carry out the recom-

mendations in the President's Ad-
dress.

O. L.. HEHSHISER,
JAS. A. STONE,
JACOB BJUPIEIMAN.

Committee.

Mr. Hershiser — The committee rec-
ommends that this committee on the
(President's Address be enlarged by
the addition thereto, as ex-officio
members, of the President, Secretary
and General Manager of this associa-
tion, and that the committee be made
a permanent one during the year.

Mr. Davenport — I move that the
committee be constituted, as recom-
mended by Mr. Hershiser, and that it
be made permanent during the year.

Mr. McEvoy — I second the motion.

The President put the motion,
which, on a vote (having been taken,
was declared carried.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON RES-
OLUTIONS.

The President called for the report
of the Committee on Resolutions.

Mr. Hershiser presented the report
of the Committee on Resolutions,
which, on motion, duly seconded, was
adopted as follows:

The Committee on Resolutions beg
to report as follows:

1. Whereas, The National Bee-
Keepers' Association has been privi-
leged to hold its convention in the
Common Council Chamber in the City
Hall of Albany,

Resolved, That the thanks of this
association and convention are due
the autnorities of the City of Albany,
and especially to Mr. David E. Pugh,
superintendent of this building, for
granting to us and so kindly arrang-
ing for our use thereof, and also for
the use of the Recorder's court room
for showing objects of interest to bee-
keepers.

2. Whereas, Mr. W. D. Wright has
been especially active in the interests
of this convention, and the comple-
tion of excellent arrangements for the
same.

Resolved, That the thanks of this
association and convention are due
Mr. Wright for his activities in this
behalf.

Whereas, We have learned with
deep regret of the continued illness
of our mutual friend, W. Z. Hutchin-
son, one who has in the past filled

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

205

various official positions in this asso-
ciation, and wiho has by his self-sacri-
ficing principles endeared himself to
bee-keepers all over the continent.

Resolved, That this association
deeply sympa'tihizes with him and his
^ family, and unitedly join in the hope
that 'he may soon be restored to bis
usual health; and, be it further re-
solved. That a copy of this resolu-
tion be forwarded to Mr. Hutchinson
forthwith, by the acting secretary of
this, association.

4. Whereas, Eternal vigilance seems
necessary to prevent exorbitant
(freight rates on honey, therefore be it

Resolved, That we urge Congress
and the Inter- State Commerce Com-
mission to protect the bee-keeping
industry, by preventing any increase
in freight-rates on honey, and, be it
further

Resolved, That the President, Sec-
retary and General Manager be ap-
pointed a standing committee to look
after the interests of the bee-keep-
ers in all matters pertaining to freight
rates.

Wihereas it has come to our knowl-
edge that Mr. G. M. Doolittle, of Bor-
odino, N. T., who has for so many
years rendered Invaluable services to
the bee-keeping world with pen and
voice, is about to retire, or has re-
tired, from our ranks as an active bee-
keeper, be it

Resolved, That we deeply appreci-
ate his valuable services to us in the
past, and we hope for a continuance
of *is wise counsel for years to come;
and be it further

Resolved, That a copy of this reso-
lution be forwarded to Mr. Doolittle
by our acting secretary, forthwith.

6. Wihereas, The proceedings of this
convention have been especially en-
riched by the able address of our
President, be it

Resolved, That the many wise sug-
gestions contained therein merit our
most careful consideration and atten-
tion, and that it is hoped that the mat-
ters contained therein will be con-
^ sidered by every bee-keeper as es-
pecially addressed to him.

7. Whereas, It is evident to every
thoughtful bee-keeper that the com-
pensation of our General Manager, Mr.
N. E. France, is inadequate for the
services rendered, be it

Resolved, That he has been self-
sacrificing and generous in his telling

efforts for the betterment of the con-
ditions of bee-keepers, and that we
recognize the justice of better ma-
terial compensation for his valuable
and unselfish services.

OREL L. HBRSHISER,

J. L BYBR,

E. L. HOFMANN,

Committee.
Pres. York — I assure you I appre-
ciate very deeply the resolution refer-
ring to my address. For years I
have hoped I might be able to do
something for bee-keepers. I believe
I have attended every convention of
the National Association if I mis-
take not, I am the only one here
who has attended every convention
during those years. It Is a real pleas-
ure to me to meet bee-keepers in all
parts of the country, and it seems to
me I have never enjoyed a convention
as I have this one. I want to thank
you for the passing of this resolution.
Mr. Davis — I would like to add a
resolution to that, with the permis-
sion of the committee. The Custom
House Department of the United
States Government charge 20 cents a
gallon duty on honey, and honey, ac-
cording to the United States Custom
House Department, weighs' 8 pounds
to the gallon. All honey is imported by
weigh at 20 cents a gallon, and reck-
oned at 8 pounds to the gallon. Now,
that is mis -information on the part of
a would-be purchaser. In other words,
the United States Government puts
their official seal as to the weight of
honey to be less than water, and I
submit the following resolution:

Resolved, That the Department of
Agriculture standardize the weight of
honey to be 12 pounds to the gallon.
The President and General Manager
to be a committee to see this is
brought to the attention of the proper
authorities.

(This motion, on being duly second-
ed, was adopted.)

SALARY OF GENERAL MANAGER

Mr. Davenport — The resolution re-
ferring to the services of the manager,
N. E. France, is an important one, and
the convention has shown their ap-
preciation of those services in this
resolution, as they have undoubtedly
through all the years realized the
great benefit we have derived from
his services. I understand that is

206

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

J-

-only a suggestion. Does it rest there?
I move that the matter of the increase
of his salary or compensation for his
services be taken into consideration
by the standing committee of three,
and the President, Secretary and
Manager.

On the motion being duly second'ed,
it was adopted.

The President called for the paper
by Mr. F. H. Cyrenius, on "When and
How to Re-queen With a Fall Honey
Flow."

Mr. Cyrenius — In my talk last night
some of the people complained in the
back part of the room that they
couldn't hear all of my demonstra-
tions, and as I have some to make,
if you will excuse me, I will take the
platform. Last evening I omitted
two or three of my conveniences and
comforts in the bee-yard, and with
the President's permission I will try
to explain them to you now.

BEE ESCAPE.

First, I had a bee- escape board with
me, but it has been misplaced. We
have had a good many directions
about placing a bee-escape under the
boxes, and how to pull the boxesi over
them. Now, if you will make your
bee-escape in two pieces, one piece oc-
cupying about three-quarters of the
hive's length, and one piece ono-quar-
ter of its whole length, then when you
glo to put it on the hive lift up the
super and put the long piece under,
then the short piece can be slipped in.
It saves a whole lot of lifting. It
doesn't matter in which part you have
the bee-escape.

DRAIN THE CAPPINGS.

Now, we have talked a good deal
about cappings and capping holders
for extracting honey. Lately I have
adopted this plan: If you have a good,
stiff honey -knife, all right; if not,
take a small sized trowel, and after
you get a little bunch of cappings in
the tub of melter, mix it up into a
regular mortar. Tou have no idea
how much more honey will run out
in that way. One time I had about a
bushel of those cappings. that had run
out, and I put them on a big piece of
brown paper, and there wasn't enough
honey left to wet through the paper.

One more comfort to me has been
that discarded old Given foundation

press that I have had away back since
1878, making the best foundation on
earth ; a foundation you. can put right
in the box, half one and half the other,
and the bees draw out the old Given
foundation first, and I can make it
so thin that the wax is all in the parti-
tions of the cells, and will even push,
the bottom right out of the base. ;

ALARM ON SCALES.

- ■' ■ ---J

One thing more: I have had some
questions about this bell. One party
wanted to know how I fastened it on
the scales. It is not fastened at ' all.
This simply rests against the post of
the sdales, and when the honey brings
up the weight it simply drops down.
Tou can do that without a bell; you
can take an old pie-tin, and have a
hammer hard enough so that you will
hear the noise when this. weight comes
down, and know your can is full of
honey. . . -: i -•

WHEN AND HOW TO RE-QUEEN
WITH A FALL HONEY-FLOW.

Now, it has been my purpose for a
number of years to devise a plan
whereby an apiary could be re -queened
every year, if necessary, without ex7
pense, and the best possible queens
reared in doing it. I suppose I will
have plenty of oppoisition along these
lines, but I have been pretty careful
in my training, and one thing I want
you to understand before we begin
is that this is not for your locality,
it i^ for mine; it is designed for the
locality that has two honey-flows — a
clover honey-flow beginning about
June 18. and another one beginning
about August 18. Those are my condi-
tions, and that is what this plan is
made for. I rear my queens all at
one stroke, so to speak, in one litter;
whether it is 25 or 50, or 100, or 200,
they are all reared) in one motion.
They are reared at the time of the
year when it is most propitious for
them; they are reared at a time of the
year when it is nature's time. Josh
Billings told uis the best time to set
a hen was when she wanted to sit,
and . I' believe he is right; and the
rearing of these queens should be
done when they have the least to do
otherwise.

Now we start in the spring of the
year with a Langstroth hive, 8 -frame,
I use, when the supers are full of

ILLINOIS STATE BBE-KEOEHEJRS' ASSOCIATION

207.

honey ; it is abou£^ as heavy, I think,
as a little skinny fellow like me ought
to handle! After we have selected
the very best possible queens we can
find — those are trie ones we breed
from, because if this plan is carried
out to all its intents and purposes,
such a thing as a natural cell will
hardly be seen during' the season.
About May 15, I go to my colonies
that I have selected for rearing the
drones, and I rear any quantity of
drones. This reating, two or three
frames of brood is the principal ex-
pense of my queen -rearing. Now, we
come to the other swarms.

