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a I B R.AR.Y

OF THE
UN IVER5ITY
Of ILLINOIS

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VOL. III.

SPRINGFIELD, JANUARY, 1858.

NO. 1.

THE

iTir

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mm$h

Ti •

PUBUSHED MONTHI.T,

BT

Bailliaclie <fe Baker,

Jon»al Buildings, - • Springfield, Illinois.

«•.

S. FRANCIS, Editor.

.••

TKRMS OF BUBSCRIPTIOK.

One copy, on« yomi, ia adTance $1 00

KTe copiei, " " ~ 3 75

Tea " and one to the perion getting np club 7 60

nfteen copiei and orer , 62>^ centa each, and one to penon
getting np club.

CASH Ki.TU or AsmnnNo:
One dollar per iqaare of ten Unas, each Insertion.

The Praetieal Farmer Uiiting Together Labor
and learning.

The wisdom of tli» '" •< u:r ""tablished
on the globe at th' fiibi jier^^.i. ait'tta^l
and regetable life, and ^beL i^a.=i ap-
peared on the earth, vegetation was pre-
sented to him for his support. " As man
was endowed with more understanding
than other animals, he cultivated and im-
proved the vegetable productions around
him for his sustenance, and those labors
made him a "practical farmer." It may,
therefore, be almost affirmed that agri-
culture for the support of man was a
decree of Heaven. And the most ancient
records extant on the subject state, that
God commanded Adam to enter the Gar-
den of £dea *'to dress it and to keep it."
Agriculture runs back into the most re-
mote antiquity on earth, and still farther
back may its principles be traced, to
Heaven itself. When nature establishes
a principle, it is just and right. The
wisdom of the Creator is never mistaken;
and, therefore, agriculture is the first and
best system by which nature decreed that
man should make his living.

All history, and the experience of all
ages, establish the position above stated.

that the cultivation of the earth is the
most ancient, and the most natural mode,
by which to obtain a support. And, more-
over, on these principles, the cultivator
of the soil enjoys more health, and more
happiness, than is allotted to any other
profession.

Cicero, one of the most eminent men
of antiquity, holds this language as to
agriculture: "For of all gainful profes-
sions, nothing is better, nothing more
pleasing, nothing more delightful, noth-
ing better becomes a well bred man than
agriculture." •

When the Roman government was en-
joying its greatest power, and the fame
and glory of the Roman name extended
through the known world, the greatest
men of the empire were frequently "prac-
tical farmers," and summoned from the
I |>.^-»w Ir perform the highest oflSces in the
j gift 'A iu\ ;)e<;u:'; Cincinnatus was tak-
en from 1 's^ffeii: * i^--- '• T)' -"-cff^r. —
*' Cairns anuv,- ^Id uien ou t. ■'> inns
were summoned to tne ttenate.' ^'■.<'
Emperor of China to this day, it is baiu,
enters the fields annually, and holds the
plow in honor of agriculture. The great-
est philosophers of ancient and modern
Europe, hold agriculture in the highest
estimation. The great philosopher. Lord
Bacon, of England, in his essays, speaks
in the warmest terms of the agricultural
profession. In the United States, from
the earliest periods of the colonies, agri-
culture was considered the main sheet an-
chor of the prosperity and happiness of
the country, and some of the greatest
men the world ever produced, were prac-
tical farmers. Washington, Jefferson,
DeWitt Clinton, Jackson, Clay and a
host of others, were either practical ag-
riculturists, or used all their influence in
writing and otherwise, to advocate the
cause.

Under every consideration, agriculture
may be placed in the first rank of all
professions, and particularly in the State
of Illinois, where the attractions to the
profession are almost irresistible. The
extraordinary fertility of the soil — the
prairies prepared for the plow, and the
great facilities to reach the produce mar-
kets, all invite "the practical farmer" to
enter the arena, and become, in a few
years, a wealthy and happy man in Illi-
nois.

But to do justice to this great and
grand profession, and to make success
certain, "thfl practical farmer" must unite
"Labor and Learning together."

It is the Divine mind that governs the
universe, and it is the mind of man that
governs all his actions. In all the agri-
cultural movements of man, it is the in-
tellect that first takes the lead, and there-
fore, to securesuccess, that intellect must
be educated as "learned." It is impos-
sible to accomplish, without education,
?r" thing great or good in ar'-'ouitarfc
jji\:M.iently it occurs iw the r'-:'jgr«*<"
">f -1\:- *:-^fesp^on rViui the >i.cal-
turist is --"-u D.it-d to^cit'rtfise a deep
and profouxid ji. '^fcment in deciding
on matters of his profession. The pro-
gress of agriculture in Illinois will in a
few years permit the people to dispense
with outside fences to their farms. The '
present system will be reversed — the fields
of grain will be turned outside of the
fences, and the live stock kept within.

I know of no State in the West where
this system is established; and Illinois
will, I presume, be the first to adopt the
principle.

It is stated that the fences in the State
of Pennsylvania cost one hunded millions
of dollars, and ten millions each year to
keep them in repair. This great €x;)ense
in making fences in the prairie State

I ; ,.^^

209007

^^m^:

THE ILLIISrOIS FII^RMiER.

would be saved, and only the pasture
fences used, which would not cost the
tenth of the present system. When this
system is adopted, the present outcry
about fences, osage oranges, plank fences
and the like, will be silenced forever; ex-
cept for inside fences for pastures. When
this system is adopted, it would be a ben-
efit to Illinois if there was not a tree in
the State except fruit trees.

In many of the middle counties in the
State, there is no range at present for
the stock to live on in the summer, and
there are no public lands on which the stock
can range. The cattle and horses in
many sections of the State cannot live at
this time on the range, as it is not suffi-
cient to support them, and the farmers
are compelled to keep their stock in pas-
tures. If there be no range for stock,
and the fields in the prairies adjoining
each other, where is the use of outside
fences to keep the stock out when there
is no stock in the range outside?

Moreover, the land is all at this day,
with few exceptions, owned by private
individuals, and there cannot exist any
law to give a right for one man to use
another man's land to herd his cattle on.
The right of property must of necessity
exclude a stranger from the use of it:
for otherwise property would be common,
and belong to everybjdy alike, which is
absurd in a civilized government.

It is the extreme fertility of the soil in
Illinois, and the even and level surface
of the country, admitting almost every
SLCri" in the State to be cultivated with ad-
vantage, wiii-ch enables the people to :m1-
tivate the whole conft'iTiied Si'if'ace of the
country, and leave no vacant space out-
side of their fields for range for the stock.
Illinois in a few years will contain in
many -sections of it a dense population like
Europe, and fences will be no more used
here in a short time than in that old coun-
try.

It would be an advantage to St. Clair
County, where I reside, if there were no
timber or outside fences in the County.
The timbered hind is an injury to the
people; as, if it did not exist, the land
where it stands at present, would be cul-
tivated, and more profit derived from the
land arising from grain, than from tim-
ber. Stone coal is used mostly for fuel,
and not much timber grown m the county
is appropriated to buildings; so that the

natural forests in St. Clair County do
more injury than service to the people.
I am not hostile to trees for shade and
ornament, or a few to break the fury of
the north wind from the residence of the
husbandman; but they are an injury in
my opinion to the people of this section
of the State.

I have presented the above change of
system, as to the outside fences of farms,
for the consideration and reflection of
practical farmers, and hope they may
reflect on the subject, and adopt it, if it
be the best.

TJic Best Mode of Raising and Managing Cattle
on the Prairies of Illinois.

J-W which the first premium was aumrdtd by the lUinofis State
Agricultural Oociity.

Having been a resident of Illinois for twenty-
two years, and con stantl}- (and at times exten-
sively) engageii in breeding, raising and feeding
cattle for the butcher, I give it aa my deliiicrate
conviction, that there is no part of the continent
that surpasses, if any equals, the jn'airies of Illi-
nnis, in adaptation for breeding, raising and fat-
tening cattle.

In visiting diiferent parts of the Union — north,
south, east and west — I luwo not mot wiih any

n;itivo st<.)ck that equals the It^t native stock ot
Illinois and Iowa. To my mind the leason is ob-
vious: Our climate is the most favorable fur pro-
ducing cattle, because, situate between 37 \ and
42i degrees north latitude, we escape the extreme
cold of the north, and the continucii heat of the
south. Those most conversant with the breeding
and raising of cattle agree that they do best in a
temiierate cliuuite. Another and stronger rea-
son is, oia- soil cannot be sur})assed in producing
those crops so necessary for the rapid growth an*.*-
maturity of cattle, nan\ely, grass and corn. -

Before I proceed to give what I concPi've to ]je
the best method for the manairGi.v6fit ot cattle, in
Illinois, I remark, that ♦^nere are a few general
rules that bf fv ijJen well established by brecilers
in this.nid other counties, that should never be
k>Ht sight of by the breeders and growers of cattle,
if they would l)e successful, and secure to them-
selves that profit to which the intelligent and en-
terprising are entitled. Obtain the best females
within your means, whether they bo native, mix-
ed or pure bred cattle, fctudy to know the best
points of a good animal, and seek, in breeding,
to increase the weight in superior, and to lessen
it ill inferior, points. By so doing you will in-
crease the \alue and appearance of tiie animal.
As a general rule, the animal that will give ih<
greatest weight in the least compass will be the
oest and most prolitable. Tliey will have le^-■
coarse beef, less bone, and, consequently, les>
offal. They will invanably consume less and
lUaLUie earlier; thus pioMugtliat they are pos-
^esscvl of gootl constituuons. Let Ijreeders study
10 undersntud the defects of their stork, that they
may lie able to remedy their i.h-fei.-ts in sn'oseqiu-Ui
(.reeding. Never permit a male animal to come
on tiie farm, as a breeder, unless he equals, ami,
if possible, issuperior to the female's. He sji(;uiii
be of pure bhiod, for liy this means, alniu-, (.an
I he breeder hope to stamp the great excellencic-
of the breed up(>n his slock. Avoid breeding in
and in as much as you can. The instaices an
;ue when it v.ould luit have been better for the
..reeder to have bred fr>ia more remote rrohse^.
A few cases are on record, in England and ii.
this country, where great results have been at-
tained by in and in breeding, but lew are quali-

fied to undertake po hazardous an experiment.
I confidently believe that more valuable herds
have been injured than benefitted by tlie experi-
ment.

Lot the brooder resolve (and then adhere to it,)
not to keep on his hands more stock than he can

keep well. I mean by that, to have hia growing
stock always increasing in weight, and not to be
content, as iB sometimes said, with having them
to hold their own. Kest assured there is no half
wa}' house for them to rest in. They must and
will be gaining or losing weight. Grain, grass
and meat are the farmers capital, and, when lost,
is lost forever, and he is poorer, and the world
has less to subsist on. The general principles
and rules here laid down are equally applicable
to all breeds and grades of cattle known to the
farmers of Illinois. I lay it down, as an axiom,
that an animal that is not worth keeping well is
not worth keeping at all, and should go to the
butcher, and thus rid the country of an unprofit-
able beast. The practice among farmers of sell-
ing to the butcher, or killing for their own use,
the most thrifty and valuable young females
from their herds, and keeping the refuse for
breeders, should Ijc abandoned. Such manage-
ment is truly penny wise and pound foolish. It
is a well established fact that the true and only
way by which stock can be improved is to se-
lect the most thrifty and promising females for
breeders.

TUE JIAXAGKMENT OF COWS AND CALVES.

Cows should be bred so as to calve from the
middle of March to the first of May. This can
only be done by keeping the breeding animal
froni the cows. Every breeder should do this
on the score of economy. By this course his bull
retains his health and vigor, and he knows, cer-
tainly, when each cow will drop her calf. His
calv("^ .(.ine at the opening of spring, when cow
and call can tlo without shelter, thus saving quite
an expenditure in building — a matter of conse-
quence to the young farmer. Great attention
should be given to cows at c;<Hing. As soon »>'
the calf sucks plentifully, which -„iil |je at from
two to five hours old, the co^ shuakl be milked
clean, and this shu;:^(i jje kept up by njilkin
twice a daj fl,^' eight days, at which time, if th
cov«dJoes well, her milk will be fit ior use. From
the firsi-day of May to the first of November
cows are most profitable for dairy purposes. The
e.-jpeuse of keeping is much less, on our best
pastures, during the grazing season, than even
the poor manner in which the cows of. Illinois
are generallj- wintered. The flow of milk, dur-
ing the grazing season, on good pasture, is much
greater than during the winter wjthjiood shelter
and full Iced. I would remark, without stop-
ping to discuss which of the various breeds of
cattle known in Illinois is most valuable for "
milk, that too much attention cannot be given,
by breeders, to heifers with their first calves. —
By following the directions, which I shall now
give, for the management of heiicrs with their
tirst calves, the milking properties of all
Inccds of cattle would bo greatly improvetl.—
I'lio heifer should be from 30 to o6 months old
when she drops her first calf. After the calf
has sucked plentifully the heller should be well
milked, to keep down inliaiiunation, and make
ro.im for a full tlow of milk to the udder. When
the calf is one day old, tiic dam should be separ-
ated from it two or three hours — then let to the
ihc cow, and alter it has , ucked,herbag should
bo well lailkcd. By roUov.uig this plan, and
increasing the lime of separation, froui day to
(lav, fi>r eight or ten days, then the miik Avillbe
litYoruse. l hey may then be sep.ratei.-iurhi^
Mi: whole day, v. Itli out iiijuvy to heiie. or calf.
I ihiiik it l.csi (and ] u.sue tliat course when I
•.an) to let my cws on to pasture at night after
lailkii.g. When I do :-o, I find that my cows
-raze at d.ark and aliout dayligiit, and tliat they
'^mw and ihrive beLicr, an<f gt> thn,ugh the win-
der in liner condition. Wiien the calf is weaned,
ihe dam siuiuld be kept to her milk as long as
po.-sible, e\ en up to within one moalli of calving.

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THE ILLIIN^OIS F^RJMER.

This is essential in making a good milker. By
pursuing the above plan I have seldom failed to
make fair milkers of all the heifers grown on
my form. The practice of letting calves run
with their dams, particularly with heifers, as is
often the case, is ruinous to thoai as milkers,
and of no ])cnefit ix) the calf. 1 he calf that runs
at large witli the dam feeds badly, for as soon
as the calf f^ets hungry, iny.toad (jf grazing it
■will seek the dam for suck, and that will be live
or six times per day, thus preventing the tilling
or distending the udder, and lessening tlic ca-
pacity of tlu! ba,g to liolil iiiilk. On this plan
the udder becomes fleshy, the milk flows slowly,
and she becomes a poor anil hard milker. When
a calf runs at large with, the dam, and, when
weaned, the cow is permitted to dry up her
milk, nineteen out of twenty such are worthless
as dairy coavs. It is important that every farm-
er should have shelter sufficient to house such of
his cows as may have calves during the winter,
and those that are giving milk. There is cc(m-
omy in this, for one well fed cow, under shelter,
will give more milk than two equally well fed
and exposed on our prairies. Cov.s that have
calves in winter must be sheltered to do Avell.
When they are not well provided for the cows
run down rapidly, and without extraordinary
care and attention soon get on the lift, their teats
crack open and the result is a spoiled bag, which
amounts almost to the loss of the cow as a milk-
er. In addition to this calamity, it takes all the
milk to keep the calf alive to grass, and the calf
is stinted in its growth, and never fully recovers
from it.

I keep my milking cows under shelter at night
during winter, letting them out on the pasture
during the day. They receive the same amount
of food that my dry cows do, which run out day
and night. A portion of them have young
calves, which furnish my family with milk and
butter and some to spare. They are generally
fat enough for the butcher, and their calves
good veal. A co^v, to be profitable as a breeder,
should be in an improving condition while in a
state of gestation. When this is done, it is no
hard task to keep her in good flesh while giving
milk. Calves should be provided with a good
grass lot, with plenty of water. A trough sIkhiM
be placed in the lot in Avhich salt should be kept,
and a few handsful of corn meal, or shorts and
Ijran mixed, should be given every day, to leam
them to eat. They will begin to feed at four
weeks old. Half the milk of the cow, with good
grass, Avill keep the calf in fine condition. When
only allowed to suck morning and evening, they
feed and grow faster, and suffer but little incon-
venience when v.-eaned, and never lose any flesh.
The first winter calves should have access to
good grass, (timothy, blue-grass, or both,) Avith
a shed or 'grove to protect them from the storms
of winter. The question may be asked, how
are we to have a grove on the prairies to protect
our farm stock? I answer, almost as easy as to
have a temporary- shod. The first day of Ai^ril,

when the ground is too Avet to ploAV, set out one
hundred locust trees at some convenient spot,
and keep tlie stock from them three or four years,
and you have ,it. If you have not the trees plant
the seed in May, four feet apart each Avay, as
you would corn, and you obtain the same retiilt
in four years, I hope I shall be pardoned for
saying that every prairie farmer is too negligent
about planting trees. There is no laljor that
would pav so well as that applied in planting
trees. \V'alnuts should lie planted along our
fences. This is rapidly done. Open a furrow
in October, and drop the nuts four or five inches
apart and c 'Ver Avith the ploAv, and the Avurk,
with suitaljle cultivation, is done. Nothing adds
so much to the beaut}' and comfort of a prairie
farm as clumps and roAvs of trees, saying noth-
ing of their ultimate value for timber.

The best and most successful mode of feeding
grain to calves, during the first Avinter, is to use
a corn and col) crusher, and feed in troughs, giv-
ing to each head two quarts per day, Avith the

additiiin of hay, corn fodder or clean Avheat
straw, Avhen snoAV or sleet Avould prevent the
young cattle from getting to the grass. Calves
Avjntered in this manner Avill come to grass at
one j'ear old fat and sleek, AA-lth a cost of tAvo
dollars per head in corn cob meal at tAVCnty
cents per bushel.

All cattle breeders should have tAvo pastures
for summer grazing, so as to be able to change
their stock frequently through the grazing sea-
son from one to the other. By this course stock
have fresh pasture, which is very conducive to
their rapid improvement, whilst it enables the
OAvner to let the gra^ss grow up for fall and Avin-
ter use. The land intended for winter grazing
should not be grazed in midsummer, for the crop
then on the ground should be left to protect the
fall groAvth for Avinter. My experience and ob-
servation Avarrant me in stating that to make
stock groAving as profitable as it should be, good
grass for summer and winter grazing is indls-
pensal)le.

Yearlings handled as above stated should be
put on rich pasture, (avIW or cultivated,) and on
such kept during the grazing season, viz : on the
prairie from May to 15th or 20th of Septemljer,
and on cultivated grass to the first of November.
At the latter date they should go into their win-
ter pasture. When Avinter sets in, Avhich is
al)out the 15th of December, in this }X)rtion of
the State, begin to feed in troughs, give a half
peck of crushed corn to each head per day, and
gradually increase to one peck per day. If it
is impracticable to feed the corn in the above
manner, it may be advantageously fed on the
grass, from the shock, in like proportion. A
sufficient number of hogs should be put after the
cattle to take up the offal. ItAvill take 20 bush-
els of corn per head second winter, Avliich, put
at 20 cents per bushel, will give $4 in grain per
head for second winter. Yearlings thus man-
aged, Avill, on 1st of 3Iay, when they are tAvo
years old, weigh from 1,000 to 1,100 pounds,
grt)ss. The tAVO year old cattle should be turned
to grass 1st of May, and kept on good pastui'es
until the 20th of October, at Avhich time they
are ready for stall feeding, and should be put to
corn on the grass, with one-fourth of a bushel
to the head, per day, for one and a half months,
Avhich will bring the 1st of December. At this
time they should go into the feed lot, and have
all the corn they will eat until the 1st jsf May,
which will be a half bushel per head per day. —
This Avill give 85 bushels per head for stall feed-
ing, which, at 20 cents per bushel, will give $17
per head for the third Avinter. Each steer thus
fed Avill fatten one hog or winter twowell — thus
paying the expense of feeding. The system
above given for handling cattle will afford a
sufficient amount of offal for hogs to pay all ex-
penses for labor in winter feeding, from the time
of Aveaning until ready for the butcher. Cattle
fed as above Avill be ready for market the 1st of
May, but should be well grazed until the 15th
or 20th of June, which is the most profitable
time for selling, taking one season with another.
At this time they should average aljout 1,400
pounds each, gross. It Avill cost to produce a
steer for market, on the above plan, as follows :

1st year, grass, $3 00

" corn, 2 00

2(1 year, grass 6 00

" corn, 4 00

3d year, grass, 6 00

" corn,, 17 00

Grass, from 1st May to 15th June, time of sell-
ing, 2 CO

Making the entire cost of raising and fattening.$tO 00

CosTRA— l,4'i0 pounds beef, at $3 50 perhuud., $50 75

Deduct cost, 40 60

And }ou liave, for profit, $10 75

It Avill thus be seen, that by the above sys*
tern it will cost $40 per head to grow and pre-
pare a steer for the butcher, or $2 75 per hun-
dred, Avhich gives 20 cents for corn on the farm,
and pays one dollar per month for grazing, and
leaves $10 75 profit. It Avill be seen that cat-
tle handled as above go into market at three

years old instead of four years, as under the
common method of handling cattle, and adding
to the profit one year's keep. This is no small
item, and, in the aggregate, a great gain to
growers.

Dnder the system generally pursued by our
farmers in raising and managing cattle, I main-
tain that it costs three dollars per hundred to

produce every pound of beef that is fed in the
State, and that no farmer who does not fat his
oAvn cattle, but sells, to be fed by others, re-
ceives a fair remuneration for food fed in an or-
dinary manner in which cattle are handled in
Illinois. By examining the patent office reports,
it will be found that it costs about about $20 in
winter provender to feed a steer, so as to be ready
for the stall feeder at four years old. Now, add
to this three summer's grazing, at $6 per sea-
son, (it is worth this sum, whether obtained
from the prairie or from cultivated lands, for it
produces it in beef,) and it will give $18 per
head. Add to this $17 for stall feeding, and we
have $55, the cost of the production of 1,450
pounds of gross beef. (A lot of cattle handled
in the ordinary manner will oftener fall under
1,450 than come up to it.) Placing the beef at
$3 50 per hundred, gross, and we have $50 75,
the value of the beef. Take this from the cost
of production, and there is a loss of $4 25 to the
producer, under this common system, whilst
there is a profit of $10 75 under the system here
recommended. From the best information I
can obtain, there are one hundred thousand beef
cattle taken to market from Illinois annually,
at a loss, in grain and grass, of $4 25 per head.
Thus we lose the large sum of four hundred and
twenty-five thousand dollars under our present
system of raising, managing and feeding cattle,
when under a different system, we should have
a profit on the one hundred thousand cattle, of
one million of dollars — saving to the growers of
cattle four hundred and twenty-five thousand
dollars, and giving an aggregate profit of one
million. The plan suggested would increase the
wealth of the state, annually, one million four
hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars, and
open up a home market for her surplus com
Avhich often lies rotting in the pens of the own
ers, for the want of a paying market.

N. B. — For several years past I have provid-
ed protection for my outdoor stock in the follow-
ing manner and am well satisfied with the re-
sult: Take 100 rails, or poles, 10 feet long, to
some eligible place: take 3 forks, 4 feet long,
made from the fork of a limb, from which the
rails or poles are made; set them two feet in the
ground, and 14 feet apart; place a pole, 30 feet
long, in the forks; then, with a spade, set the
rails or poles one foot in the ground, one on
either side, alternately, at an angle of 45 deg.,
and you will have a rail or pole rack, 30 feet
long, which will hold five or six wagon loads of
hay or straw. This rack I fill with hay while
cutting my grass, or with straw while threshing
my grain. Five racks will gire good protection
to one hundred head of growing stock, during
the whole winter, and more food than they will
consume, when managed as above.

Jas. N. Brown.

«•»

A Change in tne GoTernment of India.

The London Times of the 28th ult. states
that as soon as Parliament meets for the dis-
patch of business, the total abolition of the
East India Company's government will be pro-
posed by mioisters, and that India will be
brought immediately under the control of the
Crown and Parliament, with such a machinery
of administration as shall be thought condu-
cive to its welfare.

-«•»-

B^^By a recent statement it appears that the
number of Mormons who have emigrated from
Europe to this country from 1840 to 1857 hag
besn about 27,000.

^-;»*^7^'^«;'«fv7^,^'■^••■■J*y^ \.-"--;r?*p/^'^ . . ,•■•.* r

THE ILLINOIS FA-HMEItl

On the Coltnre of the Tine in Illinois.

JFVemtum TreatUt, by H. L. Srutfi, of Ottawa, THinoii.

n

"Every man under his vine and under hia fie
tree," ■was an image of luxuriant and peaceful
repose, amid surrounding plenty, three thous-
and years ago. This language the spirit of in-
spiration has chosen to portray the security and
aoundance of the world's last best ages. The
Boil we occupy, the climate we enjoy, our free
institutions, afford us all the requiste conditions
for the realization of that ideal good. In our
future will the vine form so prominent a feature
in the emblem of our enjoyment? We wish that
it may. TVe regard it as a precious boon. We
prize it for its many beautiful and hallowed as-
sociations in sacred story, as the symbol of
promised good, but above all, for its bounty to
man.

It is gratifying to observe that the cultivation
of our native grapes, and production of choice
varieties by hybridization are enlisting such
general attention. All nature affords a gener-
ous encouragement to such endeavors.

The vine is a hardy plant, and will grow so
far north that it can do no more than blossom.
Hot houses and cold graperies are provided in
countries where the uncertainty of climate pre-
vents any attempt at cultivation with a view to
profit. But no such necessity is laid upon the
denixens of our western states.

The vine luxuriates under our warm and ge-
nial sun, in our dry even climate and calcareous
loamy soil. No exotic grape grown under glass
ever surpassed in luxuriance our unrivalled Ca-
tawbas, grown in open air and cultivated by the
acre, like com. Were we so disposed, we could
render the fruit of the vine not only as "plenty
as blackberries," but so abundant as to leave
nothing further to be desired. And doubtless
the day is not far distant, when our farms will
be considered incomplete without a generous
vineyard. We commenced writing more partic-
ularly with the view of speaking of the best
methods and the requisite conditions of soil, for
the cultivation of the vine in our state; and of
the inducements to engage in this work. But
before entering upon this topic, it may be well
to suggest some reasons for commending this
much neglected and much abused fruit. While
some would place as first, its rich and delicate
flavor, we will refer to its wholesome and saluta-
ry properties. In my own judgment it surpas-
ses all fruits in its happy combination of acids,
mucilage and saccharine matters, and is pecu-
liarly fitted as an antidote and remedy to the
diseases incident to a malarious climate.

The use of wine and grapes in certain kinds
of fever is, at least, as old as Hippocrates. The
Rhine wines are of diuretic quality, and the
Germans say "keep off the doctos." They arc
not alone in commending grapes and pure wines
in the period of convalescence immediately fol-
lo" In^' low fevers. According to Redding, "old
aick -w'-;!- : > still a remedy in Cypress for ter-
1 r.n and quartan agues, common in that and
!-y!P" i->tlier Greek i-hinda, where the old wine
u-rHl T(» burn like oil." For sanitary and me-
licinal purposes, we regard the tartaric acid of
Lhis grape as vastly superior to that of any other
friul. but particularly to the malic (apple) ac-
id. For this reason we would gladly see that
which is properly vinegar, vinaigre, or soured
wine, substituted for that acidfied cider, which
most ungenerously has usruped its name and
office; saying nothing of the dangerous counter-
feits which are manufactured and sold under
the name of cider vinegar.

Aside from the various applications of its
jucies, the grape commends itself to us as a
most wholesome fruit, whose luscious richness
and delicate flavor may with little care be pre-
served fresh through the entire winter, gladden-
ing its long chill hours with the products of the
burning beams of summer and the golden radi-
ance of autumn ; or this fruit may be dried and

its most valuable and useful properties still pre-
served in the form of raisins.

"The only vineyards in America are those of
American grapes." — [Dovming.'\ Longworth
says, "If we intend cultivating the grape, we
must rely on our native varieties, and new va-
rieties raised from seed."

The vine, as we have said, is a hardy plant.
It will grow both in cold and warm latitudes,
but flourishes best between 35 and 42 deg. of
latitude. With us no outlay of capital is need-
ed, for green houses, cold graperies, or expensive
borders. Our clear, warm sun, and dry atmos-
phere, insure the full maturity of our richest and
latest varieties. The vine may be successfully
cultivated in any soil that is not wet. It flour-
ishes most in a dry and light soil of a calcareous
or loamy nature. A rich, light, sandy loam, on
a porous or rocky bottom is congenial. "A black,
rich, loamy soil is favorable, from its absorbing
heat." Grapes grown on rich deep soils, are
fittest for the table. But the best table grapes
do not make the choicest wine. The dry sea-
sons, so characteristic of our climate, increase
the quantity of sugar in grapes, which contain a
larger proportion of saccharine matter than other
fruits. "That soil which, from dryness and
lightness, is scarcely fit for any other culture, is
best adapted for grapes designed for wine" — be
it calcareous or volcanic. Any light, mixed,
friable soil, in which water will not lodge, is
congenial to this plant. A hillside, or mound,
or ridge, or table lands, with a loose subsoil,
present choice locations for the vine. Wines of
first character ai-e usually made from vines that
flourish among stones or rocky soil. "No wine
of tolerable quality is grown on rich, highly
dressed lands." From this it will appear that
our high, rolling prairies with gravelly ridges,
our bluffs, the banks of our creeks and rivers,
where the declivities are gentle, afford the re-
quisite condition for choice vineyards. We have,
in a word, almost every kind of soil and climate
to meet the demands of nature, or the wishes of
those who desire a pure wine, or a varied supply
of fruit.

/ 8 respects the methods of propagation, vines
may be produced abundantly either from cuttings
or layers. "Vines raised from cuttings live
longest and hear most fruit." [Redding, p.
42. 1 The readiest way and much the cheapest
to start a vineyard, is to procure good cuttings
in the fall, if possible. The process is then very
simple. Having plowed and subsoil-plowed your
land, mark off your vineyard carefully with line
or stakes, that the rows shall be straight both
ways, offering no obstruction to future cultiva-
tion. Holes are made with the spade from three
to four feet apart in the row, in rows six feet
apart. Two cuttings are planted in each hole
in a slanting direction, with their tops inclined
to each other, and the lower ends ten inches
apart. Press the soil firmly at the base of the
cuttings and have the upper eye just covered. If
both cuttings grow, remove one of the plants in
autumn. Cuttings are made from sound last
year's wood, and should have four or five eyes,
with a clean smooth cut near the lower eye. If
not planted out at the fall pruning they should
be tied up in convenient bundles and buried in
the ground, where they will remain moist and
protected from the severe frosts of winter. They
will strike root with great certainty. The culti-
vatit)n of vegetables the first and second seasons,
between the rows, will facilitate in keeping the
ground light and clean. The young plants
should not be pruned the first year. The second
year, before sap starts, cut the young vine down
to one or two '-yes, force the growth into one
main shoot, or cane, breaking off suckers and
su[)erfluoii8 shoots. Stakes of any durable wood,
six or seven feet long, and two or three inches
square, should be firmly planted to each -tine.
The third year, before the buds swell, cut last
year's shoot or cane 'jack to two eyes, let both
grow, tying tliem to the stake, as they advance,
with rye straw ; the laterals or auxiliary branches

on these canes should be rubbed out as high as
eight or ten eyes. As soon as weeds get fairly
started in tbe spring, throw the earth from the
vines with a single plow, and keep the ground
clean and light with the cultivator, piestrov
every rosebug and ^en worm, which if not sed-
ulously watched, will so increase in a few sea-
sons as to devour the blossoms of the entire
crop.

The fourth year you have two good shoots or
canes eight or ten feet lon^. Spring pruning
this year is usually done in February. Some
prune in November previous, which we consider
as the proper time. Cut back the best and clos-
est jointed cane to ten or twelve eyes; the other
cane cut down to a spur of two or three eyes, to
make bearing canes for next season. When the
sap begins to flow the long cane is bent round
in the form of a hoop or bow, and secured to the
stake with willow ties or twigs— one at the bot-
tom, one at the top of the circle, and the third
fastens the end to the stake, or to the vine below.
The vine bears its fruit on shoots of the current
year, starting from eyes of the previous year's
wood. One bearing shoot, or bough, having
from ten to twelve eyes, will throw out as many
bearing branches. From these ten or twelve
bearing branches select from fifteen to twenty
bunches; break off all the others. A larger
number overtasks the vine and impairs the
quality of the fruit. If the vines occupy more
room than 3 by 6 feet, then each vine may pro-
duce, proportionally, more grapes. The most
experienced vignerons, where vines are planted
3 by 5 feet apart, do not suffer their vines to
produce more than fifteen or sixteen fine bunches
at a bearing. When the grapes are the site of
small shot, pinch off the ends of the bearing
branches two or three eyes beyond the upper
cluster, and every brancn of the bough that does
not show fruit should be taken away. Train
the two canes which start from the spur to the
stake; break out laterals and suckers. The
fifth year, and all subsequent years, cut away
the old bearing wood. The uppermost cane is .
selected from the fruit bough, as in the preced-
ing year. The lowest cane is cut back to two
or three eyes, forming the spur. The vine is
annually renewed with two ^ood canes, starting
from this spur; which require the same man-
agement every year ; thus keeping the old stock
within a foot of the ground. Should a vine be
lost, it can be replaced by a layer from the ad-
joining vines. The layer may be put down as
late as August, but spring is preferred. The
vineyard should be kept in good tilth with the
plow and cultivator. Where the slope of the
hill or bluff is so steep as to require benching,
the cost of a vineyard is much increased. Dig
or trench the ground all over to the depth of l|
to 2 feet, turning the top soil under. The ground
is formed into level platforms of earth, as wide
as they can be made conveniently, supported by
a bank of sod or stone walls. Rows of vines, 5
or 6 feet apart, occupy these platforms or ter-
races, and require the same culture.

Great inducements to enter upon the cultiva-
tion of the vine may be found in the utility and
enjoyment of a fruit so delicious and wholesome
in its properties. But inducements, still greater
with some, may be discovered in the marketable
value of its products. The expense of cultivation
is so small as to bring it within the reach of all
classes.

The labors of the vineyard, as contrasted with
those incident to the culture of cereal crops, can
hardly be compared, in point ofpleasure or profit.
This is all cheerful work. The gathering of
the fruit and the season of vintage are alikejoy-
ous occasions. It is the time of dance and song;
the great epoch in wine growing countries. —
Both sex 68 and all ages mingle together to gather
nature's profusion, and make still more light
life's burden. We welcome such toil, because
of its enlivening influence on the mind and heart.
Such an era of faithfulness and joy is beginning
to dawn already in our country. Four years

^..

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f^h. '

.:#;

the: iSt,i:Nr5i8 f^emieb.

ago, according to patent ofi&ce reports, the value
of our grape crop exceeded that of the tobacco
crop by $10,000.

The cost and productiveness of a vineyard may
thus be estimated : The cuttings, subsoil plow-
ing and labor {stakes not included) will not ex-
ceed forty dollars an acre, where the declivity
of the ground is not so great as to require benching
or terracing. The small crops and the cuttings
will partly remunerate for subsequent tillage.
2,420 vines, 3 by 6 feet apart, will occupy one
acre. Twenty vines may be made to yield, in
fair seasons, one bushel of good grapes. We
may, then, safely estimate the average yield of
of an acre at 120 bushels — a very satisfactory
return, considering that oilr markets have never
been half supplied. The Catawba, Isabella and
Clinton are our best and most reliable vineyard
grapes, although other varieties succeed farther
south, and new seedlings, of rare promise, are
being constantly introduced. We would, how-
ever, caution our friends against large invest-
ments at high prices in new varieties, not fairly
tested, however highly they may be commended.
We would rather encourage attempts at produc-
tion of new seedling varieties, as affording best
promise of hardier and better vines and choice
fruit.

Buchanan, in the preface to the fifth edition
of his valuable work on grape culture and wine
making, says, "he obtained from five acres 4,236
gallons, or 847 gallons per acre, and that the
average yield for the whole country did not ex-
ceed 400 gallons to the acre." A cultivator of
the vine, in Kentucky, says, "the tillage of the
vineyard is not so laborious, nor near so expen-
sive, as the tillage and labor of securing the
Eroducts of an acre of corn or hemp. A man
aving five acres, wich he could manage himself,
would find them more profitable than a Ken-
tucky farm of two hundred acres, with three
negroes to cultivate it." May we not reasonably
expect, in view of facts like these, that our en-
terprising farmers, in looking to their interests,
will not only provide this rich source of national
revenue, but also secure to their families the
enjoyments and blessings of the vine ?

-«••-

Disadvantages and Temptations of Agricnltaral
life.

Extract from a Sermon, delivered by John Moore, Deerjidd,
Mass.

'^

Having spokea of the advantages and attrac-
tions of agricultural life, I mast be allowed to
say a word of its disadvantages and tempta-
tions.

I. Its tendency to lead to mental inactivity ;
the danger that in the isolated positions of the
farmer he will suffer his mind to rust from in-
activity; that he will perform his daily and
yearly round of labor mechanically, and suffer
his abundant leisure to run to waste. There is
danger of this.

TI. Another danger to which I shall venture

to allude, is slovenly and clownish manners.

There is no excuse for the farmer if he is one or
the other. There is danger that ho will build
a good house, and let it stand without a tree, or
shrub, or flower to break the air of barrenness
and desolation around it — let it stand white,
and glaring, and ghastly; that the best part of
it will be closed the year round, opened only
for a semi-annual cleaning and the family
huddled into the kitched which serves also as
dining-room, living room, and room of all work;
that here the farmer will sit when his work is
done. hiK hat on and his coat off, and a dirty
pipe in his mouth; here his boys will be en-
gaged in such idle frolic as will best kill the
time. No book to be seen. If there was one,
it could not be read in that scene of turmoil
•nd confusion. There is no privacy in such a
house. There is no refincnent. There is no
true, rational enjoyment. It is vulgar, ill-bred

and ignoble. Such cases are rare with as now.
It is rather a picture of what has been. Bural
life with us has become, and is becoming more
refined and elevating. The oases are becoming
more common, where the best room in the
house is the living room for the family, into
which the work of the kitchen and the dress o f
the farm seldom ^.ntrudes. Where the family
altar is erected, on which is offered the morn«
ing and evening sacrifice. It is consecrated to
neatness, and purity, and truth. Here the eve-
nings are spent. Heie the family are assem-
bled. The dress of the farm has been exchang-
ed for one more fitting the parlor. Here the
vulgar pipe does not intrude. The table stands
in the center, and on it the lights, and plenty
of them; and while the mother and daughter
ply the thrifty needle, the father or son reads
aloud the well chosen volume of history, trav-
els, biography or science. Here a pure taste
is born. Here refinement of manners is culti-
vated. Here a God-loving and a God-fearing
family is reared. The influence of this taste is
seen m the exterior of the house; in the neat
fence and outhouses; in the ornamental shrubs
and flowers, which give an aspect of home-
comfort and enjoyment to erery passer-bj.

There are few scenes our world furnishes, of
more unalloyed satisfaction, of pure enjoyment,
than the picture I have here presented of the
farmer's family. It is no fancy picture. There
arejmany such; and every farmer's family may,
to some degree, be such. Much depends on the
powerful ioflaence of woman. It is she who
tiolds the power in this sphere. It is she who
really, but silently directs and governs thi»
whole social sphere. If the farmers' wives and
daughters will study to raise the character of
the farmers' social life, they will do much good
in their own families, and to the community. —
But they must do it, in a profound faith in the
true dignity of the farmer's calling. They must
not be above their position, not ashamed of it.
They must not be afraid nor ashamed to work.
They must not mistake tor social domestic hap-
piness, the finery and fashion of city life. —
They must labor in the intelligent conviction of
the honesty and dignity of rural life. In the
conviction that agriculture embraces the sphere
of God's most natural and beautiful operations.
That when rightly understood, it is calculaied
to engage and elevate man's noblest faculties.
That it is intrinsically the parent and superior
of all professions. Let her teach her sons, that
if there are other employments more lucrative,
there are none more manly and safe. Let her
teach her daughters, that if there are other po-
sitions more polished and brilliant, there are
none ot more intrinsic satisfaction, than that of
an intelligent proprietor of the soil. Let her
show by her own intelligence, order, neatness,
taste, that she understands and enjoys her po-
sition, as wife and m3ther ina farmei's farmily.
And the condition and prospects of the agricul-
tural class will brighten, intellectually and so-
cially. I offer no apology for introducing this
topic here. Would I could have spoken more
worthily upon it. So far as I have instituted
contrasts, it has been of the life of the farmer
with that of the merchant, or artisan, in the
crowded city. I would have those whose lot is
amid the elevating and holy influences of God's
works and operations, in the country, thank
God that it is so. I would have them make
their life so pure, so noble, so refined, as to win
for it the respect of the young. I would have
the farmer so honor and •nnoble his calling, as
to check, in some degree, this depletion of the
life of our agricultural districts, to fill up the
wasted and wasting energies of the cities. So
it has always been. The life which throbs the
strongest in the city, which has most strength
and vigor, was not born there. It drew the
breath of life upon our hills, and in our vallejs.
It took its first lessons in our country schools,
and churches, and farm-houses. And having
gained a strong tmd yigorous root there, has

«••-

mcmOAN DOITBLS FLOW

This was used to some extentin Sanganion
county last seasou. We do not believ* its
advantages are appreciated. Indeed, there
are thoasands of farmers who never saw it.
The Ohio Galtivator, in speaking of Gill's
Doable Plow, bailt on the same general
plan as the Doable Michigan, lajs:

"We,believe the double plow has nerer
been sufficiently appreciated. For the pur-
pose for which it is designed, we think it is
the most valuable implement of all the dig-
gers. Put its work side by side with the
best single sod plow in the world, and the
contrast is largely in favor of the dooblt
plow; and we have wondered that heavy
farmers would allow themselves to lose upon
a single crop of wheat, what would pay for
several good plows, because a mistaken
economy led them to use a common steel
plow that cost only some $15, rather than
pay $22, or at most $26, for a steel double
plow that would make a seed-bed au hand-
some and clean as if it was done with a
spade— not a weed or tuft of grass left un-
covered, and the whole surface even and as
fine as meal. Here is another grand ad-
vantage— upon • sod field thus prepared
with but one plowing, you can go on with
the wheat drill, or cultivator plow, and put
in the seed at once, with all the elements of
fertility in the right place. The double
plow will turn a furrow as deep as it is
wide, and with less proportionable draft
than any single plow can possibly do.*'

Farmen* CIulMk
The driving work of the year it over, and
now is the time to form Farmers' Clubs. This
is done by the farmers of any particular neigh-
borhood, meetjne together, and becoming a
Society for the discussion of agricultural sub-
jects, reading agricultural essays, etc. We
heartily approve of them, when properly cons
ducted. They are nsefiiil, not enly for the
agricultural information imparted at the meet-
ings, but in giving farmers that confidence
obtained only by experienoe, which will enj
able them to rise in public and express their
sentiments upon all occasions, without embar-
rassment. This is a valuable accomplishment,
and as we contend that farmers should be re-
presented by farmers in the State Legislature
and in Congress, that farmers should be quali-
fied to be our Oovernon> and Presidents, we
will advise them to join these clubs, participate
in the discussions, and become calm, collected
and experienced speakers. To all of thoseSrho
ever expect to take a part in public discussions,

been transplanted to the city to grow to matu-
rity, there. I have no quarrel with the eity,
or with mercantile life; only, I will insist that
if the farmer will truly honor his calling, be
may 'attain as much of real happiness; do as
well the work of a man; do as much ^>od in
the world, as in aoy other callinj^, and be as
well fitted, when life is done, and its account
closed, to enter into the higher world with joy.

i

■ ?-> ■

^f.r- iV-ti r?.: V,^:';Si-.^^r\\;-

6

THE ILLIIS^OIS FA.IIMEK.

we can not too strongly urge them to partici-
pate in such meetings

There are numerous questions which could
be discussed with interest and pnifit at sucii
clubs, to wit: Which are the best breeds ol
cattle for dairy purposes? which the best for
beef? Whtcb is the most profitable br.-ed cf
sheep for farmers to keep? Which is the most
profitable breed of swine, and which the most
economical method for fattening them ? Which
the best breed of horses for farm purposes?
Are horses preferable to mules for the labors of

the farm? Which is the best system of rotation
of crops ? Which kinda of grasses are best
a<lapted to the soil of that particular locality ?
Which the best varieties of wheat to raise for
market ? And there are hundreds of questions
which might be stated, the diseusRion of which
would be interesting and instructive. At these
meetings, mind is brought into contact with
mind, and these intellectual combats rouso up
the dormant intellect ; and as the use of any
faculty increases its power, so will the mind be
improved by participating in such discussion.
. — .». — ■ —

Agricultuie and Science*

The warmth of the soil, under a clear sun, is
surprisingly above that of the air. the difference
being, even in temperate climates, as high a?
sixty-five degrees. .Thus Schubler finds in
July, when the air is 81 dega, the soil will be
140 degs,; and during one of his observations
at Tabuigin, in Germany, the air stood at 78
degs. and the soil at 152 degs. a difference of
74'degs. With a surface of the same color, the
material composing the soil make little differ-
ence in the capacity to become heated, provided
they are in similar states as to dryness. S.and,
clay, loam', garden-mould, &c., show very little
difference with the ihermometer. Color, how-
ever, has a powerful effect. Althouj?h exposed
to the sun for hours; differently colored earths
never attain the same temperature, the lighter
colored always remaining considerably cooler.
The conclusion seems inevitable that in some
countries the surface soil must occasionally
approach 200 dega. Fahrenheit. Under ;-uch
a dcree of heat the decomposition of the or-
ganic matter of the soil must go on rapidly,
with the evolution of much ammonia, and car-
bonic acid, agents which play an important
part in the modification of the mineral matter
of the soil, as well as stimulate vegetation.

->♦•-

convertible into true cane sugar, under pe-
culiar or accitlental circumsuiiices, such as
the qirality of the juice, and the boiling be-
ing just as it ought 10 be."

Error in the Treatment of Horses.

When a horse shies, or sheers at some unac
customed object and which all young horses
will do, never speak sharply, or worse than thrt
strike him, if you would avoid his starting the
next time he sees the same or a similar object

Almost anv horse may be brought to a confirm-
ed habit of shying by snch treatment. What
ishould bo done, then? Check him to a walk;
give him time to see the object and he will soon
take little or no notice of it. I fa horse stumbles
or trips, it is a common practice to strike him
for that. This will not mend the habits of trip-
ping and stumbling, but will add to them, if he
has spirit, that of springing forward with dan-
gerous quickness whenever it occurs, as he will
expect the lash to follow as j» matter of course.
The remedy, if it can be called one, is to keen
an eye upon the road, and where, from stones
and unevenness, the falling is apprehended,
tighten the reins and enliven the horse, but
never strike him after the accident. As you
would save the wind and strength of your horse
drive him slow up hill, and as you would save
his limbs and your own, drive him slowly down
hill. Never wash off your horse with cold water
when he is hot, or let him drink freely in that
state. If the water is quite warrn it will not
hurt him. Do mit permit the smith when he
shoes his horse, to cut out any of the soft part,
or what is called the frog of the foot— this is
apt to gradually draw in the quarters of the
hoof, and cripple the animal, and is recommen
dcd only bv the smoothe appearance which il

gives to the bottom of the foot, which is more

apt to catch a round stone in the shoo than oth-
erwise. Do not feed with grain, especially corn
when a horse is warm, or vt>ry much fatigued;

if you Ao, you may founder and ruin him. Do

not keep a horse too fat or too lean, as either
disqualifies him for hard labor. TwC more
kindness and good temper extended to a horse,
the better he will behiive in return. Bad tem-
per and bad habits come gradually from bad
usage.

Iinphee.

This is a variety of the Sugar Millet,
the seed of which was introduced by Mr.
"Wray into France, from South Africa. A
trial has been made of the plants by R.
Peters, of Georgia. He says that his ex-
perience docs not enable him to speak of it
with any favor, but adds —

"I have made between 3,000 and 4,000
gallons of very superior syrup from my
crop of sorgho, and have sold it by the bar-
rel at 50 to 75 cents per gallon.

I have not made trial of the sorgho syrup
in the way of graining for sugar, for my
cane juice this season was of an inferior
quality as compared with other crops,
caused by much of the cane having fallen
down by too close planting on rich land,
during a wet season.

You may rely on the sorgho being all
that has been said in its favor as a syrup
making phmt, but for sugar, I as yet liaye
strong doubts of its being made from it in
quantity at a paying figure.

I have been shown some samples ac-
cidentally granulated, that prove its being

—•t-

A liCSsou to a Scolding Mother.

A little girl, who had witnessed the perplexi-
ty of her mother on a certain occasion, when
her fortitude gave way under severe trial, said;
"Mother, does God ever fret or scold?"
The query was so abrupt and startling, it
arrested the mother's attention almost with a

shock.

"Why, Lizzie, what makes you ask that ques-
tion?"

"Why, God is good— you know you used to
call him the 'Good Man,' when I was little
— and I should like to know if he ever scolded."

"No, child, no."

"Well, I am glad he don't; for scolding al-
ways makes me feel so bad, even if it is not me
in fault. 1 don't think I could love God much,
if he scolded."

The mother felt rebuked before her simple
child. Never had she heard so forcible a lec-
ture on the evils of scolding. The words of
Lizzie sank deep in her heart, and she turned
away from the innocent face of her little one,
to hide the tears that gathered in her eyes.—
Children are quick observers; and Lizzie, see-
ing the effect of her words, hastened to inquire:

'^ Why do you cry, mother? Was it naughty
for me to ask so many questions?"

''No, love, it was all right. I was only

thinking how bad I had been to scold so much,

when my girl could hear and be troubled by it."

"Oh, no, mamma, you are not bad; you are a

good mamma; only I wish there were not so

many bad things to make you fret and talk like
you did just now. It makes me feel away from
you so far, like I could not c(mie near you, as I
can when you smile and are kind; and oh, I
sninetimes iear I shall be put off so far, I never
can get back again."

"Oh Lizzie, don't say that," said the raothdr,
unable longer to repress the tears that had been
.struggling in her eyes. The child wondered
what could so affect its parent, but instinctively
feeling it was a case requiring sympathy, she
reached up, and laid her little arms about her
mother's neck and whispered:

"Mamma dear, do 1 make you cry? Do yoU
love me?"

"Ohj yes, I love you more than I can tell,"
replied the parent, clasping the child to her bo-
som. "And I will try never to scold again be-
fore my little sensitive girl."

"Oh, I am so glad. I can get so near to you
when you don't scold; and do you know, moth-
er, I want to love you so much."

This was an effectual lesson, and the mother
felt the force of that passage of Scripture, "Out

of the mouths of b^bes have I ordained strength."

She never scolded again.

<•*

A Good Banb:.

The subject of Banks is at present the most
exciting topic of the day. Their utility, as they
are often managed, has loHg been questioned by
some, and during the sitting of the legislatures
of the several States, the present winter, it is
probable that the subject will command general
interest. But, however the question may be
determined, there is one bank where deposits
may always be considered safe. Its vault is
Mother Earth — secure and always yielding good
dividends: the exchanges, the planting of the
field and the garden, always natural and there-
fore equal in value, The drafts should be
happitiess, sobriety and noble independence; the
assets would be beautiful fields waving with
golden harvests, to gladden the hearts of the
people; the liabilities would be unavoidable yet
agreeable indebtedness alone to the Giv-r of all
good, while the dividends would be healih.pros- .
perity and wealth.

This, the Farmer's Bank, is one that will be
found worth sustaining, one that may have a
million of branches and still the business will
never be over done, and there will be no sus-
pension of payments.

*t

The Wheat Midge.

This insect destroys much of tlie growing
wheat in New York and other States. It
had been supposed that the insect originated
iu this country, Such was the opinion of
the French Entomologists, until a recent
close investigation has shown that the
American and Eufopean are one and the
same insect. Dr. Fitch, Entomologist of
the New York State Agricultural Societyi
in a recent publication, says:

"As this insect continued to be so de-
structive to the wheat crop in this country,
year after year, the question presented it-
self forcibly to my mind, why is it that this
little creature is so vastly more injurious
here than it is in Europe — why does it not
multiply there and destroy wheat crops the
same that it does ours? and 1 was able to
give but one solution to this query. From
all the foreign accounts, it appears that
whenever ihe midge becomes so numerous
as to be perceptibly injurious, instead of
continuing its ravages, it suddenly and totally
disappears, and in place of it the fields next
year swarm with the little parasitic bees

THE ILLINOIS F«a.R]MBR.

which have destroyed it. But in this coun-
try no such parasiiic destroyer appears to
quell it, and I have hence supposed that we
have received this insect from Europe,
whilst its parasitic destroyer has not yet
reached o«r shores. Thus we are here
without nature's appointed means for pre-
venting the undue multiplication of this in-
sect. We have received the evil without
the remedy; and hence it is that this little
creature revels and riots in this country
without let or hindrance. As a result of
this view, it followed that if we coald im-
port the parasitic destroyer of this insect
from Europe, it would here multiply, and
check the ravage of this pest, the same that
it does abroad. This being a matter of
such vast moment, involving a saving of
many millions of dollars to this country,
every year, as I was corresponding with
Mr. Curtis, President of the London Ento-
mological Society, I addressed him a letter
upon this subject, a year ago last sp/ing.
This letter he laid before the Society, and
it formed a prominent topic of discussion at
one of their meetings, the members being
astonished to learn the ravage "which this in-
sect was committing in this country, and
they mutually agreed that if the midge pre-
sented itself to the notice of any one of
them, so that they could obtain living speci-
mens of its parasite to forward to me, they
would do so. In its larva state, these par-
asites might readily be sent to this country
in a pot of moist earth; but as they can

only be obtained iu seasons when the midge
is abroad in considerable numbers it may be
several years before we can get it."

The Bureau of Agriculture of Canada
West, have published an essay on the rav-
ages of the wheat midge, which shows that
the insect threatens to destroy the wheat to
such an extent as to render its cultivation
unprofitable; and the Secretary of the
Board states that "Canada loses by the
midge alone, one-third of her whole crop of
1857, which should have been 20,000,000 of
bushels. At all events, we are minus
eight millions of bushels — a serious
loss to a Colony of only two millions and a
half of people. In some counties, where the
usual crop was twenty bushels per acre, it
will not this year yield ten."

We do not know that this insect i>
troublesome in this section of country, anc;
before they are, we trust means will be found
for their destruction.

*9*

Baking Beets.

Ft is said that baked beets are carrie(
about the streets of the cities in Italy, at al
hours of tlie day, hot from the ovens, fo;
sale. In this form thoy are said to bi
delicious when eaten with butter, salt aii
pepper. Thousands buy and eat them tlm-,

not unfrequently making a meal in this wuy
The beets, we suppose, are of tine, juic
and sweet varieties. No baking woul
render the monster beets we have seen a
fairs, eatable. These should be cut up am
fed out to cattle.

5^'=*>'^^^^~£^-;^=H=;

V LARGE-TAILED FOX SQUI ERE L. - ,-^\ ' '^^r

This squirrel is found throughout Illinois, i Description.-— Form of large female, in •win-
Southern Wisconsin, Eastern Iowa, Southern ter much stouter and heavier than that of the

tvt;^v,;„ov. w^ct-^ t„^-. tvt„ i.u tui- • ' Sciurus mifirratorius ; leneth from snout to root

Michigan, VV estern Indiana, Northern Missouri o, -i in- u ± n t ^ ^ \ im • u

J ° ^^ , . ., I of tail, 12 inches; tail, (vertebrse,) 10* mches;

and Eastern Kansas.^ It is said to prey upon ; t^il to end of longest hair, 14 inches ; hmdfoot,

corn while standing in the field ; sometimes it i from heel to longest toe, 3 inches ; breadth of

is known to dig up corn newly planted; but ' head between the ears. If inches; girth behind

generally subsists on nuts, acorns, seeds of trees, i ^^^ shouldei-s, 7 i^nchcs; weight, 2 pouiids and

1 . ^ r . . ' . . , ' 1 2 ounces ; breadth across the tail, with the hairs

and insects. [An interesting article on the | extended, 6 inches. The outside of the ear is

natural history of this and other squirrels, com- j clothed with long hairs, which extend over three-

mon to Illinois, will be found in the Agricultu- ' eighths of an inch beyond the tip. The rudi-

ral Patent Office Reports for 1856, and also in | mental thumb of the fore foot is protected by a

the Transactions of the Illinois State Agricultu- i flat, blunt nail. In this, as in other winter
ral Society, for 1855-56, pre^jared by Robert j specimens of this species, the coat of fur is re-
KexVnicott.] 1 markal)ly thick and wami.

®ht ^xmkx.

•BerJisIiire Hogs.

To ilie Illinois Farmer:

A few years ago the Berkshire breed
of hogs was regarded as the best in the
country, and almost fabulous prices were
paid for them to increase the stock.
Capt. Job Fletcher, jr., of Sugar Creek
in Sangamon county, has kept the stock
pure ever since, and his fattened hogs
this fall -were all Berkshires.

On Friday last he brought fifty hogs
to Springfield and sold them to H.
Jacoby, Esq. The weight of these hogs
was 16,573 pounds, averaging 3ol 2-8
pounds each. They averaged 17 months
old. These hogs had only received the
usual care in raising and fattening. If
any other lot of fifty hogs^ of a different
breed, taken from one man's farm and
brought to market, of the same average
Mge weigh more — I have only to say that
diey must be an extraordinary lot. I
;in sati:<fied that the true Berkshire breed
of hogs is profitable to raise, and tha.

they make good pork and lard, and cost
less to raise and fatten than many other
kinds of hogs. ::^ - , ; ■ V ^ -^^v^?

Capt. Fletcher, I will take the liberty
to say, is one of those men who believe
in small farms well tilled, stock well
cared for, and that when produce is
ready for market, that that is the time to
sell it. M. A

Sugar Creek, Dec. 15.

-«•»-

A Good Cow. - ^^ . •

Editor Farmer: ., ..•'.

I have learned the following partic-
idars in regard to the premium milch
cow Cherry spot, owned by J. W.
Brock, of Tazewell county. She was
entered at the last State Fair for the
premium for the best milch cow. ^ '^^ ' '*-'^'

Cherry Spot is seven years old, a
grade Durham. On the first trial, with
pasture feed, she gav« 56 pounds of
milk a day. On the second trial 58
pounds per day. First tciidAys of
trial, 20 pounds of butter were made
from her milk; second ten days of trial,

*a'iklAJ.-<llv:.'~; r'l'-.^'

aSi^Z^^dr'^.^iUA-Ait^^'t. >_-.•"

8

THE ILLINOIS FARMER.

22 pounds were made. The first trial
took place between the 5th and 10th of
June, and the second between the 5th
and 10th of August.

Such a cow is worth keeping. Why
cannot our farmers get up a milch breed
of cattle, as well as beef breeds? And
with all our rich pastures, wild and cul-
tivated, nearly all the cheese consumed
in our cities, and a considerable portion
of the butter, is brought from Ohio and
New York. This ought not to be.

Dec. 12.

^ht ^^XM*

Northern Sogar Cane.

DuXTAK PxAiKiBjTuewell Co., Not. 23, 1857.

Editor Illinois Fanner.

We are situated aboat forty milca north
of Springfield, oa a new prairie. May
14th, I planted 663 kills of "Northern
sngar cane," on ground broken the previous
soason, and where water had killed oat the
wheat. May SOtb, planted 204 hills; 21st,
901 hills; 29tb, 120 hills; June 2d, 960
hilli. Mr. Briggt, (with whom I make a
home,j drilled ic about half an acre. The
season was backward and wet, and a good
deal was killed oit. My three first plant-
ings, howerer, stood very well, so that in
all we probably had an acre, or a little more.
It was late in ripening, say the first of Octo-
ber; bat when ripe, I was proud of my
crop of cane. It stood from eleren to
thirteen feet in height; the most genteel,
graceful, majestic crop, I ertr beheld. —
Going into that part that stood well, re-
minded one of entering a dark swamp. My
hills were thinned to three and four stalks,
but suckered to from serea to ten. On ac-
count of the season, there was rery little
difference in the ripening of the different
plantings.

We commenced crushing with wooden
rollers in the fore part of October, and were
delighted with our f rst effort at making
syrup. All that tasted our first sample
said, it surpassed the golden syrup of the
south.

October I4th, I sold a barrel of syrup to
Mr. J. S. Beid, of Deleraa, at 75 cents per
gallon — the first offered for sale in that
market. Numbers came in and tasted it,
and the general remark was, that it was
Tery handsome, and "that it was was not
bad to take."'

Our children were much interested in the
matter, and when the table was plentifully
supplied, the way they satisfied their erar-
ings was delightful, and when one met their
eye, a pleasant smile was seen playing upon
their countanences, that seemed to say,

"this is going it I we hare lived to see the
millenium at last — at least, so far as mo-
lasses is concerned."

The greatest glory to myself seemed to
be carrying into my house, bucket full after
bucket full, of nice molasses, without once
being requested to disgorge the contents of
my pocket book. Such employment seemed
almost miraculous out here, in this great
prairie, where a tree is not to be seen!

About the 20th October we had the first
hard frost. The frost changed the juice
at once. It was much more acid, so much
so that it could not well be nutralized,
though it would still make good syrup. I
should recommend securing it in a dry
place before the hard freezes strike it.

I might write much more that would,
perhaps, interest some, bat fear trespass-
ing. I will only add, we made abeut 110
gallons fine syrup, 100 gallons vinegar, and
50 gallons of what, I think, will be nice
wine. By ezperimeat, I ascertained that
oae-third as much juice as we obtained, re<
mained in the bagasse (ground stalks.) My
opinion is, everything coasidered, sugar,
syrup, forage, ic, that our Northern sugar
cane is one of our best crops. My neigh-
bor Hobertson, has manufactured between
25 and 80 barrels. We have plenty of pure
seed- Most of the seed in this region is
already mixed with broom corn. [Farmers
should be careful and get <^pur« seed.]
Your Farmer, I believe, is quite popnlar in
this region. Tour's respectfully,

R. KIMBALL.

Northern Sngar Cane.

AsBNivnxx, Cat! Co., lU., Not. 7, 1857.

Editor Illinois Farmer:

I take the liberty of sending you the re-
sults of my experience in growing and mak-
ing syrup from the Chinese sugar cane. I
planted an ounce and a half of seed on
twenty-seven square rods of land. From
the cane which grew on this land I made
thirty-four gallons of good thick syrup, equal
in color to golden syrup and almost as
sweet as hoaey. I found it very easy to
clarify the juice of the cane. I treated the
juice as the southern planters do the juice
of their sugar cane. I have lived eight
years in Louisiana in the Parishes of Ascen-
sion and St. James, working in the summer
months in putting up sugar mills and
houses, and in the rolling season helping to
take off sugar. I find sugar can be made
very easily from the juice of the> China
sugar cane. I, however, made but little.

I bad many stalks from which I pressed
one quart of juice from each. I planted
my cane in hills four feet apart every way,
But I design the coming year to plant it in

IfiUs four feet apart one way and two the
other, which will double the stalks to the
acre. We shall have to hoe it two or three
times; but too much earth must not be
brought up to the cane until it has done
throwing up suckers, and then earth can
be brought up to the stalks. This is the
mode of cultivating caae in the south. My
cane grew fifteen feet high. "

Many persons made up their cane too
soon, and could not remove the green color
and green taste from the syrup. I worked
up some cane for my neighbors last week,
and it is as good syrup as was done two
weeks before. I find, so far as my exper-
ience has gone, that bottom and mulatto
lands are best for the cane. That grown
on black soil does not produce as sweet juice
as that grown on the lands before named.

I would be glad to bring some of the
syrup to the meeting of the officers of year
society at; Springfield, but I am not a mem-
ber of the society. I made three gallons of
molasses when the seed was in the dough,
and found no difficulty in clarifying it.

Should any person desire information
from me in regard to clarifying the syrup
or in granulating the sugar, I will cheerfully
state to him or them, all I know. My ad-
dress is Arenzville, Cass county, 111.

Yours, &c., W. C. MILLER.

Chinese Sugar Cane— Its early history in
Illinois.

M'Cleabt'b BLurF, Wabash Co., lU., Not. 30, 1867.

Editor Illinois Farmer:

In answer to your inquiry, I will state,
that in the spring of 1855, I received some
of the Chinese cane seed (direct from the
patent office, ) which I planted, and in the
fall of '55, tested the cane, by rolling a
small quantity of juice from it, by hand,
and making of this a tumbler full of good
syrup.

In 1856, I planted about half an acre, and
from this made nearly forty-five gallons of
superior molasses.

The present season, I have made eighteen
barrels of molasses. My cane seed was
planted too late (25th of May,) to ripen
fully — the spring beiag so late that I could
not safely plant it earlier. So tie uf ray
cane was ripe. The ripe cane wAi make
sugar. Not having the necessary appara-
tus to drain the sugar, I did not grain it —
further than to make a small quantity, and
to satisfy myself whether it would grain.

I have Made a beautiful article of syrup;
bat being far from the railroad, I may not
be able to send any for the convention of
cano growers.

I think I will send you my views in regard
to raising the cane, manufacturing the

^.

THE ILLIlSrOIS F_A.]RMER.

9

juice, &c. I can give full and satisfactory
instructions for making sugar.
' With respect, &c.,

JAS. M KROU.
We trust Mr. Kroh will ji-ive us his
knowledge in relation to the growing of the
cane — the expression, of its juice — anil its
manufacture into molasses and sugar. If
he can furnish "full and satisfactory instruc-
tions for making sugar" of the juice of the
Chinese cane, he will perform an act which
will confer inestimable blessings on the coun-
try. We have confidence in the declaration
of Mr. Kroh.

We would add that the above was a
private letter, but it contained information
too important to suppress.

• Sugar Cane Seed.

Editor of the Farmer:

I am apprehensive that Biueh worthless Su-
gar Caue seed will be planted next Spring. —
This worthless seed will be either unripe, or it
will be mixed with Broom corn, or perhaps
with Douhra or Egyptian corn. If planted
near together, all these varieties of millet will
mix, and the seed of all will be worthless.

A day or two ago I saw a farmer friend, who
has been very successful in making syrup from
a small patch of Sugar Cano. He informed
me that he should plant seed next Spring
"to make enjugh molasses to do him."' "Is
your seed pure?" I asked him. He replied
that it was. "Did you raise Broom corn this
season?" I continued. "Yes," said he. "Was
it near your Sugar Cane?" "Yes, along side
of it," was the reply. I then told him that the
Sugar Cano seed was crossed and adulterated
with the Broom corn, and he would get little
or no molasses from its product, if he planted it.

My friend was surprised. He thought the
cane might mix with the Indian corn, but had
no idea it would with broom corn. He had
not read the a<!;ricultural papers.

Mr. Editor, great success has attended the

growing of the Sugar Cane tlie present year,

where it has been cultivated with any Icind of

judgment. It would be a misfortune nest year

to have the farmci's hopes destroyed. There is

enough good seed in the country; and I doubt

not the seedsmen who Avill have it for sale will

take every precaution to have the seed pure

and ripe. The adulteration of the seed can

scarcely be detected, but -when the good seed is

ripe it will be of a very dark color and heavy.

Improvement.
<«*

Seed Corn.
Editor of the Farmer :

You have published several invitutions to
farmers to save their seed corn. I have ex-
amined my corn with reference to saving seed.
It was planted early, and I thought the corn
had perfectly matured. But it was not so. —
The corn will not sprout on one car of twenty.
I am certain of this The germ was frozen and
killed before it was gathered.

I am aware that corn in the dough, if saved

carefully, will germinate— that is, saved and
put under proper shelter before killing frosts.
My own experience satisfies roe of this; but if
the same corn should be left on the stalk with
such freezing weather, as w j have lately had,
it would be good for nothing for seed.

I think every farmer should contribute all he
can of knowledge in farming, to benefit others.
I fear that many of my brethren will rely up-
on bad corn for seed. This wo aid be a great
misfortune as well as vexation to them.

-«♦•-

Wire Fence.

Editor of the Farmer :

I have heard much said, and seen much which
has been written, on the subject of wire fence.
I am opening a farm on the prairie, which is a
good way from timber, and some distance from
a depot where I can get fencing plank. I can-
not wait for the Osage Orange hedge to grow —
because I want my fields and pastures fenced
so as to occupy them at once. My attention
has been turned to the wire fence for immedi-
ate useV,' What I desire to know is, whether
this fence has been in successful use anywhere
— how it is made — what is its cost — whether it
is effectual in keeping out stock from cultivated
fields, and keeping stock in pastures. Can you
refer me to any source where I can obtain the
information I desire? A.

B^= Col. Horace Caprcn, of McHenry Co.,
has his farm — a large one — principally inclos-
ed with wire fence, which has been sometime
in use. A valuble article prepared by him on
the subject for the 2nd vol. of the Transactions
of the State Agricultural Society, will be copied
into the February No. of the Farmer.

For the Farmer.

To My Brotlier Farmers.

On account of the dull market and low price
of pork, many of you may be induced to slaugh-
tei and put up your own pork. This may be
done, so that the article will not sell for lialf
its just value in market. Indeed, it may not be a
marketable article. There are rules for barrel-
ing pork that ought to b. well understood by
those -who undertike the business. Bacon,
designed to be sent off, should be got up well,
salted well, smoked well and handled well.
Lard should be sufficiently cooked, should be
white, and the skins of the hog should not make
a part of it. A good deal of lard is used at this
time for burning In lamps, and lard in which
the skins of the beg and the feet have been ren-
dered, contain a gummy substance, which
crusts about the wick, and is worthless for that
purpose. Farmers, who design to put up their
own hogs, should do it well, so that there shall
be no mistake of their pork, bacon and lard,
being of the best quality.

Chatham, 111.

-<♦> ..

Great Crop of Oats.

^ At the late State Fair, Mr. Daniel Kelly ex-
hibited a specimen of oats from a field raised
by himself in Wheaton, Du Page County, aver-
aging eighty-eight bushels and one peck per
acre. This is certainly an extraordinary yield;
but the simple statement that he raised this

large amount of oats per acre would be of little
benefit to tbe farming pubfic, without a knowl-
edge of the means by which he accomplished
it. We have now his statement. He says :
Editor Illinois Farmer:

I have neglected giving the manner of raisn
ing the oats that I entered for premium at the
late f-iir. The land was prairie; corn stubble;
manured for corn the year previous, about 20
loads per acre. Last April harrowed the stub-
ble well; then sowed a little less than two bush-
els per acre; (I intended to sow two bushels,)
harrowed and cross-harrowed after sown. The
day of the month this was done, I do not recol-
lect. As soon as the ground was fit I fed the oat
field with sheep till the oat fields of my n«igh-
bors were six inches high. It being rather a
wet season, the oats fell to the ground in many
large places, besides there was a great waste
in harvesting. The oats were cut with Atkins'
Self-raking Reaper. I did not feed my own
field long enough, considering the wet charac-
ter of the season. The surveyor, after measur-
ing? the field and the crop, made an average of
88i bushels to the acre, besides all waste, which
was a good deal on account of the gram being
lodged.

It is my intention to feed my grain fields ev-
ery spring with my sheep, if my ground is rich,
to prevent the grain from falling. This year
my sixty-two acres of spring wheat averages
37 J bushels per acre. Four years ago my wheat
crop averaged 47 bushels per acre; and that
spring I fed later than I had ever done before,
and I had the richest land. The feeding pre-
vents a superfluous growth of straw — ^besides
thickening the grain; and this practice requires
less seed to the acre and saves the necessity of
rolling the land.

Our prairie soil is entirely too light, and I
find by experience feeding to be the best roller
and it saves expense, and indeed is a soorce of
profit where one has the right kind of stock.
Respectfully,

Daniel Kellt, jr.

Joyce's star Mill.

The above represents the interior ar-
rangement of this mill.

There is no denying the advantages of
grinding corn for stock. Many mills are
before the public designed for this pur-
pose. Joyce claims for his mill over
others: 1st: The arrangement for break-
ing and crushing the ear; 2nd: The meth-
od of connecting the cones and tempering
the mill; 3d: The changing grinding
places at pleasure; 4th that it pulver-
izes the corn and cob together; and 5th,
its general simplicity. He also claims
that it will make fine corn meal, and that
it is a convenient corn sheller and excel-
lent clover huller.

■i

;;_ p-:. :,•■_.

lO

THE iLLiisrois f^rm:er.

»♦»

sPBiiirGFiEi:.D, ir.ii., January i, isss.

Our New Head. — Messrs. L. Johnson & Co.,
the celebrated type founders of Philadelphia,
are preparing an elegantly illustrated head for
the Farmer, which we had hoped would be
ready in season for this number. As we were
desirous, however, of anticipating the issue of
the January number, we have been obliged to
go to press without it.

4«»

The New Year.

Oar annaal labor is again commenced.
This is the first number of Vol. III. of
the Illinois Farmer. We send it forth hop-
ing that it will not only retain all its old
subscribers, but that its patronage will be
largely increased.

Agricultural papers can in many ways be
useful to farmers. Devoted to their wel-
fare, the editors labor for their benefit.
Whatever new and useful discoveries are
made in the profession, are gathered and
published. If well, or even tolerably well
conducted, they furnish a vast amount of
useful information, — tending to render the
labor of the farmer interesting to himself
and beneficial to the community. They
enlist the attention of young farmers, —
furnishing them with food for thought, —
making them better men, and increasing
their capacity for usefulness.

With a few words more, we commit this
sheet to the hands of our friends. We
greatly desire an increase in the number of
our subscribers. We know our friends can
do thii for us if they will make the effort.
An additional name procured by each would
largely add to our subscription, and in
many places we are sure that an effort
would increase the present number many
fold. The terms of the Farmer will be
found in our prospectus. The cost for a
year is small. Few persons would feel it.
We guaranty the safety of the mail on reg-
istered letters with money.

Hoping to hear favorably from the
Farmers of Illinois, in response to this no-
tice, we tender to them the compliments of
the season.

■••»-

What of the Times?

The times are still hard — Farmers' pro-
duce remains low. The prospect for the
next six months for an increase of prices is
not flattering. What is to be done?

We answer, just what men engaged in
other business do when low prices overtake
them with stocks of goods on their hands.
They sell on the best terms they can — lose
as little as they can avoid — pay their debts
as far as possible, and go to work again.

This is the correct way of doing business,
unless men owe no debts and have means to
hold on to their produce.

These low prices are not confined to one
point in the country. They rule every
where. There is no reason to expect fam-
ine prices for produce for years to come.
Our true policy is to sell for the most we
can get, pay our indebtedness and form our
plans for the future.

When the country recovers from its pres-
ent financial distress, produce will bring
higher prices — not as high as heretofore,
but such as will furnish fair profits to the
farmer. The devouring claim for hire will
not be as great the coming year as it has
been during the past. Even with prices
such as they were eight months ago, the
high rates of labor kept the farmer busy to
raise money to pay his help.

When the vast amount of produce now
on the hands of our farmers, is moved off
to the Atlantic market, a change of times
for better will be perceptible. Our farmers
will be relieved measurably of their debts,
and our merchants, also, to the same extent,
will be relieved of theirs'. All will breathe
more free, and we shall have bounding

hopes in the future.

1^

The Credit System.

The late revulsion in financial matters is
likely to be fatal to the credit system as
lately understood. New York wholesale
dealers in dry goods will greatly curtail
their system of credit. Wholesale grocers
will require cash for goods — (that has been
done for sometime.) Thus it will be seen
that merchants cannot give their former
credits — unless they are possessed of large
capitals — larger than usually belongs to
them. So, that whether it pleases us or
not, we shall have to submit to a greatly
reduced system of credits.

And, indeed, there is little propriety or
necessity of this old system of crediting un-
til Christmas. That system was founded
on the former practice of the farmer selling
off his staple crops in the fall. This is not
so now. Farmers sell off their produce
every week in the year, if they choose.
Beef and other cattle are sold at all sea-
sons, and so of hogs, sheep, wheat, barley,
and everything else. Farmers have, as a
general thing, no more money in December
than they have in July, or other months.
If their store bills were due four times in a
year, they would pay them easier than they
will if all are condensed in one bill in De-
cember. We believe this. We suggest to
our farmers to think of this matter seriously.
Whenever you can, pay for articles as you
purchase them, and make ^our bills as light
as possible. Pay day must come.

Good Sense.

A friend from the country, said to
as the other day: "Sir" said he, "I
want the Farmer the next year. A year
ago this fall I read your Farmer, where you
advised farmers to select their seed corn
from the field. I haven't had much con-
fidence in book farming, but somehow or
other I thought I would try your plan of
saving corn for seed. I did so, and my
corn never came up better than it did laat
spring. My neighbor took his from the
crib and had to plant twice, and then the
stand was a poor one. Vf hen I came by
his house this morning I asked him to join
a club to take the Farmer. He said he
couldn't afford to do it. He lost enough by
his bad seed corn to have furnished the
Farmer to all his neighborhood. I had a
hearty laugh at him, and told him, what I
have told you, about the agency of the
Farmer in making me save my seed corn last
year, and that I couldn't afford to be with-
out it."

There is good sense in the remarks of our
friend; but he failed to make his neighbor
believe that anything beneficial to farmers
could be found in books!

The Osage Orange Uedge.

Scattered about the country, we can
now find good Osage orange hedges, — which
answer all the expectations of the cultiva-
tor, and we also find hedges which are of no
account, a nuisance where they stand. It
is true that bad seasons sometimes affect the
newly planted hedges; the drought kills
many plants before they get a fair growth,
and this followed by a severe winter kills
other weak plants. But this no more argues
against the practicability of making good
Osage orange hedges, than the loss of trees
in an orchard argues that an orchard cannot
be established. When we fail from bad sea-
sons in either case, we must go to work
again.

Experience adds greatly to the success of
growing the Osage orange for hedges. It
seems to be now conceded that they should
not be cut down the spring after they are
planted, but should be suffered to grow un-
til they get a strong root. Then they should
only be ^.ut back once in a season. By
these means, if planted eight inches apart,
they will make good plants, throw out
strong latterals and in four or five years
make a good fence.

There seems to be an ambition to make
this Osage orange impassable for all an-
imals. But why should we delay tlie
growth of our hedge to make it im-
I passable for Logs? Hogs should not be

■^■■

THE ILLIJSrOIS ir_A.IlMER.

11

suflfered to run at large. Sheep and
other animals do not trouble more than
once a hedge of Osage orange. In many
counties oi this State, fences are not re-
quired to guard against hogs, and in
this way thousands and tens of thousands
of dollars are saved in those counties
every year. The fence upon a farm is a
heavy item, and especially is it heavy on
a new beginner.

The last year has given a new impulse
to the planting of the Osage orai^e
fence, and we anticipate a large demand
for the plants the coming spring.

Great Yield of Corn.

At the late Indiana State Fair, a silver
pitcher was awarded for the best five acres
of corn. The award was made upon the
decision of three disinterested men in each
town, who examined the corn growing in
the fi«ids, and measured one acre of each
plot. They then made oath to the yield of
the single acrt, and of the whole five esti-
mated from the acre actually measared.
The award made, under oath, was for eight
hundred and fifty-seven and half bushels of
shelled corn on five acres, or one hundred
and seventy-one and a half bushels to the
acre.

This corn was raised in Vanderburgh
county. It shows what can be done when
the corn is properly cultivated on the best
grounds. Here, in many cases, the object
of the farmer docs not appear to be to get
the greatest quantity of corn from t'le
smallest piece of ground, but it is to spr«ad
his crop over the largest number of acres
pessible! It is much easier and pleasanter
to make eighty bushels of corn from one
acre than it is from two. Cultivate well is
th« word. Put your ground in proper con-
dition, and thoroughly cultivate your crop.
With such cultivation, every season, you
can reasonably expect a good crop, —and in
favorable seasons the yield will be likely to

be very great.

<••

Fifteen Varieties of Good Apples.
Two premiums were awarded at the late
Illinois State Fair for fifteen best varieties
of apples for all purposes. The second
premium was awarded for the following,
which were grown in the "Franklin Grove
Garden and Nurseries," Lee county, A. R.

Whitney, Esq., proprietor. They were in-
deed, beaatiful specimens. The list em
braced the following varietiei:

Yellow Belleflower,

Winesap,

Whitney's Russett,
Willow Twig,

Great Crops, and the Mode of their Cultivation.

Mr. Harrison Hancock, of Tazewell county,
entered for premium, to be decided at the mee<^
ing of the executive committee of the State Ag-
ricultural Society, on the Vth inst., the following
crops, raised upon his farm. The statement of
the quantity of land and the amount of the crops,
are duly proved by affidavit. We submit his
mode of cultivation to our agricultural readers
as embracing important facts worthy of imitation
by them.

40 acres of wheat................;. 30 bush per acre.

5 " " 35 " «

5 « Oats 95 " •'

5 " Corn 122 bush, 22 pounds per acre

1 " Timothy 15 bah per acre

1 " Bluegrass 40 " "

14 " Beans ; , 42 " 40 pounds per acre

14 " Potatoes 500 " acre

14 " Turnips..... 360 " "

CULTIVATION OF WHEAT.

First I plow my ground seven or eight inches
deep. I sow my wheat with a drill. I sow one
bushel and a half to the acre. I sow my wheat
about the 25th of March. I sowed three kinds
of wheat this season, Italian, China or Tea
wheat and Canada club. The club, though
strewed with the rest so as to shrink the grain
one-third, it yields better than the Italian. The
China wheat is an excellent wheat ; it is, I think,
a better wheat than any I have ever come across.
The drill is the thing to sow wheat with, I can
sow thirty acres of wheat quicker with a drill,
than I can sow ten by the old way of getting it
in. The grain sowed with the drill will produce
three or four bushels more to the acre. For oats
T prepare my ground the same as for wheat. I
sow my oats with a drill. I sow two bushels
and a half per acre. Oats sowed with a drill
will produce ten bushels more to the acre than
by any other way.

CULTIVATION OF CORN.

If I want to get a good crop of corn, I sub-soil
my ground to the depth of thirteen inches. I
lay off my ground with a corn marker made on
purpose for that business, into checks of three
feet ten inches square. I plant my corn from
the 15th to the 20th of May. I have my com
dropped by hand, and covered with the hoe. I
plant the white flint, it is rather of the goardseed
order. When my corn is planted I roll the
ground, so as to put it in good order for the plow,
and harrow my corn as quick as I can see a row
across the piece. I then take a bar plow. Next
I run the bar as close to the corn as I can each
way. The next time I use the shovel plow each

blues, and N^shanicks.' They are good potatoes.

-* BEANS. '■■:. . .' .

My 'beans were planted on new ground, in
rows laid off only one way, and dropped in a
drill form, say twelve inches apart. I plow and
hoe them once ; that is sufficient when planted
on new ground. I plant one half a bushel to the
acre ; if they are too thick, I thin them out to
three and four in a hill. They are what are called
the large white pea bean.

TIMOTHY. ■■.■

1 sow twelve quarts per acre of the pure seed,
after taking the first crop off. To get a heavy
crop it is best to dress the meadow with fine
manure, which pays me well. J generally sow
my meadows with wheat or oats in Miurch. It
does timothy good to harrow the ground every
spring.

BLUE-GRASS.

Blue-grass cultivated in the same way as tim-
othy, will produce bountifully. There should
be about half a bushel of seed sown to the acre.
After the ground has become swarded, it should
be harrowed early in the spring in order to get
a good crop.

<•• ^ ^ — : —

The Sngar Prospect.

We give some communications from cor^
respondents in relation to the Northern
sugar cane, and its products. Two of these
correspondents have made sugar, the present
season, and they are confident that they can
give the process for making it without dif-
ficulty. We have written to them for
directions. Oar faith is strong, that
sugar will yet be profitably made from the
Xorthern sugar cane.

Mr. Kroh, of Wabash county, we think,
it will be found, was the first man in thig
State who made syrup from the Northern
or Chinese sugar cane.

Sweet Jnne,

Hocking,

Early Pennock,

Keswick Codlin,

Rambo,

White Winter Pearmain.

Famense, or Snow Apple,

Whit) Pippin,

Little Romanite, (for cider,)

Swaar,

Domine.

way, throwing the dirt to the corn. I hoe my
corn once. I give a few days space between
each plowing of the corn. My land is a clay
loam ; it is a good soil for most kinds of grain.
I use about eight quarts of corn per acre, and if
it comes up too thick, I thin it out to three and
four stalks to the hill.

POTATOES.
For potatoes I lay my land off three fect Wide
In straight rows, and drop them in a drill form,
say twenty inches apart along the row. For
winter potatoes, I plant about the 15th of June.
I plow twice and hoe them once. To have good
potatoes, they should be thinned out like corn to
three and four stalks to the hill. If the potatoes
are large, they should be cut in suitable pieces,
and only one piece put in each hill. My kind
of potatoes are what is called the Mowhawk

Potatoes Lost.
Notwithstanding the fine fall weather,
we learn that many farmers have lost most
of their crop of potatoes. They were cal-
culating for just about a week or ten days
of good weather, when the cold weather
came upon them. This is a serious loss not
only to individuals, but to the country.
Large stocks of potatoes must continue to
be brought from the north, to supply our
market. In the northern counties potatoes
are plenty and can be had at fair prices.

Eably Nansemond Sweet Potatoes.— We
received a barrel of these delicious potatoes,

some days ago, from J. W. Ten Brock, of Rock-
viUe, la. We submitted them to the trial of

some of the best tasters in this region, and they
pronounced them most excellent, superior to
any they had ever eaten. We intend to get a
supply of plants of this variety for planting next
spring.

Will some friend send us one copy of the
April No., 1857, of the Farmer.

f>>;jiZ.i.«itf«ja;:r-

12

THE ILLINOIS E^RMEI^.

The Corn Crop.

The Cincinnati Gazette says that tJia corn
crop of the last season in Ohio, Indiana and
TUinois, was greatly injured by frosts. It is
certainly so in this section of Illinois. The sea-
son was late when corn was planted, and al-
though frosts did not appear until late in Octo-
ber, still they came before the corn was ripe. —
Corn meal, from the best corn, "Hade now, in
large masses, will be sure to spoil. The per-
fectly ripe corn the present season, will be very
nmall in quantity; and if the utmost care is not
taken in the selection uf seed, but little will be
found to bo good next spring. We desire to
impress upon our farmers the necessity of ob-
taining seed corn in time. We should not at
all be surprised if it should bo worth three dol-
lars a bushel next spring'

<••

The Wheat Crop,
So far aa can be judgtd, looks well. The
•easou for putting in the seed was fine, mid
with its favorable continuance, there will be
an immense crop. A larger breadth of
ground has been sown with wheat than
usual.

New Works on Fruit.

Charlks Downing, brother of the ever la-
mented A. J. Downing, hasrevisodbis brother's
work on Fruits. We have no doubt he well
improved that excellent work.

Dr. John A. Warder, of Cincinnati, it will
be seen by the following circular, has also com-
menced a work on fruits. No man in the coun-
try is better able to do this well. Especially
will he make a work which will be authority in
the west:

At the urgent solicitation of many of the Po-
MOLOGiSTS of our country, I have been induced
to commence the preparation of a work upon
the subject of Fruits.

Your aid is respectfully solicited, in notes,
outlines, and descriptions. Collections of Fruits
labeled or numbered, will be thankfully receiv-
ed and acknowledged if sent to your friend.

John A. Warder,
President Cincinnati Horticultural Society.

The Executive Committee of the Illinois
State Agricultural Society, will meet in this
city, on the Gth of the present month.

i^. The Convention of Sugar Growers will
also meet here on the day follewing.

The procoedings of these bodies, will be giv-
en in the February No. of the Farmer.

-*—■

How TO Examine Wem-s. — The following
mode of examining a well, to ascertain whether
it contains any offensi ?e substances, has been
recommerded as efficient:

Place a common mirror over the well in such
a position as to catch and throw the rays of the
sun to the bottom of the well, which will he im-
mediately illuminated in such a manner ihiit
the smallest pebblep, etc., at the bottom ciiu be
distinctly fliscerned as if in the hand. The sun
is in the best situation to be reflected in the
morning or afternoon of the day.

The State of California has no banks of
issue. There the currency is all hard money.

Vermillion County.

History of' its Agricvltural Society.

The Vermillion county Agricultural Society
was organized May 11th, 1852. The first An-
nual Fair was held at Danville, October 13th ;
there was l)ut little stock on exhibition, and but
few people in attendance. There were eighteen
entries of horses, six of jacLs and mules, iiftoeu
of cattle, and forty entries of miscellaneous ui'-
ticlcs. Total numberof entries 79. Total aniniint
of premiums paid, !?42 85.

The Society mot May 2G, 1853, and olectc;!
officci's for the ensuing year.

The executive committee mot June 25th, and
appointed judges tor the ensuing fair.

There being no record k<;pt of the proceedings
of the society from the 2Gth (jf May, 1853, until
June 7th, 185G, it will be impossible for mo to
give an account of the receipts and expenditures,
or number of entries.

The second Annual Fair was held at Danville,
October, 1853. There was perhaps doul)Ie tiie
amount of stock &o., on exhibition, that there
was at the tir.'^t Fair, and of a superior quality.

The third Annual Fair was held at Catlin,
in October, 1854. There Avas quite an improve-
ment in quantity and quality of stock, etc.

The fourth Annual Fair was held at Catlin,
0-;tobcr 15th and IGth, 1855. The quantity of
stock and miscellaneous articles on exhibition,
was much larger than at any previous Fair. —
Some very superior thorough bred horses and
cattle, and fine wooled sheep were on exhibition
at this Fair.

According to a call of members of the Vermil-
lion county Agricultural society, a meeting was
hold in Danville on Saturday, Sept. 13th, 185G,
for the purpose of taking necessary steps to beci )nie
incorporated according to an "Act of the Legis-
lature."

A constitution and l>y-la\vs werf^ adopted, and
the following officers elected :

JouN Garrard, Prcs't,

.JouN Ai.LEN, Vice Pres't,

elACon II. Oakwood, Scc'y,

JosiAH Sanuisky, Trcas.,

John Bisnv,

A. M. C. Ha WES,

Alex. C. Church, r Directors.

Martin Motov,

Tuos. McKiiutoN,

Eight acres of ground were subsequently leased
at Catlin, for tin; tt'rni uf fifteen years ; and
inclosed with a sulistantial board fence, atacost
of eiglit hundred dollars.

Tiie fifth Annual Fair was iield at Catlin, on
the 15th, IGth and 17th days of October, lS5f>.

The number of horses on exhibiti'in, . 125

.^attlo " 100

" other entries" 125

Total nuniber of entries, ■'-j.'JO

Amount of preminnis paid •'?352 .50
Nunil)or of Di[)]i>mas awarded, 22.

The annual meeting of the society was held
at Catlin, June Gth, 1857, and the fnUowing offi-
cers were clectc<l, viz.:

John Garrard, Pres't,

Tuos. McKiBB)X, Vice Pres't,

Jacob H. Oakwood, Scc'y,

John II. Church, Trea.s.,

Martin Moudy, ^

JosiAH Smitu, I

Francis Gains, J- Directors.

H. II. Catlett, I

C. L. Pate, J

C. B. Stockton, Marshal.

The sixth annual fair was held on the Fair
grounds at Catlin, October 7th, 8th and 9th,
1857. This Fair w^as far superior to any ever
held in the county ; and perhaps was excelled
by but few in the State. The exhibition of thor-
ough bred hiji;se.^ Avas veiyfine; there being ten
stallions of this class entered ; and it was the
unanimous opinion uf those who had visited the
State Fair at Peoria, that they were equal to
those exhibiteil there.

T!ie thorough bred cattle were also very fine,
and quite considerable in number, much inferior
in quality, however, to those exhibited at the
State Fair.

The I'how of hogs and sheep Avas very fine;
also of wagons, carriages, buggies, plows, bar
rows, corn crushers, corn shellers, &c., &c.,
&c. In fact, every department seemed to be
fully represented.

Total receipts of this Fair, . . . $920

Amount paid for premiums, . . 810

Numlicr of horses entered, 185

cattle " 90

sheep " 17

hogs " 13

" otiier articles entered, 29G

Total number uf entries, GOl

The experience of the past has taught us that
three days are not sufficieiit time to transact all
the business of our Fairs as it should bo done;
anl Ave have determined to continue our Fairs
ai least four days. The society intends erecting
c );ivcaient buildings on the Fair ground, and
stalls, &c., for the accommodation of stock and
otiier property. Our society is now inahealthy
and prospcivais condition, and its recent Fair
ha.-5 Avon the applause of all, even of those aa'Iio
sneered at its feeble efforts in the beginning.
All seem determined to excel, and to make the
VermiUii)n county Fair, one of the best in the
State.

SoRr.nuM. — There have been many cxpori-
nieuts tricil the present season Avith the "Chi-
nese Sugar Cane," all of which have been emi-
nently successful, and prove beyond a doubt
that this plant can lie grown as easily as Indian
corn ; an.', indee.l, it seems to bo of more luxu-
riant growth. Tlie syrup made from the sorg-
Imm is fuHy equal, if nut superior, to southern
cane syni|i, and yieMs about one hundred and
fU'ty gallons jicr a'Te, five gallons of juice Ijeing
sufficient to make one gallon of .syrup.

Assessment or Vec.mili.ion Countv for 1857.

Aggregate value of lands if4,G7G,7G5

toAvn lots 293,566

persomii prop.2,032,931

III!
Horses,
xMulcs
Callle,

.Siieep,

Hogs,

Total v::liu) of live .stock, $950,540

All of which is respectfully submitted.

Jacoh II. Oakwood, Sec'y.

17.003,202

9,594

valu(

> $530,527

214

a

11,579

21,055

(i

285,359

31.477

((

42,024

31,Gf57

'•

70,957

THE ILLIJSrOIS FARMER.

13

A Remonstrance.

, Editor of the Farmer :

jMj husband takes tho Farmer, and seems to
be pleased with it. Some of your articles I
most heartily rppiove of. These are those
■which relate to ■svuman's duties upon the farm.
I do believe, as a general fact, that these duties
are more oppressive upon females than they
ought to be. How many young wives fall vic-
tims in performing the duties that fall upon
them on the farm; I can nove, without going
more than five miles around me, call to recollec-
tion several young women, who, when single,
were hearty and robust, are now in their graves.
or are passing through what remains to them
of life, with broken constitutions and ill-health.

I do not believe that husbands mean to be
cruel — I know they do not — biit so it is, pmbi-
tious as they are to have large farms, which
brings about the necessity of many laborers —
which makes so much work in cooking and
washing, and all the various duties of women
tbattheyoung wife, perhaps with children, finds
that life is slavery of the worst kind; but they
work on, until bad health, broken constitutions,
and ultimately the grave comes to their relief.

Now, this may seem a hard tale; but I ask, is
it not often true? Men are anxious to get along
in Ihe world — thoy have a families; they have
more workmen; — thoy can't afford to hire fe-
male help, or if they can perhaps they cannot
find the help they want. The wife toils on and
on; the farm is finally paid for — but where is
she? She has lefc perhaps children, who will
never be taught that the beautiful farm and
improvements they are living upon, or enjoy
ing, were paid for by & mother* s martyrdom.

I am not qualified to write for the nawspa
pers; and the editor is desired to correct my
language and m»ke vcvy letter read as I would
desire, had I more knowledge of writing. But
; J wish to expreis my thanks that you have come
Ho the aid of our country women, hy urging the
benefit and eomfurt ot carrying on small farms.
;- With our huhbands and children, and perhaps
f g (single hired man, we can get along, .ind en-
joy many comfbrts and pleasures; but too much
should not be put upon us. And I am -ure that
a neut fcirm, tidy yards, comfortable house and
barn, and good garden, and best of all good
health, give more real pleasure to a farmer,
than a great -^aste of land, and a host of labor-
ers who come donn on the eatables of a table
like hungry lo«ust8 on a green field.

I am Pufe the ladies will all go fiir small farms
— atid ft;r tho comforts r.f a guod home, with
their own lhmi?ie.e, in preference to the system
of large ftiFuis and tlio slavery of the owners,
tlieir wives and children.

I speak of comparatively po;ir persons at-
tempting to imitate the rich in large faims.

The rich i*n alwiiys take care of themselves.
Their wires need not be slaves; nor their chil-
dren waiters, to the, in many cases, rude men
who are often from necessity employed to work
for them. Mart H.

TThis is pretty well done ! We should be
glad to hear often from Mrs. Mary 11.]

®bc #vdu\V(l

For till! Farmer.

New Oreliards.

The early setting in of winter prevented
many young orchards from being set out in the
fall. Indeed, trees on the way from nurseries
are probably much injured by freezing. There
is no chance to save them but by burying thenw
in the ground. It will not do to put them into
hot cellars where ibey will be likely to mould,
or half cover thom in the cpen air.