About the time apple-trees blossom,
I come along wilh my colony that is
strong enough, and raise it up, and
put a hive of empty combs under-
neath. I do that to save the animal
heat. I believe that the place to
keep them is at the top. The queen
lias the full run of everything until
about June 1. The 1st of June, I be-
gin to prepare for queen-rearhig. I go
now to all my hives through the yard
and get up about three-fifths of the
brood in the upper chambers, with
the queen below, and a zinc between
the two. I have found a great many
advantages in putting part of the
brood in the upper chamber, and es-
pecially for extracted honey produc-
tion.

About June 10 I select about 10 per
cent, of the strongest colonies I have,
and I simply take this queen away
and set it on a new stand, and set
this part down on the stand occupied
by the old field-bees. It is a strong
colony to begin with, and now its
forces are augumented by all the forces
of the field. Its brood is all ten days
old. Tou see it has plenty of brood;
it is hatching out one or two thousand
eggs a day, and it is hopelessly queen-
less. Those bees soon discover that
they are queenless, and they are in
desperate straits for a queen, and it
is a powerful colony.

Let me digress. I go to my colony
that I am to rear the queens from,
and take a good share of their brood
away, and put in some combs which
I don't value very highly; I do this
along any time between the 1st and
10th of June. That makes the age
come right along in order, so that I
can find just the kind of brood I want.
I can find a frame of just eggs, I can
find another frame (perhaps nearly

all of it) just larvae which have start-
ed. I don't believe we can rear as
good queens from brood that is one,
two or three days in larvae, as if we
make the start from the eggs. I go
to this breeding colony, take out this
comb, and cut ,sbme strips off where
the eggs are, and put the, cells the
other way, looking up and looking
down; put them right in between the
frames, anyway. There is no objec-
tion to your transferring this brood
by the Doolittle method if you care to
do it, but by this other method you
can do it in a quarter of the time. Last
year I had two colonies that made 52
queen- cells almost as long as my
finger. After this these queens are
in here about 48 hours. If 5'^ou have
the time, examine, and if you haven't,
destroy part of those cells as Henry
Alley has directed, you will find lots
of those cells so close together you
can't separate them. If you will
take one of those plugs or a rake-
tooth and make a hole in the comb
any place, and take the dipping spoon
and dip that larvae out, and dip it
right in this hole, or in the queen-cell,
or any-where, that does away with the
queen-cellsi you can't use, and you
have got them separate and apart.
Now, I have always found about 10
per cent of my colonies give me an
abundance of cellfe.

Now, about June 20, our honey is
coming, our clover begins to open,
and now we are ready for operations.
At this time all these chambers are
set off on a new place; that lets the
old bees come back in the old hive,
and these cells are put in a cell-pro-
tector to hatch out; it doesn't stop
those bees from making one ounce of
honey.

To get at the box-honey part of it,
I use a very shallow chamber; three
frames of that would take one sheet
of Langstroth foundation. About June
10, we will say, I shake this old queen
off into this little bit of a shallow
chamber, and put a queen- excluding
board over, and right above that I put
all their brood. If I should put the
queen in that little bit of a chamber,
without this great quantity of brood
on top, they would swarm right away.
We all know that. Then the queen
must lay eggs in the cells; it takes 16
days for them to hatch. I figure on
only about 10 or 12 days. The 20th
of June comes, and we are ready

^.■V^.->J.-V '■."■-

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j^'^d?W^r:V^^&^iP^^^-i%?ff^-^s-

f^^^^^i..

208

TENTH ANNUAL. REPORT OF THE '

for our honey harvest. I take this
all away, and I take the old queen and
put her in the cage, and cage her
up in there. Now you can do one of
two things, you can take the queen
away entirely and let them start some
cells, or give them some of these
choice cells, or leave the old queen in.
Preferably, I have left the old queen
with the hive.

There is one little point I have not
had experience enough with to lay
down as an orthodox rule, and that is
whether those queenis' will start arti-
ficial cells with the intention of using
them for swarming purposes or not.
Ijast year mine did n'ot. So that until
1 find some reason to change, I will
cage this old queen in there. Tou
must have at least one part of the
empty comb in there to catch the
pollen so that it doesn't get in the
boxes. Then with a piece of zinc
on this little bit of shallow hive I put
on the supers. I have been gratified
and more than pleased with the way
those bees will put the honey in the
hive. The3' haven't anything to do
but bring in honey and store it in the
boxes. There is no brood to amount
to anything to take care of.

Now, I presume you people will
think I am scrimping the queen's egg-
laying capacity. Not in the least.
I have all the eggs, I have all the
bees, I have all the queens laying at
all times, and any time I want them.
From the 1st to the 5th of July I
want all the queens possible begin-
ning to lay. I think I can safely say
if we will destroy a queen just as
soon as the honey harvest is com-
ing we can double our clover crop.
That is my experience. Some three
or four years ago, in handling my
bees about the 2iO'th of June, I killed
a queen, accidentally, and looking
there a little later I found the hive
crammed full of honey, at least double
the honey that any other hive had
produced, and the hint wasn't lost. I
believe I am right in saying if we
can keep the energies of our queens
up to the highest standard, that our
white honey harvest will be at least
double.

Now, I want to shift this to extract-
ed honey. I think it will be a good idea
to use that little thing right along
in connection with extracted honey.
But, suppose you don't want to. I am
going to digress a little bit and go

back to our old management. Now,
here we have the 20th of June, our
great quantity of queen-cells — 'Wehave
them: to use, the ibest of them. Now, I
set this upper brood off on the side.
If I want to let this old queen keep
on laying I prefer to cage her. But
this one now is a little weak because',
it is moved off its new place, or you
may leave it on the old stand. She
hatches out, and she is a laying queen
aljout the 3d of July, just right for
my fall honey-flow. If your flow is a
little earlier than that, and you want
to follow out this manipulation, do it
a little earlier, corresponding with
your season. Now then, I have got
these two queens laying the first of
July, both <yt them for golden-rod.
This one has her young queen, and we
have a chance to test her a little bit.
If her bees happen to prove a little
inferior, I give her a mark that I
don't want to use her. I may have a
queen in "this hive a year old that I
prefer to that one, but not very often.
When the golden-rod honey comes, I
kill one of these queens, usually the
oM queen, and I think hereafter I
shall put this little bit of shallow hive
on and call that the ihive, because that
'Wiill fix the bees in much better shape,
for winter quarters; it will give them
a capacity of about 11 frames, and
that little - passageway between the
frames, it seems to me, will put them
in pretty good order for winter quar-
ters. A'bove this we put our zinc
hoard. Above this we" put all that is
left after killing the queen, brood,
hive and honey, we put that on there
for surplus. There are two powerful
colonies of bees ready to go into the
fall supply. This year I have found
I needed another set of combs on
there to give the bees room. We have
had a pretty cold fall, and some of
my best colonies that have been treat-
ed in that sort of way have filled this
all full of honey this fall.

Now, you can imagine the condi-
tion those bees are in for the winter.
They have had the bees from two
queens right through the honey har-
vest— the worker bees — and they go
into winter quarters much stronger;
than they would with one queen, and
I find that my honey crop Is very
much increased by this plan.

A member — Do you get any increase
at all, then?

Mr. Cyrenius — No, sir, I sihould have;

ILLTXiQIS STATE BEE-KEEPEJRS' ASSOCIATION

209

: . told you on the start that it wasn't
for increase at all, but you can have
all the increase you want. My plan

, . was to increase the honey crop and
not the bees; keep the same number.
I generally increase a little bit, about
ten per cent more than I want, be-
cause some of these queens will be
lost, but you are not obliged to unite
them here unless you want to. I
unite th-em because it is the increase
of honey I want. I have all the bees
I care for, so I increase only in that
way to get all the queens I can, laying
for the fall harvest, and then unite
them' again, and go on in that way.
It gives you double energy for the fall
honey, and more advantages are
gained in proportion by having our
bees very strong in the fall, than in
June. You might say, how can you
expand and increase your bees, and
yet, at the same time, consolidate
them? With this little hive I have a
larger swarm of bees than if they had
swarmed naturally. If is a swarm time

^ of the year, and I can give just enough

to go on and take care of the brood
and queen cell, which is almost ripe
and ready to hatch, so that the great
forces of the bees are in this little
bit of a shallow hive. You might
ask why I use such a shallow hive.
It is simply this: when you have the
queen caged, or kill the queen, the
bees will fill every cell of comb befipre
they will go in the boxes. In tjiis
case they haven't much of that kind of
work to do. ,

I thank you for your attention. (ijP-
plause.)

Mr. MdEvoy — That gentleman gave
you a system that will give you a
large crop of extracted honey.

Mr. Yates^ — Have you combs in this
narrow part of the hive?

Mr. Cyrenius — Sure; I have combs

in that the same as in any chamber.

Mr. Root — How deep is this shallow

^ chamber?

- Mr, Cyrenius — I think the frames

are 3 and 7-8; a sheet of foundation

- - just cuts up into three frames. For a
great many purposes I like to put this

,V brood in the upper chamber. When I

, have some queens coming from some
breeder I always like to have them
come by the 1st of July, if I am going
to use them for next year; that gives

'(-■' me 11 months to test them. A week
._ before the queens come I see the

J brood is in the upper chamber, and

—14

when the queens come I haven't got
to hunt for them. There is a lot of
queenless broods up here, and I move
this on the new stand, and the old
bees desert this. I have nothing left
but the young queen, and she ac-
cepts the new queen very easily. I
never lost a queen.

Mr. McEvoy — All the old field-bees \ ,
that might attack this one have gone l,
to gather honey. i

Mr. Davenport — What is your man-
agement when you take your bees out
in the spring?

Mr. Cyrenius — It has been common
and customary for the bee-keepers to
want a very nice, warm day to set
the bees out of the cellar. Now, I
want a day that is down to freezing,
or if I can get into a little flurry of a
snow storm, that is what I call a good T;
day. Then the bees settle down,
and when it comes a nice day, they fly
easily. I clean the bottom-boards off, _
and if I know they have got plenty of :
honey I don't disturb them again until
the 20th of May. I think the very
best stimulant we can give our bees
is a good letting alone, and, as Doo-
little says, it is millions of pounds of
honey in our combs. It is the na-
ture of the bees to cover all the brood
they can in the spring of the year. ,
With the bees I winter out doors I
have a box a little larger than a hive;
I take forest leaves and fill it level,
and then I put a board; in which just
fits in there; I press it down and get
on it with my feet and press it down
hard to the bottom. I press that down
over the hive, and it is the best pro-
tection I know of for wintering. I
leave that on there until about the
20th of May, when our fruit-bloom
comes, and I need another super.

Mr. I>avenport — You have a deep
and shallow chamber. I understood
you to say that you used the shallow -
chamber to reinforce the stores of the
bees for winter.

Mr. Cyrenius — ^Yes.

Mr. Davenport — How do you manip-
ulate those two in the spring?

Mr. Cyrenius — Just as though it -"
was one hive. There is no manipu-
lation at all until June.

The President called on Mr. Prance
to read the paper by Wesley Foster,
of Boulder, Colo., on "Methods of Re-
tailing Honey." "^

Mr. France read the paper as fol-
lows:

_ i ^kJ^^'St..!

*■* J>-»^Jt-

■ X'^Vis

210

T'BISPTH ANNUAL, REPORT OF THE

METHODS OF RETAILING HONEY.

The different ways of retailing
honey depend upon the kind of honey
and the style of package. If we are
going to sell honey from' our own
house, or from the wagon on the street,
we can use tin pails or cans for ex-
tracted, and sell bulk comb honey or
comb honey in sections without put-
ting in a glassed shipping case. The
most economically produced honey is
that which costs us the least, in time
for the quantity and quality, and ex-
tracted honey and bulk comb honey
come within this class. Extracted
honey costs less for packages in the
larger sizes of tin, and this is the
most convenient way to retail it from
one's own house, some families using
two 60-pound cans a year. There is
hardly a family that would not buy a
gallon pail once in a while if taught
to eat honey.

Where bulk and broken comb honey
is sold from the house or store, oyster
pails are very convenient to put it in
and these packages are very inexpen-
sive.

These methods of retailing honey
are very economical; the consumer
gets a tin pail that can be used again,
and in case of the bulk comb honey in
oyster pails, the cost of the package
is almost nothing. But though this
is the most economical way to sell
honey it does not work so well with
the grocers. An extracted honey
sells better in glass jars of tasteful de-
sign and attractive labels in a gro-
cery than in tin where the customer
cannot see the color and thickness of
the goods. Comb honey must be well
displayed in glass shipping- cases that
will keep out dust and flies, to take
well in the stores. The demand for
looks in all store goods is now so in-
sistent that an uninteresting package
will not go at all well. Looks cost
money, so that the customer gets far
less for his money than he would if
the large tin packages or bulk comb
honey were bought. Although the
more costly we i^ust recognize the
condition and foll<>w the methods that
will dispose of the most honey at the
best price, and the grocers are now,
and will be for a long time, the
means to dispose of the bulk of our
crop. By making arrangements with
a grocer in advance, one can make a
house-to-house canvass with samples,

and take orders for honey to be de-
livered through the grocer.

Then another plan that works quite
well, and is as effective as far as it
goes, is in demonstrating in the gro-
cery stores to the customers. This
plan is good, and if one can sell
enough honey for the grocer to pay
the expenses of the demonstration the
method is a good one, for then the ad-
vertising pays its own way. The coffee,
tea, cocoa, breakfast food manufac-
turers, etc., generally sell enough this
way to pay the expenses, and some-
times a profit is made on the business
done. The future business always
justifies the expenditure where the
plan is worked at all intelligently.

I have felt for some time that we
should adopt the progressive methods
of the firms selling their goods nation-
ally. We have had articles in the
bee-papers about the one-horse wag-
ons fixed up for peddling from house
to house, and while this way is not to
be frowned upon it is time we were
adopting more wholesale and up-to-
date means. I believe the only way
to get a better price is to put up an
article in a small but attractive jar,
with distinctive labels bearing a regu-
lar brand name. Then we can ad-
vertise and do some pushing of the
honey.

The retailing of honey through the
grocer, then, to sum it up, is the only
method that will do much to spread
the use of honey throughout the coun-
try. We can build up a local demand
in our own town by calling from
house to house, but the fact that most
of the food of the people is bought
through the groceries will always be
against the success of home-made
ways. We must recognize the direc-
tion of the wind and go according-
ly, and the wind in the sails is going
to carry the craft of bee-culture
through the regular channels of dis-
tribution.

I will continue to stimulate the
the sale of extracted and comb honey
in bulk and large packages around
home, because it is a saving for those
who have hdney and can hardly get
all they would like, but the fact is
that a small ID-, 15 or 25 cent jar of
fancy white extracted honey, put up
with a distinctive label and a sugges-
tive brand name, will sell more honey
in more markets through the whole

a'

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IDLrlNOIS STATE BBE-KBEPEKS' ASSOCIATION

211

year, than the old and perhaps more
economical methods. The smaller
packages can be sold at a price that
will pay for some money being spent
for advertising, store demonstrations,
and exhibits at fairs, and also for
house-to-house canvasses, though
these latter, if conducted by good men,
, . will pay their own way. We can con-
sistently hope soon for a new era of
honey consumption, when honey is as
easily secured in the stores of the
country as crackers, and of as good
amJ uniform a quality.

this new era will come (and is par-
tially here now) when more attention
is paid to the ripening of honey on the
hives for extracting, and greater care
used in the production of a finer grade
of comb honey by the use of separa- -
tors; honey-boards in place of burlap
sacks; the building of comb honey
over new, clean combs below, and the
keeping of all the loose propolis
cleaned up in the yard so that bees
cannot get to it. We should use more
care in putting our comb honey up in
attractive cases for display in the
stores, and they should be dust and
fly-proof. Paraffined paper wrappers
will aid in keeping the combs in fine
shape till the consumer gets the cake
of honey.

A method of increasing sales
through the retailer that is a sure
winner, is to cultivate the honey-taste
of the grocer, his clerks, and their
families; when this is done you will
see the sales jump at once, for they
then talk honey enthusiastically.

In all this work of spreading the
sale of honey, remember that we
must be more than order-takers; we
must sell where the people are not
convinced when we meet them; there
is not a demand to be filled, there is
a demand to be created, a want to
be aroused, and it takes push, insist-
^ ence and initiative.

Our work is to adopt modern meth-
ods of distribution and sale, and then
hustle just as energetically as our
glucose brothers do.

WTES-LBY FOISTER.
Boulder, Colo.

Pres. York — I will ask Mr. Angus
to read the next paper, by Mr. J. J.
Wilder, of Cordele, Ga., on "Southern
(Hloney-'Production — IPresent Condi-
tions and Future Possibilities."

Mr. Angus read the paper as fol-
lows: , ;;

SOUTHERN HONEY-PRODUCTION ■
—ITS PRESENT CONDITIONS
AND FUTURE POSSIBILITIES.

Honey production in the south has
never been brought properly before ^;
the bee-keeping world; and, in a gen-
eral way, but little is known as to
what we are really doing here in this
line of business at present, and what
we can do is only a jest, or a feint
dream, even to us, who live in the '■
south, and are interested, and follow : .
bee-keeping to some extent. So I -
cannot, and am not competent to give .-
this great question of honey produc-
tion over such a broad territory, jus- •
tice. iBut permit me to say that here
and there all over the Southland we ;
are at it in a way, and many of us in
dead earnest, and putting forth great
efforts to establish extensive busi- -
nesses. Some have succeeded to that ■;
extent where bee-keeping is the prin-
cipal industry, in certain sections.
These sections are mostly found in the .;
tupelogum regions, along the Missis- .
sipi and Apalachicola Rivers. Then -
it is followed to no small extent in the ";
clover regions of iMississippi, Tennes- s
see, and Alabama. Also, in the par- .
tridge-pea, saw-palmetto and black "
mangrove regions of Georgia. Leav-
ing these regions, we find the bee-
keepers producing honey profitably
from the more common sources of ;-
honey, such as poplar, cotton, sour- ;
wood, asters, etc.

The largest honey-producers, with
few exceptions, produce only extract-
ed honey; while there are some in the
clover, partridge -pea and ga,llberry re- -^
gion who produce comb honey in sec-
tions, exclusively, and others in two
or more of the other different ways.
The bulk of the honey produced by
the most extensive bee-keepers is ■
shipped to the Northern market, and 1
the small producers ship their honey
to the local markets.

The present condition of the South-
ern honey-production is all that can
be expected where modern appliances
and methods of management are em-
ployed. As a rule, the bee-keepers .
are extending their business further
and further out into the iinoccupied i
territory around them. "More bees,"
and how to best manage them, is the ~:

^

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212

T^NTH ANNUAL, REPORT OF THE

general topic among the bee-keepers.
The smaller bee-keepers are awaken-
ing to the fact that they are losing
ground, and are striving for practical
information. There is another class,
which we call "hard-shell" bee-keep-
ers, who use only the log-gum, or box-
hives. These bee-keepers will be out
of business as soon as some energetic
man comes along to buy them. And
the outside world is becoming more
and more interested, and fast swell-
ing the number who are putting forth
efforts for the betterment of honey-
production.