The farmer now has leisure to form his plans
for the next season's campaign. In good soil,
it is quite as well to transplant trees in the fall
as in the spring; but \\ it is yet to do, arrange
monts can be made for obtaining the trees in
proper time and putting them in the ground
well. So much has been said about planting
out trees, that almost all are familiar with the
process. You Avant stocky trees, with good
roots, a large hole made to receive the tree, the
roots spread out, and the earth worked fine
and made to touch every por^ioti of the roots.
The trees should be staked, the gruund culti-
vated about the young trees, plows and stock
should never go near them — you should examine
them occasionally for borers and otiier insects,
and keep up the examination until the borers
or insects cesise to make war on them; and
you will be likely to have good and profitable
orchards. You can't neglect your orchard,
young farmer. Indeed, you can never give it
too much attention. I never knew a farmer
who had a good orchard, that was not proud of
it, and all can have g.wd orchards if they
choose. If I were to recommend the trees for
an appleorchard, I would say, get but few kinds.
Let them be the best tested :nd proved to be
good in our climate : Prhioes' Harvest, Early
Red June, Golden S^'eeliiig, Summer Pear-
main, Autumn Rambo, Dutchess of Oldcnberg,
Rosbury Russet, Wine^ap, Newtown Pippin,
Rawles Janet. Here are enough , and these
will ba in s^nison from August t.: the June fol-
lowing, and Rawles Janet will keep until anoth-
er crop from the same tree is matured.

Good orchards on Rail Road^ will hereafter
be valuable property. And our farmers in
making calculations for the future, should have
an eye to this fact. 0. W.

Berlin, 111.

. For I he i'uriiur.

Ornamnit'iil Sliruhbrry.
A new begiiiucT, in purcliasicg shrub-
bery to bo set out on a new place, is very
likely to obtain mucli that he will be glad
to throw over his fences into the street in
a few years. Nurserymen always have
on hand a plenty of coarse shrubbery
which they are anxious to dispose of. —
They have June roses, garland seringos,
guelder rose spiros, the large lilachs,
privet, &c., &c., which can be bought in
any amount and at low prices. All these
varieties of shrubbery Avere the best kinds

to be bad years ago; — bfit it is not so
now. We have at this time, in our Illi-
nois nurseries, all the choice shrubbery
that can be found any where. Let me
give a short list: Purple Leaved Burber-
ry; Calycanthus, or sweet scented shrub;
Deutzia Scabra and Deutzia Gracillis —
flowers like orange blossoms; Fringe
Tree, purple and white; Lilac, Persian,
white and red; Daphne Mezereon, pink,
one of the first flowers in spring; Japan
Quince, blossoms early, scarlet; Spireas,
prunofolia, Ulmifolia, Douglassi, Reeve-
sii; Syringa, double flowering; Snow-
ball; Forsythia, yellow, blossoms very
early; Wiegelea Rosea, pink, a beautiful
plant. For running plants to cover ar-
bors, &c., the Wistarias are fine, and the
Chinese the best. The running Honey-
suckles will always be admired — the Bel-
gian Monthly is one of the best, but is
rather tender. The Chinese blossoms
twice in the season. Of roses there can
be had a great variety. When hardy
perpetuals are desired, they should be on
their own roots. These, with good treat-
ment, will blossom at different times,
commencing in June, and continuing un-
til late in October. Of these, we like
the Duchess of Sutherland, Baron Pro-
vost, Edward Jesse, a^ Madam Laffay.
Florists have been looking a long time
for Perpetual Moss Roses. General
Drouet is the best. There are some of
the Bourbon, Bengal and Noisette roses
that will withstand our winters with pro-
tection. Of Bourbons, there are good
varieties — Hermosa, Souvenir del Mal-
maison, Paul and Virginia, Glorie of
France. Of Bengals, Old Blush Red,
Cramoise Superieure, Jacksonia. Of
Noisettes, Aimee Vibert, Ophirie, Cham-
pney. Climbing Roses — there are few
handsomer than the new double natives;
but generally, they are without fra-
grance; the Queen of the Prairies, Bal-
timore Belle, Eva Corinne, are among the
best. The Mutifloras, Cocinea, Crim-
son; Laura Davoust will give satisfaction.
All these can be had at our Nurse ries. —
Unless the grounds are quite extensive,
only a selection of these will be required;
But they are all worthy of cultivation,
and the list here given will enable the
reader to send for articles of merit.
A Lover of the Beautiful.

-••»-

Whatsoever the base man finds evil in

his own soul he can with%ease lay upon an-
other.

14

THE ILLINOIS FA.IIMEII.

Downing's Seedling Gooseberry.
Of all the foreign or native Gooseber-
ries which we have had opportunities to
taste, for some years past, from Canada
to Delaware, no variety, in our opinion,
can compare with Mr. Charles Downing's
Seedling, obtained from the Houghton's
seed some three years ago, establishing
once more the fact once so startling to
the pomological world — so much disputed
and ridiculed — but, in our opinion, so
perfectly logical, that "the artificial pro-
ducts of nature improve by successive
generations of seedlings."

The berries before us (which kept ripe
for more than ten hot days without any
sign of decay) are about double the size
of the parent, (Houghton's;) pale, or
light green, without any blush, and
smooth. The skin is very thin, and the
fruit as delicate and tender as any Eu-
ropean Gooseberry, in its native soil. —
The flavor and aroma are perfect; sweet,
with plenty of vinous subacid. In en-
joying a goodly supply of these berries,
we, for the first time for six years, could
not regret the superlative and very mark-
ed inferiority of the best English varie-
ties in our very different climate.

We experienced the same satisfaction
as we did in tasting the Delaware and
Rebecca grapes, coming up so very near-
ly to the European standard as to be
almost taken for good foreign varieties.

Let us have our native varieties of all
kinds of fruit. Already the pear, the
strawberry, and chiefly the apple, have
come in handsome competition with, or
superseded, their European relative vari-
eties. We never could see, after those
successful experiments, what could pre-
vent us from having just as fine goose-
berries, grapes, &c., and better, too,
than the transatlantic products! Gentle-
men amateurs! do try all kinds of seed-
lings; the Phcenix is yet in its "ashes."
Patience alone, (in the impressive words
of our honored President, Col. Wilder,)
"eternal vigilance," can only bring out
the desired results.

Thanks to Mr. Charles Downing for
constant efforts. The present seedling is
one out of a lot of seedlings from the
Houghton, but it is the only superior one
in quality and size, as it is one of the
finest erect bushes among this family; a
vigorous and sturdy grower.

Like its parent, it seems rather more
exempt from mould; we have indeed seen
no disposition to moulding in any of these
seedlings. We urged Mr. Downing to let
it be propagated; but, as usual, his mod-
esty is rather in the way of his love of
progress and improvement. — So^ticul-

turist.

<••

i'or the Farmor.

Raspberries.

A few years ago, the raspberry crop was al-
ways a good one. It was scarcely known to
fail. The variety mostly cutivated was called

Antwerp; but it was not the real Antwerp. It
was a native variety, which grows wild in New
Hampshire. For a few years past our winters
have been peculiar; and this hardy variety of
raspberry has generally failed The wood was
mostly killed and the produce of that which
survived, small. It may seem strange that a
plant which is a native of a colder climate than
ours, perishes here. But this Is ft fattt, not on-
ly in relation to the raspberry 1 speak of, but some
other plants. It is not the cold here that kills
them, but the sudden changes, from heat to
cold that we have in the latter part of winter
and early in the spring. It is by the same
means, that our heart-cherry trees are killed —
not a sound one of which can bo found, I am
told in Illinois.

We cannot save the cherries— at least no plan
yet adopted can save them; — but we can save
the raspberry vines and obtain good crops of
this delicious fruit. This can be done by lay-
ing the vines down on the ground in the fall
or early winter and covering them slightly over
with earth — to be removed in the spring. This
is not a severe task, as will be found on trial.

Springfield, 111.

®fo (^nv&tntv.

Practical Hints to Amatenrs.

BY THE LATE A. J. DOWiVINQ.

Grafts may be cut now, as well as later in
the winter, if more convenient to you. Keep
them in a cool place, half buried in earth or
sand, till you want them. If not wanted till
spring, bury them out of doors, with only a
couple of inches of the points exposed, and
throw two or three inches of litter over them.

Strawberry beds will produce good crops in
open winter quarters, in the northern States;
but they will hear much better ones, and much
larger fruit, if you cover them with straw, salt-
hay, or stable litter; otherwise you are likely
enough, in stiff soils, to find half the plants
dead or injured by being "thrown out in the
spring."

You may tran?plant, all winter, when the
ground is not frozen; only take care not to ex-
pose the roots to frost while not covered with
soil. In winter planting, it is best to pile up a
mound of earth six or eight inches around the
trunk of the tree. Thi.s keeps it steady, and
protects it, partially, against severe frost.

If you are very anxious to be cheated, send
to some nursery that modestly informs the pub-
lic of its immense superiority over every estab-
lishment in the world; or that offers hundreds
of varieties of "splendid, pre-eminent and deli-
cious" fruits, not to be found elsewhere — or
tl.at challenj^es competition for accuracy. —
Where there is so much modesty in boasting,
there must be great diffidence in sending you
anything but what the dealer knows to be first
rate; and you must be aware, yourself, that
there are now hundreds of first rate fruits. If
you send to a nursery for a new variety of tree
or plant, don't expect to see the plant as high
as your head, or the tree fit to bear a bushel of
fruit. Be content if it is healthy, has a good
root, and is a foot high. People "in the trade"
can't afford to send you largo trees, full of
grafts or cuttings, of sorts which are scarce as
guineas, and which have not been long enough
in the country to enable them to get more than
one year's growth. If you want "big trees,"
order the good old standard sorts.

When a tree brought from a distance has
been a long while out of the ground, and looks
quite dried ap, don't plunge it into a tub of wa-

ter; that would be well-nigh as fatal as giving
a gallon at a single drink, to a man nearly
dead of thirst. Moisten the roots, and after
■hortening the branches severely, bury the
whole tree in the ground for three or four days.
When you prune a branch of a tree, always
see that a bud is left opposite the cut; this will .
help it to heal over quickly; and yBu will assist
the matter still tnorie, by inaking the cut a slop-
ing one.

If you are obliged to plant trees in the rich
but worn-out soil of an old garden, and you
have not lime nor means enough to cart away part
of the old soil and replace it with new, you can
renew its fertility by throwing a part of it up
in heaps, mixing it with brush, fagota, sawdust,
or any sort of cheap fuel, and burning it.

Don't let insects of various kinds overran
your orchard or garden, and then lazily fold
your arms and say, "It's no use, this trying to
raise things, now that so many vermin are
about." Spend three days, industriously, in
the early stage of the matter, in putting down
the rascalsj and then look around you and see if
a little industry is not better than grumbling.

If you want early vegetables, set yourself, in
winter, about making some boxes to protect
tliem. A few cheap boxes, a foot square, with
a pane of glass in the top, to put over tender
things at night, will cost you but a trifle, and
will give you ten days start of the ope» ground.
To have good currants, gooseberries, or rasp-
berries, the old plants should be dug up at the
end of three or four good crops, and their places
supplied by young ones. If you plant a few cut-
tings of the two former, as you should do, eve-
ry spring, you will always have a supply of
fresh plants ready at all times; always cut out
all the eye8(bud8)of a cutting, onlthat part which
goes in the ground; otherwise you will be troub-
led by their coming up, year after year, in the
form of suckers.

Ifyouhavea tree that grows "apace," but
won't bear, dig a trench around it, and cut oflF
a third of the roots. This will check its growth
and set it about making fruit buds.

Never buy fruit trees in the "market-places,"
of unknown venders, who have no character to
los.e. Yon cannot tell by "examining the arti
cle," whether they cheat you or not; and you get
your tree at half price, only to wish, when it
comes to bear, that you had gone to an honest
dealer and paid ten times as much for something
worth planting. "Hog-Peach" trees are dearer
at a penny, than "George the Fourths" at a
dollar.

If you don't love flowers yourself, don't quar-
rel with those who do. It is a defect in yoar
nature which you ought to be sorry for, rather
thhD abuse those who are more gifted. Of what
possible "use" is the rainbow, we should like to
know? And yet a wiser than you did not think
the earth complete without it.

Do not grudgp the cost and labor necessary
to plant a few of the best shade-trees round your
house; and if you have any doubts about what
to plant, stick in an elm. There are few trees
in the world fiber than a fine sweeping elm;
and two or three of them will give even a com-
mon looking dwelling a look of dignity. If you
plant fruit trees for shade, they are likely to be
broken to pieces for the fruit, and they grow
unsightly by the t'me that forest trees grow
spreading and umbrageous.

There are very few men whose friends build
so fair a monument to their memory, as they
can raise with their own hands, by planting an
elm or a maple where it can grow for a centu-
ry, to be an ornament to the country.

Don't be afraid to clip hedges, or cut back
young trees, when jou are planting them. You
gain more growth than yoa lose, though you
may not be able to comprehend it till you have
seen it with your own eyes.

Never work y6ur ground in wet weather if
you can avoid it, as it makes it clod^like und
compact by forcing the air out. Add ridge up

jr*.t.^, -ji.j-»j,<_-i_-.

«ii»./'-'jjit-j. ■■!- 'W-j.^ :-li^Js-i.*.-jL?C*s-j

m'y

W'.

'y^

^ty.

THE ILLINOIS F^rnvrER.

m,,

your kitchen garden ground before winter, so
as to expose as much surface as possible to the
action of the frost.

Never lose an opportunity of getting sods
from the corners of old pastures, or the breaking
up of commons or meadows, where they can be
spared. Placed in heaps, and rotted, they make
excellent mould for tender plants or trees; placed
in a pile and burned, they form the best fertil-
izer for roses and rare flowering plants.

Send a man about your neighborhood to col-
lect all the bones that are thrown away as use-
less by persons ignorant of their value. Pat
them into a pot and pour sulphuric acid and
wator over them, and they< will turn to paste,
and finally to powder. This is the best possible
manure for pear-trees and grape-vines.

To Have Eggs in Winter.

The question is often asked, "Why cannot
hens be made to lay as well in winter as in
summer?" 'I^hey can. to a certain extent; but
they require as a condition, that they be well
prorided with warm and comfortable lodging,
clean apartments, plenty of food, pure water,
gravel, lime, fine sand, and ai>hes to roll and
bathe in.

There seem naturally to be two seasons of the
year when hens lay; early in the spring, and
afterward in the summer; indicating that if
fowls were left to themselves, they would, like
wild birds, produce two broods in a year.

Early spring-hatched birds, if kept in a warm
place and fed plentifully and attended to, will
generally commence laying about Christmas,
or even somewhat earlier. If cold and damp
this is not to be expected, and much may, in
different seaoons, depend on the state of the
weather and the condition of the bird.

It is a well-known fact, that from November
to February (the very time when we want eggs
most) they are to many a bill of expense, with-
out any profit. To promote fecundity and
great laying in the hen, it is necessary that
they be well fed on grain, boiled potatoes given
to them warm, and occasionally animal food: —
In the summer they get their supply of animal
food in the form of worms and insects when
suffered to run at large, unless their number is
BO great as to consume beyond the supply in
their roving distance. I found it advantageous,
in the summer, to open the gates occasionally,
and give the fowls a run in the garden and ad-
joining their yard, for a few hours in the day,
when grasshoppers and other insects were plen-
ty. I had two objects in view; one to benefit
the fowls, and the other to destroy the insects.
It will be found that the fecundity of the hen
will be increased or diminished, according to
the supply of animal food furnished.

Hens moult and cast their feathers once every
year, generally commencing in August and
continuing until late in November. It is the
approach, the duration, and the consequence
of this period, which puts a stop to their lay-
ing. It is a critical time for all birds. All the
f»eriod while it lasts, even to the time that the
ast feathers are replaced'by new ones, till these
are full grown, the wasting of the nutritive jui-
ces, prepared from the blood for the very pur-
pose of promoting this growth, is considerable;
and hence it is no wonder there should not re^
main enough in the body of the hen to cause
her egg to grow.

Old bens can not always be depended on for
eggs in winter, they scarcely being in full feath-
er before the last of Eecember; and then, prob-
ably, may not begin to lay till March or April,
producing not more than twenty or thirty egga,
and this is probably the cause of the disappoint-
ment of those who have supplied themselves at
the|market with their stock to commence with,
and get few or no egga. As pullets do not

moult the first year, they commence laying be-
fore the older hens, and by attending to the
period of hatching, eggs may be produced dur-
ing the year. An early brood of chickens,
therefore, by being carefully sheltered from the
cold and wet, and fed once a day on boiled po-
tatoes, warm, with plenty of grain, and occa-
sionally a little animal food, will begin to lay
in the fall, or eaily in the winter,-— JBemenfa
Potdterei'^s Companion.

®to ^jfkx^.

Everything should be in readiness, to put
bees into their winter quarters at the com-
m^ncment of severe weather, but be sure that
they have had the benefit of all the pleasant
days of Autum likely to occur, before removal
from their summer stand. Where there are
fifty or more, it is economy to winter in the
house. The combined warmth generated by a
large number of stocks in one room, makes the
temperature at all times quite mild, and expe^
rience proves that the consumption of honey is
much less, th^n when wintered In the cold. —
Unless the room is very small and warm, inde-
pendent of the bees, less than fifty stocks might
be too cold. In all cases, let the room be per-
fectly dark — the holes in the top of the hive
opened — and if not nervous at seeing things
stand on their heads, it would be best to turn
the hive bottom upon some little blocks an inch
square — this will let the air circulate through
the hive, a id carry off tke moisture which is
often the cause of mouldy combs.

To winter bees in the open air, the situation
should be a warm one, out of the prevailing
cold wind as much as possible. Let the sun
strike the hive part of the day at least. Not-
withstanding the apparent loss of some bees on
the snow, there is much l«a8 hazard in getting
a stock through the winter, than when contin
ually shaded. It is very important that they
be properly ventilated, and protected from the
mice.

For ventilation, raise the hives containing
the strongest families one fourth of an inch
from the floor. If there are any holes in the
side, or other place, large enough to admit mice,
nail over some strips of wire cloth to keep them
out, but leave just room for the bees to pass. —
Open the holes in the top of the hive, and let
the moisture pass up into the chamber or cap.

Any empty boxes that have been on the hives,
and those partially full, that are intended to be
used another year, should be packed away in
some dry place, and at the same time freeze
thoroughly, to destroy all eggs cf the moth that
may be about them. — M. Quinbi/.

COMMEECIAL.

Sprlugfieia Market.

OFHCB op THB ILUNOIS fAKlfEB, >

December 24, 1867. \

FLOUR — Extra white, $5 50; common $5 00.
WHEAT— New fall 75c; good red65@70c; Canada club
n\>ring, &0@60c; yery little coming in.
BYE— 50c per bnshel.

CORN— Sales of new 20@25c; white shelled for bread 30c.
OATS— Sales at 20@22 cts. bn.
BARLEY--60@60c.
HIDK8— Dry flint 6@7 in ft.
BRAN— 6ctB.^bu.
SHORTS— fine, 75c ^ cwt.
CHICKENS— Dressed 12i^@15; $1 76@1 50 « doz.

TURKEYS— 7 ®8c ^ ft.

ONIONS— 1 20 ^ bu.

POTATOES— 36®50c fi bu.; sweet do $1 60.

APPLES— Dry $1 40@$1 50; green 60c@75.

BUTTBR— 18@25 ctfi.^ft.

CHEESE— 11@16 cts. ^ a.

EGGS— 12@20 ctB.^ doz.

HAY— $6@10^ton.

CORN MEAL— 50c.',^ bu.

HAMS— Smoked 10@ll%c^ ft.

MOLASSES— 60®75c ^ gal.; sugar house 80.

GOLDEN SYRUP— 76c@$l 00

SUGAR— «rown,10@12c % lb.

TALLOW-8@9c'^ lb.

BACON SHOULDERS— 10c.

SIDE MEAT— 7@10c « lb.

LARD— 8@10c declining.

BEANS— 75®21 25 per bush.

COFFBB-Bio,14@16}^o "^ ft; Java 18@20c.

BICE— 8@10c

CLOVER SEED— f8@10Berbn; Timothy, 1 75@2 00.

CANDLES— TaUow 15@16; Star 25@30c per ft; sperm 60c

PEACHES— Dry, $3 50.

SALT— O. A. $2 26^ bar. barrel $3. ; • "^ -

WHITE FISH— |6U ^ half bbL

OOD FISH— f> lb 44c. V : '•;■

MACKEREL — No. 1, ^bbl$18. . .

BROOMS— fi dozen $1 50@$2.

BUCKETS— ^ dozen 42 50.

.: ■

conrTEnrrs,

Good Sense

10

The Osage Orange Hedge .,_ in

Great Yield of Com „„ „„."""* **'" 11

Filt<!en Varieties of Apples "'..17.7.! * ** H

Great Crops and the Mode of Cultivation!.**.' " U

The Sugar Prospect „... ' n

Potatoes Lost ; ""\ ' ji

Early Nonsemond faweet, Potatoes....!!!!!".!'.'^!!!!!"!""' H

The Com Crop ' •"—•"—••••••••—

The Wheat Crop .'.'.'."'.""*.'!! 12

New Works on Fruit .'.".".7'.*.!!'.".'.'.".!'.' 12

Meeting of Agrienltnral Committee8!!7'7.!7 12

How to examine Wells ' " "*" lo

Vermillion County ..„ „ " 12

A Bemonstranee.,

13

Kew^rchards ! 13

Ornamental Shrubbery ••••••..—......._..._

Downing's Seedling Gooseberries...',*.'.'!!!!!.'.^!"."*."'.'.'.'!.".'!"' 14
Raspberries 1 j

Practical Hints to AmatenrB..!.;..'.'!.!.*:.'!!!!!!!!!:7!"77!!!!7 14

To fcave Eggs in Winter xh

The Apiary "* je

Market* „....7..!! 15

SpringAeia Seed, Store,

FRANCIS & BARRELL,

Journal Boildiug^,

KEEP CONSTANTLY ON HAND FOR
sale, a great variety of Agricultural Implements, em-
bracing Mowers and Reapers, Drills of various kinds. Broad-
cast Sowers, Threshers of various kinds, Corn Shellers the
Star and Grouty Mills, flows of every kind, Cultivators' Po-
tatoe Diggers, Horse Hoes, Apple Parers, »ausage Cutters and
Stuffers, Knives for Straw Cutters, Pitch and Dune Forks
Shovels, Spades, Axes ic. ^ '

As it is for the interest of farmers to have within their
reach an establishment where they can purchase the above
articles, and others of the same general character, we respect-
fully ask them for a portion of Uieir patronage. Jan 1 lS« ■'

Sti Iiouls Market— Dec. 30.

To-day's market exhibited less animation, but withont any
important change in prices. Receipts foot up small, and
buyers for shipments are not in on a declining market. The
weather is mild, and the rivers all in good ordei, yet very
little is doing in commerce. Provisions are in limited de-
mand to fill orders Hogs plenty and without change in
rates.

Floor— Sale of 1,000 bbis city superfine, private terms; 60
bbls country superfine 3 75; 47 do fancy 4 26; 49 do extra
5 00; 166 sks superfine 2 00 per sack.

Wheat — Good fall is firm. Sales comprise 1,186 bags liiir
and prime spring at 65@70c; 82 bags geod red and white fall
at95@97J^; 96 bags choice Zimmerman, and 210 bags choice
white Kentucky at 1 05.

Com — Sales comprise 649 bags mixed yellow and white in
lots at 33@35c in bags.

Oats — Sales include 1,063 bags on private terms; 2,400 baga
at 40®41c, delivered, and a lot Inferior at 39c, including
bags.

Rye — 31 bags sold at 57J^c in new seamless baga.

Pork — Sales of mess on orders at 13 60 per bbl. . .^= .

Lard — A small lot choice 8%c. Prime 8c.

Whisky— Merket duU. Sales 100 bblt at 16c, and 22 bbls
at 16>^c.

Bran — Sales 100 bags at 60c, in bags.

Fruit — Sales 17 bags apples at 1 45, and 15 bags do at 1 25

per bu.

Hay —Extremely dull and nothing transpired. « . ',.
Hides — Unchanged.

Beans — 6 bags white sold at 1 40, and 60 bags at 1 26,
packages paid for.

Sugar— Bales of 40 hhds various qualities, averaging 7Vic
porft. -1.0^0

The Practical Farmer, Uniting Together Labor and

Learning.. „ .' j

The Best Mode of Raising and Managing Cattie on the

Prairies of Illinois 2

A Change in the Government of India...7!!7.!!!7!!77 3

On the Culture of the Vine in Illinois „..!!!! 4

Disadvantages and Temptations of Agrici Itnral Life.7 6

Farmers' Clubs ° .„ 6

Agriculture and Science....- !!!!!7!7!7!7!7!7!7!!!!7 6

Imphee -.™. ....... .!!!!'""" 6

Error in the Treatment of Horses 7!.7!.*!!7** *" 6

A Good Bank „ a

The Wheat Midge !.7*.!!!i:j7:*.:*.7!!7 «

Baking Beets .,.„ „ 7

Berkshire Hogs ~*!..!7*.'!V','.'.'!.!!'...!!!7! T

A Good Cow.... __^ 7

Larged-Tailed Fox-Squirrel.... .'.'.!!!!.'**.*.*.!!!!...,*!.'.!7*7* 7

Northern Sugar Cant* !!!.!'.!!!!!!7 8

Chinese Sugar Uane, its early history in"fiiinois!!!.7!77 " 8

Sugar Cane Seed „ 9

Seed Corn '...'.'.7..'.'.'.'!.'!!!.'!7!!!!!!"" 9

Wire Fence !!!!!!1*!!!!7!! 9

To My Brother Farmers !.!!!7!!!'~ 9

Great Crop of Oats a

Joyce Star Mill„ "" ^

The New Year „ „.. m

What of the Times !!!:!:!!:!7!7!7';;;;: 10

The Credit System ^ jq

1

."v:^-j.'--.,<-.'-L.;y.^S.i ;

Vf^fT^'^^PW^^^'^WTWfi

■ ■■■■ i

IG

Tlllii ICI.I2nC)I!S FA^n]MER.

1 1
1 I
I i

I I

I

IILTNCAKIAN iiUASS Si:r,l).

?RA\L'IS & DARUELI. IIWE TJIIS

.sc'imHui- ^:ili>. It is a iiuisl \m1h,iMo :iiiiiii:il j,'iiis--, pru-

Uiuiii ' ii"r.> fum (o tivi? tons uii ;uri'.

J.iii. 1. i.S^o.

SUGAR CAaLLSKED.

FUAXOLS& BAUUKLL HAVE A PL UK
artiL-n; 'I t^ii^ar Ciiiic .-iecil, tlie giowlli ol I S:')7, Cusil.' in
liiif;o ui sin ill iiiiiiititiis. Jul . I, i.Si)S,

GKOCKKIIiS.

FRANCIS & IJAURELL, SrJlIXG FIELD,
hiivo (in liiuiil au oxtunsivo slock »( (irooerics, whiili
tlioy ^^'II exiliango for all market iblo prodncn fruni tlu-
cniiitry. Jan. 1, ISjS.

AR^'riCiLEST<'<)irFARMIiK><;

FRANC18 & BAKKELL Ob'FEK FOR
Siilo oil K>\v tiTnis, i'rj- (A)Oils, i<i-;ily M.nh' CintliiMi-,
iJut^L'Uswiii', anil 1! lois mid l^lioci'. In oiilor ti? ('lo.-i^ out
the.--i' iirt'.i.'li'.s loi' a .■'I'Viiig snpiily ol' gouil-. to.* uills.-jl
iir.irlv lit ••odt i)ri''fs. '. , . ts'.s.

i'~i tuji;, i<'ji.o''.>1hrirAXl> I. -t ;{ 'I*!, . . -^i-iia )s.
I^JtANClS & BARREL)., ','F .SPJliNU-

1 tiil'l.aic now ri'.oivinjc tluir n;i . •' su|'i>Iv m' i'". V.LU.
GAltl>KN' 1111(1 KIji\VL;H Sl.'KiM. iiiil. i "PtiHll (lie iisii.il aiid

Inst varii,'li("<, nliicii tin y will ^lU ai «liti' ; ilc ami r.tail. at
low piiiTS, I'lir cash onl) . -'an 1. l^.^•s.

FKUIT AXJ) «>U\Ai»iliX TaL TKl'.lOJ* ~
AM) SHKUIJiti::!!.

FRANOLS .t IJAURELL Wi LL HAVE FOR
s-dc till- coriiiiii; sr'ri^f;, m i xtciisivi- t^tock of Krcit ami
111 iiaiiuntal Tiws ami ^rlinilibcry. 'J'lii y will ri'rcivi- onli rs
at all tiaics I'ur tlnsc aitioK-s to bu I'lunislu-d in the .--Iirlii;,' or
tail. .1.111 1. !■-• ^.

lilhsois Ci'Hiral Mail Mlouil

ra^i[E ILUNOLS CENTRAL RAILROAD

5 Co!n|iany Invites tho altLiitioU ol' .\i;iirultinai:-t.-< iiinl
>ajiiii.i.^ to tin; t'lTlilc lands udja(>.nt l» tin ir U'-ail, wl.iili
arc oMi-rcd I'm- sale iii'Mii low Icniis, and Ion;; credit at 1 w
rates ot" interest.

It is ti.e foli'jy aii.l w isliol' llio Company to sell .j/7 ihe'r
laiidti to actual settlers; and no indue. •meiif is i.llevr.l t.i
spccnlat'.rs; in lael n:'no will be sold ou loiig cie lit, w.liijui
llie distinei otiiigalini ol'cuitn alioii.

Illin('ls(l'■cul.ie^ till, most Central p.itio'i of tlie AV(. stern
States, and comprises tlic iiio.-t fertile sc'lioii of lin. b' It ..f
laud extciidin;; iVoiii t!ii' Atl.mtic Oi .-aii lo the .Missouri
liiver, and iiclnding Now Yoik, New .Jersey, Teiiusy Ivaiiiii.
(lliio. liidiioa. U'niois, Michigan; Wisconsin, Iowa and
J»ortliern jlioi^unri.

Unlike tlii> Stales Ncrtli of na, t'lc i.rniliictiojis are not
cbeeked byii;;oroiis winteis, — iK.r i-i tiju heat of ...umii.er
oppressive. The l.iieis Uestot the Jli..-soari Kivei gialiiail_\
and rapidly decrease in fertility, till tiiey bli'iul witli the
(iieat Ann- ■an I'laii:, and U.Mnj; clii-lly. if n.Jt sohly nii.ipt-
i.d :o,.ia-.i:i-.. ■■■■n never conni.-t" wlh tinx-. of ti-is r.-i.i!. .

T!ir la...!., iiord'jrin.4 upia l.i. Vli •: om iiMi. I Kansas liivers.
aii'l np.in tlie lilies of the proposed ro:. i.. Ill l.iwa. lia\e b. en
taken iip.iiiidar.j inuv Ki'lliuy: at Ifo .. .t-l'i lo ,<l.'j p.jr acre,
alliionoh rctilers li ive to pay lieavy In i.lits npjii tie' tiai;.^-
;.ort.ition of .'iiiir ,ij;i ieiiUiiial I..i,i.'. luiailiiic aiid ;.;..:. i-:
and \y!ieii tluircrops are pro'iiiced. ilie e\tra cnsl K'\ leaiis-
ji ■•t^'tion to !',iso.rii iiiai kets e\ci I .1.* tire o.st ol i.;"odiic-
lion.

lviokiii>; to till, fnturi- j;r..wtli of one coiu.liy, tbii; MMe,
winch com;'iiii.v the raist fivorable temperature vwlU.Uie
riehest soil and n.cii la althy climate, « ill for all tim lie ,lie
Kreat --rain pi-o.liavii.- ■ustiict. llisliillol mi.'aTiil wt-aliii
such as C'lal. Iron. Lead, Limestenc, .V ■.. and has already lie-
.•idvanta^o.si.f I iiurclies and kcI>o...Is, .d popiilaiion. and of
tiie invi.stmeiit ol eajiital. Mori uvir, llj.ii. is seaicely a
eoiiiily ill Illinois which ha- 11. it a sii|iply of linil..i. Tl...
son t hern Section of ih.. Mate includes ,it ba t .;.oo-,(oo at Mv,
of till- best .[iialiiy of tinib. r land; and ;!i,. cxteiisiM- pineries
in adj.iinin- J^iaiis. a.-ji.ssible by ilie i,.ikes, fiirnisii Cliica^o
Willi an iiiim..!, •.. nnantny ol limber iinl Iniiibi.f ameuatiiij
ili I>jb, to l.iu.un...i.illof,.i..i.

1 lliiioisespi-ei lily iliiriii;; the last lei; .\.a;-.., l..,s Keen rap-
idly ([..veiopiic; her i..s..iirees. Th.. p..piil.iti' n is now a'. out
l,.iiiu,oi.i_| ai.d ei.;iit.> millions i;f dollar; have b.'.ii xp. lele'l
f .1- ilailioa 1-; wiii.-h. wilh lb" wat. i ^ ol ih.- 'K-- .^sippi.
lli'.nois liiver. l!ie Miehiu'an e'anal .mi l.a', eoMiaiiial. -iii..:i
ai;. id e!o..ip aul e...:\. i.i..iit ill. alls !..r iiie r, an p Ml it!..i: ol
le'i liro.liii ts t. '.eiy Iiiai ),.;. .Mm.;:i..u. iinili(.ai ;,-.i,~ ..:
lie,. I'. la. ;. a:;.,'.. 1 in K h.n.. already lull s.'ld. ami L. u:)
lioUlishine, viil.i_< - e\ ILCe til.- |-.ipi.l!\ inen a-ili;.; pco^,.. i 11,.
of lb., i-.iii!..; ;y. >r. i, • .rb..' la-aiily ah i ■ cm..:..., \. uli .v'lic!.

til land-, ea i be i-ni i i v.i le'l, that in I Wo yi-ai s bivmei--. can

r. i.lil^i -uii.iiiii i ibi ..i-i-lves wilb a!l i;. .oajLTl^ ol ..i.i -.-;■
tied I'.iinis In :!ie l".,l.-t.-.-ii .Mat;.-: .iiid -u li i- th. il l.tllil'V
mid pioi.ii in . .. -s. ; iiai prop i ;y ;..ii>-l.a .' ai :;.-ii.-oi..
j:lo per a.'i' .u m.\ years' credit iiinl lii,'. • p.-r '\'iii. ininest,
ran lie lull,- p.ii.i f..; wohiii to. it liiii. . l-.^^.-Ibe.- wall all lln-
L'.-l.- of iiaj.ii. veine.'its.by iirdili;n;\ iiii!ui;i;. , ii>.iii i beprolits
of lb- er. pn.

Altlloll:j;ll it is evi.l.'iit that lands in tie- ; icini y of laili ^■^

ill illiK. . IS \m11 advance I.I .pju or oven .til") (ler acre Vulbiii
t, n years, yet 1 he iiileiesls of thi.- C'.iaip any are in..i.. aiUaa-
c- d iiy idae-iiij; their projierty in the ban. Is ol larnier.-., to buI-
tle Ibe coiHitry relying iijion the bn.-iness ofihe cal f.ir its
cliief prolit.ami to eiiiibie il to di.-.char.^e i'..- .ii.li,:.;!ion.- ;l •
tin- ;^ta|.-. Tb.:.,eeoiidi.lei-atioiis india-e tia- poii.-y ol r,i|ii.l
sib s. which have l...eii pnij;rentiiii;; xnd inere odiii; lor iwo
\.:ii .. past, ami v ill be pnrsiie^l l.ll la.. lands .ire lianlii
ili. p..s-.! ..'. No CI. -,ai,a^.-.ii. nl is ^i\ a i" -p 'i lii.ilu.- pai-
■:lia crs. as tin- Coinriaii.i il .;-s not w i-!i ' - --i l.-c .! .iliv ■><:
ils l.ulds i-xc pt f..| :ieliia! .setlbiin-iil .rel ei.!; r. .,ti. n .11 i-
.-ebi.-nt. i:n-re|..i, . tb.it the In -t'inl.-l ■ ; i ..I .-.-lib is cm i;..-
V. li.i(. be a- w.'il ;r moti-d as bv lun ■ In.- .:i ; ;iiid .-.i-;! l.ii;.-
n; ,. I th.se I .le!-.

for inforinaii-.n a-i Lo pric-. terms, e.. .:.; i,! v t-i

.Iiiii:, \Vlb.-ii:V.

Jy2.)-dv>t'iii Li'.iid Coinia'r I.C. K. 1! Co., i_'liii.ai;o, llv

'/■;//; n.uxoiy,
«Wi«n!(il Wire Eiisurnitcc Co.

LOCATL'D AT ALTOy ILUXOIS.

CHAKTKI! lil) JK.Ii. S-. \Sc\\ UKUAXJ/.KD AI»HIL4 1809.

Aiuotint (if prctniuDt indc-i in Jorce I'cbriiar!/

laf, i^5i), consdiuiinij a j'v ml fur tlic

jKti/nicnl oj' Lv.sxsd,

68(yO,0'0 0.0 0,

Sitcii'/til by a Ikn (ni j)ni]ni/t/ in.suitd, valued

(it iilKV

$9,000,000!

'■j'^Ul.-^ romiiany insures dw(-l I inp;.s tores, v,-ari.ar>u.--efj,inii'.in-
X I'lct.n ie.-;. mill.-, b:irns, slabb-s himI ihe coiit.-nts of eiw:li.
lo.'etlu-r with every oiln-r siiiiil.'.;- sp'.a'ief of pro:H>rty witinn
I the r-tato, lr..ni

; LO.SS OR DAMAGE BY l-IRK!

• Ti.-. I'lr.-.-. i-s f ■ -I ja-'iiM-.; in i-. ■•lirin-ii 'i:-;; I his ci.m;';iny t.)
'lie favorable consid. rati. ;i of :li(> citi/.; us m' Illinois. i:verv
.me insured le.eomes a nieml i r, tie; con.p.iny bein;i- :in ..--■
-.Ill ia I ion of custom, r — e:iCii I'i wa.iai is coiic-rn..d in iii-
s;iriii.i his in l;.':,|ior. As the ,m!.'l!iiiilicalioii I'uiiJ ar.^mciits
in o\;e t r.Ui.i Wil li !tn- iii-i-. ,is of ri-Us. the c;ipitarof ll.e
Company it Cfiinpanttlvcly 0.\liaiivtK -<: :;iel Ilic entire slilety
of tie- iiiititu'iou mast b- apjiareiit to every one who reads
the charter.

Th.. eo.-t (d' insiiriii;; in te:-.i e .in; any i- s.) low, .ts to reiidi-r
ilalmo.l iiinxciisabie f^.- lin- o'.vn. r-- o; insurable iiroperly
Hot to avail tlieai.--eive.- o; ils pnl. .;li. n.

ilOAHi) (Vi«' i)\Kl:Cf;ni?;s.

l.v.iMM 'iiUMM i.L. i-;:.i\.- Iliea.^i..), I.. K1.1.1 r.Nu.-^.r.aEr.,

I!: .N... i-. LoM.. .-^.\..1L»1. \t.\.,£:, AlIIUI) UoW.

I!' i;:.i:t ^.MllH .biix .) o'i .;, !:.;.vj. K. IIaUT.

i'lM am Tl iL.Xi.;:, lit..Miv l.r\. .'oii.n I! uliiacu.'-;;

.M. (i. A: W.loij, N ATil'l. ilAX.S.i.Y, .loIlN ATWCoI),

111-; v.lAMl.S f. L.lNli. iTesi'lcnt.

l.iiv!- ivj.i.i.!,'., ' 1:: rn. ii.a-. -V. li. .\rwi-.ijji, i^ec'y.

KJ)- All A--, lit b.r t! ; ■ rone. any iii.iy b.j (..nnd in aia'u.st
cv. .y Couiiiv of the .-^Lit;..

Kji ' .Vpplic.ili .11 Ijc iii:air.;....e mav In,, la.ije to

J A Mils L 11 1 LI.. Ac. lit.
April 1, 1; ."iT. at .^iiriiiolii Id.

Si /\Y-4-1^^ i•■KA^Ci:^ .'c IJAKUELL

k_7.i.A. vJ< _B_J» ha', ■. .1 iins- (.\..lli-:it article of .>a>,'e.
.\ ;i.. a III. y M .1, -.11 ai \. n.!-, .lie aa.l ;--taii. Jan. 1. i.'.as.

s'i\Mt eoM.v cUIIjI.,

t;(fiit;r*i Siotk f vt't!.

WE DELIVER Tills; MILL AT ANY
point, or iroin oiir NMtt'oHi. tiial run tlir(ai;;h tiicilil-
f.i->;iit p.ii ts ol li,i e..uatr^ . lit ilii ii...i:.ifa. i .re;'s ( l.iil pii'.'e,
\, .!.( b ^.^. ci.- I He I.. 'a i-.-.api-li . .0.

end. r. , II- Iv; Ill-Is I.: in. an.; n- i.l . !.. nl-inss. .1 to

IILN l.'lTKt. ,V C.I.. >pilll./liebl, lil.

\>'e liei ,i I lit s.iv thai «ln;ii the r-t.ir .Mill I, as been Used, it
na-. trained cieoil b.aioad ail otliv r "dilli ..ow in usi-: ami the
i.uuier only needs to s, e and .ly it in oi-.b-r to become eoii-
viiic.'d tliat it is iii-rl,.i t in its air.iiij;eni.. nt fr..ni the lact that
it -ninl- ^,1,1-11 -IS u.-n as ol i c.ia. (i- in .in.! >-.,!. p.>-iiii;
ihioii.-li It l..v.-lli r.) u ha-ii n . ..tla-i^.ili;: \\ ill d... ! ariin-is
..a.; -; . k-^i'oMers c.iii save fi .ai -'.o i.i -i bii-. in Is of (- .111 in
ea b I'-a by tin. use ol lliis .Uili; i.if ii ,i-t ■.\ . i.av.- eiaiilie-ati's
t.i tb:it eiL-ct.) r.-rs.ni- b.p. ia_ ■ .:i.; ( \p.. ri -|;.-, d ils ben< ill,
«ill 11, ver relrrii lo il.e ..v i-i. i.il ;...i t..-i- ..f f,a.J:n„' Coin la
Ibe e II .

It will luul aibie ih ai.ike >. 1 la iI of li la.lcorn for biin-

il., 11--.

'i'lie .^IHit,!-;!!..- ir .111 lv-..;;i- I i trs-at; lii-!i..;s pi-r hour,
an I mak s ao . .i-._\ dialt f .r l\'. . in r i .

We cm pio.ln. . Ill -; p,. ail... II -, li.,o,la.!^. -111.1 reconiiiieii.
ii.ilioiis too luiii: .1-11- ;.. aii-ioi"ii.

'■or Inii pai lI -"il-r-. r. ; r ne..- and dc.-j. lin!;.]; '■', .'lil;.-. s--.-
ciii-iilais.

N, li.- l\-i-. .!,. , .;ib -1,1.;.:;. 1 «;;li a -tar >h;i. ai..! also
:e.. o:- ■ in -p.- .ili .a ii_. .,...:. a ., a; i a ■ .\_i-.. iil:u. al .-^t..:-.- of

f ;; ANM.- ,; ;;.\.;M.i,L.

.'.la 1. 1--".-; Anllu.ci/.-d A^.-nSs.

V'/'atGiieaj cioekis^ Jewelry

A.si)

SKiN OF im Liu UiTiH,

Noitli Side cf the Scj_aare, Siniuglielcl, 111.

W. e. WAMI5

-ITAS ,,-a y
J.J. pi I. ... wa.

nliaii-.'is lo hi- eh- .ip and -.'..11 s-!j.-led -toe!; .if

WATcin;.-^. (■i,.H iv.-,,)i.\vi:LKV a.nd silv;:'; waui:.

It '.-.iiill !i-.i:iii-.. t...ilii;..- all a-h r'.i •■ ;iii at lo ^jjccify jiar-
ti 11' : -. 111. aiti.-I.- a:-.. . ;; . le -I, la.-..i .a il Ij uiid c!i. aji.
1. i.li -- .;ii.l ;,. nil. a.ea. p'e.i-' !o c.ili.

i . ■ !;.|.;a!e_ .k' i', a-, a . aa-l t"! .-', i. IC.:! le .ill esp..ci;il
1 II- ill.-.-, ami ail \v;.ilc of th.- kiln I -..ill In .i..iie pi .jaij.tl v and

v.,:i.

.-^ivai.li -M. III.- J.. a. 1. 1. ::.

(>.-<-..( a-'. OK. ■i.\..ii: n;-;;.:; .4 Nii> f-^j, v.\ js.

I^^UA.NCi.^ iv LAjiuilLL 11AV1-; O.^AtiK
I 11 .a.;;.- s.-i d ' II i..ii..l i i - ,!■ .and eaii al-o f.iini li ( i-aire
en.in,^' plant.- to the exiviii i-l -ou.i^.vo. .Jun |. fs^ji.

1 .. '..: ■' ; , a ,. ( ..;. , l: u . ., I . la., ab jve
pi I. ... wii. 1.. he i;u:,-- ila- alt. lili.iii ol ci,i/.e];s and

F. FOX,

Wholesale and IJctail Dealer iu Hardware,

I\ ALL IT,-* VAllTOI S iii;.A.\fIii:-«,UAS NOW IN STOKE
one of tho lar!.:est and best assortments cf g(x>ds in hia lino
ever olleicd in tliis m.irkct. Iniportiiij^ iimii.y stylos of Bng-
lish goods direct, and purchasing his Auierican goods of tho
niiiuufaetnrers at the lowest (catili) iirlces, he is enalilefl to
offer mei-cliaiits and corisumcTS goods.at the lowest prices, and
on a.s favorable terms us any house e:vst or west. His atock
embraces a ver.v lar^o and complete assortment of

Agricultural Tools and Implements !

of the latest anfl most improved kinds and qtialities. Rrnp-
trs, Mifweis, Ulruw OuUiirs, llulgi: Ti-unmert, Sickles,
firasi nnd ± runiiig llf'C'is, Cruiiles, ScylUct, HiiaiUs,
F\irks, Jf'ici, S/tncds, Scoojos, Axr^{ii\l kinds and makes),
I'ickf, ilatlocks. Fan Mills, Hetd Sfparatore and Threshing Ma-

ifiiusE fubmsiiim: *;.suilders warehouse.

I.ai jje and complete assort!' -iit of ine.vs', Luldics. Uutti, llin-
jrs. Screws, liulU, Brads, ?iai! TJi'JMMiyO'S — great variety

Carpenter's and Guilder's Tools !

/".fji.-.v, ."-,n;..s-, (Vds.'.v, vli;.</')V. Urn'' J, Jiitls. Drawing 'KmvfJi,
jSlK'ii'n:, 'i'rLUrl.s, lli'rih, Jliil'httf, J/dhinitrs, ^\<l^r,s, Jiiirrh
(iiitl llr'M'l Jj-i:^. Ilnri:iiig MiidiillCJ, Gnuid's dllll Sltploe'i
M'jrlicivj iLicliincs, Flits, etc.

Blacksmith's Toolsi

7'.-."'!f.';, Aiirih, I'lcr.-.', Scn.io I'latfs, 'lungs, IJt^rsc Nails, Ilorst

boOPER'S TOOLS.

line as-ortnieiit, hiitren, IJ'iol!'. Flam's, dc.

CUTIiERY.

A \ n y lar>^- stock nnd assorlinent of Wostuuliolm's Butcb-
tr"s and otli I"*, 'J'ulilr, Furkd. l\ n, liulr'tir iind SIioc Knives,
y.'i-./ri,-, ,SV;n<;-,--, t'i'.:.s-f)r.v. f'urvir.--. ilr. tireat variety.

<5UNS, Pl.STOI.S,

Cini Triiiii.iiiinsoiid Mimiitn,gs, singh' and dmihUharrelitd En-
iiHrh<!i!d C'.riiiitn liijiis. J'iHi^ls of great variety, together
■•villi a general a-isortiii-;iit of goods u«uall;tkept in a Ilai'dwaro

store.

Kvery variety, mill, cross cut and circular, from tlireo inclies
to sixty inclusive. Itiniislicd at luaiinlUctuicrs ju'iccs.

SiuiiliVry Hardware and Carriage Trimmings.

Ill Ibis branch of iny business, I iiiu enabled to extend to
saibilcis and cairia;^- inakirs unusual facilities, being supplied
direct I'r.iin Ilie maiiulactiirers. (jnods in this line come tome
at (Xlraoi-diuary b.w [irices. My stock embraces all varieties:
/iiii'\lis, Fcrri:ts, OriKUiirnls. JCuscatis. Jiingn, SnufflfS. Jlitts,
rtiHchis, Ml. '.''(11,(7. •%l/-Atljiiftii>g and Dtimison Trees, Sad-
dler's Sill. 6''.oi. Thr'L-O'rd (I ltd Fining Thnad.

Carriage Trinkmang^.

ItTfifs o>id Silv'-r I'Ui'fU.Sfr. 11' F.-otit iands aii'l- I'talcd Screw
Fr'iitl .'JifU Uind.<. Cf.'cli //unillts. Curliiin Frames, Tvrntd
'''rUtrs. Fi.lt III mil! Fiiaiiu.lled Li'.atitcr, Eiwiiielltd Mnslin,
I>io !: tiiiil I'rill. l.'tili'if.r Cl'itli, Ciirn'ogc Jkacs, Peer and Curled
lliir, J'aleid L'u'.ln r and Fnht/cr lltiiing, J/ciiip and Jiubbir
I'j'.-I.iug.

t'3. Order.- promptly lilledaud forwarded.

Mavlst, l.'^i.V. B. F.rOX.

L'.CiKANVlLLK rKLNCH.I

[I!. B. LLOYD.

fuektch & lloyd,
I^EjSTTISTS,

^V^ST aiOE PUBLIC SQUARE,
SPF.XWGFIIEJLB, XfSi..

Ai);;NTALi;;AtTUi;<n.i.iyTi;i-:NYj;.u;,>\VAHHANT3
tlnin in s.iyiii:.' that all (.jierutions shall be carefullyand
111 ally performed. Th.-yan. in possession of several prenii-
nm- and diplomas awar.led by the best institutes for the pro-
Ill .lioii (.f seii-ia-e and arts ill lie: country.

T. -Ill inserted, fioin one tooth lo full setts, art substantial
ami hiui'lsoiiii. as can be had in any cit.v of the United Mates
or i-.uroi-. .villi. ei.i palale plates inserted, sujiplyin^ the
want a 1 .-- ■ 1 tin i .ilai.-, velni.i and would, so as to restore
:;; li.iil.ilion.

Ib.i'.-r 1.1 I'ii.f. liavid ilillu.rt. IVnnsylvania College of Med-
i .l.ie. i'biia.l iphia; Hon.. I. S. lilaek. \S'ashiii-toti Lity; Itev.
in iiarUeV. [llii.ois Liii\(-t. ilv : Dis. lieliii, Kyan and Wal-
lace: Messrs. Jai-oti I >.-../ ',s. Ciidell; J. ll.'Uruy, Fos.«ul-

laaii, Owen, i.'...rn..au ,\. l>ilKr.

.'line. l:-.')7.

CAPITOL GALLEllY,

.^I>i'!2ag"iaeft4l, til.

1st Pi!E-M!ni"]JAGrEl{KEOTi'PES.
1st PRK.inU.ll A.MBKOTYPES.
lstPKi:.^![l.1i PlKilOGRAPiiS.

1J«^ Three lirst Pr.-iiiiiniis awiirded to the Caiiitol (laikry,
at the .Morgan ( ..utily I air.

I'l.-iiiiniu pi. Inn s to be s,-lIi west si-!o of tlio Siinare.
.I.innaiy 1. is.',7.

.1 ( ). i,( K HI OiS A O L 0 1 1 A N ( : L PL A XT S "AUE

.-« oller.-.l lor sab b> llei.ry idai i; of I'laiuview. Maconjiiu
.11111 y. Illinois. 'liny v.ill be di livi-ieil at any -tHlioii be-
lu.-eii' AUoii aiel Sp!iiii;li- Idat ,-^- oO j-i.r l.Oilli. " We are au-
tli..| i/.ed I.l receive i .-^djis. HIANCIb Jc BAKKLLL.

.Ian 1, IVjS.

VOL. III.

SrPJXGFIELD, ]\rARCir, 1858.

K(). 3.

<J}^ 'y-y -y

T II !<:

■'3

ii^ M ! !

-A vy

PUBLISHED MONTHLY,

lit

T^nillincLo Sd linker,
Jouriml I]ijiUlings, - - Spriiiafii'ld, Illinois.

•*^*-

a. r"iiA:^^;is, Kaiior,

Tl-UMi OF SUUSCIUl'TION'.

Ono coj)}', one ye;ir, in ailva.'.ico $1 (JO

Five copies, '•■ " 'i !•")

Ton " ,inJ one to I'.u in'i'Sf n gcttinu: up cl.jl 7 50

Fifteen copios ami over . (J'2y^ couts lmlU, auJ ono to person
gelling up club.

CASH HATES OF Ai>ri;r.TisiNa :
One dollar jicr square o!"tcti lineS; each insertion.

labor.

How mucli is misumlovstoo'l in tlie word
labor? It is not tlio only ])UVj:/.-».-c r.f UTo, a;-
the reasonings of Franklin and other men of
material turn of turn of mind -would lead uh
to suppose, nor can avc carry into practice,
in the present ptaL'"e of llio vrorld, tlic in-
junctions of tlie Now Testani'.'nt, — to take
no thnuizht of our ])(>;lily vrants, — to live
without care as do the lillies and tlio vavoiis.
The disciples of the first schnil orr in ii.ak-
ing lahor, work, material ;i;ij)!i(';it;o:i, (he
main spring of tlu'ir c'Vorts; an I M'liocvcr
attempts it, from t!ie start, aniong-t the
children. -,viil find hiniseir'.voi'rnliy iii!.-!ak;')i
ill the rc.-ul'. 31iii<l is the riiiing po'.wr in
t^ian, and it inr.st lie cuhiv::tvd, and tluit
early in ]ito. Th,; nidiiaents <:[' ]ci;o\vlcdgc
must ihcn ho y'.\c:\ !o it all lur/tu-'ls, and it
a eh '.Id kiinv,- it will have t » earn its daily
bread, itwiH ,lo it the heiler, do it with im-
proved u-entivcs, and an ciUTgv and 'pur-
pose that ']yQ mere worker cannot ki'.ow,
laying aside ^■iji;;;jj(^i-atiiij.c; of liappincss and
general u.^el\jc,<,i that would be promoted
by it.

Wc have fnU]^ i-j o,^,. peculiar field of
effort, and th;it n,^ arduous o!,(>, thnt those
youths who have 'i.,,-, y^-^.^ ^.^ucated, even
where there has be, ^^ j,*,.^.^^ ]„j,i ^„j ^he
necessity of their o^. cr.crtious for their

future support, have, when put to work,
performed it more effectually, toiled liardcr,
scrubbed better, pos.sessed more alacrity,
more diligence, more cheerfulness, would
see farther, observe more, than those iu
whom labor had been made the main con-
sideuntion in their early training. We say
put jthe mind and intellect in the right
place, with ■Nvholesouie vicM's of the present
and prospectiyci in life, and labor v.ill Ibllow,
— labor infused with intelligence, cx])ansive
in its aims, that will wear well, proUtably.
honorably.

To sea a family, whether .in the city or
country, brought up with luu one eiul in
view, that of mere worldly thrift, iind ]>ro-
inoted by the daily t lil and drudgery of
ohildh'Kid, turning children into adults,
from whom no laugh, or sport, or fun comes,
keeping them from school, sujipressing a
proper pride in tlieir personal aj pearancc, —
denying them times of ]c•i^ur(., liiental im-
proveuient, recreation, and all because it
co.its a little money, or in.lVinges uj'on (he
making of it, is straining at gn.at and sv.al-
lowiiig a camel, — is emphatically gaining
the v.hole world and losing everytiiing else.
Also, an intelligent training is inwardlv and
e.-^entialiy more humble and unpretending
tlian an ignorant one, more truly doniuciatic,
more liumane, more considerate.

AVe are not alluding to disiinetioiis in so-
cietv that anv voe'.naii in the ciMuitrv liinv
n:it ;il':iin. "jdic wealthy {all, a- hislory and
our own ol.iservation inform us, by »j\t r-]n.\-
uihiusne.-s; tlie ign.orant are temjited into
rashness and anarchy; tlie tndy and evenly
cuhivated are the only relialile conservators
in societv, when times rd' emei'i:':'ii>'y cou'a'.
"(jive me neither poverty nor ricli.'s^"' i^; (lie
best wisdom. Of the <Jld Testanient view
of life. Folomou avers, iu aphorisms of re-
markable power, and with the sanction of
inspiration, that devotion to iijcro outward,
di>tinctiou is vaidt^'. lie had raised hiin-
seif to the pinnacle of all human greatness; —
no man before or since having reached the
splendor of his position; hi.s country had be-

come the most wealthy and ]^owerful thru
known, the otlier nations paying tiibute to
it; and yet both of them l-ad u.isdirected
their energies; their ervtcrnal prosperity had
swayed them from tho wor.-liip of dchuvahj
the "iTcat Temple in which the Deitv mani-
fested Himself in away not vouchsafed to
any otlier people, had been desecrated; the
nation rent in twain, its unitv, power and*
integrity ginie f<;rever. Oi" ti;c New Testa-
ment v.ritiiigs. the hyperbole and mctaplior,
there used do not err much, in">icwing the
desires and anxiety of mere vftirldly posses-
sion as imnecessaiy, and if the view.s there
enunciated were carried into j>ractice, and
men's desires limited to reasonable wants,
we should luive less inequality of liuuian
condition, less ])overty, less distress, and bo
better prepared to understand the significaueo
of the sacred writings on this point.

These writing> can <edy vindicate tlieir
good sense ;ind a]>plir;;))i];ty in ao jndition of
.society murh Jiigher a'ld I'ctter than has yet
ap]. eared, and tlicn'in is the faith of many
strengthciK-d that such society will o!io day
he reiicln d. Improvon.icnt tlieii, i{" we arc
right, shnuld not grope itself altog ther in
the eh innelsof lab )r : if it does not deleat its
(nvn emi thereby, ii'by limiting enjovmcnt.s,
chi.-i'.iL'" the avei'/tcs of taste, of access to
bo.,ks. or otlier iii-truction, tliere is les; ex-
pen. liture, (hen \,-,' must say, with^those who
advocate smdi ideas, we have no oiilro-
vir-y.

li' t the firmer, who-e n -ti^ns ar,; i;:oro
on a pl.ain with our ov-n, ■ S:e n^ narrow
view of tlu^ educ.'itii;:! of];:s chiul; let tha4,
liuliter v.'ork, which lind.-- i!s iniiKcdiatc ox-
planatiiiu to (he youthful uiid( r:-taMd!:i;x, l-e
judiciously bloid -d with ,-tu.!y r.iid div. i^iou
in the discipline and in:-,tractio:; oi" it- life.
A c'aaracttir to be any way complete.- must be
full proportioned. If it Iiavc worlieJ too
much to the neglect of its other powers and
capacitii's, it v.iil have doi:e itself wro'i"-.
There is much idleness in the world, and
the grand maxims of Franklin and a noble
legacy to such, but there is more selfishnoj*;,

\

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.^'*- .T>^- :i

'^x

Jii

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34

^ ILJ.IlsrOIS IH^^VRMER.

and it is the irreatcr f^in of the two. (Icurfje
Hilliard; a lawyer of eminence, and one (if
our most beautiful wrttcrs, says, that "with
each year of his life an increasin<r respect for
those who do not succeed, has Ibrced itself
upon his convictions, and it may be that the
negligent, the careless, .the improvident, tlie
indiflferent, those whose eflbrts are not equal
to success, have more virtue, in tlie higher
judgment, than those Avhose minds arc whol-
ly engrossed by business and accumulation."
At lea.st this view of it will learn us to be
charitable.

The vouthful mind, must in this ace, be
prepared to understand and apply what me-
chanical inventions, and the lights of ph\'si-
cal science, the improvements, and discover-
ies in the trades and I'rofessions, have placed
before it, or it will fail back in the race of
elevation and progress. One man can now
do in the field and workshop what it would
have taken several to aecompli?-h in the ear-
lier centuries, and if this is not a direct invi-
tation by the Almight}- to abstain from any
thinsr lilvc loni; continued or exhaustinti-
labor, then we are mistaken in the indica-
tions, the utterances, or purposes of I'rovi-
dcuce.

We know that there arc those, (would that
there were none in the roj.ublic, fur they are
an anomalous elemeut in it,) wlio would re-
quire a different treatment at the hands oi'
the moralist from that which is here present-
ed. Brought up to consider employment of
any kind as a degradation, having suddenly
become rich when the irraees arc of slow
growth, they make uji their deficiency in an
affected contempt of labor. They thwart the
inevitable laws of theircreation, that requires j
of every son and daughter of Adam sumc- \
thing to do, some empjnyment, sorne daily '
avocation, if they would possess either healtli, i
happiness or usefulness. j

We might wind up tliiri dissertation liv i
_ saying that wo do not consider the vicw»
here presented on labor as the most jjonular
We know that constant application to it, in-
doors and out, has ever been held up as of '
the first and only necC'-.-ity, and it is .'•^o, to
an almost entire extent, in a dependent pio-
neer population, but as wo have advanced
into a more thrifty, as well as intellectual
condition, we may well view labor from some
other points.

THE EM:BELLISHiy!:ET5"T OP A
COCJNTRY HOME.

FoT\Bliich. the Stale AgricuUnnd SocUty au.\irdatc MaUl.
BT GRACE AXX QKAVKS, of Ptoiiu County.

Home, one's dwelling house; one's coun-
try; one's farm, — more dcfinitel}', the place .
where we frail women dwell, — where we '
bring forth, and bring up our children — j

surrounded by cares and sources of anxiety,
blockaded by work, and the indomitable will
of the lords of creation, — who generally
believe that each and every woman should
have a home, where her heart should be,
wh.erehor energies should be concentrated to
render it agreeable, happy, pleasant and
economical. As to its locality, it matters
not whether it is in the dark forests of the
^Vest, or on the wide extended plain, in the
vicinity of the city, or in the city itself, —
her duties are the same : she must be con-
tent. The law-makers, mighty men, enact
that she shall conform to certain rules laid
down for her present and future happiness.
But no where are they no strictly enforced,
or so implicitly obeyed, as in a farm house,
— where a woman's duties are onerous and
endless, — where children are throv."n entirely
on a motlier's care,— to be provided with
abundance of food, .■scientifically iirepared; to
promote the L:rov,th;uid strength oftherising
generation of voung Suckeis; — to be com-
fiirlably, neatly and fa.--hionably drcs.sed, so
as to ap}>ear to advantage in any crowd, and
all from tlie proceeds ofa too often badly
manaLTcd farm; — to be tau'.:'ht the- chief er.d
of man; — the principles of morality and re-
ligion;— to be instructed into the art of po-
litical coouor^iy, and imbued with devoted
jialriotism.

And from \\ horn arc all tiicsG requirements
made'.' Of women, ignorant, illiterate
women, — whose hnowlcilue of clienustrv
consists in knowing that yeast will raise
bread, and that salearatus will do it as much
([uickcr as a steam engine v.ill run faster
than a horse. Her rclitrion is irenerallv
v.'hat her j articular churcii teaches, and prc-
po>es to teaeli. Her morality in avoiding
temjitation, not in strengthening the mind
and lortifyitig the heart to re>ist it. Tier
economy in making both ends meet, and
her jiatriotism in Avorshipping (Icu. George
A\'a-lu:iL;-fon, that great and gloiious man.
Womrtn I whose observation of nature is c« ii-
fiiicd to her own grounds, garden and barn-
yard,— whose opinion in matters relating (o
tile welfare of her country is seldom ex])ress-
ed, lest she .should be con.^idered to nicddle
with that which does not concern her, and
of which she is not capable of judging.
She, (d' whom so nuich is ungerously requir-
ed, is ab;,:ut to ri.'-e with the strength of Her-
cules, and break the bonds that bound her
forages pa^ t to her poorly ]>lanned, me-igcrly
furnished, thin walled home, oa which the
frosts of winter sparkle like diamonds; — to
assume her competency, and jdace her jndg-
lucnt on an eijuality with infallible men, in
matters that most concern her own happiness;
— to avail herself of the easy, independent
mode of conveyance, so sedulously prepared

to carry light into the dark crevices of the
land. She will travel far and near, with
lightning's speed, and scarce be missed at
home, will inJ^Sibe new ideas of comfort and
elegance, and introduce them speedily into
her own mansion.

The subject of Agriculture by which
the land can be made to produce the greatest
quantity of sustenance at the least expense,
will be among the first of our studies, and
we have confidence enough to believe that
our ingenuity, once applied to the wm-k, the
difiiculties.and dissensions as to the proper
methods of farming, v.ill soon disappear.

The nett proceeds shall be applied to the
improvement of the soil, and embellisliment
of the premises, fitting up the house, enlarg-
ing and making it convenient, and not to the
monopoly of land. Every thing shall be
done gradually, or as circumstances will admit,
to endear home, to beautify and improve it,
to call forth admiration, and fix theatl'ections;
to make each member of the family feel that
it is the dearest spot on earth, where com-
fort, cleanliness, order and contentment
reign around. The door yard shall, if possi-
ble, enclose forest trees. The Oak, with his
many arms, so strong, shall stand alone in
his majesty. The Locust, which in compari-
son Vidth the oak, is as '"the grass of the field
which to-day is and to-morrow is cast into the
oven," shall grow in an avenue, or in shel-
tering groves, and compel the most thought-
less to admire its beauty and fragrance. The
Majile, that sweet tree, shall be set in stately
rows, to hold out the prospect of future use-
fulness, when the sugar cane refuses to yield
a plentiful supply of what has become to us
an essential article of diet. The Aspen shall
stand in a remote corner, where it may quiv-
er and quake to it's heart's content, but only
looked upou by me when my nerves are par-
ticularly strong. The Fir tree, with its
drapery, shall be as usual, a theme of wonder
and admiration. The Catalpa, Mountain
Ash, Flowering Chestnut, and Lombardy
I'oplar, shall live undisturbed, that I may
observe their beauty and peculiarities. —
While the Alanthus, or American Upas
shall be so isolated, that its poisonous odor
shall not injure me or mine. The Sumach
shall spring up, as is their wont, in clusters,
with their red heads together, as if cevising
some plot for the extirpation of intruders, so
far removed that the winds of Heaven will
not reveal their secrets. The Weeping Wil-
low, that semblance of sorrow, shall be con-
venient to remind me daily of^he tomb. Of
roses, I shall have a score,— the natives of
all kinds and colors. The J une rose, sweet-
est perfume of all, in lied<es. The Burgun-
dy, York and Lancaste' combined. The
Scotch and Thistle rose George the Fourth,

/

THE ILLINOIS FA.RMER.

;J5

1

in monarcliical splendor, shall stand sur-
rounded by courtiers. The white rose, than
which nothing can be more delicate and beau-
tiful, shall receive extra care and induce-
ments to flourish. China asters, Marigolds,
Pinks and Pansies, shall be seen in every
nook and corner. Convolvolus and Colum-
bines, indeed, all the virtues and graces shall
have their representatives. Even Bouncing
Betty shall be allowed a few feet of ground
to spread herself upon, but if she has the im-
pudence to intrude, it will be at the risk of
extinguishment. All these, and many more
trees and flowers I will procure, and yet not
be impoverished by them, but improved and
enriched, refined and elevated. Birds will
gather around my dwelling, and inspire me
with their merry songs. The honey bee will
buzz about, and teach me untiring industry,
which, like the bee, (if properly directed,)
collects a luscious horde of fruits and flow-
ers. The little humming bird will visit me
daily; all nature will smile, and the sweet
consolation will be mine of knowing I have
done something to drive away the dissatisfied
looks, so common about a neglected house, and
make happy faces; which, of all others, are
the most enviable embellishments of a Coun-
try Home.

I !

I !

Essay on tiie Rearing of Swine.

BY CIIAS. W. MURTFELDT.

The article of pork in its various phases
of ham, lard, bacon, mess pork, &c., enters
so largely into the diet of the present gener-
ation ofthis country, England, Germany and
the sea-furing m:vii, that it is well worthy
the consideration of every larmer, in order
to make its production prulitable, both to the
producer and consumer.

Having been very unsuccossful in fattcn-
nin"- my pork this season anJ being well ac-
quainted with parties wl:erc tho opposite
was the result, I have uudert;;kcn to pen
these few linos, giving the details and pro.
posing to draw a icv.- praclicd couelu.-fions
therefrom.

1 keep a small duiry in Northern Illinois,
and knowing that the profits arc considerably
iacreascd by the rearing and fattening of
swine in coancction with the dairy, I deter-
mined to raise some, having the necessary
breeding sows.

In Northern Illinois, where township or-
ganization is universal, many towns being
scarce of timber, have adopted by law.s, obliging
citizens to restrain tlieir swine from running
at large all the year. But few of our citi-
zens have pastures for swisie, and consei[ueut-
ly have to keep them confmed in small poos
all the time. This has been my case. I

feed corn all the year and have no change to
offer to my hogs, and cannot fix a time when
I will feed more or less, because the hogs
will only eat so much, in consequence of the
order of their teeth and their age: this is the
only way I can account for my failure.

Some intimate friends residing in the
county north of me, have managed their
Bwine in this manner and have been very
successful, not only this last season, but for
years : they have a pasture of an hundred
acres, bounded on the west by Rock river.
This pasture is June or native blue grass. It
contains also Burr oak trees, hazel brush
and wild fruit, afibrding shade and in its sea-
son some little shack or mast. Little or no
corn is given from May to September. In
this pasture the swine do not fatten, but
grow a healthy, good sized frame, and are in
the best possible condition for fattening,
when the corn matures. "When the corn
is fully ripe it is given to the hogs in such
quantities as they will eat clean, adding or
diminishing until the proper measure is as-
certained how much they will cat.

At the time when the fattening process
commences, the swine are fed very liberally
with common salt, and I have been assured
they consume large quantities; drink is ofi'er-
ed freely and occasionally during the fatten-
ing they receive sulphur, charcoal and salt,
or what is still better, they have it within
reach all the time. In eight weeks swine
will get very fat and fit for market. I have
ascertained from my friends that the number
they fattened this last season was thirty-
seven large hogs and twelve spring pigs, and
that a box containg forty bushels of ears of
corn would feed the lot about a day and a
half, so that the swine would eat about ten
bushels of ears of corn at a single meal.

Another of my acquaintances pursued the
following course and was eminently success-
ful, lie had suflacicnt portable fence to ir.
close fifteen acres of land. In the spring oi
the year he inclosed said number of acres of
clover and put in this pasture his swine, ii
brook alTordiiig water for drink; adjoining
this lot he had the .'••ame number of rcres oi
oats, whicii ripening early were next inclosed
and given to the swine, and bv the time the
oats were consumed the fence was moved a
third time to inclose the same number ol
acres of corn, which the hogs wore allowed
toTiarvcst for themselves. I have been as-
sured that no waste occurred of cither oats
or corn. After this a very little husked corn
was given in a close pen and the hogs were
ready for the market. I would yet say thai
the same brook afforded drink to the hcgs in
the first three lots occupied by them. IMy
friend assured me that three cents per lb.
would have remunerated him well for the

feed, time and expense of moyiug i'cucc, kc.
From the above well^authenticatcd fact ^, I
have come to the following conclusions :

First. Hogs will Ho^;>oy whenever a far-
mer is obliged to keep them restrained and
feed them in a close pen all the year.

Second. Hogs should have a pasture du-
ring summer, leaving their proboscis orna- .
mented with a wire to keep them from root-
ing, and should have corn only when the
state of the pasture makes it necessary to keep
them growing.

Third. Old corn is more profitable and bet-
ter than new. Ground feed, boiled or soured,
better than either. In* "Westphalia, whose
hams are world renowned, swine are fed on
boiled mush, made of meal ground froin peas
and barley.

Fourth. Hogs fed in close pens should
have a good floor, whereon corn may be fed,
receive drink often and have access to a mix-
ture of sulphur, salt a)id cliarcoal.

Fifth. September, October and November
arc the best mouths in tlic year for fattening
swine.

With regard to rearing swiuc, nirniers

ought to so arrange their breeding sows as

to have the pigs come in April or 5ray.

The sows ought to be liberally fed, for six

or eight weeks, when the pigs will be able

to drink and take care of themselves. Hogs

need to be more fVeriuently crossed than

perhaps any other domestic animal, and that

I cross of the Suffolk with any other breed

is the best in my humble opinion, because

they fatten at any age and can easily be made

to weigh three hundred pounds at an age

from a year to fifteen months. A cross of

-he Irish Grazier and Liccstcr.-hiro make a

larger hog, but re juirc mcyj^age. I think
:he first most profitable. "Hlpuro Suffolks
ire said not to be good breeders, because
generally too fat.

The Farmers' Club ol Whiteside County,

The time Ikv come when a farmer is no
longer to be valued, like a bullock, for the
number of poujids avcrdupois he may chance
:o weigh; but whc-a !ui!Kl, tliought, tind true
nianh<iod shall be brought to bo: r on the
r'levation of the working man. And, in-
deed, we know of nothing so full of prowi:e
IS this. Farnior.s neod a redemption from
the isrnorance which has crojit iutj their no-
ble calling. The old the<jrios, the old ideas,
the old slaveries of plow, and hne, and spade,
and sythe, the old valuation of the laboring
man as a toiling, sweating, digging animal —
these, wc are liappy to believe, are fast fall-
ing with their kindred old foiryisms ii other
departments of human endeavor; and science
among the farmers of the Northwest, and.

TIIT^. ir.LI^^OIS T^ A^IllNIIilR.

"Wc mii^lit tuld, nil ovrr tlio ■wurM, is l)ci;iii-
uiiiir to do its work. The iiksh nf slrnuL;-
powers of thon.ii'lit must control the influ-
ences which mould society. Wlio.'vcr gov-
■ ci;n.'; ii nation well is worthy of liiL^h c-iia-
mondation; whoever con.-eerati^s the lahor of
his heart orbr.'iiu to the elevatini of human-
ity is a public benefactor; but the man who
has awakened a wide spread interest in Agri-
culture, wher^l'V a class of men who form
the bone and t-incw of the hind arc led to
look at themselves in tlieir true relations, he
Kas done a work far j:reaier and nobler.
Even he who well ex])rcsses his thon;j,hts in
fields of L'rowin"- ijrain and a well tilled and
■well ordered farni;sets an exampU-at work in
the eonmiuMity when' he lives^ which shall
result in its lastiiiu'iinod.

To brinij abinitrc sidtssodcsirablc, n<.thinu-
is so p;ood as tlio or^- Dii/.atinu of Faniitrs'
Clubs. They are proplutie of a better day.
They are cxperimontal "class mcetiniis," at
■which a great deal of practical information is
weekly obtained. A topic is usually chosfu
at a former mi.'ctimr; a committee is apjioint-
ed to prejiare a rcpoit upon it; after tlio lead-
ing of whieh, every member is inviteil td
pive in his ''experience." Thus, in ;i short
time, the rxpcrimental and theoretical kiio'iv-
ledi^e of a wlmh" commuiiitv is laid side by
side for tlie use of ;dl. Assneiation controls
the destinies of the world, and by thus biiiii^-
ini!; it to bear in the olevation of the WvirkiuLi'
man's interests a noble germ may bv' planted
in tl'.e ]>rca^ts oi' untold millions. Ilmnla-
tion s])rings up from tiiis coiitaet of minds.
And the farunr, wlio lias beeiiaceiistonied to
go grumbling by to bis work, as the horse
that sweats with him in tltc dust and toil of
the noon-dav sun, soon oi>ciis his eves to tlie
fact that h(! jHbngs t.) a great and noble
army of workers, where e-ieh mu.-t think and
act and develop the higher faeulties of tlu'
soil.

.Then, farmers, organize and support yonr
clubs. Ami ill tlie hope that it luay as.-i.si
some of you in so gooi' a work, 1 append to
these remarks the (.'onstitiition recciitlv
adopted by the farmers of Sterling and vi-
cinity :

TtlK FAllMF.l'.s' CMli.

On Saturday evening, .lannary 'J, the
club met pursuant to adjournment, and
adopted the following Constitution :

Article ]. \.\Mi:. — This assoeiatioii shall
be known by the name of the J-'armers' Club
or Sterling.

Art. 2. On.iECT.s. — Its objects sludl b"
the promotion (;f Agriculture, Horticulture,
and the Meclianic Arts; which are to be ae-
comjdished l)y lectures, essays, drb.ates, and
also a library, to consist of such books as tiu'
Association may receive by i)urclia.-e and do-
nation.

Art. 3. Officers. — Tlie officers .sliall

I '!

' consist of a ]*resident, A'icc I'lesident, Sec-
retary, Treasurer and Librarian, to be elected
by ballMt, upon the' adoption of this Consti-
tution, and to hold their offices for three
1 months, and until tlieir successors shall be
elected. 'J'hese, in their olVicial capacity,
! shall constitute an executive committee.

Art. 4. )> 1. I)i;tif,.s of Offiokus. —
The PresidiMit shall preside at all meetings,
deciile controverted ])oiiits, give the casting
vote in all ties, jireserve order, and perform
all other duties usually elevolving upon such
an <»fficer.

i^ 2. — The A'ice President in absence of
the 1 •resident, shall take his place and ])erf( rm
his duties.

ij •>. — Till' Secretary shall kee])a record of
all busiiiess done, carry on ail necessary cor-
respondence, and cause jmlilicity to be given
to all meetings reijuiiing the same.

i^ I. — The 'J'lvasurer shall receive all iiion-
lys jiaid in. disbur.^e the same, as the E.xccu-
tive CoiUiuitlee shall direct, and keej) a faith-
ful account of the linaucial matters of the
.\s-oc;ation.

>j •), — Till' liiiirarian shall take charge of
ail books, papi-rs, essays. a(lilresses,an(l otiier
ilocuments tlcit may ciuni* into the j-osscssion
of the club, and keeji a strict account of the
same.

^ <!. — The Kxeeutive Committee shall pro-
cure sjieakeis, essays, books, ]iapers, and
whenever they deem lit to awaken an interest
in the objects of the Association, order the
j»aying out of ali moneys, and exercise <i gen-
era! sup'rvi^ioii over the linaucial and other
int(rests of the club.

/Xrt.o. .'MKMliKltsiiip. — Any person in-
I;re.-ted in the objects of this club, may be-
c(Uiu' a mciuber by signing the Constitution,
paying into the trca-ury < \\v dollar, aiidconi-
}ilying witli all iicces-aiy regnhitions.

Art. (■>. A MF.xD.MK.NT. — 'liiis Constitu-
tion iiiay be altered or ameuued bv a two-
thirds vote of ilie meniliers jirescMt at any
regular inccling, notice liaving Ijeeu given
two weeks ])revious in writing.

'J'lie club then ]iroceed to ballot for officers,
with tlu' following results:

L. S. rKXXI.XCTOX, President.
Ji. r>. W'KTJiKKnFK, ^■ice President.
Jami;s SiiAV,", Secretary.
d. A. pATTKitsiix, Trtasurcr.
Xki.son Maso.n, jjibraiian.

To this 1 -will add an abstract of the min-
utes of the lii>i regular meeting:

The J'^iriners' Club met ]iursuaiit to ad-
join iinient, on S.-ilurchiy evening, Jan. i)th.
at lioyiiton's Hall. The coinmittee on by-
laws asked more time in which to prepare
the s.imc. The ctunniittee to ]>rc]are an
aklros, also additional time. Craiited to
both, coninutiei's.

\j. i'emiingtoii then read an able j.aper
upon fencing — the tlu-nu; chosen for the
evening's discussion. He stated the expense
of iiroperly fencing to be about 8o,0U0 per
>ection, making i\tv the county ??1,44<.I,UUU,
and ibr the whole State the enornu.us sum oi
•SH!,OUO,(.IUO. Kvery fifteen years this
must be renewed. 'J hus, tiic fencing inter-
est is parainonnt to all other, save that oftlie
land itself, lie alluded t(j the doctrine ot
fencing for ]»asture ami making the grain
growing lanel do Avithout fences, and thought

one-half of the above sums might be saved
thereby. The time spent in hunting, and
the losses incident to stock grazing on com-
mon lands, he thought more than the pit-
tance our cattle and hogs can gather from
the public highways. He then remarked at
length, on the various kinds of fences, as
timber, wire, and hedge. Of timber fences,
good ])osts are the most essential requisite.
Charring well the bottoms, is the best method
of preserving these. He spoke favorably of
wire fences when well built; also of hedges
when properly taken care of.

Col. AVilson reported verbally. He favor-
ed the fencing theory. He thought board
fences expensive and ill-adapted to the wants
of the farnuir. He gave his preference to
good wire fences, both in view of utility and
exi)cnsc. He also spoke well of osage orange
liedgcs.

Alter this, the subject wasdiscusscd in all
its bearings by a number of other gentlemen,
with neiirly the same results — hedges and
wire fences seeming to be preferred. Much
useful information was elicited by farmers
giving in their various experience; and the
meeting was both interesting and profita-
ble.

The subject chosen for examination at the
next meeting, was " T/ic various hrccds of
cattle snitahlc fur ifn's section o/the countri/."
Your friend and co-worker,

JAMES SHAW.

The >ortlicrii Sugar Cane.

"We liave liitherto given communications
from many persons who succeeded in manu-
facturing last fall, a palatable syrup from
the Xorthern Chinese Sugar Cane. It will
readily be admitted that all their experi-
ments and apparatus for making syrups were
imperfect. It is a wonder that they suc-
ceeded at all in making a fair article. The
experiments, however, have settled a few
facts : — the cane contains a large amount of
.saccharine matter, whieb can be converted
by experience and skill, into the best sugar
and molasses. There is not a doubt in re-
gard to these facts.

P>ut the same experiments have satisfied
us, that to make the business profitable and
certain, more and jicrfect a])paratus, more
and perfect experience and knowledge for
the manufacture are rerpiired. That man
who erects expensive establishments for the
manufacture of sugar and molasses from this
cane, without he has practical and certain
knowledge of the processes' rc(piircd for suc-
cess, will assuredly fail in his undertaking: —
with these he will be successful.

We have two communications on this
subject, — valuable we consider them, — that
we here introduce to our readers. Should
any of our friends desire to confer ■with the
writers, they can do so by addressing them
by letter at their respective places of resi-
dence.
Haffday, Lake Co., 111., Jan. 28, 1858.

,Sir : — The writer of this has not the

Tiiii: iLLi::srois i^^^\ i^:mer.

37

pleasure of your acquaintance, but the sub-
ject of this note may be deemed a sufficieut
apology for my writing.

I have roceutly traveled con.«iderably in
the northern portion of this State, and find
much interest felt in the cultivation of tlic
Chinese Sugar Cane. Every one is going
to plant a patch, to make his own sugar or
syrup. Now this is all v»-rong, as the public
will ultimately find. Tiie successful manu-
facture of sugar, absolutely requires a con-
siderable outlay for suitable buildings and
machinerj-, — I do not say upon a large scale,
but adapted to the crop to be taken off. Tlie
idea of a man planting a little patch, grind-
ing out a few tubs of juice in the forenoon,
and boiling it down to something in the af-
ternoon, is all nonsense. It would be souic-
thiug to be sure; but what, would be difficult
for any live man to tell.

The manufacture of sugar from the Chinese
cane, can, and will, be made exceedingly
profitable, by going into it in the right way;
but sugar can never be properly and success-
fully boiled, but by an experienced hand —
no two samples of j a ice rcqairiitg ixactJjj the
same treatment !

I have had several years' experience in
Louisiana and Florida, in erecting sugar
mills and in taking off crops of sugar. I
know what the Chinese cane is, and what it
will do if judiciously and properly treated; —
and if not, it will do nothing. For the suc-
cessful manufacture of sugar in this State,
let one or two in a county go into it —
say considerably strong, viz : put up a cou-
ple of buildings, side by side, of nutderate
dimensions, — one for the engine and grinding
house, the other for the boiling and curing
house. Procure an engine of aljout eight
horse power, with a suitable mill of three
cast iron rollers, three small sized sugar ket-
tles, &c., — the whole can l.>e put inoperatiun
for 31,500 or ??2,U00, and with twcnty-iive
or thirty acres of matured cane, would clear
itself the first season. For ni^sflf, T would
not advise the planting of the Chinese cane
north of 40 or 41 degrees.

I have no hesitation in warrantintr for a
fair acre of matured cane 1.500 lbs. sugar
and 75 gallons of mohisses. I ])ut u}) a sugar
mill for the Hon. ]). Ti. Yulcc, at llouiosass;i,
in Florida, in the autuniu of '52, and took
off two crops of sugar iur hiui, that and the
following year. Tlie la,■^t season I Avas vrith
him, from a small piece, containing six acres,
I made over thirteen hogsheads of the very
best sugar of 1,000 lbs. each, and over 500
gallons of tlie very best molasses, — and 1
fidly believe that the Chinasc ciino, ju-opcr///
treated, will do full as well. The last sea-
son I was with 3Ir. Yulce, from about 70
acres in cane, we made 143 hogsheads sugar
and 4,500 gallons molasses.

No one who knows anything about the
manufacture of sugar from canes, will advo-
cate every one gijin^ \,^^^y j^. — because it is
something that cannot succc>sfallv be got
along with, without considerable outh^v, and
much skill, experience and information.
There are kiuA-.'^ in hoilins; susar not to be
fouud iu any treatise on the subject.

Should my engagements the'ensuint;- sen-
son permit, 1 would like to put up a mfll for
some euterpnsing individual and take off a
crop of sugar; but the business is likely to

bo much prejudiced by ])eople going into it |
who know nothing at all about it. |

The successful litaiuifactiire of sug::r de- i
pends much on its being rapidly do!ie. It i
shoidd be rapidly gnumd, jirojicrly limed, I
and evaporated to the striking i>oint,as (juick-
ly as possible.

Hoping that Avhat T have said may be of
use to some one, ] rema.in

Your obed't servant,

J. P. V>'. IJAFGliR.

Cincinnati, Jan. 22, 1R58.

To S. Franct's, Cor respond iuy Srereturi/ of
the State A;/ruutti(ral Soeieti/, Spriiaj-
fiiid, Illinois.

Siu: — With great interest I have noticed
the proceedings of the Convention of the
Sugar Planters of the Northwest, and 1 hail
with joy the culture of the Chinese Sugar
Cane or Sorghum, and the presentation of
the ex})erience of sugar making from this
plant, and the desired results. 1'hese results
are as yet snuill and various, as I .'^ee from an.
article in the Chic;i<:o Trihunr the reason of
which lie^ herein, that farmers could not
have the neces.sary knowledge of the manu-
facturc of sugur, and hence we Inivr some
wcmderful experiments in this matter as
follows: — where the operations lia<l licen in-
terrupted for several hours, so that, as the
juice became cold, and coming into contact
with even the snudlest amount oi'air. buime
sour: or the experiment of clarifying with
milk and eggs, an operation which confec-
tioners find too exj)ensive and unsatisfaelory
even with the raw sugar itself. The proce.-s
of clarifying with the white of tlie egg or
with Idood, wh'ch answers the same jiiir-
poses, namely, to gather these slimy parii-
cles vrhich have run into the juice imm tlie
press, and c::use them to rise t(j tlie surface
as scum, is not of itsulf suffu-ii iit; ibr tiic
oliject of cJariiyintr is j;ot lucreJv to iVee the
syrup from these slimy particles and thus
facilitate crystalization, but we mu-t ;!t the
same time seek to change its color, wliirh is
done by the addition <A' Jjeii}srhi':ar,~, (liono-
black.) ]3ut befJjro we proceed to this clari-
fying process, the juice, obtained by press-
ing or maceration, should be purified with
hydrate of lime, in order t;) live it IVoin tliose
chemical and other im]»urities th;;t it n).'.y
contain, and then it should bo liUcred tlivfjuidi
ground or broken Jjeinschtrarr:, (^JJone-
black.) in order to get oiit again the remains
of the lime, and to ch.inge the color of ^.he
juice. After the illtrat;on. iioii <Iown to
2(3° Bourne, clear with blood ami charcoal,
filter the second time, atul then boil lo the
]ioii;t of erystali/.atio'i, tlien h-t the nsash be
set away in a moderate vvaiiii room, to bo
left undisturbed hn- three (u* lour days, when
you will obtain a beautiful clear suga;-, from
which the syru]) can easih- be separated.

Tb.ese o})erations, from the ])ressiiig (;ut of
the juice to the last boiling, must bj cairied
on without interruption, and as rapidly as I
possible, to preveiit the danger arising f]-(,m j
contact with the air, of. the juices beroming |
a syiup, (to which it is inclined,) or even to
turn sour.

As I do not possess the means on niy own
account, to cultivate and minufacture the
Sorghum, and yet wish to benefit this new
new branch of indu'-t;y, by means (d'the

knowledge and experience of the making
and refining of sugars, Avliich I acquired as
foreman (jf scientific labors in several of the
largest sugar manufactories of Germany and
lUissia, 1 have bicn so free as to attempt
hereby to puinl out to you, Sir, the mode of
])rocedure, ac-eording to my opinion, and I
will v.ith plctisure, if you wi.-h it, give addi-
tional facts in regard to the a])paratus to be
used, aii'l describe more minutely the opera-
tions also, and should the ojijiortunity offer,
I should be willing to conduct the business
vrhere the manufacture of sugar from the
Sorghum should be carried ou upon aa ex-
tensive scale next iall.

Your obed't servant,

W. (lOTZELL.

[The ab')ye letter caitio to us in German

and was translated by a friend. — Ed,]

From tUo Ohio Former.

Artesian Wells.

By Cr'l. Cluts. H7.(7,'/fs/-y, Ckceland, Ohi«.

These -wells arc sunk, Lot with a pick
and shovel, but consist of a small hole
drilled into thQ earth and rock by a drill-
chisel, in the same way that rocks are
blown by \>owder, only the weight of the
apparatus docs not require any blows. —
They are the same in form and construc-
tion as the borings for salt water, or for
coal, ^Yhcn the dnll-chisel, with a bitt
of '21 or o inches across, is sunk a short*
distance into the soil or surface rock, an
iron rod is attached by a screw, and this
It sinks into the cartli. Bj means of
rods and joints tlio liolc may be sunk to
any depth, hundreds and thousands of
feet, it cannot be carried down, how-
ever, without water. Everv few inches
the rods and chisel, or bitt, must be driwn
out and the crushed rock and dirt pumped
up. This is done by an iron tube that is
moved up and down in the hole, with a
valve in the bottom through which tho
mud and salid enters and is drawn up. —
In this way tlie well is closed, and the
character of the rocks passed through, is
accurately known. Holes have been bored
of four and five inches in diameter.

They are called "Artesian wells," be-
cause they were first used to obtain fresh
water at Artois, in France. In that coun-
try they are common, and are becoming
So in the United States. One at the
Fountain of the Grenoble m Paris, is 168G
FrencJi feet iu depth, and the water Hows
over at 87 feet above the surface.

On the Kenhawa river borings for salt
water are carried down 12u0 to 13U0 ft.
As tho earth is cvcrvwliere saturated with
water, it is necessary in brine springs to
insert a tube of tin or copper from the
surface of the ground to the place where
salt water comes into tlic well. In Arte-
sian welis proper, or those intended to
procure fresh water, there should be a
sulhcient quantity' of good soft water to
ilow over in a continuous stream. The
mechanical principle which produces thii

>o

THE ix.Liisrois fa^i^jSIEr.

flow, is considorod to be simply hydros-
tatic pressure. This pressure exists be-
n ath the surface "wh.crcver there is a bed
of sand or clear gra. -el between beds of
clay or any impervious substance. The
same thing is observed where an open and
pc-ous rocky L-lratum is overlaid and un-
derlaid bv strata that are close-jjrnined
and dt» not alluw the passage of water.

Tlie water comes into the porous bed
wherever it cri»[.s out to tlicday, and set-
tles thn ugh it lo the lower purt^ ot the
bed. It it; thus pent up, and wh^^n tap-
ped at low levels by the drill, will rise not
AV''"^' reference to tin? surface of the coun-
try at tliewcll, lut as high as the country
■where it out-crops, perhaps at the 8um-
mit of a range of lulls or mountains.

Tiicy have been made with great suc-
cess in the red clays of \Viscons'.n, around
Winnebago Lake. Th.c Viatcr com'ng in
Tchcn the linger paspcis i!;to a bed of sand
or gravel, generally near the underlying
lime rock. On the dry cretaceous and
tertiary plains of Ahibaraa and Mississip-
pi, the water stratum is foun<l with great
regularity following the dip of the rocky
stratum.

As they Fink tlrjm more distant from
the ODicropping edges of the sandy beds,
thoy are obliged to go proportionably
deeper, oven to 8oO feet. Water will
frequently flow out tint is not pure. —
Such in general is that from lime-rocks
and limestone gravel. Coarse sand and
sand rocks produce the most and best wa-
ter.

It is not always possible to predict
"where the water wiU be found, but a close
study of the geological strucUiro of a
country, will enable one to decide, wiih-
in <a rea-onablo probability. With the
exception of the conglomerate that un-
derlies iho coal laeasure? of Ohio, the
rocks are either close-grained sand stone
or shales and lime rvck, ; either of whic'n
are favorable. In somo parts of the
State the rocks arc covered to a consid-
erable depth by drift clays and hard pan,
between which and the rocky stratum be-
neath, there is frequently a thin layer of
gravel like that at Lake Winnebago.

Here water mav be expected, but not
of great puniy.

'J'l;e cost of bo'.ing in clay is very
small, much Ic-s than that of digging
wells. In rock a hole of 2.] inches diam-
eter can be pat donn at 75 cents per foot
the first ij) I'cjt — a dollar for the next 50
feet, increasing about '25 cents per foot
for each distr.nce of 5 ) feet.

In flat countries, ■which arc necessarily
destitute of springs, and in dry times of
well water, a supply is seldom wanting at
the bottom of the cla^ys.

Legi-datures and city authorities would
be justiiie.i in making exneiiments upon
Artesian w Us in many districts that now
suffer for water for stock and domestic
uses.

She 6vusin\

Bultcr Miikiiig and Dairy Ifianngcicfnt.
The Dairy room should be cool, airy,
dry, and free from vermin of nil kinds.
To prevent the intrusion of flies, the win-
dows or cpenings Ought to be covered
with a fine wire gauze.

(JleanJhu".<H h of the iitmnst iinpor-
ianrc in dairy miniajcniciit, and if not
strictly looked after, may cause consid-
erable loss. Every article in which milk
is placed should be washed in boiling wa-
ter, and a little lime or st.da dissolved in
it. If milk should haopcn to sour in anv
ill>h, the acid tlius generated will injure
any which may le afterwards put into it;
but if washed in water in which an alkali
has been dissolved, the acid will be des-
troyed.

.tiutter is made of cream, freed from
its milky and serous properties.

This is effectod by churning. Some
imagitie that no butter can Ic gjod ex-
cept such as is made from fresh cream;
but this is a mistake, as cream requires
to h .vc a little acidity before tlio butter
will form. The length of timiC which the
cream should stand before churning, has
never been fully asccrtiiincdj from three
to seven days, liowever, may be consid-
ered as the proper period. A more im-
portant matter than the length of time
which cream requires to stand, is the de-
gree of temperature at which the crcatn
will turn into butter. This has been as-
certained from experiment to be from 45
to 75 degrees of Fahrenheit. In Hol-
land, when the cieam is too cold, hot
water is put in to raise tlic temperature
to 70 or 75 degrees. The best (juality
of butter is obtained at the temperature
of 51 degrees, according to experiments
performed by Mr. Pooler, and the great-
est quantity at the temperature of 46 de-
grees. During the process of churning,
the agitation will increase the heat 5 de-
grees more than it was when the cream
was put into the churn. Mr. Pooler is
of opinion, tlnit the greater quantity of
butter is obtained by die increased heat,
causing more milk to remain amongst
the butter, and thus, of course, must de-
crease its quality. In some of the dairies
in the neighborhood of largo cities the
butter is made by churning the cream and
milk together. This is done in order to ob-
tain the buttermilk, the demand for which
is always groatin large towns. Wherotho
milk and cream arc to be churned togeth-
er, the milk is kept in the coolers, for
from 12 to 24 hours, and then poured
into a milk tub. It remains here until
required for churning, and will durimg
this time have coagulated. If a certain
quantity of milk is put into the milk tub,
and has coagulated before any more has
creamed, the coagulated must in no way
be disturbed, or^ if the two quantities

are mixed tnn;ether, too much fermenta*
tion may be the consequence. The milk
is not churned till it has become acid,
and wdieu once coagulation has taken
place, it should be churned as early as
convenient.

If the milk has not fermented before
churning, the butter will keep for a much
longer time, will have an agreeable taste
an<l wiil bear to be mixed with a little
water. "When the milk is fermented be-
fore beina: churned, the butter milk will
never be so good, nor will it keep for
such a length of time as the former.

The operation of churning, whether it
be of cream alone, or cream and milk, is
performed in the same manner. The
milk requires more time than cream to
complete the process, from two to tliree
hours being considered necessary, while
cream alone may be effectually churned
in an hour and 'a Inilf. It is necessary
that the operation should be slow in warm
weather; for if done too hastily, the but-
ter will be soft and white. If the cream
is at too high a temperatne, the churn
should be cooled with cold spring water,
to reduce it to the proper degree of heat.
h\ winter, again, the operation of churn-
ing should be done as quickly as possi-
ble, the action being regular, and the
churn should bo warmed, to raise the tem-
peroturc of the milk or cream. The air
which is generated in the churn should be
allowed to escape, or it will impede tlio
process by the froth which it creates.