Our greatest drawback has been a
market for our product, but this ob-
stacle is now removed, and we are no
longer able to supply the demand.
But this has been accomplished only
after great efforts on the part of the
leading bee-keepers.

Our Southern cane crop is smaller
each season on account of the drouth
late in the summer and extending
through the season in which the cane
matures. This makes syrup scarce,
and that which is obtainable is not
very wholesome or satisfactory. For
general table use, honey is next to
syrup, and ^is would naturally bring
about a great change in the demand
for honey.

Surely, never before in the history
of Southern honey-production has it
received the earnest consideration it
has at this present time, and we fully
believe, taking all things into consid-
eration, that the time has about come
for iSouthern honey-production to
come up to as high a standard as it
has elsewhere. The great amount of
bee-supplies that have been placed
over the South for the last few sea-
sons, by the bee-supply manufacturers
and their agents, will substantiate me
in the above assertions.

But what about the future? I dare
not take the opportunity on this oc-
casion to boost honey- production in,
my ipart of the 'world, but fromi what
I know lof honey-production elsewhere,
and from the testimonials of others
w^ho have moved into our Southland,
the possibilities are just as great here
as in other countries where it has so
wonderfully developed; and on ac-
count of nsot having to figiht diseases
and solve wintering problems as the
bee-keepers have to do in other coun-
tries, it makes the possibilities greater

here for the more extensive producers,
for we do not have the two drawbacks
to contend with. While "^he average in
some southern localities may not be
as great as elsewhere, yet the obsta-
cles are fewer, and make up for the
sihortage.

The vast amount of unoccupied ter-
ritory and the transportation over
same; the great number of colonies
of bees in a neglected condition well
scattered over this country, seeming-
ly awaiting their term for culture;
the many sources of honey, lar great
variety of honey-plants coming in
bloom at different times of the year;
the long seasons, the beautiful coun-
try; the pleasant climate; the many
different kinds of location — on top of
the aiDoiuntain, down in the valley of
plains, out on the level country along
the rivers, lakes, and on -the beach
can be found locations to suit all,
either for a small or an extensive
business, tihese with many other ad-
vantages and a ready market for the
product, make the possibilities for
honey-productiloin almost beyond con-
ception here in the South, and the en-
ergetic bee-keeper who loves to hustle
certainly has here a fertile field in
'Wihich to exert himself.

J. J. WIDDER.
Cordele, Ga.

FEEDING BETWEEN FRUIT-BLOS-
SOM AND CLOVER.

"Will Mr. Crane ' iplease tell us
about how much more honey he re-
ceived through feeding ihds bees be-
tween fruit-blossom and clover, in
1910?"

J. E. Crane — This is a very interest-
ing question, and lone of exceeding im-
portance. I would say frankly, to start
with, that I don't know, but there are
a, great many questions we don't know
how to answer that are neverthe-
less very valuable " to ask, and then
guess at or arrive at a conclusion as
nearly as piossible. I say I don't
know. We fed about two thousand
pounds, and the probabilities, are, so
far as I can estimate, that that two
thousand pounds brought us in at least
20 thousand pounds of honey. This is
the way I get at it. One of my neigihi-
bors, an excellent man, who is a tin-
smith, by the" way, but keeps bees as
a side-issue, giot so busy at work with
his profession that he, like most of us.

-i, i

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ILLINiOIS STATE BEE-KEBPEJRS' ASSOCIATION

213

thought his bees had honey enough,
and neglected them. He received al-
most no honey at all this season. What
little he secured of comla honey is in
my boney-room, perhaps 150 pounds.
He must have 20 lor 30 colonies of bees.
I merely state this to show the im-
portance of watcliing our bees at all
times, and seeing that they are always
supplied iwdth honey. We fed about
a'thousand pounds of honey. The sugar
was mostly made into a syrup, and fed
as a syrup in the hives. The honey
we fed was white clover honey mixed
with the white daisy, giving it a better
taste. That was in- ten-gallon cans,
and I would ladle laut a pound or two
at a time with a wooden ladle, going
around through the yard, and wher-
ever needed I would supply them.

Mr. Cyrenius — WOien do you begin to
feed your bees in the spring?

Mr. Crane — ^There is no time in the
whole year when the feeding is so val-
uable as it is between fruit-blossom
and white clover. Tlhat is the time
fwthen you need bnood reared in the
liargest quantity, and if the honey fails,
as it almost always does during that
time, the rearing of brood, unless there
is a good supply of honey in the hives,
is cut off, and that cuts off our work-
ers, and cuts down our storing iof
honey.

Mr. McEvoy — The fate of the honey
crop hangs upon feeding at that time.
I would uncap that about every other
evening. The brood is never as well
fed after they use the unsealed honey,
and I would feed them because you are
■bringing forward the brood that is go-
ing to gather your honey crop. -During
25 or 30 years I have pushed the feed-
ing at that time, beoailse the fate of
the honey crop hangs upon feeding at
that time.

Mr. Lansing — How many colonies
of bees?

Mr. Crane — ^We had in the spring
about 600 colonies.

Mr. Root — That is so important, be-
cause those of us who have had large
experience have found sometimes dur-
ing that time the bees will begin to
kill their drones, and even tear out
their comb.

"Will our delegate, Mr. E. L. Hof-
mann, of Minnesota, give us in a very
few words how he cares for his bees
and gets those large crops of honey
in the North?"

Mr. Hofmann — I had this struck off
hurriedly, and there was one thing I
omitted. If you have disease in your
yard. You probably could not use this.

PROFITABLE BEE-MANAGEMENT
WITHOUT SWARMING.

I am asked to explain my method
of managing bees for profit without
swarming. This I will endeavor to
do briefly, and with no pretense of ad-
vancing anything new.

Among the features, that recomi-
mended the plan to me, and led me to
adopt it, are these: It combines the
advantages of in-door and out- door
wintering; it gives us strong colonies
early in the season, controls swarm-
ing, and keeps the bees and brood to-
gether throughout the season; it
gives the queen unlimited room dur-
ing the height of the egg-laying sea-
son and at extracting time there is
never any brood, in the supers, to con-
tend with; it does not make it neces-
sary to have brood-chambers and su-
pers of different depths, nor does it
require a specially made hive.

Our supers and brood chambers are
all alike. We use nothing but the
regular single-walled 10-frame body,
holding frames of Langstroth dimen-
sions. With us it has yielded re-
markable returns in honey, and I
might also say that all the storing
is done in the supers first, and if the
season is not above the average, the
bees will have to be fed in some way
or other.

Before going into detail, I want to
emphasize the fact that, to have the
best success, you must have a good,
vigorous queen not over two years old,
and you should have at least two full-
depth supers, filled with combs, ready
for each colony, and if these combs
have had brood in them, so much the
better.

Each year after the bass-wood flow,
all two-year old queens are superseded
artificially. This one thing, naore
than else, helps to keep up a remark-
able uniformity among colonies, and,
when a visit is made to an out-yard,
all colonies are generally ready for
the same treatment.

If there should be anything in my
method to arouse sufficient interest in
this convention, then the reasons for
managing and manipulating, as I do,
will be brought out in discussion.

214

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

therefore, I will not do so as I pro
ceed.

The bees are put into winter quar-
ters early, with at least 30 pounds of
stores per colony.

Over the bees (we winter in cellars
that are apt to become damp) we
place a Hill's device, and over this set
a three-inch-deep tray having" a bot-
tom of light weight canvas, and filled
with clover chaff.

Any time, after March 1st, should
there be prospects of the bees taking
a flight, they are taken from the cel-
lar in the evening. The entrances are
contracted and the hives wrapped
with at least two thickneses of heavy
express paper, and an eleven -inch
deep telescope cover put on over the
whole. The cover serves two pur-
poses: now it helps to keep the hives
warm, and later it is a protection
against the hot sun.

A strip of paper, cut from a three-
foot roll, measuring six feet and two
inches in length, and folded to meas-
ure three feet by three feet and one
inch, will completely wrap a 10-frame
hive. Befoje taken to the bee-yard,
the paper is folded over a form, to
crease it, and it is then only the work
of a moment to wrap a hive. A
smooth string (twine with a loop on
one end) is passed around the paper
and tied on one corner of the hive.
After forming the knot the string is
slid downward to draw it taut all the
way round the hive.

After the first flight the bottom
boards are cleaned, and if any colo-
nies are found weak their brood -
chambers are contracted with a chaff
division -boards.

All the stimulation our bees get,
to g'ive us workers for a white clover
flow, is to allow them to have early
flights, and keeping them comfortably
in a warm, drj- hive with plenty of
stores.

Just before fruit-bloom, the colonies
are raised up and hive-bodies, filled
with empty combs, placed under them.
In this way the bees are given more
room and at the same time they and
the brood are left in the upper or
warmest part of the hive, which they
would naturally select.

At extracting' time we always set
aside, for spring feeding, at least one
brood-comb of honey per colony. At
the time the bees are raised up, all

those that need feeding are given a
comb of honey, with caps bruised,
which is put in the center of the body
containing the empty comb. Of course,
this work should then be done on a
cool day, or in the evening, to make
sure there will be no robbing.