After the churning is performed, the
butter should be washed in cold spring
water, with a little salt in it, two or three
times, to extract all the m.ilk which may
be lodging about the mass.

It is said by some that butter retains
its sweetness much loiiger when no water
is used; and others affirm that the wash-
ing improves the flavor. The extract of
milk fr(jm butter will reduce its weight;
but it appears from the experiment of
Mr. Pooler upon the temperature of the
cream, that the less milk there is in the
butter, its quality is proportionably im-
proved. Kneading and beating the but-
ter too much renders it tough and gluey.
After the milk has been carefully extract-
ed, if the butter is to be salted, it should
he mixed with the finest salt, in propor-
tion of ten ounces to the stone of four-
teen pounds, more or less, according to
the time the butter is to be preserved. —
The butter and salt should be well railed
tof^ethcr with the hand, and sometimes it
ia canomarv to add a little saltpetre. A
compound of one part sugar, one part
nitre, and two parts of the best salt, fli-ic-
ly powdered together, has been highly
rocommended for preserving butter. It
is used in the proportion of one ounce to
the pound, and is said to give a flavor to
the butter which no other kind ever ac-
quires.

I ■\

THE ii.i.i:srois f.vi^.mek.

39

Mares versus GrlJings.

Farmers generally do not seem to be
fully aware ot' the benefits which thee
might derive from the use of m-ircs, in-
stead of geldingg. Farm work for hor-
ses ii comparatively light. It ii slow
work. " They are not necessarily exposed
to labor which produces heaves, founder,
spavin, broken wind, &c. These arc all
Caused -by unnecessary exposure, indul-
gence in eating or drinking, under unfa-
vorable circumstances J or overdriving; or,
by two or more of these causc-s combined.
It i3 true, it is necessary for horses to
perform some work upon a farm, which
draws severely upon their nature, but,
for the most part, farm work is steady,
every day work, where horses can be well
fed and cared for. Consequently marcs
are just as good farm workers as geld-
ings.

If such is the fact, we propose to show
farmers that they should, fcr their own
benefit, keep mares for farm work, in-
stead of geldings. With proper treat-
ment, a good breeding mare will bring a
colt every year, without interfering ma-
terially with the operations of the farm.

IF the necessary pains have been taken
to secure the services of the best stallion,
the colt will be worth,' Arhen a year old,
one hundred dollars; and, by the time he
is old enough to use, he should be worth
two hundred dollars. "Well, if thejcolt
is worth one hundred dollars at a year
old, and the service of the horse costs
twenty dollars, it leaves eighty dollars
for the use of the money invested in the
marc, as her labor will cerjainly pay for
her keeping. Now, if the mare is worth
two hundr^.l dollarL^, the eighty dollars
would pay forty per cent interest annual-
ly upon the investment, which is far bet-
ter than loaning money at three per cent
a month, as there is, in thi^ case, no
usury law for debtors to avail themselves
of; and then there is no more risk in the
mare than there would be in a gelding,
nor so much, even. This is onlv the
profit for one year.

The same can be done for a succession
of years. And you can just as well keep
a span of marcs on your farm, and after
two or three years, have a span of fine
horses to sell every year, as to keep a lot
of stock which will neither increase in
number nor value.

Now, if you keep geldings, they are

not SO hardy naturallj^, we think, and do
not live so long, and when once clone with
work, are of no Tnarmcr of account to
any one, and mercy requires you to knock
them on the head. On the contrary,
when your mares are advanced somewhat
in years, or if they become lame from
any cause, you can still, under ordinary
circumstances, make them of great ser-
vice to you by raising colts.

But there are certain kinds of labor
for which the gelding is better adapted.

^4>5f ^x xsr '-\ Ar^

^l/^^'-t^

'^r.#""

(#^^'^

■ l^eTRIPED GROUND SQUIRREL, OR CHIPMUCK.

siers. mey are aiso possessor ol luuic developmont, an-i \t a oitis omii^eu y> i^aix
muscular power, and, consequently, bet- , a^iinst the fcni'o. in the Pj.rinjr, with b'''; l<';i/>'

ter fitted L heavv draughts. ^ ^ e..vt turnod t.^'-d. hi. '^f ^^^^ '"^ •''V'nn''^^

-r,- ^-ic i' +^ 1 -1, bad keonmjr, that Will out-swear any pnttsu

\V e could find many purposes to which : ^.^^^^^ of'"ph'nty t'.) oat. and woll cared for," that

eeldmgs are better adapted than mares, any mistiikftu'farnun- can urge in palliation of

Wc would, therefore, advise not onlv his' neglect. i j i

farmers, but all who do not sovereW task I" .^vint.r. c..lt. vr.nt a dr:.^^ ^^^l)^^:^;? ;

J.1 • ^ • 1 1 u ^1 " r, vrcU stock.Ml witli 8traw viokp. fixed u]i on rails

their horses wnh labor, to keep mares ,.,.;^ .^^^ x. across a lirm i.eannq: l)oam. These

by all means. "We would cl-o advise ,,.ji] 'r^^^^~,\ ],;,x\\ f.rhh-r aifl Mudter. The yard

the -n to obtain the best marcs, and the shouldhe wflieucirc-lod hvtvpen sl-.ods, and kept

services of the best stallions, as the colts : clear uf rarnpa..t .tcors and all (Jtbor honkinj

.,,,,,. , ^ 1 n Ci^tle It s wel eni.Uirh t!i han'ile the e^dts m

will sell lor enough more to doubly pay ;;^;\'{,,,; Vnd keen the hair .trai>;ht and ole.an,

•tho trouble and expciise. And, hcsnies ^^-^ th.-y should f-leop sn will diu-in.n; the nijrhts,

the profit to the raiser of horses, the com- \ ;.n,l not l-e hitchel up by a haUer, or shut in a

munitv \.-ould be benefited by an increase narrow stall.

"i 11 • .1 • c r,,T ftH'd the colt-^ shonl:! have wnat hav thev

in number, and a decrease in the price of ^J^-^^^ l^-]!;^^ ^^^^,^ ^,^,, ^^^^^ ^j,,,^^^,! i,, jf ^,,^

hOi-scs m a few years. quality— none of vour raii\ soaked and sun-

A farmer vrho keeps only two horses, Imrnt'r^iiil'. not lit fur ^ed<l!n^^ Wc ahomhiate

and both f^eldin^'s, will be comnclled to had hav. and have wished, th.at Just for cspcri-

purchase a team of some one else when '"''''^ "Ti'm''^""'''" iVVn'"' ^''^vT^T^ho'l^^^
r. . , ., , , -L- 1- ino-'rifjed like an ohHellov.- we readot.whowas

his 13 done with work; whcreas.it his ^^^.^ ^^, ^.^.^ „^,.^^^ y^^^ „„ ox. till he learned
team is composed of mnres, he is pre- .c;,,uic "-ood horse sense. Besides the h.ay at
paring a team to take their nhiccs, when : regular hour^, md tht- straw they pick "P '*'*-
thev are turned out to tak'e their rest, ' t^ve.m times the colts should have a feed of
■ .{ 4. p n V ' i rhopned trrani, or other null stuff, or oats, e\ cry

eitlier on account of old age, or for any ^,^^.i '^^ ^.^^ ,^j. ^.^,.,.,,,-^ „,j,,. ,,,,,i then, a lick of

other cause. . ^.ii>' -^vjth a dust of clean wood arches in it ocea-

Farraers should keep as little non-pro- s-oriVilv. and a regular .ie. e«s to ]uiro -water for

ducing stock arOUlfd them as p-'SSible.— . ^'i-i"--' All this i. provision and care .^-c■ll aid
■v.- .-i ■ 1 n 1 1 1 *i i "lit and iluil w 1 i;av. if the colts themselves

Everythmi; should be made to pav the i '"•■'"''"'. . ' •, ,. r,iiiirator

- ,p . ', ," arc worth raisiu'i; at all. — (Jino ^uuiiaior.

best possible per centage, with fair us- i '

age

Then, we say to farmers, sell vour

ilol(line;s aul purcliase marcs, and pC3 if \ Pearl Fishing at G'^een Bay, Wis. — The

our advice is not good in the dnd.
If est cm Farranr.

-»*-

,\.-.yfl ' Green Bav Advocate jrive? an account of an
'"^ ' "" extensive discovery of pearls in the fresh vsater
i clams of that neigiihiirhood. The people turn-
j ed out and hun-e1 ciauis assiduously for eever-
1 al d.iy^. and tin iliv eerit a couple of the pearls
to Ball, Black i Co., of New York to know
a. ..- c. .w^. ,,...-. „v...., ... ..,,.-. u -.wit i.;;ui. A what they were worth. In a few days an an-
great ;nanv iirfani.siua; aniinals are so handled. I swer was returned that that kind of pearls was
or rather shirked off, dur'n r the fi'-st years oi ' rather S'arce in the nia'ket just now, and that
their lives, that they never ctuic to be what they --uch wouli sell as high as sixty cents per
would Avitii proper handling. To keep colts ; hushd.

iccpins Colis iii Yi'iiiirr.

It is a nice husincss to raise a colt right.

-iO

Tiir: iLLi:isrois fa^rmer.

?hc ;?niiuoiiS J^avmcv.

SPni\t;ur.LD, m\hcii i, 183*1.

Er?!\7a. — Mi\ P. IMwarvl-? v,i-<li.r? to iiiako
this crra;-— -In 21 v- 1. Tnins. I!!. St:ito A.-ri-
cultuni! ^.•.•: -y. j a-.. Ha. aii-l ivirhtii lin.- r.-,.iii
Ih*' 1. -t:. i!i. :.■:■ -orin,.!" uy.vl ■■biirir-I."

Brca.vniZAT Ui; A.v. — Tii(- pap*-;'.? c intain vc-^
couiU.- (if thi- !• ss <,f III my !i'>,ir> in <-.ii-i'<ni('nco
ofhaviiK; Iv'oa ;;. i v,-;-h l,r.> kw.-at l.ran.

S&^A mill flir priivlin;^ su^ar cane ■^\itli
inirsc {xjv.xT uttadio'l — very stronjj work — and
\vlii..h w ill oxpros- from 45 to 90 <rail'i!?<^fjui<^e
v.'^r IsMur, — lias b.^en p:f>ttt>n up in Ohio, ■\vhiob
will e. St thcro $110. cash in hainl.

5i3^-rr. 0-1.m;i.'.l':-. i.f Livini:- t»n (•.■.untv.
eacce-'lcl in makiiir: n l-caatiful arri.-ic.^f su-^nr

fr..

'U\ th«.' Cl!!!i''-e ?i':_-a;- Car.e. the Ja-t .-'■a- «i).

P^Sovcrul valual.l.- h .r.-f> l;-f. .' '.o.^n l-.^t in
OIilvj hy eatini: iir> r.ii;l corn, v.iihia a fiw

wet

■f.V

B*lR:^Th.^ L<v''hiti;:o >.i 0;i! .crh-n.' 1 lljo pi:1>-
li-ati .n ..f i:'t..i'M ,■ .;.:,•.= ..fth.^ Trai)sa?ti ns nf
thoOiii.' A-rii ulrnn.I S-ic-ty lov ]S,J7, an 1 tiic
same mi:n]).-r f r IS-" <.

The Rjaitp. and StacivEr.— Of thi-; reaper
and staokc.-. which has hccii il,>naiel to the
State A'^r'i Liltuial Society, to be used as a pre-
mium f)r a crt.p df wheat the pre-:ent vcar, — a
c .rrc-;jv.iiJc!it writes — '"It r.iijin.»aelies an clj
s!-.' ! lii -inipiicity of Cfustrurt: .n, and <i esavrav
V iih all the /(jx/ w.n-k of the harvest field, as
•>T( 11 as i.;^ure~ the crop from daaia^'C by weather
just iL- s n.>n a-; it is cut."

t^^Ir is t;!!i-- i; .v,- t > I <■-;;. to m.ikc prepara-
tiius f .r t!;.^ irarb :i. (;.'.rdt:ir-r> hav,- air

sown tliei" t i:iiat.>. ca'ib;

Jl! 1

bcd.^

ntllOl- S-'!^. {

aire. jw'p!.,.]-. oi_'_' plant,

c.irlv vex. 'tab

m !i .r

C&^^'K\ tl„. Stl; ..rF:lru:i:-v. a raim-^r^' Club

was ">r /:',:!;.:•

(' r-V-

mill'.

D:-. (I

e!i'-te,I Pre ;i;ii': W. C. F

■•i:n was
'iiii;!; :. :fc TL'taiy:
aii } ^V. Wri^'.f. Tr-^i^nr.-:-. Ti.<' ..?i;c-t i- t<-
fret no -lis. as-i ;!s ..:i Mil-je-'ts oiine-t-I with
au;r;.;;!hi:r.\ ^V,' i.:.v.- n > d ubl tltat s ,iriie:>

Chinese Sugar Caiif.— What is Xccilrd.
We see au ariicle going the rounds pf
the papers, copied from the Kew York
Journal of Commerce, intcnOicd to dis-
courage the cultivation of the Chinese Su-
gar Cane. It admits that the Cane will
mature here, that it is useful for fodder,
that svrup has been made from its juice,
and also sugar in some cases; but it would
discourage the cuhivati<in under the idea
that it cannot be made a profitable crop.
Tfe are far from desirinsr our farmers
gensrallj to cultivate this cane, espec-
ially thoEC who have no kiiowledize of the
proper management of the mature crop,
and are without the apparatus necessarj
to secure fuccess. ]jut we believe that
the Chincjc Sugur Cane, as one of our
staples, p-o/iuts tvcll. Under all the
circumstances of the inc.vpcricnce of our
farmer?, their cuccess was vroudcrful last
fail. Many of them made a valuable
svrup, at loss tlian 2-3 cents per gallon,
that a'.iswers all the purposes of ordinary
have s(ic!i land f t y I'.r ortliar]. t" Le success- 1 molasscs. But to sccure the bcst rcsults,
i fill, ynu mi:-t und. r drain it. Thirty-flve feet j better anr)aratui, ir.oro skill and cxpcri-

once are required. What we want is some

BS"On oar prairie farms, where it is desira-
ble t'l i:ave a pnte -tifin <.f trees a-? well as a
fi-ni-e. a very poi.d hedf;ecan be made (,f cottou-
Vi. .1, Loinbardy |HDp!ars. silver leafed jxiplar,
ami even <f willow. Plw t:p a ridjre where
y.ai dc-ireyiar fci^^o t • be ■,'.nd plant out cut-
tiau'-'of either <.f :he kind- < i w.c.d iat:aed, fav i
iivc inclu-:- fr.. m one p.:. li.-.r. ] '.: tii-in ::::.» tl.c ;
gr.'und dcpp. and in tl.rer r l.r.:- vc.irs V'.u will
have a vcrv •• 1 f(Mi'-c.

-*—

S&'T) >i\'i undertake t-> j^Iant < ut ti-ce5 f >r an

orchard v.herc the n^.ts will bo likclv t > stand

I in water. Th'v will d > n > c d. If v o niujt

:ipart is ab'.ut the distance apple trees should
be planted out. and at this distance thirty-five
trees will be ^u.^lvicllt f.)r the a< re.

of tiiis ki;! I

ral S'l "i-rv >•
oiio h;.r<e. T
urra:;.:.^ 1 u-; t
t';e ha. i .-i-a
th'blt!
r.iuted t ' d .
sear UMchi:!
chines v>-e!-.:a

i:;

Mr:'ai

a . • ":ni:\r]:\\v u.-o!i

^r-c,]

]■

li'- Xc-.v \'..]i A_i-!'-;iIti:-
- ' ;'a i;>'-v re.!- ■•r, m .vc 1 by

U;ti;VJ is d 'JlO bv S;-^ llifs SI

'.'ill tiie ■'.''■. «"t* ,11 t1i
<.'.ii.i:i-^ fr liii V'"int t I h':'!d i.f

i'k '.'.1 tiiC plan o

II

Ec^The c inimissIo:a-rs acting under a law
■ >fO!ii., have pueha<el 1,170 acres of land in
E'airli.ll canty, on whicli arranf^crnvnts are
b--i;cj: ni lb- t • pa: up suiuilile buildings and
pri.vido t<'a.-!;-'rs for the education <d'tWM hun-
dred I'y;. I'he b 'ys, uiiiler projier superia-
ton'lent-^. t!iis winter, will be emjd ycd Vj de
luu.-t mT tae v.vrk <:f t!;e f.irni — in .]d;intiii;r out
vini-yard-, nr, h.irl- and in i.:'eparin<i irr-^un'!"^
fir V"^. i,;i.le L'ardens. The farm i-; mainiv

;v,a a v,;;ii..no h ,;• ,' a-^^ tL-eo""- i '^'^■'^'■•'■^ *'•" f'"'^- 1'i'c puidi ) expect great re
d>v.lt!itvM ur l-a.-. Tl: : ma
■-■^ t's a i-)V p.uii Is, aii 1 wa-
patenred Au". 4. I'-'T.

= alts fr. :u tlo^ A-rieuliural Seh-d.

cheap and good establishments, with all
the necessary apparatus, and with per-
sons of skill to manage them, all about
the country. With such facilities, we
have no more doubt that good syrup, good
molasses, and good sugar can ba made,
and profitably, tuo, from the Chinese Su-
gar L'nne, than we have that we are now
writing this article.

And to be successful, tve iv.v.st Lave
tJicsj sui/ai-csiallic<lriiritt.<; and tlie soon-
er we go about it the better. There
ought to bo one in, or near, this city. —
By referring to communications on the

&a»A n.-r mill i- ..n er!iib:ti:^n at Pliiladfd-
pli'a, {"or grindio': e rn. wheir, i<: •. It i< made
to crush the grai.-!. — a- >: t ■ cut it. T.hree hun-
dred are n..w in ne. a!:d n-t or.e hax I ce.i
rerurne I t^. th- •aak.';-. 'I'lii're isa b<dratia.di<'d
an. I the '.■■ii.-b

feet s..r.

• ;- c.ai;>.i- .d in a iia< e r f thn-e
I; i^ v>M:k '1 by h ;>. 1 ■.•.•.<■] li..r.-e
pnvcr. ihe pri— f,:- the mill f ,r v. h-at with
bdt i>, ?7'j: f ri- e .;-n. SJO: and f .;• hand >■ .wc;-.
$10.

E«^C:iAr.;.i:s Kfnnk.-tt, E^q.. {//or/. £d

Emenfs Journal of AjricuUure,) v.hn has fnr

s.me time ];een in business vith his father, Dr. ; subject of the Sugar Cane, in this paper,

J^^us A. iEXNiroTT. as a nur^eryman and j it Vili be sccn that, wiih a Steam engine of
I tl.i.-ist in 0(1 'k couniy, is ni<-.v ilev..,t;ng L:- at-
I te::ti.>n t" land.-cai'C jiardeninL'. f ir -vhl.-ii cm-

|l"ym'at we cnnsider he lias ileeide 1 talent.
I lie "fle.'-s lii> pr..fessi«.nal setviccs t.j the public

GxeEi;r.i;:;iE ;. — L'lUtinT-i can yet be taken
fr >ni g .^ -eberi-y bushes f.r piantiiiir.-ut. The-v

sh-uld be i:'...ut a f •: 1 .n-. th '
»'i'.,;ul 1 be di-'." ' '■

eight horse power, the necessary build-
ings and apparatus, v.-ould not cost over

§2,000. We may be raisfjhcn, but we be-
in this aud the neiirld.. ring States, as lan-I^cajc ! lieve that this sum, for this pui-pose,
tranlener, an-l refer- t .> his brethren 'f the Airri- '
• u'tural pre s. s^nd t'l the ^'fficers <.f the State
and II irtieultuial Sneioties. Letters should be
addressed to him. care "( Kmcri/'g Jfjurnal of
Ajri'-uUure, or call at hi- i iFije, N i. iod Lake
S..i'eet, Cii'''a_'i>.

could be raised in cur citv. It would be
the beginning of a business ihaf would
tell on the prosperity of Illinois. There
are in our State 1,500,000 people. Take
all these together, and the sugar and mo-
Xnu- LiNH OF S^v^iTTto California.-' ^^-^^ roq-iired to supply th^ir wants
''.^■' ■'■'•''■•' ^■'" ^''i^'^'''.- •"'"■'■'• 1 ''<^ A nc'.v line of steamships has been est-.ibli.-^hed would average (more than) five dollars
placed s :ae eight iaehe. in ti^e gr-und. aa I -he t, run between Xcw Y..rk and San Francinoo, , each. The number cf Cur peopla multi-
earto pa-^.el ],:,!■ 1 ab.i- ir. Tiie b-.t varietv ria ti.e I'anitra Ilailread. Th^? f.t.-;.i,i.hi,, ' ,• i i c ii i ^ ,

woka .w ..n i- 11 u-Lt:.n's reelang It d.^ X .rrh.-rn Lght, Capt. Ti:d;lepaagb, ^W\ leave : P''^'^ ^l ^^^ ^°^'J ^^^<^ ^^^ ^OUnd SUai

-' ] over ].art

an.I bear, oromsclv an 1 is v.ell J;a- ^ ''^"^"' ^'l'"''' ^".'*"-' ^'''"'' **" -'^"■'^'' ^'"" -^^-^'n**!'- of ^7,500, OOV.

1 'iM I .'.,•, , ' ' cnnccting with the S:eams!i:n (>r«aVa. Cane, i o n- c i i i i ■•

Torek Ihc lu'g-r var:et:es bear less and the ■ Blethen, ^hich leaves Ban Francisco ou the h± \ ^^^'^'^ ^'^^'''^^ ^^^ hundl'ed thousand

fru;: is not as g -..d. l-is is our esi-erieace. i of March for Panama. j dollars,'saYed to our State and used tO

THE ILLII^OIB F^IlUMER.

41

give employment to our people would se-
cure an amount of good that -would be
felt in the increase of emigration to our
State, in the employment of our people,
in the rise of property, that can scarcely
noAT be rcalix:d.

We have a luxuriant soil, but it is not
the best soil for wheat. "Winters affect
it, and drouth and insects injure it, and
sometimes the crop fails. Our soil pro-
duces immense cropi of corn, and expe
ricnce has shoim, that ercn -flrhon, as in
the late season, there was injury from its
shortness, the Chineio Sugar Cane yield-
ed a heavy crop, and became perfectly
matured, as is evident by the perfection
of its seed. If this cane perfected itself
the last unfavorable season, which was
at least three weeks shorter than usual,
what may wc not expect of it m favor-
able seasons?

We believe that Providence has given
us this new staple at the very moment it
was required. The experience of the last
season has tested and proved its ralue.
What we want i.ow is skill, experience,
and proper means to bring cut its value,
just as Whitney's invention brought out
the value of cotton, and gave to that sta-
ple the soubriquet, "Cotton King."

Let our enterprising men take this mat-
ter into consideration. Sphixgfield is
just as good a point to erect a sugar es-
tablishment as can be found in the State.
Here, within five miles of the city, if ;.
market can be secured, hundreds of acres
» of Su:-:"ar Cane can be grown; and here
we have a population within striking dis-
tance that would consume all the syrup,
molasses and sugar that such an estab-
lishment could furnish them.

We again invite the attention of our
readers to two communications, on the
subject of manufacturing sugar and mo-
lasses from the Chinese Sugar Cane, in
this paper, addressed to the Correspond-
ing Secretary of the State Agricultural

Society.

-••»-

,.--"- Credit.

We have thought sn~.e remarks in a
plain way on the credit system mi^ht
not be amiss at this time. Wo exist as
a nation more largely on credit than any
other under the sun. In our cady his^o-
ry it was natural that the pioneers to a
new country should not be men of wenlth,
that they should depend upon assistance

from each other to a greater extent than
older communities; but the case is now
altered", and, perhaps, fewer countries in
the ncrld are richer than the United States
of America. Yet we borrow to the most
unlimited extent. From those in afflu-
ent circumstances to the poorest kind,
all run in debt, and frequently, not on-
ly without cause, but against the plainest
dictates of prudence and common sense.
That we must borrow, and that we must
lend, is clear enough. Humanity is
wrapped up in tliesc mutual assistances;
the sympathies are brought out; the best
parts of the character developed; but
where we run hazards for mere acquisition
where we buv that which we can do with-
out, when we enter into new schemes and
engagements before pa,st claims are liqui-
dated, we lose our rcsponsibleness, and
are the authors, to the extent of our ca-
pacity, of that wide spread ruin which
occasionally visits the business world.

Nothing more undermines the character
we imagine, then this looseness with re-
gard to our pecuniary obligations. Send
a child, for the first time, on an errand
to buy an article, and it will not do it, —
the whole nature is ruptured, unless
something wherewithal be sent to pay
for it; and this sensibility to truth and
justice should be shared to a larger ex-
tent by the adult community. None of
us can well cast a stone, for we are all in
the same disgrace; but we may neverthe-
less suggest the propriety of thinking
over and planning some means by which
our consciences should be reached on
this subject. We think som.e mark of
reprobation should be visited upon those
who enter upon new schemes, and the
outlay of money, before existing debts
are provided for. One builds a mill,
buvs a house, extends a farm, when a
dependent fellow-man may be distressed
for the want of monev due him bv this
same heartless operator. To ask one of
these worthies to pay you an obligation,
that may have already lengthened itself
into two or three years, is little less than
an insult. "Howcan.I,"hewill say, "go
on with this project, (whatever it may
be,) if I pay you, or am without this
monev," — thus makinc: himself the in-
jured and assailed, instead of his victim.

The friendly relations of society are
very much disturbed by disordered debt
and credit. It is the cause of much of

the litigation in our courts, and the dark-
er criminal records show the stain it
makes on human life. The celebrated
Webster murder, in Boston, some years
since, was caused by debt and dunning.
The whole community, we may add the
world, stand aghast that anything could
thus disturb so cultivated a condition
of society; but no cultivation can stand
the reproaches that extravagance will
bring upon it. Of late years there has
grown up in our country an insensibility
to crimes. There may be some virtue in
it, and we think there is; but it exhibits
itself in acting more humanely, as it
thinks, towards crime, and the conse-
quence is vigilance committees, and
lynching, which have so much disgraced
our annals. In our Western country,
growing rapidly, there are many new
comers, many of them very desirable
persons, as good, it may be better, than
the old settlers; but all laboring under
the disadvantage of being unknown, of
meeting no eye that they feel in any de-
gree amenable to; thus offering to all
temptations, to which the worst avail
themselves, and the consequence is, more
mistrust and confusion than should ex-
ist in a well ordered society.

The loss sustained by bad debts must
be made good, is made good, by en-
hanced prices, borne by the more honest
and frugal portion of society; thus a deep
injustice is spread broadcast everywhere,
and in its accumulated power, does its
part, and a large part, in sapping the
foundation of national credit. There
can be no objection to looking to the
fall of the year, to the movement of
wheat and produce, to settle existing
accounts; but be the time or circum-
stance what it may, we think a much
greater responsibility should be felt to
pay our just debts when due. We do
not know that coercive laws do much to
compel us, that the pulpit does much,
under the present state of feeling, or ad-
dressed to any particular phase of social
delinquency; but we do know that man
holds relations of a distinctly moral type
to another than an earthly tribunal, to
which he should address himself when
he enters into obligations with his fellow-
man. The observance of these, will, in
the long run, redound to his advantage
in a worldly as well as a christian sense,
according to Divine authority.

^WV,'T^'r*-rfJi "^W; "^

-iipt^-Tsp^^^t^tT^V '

t-i*

42

-IE ILLINOIS FA.RMEII.

Kflf-Acling Farm Wrll.

I'l'is invention can be rendered of
great service to stock raisers, on our
■western prairies, where rcliiincc must
be upon wells for water. Cattle by
moans of it, can supply themselves
with more water than they c:;n use.
It is simple, effective and cannot get
out of order. There is no necessity
of saying tliat it is a great labor-
saving contrivance. Tiiat niu:;t be
obviuus to all.

These "Self-Acting" machines
will soon be for sale in this county.

The iS'cicntiJie A7nerir(ni &n\s: The
utility of a device which can enable an
animal by slightly depressing the
platform on which it approaclics
draw up from a well a plentiful sup-
ply of drink, is too obvious to requn-e
remark. The labor of pumping a suf-
ficient quantity daily to supply a l;ii-gc
amount of stock is very consider;ible,
and may frequently prevent the loca-
tion of AVells in many pastures, n-licve
witk a self-actinnr device for raiiintr

tlie fluid by the weight of the animals ' the plaifonn P, The opposite edge of
themselves, such supplies of water would , this platform is hinged, so that it may
be highly servicable. rise and fall, to some extent, and the

The accompanying cut graphically do- weight of the bucket is sufficient, by its
lin(ato; the general arrangement of a descent, to raise the platform when un-
sell-ac.ing water elevator for this pur- loaded, but Avhen a large animal steps on
pose, ''esignodby J. A. xVyrc?, of llart- , T, its weight is sufficient to revolve the
ford, Con.n., and its operation will be wheel and raise the bucket, bringmg up
reacily un 'erstood from a brief dcscrip- ; considerably more water than it can con-
sume, and keeping the trough always
full and running over, unless sheep or
other very light animals are supplied in
addition.

tion.

ThebucketjB, steadied by light gui Ics,
r r, is suspended bp the io,ic e, which
latter is coiled on the large whee', A, —
On tl e same shaft with A are mounted

By this simple device all the ends to

smaVer Pulleys, C C, on which ropes are be desired are effectually attained, so far
coiled, which arj attached to one edge of as certainty of action by the weight of

heavy animals can do this; and it will bo
seen, on a little further thought, that
even an animal too light to raise the full
bucket, will, by inducing a considerable
pull on the bucket, and by consequently
raising it a trifle in the water, induce the
contents to escape freely through the open
hole until it becomes light enough to rise
rapidly to the top.

<>i

Tile Land Bill.

No definite action has been had on
Gov. Morrill's Land Bill. There is yet
time to reach Congress by memorials in
behalf of this measure, and our members
by letters, urging them to make efforts
to secure its success in the two Houses.

The propriety of the passage of the
bill, does not admit of a question. Con-
gress has been prodigal in grants to all
other than the farming interests. Eve-
ry dollar thus given to the people by
this bill which is to be used for the edu-
cation of the masses, will in a limited
time pay a thousand fold back into the
Treasury.

It has been for many years a matter
of serious complaint, that in Congress,
the great agricultural interests of the
country, were neglected to advance otk-
cr interests. Commerce, and manufac-
tures, though of far less importance to
the nation than agriculture, have had
the support of government. Within a
few kite years a single bureau of a de-
partment at Washington, has given some
attention to agriculture — a few clerks
who have had no experience in the busi-
ness of which they have the care, haVe
had it under their control- — some few
thousand dollars worth of seed have been
distributed, generally selected without
the necess.iry knowledge for such a du-
ty— and this is about all that the gov-
ernment has done, and is doing for the
great {igriculturul interests of the nation.

What we now want are schools, de-
voted to agriculture, in every State of
this Union. We want that the profes-
sion should receive all the aids of science
and knowledge. In the duties of the
farm, we Avant the intelligent mind to
dictate, and energetic hands to work. —
We want agriculture to be elevated
among the professions, to the rank where
it justly belongs. We want our young
farmers to feel that they belong to a pro-
fession which requires as much mind for
its best success, as any other, and that
instead of its being regarded as a pro-

THE ILLINOIS FA^ROSIER.

43

fession of low drudgery, that it should
rank with the highest.

How is this to he effected? By edu-
cation in the particular branches useful
and necessary to the farmer. Other
professions have their schools and col-
IcfT'es; — the munificence of gorernment
and individuals has been extended to
lliQTa — and now the industrial inassrs
come before Congress and ask t'acm for
a portion of the public domain to endow
institutions for the benefit of tho great
interest Avhich sustains all others.

Shall these reasonable petitic ns fail
for want of proper effort in their l)chalf
from our members of Congre is? We
think not. V^g trust not. On other
subjects they may differ, hut on. this we
believe them to be a unit.

Let them carry the bill through, and
they will receive a character and a name
and a grateful remembrance from the
people of Illinois, that vrill he bright
and green long after the exciting subjects
which now occupy the attention of the
people shall be forgoUon.

Hungarian Grass.
The great reputation v.hich this grass
has obtained in Iowa, will induce a thor-
ough trial of it in other States the com-
ino- season. We do not doubt that it is
a most profitable forage crop, produc-
ing an immense yield of grass and seed.
We have heard it stated by those who
ought to know, that the best crops have
bean bet'-vecD six and seven tons to the
acre, and in some cases forty bushels of
seed have been produced to the acre. —
This gras?, (vddch is in fact, a small
variety of millet,) seems to grow with-
out much regard for Avet or dry seasons,
provided the ground on which it is sovrn
is not of a ircncral wet character. In
many parts of Iowa, this grass is nov>-
cultivated in the place of corn for stock,
or timothy for the same purpose — as be-
ing a more certain crop than cither.

On new praivic farms, where it is de-
sirable to secure a good fodder for stock,
this grass, Avhen its advantages are
known, Avill be deemed indispensable.

We have so much confidence in this
new species of grass, that we rcccom-
mgnd our farmers to give it a fair trial.

£^^The Executive Committee of the State
Airricultural Society hoLi their March meetino-

5^^ -"J^Jr^P^

i:,n'ROVi;D ci.irPEB.
IhAs is one of the best Molinc PIoats.

33 v

taking off the rolling cutter, you have a good
plow for old ground. By putting it on you
have a two-horse ]>reaker, which runs light, and
by which you can turn over tv.-o acres of turf
per day, in the best manner. All the cutting
parts arc tlic very best quality of cast steel.

Commnnicatimv^,

The Grindstone.

Mr. Editor : I have learned a good
many practical tiiid useful lessons in my
exporienc<i with the grindstone. I was
for several years without one. I was
probably as able to have one, as many
of my neighbors; but as they cost, all
rio^fTcd for use, some five dollars, I
thought I Avould still borrow the use of
one, and keep my money. W^hen I went
over to Grimes' to grind my axeorsythc
or other tool, I thought a good many
times that he felt, although he did not
say it, that I had better get a grindstone
myself. His was a good one, and was
fast wearing out, but I said to myself
what grinding I want to do, won't waste
it much, and so I kept on, using his
grindstone about as long as it was good
for an V thin n;. In this manner I was of-
ten delayed because I had to wait for the
owner to use it, wdiich, to say the least,
was very vexatious to me, and, indeed,
at times, it seemed to me, he kept me
waiting as long as possible.

But when the poor thing was worn out,

like. I know that when we go into a
new country, it is difficult to get all the
tools we want, and it is a convenience all
round to borrow and lend; but as soon
as this state of things can be remedied,
it had better be done. Neighbors do not
like to lend a choice tool when they know
you do not know how to use it. It is
true they will lend it; but there is a sort
of mental reservation, in which they say
to themselves — "I wish Mr. Jones would
furnish his oysn tools — he is as well able
to do it as I .im myself."

Now, Mr- Editor, I am an old sinner;
but my experience has been useful to
me, and I wish to make it useful to oth-
ers. Poor Richard said, "those who go
borrrowing, go sorrowing." It is about
so. Every farmer should possess him-
self of the tool.^ for -which he has con-
stant use. If he is not able to get them
at once, he should get them as he can.
It is a great loss to him to be compelled
to borrow. If he can purchase tools
and implements, he cannot afford to bor-
row. It is a losing operation; it is un-
pleasant to a sensitive man to be con-
stantly borrowing, and it is vexatious to

a neighbor. W.

. .••

Editor Farmer : A good many of
our farmers are holding on to their pro-
duce. I am told that in some parts of
the State they are absolutely paying
five per cent per month for money, rath-
er than to sell their wheat and pay their
debts. They are looking for a great
rise in wheat.

Is there a prospect, Mr. Editor, for
a great rise in this article of produce?
Who wants it? Is there foreign demand
for it?

Now, sir, I do not see why wheat
should rise much. As money becomes
plenty in the East, the amount used
tliere may bring a higher price, but not

in

this city on the Olh in&tant.

I concluded to get r.\c one. It proved j sufficient to pay the loss of holding on

to the wheat. Our manufacturing peo-
ple in the East have mostly left their
work, and have gone into the coun-
try, where, instead of being consumers,
they have already, to some extent, be-
come producers, and will be more so. —
We have killed off our manufacturers,
and we are buying goods where we can
buy them cheapest, and that is in Eng-
land; but England does not want our
produce to pay for the goods. She
wants money and will permit us to keep
our produce at home. That is the ex-
act state of things. Could Ave be per-
mitted to feed those who manufacture
for us. Western produce would be in good

to bo a good one. We kept our tools
all in good cutting order, — which was
not the case v. hen we had to go a mile
to grind. I fancied, and I believe that
I was correct, that I had lost more than
ten times over tlie cost of my grindstone,
in going to my neighbors to get an edge
put on my tools. And what had I gain-
KB? Nothing but the feeling of my
neighbor that I was as well able to keep
a grindstone as himself, and that the
reason I had not, was that I preferred
making him furnish me one at his ex-
pense.

This is a little thing, Mr. Editor. —
But there are many other little things

that might be placed under the same | demand — we should have good markets,
head as the grindstone. I have done j and we could pay our debts. What Ave
some borrowinc: in mv time, but I shall Avant is a home market for our produce

do little more, if I possibly can help it.
I used to borrow tools to mend my plow,
harrOAV, make a gate noAV and then, and

something steady and stable that can
be relied upon.

I have written more than I designed

sometimes to fix up ox yokes and the to at first. I do not see how we can

4:4

TPIE ILLINOIS F^IIM:EB.

anticipate a great rise in produce. In
England tlie crops last season were fine,
and they do not want ours to any great
extent, when this is the case. If next
year the Englisli crops should he cut
off, we might have the privilege of send-
inj; wheat and flour to her starviuir worh-
men. Until that takes place, she Avill
be satisfied with taking a good ]»art nf
her pay for goods in gold, Avhicli we want
at home so much. Whatever mav be
said on the subject, our present hard
times, results from a few causes: — the
European war helped our produce mark-
et— the influx of gold from California
helped to pay our foreign debts. Times
have changed ; there is no war demand
for produce ; — England raises food
enough for herself; our gold is gathered
and shipped in untold millions to pay
our debts; this draining of goH compels
our banks to curtail discounts, — thus
breaking; merchants, disarranges busi-
ness, throws produce dealers out of em-
ploy, and in the end produces the disas-
ters we have lately seen in the country.
Let Congress pass, promptly, a tariff
that shall protect the national industry,
set all our manufacturers at work, and
in six months our country would be in
the high road to prosperity.

"Ouii'CouXTRY."

-*9*-

Asriciilturnl Marliiufry.

Editor Far.aier: I was one of those
who favored the establishment, in this
State, of an Industrial University, and
especially was in favor of there being
taught in such an institution some of the
leading branches of niechanies, a kno-\vl-
edrre of which seems to be necessary to
the putting up and Avorking many of
the agricultural implements of the ])res-
ent day. How often do we find it to l)e
the case that the new inventions are hard
to be understood by the usual intelligent
laborers on the farm. I have seen, in
harvest time, the owners of reapers and
mowers going about tlie country to fin<l
some man to sei their machine to woik,
when one with the most common knowl-
edge of mechanics would ])oint out the
obstacle which prevented their working.
The same thing I have knov.-n to take
place in regard to the threshers and
drilling macliines.

I think that great advantage will ac-
crue if mechanical knowledge, to some
extent, is taught in the Normal school.
If the present jdan is not suilicient to
embrace the teaching required in this
case, more legislation sliould be had. —
Our system of farming is different from
what it was ten years ago. Much will
be done with agricultural macliincry, and
our young farmers should be so Avell in-
structed in mechanics as to be able -to un-
derstand the working of such machinery.
Many seem to have an innate knowledge
of the matter; others do not. They Avill

then be able to judge between good ma-
chines, and those got up on the humbug
principle.

I do not suppose that the Normal
school will be properly under way, pos-
sessing all the advantages for educating
the masses desired, until their buildings
are erected and their grounds put in or-
der. I earnestly hope that the school
will be made the basis of a school for the
masses, and which will carry practical
and useful information, to the great in-
terest of the State, into all our school
districts. To make it such an institu-
tion, should be the object of the people
of our great State, and their will should
bo carried out by their Representatives.

J. E. W.

-•♦^

Poaltry.
Mr. Editor: The last season was a
bad one for raising poultry, especially
the (lung-hill fowl. Chickens were plen-
ty, but they died before they were a
month old. While they were apparent-
ly doing well, a fit of dullness seemed to
come upon them; they dropped their
Avings, hunched up their backs and soon
died. Their crops were empty, though
tlicy seemed to be in good order for

groAviiiir.

The books contain no notice of this
disease. Can some of your readers give
an account of it, and its cure? I am of
opinion that three-fourths of the chick-
ens hatched died from this disease last
season. E. C.

[Can some of our readers give the in-
formation required in this communica-
tion.]

5;hc ^mnt

Philadklpiiia Aoricultural Society.
— At a niecting of the riiihidclphia Agri-
cultural Society, at thoir rooms in Chostimt
Street, on the 3d of Februarj, Mr. Fischer
presented to the Society specimens of sugar,
intinufacturoJ from the Chinese Sugar Cane
by 3Ir. Loveriiiix, at his farm, on the York
Koad. Mr. F. in presenting the report, said
that 1,500 pounds of sugar could be raised
to the acre, Avhich would produce a better
profit than other agricultural products; be-
sides, the blades and stocks Avere better as
food for cattle than corn fodder. Mr. F.
had also been informed by a number of gen-
tlemen in DehiAvare, that they had obtained
syrup from the cane Avith but little difficulty,
lie then read statistics of sugar, taken from
the report of the Secretary of the Treasury
in 18.^0, for the purpose of showing that this
product is the only second to that of cotton.
Mr. F. contended that the experiments of
Mr. Lovcriiig AA'Ould add much to the im-
portahce of this subject, and in aJI probability
Avould tend to the great increase of the man-

ufacture of sugar in the Northern States, and
thus open up a mine of wealth far more A"al-
uable than the gold mines of California. In
conclusion, ^Ir. F. offered a series of resolu-
tions tendering the thanks of the society to
Mr. Levering for his specimens of sugar, and
that a piece of silver plate be presented to
him for his valuable discovery.

Mr, Emerson seconded the resolutions,
and said that Mr. T/overing had communica-
ted to him one fact Avhieh was not in his
book, and that Avas, that in boiling the syrup
tAvo degrees less in temperature was required
than in the West Indies. There 240° were
required, while Mr. Lovering's experiments
showed that only 238° were required

Mr. Williams said that in the West Indies
5,000 pounds of sugar could be raised on an
acre, and in this country only 1,500 pounds
could be produced. In the West Indies
labor was only 25 cents per day, while in the
northern parts of this country Avages were
much higher. He did not believe that any
profit could be realized to the farmers of this
country by the production of this sugar. In
reference to the presentation of plate, the
society Avas not in a condition to purchase it.
lie should like to knoAv Avhcther 3Ir. Lever-
ing Avas the first to make the sugar from the
syrup.

Mr. Emerson said that Mr. LoA'ering was
the first to make a successful experiment
Avhich showed that sugar of the best quality
could be produced from the cane.

Mr. Fischer said tlie machinery used by
Mr. LoA-criiig in luuking the sugar, could
not have cost much OA'cr 860, and any man
can make this sugar easier than he can a pot
of apple butter. Mr. L. Avas the first to make
experiments Avhich Avould show that every
one could enter into its manufacture. There
are now about 150 sugar plantations in this
country, and the people Avere taxed 30 per
cent, on sugar to keep up these planters, and
if there .should be several thousand planters
at the North, Avith the .same duty continued,
Ave might enter into competition Avith the
Cubaus and others.

Mr. Emerson said, that if the farmers gen-
erally entered into its manufacture, even in a
small Avay, the aggregate production would
be enormous. A gentleman from the West
Indies, Avho Avas on a visit to this city last
summer, had looked with great interest upon
the cultivatiou of the Chinese Sugar Cane,
and he expressed his opinion that it could be
produced Avith more profit in Kentucky and
Tennessee than in more northern latitudes.

The first resolution offered by Mr. Fischer,
returning the thanks of the society to Mr.
Levering, was adopted.

The second resolution, in reference to pre-
senting Mr. L. with a piece of silver plate,

THE ILLIISrOIS FA.RMER.

45

was amended so as to read, and that he be

presented with the silver medal belonging to

the society, and then adopted. Adjourned.
<•. — ■ —

Directions for Sprouting Sweet Potatoes.

SyJ. W. Ten Brook, nf JioclviUe, Ind.

In the first place, arrangements should
be made earl j in the winter, to have seed
patatoe?, manure, and all necessary ma-
terial for the hot-beds saved in due time.

The location of the beds should be
near a street er public road, on dry ground
with a southern inclination, and conven-
ient to pond or branch water.

The best material for a hot-bed is fresh
horse stable dung that has not been rot-
ted, and if mixed with one-fourth or half
its bulk of either saw- dust, fresh leaves,
tan or straw, the heat would be more mild
and durable, and loss liable to scald the
potatoes.

About the first week of April, haul the
materials for the bed and mix them to-
gether in a ridge where the bed is to be
made, and as soon as it is hot, shake it
up thoronghly, mixing the cold and hot,
wet and dry portions together, forming a
bed on top of the ground running east
and west, which, when settled with the
fork, (not tramped,) should be fourteen
inches high, more or less, as there is a
greater or less porportion of manure used,
and six inches wider on all sides, than the
frame to be placed over it.

Hot-bed frames should be made of 2
inch oak plank, franked together at the
ends with keys to be taken apart and
placed away to dry when not in use. —
They may be twciity feet in length, and,
for convenience, should not exceed four
in width. The front or south side should
be eight inches high, the north from eight
to twenty, according to the slope of the
ground on Avhich the bed stands, as the
top of the frame should have a pitch of
from eight to twelve inches to receive the
heat of the sun, and to shed ofi" the rain
freely.

Temporary beds are made by setting
slabs, or plank, on edge, and filling in
the manure, &c., but such beds are difiicult
to cover, and if used the potatoes should
not be laid within six inches of the sides.

Cover the beds four or five inches deep
with mellow earth, on which set the
frames and proceed to place the potatoes
two inches apart, placing the large ones
at one end, and the small ones at the
other. Cover them with three inches of

good soil that is free from foul seeds,'and
will not bake; top soil from the woods,
and from around old logs would be pref-
erable.

If the potatoes are very large and the
bed in good condition, they may be split,
placing the cut side down, but if the bed
should be either too hot, or too cold, they
would be more likely to rot.

During the first ten days the beds
should be carefully examined by running
the hand down to the manure, and if it
becomes so warm as to feel unpleasant to
the hand, there is danger of its scalding
the potatoes, and should be cooled by wa-
tering, being careful not to apply too
much at a time.

Pulling the plants before all are of a
proper size, is the cause of hundreds be-
ing destroyed. To avoid this the bed-
ding of the potatoes should be continued
a week or ten days, that the plants may
be pulled in succession. The potatoes
should be kept in a warm dry place until
they are bedded, as they will not bear a
lower temperature than forty degrees
without injury.

Keep the beds carefully covered at
night, and in cold and wet weather ; and
when the heat declines, renew it by ad-
ding a lining of fresh horse dung to the
sides and ends of the bed.

The best covers are made of strong,
oiled factory, spread on lath, so that they
can be rolled up conveniently. Oiled fac-
tory will adoiit the light, shed off the rain
better, and be cheaper in the end, than
any other covering. Tramped straw, or
mats made of rye straw, answer in the
absence of a better covering.

The beds should De watered in the eve-
ning with a suitable pot, to keep the earth
in good growing condition. If spring or
well water is used, it should have stood
in the sun, or be warmed before using.
After the plants are up, light warm rains
would be beneficial, but cold and heavy
rains must be guarded against, as they
would soak into the beds and ruin them.

Ditches should be formed and the earth
baked up around the beds to keep the wa-
ter from running under and chilling them.

"\Ylitn the plants are three or four inch-
es high, and well rooted, they are ready
to draw, which is performed by pulling
them up carefully with one hand, while
thp potatoe is held firmly in its place with

the other.

When plants are to be sent a distance,

j they should be set in shallow boxes with

I their roots in wet earth, but must not be

j

packed in wet weather, nor have their
leaves wet, or they will rot immediately.

Glass covered Hot-beds cause the
plants to spring up too tender and weak,
and such plants do not grow when set out
in the hill like those sprouted in open
beds.

These plain directions I have furnished
to my sprouting agents, and those pur-
chasing seed in various parts of the coun-
try for the sprouting of several hundred
bushels annually, and. where the potatoes
were received in good order, and the di-
rections strictly followed, have never
failed to produce a good yield of strong
healthyplants, in the proper season, which
is from the first of May to the 10th of
June.

Harvester and Stacker.

This Ingenious machine the editor of
the Ohio Farmer has seen in operation,
and says it answers the purpose well. Its
proprietors are Murray, Van Doren &
Glover, Ottawa, Illinois. Wegive below
what they say of it :

" This machine drawn by four horses,
is warranted, in the hands of ordinary,
careful men, to cut seven feet wide, and
discharge the grain into a molding box,
where one man forms the stack, with the
heads inside and the butts outside, binds
the same with two wires, and then dumps
it as a cart-load of earth is dumped, set-
ting the stack firmly on its base, perfect-
ly thatched and ''shingled," to defy any
harvest storm.

"Shocks. — The shocks or stacks are 4
by 4 feet on the ground, and 6 teet high.
From four to six of them make an acre of
ordinary gram. Their style and appear-
ance is tjyunnetrical, and gives evidence
of perfect power to resist storms.

"Binding. — This is done with fine wire,
which costs only about twelve to twenty
cents per acre, and will last many sea-
sons.

" Straw. — The length of straw can be
cut to suit. Where it is of little val-
ue, it can be cut short; it may then re-
quire three bands or wires to the shock,
but there will be fewer stacks to the acre,
and the threshing can be done half a cent
cheaper per bushel than where longer.

" Curing. — The past season has been
very wet, yet grain cut in the milk and
dough by this mach nehas cured perfect-
ly in every instance. There are no thick
bands to rot under, and if there were, no
wet could get there. Of 140 acres cut by
this machine, (the only one yet built, ) not
a single shock took damage or had to be

r<-«-r yc^iywV^-Ty^j'r^ ■;" ' '■•

t .■•

-Xi---

46

THE ILI.I:N^0IS Ih-^^-RMEK.

opened to dry. How many can say the
same of 140 acres?

" Bleaciiino. — There is no bleaching
to the grain put up by this machine. —
The heads ot every course, except the
top, being all under cover ol: the butts of
the preceding course, there is no chance
for bleaching.

*'Rakinq — This is done by the sim

plest contrivance, Glover's Rakers. They ; our ganloiis wouM disappear ami be replaced
are but a few sticks of wood, and can be ' by a few original wild f'onus."

made with a jack-knife and hand-saw

*' Sickle. — The sickle is the ordinary
scollop, but has a remarkably large stroke
and quiet motion ; such that the slowest
oxen will cut the grain perfectly, and yet
the fastest walk of horses will not jar or
rattle the machinery.

" Solidity. — The solidity of these
machines is unequalled. Ic is as sub-
stantial as an ox cart, and scarcely il ore
complicated.

_ "Centre Draught. --"Its centre draug ht
is perfect, owing to the weight of the
shocking cart being on the side of the
"wheel opposite the cutter bar.

"Uneven GROUiNTD. — The grou.id wheel

is hollow, HAVING NEITHER SPOK'B NOR

HUB. This brings the bearing clcse to
the ground, and by a peculiar, but i natu-
ral and simple shifting of the cen tre,
where the ground is uneven, all unstea d-
iness is done away with, even when run -
ning along the side of, or across a dea J
furrow. It never tips or Jr'alters.

"Hauling.— The simplest ond best
way of doing this is by a light stone boat,
either running on the ground, or mounted
on wheels. Half an acre can be so haul-
ed at A load by a span of horses."

the apple have been derived froih the crab
apples of the woods and ]iGd<i,eri, and are,
therefore, artiBcial productions, the results
of skillful cultivation, bcinir susceptible of
indefinite improvement, and of a multiplica-
tion of varieties without limit. Yet, not-
■\vithstandlug all this, ])r. Lindley says,
"there can be no doubt that if the arts of
cultivation were abandoned for only a few
years, all the annual varieties of j)lants in

the (Bxxhml

From noTey'H M>i>ca7.ine of nortiiultur*.

History of Fruit Trees and Iruils.

EY LEAXDER -WETnERELL.

THB APFLK TF.El.

Of all the various products of the farm
and the garden, nothiuij so tempts the appe-
tite as rij)e, luscious fruit in their srasou. It
is well (tecasionally, to consider tbe iMi[u:r\-
not unfre(|uently made, "Whenc.i have we
derived all these excellent vari .'ties of tlu'
apple, the pear, the cherry, t' le plum, tlu'
peach, the strawberry, the gc ,jsel>erry, ami
the currantr' To answer sue u and kindred
questions, it is necessary to interrogate the
records of the past.

The apple tree is mentioi .ed in tlic early
records of both sacred and profane history.
Solomon alludes to it on thi i wise — ''As ihe
apple tree among tl.c trees of the wood, so it
my belovc«.l," etc. The p' ophct Joel men-
tions f?rc apf>le. dfc* as bei nt? held in hi<:h
estimation amon_s* the ini it trees. It
eluded in the natural laiu ily of phints call
Rcsaccaj, from the rose, ^ „hc typo ofthe fami-
ly, comprising most o£t> e fruits ol'thj tem-
perate zone.

Eotanists are agTeod that all varieties ol

IS HI-

cd

by

The crab apples,, whence have originated
all varieties, are cmimon in both Asia and
Europe. There are also two or tliree species
indigenous to America, — as the Pi/ruA coro-
imria of the South, rarely attaining the
height of twenty feet, producing large, fra-
grant, rose-cohn-e 1 blo.-^sonis, hence cilled
sweet-scented crab, bearing small fruit; in the
Middle States, P. aii'/iii^fi/o/ift, with smaller
leaves, flowers and fruit; and 1*. riciilm-is,
the crab of Oregon, bearing a small fruit, the
size of a cherry, used by tlic Indians as an
article of iood. None of the present cultiva-
ted varieties of the apple, it is said, have been
derived i'rom American crabs, but from
seeds brought hither by settlers from Eu-
rope.

The common name of th's well-known

fruit, Pi/rux m«/«.s, is derived from the (rreck

apiosj the Celtic opt, and the Saxon rrpprl,

each signifying a fruit. The original crab is

armed with small thorns, leaves serrate, fruit

small and exceedingly acrid, and indigenous

in most p;irts of Europe. It is not known

whence the Europeans derived the cultivated

apple, — probably, however, from the East.

It WAS, introduced into I'^ngland most likely

I, y the lU)nians. Twenty-nine varieties were

k, \own in Italy at the time of tl'.e Christian

era.- The number was greatly increased at

the Norman coiKpicst.

] Uny, writing of apples, says, ''there are
manv i*p}'les trees in tlie villages near iioiiie
thatl. 't for till! yc'irly sum, each, of 2,000
SLstercv 'Sf (about SiJO;) some of them yielded
more T,r "»iit to the owner than small farm.
This bro 'Jj^ht abou^ the invention of graft-
ing."

Says A'ii

— — "firan Mio tonilcfslioof.

Tlij- ciiilJr, "'•■' t'hilun.11 sljaU cnj'.'y the fruit."'

IMinv farthi. 1' remarks, ''Thoro urc apjiles
th;it have eiiu. ''bJt'il the coaiitrii^s whence
they came, and have immortali/.ed their
founilei.. anil in 7enfc ;is; such as took their
names Wcm i'lat in.-, Cestius, .AL-nlius, and
Claudius." lie aicutions the (juince apple,
produced by graft "Jig the <|uincei>ii the ap|>le
stock, and called . ijiiaiia, aiter Appius. < t'the
Claudian house, w! lo first practiced thi,>gniit-
ing. "Some I'.jiph !S aro to j'cd," say-: In; '-that
they resemble bh-od, c.titsed by ^hcir tir.-t
having been grafted upon a mulberry stock."
"The most exeelle at of :dl, both on ao-
eount of its sweetui ks and agiveableness ol'
flavor," sii^-s he, "took its name from Petisius.
who reared it in hi.;, time.." J'liny furtlier
adds, "1 have seen \ .oar 'J'JiuliiC, in the coun-
try of tiie Tibuitincs, a tree grafted and
laden with all mann.er of fruits, one bougF
bearing nuts, anoth vx berries; here hung
grapes, there figs; iiL one jiart you might see
pears, in another pe niognaiates; and, there is
no kind of apple or other fruit but there it

gil-

was to be found : but this tree did not live
long." Horticulturists of the present day
may call this fabulous; but they should re-
meniber that Pliny was one of the most dis-
tinguished naturalists of any age of the
world's history; and it should not be forgot-
ten, that his life was not only devoted to, but
his death caused by, his labors in the search
after truth in many and mar\-elous works of
nature.

The following curious description of the
apple tree is taken from Gerai'd's "History of
Plants" :—

"The apple tree hath a body of truncke
Commonly of a meane bigne.sse, not very
high, hauing long armcs or branches, and the
same disortlered; the barke somewhat plaine,
and not verie rugged: the leaues bee also
broad, more long than round, and finely
in the edges. The flourcs are whittish, tend-
ing vntoa blush colour. The fruit or Apple
doe differ in greatnessc, forme, Colour and
taste; some couercd with a red skinne, others
yellow or greene, very great, some little, an«l
many a middle sort; some arc sweet of taste,
or something sourc; most be of middle taste
betwecne «we"et and soure, the which to dis •
tinguish I thinkc impossible; notwithstanding
I heare of one that intendeth to write a pecu-
liar volume of Apples, and the vse of them;
yet when hee hath done what hee can doe,
hee hath done nothing touching their seuer-
all kindes to distinguish them. This that

hath been said shall suffice for our Historic."

The apjile tree attains to a great age.
Ilaller mentions some trees in Hereibrdshire
that were one th(msand years old, and good
bearers. Mr. Knight considered two hun-
dred years as the ordinary duration of a tree
grafted on a crab stock, planted in a strong,
tenacious soil. Spccchly mentions a tree in
an orchard at IJurton-joyce, near Notting-
ham, about sixty years old, with branches
extending twenty-seven feet round the bole,
which produced in 17U2 twenty -five bushels
of apples.

31r. Downing mentions two trees in the
grounds of 31 r. Hall of Kaynham, Mass.,
about one hundred and fifty years old. The
trunk of one of these meatured, one foot from
the ground, thirteen feet and two inches, and
thb other twelve feet and two inches. The
trees bure that sea.-on about forty bushels of
apples. In ITSO, the two bore one hun-
dred and one bushels. In Duxbury, Pl}'-
niouth county, is a tree, twelve feet and five
inches in circumference, which has borne
one hundred and twenty-one and a half bush-
els of ajiples in a season. Th-re is a tree on
the larm uf Closes Stebbins, South Pcerfield
Franklin county, about the s:ime size, and a
prolific bearer.

The celebrated traveler Van Buch re-
marked, that the apple and the common fruit
trees grow wherever the o.ik thrives. In
Europe the apple is tultivatd to the sixtieth
degree of north laliludc. (Iood apples arc
produced in the Orkney and Shetland Islands.
The people of Lapland showed Linnaeus what
"they Cilled an apple tree, which bore no
fruit," said they, "because a beggar woman
cursed it in con.se<iuenee of having been rc-
fu.^icd some of it:^ Ihiit. Tlie bot:ini.st in-
tormed them it was elm, a rare tree in that
latitude.

It has already been stated that the apple

jj[iVJ!^r?Wb H'^^-VV'"'^^^ '^ T^-T^-i^^^''?PF^^^

vt

THE ILLIlSrOIS F^VRMER.

47

tree is a native of Asia, or the East, as they
say in Europe. The prophet Joel, enumera-
ting the trees of Syria, says, "the vine is
dried up, and the lig tree languish eth; the
pomegranate tree; the palm tree, also, and
the apple tree, even all the trees of the field
are withered." In Madeira, the Golden Pip-
pin trees grow on the mountain, three thou-
sand feet above the sea, regularly producing
an abundance of fruit, notwithstanding the
trunks and branches are covered with white

moss.

-••»-

First Bartlett Pears in Buffalo,

In September, 1851, Lewis F. Allen,
first took Bartlett Pears to Buffalo mar-
ket, and he thus describes the manner in
■which he disposed of them: " I had a few
Bartlett Pears, beyond what were want-
ed in the house, and as I had never seen
any in the Buffalo fruit shops, I conclud-
ed to take them into town, and try them.
I went to one ol: the first dealers, and
asked him what he would pay for Bartlett
Pears. "Bartlett PearsI" he exclaimed,
♦'what are they?"

" Why, the very best pears of the sea-
son," I replied ;— "look at them."

*'Well, they do look good," he contin-
ued, "but they won't MEASURE any more
to the bushel than smaller ones? I buy
plenty of good pears from the country
for six shillings to a dollar a bushel."

"Now, my fine fellow, I want you to
take these, and sell them for turee cents
apiece, and for the largest do you get
FOUR, or keep them till I call for them."

There had never been a Bartlett Pear
in market. "I'll try it," he replied,
"but I never could get more than one
cent for a pear, and I guess you'll have
to take them away again." This was
about ten o'clock in the morning. The
side-walk was full of people, passing
along, and I retreated out of the way, to
see the trial of my Bartletts, which stood
near the door, the basket in which they
were, partially turned up on its side to
show them temptingly.
■ "What pears are those?" asks one who
Stops to look at them.

"Mr. Allen calls them Bartletts, but I
never saw them before. lie says they
are first r\te."

"Well, I'll try one. What's the price?"

"Three cents a piece, and nothing
snoRTBu! So he told me."

"Well, that's loudI bul I'll try one

any way."

"He tasted it. "That is apoar! I'll
take half a dozen. That is the only pear
1 ever tasted in Buffalo."

"What are these?" asked another. —
"Bartlett pears." "Ah well, my wife
has told me a dozen times how good Bart-
lett pears were. Lend me a basket and
I'll take home a dozen. What's the

price?" •

"Three cents a apiece." " Confound-
ed dear! but they will please my wife and
children."

I saw the customers thicken, and left,
thinking the experiment would do. —
Next day I called again. "Have you any
more Bartlett Pears?" inquired the shop
keeper. "No, are they all gone?" "Gone
yes: and I could have sold out 20 bushels
by the half dozen; if I only had them."

I was stopped a dozen times that morn-
ing, by the dealers, to know if I had any
more Bartlett Pears; and could have sold
five hundred bushels while they were in
season, at three to four dollars per bush-
el, if I only had them."

®he f 0ttlttjj IJavtl

Poultry.

James L. Child, of Augusta, Maine, gives in
the Maine Farmer an imercsting account of his
mode of managing hens. lie .says :

My hens laid nearly as well during tho winter
as iu the warm weather. Their habitatinu was
warm, and so constructed as to bring them to
the ground, where they found at all limes a good
supply of old plastering, ashes, pulverized oj-s-
ter shells, charcoal, fresh water: once or twice a
week, beef liver, or some other kind of meat, or
grease instead. I feed chietty upon baked or
boiled potatoes, giving them warm in the morn-
ing and at night; occasionally deali'.ig to them a
little corn or oats, and giving them all the crumbs,
and skins, and fragments of the cooked vegeta-
bles.

To prevent their being infested with lice,
about once a fortnight I mixed in dough, so as
to dissolve it, a quantity of ilour of lirimstone,
a good remedy, and may safely be given in
small quantities to young chiekeiis, for the same
purpose. Itwillbe'seen from my mode of keep-
ing my hens — which averaged about 25 and 3
roosters— through the winter, that I eannotgive
the precise cost of keeping, but I am satisfied
that potatoes may be given as the general food,
and fowls kept cheaper in this mode than in any
other, and will always be ready for the cook, il
not stinted in quantity. I find my fowls fat at
all seasons.

I estimate that my hens afford me from tluir
eggs, without regard to tlicir meat, a clear pru-
iit of 50 per cent. I confine them to their yard,
hen house, and barn cellar, during gardening.
and to their hjuse and cellar during winter, and
think with that degree of coniineajcni they lay
better than when allowed to wander at large.

lien houses and roosts should be kept neat,
and often white-washed, and their nests should
always have half an inch or more of ashes or
lime on the bottom, under the hay. Broken oi-
rotten eggs should never be allowed to remain
in their nests. Dirty wa!er should not i^e given
them. To do well they require pure wat(.-r. and
all their food fresh and uninjured from taiut or
fermentation.

I estimate that during the year (deducting
the time of their moltiug and inclination to sc; )
1 have got daily oue-half as nniiiy eggs as 1
have had laying'hens. Kvery family can, with
a very little' troul^le, with their il-ck of u dozen
hens, have fresh Q^pi in plenty during tho whole
year, say iu all 2,OU6, and 100 full grown ehiek-
ens; and of all the animals domesticated for
the use of man, (if such be the fact,) the hen
iscapaole of yielding the greatest possible profit
to the owner.

I have stated that I gave my fowls meat or
grease ; this is indispensable, if they are not

allowed to go at large. If corn is fed out, it

should be soaked, and 15 bushels is a fair year-
ly allowance for \1 hens and a rooster. IJut
they should always have food by them, and after
they have become habituated to find enough at
all times in the trough, they take but a few
kernels at a time, except just before retiring to

rest, when they will take nearly a spoonful into
their crops ; but if they arc scantily or irregu-
larlv fe 1, they Avill greoiiiiy snatch up a whole
crop full at a time, and stop laying, and not
unfrequently such irregular and over feeding
will engender some fatal disease.

®he Savdcnct\

Choice Vegetables.

There arc many choice vegetables which are
rarely seen growing in our gardens. The culti-
vation is simple, and they can be made to add
to our variety of excellent vegetables.

The Sai.siVy and Seorzonera resembles each
other very much. The skin of the last is dark,
and the root is larger tlian that of the Salsify.
The seed is sown iu the spring, in the same
manner as caiTot or ])arsnip seed. The roots
in shape arc not unlike those of i-mall parsnips.
They can remain in the ground through the
winter, and he dug up and used iu open weather.
Boiled and dressed iu the manner of A sparague,
they arc delicious.

Corn t?ALLAU. — This is an excellent sallad.
The seed should be sown in drills in the fall and
in the winter when the ground is open, and in
the spring thinned to three inches apart — the
plant to be cut and used when four inches high.

The Enpise is another sallad plant. When
eight or ten inches hlji;h, the leaves should be
boimd tofjether to Idanch. This can be done
also by drawing the leaves together and bring-
iitg up the earth about them. Unless blanched,
the leaves are t^oo bitter for use.

Tjie A'rtichoke. — The flower buds of these
are only used. They make a favorite dish in
the Soiith. They are boiled and dressed as
Asparagus. Sow tho seed early in the spring,
four inches apart, in rows one foot ajjart. The
next spring transplant to permanent beds, three
plants in a hill, the hills three feet apart each
way. This Artichoke requires a deep rich
loam, and should bo protected in winter, by
hoeing earth around the hills ox l>y covering
with litter.

Gakdev Sokrell — This is a large variety,
cultivated in iravdens, a jterenuial, has arrow-
headed !~haped leaves, comes early, and is tine
forsallads and used in sauces.

Valuable Recipes.

For TiiUMrs ix Swine. — When you
feed out your corn to hogs, dip the ears
of corn in tar. This will prevent at-
tacks, avid cure when attacked.

For Gaiu;e"t in Cows. — The follow-
ing prescription will be efi'cctual if rub-
bed on the bag a number of days: — 1
part aqua amn^.onia, 1 part sweet oil.

To Destkoy Olrculio. — Make a
poultry yard to inclo.sc your plum trees,
and keep your fowls there. Another
plan i?, when \o\x have a choice plum
tree, dig up the soil under it, and then
cover the sroun*! under the tree and as
far out as the limb;; extend, with plank.
Good crops have been obtained by this
latter process.

To PREVENT RABBITS FROM BARKING

TREES. — Take the liver of a hog and
rub the tree from the ground two or
three feet high. The rabbits will not
bite the trees while the scent of the liver
remains.

JJ^'Lancet, on a rejent race at IIartford>
Conn., trotted a mile under the baddle in 2.23,
said to be the shortest time on record.

48

THE ILLIIS^OIS FA^I^MEK.

The Farmer's Future.
sAn English correspondent of the New
York Tribune goes off in this way:

"The Farmer's Future will be found
in the application of steam to the culti-
vation of the soil! We are rapidly com-
ing to the conclusion here that the good
old plow is a humbug. We begin to
think that spade husbandry applied by
steam is the right thing; indeed, there
are some among us of the opinion that
a machine may be invented which should,
in effect, plow, sow, harrow, and roll to-
gether— a machine, in fact, which should
make a seed bed, and sow the seed all at
one operation. There has already been
one steam engine exhibited in this coun-
try which will walk anywhere, and do
anything it is required to do. It has
feet about the size of yours, sir, and puts
them down upon the ground, one after
the other, very much after the fashion
of a dandy going up Broadway, only the
feet of the machine are fixed on wheels,
and revolve regularly, instead of moving
up and down awkardly, like his. This
machine will go through a plowed field
very comfortably, and rather quicker
than a good hunter will get over it; and
as it will drag a dozen plows after it, I
do not see, for my part, why it should
not be made to carry as part and parcel
of itself, a mechanism that will rcvidily
convert the untilled ground into a seed-
bed. Well, then, as to drainage. I saw
a machine the other day that would dig,
drain, and lay down sixteen and a half
feet of piping per minute, the pipes be-
ing rather more regularly and s.-itisfac-
torily laid than any skilled workman can
can lay them. The maehinc labored
under the disadvantage of })cii)<i' nnii-
brous, and of being made to be worked
by a stationary engine. But having
got thus far, it seonis to be only one
step further to give us steam application
to the soil, so as to enable twenty times
the quantity of land to be put under
cultivation by the game amount of la-
bor, and at no greater cost than now. —
Then we may hope for a prodiiee of
cheap corn, the great desideratniii in
this land of sweat and toil, where it de-
pends upon a shilling or two, more or
less, in the price of food, not only wheth-
er a m;in c;in rc:ip the advantages of
his labor, but ab.-^olutely, too oi'ten,
whether he can continue to exist.

Yes, to the application of improved
machinery to the earth must we look
for an accession of home comforts, of
world-wide prosperity, of universal hap-
piness! To Thee! 6 bountiful God of
Nature, we offer our first thanks that
Thou hast given us the great seed bed
whereon we live and move, and wlience
we have our being. To Industry be
given our next tribute, and then let us
thank Art and Science that teach us

how to make the best uses of the means
so bountifully placed at our disposal."

-«•»

LUXURIES OF A FRUIT GARDE3I.

A friend of ours, in whoso rdiabihty we havo
implicit ooiitidonco, has a small plat of ground,
of which he tolls us the following facts:

From a row of currant bushes, about 8 rods
long, lie and his neighbors gathered over two
bushels of currants this year. The currant sea-
son, from the first picking to the hvst, was from
June 1st to August 15tli, 2J months.

From a row of gooseberry bushes, 2 rods long,
ho gathered aljout a bushel of gcxjsoberries.

From a plat of strawberry vines, 4 rods long
and 1 rod wide, he gathered nearly 3 bushels of
strawljorries. The strawberry season lasted
about three weeks, ending about the middle of
July.

Then his raspberries came on, and lasted about
throe weeks. Of these he had al)Out half a
bushel. Tliey stood next to the strawberries in
point of delicacy.

lie has a nuin})or of cherry trees. Thev
yielded well this year. His family and friends
used a liushel fir so, and the children of the
neighborhood fed themselves upon them, without
stint, for two weeks.

Soon after the rasplierriea wore gone, his
poaches began to ripen. One of the trees ripened
its fruit late, and it lias lasted till within a few
• lays past; of these he lias luid two or more
bushels.

All nhm'x r-Ince the first of August, his apples
and pears have lioen ri|)ciiin!;, and have furnislied
an abundant supply for his family, f )r the cow
and pig. and si»me ti> sell or give away besides.
He will havo a largt; quiuitity of (!.xcc!lcnt winter
apples. He has ju,-tgathe;-"d fioui two or throe
grapevines, as many bu.shels of tine gra}ies.
borne of these his wife made into marmalade,
and some she has ]>roserveil in paper, fur u-e
hereafter. The best, — and greater jioition of
the whole — were eaten as a desert, or given to
children or friends, all of whom enjoyed them
much.

'lliese an^ someof tiio enjoynients drawn from
a siicill jilal of ground during the season just
closing. They wer(> at small cost, but they
sweetened m;iiiy a meal, ministercl tt) health,
and :id(h'd t> tlie <• oiufort of many gin'sts.

A\ !iy ni.iy noi nearly evfi-y nian have as large
a plat of giMoiid. and as many comforts? Sim-
jdy because he i.s negligent. — O/iiu Fanner.

A Nkw A.Nnt'iioicr: ProuiNc. — Into a nappy
that will contain two (piarts, place ajtplc* pared
and cut coarsely uiiiil the dish is nearly i'ull;
.■priiikh! on this six spoonfuls of siig'i. [would not
the same amount of corn .starch answer?) then
pour into the dish as much h<.t water as will
<-over the apples and sago. J.ct it bake about
two hours. Jt' the u]i|(('r ]iif-es Ijecoine too
ill-own, push them down, and others will take
their places To be eaten in saucers, with
K'rcam or milk and sugar.

So.vf WiTUoi T IJoii.iNi; — All that !sre(|nircd
tc niak soft scap without lioiling i.s to have
gi 'od ashcis and clean soap grease. Jn the
s| .ring leach your ashes and put your ley into a
ves.scl largi? oiKHigh to hoM the soapyou wish to
ii.ake for the vear; then adil the trrcase as it ac-
enmulates from time to time, no matter how
ir. uch you get in, for the ley will not taki; more
t'lan is necessary to make good soap, and it
kt'cpH the surplus free from mould and in
st'cts. "When tlie .suapis formed, it' you wish to
use it, skim off the <a-ease that remains on the
top, put it in anotherycsscl. add more ley, and
while you are usingUhe first barrel yoii will
have another making. This is my method, and
1 am never out of good soap. M. E.

Fi.owKKs FOR Perfumery. — The Paris corres-
pondent of the Journal of Commerce furnishes
those facts concerning modern efforts to perfect
the science of perfumery. He says: The most
novel and remarkalde feature of the present
manufacture of perfumes is the establishment
of flower farms. Some of the fairest spots of
Europe and Asia are devoted to the cultivation
of flowers, of which the fragance is no longer
wasted on the desert air, but preserved for the
enjoyment of all who choose to purchase it.
Flowers have taken the place of ambergris,
musk, civet, ami the odoriferous gums, which
are now only u.sed to give stability to the more
evanescent scents. There are flower farms in
Europe and Asia ; and another is likely to Le
created in Australia for the cultivation of the
wattle, a plant of the acacia genus, and resem-
bling in odor very powerful violets. England
has Jier flower gardens at Mitcham, in Surry,
where lavender and po])porniint flourish unriv-
alled. Koses are also cultivated there, but only
for the purpose of making rose water.

To IT.\RDEN- L.\Rn FOR Candles. — For 12 tt>?.
lard. 1 lb alum and 1 do. of saltpetre — dissolve
the alum and saltpetre in a little water— mix
the lard and water, or put them together over
a fire, and l>oil till the water is all boiled out.
It must 1)0 stirred while boiling to get the alum
and saltpetre well mixed with the lard. There
will be some sediment at the bottom.

For tallow I should think one-third the above
wouM be a plenty to harden tlie .softest tallow;
but any one can tell by trying a little at first.
If that is not enough, add more.

AN E.\.\MPLE OF PERSEVERAXCE.

The following is a most remarkable and praisc-
worthy'instance of what perseverance and indus-
try rightly directed, are able to effect:

Among the graduating class at the last com-
mencement at Williams Oollego, was one by the
name of Condit, from New Jersey. The gentle-
man is a shoemaker, married, and has a family
of four-children. Six years ago, becoming sen-
sible of the blessings of an education, he com-
menced learning the simjile l»ranchcs, such as
arc taught in our jiriniary schools. One by one
he masiered grammar, ariibinetic, geography,
ite,, with sonic i/ccasijial assistance from his
f'llow- workmen. At tiiis time he determined
to obtain a colle;;iate cbiciition. Without means,
and with a largo faiaily depending on him for
supjiort, he coiiniieiieel and leariud Latin and
(ireok, in the eveiiiiigs alter hi.s ilays work was
over, uiuh'r the dirocti'ii of a friend, and after
the lajise of a ye;ir and a half, prepared himself
aii<l «'iitcrcd the i^oplioniore chis,-; at W^illianis
College.

He brought his loiieli imd his tixds, and his
books witli him; anl with t!i<' fund for indigent
.'-tudents, and s.ime occas'or.al assisrance from
other sources, he ^vas enabled to go through the
college course, and at the same time support
his family. He graduated on his birth day,
ag(>;l thiriytw). He stood high in hi.s clasps,
and rcci'i\ed a part at Comniencement, but
lie, lined. At the farewell nu-eling of the class,
ill eoiisideriitioii I f liis porsc.'veraiiec, talents, and
Christian character, they presented him with

an tdegant set of silver s| ns, tea and table,

( aidi handsomely engraved, with an appropriate
iiiscri[ition.

Mr. Condit will now enter the Theological
Seminary at Xew York, and will, no doubt,
make a raitiiful and po|nihir minister.

What young mail in this country will ever,
after such :iii example as this, dosjiair of obtain,
ing ail educaiion? — >};-j/ie//t7.Y Hcpiddican.

SSr "Tho world," said Horace Walpole, "is
a comoily to those who think, anU a tragedy to
those who fool."

YOL. III.

SPRINGFIELD, APRIL, 1858.

NO. 4.

•rf*iip

THE

1%

PUBLISHED MONTHLY,

BY

BaiHiaclie <fe Baker,

Journal Bnildinss, - - Springfield, Illinois.

4«*

S. FRANCIS, Editor.

.•»

TERMS OP SUBSCRIPTION.

One copy, one year, in advance $^ 0*^

Five copies, " '• ^ "*

Ten " and one to the person getting up clnb 7 50

Fifteen copies and over , 62J,^ cents each, and one to person
getting up clui).

CASH RATES OP ADVEKTISIXO :

One dollar per square of ten lines, each insertion.

For the Far mar.

PATRIOTISM.

Nothing can be of more import.ince than
patriotism, love of country. We intend to
trather from the current sentiment of the
day a few ideas on this subject. That there
is less patriotism now iu the Republic than
at any former time, is felt to be too much the
fact by all of us. "With the great body of
the people it seems less needed. Our great-
ness and the power of our form of govern-
ment is to them a sufficient guarantee of our
safety, sufficient to absolve us from any indi-
vidual responsibility, as to the opinions we
hold, the vote we give, the tone of character
we exercise on the political aspects that are
ever before us. We do not consider that it
is by slow degrees that the integrity of a na
tioQ is undermined, that an evil step once
taken the retracement is almost impossible. A
precedent once established it becomes a
standard of political action ever afterwards,
and thus downward we fall until a Marius
and Scylla finishes the Republic, inaugurates
a Caesar or a Louis Napoleon to take care
of us.

That the youth of our country need an
education to fit them for their civil duties, is
the opinion of a popular lecturer lately among
us. That there are great principles, un-
changing and eternal, that lie at the founda-
tion of all free governments is well known.

That there is a right and a wrong side onj that Alcibiades, the nephew, thought first of
most all questions, in questions involving ! himself, and then of his countrj^; but that

morals much right and much wrong, and he

who assumes the functions of a citizen should

be prepared to act understandingly on the

measures that afiect so much the welfare of

public interests, and fling back into their

teeth the wiles and sophistries of selfish and

designing leaders. We are a country, after

all, governed by a few men instead of by the

many; — we leave to caucuses and cliques that

which we should determine upon ourselves.

We are an Oligarchy instead of a Republic.

Devotion to party is sure to follow ignorance,

and when carried to excess, pressed at the

expense of individual opinion and conviction,

as exhibited in this country, is fatal to liber-
ty. That there is a monstrous power of re-
form and progress in our midst, — that we

started well in the race as a nation, had no

antecedents than those which breathed of

liberty and law, is much to our advantage;

but it bodes no good to us ever to be on the

verge of some catastrophe; and th^re is no

use in it, if we do but understand tb.Mt liber-
ty does not mean lawlessness, t hot national

comity does not mean aggrc--i'.Mi, that we
cannot alwaj's spread our instirut'i'n^ with
advantage, that fraud, bribery. ;tu'j pecula-
tion should diggrace the pn'^iic .fcpder,
should open him t^' i-i-; " ■ -1 uld
hang him as high as 1 .u ?> V. -i u.e a
christian people, and yet do not fc^l ihat the
obligations of our religion require of us to
subject public as well as private matters to a
stem ordeal This may not bs done by the
pulpit, for our peculiarities of condition, cur
manners of life, our birth-right, heritages,
and sympathies are so different, but ws would
have the precepts and teachings of the Gos-
pel so applied to our individual character and
conduct as to lead us aright in all the rela-
tions of life, whether they be of slaveholding
or non-slaveholding, of monarchical or demo-
cratic type.

Our lecturer, above alluded to, said that Pe-
ricles, the great Athenian statesman, thought
first of his country, and then of himselfj

our politicians think first of themselves, and
then, of nothing. There is a saying, *^dulce
et decorum est mori pro patrie" "sweet and
fitting is it to die for one's country," but
these men would not like Regulus return
to Carthage to be immolated for their own
and their country's honor, but would prefer
to stay at home and look out for themselves,
thus showing that repuMicanism has gained
nothing, has lost ground in the lapse of
twenty-two hundred years. Aristides met
the clown who desired his expulsion from
Athens, "Why what harm has he done thee,"
said Aristides. "I do not know him, but I
hate to hear him called the *Just,' " was the-^^
reply, and added, "do thou write his nam^>
on this shell," the ballot of that day, TrMch.,
was done, and Aristides, as it afterwards' •
proved, went into banishment. An anecdote
illustrative of so niuch truthfulness, delicacy
of sentiment and d >iuterestedness, would not
be understood in thrse days, would not be
the way our politicians would get votes, and
yet this man returned to Athens in triumph,
and may bo considered second to no other
public character of antiquity.

Men who are too idle to do anything else
in this country, turn politicians. The study
of politics \is& been suggested as necessary
in high quarters, but that public men should
get their training, not from the great stand-
ard authors and lights who have shone
through history, but from saloons and secret
conclaves, and addressed to the lowest in-
stincts, crouching into the dust before place
and power and 3Iammon, is what this coun-
try alone of all republics has ever exhibited
as the general and almost universal tactics of
public life. We do not select men for their
high qualities, for their success in any of the
business pursuits in which they may have
been engaged, which generally shows com-
pass of mind and adminx.strative ability, but
go to the corners of the streets and get the able
though characterless demagogue, who there
stands, and make him the High Priest of our

*?•£

r-^/v.^-^

vy>

, rT»f;5-

•"l^^'iW

>:y*-

48

THE ILLINOIS Fi^RMER.

The Farmer's Future.

An English correspondent of the New

York Tribune goes off in this way :

"The Farmer's Future will be found
in the application of steam to the culti-
vation of the soil! We are rapidly com-
ing to the conclusion here that the good
old plow is a humbug. We begin to

how to make the best uses of the means
so bountifully placed at our disposal."

-•••-

^ ^^ long, lie and his neighbors gathered over two

think that spade husbandry applied by bushels of currants this year. 1'ho currant sea-
steam is the right thing; indeed, there T "_""> ^^'*"^ ^'^"^ ^^^^ picking to the last, was from
are some among us of the opinion that
a machine may be invented which should,
in effect, plow, sow, harrow, and roll to-
gether— a machine, in fact, which should
make a seed bed and sow the seed all at
one operation. There has already been
one steam engine exhibited in this coun-
try which will walk anywhere, and do
anything it is required to do. It has
feet about the size of yours, sir, and puts
them down upon the ground, one after
the other, very much after the fashion
of a dandy going up Broadway, only the
feet of the machine are fixed on wheels,
and revolve regularly, instead of moving
up and down awkardly, like his. This
machine will go through a plowed field
very comfortably, and rather quicker
than a good hunter will get over it; and

LUXURIES OF A FRUIT GARDEN.
A friend of ours, in whose reliability we havo

implicit confidence, has a small plat of ground,
of vf hich ho tells us the following facts :

From a row of currant bushes, about 8 rods

pict
June 1st to August 15th, 2^ months

From a row of gooseberry bushes, 2 rods long,
he gathered about a bushel of gooseberries.

From a plat of strawberry vines, 4 rods Igng
and 1 rod wide, he gathered nearly 3 bushels oi
strawberries. The strawberry season lasted
about three weeks, ending about the middle of
July.

Then his raspberries came on, and lasted about
three weeks. Of these he had about half a
bushel. They stood next to the strawberries in
point of delicacy.

lie has a number of cherry trees. Thev
yiclilcd well this year. Ills family and friends
used a bushel or so, and the children of the
neighborhood fed themselves upon them, without
stint, for two weeks,

Sotm after the raspberries were gone, his
peaches began to ripen. One of the trees ripened
its fruit late, and it lias lasted till within a few
days past; of these he has had two or more
bushels.

All along since the first of August, his apples

and pears liave been ripouint;. and have furnished
as it will drag a dozen plows after it, I ] '"^ i^hundant supply for his family, for the cow

uid pig. and some to sell or give away besides.
I He will have a large quantity of e.-iccUcnt winter
' ajiplos. Ho has just gathfT'sd fruiu two or three
grapevines, as many bushels of iine grapes.
Some of these his wife made into marmalade,
and some she has jtroscrved in paper, for u«o
hereafter. The best — ami greater portion of
the whole — were eaten as a desert, or given to
children or friends, all of whom enjoyed them
much.

Tliese are some of the enjoyments drawn from
a small plat of ground during the season just
closing. They were at small cost, but they
sweetened many a moal, ministered to health,
and addcid t^ tlie <v)mfort of many guests.

Why may not nearly every man have as large
sx ]ilat ol giviuml. and as many comforts? Sim-
ply because ho is negligent. — Ohio Farmer,

A New ano Choice Plduino. — Into a nappy
|l that will contain two quarts, place apples pannl
[ :iml cut coarsely until the dish is nearly full:

do not see, for my part, why it should
not be made to carry as part and parcel
of itself, a mechanism that will roadily
convert the untilled ground into a seed-
bed. Well, then, as to drainage. I saAv
a machine the other day that would di^^
drain, and lay down sixteen and a half
feet of piping per minute, the pipes be-
ing rather more regularly and satisfac-
torily laid than any skilled workman can
can lay them. The machine labored
under the disadvantage of bcin<T cum-
brous, and of being made to be worked
by a stationary engine. But havino-
got thus far, it seoms to be only one
step further to give us steam application
to the soil, so as to enable twenty times
the quantity of land to be put under

cultivation by the same amount of la- I sprinkle on this 'si.x spoonfuls of sag.), [woiil.l not
bor, and at no greater cost than now. — [ ^''*' ''".'"^' amount of corn starch answer?] then
Tkriv. ■...« rv^r.<rr V,^^^ C 1 f I pour into the dish as much hot water as will

inen we may nope lor a produce of I: ' „ ^i , , t ^ •. i i i

, *li ^ 1-1 li < over the apples and sago. Let it bake abont

Cheap corn, the great desideratum in \ two hours. Jf the uj.i.er pl.-eos bcc.me t...,
this land of sweat and toil, where it de- Imiwn, push tliem down, and others will take
pends upon a shilling or two, more or
less, in the price of food, not only wlietli-
er a man can reap the advantages of
his labor, but absolutely, too often,
whether he can continue to exist.

Yes, to the application of improved
machinery to the earth must we look
for an accession of home comforts, of
world-wide prosperity, of universal hap-
piness! To Thee! O bountiful God of
Nature, we offer our first thanks that
Thou hast given us the great seed bed
whereon we live and move, and whence
we have our being. To Industry be
given our next tribute, and then let us
thank Art and Science that teach us

their places To l)e f>aten in saucers,
■cream or milk and sujuar.

with

Soap Withoit B.ui.inc; — All that is required
tc mak soft sea[i without builing is to have
g( 'od ashes and clean soap grease. In the
sj .ring leach your ashes and put your ley into a
vessel large enough to hold the soap you wish to
Hiake for the \ear; then add the grease as it ac-
cumulates from time to time, no matter h.)W
ir. uch you get in, for the ley will not take more
tJian is necessary to make good soap, and it
keeps the surplus free from mould and in
sects. When the soap is formed, if you ^vish to
use it, skim oif the grease that remains on the
top, put it in aniither vessel, add more ley, and
while you are using the first barrel you will
have another making. This is my method, and
I am never out of good soap. M. E.

Fi-owERs FOR Perfl'MERV. — Thc Paris corres-
pondent of the Journal of Commerce furnishes
those facts concerning modern efibrts to perfect
the science of perfumery, lie says : The most
novel and remai-kable feature of the present
manufacture of perfumes is the establishment
of flower farms. Same of the fairest spots of
Europe and Asia are devoted to thc cultivation
of flowers, of which the fraganee is no longer
wasted on the desert air, but preserved for the
enjoyment of all who choose to purchase it.
Flowers havo taken the place of ambergris,
musk, civet, and the odoriferous gums, which
are now only used to give stability to the more
evanescent scents. There are flower farms in
Europe and Asia ; and another is likely to Le
created in Australia for thc cultivation of the
wattle, a plant of the acacia genus, and resem-
bling in odor very powerful violets. England
has lier flower gardens at Mitcham, in Surry,
where lavender and peppermint flourish unriv-
alled. Koses are also cultivated there, but only
for the purpose of making rose water.
.*.

To TT.\RDEX L.\Rn for Candles. — For 12 lbs.
lard. 1 tb alum and 1 do. of saltpetre — dissolve
the alum and saltpetre in a little water — mix
the lard and water, or put them together over
a fire, and boil till the water is all boiled out.
It must be stirred while boiling" to get the alum
and saltpetre well mixed with the lard. There
will be some sediment at the bottom.

For tallow I should think one-third the above
would be a plenty to hanlen the softest tallow;
but any one can tell by trying a little at first.
If that is not enough, add more. .

AN E.\AMPLE OF PERSEVERANCE.

The following is a most i-emarkable and praise-
worthy instance of what perseverance and indus-
try rightly directed, are able to effect:

Among the graduating class at the last com-
mencement at Williams College, was one by the
name of Condit, from New Jersey. The gentle-
man is a shoemaker, married, and has a family
of four-children. Six years ago, becoming sen-
sible (if the bics.-ings of an education, he com-
menced learning the simple branches, such as
arc taught in our jirimary schools. One by one
he mastered grammar, nritlnnotie, geography,
&r., with some ooea.^ional assistance from Ills
fellow- workmen. At this time he determined
to obtain a collegiate education. Without means,
and with a largo family depending on him for
supjtort, be coiiniiciieed jind learned Latin and
(Jreck, in the evenings after his days work Avas
over, under the diroction of a friend, and after
thc lapse of a year and a half, prepared himself
and entered the Sophomure class at Williams
College.

lie brought his Ijeneh and bis too].«, and his
books Avit!) him; and with the fund for indigent
students, and s.uno otcasiniuil assistajice from
other sources, ho was enabled to go through the
college cimrse, and at the same time support
his family, lie graduated on his birth day,
aged thirty-two. Wq stood high in his class,
ami received a part at Connnenceinent, but
(!eilin(**l. At llie farewell meoiing of the class,
in consideration ef his perseverance, talents, and
Christian character, they presented him with
an elegant set id" silver spoons, tea and table,
each handsomely engraved, with an appropriate
inscription.

Mr. Condit will now enter the Theological
Seminary at New York, and will, no doubt,
make a faithful and popular minister.

What young man in this country will ever,
after such an example as this, dcspjiir of obtain,
iiig an education? — AS/jn/i/^/ZeW Republican.

"Tha world," said Horace Walpole, "is
a comedy to those Avho think, ami a tragedy to
those who feel."

YOL. III.

SPRINGFIELD, APRIL, 1858.

NO. 4.

THE

PUBLISHED MONTHLY,

BY

Bailliaclie & Baker,
Journal Buildings, - - Springfield, Illinois.

-«•►-

S. FRANCIS, Editor.

••.

TERMS OF SUBSCEIPTION.

One copy, one year, in advance $^ ^

Five copies, " " • ^ "^^

Ten " and one to the person getting up club 7 50

Fifteen copies and over , 62J^ cents eacli, and one to person
getting np club.

CASH EATM OF ATVERTISINO :
One dollar per square of ten lines, each insertion.

For the Fanaar.

PATRIOTISM.

Nothing can be of more importance than
patriotism, love of country. We intend to
gather from the current sentiment of the
day a few ideas on this subject. That there
is less patriotism now in the Republic than
at any former time, is felt to be too much the
fact by all of us. With the great body of
the people it seems less needed. Our great-
ness and the power of our form of govern-
ment is to them a sufficient guarantee of our
safety, sufficient to absolve us from any indi-
vidual responsibility, as to the opinions we
hold, the vote we give, the tone of character
we exercise on the political aspects that are
ever before us. We do not consider that it
is bv; aitaw degrees that the integrity of a na
tiocLis undermined, that an evil step once
tj&en the retracement is almost impossible. A
precedent once established it becomes a
standard of political action ever afterwards,
and thus downward we fall until a Mar ius
and Scylla finishes the Republic, inaugurates
a Caesar or a Louis Napoleon to take care
of us.

That the youth of our cc5untry need an
education to fit them for their civil duties, is
the opinion of a popular lecturer ktely among
tis. That there are great principles, un-
changing and eternal, that lie at the founda-
tion of all free governments is well known.

That there is a right and a wrong side on' j
most all questions, in questions involving
morals much right and much wrong, and he
who assumes the functions of a citizen should
be prepared to act understandingly on the
measures that affect so much the welfare of
public interests, and fling back into their
teeth the wiles and sophistries of selfish and
designing leadei-s. We are a country, after
all, governed by a few men instead of by the
many; — we leave to caucuses and cliques that
which we should determine upon ourselves.
We are an Oligarchy instead of a Republic.
Devotion to party is sure to follow ignorance,
and when carried to excess, pressed at the
expense of individual opinion and conviction,
as exhibited in this country, is fatal to liber-
ty. That there is a monstrous powei>-of re-
form and progress in our midst, — ^that we
started well In the race as a nation, had no
antecedents than those which breathed of
liberty and law, is much to our advantage;
but it bodes no good to us ever to be on the
verge of some catastrophe; and there is no
use in it, if we do but understand tbnt liber-
ty does not jnean lawlessness, that national
comity does not mean aggrcs-iion. that we
cannot always spread our instUationB with
advantage, that fraud, bribery, and pecula-
tion should disgrace the public offender,
should open him to v.|^ • ' w^ »■ i[ uld
hang him as high as l-"-."i;!M \'- o aie a
christian people, and yet do not fe^l that the
obligations of our religion require of us to
subject public as well as private matters to a
stern ordeal. This may not be done by the
pulpit, for our peculiarities of condition, our
manners of life, our birth-right, heritages,
I and sympathies are so different, but we would
I have the precepts and teachings of the Gos-
pel so applied to our individual character and
conduct as to lead us aright in all the rela-
tions of life, whether they be of slaveholding
or non-slaveholding, of monarchical or demo-
cratic type.

Our lecturer, above alluded to, said that Pe-
ricles, the great Athenian statesman, thought
first of his country, and then of himself;

that Alcibiades, the nephew, thought first of
himself, and then of his country; but that
our politicians think first of themselves, and
then, of nothing. There is a saying, ^'dulce
et decorum est mori pro patrie," "sweet and
fitting is it to die for one's country," but
these men would not like Regulus return
to Carthage to be immolated for their own
and their country's honor, but would prefer
to stay at home and look out for themselves,
thus showing that republicanism has gained
nothing, has lost ground in the lapse of
twenty-two hundred years. Aristides met
the clown who desired his expulsion from
x\then9, "Why what harm has he done thee,"
said Aristidea. "I do not know him, but I
hate to hear him called the 'Just,' " was the^.
reply, and added, "do thou write his naat^
on this shell," the ballot of that day, irtS«8hC*,
was done, and Aristides, as it afterwards"
proved, went into banishment. An anecdote
illustrative of so mrch truthfulness, delicacy .
of sentiment and d ^interestedness, ifrouldnot
be understood in these days, would not be
the way our politicians would get votes, and
yet this man returned to Athens in triumph,
and may be considered second to no other
public character of antiquity.

Men who are too idle to do anything else
in this country, turn politicians. The study
of politics has been suggested as necessary
in high quarters, but that public men should
get theirtraining, not from the great stand-
ard authors and lights who have shone
through history, but from saloons and SQpret
conclaves, and addressed to the lowest in-
stincts, crouching into the dust before place
and power and Mammon, is what this coun-
try alone of all republics has ever exhibited
as the general and almost universal tactics of
public life. We do not select men for their
high qualities, for their success in any of the
business pursuits in which they may have
been engaged, which generally shows com-
pass of mind and administrative ability, but
go to the corners of the streets and get the able
though characterless demagogue, who there
stands, and make him the High Priest of our

-^mi-

Vj^A

js i_

♦ 1

f t

hcuirro nnd ido'..:</}'. At the T'litional Capi-

to' ir.QV. r.vc hc-j^:^.:',. v/r.'lio'i'A like siircp in the
shamble;^. Ti'o have tried liavcl fur j?:i;-'- to
disI'M^iicvc i'. l,'U" the iaet cbiv- thro;-.-; ; '-':
polifir-..,! \\['j : : r-ie clecv.c !;';■:*; 'l-rc'^ tli" ui'i
the i!iin ;iii'. }t flislio^ upu;^ ii . ■■ t!i.^ '^ •!;. f 1
boyV tr. !; '-C';^ .ifier vc:;t-; ;■]' irrv:c;;i:.v oi^'J
mi^tvnst. A I'.'l wli'.i; i^ tho ofiect of itii ; iL r .i
scafc'l rorvM ;;>-iri I'V.t to dccr th; he--? k.imi
from pn''!;e lifo. f/o";! takinc^ :;u iiiicTP-; Im
po!!t :^;:! rf":v:;-;

EiT" ire ha-o irovc uv.'h. thi^i <~;-:r ■'':•••'. :■;
^vc hnvc f;i'h i^: i iin "■•i ]";■••,:■•;-: , v;^ !i\.:'.;'
in tivrc;; tk.^r >:r:--;oi :i t; :!y _■■ i ••:■:■.-:- '.
Ch" i\;i:'i3i!y, Jiovrrver pr^r]vr" i ■-i--."; v -^v,
i^- an ck'iio:;" I'ul h-."i i:ot ; r'"'.;.uT.i i'l ''.\'
peri:'i;< ^vc' hnv,-' vcff'rro-l r^-v. .Ihu ivii;;-. •.-
b;ickw;-l(l ;r !ri; 'i'^ (iV iOrll'V ufu^ a ■-.]•:-

ff civil v;^v. ]\-.o l:.iv-'cr>: ;v^' ;•' "ih:: cc;'';-
dencc ci" nnikcccl io cni- ^y~'e:ii i.x' rwrm-
meuL: V'l'ove trcachcicu^ lo cvs in-:;i';i:'-:
ccHi'ijel u^ to n Ion:::: and l.^bovcd yc';^C!i:;i:";ee.
vri.i; ,hc e::cc:i::i:;:!3 lci;u and ''ojp cf tiie
VvJlIDj patvi:-L3 i 1 Europe — -..diu c:■•J^vi Ii:.iy.
t.iioth:v t'.cii' vr.'ces in Fvnnce, .^rvrr/1 .heiis-
selves over (•.rv"!:rry, avd i::i.l-! •>• de;vu do:
d/i.'.:: in II
tori]iii;2v-iii

I Tur.xzn to n dir--tii-;::iTi3hed Hovticv.Ituri';: in
' "iVc-^e?-:: ^c— Yer':, J. J. TlIcr'TAT. end first
pTibii-ijcd :;i ti'C Cc-rvitry 6' ■.;'/' v;"?;. -tc
(-;■ V V'f^v 'ii' 1- rentains juj-l it.c inib:%:,e-
X\ -w i^^^-\\.:~^. • y ('111' "■;,; '"v. :.^ '^n ih" e' iii" r:
tiou ci' ilie ()s:)i; ■ ;i^ ;; iiCMLrc \ hiti' :

.!. ,!. 'J'noMAS, E>'!. — Iti i-|'!y lo yu\ir
i!;'j';lri('.-i. L would :-:'\ lii;U I iia\o watcl.ed-
v.iiii iii'ith iu:iTi.^t. tlie {)!-i -],i\-ts ;ind pro-
_L:i (-•:■• Oi iioiie'es in tli;' V\'<, st lor .<niiii_ venrs;
, ]'■! ■:. i'. v ij.uio th;;ii iw^iiry y;.;.;-- • li;ivc
''::.:• .■.: :d''v C(.;tninr(;l \\\\\\ ww:. n ■ u ti;o
j'lM.:.. ■, .ii;'io ^■.■.l.- Vv' ('• ■ V.'.. ;.i;; niaiivi'.

' .;::m 1 i: .' V.l' .■, ■ ■ ■' ;'. < ■ .<. / • ';■ ;■.;;. •',': ,',;:/, \CY

-;<'■ h ". ■ ;i'i -n .K' , ;;!' \\\ iiu.nv jdr .;^ nut
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pcr:"idt i.iOr- le Jii:i.:: ijcei: iu sc :;• cur i\rre-
aDcy fo the brhe; ,; o-' i'vccik'''-. — .'r.n t'.o i id
to:-li.d:c llKiv i; :;,,\. dieivi. ...!>: t "^'i -..',. \.'v.
them, t]ic':^- \.- ;:. ■--■ c\l>: Tri;:-.c;:: "■ :■; e. ihoi-
rolianro .ijd " ■ .'^: c ,«' -'iv ■" -v -neev- .!,■
an !!ii;v! o:' ,' ".^ ,a-iiro, r-- *.i t^-e '-.'u "i;"'' i
and fv.: <":'-' v .v^l .dn;;r:v-t ('r mv'T'. ^ »..

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ple kuc\,- tk:- :hc-e ^v.-e ;-;i-:^... v.. "-at oi;.
smd:"; cJ [v.'yL:'" hdi c. ii"o i.i.:::^€j' u::e-!-
■ill'*' I'' i'"' ' < '"'~ j'^'*' '■'I 1 7^-'v .-\ - ■>-i% » .- ^ .

I- - ^- *

\r:\y to rre C.:vo::;:v:5, i\o:i! Cii":;vi::.v t:

that oTiiio :;::eioii. rrodi'^'. ii':.'l irv •)'!:'<■

is eve:- r i:d tiv CO .i:;": v;::, ■:".•> ■';;'. o --

lii^hroiicd. V. cii c. ::>. .i.:::d.;ii.d ui; eo^.'v-'^-i

liij^n--. th:-- vcuid ke:ier rrvv. -k o "kj i-:-
... Ik

S't'C iV^i j-j -.1 - 3 ei c --*'** VOo*lI--.a '. -j.e'VC lii*

i:

j his JMd,!-. ■:.: :M!y :' •./. 1:'/ ^^i i i.:i \.o;i. i • .•

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, lied'rillU Wl.il ; - ... .r-; ^liis.l;',,;. . ri :-..r
1 !M-; • ;■■ '!\' e; . . . ' - :. !...:■;;■

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I

• 'n;'!iC-

lesvi!

• y ;-e ! ;c,

very iJUporL.

u„c.c ;■".::. vc i il^w i.\c. j. ii.:v». .jj e.iii. r ;c.;^
v>u^^'w\-i" L' e* .- i e liCu„e. e~k^L ,•. ^iv-.-ivt iit ^

V...

i:: vcy:ra o t-ce p:o^:cr eu:^.v:u.c:: c. .
p'nni. i;ed iiif .;d: vd^n ibrhcdy.-. ev;^:vici:.^'

.% (-'..,,> .--.~ -.

c''"" ■■ ^_" k'\.} V '"v ■

TuRXLU (v-it lo.JUKnonded i.:^ cidtiv.:;ioa : ■■
ahc.i3,c ideu. in tiie "Wc^l. ilhis v-:i u;^::"

T-r.-r- •-" .-•-■.^ .---..1. ::-.-.. I-.- v.-

stantiv had i: in cukiv^itic::!, and Ida cspo]-i-
cn:c t.:v:\ \c:cv.-i::.c:id-j.iic:c\j cf li^c- yropei
mcdo cf cuhuvc nrv:, avo invaiu:b!c. Ihccc
who fclioTT cul his cu^gcsiicus c.\uuot fail in
makine.' c:c:d hcd^ ::.
The iblbvinc^' article v-rL::n 1:- Prcf,

CO hed^o into ^j iut^. h\.i

.i V; : (. ::i!y!.::.:. i ■:_.■

1 uulj CV lV 0 ; ; i;c:i^: 0.1 co>" .;. ;i:ic.:ii .:

eVOilllCc, t.liiJ. i-i- ii...i.i:j Cv.:-i-\.,e (..rlJ^.U..i.

:.i i: ij..i.Le
i-.o i::-ia.

i:f'::t, :::c'/Jy ;:i -!::; vitmitj; Init some' in- ai-
iiio,?t every ;5t te in the Uiiiionjand shall sell
about the ia^; c fau-ntitj thi.s spring, mostly
to eld (n-lcn;e;-.. vx in their neighborhood,
::.i : at tlie .• :.;e > 1 : [i iees in «pite of thehard
J '.LC::.

bneli ihi !i ; ■, r.,y gincral view — my field
ir!' oijei\ L.T;!ir: Ui; .;. exi.eritiicc. Now as to
yni;i' spteiiie i|Ue--urii- :

1. it oneLt to t;ike iour years, on good
ric'i praiiic h'^\^\, red no niure, to niaKe a
<ii od .-stock h;'::ec: -n barren or poorer land,
oi eoni>e if •\,cHiit ta;^e proportiouably longer,
nniu-s UKM.uu' v.;:-- ii-c-.!.

d. Ml ' y r; I i ■■:. a e; mnion farm hedge

■ •: ' ;! '•.•\. r '. . c'jpjnd at all, at least
:.'.!: :i;.v_ j,';'..^ ;!;-;; to cnt back overgrown

■ ■ o ,: . :.. .^- ■■ 1 ;j,v ! ■•..v.ti>, till it is Ihrce, or
. ; ■: ■ -i ;. ■ • i ;; — .^-; liie way is to begin
: ■ ■.■•... — . .i ! i ' e d..-L ihingtobelbrm-
.a . :' •.'.:■;■ V i.. ;. ii'.'.d ler this end, of
■■ \.,-.-i^i- I l;' ':•■!; d.o better. Then
V . . •.. !■: .v tii ■ ■ i«.....(.i, cat oiten, and form
:'.. i! ::;e i;i :: ; ;.de Vi.:a-. ocdinuingiu early

;. .•• V -■: : V, id! ■;• ii':v;dtlv nvv; i'rcm four to
-:'■; ]> ( I .oil:;- ii hot en; — semtiimes more,
■•'..". t . v-.i tuit'.ri'e ave jii.od.

■J !:ie p: '...p.vdon tii:\t proves suc-

■ -, .. : . i ■. •. :: Ii.; if .td'^u i n proportiou

; ; . . .i. 1 J ..) .; i;.r,c p.vvod succer'slul

; , :' \. . : - yi:;: ;:(.vie ev ren)arks in

... »\; ...'. j..(. . Ci' . : I' i,;.//, page Hoo,

' .. . V. . ... ui.ti.itn, ihesadlaet

- • • .. I .■•- d ■. " i . ::.'i uicve ihan about one
.......; v-i :,e aity crop whatever;

? :.. _ . > ..;;:, iiave niore than two-
i....>i.- • . t . .. ... .1 '..'.-. L> o:' ;ii)ything, if it is

\:y<.''i.'.. ■ . .>:.'e i;t :/it. Heijce. if land
..... ■:.«.. .y ■ i-..;ue^' 1 v bushels of

'•■•:■• 1' I.. ;m...'. i :,i::ie to produce
i . '-■ .->■:: .:\ V';.!. t' ust as some

: i : :;.i';:Ji'i' h::'i ; o;vhi^rd, or no

I •: u'^ ■ • 1 . . ■.; ;., :.'.'. — I'j: i: •}0 happens

1 :;: : i •. ,■ . ; ./ ' M:' in orchrird, espe-

-i..-;^ .1 . :..■ , v . ■ i .;u' (hnc ismicbing, is

..... 1..: . ::.-:': . ' ;;. ojbie iu the mar-

.■. ■ ■.'.■•: ». ■■ ■ ■. .;>. Ln'i our good far-

M-.:- - ; i; . : [ : :.i noi aenamed to

•.'.v.- :• : . : . ■- ■■■.■.• ( .• tnrn again.st any

irr- ': .•: , .• ... •:• I e-:eepfing thievish

' .. v-u ■■■,••■ ., ; : ;. . .:.i:- j : ;. ,iL;.:aa or rather

I ' '■ ' ■ ■ ■■.'■■

: ■>. 1 :■ .■ .-• :. . ::ii ecstofa goodstock

I. •'.. ■ - i ' .: '. ;:; i!ie rnte we now sell

• .'..: . ■■ ■ .':'? i I : I. e.xeoed oJ cents per rod

.ra:.,: ;x i.m. ^.y the Minior himself But

ill;... ..... i;ie ..1 .-t:.d e;;:.UOt luake it SO

-x;t. :.^.^ V ,• :ie„i.. ^ :.e di.iii Acleastlwould

..L..- :...-^: .......J :v,j lods ef hedge on my

-:v:i - .J..:...,. i:i..u c;:e r3u on a;jotner man's
.' _u .- r.j: i;;o.e ti:a:i a siiiglc mi!c, or even
:. .A :. :;i:.: '.r-i.iicc. i'ur tne trouble of

.-■.;. : '.;::.■ < . :.. a:id getiii'g up a team

! ' , - . ■ ' -. lil'viJ'O L-' .11

■. ,. k. .-,■ -.e ■ . : ;■ :ie'i yOii ..ve
o. i uj .„.e tLV^ie i:jtci.? davc notinjur-

:.ii tnc other
there, if but

iu ..Ji.ili

lei.;:.;-; e:

.'.z:.t. dd:G - did :.;: ;..c :-d:e e: i... pr-v.:..;
my o^"n p'a:c. in ptru i J.ave ik:-j 3..d iut-
tciky. ivoAi OJC ij two tiiiiiioi:^ 'j: tiic p.i.nio
Id ii:v cuilwineio eui:u.;d\' uv iaiij ^e..::.

■::^^

re c-.i;

/ ■- '. ■(-... i-:"i:i 'vinior thou-
;.:■ Oi y.-in.: L-..caiings plants
i.\ l'.-.c iiiuiery. as in such
i-i' '.; -: d-::ie to be. Heuee
ee: , v:y ia the tiiil: so lar as
Liua 3:civ.o t.i..:i :n the plant-houses;
::■ ih:i:..;-ic.o ij bo certain of good
::„U'^:i c„^ 111.,.- luucar well in the

THE ILLIlSrOIS FARMER.

51

spring, -vrithout this care, for the seedling |
plants are quite apt to be injured in severe
winters, rnoro or less, anrl tlie injury is not
always perceptible, even by the best judges,
till after they are sot in the hedge-rowj and
purchasing sucli plants has, perhaps, more
than any one cause, covered the country in
places with broken, worthless hedges. —
Twice in the hist 15 years, I have delivered
some such injured outstanding plants myself,
without knowing it till too late, and had them
all to supply again the next spring. The
great drought also made sad work in blotch-
ing many pieces of new-set hedge where the
plants were good, in 185G.

From the above and similar causes, in rid-
ing through the countrv, one will see a <rreat
many specimens of worthless, un,sightly
hedges, and is more apt to see them unfortu-
nately, on the great railroads and tborough-
fares, than anywhere else. For precisely
here those damaged plants are mostly hawk-
ed about and sold cheap; and great droves of
stock are most likely to range and try the
work of carele^•6 hands and neglected fences.
'Besides, those jyro/cssionanu'dffe-ma/icrs, who
did not always know a plow from a hoe when
they began their peregrinations out of the
cities and towns, to set '■'■svperh herlgfs" for
the farmcs for two prices, cn.shdown the first
year — the.se found it more convenient to con-
duet their operations near the railroads, which
they usually completed as soon as the first or
second payment was made, and decamped for
parts unknown, leaving the hedges and^;heir
owners to take care of themselves; and the lat-
ter generally found their pro/<'«.<!/oHr^? hedge
was worth no further care from themselves,
than to try to plow or grab it up, which is not
so easily done; for this Osage Orange when
once set out, insists that it has a right to make
a hedge anyhow, even if not nearer together
than once in ten rods, and you raaj' cut as
much as you please, and it still persi-;t in its
right to live and make a fence.

But ciside from these casualties. I have
never in all my experience or Icnowleuge.
known a plant more than two years old. or
after its second winter's growth, to be killed
with cold here, or arni othr cause, though the
thermometer has been sometimes 2-5^ below
zero — often 2U° — quiie often 10°; and peach
trees six inches throuf;-h. and grapevines, and
many common apple trees of good size, have
been killed in my grounds, side by side with
the hedge, quite to the groui;-!. In severe
winters, the tops of the hedges are always
killed down more or less, but the root never
so far; and all the killing of the top has only
amounted in practice here to the saving of one
good spring pruning. 'I he first plant ever
brought into this country, some 20 years ago,
is still alive in my front yard; and my oldest
hedges are decidedly the best on my place;
and the same is true of my brothev'sin Quiney,
and many others. But farther north I have
learned that the plants last winter killed out
so badly in some places in the yt^ung two year
old hedges, that it has discouraged their own-
ers— I think unwisely — for in other places
still farther north, I "^Larn they have stood
well; and I must think the error, where they
were killed out, consisted in too late eultuie
in the fall; besides it is hardly probable that
we shall have another winter combining so
many peculiar causes of destruction as the

last, perhaps in a whole century; and he that |
abandons a young hedge, or a wheat crop, or !
any thing else, if needful on his place, from j
one unfortunate winter, is unwise, especially
if there is good reason to think that sijme error j
in culture caused the catastrophe. But T j
cannot, of course, and will not speak with any j
positiveness about either soils or climates, or
anvthine: else not immediately within the
range of my own personal experience.

But if I were to purchase a farm myself,
200 miles north of this, my first effort would
be, as it ever has been here, to hedge it; and
if the ground was dry and warm, I believe I
should succeed; if not, I Inwv: I should fail,
till made so by drainage. But I am of the
opinion that there may be many places on the
poor sandy and gravelly soils of the north, and
also on the low and wet soils further south,
where it will not pay to attempt this hedge.
On our swampy lands and wet swales here, it
will not do without thorough draining or
dj'keing, so as to make a good dry corn sci'.

7. The only hedge I have ever had killed
down was burnt down under a burning build-
ing, which burnt the soil from one to two
feet deep, almost into brick dust. But, after
all, the roots of the hedge came up through,
and that same piece is now a good hedge.
Burning off stubble and killing the top in that
way, or prairie grass, only makes it grow the
thicker and better; and some trim their
hedges only by such burning down, I am
told, in thesouth, as the old stocks wiU stand
till the new shoots come up again to their

j relie

I believe I have now, my dear sir, answer-
ed all of your questions in oi-der as proposed,
according to the best of my knowledge; and
I am not aware of being under any particular
bias in the matter, for instead of desiring to
extend mx operations in the heddng busi-
ness, I would prefer, as things now are, to
contract it, and sold out mx farms Avith the
intention of .so doing, so far and so fest as I
find it expedient and practicable.

If anything further is desired, I would
most cheerfully give vou all the iuforu! ii* n
in my power, as soon as time and other (ii.;'.-
will permit.

Allow me also to say that I have ?cei> ■■••■i
felt in connection with this hedge bu^ini ..;;
of the west, as well as with all our "!''ir

great

and

tnti '•

ltr'_'■e»;l

rh

farming interests, such
need of a system of State in
laf to those propo.sed in Hoi . "'^
bill now pending in Congress, r •
devoted most of my spare time for so;:
past, to that great national object, js
port herewith sent will show; and i Lop<^
your time and talents are not so fuliy cm-
ployed, but that you will find time to give
this great interest an efiective helping hand.

J. B. TURNER.
jACKGor-viLLE, 111., Feb. 1,1858.

-<•►

From the Diary of si Counti-.v 3>o -tor.

I "Spare llic liltlc Birds."

j The fa.ct is indisputable tliat op-e-fiftli,

j if not one-fourth, of the crop of the Union,

j amounting in value to many millions of

dollars each year, is destroyed by insects.

This render's the study of entomology

almost a necessity ; for if without cheek.

this evil continues to increase, the day
may come, sooner than many will believe,
when the important agricultural products
will be so diminished, from this cause
alone, as to produce great dearth and
suffering, and when many of the best
and most valuable fruits will be a rarity,
if their production is not rendered im-
possible. Note, in verification, all the
varieties of the plum, gage, nectarine,
and cherry fruit, which, from the ravages
of the different genera of curculio, or the
weevil, are now rare, and seldom come
to perfection; and even one species of
this destructive insect has lately depos-
ited its eggs in the npple, and even in
the peach. If this is to continue, with-
out effort at prevention or remedy, how
soon may it be hopeless to look for, or
even expect again to see, as in the days
of old, the various fruit trees breaking
down from the burden of their golden
and luscious fruit.

The evil is not done by the perfect
insect. Many insects never .feed after
their metamorphosis, but by the boring
and deposition of the egg, which soon
hatches, and we have a worm, or the
larvae, ravenous in its appetite, and de-
structive to anything it comes in contact
with. The larvai, or worm, does all the
mischief by feeding on the fruit, thus
destroying its organization ; after which,
of course, it soon drops to the ground,
into which the grub or worm goes, and
there hibernates until the ensuing year,
when it revivifies, and comes foi'th the
perfect insect at precisely the right time
and season "to walk in the foot-steps of
its predecessors," and cause n greatly
inTcascd injury to whatever it deposits
its ef 23 in, and its larva- feed on. The
utility Or" v.itomological study and exam-
ination, will be of paramount importance,
for, doubtless, a careful inquiry into the
habits, peculiarities, and destructiveness
of the various insects that arc injurious
to the crop, must lead, in many instances,
to the discovery of an antidote for their
V vages, or remedy for the injury they
i lict.

There is evidently a great increase of
insects injurious to agricultural produc-
tion. VYiiat is the cause of this? The
.eason is the greater average mildness of
winters, and the great destruction of
sm.all birds, snake's, toad fro^s, water
frogs, terrapins, and ants, which feed on
insects. Vv'hen the winter is very se-
vere the cold destroys myriads in their
hibernating state of inaction, or tempo-
! rary death. Again, it destroys the eggs,
by bursting them, and thus making them
unproducttve. The acute observer, by
the* aid of a microscope of only ordinary
power, cr.n, after any hard winter, see
quantities of the eggs ( generally adhe-
rent to small twigs,) of the butterfly,
ruptured and unprolific, from their gen-

|W;><''^?v^v.?^<^.'T "rt^' - > ;v.'?7*»Vt»-^;.* ; ■ ' -;." • , ^^\'- 5»>',i,»^!y««ig5^?fS3^7f^<-^,^r-?|j.r,- ;,;• , ;,*_; '

50

'-.t- .■■• ■■.-■ :-/ vr-i ; ." ■ ■,^'^r^yr:^^'^' ■■■■■

THE ILT^IISrOIS F^Il^MIDK.

ho'Jt^rrrc r.nd ido'utrj. At the National Capi-
tol iiicn r,vo boapht andsoKi lik-c sheep in ihe
shaiiibics. "^V'c have tried hard for year^ to
dis}>e!ievc it, but the faet glares throuc;h (•nv
politic-.il lifo r.« the electric Jijrht docs through
the thin air. It {ii;sho,SBpon ii:;as thosc-lico!
boy'.s tr.sk does affc'r yenvs of prrploxity and
mistrust. And what is the effect of this drop
seated corruption but to dotcr the best men
from public life, froni takinir an interoj^t in
politic.'d rFsir.'-?

But: vre have irovc ieiith than ouv h^crnrcr;

we have
in tiir.cs

furh

111 J,uin:^u pro:,re>-^; iiro :i\;nu-

). -

Christianity, hovrever pcovly undcv>io(xi u.mv,
is an eknient tiiat hud not nppciired iu tlio
periods vrc have referred tr>. But ■why po
backward at a!!'/ Why reouire ofu3 a silva-
liou thrcuch X'.vc:" "\Vl-v mn on to tho vor;;e
of civil var. iuio dhunicn; paly the coi^li-
dencc of nirniicod iu cur system ci^qovcru-
meui: prove tveaehercus to our iusanct.'^;
cciupel us to a long and labored repentance,
wiai iho escor^tions leud and deep of the
yoimg patriots in Europe — v.-ho crov.-d Italy,
smother tl.cir voices in France, spread them-
selves over Gerninnr, and neither dead nor
ddnii; in Kunr:vy, have a dim 5:n^.: of bet-
tor thiiig? in Sp ido. luiples and xv.i key? V.'hy
pernut these to fiingbrx-k in scorn cur recre-
ancy to the behc5fs> of frcedo;v. — and tb.e old

± 11 j1*1 ^ !•! Li"'^ 'T*

tOiriiaiie toCiV iicc^^t, liieir J;tr.ri3 tj i.ta T>"ii»iin
thenirtheir r.ci-^c to exist without j-.ope, tb.civ
reliance .sti'd to c>pcud iipcr! zn nncenn'.;>
an iniperietndoio .'uiuve. as to tre condition
and povritrifT and ?iu':irue>? of pvr]^o:"? c.i
this grc: A;i oric-.ii I'nion. Lid or.r ]ei:>-
p!c kno'iT th:^t thcvc v.-ere har,drcd;= and tl'ou-
sacds of prayer:-,, full Ci" the luiei:;cjt: nv:an-
ing. offered up through Huro^ic. from Gal-
way to the Caucasius, from Gibrr.kr.r to
Archsncel. to Ilccp our hard ?'a'"ed. like
that of the aneicui prophet, until the b::ti;e
is over :.ud t!:c corquc-t won, o''a r-ure, e:>
lightencd. v. oil coDditicncd,aud unqucsLioued
. liberty, they vrould better cpprrcia'C t'-,e re-
sponsibilities cf their position bolbre ihf
world, in Avhicli iliey. were pLiccd ;o ::c: .10
very inipoiLcnt a part.

liuK, vLm I'l^.,.

u

to t;av i;;lhii;':- A 1

XI.- V. .,.1^.. I. ..i.t^t. iiw.j-;,*

In rep:'.rd co the p:oper cuuivr.ucn c' tlfij
plant, and its adaption for hedges, espcvicnce

■"^ 0^' '»''^V »»^.-M».-% f'lMt,-^ f'l'"*" o-.-^r-pi* I •» f ■• '^•^ Tj..-1'

Turner fii-st recomuicnded ii^ cultivation r?
aheclg'C plant in the Woct. Ihis wrs many

T-r\ -IT*-* *■< '^ ry f . ., ^ ^ (- , , U ^ C, ^ V ,^ 1- « -. r ^ ••'

stantiy had it in cultivation, and his cspoi'i-
cncc aird icxuixcndaticns ci the i:ropci
inoda cf culture n.^v, are invaluable. These
who fellow out his suggestions caanot fail in
makine; £*ocd bed;- cs.

The followine; article written bv Frcf

Turner to a distinguished Horticulturi.-:: in
We'?tcni Now York. J. J. TnoMAG; end firist
publi-hcd in the Ccunlrij Genlkviav, -sro
copy brcj.u.se it contains J u.si the inforn.a-
ti'Ki re<i0.iicd l-y our Cainieis on the cr.ltivn-
tiou of the Osa^e a? a hedge plant :

J. d. Thom.\s, Esq. — In reply to your
inquiries, 1 would s:iy that 1 ha\c watched'
with much interest, the prcspccts and pro-
gress of hedges in the West lor sonic years
past. Fir more than twenty years I fauvc
Deen fuiiy convinced that v.-ir:i us on the
prairies ilicre \va.s no po:--.s;ble aUi.vnative,
and {\\i\i wo ::ii--f l.rdijv >r,tli ::{,.V(i!tii)if, tor
we lu'vo no st(ine. :.nd in many plac<.s not
i'ldf r!u''er ci.o;!':!; t-.' keep upc^or buildinca
:mii.1 r.i"'ii"iiU'. ti> f-j.y ncih.!;"^ of loi'cing; aiui
as to hcramg ^hoL wheio !ni::di'.c!s la la( n-
i^auus ol 1-i.uii oi oaiil;' :iii 1 sviio' i;!U--i p;^^
ibri ii'Ji tin:- oii;n;rr\ ii; ::{i ^In ci!'n'<. t ^. Ci'V
yc;:r. roid ::bi!o-'i cs'ciy i>.H'n; i iti the yc;'.:-, r.a
ti'.civ vs",;y to llio ijrrat nuikot?. or to the
tatJlo o.o.dcrs, it woidd frcon io oe ab.-uri!.
\> h;it \»\ iild prvtcft our cio]\.' :.gaiat-L t.he
lean, ri:d g-:unt, aiui <i:'i\ing (.'••ov-.< < I the-"
Mexioi'iU rangors, w!..' i^j.i o;i:.!!.s pa-^
lhruu.j;!i thc^.' vcg'ioTis v;dh o,:o onv.o ttio-;-

i?and cf t;;c:?e lean kiro in a .-isj'jle drove.'
A uKi'a nay ble-b ios tt.Oi^ \:\ suoa Cir:;di-
ticn^. ir ho i-: ;;bi.- to keep h;> c i:i. i:;y aiiti

i.i bi ■ bM'.i or collar.
1:1- it :,il I ;:; ou ;h-

[ud.'i.-.- i_ I. mil. on. .iioi ui u^ji (. ur tvra oiii-
.■:eiis are. wita i,aieo a sin':!o o\ooptu>n.
iiono^i aii-..i upiight i/.oii ..fiii a a h.a.i oan
now keen ihe-.o io.s;;ai!d ivoo'^i oftbio'uti
emigrani.^, movc.^ a'ld <.iov-r.-. hw.i teanii-j
down a ten r:;il iVi.ce and dvi;i!'g tkr ug.i
bis fields, at any rale, biO will do well, l•^ r
i'heso and siuiilav ioa.s-. ns, I ii:'-, e ('.ocnud
hedging with ti.s bi-.i^pousable. rnd Jia\e
nru'e m::^ny cTibu ■ i'* ilU^o^'!^:;• i;; . lul auC>'
.on.e '■:';i \o. .- t Xj ov;i;:oi:t ;■ i • irial ia o;u-
o.!r:y i:i--;oiy, I l.oo. mo ~:iil:i\l j;.i:y. (b::;
die Coy o'o.ioot. w;:^ t!i.' Lot ;.;,ci oi:t\
pjaut iliac 111 Ui.e ]i.i'.-o V'c LOUit-i yi.oii;;i-i\

Ll;0. 1 t-LCOVuiUgi V Vi 11.(0 i.'K'd pOiO.iOi-t.i O.i

the LMbjc.t in luo I'.'-u' !■■ . .:■ ■. l'i.\- ?
Utllie J.epoU-;. ai:d otl.cr yi^p.r-. jvu'U e.i
■c.d, r.iscd plants bi'th lov 1 .yo'^ai a other;-,
hedged :.;1 ni v o-'m ! mOb aioi '-rouod-?, alio
:uriii.-iied p-'ants an-.i jeod t > <a:\ i.'ioiiuis aiai
pe:io::.i) iticiid.o \v)d!o tiio • 1:^. pu'ilij" Ltill
ridicul 'liC fi.terpiiro a - a ■ i . -rus niuit'-
cauli-' .cubti- n. auo wou'd uny ;.e'iher

jilants or ::-..d. 'ihe result '.-:. ihut tn tho
^kcc watrc 1 now live, i have uo otncr Icn;; •
u'hutcVer but the hcOiio, oa;;!.~;c i-r,-ui:u my
oJta Vaidi, and hi.ve a^t ha .1 lor '^'ca'.:. oi\
crcthir, Mv. Av^vy Tiur.v. oi <^u:njy, ; Lo
bac the hedge en b.:; lain: u:v::[y cr \-aoll; .
-nd good bcdgc^ a:c n..w qu;:: cajy to oo
.uund, ap.d poor tuci toj. -L ria. i! larni o.

( "'U or,-,-;; p'lt;,' '.00 ';;i.' T 1 ' '.' " '.'. '. , i ''O'.'l;'-

ed bolero i uobl il, ail i;.Lo :^-' a.ro I.-:-; ; o-
other faiM, foutbc-ot, cf J"." ;"-\r i bcgaa
to hedge into b'O loti. but sola it b^i.iie
It w: i ccmpivtod. i iK.^•e ii.;J niaa.
.1 uiile cr tv, oof he duo oa Gov. IJuac.ia'.-:
grouGcs, i.nd the iiiiu.,i3 co-it-,c Ij-iounds.
.mniedl-tely joiaing or ne:.r uiy ovn houie-
itcad. lh:3 i did fjr t..c sa!-:o ot i->:prcv.:;y
my own place, in p;:rt. I i.avo also s.ld lat-
terly, itoai oac to two miliioui: ot tec pimts
to ujv easterners aaiiuady for seme '■c.r.s

past^ lacitiy in this vicinitj. but smnciiral-
uiost every Jitcte in the Uiiiion; apd shall sell
about the same quantity this spring, mostly
to old customers, or in their neighborhood,
and at the .sr-nieold prices in .spite of thebard
tiiuee.

«s feuch then i.s u.y general view— my field
of ob-oivatinn and experience. Now as to
your speeihc quc-jiicns:

1. It ought to take four years, on good
rich prairie land, and no more, to maKe a
good stock hedge; on barren or poorer land,
of course it wouKi take proportionably longer,
uidtbs niannie ^Yus used. ..;••■ "^xj^i,.

-. in n;y opinion, a er.mmon farm hedge
.'^bor.ld ';o\(.r fo onpptd at all, at least
nothing nio;e t!:aii to cut hack overgrown
.-'■•oat-, to 0','Vi liie growth, till it is (hree, or
il Io:v! {!o y.ar.-: oa- — ras tlie wa}" is to begin
a! tl:e holm^: — end tl'.o iiv.st thiisg to be form-
id :s :i v.goM-ii.o root, and lor this end, of
eonr.>o tuo io-- cii]tpn]g the better. Then
eo: down io the giuauu, cut oiten, and form
i!..^ bodge in a guigic year, beginning in earlj*
^;]a■int. ' _ "

;J. .-dii 0^5 v.ill genoraHv irrcw frcm four to

V.' • «-

six f 1 1 1 long -it' not. cut — seme times more,
v.iua od lUid cidturc are good.

;. .'.-■ to the proportion that proves suc-
vv. vd. .i !i«>ida tuauv it about in proportion
oj i!.- eociu.rU:- tb.U have proved successful
JO Tlo' \i '-:.-t — ..nii TOur article or remarks in

I a;

st'.li

1 1

.:! ieog.o.cr lor iJ^57, page ooo,

c.eary .e.s that iorth. Ihe sad fact
. ti^ai tbovo i:i Jiot moi^e than about one
ia.i:. .a :. .i I'.i::: v:Al vi:li2 any crop whatever;
;i;o :.o ; iiiv ^viil not have more than two-
iiiiiibs 01' oov iia-f a c.'cp of anvthiner, if it is
ros:<ibio to blo.ndev out oi' it. Hence, if land
li.'l easily produce lo*j bushels of

• tiie acio, is made to produce
.•;e? wiy well. Just as some

a hcdgtj or halt" aii orchard, or no

• ir.i::!;d at all— for it go happens
b a ic;;;^a or f.ili an orchard, eope-

ti;diy ii'ri .•tliC i:»v. cr tali" that is missing, is

aob.i.or oo ur..io:i. i oe :;0 saleable iji the mar-

.>oi. ns jii it ;i ( ...J. I op. ' iiut our good far-

aKV.> ia.vo b '

;d:OW ag dooi

,-to.-k in 1

iivon boVs

li • owa, r. :.\\'.': j.iUily.

■ K 1 s!-; 'oo i.o- a.iuaJ cost of a sood stock

ijica \
Ci vn t

^

I) edge .

•h:,t b:

. -: .t I :a:: not ashamed to
.-t : y i'oacj. or tnrn against any
e ^.. rid. r.i't excepting thievish
I no lab, ael];d .".n oreraird or rather

'o.i!go. Oi „■ ,0:1 b.;:b at the rate we now sell
[>lani«. o! vit oot to e.'<eccd 50 cents per rod
X me^t }i laad; by tho larmer himself. But
.: mm. 0-. the giouud tar.not make it so
-boapo, t.y nearly ooe-bulf. Ac leaetl would
;.uc.i :„i..^r ia;...e two rods tf hedge on my
jv.i g.oerae, t.ioU one rod on anotaer man's
cv<.n li !>ot mo.o than a single mile, or even
a;di a i'ai.o cast:nce. For tnc trouble of
:iocpi:.g v"acca'"o. i.oatid getting up a team
o-.i .--^:i':; I"-' i-, more taan all the other
V. ^.k 00 io o.ao when yon are there, if but
>!;oec piece — a mile or less.

o. ihc ia.c severe wiators have not injur-
:■: (.';/• ■■r.-jcj !:■::>: at uU. i.a'ii winier thou-
:;ud- aad mitiiwUS ci'voung seedlings plants
ccstioyod ia the nursery, as in such
is ihey arc :dv.\ ya liable to be. Hence
>re always t-be cura up in the fail: eo far as
ivc cun, and eecu.e them m the plant-houses;
.laa it is impo£;icio to bo certain of good
olants. taou-a cao'-

may appear well in the

Ej!!?J!7Se=tB«^^^!S»??«)C^P!»?^ — ^•■vP" ■'• /'■ ^P . ^~ • ■^^^:»?T?,"2~--^,' -^fS^^

.-. „«^

THE ILLINOIS F^RMER^'

^1

spring, -without this care, for the seedling
plants are quite apt to be injured in severe
winters, more or less, and the injury is not
always perceptible, even by the best judges,
till after they are set in the hedge-row; and
purchasing «xch plants has, perhaps, more
than any one canse, covered the coiintry in
places with broken, worthless hedges. —
Twice in the last 15 years, I have delivered
some such injured outstanding plants myself,
without knowing it till too late, and had them
all to supply again the next spring. The
great drought also made sad work in blotch-
ing many pieces of new-set hedge where the
plants were good, in 185G.

From the above and similar causes, in rid-
ing through the country, one will see a great
many specimens of worthless, unsightly
hedges, and is more apt to see them unfortu-
nately, on the great railroads and thorough-
fares, than anywhere else. For precisely
here those damaged plants are mostly hawk-
ed about and sold cheap; and great droves of
stock are most likely to range and try the
work of careless hands and neglected fences.
Besides those 2y>'o/essional hedge-maA-ers, who

did not always know a plow from a hoe when
they began their peregrinations out of the
cities and towns, to set "si'perb hedges" for
the farmc's for two prices, cash down the first
year — these found it more convenient to con-
duct their operations near the railroads, which
they usually completed as soon as the first or
second payment was made, and decamped for
parts unknown, leaving the hedges andd:heir
owners to take care ofthemselves; and the lat-
ter generally found their professional hedge
was worth no further care from themselves,
than to try to plow or grub it up, which is not
so easily done; for this Osage Orange when
onee set out, insists that it has a right to make
a hedge anyhow, even if not nearer together
than onee in ten rods, and you may cut as
much as you please, and it still persist in its
right to live and make a fence.

But aside from these casualties, I have
never in all my experience or knowledge,
known a plant more than two years old, or
after its second winter's growth, to be killed
with cold here, or ami other cause, though the
thermometer has been sometimes 25° below
zero — often 20° — quite often 10°; and peach
trees six inches through, and grapevines, and
many common apple trees of good size, have
been killed in my grounds, side by side with
the hedge, quite to the grouiid. In severe
winters, the tops of the hedges are always
killed down more or less, but the root never
so far; and all the killing of the top has only
amounted in practice here to the saving of one
good spring pruning. The first plant ever
brought into this country, some 20 years ago,
is still aUve in my front yard; and my oldest
hedges are decidedly the best on my place;
and the same is true of my brother's in Quincy,
and many others. But farther north I have
learned that the plants last winter killed out
so badly in some places in the young two year
old hedges, that it has discouraged their own-
ers— I think unwisely — for in other places
still farther north, I learn they have stood
well; and I must think the error, where they
were killed out, consisted in too late culture
in the fall; besides it is hardly probable that
we shall have another winter combining so
many peculiar causes of destruction cs the

last, perhaps in a whole century; and he that
abandons a young hedge, or a wheat crop, or
any thing else, if needful on his place, from
one unfortunate winter, is unwise, especially
if there is good reason to think that some error
in culture caused the catastrophe. But I
cannot, of course, and will not speak with any
positiveness about either soils or climates, or
anything else not immediately within the
range of my own personal experience.

But if I were to purchase a farm myself,
200 miles north of this, my first effort would
be, as it ever has been here, to hedge it; and
if the ground was dry and warm, I believe I
should succeed; if not, I knoic I should fail,
till made so by drainage. But I am of the
opinion that there may be many places on the
poor sandy and gravelly soils of the north, and
also on the low and wet soils further south,
where it will not pay to attempt this hedge.
On our swampy lands and wet swales here, it
will not do without thorough draining or
dykeing, so as to make a good dry corn scil
7. The only hedge I have ever had killed
down was burnt down under aburningbuild-
Ing, which burnt the soil from one to two
feet deep, almost into brick dust. But, after
all, the roots of the hedge came up through,
and that same piece is now a good hedge.
Burning ofi" stubble and killing the top in that
way, or prairie grass, only makes it grow the
thicker and better; and some trim their
hedges only by such burning down, I am
told, in the south, as the old stocks wil] stand
till the new shoots come up again to their
relief.

I believe I have now, my dear sir, answer-
ed all of your questions in order as proposed;
according to the best of my knowledge; and
I am not aware of being under any particular
bias in the matter, for instead of desiring to
extend my operations in the hedging busi-
ness, I would prefer, as things now are, to
contract it, and sold out my farms with the
intention of so doing, so far and so fast as I
find it expedient and practicable.

If anything further is desired, I would
most cheerfully give you all the inform :•! son
in mj' power, as soon as time and other clni!'>
will permit.

Allow me also to say that I have soon -ind
felt in connection with this hedge busin«\<s
of the west, as well as with all our «!i?ier
farming interests, such great and urgent
need of a system of State inst'tntj-'-'^ '■'n'\i-
laf to those proposed in Ho:. '^T. .••'!!-

bill now pending in Congress, V'-c i Lave
devoted most of my spare time for sou: e y-esrs
past, to that great national object. ./S tha ve-
port herewith sent will show; and i Lope
your time and talents are not so fuliy cm-
ployed, but that you will find time to give
this great interest an efiective helping hand.

J. B. TURNER.
Jacksoi.'VILLE, 111., Feb. 1, 1858.

-••»

From the Diary of a Country I>o:-tcr.

"Spare tlicliltle Birds." •

The fact is indisputable that one-fifth,
if not one-fourth, of the crop of the Union,
amounting in vdue to many millions of
dollars each year, is destroyed by insects.
This renders the study of entomology
almost a necessity ; for if without check,

this evil continues to increase, the day
may come, sooner than many will believe,
when the important agricultural products
will be so diminished, from this cause
alone, as to produce great dearth and
suffering, and ^hen many of the best
and most valuable fruits will be a rarity,
if their production is not rendered im-
possible. Note, in verification, all the
varieties of the plum, gage, nectarine,
and cherry fruit, which, from the ravages
of the different genera of curculio, or the
weevil, are now rare, and seldom come
to perfection; and even one species of
this destructive insect has lately depos-
ited its eggs in the apple, and even in
the peach. If this is to continue, with-
out effort at prevention or remedy, how
soon may it be hopeless to look for, or
even expect again to see, as in the days
of old, the various fruit trees breaking
down from the burden of their golden
and luscious fruit.

The evil is not done by the perfect
insect. Many insects never .feed after
their metamorphosis, but by the boring
and deposition of the egg, which soon
hatches, and we have a worm, or the
larvse, ravenous in its appetite, and de-
structive to anything it comes in contact
with. The larvas, or worm, does all the
mischief by feeding on the fruit, thus
destroying its organization ; after which,
of course, it soon drops to the ground,
into which the grub or worm goes, and
there hibernates until the ensuing year,
when it revivifies, and comes forth the
perfect insect at precisely the right time
and season "to walk in the foot-steps of
its predecessors," and cause a greatly
increased injury to whatever it deposits
its efjg£5 in, and its larva feed on. The
utility or entomological study and exam-
ination, will be of paramount importance,
for, doubtless, a careful inquiry into the
habits, peculiarities, and destructiveness
of the various insects that are injurious
to the crop, must lead, in many instances,
to the discovery of an antidote for their
r vages, or remedy for the injury they
i: lict.

There is evidently a great increase of
insects injurious to agricultural produc-
tion. What is the cause of this? The
.eason is the greater average mildness of
winters, and the great destruction of
small birds, snakes, toad fro^s, water
frogs, terrapins, and ants, which feed on
insects. When the winter is very se-
vere the cold destroys myriads in their
hibernating state of inaction, or tempo-
rary death. Again, it destroys the eggs,
by bursting them, and thus making them
unproductive. The acute observer, by
the aid of a microscope of only ordinary
power, can, after any hard winter, see
quantities of the eggs ( generally adhe-
rent to small twigs,) of the butterfly,
ruptured and unprolific, from their gen-

*

52

THE ILLINOIS F^RMEH.

erating power being destroyed by exces-
sive cold.

But man has a greater friend than
even these useful animals. Insects feed
on each other , for some are predatory,
and live on others, which is their natu-
ral food otherwis(>. If this was not so,
every vegetable growth on the surface of
the earth, from the raidtitude of insects,
would have long since been destroyed,
and all animated beings must have ceas-
ed to live. If any doubt this, look at
the many varieties of the spider, sec the
regularity, mathematical precision, un<l
beauty of its web, woven with such art
to entrap its destined food. Again, the;
mud- dabbler, or species of wasp, which
preys on the spider itself, by storin<i;
them away in magazines of clay or mud,
formed with considerable architectural
skill — a food for their larvae to feed on.
Thus has an Infinite Providence in mer-
cy and goodne=s placed checks which,
apparently inoperative, inefficient, and
imperceptible, still with unerring cer-
tainty retain within ordained bounds the
unlimJted increase of any one species
that, from their midtitude, might become
detrimental or destructive to all created
beings.

The most important and useful among
birds is the innocent little wren, intend-
ed by nature, from the number of its
young, often twenty or twenty-five in
number, its unceasing industry and per-
severance, to be the general scavenger
of the larvre of the butterfly, on which
they and their young feed. Their in-
terminable industry, activity, and mul-
titude of the larvre they destroy, is ex-
emplified in the following experiment : I
have attached to my country home a nest
of these little birds, near to which stands
a paper mulbery tree, from which, with
watch in hand, I counted, in twenty-four
minutes, forty-two of the larvse of the
butterfly, conveyed to the nest by this
pair of wrens. AVhat, then, must be the
amount destroyed in five weeks, the time
it requires to roar their young brood —
allowinsc twelve working hours to the
day. It is immense, almost beyond cal-
culation in its consequences. Suppose
only one grub in a minute will make the
destruction' of the larvae by this single
pair amount, in five weeks, to 21,600.
What, then, must be the number eaten
by a few pairs of this truly useful and
melodious little bird, which always seeks
refuge near the habitation of man ? How
worse than cruel, then, their destruction
by mischievous boys and sportsmen, who
for lack of legitimate game, often de-
stroy numbers of this and other species
of little birds equally useful?

Unless coercive means be taken to
prevent the destruction of such animals
as feed on insects, the day is not far
distant when failure of the most impor-
tant agricultural products will arise from

the depredation of insects ; indeed, many
fruits and vegetables are now becoming
scarce from this cause alone; witness
the potato and pumpkin, not exceeded
by the sweet potato in flavor and nutri-
ment, and many other valuable vegeta-
bles unnecessary now to be mentioned.

The next most useful bird, from its
srreat destruction of insects, is the bull,
but, or, as it is erroneously called, the
"whip-poor-will. Their nutriment is gnatH
of varion^ species, some predatory and
others injurious to vegetation; indeed
all in tlic gnat form is a grist that comes
to tlunv nuU, oven the tormenting and
much dreaded mosquito. From the
stomach of one of these birds I took and
counted four thousand seven hundred
and two gnat?, consisting of nine differ-
ent species — all the varieties I have
noted — besides, I am certa«i<,the stom-
ach contained, partly digested-, «;£ many
more, which, from their partinr dissolu-
tion, it vas impossible to enjftnei^ate. —
Taking in view the rapidity of digestion
in birds, what myriads must a few of
this species destroy in the course of the
summer.

The sAvallow comes next in the cate-
gory. Observe its complete mechanical
adoption for swift motion — has the
vaunted power of man ever invented a
projectile more perfect in shape to sur-
mount the resistance given bv the air to
all bodies rapidly moving througli it?
Observe how this perfect and ber.utiful
little animal skims over river, lake, or
plain, apparently in sport, but actually
destroying multitudes of insects for food,
among others the fabled gallinipper and
Avell-knoAvn mosquito.

The water martin is useful by destroy-
ing many species of a larger size than
the preceding. Again there is the tom-
tit and sap-sucker, heretofore considered
to be injurious by the holes they make
in the apple tree; from the erroneous
supposition of injury to the tree by mak
ing these incisions, numbers have been
rlaughtered. How fatal a mistake? —
Notice when the tree is completely bored
all over the body, and some of the chief
limbs, how thrifty it looks ; how large
and sound the apple, and how luscious
the flavor of the fruit. Observe the
trees which have not been visited by
these birds — many look skin bound,
fruit small and knotty, taste flat and
watery.

What is the rationale of this? Sim-
ply that each perforation is made for the
extraction of the larvae of an insect,
which, if not removed, would spoil the
size and flavor of the fruit, and eventu-
ally destroy the trees. What a pity,
then, to exterminate so useful an animal.
Man often from impulse, without proper
consideration, immolates his best friend.
Contrary to common belief, I consider
the famed locust beneficial to fruit trees.

notwithstanding the great outcry abottt
their destructivencss — a fact very easi-
ly substantiated if germane to the present
matter. . '..,;•:

So the more we learn of the intricate
minutias of creation, the greater our sur-
prise and admiration of the wonderfully
wise system of cheek and counter-check
established, where we see animals almost
imperceptible and apparently the most
useless and contemptible, performing
functions which, to the superficial, would
seem incidental and objectless ; but the
deep observer of nature, i?canning everyr
thing with a philosophic eye, sees and
recognizes in th* action of the most in-
significant, (7 necessary link of the chain,
without which the beauty and grandeur
of the whole would bo marred ; render-
ing it a doubtful problem if creation it-
self would live without their agency.

C. R.

-•*-

The Past Winter.

We spesdc of the winter as past, but we
n):iy yet find it lingering in the lap of Spring.
In a large portion of the winter months,
the weather was unusuallv mild, — more
so that we have witnessed for years in
the same season. 3Jany learned men have
endeavored to account for this extraordinary-
weather on natural principles; but we have
seen no speculations upon the subject pos-
sessing a deeper interest than those of Hon.
Thomas B. Butler, a judge of the Supreme
Court of Connecticut, a notice of which we
find in ''7V<<? Homestead," a Valuable agricul-
tural pajier, published in Hartford, Connec-
ticut. Judge Butler -Shakes the following
points :

"First, There is nothing peculiar or'local
in the advance of vegetation of this season.
(January.)

"Second, There is nothing anomalous or
extraordinary in the meteorological character
of the month. It is comparatively very mild
— just as was to b^ and was expected. It
would have been an anomaly if it had been
otherwise." ^

In support of this second proposition it is
shown that the forces which produce and
control atmospheric variations are subject to
changes, and these occur, or rather recur,
quite regularly, once in ten years, but most
markedly in double decades or once in twen-
ty?years. Thus January of the eighth year
in every decade of this century and for some
time previous has been exceedingly mild
compared with the same month of the pre-
ceding year, as shown by several parallel
series of observations made in different pails
of the country. A single exception is noti-
ced— the year 1817 was the mild one instead
of 1818.

Here then is a most important fact. But
still it is asked, "How are these currents ac-
counted for? Judge Butler answers :

"We have two great primary and trans-
cendantly important natural "institutions,"
in the eastern part of this continent. They

Ifi^

nXi^f*™"'riYy ,'^ ■ '^A' -^

•^V ,-«Mi-*:t\ y^M '■

THE IIULIMOIS FA-RjMEK.

53

existed here before our fathers came, and
they have characterized all the other institu-
tions which they planted, and the race they
propagated, and will continue to do so till
the end of time. These two institutions are,
first, an excessive magnetic intensity, and
consequent excessive electric intensity, be-
neath and around us; and, second, an exces-
sive volume of warm equatorial atmospheric
current — counter trade I have called it-
excessive compared with the rest of the
Northern Hemisphere, except Eastern Asia,
flowing over us. To the action and influ-
ence of these tico(/reat natural ^^institutions,"
ice Otoe everything that is peculiar in our

climatology.

The immediate and priacipal cause of our
warm January, is to be found in the unusual
volume and warmth of that counter trade or
equatorial current above us.

If you were to enter a balloon at George-
town to-day, and ascend, you woxdd find the
cuiTents variable, and the air growing regu-
larly cooler, until you reached an altitude of
about 10,000 feet. You would then enter a
warm current, probably ranging to-day at
about bl°, moving steadily east northeast, at
about the rate of 12 miles per hour. Con-
tinuing to ascend you would pass out of it
after ascending about 8,000 feet from where
you met it; and find the cold increase sud-
denly after you left it. That current which
you would thus pass through, is one of the
great natural institutions."

The motions of clouds within the current
and on its borders, always before and fre-
quently after storms, indicate its existence
and direction observable at least 200 days in
the year. This current affects our seasons,
inasmuch as its depth or volume and warmth
were much greater during January, 1858,
than during the corresponding month last
year. This is indicated by the high /J/iV-
'weatlier range of the bai-umeter, by the copi-
ous rains which have i\illen, especially at the
southwest, and by the almost constant haze
which has 'overcast the sky. It is to the
depth of this current and its warmth, then,
that we owe our warm weather. This is
effected not by directly imparted warmth ,
froiu the current itself, "but to the influence \
upon the sun's rays caused by passing
through this thick stratum of heated air.

"The rays of the sun when they enter our
atmosphere, if they contain heat at all, have
little heating power. The heat in them, or
the heating power, is greatly enhanced by
passing through the atmosphere, and just in
proportion to its warmth, its density and its
moisture. This has been well ascertained
by experiment, and cannot be disputed. So
the greater the bulk of the atmosphere, and
the more heat and moisture there is in i^, t^e
greater the heating power of the suu's rays.
And so the higher the barometer, and the
greater the depth and icarmtJi of that river
of heated air over its, </ie icc/r»icr the weather'
in the aggregate. All our heated terms
commence on a high barometer, and it rises
before all our thaws. It ranged very low in
the winter of 1856 and we had no thaw. It
rose suddenly and high in the winter of 1S57,
and we had a long thaw. It keeps up now
and it is pretty much all thaw. Our great
natural serial "institution" is in an exceed-
ingly flourishing state."

The intense clearness of the air, such as i
all observed last winter, the same as prevails '
upon the mountain tops, is attributed to the
fact that the atmospheric mass above is at
such times quite thin, cold and free from
moisture. Still this variation of the atmos-
pheric current alluded to is not claimed to
be the only cause of the warm weather,, but
as a principal cause.

Still recurs the question, "How happens it
that the volume of this 'atmospheric institu-
tion' is greater this year than last?" Judge
Butler savs, to answer ifr fully involves many
things, the explanation of which we cannot
at present undertake. In general, however,

he says :

"There is increased activity in the great
forces which originate the southeast trades
of the Atlantic ocean. For the same reason
there is doubtless an increase of the equato-
rial atmospheric current over all this portion
of the northern hemisphere, and hence it is
warmer in Europe, and on our western

. >> :k ******

coast. p ^ -^

"There is still another question I know
you ^\ ould ask, for it is the question of the
day, viz : What will February be, and shall
have we any ice?

By a table comparing January and Febm-
ary, for the corresponding years of each de-
cade of the present century, it is shown that
in 1888 and 1848, the years which the pre-
sent most resembles, February was much the

colder month,

* * * aT.nnkino- at the character of

"Looking at
the winter of 1838, I have supposed that
this would not be mild, as a whole, and that
we should have cold weather in February.
But I confess, that the high range^ of the
barometer, and the continuance of warm
weather at the Northwest, have shaken my
faith very much. The probabilities are still
in our iavor, but they are far from being
decidedly so."

The recent cold weather iu February con-
firmed the above expressed faith.

ent

A Peep Into a I-iviug Man's Stomach.

The case of Alexis St. Martin is ona with
which the public, and especially those who
have given particular attention to the subject
of physiology in connection with medical
science, are already familiar. It is indeed a
most extraordinary one — perhaps we might
say, the most extraordinar}' one known in the
annals of surgery. St. Martinis a Canadian
of French descent. In the year 1825, when
he was eighteen years old, and while employed
in the service of the American Fur Co., in
Canada, he was accidentally wounded bj the
dischai'ge of a musket loaded with duck shot,
as he calls it, but which must, we infer, have
been about the size of buck shot. He informed
us that he did not know or feel that he had
been hit, but a moment afterwards he felt a
cold chill, as if a pail of cold water had been
dashed over him. The charge, entering later-
ally from behind, passed quite through his
body, tearing off the muscles, canying away
half of the sixth rib, lacerating the left lobe of
the lungs as well as the diaphragm, perfora-
ting the stomach and exposing to view the
pericardium, or covering of the heart' A por-
tion of the lungs, as large as a turkey's egg,

lacerated and burnt, and just below this por-
tion of the stomach, protruded from the wound,
the food at the same time passing from the
orifice thus made in the stomach. This ori-
fice has never healed, and through it the pro-
cess of disiestion can plainly be seen in the
stomach. "Dr. Beaumont, the surgeon who
attended him, published some years ago, a
volume made up from facts connected with
this case, and entitled "Dr. Beaumont's Phys-
iology and Experiments." This work em-
braced the observations and experiments on
St. Martin, and may be said to be the foun-
dation of nearly all the positive knowledge
now possessed on the subject of digestion.—
In this book Dr. B. gives the particulars of
the treatment of the ease, and the singular
recovery of the patient. Curiously and hap-
pily enough by the adhesion of the sides of the
protruded portions of the stomach to t\ie pleu-
ra costalis and the edge of the external
wound, a free exit was afforded to the con-
tents ofthat organ, and effusion into the abdo-
minal cavity was thus prevented and the
man's life saved.

Probably not one man in a million, if wound-
ed in a similar manner, would recover at all,
while the chances againstjustsuch a direction
and result of another accidental or even an
intentional shot, would be so enormous as to
defy competition, and almost to surpass be-
lief. The case of St. Martin is probably the
first, last, and only one of the kind the world
will ever see; and the opportunities which it
affords for the acquisition of positive knowl-
edge concerning the human stomach and di-
gestive fiinctions are of corresponding inter-
est and value. Think of the idea of actually
witnessing the process of digestion, and the
assimulation of various foods in the interior
of the stomach!

This interesting subject for study was re-
cently in Hartford, and we had the opportu-
nity of seeing him. He was under the care
of Dr. John G. Bunting, formerly a surgeon
iu the British army,and who proposes to ex-
hibit this living wonder to the medical men of
some of our large cities previous to a journey
with him to Europe. While here St. Martin
and the Doctor were the guests of Col. Colt,
at whose invitation they were induced it stop,
while on their way to Boston, for the purpose
of allowing to the Hartford Medical Society an
opportunity of noting the processes and the
effects of digestion, the absorption of different
kinds of food, &c.

Some of the facts thus obtained are new and
interesting; others seem to confirm previous
theories of the physicians. It was found
that brandy taken upon an empty stomach
(half an hour before dinner) has the effect to
temporarily paralyze the process of digestion for
a period of four hours. Moreover its influ-
ence upon the stomach, under the circumstan-
ces, is such as to prevent that organ from re-
covering its natural and healthy tone for thir-
ty-six hours after the brandy is swallowed ;
when at the expiration ofthat time, its resto-
ration to a healthy tone is indicated by the ap-
pearance of red patches on the internal coats
of the stomach, from which minute drop* of
blood are seen to exude. (This is the result
after a debauch.) Curious enough, during
this interval, appetite is not the least impaired
I although the functions of digestion are great-
I ly impeded. The immediate effect of the

54

THE ILLINOIS FARMER.

brandy is to induce upon the coats of tlie stom-
ach a condition either of inflammation or con-
gestion; the physicians were unable to agree,
from appearances, which of tlietwo conditions
really existed in tliis case. If, however, the
brandy be taken with the dinner, or after it,
the food prevent? its dii-ect contact with the
coats of the stomach, and the result then is to
facilitate the process of digestion, as has been
frequently proved by observation, which show
that food under these circumstances digests
considftrably quicker than it docs without this
stimulus. This, however, does not prove that
brandy is beneficial as a regular concomitant
of the dinner-table. It may well be question-
ed if it is the part of wisdom to make such reg-
ular and unceasing application of the whip
and spur to a horse that is disposed to do his
best without the shorp stimulus, though there
may be eases of weak stomachs where the
very- moderate U!=e of pure brandy might prove
advantageous. But the physicians who have
watched the process going on in St. Martin's
stomach, do not purpose to deal in theories ;
they are after bald, literal i'acts.

Another interesting diseoverv has been
made by observations of this man's stomach.
In looking into the aperture left by the shot
from the gun. the secret of the gastric Juice
has been distinctly seen. The theory of the
existence of this curious digestive agent had
long been held by the faculty, and was in-
deed so strongly sustained by reason and by
circumstantial evidence, that it was regard-
ed less as a theory than as an ascertained
fact. It was not, however, until this case of
St. Martin's occurred, that the doctors were
enabled to know, from the positiA'e evidence
of their senses, that iheso-called gastric juice
was precisely what it had been supposed to
be. It was never before actually seen, as it
i.s never produced except as food, taken into
the stomach, requires its pi-csence to perfonn
the work of digestion; and it is produced in
exactly the quantity requisite for the work
to be done. Thus, if a small amount of food
be eaten, this gastric secretion is coiTespond-
ingly small; and if the quantity of food is
increased, the gastric juice is also increased
in quantity. It exudes from the coats of the
stomach, as sweet as from the surface of the
body, and is of a limpid clearness, like water.
It could be seen trickling down the inner
coating of the stomach, and has, it is said, a
slightly sweetish t«ste. In post-mortem ex-
aminations thissluiularitseijt is rtcNer fbinul;
and it was, as we are informed, never seen be-
fore tliis hole in the living man's siomacli I 1
exposed it to the curious eye of the invesLl-
gator.

Another fact which we noted while watch-
ing the case of St. 31artin may prove of some
benefit to invalids, if not to persons in robust
health. The time required to digest difi'erent
kinds of food varies Avith the character of the
food; and some articles, hitherto supposed to
be partieulay easy of digestion, are not found
to be so by the experiments made with this
case. Thus, the flesh of an old hen is more
readily assimilated and more (juickly dispo.*-
ed ofj^than that of a tender chicken; and thf
same thing is true in regard to beef. The
meat of a full grown ox or cow digests quick-
er than veal.

Hundreds of people have an idea that
game and meat that has been kept until it has

aim )st reaCiH'd ine verge oi putitluction, is
more easily digested than fresh game of fresh
b^^ef This belief has led to tiie taste, tht-t
like;, or pvoiesses to like, what is called the
game flavor in woodcocks, venison, »S:c. But
it is seen, in this cise. tliat tainted meals or
game require a longer time for digestion than
fresh meats. By a curious process of the
stomach, the tainted meat is seen to undergo
. very etiective cleansing belbre the work oi
ligcstion begins. It is rolled over and over,
nd rc-pas.«ed from cne portion of the stomach
to the other, the subtle agencies of that inte-
;-ior laboratory all the while acting upon ii
uvl eliminating, particle by narticle. the of-
fen.sive portions, until all is clean and ready
fcr the proper work of digestion to commence.
The interior of the stomach, contrary to the
impres>ion of many persons, is cleanly and
not uninviting in its appearance. Its delicate
pink coatings arc as clean and perfect as all
the rest of Nature's handiwork; and it is not
until the pampered and unnatunil appetite ol'
indl\idiials has, by overloading^- it, :tnd by
eatlnu- and drinking improper things, render-
ed it weak and incapable of performing all
the work thru;^t upo'i it, that the .stomach,
or rather its eont;'nt^, hcfonie "foul.''

(j)uked (melted or drawn) butter, and the
h;rd used in ••shortening" pie crust, is not di-
gested at all. Ft is seen swimming upon the
surface of the stomach in t^ie form of yellow
or light colored grease, and it finally passes
off undigested. The skin of all fruits never
digests, neither do t!ie stones or '"pits" of
plums, cherries, &c. The vanilla seasoning
of it-e cream is found to act as an irritatinii
substance upon the stomach, and it greatly
retards digestion. In both of these respects,
also, tlie coloring matiorof cimdies are .'•hown
to be SI ni worse. These liicls are settled
simply by looking into the s<omaeh with the
naked t-ye, and viewing all the processes or
Stages thruugh which the diflerent articles of
food must pa.ss in the act of digestion.

Hot bread never digestsi Bear this in mind,
reader, if you are accustomed to eat the light
and templing biscuit at tea, or the warm loaf
that looks so appetising upon your dinner ta-
ble. Hot bread never digests at all; after a
kill';- season of tuinblinc and workin<r about
the siomach, it will begin to ferment, a)id it
will eventually be passed out of the slouiadi
as an unwi'icome tenant of that delicate or-
i:an, bat never digests — never beconit--s as-
.-iniilated to. or absorbed by the organs that
a[»proj)riate nutriliuii to the Lo.ly. It is,
iowe\t.r, u iiisi late dyspepsia preduet-r. j

Chopped meat, moistened, and intrudueed {
thruugli this bullet-hole into the man's stoin- i
aeh, is I'caind to nourish liim just as it would \
if taken at the mouth! All that the "patient"" '.
require'S in that case, is to be allowed to chew j
a piece of gum, ('merely to satisfy the habit of j
.lievY'inti, we suppose,) and he gets along as if j
he had eaten his dinner: it is undoubtedly ■
better, however, that thelbod shi add first be '<
iiiasticaicd. and tliis can only be done through '•
the proper apeney ay)poii)ted for that purpos<^ ,
y>\ nature. ',

Venison digests in an hour; cooked oysters •
in iwi) hours and a iudf; raw oysters, ("contrai'}
to our jn'fcvious impression,) three hours and i
a half, beef Steak two hours and a half: iiit \
pork four hours; lean pork a little more than
three hours. I'robably this rule would not

apply to all persons; different articles of food
are digested differently in different stomachs;
but the general principle here illustrated un-
doubtedly holds good in the great majority of
cases.

Calomel taken into the healthy stomach,
i according to Dr. Bunting's experiment, is
found to irritate it, if given in ease of disease,
it does not have that effieet,

Mirthfulness. at and after a meal, facilitates
digest on wonderfully. Take St. Martin to a
theatre, for instance, after a hearty evoning
meal, and let him enjoy a good comedy — the
result is pstonishing; digestion is promoted to
a surprising degree. "Laugh and grow fat,"
is an adage now seen to be founded upon a
physiological truth.

But make this man suddenly angiy, under
the above circumstances, and presto! what a
change! The whole process of digestion is
at once arrested — brought to a .sudden stop,
as if by the stroke r>f an electric shock! and it
does not again goon as well as before, until a
considerable time after the emoiion which
caused the interruption has died iiway.

Water is the first thing taken up and ab-
sorbed bv the stomach, aiid this must be
done before food is acted urion, even if the
water be taken subsequently to the food. —
Eating and drinking freely, alternately at
niea-s as a habit, is not sanctioned by the rev-
elation made through ihe bullet-hole in St.
Martin's stomach

Another bad practice isthe habit of eating
between meals at all hours. The custom,
accordina' to the disclosure here made, is a
most pernicious one. Begitlarity, above all
things, is to be ol^sorved, both in the quantity
of food and the time uf eating it.

Black jiepper is much worse for the stom-
ach, than red or Cayenne pepper; it inflames
the coatings o{"the stomreh.

A pieee of ineattied to a string, has been
introduced into the stomach through the ori-
fice, and after the lapse of a certain time it
has been pulled out again, and the progress of
the digestive organs accurately noted. In
this way corned beef, for instance, has been
reduced to a mass of fine, delicate and even
threads, after having been for some time sub-
jected to the action of the gastric juice.

Another queer disclosure is the action of
the stomach in ca-e of hunger, when the
whole sack or liag known as the stomach, is
seen tu roll a.iid work about. If kept t<)0
long in this enqjty and restless condition, the
action of tiie organ is weakened — the stom-
ae-h loses a ])oriion of its vital energ), and
the digestion of food taken at that time is
performed more slowly in consequence.

The stomach evidently requires rest, like
the body, and reoeives injury if this is not
allowed it; but it should not be long without
food.

Anger !i;is tlie ctTeol to cause the bile to
rush into tlse stomach in a stream. This has
been observed with certainty in the case of
St. Martin. When he h;is been suddenly
enraged, while lying upon the table, the bile
has been seen to rush into the stomach, which
wi!s perfeetly clear of it the instant before,
and .such a quantity as to admit of its being
emptied out fre<:ly into a cup! simply by
turning him over!

Dr. Bunting has taken voluminoixs notes,
and will publish a book, actting forth the

results avrived whil- Rr. ^-l v-ii '"'" -""'e-n "■' - ;
der his eliaviro. It will I)' a v..ln-i1-)!:> a-;lui j
tion to the existing work? en vi^die'ic? and |

surgery. I

St. Martin, sin-r; iio w^ •_ AviniKlcd, l^os ,
married, and bncom:' t'.i ■ f:K;i''?r oi"!^?VGiit~on j
ehikh'cn, fiv'^ of whoiii v.ith hisv.ii'v arr^ novv
living. . At fiit^t thv: fui'y •,vav hy which his
food after entering tho rc-?-^q-th-i!j:u*conld be '
prevented^ from p'^siina: out t'ir.wgh f^Q
wound, wns to u?o namDVo-^;;"'? and adhc3vV<?
straps. Tho n-^crs=iity h"3 .v.ne^ h-^^'^n ore'--
comc bv tho jxrowfi of n -nrill f.Mn of the
coats of tho Ptom-'oh. \rh^''\\ m-: oxf r, ]= r]-
most ovfr tho orifieo. but r-n h- v.^Tlily v- j
pressed with th-^ finq-^r si : - "n a'l -re no .'^:; i
amination of th.-' int^v'ov >■:' t':c rior.a'ii — j
when it is empty. t.T t'.o d'v^h of iiv^ or ,<.\ j
inches. St. ^Martin is of^ ui^dji^ra hn-';^ j
dark complexion, n iv-.-u-i-^v. ol'ttcviuT cirev j
eye, and is remarkabl:? fovUis v.-iy t^v.L'.inCi? j
of constitution. ^ j

The Medical Sti-jierv wwj i-m.-u ■niv\:-::i;:\i \
in the esp'^rinion". firi tly'\' rr'=^ -n a ro}^!:'- 1
tion of cordial t'miik- ( ■ 1>'-. i'antin •• Jur .■■- .
fording them tliis o ivi ■".■r.iii ; •■ .-■ i. i".i.!y i
witnessing tliis siugl-'ii i-nA if ;■ ■-; !:.'' ■••:- ■ >
and for iimtonant f ii-t v-'i' ••■ 'i ' ■ ' ' - ''"^ ■
furnished tliem; abo Vi) ('*■!• Cn'i !'■"•■ -'C i
lively intoi-e-t lio h: 1 t-k i; in ^- .-^"n-rth^yj
presence of St. 3fr.vtr.i in Tln-^r.vl ;m <;r.lcv I
that the prolbvsx-:3 hor.^ i.r-hi h:;v-> ilu'-vn- j
efit of witncssin- and t^-^iitr ii !p:.rti!»- t-t. j
in this case. — ITurfj'u.-t' T'uir-i. .

o;- (li-ovc hard, full fed and heavily wat-
ered, cspecinlly Atbile warm, he will be
av^t to be; poorl D.mi sweat your horse
in co!d weather; if you do, don't iiegkcf
to blaukct him : it -is very ivijnnous to
tlic poor animal, to ride or drive him
liomc from town of ;<. oohl evening, and
uini liim out in the bleak winds, and tic
him up in a cold btablo to shiver all

M t-^ feed, oars i? be?:, coi'n next;
bu: do not c!i!'ige from, corn to oats
when vonr lior^e is at hard service. H
oo::!pC)le.l to do ?^(), i'eod light, ibr a few
ico'lr. When connuencing^ hard "ivork,
or thinning on a joarney, drive light, nnd
iocd li2:ht^for tlie first two or tUvLC day.^,
then iiicrcase your food :';nd pr.ee. V^ k.cn
your ware is near- foaling, be ca--efnlnot
t.) ehaniro her feed; if she has.vnoderatc
.,.-.+,,„,--._ jt ii: welt. When phe fo-.b'. f:^?!
li^ht b r a iew day.-. Make no other
ehun ■•■c in kev.t'oo^: f'^i- at lea^t two week?,

..>' li.c Ci'.- -.liji :.-•■- i.---ij- >■•' ..;ii.(- <.'•-

-•ori-i^. in" eaivful iioi' r.» heat ytuir
;,:;:■'.' wlbb- ■^•:ekling. W ctin your cmIIc
f:^;ni -iour to fi^c'lilGut.]i> old. Tiiey

On

DisscrUirion.

^v

'1 a short biick-

1 . ,

I have, after eonsiderabl.^ '-vnovi<-:oo. ;
arrived at the folio win::: c foel^^io;).;: j

1st, In breeding, if yni ■ n^ '•? be |
small, do not breed ro a voty b-r,:'- \r^r.o ; j
if you do, your colt will hi' bob:.^ r^o be 1
disproportioned, an:l not so dm-nblc as;
it would be if the (bim rtnd sire w.ro '■
nearly equal iu size. !> r ii \'ii!r r!i;n-e •
is long backeib lireed f-.o
ed horse — for long b-t'-l,..! ]i,>
not as strong or aeriv;' j- ;!; ivter >-\'^~.
For duration and speed, do i:ut t;!ke the
shortest: choos? a m:^d u-.o.

I have had som;.' exijer;:;:;-.; iii (irivini
horses. I never irKil
hoi'sc, that pLifur;>.';j'l ;>
one.

2nd, When the mnre is- go'iig to th
horse, do not chancre
lighten it, and let hei
baits of grass. Never 1^: k.r bo pulled :
hard, or driven fast. In a wo -il, ]-e'.L-n.- ■
lar feed and work will k'. ■■•;> your n.i^.g ;
healthy and stout. I sec viauy marcs !
and colts very poor. Tiicy say it is j
because they work thc:n ?'>hard: but i
the man that drives li poor hor-:-. is apt i
to be a poor hostler, and lose^, for warit i
of care in feeding and sb^eltcr^ng Vnn : for
if he feeds and drives rc-gdar, :,i3 horse
will feel well, and be in good spirits. — [
On the other hand, if the hor3C is rode !

:-.]iviibl come in April, and be weaned in
Septombv-r ; by the .lime, winter Bcti in,
tbev have learned to eat. Wh;-n you
take a colt from tb^ dam. put ir in a
dark stable : keep it there from six to
icn da vs. Keep the marc as f;<r from
ic a..- van can convcuiendy. .^o ihdt rlicy
(:;nVt'b' .^r each ether's Jail. 'Iu eight
or ten d;iys ihcy wiil forget each o':;er.
Then tuvii yonbcolt in a.'kma.l! lot for^a
:T--;v Oi' ;W':-. to have it race;- tlicn tu""ii it
(;n' ;o ';':■;' s, but d'Ub i\'Vgct to Ibcd
i-e:;oiar'. If yon fcid irb.-iT o:it>^. cutofi'
the be::ds- ;'nd give them: it C'-'^n. shell
it fi)r tiiom, for if you suiter yunr eok>

T :

iti- groin con; iVom the cob, they will
be l:ki;iy to base the lampeis, and per-

u:g iieav.1.

If v..

vou discover tb*^ d;-teniper among
voar i,o;^ej, give thcui :'nd;g<_i, eitner
n!i]vc''!'''<'d ;;r in water. 1 have rriven a
';^:-own he>v^c ;;, taoic c^nooni-id ar a uase.

l il.yi, :!Upi''':t''i» O

feed: onlv

, 1 . ., /.

iMV e liiwueiHn'

Wiicn atU'U: TO tomm^rico leeaii:g, liX r
1'-' ■■:.. Lb:it no Ixtrse can ::ct out of it. —
v^-.t :;p -r;:- r:;b- and 'bo":cr -c:-.^!r i-:
til-:' cveiini'i : tlui w-iii keep tbem from
being: mischievous. You nsay ieed your
ycisrling.-; two and three yearc old, all
ni the liaam lor\ give tibori fi\c cars of
corn tv.ice a (biv. v, nh nay. . ivi*ep yur
colts nn tiiitil i) cr V) o'c':a!v iii the
nioriiiri"". 'li.-ry ^;^!Oi-'!u l-c protcciod
fi-om the ccid "vinds. S-'k y^ar Jmy
when you nut it up. When you first
co"tn'en"o ^^ec^i'i''"- i;ta''^ tfl tho b't witli
your coits while ualing tiieir graiii, and
if one attempts to kick or brte, put on
tha b;sh, ftnxl thev will soon learn to eat
quicily together, li' one should full to
oat its iccS, it won't aSecttbc y(:i/i. But
wiicn there is bui two to fecrd together,

if one fails to cat, the otheivwill cat both
feeds, and get foundered.

If you suffer vour horses to run at
krgo in winter, they will be liable to
learn to be raiscliievous, and trespass on
your neighbors, to their loss, and your
own injury, as they will be liable to liave
bad eye.« and.feot,"through over leaping.
To break a colt, commence while young,
say ai two years old, but do not let him
be*^ pulled hard, or rode by a man until
four years old. Il:ivo a good halter and
snafife bit bridle on your colt, put a boy
on tho cult, mount a quiet beast your-
self, t-.ike the halter, or one rein of tho
bridle if it is double rci:ied, takea small
switch, using it as little as possible, be
careful not to hurt the colt's mouth with
the bit, if the colt should fret, handle it
gently, but don't suffer it to get its head
dovrn' Never force your colt up to any
tning he is afraid en ; work iiiiu gotitly
as near the' object tr.at frighteii.s him as
you can, then stop and let him take a
good look at it, tnen he will generally
tro on. If he is badly frightened, it will
pav you to get off and lead him slowly
j pust.*^ In crossing bridges and high
I croESways, if your nag is timid, get off
I and lead him over. It always pays me
I well to do so. I never rein up. or mar-
\ tingale a colt until he is fully bridle wise,
: as it frets him, and docs no good. If I
I get a tricky nag, tliat is dangerous to
! ride, I takey a forked stick, placing tho
I fork under his jav^-, and fastening the
! ends of it to tho "rings on the bit, hitving
- a holcxaorticed in the other end, at the
; r:2:nt distance, to make him carry his
i hc^id proper] V. Put your girt tlirough
i the hole, an'l Ir:; is safe, ho' can neither
'. throw his head up or dowm. if he is
given to swelling and jutn ping stiff Icg-
fred, so ns to beak the girt, take apiece
of a clothes line, or some other small
cord, pass it three times around the
beast, put a atici under the middle
strand, and twist it u!rtil it is so tight the
r.ag can't swell, then i^ will generally go
along quietly, li' your colt is hard to
catch, and don't tame veil, shut him up
in a dark stable twenty-fouj' hours, then
put a bridle on him, taiic the scab or
swimmer off In? iore Irg, ?pit on your
hands, rub them well together, then
blow through your hands into your
horse's nostrils; lead him around in the
stable, occasioualiv touching him under
the belly, tokoephnn movxng. Lse hiia
a little every day, and he ^■,•ui soon be-
come gentle.

In catching hor^es, always carry a
little salt or corn. Fondle on your horse
when you put the bridle on, or pull it
off, and he will be easy caught.

To break a colt to work, be careful in
geaiing him, see that; your gears fit well,
pspeciallj the- Lames; when thoy arc
buckled, there should be just loom
chough to run your L:.nd around tho

^w9^^??T*^T^'S7»^J^5^iH'?->?^'^-i*;-,Nyr '■ ,'■- VV

■■^^•-■s^T.-?''-. 5'/r;^ *rr^- . vv. -, ""^ v?^

Ijp-. 'Jf jJP^TV5!I?S7^|^<?gJ •

54

THE ILLINOIS FARMER.

brandy is to induce upon the coats of the stom-
ach a condition either of inflammation or con-
gestion; the physicians were unable to agree,
from appearances, which of the two conditions
really existed in this case. If, however, the
brandy be taken with the dinner, or after it,
the food prevents its direct contact with the
coats of the stomach, and the result then is to
facilitate the process of digestion, as has been
frequently proved by observation, which show
that food under these circumstances dig-ests
considftrably quicker than it docs without this
stimulus. This, however, does not prove that
brandy is beneficial as a regular concomitant
of the dinner-table. It may well be question-
ed if it is the part of wisdom to make such reg-
ular and unceasing application of the whip
and spur to a horse that is disposed to do his
best without the sharp stiniulns. though there
may be cases of weak stomachs where the
very moderate use of pure brandy might prove
advantageous. But the physicians who have
watched the process going on in St. Martin's
stomach, do not purpose to deal in theories;
they are after bald, literal facts.

Another interesting discovery has been
made by observations of this man's stomach.
In looking into the aperture left by the shot
from the gun, the secret of the gastric juice
has been distinctly seen. The theory of the
existence of this curious digestive agent had
long been held by the faculty, and was in-
deed so strongly sustained by reason and by
circumstantial evidence, that it was regard-
ed leas as a theory than as an ascertained
fact. It was not, however, until this case of
St. Martin's occuiTed, that the doctors were
enabled to know, from the positive evidence
of their senses, that theso-called gastricjuice
was precisely what it had been supposed to
be. It was never before actually seen, as it
is never produced except as food, taken into
the stomach, requires its presence to perform
the woi'k of digestion; and it is produced in
exactly the quantity requisite for the work
to be done. Thus, if a small amount of food
be eaten, this gastric secretion is coiTcspond-
ingly small; and if the quantity of food is
increased, the gastric juice is also increased
in quantity. It exudes from the coats of the
stomach, as sweet as from the surface of the
body, and is of a limpidclearness. like water.
It could be seen trickling down the inner
coating of the stomach, and has, it is said, a
slightly sweetish taste. In post-mortem ex-
aminations this singular agent is never found;
and it was, as we are informed, never seen be-
fore this hole in the living man's stomach
exposed it to the curious eye of the investi-
gator.

Another fact which we noted while watch-
ing the case of St. Martin may prove of some
benefit to invalids, if not to persons in robust
health. The time required to digest difierent
kinds of food varies with the character of the
food; and some articles, hitherto supposed to i
be particulay easy of digestion, are not found J
to be so by the experiments made with this j
case. Thus, the flesh of an old hen is more ;
readily assimilated and more quickly dispos-
ed of^than that of a tender chicken; and the
same thing is true in regard to beef. The
meat of a full gi-own ox or cow digests quick- :
er than veal.

Hundreds of people have an idea that
game and meat that has been kept until it has

aim )st reaciicd the verge oi putittaction, is
more easily digested than fresh game of fresh
baef This belief has led to the tiiste, thjit
like^, or professes to like, what is called the
game flavor in woodcoeks, venison, «S:c. But
it is scL-n. in this cise. that tainted meats or
game require a longer time for digestion than
fresh meats. By a curious process of the
stomach, the tainted meat is seen to undergo
I very elective cleansing before the work oi
Ugestion begins. It is rolled over and over,
nd re-passed from one portion of the stomach
to the other, the subtle agencies of that intc-
i-ior laboratory all the while acting upon ii
ind eliminating, particle by nartiele, the of-
fon.sive portions, until all is clean and ready
for the proper work of digestion to commence.

The interior of the stomach, contrary to the
impression of many persons, is cleanly and
not uninviting in its appearance. Its delicate
pink coatings are as clean and perfect as all
the rest of Nature's handiwork; and it is not
until the pampered and unnatural appetite of
individuals has, by overloading it, and by
eating and drinking improper things, render-
ed it weak and incapable of performing all
tlie work thnist upon it, that the stomach,
or rather its contents, become "foul."

Cooked (melted or drawn) butter, and the
lard i:scd in "shortening" pie crust, is not di-
gested at all. It is seen swimming upon the
surface of the stomach in the form of yellow
or light colored grease, and it finally passes
off undigested. The skin of all fruits never
digests, neither do the stones or "pits" of
plums, cherries, &c. The vanilla seasoning
of ice cream is found to act as an irritating
substance upon the stomach, and it greatly
retards digestion. In both of these respects,
also, the coloring matterof candies are shown
to be still worse. These facts are settled
simply by looking into the stomach with the
naked eye. and viewing all the processes or
stages through which the different articles of
food must pass in the act of digestion.

Hot bread never digests' Bear this in mind,
reader, if you are accustomed to eat the light
and tempting biscuit at tea, or the warm loaf
that looks so appetising upon your dinner ta-
ble. Hot bread never digests at all; after a
long season of tumbling and working about
the stomach, it will begin to ferment, and it
will eventually be pa.ssed out of the stomach
as an unwelcome tenant of that delicate or-
gan, but never digests — never becomes as-
similated to, or absorbed by the organs that
appropriate nutrition to the tOviy. It is,
however, a first rate dyspepsia producer.

Chopped meat, moistened, and introduced
through this bullet-hole into the man's stom-
ach, is found to nourish liim just as it would
if taken atthemouthi Ail that the "patient"
requires in that case, is to be allowed to chew
a piece of gum, (merely to satisfy the habit of |
chewing, we .suppose,) and he gets along as if j
he had eaten his dinner; it is undoubtedly j
better, however, that the food should first be I
masticated, and this can only be done through i
the proper agency appointed for that purpose '
by nature. j

Venison digests in an hour; cooked oysters '
in two hours and a half; raw ovsters, (contrarv
to our previous impression,) three hours and \
a half; beef steak two hours and a half; fat j
pork four hours; lean pork a little more than '
three hours. l*robably this rule would not

apply to all persons; diflferent articles of food
are digested differently in different stomachs;
but the general principle here illustrated un-
doubtedly holds good in the great majority of
cases:

Calomel taken into the healthy stomach,
according to Dr. Bunting's experiment, is
found to irritate it, if given incase of disease,
it does not have that effect.

Mirthfulness. at and after a meal, facilitates
digest on wonderfully. Take St. Martin to a
theatre, for instance, after a hearty evaning
meal, and let him enjoy a good comedy — the
result is sstonishing; digestion is promoted to
a surprising degree. "Laugh and grow fat,"
is an adage now seen to be founded upon a
physiological truth. - -■'■' ■'-•> :>"*:*■

But make this man suddenly angry, under
the above circumstances, and presto! what a
changel The whole process of digestion is
at once arrested — brought to a sudden stop,
as if by the stroke of an electric shock! and it
does not again go on as well as before, until a
considerable time after the emotion which
caused the interruption has died away.

Water is the first thing taken up and ab-
sorbed by the stomach, and this must be
done before food is acted upon, even if the
Avater be taken subsequently to the food.—
Eating and drinking freely, alternately at
mea-s &s a habit, is not sanctioned by the rev-
elation made through the bullet-hole in St.
Martin's stomach

Another bad practice is the habit of eating
between meals at all hours. The custom,
according to the disclosure here made, is a
most pernicious one. Kegularity, above all
things, is to be observed, both in the quantity
of food and the time of eating it.

Black pepper is much worse for the stom-
ach, tliau red or Cayenne pepper; it inflames
the coatings of the stomrcb.

A piece of meat tied to a string, has been
introduced into the stomach through the ori-
fice, and after the lapse of a certain time it
has been pulled out again, and the progress of
the digestive org-ans accurately noted. In
this way corned beef, for instance, has been
reduced to a mass of fine, delicate and even
threads, after having been for some time sub-
j ected to the action of the gastric j nice.

Another queer disclosure is the action of
the .stomach in case of hunger, when the
whole sack or bag known as the stomach, is
seen to roll and work about. If kept too
long in this empty and restless condition, the
action of the organ is weakened — the stom-
ach loses a portion of its vital energy, and
the digestion of food taken at that time is
performed more slowly in consequence.

The stomach evidently requires rest, like .
the body, and receives injury if this is not
allowed it; but it should not be long without
food.

' Anger has the efTect to cause the bile to
rush into the stomach in a stream. This has
been observed with certainty in the case of
St. Martin. When he has been suddenly
enraged, while lying upon the table, the bile
has been seen to rush into the stomach, which
was perfectly clear of it the instant before,
and such a quantity as to admit of its being
emptied out freely into a cup! simply by.
turning him over!

Dr. Bunting has taken voluminous notes,
;tnd will publish a book, setting forth the

.W?rA?5^!^^^-3i~^^p-~?35'?^;*' ^^^^^^^

THE iLLi]S"ois f'^t^m:e:i?.

results arrived whih S"t. Mrrtiri ha^ brea ir:-
der his charge. It will b'3 a. vjluabte addi-
tion to the existing- works on modieino and
surgery.

St. Martin, since lie w.is woiindcd,.has
married, and bocom? th"^ father of ssveutaen
children, five of whom with hiswif^. are now
living. . At first the onlv way by wliich his
food after entei-ing the rose3ophnccut could be
prevented^ from pa^ssing; ovit throtiofh the
wound, W.18 to use oomprx'i^^es and adhesive
straps. The necessity hns since been over-
come by the growth of a small fold of the
coats of the stomach, whieh now.cxt'nls nl-
most over the orifice, but enn be roadilx^ re-
pressed with the fin2:'^r so ii.s fo all-^w ao ex-
amination of the intn-ior ot' t>.c RtOT.a-.'h —
when it is empty, to the depth of ilve/ or six
inches. St. Martin is_ of medlflra heipcht,
dark complexion, a neculinv. s.rttcrimr s:vey
eye, and is remarkable for his why toxighness
of constitution.

The Medical Society wore macii iiiieiciied
in the experiment, and tlmy pa^srd a rc3?h>
tion of cordial thank.- f) Dr. [jantini: for ;n-
fording them this oiip:)vtunitv of 'p.nvonally
witnessing; this sin,L''l-i:i r.nd 'iit',M''v-tiiii;- caH^> •
and for imnortant fict^ Avlr" 'b h"^; so fi'.e'^\v
furnished them; al«o. to Col. Colt, for tbe
lively interest he h:^;l t:;krn in ser-uvinjr the
presence of St. Jlavtiu in Hnrff.'.rrl, in order
that the professors here ruight have the ben-
efit of witncssinu' and testing impcrtaiit faGts
in this case. — Hartford T/rn'ps.

cy

%lu #va^ic\^

DisscrlatioHr

Oti raising JToi'scs in ILin&h, h>j N,

Dillon, Sex.

I have, after considerable experience,
arrived at the following coucUisions: - i

1st, In breeJino;, if your mare be
small, do not breed to n very I'arirc lior^e ;
if you do, your colt will be lialile to~'bc
disproportioned, and not so dnrnljle as
it would be if the dam i\\\<\. ^vcq were
nftarly equal in size. But if your mare
is long backed, breed from a short back-
ed horse — for lou;r bneked Iiorses" are
not as strong or active a-^ sliorter on?s.
For duration and speed, do not take the
shortest; choos3 a mediaui.

I have had some exporloncc in driving
horses. I never tried a lona; bodied
horse, that performed as v. ull a.i a .slujiter
one.

2nd, When the mare is goinfj to the
horse, do not chanuo her feed : only
lighten it, and let her have uioderate
baits of grass. Never let her he pulled
hard, or driven fast. lu a word, regu-
lar feed and work will keep your nag
healthy and stout. I sec many marcs
and colts very poor. Tiioy say it is
because they work thcni so hard; but
the man that drives a poor horse, is apt
to be a poor hostler, and loses, for want
of care in feeding and shel tcr ing him ; for
if he feeds and drives regular, his horse
will feel well, and be in good spirits. —
On the other hand, if the horse is rode

or drovb hardv lull fed an<l heavily wat-
ered!, espceialiy Avliilc 'warm, he will be
apt to be poor. I>(.m't sweat your hoVso
in cold woather; if you do, doii't neglect'
to btaiaket hill) ; it -is very injurious to
the poor animal, -to judo -or di-i vc him
home from town of a colvl evening, and
turn him out in the bleak winds, ami tie
him up in a cold stable to. shiver all
night. - . •■;:.■•■■■ .;:,^--. --v,' ■■■■■'."'■ ':;

"As to feed, oats is rbcst, corn next;
but do not chiinge from eorn to oats
wjien your liorso is at llJird service. If
eompejled to do so, feed light for a few
feed?. When comuicneiug hard "jvork,
or starting on a journey, drive light, and
feed linrlit for the first two oi' three davs,
tlien increase 3'Oiir feed and pace; When
your marc is near foaling, be Ciireful not
to ehango her' feed ; if she lias moderate
pj.isturc, it is.wei!. -When she foals, feed
liilht Jor.a few da vs. : Make no other
change in he!-,food for at least two weeks,
(or the cylt ;WiU b;^ likelj to, take the
.SCOUV.S. ]3« Ciirefal not to heat your
m:j:re$ while -jiiekli hg. Wean youi- eol ts
•nt froni four to five juouths old. Tbey,
sliould come in April, and be weancil in
September; by the time ^ winter sets in,
tlicA- have learned to cat. When vou
take a polt from the dam, put it in a
dark stable ;\keep it there from six to
ten days.. Keep the mare us far from
it as you can conveniently, so that they
can't hear each other's call. : 'In eight'
or ten days thcy nJll forget each other.
: Tli.cn turn your colt in a small lot for a
da v or two, to have it race; then turn it
on to. grass, but don't forget to feed
regular. If you feed sheaf oats, cut ofi"
the heads aird give them; if corn, shell
It for them, forif you suffer your colts
to bite green corn from the cob, they will
be likely to have the lampeis, and per-
haps the big head. . .^^'

If you <liscover the distemper among
voiu- horses, give them indiiifo, either
pulverized orin water. I have given a
grown horse a. table SDOonful at a dose,
for worms. At tlie appro:ich of winter,
when about to commcMCC foedlug, fix. a
lot so that no horse can 2"^3t out of it.—
Shut Up your colts STid ; horses carlj in
the evening : this. will keep them from
beiriff mischievous. You mav feed vour
vcarlings, two and three vears ohL all
in the same lotr, give about live cars of
corn twice a day, v.ith hai.y.. Keep your
colts up until 0 or 10 p'cloek in the
morning. They shduld be protected
from the coM winds. Sale your hay
when you put it up. When you first
commence feeding, stay in the lot with
your coks while eating their grain, and
if one attempts to kick or bite, put on
the lash, and they Avill soon learn to eat
quietly together. If one should fail to
eat its. feed, it won't affect the rest. But
when there is but two to feed together,

if one fails to eat, the other will cat both
feeds, and get foundered. ,/ <.>--?;^#>iH4'- >

If you suffer your horses to rtirt at
large in winter, tiicy will be liable to
learn to be mischievous, and trespass on
your neighbors, to their loss, and your
own injury, as they will be liable to liavc
bad eyes and.feet, through over leaping.
To break a colt, commence while young,
say at two years old, but do not let hijn
be pulled hard, or rode by a man until
four rears old. Have a good halter and
snaffle bit bridle on your colt, put a boy
on the cult, mount a quiet beast your-
self, take, the halter, or one rein of the
bridle ii it is double relne<I, take a small
switch, using il; as little as possible, bo
careful not to hurt the colt's u^outh with
the bit, if the colt should fret, handle it
gently, but don't suffer it to get its head
downv ; Never force your colt up to any
thing he is afraid of ; work hiin gently
as near the'object that frightens him as
you can, then stop aad let him take a
good look at it, then he will generally
jfo on. If he is badly frightened, it will
pay you to get off and load him slowly
past. in crossing bridges and high
croESways, if your nag is tihiid, get off
and lead him over. It always pays me
well to do so. I tiever rein up, or mai'-
tingale a colt until he is fully bridle wise,
as it fi-ets him, and does no g?od. If I
get a tricky nag, that is dangerous to
ride, I ta^je a forked stick, placing the
fork under his law. and fastening the
ends of it to the rings on the bit, h:iving
a holejxiortLced in the other end, at the
right distance, to make him carry his
head properly. Put your girt tlirough
the hole, and ho is safe, he can neither
throw his head up or down. If he is
given to swelling and jumping stiff leg-
ged^ so ns to breuk the girt, take a piece
of a clothes line, or sonjo other small
£ord, pass it three times 4tround the
beast, put a stick ■ under the middle v
strand, and twist it until it is so tight the
nag can't swell, then it will generally go
along quietly. If your colt is hard to
catch, and don't tame well, shut him up
in a dark stable twenty-four hours, then
put a bridle on him, take the scab or
swimmer off his fore leg, spit on your,
hands, rub them well together, then
blow through your hands into your
horse's nostrils; lead him around in the
stable, occasionally touching him under
the belly, to keep him moving. Use him
a little every day, and he wiU soon be-
come gentle. .;.-,-;

In catching horses, always earfy a
little salt or corn. Fondle on your horse
w-hen you put the bridle on, or pull it
off, and he w^ill be easy caught. .".: V

To break a colt to work, be carc?til itt
goal ing him, sec that your gears fit well,
especially the hames; when they arc
buckled, there should be. just room
enough to run your hand around tho

%-s-

56

THE ILLIIS^OIS E^IIM:ER.

horse's neck inside of the collar. If
your colt is large and strong, tie the
halter to the gentle beast, let one man
take the reins and guide the colt. While
you hold the lines do not strike him, or
flourish a whip about. At the start, the
first thing to learn him is to keep an
even single-tree. Keep his neck washed
clean. If you see signs of his neck get-
ting sore, rub it with tallow, bathe it in
with a hot iron ; this hardens and tough-
ens the skin, while liniment has a ten-
dency to soften the skin. If you once
get your colt learned to pull, he will
always pull if yoii do not overload him,
or suffer the harness to gall him.