Carrying this honey up from below,
and stimulated further by a few days'
gathering from firuit-blossoms, the
queen soon fflls the remaining cells,
in the upper story, with brood, and in
about ten days the colony is reaidy
tfc) be treated again. At this manipula-
tion, the wrapping is taken off and the
bodies reversed. By this time the colo-
nies have grown very ipopulous, the
combs have the colony odor, and in a
few minutes the upper story is fully
occupied. No excluder is used at this
time, and tlhe queen goes up with th-e
bees. The wrapping" is put on the up-
per story again, and left on until the
(next and last treatment.

'^Nlow a word of caution. If the hive
bodies are reversed at a time when
honey is coming in, the bees are apt to
begin storing in the center of the up-
per chamber, and the queen will then
be somewhat reluctant about going up.
This condition will sometimes cause
colonies to swarm. The combs of
honey should be moved tto the sides of
the upper chamber and eimpty combs
put iij their stead.

When white clover begins to yield
we apply the following treatment: To
begin work, we havev some rubber-
cloths and, two empty hive-bodies on
a wheel barrow. After learning how
many combs of braod we' have in the
upper story;, of a colony, ,this part of
the hive is taken off and set on a bee-
tight bottom -board.

Next we take enough combs, of the -
youngest brood, from the lower story, ■
to fill a ten-frame body witfn those we
found in the upper story. As the
combs of brood are taken from the
hive the bees are shaken off in front '■
of it and the combs placed in one of
the empty bodies.

The remaining brood, in the lower '.
story, which js sealed and hatching .
brood, is moved to the center, and the
vacant space filled up with combs. The ,
side combs are left undisturbed.

An excluder is now put on, and on
top of this an empty body having a '
three-eighths-inch hole near the bot- i
tom of the end, facing with the main j

TQ%a^k:iL:-\;-.\'"^ l-'C a

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ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KBERE3RiS' ASSOCIATION

215

entrance. Into this supel", after shak-
ing off the bees, 'we put all the oombs
of honey that are in the body on the
bee-tight bottom-board. The combs of
honey are placed in near the sides and
the center filled in with empty combs.
On top of all we place the body with
the young brood, and on the eighth
and ninth days we destroy the queen-
cells built in the upper stories.

Evefy bee-keeper knows how a col-
ony will concentrate its efforts on an
empty super when placed under an-
other partly filled with honey. In ma-
nipulating to prevent swarming, I take
advantage of this knowledge and di-
vide the hive vertically and horizon-
tally. A colony with a hive arranged
in this w-ay will need no energy shaken
into it.

With this plan the comb-builders
and nurse-bees, which are the young
and hatching bees, are not taken away
as in the, case of "shook"-swarming.
As fast as they hatch in the upper
story they replace the bees constantly
dying of old age. It makes no differ-
ence witib the plan whether queen-cells
are started or not. This going over all
colonies once every week, as some ad-
vise, to see if queen-cells are started
is an endless job. When you and the
bees are ready, you just go right on
and do the work, and you will find that
such as have queen-cells started will
do no better than those that have not.
By going right ahead when you and
the bees and the harvest are ready,
you have your swairaning all done up
at once, and you are ready to go at
other work. E. L. HOFMANN.

Janesville, Minnesota.

Mr. France — As a judge at the Min-
nesota State Fair, I want to say in be-
half of Mr. Hofmann, of all the attrac-
tions, the one that held the audience
lOf bee-keepers was his practical ma-
nipulation and explanation of this
same thing. If we can put such things
as that into practical demonstration,
to advertise our business at the fairs,
it is a good thing. If we will carefully
read his manipulation up in the North,
it is applicable to other climates as
well as Northern Minnesota.

PROPORTION OF SUGAR SYRUP.

"In the formula for sugar syrup for
reeding, are the proportions 'two of
sugar to one of water,' meant for
weight or by measure?" '

Mr. McEvoy — Either.

INTRODUCING OLD VIRGIN
QUEENS.

"What is the simplest and best way
to introduce old virgin queens?"
A member — 'Cut her head off.

INTRODUCING VIRGIN QUEENS.

"How soon after hatching can a
virgin queen be caged without injur-
ing her, before introducing to a col-
ony?"

A member — The sooner the better.

POSITION OF COMBS IN WINTER-
ING.

"Should combs be close together or
far apart for wintering bees?"

Mr. McEvoy — No, leave them in
-their regular position, and as soon as
the honey is used out in the spring
they are ready for use. K they are
spaced out a queen will neglect these,
and you will get less brood.

BEE-ESCAPES.

"Is there any better bee-escape than
the present Porter escape?"

Mr. McEvoy — None.

Mr. Stone — I think the escape on
the cover of the box is very much
better than the Porter bee-escape.

WHEN TO ITALIANIZE,

"When is the best time to Italian-
ize a colony of bees?"

Mr. McEvo5^ — ^During the honey-flow..

INTRODUCING QUEENS.

"When is the best time to intro-
duce a new queen into a weak col-
ony ?"

Mr. Selser — As quickls' as possible.

BEES AS LIFE WORK.

"A young man having had twelve
years' experience with bees desires to
go into the business extensively and
make it his life work. How could he
locate a first-class bee-range and still
not get into conflict with another bee-
keeper's territory?"

Mr. McEvoy — Hunt for one.

Mr. Ross — Advertise in the bee-
papers.

SIZE OF HIVES.

"Would it be advisable for a be-
ginner to start with 12-frame hives?"

216

TOENTH ANNUAL REPORT O'F THE

Mr. McEvoy — No, he should not
start at any time with that.

WHEN TO RE-QUEEN COLONIES.

"What is the best time for a bee-
keeper living in this part of the State
of New York to re-queen?"

iMr. Cyrenius — I would say about
six weeks before a honey-flow.

TOP-FLOW AND TRAVEL-STAIN.

"•Can top-bars for the prevention of
travel-bars stain and propolis on sec-
tion boxes be recommended as eco-
nomical?"

Mr. McEvoy — Yes.

CLEANING SECTIONS.

"What is the best method of clean-
ing propolis and travel-stain from
these sections?"

A memiber — The best thing' I have
found is a good, sharp penknife.

"FRANCE" HONEY-CAN.

"What is that honey-can here for?"
Mr. France — I suppose you mean
this five-gallon can. I have tried
since you have had me in harness to
find something better for the bee-
keepers in the line of five-gallon cans
for selling and shipping honey, and I
am no dealer or interested in any
man's supplies. This is the can I
prefer to any other package I have
seen. It is a round five-gallon can,
. set it in any receptacle and liquefy
the honey. The top of the can is
raised, with a three-inch screw top.
You can pour out of a three-inch hole,
and by turning it over it will drain
dry. Then, by putting it in the wood-
en jacket, with that wooden head
over it, it goes by freight as fourth-
class rate, anywhere. As to the cost
to our Association members, it is fur-
nished by the factories at 37% cents
by the 100, or 40c single can. Two
square cans cost 60 cents; two cans
boxed. I tried this comparison; I
bought aOO' cases of the square, and
the same number of these cans, and I
found that the freight on the square
ones was $2.60 more than it was on
these round cans. Then, again, after
they were filled we had that additional
weight to pay for again; the consumer
w-ould have to pay before he got it,
and it is the price between you and
the consumer that is going to sell the

goods. Lastly, I find honey sells bet-
ter in a single can. Imagine the con-
venience with a pail handle; and the
honey, in the jacketed cans is entirely
encased in wood. I ttiave shipped them
to Maine, Colorado and Texas. I have
had but one report of a leakage, and
that is where they threw a trunk on
it.

Mr. Ross — Does that fourth-class
rate apply to car loads?

Mr. France — Yes.

PRICE OF APIARIAN LABOR.

"How much a month can an expert
man get, working for a large honey-
producer?"

Mr. France — Through the Informa-
tion Bureau, there is one leaf contain-
ing the names of those who want help
for 1911, and the prices tlhey are offer-
ing I would not consider were intend-
ed for very iprofessional men; they
would' accept from $40 to $70 a month.
In come cases that includes board.

Mr. Davenport — In regard to that
question, I might state information
that was given me yesterday. Most
bee-keepers throughout the country
know something abput him; he started
a large corporation or trust to insti-
tute apiaries to amount to about some
50,000 colonies. He has already start-
ed 100 in Jamaica, and he stated to
m^ he is willing to pay $2,00'0' a year
for a good, expert bee-keeper to handle
a bee-yard of a thousand colonies.

INViTATIONIS FOR THE NEXT AN-
NUAL MEETING. I

Mr. Hofmann — Now, in regard to the
next place of meeting, I want to say
that I am ihere as a Member of the
Executive Committee of the Minne-
sota Bee-Keepers' Association, with
credentials as a duly elected delegate

.to represent our Association in this
convention. I have come no short dis-
tance to extend personally to the Na-

' tional Bee-Keepers' Association an
invitation to hold its next annual con-
vention in Minnesota. The point of
meeting, of course, will be left to the
Executive Committee. Either Minne-
apolis or St. Paul are desirous of hav-
ing the convention, and I can say,
without successful contradiction, that
either city is the equal of any in Amer-
ica. These points can be reached con-
veniently from any section. Many
througih railroad lines center here.

:i^..r.^:L,

^.-■T:' ' > ':?;■- V:-.v.k&.--'- v. -.'ii:;. ^i jj-;;.^i.t.I<gifeii'i?aB-v£4^<fe3fe«gtv '

IDLIN'OIS STATE BEIB-KEJEPE1RS' AiSSO'CIATION

217

Living is very reasonable, and our
convention halls have several times
the seating capacity of this room, and
are away from the noise and din of
the streets. I hope that those w'ho will
have the next place of meeting to se-
lect will consider our claims favorably.
I can assure you we will do everything
in our power to entertain and make
you feel at home, and I sincerely hope
you will be induced to come. For years
we have persistently invited the Na-
tional to meet 'with us, and hope that
this time we can play the role of host
in 1911. •

'Mr. J. H. M. Cook — I would like to
see the Convention held in New York
City.