In conclusion, I would say, always
reifiember old Gray's advice : " Up hill
trot RiB not ; down hill shove me not ;
level ground spare me not ; to the hos-
tler, trust me not."

Ihc gHinai$i ^avw^v.

-<•»-

SPRINt:i:''IEI.D, APRIt 1, 8 8.

STATE FAIR.

At the meeting of tlie Executive Cuiumit-
tee on the 0th of March, Centralia, in South-
ern Illinois, was selected as the point at
which the Fair of the Illinois State Agricul-
tural Society, for 1858, should be hold.
There were applications for the fair from
Jacksonville, Peoria, Freeport, and Centra-
lia. We believe it has been generally un-
derstood that the fair would be held in South-
ern Illinois so boon as a point could be gener-
ally agreed upon in that section of the State,
and where the conveniences to make it effec-
tive could be obtained. A general dc^iire
was manifested in the South that the fair
should be held at Centralia, aud the people
there and through that section of Illinoi.?, by
their committee, satisfied the Executive
Committee that suitable srounds would bo
furnished, together with all the fixtures ne-
cessary for the fiiir, and also other pruvi.sions
made by ■which the multitude expected to lie
present would be fed aud lodged, If not
sumptuously, at least comfortably.

To be a little more particular, we would say
that the houses at Centralia, Southern Cen-
tralia, Central (!ity, tnid the country adja-
cent, will be open for the reception of visi-
tors; the upper stories of the immense build-
ings belonging to the I. C. R. R. Company
will also be prepared for lodgings, together
with the churches of that town; a great camp
ground will also be formed near the fair
grounds, where temporary dwellings, slum- I
ties and tents will be erected for lodging and !
feeding the people; the railroad company, i
through its officers, will run box cars, numer-
ous as desired, upon the side tracks, which
can be used for lodging rooms; extra cars

will run up and down the road so as to take
passengers who desire to spend the nights at
Sandoval, Tamarora, Richview, &c.; and be-
sides many of the visitors, coming from
Southern Illinois, will come in their wagons,
prepared to camp out during the campaign
of the fair. It seems to us that ample pro-
vision will be made for visitors.

We anticipate a great State Fair at Cen-
tralia. It will possess many novel features
that will give it unusual interest and draw
people from eveiy quarter of our State and
other States to that point. From causes not
now nece-'sary to recapitulate. Southern Illi-
nois has not taken that po.sition in this day
of progres> which she ought to have done.
The circumstancea of her early settlement
and early privations, — the eftects of which
she even n(»w feel.'^, — have prevented this.
But Southern Illinois has advantages for set-
tlement, which, when once known and appre-
ciated, will turn a turn a tide of industrious,
rich aud intelliiii-nt population to her fine
lands, pleasant and sulubrious climate, which
will tell on her rapid prosperity. The State
Fair will do much towards dispelling the un-
just prejudices entertained against this
naturally favored portion of our State. —
Though Southern Illinois is now rapidly ad-
vancing in population, wealth and improve-
ments,— we venture to say that the State
Fair at Centralia, which will bring people
from other States and from this State, through
every portion ut' that region, will form an
epoch, from whicii she will advance in pros-
perity by giant strides. We rejoice in this
prospect, and wc call upon the people of
Southern Illinois to do their best in taking
advantage of the favorable circumstances now
presented to them.

Southern Illinois is an agricultural region.
She possesses the poAver to fill all the depart-
ments of the State Fair depending upon
agriculiaic, in the best possible manner. —
The Spring is now opening beautifully, and
wc trust the farmers of Southern Illinois will
su.rt:iiii tlii fontidcncu reposed in their enter-
jjrise and patriuti.-ini in bringing their rich
product.'; to the State Fair. Wc do not wish
to create sectional parties, unless it be in a
strife for good; but we do want Southern
lllinuis men t(i feel that the cye> of the whole
State will be ••ri thi-m ;ind their productions,
and their section of the country at the State
Fair — and we want all to come out gloriously
in the trial. ^^^' know it can be done, and
wc have <-unfidence that it will be done.

To secure this result, every officer and
member ot the county agricultural societies,
every committef man of the State Agricultu-
ral Society, every ambitious young man who
loves his high profession of farmer, or me-
chanic, or merchant — every lady (for we

never can do without them in any great un-
dertaking,) must make one general, long and
determined effort, and this effort will pay in
every branch of industry, and will kindle and
excite a mental movement among the people
that will be felt long after the unique and
gorgeous display at Centralia shall have
closed.

Our readers will pai'don what may seem to
be enthusiasm on our part on the subject of
• this article. We have labored for the loca-
tion of the State Fair at Centralia. We
jhave much at stake in feeling and interest in
Its success. We know that it can be made
successful, and we want our Southern friends
to feel tlie ajnbition and excitement that per-
vades the hearts of the Executive Committee
of the State Agricultural Society, to bring

about happy, successful and useful results in
what some have deemed in them a hazardous
enterprise.

Mailer for Gratulation.

The press of this State, without a sin-
gle dissentient, so far as we know, have
approved of the location of the State
Fair at Centralia. While we are glad
that this IS so, we are sure this approbation
springs from a conviction that the loca-
tion was made as a matter of justice, and
for the best interests of the State and
the Society. We thank them for this
expression ot their convictions ; aLd we
ask of them further, that they will give
their useful and efficient aid and fuxther
labors to secure the success of the com-
ing State Fair. We want every portion
oi the State represented there — not only
of its citizens, but of its productions. —
We want Northern Illinois, with her
specimens of valuable agricultural imple-
ments, machinery, products of the farm,
animals, to be there. We want and know
that Central llhuois will be there to com-
pete for the premiums — and we are quite
confident that Southern Illinois will be
on hand in vast numbers, to compete for
the shining plate. Come on every body.
There -will be places for you, and the
members of the press will find there ma-
terial to make rich and interesting articles
for their papers. Come one ! come all !

fefe^"" New Farmers, (we mean those
making new farms,) we want you to get
out of the way of depending altogether
upon one staple by which you are to live
and make money. We have raised the
best crops of wheat in this State, but the
crop is uncertain. If you depend upon

THE ILLINOIS ]F_^RMER.

it, and it fails, you suffer much. Get a
stock of hogs as soon as you can — raise
the pigs yourselves, get your clover pas-
tures ready for them, secure them where
you can have a supply of water, use the
best means by raising rye and peas to
feed them cheap, raise an early corn to
feed them in the fall before your great
corn crop is ripe, get them fat, and sell
them the first opportunity you have that
you can get a good price for them.

This should be a great hog raising
country, and hogs have sold for years
and will continue tofiad sale at profitable
prices. But raise them cheap as you
can, not by starving them, but by feeding
them, and if they are fat in summer,
there is a market for them then, aa at all
times. Young farmers can turn their
hogs into money once a year, if they
have a good breed, and they should look
out for this. You want something that
will mature in twelve months; the prairie
alligator is not what you want. The
Berkshire, the Irish Grazier, the Safi'olk,
kept pure, or crosses of these, is what
you want. It would be a very comfort-
able thing for a small farmer to have
two hundred fat hogs to sell in the fall,

worth fifteen dollars apiece.

<«, _

The Native Raspberry.

We have been informed that in the soiitli-
ern part of this State, there is considerable
variety in the native raspberry. One gen-
tleman informed us that he had found on one
occasion, hunting in the woods, a line black,
well flavored, small seeded raspberry, of the
black cap variety, which measured three-
quarters of an inch in diameter. We allude
to this matter now, because there is greut
diversity of opinion in regard to the rasp-
ben-ies offered for cultivation in the West.
Brinkle's Orange is the only kind of import-
ed stock that promises at all well without
winter protection. A native raspberry, of
large size, good fla-sor, tolerably free from
large seeds, hardy, prolific, wonld be a great
desideratum. Will our friends in Southern
Illinois, the coming season, sec if they can-
not find among the multitude of raspberries
to be found on the edges of old fields, or
about fallen and rotten trees, specimens of
fruit, such as is desired? — and in such case,
mark the plant for removal into gardens the
coming falll''

We suggest to the friends of horticulture
in the South to give attention to this mat-
ter.

Sugar Mills.

We are Hkely to have enough of them.

Hedges, Free & Co. are mauufactui'ing them
in Cincinnati. Another house is manufiic-
turing them in the same place. And there
are two establishments in ^t. Louis that are
getting up sugar mills. Hammond & Co. at
Jacksouville, got up a milllast fall, that wa.s
very effective. We notice sugar mills ad-
vertised in other parts of the country. —
There will be enough of these mills in mar-
ket next fall.

While we have no doubt that good eugar
and biolasscs can and will be mad^, where
the apparatus is good, and whei'e the opera-
tor underatarids his business, — -we are quite
sure that these will not be made well where
all these requisites are wanting.

The sugar cane is and will be an institu-
tion of Illinois, but there will be failures in
manufacturing its juice and there will be
success. Success will follow knowledge, ex-
perience and the use of good apparatus.

The Canoda Rceiprocal Treaty.

When the interest? of the farmers can be
separated from politics, it will be altogether
better for them. A few years ago much was
said in favor of a reciprocal treaty with the
Canadas, by which they should send their
products to the United States, and we should
send ours to Canada. Now look at the re-
sult for the year ending on the 30th of June,
1857 :

The import!" from Cannda to the Unitpil Stales, /or
1857. coDKistinijc of grain of all kimls, Hour aud
broadsluffs, acconliiiK to official iv|>ort flO,aO 1,567

The expnrta toCaijwda f'-r the s.iii!e time, Cinisist—
ing- of Iwef, honiod Ciittlo, pork. l;i*fon, lani, livo
Lojjs, ludiau ceru, wheat aud flour... 3,oT0.92o

6,e:}3,G42

Thus our farmers in 18-57, were deprived
of a market for nearly seven millions worth
of produce, the balance against us on articles
of produce sent there aniountin,g to about
that sum.

What is further to be thought of on this
subject is — that a good part of this produce
finds its way into the Eastern marktt-i in
winter, being more readily carried there from
Canada at that season of the year than the
same produce can be from the West — thus
to some extent enabling the Canadians to
monopolize the Eastern markets in winter to
the disadvantage of our farmers.

We gather these items from a \qtj sensi-
ble communication we find in the Prairie
Farmtr.

is the case — and the soil is pulverized fine,
you may sow the seed broadcast, pass over
the ground with a light harrow, and after-
wards roll it. Yoiir crop will then come up
well. If weeds should appear, they must be
pulled out, and then if the season is fine,
you can make a good crop. At least such
has been the result in a lumber of eases with-
in our knowledge. Large quantities are
raised in Iowa and in the Northern part of
this State, and find their way for sale Into
Central Illinois. • T~~-

Hog Raising — in a Section op tLLi-
NOis. — We are assured that the following
conversation took place in county of this
State, in the late pork season: v v.;^.yl<^^

Mr. B.— (To a farmer.) — "Have you sold
your pork?" . 'irl*dt!>-:

Farmer.— ''No, I can't afford to self my
hogs at the prices offered." ■,,•!.--

B. — What are you offered?" ' • ^ /

Farmer. — ''Five dollars^ and my hogs cost
me more than that."

B.— "How do you make that out?"

Farmer. — "Why, I've fed them with corn
three years, aud the corn they have eat is
worth six dollars."

B. — "But your hogs must be heavy; iow
much will they average?"

Farmer. — "I think as much aa a hundred
and seventy-five pounds. No, I can't sell
them at five dollars. I will bacon them
first". ■-•:.;

Note. — The farmers on Cash should im-
prove their breed of hogs.

tr^ The British Government are
about sending an expedition, under di-
rection of Mr. Livingstone, to examine
the interior of Africa. He has vessels
or steam boats, by which he will pene-
trate far into the interior by means of the
Zarabero river. His examinations al-
ready made of the country through which
that river passes, shows that it is fertile,
well peopled, and that a great comnierce,
requiring European goods, could be cre-
ated there. The natives raisca very fine
article of cotton — and perhaps this arti-
cle is the inducement for this new explor-
in*' exTjedition.

Ox

-»•<.

Onions.
There were a good many failures in the
attempt to raise onions last year. Generally
this was caused by the neglect of the culti-
vator. Many suppose they have only to sow
onion seed broadcast on plowed ground "and
brush it in, and then the onions will take
care of themselves. This is not so. If the
land is clean of weeds — if you are sure this

1^^ Mrs. Eliza W. Farnham, (well
known to many of our citizens as the
widow of T. J. Farnham, formerly of
Tazewell county,) is the Secretary of the
Woman's Protective Emigration Society,
19 Canal Street, New York. This So-
ciety have sent out to the West several
companies of women, whose object is to
obtain situations where, by industry, they'

-f^^^*-

. ■^'.x'^y

58

THE ILLINOIS FARMER.

can make a reputable living. There is a
great want of female labor in the country,
and if •women from Ncvr York or else-
where, AvoulJ come here Avith the deter-
minntion of making their homes with
families in the country, the demand for
such women would be very grent. Their
labors wouM be those of the house, and
would be appreciated and paid for^ and

they would secure good homes.

•«•

Domestic Hints.

Haras, at a cost of 15 cents a pound,
are cheaper food than beef at ten cents.

Boiling is by far the most economical
mode for cooking meats.

Butter is the most concentrated animal
fat.

When you buy goods on a credit, you
must pay more for them than if you wore
to pay cash.

It is very pleasant to dress well ; but
not pleasant when one thinks that the
clothes on his back belong to another,
and that he will be called to pay for
them when they arc worn out.

A mar. does not possess true delicacy
of feeling, when he purchases articles
not absolutely necessary to his comfort,
and knows that he cannot conveniently
pay fcrthcm.

The communitvknow Avhen a man and

ft/

his family aic livmg beyond their means.

It is often uie case that families will
spend more than they earn, and depend
upon others for .=upport, who aim to save
a little by close economy.

Young men who dress well, fancy they
appear well, and do nothing for their own
support, look with disdain upon other
young men less expensively dressed, and
who earn their living by their labor; but
the time is yrobably at hand when the.=e
-gay idlers will have their borrowed garbs
taken from them, and they will be seen
as very ordinary * -Jackdaws."

Live within your income, and know
what that income is, and you will save
yourself from much personal discomfort
and degradation.

SoAvi^-G Peas. — S. R. Elliott, of
Cleveland, has published his experience
in regard to sowing peas. He says —
"Some years since I commenced with
sowing peas, and covering them at differ-
ent depths, varying from one inch to one
foot. I found those buried ei^rht inches
deep, appeared above ground only one
day later than those buried only two

inches ; while those that were covered
twelve inches deep, were but a little over
two days behind. As they grew, no per-
ceptible difference was noticed, until they
commenced blossoming and setting, then
the advantage of the deep planting ex-
hibited itself; for those that were eight
and ten inches deep continued to grow,
blossom, and set pods long after those
only two to four inches commenced rip-
ening and decaying.

If the soil is light and loamy, I will
hereafter plant my peas eight to ten
inches deep; if the soil is clayey, I will
plant six inches. I never earth- up, but
leave the ground as near level as I can."

"AVell, Mr.

is selling off his land

into small farms. He is getting tired of
his 500 acre field of corn, and his large
stocks of cattle, and other heavy farming
operations. At one time he fairly broke
himself down in carrying on his busi-

ness

3J

"He is showing some sense at last.—
He has had a hard time of it, and all he
could enjoy from the fruits of his labor
was the house that covered him, his
clothes and food ; to say he had other
comforts, how could he enjoy such when
in every moment of his waking hours, and
I will venture to say his sleeping hours
also, he was harrassed with his busi-

ness?"

"Do you mean to say that all he ob-
tained for his labor was his shelter, food
and clothing?"

"Yes, that was about all. Perhaps
in looking over his farm he might some-
times say, "I am monarch of all I sur-
vey;" but that feeling amounted to noth-
ing substantial. The idea was probably
terminated with another interesting idea,
that there were those about him who
would be very willing to see him boxed
up, and laid away where his remains
would not be offensive, so that they could
sell his farms and enjoy the money."

"And what moral would you induce
from all this?"

"Why that a man should be industri-
ous, enjoy the good things of this world,
do good to his fellow men in his day and
generation, be clever to all we meet on
our journey of life, and lay up treasures
where they will secure eternal enjoyment,
beyond the reach of panics, hard times,
and the graspings of those who never
earned anything for themselves."

t^^ Farmers ! be of good cheer. —
"Brightly breaks the spring I" "March
came in like the lion," but before its
close, even in the middle of the month,
we had beautiful spring weather, and the
warm rains have started the wheat and
grass beautifully, and everything beto-
kens well for the farmer.

Take heart — plow up the fallow ground
— get in your oats, your spring wheat,
your corn, your Hungarian grass, your
northern sugar cane, your grass seed,
potatoes — see that your gardens arc suf-
ficient to furnish you with healthful food,
have all the tools at hand n:'cessary for
the work — you have no time to dally
now — be wide awake —

Fow, ]il iw a>i'l pl.iiit wJiiipsliiL'jnir.l' filpep;
.\nil jon wlllhuvi. ciiDiifrli ti> «'ll, iiuU ti» ent.

-••»-

Patent Office Sef.ds. — Sonic persons
have acted as tl;()ii|;h t'u-y Mipposcd that the
seeds of the Piiteiit Office were distributed
to supply with gardon vegotable.s. They
are much in error. Tlio^e .seeds arc general-
ly new varieties, aud on which a high value
is set. They hvc di.stvibuted for trial. If
they succeed well iu our climate and soils,
seeds should be aaain di.<trihuted, so thatthe
benefits of these superior Vi-.rleties of vegeta-
bles shall become general. Persons who
receive Patent Office .scedti, should bear these
facts in mind.

6Q^ Edgar Saunders, in Emery's
Journal of Ayricidturc, says, that cau-
liflower seed should be sown in the
hot bed, and the plants be planted out
in rich, well prepared soil, should be well
tended, the earth frcqucntiy stirred about
them, and if they do not head in the fall,
the plants should bo lifted and planted
out in the cellar, where they would be
likely to head. Old Dr. Johnson, of
Dictionary memory, .=?aid, "of all gordjn
flowers, give nic the cauliflower,

?j

-«>..

Seejjino GftoLM> TO (j!KAbr>. — There is
a good deal uf difference iu opinion in regard
to the time when gva.ss seed .should be .sowu.
A majority, wc believe, favor .-^piiiig sowing.
Indeed, many believe that the hqq({ should
be sown in the latter jiart of Febraary,' on
the snow, or not later than April, so -that the
seed may be imbedded in t:ie earth by the
spring rains.

Tree Pruuiiig. ' '

Wc notice that our farmers the present

spring, are attending more to pruning

their apple trees than usual. Itis hardly

possible that an apple tree can bear good

THE ILLIISTOIS I^^KMER^

59

fruit when its limbs and sprouts and
twigs are so close to each otliT that a
bird can scarcely find its way through
them. The great reason why we have
such crops of small, tasteless "Jan^t-
tings," is that the trees are not trimmed.
A fair, good apple of this variety is very
fine; the small ones arc worthless.

PREMILMS

Anjmal Meeting of the Sangamon County Arri-
/ cnllnral Sof icty. . .

The nnnuftl iripetinjrof the Sangimm County Agricu'ttur.l
Socie'y was heM In tliis city en the 6th nU. I'rcseiit — C. W.
Viin Dorcn, President; J. C. CiowJer, Vice President; S.
Francis, Secretary; S. M. Parlous, Tre;isurer; II. Jacoliy,
JohnMcConnell.A.B. McCciiid< II. J. N. Br.nvn Wm.M. War.
ren, 0. W. Chatterton, A. Constniit. Phii. Waiieii.

Mr.Parsons, from t!ie cuniiuittee appniiitcd at last special

meeting on that subject, reported lliiit uotliiiigliad been done

iu relation to the purchase of laud for the extensiou of the
Fair Groun U,

Mr. Parsons, TreA^urer, made hi.'* ai:uual rtiiort, which was
read, examined and adopted.

Money rpc?iv-d last jeir $2,J?'l 4.)

Pjid out in tlie same time. 2,335 97

0ut8taudiEgcla;u!3, estiuiateJ, fe3 38

On motion,

Resolved. That tho thinks of th a Ass :riation bo tendered
to S. .VI. I'arsoug, Jor liis elRjieu! liervicesasTreasurcrduriug
tho last year.

The Society proceeded to the election of olBcers, and tlie
following electii ns were made :
J. N. BIWW.V, I'resideiit.
A n M cCo.NNLLL, I Presidents.

II. .l.^couy, )

S Franci.-', Secretiijy.
S. M. PAHsuN'i, 'Ireaeurcr.

On moti, n,

Reso!ved. Tiiat thn f 'll.v.viiig p] ovisioti lo .added lo the Con-
Stitu'ion of the ABM>ciittioii :

'•The I'retiilent. Vice I'resilents. ."^ncretary .Tnd Treasurer
are an Kxccutive Board to trauducc (lie bustnes:! of this Acso
eiatiou."

On siotion, the fjllowing persons were appointed trn^itees
of the Fair Grouud,s: Julin Williams, -John McCouuelh and
A.E Constant.

On m'ltion,

Rtiolvtd, That no more stock of tliis Association he issued
or gold.

The following appoiutujents fur superintendents \vere then

made:

Class y<.— Cattle— .T. I>. Pmitli.

" Ji — Ilorfles, 4c. — Win. .M. Wa-ren.

" C. i>.— .-heei). I'oultry —.\. \i. MLConnell.

" E. — Hops — J. C. Ci''>« der.

•' J-'.— Iinplenient8. — W. W. Peafc.

'• (.' — Fiirni i.rodiicts — U. A. IJiown.

'• //.—Needlework. 4c — C. W. .Matliony.

" I — Mani!<, Bread, Ac.--C. W Vun Iteiin.

" J. — Kh.wers. — U. W. Clialtertoii.

" A'. — Wm. 0. Jouii.

On motion,

Resolved, That the Kxccutive Itn.-trd r.{ this Society m«ot at
the oflice u{ the ?'ecretftr.\ ou ihu Ist duv of April in.\t, st I
o'clock P M , and tb.Tt the ^iijiiTiiiteiiiieiits ot tliecevirriil di-
parti. euts I e reqiieKtt d alrio tuiitu-iii! at the sinnc i>rtru mid
hour, f . r the purjiose uf ciiiii|ilclinij: iln- I'rfiiiiniii list, ;ujd
making Other ariaiigenii'ntsloi tlie iiext Cimiity Hiir.

R'.solvaL That t!ie nt )cli holders > f tMs Ass.jcialiori will
periorni all the necessary d:itii;.-; i;f police. cUiks, <tc., the
present year, witlK'Ul c-nifwiisatrnii.

RtS'ilvetl, Tlmt tli« Tiiist. es of ;ho F.nir Groniida be re-
quind to exaui.ne the gioiiiidj: and (•uildiiigH. and uiako •■ n
entiinate of the co-'t "f puttiiife' ilii m in ri'iuiin for nee iit the
next Frtir, and that tin y lax i lif sii.ck /■ro rula Inr th" »>.tme,
to be paid ic money ■ r lil:;r. .".t the ;!pt:u;i of .;tockli(;ldcrs.

Resolved, Tint thi-s Society iitiprnpi-iuto fifteen )>n>idred
dollars fiT prcmiu" g tobep.iid in oilvcr pbite Ht the next
Fair, and thnt the same amouiit be appropri.tcd to each de-
partment a-s last year.

Resolved, 1 hrtt the stnckh-ibhrs bo allowed 20 percent. on
their stock to be nppl'ed on Mnir i*ntiii!i'je f.-es, niid thwt the
entrance fee shsl! be oire tenth of ihopreniinni offered; that
exhibitors sha 1 purchaee exhibitors' tickets iit a cost uf one
dollar each, which nhnll fidiiiit to the grounds during thj
Fair; provided, th:it ladies may enter articles in tho proper
departments free uf( h irgo.

Resolvd. That p' rs )iis miy becomo anmisl members of
this Society, by paying two dollars to the ?ecret»ry or Tr.-as-
urer, for which thev shall receivu a b;idgH a'tjiiitting them
and the jnembers of their families nnder i8 yiirs of agf, to
the Fair Grounds during the l-air — iho said family entering
the grouTids at the same time.

Resolved, That in parting with our late President. C. W.
Van Derin, we Under to him r.ur thanks fur his valaablo
services as Presld'-nt of this Society during the last year.

Adjourned.

S. FRA>'CIS, Secretary.

Offered hi/ ihe Illinois S/ate AgrioilturcJ Socieiij
for Field Crops, Farms and Nurseries, d'c.
Or/iCE CoBnESPJxnixo ?rcKTT\rT. >
. • Slarcli n, IS.'.S. /

The following list of iprcasinniJ f.-r field cr..p.-, farms and
nurser'ea. niul milf-h c.>ws, js p<iblislied at this early dj'V
to secnro the greatest competition froci pvciy ptriiou of the
State.

FlKhDCROP.',
Best thirty acres sp-lna; «lieat, Mnrray, Van Doren A
GhiYei'n Uiapcr and stacker.

Best t»cn:j aoivs ur mcic- f.ill wheat, J. II. Manny's Reajn-i
an- 1 .Mower.

H.St fuity -cres drilled wheat; B. Kr.uli.'t i Co 's Cr:in

D.ill. : T^ ,

Brsi fifteen a"!-!'* ilrillcd whf.it T.. ^Inore':* \\ lirat nnll.
B-ntt.-n ai-rcs drill -.1 ttbeir. -ill'V fc .Ihth-.V Crtin Uriil
B.-it ten acres broaJ cast town wheat, C'ahi>.'Ji » itri^ad Cast

Sew.T.

Best -50. ponnd-i su-ar made from Chinese Snear

C«n- (i tiiir article; Cold Mod il.

'h\ be-»t ^1'

3dbe-t , ^"

Be.-t 5 calliuis of nioi is.*es IVum Cliiinse ^Ui.ar

Can- (afiirariicle; GoIJlIeda'

■.idi>t«t l-""

8tl be>t 1"

B -.-temp of fill! wbe«t not k>--» tiian tiv • juii-.s . 1.5

Best crop of ^prillg wli-at. not les than five

acres - ~.«.u. 26

Be.vt cr<ipof hidiMi; coi i..i. . .,..-s thati fivi' arres

to l^ riielicdaiid wiij:!ic'l letwi en the lOtii ofNo-

venibi-r and ihe 1st uf January „.... -■'

•Jd dj Medal

Best.ci-t'puf rve, uot Ijss than five acres "in

•2.1 do '........... ; Medal

Best crop of lats. not liBfitliaM (ho acres '^■■>

2d best :....? Medal.

Best crop ol buckwheat, not less than tiyc acres i"?

■Z\\ do -• Medal.

lii-st crop of Ci-Ul p:as. not less t an J.i', acre.,..;. 2>'

■.d do ' Mcdil.

Best crop ot potatoes, iiyt iess tl-air^ acre ..,., V*

2d do..... .". Mcd:d

Speci'iiei.s of the qaitlity cf the potato s ninst be cxhibiti-U

at the fair.

Best crop of sweet potatoes, not h^i.stliriii^^' aero 20

Be^t crop of onions, net Ics< tliau i^iioie li'

2d do Medal.

B -rtcTop of carrots, no; Ic.-.i liiaii J.:; acre 1''

•JJ do "... Mcdl

B''st crop of Mangel Wnrizel beets, not leas

than ;<; acre... ' • lo

IJeBtcriipof White Isugai- Been, not lessihaii J^

.'crc

Itcil five acr.-i f .11 ba! li y

Bi".«t tivc acres spring bailey..;.

Be-t tiveacr .';ot liciuii ,

do acre of tla.x ,.: -

do do broHU'.corn. —

do c'o clover (-eed

do do timothy i-i cd

do do blue gra-.H si.ed

do do ni'll-t heed

do <lo llix ceed

do d.> Cil^tor beau"

Best ten lbs. clean cottiii rai-std in ihis c t iiC-.

10
10
10
!•
li

JO

10
30
lo
l(.

Ji-
30
lo

Statements t.i bn fnrrrsbed by applicants for preniiuniH : —
Irit. J^iic'cimens to In at tliefaitgiuiiM.I«. lor cxhii'ition ifpiiic-
ticable. 2d. 'I 111- 1 III I fthall be meaMired by xonie com|>etent
person, WHO "hall make alHJav'it of the acuur.icv of the iiu as-
nrenieiit and quality oi giouiid. IM. The appliciitit aid one
Atfit lerestiil pnsoii, hhall make aHidavit to the (jiimitity oi
grain, and otli"r prcwliicta raisid on tlf ;:iouiid: the kind and
coii'litioii of soil; ttie qiiaMlity ami kvi d ofseid us. d. liim-atiii
mode of planting, am! ni 'ae of cultivatiijji. 4ih, 'I be grain
and seed niiit-t be weigh- d alter Ixi'ig in nierchaotabie ci.iidi-
liai. and e^l nation madu a- c.-r.f ii;; to the bgil weight pci
Inisliel. Potato s. oiiii lis. Ac. measured; the wci^jhtol hemji.
or flax when pre[«ir,-(l for inailc-f.

All cro]isi'i th'-aln!ve list tof.e ent*^-ed "iili S.Fr.aocis Cor
rofpoiidiiiir .Secretary, before the (list day of .Aujr'-s'i m-xt.

'the i)ivii!iiiiiis to b' aw,ii-,|uj by the li.\ccuiive Bjurd, ai
thiir uieclii.giu Jau ,lS6fl.

FAl.MS. ic.

B°=:t impnv d .ind highly ciltiv.i o.' f '.r:i-i ^jX
not less than SOO acl'es O/dd Mid-'l

2dberii Silver .Medal

Be.^t imfiiovf ilaud higiily cnlrivate ! laini not
lesi* than Itio (tores - flillMidal.

2d be-t Silver Jledal.

Be-iijiiiiiroiet! mid highly ciiiti\a(ud fanu of
not le=8 than 40 acres GoM Medal.

2d bust. Silver .Medal

Best arranged and economically c^judiicted
dairy fiinii Hold Medal.

2d iKJst - Sil.erMtd.tl

Best arranged and ecooomiCfUy c.induciod
grazivgfarni Gold Medal.

2d btht Silver Medal

Be-t and ni"St hicMvciiltiv iteda-dimpiovi i\
nursery, whi- h coinainn ili.- best vaii.-fA of Iniit
and ornamentiil trees, shrubs and phints Gold Medal.

2ii be,^t S.Uv. Med.d.

Best g. ove of cultivated liuiberfn theprairio <;..ld Med I.

2d b-st , Filvei .Medal.

All jiersons who desire toiorapetefor the aUive preniiuiiw,
must communicjite their iiii"mi"n to S. Kraicis. Correspond
ing Seciotary. fpringfielii. 111., hy b-tt-'r. previous to the Ul
day of Auenst, so as to j;ive tlr committfo full time to csuiii-
ino the farms, liursei jes a,nd proves, t ) bo entoroJ.
AWABOI.VG COil-AHTTEii.

Benj. F. Johnsoc, Uib.ina,lll

20
16
10

I'r K. II riapp, Peoria. III.
Wm. il .Muitiy, KuKSville, 111.

MUCH COWS.
(0})en to allbreeds ffCiitile')

B'^Rt iui°ch cow ~i

2.1 iii) « .........

Tl e row to h-' kept on g^as.^ only dnrins the experiment.
TI.e t me . f trii.l f r "O tlii- 6ih t.>ih"e loth vi' June, ttud Irum
the-'.th to tlielfuhof ("iijiist.

.•■t It. nieiit-. t.'lH- fu'i i lieihrontnining:'

l»t. The age .a-ol b' e. d ■ f .-ow. and liiiie of caWlrg.

2d 'I li" (|uaiit!t,\ of milk ill weight and m.A^uniiiont, and
uUo w.-ijiht of biit'i r lb riiiK eat li ) eriod of ti im R_v».

3d. Th- butter made to 1 e evliibit.d with co» at the fair,
and ihe.-tat. iiieiit lo be veiititd b.v tboatli.lRvit ofcoiiin<-tit r.

The Premium hist iu pamphle foim. will !«• riiidy for dls-
tri'-ufiiii witliMi iliiei» w.ikf, and will be furni-hetl onnppli-
taliontolhe mider-iK"e.I. •"- UtANCIS,

Cor Secretary HI. ?tito Ag. Soci ty.
^f^Elitors in this State are most respectful'y requested to

jiubli-ili the abi ve.

ihe gnxnt

The Hard Times.

Mr. Editor : — I once heard a very sen.si-
ble old lady sny that people too often went
to meetinf; to hear for others, and would say
on coming home, that the iuini.ster's preach-
itig was exactly applicable to the ease of Mr.
Smith and his family, and wondered whether
3Ir. Smith did not take a good part of it to
him.self.

It is a good deal so about the present hard

times. Ihe great and

leading

and first

cause of the evil uu;y be traced to the impor-
tation of foreign goods, for which we must
pay much money, when we have no more at
hoTiie than we want. If the people who
manufactured the gcods, would exchange
work, and take our produce for pay, we could
get along But they are tt)o smart for that,
'i hc}' sav their own farmers can rai.se food
enough for tltcm, and they w^ant our gold.
Now this may be a great, and is the great
evil; but that is nothing to my present pur-
pose. We, i'armcrs, need not throw all the
preaching on to the importers. of foreign
got d.s; on the tariff which has favored their
introduction taid had i-uincd the laborers of
the manu'acturiuji- States. We have had
something to do with the matter.

When European wars made a high market
for pur produce, we went ahead swiuimingly.
We thouirht that this gale of prosperity
would flow in our favor always. We bought
hmd at high price.s and added to our farms.
We sowed extensive fields of wheat, bought
seed at high prices, hired help and paid large
wages; went in debt to the .stores^ — bought
goods and groceries on credit. Now peace
cariiC, foreigucrs don't want our produce to
feed men who are lighting. English far-
mers can raise nearly enough for the con-
.sumption at home — produce goes down,
dov."u, down. V>'e don't like to sell at low
prices. We hoard up our wheat. We don't
pay our debts. Merchants complain, suffer
more than we think of. We have the means
to pay them, though at a sacrifice. But we
don't and won't pay them. If we can by
any possibihty get a little money it goes to-
wards paying for our land. Now, don't we
furmerK, help to make hard times? Is NOT
THIS EXACTLY SO? We should not send all
the preaching to the subjects in a neighbor-
ing pew. A good deal of it should be treas-
ured up for our own benefit.

What is to be done by farmers? Common
sense answers, sell off your produce, the stock
you can spare, and a field you do not want,

'iwfciim

60

THE ILLINOIS FA-RMER.

for as mucli as you can, and -pay your debts
as far as yo\i can. You should have got
your grain hito market early, and sold it
then; but, even at lower prices,, you better
sell it now. There is no reasotidfrhy prices
should reach *tlie old standaraR I will
venture to sav thev will not for yeats. While
we kill off our home manufacturers, get a
great portion of our goods frooi foreign coun-
tries, where the labor of oxar hands is not
wanted to pay for them, we shall have hard
times and low prices, for the products of our
farms. We must make up our minds to
this; — and live as economically as possible,
and strain every neive to pay our debts.

I have but a few more words to say. Ex-
perience has proved that in nine cases out of
ten the best time to sell produce is as soon
as you can aet itrcadv for market. <4,

"POOR RICHARD.'"'

-«•«■

When should Produce be taken to Market?

Mr. Editor : — This is an important ques-
tion to fai'mers. R is believed that as a cen-
eral fact, produce should be taken to
market vheu it is ready for market. We
have been liolding ou to our last year's crops,
and we have not bettered ourselves. If we
had sold our wheat last summer, as soon as
we could have got it harvested and threshed,
we would hr.ve secured double the price we
can now. We should have saved too the
shrinkage and waste.

I know of several farmers who will not do
the same thing over again the coming sea-
son. They are already looking out for
threshing machines, so that their work will
not be dela3'ed. The prospect now seems to
he that there will bo a great crop of winter
wheat; and v.c do hope that it will bring a

price that will puv rcasouiiblv. I know
that tlie prospect is a poor one fur a foreign
demand; but it may be that money being
pleutier in the Eaiteni cities, it will, to some
extent, be invested in wheat. If so, there
will be a demand. It is uufoituuate for the
country that those nations with whom we
trade, d'l not want our surplus protluce. I
see by the last foreign news that flour was
dull and declining in Liverpool. Indeed,
our home market, .seems the only market
that we can at presttnt rely on; and as the
raising of wheat is falling off in New York,
and also in some other States, we at least
may indulge tlio belief that the price will
rise to a point that will pay a small profit on
the production, 1 believe our next crop
will bring from To cents to ^1 per bushel —
perhaps ranging between those figure?^.

The Potato Crop.

Editor of tht Fu-i'iner: — It ia said that
the potato crop of the United States in value,
ranks not very far in value from the crop of
wheat and curn. At ail events, it is an iu-
dispenibable crop. Xo family can well get
along without a supply oi" this esculent.

In Central Illinois for two years previous
to the last, the crop was not good; — and
what potatoes v.ere produced, seemed to
have degenerated. The change of seed, it
seems, is necessary to keep up the excellence
of the potatoe; and it also scenes reduced to
a certainty, that to obtain good and sizeable

potatoes, too much seed should not be plant-
ed in a hill. Two potato stalks are enough
to be in one hill, and some cultivators prefer
one stalk to two. Small potatoes are known
as seed to have pi'oduced as good a yield as
large ones, not only in amount, but in size.
We have been accustomed to regard the
Pink Eye as the best potato. It was cer-
tainly the best we had ten years ago. They
are good now; but in my opinion cannot be
compared in value to some of the. modern
sorts. Early Kidney has given place to the
Early June — a much larger variety and
much better. The White Wild Mexican is

a very superior potato, and, indeed, excel-
lent as is the Boston or Nova Scotia Blue, it is
in my opinion better. These three potatoes
aire sufficient to give a farmer superior pota-
toes for his family through the year; and if
he raises for sale, they are certain to bring
the highest prices from those who know and
value a superior article.

For some years the potato crop has been
short In Central Illinois. We have been
eating potatoes which were grown in the re-
gion round about Chicago, and I believe I
may say, that within the last three years,
fiftv thousand dollars have been sent from
Sai^gamon county for the importation of po-
tatoes.

It' is hoped that this may not be the case
another year. Those who raise potatoes for
sale; shoitld obtain the best kinds for seed,
and cultivate well. Last fall potatoes were
worth in this market 10 and 45 cents a
bushel. Many were kept with the view of
higher prices, which caused the introduction

of supplies from the North.

Athens, 111. T. 0.

^. — . ,^

'•Pay Day Will Come."
J//\ Editor: — My grand-father, who
has now been in Heaven nearly forty
years, (as I hope and believe,) used to
say, Allien any thing was bought without
being paid for at once — "My son, pay
day will come." Of cotirsc, he lived in
early times, when dwellings were plain
but comfortable ; when of carriages there
were scarcely any to be seen, but those
imported ; when a good Sunday suit —
the coat in'jthe shad-belly form, with
buttons as large as a saucer — the vest
in the same form — the breeches of deer
skin, which were kept in perfect order
with the "yellow ball,' — with silver
knee-snaps — the shoes fastened with
large steel buckles — well knit and fine
sheep's wool hose — a dress hat of the
ancient cocked form, surmounting all —
I say my grand-father's early life was
in the days when all these articles were
required to make up a Sunday suit —
and which was worn at no otner time,
e.xcept at a wedding, a funeral, an elec-
tion or town meeting. But those arti-
cles of dress were made to last, and when
not in use, were carefujly laid away in
the big chest, from whence they were
brought out and hung o» the line, to
du5.t and brush, previous to their being
worn for the day. Man|g of these things
I have learned from thwl who were the

connecting
grand-father ,

link between me and my
and such was my revered
ancestor, who taught his boys and girls
that salutary lesson which I have quoted
at the head of this article — "Prt^ Ba^
ivill Come I'"

These few Avords comprise a text full
of meaning, and the doctrines that may
be deduced from it. are worth examin-
ing, and treasuring up in the memory of
every man, woman and child in the
country.

When the farmer is purchasing land
beyond his means ; furniture that he can
do without; clothing that is not abso-
lutely required, depending upon the con-
tingency that his future crops may be
good, and that he will sell them at fair
prices; — he should reflect that he may
be mistaken in his hopes, and that "Pay
day will come! "

When a young couple start in life, and
spend more money than they earn, in
living — looking forvv-ard for better times,
when money will come into their hands
mpre plentifully, and all this without
any certainty — they would do well to
recollect that '' Pay Day will Come!"

When men and women go into their
village stores, and fancying articles,
buy them on credit, it would be well for
them to bear in mind, that "Pa?/ Day
19 Coming!"

Wien man, woman or child, contract
debts that they may be troubled to pay,
it would be well for them to take heed
to the doctrines of our text, '■'Pay Day

must Co tlie ! ' '

When parents allow their boys to have
their way, run them in debt at stores,
"be out o' nights," they should treasure
up the truth that '•'•Pay Day will Come! "

When young ladies permit young men
to dance attendance about them, whose
only merit-is in a fine moustache, I say,
look out, yotttjg ladies, * ' Pay Day will
Come!" _^

'■'■ Pay Day icilliComP' to him who
indulges the dranr — '•'■Pay Day" iol-
lows him every hour. It can be seen
in his bloated cotintenance, his blood-
shot eye, his trembling hand — and it
can be seen in the countenances of all
his house-hold.

But my text, is applicable to a class
of subjects to which I have no time to
refer. "Pay Day" is coming to all —
to you, to me. May we be prepared
to meet it.

"Pay Day will Comb."

-••»-

Trial of Drills.
Editor Farmer: — We have had trials
of Mowers and Reapers, I believe, in all
the Northern and Middle States. These
trials have been productive of some ben-
efits. The people who attend them make
up their own minds in regard to. the value
or the machines, which are often in op-
position to those of the- committees. —

t

A

'»*tll.'*'

■\r.

THE ILLINOIS FABMEB*

61

i$he mam advantage I consider is, to in-
troduce them to the notice of the p6ople
— to induce them to examine their ope-
rations— which will ultimately be fol-
lowed by their purchase and dissemina-
tion among farmers. These trials also
enable the committee to form opinions of
the value of machines, which cannot have
a proper basis when opinions have to be
made up on an examination of the ma-
chines alone, on the Fair Grounds.

The same rule, in my opinion, should
be applied to drills. Agricultural ma-
chinery brought merely for exhibition,
without being put upon trial, is generally
made with great care and taste, and does
not truly represent the articles of which
that exhibited purports to be a specimen.
It is natural this should be so ; and I do
not complain of it. But I think the in-
terests of the public would be better sub-
served if the articles exhibited should
have been used one season, and then, in
addition, should be put into operation in
the presence of the judging committee.
I beg to offer these hints to the executive
committee of the State Agricultural So-
ciety, and hope it will not be considered
obtrusive if I suggest, that, as the State
Fair is held earfy in September, about
the proper seeding time, that a field be
obtained near the Fair Grounds at Cen-
tralia, where the Drills may be effectually
tried in the only way it can be effectually
done, in putting in wheat in the presence
of the cornmittee. If need be, they can
del-'er their decision until the wheat has
come up. S. H.

^ . . .*9P-~-

Editor of the Farmer: — It was a great
misfortune to some of our farmers — my-
self among the number — that we could
not get our wheat thrashed in time for
sale at from 90 to 95 cents after the last
harvest. I lost enough by depending on
Others to thresh my wheat, to have more
than paid for a two horse thresher. I
am determined, if I can raise the mon-
ey, to have a thresher of my own the
coming wheat season. I felt perfectly
satisfied, that with no foreign demand,
whoat must fall very low after last har-
vest, but all I could do my wheat remain-
ed in the stack. Mu:;h of it has since
wasted, and now whcit is only worth
about fifty cents, with a prospect that
within four months, we shall have a new
crop heavier than ever was raised in the
Central part of Illinois.

Althougli I ata not looking for a de-
mand for our wheat in Europe, to feed
those who make our clothing and other
necessary articles, I think that the in-
crease of money in the East, will have a
tendency to raise the price of wheat. A
good article, I think, will bo worth here
after harvest, at from 70 to 80 cents a
bushel. If our wheat, therefore, is
promptly put into market at these prices,
there will be money enough brought
here to pay our debts to the merchants,

and make thein think that we are not
^uchbadmenassomesuppose, after all our
failure to pay their bills when due.

What I want to say is that our breth-
ren should make arrangements to rush
their wheat to market, if the price is a
living one, as soon as possible after har-
vest. Get threshers, all who can, and let
us do up our work promptly. This pol-
icy will pay. Sugar Creek.

■ Hungarian Grass. |

Mr. JEditor: — How long will it do to
defer sowing Hungarian Grass seed the
present season; and how much seed is
required for an acre ? Q.

[If the season is good, you can sow
as late as the middle of June. One
bushel of seed is said to be sufficient for

three acres.]

— -t «*,

Early Corn for Stock.

EdUor Farmer .—I like the idea of planting an early kind
of corn for feeding out to hogs in the Fall. Usually our
common corn does not come in here early enough. A fiiend
of mine once tried the eight rowed New England yellow flint
com. It ripened early, and he found that it was rich in fat-
tening qualities. He planted it two or three years, without
proper care to prevent its mixing with others, and it soon
lost its value. This yeUow flint com should be planted a
distance from other corn. It will produce as much to the
acre as our large corn — so that there can be no less in culti-
vating it. I hopa some of our farmers will give it a fair trial
the coming season, and publish the resLlts in the Fall.

J. R.

%\it (Bu\mL

The aeason is «t hand for setting out
orchards. We hope our friends will be
prepared to do this extensively. Our
orchards can scarcely be increased with
our population. They pay well, both in
the promotion of health, and as money
investments.

But a man who is going to plant out
an orchard cannot afford to slight the
matter in any particular. His land should
be suitable ; the soil rich, and naturally
dry and warm, and be well drained.—
The trees should be healthy, not over
three years old, of good shape, stocky
and should be planted out well. Mulch-
ing them — that is putting coarse manure
or straw about the tree, extending out on
each side — will pay well. This orchard
should be where cattle and horses cannot
get to it. It is perfect folly to set out
trees where they can be destroyed by
stock. Now cultivate about your trees.
About half a dozen rows of potatoes or
beans, to include a row of trees, is about
as good a plan as any. When you plow
these beans or potatoes, do not let your
horse, or plow, or whiffletree, run against
these trees on your peril. Careless men
often destroy a valuable tree in this way,
to save a hill of corn, or potatoes.

When your tree is high enough to form
a head, top it — that is, take off the lead-

ing sprout. This is done io induce the
tree to form a low head.' Sucli trees are
best for our prairies. They stand the
winds better — not so often brokgn down,
and if low headed trees ar« iproperly
trimmed, they will produce'heavy crops,
and are better within the reach of the
gatherers of the fruit.

Our people are too apt to neglect the
planting of trees "till the next year."
Many farmers, with extensive farms, have
no orchards because they ha||^ut the
planting off "till next yeai*7* "Next
year" usually fiud.« the farmer as badly
prepared to set out an orchard, as this
year. The truth is, there is little ad-
vantflge, under any circumstances. In
delay. "iVo^- is the accepted time*' to
plant out your orchard. Go about it,
and you will not be likely to experience
any regrets.

Trees for an Apple Orchard.

Mr. Editor: — I intend to fet out an apple orchaid tiiis
spiing. My grooud has been broken for thrt-e years It i«»
rolling piece, soil lighter than the Uvtl laud, and I am ttire
thst it. issodry that the roots wiU not .st«nd in water.

Kow, 1 do uot want a gr< at orchard;— but should liko to
have ono larce enough to furuislt my fwnily with applet*,
make my own cider, and have tome apples and cider tor my
friends

I have been examining lists of apples' saidto « lit this coun-
try. Generally no two persons wlio make ont these litt-s
agrtje in regard to the best f'uit.and oneoftlri-mrecomiucnds
lUwle's Janet, or the Janetting. tor a FALtapple.

Can't you lielp mo a little iu this mutter? .-ay I want fifty

ireeg— 5 of llieui early Miijmer tipples— 5 of tbi m eiuiy fall—

10 late fall — ir> early uinter- and. 15 l«te ■ninter. Now, I

want to know what apples you would like, and where 1 rouW

get the tree*.? Voumay appead-tbe ansivertothiicommnui-

catJon, sryou may send it to ine by ktur.anrt much oblige,

Yours, Ac, <^ • W

[Our correspondent has put upon us a very hacd duty, but
we wm endeavor to answer him; suiting our ttcn taste gener-
ally. First five sV ould be, 2 Enrly llarve-st, 1 Sweet Bough,
2 Golden Sweet; 2d five, i Williams Favorit*', 2 Summer RoBi-,
1 Splc« Sweet; first ten early fal!, 6 Maiden's Blush, 2 Porter,
S lUmlw; 2d tea, late fall, 3 Fall I'ippiD, 3 Beauty of Ke»t, *
Gravsteiu, 2 Jersey Sweet; late fall, 3 ColvtBt, SMaioland
Queen, 2 Pound Sweet, 1 ?uow >pple; eat ly winter, 6 Rox-
bnry Raseett, 3 Minister, 5 Uabuard^it n'a >ouetUcli, 2 Van-
devcr ; late wintBr, 5 JanelB^at »fe«town Pipriu, 5 Esopns
Shit£saberg.]

■ ■ ; 4tt» ' ^

Winter Apples.

3fr. Editvr: — Can any one of y> ur readers tell me whether
the Nortkeru Spy, the liaMwin, and the Minister Hjjplis, loar

.1.. 1.;«U .^A. ....■>•:. «« t.A.-.. (lint ttkuv'#i.iin rlif* l'tK«:lt.k'ii SfAt..^^

with many.

What are the thT<?e best < nrly npnj^ the tlirco heat fall
appieB, aud thejJITee best winter xpi^es iHKing into ccD»id-
ejration the h trftitsii undpruductJ^qeees of ibe trce«, in Cen-
tral Illinois^jF

Will aot^Bfc c«e of vour readers cfftr his opjiijcn? W.

...:J^ ' ^ ~ ":

■ '^ Fruit Trees. ■•?•

Editor 'of the Farmer:— Vcv the two
last springs I have planted out many
apple trce^:, and but few of tliem have
done ■well. When I planted out the
trees, I examined them, and did not no-
tice but what they promised fair; the
buds looked full f the b.iik looked well,
and thft-roots were j-ufficiont. S»>me of
them leaved out, and ethers d'd not, and
in July, in both years, my trees were
dying and dead. I believe tlmy \vere
planted out well. I took especial pains
to examine some that survived, cut off

■■ ■■-J :

;>*j^

Kaising Horses.

Editor of the Farmer: — I desire to
sav a few words to the farmers of Illi-
nois, on the subject of raising hor.^es for
market.

We have an extensive range on our
western frontiers, inhabited ?p;irscly by
savage tribes, who, from, their very na-
ture, cannot be retained at all times in a
state of peace. The recent troubles in
Utah, in Avhich the Mormons liave been
and are intri^uinor with the Indi.-ins.
stirring up their" natural savage disposi-
tions against our people, add to the
present dangerous position of the Indian
tribes towards us. The prospect un-
doubtedly is, that we are to have long
and expensive Indian wars, and that
these are to continue until the whole of
the native tribes west of the Mississippi
river are crushed into qiiict. This will
not be done until many of these races
advance nearly to the point of extinc-
tion— for that is to be the fate of near-
ly all of them.

We lament this fact ; but the unerring
finger of Providence seems to point to
it. Where are those large communi-
ties of Indians, who, 250 years ago,
occupied the country cast of the Missis-
sippi river ? All that could be done to
save this race, was done; but " where
are they?"

My motive, however, is not to moral-
ize over these things. I would draw
the attention of our farmers to the fact,
that for years to come, in order to carry
on military operations west of the Mis-
sissippi, immense numbers of horses and
mules will be annually required by the
Government ; and many of these will be
purchased in Illinois, if to be had
there, at fair, if not high prices.

Now it is the interest of our farmers
to consider this subject, and to provide
means for raising such horses and mules
as will be called for by Government. —
Our farmers understand the character of
the animals wanted. Good, strong,
fleet, enduring horses are wanted for
the cavalry; and Iv :o and scrvicoiibl
mules for draught. Farmers -lioulu
keep breeding stock. A mare will do
about as much service as a horse, and
will bring every year, a colt worth eighty
or a hundred dollars. I repeat that
our farmers should raise all ttic horses

and mules possible. J. II. T.

>%,

The Imwion B!ackl)frry.
Mr. Editor: — It is several yeirs, I
believe, since the Lawton Blackberry, has
been introiluced into the western cumitry.
It must have fruited here, iP the plants
have done at all well. I wnuld be glad
to know il^ it has sustained hero its high
repntiUion at the East. There is a
marked difference between the climate
aud soil of Central Illinois and ol: the
country on North River. If liie Lawton

Blackberry succeeds well here, I want to
get some oi: them, and if' they do not, I
should like to know it. I see that ano-
ther Blackberry is spoken of in Eh,stern
papers, as even better than the Lawton.
It is called the Dorchester. It is said
that it produces quite as well, and is a
larger berry, and that it improves in
sweetness for some time after it is taken
from the bush, being a capital- marketa-
ble fruit. A fine Blackberry would be a
vcr\' agreeable addition to cur garden
fruits, '^A. Plant Hunter."

! Cambridge Duke, Southdown buck, two years
\ old, S250; George Becraft, Morgan county.
Cotswoldewe, threejenrs oid,§51; John Lee,
Sangamon county.

Cotswold ewe, two years old, §55: John Lee,
Sangamon oounty.

Southdown ewe, two years old, with ewe
Iamb, §155; J. N. Brown, Sangamon county.
Soutbdown ewe two years old, with lamb,
1 $230; Washington lies, Sangamon county.

i^ale of Blooded Cattle antl Sbeep.

T!)" great sale of thorough bred short horn
cat; Is and full blood Cotswold and Southdown
whcep, to close the p;vrtncrship of Calef &
Jacoby, took place near tM.'« ciiy on the 23d.
A lar;:;e number of stack breeders from this
and adjoining Stutei were attracted hither by
this Kale, and the bidding was quite spirited—
the prices ot" cattle being fully sustained, and
tiheep wtr.t at a somewhat higher figure than
on previous occasionsi. We give the names of
the purebascru of some of the best animals,
tagetin'r with the price at which they were
kr.ocked off. 1 erms of .srde, nine months credit*
with intercut at the ratejof six per cent.

cows AND HEIFEUS.

Kate, 9 years old, $485 ; J. II. Spears, Me-
nard county,

Fanny Wright, S years old, ?100 ; J. M. Can-
non, Iowa.

Countess, 0 years old, 8340; Washington
He*. Sangfimon cuuntv.

Blue Bell, 5 year^^ old, §170; R. Calef, Piatt
Ci>ni»ty.

Bfiiufy, 4 yeava old, -iil.OTO; Washington
ilos, Sanjjanion county.

Lady Harriet, 4 yc^rs wid (imported), $1,190 ;
J. IL Spears, Menard county.

Empf-esn, 3 years old (imported), Sl,490;
James II. Hill, Cass county.

Young; Splendor, 3 years old, ?800 ; Wash-
iniiton lies. Sangnmon county.

Queen Anno, 3 years old, J^lLlO ; J. M. Can-
ni.ri. Ii.v.-a,

Rod Bud, two years old, Sl.iOO; R. Calef,
Piit County

Fl.ra.tv.o -. ira old, 8300; U. Calef, Piatt
ci.'iKUy.

Ln iy Suffolk, one year old, §150; Washington
Ilc'^, Sangamon oounty.

May Iv.se, one je.ir old, ?210; J. M Cannon,
Iowa.

Snii'-v Drop, nine years old, §120; J, M. Can-
non, Iowa.

BULU AND nUI-L CALVES.

Coinmodor'. Napier, live years old. §50; W.
II. Cr.nvd*^'', S.ir:g;Hi!iin ciMiity.

Young Wliitiiigtoii, six years old, .$110, J.
C tlrowder, Sangymon county,

Bellville Sutton, three yearo" old, §240; Iln'y
Wilt^on Siiiigiimon county.

Filhnore, iw.) years old, §130; Jo.-cph Stbck-
d-.ilo, .S.ini;)iin->ri county.

King Allied, (half interest) ia:]iurt8d, SMO;
J. 11 llill, C.s.<^ comity

Per;iciii!fi, onoyc.ir old,S155; J, M.<3annon,
Lhvji..

Gen. Walker, six months old, §100; R. Calef,
Piatt coun;v.

Pretty B'y, sis rr.unths old. ?90; J. M. Can-
non, Iowa.

L <rd oJ Scotland, sis months old, §500; J. M.
Car.iiua, Iowa.

SHEEP — IMPOKTED.

Gen. Lane, Cotswold buck, two years old,
§400; Hutchinson, Bourbon county, Ky.

COMMERCIAL.

St. I.0U18 Market.— .Harch 20.

FLOUR — Increased demand for ohippiag lota today, and
BalcR embraced iiOOO bblscity euperflno, deliverable between
this and "JOth April, on private terms; 1000 bbU do at $3 83,
delivered; lOOO bbls do, in two lots, at $3 80, delivered; 600
bbla do at {."i 75,

WIIIiAT— III Teased receipts, atid spring ranged 2@3c f,
bn lower, but sales embraced nearly 10,0(.0 bags, insluding
about 7,0C0 baprs fair and prime spring from 00 to 65c; 1600
bup;.) choice spring and clab ac 66@67c.

COKN — Supplies liberal aud sales small, including S2S bags
goud mised white at 35c, mostly delivered; 50 bags yellow at
o£c.

OATS— S'Jg.SPc.

h YK — .\ tmall lot of 47 bigs was sold at 50c, In bap*.

POR— Mess tlrm, and holders asking $15 50— $I&25 freely
offered for straight lots ^'«les 100 bbis mess at $15 25; 300
do and 42 bblsjoles, privato.

llACON — Dull, with few smiles; 15 and 17 casks prime clear
sides were reported "t 9c.

CUT MEAT— Buoyant, and sales reported include 3,500
blioulders at 5c,

LAKD— 69 tcH scorched and put at P/^q.

OKKASK— Sales 25 tcs yellow ut 7?-ic.

WUISKV— Firmer at 16@17c.

SALT— 760 sacks G. A. in lots, sold at $1 171^.

FRUIT— Dried apples $1 37»4gl 60; peaches at $2 85@3.

SKIN.S — 286 sheep skins sold at 35c each.

CKAf'KLINS—A lot was sold at l%c,

nUOOMS— Deilining. Dry flint ranged from 12 to 13c
buyers mostly offering -^nly 12c.

BKANS— Dull. biUcs 7S bbls good at fiOc, and 11 skt
cbojco at $1 25.

FE ATII BRd— 21 bags fair sold from store at 38c.

HAT — 11 bales prlni*were reported at SOc, deliveMd.

GKOCEl'.IES--J«otUing reported to day.

Chicago Market—iMarcIi 20.

But little doing In wheat, although holders are not at all
djsposi d to make conccssiuns, and hold on firmly, bat few
williiig to sell under 61 cents, while many holders are firm
at 62 cents. Soin3 sales were made to day at 60 cents for ol
receipts, and 61 for new.

Corn U inactive, and hardly enongh sales are mad • to jus-
tify f| notations We note a lew lotsat32u "^ 56 lbs, in store,
and ilistill'TS pay 30j '^ 60 lbs. at depot.

Oats arc now doing a little better, sales being made at 25c
in store. The trndency in oats is upward, and parcels in
bags sell at28(5)29c, delivered.

There is but little rye here, andlt is in some demand at 48
@0Oc 'p 60 Ibi.

B<rley is dull and sales are effected with difficulty at 35®
40 cents.

Sew

«•> '

By Tek'grapn.

York Market— March 24.

Flour market firm and moderately active ; sales 8000 bbls
|4 25@4 50 super :>lato ; $4 45@4 6U extra State; $4 2a@4 45
super western: $4 4(.'@5 common tu miilJIing extra western
Canadian tloni steady; sales 300 bbU S4 50(a>5.

Wheat litt'.e nifre active; prices unchauf:eil: sales 8000
bnshela; $1 5J Mil ciub; $1 19 foi red lud., $1 40 fvr white
Genessce.

Ji ye firmer at e9®72

Barley steady, at 60@70

Corn dull; gules 2,G0O bushels Bouthcrn in store were made

at e.'^esc,

Oatsiiuiet; 44@48

State and western pork market dull; sales 400 bbls $10 62
@il6 70, mess $13 60@13 50 prime.

Cut meats Vic lower.

Whiskey lirmo ; sales 50 bbls at 23.

^tj'.'ks art) actlvo and excitid; money in good demand
4@5c: e.xchaiige quiet; C * K I 76; I C 93}^; do bonds 94
MS 31 NYC l)0a^;.L&M SI4.

■•»

New York Cattle Market—March 18.

Tlie current prices for the week, at all the markets, are at
follows:

BEEr CATTLE. x, -|

First quality $10 60@11 00

Ordinary 10 OOOIO 25

Common 9 00@,9 50

Inferior 7 60® 8 60

cows AND CALVES.

First qnalitv. fach 60 00@65 00

Ordiuaiy " do 60 00@55 00

Comium do 40 00®45 00

Inferior do 25 00@35 00

VEAL CALVES.

Extra qu.ility, ^ ft) ..
Other do

•••••••••••••ti

6»4®7

4>^@6

SHEE? AND LAMES.

First quality, '-§> ft * t0®6 50

Other do 3 0U@4 00

First quality, f> fb.,
Other, do

SWINE.

6>i®55.
6 ©6;

'^

YOL. III.

SPRINGFIELD, JUJN'E, 1858.

NO. G.

THE

J

If If

OTf^

t

PUBLISHED MONTH1.Y,

BY

Bailliaclie & Baker,
Journal Buildings, - - Springfield, Illinois.

-<♦•-

S. FRANCIS, Kditor.

—t

TERMS OF SUBSCllIPTION.

One copy, one year, in advance $1 00

FiTe copies, " '• 3 75

Ten " and one to the person getting \\p club 7 50

Fifteen copies and over , 02J^ cents each, and one to person
getting up club.

CASH KATES OF ADVERTISING :

One dollar per square of ten lines, each insertion.

North American Sheep. ""*

The sheep was not indigenous to any pai't
of America, unless the Argali should be con-
sidered a sheep; and the only aninial which
is indigenous to North America, the quali-
ties of whose fleece or covering approximates
towards that of the domestic sheep, is a
species of goat, which is found, about the
country of the Flat Hea^ Indians, among
the Rocky Mountains. It is known by the
name of the "woolly sheep," and is frequently
confounded with the Argali. Capt. Bonne-
ville says : — :'/It has white wool like a sheep,
mingled with a thin growth of long hair; but
it has a short legs, a deep belly, and a beard
like a goat. Its horns are about five inches
long, slightly curved backwards, black as
jet, and ' -autifully polif bed. Its hoofs are
of the same color. The flesh is said to have
a musty flavor. Its wool alone gives it a re-
semblance to the sheep. Some have thought
that the fleece miglit be valuable, as it is
said to be as fine avS tlic goat of Cashmere;
but it is not tu be procured in sufficient
quantities. It is not so plentiful as the big-
horn, (Argali;) rarely more than two or
three being seen at a time. It inhabits
cliffs insiimmer, but in winter descends into
valleys. This animal is by no means so
active as the big-horn; it does not bound

^-m'S".

BlL. S.r.BAtCER iNCa.

FAIR DAY.

B)'ed hij James N. Broicn, of Sangamon
County, — now hehtiginc/ to Rohert Morri-
son, of Morijan County, — a prenimm
animal.

Fair Day is a light roan, calved Sept.
25, 1855; got by imported Young Whitting-
ton, (1,165.) 1st dam, Tullpj by Renic,

j (903;) 2d dam, Beauty, by imported Don
\ John, (426;) M dam, Caroline II., by Oold-
fineh, (3,909;) 4*11 dam, MilkmaM, by Oli-
ver, (2,387;) 6th dam, Spot, by Mohawk,

I (4,492;) Tth dam. , by imported

' San Martin, i:!^)'.)'^-,) 8th dam, ,

by Paul Jones, (4,<>(ij ) 9th dam, ,

by Buzzard, (3,253. i

much, but sits a good - deal upon i^
haunches." _ ., \^'^>ii-^i.^' : .,::^-.

Hence, in the first Settlement of the
United States, the colonists were neee sita-
ted to introduce the ilriiestie. sheep, an ■ it is
presumed that they brought witli them those
kinds of British sheep which were peculiar
to those districts from whicli they embarked.
These sheep seem to have been bred promis-
cuously, so that previous to the importation
of the Merinos, they did not fully resemble
any one of ihe old British breeds.

They axe generally long-legged, narrow-
chested, flat-sided, and comparatively slow
in coming to maturity. They yielded coarse
white wool, of a medium length of staple,
and the ewe fleeces averajaied not ezceedinsr
three pounds. Their principal recommenda-
tion consisted in being prolific breeders and
good nurses. But they are untractable, and

impatient of being confined within fences.
They have been ero.?sed general!}- v>'ith the
Merino or improved British brecdj-, and have
■■ thus disappeared, e.veept in some parts of the
Southeni States.

The only new breed cf ,;hcep which have
i been formed out of tlio.?e whicli were import-
ed into this Cfinntry by the coloni,*ts, which
I have or had aiiythin/r; jiecul'tr in tufir iliar-
aeter, are the lottery the ArHii<!ir.)i. ■.^I'tlie
i Smith's Island sha-^p.

I ' THE jCTTEK BllEi:!'/

This breed hfas an accidental foruiatiau,
i and it shows hcpf readily tLe shetj. is opera-
ted upon by -^rious circum^tanoL i, ''>o as tu
change its forto and qualities,
i The precir/c point where this breed origin-
ated seems ' unsettled. Chancellor Living-
^ ston states; that it was ou an island opposite
the New "^England coast. Another Writer
say,s it wis in Massachusetts, and ia aflg.Q-Ii:

^^mv^"

.yjif-

82

THE ILLIISrOIS FA.RMER.

belonging to Seth Wright, and occurred in
1791.

An ewe of the long-legged New England
breed, being copulated with a tup of the
same breed, gave birth to twins, one of which
was a male, with extremely short legs^ which
were turned out at the knees in such a manner
as to render them rickety. They could not
run or jump, and even walked with difficulty.
The body was long and round, but not large,
and the breed was well formed, except as to
leg.<. Their wool was similar to other New
England sheep, and of medium length.

Curiosity at first led to the breeding from
this ram, and the progeny presented a strik-
ing likeness to the size. They were valued
only because they could be easily kept with-
in the stone wall fences of New England.
But as tliey were not well formed for moving
about in deep snows, or traveling to market,
the breed has been abandoned, and become
extinct.

THE AKLINGTON LONG-WOOLED SHEEP.

Mr. Livingston notices this breed sub-
stantially as follows : — "These, Mr. Custis,
who was the original owner of them, informs
me, were derived from the stock of that dis-
tinguished farmer, statesman, and patriot,
Washington, who had collected at Mt. Ver-
non, whatever he believed useful to the
agriculture of his country; and among other
animals, a Persian ram, which Mr. Custis
describes as being very large and well formed,
carrying wool of great length, but of coarse
staple.

"This stock, intermixed with the Bakewell,
are the source from which the fine Arlington
sheep are derived — some of which carry wool
fourteen inches in length, and their wool was
fine for the sort, soft, silky, and beautifully
white. They are formed upon the Bakewell
model."

This breed is still in high estimation
among some of the farmers in Virginia and
Maryland, but are now much inferior to their
ancestors, and the long-wooled British breeds,
both for mutton and value of fleece. — L. A.
Mnrrel.

smith's island SHEEP.

This island, and the sheep bred upon itj
were the property of IMr. Custis, and the
following is extracted from his account of
them :

"This island lies in the Atlantic Ocean,
immediately at the Eastern cape of Virginia,
and contains between three and four thous-
sand acres. The length of this island is es-
timated at fourteen miles, which gives that
variety and ch .nge of pasture so necessary to

the system of sheep farming. The soil,
though sandy, is in luany parts extremely
rich, and productive of a succulent herbage,
which supports the stock at all seasons.
About one-half of this island is in wood,
T.hich is pierced with glades running paral-
lel \s'\\h. the s^a, and of several miles in ex-
tent. These glades aro generally wet, and
being completely sheltered hy the wood on
either side, preserve their vegetation, in a
grrat measure, through the Winter, and
thereby yield a support to the stack. Along
the sea coast, also, are abundant scopes of
pasturage, producing a short grass in sum-
mer, which is peculiarly grateful to the pal-
ates of most animals, and particularly to

sheep. The access to salt, also forms a ma-
terial feature in the many attributes which
Smith's Island possesses.

"The origin of the Smith's Island sheep
cannot be precisely ascertained, but they are
supposed to be the indigenous race of the
country, put thereon about twenty years
since, and improved by the hand of Nature.
Their wool was very white, and comparative-
ly fine, and was soft and silky to the touch.
The staple was from eight to ten inches in
length, and the fleeces averaged about eight
pounds.

"The descendants of these flocks, although
greatly degenerated, are diffused over a wide
section of Virginia, and further South." —
J. A. Morrel.

The accidental formation of this breed of
sheep upon this island, shows the influence
of rich pasturage upon the quality of the
fleece, and the propriety of placing long-
wooled breeds upon the rich level lands of
the Western States.

JAMAICA SHEEP,

The island of Jamaica is situated in about
eighteen degrees north latitude. Being sur-
rounded by the ocean, the heat of the torrid
zone is tempered by its breezes. On this
island has originated a breed of sheep, the
descendants of European coarse-wooled sheep,
which is thus described in the American
Philosophical Transactions, volume 5, page
153:

"The Jamaica sheep forms a distinct vari-
ety, altogether different from any other I
have ever seen. The hair is a substance
sui generis, and is different from the kemp
and stitchel hair of Europe, as from the long
tough hair of the Russian, and other hairy
breeds. The wool, too, is as different from
that of other sheep wool as the hair; it is finer
than any other, not excepting the Shetland
breed, although I should suspect that it is
scarcely so soft,"

The accidental formation of this breed of
sheep, from such an original, shows most con-
clusively that a mild and rather warm tem-
perature is most congenial to the fine wooled
sheep.

INTRODUCTION OF MERINOES INTO THE
UNITED STATES.

Previous to the year 1800, a few, and only
a few improved coarse wooled sheep had been
imported into the United States from Britain
and Holland. But as the people of the
United States, in those times, were not sen-
sible of the value of superior breeds of sheep,
these imported sheep had little influence in
improving the breed of sheep in the United
States, and comparatively few good sheep
existed in these States. The importation of
Merinos, and the high prices of their wool
shortly afterwards, gave the first great impe-
tus in the improving breeds of sheep.

The first importation of Merino sheep
into the United States, was by the Hon. Wm.
Foster, a merchant of Boston. In April,
1773, being at Cadiz, in Spain, he purchased
of a drover from the Sierra Morena, three
Merino sheep, on condition that he should
bring them down with the droves for the
shambles, and deliver them outside the city
gate to a certain fisherman, who smuggled
them for him on board the ship Bald Eagle,
Capt, John Atkins, master. With thesg^
sheep, he arrived safe at Boston. Soon after.

being about to leave the United States for a
long residence in France, he presented these
sheep to his friend, Andrew Cragie, Esq., of
Cambridge, who supposed that, as we had no
woolen manufactories in the United States, at
that time, these sheep were not particularly
valuable, and ate them.

Early in the year 1081, Mr. Delessert, a
French banker, purchased two pairs of Meri-
nos, selected from the celebrated Rambouillet
flock, near Paris, and shipped them the same
year to the United States. Three of them
perished on their passage; the survivor, a
ram, was placed on his farm, near Kingston,
N. Y.

In the same year, Mr. Setli Adams, (now
of Zanesville, Ohio,) imported a pair from
France, in the brig Reward, which arrived at
Boston in the month of October.

In the year 1802, Robert R. Livingston,
being Minister Plenipotentiary from the
United States at the Court of France, obtain-
ed three or four Merinos of the Rambouillet
flock, which he sent to New York, and placed
on his farm.

In the year 1801, Col. David Humphrey,
being then Minister Plenipotentiary at the
Court of Spain, purchased two hundred
Merinos in Spain, and shipped them to the
United States. They arrived early in the
spring of 1802. The manner of his obtain-
ing them is thus related by Mr. William
Jarvis :

"It was the custom of the Spanish Court,
when a foreign Minister was recalled, on tak-
ing leave, to make him a present of five or
ten bars of gold — each bar, if I recollect right,
was of one pound weight. But as the law of
this country forbids any Minister taking any
present from a foreign Court, Mr. Humphreys
declined it, but suggested to the Minister
that he should be much gratified with a royal
license to take out of the kingdom two hun-
dred Merino sheep. This the Minister stated,
could not be granted, but intimated that if he
wished to take them out, no obstruction
should be thrown in this way. These were
purchased in lower Leon, or upper Estrama-
dura, and driven down the valley of the Mon-
dego to Figueira, where they were embarked
for the United States. I never could learn
out of what flock these sheep were obtained,
but they were unquestionably pure blood
Transhumants, which is the only fact of im-
portance worth knowing."

In the years 1808-11, large numbei-s of
Merinos were imported to the United States.
The following is an extract from Mr. Wm.
Jarvis' account of their importation. He
says :

"I attempted, in 1806, also in 1807, to ob-
tain some from the most celebrated flocks ;
but the laws were so strict against their ex-
portation without a ro3'al license, that I failed
of success. After the French invasion in
1801, the law became more relaxed, and in
1809, by special favor, I obtained two hun-
dred Escurials. At the second invasion of
the French, under Joseph Bonaparte, the
rapidity of the march of the French troops
hurried the supreme Junta from Madrid,
and they retired toBadajos. Bring without
money and being afraid of disgusting the
Estramadurans, by levying a tax on them,
they were compelled to sell four of the first
flocks in Spain, which had been confiscated

THE ILLINOIS FARMER.

83

in consequence of their proprietors joining
the French. These were the Paular, previ-
ously owned by the Prince of Peace; the
Negretti, previously owned by the Conde del
Campo de Alange; the Acqueirres, which had
been owned by the Conde of the same name;
and the Matarco, owned by the Conde de
Montarco; and were such sheep as could not
have been got out of Spain, had it not been
for the invasion of the French, and the dis-
tracted state of the country growing out of
this invasion.

''When the Junta sold, it was upon the
express condition of their granting licenses
to carry them out of the kingdom. Four
thousand of the Paular flock were sent to
England for the King; and Col. Downie a
Scotch office in the British service, but who
also held the rank of generaPin the Spanish
service, and I, purchased the remainder of
the flock, between three and four thousand
more; and of this purchase, I took fourteen
hundred, and he sent the rest to Scotland,
with the exception of two or three hundred,
which he sold to come to this country.

"Sir Charles Stewart purchased the
Negretti flock, and sent them to England,
with the exception of two or three hundred,
which I got out of his flock aftej they reached
Lisbon.

^^*I purchased about seventeen hundred of
tS? Acqueirres flock of the Junta, and the
remainder were sold and sent to England.
The Montarco flock was bought by a Span-
iard and Portuguese, and about two thousand
seven hundred were shipped to this countiy,
I shipped to the United States the fourteen
hundred Paulars, one thousand seven hun-
dred Acqueirres, two hundred Escurials, one
hundred Negrettis, and about two hundred
Montarcos, Of this number, one hundred
were gent to Wiscasset and Portland, one
thousand one hundred to Boston and New-
buryport, one thousand five hundred to New
York, three hundred and fifty to Baltimore,
one hundred to Alexandria, and two hun-
dred to Norfolk and Richmond.

"Besides those which I shipped to the
United States on my own account, there were
about three hundred more Guadaloupes, pur-
chased by others, and two or three hundred
of the Paular stock, sold by G en. Downie,
shipped to Boston; and of the Montarco fleck,
shipped by others, about two thousand five
hundred were sent to Boston, Providence,
New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and
Savannah. The Guad;doupes, Paulars and
Montarcos, which "Wcrc shipped to Boston by
others, were for the recount of Gorham Par-
BOns, Esq., Gen. Sumner, D. Tiehenor and
E. H. Derby, Esq. All these sheep were
shipped in the latter part of 1809, and the
early part of 1811, and were the only Leonesa
Transhumantes, if wo include Col. Humph-
rey's and Chancellor Livingston's, (which I
have no doubt were of tlie same stock,") that
were ever shipped to the United States^

"Badajos is but little over one hundred
miles from Lisbon, and all the sheep pur-
chased there, and in that vicinity, were ship-
ped at Lisbon. I was then Consul there, and
in office, was actually acquainted with all
the shipinenLs, as certificates of property from
me always accompanied them. '

In the years 1827 and 1828, 3Ir. Henry
D. Grove imported into the United States

one hundred and ninety-five pure Eseuriai
sheep, from the celebrated flock of Macherns,
in Saxony. Mr. Grove's flock was found to
be hardy in the climate of New York, and he
was successful in propagating them.

In the years 1824-7, large importations
were made from Saxony ot Escurial sheep
into the United States, much the largest pro-
portion of which were only grade sheep; and
at this time only a small proportion of pure
Escurials are to be found in this country.

Li 1840, Mr. D. C. Collins, of Hartford,
Conn., imported twenty ewes and two rams
from the Rambouillet flock, of France.

4«*

Sowing Grass Seed.

There seems to a great diversity of opinion
in regard to the proper time and proper man-
ner of sowing grass seeds. Among our best
farmers diff'erent opinions and different prac-
tices exist. This state of the case is found
not only in Illinois but in other States. So
important has the matter been considered in
Massachusetts, that a series of experiment
have been made in that State, under the
supervision of the Secretary of the Board of
Agriculture.

In the published transactions of that
board, there is a Treatise on Grasses by the
Secretary, C. L. Flint, Esq., showing the
depth of soil in inches and fractions of an
inch, at which the greatest number of seeds
germinate, also the depth at which only half
the seeds germinate; and lastly, the least
depth of soil at which none of the seeds ger-
minate. From this table has been selected
what pertaiijs to the following kinds of
grasses, being those mostly grown in this
country :

Orchard OrasB,
Timothy,
Red CloTer,
White Cl0T«r,
TaU Oat Grass,

None,

2

2

1^
4

All. Half.

0 to 14 ?i to 1
0 to 1^ % to 1

0 to I/O ik to 114

0 to 1,1 V^ to 3,/
Vi to % 1'4 to 1%

"The foregoing results were obtained by
careful experiments. The first column
shows that these five kinds of seeds germina-
ted as well on the surface of the ground as
when covered from one-fourth to three-
fourths of an inch. But it is proper to say
that the soil used in the experiments to as-
certain the proper depth ofcovering was kept
moist during the pro; ess of germina'-'on,
though freely exposed to the light, w/ich
accounts for the large number of seeds ger-
minating without any covering whatever.

''Only one-half of the several kinds of seeds
germinated when covered at the depth speci-
fied in column second; and none of the seeds
germinated when covered at the depth speci-
fied in the third column. The above state-
ments will, doubtless, surprise many farmers.
We have time and again known farmers to
sow their grass seeds at the same time they
sowed their grain, and then, with a heavy
harrow, go over the ground from two to four
times. Such a process must bury much of
the seed too deep to vegetate, if there is any
truth in the figures we have given."

"It has been ascertained, also, as a part of
this investigation, by carefully courting the
seeds in an ounce, how many there should be

in a pound or bushel. From such data it has
been ascertained that the farmer who sows
upon an acre of land one bushel of red top,
one peck of timothy, and four pounds oi" clo-
ver, puts upon his acre no less than 95,868,-
000 seeds. This gives over 15 .s^eds to each
square inch, or about 2,200 seeds to each
square foot. Now it is evident that this
greatly exceeds the number of grass plants
which are usually obtained from the sowing
of such quantities of seed on a newly stocked
down field."

"From many years' observations, and some
recent experiments," says the reliable editor
of the ^^ Country Gentkman," "we arc led to
believe that not much less than half the grass
seeds sown by many farmers fail to germi-
nate in consequence of being covered too
deep." This amount of loss of seed must
take place, it would seem, when grass seed is
sown with grain upon the furrow aud then
cross-harrowed; or even after the first harrow-
ing, as in this way many seeds must be covered
deeper than two inches, at which depth, ac-
cording to the table, the seeds of timothy,
clover, and white clover fail to germinate.

In view of the facts thus presented, the
question is submitted to fanners, what is the
best manner of sowing grass seeds? Will it;
do to sow them on the surface of the "Tound,
and there leave them? Will they harrow
the seed in? Or will they roll the ground
afler the seed is sown?

If a farmer desires to satisfy himself upon
this matter, he should sow and harrov.;; he
should sow, without harrowing; and he should
sow, and roll the ground. Without making
these trials, our opinion would be that to sow
and roll the ground, would promise the best
results.

Taxation.

Editor of the Farnur : — The system of
taxation is unequal in our State. It falls
improperly and injuriously, I think, upon the
hard working farmer. A large portion of our '
State is yet wild lands; owned mostly by non-
residents and by rich people living amongus.
The farmers of our State, while endeavoring-
to make living for themselves, areat the same
time working for the benefit of these owners
of wild lands. Thoy make more nif^ney for
them than they do for themselves. The sweat
that exudes from their brows is not more for
the benefit of their wives and children, than
for the man who does not labor, but who is
able bj' the labor of other? to ride in his, car-
riage, while the farmer has to trudge on behind
his plow.

Now, for one, I don't believe in thi.s state
of things. There is neither equality nor jus-
tice in it. It makes the honorable and in
dustrious laborer the .slave of the rich man,
whether he will or not. And he is forced
into this position by our law.<, which arc
made, in this easBj, for the benefit of the rich
and not the poor.

There was some sense and justice in the
old system of taxing lands — assessing them
at first, second ?.nd third rates. This would
place all lands on their natural equality and
without reference to improvements. Let a
man who makes improvemerts in the eoun-

.1 >
t

i

; i
■ I

'-'■'^^ ;'■<:::■ '

w

84:

THE ILLIlSrOIS FA.IIMEII.

try, enjoy them witliout being taxed for them;
and let the lands pay the" taxes. This would
be equal. It would benetit the poor; and if
the rich held lands under this system, which
on account of equal taxes, they would not
de.-ire to hold, let them sell. And, perhaps,
some poor man might be able to get a home,
which under the present system, he can-
not do.

I do not believe my suggestions will suit
largo landholders, for whose especial benefit
our system of taxes was got up; but they will
find among the masses of the people, those
who will think them of some importance.

AA'e must haye a convention. TTe must
send to that convention men who belong to
the masses, and not fill it with a class of dele-
gates who work for monopolists.

SENEX.

-••»-

If the farmers will )iot give
times, what arc

Give us Work!

M)\ Editor
the laborer work in these
laborers to do? M:uiy strong, healthy, in-
dustrious men want work, and they can't got
it. Go to the builders and they have more
laborers than they can employ. Go to the
brick-yards and they have the pick of work-
men. No public works are going on. The
railroads di.scharge every man they can get
along without.

Farmers, give us work I "We want it.
"We need it." 8hull we stance? 8hall we
steal? What shall we do? Last Sunday
night a laborer, not knowing what to do with
himself, without money and with friends,
went to the city prison andbegged for a chance
to- sleep in a prison cell, which was given
him.

Laborer.i will work on farms at such rates
as farmei-s can pay. We must do this. We
cannot dictate terms. We must must work
or do worse — ^•n to your alms-houses.

A LABORER.

[The above is a pretty fair picture of the
condition of many good hearted laborers. It
is a sad thing to think that the laborers who
a year since had full employment in con-
structing railroads, arc now thrown on the
world without means to live.]

^^Op thoroughly. I intend to plow my corn

ground in the same manner, and cultivate

-*•*-

What can he Done?

Editor of the Farmer: — Prices of produce
are likelv to rule low; and to avoid some of
the troubles which may follow, I will tell you
what I design to do. I intend, by good cul-
tivation, to make my lands produce about
double the usual crops. Last spring I plow-
ed my ground for spring wheat with a subsoil
(Double Michigan) plow. T bought Canada
club wheat at two dollars a bushel, for seed.
The laud yielded me at least thirty-three
bushels an aere. 3Iy ground was old, had
been accustomed to being shallow plowed,
and deep plowing brought the rich soil to the
surface, made ^fc mellow, ;.nd, in fact, never
was ground in better order to receive the
seed. The berry of the wheat was plump
and fine, ;ind it required good judges to tell
it was spring A^heat. I sold it to one of your
city millers at a price above that usually paid
for wbeat.

Now, I state these things to show what I
have done by cultivating the land for one

the corn well, and I am sure it will pay me
for all my extra trouble, and if I cannot get
as high price for my corn, should I desire to
sell it, as I did two years ago, I shall certainly
have a good deal more of it. I intend to try
the same plan with my potatoes — and, in
future, I mean to cultivate less gi'ound than
I have done, and cultivate the same well. If
I have more land than can be thus cultivated
as fast as I can I will put it into grass.

There is no need of farmers hanging down
their heads and looking so sad as some do.
Our business Is to go ahead. If prices are
low for produce, we must raise more of it.
If labor is too high, we must hire less, pitch
into work ourselves, and cultivate the farm
in such a way as to reduce the amount of labor
required.

The main staples of the West pay well-
hogs and beef. Wheat is down now, but will
come up to a reasonable price after a little.
But little corn should be sold from the farm;
— it should be fed out on the farm.

May 6, 1858. G. V.

Trial of Plows at the Fair.

Editor Earmer: — I need not speak of the
importance of a thorough trial of the plows to
be put on exhibition at the next State Fair.
That trial can be made one of the most inter-
esting features of the Fair. Every farmer in
all this bi'oad State is interested in knowing
which are the best plows made in the State,
and their adaption to the different kinds of
work. W^e want to see the work of the dif-
ferent breaking plows; the deep tiller plows;
the ordinary clipper plows; the double Michi-
gan plows — the work of all the plows that
can be presented. Why cannot this trial
commence just as well on Thursday morning
of the week as later? I respectfully suggest
this matter to the consideration of Mr. Mills,
superintendent of the plowing match.

I am told that the best kind of ground can
be had for plowing near the Fair Grounds.

PLOUGHBOY.

-«•»-

Derre's Two-Horse Breaking Plow.

Editor of the Farmer: — Some two weeks
since traveling in the central counties in Illi-
nois, in company with some farmers, stopping
a moment at Bloomington, we examined some
plows of the manufacture of John Derre, at
Moline, Illinois. These have the name of
the "Moline Plow." We admired their
workmanship and the scientific principles on
which they were constructed, by which they
were light, strong, turned a good sized fur-
row, requiring little power to draw them.
These conclusions were readily come to; but
some of the company could not believe that
the two-horse breaking plow could be drawn
profitably by two horses. Near Pana and
close by the railroad a man was break-
ing prairie, with two horses, and it was
readily seen that he was using one of Derre's
plows. The furrows were well turned, and
the ground broken was beautifully done —
better by far than plowing with the big plow
drawn by five or six yoke of cattle. The
mnn observing our admiration of his work,
stepped out of ihe furrow and his horses moved
on rapidly Avithout his touching the handles
of the plow ! In admiration of the perform-

ance and of Derre's two-horse breaking plow,
we voted unanimously that the plow was a
perfect one — ^more easily handled and more
economically used than any breaking plow
we had seen.

I notice that in the Farmer these plows
are advertised, and so much do I admire
them, that I have thought it not amiss to
send you this communication.

May 17. * "

D. F.

-*%*-

"Spare the Birds."

Mr. Editor : — I was very much interested
in an article in the Farmer [in the Fcbrury
number] with this title. The statements
madcTin that article added to the convictions
I had felt before, that man ought to "spare
the birds," if for no other reason than that
they lived on insects which devoured his
crops of fruit, grain, and the young vegeta-
bles found in the gardens. But there were
other reasons which induced me to "spare
the birds." Their company about home is
pleasant, theii' music cheering, and their
habits interesting. I have noticed at times,
for several days, the movements of a pair of
wrens who have made a home within the
weather-boarding of my house, where a knot
having fallen out, a hospitable shelter was
opened to receive them.

Of the habits of the wren, it may be said
that he generally reaches this counti-y from
the South by the 10th of May, and then he
loses no time in finding himself a home.
This is usually a hole in some tree, under
the eaves of a house, a crevice in some stable,
or barn — and sometimes in boxes which
friendly lads put on a pole or attach to a
dwelling. Wilson says on one occasion, a
workman left his coat hanging up in a shed,
and three days after having use for it, he
thrust his arm into the sleeve and found the
wrens had been there and formed a nest.
In his retreat, he was foUoAved by the wrens,
who scolded him with great vehemence on
account of his ruining the whole economy of
their household affairs. They make their
nests of dead twigs, leaves, grass and feathers,
and sometimes lay nine eggs, of a purplish
color, finely spotted; and often produce three
broods of young in a season.

The little fellow hates cats, aud especially
does he scold when he sees them about the
garden, under the gooseberry and currant
bushes — places which he considei-s as belong-
ing to himself, where he feasts upon bugs
and caterpillars. The cat often strikes at the
wren fatally. A box near a window Avas
taken possession of by tAVO wrens. The nest
had been made and two eggs laid. Grimal-
kin lay in ambush near the window which
was open. The female wren looked in to
reconnoitre, and she was instantly the victim
of her temerity. It Avas curious to witness
the acts of the survivor. At first he sang
with great vivacity. Then he went off and
was gone half an hour; and returnii'g, he flew
to the top of the house, the stable and cherry
tree, and sung as before, that 'he might hear
him. He looked for hev, — stretching his
little neck around in evory direction. He
theu Avent to the AviudoAv and g-azed in sus-
piciously, siuging in a Ioav and melancholy
notOv He returned to the box nnd seemed
at a loss Avhat to do, but after a while flcAV off
and away out of sight. Towards afternoon

THE ILLIISrOIS FARMER.

85

of the second day, he again made his appear-
ance, accompanied by a timorous female, and
which after great hesitation, entered the box.
At this moment the little widower and bride-
groom seemed as if he Would warble out his
very life in an exstacy of joy. After remain-
ing a few minutes, the pair retired to a bush
and apparently consulted — then returning,
they cleaned out the sticks and nest and eggs
of the box, built another nest, eggs were laid
and three broods were hatched the-same sea-

son.

This little history ot the wren will teach
the thoughtless how much pain they inflict
when they kill one of these birds. The im-
mense number of insects they destroy in the
garden should endear him to us, and his con-
fidence in us, by placing his nest or all his
little hopes within our reach — and his notes
as he sits and flutters about on the house, on
the vines, and the trellises and sheds, loud,
sprightly, tremulous, and repeated every few
seconds, with great animation, — ^should se-
cure for him our protection and love.
"Spai'e the birds," is a sentiment which ought
to find a response in the breasts of all the
kind. M'.

The Wheat.

Editor of the Farmer: — The general news
in regard to the wheat crop everywhere in
the States is favorable. The crop is likely to
be unusually large, unless some unforeseen
calamity should befall it. What is to be
done with it. Will there be a market for it?

We believe that there will be a market for
it, but at low prices. Our farmers must be
prepare'd for this state of things. Without a
foreign' demand, with a rush of Eastern pop-
ulation to the West, where they become
wheat growers, it is folly to expect other
than low prices for wheat.

The state of our foreign trade, the state of
foreign bread and provision markets, the fact
that vast numbers of mechanics and persons
of other professions are engaging in the farm-
ing business, must admonish farmers that
there must be a season of low prices for pro-
duce. No other supposition can be reasona-
bly made, and when produce is ready for
market, and there is a market, it better be
sold, debts paid, few debts contracted, and the
worst state of things be prepared for.

I do not desire to be a croaker; and, indeed,
-I am no croaker. But the facts I have re-
ferred to, in regard to the crops, the causes
that will lessen the demand for them, every
man can s^e as well as myself; and I only
state my con-\dctions that our farmers and
others may bt prepared for low prices, such
as have scarcely been touched for years, for
some of their great staples.

It is obvious that wages for farm hands
must come down,— must be accommodated to
present and anticipated pri 2es for produce, or
hired labor cannot be employed.

With manufactories crushed, with a supply
of provisions, with more labor than can be
profitably employed, it is not strange that
many European emigrants are returning to
the homes they have left as furnishing better
prospects for labor than can be had in our
own couniry.

Uader- the state of things it is woi^e iSian
useless Ibr farmers to hold onto crops when
they can find a market for them. The expe-

The Chinese Sngar Cane,

Before the time for working up
the Chinese Sugar Cane, the coming
autumn, we intend to furnish what
we shall believe to be the best man-
ner of manufacturing the juice into
sugar and molasses. We have an
abiding conviction that this can be
done with proper apparatus and with
proper skill and care. The North
has the means of making her own =-
sugar and molasses, at reasonable
prices, whenever she desires to do it.

A good deal of the seed of the
Sugar Cane will be planted this year.
The saving of sugar and molasses in
families of farmers is an object worth
attention in these stringent times

•:£^J>^

HEDGE, FREE <t CO,'S SUGAR MILLS,
One horte, $56. Ttvo horse, $100. Ibur horse, $135.

HEDGE, FREE d CO.'s IMPROVED SUGAR BOILER,
100 gallon, $16.' 160 gallon, $18. 200 gaUon, $20.

rience of the last six months will be likely to
be repeated if that policy is pursued. Pro-
duce must be sold — money put in circulation
— a single hundred dollars in a week may
settle five thousand dollars in debts. Nothing
can be gained by hoarding up the little
money in the country. Men who have
borrowed money at high rates of interest,
predicated on the hope that their crops would
bring high prices — where are they?

"POOR mCHAKD."

has purchased trees and planted out an
orchard. Many have done this before and
lost their trees. I notice that a decided pre-
ference is given to trees from the nurseries
of this State the present season. If these do
well, we shall be earefiil hereafter how we
purchase foreign grown trees.

The location of the State Fair at Centralia
was just about right. I have talked with my
neighbors and I am sure our county will be
represented there.

Domestie Recipes.

Brown Bread. — Take three quarts of
corn meal, and wet it up with warm water, "
letting it stand twenty minutes to swell, then
add one quart of rye meal, or if that is not
convenient, add one pint of wheat flour and
one tea cup of molasses, and wet the whole
up with milk or cold water; then bake two
hours or until it is done.

Mead. — This favocite beverage that for

centuries was the chief libation of northern

nations, is made by dissolving one part of

three of boilins: water, flavoring it

Editor of the Farmer: — Our county,
(SulKvan) is a new and small county, not
making much noise in the world, but we are

progressing in population and improvements, i honey in

and I hope to live to see it a railroad county, | with spices, and adding a portion of ground

which would make it one of the most desira- j malt, and piece of toast steeped in yeast, and

ble sections of the State. We have good 1 allowing the whole to ferment,

lands, and these offer every inducement for j Bread Omelet. — Put into a large tea

emigrants to come among us. Our popula- \ cup of bread crumbs, a lea cup of cream, a

tion is mostly from Ohio, and we like good | spoonful of butter, with salt, pepper and nufc-

sehools, good roads and good bridges, and
will cordially welcome emigrants of similar
sympathies who will come amongus. i-

The spring opens well for us. Our win-
ter wheat is fine as can be wished, and our
farmers are putting in a large amount of
spring wheat. The breadth of land which

meg;

when the bread has absorbed the croam,
break in the eggs, beat them a little with
tho mixture, and fry like omelet.

Egg Plant. — Wa.sh the plant with cold
water, boil well; take out the inside, mash
and season with butter, pepper and salt, beat
up three eggs, take crumbles of stale loaf
will be occupied with these crops the present | bread, are sauce-pan with hot lard and butter
season is double what it what it ever was be- \ for fiying, send hot to the table,
fore. And when we think the same fact | Corn Cake. — Take corn meal and wet up
may exist in all other parts of Uliaois, we are i with boiling water and butter milk, equal

almost alarmed at the prospect of large crops
and small prices. Our farmers here wantto
feed those who manufacture for us — not five
thousand miles distant from us, but at home.
This thing is now talked af among our for-
mers. ■';.. :-''>'^: ":..:

We have drawiLl^b"eKdlyl5oi5l^ the aurse^
ries this year and every farmer whose lands

parts; make it as thick as batter, and bake it
in a hot oven for the breakfast. To be eaten

hot. ^ ifii,..;/^'" ■:,...?..■: -jr^/- ■

TRANapAsaeiwy iPrmiiiNG.^^Take theyolks
of twelve eggs; beat to a froth; add sugar to
make a stiff batter; a small bit of butter; fla-
vor with anything to suit the fancy. Have
two good sized pie plates lined with pastry;

were in the proper order, and had the means, i pour the batter in and bake until done.

"Ti: \^^ -^.^

- .'v*-'.*"-'T=5^'v:

86

TEEE ILLIISrOIS F^HIVEER.

EFcnts, Speculations on the Fntnre, &c.

The Leviathan steamship, judging
from present indications, ■svill not be
ready for sea this season. The equip-
ments of such a ship are so varied and
extensive, embracing wants and demands
common to us all, as well as those pecu-
liar to the sea, that anything like haste
or hurry is necessarily discarded. That
she will commence a new era in com-
merce, is our opinion. Subject to all
the vicissitudes incident to new under-
takings, the principle of size in vessels
will yet succeed. Largeness of view
and execution characterizes this centu-
ry. In floating bodies give us size for
safety, for speed, for the conveyance of
passengers, troops, or cargo. If we are
to drown, or sink, or be submerged in
the ice, let us do it on a big scale, with
plenty of company to share the fate !
But this contingency will be avoided in
proportion to the size that vessels are
built. Compartments, so difficult in
small vessels, are an acknowledged part
of the structure in large ones, and add
to safety, as well as strength. They
are made water-tight, and it is clear
that injury sustained in one of them,
will not peril the whole mass ; that its
whereabouts will be known ; and further-
more, that cargo or baggage can be re-
moved from the disabled section, with-
out disarranging the other portions.

This solidity of construction can stand
gi'eater injury, can run over common
vessels and other bodies without much
of a scratch, can meet an iceberg and
beat its bow out, Avith the stern portions
still continuing a rock of safety. These
enormous vessels will be swifter than
the small ones. Friction daes not in-
creaoc in the same ratio with length ; the
momentum once given can be more easi-
ly maintained; the "pitching" we may
consider as entirely obviated, the " rol-
ling" to a very great extent, both of
which obstruct speed.

In the theatre of migration and
change that the world presents to us, in
the journeyi;igs thr.t have become so im-
portant an element in human life, whole
colonies can move in these arks, under
control more exclusively devoted to
purposes of safety than smaller vessels
are ever likely to attain. We, there-
fore, hail v.ith satisfaction the advent of
this new steamer ; care very little what
country claims the honor of its origin ;
hope its projectors will succeed in their
every anticipation ; have always regret-

ted as a universal loss the misfortune
attendant on the launching, and hope
the inquisitive of this country will see
her in one of our harbors ere many
months, or certainly by the time a year
has passed away.

A Rotary Steam Engine appears at
length to be in successful operation on
our side of the water. From the re-
marks made, we should judge that the
principle has long been a desideratum
in motive power. The " Double Rotary
Steam Engine," invented by Mr. Bar-
rows, of New York City, is now placed
on board the propellor "Dawn," running
between New York and Fairhaven, (near
New Bedford) and proves a perfect suc-
cess. It is the opinion of gentlemen
who have investigated the subject, that
this engine will supercede all others for
locomotives, and for general use. The
company, who have this thing in hand,
are men of great prudence ; they have
suppressed any undue anticipation, and
now present their invention to the world
as a full and perfect result in mechan-
ics. The vessel made ten knots per
hour, under considerable disadvantage,
being in light ballast, with the propellor
not more than three quarters sub-
merged. This engine can be construct-
ed at one-half the cost of the old ones ;
it consumes less than half the fuel ; it
occupies less than half the space of the
engines on the old principle, and with
similar power ; does not create that dis-
agreeable jarring observed in our river
steamers, and hence may be considered
as a very important invention.

The Kansas Bill is at length passed,
the government resorting to measures
that its enemies will take advantage of,
and its friends cannot praise. Whether
the proposition will be accepted by the
people of Kansas, remains yet to be de-
termined ; but as a friend observed,
"white man is very uncertain," es-
pecially when an appeal is made to his
selfishness. When great changes are
maturing in the hearts of nations, gov-
ernments are always the last to give
way. Our own should not certainly lag
behind the convictions of the people, but
keep in advance of them.

The revival movement in religion con-
tinues unabated, the laymen in the com-
munity being the more active partici-
pants, as we think they should be. We
hopt the salvation sought after will be
from fin, from actual, tangible wrong-
doing, so that we may have an essential-
ly better Avorld to live in — not in any
merely mythic sense, but in some efiect-
ive sense, and we are constrained to be-
heve that the present movement is in
that direction, and trust that succeeding
ones will become more efficacious to
good works, until in time, deeds and
thoughts will form our best prayers, and

reference to God underlay every act of
the life.

Immigration from foreign countries
has very largely fallen oflF this season,
in comparison to former years. In the
early months, business in the eastern
factories was suspended, and the Scotch,
and Irish from the north of Ireland, who
are mostly manufacturers, returned
home; thus checking the zeal of those
who were about to embark for this coun-
try. In Germany, also, unfavorable re-
ports of employment were circulated,
producing a like result. AVe believe,
however, that nothing can substantially,
or for a length of time, check the mi-
gration to America. The great tides of
human movement are Avestward. Gov-
ernments and people are becoming more
free, and this is the land where the
practical results are best attained,
where the chronic power of old institu-
tions is removed and obliterated. We
have untold millions of aci*es of land,
where the human foot scarcely ever trod.
New States springing up to the base of
the Rocky Mountains, with all the ideal,
if not positive value attached to such
scenes to make them attractive ; and we
have, better still, a ridge of old States,
with Maryland on the East, including
the " Old Dominion," and Missouri on
the West, ready to abandon exclusive la-
bor, not in consequence of the noise of
politicians, but from its OAvn inherent in-
ability to produce the fullest prosperity
or happiness.

In the Southern Hemisphere, Buenos
Ayres, and the contiguous territory sur-
rounding the great river La Plata, is as
magnificent a country as the sun ever
shone upon; and but cross the Andes,
and you come upon Chili, very similar
in its topography and configuration to
California, whose valleys teem in rich-
ness, and the temperature of whose cli-
mate is unrivalled, putting forth in law-
lessness both temperate and tropical
vegetation, the grape and the olive of
the latter, being presented side by side
in the markets of Valparaiso and Co-
quimbo, with vegetable products similar
to our own, that we have never seen ex-
celled, if Ave have seen them equalled.
In these tAVo regions of South America
Avill the nations of Europe ultimately
pour the excess of their population, and
the density of our OAvn may find an out-
let in the same direction.

We trust our Government will not be
slow to look after its interests, commer-
cial and other Avise, in tlj.ose growing
States, especially Avith Buenos Ayres.
Brazil is another fine country ; an em-
pire of liberal tendency ; and New
Grenada is thrown into the arena of
great and increasing intercourse with
the other nations of the world, that
should enure to her benefit. Mexico, to
all intents and purposes, belongs to thg

liJW^TT^vX:- ■-;:•■••■ ' .

^i=^*r'''jf^^'?^%;i

. .^■

'^j^W^^r-Z^^-?'^'^.^^^^^'^^^^

-^^r^^r^s^

'*^™r^?^^»^?K^^r^s5^*agB^^^^

THE ILLINOIS F^HIVEER.

87

United States. The " Boa Constrictoi^'
is no more sure to devour the rabbit
confined in the den with it, than is the
United States to swallow Mexico, and
without being followed with that sense
of satiety that is common to the reptile.
Our people will spread over all North
America, southward, obedient to the
laws of brute force, doing their owii
tonntrj much damage, but mankind ul-
timately soWe good. B.

Beans, Peas, Cabbages, &e.

Editor of the Farmer: — ^We can have a
successidil df fine garden vegetables all sum-
mer, if we take a littlfe" labor iipon ourselves.
Beans can yet be planted, peas, radishes,
spinach, lettuce, cucumbers, beets, early sWeet
corn, and many other seeds. Even cabbage
seed can yet be sown. Cabbage plants, es-
pecially if you can get the Flat Dutch,
can be set out whoever you have room, and
you are quite sure to get £i head.

Keep the ground clear of weeds when it
is in order for working it. This will be a
weedy sesson, depend upon it. There is
moisture in the ground enough to make the
seed of every weed germinate, — and this
they will do. Boys — you will have a hard
fight with the weeds this season, but give it
to them, right and left. > J. F.

a plentiful supply of cabbage. I have tried
muiy kinds for winter, but there are none in
my opinion so certain to make heads, and
these fine and large, as Comstock's Premium
Flat Dutch. The heads grow on short stalks
end every plant, almost, is sure to make a
good head — ^provided you give them good
ground and attend to their cultivation. The
Flat Dutch come in early, — answer for a fall
as well as a winter cabbage. For early cab-
bage, there is the Early Wakefield, which is
larger than the Early York, nearly as early
and a good deal better. The Early Sugar
Loaf comes next in season, which is a good
cabbage, though the head is not as hard and
solid as the Wakefield. The Red Dutch is
capital for cold-slaw and pickling. The
heads are solid, but not very large. The seed
of the Red Dutch shoidd be sown early. *

Impositions.

Editor of the Farmer: — Every year we
arfc subject to impositions in the purchase of
fruit trees, flowering plants and seeds.
Sometime in 1856, a German appeared
about this region with a lot of plants, among
them, as he said, fine carnations, blue and
other roses, various kinds of lillies, &c. He
had a set of plates representing the flowers
of the shrubs and plants. These plates were
really fine. They were all greatly exaggera-
ted representations of the best flowers. The
old Glorie of France rose was represented
about five inches in diameter. The blue
ROSE was not as large, but of good size and
very double. The carnations and lillies
were such as never had been seen before in
these parts. No wonder this flower-man
met with good sales. Even a plant that had
not a particle of life in it was worth fifty
cents, and one which had a small chance of
living was worth a dollar !

What has come of all the investments
made in these planted There is not a blue
rose now in the country, or in the world !
The carnations proved to be single clove
pinks ! The lillies the commonest kinds we
have ! Nearly the whole of the stock were
such as an honest nurseryman would throw
out of his g'-ounds !

I was one of the number who was bitten
by this German — and I deserved it. I have
ever felt that it was good enough iot me.
And since I have been careful in making my
purchases. I get plants and trees from re-

The Cat Wonn.

Editor of the Farmer : — ^The cut worm is
a great pest. Before you are aware of its
presence, it sometimes cuts off many varieties
of early vegetables. Gabbagea, Egg Plants,
Cucumbers, Com, seem to be its especial
favorites. Its work seems to be for mischief
alone. It cuts off the stock of the plant just
in the plaee where it can do the most harm.

The cut worm is a great rascal, and like
other great rascals, works "o' nights."

What is its history? Naturalists say the
cut worm comes from an egg laid by an ash
colored miller. These are laid in a cone
uamong the roots of grasses. The warm
weather hatches them. They then go to
work, cutting and destroying plants which
come within their reach. After a time, say
in May, a change comes in their appearance;
— they become a miller, leave the worm skin
and fly about, depositing their eggs for anoth-
er generation.

They have so much sense that they prefer
to deposit their eggs on grounds where there
are grasses and weeds, and which ground is
not subject to be occupied by a rotation of
crops. Hence it is that they are usually
most plentiful where ground has been a long
time in grass or weeds. The miller never
deposites his eggs on clean ground.

Now what is to be done where these worms
are likely to beabvndant? In the first place,
plow your ground early and so deep that the
eggs will not hatch; and in the second place,
and ever after keep the ground clean and fol-
low the plan of a rotation of crops. It this
case, does it not appear that much of the
nuisance is to be charged to slovenly farming?

A. C.

ipls
May 10, 1858.

S. A.

Cabbages.
Mr. Editor : — Every farmer desires to raise

-*»»-

Beans.

Mr. Editor: — I presume you "know beans."

Most of us do, — ^and especially those who
came from down Bast. Beans as a field crop
do not pay now as well as they have in years
past, but still they will pay tolerably well if
well cultivated. Bean land should be clean.
When beans are overrun with weeds, the crop
is a failure. The passion with many seems
)e to cultivate the "small Yankee beans."

sponsible nurserymen, and have yet had no St*' ■■ . v i. r x.^

cause of complaint. A^^e do m seasons which are very favorable;

y 4)ut when wet, the plants become large, fell,
and half the beans are spoilt and the whole
rendered unsaleable. The Navy Bean is
larger, the plant stronger, not so liable to

fall on the ground, and the beans save bet-
ter. In New York, the Mountain Marrow-
fat, or White Cranberry, is the most popular
bean and brings usually twenty-five cents a
bushel in market more than any other. The
bean is much larger, and for the table greatly
better than either of those before named.

I have said that beans ought to be planted
on clean ground. If the ground is clean,
they can be planted in drills. The drills
should be at least three fet apart and the
plants should be about four inches apart in
the drill. Nothing is ever made by plauting
beans too thick, except to injure the crop.
The ground between the rows can be plowed
or dressed over with the cultivator when
the plants are free from wet. They must
not be meddled with when the dew or rain
is upon them. If you do, you injure them.

When they are ripe, take a dry day and
pull them. If sufl&ciently dry, put them
into small stacks and place a cap of straw on
the top, so as to shield them from rain.
When you have leisure on a good dry day
thrash them out. Have as few defective
beans as possible, and if in good order, clear
of dirt, of bad beans and of litter, you can
always sell them at the highest market price.

A good farmer ought to have a patch of at
least a quarter of an acre for the supply of
his family. He will find it good economy to
raise a small crop. There is no more healthy
and nutritious food for working men than
PORK AND BEANS.

Culture of Peas— Field Culture.

Editor of the Farmer : The pros-
pect at the time of writing this article is,
that on account of the heavy rains du-
ring the early part and middle of last
month, some of the land designed for a
com crop will be too wet to plant early
enough to mature the crop. That being
the case, it is well enough to think of
some other use for the land. Peas are
a profitable crop. But here people are
afraid of buggy peas. Bugs do not
trouble peas, if they are sown after the
middle of June ; and if sown well then,
they will make a good crop. In Eng-
land, I have been informed, that all
peas are gro-vyn without having bushes
put into the ground for their protec-
tion ; and that, when the larger kinds
are sown broadcast, they yield well.

I would recommend that the ground
be plowed well for late field peas, and
then well harrowed. Then make fur-
rows for your rows of peas with the
plow. These furrows will be all the
better if they are six or eight inches
deep. Drop your peas into tnese drills,
and cover them with the plow. No
matter, if the horse occasionally treads
on the peas ; he won't hurt them. The
peas are now so deep, that the roots
▼ill find moisture in the dry weather of
summer, and produce well. Pick what
you want, to eat and sell green, and
gather and thresh the rest when the
proper time comes. If the variety is
good, you can sell your peas at the seed
stores, next winter. If not good, they

liPPpP!Pff!?!f"W!ipiPPPH!?55WW'^^

88 ,

THE ILLINOIS F^HMER.

are good food for liogs. Should your
seed peas have bugs in them -whcii about
to plant, scald them with hot water.
May 20, 1858. W.

SPRINGFIEtD, JUNE 1, 1858.

IKB=*Thc Northern Spy has been found to
be a most productive and valuable apple in

Soutliern Ohio.

««r-The llUnois State Fair for 1858, will
be held at Ccntralia on the 14th, 15th, IGtli
and 17th days of September.

The Ohio State Fair for the present year
will bo held at Sandusky City.

8®:„0ur thanks are due to Messrs. Douglas,
Trumbull and Harrif*, for Congressional docu-
ments.

-«•►

B^^The mountains in the Salt Lake pro-
duce immense quantities of salt. Blocks of
pure white salt can readily be detached from
them.

■••»-

B^^No man can boiTow himself out of debt.
If you require relief, work for it. A dollar
saved in your house, or from your back, is
worth ten borrowed. '.

-••»-

JB^^Tlie iruit has generally been injured
by the late frosts tlirough the country. In
some localities peaches and apples are entire-
ly killed, and everywhere more or less in-
jured.

V. «#l ■ ■

E^^The Cincinnati Horticultural Society
have denounced as humbug and swindling,
the practice of some men in soiling the seed
of fine varieties of strawberries. Theseedwill
scarcely ever produce a good variety. .^_^

J8?S==It is a well known fact, that after tim-
ber land is cleared, if it is suffered again to be
covered with timber, most of it will be new
varieties. It is thus nature shows itself in
favor of a rotation of crops.

1 ^ ^

"ife^We have noticed no action on JMr. Mor-
rill's land bill in the Senate. That is a bill,
in the passage of which through the Senate
a larger number of the inhabitants of the
United States are iuterestedthan in any other
bill or measure now before that body.

Jgj^AYe suggest to our members of Congress
thataprovisionof law which would enable per-
sons to send seeds or grafts by mail, at the same
rates of postage as are charged on books, would
be very beneficial to farmers, gardeners and

others.

— I — «t>

Iji^^Grape vines have become diseased in
Eui'ope, and some euiinent men suppose that
the vine ^\ill becijme extinct. In Madeira
nearly all the vines have ah'eady perished.
IMany of the American varieties have been
taken to Europe to ascertain their adaption
to its climate and soil.

B^„George L. Squires, of Galesburg, offere
his entire stock ofDioscoreaBauttatas to any
one who will pay the expense of getting them.

8@^Comstock's Prolific Dwarf Pea can be
planted any time before July. The Cham-
pion of England Pea, for late crop, has no
rival.

8^„The tea plant is found to grow veiy
well in South Carolina; but the cost of labor
is too great to render its cultivation profita-
ble.

-•♦•-

fi^^Running accounts not only run out a
man's estate, but his manhood. Better adopt
the^'Better-not-buy-what-you-cannot-pay-for-
principle."

B^x,Enquiries are frequently made of us —
where can Suffolk Swine be purchased? "We
answer that the Illinois Breeding Association,
at Summit, Cook county, have them for sale.
JjCtters addressed to Sargent Cook, care of
Chas. L. Reed, Chicago, will be promptly
answered.

-*f

H^^The failure of the vintages of Europe
bas greatly lessened the amount of winemadc
and Induced the manufacture of spurious arti-
cles. Pure wine of grape can scarcely now be
had, and most of the brandies we receive from
France are spurious — having been manufac-
tured out of corn whisky.

J8@*The llawles' Janet apple tree requires

much attention to secure fruit in perfection.

It must not be allowed to bear too much

fruit. If this is done, it will be of small size

and insipid flavor. Thin out the fine limbs

of the tree — prune so as to open the head —

and you will secure perfect apples, which,

''when good are good."

.«.

B@„The Dielytra is now in bloom. This
is a beautiful herbaceous perennial plant, the
foilage resembling that of the peony. The
flowers are in long sacems, hanging like the
fuschia. The plant is perfectly hardy. A
second crop of flowers can be obtained by cut-
ting offthe stalks a few inches from the around
so soon as the spring flowers fall.

8@„In answer to an inquiry, we will say,
that to secure "Button Onions" for planting
out next spring, sow onion seed very thick
on a good well prepared and clean piece of
ground, and very thick, and this fall take
them up when green and dry them in the
I shade. The stalks will shrink up and the
bottoms form very small "button onions."

J|®"The May Weed (dog fennel) is an an-
nual plant. Do you desire to get rid of this
nuisance? Mow it down as soon as it comes
into flower — before the seeds in the flower
mature. By thus destroying the seeds, you

can get rid of this pest.

•••- — —

U^^Farmers who cultivate carrots are aware

that much depends on early thinning,

and weeding. To ascertain where the row is

readily, sow a few radishes with the carrots.

This will enable one to hoe the carrots as soon

as they show themselves, for the radishes come

up immediately and match the rows.

mt

|^"Nicholas Longworth, of Cincinnati,

says, that American grape vines grow three

times the length thatT foreign grape vines do,

and that in trimming theyshould be left three

times as long, and that the vines should be

planted three times the distance that we plant

foreign vines.

-••» —

B^^'The following plan is recommended in
the I^eic Yorker as a cure for bloat in cattle :
"Take a common sized rope, double it once or
twice and twist it together, put it into the crea-
ture's mouth, brins: it over the head and tie.
This throws the mouth open. Then drive
the animal about the garden a few minutes and

the bloat is gone."

«••

Bi^The wild flowers of our woods and prai-
ries, it is said, will make beautiful parlor orna-
ments. As a general thing they have all that
degree of hardihood that they may be dug up
in bud or blossom, and arranged and planted
in vases or pots, will go on blossoming in a
shady parlor as if no change of location had
happened to them.

Devon Herd Book. — Sanford How-
ard, of Boston, is asking patrons for
the 3d volume of the Devon Herd Book.
He says, if the present subscribers will
take five copies each, he can publish the
work without loss, and unless this is
done, it must be published at a great
saci'ifice.

jl^^^ The crop of Apples was greatly

injured by the last frosts, in this section

of the State. AVe have been informed

by one who ought to know, that of early

apples there will be but a very few.

The late may do better.

••>

jg^^" Mr. Sanford Howard, and oth-
ers, of Boston, are about leaving for
England and Scotland, to purchase
stock for the " Massachusetts Society
for the promotion of Agriculture." They
desif-n to purchase Ayrshii-e and other
valuable stock.

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■iiBMMM*M

THE ILLINOIS F^HMEH.

89

The Season.

We bad occasion to congratulate our readers
in April on the beautiful opening of spring.
The weather continued favorable until near the
middle of the month, and since, until the pre-
sent writing, we have had such deluges of rain
aa we have not for seven ye&rs witnessed in
this State. At this time (May 27th,) the earth
is completed saturated, and on level grounds, in
many places, the water lays on the surface. In
consequence of the rains, but little spring grain
has been sown, and not a twentieth part of the
ground designed for corn has yet been i>lanted;
and, unless lands are rolling and naturally dry,
they cannot be planted for several days even
with good weather. Much laud intended for
corn, with present appearances, will not be
planted this spi'ing.

A good farmer, as much as a good general,
must make the best of the circumstances by
which he is surroundod. With our ordinary
corn, a crop can be made if planted by the first
of June, and we have known good crops made
when planted as late as thelOth. Butthecorn
usually planted here, requires at all times, too
long a season to mature. We should plant an
earlier corn. Some farmers are prudent enough
always to plant such corn. You can find a few
o£ these farmers all about the country, and they
will be able to furnish the seed of com, (if their
supplies are not exhausted,) which will have
ample time to mature, in ordinarj^ seasons, if
planted by the 15th of June. There is a species
of corn called "Yellow Dent," and which is the
kind raised f )r the main crops in Western New
York, Northern Ohio and Indiana, and Northern
Illinois, Avhich at this time, would be t.he very
best to be planted by our formers. This corn
will at all times mature in advance of frosts.
Our common corn is that of Kentucky and Ten-
nessee, and though very desirable When it ma-
tures, is always in danger of beiug frosted. Had
not the frosts held off very late last fall, none of
it would have matured, and as it was, the crop
has generally proved to ba unsound.

We do not despair of a corn crop, though the
crop under the most favorable state of the sea-
son, hereafter, ca not be hardy.

The grass is fine, but will there be bufieient
to meet the deficit in the corn crop, as food for
stock. We fear not. We must save all the
hay and other fodder we poissibly can. The
Hungarian Grass will come to our aid, as well
as the larger variety of ^lillet. These will
yield heavy crops of forage even if sowed as
late as the lirst of July. We see in the North
that corn, to be sown broadcast, will be resorted
to for feed fur !?tock. The. rugar cane sown
broadcast, produces a large quantity oja choice
article for fo'ider.

We have .said mu.'h corn grown will not be
planted with corn. Some of this may be occu-
pied with be; us. If the land can be put in
good order, beans can be made a profitable
crop. The N.avy Bean is a capital variety, and
brings the highest prices in market. We do
not suppose cur farmers wiil go into the"culti-
vation of root crops for stock; but we would
susrgest that Manguel Wurtzell (the large stock
beet,) will scarcely ever fail, with fair cultiva-
tion, in producing an enormous quantity of
roots to the ajre — in many cases known to
reach as high as thiitj-five Ions! Our soil
seems to suit this beet exactly.
The heavy rains have not destroyed the

t

wheat as was feared. Where the grounds are
flat and water has stood long upon them, the
wheat will be injured. This injury, we hope,
will not be extensive. Some fields aie rank
and may fall. We are told that the heavy
rains have killed most uf the winged insects in-
jurious to vegetables. On the whole, we look
for a larger wheat crop than b aa ever been
erown in Illinois. It is now heading out with
us. Generally the weather most favorable for
wheat and the grasses, is against the crop of
corn.

Now is the very time our farmers need to
exercise all their moral courage and physical
powers. They will be in their corn fields so
soon as they can possibly be tdowed and plant-
ed. You want Brown's Planter now, sure!
"A faint heart never won a fair lady." A
faint heart should not belong to a farmer.
"God will help those who help themselves."
We are passing through a troublous time. Let
us do our duty at all events, and the results
must be left to a Higher Power.

-■ — —,

- Tlie Next Sugar Crop.

The floods in the Mississippi are
breaking down the levees, and submerg-
ing many of the cotton and sugar plan-
tations. The New Orleans papers say
that the cane crops have been already
destroyed, to the amount of hundreds of
thousands of dollars . Such are the
number and extent of the crevasses, that
there is no attempt to repair them. The
floods of the Mississippi pass over them
in mighty streams. The waters are
troublesome in New Orleans, and even
graves cannot be dug to bury the dead.
The remnants of mortality are placed
away in vaults erected above ground,
until the Avaters subside.

The loss of even a portion of the cane
crop will enhance greatly the prices of
sugar and molasses. We shall not be
surprised, if these essential articles of
living reach the prices of '57. With
such prospects, Illinois farmers will do
well not to neglect the culture of the
Northern Sugar Cane. With ordinary
apparatus, a very good article of mo-
lasses can be made, while with good ap-
paratus a syrup can be produced, which
will be better, and bring higher prices,
than any Louisiana syrup. In Cincin-
nati, at this time, a fine article of Chi-
nese Sugar Cane syrup is retailing at
80 cents per gallon — when Louisiana
syrup is worth but 70 cents.

The prospect of higher prices of su-
gar and molasses will stimulate our far-
mers to raise more of the Chinese Sugar
Cane, than would otherwise have been
the case. There is ample time to plant
the sugar crop. The sugar cane, though
planted early, grows but little until Ju-
ly. The heats of our late summer and
fall months rapidly advance the growth
of the plant. Its culture is as simple as
that of corn. Its yield, of stalks is great,
and the most reasonable estimates of the
yield of molasses to the acre, is 200 and

250 gallons. Some have estimated it,
from experiments, at considerably more,
300 gallons.

An offer has been made, by a respon-
sible party, to establish a sugar mill in
the city of Springfield, provided farmers
in the vicinity will raise for his use,
and deliver to him the product of fifty
acres of land planted with sugar cane.
He will express and manufacture the
juice into molasses, and give them one-
half of the proceeds. This is a favor-
able proposition to our farmers. They
should desire nothing more fair.

Such sugar mills as we here have spo-
ken of, should also be put up in other
sections of the State. Why should we
not have sugar mills as well as wheat
mills? and why should there be any
thing more strange in the farmer bring-
ing his sugar cane to the sugar mills,
and taking away his barrels of molas-
ses, than there now is in conveying
wheat to the mills, and returning with
the flower ?

That this course of things will ulti-
mately take place in regard to the cul-
tivation of the Chinese Sugar Cane, and
the manufacture of its juice into sugar
and molasses, we have not a particle of
doubt. '

The Centralla Fair.
We continue to receive evidences from
all parts of the State, of a general ap-
proval of the location of the State
Fair at Centralia. We have letters
from the North, West and East, which
state that great interest is manifested
to be present at that fair . In the
central part of the State, we are sure
that there is quite a general disposition,
as far as possible, to contribute to the
successful result ot that fair.

The premium lists are now in circu-
lation all over the State. More than
fifteen thousand dollars are ofiiered as
premiums. Accident threw into our
hands a notice of the premiums offered
for the coming State Fair in Rhode Is-
land, which do not reach three thou-
sand dollars. In the amount of pre-
miums ofi'ered, we believe the Illinois
State Agricultural Society is behind no
State in the Union. Elinois has not
yet held her sixth annual fair. The
facis here presented will show some-
thing of the progress of Dlinbis in pop-
ulation, improvement, and enterprise.

Southern Illinois will receive an im-
petus for good under the direct and in-
direct influences of the next State fair,
that will be seen in the rapid apprecia-
tion of real estate, the increase of emi-
gration into her borders, and the stim-
ulus that it will give to agricultural im-
provement and enterprise throughout
that most desirable portion of our State.

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90

THE ILLinsroiS F^KMER.

She #rchavd.

Grafters.

We have tree peddlers scattered over the
country, who very generally take the advan-
tage of the innocent in thcii* sales of tree?
aiid shubbery. One of these chaps in the
lower part of the State this spring sold 200
quince "sprouts" to a farmer for seveuty-
five cents apiece and made him pay for
them.

The letter below speaks of companies of
grafters, who have been traveling and work-
ing over the Southern section of the State.

There, most of tlie apple trees are seed-
lings, and these men very properly say that
they can improve tlie fniit of these trees by
cutting off the tops and grafting them.
When this is done properly on trees that
will pay the expense, it is well enough. But
the object of the grafter is to make the most
money, and we have known them go into an
orchard and for a day's work charge twenty
or thirty dollars. And there is no certainty
when grafts grow well, that you will get good
fruit. There are orchards in this county
that have been grafted with worthless fruit.
The bettor plan would be for some one in a
neighborhood, at the proper season, to go
into a good orcliard and select scions of such
fruit you like, and get some neighbor who
understands grafting, to put them into your
trees.

Our correspondent itui.st be tvTVare that
these grafters '.u-o shrewd men — that thoy
come to-day and are gone to-morrow — and
that their sole object is to make money. The
chances arc that they can collect by law all
that they claim, and without giving you any
guarantee which is good for anything, that
your grafts will finally live or that the fruit
which may come from them will be of any
value :

"Randolph County, 111., )
May 14, 1858. )

Mr. Editor: — You arc doubtless aware
of the fact that there are numerous compa-
nies of grafters ninuing over this part of the
State, who have done a large business in the
grafting line. Now, what are the usages of
nursery-men in this line? Some of the far
mors here have been long in the practice of
grafting ou a small scale for themselves and
neighbors, and in counting the grafts "a cut
and a fill" was considered a gratl. But the
obligations that these companies cause their
employers to sign, arc so worded as to admit
of a construction, which, if put and admitted,
will require their employers to pay precisely
double what they expected, and what, in
their opinion, they contracted to do. Now
what it> the practice with you? Does every
scion put in constitute a graft, or in case,
when two or four scions are put in ou the same
cut, do you pay for two or four grafts, if the
grafts all grow, as the case may be?*

Yours, &c., J. A. H.

*Now much depends on the well under-

stood practices of tharging fof grafting in
your county. It was the duty of the grafters
to understand the general practice with you,
and their plan of drawing obligations so a8 to
give Ihem the Utmost latitude of construction.
This Is wrong, and their claims ought not to
be paid.

Apple Tree Lice.

Editor of the Farmer : — Many orchards
in the north of Indiana are infested with
lice. I saw one two years ago that was
Covered with this vermin. It stunts the
trees and prevents their bearing. The
leaves are small, the twigs small, short joint-
ed and the whole appears as you might sup-
pose a stunted tree wbuld ifitwas a thousand
years old. The trees thus affected Wfere
brought from the East, but doubtless the
pest will soon affect other trees. I do not
know that any remedy can be applied to old
trees thuscoveredwith these vermin. Small
trees may be washed with alkaline water or
soap-suds to advantage. The evil must be
removed, if you would have any good of or-
chards. C. F ^S;

JULIEN, May 15, 1858:

Young OrdiardU,

Mr, Editor : 1 tave but little know-
ledge, learned by practice, of the best
manner of pruning and cultivating or-
chards. I have been something of an
observer, and have seen many orchards
in our State, and heard much said by
farmers on their cultivation. My ac-
quired knowledge seems to amount .to
about this : Apple orchards, on our
prairies, ought to be cultivated so as to
have low heads. This should be done,
to prevent the breaking and blowing
down of trees by the high winds. The
trees Avith low heads bear quite as well
as if they run higher ; they spread out
more, have more long lateral limbs, and
the fruit is easier reached. I take it
for granted that no particular farmer
wants to obtain fruit for the table by
shaking it from his trees. It ought for
this purpose always to he hand-picked.

Well, how are trees to be primed to
low heads ? It can be done in no other
way than to head back the leading
shoots, and in summer pinch off the tops,
if new ones start to supply their place.

So much for apple trees. Peach
trees ought, in my opinion, to be culti-
vated as large shrubs. The main stem
of the young tree should be cut back,
so as to cause the tree to throw out five
or six strong branches, or lateral limbs,
near the ground. Thus the trees will
be likely to produce more fruit — they
are less likely to be injured by winds
than if they had high branches on a
single stock, and there would be less
danger of their breaking down with an
overload of fruit. How often, in pas-
sing through peach orchards, cultivated
as trees, are you pained by seeing tall

limbS) loaded with fruit, broken down to
the ruin of the tree ?

I do not believe We shall be trouliled
much in this section, with either apple
bi" pCiach trees breaking down with an
overload of frilit, the present year ; but
all years may not be alike ; and the
time may come when the hints I have
offered may be worth remembering.

Sugar Creek, 111., May 14, 1858.

W.

-«•»-

Evergreens.

Mr. Editor : I was at tne railroad
depot a few days ago, and I saw a lot
of pine trees destined for the South.
They were evidently taken out of the
woods, for there were huckleberry and
winter-green pilahtd stbout the roots.
The man who had them in charge, said
they came from a Michigan nursery,
were fine trees, and he would warrant
them to live.

These trees will not be offered for
sale about here. The first speculations
in the pine-tree line were made by just
such men as own these trees about this
region, sbnle years ago. They took
Idads bf pine trees to th^ tbwiis, and
villages, and sold them very cheap.
You would get a tree, three and four
feet high, for fifty cents, and smaller
trees at a proportionate price. Passing
through the country towns, you would
see the yards planted out with pines,
looking pretty when first planted out,
but in July were just in a plight, dry
and yellow, to bo pulled up and burnt.
Passing about these towns now, it is
rarely, indeed, that you see a white pine
growing.

It is perfect folly to expect that pines
taken from the shaded forest,wIth scarce-
ly any roots, even if all are taken up
with the tree, should live, when placed
in the ground, exposed to our hot sun,

and in soil to which they have not been
accustomed. Not one out of a hundred
will live under such circumstances. The
money paid for such trees, as well as the
time expended in planting them out, are
just thrown away.

Nurserymen, who have evergreen
trees for sale, get them when they are
very small, and plant them out in thick
rows in their nurseries. Many of theto
die ; but those that live, will form tine
roots, become accustomed to the direct
rays of the sun, and when these trees
are taken up at the proper time — as the
buds begin to start in the spring— and
well planted out, (the roots having been
kept moist and from the air.) nineteen
times of twenty they will live and do
well.

These facts have been published thou-
sands of times, and yet many men seem
disposed to be swindled out of their
money, in the purchase of worthless ever-
greens.

^^:

THE ILLINOIS FA.I11MEII.

91

The nurseries in tlie northern part of
the State can furnish beautiful ever-
greens at very reasonable prices, and
"which -would be likely to live.

Chicago, May 3, 1858. . J. S.
Age of Trees.

The longevity of trees is an interesting
study. While some trees live only a few
years, rapidly attaining their growth and
rapidly decaying, like the peach tree, others,
on the contrary, have a longevity exceeding
the age of man, and some species outlive
many generations. It is well known that
the age of trees is correctly indicated by the
number of wood-circles or rings found in the
trunk — each ring being the growth of a sin-
gle year. We here subjoin several remarka-
ble examples ascertained by the above rule,
or by tradition an<l history, quoted from De
Candelle :

Years.

An Elm lived to the age 335

Cypres4(Ka8tern) 350

Larch .*-. 576

Chestnut, about 600

Orange 630

Olive TOO

PlantanuB Orieutalis 720

Cedar soo

Many tropical trees seen by Humboldt.... .1,000

Lime 1,076, 1,147

Oak .810, 1,080, 1,500

Yew 1,214, 1,408, 2,588, 2,820

Taxodium, upward of. 4,000

Adansonia, of Senegal and Capt Verd Islands » 5,000

The Yew trees of Britain are of wonderful
longevity. The following list is quoted from
Prof. Balfour: ^

Years.

K Yew at Fountain's Abbey, Ripon, lived 1,200

Yews in the church yard ofCrcwhurst, Surry 1,450

Yew at Fontiapil, Perthshire 2,500 to 2X00

Y'ewat Bradbourn church yard, Kent .3,000

Yew at Hedsor, Bucks, 27 feet iu diameter 3,200

A Banyan tree (Ficus Indica) yet growing
upon an island in the Nerbudda river, India,
is believed to be identical with that which is
mentioned in history by Nearchus, in the
time of Alexander the Great, as being capa-
ble of sheltering 10,000 men at once. Por-
tions of it have been carried away by floods,
but enough remains to overshadow 7,000
men. Its principal trunk is more tlian 200
i'eet in girtli, and its branches are supported
by 350 other trunks, Avhicli equal that of our
largest oaks, while the smaller trunks are some
3,000 more.

The White Pine (Pinus strobus) of the
American forest, with a diameter of 6 or 7
feet, attains iXia bight of 180 to 200 feet. In
the early settlement of Dartmouth College, a
Pine stood upon the College plain which
measured 210 feet in hight. In the Ohio
Valley, the Red Maple [Acer rubrum] and
the Sycamore [Planatanus occidentalis] attain
to great dimensions. .\ specimen of the for-
mer, in Indiana, measured 16 feet in diame-
ter; of the latter, 23 feet.

But, all things considered, the monarch
tree of the world is the Sequoia gingantea,
called the California Pine, of the Sacrameato
Valley and Maripo.-a. One which had fallen,
measured 31 feet in diameter and 363 feet
in length. Among those yet standing are
some of still greater dimensions, as beautiful
in form as they are sublime in height, the
growth [as estimated by the annual wood-cir-
cles] of more than 3,000 years I

Win ^nxit

Farming.

Editor of the Farmer : — I read an article
in your last number on the subject of drain-
ing. I subscribe generally to the views of
the writer, with such a state of things existing
in Illinois as did exist for two or three years
previous to the last. When we have high
prices for produce, we can afford to pay high
prices for labor and to cultivate on farms as
we have done and are doing. But if produce
is to rule low, as it now does, and labor can-
not be had at prices wliich will enable the
farmer to live, — we must adopt a new system
of farming. We must cultivate small farms

with the help we have at home, and we must
cultivate them well. Then, we must drain
our lands and double and treble our crops on
these lands. This can be done, or all experi-
ence is of no value.

We can do another thing. If we can raise
cattle, we can put our lands in grass. Stock
will do well in winter on good hay; and hay
can be made at less than half the expense of
corn. Do we raise hogs? Let us have pas-
tures for them in summer, and have corn
to fatten them in the fall, or other crops, —
rye or oats and peas, to finish oiF with corn.
We should aim to raise good stock hogs well,
to make them grow and fatten at the cheapest
expense. It is a well established fact that
corn ground into meal and steamed for hogs,
will go twice as far in fattening them, as the
cinide corn would do. The great object is, to
accomplish the most profitable farming at the
least expense, or rather with the least labor.

I am glad to hear that Mr. Hensely is
about to make a trial of draining. He will
give draining a fair trial; and we shall be
sure to learn his opinion in good time. I
think that some farmers would be induced to
try draining, if draining tile could be obtained
readily and at fair prices. B

-••.-

The people of St. Louis are ecjoying
the luxuries of strawberries and cream.

Tile Hungarian Grass— Setaria Germanlca.

Editor of the Farmer : The culti-
vation of the Hungarian Grass [Setaria
G^ermanica) is no new thing in this coun-
try : it was many years ago introduced
into New Jersey. The farmers there,
for a time, were much pleased with it.
It produced heavy crops on good soils;
but it was soon found that it exhausted
the richness of the soil, and its cultiva-
tion was abandoned. Its (luick growth,
its great yield of fodder, its large
amount of seed, were a severe tax upon
the soil, which could not long be sus-
tained. In nev/ soils, its produce is very
great. I do not wonder that the farm-
ers of Iowa Avere pleased with it, and I
shall expect to find that the farmers of
Illinois, who sow the seed on their rich
black soil, will say, next fall, that there is
nothing like it for fodder. And their
soils will stand the drain of this crop
for some time. They must, however,
learn from experience whether it will
answer to be made one of our perma-
nent crops. I shall not be surprised,
if it shall be found that the seed shed
on the ground in gathering, proves

troublesome to succeeding crops of
grain — something in the same way that
buckwheat becomes a nuisance when it
comes up from seed self-sown, among
corn and other crops, for years after the
first sowing. I hope, my fears in this
case will prove groundless, while I am
certain that the first crops will be very
gratifying to farmers.

A Jerseyman, in 1855.
May 17, 1858. .

-«•»-

CHINESE SUGAR CANE.

TO OWNERS OF STEAM POWER IN SPRINGFIELD AND
FARUERS IN THE COUKTRY :

Editors of the Journal: — The experiments
made the last season with the Chinese Sugar
Cane, have demonstrated the fact that the cane
can be grown here with success : that its juice
can be manufactured into a superior article of
syrup, and that syrup into excellent sugar and
molasses — provided the necessary apparatus
and experience can Tje had for obtaining the
juice from the cane, and its manipulation after
it is obtaloed.

Establishments for the purpose of making
eugar and molasses from the Chinese Sugar
Cane are now in process of erection in Ohio
and Indiana, and probably in other States. We
have been anxious that at least one should be
put up in this State ; and where is a better
point for it than Springfield? We know of
none.

In answer to a communication to Isaac A.
Hedges, Esq., of Cincinnati, on this subject, the
following communication has been received by
the undersigned. Mr. Ware will come to
Springfield and put up a sugar mill, provided
a suitable steam power can be obtained here,
with the additional condition that farmers in
the neighborhood will grow fifty acres of sugar
cane the present season for his use.

It seems to us that the steam power can be
had here, and also the necessary amouDt of
sugar cane can be grown. We address this
article to the owners of steam power in this
city and the farmers in our neighborhood.
Shall we make an e£Purt to add another to the
••ich staples of Illinois, and by which we can
save in this State yearly five millions of dollars.
This subject addresses itself as well to the
interest as to the patriotism of our citizens.

The undersigned will be glad to see the
owners of steam power in this cit^ and farmers
in the neighborhood on the subject of this
notice. What is done in the matter, it must
be obvious to every one, must be done soon.

May 22, 1858. S. Francis.

Cincinnati. May 19, 1858.
S. Francis, Esq., Cor. Sec. St, Ag. So.
Springfield, Ills.

Dear Sir: — Your favor is duly received; my
thanks for it. Mr. W. G. Ware, who has been
in our employ for several years, and well versed
in the experiments of last year, requests me to
gay to you, that if steam and steam power can
be had in your city, (on reasonable terms) suffi-
cient to run > ff a crop or crops of, say not less
than 50 acres, and that quantity is grown in the
immediate vicinity he will come there with
mill and aparatns and work it up. He would
want power enough to be equal to (6) six first
rate horses, and the steam direct from a boiler
at 60 lbs. to square inch pressure, to do his
boiling, defecating, &c., all of which, both mill
and boiling could be generated in a boiler 12
feet long by 36 inches in diameter.

If you can find such conveniences and get
the cane grown, he will contract at once for
fixtures, a portion of which he would build
himself. He would need power and steam about

^^y^'^'^^?^*^}^^^^^'^^!^!^^'^^^

..•••• m-'

92

THE iLLinsrois F^nnvcEn.

60 (lays for working off crops andsteam — aftcr-
wirds, perhaps, GO more, for refining, &c., &c.,
— as no doubt very much of the syrup of the
country around would be sent in for refining
Such an article is now selling here at retail for
80 cents per gallon, and those using it are be
coming every day more attached to it. [A
word to you printers; the most inferior article,
dirty, scorched, vi.scious and repulsive to the
taste, is making good rollers for printing — wo
are getting 30 cents for some sent us for that
purpose that would not fetch 10 cents for any
thing else, try it.] Thesooneryuu could report
to me for Mr, Ware the better. He thinks he
could afford to pay about four dollars per day
for steam priviledge, and would work up cane
for one half proceeds.

Yours truly, I, A. Hedges.

«•»

The Mangoel Wnrtzel.

Editor of Farmer: I have had some
experience in the cultivation of the lar£.'e
beet, known as the Manguel Wurtzell,
for cattle. It can be said in favor of
this root, that if the seed is planted in
good, kind soil, in proper time, it will
not fail of producing large crops. I
"would not be surprised if a rich and well
cultivated acre would produce thirty-
five tons of the roots. Cattle are fond
of this root. It will greatly increase
the quantity of milk, and add to its
richness, if fed to milch cows. It does
not impart, as turnips and Ruta-Baga
sometimes do, a bad taste to butter.
On the contrary, butter made from the
milk of cows fed with this beet, has a
fine flavor, like that of May butter.

I do not suppose that our farmers will
go largely into the cultivation of roots
for stock ; but some who are curious,
and who wish to " try all filings, and
hold fast to the best," may try the cul-
tivation on a small scale. The seed may
be planted in drills, 12 inches apart, and
the plants be suftered to grow at the
same distance in the drills, and thus cul-
tivated, the ground in a good season
will be covered with a mass of vegetable
roots, a foot or more in depth. Our
soil and seasons, usually, are just the
thing for the Manguel Wurtzell, but not
so good for the Ruta Baga.

low Piices.

In 1849, prices of produce vrere (^uite
as low as they now arc, A letter Avrit-
ten by Hon. Anson Miller, of Rock-
ford, 111., on the state of agriculture in
Northern Illinois, in 1849, gives the
following list of prices :

Prices of produce at Rockford, Maixh
15th — Wheat 45 to 50c ; superfine flow-
er ^3 25 to 83 50 per barrel ; corn 20
to 25c per bushel ; potatoes 20 to 25c ;
oats 18 to 20c ; pork $2 25 to $3 ; but-
ter 10 to 12c ; honey 10 to 12c; eggs
6 to 8c per dozen, will soon be 5 to 6
cts ; chickens 10c each ; ({uails 2c do ;
prairie grouse do ; 6moked hams 5c per
pound ; venison saddles w'th pair of

i^vtiotttut^*

Grape Culture in Missouri.

Professor Swallow, of Missouri, re-
cently read before the Scientific Associ-
ation, in session in Baltimore, an elab-
orate paper, designed to demonstrate
the adaptation of the climate and soils
of Missouri for the cultivation of the
grape . He believed that the high
grounds in the south-west part of the
State were the best portion for that pur-
pose, though much would follow the
cultivation in other parts. Professor
Swallow thus speaks of the success of
grape cultivation at Booneville, Ham-
burg and Hermann. He says :

"Notwithstanding the many difficulties
our vine-dressers have had to contend
with, and notwithstanding some of their
vineyards are not— to say the least — in
the most favorable localities in the
State, their success has been very flat-
tering.

The vineyards of Booneville have
yielded the present season about 6,000
gallons, Avorth ^12,000. Five acres
gave a clear profit of 82,000, or $400
per acre. Mr. Haas made 1,550 gal-
lons from three acres.

The vintage of Hermann was about
100,000 gallons from less than 200
acres. At one dollar per gallon, which
is much less than the value, it will give
a profit of at least $400 per acre, or of
$80,000 on the 200 acres in cultivation.

One small vineyard at Hamburg —
Mr. Joseph Stuby's — yielded over 1,000
gallons per acre.

The entire cost of vineyards, prepa-
ring the soil, setting and training the
vines till they come into bearing, varies
from $200 to $300 per acre.

Annual cose of cultivation after that
time, $50 to $60 per acre.

Ten per cent on first cost, $20 to $30
per acre.

Total expense for each year, $70 to
$90 per acre.

So that an income of $100 per an-
num for each acre is sufficient to pay
the interest and expense of cultivation.

Judging from the statistics before
me, I would suppose all our vineyards
have yielded an average of at least 250
gallons per acre since 1849, which at an
average price per gallon of one dollar
and sixty cents, would give an annual
income of $400, and a yearly profit of
$300 per acre. So that the vinedresser
even in the poorest seasons can scarcely
fail of a handsome profit, while in good
years his gains will far surpass those
derived from any other department of
husbandry. But the profits of our most
successful cultivators have been much

horns 5Q to-4^ j 4)reef :$2^Ala_$3* l-gr^ater. Mr. Preschel, of Hermann, is

said to have made over 400 gallons per
acre for the last ten years, and an annu-
al profit of more than $500 for each
acre.

Such are the favorable results legiti-
mately derived from the experience of
our vinedressers in their early efforts in
a new country, with a soil and a climate
unknown to the cultivators of the grape.

All must admit that they are most
satisfactory. Even if our climate does
not become more dry, if no more im-
provements are made in the modes of
culture, and if no more favorable locali-
ties are obtained, grape culture must in-
crease very rapidly, and become an im-
portant element in our agricultural and
commercial interests."

In our own State, wherever it has
been attempted, the grape has been
successfully cultivated. But it is man-
ifest that high grounds are better adapt-
ed to its cultivation than our level prai-
ries, having heavy soils, or the bottoms
along the courses of our rivers and
streams. Of the country best suited
for the grapes, relying on the views ex-
pressed by Professor Swallow, we have
sufficient to employ a large population.
The results of an extended cultivation
of the vine. Professor Swallow deems
important, as " the pure, nourishing
juice of the grape would take the place
of the vile, maddening compounds used
in the names of wine and brandy ;
drunkenness v.ould give place to sobri-
ety ; and our people, nourished by the
grape and its pure wnnes, would become

as robust and hardy as they are now da-
ring and indomitable."

Grapes

The cultivation of grapes has been before
the society, aud someusefulinformation elicit-
ed. Dr. Underhiil, of New York, gives his
experience somewhat in the following lan-
guage : "I think vineyards may be success-
fully cultivated in the United States from tho
latitude of Albany to the Gulf of Mexico.
They arc; more sure than ajiy other fruit, for
they do not blossom until after the late spring
frosts. Tlie Isabella and Catawba are the
best varieties for general cultivation for the
tabic and fur wine. They can be grown in
any soil that will raise a good crop of corn.
The ground should betinely pulverized to the
depth of at least eighteen inches ;;nd uader-
drained. 1 make a trellis by planting posts
twenty feetaparlandstretcliing wires between
theui ju.st tight enough to give a slight motion
to the vines when the wind blows. Mildew
does not trouble me. I thi'ik this is caused
by forcing the vine to grow too fast with hot
manures, and by growing them in positions
which do not admit of a //re circulation of the
air. The vine need.s the fullest exposure to
the winds possible. To pb'ut them in posi-
tions where this cannot be secured, or to pro-

^t "^^^■-

•#. .

THE ILLIISrOIS Fi^RMER.

93

tect them by high inclosures, will not only
cause them to be diseased, but make a para-
dise for noxious vermin. I have not failed to
secure a good crop of grapes for txoenty
years."

Ihc |tofet

Children in the Flower Garden.
If parents take an interest in the gar-
den, the children imbibe their taste.
This cultivation tends to useful results,
both moral and physical. Children
must have some hobby — a kite, a whistle,
a pup, or something else to amuse them.
Their minds are active, and they must
have employment. Give children a
patch in the garden ; teach them how to
prepare the ground ; how to plant it;
admire with them the plants as they
come up, and as they grow, and as they
yield floAvers or fruit. Children, and
others of larger growth, have more love
for plants that their own hands have
tended, than for all others. Don't you
think it does their little hearts good,
when, with sparkling eyes and flushed
cheeks, they pick a flower of their own
growing ? It does so. And this may
be the beginning of the exercise of a
taste that will follow them through all
after life. A little out-door exercise is
good for them physically, and it enlarg-
es and brightens their perceptions of the
beautiful. I never yet knew a woman
fond of flowers, delighting in their cul-
tivation, that was not a good house-
keeper. Why, it is an evidence of both
innocence and refinement, that homage
is voluntarily paid to by man. Pass a
cottage, where you see plants arranged,
even if in broken tea-pots and uncouth
boxes, and you will at once believe that
there is moral worth and purity in that
dwelling.

Tlie Circus— The Flower Garden.

Not long since, in the drizzly rain,
among the numerous teams and wagons
that thronged our city, was one in which
there were some four temales, and hi'lf
as many men. They had come to town
to see the performances at the circus ;
to see women and men ride horses, and
men stand on their heads, and hear the
coarse, stale jokes of the clown. The
females alluded to, came into a seed
store, and amused themselves by look-
ing over the list of seeds, and reading
descriptions of vegetables and flowers.

One of them was a bright, black-eyed
girl, about the interesting age of thir-
teen. An idea seemed to strike her.
'- Sister," said she, "I am not going to
the circus. I don't know what I want
to go there for. I have seen women ride
horses once, and jump through paper
hoops, and men ride six horses, and all
that — and they don't look half so well
in doing it, as the pictures look in the
newspapers, or stuck up on the walls.
I tell you what lam going to do. I am
going to save my half dollar, and lay it
out in seeds ; and a good many of them
shall be flower seeds, and I'll get
Jim to dig me a piece in the garden,
and I will lay it out and plant the seeds,
and tend it myself. You know what a^
pretty garden Betty England had last
year, and how you praised it, and how
you said you meant to have one, and
how everybody said she had the prettiest
flowers they ever saw : Yes, I won't gO
to the Circus, but I'll buy me some flow-
er seeds, and Betty shan't beat me in
a flower garden this year." These
were not exactly the words said, but
they embrace a good deal that was said.
And so Miss didn't go to the cir-
cus, but she laid out her half dollar in
flower seeds, and as I looked over her
selections, I saw she had the scarlet cy-
press, the candytuft, the rocket lark-
spur, the carnation, the China i3ink, the

sweet Williams , the pcrtulacca , the
escholtzia, the bartonia and German
Aters, and some others. She looked
like a queen as she gathered up her
seeds. That girl will make a lovely and
useful woman. Boys ! we shan't let
you know who she was. But when you
cross the Sangamon and go to Athens,
and diverge a little to the left of the
road, you may hereafter see a beautiful
flower garden.

<•*

griculture Deelining in the United States?

iVe observe in the proceedings of
Congress that a bill has been submitted
by Mr. Morrill, of Vermont, proposing
to grant to the several States 5,920,090
acres of land, to be divided among them
in proportion to the number of Senators
and Representatives they send to Con-
gress. The object of the bill is to en
courage agriculture, which he claims is
declining mall the States of the Union.
He says that it will "do something to
induce farmers' sons and daughters to
cluster round the old homestead ; some-
thing to remove the last vestige of
pauperism from our land ; sometliing
for peace, good morals, churches and

common schools ; something to enable
sterile railroads to pay dividends : some-
thing to enable the people to bear the
enormous expenditure of the national
government ; something to check the
passion of individuals and of the nation,
for indefinite territorial expansion, and
to preserve them from ultimate decrep-
itude."

In relation to tJie decline of agricul-
ture in the United States, Mr. Morrill
says :

** The quantity of food produced bears
each year a smaller proportion to the
number of acres under cultivation, and
that over a very wide area some of the
most useful crops bid fair to become ex-
tinct. In the New England States
alone, the wheat crop, instead of in-
creasing with the population, fell from
1840 till 1850 from 2,014,111 bushels
to 1,090,132 ; and the potato crop du-
ring the same period from 35,180,500
bushels to 10,418,181. The Southern
States are hardly any better off. In
the four States of Tennessee, Kentucky,
Georgia and Alabama, there was a fall-
ing off in the wheat produced during the
same period of 60 per cent, or more
than half. The State of New York is
probably one of the best, in an agricul-
tural point of view, in the Union. The
farms are larger, and more capital is in-
vested in them, and more skill applied
in cultivation than in any other. Yet
the number of sheep in the State now is
300,000 less than it wus thirty years
ago, and within the last five years has
declined at the rate of fifty per cent.
The product of wheat has fallen from
13,391,770 bushels in 1845, to 6,000-
000 in the past year."

To be brief, Mr. Morrill assximes that
in every State in the Union agricultu-
ral statistics tell the same story. With
the largest area of arable laud of every
nation in the world ; with the smallest
population in proportion to the square
mile ; with the lowest rate of taxation ;
with skill, enterprise, ingenuity, and
freedom from all feudal trammels, we
appear to be fast returning to the wil-
derness state, and upon the condition of
absolute dependence upon the taxed and
overcrowded Europe, for the bread we
eat, the beef we roast, and the horses
we ride.

Mr. Morrill's scheme of relief is the
construction of thirty-two agricultural
colleges, which are to inaugurate a new
era in agriculture, revive it from its
present retrograde condition, and estab-
lish it upon a solid and endaiing basis.

The increase of cities in the Uni-
ted States , in proportion to the in-
crease of the surrounding country, is
greater than in any other country in
the world, and appears to accelerate as
the nation advances in wealth and intel-
ligence. We have no doubt any thing

Tl. " -P '*T rn -J' -^T.

iyuJ^li ■<>? "^'l^'-^^fa^ •yj!i*1^^-«BS«J ■^■7-*wr.>T^«5Si5>i;»":^, -j;*^ ':^,i J5l.|U",i ' i ^ ^TOf»^.-. -TU' " t '^T

■^rW-JT ^' •■^.'' ^V^*^»5f«T

94

THE ILLINOIS FAHMER.

that would render a country life more
attractive than it is at present, would
tend to remedy this tendency, and col-
leges designed to elevate agriculture in-
to a science, might be a step towards
this object. Another step would be,
that of throwing open the public lands
to the people ; a movement which would,
more than any other, remove the pres-
sure from our cities, and subsequently
add immensely to their wealth and im-
portance.

No doubt, agricultural colleges have
been productive of great benefit in older
countries. England, Ireland, France,
Austria, Germany, and even Italy have
felt their beneficial influences, and the
United States would not prove an ex-
ception. In some States, movements
have been made towards their establish-
ment, but with what results, we have not
the statistics at hand to enlighten us.

At any rate, the movement of Mr.
Morrill of Vermont will be productive
of one good effect, and this is the callmg
attention of the public generally to the
state and condition of things, which he
proves from the census statistics. — Chic.
Democrat.

-*t*~

Roses.
Many of the Roses are now in flower.
June Roses, as a general fact, give the
handsomest flowers of that class of
plants ; but in a fortnight their beauty
is gone. Hence there is a general de-
sire to possess a class of roses which,
if not so beautiful as the June, will ex-
hibit their fine blossoms throughout the
season. This class embraces the China
Rose in all its varieties, and the Hardy
Perpetual. The China Roses, (and in
these are included the tea, noisette, and
bourbons,) when the plants are large
enough, blossom perpetually during the
summer and autumn. Many of this
class are tender, and will not survive
the winter out of doors. Others will
live in the ground, some with little, and
others with no protection. The I lardy
Perpetuals usually blossom twice or
three times during the season. These
are as hardy as June Roses, and show
handsomer flowers than the China Ro-
ses. Both of these classes of roses
can be purchased at the green houses
in all seasons, being grown in pot3.
There are none of them more beautiful

than the Duchess of Southerland, Sy-
donia , Prince West , Giant des Bat-
taites, Yoland de Oregon, and Baron

Provost.

-••>

Annual Flowers. — It is not yet too
late to sow annual flower seeds. The

following list will furnish many choice
varieties : Golden Bartonia, Portu-
tocca, Golden Coreopis, Elegant Clas-
kia, two-colored Colinia , Larkspur,
Eschotzia, Poppy, Candytuft, the Sul-
tans, Lupins, Nemomphila, Schizanthus,
Catchfly, Cypress Vine. Many others
can be found at the seed stores. The
Cypress Vine seed should be soaked in
warm water over night, before it is to be
planted.

Items from Correspondents.
A letter from A^erraillion County
says : " They are going to turn out
strong from this county to the Centralia
fair. Old Vermillion will be there in
goodly numbers."

From Rock Island County : We
think here of getting ten cars, and fitting
them up for companies to attend the
State Fair. There is quite as much in-
terest manifested in regard to the com-
ing State Fair here, as for any previous
fair. Some of us are curious to see
Southern Illinois."

From Pratt County: "The rains
have been tremendous. We cannot
plant corn for a fortnight, with the best
weather. The water, in some places,
stands in lakes on our prairies.''

From Hancock County : " Our
wheat is remarkably fine, but we are

bavins: too much rain."

Premiuu) Native Wines.

By advertisement, the Missouri Wine Uom—
pany of St. Louis oflPered six premiums, rang-
ing from §100 to $10, for the best pure native
wines of the vintage of 1857, in samples of not
less than forty gallons. These premiums wore
awarded on thi; 12th inst., at the rooms of the
Company.

Thero were uHsembled a great number of
geutlcmen, many of them wine growers and
dealers from various Western State.*.

Seventy-two samples were offered for the
premituns from the States of Missouri, Illinois,
Iowa, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, Indiana,
New York and Wisconsin.

The first promium of $100, was awarded to
Thomas 11. Yeatman, of Cincinnati.

The second iircmium of §50, was awarded *.o
John E. Mottier, of Cincinnati.

The th'rd premium of $40, was awarded to
Jacob Rommel, of IJcrruann; Mo., toi the A'ir-
giria seedling.

The fourth promium of $30, was awarded to
Francis George Kulm, of Hermann, Mo,

The fifth premium of $20, was awarded to
Mr. Haas, of Boonville, Mo.

And the last premium of §10, was awarded
to Heary Disque, of Burlington, Iowa.

Honorable mention was also made of the
vintage of peveral otbar growers. The judges
"wore highly gratified to find presented on this
occasion so many wines of superior excelleuce.
and feel now entirely satisfied that the Western

States will ere long successfully compete with
the finest wine districts of Europe, both as to
the quantity and quality of their wine."

—*

Years of floods.
An observing friend reminded us that
heavy rains and floods come upon this
country periodically — once in seven
years. There was a great flood in 1844,
(that deluged the American Bottom,)
all the western rivers were high, and the
waters out of their banks. The same
thing occurred in *51, though the floods
were not so extensive as in '44 ; and
again in '58. The Illinois river now
in some places looks like an arm of the
sea, and even our little home river
Sangamon could swim line-of-battle ships.
For some days, all the country bridges
across the river were impassable, and
there was no chance of crossing but up-
on the railroad bridges. These were

high beyond the floods.

«•»

fi^*Scveral car loads of wheat from Chicago
have been rejected in New York on account of
its being "damp, musty and dirty." Chicago
wheat is now quoted in New York city some 8
cepts per bushel lower than Milwaukie wheat.
Measures are being taken in Chicago to raise
the standard of merchantable wheat there.

COMMERCIAL.

Spring^field Market.— Mas' 28.

WUKAT— 60r4 60c %» b-i:
FLOUK— $4<g)4 50 '^ bbl;

C0RN-30C ?! bu;

CORN MKAL— 00c ^ bn;
KYE—

OATS— 25c -^ bu;
HKANS— 76(gijl^^ii;
BJIAN— 10c ti, bu; '
SHORTS— 50c ^, bu;
TIM. SEED— 1 50r<i'«2 ^bu;
MILLET— $2 2.5 t* bu:
CLOVER— $7 OG 'f*. bu:
POTATOES— 25cft-;40 y bu;
IIAV— S8 1^ tou;
TALLCW— S@10c-?lt.;
SaAP,fiAU— ti^o-^ lb;
CANDLES- 10(&Uc ti box;
COA r>— 12c '^ bu;

JooRSAL Ofhcb, May 28.

BUTTER— 15c@20c.
EGOS — 7^8c*».d&z;
LAKD-Sc ^ lb;

SUGAR— 7(p'iSc ^ lb;
COVFEE— 123^@13c¥ ft;
MOLASSES— &0c ^ gal;
SALT— $1 lb -fi Back;
SALT— $3 '#. bbl;
HONEY— 15c i^ lb;
ONIONS— $1 25 ^bu;:
MACKEKEL— 10@12>^, Ko. 1;
CODFISH— $5 75 'tS 100 lbs;
Al'l'LES— Green,?) ^ bu;
APPLES— Dried. $1 iiO%<bu:
WOOD— S4 V cord;
PEACIIE— Uried,$3 50 ^bu;
WHISKY— 1^ bbl 20@2o %>gal
VINEOAK- fi bbl, 12c f, gal;

BACON— Xew luims, lie r> Ih; nUOOMS- $1 50<a;2 £0 V doz;

'• country Sr, ronud; NAILS — $4 50^ keg.
BEESWAX^::0c 't*. lb; FEATIIEKS— 45c 'f, lb.

Chicago Markets.

SiTCKDAT EvEKisfl, May 22.
At tho opeuin;;, wlini! was firm at 04c, f. o. b., to wbich
ligure it lo.^ ■ last rwnin:,;, and ii cargo and 5,000 bu were
Euhl ut that btt'oro "Cljanj^c. iJui iiig 'Cbaiige, a decline of }/j
tolc waaniade, with salcH of a nuniberof car loaUB and par-
Olds aggrugiit h- ol.OOO bu at OlgOl^c .ii store, and a cargo
at CV,]'.^r. f. 1). b. Some .-iale^ of extra were made at C3@63J^c,
aud o.uoo buto fill outaciirg'i In particular warehouse at tile.
The market closed quiet at Jjlgijlj/j-i in store. Flour 8«ill

dull, with small siiKs of extra'at former raK*:; 60 bblg Sho-
pif.r Wifconsin choice at $3 50 ; 50 bljls City Mills Buperliiie
at $2 S2, and bS bbls A((ueduc* ou private terms.
Some Uo.OOo or 24,000 bu corn were received, but very little

rea'.l.' prime amoiigotit. Salee of a bo.-it load iufer.or mixed
river at 37J^]c afloat; 2 do yellow aud mixed pri^ne river at
al^'^c afloat ; and Houie 3,C00 bu No. 2 Railroad ut 'iiT]/!,, 39@
ioc in store. Some K,50iJ bn oats were picked up at 26c in
store, at which the demand i.^ luir. No change in rye or bar
Icy. High wines are mm at 17c fur 60 aud 10(1 bbl lots in
good packages.

The new clip of wool ha« not begun to come iu, and trans-
actions in wool are coufiui d to amall lots of pulled wool,
which kcIIh at 25(3;'2Gc lor sujicr and extra weighed together.
Cattle Mauket — Mat 22.

The 4kttle narket is tolerably lively, and a good many sales
were fflaile a' orange of f.om $y to §4 "^^ 100 lbs, $3 2t(a,3 76
beicg tho usual rates. A large proportion were ijouglit for
shipment to New Y'ork. Hot:t> were also iu good demand, and
sold at $4@.4 60 t^ 100 tbs live weight, equal to $5@5 62 nett.
Good sheep are in demand. There are so few sold that it is
dilticult to |;ive r»lial<le quotatious. Some sell at $5@S 26
each, but thi-y were very line uuiiuals

::s^^

^^■-

THE ILLINOIS FA.RMEK.

95

St. £.culs ntarket— May 22.

FLOtJR — Dull, with only a few limited sales, inclnding SO
bags extra at $1 95 ; 75 bbls on its merits at $3 60, delivered,
and 25 bbls extra at $4 50. Nothing transpired in city,
though we understand that $3 75 was oifered for June de<
livery.

WHEAT — Supply oifering was limited, and the market
quiet. Sales to-day compri<e 150 bags spring from 61 to 6Sc;
100 bafl;« choice dab at 65c; 185 bags good fall at 80@83c, and
51 bags prime at 90c; also, P32 bags club at 68@70c, and 308
bags choice do at 77c, including bags.

CORN— Inactive. Sales 532 bags mixed and yellow at 42J^
<^44c; 117 bags fair white at 48c, and 300 bags choice do at
55c.

OATS — Supply offering small, and markst unchanged.
Sales comprise 259 bags at 42c. part delivered, and 189 bags
on private terms,

RY£— 25 bags sold at 58c.

BACON — Market firm, with a good demand for country
aides at quotations. Sales comprise 6 caskP country should-
ers at5^c, and 32 casks clear sides in lots at 6}4°- Also of
city 10 casks shoulders at 6^c; 20 casks ribbed sides at 8^c,
and 20 casks clear sides do at 9c

LARD — The only sale noted was of 100 kegs choice leaf,
to fill an order at 13c.

WHISKY— Market firm, with sales of 127 bbls in lots at
17V^':, cash, and 30 bbls at 18c, currency.

JaiDFS— Dry flint active at 14@14i^c, and green salt at 6
@6i4c.

Wool — Sales 2 bales unwasbed at 19c.

Live Stock Marker— May 22.

BiLLTiLU YarBs. — Market for cattle rather brisk, with a
light supply on sale; prices unchanged since last week.
Butchers pay for good to choice 6-% to 7c ; for ordinary to
feir, 6 to ej/^c net ; common, 2}^ to 3c, gross. There are sev-
eral droves to arrive In a day or two, and the market will be
easy^for purehasers, owing to a light demand for shipping
South.

HOOS — In light demand at prices ranging from 4 to 5^c
npt.

SHEEP — But few arriving and in fair demand for sheared
sheep at $2 to $3 perhead, according to quality.

COWS AND CALVES— Demand is fair at $18 to $40 per
head, as to quality. Thuse suitable for shippins sell readily
at fair rates.

Tlie Wool Trade.

New Tore. — Since our last report, sales of Domestic have
been somewhat limited, and we have only to notice about
10,000 lbs Fleece and 15,000 lbs Pulled at our quotations,
and about 10,000 fbs California Unwashed Fleece on private
terms. Foreign continues very quiet. — V. & Economist.

Boston. — The market for fleece Wool remains without
change, with a steady demand for lots as wanted by manu-
facturers at our quoted rates. Pulled Wool continues in re-
quest^nd as the demand for some weeks past has been fully
equal to the supply, there is a firmer feeling, altbOUgb QO

change in prices to notice. The sales have been 100,000 Sis

fleece and pulled at our quoted rates. In foreign Wool there

has been a good business doing, the transactions of the week

comprising some considerable lots of Cape and otUer kinds.

We notice sales of 130 bales Cape and a large lot of do. the par-
ticulars of which are not public; 70 bales South American and
Mediterranean, and 320 bales East India at previous prices.

About 50,000 lbs Texas Wool have been sold on terms we did
not learn — SlUpping List.

Philadelphia. — The market has been extremely dull, man-
ufacturers manifesting no disposition to purchase except to
supply their immediate wants, and there is a general UDwil-
linguoss to operate, both dealers and manufacturers holding
back for the new clip, which will commence coming forward
in five or six weeks. The advices from Europe by the Van-
derbilt end Persia are unfavorable, noting a decline in Lon-
don within the week, of 6 c. per ffi». _^;
Among the sales were —

14 000 fi)8 fine at 45c. cash.

13,000 B)s do ^ 45c. cash.

5,000 B)s do 42J^. cash.

5,000 lbs % and ]4 blood 40c. cash.

5,000 B)s Lambs pulled 27@31c. cash.

10,000 R»s Merino pulled 33c.4mos.

5,000 fts No.l pu'i.ed 28c. cash.

20,000 8)s Sante Fe - J16c. cash.

Baltimore. — Wool is still quiet. The new clip is beginning
to arrive, but the receipts of it have as yet been light. New
unwashed Wool is selling at 16@18c. per ft). We quo*e Wool
as before, viz : at 18@19c. for unwashed; 25@30c. for tub
washed; 19@24c. for No. 1 pulled; 23@27c. for pulled meri-
no; 23@27c. for common fleece ; 28@32c. for quarter to half
blooddo.; 32@3dc.forhalf tothree-qaarterblot ddo.; 35®40c.
for three-quarter t > full blood do., and 41@43c. for extra
Wool.

B. B. TaJjOYO,

OrriCE ON NORTH FIFTH STREET, OVER J. RATDUR.N'S.

A DENTAL PRACTICE OF FliTEEN YEARS WARRANTS
him in saying that all operations shall be carefully and
neatly performed. He is in possession of several premi-
ums and diplomas awarded by the best institutes for the pro-
motion of science and arts in the country.

Tetth inserted, from one tooth to full sets, as substantial
and hf ndsome as can be had m any city of the United States
or Jiurope. Artificial palate plates inserted, supplying the
want cr loss of the palate, velum and would, so as to restore
articulation.

Refer to Frof. David Gilbert, Pennsylvania College of Med-
icine, Philadelphia; Hon. J. S. Black, WashinRton City; Rev.
Dr. Harkey, Illinois University ; Drs. Helm, Ryan and Wal-
lace: Jtessrs. Jacob Loose, J. S. Condell, J. H. Gray, Fossel-
man, Owen, Corneau & Diller.

June, 1857.

TABIDS OF CONTENTS.

Fair Day 81

North American sheep 81

Sowing Grass Seed 83

Taxation..... 83

Spare the birds 84

Trial ot plows at the fair. .84
Derre's two-horse breaking

plows 84

Give ui work 84

What can be done 84

Chinese Sugar Cane... ......85

Domestii recipes.. ....85

Events, speculations on the

future, Ac 86

Beans, peas, oabbaget , Ac...87

Impositions 87

Cabbages 87

The cut-worm 87

Beans 87

Culture of peas. 87

Editorial Items.... 88

Theseaaon 89

The next sugar crop 80

Grafters go

Apple tree lice 90

Young orchards 90

Evergreens.. 90

Chinese Sagar Cane 91

The Mangnel Wurtzell 92

Low prices ...92

Grape eoltnre in MiBsoari..92

Grapes 92

Children in the flower gar-
den 93

The circus — the flower gar-
den 92

If agriculture declining in

theU.B 93

Roses 94

Premium Native Wines. . . .94

The Markets 94

Advertisements ...4 95

Advertiaemecti....^......96

The J^auny JPrize ! , .^ <

WHAT FARMER WItl. WIN IT?

Thankful for tho patronage extended te us, and wishing to
promote the intereste ©f the Farmers who have done so much
for us, we have presented one of our Fully Improved Ma-
chines to the

Illlaois State Agricultural Society,

To be given as a prize for the

BEST WHEAT FIELD.

CotUeU open to all Farmers.

THE CI.EVEI.AND WOOI. DEFOT,

ESTABLISHED IN THE WINTER OF
1854, has been in operation over fonr years, during
which period, though its progress has been impeded by the
adverae years of 1854 and 1857; the practicability of the plan
has been clearly demonstrated. That tho house affords su-
perior advantages to the WOOL GROWERS OF THE WEST,
as a medium for passing their wools into the hands of the
manufacturer, is now no long' r a question. But although
a very largo number of Wool Growers have availed them-
selves of these advantages during the last fonr years, yet,
surprising as it may appear to many, our receipts hare been
larger from Merchants and Wool-buyers than from Wool-
growers, and this may be accounted for mainly from the fact,
that, as a class. Wool-growers have been more easily influen-
ced and misled than the former, by the statements of a ftw
operators who are wholly opposed to all efforts having ibr
their object the systematizing of the wool trade, or the en-
hancement of prices to the producer.

The past year, characterized as it has been by the most dis-
astrous financial embarrassments, has been one of the most
unfortunate for negotiating and managing sales of wool, and
the fact that the enterprise has been remarkably successful,
notwithstanding these disadvantages, and given almost uni-
versal satisCKtion to consignors, should, we think, inspire
su£Scient confidence to induce large consignments from wool
growers.

To those who have been prejudiced by false rumors, and
who have manifested a want of confidence we have frequent-
ly made advances equal to the price they have been offered
for their wool. Such advances, however, should not be re-
quired, as the enterprise was started for their benefit, and
this object has beep steadily kept in riaw, and we hope the
encouragement will be such as to enable us to continue our
efforts. Indeed, wool-growers, particularly the present year,
cannot afford to do withont such infinence and facilities as
this house can exteid to them.

This year must be a peculiarly f«rarable one for wool-
grower.s to test the merits of the Wool Depot System, and we
hazard nothing in assuring those who arc disposed to consism
to us, that they will avail themselves of

BETTER PRICES
than they can obtain by any other method, and would, wa
trust, become permanent friends of the enterprise.
At this House, the

WOOL IS CLOSELY CLASSIFIED!

Into different styles and grades, thus rendering it more at-
tractive to the manufacturer, who frequently does not wish
to purchase mixed lots. Here he can obtain the particular
grade of wool adapted to the quality of goods he manufac-
tures, and can thus afford to

Fizy 3 to 6 cenU a pound more

Than under the old system of employing agents and sub-
agents to canvass the country to procure his stock. Here he
can find uniform grades, which are so WELL KNOWN te
Eastern Manufacturers, that the only 'expense attending
their buying is a letter or telegraph dispatch, ordering any
particular grade and quantity.

10S.TO those who wish to consign Wool to us, we will for-
ward Sacks, by express or otherwise, numbered and marked
so that no other direction would be required to have the Wool
rf<ach us.

WOOL TWINE

For tieiug up Wool, will be sent to those ordering, at mann-
fJEtcturers' prices.

To show our confidence in the future Wool Marl-el, we pr»<
pose to make more liberal

Casb Advances

than heretofore, if desired.

Hoping to receive a more extended patronage from the
wool-growers and merchants of the west, we promise undivi-
ded attention to their interests, and remain
Very truly, Ac.

GOODALE A CO.
Cleveland, May 25-wlm-F2t*

^ TO FJtMtJfrJEMtS^

FOR SALE— CORN PLANTERS, REAP-
ers and Mowers, vaoious kinds, drills, various kinds,
threshers, plows, and almost every other agricultural imple-
ment, may FRANCIS & BARRELL.

HRESHERSAND MOWERS AND REA-

pers, for sale by FRANCIS A BARRELL.

ARROT AND MANGUEL WUKTZEL j

Seed, for raising food for stock, for sale by
m»y22 FRANCIS & BARRaLL.

Taicott, JEmersan A tJo,^

SCCCESSOBS OF

MANNY d{ CO.,

ROCKFORD, ,Iw,iKois

Manufacturers of '
JOHN H. MANNY'S

REAPER AND MOWER

COMBINED,
AND SINGI^E MOWER.

GREA TL Y IMPE O VED FOB 1 858.

Which received the

GOLD MEDAL

Of the UNITED STATES AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY, for
being the

Best Combined Machiue iu America !

After a trial oCover a week, in competition with 40 other
Machines, at Syracsse, in July last.

PRICES, (besides h-eight, for two-horse Machine, $135 00
Cash; or $J50 cash, with notes for $50. due Nov. 1st, and $45

due January Ist For four-horse machines, $10 more.

mayi-fonnerSm . , . ■■■■'-: - _ _

THB ' ■"■
STOCKSIIvI, <k HUME

Patent W*nE.MT

rs NOW OFFERED TO THE

Mfrill

FARMERS

of lllinoit. This drill distributes the seed by the turning

of the axle — and is the only Drill in the market which will
■ow the same quantity to the rod whether traveling fj^t op
tloio. All slide drills will sow slower as they travel/a.?fcr, so
will all drills which wipe over the space through which the
seed passes.

Price for drill with grass seeder, $70 eas7t, or $75, $40 cash,
$35 Ist of January, 1 859. Without seeder $65 cash, or $40 on
delivery and $30 on the 1st of January, 1859.

Orders left with Francis & Barrel. Springfield, Ills., or di-
rected to M Grant, Dayton, Ohio, will receive prompt atten-
tion. Every drill is warranted.

ta-We challenge competition ...^j' mayl-FarSm

WHITEI^EY'S SEIiF-RAKING

RE.HPBR *SiJYMP JfiOJWER^

THE BEST MACHINE IN USE.

THIS IS THE ONLY PERFKCT COM-
bined machine for ail purposes in existence, being a
perfect self-raker, and unlike most others, can 1n 5 minutes
time, be changed to a complete lian:I raker, and can also be
changed in 15 miautes to a mower, which has no superior
for cutting grass. It will not clog in any kind ol" grsss or
grain; it has no side draft nor weight on the horses neckf,
therefore it is the lightest running machine in use. All
machines warranted to give satisfaction. Francis & Barrel),
agents, SpringSeld, Illinois.

All letters of information or orders, address Amos White-
ley, general agent, Bl'jomlngton, Illinois Box 591.

May 1, tf.

Bostou Blue Seed Potatoes.

WE SH4.LL HAVE A SUPPLY
these choice potatoes for planting, for pale,
marl FRANCIS 4 BARRELL.

CF

v«-

' ' ■'«.i-^i''t'?r

^■<'

96

THE ILLINOIS F^KMER.

B. F. FOX,

. f. Wholesale aud Retail Dealer lu Hardware,

IN ALL ITS VARIOUS BRANCHES, HAS NOW IN STORE
one of the largest and beat asoortments cf goods in bis lino
•rer offered in thl« market. Importing many Btyles of Kng-
lish goods direct, and purchasing his Araerican goods of the
manufacturers at the lowest (cftsli) prices, he is enabled to
offer merchants and consumers goodsat the lowest prices, and
•n as favorable terms as any house crwt or west. His stock
•rabraces a very largo and complete assortment of

Agricultural Tools and Implements ! j

•f the latest and most improved kinds and qualities. Heap-
TS, Mowers, Straw Cutters, fledfie Trimmers, Sickles,
Grass arid I tuning ffuoks, Cradlrji, Scythes, Snatlis,
Fbrks, Hoes, Shovels, Scoops, ^z«s(all kinds and makes),
Picks, Mattocks, Fan Mills, Seed Separators and TUreshivy Ma-
chines.

HOUSE FURNISHING & BUILDERS WAREHOUSE.

Large and complete assortment of Locks, Latclies, BtUt^, Ifin-
§es, Screws, Bolts, Brads, Nails. Tit] MM INGS— great variety

Carpenter^s and Builder's Tools I

Planes, Saws, Chisels, Augers, Braces, Bitts, Ih-awing Knivis,
Squares, Trowels, Bevils, Hatchets, Jlammers, Adzes, Burik
tnd Broad Axes, Boreing Machines, Gould's and Str^itoe's
Morticing Machines, Piles, d-c.

Blacksmith's Tools.

Bellows, Anvils, Vuxs, Screw Plates, Tuiigs, Horse Xnih; H'Vfe
Shoes, Buttresses, ttc.

COOPER'S TOOLS.

Fine assortment. Knives, Hooks, Planes, dr..

A very large stock and assortment of Wostcnholiirs Butcli-
•r'sandotbei's, Table, Po«ket, Pen, Butcher and Shui<. Knives,
Razors, Shears, Cissors, Carvers, rf«. Great variety.

GUNS, PISTOL,S,
Gun Trimmingsand Moiiniings,singleanddouhlebarreUed En-
glish attd German Rifles, Pistols of groat variety, togi-tlior
with a general assortment of goods usually kept in a Hardware
■tore.

8 A tF- 8

Every variety, mill, cross cut and circular, from three inches
to sixty inclusive, furnished at mannfacturers prices.

Saddlery Hardware and Carriage Trimmings.

In this branch of my business, I am enabled to extend to |
■addlers and carriage makers unusual facilities, being supplied
direct from the manufacturers. Goods in this line come to me '
at extraordinary low prices. My stock embraces all varieties: \
Buckles, Ferrets, Ornaments, Roseates, Rings, Snaffles, Uitts, '.
Punches, Webbing, Self-AiUusting and Dennison Trets, Sad- ^
dlcr's Silk, Slioe, T/iree-Ourd and Fitting Thread.

Carriage Trimmings.

Brass and Silver J'laled, Screw Front Bands and J'laled Screw ;
Front Mail Bands, Coach Handles, Curtain Frames, Tailed i
Collars, Patent and Enamelled Leather, Enamelled Muslin,
Duck and Drill, Rubl>er dUh, Oarriagt Bows, Peer and Curled \
Hair, Patent Leatlier and Rubber Belting, Hemp and Rubbir
packiiig.
<^ Orders promptly filled and forwarded. )

May 1st, 1867. B. F.IOX. !

HORSE BILLS

PROMPTLY AND NEATLY PRINTED j

AT TBI

jrofmjv^jb OFFICE,

SPRINGFIELD ILLINOIS

NOTICE.
To the Raisers of Flue Horses.

THE THOROUGH BRED HORSE YOUNG I
BARNTON, imported by the Illinois Importing Com- :
pauy, will commence his first season the 15th of March, at :
the stable of John C. Crowder, 2 miles west of Springfleld, '
Illinois, and to prevent complaints we give timely notice '
that hi will be limited t» 4() nxires, and as there has perhaj^
been that number partially < n^iged, we would Iii-n- s .y tl i
Domare will beconsidered fii^a);ed ontilaparti't' Mil iiio;,. ,
is paid. Having acquired a character at home ui>il al'inmi - '
having sold for $5,050 — having taken the {.WO premiiUH at
the St. Louis Fair last Fall, from the beat ring of ilorses (ad- :
mitted by Judges) that was ever exhibited in the western i
country — in fact he acknowledges no superior in the United ]
States. The terms will perhaps be $75 cash; pasture for
mares from a distance gratis. Bills and pnrtirulars in due
time. JOHN C. CKOWUKR & CO.

N. B — The thorough-bred Imported Horse, Barnton, will
be exhibited at Calef £ Jac(.by's sale, on the 23d day of
March, aud perhaps one-fifth interest offered for sale.

Will stand at the stable of the subscriber, in addition >o
Imported Barnton, Sida ilamttt, by Andrew Harnett, tlint
only needs to bo sjon to be admired, having taken the pre- I
mium over 40 horses at luc ^tato Fair last I'all. AIho, Ac-
teoo, by Imported Acteou. Believing the raising uf fine '
horses the most profitable business the Farmer can engage
in. I hope they will take the necessary pains to select the I
ri^ht sort of horses to breed frcm. I have had considerable j
experience in the borso business, aud am confident that I can
offer the public abetter stud of horses, suited to the wants of
pU, than can bo found at any stable in Illinois; aud to test |
the thing. I would suggest that we have a general show of j
horses and brood mares with their colts, at some suit-ible |
time, say the 2d Saturday in April, and the owners ni° horses |
give the services of their horses to tlie best brood mares, Ist;
2d and 3d. What say you gentlemen.

JOHN C CROWDER.

febl4 w3m-&rmer. (Reg copy w 3m.)

THE ILLINOIS

JfMutual Fire Insurance Co,

LOCATED AT ALTON ILLINOIS.

CHARTERED FEB. 23, 1839. ORGANIZED APRIL 4. 1839.

Amount of prcmmm notes in force February

l.< 1856, constituting a fnnd for the

payment of Losses,

$800,000.00,

Secured by n lien on property insured, valued
at over

$9,000,000!

'piIIS company insures dwellingSjStore.s, warehouses, iiianu-
X factories, mills, barns, 8table>> aud the coiuouts of each,
together with every other similar species of property withiu
the State, from

LOSS OR DAMAGE BY FIRE!

Tlio Directors feel ju.'ftified in rccomin.'iidins this couipauy t..
the favornblo consideration of tlio citiz< iis of Illinois. Kvi ry
one insured becomes a member, the company bein^ an ii>-
sociation of customers— each of whom is concerned in in-
suring his neighbor. As the indcninilication fund uugmeuts
in exact ratio with the increase of ri.sk.s, the capital of the
company it comparatively exhaustless; mid the eutiro safety
of the institution must l>o ajiparuut to evtrv one who reads
the chorter.

The cost of insuring in this company i.s so low, as to rcndiT
it almost inexcusable for the owiu rs of in.sui-ablo property
not to avail themselves of its protection.

BOARD OF DlKECTOKSi.

Lthau TRL'SIBILL,
Benj. F. Lo.no,
KoBERT Smith
Timothy Turner,
M. 0. At wool),

L. liELLIINBKRlaKR,
.\l.KRED Dow,

i;e:«j. K. Hart,
Joii.N Uailhache,
John Atwood,

KUAS iilRuART).

.Samuel Wai>e,
John James,
IIe.nrv Lea,

.N'ATU'L UA.NSO.V.

BKX.JAMIN V. LONG, President.
Lewis KELLSNDERdEa. Treas. M. 0. Atwood, Scc'y.

i8S~ An Agent for tliis Compauy may be fouiul in almost
every Couniy of tlio State.

J^f Application for insurance niav be made to

JA.MLS L. HILL, A^^ut,
April 1, 1857. at Springlield.

sT^n conjy ^hiijE^

For Griudlng^ Corn, Cob, Hominy or Meal ajid
I General Stock Feed.

WE DELIVER THIS MILL AT AXY
j)uint, or from our wagons, that run through tliBilif-
feront parts of the country, at the manufacturer's retail i«:ice,
which is, for the mill complete. $tJO.

Orders, or letters of imiuiry should bo addressed lo

HUNT, I'YKK & Co., Springfield, in.

We need but say that where the Slur Mill has been rrs^fd. it
has gained credit beyond ail other Mills <iow in use; and tlio
farmer only needs to see and try it in order to becoai<> con-
vinced that it is perfect in its arrangement from the fact that
it grinds green as well as old ccjrn, (corn and cob passins:
through it together.) which no otlicr.Mill will do. i'arniers
and stock-growers can save from .'iO to 40 bushels of corn in
each 100 by the use of this Mill; (at least we have Bcrtilicates^
to that effect.) Persons having onco experienced its benefit,
will never return to the wasteful practice of feeding corn in
the ear.

It will undoubtedly make good meal of shelled corn for fam-
ily use.

The Millgrinds from twelve to twenty buiihels per hour,
and makes an easy draft for two horses.

We can produce first premiums, diplomas, and recommen-
dations too numerous to mostiou.

For full particulars, references and description of Mills, see
circulars.

N. B.— Persons cau be supplied with a '-'tar Mill, and also
jee one in operation bv tailing at the Agricultural Store of

FRANCIS .t nARRK:.L,

Jan 1, 1858 Authorized Agents.

B.S. WILSON, ) . f rrifUMv f J. T. JOHNSON.
E.AV. BROWN, i •^- ■ ^"iJ"^"'^. \3. v. HOPKlXf.

BROWN, GODDIN & CO.

WHOLESAliE GROCEHS .VM)

Comaiissicn Merchants,

NO. 62 SECOND STREET, '

St. Iiouis, AIo. j

Speci-irattentl 'u given to the sale of Uraiu end Cuuuiry 1
Produce.' f3m J. E. D. j

llUnois Central Hail Road

liANDS FOR SAtE.

THE ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD
Company invites the attention of Agricnltuialists and
Farmers to the fertile lands adjacent to their Road, which
are offered for sale upon low terms, aud long credit at low
rates of interest.

It is the policy and wish of tho Company to sell all their
lands to actual settlers; and no inducement is offered to
speculators; in fact none will be sold on long credit, without
the distinct obligation of cultivation.

Illinois occupies the most central position of the Western
States, and compii-'C'S the mo-it fertile aeotion of the belt of
land extending from the Atlantic ixcan to the Missouri
River, and including New Yoik, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Ohio. Indiana, fllincia, Michigan; Wisconsin, Iowa and
Northern Missouri.

Unlike the States Nort h of us, the prodnctioDS are not
checked by rigorous winters,— nor is the heat of summer
oppressive. Tlie lauds West ot the .Missoiiri River gradually
and rapidly decrease in fertility, till they Mend with the
(ireat Americ.in Plain, and being chiefly, if not solely adapt-
ed to grazing, can never compete with those of this State.

The lauds bordering upon the IMissouriand Kansas Rivers,
and upon the liiieFof the proposed roadsin Iowa, have been
tiiken up, aud are now selling at from $10 to $15 per acre,
although settlers have to pay heavy freights npon the trans-
portation of their agricultural tools, furniture aud goods;
and when theirerops are produced, Ihe extra cost of trans-
portation to Eastern markets exceeds the coat of produc-
tion.

Lookiug to the future growth of our country, this State,
which coinbincu «hii most favorable temperature with the
richest soil and lucst healthy climate, will for all time be the
great grain producing district. It is full of mineral wealth
such as Coal, Irou, Lead, Limestone, Ac, and has already the
advantages of churches and scbools, of population, and of
the investment of capital. Moreover, there is scarcely a
county in Illinois which has not a supply of timber. The
southern section of the St*te includes at lea«t 2,000,000 acres
of the best quality of timber land; and the extensive pineries
in adjoining States, accessible by the Lakes, fnruish Chicago
with an immen "Miuantity oftimber and lumber amounting
in 1856, to 400.000,000 teel.

lUinoisesiiecinliy during the last ten years, has been rap-
idly developtnp her resources. The population is now abont
1,500.000 and eitrhty millions of dollars have been expended
for Railroads; which, with the waters of the Misilssippi,
Illinois River, the Michigan Canal and Lake communications
afford cheap and convenient means for the transportation of
her products to every market. About one million acres of
the Company's lands have already been sold, and many
fiourishing villages evince ho rapidly increasing prosperity
of the country. Such is the facility aiid economy with which
these lauds caa be cultivated, that in two years farmers can
readily surround themselves with all the comforts of old set-
tled farms in the Eastern States; and such is their fertiliey
and productiveness, that property purchased at from $6 to
$30 per acre at six years' credit and three per cent, interest,
can be fully paid for within that time, together with all the
costs ofiraprovements,by ordinary industry, from the profits
of the crops.

Although it is evident that lauds in the vicini'y of railroads
in Illinois will advance to $50 or even $100 per acre within
ten years, yet the interests of this Company are more advan-
ced by placing their property in the hands of farmers, to set-
tle the country, relying upon the business ofthe road for its
chief profit, aud to enable it to discharge its obligations ;to
the State. Tlitso considerations induce the policy of rapid
sales, which hrvo been progressing and increasing for two
years past, and will bo pursued till the lands are finally
disposed of. No encouragement is given to speculative pur-
chasers, as the Company does not wish to dispose of any of
its lands except for rctual settlement and cultivation It is
evident, therefore, that the best interests of settlers can no-
where bo us well pionioted as by purchasing and settling
up(m these lands
For iuftrmatiou as to price, terms, etc. apply to

JOHN WILSON
Jy29-dw0m Land Comm^I. C.R. R.Co., Chicago, 111.

KUHNS & HAINES'

PRFJflMWJJfl nniljIjS!

THE BEST NOW IN USE.

Sweet Potato Plants. j

WE WILL HAVE THEM IN THE PRO- '
per season, for sa'o by the hundred or thousand, at [
fair pri'-cs; (See advertiscmeut of early Nansemond potatoes) i
fob! FRANCIS & BARREL, j

ri-^HIS DRILL TOOK THE TWO FIRST

J. Premiums at the late State Fair of Illinoih. held at
Peoria; also' at the £tate Fairs of Wir-consin and Ohio. This
Drill will sow Wheat, Ri/e. Oats, Barley, Buckwheat, Rice,
Hemp, flax, VimMAy, cVorer and Milkt Seed, without any
v,hange of fixturc^i; can be r-gulated in one minute to sow
any (juHntity or kiud of Seed. Warranted fordniability and
workmanship.

Uo'dand responsible agents wanted in every county in the
State Civculai J sei-t to anv address. Those wanting drills
ohould order early. ' Apply to

B. KUHNS A CO.,

TO8r2Cran.wlt Springfield, Illinois.

't 'r'

^1

YOL. III.

SPEIiS'GFIELD, JULY, 1858.

NO. 7.

BRACELET,

RAISKD KY JAMES N. HHOWN,
BKRLIN, ILL.

Bracelkt is a roan; wa.s cal-
ved June 2G, 18o2; got by Van-
dal, (2,005.) 1st dam, Miss
Bowers, Ity Accident, (191;) 2d
daui. Beauty, by Acoomnioda^
tion, (2.907;) od dam. Poll, by
a son of Tccumseh, (5.409;)
5th dam, by Teciiiiiseli, (5.400.)

]3racklkt won tlie firnt jjrize
at the State Fair at Springfield,
for two year old heifer, in 2854,
and at Chicairo, for three year
old, in 1855, and at the Sanga-
mon and ^iorgan County Fairs
.she won the iirst prize in 1855.

«.»^^w?

It

valuable grain is

Maize, or Indian Corn.
is said that the native country of this
not determined. It was
found in cultivation among the Indians on
the first discovery of America. It vras un-
known to the ancient Greek and Roman
wi'iters, and it is not mentioned by the ear-
lier travelers in Persia, China, India and
other parts of Asia, and Africa, and who
were minute in describing the productions
of the countries they visited. The clram
that it came originally from India or the
Western coast of Africa, is not well sustained.
There is corn now found in Africa, but the
probabilities are in favor of the seed having
been furnished from this continent. Re-
cently it has been noticed in a wild state.
In the Rejwrt of one of the Railroad Ex-
ploring Expeditions across this continent^ it
is stated that the Maize or Indian corn was
thus found. It was a pexfect 43orn, but each
kernel was inclosed in a husk. We have
seen this variety. It was said to have been
brought originally from the Rocky Moun-
tain region. Cultivation often materially
changes the appearance of a plant, seed or
root. Our apples, plums, cherries, peaches,
and other fruits were originated from wild
fruits; our potatoes, from a hard, unpalatable

tvber-, of the size of a hickory nut; our cab-
bage from a plant of four leaves; our beauti-
ful roses and other double flowers, from
flowers having but a single row of petals.
There is no reason to suppo.se that our pre-
sent numerous varieties of Indian corn could
not be produced by high cultivation from
the wild corn of the Rocky Mountains.

We give below a history of tlu' uisci.Tcr^'-
and cultivation of corn in etui^. tunes in
Virginia. It was an important article of
food to the natives, and subsequently to the
occupiers of their soil. The pilgrims found
this corn among the Indians on tlieir arrival
at Plymouth. In passing about the countrjf,
they discovered where it was cached in the
earth for safe keeping, and many times they
would have suffered for food but for supplies
of corn. In the article below, we give the
history of its i:ulture in Virginia. \Ve have
ransacked the books we have at hand in
vain to find something of its cultivation In
early days in New England. All we know
is, that eeed was obtained from the natives, —
that the natives taught the whites how to
grow the corn, and that it has been regarilod
as a most important crop from that daj' to
the present.

It is a peculiarity of this grain that it will

produce varieties that A'HII acco3umutUil«
; themselves to any latitude from the eijuator

to 55° North or South on this continent.
' It jn'oduces, with high cultivaticm, as nit^uy
; bushels cf grain to tlie aere in Vermont r.s it
' docs in Viruinia It fuvnislics a chea^i,
: dcsira])le and nnrriiiotis food; and. no grain is
I .so Valuable for all purposes of feeding upon
' the i:\vm. A lo.^s of the crop would be felt

an :i ;_i-eat di'sa'^tor, tlic cfiects oi which vould
: not passavray for years.