Mr. McE>voy — ^We have what we call
a Fruit, Flower and Honey Show in
Toronto in the early part of Novem-
ber each year, and' the different lines
of railway sell the return ticket' for
one fare. I wanted to bring you lihere
as cheaply as we could, and at the
same time show you we were on the
map.

INFORMATION BUREAU.

Mr. France — I would like to explain

something tha;t is pressed upon me:
Seemingly the important need that
this Association be doing something,
and this so-called Information Bureau
I 'have worked hard to try to develop,
I am sorry to say, has not been
grasped by the members as it ought.
We have one column which shows men
who have casib on hand ready to buy
honey, and in another column, men
who have bees to sell, and prices; and
then people in 1910 who have not un-
loaded their 'honey, and >wan.t to sell.
I want to say that in one week I un-
loaded 116,000 pounds of honey for our
members, and it didn't cost them a
cent. Then there is a column foT those
who want help in the bee-yard. Then,
again, there is something which may
excite your curiosity. We have one of
our members who has been selling
bee-stings, with a good, rich iprofit, to
be used for I'heumatism medicine.

York — ^We have received several let-
ters froim members who could not be
here, expressing their regret.

At 4:20 p. m., on m'otion, the conven-
tion adjooirned sine die, to meet again
in 1911, at the call of the Executive
Committee.

-T^"-

■.~_^f^^

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

219

LIST OF MEMBERS

-OF THE-

Illinois State Bee-Kceper$' /Issociation

FOR 1911.

(Where no State is given "Illinois" is understood.)

Nl\ME AND ADDRESS.

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Ahlers, H. C— West Bend, Wis

Almond Bros. — Libertyville, III

Anderson, J. L. — Harvard, III

Andrews, L. P. — Farina, 111

Arnd, H. M. — 191 Superior St., Chicago

Augenstein, A. A. — R. 1, Dakota, 111

Bagley, Miss Pet — Putnam, 111

Baldridge, M. M.— St. Charles, 111

BaldulT, Henry — Beardstown, 111

Bamberger, John — Preeport, 111

Barkemeyer, B. D. — 202 Chicago Ave., Oak Park, 111.

Barnes, Oeorge — R. 2, Wenona, 111

Baxter, E. J. — Nauvoo, 111

Beardsley, E. H. — Princeton, 111

Becker, Chas. — Pleasant Plains, 111

Beeler, David S. — R. 5, Springfield, 111

Beidler, W. H. — R. 6, Freeport, 111

Beneche, Rev. W. F. — Dietrick, 111

Benson, August — R. 2, Prophetstown, III

Bercaro, Geo. W. — Glendale, Calif

Bevier, M.— Bradford, Stark Co., Ill

Bishop, liYank — Virden, 111

Bishop, W. W. — ^Virginia, 111

Black, S. N.— Clayton, 111

Blocher, D. J.— Pearl City, 111

Blume, W. B. — Norwood Park Sta., Chicago, 111

Bochland, G. J.— Rockford, 111

Bodenschatz, Adam — Lemont, 111

Bolt, R.— R. 3, Fulton, 111 ,

BoomeV, E. H.— R. 1, Pecatonica, 111

Bowen,'>^ Clyde — Lyndon, 111

Bowen, : J. W. — Jacksonville, 111

Boyden' R. W.— Jeffrey Bldg., Inst. Place, Chicago..

Bragg^ James — Fairmount, 111

Bronell, L. F.— Piano, 111

20

lOO 2000

Yes

240 100 7150

14 20

90 2200

300

9 100 100

Yes

80 500

7 395

90 4000 300

70 500 300 Yes
6 150

i,=*~..i-

220

TENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

NAME AND ADDRESS.

Brown, Mrs. E. W. — Box 17, Willow Springs, 111..

Brown, Wm. G. — Rochester, 111

Brubaker, W. H. — R. 3, Freeport, 111

Bruner, E. H. — 3836 N. 44th Ave., Chicago

Budlong, Wm.— 1529 14th Ave., Rockford, 111. .

Bull, John C. — Valparaiso, Ind

Burnett, R. A.— 199 S. Water St., Chicago

Butterfield, L. A. — Seneca, 111'

Caldwell, C. S.— P. M. Elvaston, 111

Campbell, Grover — R. 2, Quincy, 111

Campbell, Jno. F. — No. 5 Wabash Ave., Chicago...

Candler, Miss M. — Cassville, Wis

Cannif ord, C. J. — Winnebago, 111

Carrico, John G. — Barnett, 111

Case, David — Cherry Valley, 111

Cave, Geo. W. — Kirkwood, 111

Chapman, W. B. — ^Arlington Heights, 111

Cherry, Thos. M. — Quincy, 111

Clark, S. L.— Peru, 111

Clawson, W. A. — R. 2, Assumption, 111

Cleber, Paul — R. 2, Wenona, 111

Clem, F. M. — ^Danville, 111

Cleveland, Frank — Prophetstown, 111

Conrad, C. M. — R. 1, Box 2, Flanagan, 111

Coppin, Aaron — ^Wenona, 111

■Cox, Isaac N. — Elvaston, 111

Cox, Wm. — Oakland, 111 *

Craven, Thos. — Seneca, 111 ,

Cremers, L. H. — East Dubuque, 111

Crim, S. T. — Dawson, 111

Crotzer, A. S. — Lena, 111

Current, Harold — East Moline, 111

Dadant, C. P. — Hamilton, 111

Dadant, H. C— Hamilton, 111

Dadant, L. C. — Hamilton, 111

Dadant, M. G. — Hamilton, 111

Deem, B. L. — ^^Colona, 111

Diebold, A. J. — Seneca, 111

DoUinger, Henry — R. 1, Lockport, 111.-

Donyes, G. F. — Durand, 111

Downey, Elmer E. — ^Putnam, 111 '

DuBois, Fred O. — Wapella, 111

Duby, H. S.— St. Anne, 111

Earnest, David P.— R. 1, East Alton, 111

Eidmann, E. C. — 407 Portland Ave., Belleville, lU.

Emmons, A. J. — Greenfield, 111 '.

Bnigenburg, J. — Oakglen, 111 ,

Fairbanks, C. A. — R. 1, Amosa, la

Falconer, W. W.— 3000 N. 48th Ave^, Chicago

Ferguson, L. R. — Harvey, 111. . ,

Finger, C. A. — Marissa, 111

Finkenbinder, D. A.— Stockton, 111 ] . ,

Fischer, Henry F.— Eensonville, 111 ,

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4000 Yes

60 800 200 Yes

95

85

200 1300
500 2000

29 560

90 1500 lOOO

20 300 400 Yes

18 1000

125 4000 600 Yes

34

20O

1800

168

> ■ • ■

• • • •

13

1800

20

40

1100

■ • • •

57

1300

• ■ ■ ■

34
44
50
64

Yes

100
25
60
65
40

400

600

* ■ • •

450

1800

■ • • •

. . •

....

Yes

300.

6500

Yes

Failure

. . .

• ■ • •

Yes

25

700

Yes

360

960

• • • •

100

1000

Yes

20
30

540

600

ILLINOIS STATE BEIE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

221

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NAME AND ADDRESS.

Flanagan, E. T.— Belleville, 111 75 Yes

Foltz, Adam C— El Paso, 111 16 500 20

Fosse, B. P.— Marion, 111 54 Yes

Frank, J. C— R. 1. Davis, 111 225 1000 120OO ....

Frank, J. C. — Dodge City, Kans ^

Fuller, L. H. — 234 Elmwood St., Chicago

Funk, H. W.— Normal, 111 100 4000 Yea

Gallatin, S. W. — Martinsville, 111

Oamash, James — ^Waukegan, III

Gilbert, G. B. — Monmouth, 111 ■

Glenn, C. J.— Geneseo, 111. -. 50 1200 Yes

Grabbe, F. — Libertyville, 111

Grannis, F. C. — Urbana, 111

Grant, W. W. — Marion, 111 15 Yes

Gray, W. H.— Chillicothe, 111 120 6000 1500 Yes

Green well, A. P. — Industry, 111

Gross, S. F. — Atwood, 111

Group, John F. — Franklin Grove, 111 15 500 Yes

Halbrook, Mrs. R. B. — R. 2, Elgin, 111

Hall, E. L — St. Joseph, Mich

Hansell, Charlie — Minooka, 111

feansell. Will — Minooka, 111

Hartman, Fred E. — R. 2, Troy, 111

Hassler, J. H. — R. 4, Princeton, 111

Hastings, Chas. — Decatur, 111

Hawkins, Kenneth — Plainfield, 111 50 500 Yes

Healy. Pat — R. 2, Wenona, 111

Heinze, Herman — R. 1, Mioro, 111

Heinzel, Albert O. — Lincoln, 111

Heise, Paul— AVarsaw, 111 19 400 100

Hettel, Mathias— Marine, 111. — Died April 8. 1911 90 20O 300

Hill, H. D.— Lima, 111 140 1000 600 Yes

Hinderer, Frank — Frederick, 111 81 4100 400

Hinman, Frank L. — Fremont, 111...

Hitt, Samuel H.— Elizabeth, 111

Hohner, Peter— R. 1, Henry, 111 60 1500 Yes

Holdener, J. D. — Carlyle, 111 40 950 800 ....