• IXDIAN CORN-^ITS EARLY IU5:T0aY IN

I ■ ■ . r?;^ viiiGiK-r.'.. " _ -

In the year 1G<'^9, Capt. Smith, ifi reprisal
for injuries* done by the In(''ian3, ^'t-ook two
savages prisonei's, called Kiini'Styni Tussore,
the two most exact villaius in all the coun-
try." Not long after this the supplies of
English grain being fouud much damaged by
mould and rats, '•'thir; did drive us all to our
wit's end, for there was iiotiiing in the coun-
try but what n^.ture sifTurded. lentil this
time Kemps and Tu^'^or; were fettered pris-
oners and did double task, ^avA taught us how
to orcir.' aid plaiit car ftrhl: ; who now, for
want of victual, we set at lil'crty, but so well
they liked o'ar companies that they did not

'^^-■■- -W'-

*

i^^'W-V**,'

^)8

THE ILLINOIS FA.IIMER.

desire In %o from us." ''Thirty or forty
acre'; wo (I'kJ'JI'I and planted.'' — I., 224, 227.
Wliat tljat inetliodwas lie explains elsewberc,
^'When spcakin;^- "of tlie fruits planted by the
natives." "The greatest labor they take is
in planting their corn, lor the country
ntitiu'ally is overgrown with Avood. To pre-
pare tTie ground they hniisc the hark of the
Ircca near ihr ronlii, thfu do thcij i^corrh the
loots with pre /hat the^ e/roic no more.'^
This eustoui of theirs it probably was, that
sug,L''Cstod to our ancestors the ' proecs.s of
heft in;/ or gir<Uing, which killed the larger
trees ])y cutting throu<i;li the sap-wood, caused
the fall of spi'ay and lesser branches, and
lower branches, and thereby ;)dniitt(ul the
sun and air to the crop cultivated in their in-
tervals— a practice which, a,s compared with
the method of clearing off the entire growth,
enables the settler of new lands to increase
the area of virgin'soil under culture in more
than geometrical ratio; Avhich has kept pace
with our ever advancing frontier, and which
more than any other has enabled the white
race "to enter in and possess the good land
which lay bclbre tlicjn." — (See, also, IJever-
ly,p. ISO.)

"The next year," continues .*^niith, "with
a crooked piece of wood they beat (dig) up
the weeds by the roots, and in that mould
they plant tlieir eoru. Their nianner is this :
Tlicy make a hole in the earth with a stick,
and into it they put four grains of wlieat
(maize) and two o^heatm. 'J'hese holes they
make four jVet one from another. Their
womau and children do continually keep it
with weeding, and when it grows middle-high,
thcij hUl it about like a hop-yard. In April
they begin to plant, but their chief planta-
tion is iu May, and so continue till the midst
of Jixne. ^^'hat they jtlant in Ajiril they
reap in August; lor May in 8ci)tcniber, for
June in October. Every stalk of tlieir corn
conimonit/ bcareth two cari>, some three, sel-
dom any four, many but one, and some none.
Every ear ordinarily hath betwixt two hun-
dred and live iiundrcd grains. The stalk
being green hath a sweet juice in it, some-
what like a sugar-cane; which is the cause
that when they gather their corn green, they
suck the stalks : for as we gather green peas,
SO do they their corn, being green, which
excelleth their old. They plant also peas
they call (isscntamemi, which are the same
they call in Italy, Fa</ioIi. Their beans are
the same the Turks call (/((/-/(rnKvv.s, but these
they much esteem for dainties." "In May
also amonijAt their coni they 'p\a\itj)ii))>j)eo)is,
and a fruit like unto a muskmelon; but less
and worse, which Jiey call macocks. These
increase exceedingly, ripen in the beginning
of July, and continue until September." — 1.
12G-7.

It is known to the curious that this method
was substantially ado})ted by the first planters
and continueu without material alternation by
their successors, until near the close of the
last century. It is fair to infer that the prac-
tice of sohxliiuj Seed corn from stalks ichirh
produced more than one car was known to
the Indians. iMr. J. M. Garnett, who obser-
ved it himself, and often urged it on others as
a dictate of the principle, that "like will pro
duce like,'' ascribes its first use in this age U
Mr. Joseph Cooper, of New Jersey.

The several points of iDlanting in squares,

to

at four feet distance, and hilling them after-
wards; of planting heans or jicas in the same
place that their vines might be supported by
the stalks, or pumpkins, that might shade
the ground and keep it moist, were also reli-
giously imitated by the colonists. But that
which was wise in the Indians, with their
primitive tools and mode of breaking and

tending the ground, should only have been a
temporary expedient with the whites, who
from the first had better implements. It was
proper enough in the new land, infested with
roots as yet uridecayed, to draw a hillock of
soil to the growing stalk to supply its increas-
ing demand for nourishment. The distance
of four fcei admitted the free passage both of
ths air and the laborers. But the first cus-
tom, which in this climate should never have
been employed in any land properly drained
and capable of being plowed, was obstinately
continued until its absurdity had been demon-
strated by reasoning, and its inutility had
been showd by the success of many who aban-
doned it and even adopted an ojiposite
method.

Take another account, as of 1618 : "Their
maize or Virginia corn yields them five hun-
hred for one instance: (it's set as we do gar-
den peas.) It makes good bread and fer-
menty, will keep seven years, and malts tcell
for beer, and ripe in five months, set in April
or May." — Perfect Description of Virginia,
IJist. Reg., II., 63. -,

The mode of culture, as described by Bev-
erly, (p. 115,) and by Harris in his "Voy-
ages," (II., 229, Folio Edition of 1864,) ii
nearly the same with that given by Smith,
except that the former makes the distance
four or five, and the latter five or six feet
apart. Both also speak of stalks bearing
several cars.

.Smith, the traveler, who was in Virginia
iu 177o, says, that on the lands near Kich-
mond, "corn was planted at the distance of
six feet between each stalk, or squares of six
feet, with two, three, and sometimes in strong
land, four stalks to each hill." — Hist. Reg.,
VI., 81, 1^2.

Washington, in 1788, says this was the
usual distance. — (Writings, IX, 323.) The
object of this increase was to facilitate the
seeding of wlieat — a process which, before
the advent of the Hessian fly, was commenced
in August, the stalks of the corn being still
standing.

It may be presumed that m*re than one of
the varieties of this gmin were known to the
natives and the earliest settlers, but of this
we find special mention but once. Smith
says, that in 1619, "They planted Indian
corn upon wheat stubble and had an excel-
lent cro}> of that. But it must be remember-
ed that rare-ripe com was the corn of these
times, and that they usually had tico crops of
it a year."— (Page 162.)

Beverl}', however, who wrote in 1709, re-
cognizes four diiFerent kinds; two which ri-
pened early, and two later. The second of
the first class may be a small kind which is
now known provincially as "pop-corn." The
two latter were called severally "flint" and
"she" corn; each with incidental varieties of
color, but better designated by the size and
plumpness of the grain. All of these are
still grown here. — (Page 114— '15.)

As it was the chief food of the natives it

was natural that the white man should give it
a trial, "and whatsoever is said against the
Virginia corn, they find it doth better nourish
than any provision that is sent thither."
Yet was so little of it raised for some years
as that the colonists were oftened straighten-
ed in their supplies, and immigration thereby
discouraged. Hence the law of Thomas
Dale, compelling its culture, to certain
extent. The previous failure arose from
an error in their political economy, which
is thus noticed by Smith : "The corn
by public ordinance being rated at 2s. 6d. the
bushel, required such labor it caused most
men to neglect it and depend upon trade;
whereas, if rated at 10s. the bushel, every
man would endeaver to have plenty to sell to
the new-comers or any that wanted, and sel-
dom any is transported from England, but it
standeth in as much." And he afterwards
assigns this as the time cause of the neglect of
this, and the excessive cultivation of tobacco,
which had the advantage of being rated at 3s.
per pound. — (Smith II., 59, 103.)

From this slight sketch it will appear em-
phatically true, as alleged by Aratur, that up
to his day "the cultivation of maize remained
as it was borrowed from the aboriginal far-
mers of America, except, that if product is
the test of science, they must be allowed to
have been more accomplished husbandmen
than their imitators." And "a nation which
had lived with it and almost upon it for two
hundred years, so far from correctly estimat-
ing its value, have only learned to eat it, but
not to .ivail themselves of half its properties."

—*-

Draining.

• The attention of fai-mers has recently been
directed to the subject of drainage. Many
farms the present season woixld have yielded
large and profitable crops if they had been
underdrained that now will remain unimprov-
ed. We do not suppose that many farmers
have at present the ability to drain their
farms. But as farms are reduced, and thor-
ough cultivation is practiced — as we aim
more and more to make our farms our per-
manent homes — the subject of draining will
be more thought of and the plan practiced.
We find a good essay on this subject in the
Homestead :

Misconception in REt^iiiD to Drain-
age.— Every new idea in agriculture is
greeted with about as much persecution, as
pertains to new doctrines in theology. It
lias to make its way in the world against the
combined assaults of ignorance, stupidity,
and ridicule. No class, perhaps, are more
afraid of new ideas than our farming popula-
tion, and among none is a desired reform so
long in reaching its culmination. Thorough
drainage has been known and practiced in
Great Britain for more than half a century.
It has had its advocates for the last thirty
years at least, in this country. It has been
steadily pushed as a leading idea, in many
of our agricultural journals for the last eight
or ten yeajs. With few exceptions, it is the
doctrine taught by these journals now, and
advocated in the transactions of our county
and State societies. Manufactories for tile
drain are started in many parts of the coun-

W/v'=''iW

1i

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j^^,<!^ffi»f?^»||||g!S5!»^.u«B»l«p,'^jr

THE ILLIIS^OIS FARMER.

99

try, and facilities for drainage arc abundant,
yet not one farmer in a hundred has ever
seen a tile, or has any drainage, than an open
ditch running through a swamp that would
otherwise be covered witli water for a part of
the year. ':, ,;

There are multitudes of men, intelligent
lipon other topics, that do not even under-
stand the position of the advocates of thor-
ough drainage, and either wilfully or other-
wise misrepresent them. They do not com-
prehend the office which drainage performs
for the land, and represent the laud as need-
ing irrigation and mulching, as if drainage
necessarily stood in opposition to tlie?e priK--
tices.

A common misconception of tlic position of
the advocates of drainage is, to represent
them as holding that all lands ought to be
drained. "We believe this position is really
held by no writer entitled to be considered
an authority in agricultural matters. There
are lands more perfectly undrained by nature,
than they even can by art. They are wholly
underlaid with cobble stones or loose sand
and gravel, so the water goes through them
as easily as through a sieve. There are grav-
elly knolls and hills, where the water never
can stand within many feet upon thcsurfuce.
No man in his senses, would ever think of
laying drains upon the light sandy soils about
New Haven, Orange, or upon Long Island.
All such lauds want, is two or three feet of
good surface soil, and plenty ofmanure. But
there is comparatively littlelandof this char-
acter in this State, or in New England. By
far the larger part of our land shows the ne-
cessity of drainage, in the fact that it is im-
possible to work it early in the Spring, on
account of its tenacity. Water will stand in
any hole you dig two or three feet deep, show-
ing that everything below is as tight as a bot-
tle.

A veiy common misconception is that no
land needs drainage that is dry in a dry time.
Says a writer in ihe New England Furniet;
who signs himself "S. T.,"— "With these
views, and in one of those dry spells that occur
almost every summer, when the broad leaves
of that salamander plant, our Indian corn, roll
themselves into flabby strings, and when
wells, twenty, thirty and forty feet deep give
out entirely, is it not rather more refreshing
than instructive to retire into a cool library,
and read, as we may, from a portly volume,
backed in golden letters, "The Ameiican

Farmer's ," the timely assurance that

the first care of the farmer, that ou which the
success of his future crops almost entirely
depends, is the removal of unnecessary sup-
plies of water?"

And yet this very land, so parched in
August, may huve been wet and heavy all
through April and May, so that it could not
be plowed or planted. Had the soil been
drained of its unnecessary supplies of water,
and been made loose and friable, so that crops
could have been put in, in season, the roots
would have struck down so deep, that they
would have found moisture enough to sustain
the crops through any ordinary drought.
The roots die of thirst in the three or four
Inches of surface soil that lies above the pan.
The most of the water that tails upon such a
soil is evaporated, as from a basin. Drainage
would knock out the bottom of the pau and

let the vratcr work both ways — downward in
a wet lime, and upward in a drought. The
same writer also argues again.st drainage fi-om
the fact, that on most land, mulching is pro-
fitable : "My own experience and that of oth-
ers who have published the results of their
trials, show that mulching benefits vegetation
chiefly by keeping the surfiice of the earth
moist and loose in our hot, dry summerf^.
As straws, afloat in the air, show the
direction (jf the wind, so stra^/s, spread
upon the groui.d, may show the direction
farmers should take, in their cflbrts to pro-
mote the growth of their crops. The princi-
ple, then, that I regard as conclusively de-
monstrated, by the effects f)f mulching is, that
a deficiency ofmoisture.notanexccss, is what
American fanners have to gufirdagainstjand
the inference?, a very natui^al one, is thatthey
should govern themselves accordingly."

The inference the writer would dj-aw, is
manifostly this, that there is no need of drain-
age to get rid of a superfluit}' of water. His
reasoning betrays his ignorance of the office
Avh'ch drainage performs. Neither his prin-
ciple, nor that which he controverts is the
true one, in regard to our soil and climate.
The true position is this, that we have too
much moisture for our crops earl}' in the sea-
son, and too little in mid-summerand autumn,
as a rule. He can see that drainasxe remedies
an excess of water. lie docs not See that it
remedies dromrht. It makes the whole mass
of drained earth like the wick in the tube of
his lamp, which finds no difiiculty in draw-
ing its supplies of oil or burniiigfluied from
several inches below the flame, until the sup-
ply is exhausted.

We advocate draining for the same reason
that we do mulching. It keeps the surface
of the soil moist and cool in our hot dry sum-
mers. JNIulching does good on undrained
land. It is not needed ou that which is drain-
ed, except in case of new planted trees.

We must follow this interesting writer a
little further, and ventilate his philosphy.
"In the next place, 1 object to the draining
that it is exhaustive. It adds nothing to the
soil. It is not a fertilizer. No one will dis-
pute these positions. In a long list of benefits
ascribed to thoi'ough drainage, on the last
page of the monthly Farmer for 185G is the
following : 'It hastens the decay of roots and
ether vegetable matter in the soil ! A state-
ment far more eneouraa-ins: to the race of
farm skinners than to those .who wish to im-
prove the soil. This sii::uhiv benefit of
draining suggests another thought. By ha.s-
tening the decay ot vegetable matter in the
soil, an apparent improvement in the crops
may be ascribed to drainage, which should be
credited to the gradual improvement of the
soil, consequent on this very decu}' of its vege-
table matter. Especially, in a highly manur-
ed and long cultivated country like that of
England, a lowering of the water line from
within a few inches of the surface, to a depth
of several feet, might be followed for a time
by results that could not be anticipated in a
poorer soil, or in one whose saturated sub-soil
has always been much farther below tliC sur-
mce of the earth."

The writer does not seem to know, that no
plant can grow in any soil, without taking
something from it, and so leaving it poorer.
Crops are made, in part, by the decompsition

of the animal and vcgetalile matter in theeoil.
Nomattcr wluitha.steus the decom230sifion and
absorption of the vcgetxible matter in the soil,
it makes it poorer, after the crop is gathered
than before. This objection lies as strongly
against manuring or mulching, yea against
cultivation even, as against drainage.

But we object to the axioms in this gentle-
mfjn's philosophy. Drainage does add some-
thing to the soil, and increases its fertility.
In a Avoll drained soil, every .^how^r adds to it
son.ething of iUiimoriia, which would otherwise
run off' upon the surfixce. In the spring,
tliesc shovrtv.-; are of much warmer tempara-
ture than the soil, and, of course they increase
its heat, just as fui down as the drains
allow them to penetrate. This is an element
of fcrtility in the cir'"-umstances under whicli
it reauhes the soil. Besides (his, drainage
admits the atmosphere into the soil, and un-
der its influence, and that of the rain, there
is a change favorable to the fertility of the
soil all the while going ou. Not only is all
vegetable matter decomposed, but the miner-
als that enter into the «sh of plants, alid up-
on which thcytlioy are as dependent for their
growth, as upon air and moisture- The pot-
ash and salts, about wliich this writer shows
to much so'.icitiidc, are released from their
b:)ndage, and brought within the reach of the
roots of the plant. The soil is indeed made
poorer, by what the plants take up, but the
salts -are manuf:i<:-tUred its fast as the plants
need them, and tiie stdj-soil is so well stocked
with the raw material, that thero is no imme-
uiate danger of exhaustion.

The idea that our land needs irrigation ra-
ther than drainage is frecjuently advanced.
But drainiugs only incroa.ses tlie beneficial
effects of irrigation. Water not only wants
to flows over the surface of the soil, but
to penetvatc it, as far as the roots of plauts.
But even without irrigation, as we have
seen, plants arc much better supplied with
water in a draiiied f^oil, than they would be
in an undrained soil, with occasional extra
waterings. The moLsture is more eqaally
distributed, and thi roots of plauts have a
much wider and deeper range, from which to
gather supplies. ^Ve still go in for the tile
drain.

-••►-

Varieties of Food.

Tmly is it said there is no aecounting for
tate.s — we know of some of the strange ano-
malies, which the tastes of dilTerent nation.;
[)resent, but their utter discordaucy is all but
aj-jpaliing vrhen they are all, or anauy of them
presented at once, lload the following, and
then imagine yourself at a table with a bill
of fare presenting all the luxuries and varie-
ties mcntioueJ. (^Te copj' from an adcleess
of E. F. Sherman, given before the Middle-
sex North Agricultural Society, ^ilass.) :

The comparative vuluoof animal a;nd vege-
table food has been a frequent source of dis-
cussion and contention. Men who have eon-
tended for aneyclusively vegetable diet, have
been, in general, men of weak stomach.^, if
not of weak heads; dyspeptics and grumblers,
who, having sulTered long from sour stomachs,
have become soured tbroughout. But they
have in vain attempted tosupi)ort their theo-
ries against the deductions of the anatomist,

.1- s .

#

,r^'^ -I'-^'-.-j^- A;._«<r>-;'*»',

W.-

4-

■'«i[*f«*'ffiP^i5S^-^» f '.'rn-WTlw^v

lOO

THE ILLINOIS FA.IIMER.

the natural instincts and appetites of man.
Either an eXLlusively vegetable or animal
diet is capable oi' sustaining lil"<-', but tlie most
porA^ot d(!Volopment, physical and intellec-
tual, ha. 5 already exi.sted uhore sustenance
has been dci Jved froiii both soiu'ces.

It h hardly possildc to name anything
belonirinLi- to tlio animal or vc'iitablc kinti-
dom, not absolutely poisonous, -which has at
«omc t i luo not been oaten; Jior can any animal bo
named the use of which as food, has not at
souk; time, by some national rt'ligiou or habit
been prohibited. What !.'• one man's meat is
another's poi.^iwi. In nothing five the incon-
sistencies of our race so strikingly cxhibitL'd
as in nutinual ;'nd individual habit?! mid pre-
judices respecting food.

Shell iish were fctrictly forbidden to the
Jews, y/o arc somcvrhat particular in our
choice. The lobfcteris dccidcdlyal'avoritc —
so exten.'^ively er'ten tliat iis hshery has be-
come an important branch oi industry to the
^'tate. But the lobster is the .^cavciigc.r of
the dcas, and in itself i.^ as unsightly ami re-
pidsivc as nmscies, cockles, iioriwinklcs, lim-
pets, wilks and si;ails, con:uinu'd by other
nations. Nor are v.'o agrcnl a.s to all parts
of the lobstcrr. To many, the soft, green
fat is the dioicost portion, whdc others lose
their appetite in di.sgust at the sight of it.
The oyst<.'r Avas esteemed as a delicacy b}' the
Komans, :;s it has been, iu general, since, by
all2">eoplo wlio could obtain it, posst'.ssing more
than auy thing else the character oi" a holiday
food. But surely it rc(]uircs considerable
courage to .nvalln-\v for the first time the slimy
lump (.f inert nialtor; a;; inueh, if we could
hay aside all habit aiid a.-^soeiatious, as to eat
gruss-hopiiers, lizards and locusts, esteemed
by otiier nations. 'J'hc crawling, leggy, spi-
der-like red cfal) that iidiabits the oj^ster, id
a choice morsel with many of us, bat the de-
cided aversion oi" others.

The tuitle is ueolared by aldermanic c\a-
cures to be th.e '-sovereign of Sfivoriness — a
starved one it is said, '-being infinitely better
than a fatted animal of any other species."
8ome among us, who fancy themselves good
livers, haAc of l;itc discovered that the snap-
ping species (if our swamps and mud holes,
though not <juile equal to the green turtle
and the terrapin, is ye-t a rich delieacy.

The wealthy Chinese iudulge immoderate-
ly in refinements olcookeiy and the pleasures
of the table — their nio.st esteemed <lelicacies
are shark'.-* fins, bird's nc.=5t soups, little run-
ning cnd)S that they have to ch;i.-<e over the
table, cold relishes of salted earth-worms,
moths and gridis, and a variety of soup«, sea-
soned with tilthy compounds of a strong and
villainou.!i snuli. Dogs, cats and rats, are
also with them In high esteem as food. But
we must bear in mind that Kane and his men
I'ouud rats a mo;-t agi'ceable and dearly prized
luxurj^ and wc have . other high American
authority for eating dog.

Blood was forbidden to the Jews, and spe-
cial pains required to abstract it from the
meat. "Eoa.-!t beef, very rare, and blood
graVy," is a frequent order for dinner at our
hotels. Hog's blood is a principal ingredient
in certain foveigu sausages, called, sometimes,
black puddings, and imported as a luxury
into this country. Guntinn, a highly prized
Iloman delicacy, Avas a pickle of lish's blood
aud gills. The remotest parts of the then

known world were visited, and air, earth and
ocean ransacked to furnish the complicated
delicacies of a Boman supper. A large part
of these delicacies would be repulsive to us — ^
yet an old law forbade them to eat poultry.
Some people refused the duck and goose, to
feed on birds of prey. Sugar, generally
tempting to children, is refused by the youtig
Esquimaux with disgust, but he will gorge
himself on whale bladder and train oil. The
Zetlanders and some other fish eating tribes,
will not eat their fish when fresh, but keep
till, what others would consider a most intol-
erable stench, they a most agreeable odor,
pruclaim--^ them to be sutficiently tender and
putrid. A.^safoctida is a highly esteemed
condiment among some nations of the East;
l"ood highly impregnated witli it being regard-
ed as fit for the gods. Our government has
just introduced this plant into this country,
not however, it is to be hoped with any view
of bringing it into general use as a seasoning.
Boast elephants, — probably not often a bar-
bacue, — and lion and tiger steaks afford the
favorite repast to the successful African hun-
ter, while theSouth American Indian regards
a boiled monkey as the most tempting of all
dishes.

~——

New Xiiglitniug Boda.

We have been shown a new style of lightning
loiy made from sheet copper, rolled into circu-
lar form, in such manner as to preseot a greatly
increased surface to the tluid, and thus conduct
it to the ground with greater speed and safety
than the rod now in ordinary use. In refer-
ence to the utility of lightning rods in general,

we find tlic following remarks in the patent
offiec report for 1854:

"If there be one time more than another,"
Hiiy.*' a late writer on electricity, "in which
mun feels that he is entirely in the bauds of
One mightier than himself, in which all his
persoEai pride sinks in the conviction of his
utter helplessness, it iu when the forked bolts of
heaven glare ubout Inm with frightful bright-
ness, and the dread artillery of the skies stuns
him with its deafening peals, and shakes the
very earth on wh ch he treads. Then, I »ay, it
is that his conscience tells him how entirely
dependent he is; and how, in a moment, the
next fitsh might be to him the instrument of
death, without liuving the slightest power to
arrest his fate. In respect to other great and
irrcsistable powers of nature, man, in someeort
seeks thcra out — the lightning's flash seeks out
him. It is true, he may go to shores where
thunder-storms are less violent, or to others
where the^r are much more violent than in his
own land; but, regarding it generally, light-
ning is no respecter of time nor place ; it was
as much known to the ancients as to ourselves ;
it comes to us, .so to npeak, in season and out
of season ; its geographical distribution is less
restricted than that of any other of nature's
great phenomena — tempests, perhaps, except-
ed."

With this startling admonition before him,
let any one of the readers of these observations
pause for a moment and count the number of
lightning rods in his own neighborhood. Does
he hesitate? He thinks there may be one on
the village spire, and perhaps another on yon
tall chimney ; but where else, ho knows not. —
Now, ho is led to ask what is the cause of this
apparent neglect ? Why this consummate au-
dacity in trifling with the eternal laws of na-
ture by erecting monuments and inviting down
the fire of heaven, and providing no means of
conducting it safely awav ? The leading rea-
sons for this are, first, the comparatively few

accidents by lightning; second, the very recent
adoption of lightning protocols ; third, the
want of confidence in the efficacy of the latter ;
and, fourth, their coat.

Although the extreme magnitude of accidents
by lightning can not bo otherwise than recog-
nized by all, and the almost certainty ot some
one or more buildings being the marked vic-
tims at every season, yet each man builds with
the chance of bis edifice not being the fatal
one. Amongst so many, the chances are so
much in his favor that he will run the risk ; or
else he comes to the still more unphilosophical
conclusion that, as storm after storm has left
him unncathed, so will he forever be safe.

With regard to the comparatively recent dis-
covery of means of averting the effects of light-
ning, it will be remembered that it was not
until the month of June, 1752, that mankind
knew what lightning really was. Then it was
that Dr. Franklin first drew down lightning
from the elouds by means of a kite, and proved
its entire identity with electricity, which dis-
covery led him to the construction of lightning
conductors. But before treating of these, per-
haps it may be interesting to give some of the
precautions adopted by the ancients, in order to
protect themselves against this "eternal fire."
According to Herodotus, the Thracians, in time
of ligbtnmg, were in the habit of shooting
arrows against the sky, to repel it from the
earth. Augustus used to retire into a cave
during thunder storms, on the strength of an
opinion then prevalent, that lightning never
penetrated into the ground more than five feet
deep. The emperors of Japan, it is said, pos-
sessed a refinement on this mode, by building
reservoirci above the caves, into wbicn they
retired, and kept them constantly filled with
water, in order, as tboy thought, to put out the
fire of the lightning. Augustus, who appears
to have been terribly alarmed at this element,
used also, to wear a seal skin cloak during
storms, on account of its assumed protecting
efficacy. The Romans used to build seal skin
tents, into which the timid retired ; and the
shepherds of Cevennes, even at the present day,
wear hat bands of serpent skins for the same
purpose. Tiberius wore a chaplet of laurel
whenever he dreaded danger from a storm, with
a belief that lightning never touched that
foliage. And it is a well known fact, Ameri-
can Indians, whenever the sky wears the ap-
pearance of a thunder storm, quit their pursuits
and take refuge under the nearest beech, with
the full assurance that the electric bolts never
scathe that tree.

If the ancients were thus industrious to use
what, in their ignorance, they thought to be the
means of safety against an agent, the nature
of which they knew little or nothing, tind the
action of which they knew still less, how much
more does it seems to bo the duty of the present
generation, who both understand it and the
means of averting its effects, to avail themselves
of the advantages of their knowledge, and em-
ploy the remedies they have at their command?
Not a year pa-sees without numerous cases of
buildings cases of buildings be struck by light
ning for want of proper proper protection, par-
ticularly barns, which, in consequence of the
humid gases ascending from the newly gathered
crops, are peculiarly liable to this injury. The
necessity and the value of lightning rods are
obvious, and need no further comment.

With regard to the conducting materials em-
ployed in their construction, metal is undoubt-
edly the best, and the choice would seem to lie
between copper and iron. M. Pouillet makes
the conducting power of copper from 5^ to 6J
times that of iron ; Dr. Priest.y makes it 5
times as much ; and Professor Faraday 6 2 5
times us much; so that, after having deter-
mined the sectional area of an efficient copper
rod, an iron one of about six times that area
will poBsosB the same conducting power. Iron,
however, will not make durable and efficient

*■

.ifr^'Ts'5

■^m-

THE ILLIlSrOIS FA^HMER.

lOl

conductors, unless they are entirely coated with
silver, copper, tin, palladium (which possesses
9 times the conducting power of iron), or gold,
in consequence of tbeir liability to rust, or oxi-
date, by the action of the weather.

Conductors should neither be painted nor
Tarnished, as that would diminish their con-
ducting power.

This rod is the invention of Z. J. Emery, of

Illinois, who has applied for a patent for the

same. We consider it superior to any that we

have seen for the purpose intended. It is now

being introduced into the country, and will pro.

bably soon be brought to the notice of our
readers.

-••»■

"Stay to see the Balloon Go Up !"
Mr. Editor: On the 22d June a stout,
healthy-looking man of about 23 years —
rather rough exterior — his elbows very
nearly out, his hat a great deal worse
for wear — tobacco juice staining the
corners of his mouth — was seen swaying
and lounging near a grocery. Espying
an acquaintance from the country who
was bustling about doing up some little
business, and manifestly anxious to re-
turn to his farm, he hailed him — "John,
going home ? ain't you going to see the
balloon go up?" No, I can't stay ; too
much work at home ; can't lose an hour;
just got some early corn ; mean to have
a lot of corn : 'twill pay well next fall.
Sam, you Bad better go home, too ;
you'll want some corn next fall." But
Sam wouldn't g'j. He spent the after-
noon loitering about — spent all the
money he had in his pockets — spent his
credit, and di'ove up to his home about
midnight, pretty much spent himself.
It took him a whole day to recover from
his balloon speculation, and thus he lost
a day and a half of a vreek, every day of
which was worth ten dollars to the pro-
dent, energetic, go-ahead farmer. He
lost the plowing and planting of several.,
acres of corn land, his other work
crowded upon him, and he has not yet
got up with it. His wheat was ready
for cutting — some of it was suflFering ;
his grass was getting old in the field,
and — but we need go no further.

"John" went home ; he didn't stay
to see the balloon ; he didn't care wheth-
er it went up or not ; his mind was on
his farm ; he wanted a corn crop ; he
wanted to get up and keep ahead of his
work. He did all this. Three weeks
after the balloon went up his corn look-
ed finely, his wheat was cut, his hay was
in the process of going into the stack —
every thing looked snug and fine about
John's place.

Sam looked on with wonder. He felt
a little ashamed. He never was as in-
dustrious as John, and he just felt that
the appearance of the two farms proved
the owner of one to be shiftless and
thriftless, and the other to be a good
farmer— just the man, after a few years,
to have a good house, carriage, to be a
school director, and a pattern of a 'man.

Sam thought a little. This was some"
thing new to him. There was a eause
for all this. He looked back to the bal-
loon frolic — how John would go home
and work, and he — Sam- — staid in town
when his farm was suffering, drank bad
whisky, spent his money, saw the bal-
loon go up, and returned home a sad but
not a much wiser man.

"John," said he, "I see it all now. —
I didn't, when I went to town to see the
balloon go up. What soft-headativcness;
(Sam here manufactured a capital word
— it expresses an idea!) May the
hawks catch me when I go to town
again to see the balloon go up!" I very
often see young men come to town for
this purpose. They suffer from soft-
headativeness. They are amused and
led about by those who want their mon-
ey. They finally see the Tjalloon go up;
feel their pockets empty; know that
they are doing their reputations no cre-
dit; recollect that their farms are suffer-
ing for their labor; and if all this should
cure them of their folly, and harden the
soft places in their heads, it would be a
good thing for them, once in their lives,
to see "the balloon go up."

-«•►

Tlie Northern Sugar Crop.

Mr. Editor: It would be wonderful,
indeed, if we should not have enough
hot weather to mature our sugar cane
crop the present season. This crop is
not benefited by early planting. What
it wants is, — when it is planted, to be
planted on good kind ground, and to be
cultivated well. So soon as the hot
weather sets in it grows, and rapidly
attains maturity. Last year cane seed
planted late in June matured well. 1
believe it will do the same tiling planted
Ihe last part of the month. Late falls
almost always follow late springs.

Will the planting of sugar cane seed
pay those of our farmers who are near
enough to the proposed mill to deliver
the cane there ? What are the estimates
of a crop of Chinese sugar cane ? The
first question must be answered ]»y the
farmer; and I will endeavor to answer
the other; and for the basis of that an-
swer I will take the statement of Joseph
S. Levering, of Pennsylvania.

Mr. Levering manufactured juice
from the Chinese sugar cane last fall. —
He did this with imperfect apparatus,
by which the loss was considerable; still
he obtained the following positive re-
sults :

Actual amount of sugar from an acre of the plant. ..1221 lbs
Amount of molasses also from tbe same acre 74 gals

Now the gentleman Avho thinks of
putting up a sugar mill here offers to
pay for the cane one-half it produces in
sugar or molasses. Half of the sugar
from an acre, by Mr. Lovering's esti-
mate, will be 610 lbs. This will be
likely to be worth 7 cents per lb., which

amounts to ^42 70. Half the molasses
from the some cane would be 37 gallons,
which, at 50 cents per gallon, would
amount to §10 50.. Put these two sums
together, and you have §61 20.

This sum would buy the corn on three
acres of land.

The cost of raising sugar can be no
more than that of corn. The land should
be plowed in the same mamier, planted
in the same way, and cultivated as corn
is cultivated.

After corn is "laid by," the crop
must bo cut, shocked and fed out or
shelled for market.

After the sugar cane is "laid by," the
leaves are to be slashed do-v^m, the stalks
cut, the grain cut off, and the stalks
carried to the mill. The fodder and
grain will more than pay for the cutting
the leaves rnnd heads off. Then you
have to meet the expcn.so of cutting,
shocking'- and feeding out or sliellingthe
corn, and sending the snino to market —
the cost (tf' cutting the cane ."italks and
carrying them to mill. Say they are
equal, though we think the odds are in
favor of the cutting of the cane, and
hauling it to mill.

On the whole, I cannot believe that
the cost of raising an acre of sugar cane
and delivering the stalks at the mill is
greater than the raising of an acre of
Indian corn, and preparing it for feed-
ing or market.

The questicu. then, is — Which is like-
ly to be the most profitable?

I think that sugar cane, with fair
prospects of a crop, v.ill pay better than
wheat at §2 a bushel ; and an acre ■^^^ll
produce more raoney than four acres of
corn.

Look at this matter in another light*
If the estimate we have inado of the pro-
duct of an acre of sugar cane should be
reduced two thirds, it will still be better
than a corn crop under favorable cir-
cumstances.

I say, let Mr. Depew come on and es-
tablish the proposed mill, and he will
not only make money for himself, but
he will make money for the farmers who
will funiibh him \vith cane. M.

The Sugar Cane Crep.
Editor of Farmer: The papers con-
tain accounts of high waters on the low-
er Mississippi, the breaking of the levees
and submerging of plantations. The
losses of crops, it is said, may be esti-
mated by millions. It would not be
strange, under the circumstances, indeed
the fact is very probable, that the inju-
ry to the sugar crop may be so great as
to cause the renewal of the high prices
that ruled last year. If that should
prove to be the case, our fiirmers would
find it for their interest to raise sufficient
Chinese sugar cane the present seaso^
for the manufanture of sugar and m^,

;*■'"

lO

o

THE ILLINOIS EA_K]MER.

lasses for consumpticn In' tlicir faaiilic?.

La.st fail many families i«a\'C(l a ,n'Ood

deal Oi money, and sccnicd tlicmselvcs

many comforts hj DiGar.s of tlio mol;is«os

Ihcy nianiifacturod tluMn.U'lvo.s.

A luimbcr of fanners could join to-

gctUcr and puvclinsc a niill and boilers,

and save tbcir cost the fir.<t yofir.

May 20, "58. " J. S.

■ ««»_ _-. - .^-

The LfiMlo!! ri!nt'Kl)crry.
fJiUt'ti's of the Far)iicy: Voy tbrcc or
four years the Eastern A^u-ricnltiira! pa-
pers hare couttuncd advertisements of-
fering fur ealc the Lawton Llncklicrry,
accompanied by a cut representing a
larcfo and most beautiful Viackljcrrv, cal-
culated to make one's " mourli M'ater."
It Lad very mucb that efu'ct on me. —
Two years ago last fall, (IS.'iO,) 1 sent
to Mr. F. Tro'\vl)ridge, New Haven,
Conn., for a dozen of the ])lants, "which,
with the express charges, co-t me just
six doUars and fifty cents. They came
in good time, and I planted them out
•well, according to directions. The next
spring three or four sprouted ;ind sont
up small tlioots, but before fall all I'ad
died but one plant, and the slioofs of
th;it had grown but a foot hig-li.

Supposi))g that my failni-e wa.- not
from my own neglect, or fault of th.e
soil, and still having in iiiv mind's eve
tlic luscious fruit of wh/u-li we iiad rv:id
and heard so nnich last f^ill ;; 'car,
(1858,) I sent for some two dozen more.
I received tiiem in reasonabh' time,
planted iliem out. and, at tlie pre-ent,
there i'aprospcct tliat one of rli.' ]>lants
is alive.

r>ly present stock, tlteiefoie. \-- one
living ])lant from thefir.'-r do./en :!!nl one
bdlious plant from the second two do/on.
The first itientioned plant lias fiowered,
and I may sec it it fruit.

On tlic vrhole, I regard tlie Liwton
1 lickbcrr}' speculation as -'a leu-suif of
knov.deduo under diilicultie-."' Y.

riidci-])rainin2: and rppcr-lJrninii!;,'.

Editor of tlu- Furmrr : — HaA-'.n't we liad
u great time tu eonsidor (he advantages of
draining oiiv Innds? Haven't sve. as v/e
looked over our iiercs, thouuht ol'tlie manner
in wlneli v;e should carry ei{' (lio surjihis
watci'y Haven't wc had Imc (Jroutc-t ,!'.nd
Best J']i!gincer fo poiut 0'>:t to us liow this
sliould bo doncy Haven't we received les-
sons in se'cnce and duty^ After the win*]
and su!j dries np the iiiud, and we i^'ct our
crround plowed and planted, will wc lor^'et in
re\icAved prospects of prosp-nity, tlic lessons
of the past"'

No — let us )n>t fnget tlu.ir teachings.
Hut the moment wc have tlie nu ans and the
time, go iibont drainin<:()ur lands. H'^veean-
not iuive undor-drains, let us have unj'er
dnuTis; and lit us cut them ile<;[i tnoug)! to
earry off the water.

Thoiiiiii we are told that the ;.;round was
cursed for man's sake, I have even thought
tliat mother earth Avas kind r.ud affcetionate

to those who well cultivate her bosom.
Those who nourish her best with manures
and rotation of crops and destroy the noxious
weeds, and nuiso her tender and valuable
plants, — seeure a G;cnerous reward. Go in-
to a garden and sec the difference in crops
truni tender care and cultivation, and another
garden where every tiling grows wild and
weeds choke the plants and vegetables. Is
not, here u lesson, which a respect for our-
selves should prevent as from forgetting?

Make maps of your farms now, and mark
out the places for drains and the lowest
points and where the water can bo carried
off. Probably you would find it for your in-
terest to unite with your neighbor in a sys-
te).i of drains. Many farms, I know, •where
such a policy would work well. I am some-
times disposed to grumble at the long and
dreary rains. They liavc .sadly interfered
with my calculations in making summer
crops; but still I shall try later crops, do all I
T can to make food for man beast, and under
all elrcunistances WORK ON.

Trial of PIoavs at the Fair.

Editor (if ill" Farmrr : — I agree with
IdcuLchboy that the trial of the ])low3 can be
made one of the most interesting features
of the Fair. As the success of agriculture
depends more on the plow than on an}', or
all other implement.^, it is a thing tliat is apt
to be overlooked and passed by as a matter
of little or no consequence, and I would have
b(.'e/i :^lad had the society seen fit to have of-
ferod sidficient premiums to have called into
(ho iield a large nuud>er, who look upon
thomselve.s, plows, and teams, as tlie icry
hrsf ill fill- Slat''. I would say come one,
eome all, and will do nil in my power to give
you a fair and full chance to try all your
])lows, under the eye and supervision of the
proper committee. And 1 would say to
I'louehhoy, i>lea,se accept of my thanka for
the .sneut stions which you have offered. A.s
it will call the attention of the public, and I
hope tliat of the committee also, to the fact,
that the exi'ininations upon whii.h the awards
have been based, have generally been very
imperfect and unsatisfactory. I believe that
no set of judges would presume to decide
upon the speed of a race horse without a trial.
Then why not test the ])lows thoroughly?
J..et ns know what resistance they offer, and
how much power it takes to move each and
every one of them a given depth? Let us
Iviiow how they will work in the various soils?
Most of farmei-s do not keep a quantity of
plows on hand which are adapted to (.ne kind of
work only, but they want .t plow as you do a
man, that can do any kind of labor upon a
f.nn .xkilli'nllv. "' VWIW^ MILLS.

Poultry— U(;lto!i lireys.

Editor Fiinitrr: — I am no chicken fan-
ci'T, other than to net a iiood breed for the
pva-[>osc of keeping my family with eggs. I
iiave tried 8han<2:hais, Cochin Chinas, Bra-
ma.>«. INdands, Half Spanish, and the common
barn yard fowls. 1 found that the throe
llist layed many eggs, but it cost a good deal
to keep them. And if we, by chance, raised
a cldeken, they did not cat as well as the
cliiLkens of the common breeds. There waB
mere meat, and a good deal more bone, to be
sure, but they were not as delicate in flesh as

our old stock. The Poland hens would lay,
and woxdd set, and some of them would leave
their eggs before they were hatched, and
sometimes very soon after they were hatched
— which \,'as death on the young broods.
Tlie Half Spanish were good for little, either
to lay, to set, or for the table. The common
barn yard fowl is no stranger. They will an-
swer very well as layers and for the table, if
well provided for. This breed has lost caste
on account of the in and in breeding system
of our farmers. If they would change
he rooster occasionally, it would great-
ly improve their stocks of fowls. Last
fall 1 obtained a lot of Bolton Greys. They
commenced -to lay early and have continued
to lay up to this time, 5th month, 11th day,
— without any disposition to set. I think
for city purposes, where eggs are wanted,
the}' are a capital fowl. They are small, are
very industrious in providing themselves
with food, and it costs but little to keep them.
They are a beautiful fowl.

J. SIMONS.

-«•»-

Plant Oil!

Mr. Editor: — Some suppose that most
seeds should be planted early to get good
crops. This is a mistake as a general fact.
Peas, onions, and some other vegetables should
be planted early. The great object is to
plant or sow at the time, when the plant will
start vigorously and will be met with no cold
chilly weather to cheek its growth. These
truths are not too muoh thought of. We are
anxious, after a dreary winter, to got our
seeds into the ground; and the result often
is, that we fail from this premature labor.
We have been trying to get early beans,
— they will not come sooner than those planted
three wt-eks later, and will not produce half
as well. So of many other vegetables. We
have known ei>rn, some of the e,arlier varie-
ties, planted in August, make good roasting
years. If planted early in the spring, it
would not have reached the same state of
rtiaturity in double the time. Hence it ollen
is that field corn planted in the middle of June
makes the best corn.

Sugar cane if planted early in the spring,
comes up weak, and does not take a healthy
growth for two months or more; when if
planted in June it will go ahead with aston-

ishing rapidity.

A. 11.

-••»■

Mr

Editor

Tree Culture.
• — The time is fast corains:

when i'armers who wish to plant groves on
their farms should be looking out for seed.
The soft maple seeds arc nearly ripe, and so
arc the ash. The sugar maple seeds come
later. An hour's labor in the timber will
secure you all you want.

You have no idea how rapidly timber trees
will grow i'rom seeds. In tive years soft ma-
ples will make a handsome little tree, and the
ash will grow about a.- fast as the locust.

We can form no judgment of the growth of
fine flourishing forest trees, planted and start-
ed in nurseries, by stunted trees, their roots
and tops cut off, which are often brought
from the woods and planted about our yards
and streets. To make a fine, healthy, rapid
growing tree, it should have a fair start from
the seed. ACER.

'<<•

S"«S1^5^*' ■■.■

-■r^^^-:, ■:-;•■

r-^'?*^5fp:-]!P?f.T-:_.-. ■.• '■■ ::.-':^--?-:p5^-^'^;Rpw^

-,*

•'*

THE ILLINOIS F'^RMER.

103

To Prevent Hens Setting.

Make a small open pen of laths, or
some similar material, in one corner of
your hen-house, about eight inches wide,
and of any convenient length and height.
Let one of the laths or slats be so secured
that it may easily be taken out or moved
one side, so that a hen may be conveni-
ently passed into or taken out of the
pen. On the bottom of this pen, and
running lengthwise through it, set up a
couple of laths on edges, and fasten them
about the same distance from each other,
and from the sides of the pen. Run a
small perch across the pen, and the work
is done. When a hen wishes to set, put
her in there. She will soon find that sl^e
can walk leisurely upon the floor, or roc'st
comfortably upon the perch, but she can't
set without "riding on a rail," and that,
they seem to think, isn't decorous. The
length of time for which they will have
to be confined will vary somewhat, and
in obstinate cases it may be necessary to
put a few pegs or tacks into the edges of
the laths, — Grenessee Farmer.

We copy the above article for the ben-
efit of our readers, but enter our solemn
protest against the pegs and the tacks.
A man that would treat an old hen so
cruelly, when she is only bent on raising
chicken meat for him ought to be
"egged." We are decidedly in favor of
moral suasion and squatter sovereignty.
If you have eggs to set your hens on,
let her set; if you have not, and are
compelled to put her in the coop, don't
use the pegs nor the tacks, l)ut provide
a Democratic Rooster outside the coop.
When he sees her in prison he will enter
his protest against governmental inter-
ventioUj declare his sentiments in favor
of the largest liberty, and take our word
for it, in less than fortj-eight hours she
will fall in love with him. Then turn
her out ; the remedy is infallible.

Indiana Farmer.

If you don't want Biddy to set, or if
you desire to take aAvay her chickens
from her when they ai-»> young, and
have her immediately enter upon the
duty of providing another nest full of
eggs, take her ladyship, put her into a
fine, airy coop, and place in h«r compa-
ny a fine gentleman rooster, md she will
soon cease grieving for ho'' nest or her
chickens, spruce up, a»i re-commence
laying. "The remed/is infallible."

-v~

Mr. Editor: M^ apple trees were
filled with bloss«*»is, and set a good deal
of fruit. Tbii»is now just dropping ofi",
and from wh** cause I cannot discover.
The fallen^l'nit does not appear to be
injured fy worms. I should like to
hear^fyjm some one who has investigated
thei^atter. M.

A National Falr->I]i Africa.

The African Repository for May, contains
the official report of the first National Fair in
Liberia. It was opened in the city of Monrovia
on the 14th day of December last, and the exhi-
bition was continued until the 21st of the same
month. The report states that the extensive
rooms of the Academy buildings were crowded
with articles on exhibition, and the enclosed
premises were occupied by the cattle, swine,
sheep and goats. The number and variety of
articles of agriculture, horticulture, manufuc-
inre, mechanism, needle-work, &c., wcje said
to have been very respectable. Among the
articles of agriculture, theie were coffee, starch
of arrow root, and other plants; a yam weigh-
ing 52J pounds; one hill oJ ginger, the weight
of which was upward of one liundred pounds,
rice, cleaned and rough, ofgiod quality; cotton,
•evcrai specimens — the extensive production of
which was entirely practicable; eddoe meal,
maiJe from a farinaceous tubor, whicli mado the
bread sweet and pleasant, resembling that made
ivota i\\e seconds of wheat; cl )tb, woven from
African cotton: cabinet work embracing bed-
steads, tables; Ac, made of native wofids, suflB.
piently tasteful fur any drawing drawn; neeolle
work, a handsome display, muny of the articles
contributed by young girls.

Premiums were awarded on some one hun-
dred and twenty irticles and tins list of pre-
miums is most interesting as furnishing
evidence of the iniustrial habits uf tlie people
and the proihictio!>s of the country. The foK
lowing are some *f the articles for which premi-
ums were awa'ded: Cabinet ware, urrrow
root, cotton. turHes, rice, sheep, Ijutter, pickles,
catsup, ginger, iddoefi, tallow candles, lemons,
shoes made of African leather, wheelbarrows,
palm oil, shower bath, quilt, swine, embroidered
blippers, mil^ry boots, ottoman, bag neeJle
work, pantaJ!K)ns, pawpaw preserves, plows,
African billhooks, bonnets, syrups, daguerreo-
types, sugar cane, oars, foot mats, oranges,
beans, pofetots, pawpaws, shirt, printed sheet,
twisted c*ttou, ginned cotton, cushion, starch
from lilh, ground nuts, fringe, canoe boat, bar
soap, foivls, paintings, cherry bounce, tin lan-
tern, axe, drawing knife, corned beef, under
sleeves, coffeepot and candle-stick, coat, knife
box, edfloe meal, patent boat, hominy and corn
meal, cocoanuts, infant's shirts, prepared sage,
tidies, upper leather, cured tobacco, chocolate,
palm oil caiidloa, frr«en tobacco, ginger, blank,
socks knit of African cotton, worked collar;
bunch bananas, fat ox, &c., &c.

This is quite a respectable list, and presents
very strong evidence of the advancement of the
Liberjans in all those arts and comforts that
make up the blessings of civilized life. In
commenting upon the exhibition, the Report
says:— "The National Fair is another event in
the history of the present Administaation, which
cannot fail most favoracly to affect the entire
Republic. It was one of the most opportune
ideas that could have occurred to the mind. —
Coming just after a scarcity more general than
had ever been known in Liberia, it has had a
more elevating and stimulating effect upon the
community than any thing else could have had.

Something of this kind was needed. The Na-
tional Fair supplied tlie need. If any were
before inclined to doubt the ability of the coun-
try to supply those productions that can sustain
her, he became inspired with hooe and confi*
dence by the unexpected profasion displayed
before biro."

Jacksoxville, .Tune 1, 1858.

Editor of the Farmer : — I have not the
least possible erround of conjecturing who the
writer in the last Farmer may be, who signs
himself "B." and writes on "Events, Specu-
lation."?, &e.," and indeed it wasonlj accident
that I chanced to read the article, as its cap-
tion did not particularly atti-act me. But
there is one sentence in that, in other re-
spects, very interesting communication,
which 1 think deserves to be printed in g-old
and hung up in every farmer's and me-
chanic'.s parlor in the land : and to it I wisli
to call renewed and special attention, as con-
taining in a few brief word« the practical
substance of all tlie theology, and church
order, and piety needed by the millions who
are to work and keep this great continent of
ours. The sentence reads thus :

"The revival movement in religion con-
tinues unabated; the laymeo in the commu-
nity being the more active participants, as
we think they sliould be. "We hope the sal-
vation sought after, will be from sin, from
actual tangible wrong doing — so that we may
have essentially a better world to live in, —
not in any mythic sense, but in some effective
sense, and we are constrained to believe that
the present movement is in that direction,
and trust that the succeeding ones will be-
come more efficacious to good work.s, until in
time, deed.s and thoughts will foi'm our best
prayers, and reference toCod underlay every
act of the life."

Now, Mr. Editor, 1 respectfully submit it
to you, whether tliat paragraph h not worth
re-publishing in some form, and commending
to the most profound study and attention of
each one of your readers.

rour,> truly, T B. TURNER.

Editor of tlie Farmer: Last year,
late in the season, you gave me some
sugar cane seed to sow broadcast for a
forage crop. The season was not the
most favorable; but I sowed the seed,
and the crop of blades was very fair. I
mowed it before frost, dried it like hay,
and fed jt out in early winter. There
was no article on my farm that cattle
eat with more avidity. They actually
eat up stalk and blade.

I observed, after the cane was cut,
that a new crop started from the roots,
and had it been earlier in the season, I
have no doubt I would have cut a second
crop. I do not suppose that the young
cane is as sweet as when mature; still it
is very acceptable food to stock.

I shall plant some cane seed for mo-
lasses, but shall sow more for fodder. —
Perhaps I may put in seed to make food
for fattening hogs in the fall. I see in
your Farmer that some person has
found that the matured cane will fatten
hogs. I have no doubt that this will
prove the fact.

104:

TIME iLT^iisrois i^^a.rm:er.

ifhc SJUiuoi.^ ^avracv.

-—f~

SPRIN<;FiEI/D, JULY J, 1858.

JKS^Karly f<iigar corn can _yt't )>;• planfod.

JEQ^'TUc Siiprcnic Court o^' Indinna
have decided tliat taxes cannot l>c levied

in tliat State for the sn})port of Scliools.

<♦■ -

Jl^^An Aldcrnoj coav in Dcdliani,

Mass., irivcs milk from wliir^ a!»out 21

lbs. of butter are made a ^vcek.

^^^-^'''At best the crop of cnni the
present season Avill be sliort. W'r look
for a e-carcitj of corn and high prices.

-•♦^■

JKfr"The Cra^vford County Agricul-
tural Society bare got out a rich list of
Premiums for tbeir fall County Fail- —
Samuel Parks, rrcsideT)t.

E^i^The Legislatuve of Xcw York
have made an appropriation of $25,000
to establisli an Inebiiato Asylum. It

is to be located at Bingliauipton.

•.

Mi^^'Soap suds is excelloiit manure for
cabbage-', and capital f tr grapts. It r.cver
should be tbvuwn aAvay. (Miip manure i.-thc
best fo)- tiocs.

JKa>"^ii" •"^jdney Spring, ol" ^^]li{o county,
ha,> scut us a .-pcciiiicn ol'varl^' yt'llow corn,
wluch, we are free to say, is ttic liandsoine.st
corn we have ever seen.

Jg--g* Allow r.o b'ubav'.us <iuiu'er lo kill
birJt on your promise?. Nearly all Mm tiiDc
«>f the birds '.s employed in de,'tviying.'ii>cel.5
destructive tu your crops.

-t-

f^S>^How many tlicusand b^'art cherry
trees have been brougliL \.o this st;vte
from Ncw' York ? "\V'!io knu->,vs of a
sound tree ten years old ?

'oru (maize) is supposed to I'c

indigenous to America ; but travelers in

the interior of Africa, east of I.ibi-ria,

say that great quantities of corn .ire

raised in that region.

<«• ■ - —

Jgrs^'A laty .-priug is usually lollow'.d by a

b'to fall. ]u>l spring the I'ai^Mois \scrc late

in pitting in tlicir earn, an'] we iiciii'vc thLiv

was n-j killing- n-u^t ic tliissoction uuiilsoiac-

tim<^ in Noveu.ber.

]5g§^,(*arJcu urapt's have lr.M.:i riiHis.iU'd
Ibr many years in the \V»'st, ;(ud y( t om
markets arc nev(;r supiiliid ^\ith a piod arti-
cle. Isahella and ('at;!w},;i -laprs wuiiid
readily Poli in tlie piTpei- seas.jii at I "J;! and
15 cents T^ei- !b.

H^?5„To neutralize the poition of a snake
bite, ytiu must give anutlier. So when an
animal or man i« bitten by a snake, you must
turn down whisk3^ Into an ox or horse,
two quarts; into man, a pint; and sometimes,
if neees.sary, double the dose in both eases.

jg^^'Junc and July arc the l)est
months for removing large limbs from
trees. The wounds v/ill sooner heal in
those months than in anv of the others.
The wounded part should be covered
Avlth coal tar.

"Sparp] the Ror.r.LN.s." — An exami-
nation was made of the crop of a robbin
by an officer of the Horticuii.ural Society
of Massachusetts a few days S'nce, and
it was found to contain one hundred and
sixty-two larvie, which belonged to the
cnrculio family.

Weeds are .sometime.^ useful. On
worn out lands they should be suftered
to gi'ow, ami in tbrct or four years they
will restore fertility. Liebig says that
the worn out fiehls nmr Naples recover
their fertility from leing given up to
weeds.

Remedies. — For pdi-evil, apply a
liniment made of Ma* apple root and
tallow. For foot-evil, clean the foot
Avith soap suds and turnin a composition
made of tar, brimstone \{,nd spirits tur-
pentine. For scratches, make a lini-
ment of melted lard ami loot, and dress
twice a, day.

Aroma iic Seeds. — Fenml is a pe-
rennial. Its seeds are yerj agvoeablc,
and its early leaves and stalls; are some-
times used for early sallads. Dill is an
annual plant, and j)rouuccs will if si^vru
early. (^ua\vay is a perennial, and a
ton of seed can be raised to an acre. —
Coriander i.s an annual. Its t.ee<ls arc
used to se;>son meat, ami also in confec-
tionary.

...^^ __ _ — .

](j^„.^Vhon yon see a youui;- la>ly listless,
api'thetlc, dclijate, in the liiorning — troubled
with gajies and lack of energy, — send her
into the garden witli a lioi.-. J^ct htr use it
a little while; and then _uo into thehouscanJ
rest. Let her practice this prescription
(tr.riu!;- Ihc ve<j:etable season, and the roses
will return to h(^'- checks, she will secure
vioor in li'r frame — and she will b<' likely
to he ol' use to the worM aficrwaids. A hot
house plant i.^ a poor plant to withstand all
thf> vicissitudes of life.

Cnrrent Events.

The selling of milk from diseased cows,
from swill milk cows, has made quite a sensa-
tion in New York. The circumstances of
there being very bad milk used in the city
for many years, .appears to have been known
to the good inhabitants of Gotham, but they
are a very forbearing people and have allowed
the evil to go on until an outburst was un-
avoidable, and the rifrhtman, as usual at such
times, appeared, capable of giving the facts
and stamping an authenticity upon them,
which resulted in those mrmicipal measures
that were to root out the nuisance, and vindi-
cate the majesty of the people. Mr. Frank
Leslie, editor of the Illustrated Ncics, had
thoroughly investigated the subject before
his paper beeamp, the medium of those truly
terrible revelations that have since been pro-
mulgated. That a cow could be so diseased
as to lose her tail pretty near the root, lose
her skin by the least abrasion, have ulcers
oozing their macerations from unusual parts
of the body, have her gentle fonu changed
into ugliness and deformity, at length be un-
able to stand up, and then be slaughtered for
the market, would seem to be an impossibility
in this enlightened land. Think of feeding
children with rotten milk, poisoning the
whole current of their life, stunting their
man and womanhood, think of ourselves con-
suming it, drinking it, making custards of it,
worse yet, letting it sour and making cake of
iti Uruce, the African traveler, met a peo-
ple in Abyssinia, who cut steaks from tlie
living brute and then patched the wound up,
but the New Yorkers are more humane, and
let the animal die first, and then have the
steak. Had Jacob Strawn known this when
he sent beeves to, or prepared them for, the
New York market, had he known the appre-
ciation of meat there, he might have been
richer than he now is. Had our friend,
Jiiit.^-s X. Brown, knov/n what real meatwas,
he need ^.t have devoted a whole life to the
rearing and porv'«,.ting of cattle. Have you
live.r road Dickens' "Oliver Twist," or Eugene
Sue's "\Vaudcring Jew,"— the latter a vciy
bad book — if you have, you may find in fic-
tion aiiuiKmnt of depravity aboht equal to
these sWJI milk disclosures of New York.
lint the rs-^ Yorker.s are a foi bearing peo-
ple, they lik» t<j j^g tempted, their prayer is,
"lead us into V„ptation that we may show
our power of res»f..,i,.c over it." thov hare
more endurance tk, j^,ij, they never coai-
plain, they would noiff,^!. acowhousedovn,
they wont make a noise 4,Qut anything. SVe
lived in New York many ,„ars, but we took
our milk from Jesse Mott, i.,. Quaker, hon-
ored be his name; he asked oUs.gytijioi.,3foj.
milk, said he could not live, coK^^ jj^^ o^yg
his children schooling at the ordinvypyictx

THE ILLINOIS FA-RMER.

105

and some of us salt water gentry concluded
Jesse's cliildren should be schooled.

The foreign relations of the United States
are .again disturbed by the action of the Brit-
ish cruisers in the Gulf of Mexico in board-
ing and searching our merchantmen, who are
suspected of being engaged in the slave trade.
The sincerity of the English in suppressing
this traffic, none can deny who knows them,
but it is much vitiated in the eyes of foreign-
ers by substituting the equally criminal mode
of replenishing the labor of their colonies
through the introduction of Coolies. The
French too, wherever their interest is con-
cerned, have resorted, through private tr;i-
ders, to measures as barbarous as any that
have ever disgraced the slave trade. We
know of nothing worse than the fate of the
Coolie or indented laborer under the auspices
of either of these flags, from his first shipment
on board of a dirty, crowded, ill-ventilated
vessel, to sail very frequently over half the
circuit of the globe, and then fall into seni-
tude, from which there is no escape, or return
to his own land during the remainder of his
days. The heart of the English is against
slavery, but their interest, their very self-
preservation as a nation, depends upon their
commerce and its full integrity being niain-
tained in the markctsof their colonics. The
United States were the first nation, as we un-
derstand, to prohibit the slave trade, but
slavery is one of the institutions of the land,
and it may be reasonably expected, and
cannot be controverted, that we exercise con-
siderable lukewaimness in carrying out the
provisions entered into with Great Britain for
the suppression of the traffic. A majority of
the officers of the United States navy are
from the Southern States, and we think their
co-operation would not be so zealous for the
suppression of a traffic, the results of which as
exhibited in the \forking of their institution
among themselves, they look upon as a bene-
ficent ordination. A search .seems to an un-
prejudiced mind, the only certain way of de-
termininc: the character of a vessel or her
employment, — and as Amcricau clippevo are
notoriously used in the slave trade, are fitted
out from our port,^, are owned there, gener-
ally by naturalized citizens, they are the first
suspected, undergo examination, are detained
and put to other trouble — the officers of the
respective vessels become irritated, and when
it is remembered that the seizure of meu
from our ships in our weaker days caused the
war of 1812, is it a wonder that our pride and
honor as a nation are immediately aroused on
the report of an insult being thus ofiered to
our fiag? It Would appear that wc never
should have entered into joint conditions
with the other powers for the suppression of
the slave trade, the money expended on the

coast of Africa to us has been sadly misspent;
the compromise with Great Britain to keep
up an armament on the coast of Africa under
the Ashburton treaty, was never required by
the Northern conscience; the Southerners in
their section hold their conventions for the
purpose of discussing the desirability of
opening the triide again; we unitedly place
ourselves in a false attitude before the world;
we lose our consistency and self-respect; and
the right of search will ever be resisted to the
bitter end; the most rabid abolitionist would
merge all his hatred of slavery into the more
intense and overwhelming sentiment of resis-
tance to the search of his vessel; and those of
our people who consider slavery the greatest
calamity would prefer to see the national ef-
fort fjr its amelioration and emancipation
directed to measures within rather than to any
outside interference. This visitation and
search of vessels has been a curse through our
history; every few 3'ears we are called upon
to get into a fever, to have our amicable feel-
ings disturbed, our prejudices renewed, to
build frigates and sloops of war, gun-boats
and forts, to call into the service of the gov-
ernment, men, and power, and money, that
are fast centralizing it, and will in time, un-
less arrested, make it an enemy to the liberties
of the people. Xo one can suppose that the
late rash actsb}'' the British eruizers without
any apparent premeditation, without any
outgivings or foreshadowings, would be borne
with by this people for a moment, whethe^
the abstract or other right that might be be-
hind it. As the slave trade can be suppress-
ed in many ways, the remedy here insisted
upon sinks into insignificance in comparison
to the calamities of war.

We bear of a vigilance committee in New
Orleans, and we think it was full time for the
more rci^pectable of the people to take the
government into their owu hands from the
hands of those who oiFe/ed no protection
against vice, crime and immorality. Vigi-
lance committees should be formed in all
places where society exists without law.
Criminab find almost any defense in the re-
fuge of the law itself, technics and devices to
waylaj'^ justice beingthe acknowledged tactics
of the piofc'ssion in many ofoiir larger cities.
Society in affording protection to casualty
and misfortune enlists the same aid into the
service of the abandoned. Every one is sup
posed to be innocent until proved guilty,
though every antecedent of the life teems
with crime. Lord Denman thought from
his exalted station that character had some-
thing to do in determining guilt, but our
sympathies side with it in these great cess-
pools of iniquity, the large cities, more espe-
cially in those whose population is not perma-
nent, who go and come as business prompts.

Jurors make criminals insane, vagabonds of
standing and wealth get screened from jus-
tice, capital punishment is a dead letter with
much of our sensitive population — and politi-
cal life is loaded with abuBe;'the ignorant and
worthless always vote, think the country is
lost if they do not; the more orderly and intelli-
gent, many of them, keep away from the
franchise in disgust, others shrink from it,
some are too dignified to soil their hands at
such places, and thus we secure a standard of
government far below the average intelligence
and virtue of the population, and this bears
mort particularly on the cities under consid-
eration. This is a serious evil and requires
purification, if it comes by fire. Order reigns
in Warsaw — said a most desperate tyrant, —
and some think it reigns wherever there is
submission, but chaos is preferable to either
the one or the other of the conditions here
assumed. We do not pretend that the more
respectable of the community are not respon-
sible for this stat« of things; the ignorant
should be instructed, the intelligent and well
disposed should exercise more interest and
vigilance, the source of coiTuption would then
be reached, the worthless be taken care of. —
Now this latter are like Pharaoh's fat kine,
they swallow all the rest. Every patriot
may thank God that there is faith enough in
justice and right in this country to bring out
vigilance committees when these virtues are
all lost, when they are set aside, scorned and

B.

disgraced.

The Last Month.

In the first fifteen days of the last
month a vast amount of rain fell, not
only in all the Western States, but in
New York and the States of New Eng-
land. In Illinois the deluge of rain was
so heavy, that corn was only planted on
hilly or rolling land. The weather
cleared up the middle of the month, and
on many sections of level prairie "the
dry land soon appeared." Farmers
went to work with a will, planted all the
ground possible, and though there is now
much corn ground unplanted, we trust
that with the smiles of Heaven and the
labors of man, we shall yet secure a fair
crop. The advice of the soldier-preacher
in this case is quite appropriate —
**Bretliren, pray to the Lord, and keep
your powder dry." Brethren, bless the
Lord for fine weather, but keep your
plow going in your corn !

Plant potatoes yet. We fear that
you will find the potatoes planted early
destroyed by the wet weather. There
is time enough to make a good crop. —
Plant potatoes — get seed of good varie-

T«!SK^

'>*>

•%

106

THE ILLINOIS FA-RMEH.

ties — raise enough — take care of them
when raised — sell them "when you can
get a fair price for them — and thus put
money in your pocket.

You can raise good crops of beans if
you yrill plant them immediately. Piow
your ground well, and then put the
weeds where they will give you no
further trouble. Your beans will re-
quire but little attention unless they are
weedy. The navy bean is a good varie-
ty to plant.

Don't forget buckwheat I
visions rise in writinj; this word

Ah, what

ter, smoking cakes and the like!

Win-
Sow

buckwheat before the ground becomes
too dry to germinate the seed. Buck-
wheat will fatten ho2;s as well as men.

See to it that you secure winter food
for your stock. Hangarian grass (Ger-
man millet) and Italian millet can yet
be sown with a certainty of good crops.
You can make good forage crops of
these millets if you have to cut them be-
fore they are ripe. That new and valu-
able plant, Chinese sugar cane, makes a
most valuable forage crop. Sow this
broadcast now, or rather drill it in ; it
will grow rapidly, and you may cut it
twice before frost I Corn sown broad-
cast, and thick, v.'ill also make good for-

age.

Turnips — but farmers know all about
sowing turnip seed. Wo suggest, that
as we all want a good crop of turnips,
to sow some land early, and keep sowing
every few days, till you have a good
stand. Make this a point, and stand to
it, and you will secure a crop, and no
mistake. If you want a crop of Ruta
Bagas, sow the seed no-w^ and well. —
We have seen seed put into the ground
in a manner that would disgrace nature
to have it make a crop !

In a week your wheat harvest will be
over. The prospect is now that you will
have a good crop of wheat. Your labors
are now severe, but you will labor cheer-
fully. Notwithstanding all your com-
plaints and all your fears, the crop is
good. Your Heavenly Father has dealt
more kindly with you than you antici-
pated. You complaiucd in advance, bo-
fore there was necessity or justification.
We have sinned with you. Let the pre-
sent learn us a lesson.

We have passed through many wet
springs in Illinois, when the prospects

seemed dark, but the summ«rs and au-
tumns were fine, and the farmers' gra-
naries were filled with abundance, and
we had just cause of thankfulness at
"Harvest Home."

-»•»-

The Patent Office.

The papers contain a communication from
the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society to
Hon. J. HoiT, Commissioner of Patents.
The letter complains that the moneys of the
government are used to purchase coimnon
teeJs to distribute through the coun-
try, free of expense to the people, and that
thus the government couics in competition
with a large class of citizens engaged in' rais-
ing seeds for market. The communication
also suggests that the office .should only pur-
cliase and distribute seeds collected in for.
eign countries and which could not be ob-
tained by our seeds men. Tlic communica-
tion we refer to, comes from an interested
class, and the only answer we now propose to
ofifer is, that a much larger interested class
favor the distribution of seeds by the Patent
Office. The only question reully is, whether
a smaller number shall bo accommodated at
the expense of the many.

While it is very likely that many common
garden seeds have been distributed by the
Patent Office, it is certain that the office has
distributed many new and valuable seeds,
which would not have found their way into
the hands of our farmers, by means of ordi-
nary seeds men, for years; and we add the
conviction that the distribution of the seed
of the Chinese Sugar Cane will prove of more
value to the people of the United States than
all the office has as yet,^or will cost them.
While, therefore, VxQ admit that some im-
provement could be made in the manner of
obtaining seeds, we are as ready to aver that
the people of the West, at least, would not
be willing to dispense with the seed branch
of the Patent Office.

Indeed, the people of the West would ex-
tend the duties of the office. They would
make of it a department of agriculture, and
place an agriculturist at its licad. This
ought to be done. The interests of the coun-
try require it to be done. Commerce and
manufactures have their department; war has
its department; foreign affairs its department;
but the leading intcrestof the country is only
represented bji-the head of a bureau. This
ought not to be; and the fact herein set forth
shows that the great industrial interest of
the country — excelling in the amount of the
capital invested, in the number of individuals
engaged in it, in its importance, transcending
all the interests separate and united, is not
properly represented in our government.

Cost of Hedges.
The editor of the Indiana Farmer has
given, in the f»lbwing figures, the cost
of growing 230 rods of Osage Orange
Hedge. He says that after next year
he "shall let the hedge take care of it-
self:"

March 15, 1864, one bush. Osage Orange seed $20 00

April 15, " 81 aking and gprouting 2 00

May 10, " preparing grouud 1 50

May 19, " 4 days planting 6 00

June 15, '^ 4 dayB weeding aud hoeinfi; ..■•••>• -• 5 00

Augustl'2,'< 2 di do 2 50

April 1, 1855, 10 days taking up plants 12 50

April 4, " 4 days preparing hedgerow 8 00

April 15, " 30 days setting out plants 37 50

Miiy 12, " odayshoeing 3 75

June20, " J^ day'splowing 1 25

July 12, " adayslioeing 2 60

Feb'y 20, 1856, 2 days cuning down 2 50

April 15, " 1,000 plant.s to fill up uacancics 4 00

April 15, " 2 days re-plrnting 2 50

May lo, " ] day plowing 2 50

June 15, " 1 day cutting down 125

June 18, " 2 days hoeing 2 50

July 29, " 1 day plowing 2 50

August I, " 2daysbccing 2 50

March 1, 1857, 2 days cutting down 2 50

May 20, " 1 day plowing 2 50

May21, " 2>^ days lioeing 2 81

June 10, " 2 days cutting down _ 2 50

August 1. " 3 days hoeing 3 78

Feb'y 10, 1858,. T days cutting down 3 75

The probable co.>»t of tending the coming summer 12 00

Total $151 66

Or a little over 17 cents per rod.

This Hedge next year will be suflBcient

to turn stock. It is now eighteen inches

high, thick set, "and a terror to small

animals."

.♦.^

Paragraphs on Several Subjects.

Skillman's melon is said to be the best
nutmeg class. There is no better mar-
ket melon. When ripe it parts of itself
from the vine.

Whortleberry bushes are now cultiva-
in gardens in some parts of Pennsylva-
nia, and the fruit is greatly improved.

The seeds of soft maple are now ma-
tured. The should be gathered and im-
mediately planted* If the season is
good, the plants will be six inches or
more high by the middle of September.

Hovcy recommends that those who
cultivate blackberries should train them;
alloAving four sprouts from a root, and
these roots to be planted eight feet
apart.

Many earth almonds (chufas, or
ground nuts) have been sent out from
the Patent Office this season. They
arc to be planted about eighteen inches
apart; a single plant will sometimes pro-
duce a pint of the nuts. We do not re^
gard them as of much value. r-v'>«f^' ''

Dahlias should now be planted out,
and if possible, in a place whore they
are not likely to be broken down by
winds.

Cherry trees of the Heart variety can
be made to flourish here if their bodies
are protected from the heat of the sun.
This can be done by inclosing their bo-
dies with plank, leaving a space of a few
inches between the planks and the tree.

i^^'^W:^

T'fil*-MS' v^ ^

■r^ia^'vt^^--T^-'^'^

'V^JP":^ -•"^^ -. -

:~..<*?^

THE ILlLIISrOIS FA.IIMEK.

107

Imphec, or African Sugar Cane.

It is a remarkable fact, that just about
the time the Chinese Su;^ar Cane Seed
was taken to France from China, and sub-
jected to trial, Mr. Wray, a Frenchman, was
experimenting in Southern Africa, on several
similar plants, to ascertain if their juice could
be converted into sugar and molasses. He
succeeded in both, and carried the aeeds of
the Imphee to France (of which there are
some dozen vorieties,) for further trial. He
was successful therej but believing the cli-
mate of this country, especially the middle
and southern part of it, better adapted to the
growth of the plant than France, he visited
it more than a year ago, and placed his seed
in the hands of Brutus J. Clay, of Paris,
Ky., for cultivation. Mr. Clay also cultiva«
ted the Chinese Cane, or Sorgho. He says:

'•I planted the Imphee on the 22d May;
broke the ground twice, and planted- it three
or four feet apart, putting two or three seeds
in a hill. About three-fourths grew; hence
it was rather thin upon the ground. It did
not all mature before frosts — the middle of
October. I think the average growth of
stalks was no more than eight feet. They
were, however, one-third larger than Sorgho,
and contained much more juice, of a quality
very similar to that of the latter. It stands
up well, being large at the bottom and taper-
ing at the top, and is not liable to be blown
down by the wind."

The Imphee Seed is fur sale at the seed
stores. We hope that a trial will be made of
the plant in this section of the country the
present season.

"We acknowledge the receipt of a
fine present from the Niirser}^ and Gar-
dens of N. L. Dunlap, Esq., of West
Urbanna, Champaign Countj, of straw-
bery plants, rhubarb plant and shrub-
bery. Every plant is now doing well.
Mr. Dunlap has an excellent nursery,
and can supply every article in his line.
in the best possible order for planting. |
The Eastern drummers are already in
the field soliciting orders for next fall.
Look out, those who do not wish to be

skinned !

,^^

J^@*There is to be a trial of Reapers
and Mowers at Laporte, la., on Wednes-
day and Thursday, July 7 and 8, 1858,
under the direction of the Indiana State
Agricultural Society. Competition is in-
vited. Premiums — Best Mowing Ma-
chine, ^30 ; second bcit, §15. Best
Reaping Machine, $30 : second best
$15. Best Combined Reaper and
Mower, $30 ; second best $15. Every
preparation will be made to have a
thorough and satisfactory trial, and the
fullest competition is wanted.

Pear Culture.

Lewis J'. Allen, of New York, has given
his experience in the ITovticuUurUt on Pear
Culture. He says that he commenced his
experience by planting out 500 dwarf pears
on quince and .300 standards. He knows
that the soil was good on which they were
planted; that they were well planted — for he
planted them himself; and they were
well eultivatad. The next year after they
were planted they produced some fruit, and
so they continued to do.

Various diseases and ailments effected
them, so that within five years after planting
he had to re-«et trees, in number equal to half
the original number of trees planted. With
other fmit trees he "never took half the
pains he did with that pear orchard." That
they were well cultivated, he knoicx to he a
fact. The mice girdled the whole orchard in
1855-6.

This gives an idea in brief of the character
of his experience, and Mr. Allen is well
known to be a man who would do a thing well
if he undertook it, and to have every resource
for obtaining desired information at his com-
mand. We append a few extracts from his
communication which may be of interest.

''With standard pears, the success of one
orchardist has been various. Disease has
carried off the majority of them, in one shape
or another; blight, in its various phases, has
been the chief scourge, particularly with the
finer varieties.

"Numerous standard pear orchards have
been planted out in Western New York with-
in the last ten or twelve years, and I know
of not a single one which is /nil, or even half
full of trees as they were first planted; and
if any orchardist has succeeded with the
pear as well as he or others have done with
the apple, I should be pleased to know it.

"1 believe that I have succeeded quite as
well as the average of those who have tried
them, having now upwards of twenty quite
fair standtird trco^; about my house, growing
in a strong, clayey-loam soil, and bearing,
more or less, very good fruit every year; they
have thus far escaped the blight, Avliile some
of my neighbors, chiefly on lighter soils,
have been terribly scourged by this disea.se,
and lost many of their best trees. I consider
the pear much safer on its own stock than on
the <|xiinco: yet having no prejudices in this
matter, and speaking from my own observa-
tion, I freely admit tliat there may be loeali-
tios in the ea-stern part of Massachusetts— •
about Boston, for example — where the pear,
both on its own stock and on the (luiuee, may
thrive and be profitable for orchard cultiva-
tion. The statements of such pomologists, as
Col. Wilder, Mr. Hovey, Mr. Manning, and
others there who say that they .succeed in
their cultivation, are not to be controverted
with hypotheses or denial, at least by me.
I only say that their locality is a fortunate

one.

"Bartletts — the best mai-ket pear we have
— are seldom worth over three dollars a bush- j
el, and must be good specimens at that, i

Virgalieus, when really good, will bring five
to six dollars a bushel. Seckels, better fla-
vored than either, are worth no more, and,
from their inferior size and color, unless the
buyers k7iow their excellence, will not .sell
for near as much. Indeed, the size, color,
and appearance of the fruit, help the sale fiar
better than flavor, and one may talk of flavor
in an ill-looking pear to all eternity, and the
public won't buy it. A ffood-lookiru/ choke
pear is better with them. We never could
get over three dollars for our Bartletts in the
very best season, when our orange pears, not
good for the table compared with many oth-
ers, yet are very best for preserving, will sell
for a dollar and a half to two dollars. In
fact, so obtuse are the public to pear flavor,
that a wilding will sell readily for nearly as
much, in large quantities, as the best of other
varieties, with no better looking outside.
while in beaiing they yield double or treble
the quantity on the same sized tree. I met
a friend the other day who said he had a few
bushels of well-grown Vicars, which he sent
to market some weeks ago, and could not get
two dollars a bushel oflfered for them in a city
of over 80,000 people! He grows more
pears than any one else about here, as he
says, and only gets three dollars for his best
Bartletts, which don't pay for growing, tak-
ing the seasons as they run. In fact, the
. only men abont here who make Jany money
by their pears, are a few farmers, having
large, old wilding pears, which give large
annual yields, and sell at about a dollar a
bushel on the average."

We are apprehensive that the fine delicate
foreign pears will not succeed on our prairies.
We must be satisfied with American seed-
lings. Some of these furnish very good
fruit. They are hardier trees, and better

suited to our climate than the foreign.
«•»

Sugar Boiler. — The letter from Hedges,

Free & Co., describing the sugar mill, of

which we gave a cut representation in our

last number, did not reach us till a few days

ago. That letter says : . :. -. ,

" Sugar mills are of little use for sugar
making without kettles, and we know of
nothing so exactly adapted to the public want
just now, as this kettle. We send but one
cut of kettle, as that will show liow they are
made. Their width is 30 inches, their depth
about 27 inches, and their length from 85 to
5 feet. The oval bottom is of cast iron.
The sides or curb above, of sheet iron. The
oval bottom and oblong shape gives a good
fire surface, and renders the kettle conve-
nient for setting in a straight wall, plain ftir-
nace, that any one can build. "

••> — — ■'■::■ '

Meteorological. — We learn from M.
L. Dunlap, Esq., the following me teorologi-
cal items : — At Urbana we have had (in
May) 83,995 inches rain; 18 rainy days; 11
cloudy days; 1 clear day (12th); and all oth-
ers more or less cloudy."

<•>

l?@°'Our farmers are too deeply engaged in
farming to write much for this number of
the Farmer.

»:<

108

THE ILLINOIS FARMER.

What is Patriotism?

Editor of the Farmer : — Many men re-
gard it as a great point of patriotism, when
war exists, to rush into battle and hazzard
their lives in behalf of their country. When
they do this for the good of their country, —
the preservation of its honor and its rights, —
this is patriotism. But there are other ways
in which men can exhibit patriotism. Every
matter of public interest — every effort to de-
velopc by united means the resources of the
country — every voluntary expenditure for
the erection of a bridge, the putting up of a
church or school house — exhibits in those
who engage in these things their patriotism.
It does not require the sacrifice of life, but
it does of money, and these small things in
their influence upon our race, if wc would
trace that influence, would be seen to be im-
portant as it passes down the current of time.
The little sacrifices for patriotic duty, though
they may now appear trivial, will have their
happy influence long after those wlio made
them are resting in the bosom of the land
they loved.

Mr. Editor, these remarks are prefatory
to a few observations on the subject of estab-
lishing in Sangamon county, a sugar mill, to
settle in the minds of all, at once and forever,
the claims of the Chinese Sugar Cane as a
sugar plant. Those who have experimented
upon this plant, have no doubts upon this
subject; but there are those who are behind
the times, who believe that every pro-
fessed improvement in morals, politics, agri-
culure, mechanics, and in every other de-
partment of human industry and science, is
humbug. For the benafit of these, the ex-
periment now in progress in Sangamon coun-
ty, will be conclusive. A few years since
the raising of cotton in Georgia was consid-
ered a humbug — the raising of sweet pota-
toes north of Maryland was regarded as
folly — and fifteen years elapsed after tlie su-
gar cane was introduced into Louisiana be-
fore even a passable molasses was made.

Progress is now manifest upon all subjects
and things occupying human thought and
labor. He who does a part, a little part it
may be, to help on this progress, performs a
deed of patriotism. I will venture to say
that that man in Sangamon county who this
year assists in developing the value of the
recent contribution of China to the great
wants of man in this Northern Hemisphore,
will perform an act which will give him cause
for self-gratulation as long as he lives to wit-
ness its success.

Mr. Editor, I may appear a little enthusi-
astic, but I solemnly believe, judging from
what is now known that Chinese Sugar
cane is to be hereafter one of the leading ar-
ticles of cultivation upon the prairies of Illi-
nois. OLD SANGAMON FOREVER.

B@„Some prefer peas to beans ia their dry
state, in winter, as food. To raise peas with-
out their being troubled with bugs, plant
them about the middle of June or near the
first of July. Plant them deep, say eight or
nine inches. Planted thus late and deep as
stated, you will make good crops, and the
peas will not be troubled with bugs. Scald
your peas (to kill the bugs) before planting
them.

"The Biddies."

Mr. Editor : — I have a few fowls, and some-
times to make the most of their services,
when two hens hatch at the same time, I give
the chickens to one, and in two or three
weeks the chicken less hen will again com-
mence laying. Some days since two hens
having come off' with chickens the same day,
I gave the chickens to the oldest, and, in order
to secure the mourner excellent and agreeable
society, I shut her up in a coop with a gen-
tleman fowl. She at one dismissed her sor-
rows with her cluck, and in five days she was
let out of the coop and commenced laying.
Whether the pleasant company she was con-
fined with, had any thing to do with this
matter, you can judge as well as I.
*%,

iMr. Editor : — The early kind of corn, if
planted the first of this month, will ripen be-
fore the usual time of frosts, and even the
later varieties will furnish good roasting ears.
Cucumbers will do well planted now. Beets
for winter are best sown the middle of this
month. The early beans planted now, have
ample time to mature. Early peas will do
well put into the ground at this time, if plant-
ed six or eight inches deep. Cabbage plants
should now be put out for winter; and turnip
seed, for winter supply, should be sown be-
tween the middle of this month and the 10th
of Ausrust. The seed of the Ruta Baga
should now be sown. S. E.

Editor Farmer: It is very vexatious
to a farmer to plant or sow twice for the
same crop. I have planted corn twice
already, and am not pleased with my
corn prospects yet. I design to sow a
large space with S^yedish and common
turnip. Please inform me if there is
any way of guarding the turning plant
from injury by the turnip fly V

[In England it is said that farmers

soak their turnip seed in some very

rancid oil — train oil is best. They then

mix up soil with it so as to separate tlie

seeds, and then sow it as wheat. The

oil is very offensive to the fly, and they

lot the plant alone until it i."5 so large

that they cannot injure it.]

B^„Chineso Sugar Cane will fatten swine
in the fall, and they will eat it all up if fed
to them whole. A writer in the Nac York
Rural says, that last fall he tried tho experi-
ment on two pigs for the term of three
weeks. In three weeks they were weighed.
No. 1, fed on corn and slops, weighed 113
lbs., having gained 89 lbs. No. 2, fed on
sugar cane, weighed 110 lbs., having gained
37 lbs. Conclusion — "Sorghum is quite
equal to corn in fattening hogs." Our far-
mers would do well to profit by this experi-
ment. They can get Sorghum for hogs

planted now.

••• — —

B^g^The army worm has ajjpeared In many
parts of the State; but we do not learn that
it has been extensively destructive to crops.

How to Seenre a fine Display of Roses.

To obtain a fine and continuous bloom
of roses, is a matter worth striving for.
They are always acceptable — in winter,
summer, spring, and autumn. After the
proper varieties, highly enriched soil is
the main secret to success. Without
this, the best kind of Perpetuals are
little better than June roses. Some may
bring forth an occasional flower in the
fall, but nothing like a full bloom, and
the roses themselves small and puny.
In new plantations, trench up the ground
two spades deep, and work in at least
six inches of thoroughly rotted manure.
If it makes the bed too high, cart aAvay
some of the poorest of the soil. While
spading, incorporate as much as possible
the manure with the soil. After the
ground is thus prepared, leave it till af-
ter a rain, if convenient, to settle some-
what ; then plant your roses. In doing
so, see that it is done properly — that is,
the soil well pulverized, and placed com-
pletely about the roots. If a choice
can be had, select those roses that have
been dormant during the winter. You
may then expect a most brilliant dis-
play at midsummer, after which they
will produce occasional flowers until
the cool days of fall, when they will
prepare to gladden you again with an-
other rich profusion of flowers. In the
case of old plantations, or small speci-
men roses, too large to move conve-
niently, thoroughly dress them by laying
bare their roots, and filling in again
with half soil and half rich rotten man-
ure. In case either of these are not
done from any cause, the next best thing
is, to frequently stir the soil during
summer, and watering every week when
the soil will bear it — that is, when it is
not already surcharged with water —
with liquid manure water. Give a good
soaking, enough to reach the roots,
when it is done. A very good way to
apply artificial manure, is to sprinkle it
over the bed just before rain. Guano or
fowl dung of any description, is excel-
lent for t!ie purpose. June roses, climb-
ers, and in fact any rose, is benefitted
by the above application. — Country
G-entUman.

Mr. Editor : What a glorious time to
grow cabbages ! and cabbages are good
food for stock as well as humans, and it
is not too late to plant the seed if you
put it in lulls, where you mean the cab-
bage to stand. If too many come up, it

is easy to pull out the surplus. 0.
««,

3fr. Editor: Can any of your read-
ers inform me of a cure for gapes in
chickens ? If any of them have a cure
for this disease — which carries off a good
many of the rare — he will do the public
a service by communicating it for the
Farmer. A Chicken Farmer.

(ps«»«ra;j5f/-^n-«^:'«p;^-* ;'-:-»gp^-:: •;..5:f^

; -s^i • •

-T'IfV*'

. , yi '

THE ILLINOIS FA.IIMEII. -

* .:

109

Correspondence of tns London Times.
The Great Sruption of V^esuvius.

Account of the Commencement of the Eruption, by an Eye
Witness,

It was now nearly five o'clock, and we went
quite close up to the largest crater, which we
were enabled to do, as the wind blew steady
and strong down the valley, and thus we got
within eight or ten yards of the next opening.
From this we counted five or six distinct foun-
tains of fire, the largest putting forth volumes
of smoke, stones and lava. From another a
literal fountain of burning matter was ejected,
and from all lava and smoke poured forth in
greater or less quantities, tlie whole torrent of
lava uniting into a regular stream of red burn-
ing liquid pouring down the inclined side of
the valley.

We remained here observing this wonderful
sight for over an hour, then determined to aS"
cend to the top of the great one; our guide wa-^
most unwilling to go up, wishing to return to
the Hermitage — spoke of danger, late hour,
&c., — eventually we persuaded him to advance.
After a most severe walk by a path seldom
traveled, we toiled to the top, where we arrived
to see the last streaks of day-light gilding the
distant horizon.

It was now sufficiently dark to see accurately
the trace of the fire from all the fissures we had
left below, and standing on a projecting piece
of lava the scene lay at our feet; the eruption
was evidently on the increase, and acres upon
acres seemed putting forth in fire. The stream
of burning lava now in the twilight became
awfully visible, and rolled along at a rapid
pace to the bottom of the valley, up to the very
sides of the Monte Somma. We were perfectly
amazed at a sight no pencil could portray or
pen describe.

Our guide now urged us to descend; the lava
was running exactly towards the path close to
to the Monte Somma on which we had travel
ed, and it was quite evident that the smoke,
which was blown down the valley towards the
sea, would, in the event of a change of wind,
leave our only path of return in a most im-
passable condition.

We therefore hastened to descend the cove as
well as we could, the conflagration lending us a
partial glary light. The descent was difficult
and dangerous; sand up to our ankles, inter-
mixed with large lumps of old lava. Every
moment we were in fear of tumbling head fore-
most down the precipitate descent. We, how-
ever, got safe to the bottom of the cone, and
had now to pass the oarrow space between the
burning lava and Monte Somma, which here
presents a face of perpendicular rock, perfectly
inaccessible, and we became quite aware of the
fact that the torrent of lava might intercept our
passage totally; we could not possibly get up
the side of Monte Somma.

[ must confess I telt here considerably ner-
vous, and I saw the double danger of the lava
stopping our path and that of a change of wind,
which would certainly have smothered us inau
instant; and as we pressed on over the rugged
road, we saw the eruption increasing momently.
In one place the lava was rolling down the val-
ley in an enormous burning wave, perfectly red
hot, and a few yards from us, and at our point
of exit we could see little or uo room to pass; —
and although the sight was one of wonder 1
never expected to witness, yet we were obliged
to press along smartly for our departure through
the fiery gate, and when we did arrive at the
point of exit, not ten feetremained between the
side of the rock and the mass of burning lava.
Our guide, however, pressed on briskly, and we
passed the ordeal, not without feeling, I must
say, excessively uncomfortable from the great
heat and the near approach of this fearful burn
ing mass, and, having passed, we rested to see
the wonderful sight, now rapidly increasing.

Naples, May 31.— Last night the spectacle

was peculiarly grand and imposing. The lava
was poured in increaged quantity along each of
the streams already established, and being in a
high state of incadesence, presented a peculiar
splendid appearance.

At about eight o'clock an immense torrent of
lava broke over the ridge which confines the
basin of craters, in the direction of the Somma;
it flowed down the declivity of the Somma as an
immense torrent of liquid fire, and with such
extraordinary rapidity than in less than an hour
it had descended through a considerable portion
of the mountain. Its progress was then retard-
ed, partly by the diminished steepness of the
ground, and partly by transverse ravines, which
must be filled before the fluid can advance. —
Kothing could exceed thesplendor of this torrent
of liquid fire, forming the fourth principal
stream of lava; but the most extraordinary burst
of splendor which has been presented siuce the
coma encement of the eruption took place eoon
after nine o'clock, when all the mouths seemed
to be simultaneously called into violent action,
and to vomit forth such torrents of lava that
the entire mountain seemed one blaze of fire;
the varied colors produced in difierent parts,
owing probably in part to reflection, presented
a beautiful and striking appearance. The lurid
light diffused from this enormous burning mass
rendered visible the subjacent country, the
town, the coast and the bay.

On each night several thousands of persons
of all ranks, from the pear to the peasant,
urged by curiosity, repair to the scene of this
extraordinary spectacle. The darkness being
complete, and the route in many parts difficult,
each party is furnished with a torch, and the
view of these hundreds of torches flitting about
between the streams of lava, is most curious,
presenting the appearance of multitudes of fire-
flies.

June 1. — The eruption is splendid ! There
are three streams of lava, which begin just
between Vesuvius and Somma ; we went as
near as possible ; we climbed to the top of a
ridge of lava which had begun to cool, but it
requiied all the carefulness of our guides to
prevent us burning our feet off. On our way
down we went to the top of the Observatory,
whence the view of the lava was splendid ; the
middle was flowing as fast as water ; there was

a rayed reflection in the smoke, which said

was like the Aurora Borealis in Scotland. The
eruption began last Wednesday night ; the lava
begins where it did in 1855. There were thou-
sands ot people on the mountain ; it was an
extraordinary scene. At the end of one of the
streams of lava, that on the Castellamare side
of the Hermitage, there was a ceremony, I
suppose to stop the lava. There was a saint
and some priests in attendance.

-«•»-

Jolin Smltb.

Have we a John Smith among us? If so,
let him read the following from the New York
Evening Post, and learn by how many different
methods his omnipresent patronymic is ex«
pressed. Here arc his various designatione, by
which it will be seen that he has a habitation
in all lands:

Latin — Johannes Smithius.

Italian — Giovanni Smithi.

Spanish — Juan Smithas.

Dutch — Hans Schmidt.

French — Jean Smeets.

Greek — Ion Skmitton.

Russian — lonloff Schmitowski.

Polish — Ivan Schmittiweiski.

Chinese- — Tahn Shimmit.

Icelandic — Tahne Smittson.

Welsh— Jiohn Ssmidd. _ *

Tuscarora — Ton«.Ta-Smittla.

And if he has ever felt an inclination to dis-
own his appellation, and become plain Mr.
Brown, or Jones, then let him read the foUow-
iDg, and we venture to gay he will be ready to

throw up his hat and shout "vive la Smith !"
It is a harangue reeently delivered in one of our
neighboring cities, by Smith the rasor strop
man, who evidently glories in his title:

"Gentlemen, my name is Smith, and I am
proud to say I am not ashamed of it. It may
be tfllit no person in this crowd owns that very
uncommon name. If, however, there be one
Each, let him hold up his head, pull np hia
dickey, turn out his toes, take courage, and
thank his stars that there are a few more left of
the same sort.

Gentlemen, I am proud of being an original
Smith; not a SMITH.^ nor a SMFTH, but a
regular, natural, original SMITH, Smith.
Putting a Y in the middle, or an E at ihe end
won't do, gentlemen. Who ever heard of a
great man by the name of Smyth or Smith- e?
Echo answers who? and everybodys says no-
body. But as for Smith, plain SMITH, Sviiih,
why the pillars of fame are covered with that
honored and revered name.

Who were the most racy, witty and popnla
authors of this century? Horace and Alber''
Smith.

Who was the most original, pithy and hamor*
ous preacher? Rev. Sidney Smith.

To go farther back, who was the bravest and
boldest soldier in Sumpter's army, in the Revo-
lution? A Smith.

Who palavered with Powhattan, galivanated
with Pocahontas, and became the ancestor of
the first families in Virginia? A Smith, again.

And who, I ask — and I ask the question se-
riously and soberly — who, I say, is that roao,
and what is his name, who has fought the most
battles, made the most speeches, preached the
most sermons, held the most offices, sung the
most songs, written the most poems, courted
the most women, kisses the roost girls, run
away with the most wives, and married the
most widows? History says, ,you say, and
everybody says, John Smith.

«»

Food~Potatoes.

The untoward rains in May and the first part
of June, cut short the potatoe crops. We pre-
sume that not one half of the corn groand has
(been planted with corn in Central Illinois. The
sudden change of weather has baked the soil of
much of the flat prairie, so that it will produce
but little if broken up and planted.

Much of the early crop of potatoes — especially
on level ground — has been destroyed by wet
weather. If the whole planting had turned oat
well, we should not have had a large crop. —
Much land can now be found, if planted within
a fortnight, that would bring large crops of
potatoes. We believe that there will be a good
market for this indispensable article of food
next fall and winter, and would therefore sug-
gest to our farmers to plant all the potatoes
they conveniently can.