HoUis, Wesley — Morrison, 111

Holmes, Miss H. C. — Bellerive, 111 19 100

Holt, Arthur — Lyndon, 111

Howard, W. W. — Gardner, 111

Huffman, Jacob — Monroe, Wis

Hutt, Joseph G. — Peoria, 111 40 3000 Yes

Hyde, W. H.— New Canton, lU

Johnson, J. P. — Elburn, 111 Yes

Johnson, M. D. — Webster, Iowa 60 3000 500

Jones, Geo. W. — West Bend, Wis

20

350

156

Yes

23

450

105

Yes

5

25

• • • •

■ ■ . •.

27

840

• • • •

■ ■ •' •

Josephson, Mrs. Aug. — Granville, 111.

Kendall, Byron— Hillsdale, 111

Kendall, Frank R. — Byron, 111

Kendall, J. S. — Chemund, 111

Kenneberg, C. F. — Oak Park, 111

"Kennedy, B.— Cherry Valley, 111

50 1500

18 500

14 1000

15 700

725 Yes

100 ' Yes

1- 7

222

TENTH ANNUAL. REPORT OF THE

NAME AND ADDRESS.

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unty:

60 300O

94 2900 1700
35

44 900 400

Yes

Yes

22
13

200
500

Yes
Yes

115 2000 1200 Yes

16

Yes

Kennedy, Miss L. C. — Curran, 111

Kildow, A. L. — Putnam, 111

Kils, Henry — Mason City, 111

Kinney, F. L. — Morgan Park, 111

Kluck, N. A.— Lena, 111

Kneser, John — Barrington, 111

Kurr, J. T. — Louisville, 111

Lampman, C W. — Rockton, 111

Lange, J. W. — Thawville, 111

Laurier, T. E. — R. 8, Jacksonville, 111

Laxton, J. G. — Lyndon, 111

Lebkuechner, H. R. . . Chicago, 111 .>

Lee, Arthur — Rockton, 111 ." I

Lee, H. W. — Pecatonica, 111

Legat, Sylvester — Spring Valley, 111

Lehman, Gustav — Chicago, 111 :

Lemery, Mrs. Ed. — Lincoln, 111

Lind, M. H. — Baders, 111

Lovell, W. C. — Sycamore, 111

Ludwig, H. M. — Collinsville, 111

Luttrell, iS'herman — 'Waverly, 111 a.

Macklin, Chas. G. — Morrison, 111

Maranville, G. A. — Piano, 111

Marshall, Wm. — Carpenterville, 111

Marshall, Wm. — DeKalb, 111

May, Fred H. — Meredosia, 111 \

Meise, F. A. — Coatsburg, 111

Michael, S. P., & Sons-Spring Valley, 111

Michell, P. A. — Forkland, Ala

Miller, Dr. C. C— Marengo, 111

Miller, W. C— Ottawa, 111

Moffatt, R. M.— R. 2, Rockford, 111

Mohr, Mike D.— Hampton, 111 V

Moore, Frank — Streator, 111 i^

Moore, W. B,— Altona, 111 '^

Mottaz, A. — Utica, 111 ^

Muchleip, H. — Apple River, 111 I

MoBarnes, W. H. — Rockford, 111

McCartney. Geo. R. — Rockford, 111

McCullotigh, John F. — Centralia, 111

McDaniels, Eliza — Martinsville, 111

McElfresh, Wm.— P. O. Springfield, 111

McKown, C. W. — Gilson, 111

McPherson, B. W. — Toledo, 111

Nelson, Niels A. — Dike, Iowa .- . .

Ness, L. L. — Morris, 111 ■.

Newcomer, Sam M. — Forreston, III ..,.

Niblack, M. J.— Vincennes, Ind

Norberg, Peter J.— Spring Valley, 111 .' ",175 2OOO 7000 Yes

Null, Wm. D.— Prairieville, Ala;

Nydegger, John— Danville, 111 .'..'. '^49 ,', *Yes

Oakes, Lannes P. — ^Joppa, 111 28 400

146 3200 1200 Yes

105 5000 Yes

103 250 3060

75 1000

150 1500 Yes

12 500

50 Yes

70 2000 4000
65 1500 600

12

90 2000 3000

Yes

220 5000 1000 Yes

\

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION

223

NAME AND ADDRESS.

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6

15

70.
300'

30 700' 300

106 No record Yes
22 60Oi »... Yes

50

50 Yes

20

300
20

250 168

200

250

23 70O 200

Yes

Yes
Yes

Offnfer, Pred^ — Monee, 111

Ohlemeyer, A. C. — New Minden, 111

Ostermeier, John — Mechanicsburg, 111

Ott, Calvin^ — Prophetstown, 111

Palllssard, A. J. — R. 3, SL Anme, 111

Payne, John W. — R. 1, Greorg-etown, 111

Peterson, C B. — 6959 Union Ave., Chicago

Phillippe, G. TYank — JR. 4, Clfampaign, 111

Piper,- G. M.— 'Ohillicothe, 111

Pippenger, M, A. — ^Lincoln, 111..., .

Poindexter, James — iR. 5, Bioomirigton," 111

Potstock, H. A. — 5427 Milwaukee Ave., Chicago

Pritchard, Charlie — Grand Rapids, Wis

Probst, GETerman — ^Bingham, 111

Pyles, I. E. — Putnam, 111

Rains, Chas. — Hutsonville, 111

Rauchenberg, Wm. — Jefferson Park, 111

Ravnaas, Jacob — Rochelle, 111

Rehnstrom, Stephen — ^Andover, 111

Reynolds, Alvah — ^AJtona, 111

Rigg, R. T. — Auburn, 111 -.

Riley, W. — Breeds, 111

Ritter, W. — Genoa, 111

Robbins, Daniel E. — Payson, 111

Roberts, Thos. D. — Herscher, 111.

Robertson, J. H. — ^Keithsburg, 111

Rolf, Wm. — H'oylston, 111

Rxmlund, IPeter — ^Cedar Point, Dl

Sauer, Geo. L. — ^Polo, 111

Sauer, John — ^R. 5, Springfield, 111

Schaar, W^m. — 'R. 3, Joliet

Schackman Bros. — Newton, 111

Schroll, Julius— 4922 Medill Ave., Chicago

Schmertman, Louis — ^R. 1, Freeport, 111

^Schwantz, Henry — ^Hanover, 111

Seastream, Geo. — Box 1'42, Pawnee, 111

Secor, Eugene — P. M. Forest City, Iowa

Secor, W. G.^Greenfleld, 111

Seeley, John W. — ^^Toledo, 111

Seibold, Jacob — Homer, 111 '. . . .

Shaw, Duane — Palestine, 111

Shawver, Oscar — 'Casey, 111

Shrontz, Mack — Momence, 111

Shupe, Frank — ^Mazon, 111 '

Simpson, Wm. — Meyer, 111

Slack, Geo. B. — Mapleton, 111 . 50 2400 100 Yes

■Smith, C O.— 5533 Cornell Ave., Chicago

Snell, P. A.— Milledgeville, 111.. ,

Spitler, "W. H. — Freeport, IlL

Stine, Rev. J. W. — Sperry, Iowa

Stockdale, Dr. F. A. — .Goal City, 111 18 5W Yes

Stone, Jas, A.— OR, 4, iSpringfield, 111 60 20O 2000- Yes

10

120

17 735 280

30

• • • •

3050

11

50O

• ■ • ■

80

200.

4000

54

168

780

30

90

. • • ■ •

2000

• • • •

Yes

45

500

• • ••

■ • • •

10

> • • ■

• ■ • •

Yes

50

1000

lOO

Yes

i^'<:-

■\) '

224

TENTH ANNUAL, REPORT OF THE

NAME AND ADDRESS.

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: 3

Taylor, Hon. R. L. — La Peer, Mich

Thompson, J. E. — 'Carpenterville, 111

Tobin, John F. — Rochester, 111

Trickey, H. — Reno, Nev

Truby, ®. K. — Maple Park, 111

Turner, W. P. — Peoria Heights, 111

lYler, Fred — San Jose, 111

Ulrich, G. E. — Campus, 111

Van Butsele, Louis — R. I, CollinsTille, 111

Van De Wiel, Anton^ — East Dubuque, 111

Vawter, F. E. — Box 165, Industry, 111

Vogil, iHenry — ^Galena, 111

Voorhees, Abe — Oglesby, La Salle Co., Ill

Wagner, Frank M. — Quincy, 111. — Died April 26, 19'1(>,

"Wagner, L. E. — Readstown, Wis

Walker, Albert — Petersburg, 111

Weckerle, Mrs. Anna— 1'2345 Wallace St., West PuU-

mani 111

Werner, Louis — Edwardsville, 111

Weston, Miss Georgia M. — ^Geneva, 111

Wheeler, J. C. — Oak Park, 111

Whitmore, Dr. N. P. — Gardner, 111

Whitmore, H, — Box 551, Momence, 111

Whitney, W. M. — 'Evanston, 111

Widicus, Daniel — St. Jacob, 111

Wiegand, Adam — 1575 Claybourne Ave., CJiicago....

Wilcox, F. — Manston, Wis

Wilkie, J. D.— R. 2, Chicago Heights, 111

Windlow, John — 86 Ashland Ave., River Forest, 111..

Withrow, G. M.— Buffalo, 111

York, Geo. W^. — 117 N. Jefferson St., Chicago

ZellQr, Mrs. Caroline — ^Spring Bay, 111

35

500

• • • •

Yes

10

500

. ■ . •

Yes

26

65

250

Yes

,12

3O0

86

3000

300

Yes

3*

46

13
23

136

700

360
300

Yes
Yes

11 150
6 - 400

7 336

Yes
Yes

HONORARY MEMBERS FOR 1911.

Dr. G. Bohrer ; . . : Lyons, Kans.

Dr. E. F. Phillips, Bureau of Entomology Washington, D. C.

Miss L. M. Stewart 5420 Frink St., Austin Sta., Chicago

.■'■'■.:■■>"

■, 1

if

---i.=c- -■ --«J ..^:'^^!^ai^-'E^^>i^=?"cJ-^^rv"'^^i^

INDEX TO TENTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Page
Accepting an Introduced Queen... 97
Advertisingr to 'Create a Large Ete-

mand for Honey — F. R. Root... 185

Affiliation — Question of 51- 52

Afternoon Session — First Day- —

Chicago N. W 82

Age of Beesi Before They Go to

Work 83

Alarm on Scales 206

Alexander Foul Brood Treatment.. 84
Alexander Modified Swarming.... 167
Ameripiitfk. Foul Brood (to Disitin-

nrvU^U 89, lOO

Apiary CJB*e I7i

Appropriation, Before the 47th

General Assembly 11

A QueeA JJxperience 99

.(Vrtlcje m.-rT-Membership 50

Pee Btecape 143, 20€, 215

©668 9^ a aippport 16b

Bee-Keepers — How They uan

Help Bach Other '. . 106

Bees as Life Work 215

Bees Carrying Eggs 68

Bee-Keeping as. a Business' — 'F. B.

Cavanagh 147

Bee-Keeping for Women — By

Mathilde Candler 117

Beat Bottom Board, Cover, and

Hive 5o

Best Hive Stand 143, 201

Black Bees vs. Italians on Buck-^

wheat . . • • 167

Black Brood — Pickled or — in Illi-
nois , . . . 54

Black Brood — ^Treatment 22

Bohrer, Dr. — European Foul Brood

—by 47

"Breeder" Queen — What is A? 96

Brood — ^Foul; Treatment — Alexan-
der 84

Brood — Pickled — Symptoms —

Treatment 21

Biilk Comb Honey 58

Bulk Coipb IHoney and Its Future

—Louis H. Scholl 158

By-Laws 9

Certificate of Inspection 13

Charter "......, 8

-. --15. . ■■.

Page

Charter Members 7

Chicago Northwestern — Proceed-
ings of 71

Chicago Northwestern Report Dis-
cussed 58

Cleaning Sections 216

Clipping Queens 142

Comb Honey — From Nectar to

• Market 167

Committee on Nominations. 164

Committee on Resolutions 151

Committee on Rules — Report of. . 151
Combs in Winter — Position of.... 215

Concrete Hive Stands 62

Constitution 9

Contagion — Causes of 17

Co-operation Among Bee-Keepers

— C. A. Hatch 74, 191

Curtains — Use 171

Dadant, C P. — iPlcture of 23

Dark Honey for Winter Stores. . . . 184

Disinfecting the Honey Extractor. 62
Divisible Hive for Extracted

Honey 143

Double Walled Hives — Their Ad-
vantages and Disadvantages. . . . 136

Drain the Cappings 206

Dysentery — Causes — Treatment.. 22

Eggs — Bees Carrj^ing . ..... 6S

Election of Officers for 191J— Illi-
nois State 67

Election of Officers for 1911 — Chi-
cago Northwestern 91

Escape — Bee 206

Evening Session — First Day — Illi-
nois State Meeting 56

Exhibits and Judging at Fairs. ... 64

Experiment in Boiling Foul Brood. 18

Extracted Against Comb Honey.. 113
Ebctracted Honey — from Nectar to

Market 152

Father Langstroth's Picture 4

Feeding* Between Fruit Bloom and

Clover 212

First Day — EX'ening Session — Chi-
cago Northwestern 103

Foul Brood 16

:',^ii£Ss3ske4^

w^ri*';- ■>.•

-^M

22^

INDEX TO TENTH ANNUAL REPORT

' Page

Floyi Brood Bill Just Passed in

Kansas 32

Four Brood Law 12

Paul Brood Law- — Discussion on.. 33
Foul Brood Spread from, the

Cleanings of Hives 49

Foul Brood — Symptoms of 18

Foul Brood — Treatment 201

Foundation in Sections 166

""France" Honey Can 216

France, N. E. — Picture of 145

Getting Increase and Honey 184

Give Your Bees Honey 128

Glassed Comb Honey and Prices. . 18&

Grading Comb Honey 142

Granulation and Crystallization... 131

Heredity .'.".... ."...' 183

Hive Indicator 170

Kiive Ventilation — Upward 97

Honey and Foul Brood 60

Honey — ^Comb or Extracted? 94

Honey Crop — Selection in Breed-
ing to Increase 183

Honey Dearth — Providing for 104

Hloney Dew for Wlinter Stores.... 165

Honey^Price of ' Extracted 94

Honey Strainer 170

Honorary Members — First 7

How is H-eney iSold— Simply as

Honey, or On Its Merits? 133

Huckleberry Bloom 165

Hybrids — What About Them ? 87

Illinois State Bee-Keepers' Ass'n —

Formation of 7

Increase and iHoney 184

Information Bureau 216

Inspector's' Report 40

Introducing Old Virgin Queens. .. . 215

Introducing Queens 215

Invitations for the Next Annual

^Meeting -16

Italianize — ^Vhen to 215

Italians for Central Illinois 104

Judging at Fairs and Exhibits.

64

Kildow, A. L. — ^Picture of 67

Kildow, A. L. — Report of Inspector. 40

Labor — Apiarian — Price of 216

Laying Worker Colony — To Intro-
duce Queen to 91

Letter of Transmittal. 3

Libraries Calling for Our Report.. 25

Longevity in Bees 183

Long Lived Queen Bees 139

■ Page

Manufactured Comb Honey 166

Marketing Honey 58

McEvoy — Treatment .' . 19

Melting Granulated Honey '. 129

Membership — Article IIL 50

Membership of Affiliating Socie-
ties 50

Mice — Poisoning in Hives. 165

Minutes of Last Meeting 24

Mixed Workers and Drones ,. 5S

Moisture in the Bee Cellar. ........ 96

Officers for 1911— Chicago N. W. . 72
Officers for H911 — 111. State Ass'n. . 5
Officers for 1911 — National Ass'n.. 144

Package — Best for Retailing. Ex-
tracted Honey . . .^ 99

Paper — By Mathilde/'CanAer 117

Paper — By A. Coppin 114

Papsr — By Jacob Huffman . . .; 124

Paper— By E. B. Tyrrell....... 10«

Pickled or Black Brood in Illi-
nois 21, 54

Picture of Dadant, Louis C 72

Picture of France, Hon. N. E. 145

Picture of State Bee-Keepers'

Members present 7o

iPicture of York, Geo, W,... 72

Pollen— Getting it Out of Ex-
tracted IHoney lO'o

Position of Combs in Winter 2 lb

President York's Address 173

Prevent Robbing 172

Price of a One Pound Bottle of - ,

Honey . •, 74

Price of Apiarian Labor 216

Price of Extracted Honey 184

Prices Compared with 23 Years

Ago .119, 193

Prices of Honey — ^Difference in 107

Proceedings of the Chicago North-
western 71

Proceedings of the Illinois State

Ass'n 23

Producer — How Much Should He

Get for Honey? 92

Producers' Names on Honey. . 134

Profitable Bee Management With-
out Swarming 213

Propolis. — Percent of in Beeswax. . 103
Proportion of Sygar Syrup..- .215

Queen 'Cells — Destroying to Pre-
vent Swarming 102

Report of Committee on Nomina-
tions 200

Report of Committee on IPiesl-
den.t's Address 196, 204

ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.

227

Page
Report of Committee on Resolu-
tions 204

Re-Queen Colonies — When to 216

Retailing Honey — Methods of — By

Wesley Foster 210

Ripening Honey on the Hives^ — By

W. . P. Southworth 161

Room Temperature for Bottling

Honey 131

Rules for Grading Honiey 14

Salary of General Manager 205

Second Day — Morning Session' —

Chicago Northwestern 114

Second Day — Morning Session —

Illinois State Ass'n 64

Secretary's iMnancial Report 29

Secretary's Report 24

Selection in Breeding to Increase

the Honey Crop 183

Size of Hives 215

Sour Honey to Feed Bees 141

Southern (Honey Production, Etc. —

By J. J. Wilder 211

Stimulative Feeding i24

Stopping Up the Bee- Escape 142

Strengthening Comb Foftndation . . iOl

Strengthening Weak Colonies 95

Success With Bees 165

Swarm Control and Comb Honey.. 101
Swarms' — Hiving 105

Symptoms of Foul Brood.

Page
. 18

Tampering With Shipped Honey. . 134

Tools Painted White 171

Top-Flow and Travel Stain 216

Trap the Robbers 171

Travel Stained Honey 167

Treasurer's Report — Chicago

Northwestern S*!

Treasurer's Report — Illinois State.. 28

Utah Inspectors 20

Value of Longevity iri Bees 82

Weak Colony 141

Weight— Does Some Honey Vary

In? 131

What a Woman Can Do With Bees

— 'Mrs. S. Wilbur Frey 146

When and How to Re- Queen With

a Fall Flow 206

When to Italianize 215

Winter Hive Cover in Spring 138

Wintering Bees in Cellar 69

Wintering Weak Colonies 54

Workers and Drones from Italian

Queen ' 98

World's Panama Exposition, Co. of

New Orleans 26