There is more reason for doing this, from the
consideration of the fact, that the large potatoe
fields in the American Bottom, will yield no
crops the present season. These fields 60pplied
the lower country with potatoes, the wants of
which, in this respect, must be supplied from
the Upper Mississippi. This state of things
alone will seriously affect the price in this mar-
ket. . , .>..,;.■. ,/■"••;. ■:^;. .-:.•;■•.■>■ ';:-■

We again suggest this matter to the consider-
ation of our farmers. They can lose nothing
by putting in all the potatoes they can put ia
well. ■ : . - '

JI^Myriads of locusts have made their ap-
pearance in the southern part of Misiissippi
and the northern portion of Louisiana:

f-,'-'^^

■ r

4.

no

THE ILLINOIS F^HJMER.

COMMERCIAL.

Farmer Office, |
June 28Tn. j
We are now in the midst of splendid harvest
weather; and so finely forwarded has been tii«
wheat crop under the hot suns of the last two
weeks, that there is quite a willingness to assent
to the opinion that there will be, in the west, a
full wheat crop of excellent quality. The corn
^ill have to contend against all the difficulties
of a backward springand incessant ruins throuo;h
so mach of the proper planting season. There
must necessarily be a considerable loss from
the flooding of so many bottoms, where corn is
usually the surest and largest crop. Still, the
apprehensions in respect even to tlio future of
this crop have much abated. "We have carefully
examined oar exchanges throughout this State,
and their general tone in relation to the corn
crop is encouraging,

*•* ■

MONBTARY.

Fabmkr Offick, )

Springfield, Juno'JS.j

The St. Louis Democrat announces that in
that city money is very planty and demand
moderate. No change in rates. Sight Ex-
change on the East dull at Ic premium.
Sight on New Orleans 4C premium.

No change in discount rates on currency, the
Illinois and Wisconsin bills continuing at 1 per
cent.

The Macomb County Bank, Michigan, has
resumed payment.

The Chicago Union announces the fact that

counterfeit tens on the Commercial Bank of
Racine are in circulation. Look out for them.

To-day (the 28th) the people of Iowa will
vote on the proposition submitted to them by
the Legislature — for the General Ban king Law,
or against the General Banking Law; also fur
the State Bank of Iowa, or against the State
Bank of Iowa.

Altered Bank Notes. — Twenties, "raised"
from twos, on the Blue Hill Bank, Dorchester,
Mass., and Concord Bank, Concord, N, H.,
are in circulation, and the alteration is so skil-
fully done that few could dcctect it without
previous knowledge of the plate of the different
denominations. The vignette of the genuine
twenties of the Blue Hill Bank is a female
seated with the figures 2 and 0 on either side
The twos have a view of a v;!':igc street.

In New York on the 24 . land wiin ;;
were quoted as follows:

IJuyiag. .Selling,

40 aero warrants, <p i«cre 112c 115c

SO do do do 00c 'Mc

I'iO do do do 79c 8;!c

100 do do do 8'Jc OJc

**>^

From the VVatiLiugtoii Union, J'liic 10.

The Ijast Treasury Notes.

The advortlBetnent for four millions of Treatiury Notes,
which resulted in the bids, which were opened on Monday,
produced an offer of $'28,635,000, or more than Boven tliucu
the amount demanded! The luinimuiu amount of interost
proposed for, by the contestautB for the loan, wuh 414 per ct.;
the maximum 6 per cent. The amount of the oRur at 4^^
per cent., was $2,760,000, which amount wasof courseawurd-
ed at thxt rate. The remaining $1,250,000 of the loan was
awarded pro rata to bidders at 4% per cent., who each ob-
tained an eighth of the amount of tl.oir bids Thus the
whole loan was disposed of at a rate of interest averaging a
little above i% per cent.

Tbe foliowiug i» a rccapitutation of th» loau:

At 4J4 per cent $2,205,000

At4>| (iO 9,500,000

At 6 do 10,835,000

St. Louis Market— June 23.

Flour— Tending downward. Sales to-day 1000 brls city
superfine, delivered next week, at $3 75; 40 hrls do at $3 9().
and 150 bags do at $1 90; and of country 300 and 280 brls No.
1 superfine at $3 60, part delivered; 40 brla do at S3 55; 40

brls branded extra at $.0 80; 50 brls common at $2 75; CO
bags superfine at $1 GO; 400 bags do at $1 75 and 72 bags ex-
tra at $1 90.

Wheat — Spring nndclnb 2@3c lower. Sales to-day include
IGOO bags fair to prime spring and club from COgiCic; 918
hags choice do do at 64(5C5c; 255 bags mixed and common
fall at TOc, and 00 bags fair now fall at 75f. No sales reported
to shippers.

Corn— Better unalitiis soM at full price?. The inferior
and damaged qualities are "lull. Sales today 95 bags <lam-
aged at 46e; 481 Img.H prime white ut ti^aHih:, delivered; 400
bags prime white at 02f, dclivcivd, and 5000 bushels do do,
tonrrivp, on privat*! tt-rmii.

Oats — Market declinins, and sales have a wide rongn, in-
cIuJiug652 l<iij;s musty and inferior at ■lo(U45r: -i:3Sli.igsg<p()d
and piinif at 4li@47c, and 555 bag"! prinn- and clioicf at 48c,
in bugs. -Also, 160 bags at 44c, bags returned,

Darlet — Very dull. 40 bags fall were sold at 40c.

KvK — Sale 23;! bags in two lots at 55c in bags.

I'oRK — No demand or salw

Uacon — Country sido* largely di'clini'd. Sales reported
werelO casks goodclear sides at "J-^c, and 5 casLs do ut l^-^c,
in good casks. Market very dull.

Lard — Nothing doing.

Tallow— Sales 10 tcs prime at flj,<c.

WuiBKT — Iloldors asking higher, bnttliedeui»nd iiiaclivo,
attd the sales were 185 and 80 brls at 19c,

Shipstupf — Sale 150 bags at GOc, without bags.

Gunnies — A lot of 100 tales new, fair weight, wius suld on
private terms.

Fruit — Sale of 27 bags dried apples at $1 30.

Hides — The market for lltnt is steady at 14c.

CoopjiRAGF.— Pale !iOO floi.r brls at Hie— Jull.

Skep — Sales 17 bags hemp ?eed t COc, anil small jiaikap-es
flax seed at $1 V husli.

Onions— Sale 60 bags new at Jl.

-••»-

^l. liuuis liive Stuck l>Iai-kct>-June 3C.

Hellevue lIoisE. — There is a good supply I'f betf cuttii^ on
the market of all dcrriptions, with a luoilerato demand for
city use, at 5).< to 0),4C net for good to clioice, and 2}^ to 3c
gross for ordinary to lair; conjiiion ali selling ut $15 to }.20 y
head. Ko deni.iud for shipment South.

IIOGS — The stock at i)rr»ent in market is fnlly ample for
the demand. Fair to choice retail to butchers at 4% to 5c:
common and light dull at 4J4 to 4J,-^c net.

SnEEV — A moderate supply odVriu'g at prices ranging from
§1 50 to 2 50";'. lifad, as to quality. Demand limited.

Cows and Calves — A good stock offering with u limited
demand, at $25 to 40 for good to t.xtr.i, and $15 to .^JO for
common to fair.

. _ ««.

New York Cattle Market~Juue 23.

The cattle at I'orty-fourth were derived from the lollowing
sources :

PeTinsy'.vauia 220

Iowa 72

KvntucK V 215

juii'ai'od with last wefk, are

Ohio Pol

New York 91

Illinois 2,081

Indiana 247

The avcrair prices to-day, as

about l)-^c(*li/^c lower.
We quote:

Plica of Bof lU Farly-r< I'llh m'/k/.

Today. " Last Week.

rreniium Cattle none none

First quality 01<^c(<j.'j3,.<c \(J'/tC(aiWy,c

JHedium qmility Si.^r(,i,9 'c 9v'rc(<!il0 'c

Poor quality 8"cf<',8l^c 9i.{c(«-9l,c^c

I'Dorest quality 7 c(«;7)^;<' SJ^ctniOc

General selling prices... .8 c(j, 9 c 9 c@i0^c

Average of all sale.s h]^c@ OiJJc^lO c

At Brow^ning"s, Chambcrlin's and O'Brien's prices do not

materially ditler from those at Forty-fourth .street. Urowii-

iug reports becvo.-< at 8c^ lUc, 0 Brien reports beeves at

Sc@10c.

REMARKS ON THE REEF MAEUET.

A glaucoat the figures aboVR will go far to tell thestoryof
prices at Fcrty luurtli street iuilay — 3.905 cattle at 0110 mar-
liet, ami 4,50:1 r.ctived in tlie rity i:i one i-liort week ! And
this in tile liciglit "f tbe strawberry season, when a i>\-itu nf
this di'liciourt tVuit iii prospect as a disc it. wuuiicrlully di-
iuiiii'<liei tlie appclite lor M>lid lieel- Durinn no week tliis
vri.; 'r flic la>t lias bcuu wituet.sed such a ru.sli ol bullocks to
lii- laiket. Tl 10 largest previou.s rcCL'ii»i.-i llii.s year came in
'in- ;..slweck Ui .lanoarV: iiumlK ling ,'^,790; llie lar.;<wt hut
year, 4,332, ai rived during tlie week ending .\ug. 19.

Sales commenced yesterday at ■j'^c docliue trom I.- <t week.
Tliis morning no owners ti.ou;.^lit of mkiiig witliiii Ic \.> \h
of last Weiinosday's current rates, and prices went d^iwn —
down — ilowii until nis^ht kindly oinie on and stjji^ed eporu-
tious. Wo pikr owiiera — not, loiwevc;". the c^jii culatipi. \ wlio
grew excited by their ]irolits last woek and rushed w-jtward
to buy up droves on tlio w.iy, and got solely bit in tli opora-
tioii. Tli"y ought to have Icnowu better. lVrli;.ps t!;u one,
two or live huntlred dollari* loss on single droves may rub otf
the gnms from their eyotcctii alittle, A few tip-top auimal.s
may have reached 9;'^'c 'H Ih, net, though not a grcil number
of nvi n the better grades found purchasers at cvit 9c, if a
just estimate of weights bo ta'.cen into the reckoning. There
were uuiu'jrous couutry buyers on hand to day, luckily for
thems-Ives as well for the owners of cattle. Some drovers
took their cattle from the yards to pasture until a l>ettor
prospect warrants thorn bringing tlieia in again- Kut for
these two causes the market would have been even more
Hat. if possible. Butchers bought froe'y to-day, thug cur-
tailing the demand for next week, whicli must, unJor any
circumstances, bo small.

The following are the droves from Illinois :

No.

Owners.

Salesmen.

7«

Aloxaniler & Crura

J A Mellitt

82

VV Florence

Owner

133

Valentine & Martin

Owners

111

Alexander & Virgin

11 Murray

145 AVhite & l\aekard MeadAHolcomb

94 J T Newman C W Congor

119 J Bryant T Wheeler

33 T J Darnell .1 Miller

90 K Paddock Gillett AToffey

24 GillettAToftev Owners

90 .1 Bach ■ Westheimer 4 Bro
105 A Allerton Owner

121 W J Hutchison Hoag A Sherman

10;'. .1 H Williams Owner

113 Alexander & Virgin S Ullerv

58 R Caldwell W H Harris

60 Piatt & Co W H Harris

91 Wm Van Djck Owner

110 .10 Bone White i Sou

S:i .-. D Haring Owner

Alexander A Crum contributed 7S Illinois steers, of only
iiieUiuiit Hetjli, v.-hi. li J A Merritta-KeragpU nearly 9c, rated 060
lbs net,

Gillett * Toffey sold for R Paddock 113 fine Illinois steers,
rated 700 ft)s net, at 7JJ^'Vt.Pc. A few of them were sold at Ber-
gen at similar rates.

Valentine ic Martin, on their own account, 133 fairish Illi-
nois cattle, weighing 725 Ibg,atS@9c,

Alexander A Virgin coutribnted 224 Illin(d8 stcerB, which
wcro divided between K Murray and S Ulery. Murray's lot
were nice, tidy steers, rated COO lbs net, which ran outatSJ,^
(a 9},;^o. tilery's were a trifle lieavier, of similar quality, and
brought about the same ptice.

Mead & Uolconib sold for Whits & Packard 145 fair cattle,
trom McLean county. 111, estimated weight 700 lh«. They
averaged about 9c, The owners thought the present a pretty
hard mafkct for a first attempt, M * 11 sold 14 of C K War-
ner's cattlo at about $80 %i head. They wt re fat, but rather
clumsy, welching about 900 lbs.

J T Newman brought in 94 fine Illinois cattle, which ranked
favorably with the bestilroves of to day. Allerton & Conger
were trylufc to average them at 9c on 675 lbs weight. V.ilen-
tlne it Disbro took six of tlie choicest at OJ^o, buyer, 9c sel-
ler.

cows AND CALVES.

First qualify $50 00@e6 00

Ordinary quality 40 00@45 00

Ceiiiiiioii quality 25 006ji30 00

Inferior quality 20 00@23 00

VIAL CALVE.S.

Kx-tra (piality, per ll> '..5l^(a6}4c

Other qualities ■. 4 (^ So

SHEEP AND LAMBS,

Prime quality, per head $6 00® 8 00

i>r;;inary do 3 50® 6 25

lui'erior do 2 00@ 3 00

&WIXE.

'First quality ...A]4@i%c

Other qualitio.-i 4}4@4%c

49f

Xcw Vork Wool IVIarket—Juue JJl.

Tliere is cousidonble mere inquiry for the finer qualities
of Old Native Fleece and pulled Wools for manufacturing
purposes, and with a greatly reduced stock in the principal
markets on the seaboard full prices realized for all offering.
It is now fully understood that last year's clip was very
light, and that there has been much less of it held back, oc-
casioned by panic prices than was anticipated. The stock
of iloece in tliis muket does not aggregate probably over
300. ouo lb , witli an estimated similai- quantity in the interior
ol the State, The stock of I'uUcd Wool here is very light,
and does not exceed 300,000; this, as well as fine fleeces is
wanted to work into fine doeskins and cassimers at 373^@40
cents, and for fnll-blooded lleectg manufacturers arc willing
to pay 4234@i45c; but our readers will bear in mind that
these figures are lor strictly bne old wools, ready to work
into cloth. The clip last year may be roughly computed at
5(1,000,000(2,55,000,000 IKs, most of which was bought up im-
mediately after shearing at very full pricci — rates which
'ouyert subsequently did uot realize. With these and other
facts count'cted with the revulsion of 1857, now in tlie mem-
ory of <l''alers and maunfactu.-ers, it is but natural that they
would act cautiously attho opening of the Wool Market now.
The new clip, as we have already stated, will bo a full aver-
age one, probably amounting to 05,000,00orc^ 70,000,000 lbs.
This is now coming on the market at a decline of 5@10c, av-
eraging 7J.r,c ^ lb. This is uiouorate, compared with the rul-
ing prices now and last year of old wool.-; line llceccs then
sold as higti as 80c, a>id pulled at 45c.

.- - - ,ef .

Stock or Bacon.

Tlie following is [lie e.ni mated stvck of IJucoii in eiuciii
nati as computed last week:

'iacoii s'dc.«, iiacked, I'm 1,520,200

Bacon 8lioulder.-<; piivked, Ibi 1,955,000

Bulk sides, loose, lii.-* i.,015,0C0

Bulk siioulders, b-o.-e, ISj 3,575,000

Total 9,065,200

Western JLand Office.

T. K maYiieii.

FOR THE

PUKCHASE -\ND SALE OF CITY PRO.

perty, Fanus and Unimproved Liauds,

PAYMEXT Of TAA'ES,
Collection 0/ Claims.

fwovemnient JLands

Eh'TERPD WITH V.'ARHANTS OR V ASH IN JNT

LAS'-D DISTRICT IX ILLINOIS, IOWA, MISSOURI,

MINNESOTA OR NEBRASKA.

LAND WARRANTS BOUGHT AND SOLD.

Office oyer N. II, Ki Jgely's Bank, West side Public Squaie,
Springfleldj Ills.

-■-*.' -- ■-r ■! ■

:T'

vv:.!K^^^ *-

•M^

-^i

.-*#■

fi- *•:

l^HE ILluIlsroIS FA-HMEH.^ M-

111

TABIiE OP COlfTENTS.

Bracelet 97

Draining 98

Varieties of food 100

New lightning roda 101

Stay to see (he balloon go

up 101

Th« northern sugar cane 101
The sugar cane crops.... 101
The Lawton blackberry.. 101
Under-draining and upper-
draining 102

Trial of plows at the fair. .102
Poultry— Bolten Gray8...102

Plant on 102

Tree cuUnre 102

To prerent hens setting. .103
A national fair — in Africa 192

Editorial Items 104

Cnrrent events ^X)l

The last monih..4 ....103

The patent office 106

Cost of hedges...'. 106

Paragraphs on seven sub-
jects 106

Iniphee, or Afriifan sugai*

cane .....107

Pear cnltnre..... 107

The biddies .....;... ..108

What is patridtiBtn 108

How to secnre a fine dis-
play of roses. .« 108

Tre great eriiptton of Vesu-

▼ini 109

John Smith „ 189

Pood — potatoes ; 109

The Markets 110

Adyertisement^ ........111

Advertisemect*. 112

HAREY'S

AET oy

Taniing THciows Jtiorses.

Warranted Geaufne.

JUST PUBLISHED, ILLUSTRATED IN^
structionsin Rarey's Art of Horse Taming, guaranteed
the same as practiced in Europe, and entirely different from
that described in horse taming books and taught by itinerant
jockies. As Mr. Barey did not disclose the important feature
of his system in thU country, but which I now for the first
time engage to fnlly rereal. My price has been reduced to
t,d, which e ^ery man who owns a horse can afford to part
with. Any man who knows anything about a horse can
operate it. All persons remitting the money must promise
ever their signatures not to make the secret public or sell it
within three months of reecption. Address

CALEB n. RANEY.
jiily-far3m Albany, N. Y.

~ L UM BE Kir ^

►LEASE NOTICE—

./liZr^wishing to.buy building Lumber or Fencing, either
delirered here or at any point on Bailroad,

JFor Cashs

Will save themselves trouble and money by cajling on

JS. R. VIjRMCU » CO.,

T?.s

WE^have on 'hand a very large stock of thoroughly isear
Boned LUMBER, which we guarantee will be offered for cash,
at prices which will clearly make it to the interest of ALL,
to bny at home.

Those wishing to buy on long litne, may do better else-
where, as we are determined to make the proper difference
between Cash and Credit prices.

Our stock of

SHINGLES,

LATH,!

SASH,

DOORS, 4c.,

is complete.

AI.TON I.IME—iu barrel or bulk,

Received fresh from kilns, daily.

PLASTER PARIS, best brands.
CEMENT, HAIR, Ac,
Constantly on hand. All for sale at reduced prices,

FOS CASH ONLY.

febll-lv

E. R. ULRICII & CO.

Springfield.

TO JFJlRJUrjERS.

FOR SALE— CORN PLANTERS, REAP-
ers and Mowers, vaoious kinds, drills, various kinds,
threshers, plows, and almost every other agricultural imple-
ment. may fRANCIS & BARRELL.

ONNETS, NEW AND CHEAP AT

SMITH. EDWARDS & CO

B

the: CIiEVEl^AHD WOOI. DBPOT,

StABLISHED IN THE WINTER OF

1 'J1854. has been in~ operation over four years, daring
which period, though its progress has been impeded by the
adverae years of 1854 and 1857; the practicability of the plan
has been clearly demonstrated. That the house affords su-
perior advantages to the WOOL GROWBRS OF THE WEST,
as a medium for passing their wools into the hands of the
manufacturer, is now no long-r a question. But although
a very large nnutber of Wool Growers have availed them-
selves of these advantages daring the last four years, yet,
surprising as it may appear to many, our receipts have beea
larger from Merchants and Wool-buyers than from Wool-
growers, and this may be accounted for mainly from the fact,
that, as a class. Wool-growers have been more easily influen-
ced and misled than the former, by the statements of a few
operators who are wholly opposed to all efforts having for
their object the systematizing of the wool trade, or the en-
hancement of prices to ihe producer.

The past year, characterized as it has been by the most dis-
astrous financial embrirrassments, has been one of the mest
unfortunate for negotiating and managing sales of wool, und
the fact that the enterprise has been remarkably successful,
notwithstanding these disadvantages, and given almost uni-
versal satisfactioa to consignors, shoald, we think, inspire
sufiScient confidence to induce large consignments from wool
growers.

To those who have been prejudiced by false rumors, and
who have manifested a want of confidence we have frequent-
ly made advances equal to the price they have been offered
for their wool. Such advances, however, should not be re-
quired, as the enterprise was started for their benefit, and
this object has been steadily kept in view, and we hope the
encouragement will be such as to enable us to continue our
efforts. Indeed, wool-growers, particularly the present year,
cannot afford to do without such influence and facilities as
this house can extemd to them.

This year most be a peculiarly fovorable one for wool-
growers to test the merits of the Wool Depot system, and we
hazard nothing in assuring those who are disposed to consign
to us, that they will avail themselves of

BETTER TRICES

than they can obtain by any other method, and would, we
trust, become permanent friends of the enterprise.
At this House, the

WOOL IS CLOSELY CLASSIFIED!;

Into different styles and grades^ thus rendering it more at-
tractive to the manufacturer, who frequently does not wish
to purcba3e mixed lots. Here he can obtain the particular
grade of wool adapted to the quality of goods he manufac-
tureSf and. c^n thus afford to

■^ ^. -.RzyS to 5 cents a 2>ound Jiwrc

Than under the old system of employing agents and sub-
agenta to canvass the country to procure bis stock. Here he
can find uniform grades^ which are so WELL KNOWN t»
Eastern Manufacturers, that the only ^expense attending
their buying is a letter or telegraph dispatch, ordering any
particular grade and quantity.

"SS^To those who wish to consign Wool to us, we will for-
ward Sacks, by express or Other wise, numbered and marked
so that no other direction would be required to have the Wool
rMkch afc - -V. />-_., ,

'■■ ;>.-»^T^*^'*^?:jrOOL TWINK •/
For tieiiig up Wool, will be sent to those ordering, at manu-
facturers' prices.

2b sJtow our confidence in ih^ future Wool ifarkel, we pr(^
posetamake more liberal

Casb Advances

than heretofore, if desired.

Hoping to receive a more- extended patronage from the
wool-growers and mercha&ts of the west, we promise undivi-
ded attention to theirinterests, and renHtin
Very truly, &c.,

600DALE A CO.
Cleveland, May 25-wlm-F2t*

D E I^TI S T,

OFflCE ON NOKTH FIFTH Bt£££T, OVER J. RATBUEN'S.

A DENTAL PRACTICE OF FIFTEEN YEARS WA RRANTS
him iu saying tliat all operations shall be carefully and
neatly performed. Ue is iu possession of several premi-
ums and diplomas awarded by the best institutes for the pro-
motion of science and arts iu the country.

Teeth inserted, from one tooth to full sets, as substantial
and handsome as can be had m any city of the United States
or Europe. Artificial palate plates intierted, supplying the
want or loss of the palate, velum and would, so as to restore
articulation.

Refer to Prof. David Gilbert, Pennsylvania College of Med-
ici ue, Philadelphia: Hon. J. S. Black, Washington Citj'; Rev.
Dr. Ilarkoy, Illinois University ; Drs. Helm, Ryan and Wal-
lace: Messrs. Jacob Loose, J S. C-ondell, J. U. Gray, Fossel-
man, Owen, Corueau & Dillor.

Juue7, 185.

MAP OF THE CITY OF 8PR1NGFIKL.D>

SANGAMON COUNTY. STATE OF ILLINOIS.

CONTAINING OLD TOWN PLAT AND
&i additions, tihewiug each Lot and Block, and the
numbers thereof, the Streets, Avennttcs and Alleys, Jiesiden-
C6S, and the unimproved Lands within, and a quarter «f a
mile north along the northern limits of said city. I

Scale 300 feet to an inch. I

Published by WILLIAM SIDES, of Springfield, City En ;
gineerand Snrveyor. junelO-dwtf i

on (M\n t'EET OE SEASONED WAL- 1

/C>\Jm\J\J\J nut lumber for sale. '

mayll J. HUTCHINSON.

» The Jffanny JPrizel

WHAT FARMER WILI. WIN IT t

Thankful for the patronage extended to us, and wishing to
promote the interests ef the Farmers who have done ao much
for us, we have presented one of our Fully Improved Ma.
chines to the

Illluois state Agricultural Society,

To be given as a prize for the

BEST WHEAT FIELD.

Contest open t9 aU Farmers. ''

Talcott^ Etnerson ^ Co,,

SUCCESSORS 07

MANNY & CO.,

ROCKFOBD, ~ Ilukom

Manufacturers of
JOHN H. MANNY'S

REAPER AND MOAVER

COMBINED,
ANDSINGtEMOWER. -

GREATLY IMPROVED FOR 1858.

Which received the

GOLD MEDAL

Of the UNITED STATES AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY, for

being the

Best Combined Machine Id America I

After a trial of over a week, in competition with 40 other
Machines, at Syracuse, in July last.

PRICES, (besides freight, for two-horee Machine, $136 00
Cash; or $50 cash, with notes for |50, due Nov. Igt, and $46
due January 1st For four-korse machines, $10 more.

mayl-farmerSm

i- ; T H K

STOCKSILI/ & HUME

JFatent W*H£JMT Drill

Is NOW OFFERED TO THE FARMERS
of Illinois. This drill distributes the seed by the taming
of the axle — and is the only Drill in the market which will
sow the same quantity to the rod whether traveling tiist or
sUnv. All slide drills will sow slower as they iTA\»\faster, lo
will all drills which wipe over the space through which the
seed passes.

Price for diill with grass seeder, $70 cash, or $75, $40 cash,
$35 1st of January, 1859. Without seeder $65 cash, or $40 on
delivery and $30 on the 1st of January, 1869.

Orders left with Francis A Barrel. Springfield, Ills., or di-
rected to M Grant, Dayton, Ohio, will receive prompt atten-
tion. Every drill is warranted.

t^We challenge competition ..ftir mayl-FarSm

WHlTEIiEY'S SEIiF.RAKlNG

REJMPER ^Jrn JftOJW*ER,

THE BEST MACHINE IN USE.

THIS IS THE ONLY PERFECT COM-
bined machine for all purposes in existence, being a
perfect self-raker, and unlike most others, can in 5 minates
time, be changed to a complete hand raker, and can also be
changed iu 15 minutes to a mower, which has no superior
for cutting grass. It will not clog in any kind of grass or
grain ; it has no side draft nor weight on the horses necks,
therefore it is the lightest running machine in use. All
machines warranted to give satisfaction. Francis & Barrell,
agents, Springfield, Illinois.

All letters of information or orders, address AmoB White-
ley, general agent, Bloomington, Illinois Box 591.

May 1, tf.

SMITH. EOVVARDS Se CO,

HAVE BEEN RECEIVING FROM BOS-
ton and Now York some very desirable fancy goods and
beg to call the attention of purchasers to the fact that they
will be sold at the bottom prices. jtineS

••■,¥.-

■;• < ~ff^^^.:

> ■■ ■ '■■\f-w: ■*

-'■ ,»■■■-

112

THE II.LINOIB FA^RMEK,

^i

B. F. FOX,

Wholesale aud Retail Dealer lu Hardware,

IN ALI, ITS VARIOUS BRANCHES, HAS NOW IN STORK
one of the largest and best assortments cf goods in his line
•ver offered in thit market. Importing many styles of Eng-
lish goods direct, and purchasiag I'.is American goods of the
manufactnrers at the lowest (cftsh) priced, he is enabled to
ofTer merchants and consumei 3 goodsat the lowest prices, and
on as favorable terms as any bouse east or west. His stock
•mbraces a very large and complete assortment of

Agricultural Tools aud Implements I

•f the latest and most improved kinds and qualities. Reap-
ers, Mowers, Straw Cutters, Hedge Trimmers, Sicldes,
Grass and ±runing Hooks, Oraudles, Scytlies, Snaths,
Fbrks, Hoes, Shovels, Scoops, Axet(»M kinds and makes),
Picks, Mattocks, Fan Mills, Seed Separators and T/treshing Ma-
cliines.

UODSE FURNISHING & BUILDERS WAREHOUSE.

Large and complete assortment of Zocks, Latclies, Butts, Hin-
ges, Screws, BoUs, Brads, Nails. TRIMMINGS— etoaX variety

Carpenter's and Builder's Tools !

Plartes, Saws, Chisels, Augers, Braces, Bitts, Drawing Knives,
Sijvares, Trowels, Bevils, Hatchets, Hammers, Adzes, Burch
tnd Broad Axes, Boreing Machines, Gould's and Stejttoe's
Morticing Machines, Files, <£«.

Blacksmith's Tools.

Bellows, Anvils, Vices, Screw Plates, Tangs, Horse Nails, Horse
Mhoes, Buttresses, <tc.

COOPEE'S TOOLS.

Fine assortmeut, Knives, Hooks, Planes, X-c.

CVTIiERY.

A very large stock aud assortment of Wosteuholm's Butch-
er's and othei's, Table, Potktt, Pen, Butcher and Shoe Knives,
Razors, Shears, Cissors, Carvers. <£c. Groat variety.
GUNS, PlSTOIiS,

Oiin 7^-immings and MouTitings, single and (Imthle barrelled En-
glish and German Kijles, Pistols of great variety, together
with a general a^sortm int of goods usually kept iu a IIui ihvare
store.

8 A 'W S

Every variety, mill, cross cut and circular, fiom three iiiclicM
to sixty inclusive, furnished at niannfacturers prices.

Saddlery Hardware and Carriage Trimmings.

In this branch of my business^ I am enabled to extend to
saddlers and carriage makers unusual facilities, being supplied
direct from the manufacturers. Ooods in this line come to me
at extraordinary low prices. My stock embraces all varieties:
Buckles, Ferrets, Orraments, Roseates, Jtings, Snaffles, Bitts,
Partches, Webbing, Self-Adjust ing and Dennison Trees, Sad-
dler's Silk, Shoe,'Three-Cmd and Fitting Thread.

Carriag^e Xriminingrs.

Bras$ and Silver Plated, Screw Front Bands and Plated Screw
Front Mail Bands, Coach Handles, Curtain Frames, Turned
Collars, Patent and EnanuMed LeaVier, Enamelled Muslin,
Duck and DriU, Rubber Cloth, Carriage Bows, Deer and Curled
Hair, Patent Leather and Rubber Belting, Htmp and Rubhir
packiiig.

lO_ Orders promptly filled and forwarded.

May 1st, 1857. B. F.FOX.

HORSE BILLS

PROMPTLY AND XEATLY PRINTED

SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS

NOTICE.
To the Raisers of Fine Horses.

THE THOROUGH BRED HORSE YOUNG
SARNTON, imported by the Illinois Importing Com-
pany, will commence his first season the 15th of March, at
tha stable of John 0. Crowder, 2 miles west of Springfield,
Illinois, and to prevent complaints we give timely notice
that he will be limited te 40 mares, p.nd as tbi-ro has perhaps
bsen that number partially engaged, we would hero say that
no mare will be considered engaged untilapart of the money
is paid. Having acquired a character at home and abroad —
having sold for :t5,050 — having taken the $500 premium at
the St. Louis Fair last Fall, from the best ring of Horses (ad-
mitted by judges) that was ever exhibited in the western
country — in &ct he acknowledges no superior in the United
States. The terms will perhaps be $75 cash; pasture for
mares from a distance gratis. Bills and particulars in due
time. JOHN C. CKOWDER & CO.

N. B — The thorough-bred Imported Horse, Barnton, will
be exhibited at Calef A Jacoby's sale, ou the 23d day uf
March, and perhaps one-fifth interest offered for sale.

Will stand at the stable of the subscriber, in addition to
Imported Barnton, Sida Hamstt, by Andrew Hamctt, that
only needs to bo s«en to be admired, having taken the prc-
minm over 40 horses at the State Fair last Fall. Also, Ac-
teon, by Imported Acteon. Believing the raising of fine
horses the most profitable business the Farmer can engage
in, I hope they will take the necessary pains to select the
ri^ht sort of horses to breed from. I have had considerable
experience in the horse business, and am confident that I can
offer the public abetter itud of horses, suited to the wants of
nil, than can be fonnd at any stable iu Illinois; aud to test
the thing, I would suggest that we have a general show of
horses and brood mares with their colts, at some suitable
time, say the '2d Saturday in April, and the owners oi horses

S've the services of their horses to the best brood mares, Ist;
; and 3d. What uay you gentlemen.

JOHN C. CKOWDER.
f«bl4 w3m-fkrmer. (Reg copy w 3m.)

:^ . THE ILLINOIS

•Jflutuat Fire Insitrance Co,

LOCATED AT ALTON ILLINOIS.

CIIAnTEBED FEB. %Z, 183i>. OROANIZiiD APiaL4. 1S.39.

Amount of premin,ii notes in force Fehniary

\st, 185G, constiivting a fund for the

payment of Losses,

$8 00,0 0 0.0 0,

Secured by a lien on property insured, valued

at over '

$9,000,000! i

''r^IIIS company insured d\v(dlingri,^tores,\\iirrhoiisc.-!.iniUMi- j

X factories, Diill.s, liariiii, stable-* and t'n' cnnti-nts of o.icli, ,

together wiUi every other similar species >il' prujjei ty Kitliin ■

the State, from |

LOSS OR DAMAGE 13 Y FIRE! j

The Dliectors feel Justified in rfcomincniliiif; this company fi> 1
the fiivorable considerntiim of t'ln citizens of lllimis. Kviry '
one insured becomes t. nieml.or. the co'ii]inny biing an i.s- j
sociation of customers — ciich of vlioni is concerned in in-
suring his neighbor. A& the indeiiiuitication fund augments
in exact ratio with t'lo increase of risks, tln^ capital of the
company it comparatively exhaustions; aud the entire saiety
of the institution must be apparent to every one who reads
the charter.

The cost of insuring in this conip.iny i.s so low. as to render
it almost inexcusable for the owners of insurable proi.erty
not to avail themselves of its protection.

BOARD OP DIREC TORS.

LtMA:J TkUSIBULL, KLIAB HlBr.AUH, I . Kw.LENBKnuER,

Bknj. F. Loso. Samuel Wade,

KonEKT Smith JoHxJAMrs,

TiMOiny TuR.XEK, Hexrt Lea,
M. G. Atwood, Nath'l Uaxso.v,

1JEX.)AML\- V

Lewis KEi.LENiii.RCEa. Trtas. M

n^ Kn Agent for tlii:3 Company may ho found in
every Couniy of the ,'Jtute.

Xfis^ Application for insurance may be niHde \u

JAMKS L. lilM,. Aynt.

April 1, 1857. at Sprirgfield.

ST^ll COR.V »JfIIIjJL,

ALlRtD J low.

Ben.i. K. Hart,
Jon.N Uailuaciie,
.loiix Axwoon.

LONO. Presidciit.

0. A'ltVooD, See'y.

alniojt

For Grinding' Corn, Cob, Hominy or Meal and
(<rnerai Stock l''eed.

WE DELlYEll THIS MILL AT ANY
point, or from our wagons, that run thnius'.i thoiiif-
ferent ]i;irts of the Cfuntry, n* the mauufacturer's retail jiricu,
nhicii is, for the nii;l complete, $(J0.

Order.i, or letters uf inquirv should be addressed to

HUNT,'PYKE & Co., Springfield, III.

We need but say that where the Star Mill has been used, it
has gained credit beyond ail other Mills now in use: and the
farmer only needs to see and try it in order to become con-
vinced that it is perfeit iu its arrangement from the fact that
it grinds green as well as old corn, (corn nnj cob passing
through it together,) which no other.Mill will do. Farmers
and stock-growers can save from ao to 40 bushels of corn iu
each 100 by the use of this Mill; (at least we have certificates
to that effect.) Persons having once experienced its benefit,
will never return to the wasteful practice of feeding corn in
the ear.

It will undoubtedly make good meal of shelled corn for fam-
ily use.

Tlie Mill. crinds from twelve to twenty husliols per hour,
and nia!.rs:iT: easy draft for two horses.

V<e can pLiduco first prem'ums, diplomas, and recommcn
(laliiins too iiiimerou.-i to mention.

For full particulars, references aud dcscripiionof Mills, see
circulars.

N. B.- I'er&ous can bo supplied with a f tar Mill, and also
sec one in operation by calling at tiin Agricultural Store of

FKANCIS & 13AH11KLL,

Jan 1, 1658 Authori'/,ed Agents.

U.S. WILSON,) . p roi.ivv f •'. T. .loII\?ON.
E. W.BUOWN,) ^' ■" ^^^'"■•^' \.t. i: lloi'KINS

BROWN, GODDIN & (X).

WHOtESAtE GKOCliRS AM>

Commission Merchants,

NO. 62 SECOND STREET,

St. I^ouls, Mo.

Special attenti >n given to the sale of Grain aud Country
Produce. Km J. E. D.

llUnoU Central Rail Road

liANDS FOR SAtE.

riMIE ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD

JL Company invites the attention of Agriculturalists and
Farmers to the forcilc lands adjacent to their Road, which
are offered for sale upon low terms, and long credit at low
rates of interest.

Itis thipolicy and wisliof the Company to sell oil their
lands to actual settlers; and no inducement is offered to
speculators; in tact none will be sold on long credit, without
the distinct obligaticn ofcultivat'^n.

Illinois occupies the most central position of the Western
States, aud comprises the most fertile seciion of the belt of
l.^.nd extending from the Atlantic Ocean to the Missouri
River, aad including New Yoik, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Ohio, ludiana, lUiuois, Michigan; Wisconsin, Iowa aud
Northern Missouri.

Unlike the Stutm Nort h of us, the productions are not
i-hected by rigorous winters,— nor is the heat of summer
opj,ros8ive. The lands West of the Missouri River gradually
and rapidly decrease in fertility, till they blend with the
Ureat American Plain, and being chiefly, if not solely adapt-
ed t^ graz:-i5, can never compete with those of this State.

The lands bordering upcu the Missouri and Kansas Rivers,
and upon the lines of the proposed roadsin lowc, have been
taken up, and arc n.w selling at from |10 to $15 per acre,
although settlers have to pay heavy freights upon the trans-
port.Uion of their agricultural tools, furuiture and goods;
and when theircrops are produced, Ihe extra cost of trans-
portation to Eastern markets exceeds the cost of produc-
tion.

Looking to the future growth of our country, this State,
which combines the most favorable temperature with the
richest soil aud meat healthy climate, will for all time be the
great grain jiroducing district. It is full of mineral wealth
such r.s Conl. Iron, Lend, Limestone, &c., and has already the
iidvan'eges of churches and schools, of population, and of
tlio investment of capital. Moreover; there is scarcely a
county in Illinois which has not a supply of timber. The
southern section of the State includes ut least 2,00u,000 acres
of the best quali'y of timber land; and the extensive pineries
in niljuining States, accessible by the Lakes, furnish Chicago
with an immen i anantity of timlierandlumberamcunting
in 1856, to 460,O0o,00n feel.

lllinoiscsperiully dnrii);; th.- last ten years, has been rap-
idly develojpinu- her resonices. 'jTie pc.pulation is now about
L.WO.OUO and 'lehty millions of dullurs have been expended
for I'.ailroads: wliicli. with the waters of the M:s»issippi,
Illini is lUver, the Miohipan Canaland Lake communications
afford cheap and roiivenieut means for the transportation of
hor products to every market. About one million acres c^
the Conii)any's lands have already been sold, and many
fiourishing villages evince he rapidly increasing prosperity
of the country. Such is the facility and economy with which
these liuids cui bo cultivated, th; t in two years farmers can
readily surround theni-^elves with all the comforts of old set-
tled farniii in the Eastern iStatea; and such is their fertiliey
ami i)roiinctiTnnesH, that property purchased at from $6 to
^'Jii per •xcre at six years' credit and three per cent, interest,
cai' be fu'ly paid for witl.it! that time, together with all the
costs of iuiprcveniei'tK.by <>rdinnry industry; from the profits
of the croi)s.

Although it is evident that leiu'sin the vicini'y of railroads
in Illiuois will advance to $50 or even $100 per acre within
ten veais. yet the interests of this Company arc more advan-
ced liy pl.ncing ti.eir property in lIio hands offarmers, to set-
tle tlj" cciinir\. relvinc; upon the husiness ofthc road for its
chief profit, and t) .naMe 't to discharge its obligations ;to
the State. These considerations indnco the policy of rapid
sales, which lirve been progiassiu;; iinc! increasing for two
years p^i'^t, and will be jiursucd till the lands are finally
disposed of. No encouragement is given to speculative pur-
chasers, as the f onpany does not wish to dispoBO of any of
its lands except for rctual settlement and cultivation It is
evident, therefore, that the best interests of settlers can no-
where be as \V«U promoted as by purchasing and settling
upon these lands

For information as to price, terms, etc. apply to

JOHN WILSON

Jy29-dwCm Land Comm'r I. C.R. R. Co., Chicago, III.

KUHNS & HAINF.S*

PRJEJfrMUJfl nRIMjJLS!

TTIi: 15EST NOW IN USE.

T

Sweet Potato Plants.

WE WILL HAVE THEM IN THE PRO- i
per season, for s.ile by the hundred or thousand, at j
fair prices; (See advertisement of early Nausemond potatoes) l
febl FRANCIS & BARREL. I

PHIS DRILL TOOK THE TWO FIRST

Premiums at the late State Fair of Illinois, held at
Pcc-ia; also at the State Fairs of Wi.sconsin .and Ohio. This
Drill will sow Wheat, Rye, Oats, Barle'j, Buckwheat, Rice,
Ikmp, lUicc, Timothy, Clover and Millet Seed, without any
change of fixtures; can be regulated in one minute to sow
any quantity or kind of Seed. Warranted for durability and
workmanship.

Good and responsibb agents wanted in every county in the
Stat.'. Circulars sent to any address. Those wanting drills
should order early. Apply to

B. KUHNS & CO.,

mar20 FCm-wlt Springfield, Illinois.

p. ^;_^^?<P7^,#ii^'?ssp3f_ i^ ''•fr'-'--r-,'f^j^y^^^r^<:-'v-'---^fi^--^ '■:7r^

"^r-^^jCTwef. -^.\ "

.'■ .' . '''i'''^W,ti.'.

fS-

:^^^ ^W^.:^h

- *i.'Dl*pi4f'

"^>"^?5-

B. F. FOX,

Wholesale and Retail Dealer iu Hardware,

IN ALL ITS VARIOUS BRANCHES, HAS NOW IN STORE
one of the largest and best assortmenta cf goods in his line
•▼er offered in thli market. Importing many styles of Eng-
lish goods direct, and purchasing liis American goods of the
manufacturers at the lowest (cash) prices, he is enabled to
ofTer merchants and consumers goods at the lowest prices, and
on as favorable terms as any house east or west. His stock
•mbraces a very large and complete assortment of

igrieultural Tools and Implements !

•f the latest and most improved kinds and qualities. Reap-
ers, Mowers, Straw CtUters, Hedge Trimmers, SicLles,
Grass and pruning Hooks, Cradles, Scythes, Snaths,
Fbrks, Hoes, Shovels, Scoops, .4ze«(all kinds and makei^),
Picks, Mattocks, BUn Mills, Setd Separators and Tlireslung Ma-
chines.

HOUSE FURNISHING & BUILDERS WAREHOUSE.

Large and complete assortment of Locks, Latches, Butts, Hin-
ges, Screws, Bolts, Brads, Nails. TRIMMINGS— %xi»X, variety

Carpenter's and Bnilder's Tools !

Planes, Saws, Chisels, Jugers, Braces, Bitts, Drawing Knives,
Squares, Trowels, Bemls, Hatchets, Hammers, Adzes, Burch
end Broad Axes, Boreing Machines, Gould's and Steptoe's
Morticing Machines, Piles, tfe.

Blaeksmith's Tools*

Bellows, Anvils, Vices, Screw Plates, Tongs, Horse Naitf, Horse
Mhoes, Buttresses, i£c.

COOPER'S TOOLS.

Fine assortment, Knives, Hooks, Planes, Jx.

CUTIiERY.

A very large stock and assortment uf Woateuholm's Butcli-
•r's and othei's, I'able, Poektt, Pen, Butcher and Shoe Knives,
Razors, Shears, Cissors, Carvers, tfc. Gre«t variety.
GUNS, PISTOIiS,

Gun Tiimmingsand Mountings, singleanddouhlebarrelkd En-
glish and German Kijles, Pistols of great variety, together
with a general assortra mt of goods ujually kept iu a Hardware
■tore.

S A IIT S

Every variety, mill, cross cut and circular, from three inches
to sixty inclusive, furnished at mannfacturers prices.

Saddlery Hardware and Carriage Trimmings.

In this branch of my business, I am enabled to extend to
laddlers and carriage makers unusual facilities, being supplied
direct from the manufacturers. Goods in this line come to me
at extraordinary low prices. My stock embraces all varieties:
Buckles, Ferrets, Orrameiits, Roseates, Rings, Snaffles, Bitts,
Punches, Webbing, Self- Adjusting and Dejinison Trees, Sad-
dler's Silk, Shoe,'Three-Cmd and Fitting Thread.

Carriag^e Ti'inmiingrs.

Bros* and Silver Plated, Screw Front Bands and Plated Screw
Front Mail Bands, Coach Haiidlcs, Curtain Frames, Turned
Collars, Patent and Enamelled Leatlier, Enamelled Muslin,
Buck arUl Drill, Rubber Cloth, Carriage Bows, Deer and Curled
Hair, Patent Leather and Rubber Belting, Hemp and Rubbir
packing.

ifl^ Orders promptly filled and forwarded.

May 1st, 1857. B. F. FOX.

HORSE BILLS

PROMPTLY AND NEATLY PRINTED

jrOJTRJVJMJL OFFICE^

SPRINGFIELD, ....^..^.^.^^..^..ILLINOIS

NOTICE.

To the Raisers of Fine Horses.

THE THOROUGH BRED HORSE YOUNG
BARNTON, imported by the Illinois Importing Com-
pany, will commence his first season the 15th of March, at
tha stable of John C. Crowder, 2 miles west of Springfield,
Illinois, and to prevent complaints we give timely notice
that he will be limited te 40 mares, and as tb<-ro lias perhaps
baen that numbar partially engaged, we would licre say that
no mare will be considered engaged until a part of the money
is paid. Having acquired a character at home and abroad —
having sold for :{5,050 — having taken the $500 premium at
the St. Louis Fair lost Fall, from the beat ring of Horses (ad-
mitted by judges) that was ever exhibited in the western
eoontry — in fact he acknowledges do superior in the United
States. The terms will perhaps be $75 cash; pasture for
mares from a distance gratis. Bills and particulars in due
time. JOHN C. CKOWDER & CO.

N. B — The thorough-bred Imported Horse, Baruton, will
be exhibited at Calef & Jacoby's sale, on the 23d day of
Uarch, and perhaps one-fifth interest offered for sale.

Will stand at the stable of the subscriber, in addition to
Imported Barnton, Sida Hamatt, bv Andrew Harnett, that
only needs to b« g^en to be admired, having taken the prc-
miam over 40 horses at the .«t*te Fair last Fall. Also, Ac-
teon, by Imported Acteon. Believing the raising of fine
hargea the most profitable business the Farmer can engage
in, I hope they will take the necessary pains to select the
ri^ht sort of horses to breed from. I have had considerable
ezperieuce in the horse business, and am confident that I can
offer the public abetter itud of horses, suited to the wants of
,all, than can be found at any stable iu Illinois; and to test
the thing, I would suggest that we have a general show of
hones and brood mares with their colts, at some suitable
time, say the 2d Saturday in April, and the owners oi horses
rive the services of their horses to the best brood mares, let;
3d and 3d. What say you gentlemen.

JOHN C. CBOAVDER.

febli w3m-fknner. (Reg copy w 3m.)

THE ILLINOIS

Jflutual Fire fnsttrance Co,

LOCATED AT ALTON ILLINOIS.

CHAPTERED FEB. 23, 1830. ORGA?,'IZi:D AVUIL4. 1S39.

Amount of prciniu,n notes in force Fehruanj

\st, 185G, constituting a fund for the

payment of Losses,

$800,000.00,

Secured by a lien on property insured, valued
at over

19.000.000!

f FMIIS company iiisurw d«elling.--,stc.rc's,\v;trchun.st-t?, iiiami-
JL factories, niills, liaiiis, stalile-< and fn- conti-nttf ot oacli,
together wi'li every other similar spocius of piiJi)eity witliiii
the State, from

LOSS OR DAMAGE BY FIRE!

The Directors feel justified in n'OomiDciulingthia comi'any to
tlie favorable considenition of tho citizens of lllinnis. Eviry
one insured becomes r. nienil.er. the co'njiaiiy biiiig a'l r.s-
sociatiun of customers — each of whom is concerned in in-
suring his neighbor. As tho indemnification fund ai-.gmunt':
in e.xact ratio with tho increase of risks, tho capitiil of the
company it coinpaniUvely exliaustlos.s; and tho entire saluty
of tho institution must be apparent to every one who reads
tho charter.

The cost of insuring in this comp-iny is so low. as io reiulcr
it almost inexcusablo for the owners of insmabju proi»erty
not to avail themselves of its protection.

BOARD OP DIRECTORS.

Lymam Tkujibvi.l, Emas Hibi;aiu>, I . KEi.Lr.xBKnuER,
Benj. F.Long, S.\MLi:L Wade, ALrr,ti> Dow.

KoBERT Smith John.Ta.mj:s, Bex.i. K. Hart,

Timothy TnHNEE, Henry Lea, Jori.\ Uailhaciie.

M. G. Atwood, N'ATii'L Uaxso.v, .John Atwdop.

BUX.TAXn:: l.'. LOSC. lVcside.it.

Lewis KKi.t.E.\BF.Ti(;Ka. Tre.is. M . 0. Ai^V(,od, gccy.

H^- .\n Agent for tliis Coniiiany may lie found in .ilniost
every Couniy of tlie St;ite.

;6Pg^ Application for insnranee may lie made to

.TAMK.^ L till, I,. A.-nr.

April!, 1S57. iit £i.rii'i;|ield.

ST^Il COKJ%^ .Jfllljlj,

For Grinding- Corn, Cob, Hoiainy or Meal and
General Stock Keed.

WE DELIVER THIS MILL AT ANY
point, or from our wagons, tliat run throu.ir'i the dif-
ferent i);vrts of tho c(.uiitiy, a^ the niamitiictmer's retail price,
which is, for the mill complete, $(iO.

Orders, or letters of inquiry should be addressed to

HDNT,"PYKK & Co., Springfield, 111.

We need but say that where the Star Mill has been used, it
has gained credit beyond .lil other Mills now in use: and tlic
farmer only needs to see and try it in order to become con-
vinced that it is perfei't iu its arrangement from the fact that
it grinds green as well as old corn, (corn and cob passing
through it together,) which no other^Mill will do. Farmers
and stock-growers can save from 30 to 40 bushels of corn iu
each 100 by the use of this Mill; (at least we have tertificates
to that effect.) Persons having once exporienccd its benefit,
will never return to the wasteful practice of feeding corn iu
the ear.

It will undoubtedly make good meal of shelled corn for fam-
ily use.

The Millciiuds from twelve to twenty busliols per hour,
.•inil iiia!;c.- ii:: easy draft for two horses.

V»e can i luco first prem'ums, diplomas, and reconimeu

datioiis too iiumrrous to mention.

For full particularE, references and description of MillSj see
circulars.

N. B.- Persons can bo supplied with a ftar Mill, and ,i!so
sec one in operation by callinc; at tiie Agricultural Store of

FKANU15 & BAIUIELL,

Jan 1, 1858 Authori/.c-d Ai^ents.

MUinois Central Rail Road

I.ANDS FOR SAtE.

rPHE ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD

JL Company invites the attettion of Agriculturalists and
Farmers to the fertile lands adjacent to their Road, which
aro oft'ered for sale upon low terms, and long credit at low
rates of interest.

Itis th'>policy and wisliof the Company to sell cM their
lands to actual settlers; and no inducement is offered to
speculators; in liict none will be sold on long credit, without
the distinct obligation of cultivation.

lUinoiso'-cupiesthe most central position of the Western
States, and comprises the most fertile section of the belt of
hind extending from the Atlantic Otean to tho Missouri
River, aad including New Yoik, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan; Wisconsin, Iowa and
Northern Missouri.

Unlike tho States Nort h of us, the productions are not
checked by rigorous winters, — nor is the heat of summer
oppressive. The lands West of the Missouri River gradually
and rapidly decrease in fertility, till they blend with the
Great American Plain, and being chiefly, if not solely adapt-
ed 1 1 grazl-ig, can never compete with those of this State,

The lands liordering upcu the Missouri and Kansas Rivers,
and upon the lines of the proposed roads In Iowa, have been
tiiken up,andiiro E, wselling at from $10 to $15 per acre,
although settler? have to pay heavy freights upon the trans-
portation of their agricultural tools, furiiiture and goods;
and when theircrops are produced, Ihe extra cost of trans-
portation to Eastern markets exceeds the cost of produc-
j tlon.

1 Looking to the future growth of our country, this State,
j which combines the most favorable temperature with the
' richest soil and mest healthy climate, will for all time be the
j great grain producing district. It is full of mineral wealth
I surli iis Conl. Iron, Lend, Limestone, &c., and has already the
I advar.'pges of churches and schools, of population, and of
the investment of capital. Moreover; there is scarcely a
I county in Illinois which has not a supply of timber. The
' southern section of the State includes at lea*t 2,000,000 acres
j of the best quality of timber land; and the extensive pineries
in .iiljoining States, accessible by Ihe Lakes, furnish Chicago
I with an immeii '5 (inantity of timber and lumber amounting
' in 1850, to 460,000,Utin feel.

! Illinois e specially durin;; tho last tan years, has been rap-
; idly deveiu;iinu- lier resources. The population is now about
I l,.'iO0.0JO mill ' iiility millions of dollars have been expended
I for llailroads: Avhicii. witli the waters of the Miasissippi,
■r IlUniis lliver, the Michigan Canaland Lake communications
I afford cheap and cop vcniieut means for tho transportation <jf
' her products to every market. About one million acres M
; the Company's lauds have already lieen sold, and maajr
nourishing villages evince he rapidly increiising prosperity
of tho country. Such is tho facility and economy with which
these lands cni be cultivated, thi t in two years farmers can
readily surround themyolves with all the comforts of old set-
tled farms in the Eastern .States; and such is their fertiliey
ami productiTeness, that property purcliased at from $6 to
J.0O per acre at six years' credit and three per cent, interest,
eai' be fully paid for within that time, together with all the
Kists of improveinei'tSjliy ordinary industry, from the profits
of I he croj)s.

Although it is evii'.eiit that leni?sin the vicini'j- of railroads
ill Illinois will advance to if 50 or even $100 per acre within
ten veais. yit the interests of this Compans' are more advan-
ced l)y plnciiig their im'perty in ilio hands of farmers, to set-
tle the couiitr\. relyinj; upon the business of the road for its
chief pnlit. und t) .naUe :L to discharge its obligations ;to
the State. Tliise considerations induce tho policy of rapid
sales, which lirve been progrgssiug and increasing for two
years p:i*t, and will he pursue<'. till the lands are finally
disposed of. No encouragement is given to speculative pur-
chasers, as the Company does not wish to dispose of any of
its lands except for rctual settlement and cultivation It is
evident, therefore, that tho best interests of settlers can no-
where be as Well promoted as by purchasing and settling
upon those lands
For information as to price, terms, etc. apply to

JOHN WILSON
Jy29-dwCm Land Comm'r I. C.R. R.Co., Chicago, III.

KUHNS & HAINF.S>

PREJflMWJJfl nRIZtJLS!

THE BEST NOW IN USE.

B.S.WILSON,! . p, pniin-v /•!. T. .li»U.\?0\.
E.W.BROWN,; ^- '"■ '^^^"■•^' |,|. p. HOPKINS

BROWN, GODDIN & CO.

WHOIiESAtE GROCERS AND

Commission Mercliants,

NO. 02 SECOND STREET, i

i

St. Iiouis, Mo. !

Special attenti)n given to the sale of Grain and Country
Produce. fOm J. E. D.

Sweet Potato Plants.

WE WILL HAVE THEM IN THE PRO- i
per season, for s<ile by the hundred or thousand, at j
fair prices; (See advertisement of early Nansemond potatoes) i
febl FRANCIS & BARREL. I

ri-^IIIS DRILL TOOK THE TWO FIRST

Ji_ Premiums at the late State Fair of Illinois, held at
Pi'o-la; also at the State Fairs of Wisconsin .and Ohio. This
Brill will sow IVheat, Rye, Oats, Barlcij, Buckwheat, Rice,
Iknip, I htx, Timothy, Clover iiiid MiUei Seed, without any
change of fixtures; can be regulated in one minute to sow
any quantity or kind of Seed. Warranted for durability and
workmanship.

Good and respousibli agents wanted in every county in the
Stal.i. Circulars sent to any address. Those wanting drills
should order early. Apply to

B. KUHNS & CO.,
mar20Fem.wlt Springfield, lillnols.

YOL. III.

SPRmGFIELD, AUGUST, 1858.

NO. 8.

THE

iCM*

ilittl?

^

<.i'^

PUBLISHED MONTHIiY,

BT

Baillaaclie & Baker,
Journal Buildings, - - Springfield, Illinois!

-*•-

S. FRANCIS, Eaitor.

••»

TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION.

One copy, one year, in adrance $1 00

Five copies, " " 3 75

Ten " und one to the persop getting up club 7 DO

Fifteen copies and over . 62^ cents each, and one to person
getting np club.

C.ISH BATIK or ADVERTI8IX0 :

One dollar pier square of ten liaes, each insertion.

The Most Profitaljle Breed of -SIiccp for the
• South.

The following which we glean from ''II.
S. Randall's Sheep Husbaudn^ in the South/'
will interest our AVcstern readers. The re-
marks respecting mutton sheep, may, we
think, be profitably entertained by sheep
growers oflUinois, where mutton is of increas-
ing importance; but we have no doubt that
most of the wool growers of this State, with-
out regard to value of mutton, would recom-
mend the Silesian or Saxony breed, instead
of Merino, or at least a medium between the
two:

Dear Sir : — No one breed of sheep com-
bines the highest perfection in all tliose
points which give value to this race of ani-
mals. One is reiuarkable for the weight, or
early maturity, or excellent quality of its
carcass, while it is deficient in quality or
quantity of wool; and another which is valu-
able for wool, is comparatively deficient in
carcass. Some varieties Avill fluurish only
under certain conditions of feed and c liniate,
while others are much less affected by those
conditions, and will subsist under the grci^t-
est variations of temperature, and on the most
opposite qualities of verdure.

In selecting a breed for any given locality,
we are to take into consideration yfV.v'', the
feedvand climate, or the surrounding natural
circumstances; and second, the market facili-
ties and demand. We should then make
choice of that breed which, with the advan-
tages possessed, and under all the circum-

. EGLANTINE. ■ by Pontiac, (12-1,) (4,73i;) 4th dam, Lady

RAISED BY J. N. BROWN, BERLIN, ILL. I>urham, by San Martiu, (2,599;) 5th dam,

Eglantine is a light roan, was calved the imported Durliam cow.
October 24, 1854, and was got by JoIiti ! Eglantine won the first prize at the
Moore, (11,619.) 1st dam, May Dacrc,. by i Sangamon County Fair, held in 1855, and
Crowdcr, (386;) 2d dam. Milk Maid, by | was one of the ten premium calves at the
Accident, (191;)' 3d dam, Lady M'Allister, j State Fair held at Chicago, 1855.

stances, will yield the greatest act value of
marketable product.

Eich lowland herbage, in a climate which
allows it to remain green during a large por-
tion of the year, is favorabh' to the produc-
tion of large Garcas.se.s. If oniivoiii-ut to
markets wiierc muiton iiu'l'^ ;. proiupt siile
and guod prices, then all the conditions are
rculiLed Avhich call for a mutf'.ii, as contra-
distinguished from a {C'.ol-jirodii'iiifj sh'X'p.
Under such circuviritaiices, the choice should
undoubtedly, in niy judgment, rest between
the improved English varietie,': — the Soutb-
Down, the Nfw Leieestev, and the iiaprovcfl
Cotswold or New ()xfo.d.->hire chocp. la
deciding between tLe.;-o, iriiioi and more

specific ciicumstancos arc to be taken ioto

accoun*". If we wish to keep laigt number*,

the Down will herd m^.ch better than the

two LirL'-er bi-eeJ.s: if our feed thoui-h ^eiu-i-

ally plentiful, i^- liable to be shovtlsli during

the dro>ut'is of rummer, and we iiave not a

cci-taut supply of the iur.;.L nutaM' u.-, winiei- j th.- Dowu fioai o %^ to'4 lbs of a iov. quaiily

feed, the Down M'ill better cnd'u-e occa.sion„l " ' . ■., ...

short keep : if the i^arkei call for a cho'ce

and high fla\ored mutton, the Down p ^-
sesses a decided superiority. If, on tlie
other hand, we wish to keep but few in the
same enclosure, the large Lreedi will be as
ht^althy as tlie Downs; if tli^ p.isturcsbe-vs-et-
ii.s'.i or marshy, the *^'o;irjer will better suL.sist
on tl rank herb'<g<^ which usu.lly groWs in
such situations; iftJiey co not aford po fine v
qii;,lity of mutton, th^'v. p:^rti^nlarlj theLei-
/•ester, possess an earlier raaturity, and ouiti
gne I'Hirv, meat for the amuuUi. of food cm
sumcd, and yield more tallow.

T''e next point of eoniparison be^^wo.-n the
Lougard Mid-He wooL'd iamilies, is the vulue
Oi'thei'- vo>d. Though net the first oi prin-
cipal obj'C^ aliHcd at i.: the cuituie of c?.-'
of those Dreous, it is, in tills coi'ntvv, an iiT-
por^ant itom or iur>idcnt in detcrruin'jigtl'yii
rch.tive ]:r:)£tublene,«s. Tao .■V merit an Lri-
ccf^ter } iclds abju* G Itv-of'lcag. ccar,«,o, tomb-
ing »''ool; the Ootbwold .H"n,iiaii.ic r.jor.(, but.
thisisc..untcv^^a'a.jce';byotiiercoiJsiderucioasj

of cardi'.g .vocl. Noiio of ih.^cc woob a.&
very sa'eabl:. at remunerating price>."in ih©

^

,Ji&0

112

THE ILLINOIS EAllMKI^

B. F. FOX,

Wholesale and Hetail Dealer la Haiilwaro,

IN ALL ITS VARIOUS HltAXLUKsJlAS NOW IN SToliK
one of the largost ami best n^scrtJiieut.-i cf nuuils in liis lino
ever offered in thii market. Importing many st3 h'S of Kwi-
lish gooJs direct, and purcha-^i'ig !.is Amevioau guods ot llir
niiinufRctnrers at the lowest (casli) prices, lie is cnableri to
ofTer merchantr! and consumeis goodsat tlie lowest i)rict'?.rir..l
on .13 favorable terms .is any house L':»st or west. Ilis stock
•nibraces a very large and complete assortment of

Agrieultural Tools and laiplemeiits !

•f the lateft .ind most imiiroved kinds ami iiiuUities. 2i"iji-
cm. Mowrrs, Sinuo Cultrrn, Hetlgt Triiiiniir.<, Sci.'.r<.
Gci/.-s n,id i runivg Ifjoha, (Yaillrs. .5 -yf/i (•.-■, Siiot/if.
fhrkr:, //i)^.c, SJftvls, Sronps, ,4x»;,?(all kinds .and njakos i.
}'icl,f, Multovl.g, I'dii Mills, .Sefd H-^parjtors <i)id 'riireslnnn Ma

HOUSE FURNISHING & BUILDERS WAREHOUSE.

lArge and complef a assortment i( Xjocl/;. Latclies. liitft.'. Uin-
fii. Screws, JJolts, Bruds, yails. 77^y.V.VVj>'(.'S— groat vari<_ ty

77//; llT.iyOI.s

LOCAri:i> A /" A L Tux // l.l.\(..'is.

CIIAUTKRKK Ki;i!. -.,. 1^ .;'. Ol'.' ; a: 1/.,;D .Vl'icl I, 1 l:.'.

Aii'.oitnt (if' jirci/iii'./i iK'h:.-- in /'"];■,: j-'tliniari;
\s(, Ib'ai), ciin-'ii!t'tin<j <i Ji'iid I'di- I'nc

p:il,nilrht nf' y,i,.-;,v'.v,

$8 00,0 0 0. 00.

Secured L'f (' li'ii lilt J.Jo; ,■/// iirin J.,

atur-,

Si). 1100. ()0(i:

rpill.- .■.->!. I ;.;.::>• in -111. -.l-.-..-li;i--. I, 1. V.;:, 1,.
X. t:i,l.iii- -. rn:!!-. lai ii-. .■ 1 u.l.-^ i.u.l I', , mI i.'
:.'.;itliri u i'li I w I \ . ;l . 1 .-iaii! .! .-.-■-i.' -■. \: i, ii

fnf

• \ !!.•■

tiie

ilii •• s.ii, t V

u-w. :,{,:. |.l..|.-l-^

.l:,.

I'

'I'tMoTiiv T!.'K.\i;;'..
.M. C. A 1 wo>ii>.

Ilir M u<-, II. ;ii

LOSS OR j>a.ma<;l: wv lirk:

Tilt IM. i'C''^i> r< f! ju.-'l!i.'d in !■■ I .':■;!,! • iv.ii.L.- ;\i- I •i.r iiiv 1 ■
« J • Ji i« 'I J 4 m s^ • > till? f:'von\!.'..> c.'iisid..-i „ti T. .if t'l - .■•.ti,'.r;i .-I' "'/■in.'-. \.\ i,"

Carpenter's and Buuder's Tools; \ on^.insmx-a i.-.u.- . inon,:.,-. ;i.. r., , ,:,v i, ;.;_ ■.,. J-

FlanfS. Saw?, Chisel!'. Ji'oers. Bra:c?.Bttts, Vmwhif/ Knn.,s, ^^^'nati.^n of cu~t..nur<--- . ;k-;, . f v 1. in i- . . i-vimd i:i i;-

»)v<ires, Trowels, lieiils, H,itc?ietf. JIamincrs. Ad^r..-. Bunk I '""n- li.s m i:,-l.t...r. A- tU.- i;, .;.-,;,..;,.•.■, t^. n i;..»l ;r ■_:., i:i

tnd Broad Axes, Borehw Machines, Gotdd^s umi ^tfpUn's • "' e>'act rati., with ii;,- :n'-r.^c>. ..; r;-:.- ii- i.ii'i

yorticing Machines, Files, ^v. I company it comi.anii.x.v ,..x:,,im; --: :

- - ot til" msiitutM.n ni'.i^l !..■ ;ii.i,,u,/iit ;..

Biacksniim^s Tools. "v;,'^ -% ,

I. II .. I I- t. r>j t rr II \' -I II ... ihe co^t Of lUMinii^M:; tin- .•..!iii',;ir,

Edlows. AnvHS, i ices. Screw riate./, Jun^s, Jiui-se ^,ail.-\ llur.'i ' jt ,jfn(.-t iiii-\. ii-^aM.- I. r li... .mv.i, r^. f
Sho,;s, Buttresses, lA-. I n.n to aviiil th,-iiiselv ■>',.;■ ^t- j.....! Vti..ii.

ClJTIiERY. I rKN.i.l.M,.v:. Sv:....W.M..

A very larg.j stock ami assortment of Wostenholm's Ihitoli- ; '' '■^■^'^ ^mhh w "> •>-■ ■:. -,

•r"s iiLid otli'.'i'.s. TahU. Pnfl.ci. I'm. ButciiO- uHu ^'ivt: /\n,vi.<,
A'ucor,^, .y/icu/'.v, Cisf'rs, ('a/crs, ifr. (itfu va; ietv. '

GUNS. PISTOLS,

f7i(n J'yimnnn'fsanJ iloinitiiiiis.singU and doiil'l' ^hi rri iU d K,i '
flish and (Jeriwn Rljlfj, Fi.doU of ijreat variety, t..,'i-tluT
with a general ii-~oitii) -nt uf g.jod< ii-iinll\ ki'|.t iu a II... .1m ii ■.•
Store.

S A 'U'^ 8 :

Every variety, mill cross cut and cin-ular. I'l.im iliiec li,. Ir--
to sixty incinsive.fiu-nislu'd at inannfacturei- [.vi. es.

Saddlery Hardware and Carriage Trimmings.

In tills brancii of my business, I .am em.bleJ to extend t.. !
saddlers and carriage uiakvrs iiuusuul facilities, b.^ingsiipidicd
direct from the manufacturers. Goods in this lint come to me
at extraordinary biw prices. My stock embraces ail viiriilii .-:
Biicidfs, F'-rrets, Ornvnihts. Bomdes, JUhijs, .SnaXfl'S. Bills, i
Punches, Wehhinit, Sdf-Adjasti'tin nd Dtnnison 7'/-. .:.-■. .So r'-
dUr's Sil/.; .SVjo.', Thrce-Or, d and Fitti)>'_j 'Ihrci'd.

€arria§:e Trimiuin^^.

Brasf and Silver Flated.Scr^ic Front Bunds and Flali.d Scrtv:
Front Miiil Bandf. C'Mdi Handles:. O/Woi/i Fr'^mes, Turned
CiUars, Fattrd. ard BnanuUed Lf^'ilier. FyinsHtlUd Mi'fliii.
Duck and Drill, Kuhhe.r CloWi, Girrii^e j"yR'.e. Deeru,,d I'rrled
Hair, l^Ltcnt Leather and liulber BeliiiiU, H;inj> and l,'iil'-.r
pacl:i)iij.
■ft3_ Orders promptly filled and forwarded.

ilHvhst. Is.'iT. 15. F.FOX.

llr.-KV I : \.
N.I, I':. )Ia-.~ v.

l.^.v.l.\^■l:

I..':ul^ Ki M.KN.'sr, :■ ,:. l':-i<. M. . <

x''-^ An Ar.-n: i..r tl i r,i.,,..,i; in.-.. !.
i-»fiy C'..iiiii\ ..1 t:,.- Sr.iti-.

i'.i • .\l 1 i!. all. II :■•; !;i-..i.ii;. • i ,, , : ;
.lAMI- I,
April !. 1-..;.

A,.-

]'.:\'. K. i! \[ :.
.1. •.■■ i; ..,.!:v, .11-
.1 nN .'. r'>' . r-.

• 'iV'.. I'll -; ! .

A -v. ■,. >.

i l..;'I ;.. ..1;.

•i; ! I

1.1.

ST,1II fffll.^' .1111.1.,

#.

-'M:^^-^^ ----1- - -^

HOUSE BILLS

PROMPTLY AND NEATLY PRIXTKI.)

AT Tni

jrOirHAVtJL OFFICE,

SPRINGFIELD ._. ILLINOIS

NOTICE.
To tUe Raisers of Flue Horses.

THE THOROUGH BRED HORSE YOUXG
Ii.\RNTON, imported by the Illinois Importing Com-
pany, will commence Lis first season the loth of March, at
tlie stable of John C Crowder. 2 miles west of Springfield,
Illinois, and to prevent oomiplaiuts wo give timely notice
that be will be limited te 4o mares, and as tli.i'' has perliaps
been that number partially engaged, we wonM licrc say that
no mare will be coosidered engage. i until a p.ai t ..f tlie money
is paid. Having aciuii ed a ciiaraeter at home and abroad —
having gold for $6,000 — having tak'n the f.Wo preniinm at
the St. Louis Vair last Fall, from tho best ring of Horses (ad-
mitted by judges) that was ever exhibited iu the westmn
eouufry — in fact be acknowledges no superior in the United
States. The terms will perhapfi be $75 cash; pasture for
mares from a distance gratis. Bills and particulars in due
time. JOHN C. CKOWDKR k CO.

N. I! — The thorough-bre.l Imported Horse, i;aruto-j, will
Ix" exhibited at Calef i. Jacoby's sal", on the U.id day "'
March, and perhaps one-fifth interest oft'erod for sale.

Will stand at the stable of the subscriber, in addition to
Imported P.arutou, Sida Uam«tt, by Andrew IlHrnctt, that
only nee.is to ba B.jeu to be admired, haviug takeii the pre
tniUQi over 40 horses a* the .^tato Fair last Fall. Also, Ac-
teon. by Imported Acteou. Believing the raising of tine
horses the most profitable business the Farmer can engage
in. I heps they v, ill take the necessary pains to select thf
ri^ht sort of liorsps to breed from. I have had considerable
experience iu the horse business, and am confident that I can
offft the public abetter stud of horses, suited fo the wants of
all, than can be found at any stable iu Illinois; and to test ,
the thing, I would sugpest that we have a general show i.f
bones and brood mares with their colts, at s.^me .■•iiitablr
time, say the '2d Saturday in April, aiid the owners cf'hors.-
jive the services of their horses to the best briod mares. 1m;
2d and 3d. What say you gentlemen.

JOHN' C. CKOWDEK.

febl4 w3m-farmer. (Keg copy w 3m.) i

l-'or tirindln.v rni-ii. COi). Il'.ii.uny or .'^ieul uud

\\TE J)KLIVl-:i: TJi!.< .M!i.[. AT ,\:-:i

J f i...;ii:. ..,r ii i.!:i . r.i w :■_ :.~. r'..i* ■•■■■. \\.r ■:: :' . l:." .!:!■

f-r.-nt I in- ..; til.- L. i;',i;\. ;i-t;,. mil ;; i :;;... r- j-i:iil •.;; e.

V, hijit I-. i-jv ',^iiv iiii.l ..■ .oij.irt". :' . .

Ordtr-. or Ictr. i:. . l iii.juiry .-h. i,:.; 1 .-.i-i.!! ■--■■ .1 !..

ilUNT.'l'YKK .s: C... S, rii: -ti.;.!. iil.

We need but say that v. lo-r.- tin- .»t.ii- MiU l.,i:-t.- m i; ,-.1. it
hn.-' gained credit beyond ail other Mill- ..ow in r.-.-: m.d tir'
farmer (.mly needs to see an.l try it in ..r.l.r t ■ l.,-r..i,i.- c . i..
vinci'd that ;•. is perfe, t in ils tirrangeiipiit ii ...•u tl... tact thut
it irrinls irreen ns w.Il a- ..'..1 i.rii, .>■ rn .-.nt c !• p:i--iii_-
through it tog.,-t!.fr. «i.: 1. no ..t!itr,.Mill will .1... 1 ar; I'.'rs
and stocl;-i;rowi-rs can navo from -y" t . 4o bu-lul, ,j c. r:i in
each lui) by tlie ii-<> oftliis Mill: .u l,.;i<t k- ba'..- ,., r:i:i. it. ~
to t'.iat eii.'c;.' rer-'.ii< l.ivim: (..i,i.c < ^p.-iL-nc. J it.- I., n- .;!,

; li.' \v,i-r.'iiil pr;

.1 1

■ .: C'.

:i 1.1

:i: 1 ; f.iii-

;i::i!

uill iit.ver rt
the t-ar.

It will UllJ.lll.tr'il^ !!l

ily n.-.-.

"'I':..- ^^;l _ ;...Is tV :ii I-.'.. Iv.- t . t-.-.-. :,•> b
al. ! h .:' . ■■ .-a y .!i\:i I'oi t« o 1;..| -.■ ,

^'. ■ ':.;i; Ir..... ;ir-.L j-v.-iiiMnn -. .iij '.::'. '..;,
.'.. .■!..:: - t... ;..:i.irr, "..- t.i ii,. I, I.'. : .

F'lr full parti, iu.i'-. . r.-;. r -n./e- iii. 1 .;. . i; .! : ■ :' ' ;i.,- :
circiilafa.

N. U.- I'.-r-- .i..' CM', ' .••.•11 ;;■.'! w iih ■. ^t.:r .'!:". a', i :i
sec i.ne in ,.j- i.i:l n l'\ r...;ii:._- ;:' ; ,. . \ r;, a I;.,: :'. -:,.i- ,,

m;an-.:.- .v i;Ai;i;i;i.i..

.fan 1, U:.» .' u'!i. li;.,.! A_. i:;-

if. ,-. wn..<iiN. I

K. W. liimWX. I

■ I'll

>^ HOI. l:?^ VI. 10 (;ij<jci:i»'^ as:)

Commission MercIiantB.

N(i. (rl SKl'OM) ,-T!;!- I'.T,

t'pf cial at'-.-iiti 11 •_!
I'r. Jii'-e.

11 to th"
i-:nl

.1. I.. 1'. ■

Sweet l»ohit(; Plants.

\ iJli-; r!L( -

r thiji:. .'.n.i. at

fair pri.e.s: (t\..- adv •rti="U.int of ear'-- N'aiiM.-moiid p..tati.-'.- .
febl FUAN'.l.S A: LaKKF-L.

WK WILL JIAVL THEM i:
per season, for s.ilc ! y the Iniiidr. ,

illtnoiii CeatiWfl Rail Koad

I^WDS FOR «\I,E.

'I'll!: IIJJXOIS CKXTRAL RAILROAD

3. v.'.'!!ii,any iuvi ■■-? tr» aiterlioi, i.f .-Sj^ricidtnialists and
F.ii lu.-rs ii. the i.i lilc binds iidjaci at to their lload, wliich
.11 • I'ti-it d f.,1- >..!.' up 'II l;j\v ifiin.:, mid long credit at low
ra'' - ol iir.i-i, ..^1.

It ;s til" policy an", wish of the Oomiiany to sell all their
laiiils to actu.i! sittieis: and no inouc-ment is oUer»d to
sj ,-1 ul'.tor.-; in l.i ; ii me will be !>oId , ti loiii; credit, without
til • ilisiiiict i.bligaib n ofc'iltixat'-ii.

I Miiio; -■ O'cyiif- the m..,,st (-.'iiti .li positiuu of the M estern
St.i;. s. lU'l -.. [Uprises ilu- most fi-i ;ili' s.^, .1011 ol the belt of
1, 11.1 .-v l.ii.li'i-_ li.,.ii t!:f .Atlantic U^^au to th,- Missouri
l;i\. (. a. id ii,. Ii, iiio'; Ni w Yoil.-, N>-\v .b ,'<.. \ . lVunjylv.iii;a.
I'-,. . l.uli.i.M, lliiii.'i:. .■■li-liijiaii; ■.V'i'Cuu-iii, lowu „ud
Noilheili ?ll. -.Ill :.

I loiu.-t! .'i:i!>- N. 1! M 1.1' 11.-^. lb. productions are not
1 !,..-. 1 .ti 1... li...... .1- wiiitfi-.-^. — '.i-.r !.-» the heat ol" suiiiiii*-r

i.p|.lt-s.-:',.-. '11 ' la:..ls W(-:,l ..f li.if .Mi.-.-oiiri Kivcr gradually
ail. I la; i.lly iKcri'a-, in f.-r'.i.ily, til! Ibey blend widi the
t.iriat Aic.-iiiaii I inn. a!:d being clii. -fly, if not solely .adapt-
id t ;.r.i/ •:. 1 .:i : i v,-r co.mpeto 'vitl, iliii.",' of tbis .Mate.

Tl--' !-..!!.!- ! ril' riiic iijn 'i ti.o Mis^.-oiiriand Kansas llivere,
;ir..l uiM .1 !i .' li! - .-.oi till- jir.iposi.l roa.I.-n Io>ci;, havi, been
ta';. n 1-;.. an '. .1.- :: .VMlliugal fri-m .7^10 to .Jl.j per acre,
altlioKch .- tt;. I- l..'.-.c to jiay heavy freights upon the t/ans-
]. 01 : iti. .11 ..f ill. ir agricultural t, ob. furniture and goods;
an i \>-li.-:; lii'-ir.-i-.'p- are pro luci'd, It'.e extra cost of trans-
p.rtalioii t . K.-.-tcin tiarlicts exceeds t.'i? c.-il of proJuc-

ikU.

1.1, ., king f. t'le I'uturc gr.iv.'tli of our country, this State,
\. -licii caibiiu .i til.. iiio>t iav, ruble ti-iiipieratiire with the
rji l>i-st >.jil and u:c-t nealthy climate, will for all time be the
gr".it grai.i i-ri.di,cing listiitt. it i- full o'' mineial wealth
f'-.. !i 1 ■; t.',..'>!. Ir..',,. I.r:',l. I.iiiie'-toi'e. ,tc.. .-unl has already tlie
.1 h I' : ges > ;' cllli.-cbc;. ::!l'i s.-'.;'.-ls. of ])- puhitiou, and of
•' .■ juv,-.--;'!u-iir of c;;pi;a!. Mi.in.i.-r then- is scarcely a
,- tit.ty '.'I hiii.i.is '.-■•h::!i li.i-i not -I supply of timber. The
.- r.;l..-- 1: .-i(-i:.;:: ,.f -.h' Stai.' in. Indes at !ea-t J.u('.i.o(,0 acres
.-' ,li. l.i--. .0 lii'v .,| I'lilu-r lainl: at.., the ('.\tin>ive pineries

-ibi.

• HUM.
. t., ! ■

r.ii-

.I't.illl !

\x .\-.:\

tl.. !.aKe^. fiind.-h Chicago

;i.>-i .-i!ii! Iiiiiil.,-]- amounting

■ I- i;:,;i.. ,..;•-:

i;;.i.= i- i;.. ;

...... . 1 ....... .

b.-i ;.ri -h..:!-
tliC- C..-.lp.ir\

till:-

. ; ..- 1 ■«!! >.j.u-', lias been rap-
i-.-. ri... -. !'l •■ p. .lilati. 11 is now about
> .-oii!...:.- ■ ; . .11. a- ha^e liL-en expen.led
.. \\\\\> 1!.- NM.ti.- ot I*." Mi.^si'^sipjji,
1: !;i_: in ( ai-ilaiul I.ak,' communications
!\.|.:..i:; .'lu'i 11 I rilie trMi.'-i.ortatiiin of
iv iiKi! U.-t. .M...i:t I PC ;ni!l!L.n acie.s of

!ia\.

alna.ly b.-^'i s. M. and many
ri..',iyi-i;iM:V''.I.i.-i i-vii .-,' ;-, ■ in; i.llx iiicL'-i-iiig p.ro-iperiiy
. I t!;. ■" iintry. ^o- h .- lie- rn.-ilit v an.' •.i-..ii..my .vith which
thi- -. b'.:. 1-^ ' ., 1 b.- 1 I'.ir-vatr-l !::; t iu tw-i years farmt-rs can
r,a..i > Mi::-i.i;;io !hi.-i';-i-l'.-rs with all t!i'-o--ii;l..r[> ofoblset-
Il-.i :;i; 111- i;.. the lias;. ! n .'tau-s; an,! such is their lertiliey
.i: . ;-i ...', "iv-.'i..--. 1 hat pr.'pi'i'.y pr.rci.as' d .it fr,,m iO to
^:; i ;.. ■- 1 -:•■ ai -;■< >,ai--" .-p-lit airi titr.e i,.-:- cei.i. int. -rest,
-i; ;.. i. ",. ;, .'■' 1. ■•.I;'..: lli.il time. ti..gctl:i-f «itli all th,-'
1 <:- ..1 lie; I.. V. 1 11' t--. '.;, .; 01 -ivx industry, (loiu tin- profits

ii, li!--i
. . : I '.

. tl . t 1 - ■- w ■ ■
". :i! ..hatv 1
\. t !!i.' .iipl-

: :' :'. '. '- i-. tlio -.-i.-ii.i-y .^f r!i*!rr,a..lti
ti. -", I ..1 I'Vi n .-fl'jo J.,'!- iicii- witliin

.-:s .n;

y. iir

•ii-i.

1

:t- iari.l

C. Ill, 'ii'v ;iu' more a..l-va:i-

1 .. 1;-. ',.'■; 1 f farmers, to sot-

..1- .-'..; '!^ !:.; '.II ..11 t' i.e ii.. --s . ; ti'i r..ad fi.r it"

:.- ::.. ...'■■-. i,, !i .-hare- Its 1 bi;gat:..ii-i ;to

! 1- •-. 1 -i.i i-iili •:. iiK-ii-.' till,' policy of raidd

■ ' I : ■ ■ : ..111 .;:, J-: :i,.-; ;.i:i ii.i rc.i-iii^ for two

;. :i...J '■■:V: '..• ic:-;; d till tlio bimis are fii.;i!!y

I". 7^. .■!-.. ;;iai:t.-n!-r!t is f;i\--,.n to ppecaiati-.-e pur-

s ;bi- ' o n; any d.-"S v.>. t wi.-l: t ) disj'oso of any of

-.'o'. ;it b r .'ctiml scltb-mcut and cultivation It is

eviilen:. t'.p-r.'tV.ro, that th,' best inter'^sts of settlers can uo-

wlii'u- bf- a-^ w. U p'.-.im.ited a- by pi;rc!i.i-ing and settling

up.-n til: -.. ijii.i.--

!'..i ii.f. nii.ili.ii a- ;.. pii ■ . t- nu-'. etc.apiilv to

.70IIN WILSON
.7y-.i-.:v,-rri T.inil C..miirr 1. f.U. K.Co., Chicago, 111.

Kl 1 8 -VS it H Al X F.S'

P R E .W.§ r.ll 1?IIIZ.JLS!

'I'll, r.u.-'i NiW IN i;.'^!-;.

rVili> Onii.Ti TOOK T]IL TWO FIRST

;._ I'i. lul'i-i - ;i.t lb'- ]■■•'■• ."■i.'.'.. >'"-r of Ii!iii.-is, held at

1 '. ■ ,: ;:;.-., ;.( lil'- t'.at' I -li! '1 \'' i-.-'IlsiU .II.U (.UlIO. TIllS

io::i w:;: - .1- !i .. '?, /■ . '■.' • i' ■'•./, nwi.whf.d, J'ice,

/;. ... ;' ■ , 7, 1,1'. •',■,.,', r.'. •.'■ -.1: 1 -V .■.'.'■. J .S '.'./. with-iut any
c-ii ;', , oi t. vtiMi'--: can 1 ■- I'^'Jilali- 1 in one uonute t'.i sow
:i;,y •;-„.,i!;;!;.- '.i' kiii'l of .;-'-. .1. W.m.ir.tcd f,.r duiability aud
\. . ;-ki...-.ii b.j..

i;„o i.,i..l it.-i i.;i.-i''i " .-.i;' !it- v..;,ii.;,l ill ev.'ry county in the
.-;.;| . fir. -.liars .t. ,j to aiiv .-..l.li-f.-^s. Th'-se wanting drills
ell. ul 1 o 1:1... I- eat h . Applv to

i;. Kl lINs J; CO.,

Spriugileld, lilinois.

aiar:.:'j l'',"m--.-.-U

///^ ^w cy-

li^

^

^ t^

-*>

-^i

YOL. III.

SPUTXdFJI-T/O. AUGIST. is/is.

NO. 8.

N*ii(*

r^,

T II K

(>■

PUBLI««1IK1) MONTHLY.

Kailliaclie tSb 13nkL^r,
Journal Buildiiiirs, - - SpriiiLi'ichl. Illiiini';,

s. FKAXcrs, i:,ii (<.,•.
-«^ - -

TT;1!Ms ok .SUBtt'lUrTloN.

One copy, one vrnr, in aiiviviice J' '"

Five coiiius. " •• '■'• To

Ten " aikI oni- to th^ ]ifrP ui i;"''t'ii;^ ii|: 'Jul 7 •'•n

Fifteen copies iiini ivir . 'V_i _. c-iuh .M'-Ii. ■■liul oii^- to p.-'t-rii *■*" ''-
pcttiiiji r.)" dull.

■;A^>ii iiATKS or .\iot;rttm-.'^ :
One dollar per s.inurf of ti!!i liii^-s, c.i h in-i rt'...ii.

The Must rrufilalilp RrrcJ of Siifq, Tor iii;-
Suiitli,
The iullowiiiL'' wliicli wc 'jlciin iVuiu '-ll.
S. Ixandair.s Sheep HiisLandry in the- Smith.'
\vill interest our AVestorii ivadoiv. Tlio ii'-
niarks re.-ipoeting ihutton .-liccj). niay. \v.'
thinkj be pruiitably entei-taiind ]i_v A\<v\>
jrrowers oflllinois, wlure inuttnn isdfiiieri ;i>-

4 ..^--v^

;^^-^vS.-

^%^f5^;?*t*i-'?i;2i^ !' ■- '^^^ij^'.Z:^

E(:;LANT!NK. . by J-ontiac, (JJ-^;(4.:;;4;^ ah .hm. L:,.ly

raim;i) \\\ J. N. !;i{.i\\v, i:,:i:ii\, ml. I'miiaiuJiy Soii Mai;: ..::,;;;»:';; :)!h dahi,

K(;[,AM!::i; i> a li-h: i-..;iii. \\a- (,-ai\ u ^''' i:iip"'i"'t'l Pim) .in, c.-v.

Ocrul,,;- iM. ls")i, :i!;.l \\:'~ ••..; b\ .Juj.u K( .I.A > '.n .NK \v.,u {h<- iir.-r j.ri/.O fil the

Mnnix . I n .I")]'.'. I h-t <l::;:i. .^i,■:\ i):u.Ti i -v S:i)i'_-;i ii.. ii ( '• iiji. ry l-".iil , lu'ld in l^-.i/i, ;,;id

injr importance; but we liave no duubt that K'''"^'"'''''"- l,-^^''- -■' ^!-'". '^I'i'- ^'-'id, l.y ^^ :.- ,.,i,- ..C I'le l, ;i ].r. ::d.nii e:d-,.- aillie

most of the wool growciv (.ftlds Stale, vitli-j Aecident. (llii;, dd dam, Lady M".\j:i-i t. S;:;;e J'ah- i,, id at rNieaju, l>:..x

out reu'ard to value id' mutton. Wduld reciiin-

meiid the Sile.sian or SaNoiiv lireeil, instead

.-tar.Ci'.-. _. Will yr.-M t lie •iv^-y-'X .;.t valti'
Uiai-lvetable pr iduet.

alid \wS\\ il,i\.iiioi lliith'll. the l^'iWM

of Merino, ur at lea.st a ;nedium ]h tvreeii tiie 1 .,• i i i. i ■ , ,• , •. . i- i • •

'I

ui' 1 !•

leiK-i' l:;ii;,j. \\,. wj..', h, 1,, . i. i;ii, !,\v ]

• .1. t i;e

two:

Dear SlI?: — N^ ime breed nf ,-hi'ip cnm-
bilie.S tile hidie^t pelTv'etMn in :dl Itm^-''
points whieh Liive value to this; rae'' d' ani-
mals. One is reinarkalde ]'";■ the' wiuht, .ii
earlv maturit^'. or exeellent nualitv
carcass, while it is deiieieiit iii Oi'.aiuy >

. I ,

■1! I d ■ A ill i e

liliiv,-. it ;■. i't'iuaiii j.;i\-(n iii;ii;ej a l,:'-^".' p,.r- ■"•■-'ei- C" ...-ur •. ite i r_

f ii.i, ..)■ rhi ,"' a;' i> 1;iv.i!-ii i 1m t'-.- j m im-- le-:i! :iy a- i i^- !*:.■•; ; n" 'li,. ;,, -ti;: , - If \, , t-

ti'iii '..r ':'ru' e (I'e '--.-. .' ,i\e;d .:' :<■ >""" 'ia;i>iiy. ' ..e '.j. .,!_-;• wdl I 'ei ! i-; -n '.> i-i

n;;i|-k"i- wiie;\ nri.; .:: ,:.. ■ , i ;•■•■:;;■ -.,!' ' " »' r;ad; r- "' •- • ^»lii. ji k n :i\ •:(• v.> '< ,

;:!id ^'iiMi (..J! e~. ti;eii ;dili;e e -i!' I :! imi- ii'.' ^"eh 'itii.M .i n -: : " ; he\ , ' i n .' n''' ..'d -i. i n- ;

(it n -■ i r.'.i!,.i.i ^^.ln■.i cai! U<v a /.■''■•'■'
1

!:-i'nu:ii- ii ■ i ir.'"i a -■ •

'■:-:. i A

(■'•iilia- . ",'■■ ■'■}

lU ' ; leier >'!.■!: i :\\

r, ,' .-•

(luaiitity ot'woid; and aimtlier ^\hieil i> \,

able fur wunl, is euuiparativi'Iy detieic nt <:<.', an i-j;ii.te'.!;;. ,

carcass. Some varieties will flMtirish nnlylT'ie inipv.iv-il l^nAi

iii 'ev I'l

::<■■•{■ ■■■■. I'.i y . J. •-I :'-i!!:i;-l\ rlie !,.•'-
■-•■- - all .alii'; i..,!'::;-!; ■. . .1 i '■«■: 1:

'-"■'' f-';\ i; .■ ii :..■■ tli' .; li'-lHi. ■ ! i...id e !\l
,., j. SU!!"' i. ■!!;■. \ I. Ill .,;. Yk- 'a.!'.'.''.

d..,a!.i

un

der certain conditions of feed aii'l i liuiaie. ! I'mwh, t!i<' .\'W !,• ;••!>;, ■ aa'' :i,

wdiile others are much les.< afl'eeied by tlm.- • i ( 'uf<,,,.!d ^r N. \, ' '> I". ,.d. dii;-.
conditions, and will subsist tiii'ler the -feat- : de.-i'iin- oeiv-". i; i!e.' e.
est variutinns of tempeiature, and n:; the iiie>;
opposite (|uulities of verdure.

;i.- .^.n la

iaa , :,.i'i

..■,|,. i,

ji U ' a aiai lio ,;■■

i-aii-i

I>e-\,. : ib.t

\. '■ ai ' S\' I'd w

' I'ib. i- \. :.■>. Ta.a!.-'- r.l !i^' I'ls; ui la'i

•■• "1 . Ki!.: ^, 1- tile \ ,.:!

:0:a la-

d

UltlH,,- ,|' ;

speedli- eiieam^taaea- are {.,< be t^d.eii i, '.. (.ftii ■-.- : '/> ^.d-, i; i-. i-i ui'- .enLv. t-'i ;,i".

aiaauiiit. jl'we wi>h t, koe'i l.-i, -j-. nan '■■;•■. j...r',:a; :;ia oi- ;n i!!-.'!!! "n d( ' -aii: :',. .■ i :■■! i

in seleetiuii a breed ibrany-i^'-ii l"'-ali;y, 'lie !!. = \V!i will h^Td la- ch beiiar liam the r.a.ii.e n '!;;.. 'a. ii;--. 'in. .\ .iMa'i •■ '

we ai-o to take into cun^iderati'in _//■■■'. .le'i twn lar-'i' la'e.-d^: :i' (air le -d liMai. a _v .••.- , -IvT ;■■!.- ai- a- ■. '' ■,;'], ;.;.,-. ,j^.

feed and climate, or the surrounding; n.iturai ' aUy olanjfui. ..- la ')';■ ei i - ^'aa<.di a nii'L ':, ,-..wh !'.■• ' ..'.\v.a i -..!,•.,- ,_ ..,.
circum.stance.s; and s-mnuK tiie uiaikei faeiii- | t'
ties and demand. We should than niad.e • / •

« .1' :.' ;
! .-
1 ..»

. ■ a

' a; •■ ia aaana. .a aa'i V ■ nca; a a a liia ■- e..aa;e : aaa.. " 1 -. li i:: re. ed !> ra.M,;
' :i ■ aa' . a . a - \v!)i' ! ■ 1 1;- i ^ v*. a 1 1 a ^ " ' '

choice of that breed whieh, with the ad\aii
tages possessed, and under all the circum

,m|, I :e' I '.Mr !i

1 • 1

: 1 1

Ml It' ;' a'"i

'd' . .r ia e ..-•„ i. >.,,..• ,X i!

slinrr keiii : il t i.e a..;; ..'-i e d; i'

r\

ai a"i:aaa " ■■ .n-.. ;,;

■■'■. .'JIMi, /

\vi. ,i~ a. .
,- 'I. .i>,.

■■**^,^^qf4^.^ -■-

'???<5i^. J

■ *i>r.-.:; ^4.;

114

THE ILLINOIS FA.KMEII.

American market. -Both will become more
HO, as manufacturers of Avorsted, and of flan-
nels and baizes, increase. Tlie dificrence in
the weight of fleeces between the breeds is,
jjcf se, a less important consideration than
would first appear, and for reasons v>-]uch
will be given when I speak of tlie cjuneetiou
between the amount of wool produced, and
the food consumed by sheep.

Under the natural and artificial circum-
stances already alluded to, which surround
sheep husbandry in many parts of E!![j;laud
— where the fattest and nvosscst (lualitv oi'
mutton is consumed as almost theoiiiy animal
food of the laboring classes — the heavy, early
maturin"- New Leicester, and the still hcaviei'
Kcw Oxfordshire sheep, seem exactly suited
to the Avants of producer and consumer, and
arc of unrivaled value. To depasture poorer
soils — sustain a folding system — and i'uriii.^h
the mutton which supplies the tables of tlie
wealthy — the South i)0Avn i-, an e.pial desid-
eratum.

Have we any region in our ^"ouLhern States,
where analogous ciicumstanccs dcmaiid the
introduction of similar breeds/ 'J'he climate
so far as irs eflect on the hri'llh is concemed,
is adapted to any, even the le;'.st hardly varie-
ties; but not so its effects oi' the verdure on
which they arc to subsist. The li-ng seon-h-
ing summers, so utterly uidike those uf Eng-
land, leave the grass on lands slocked heavi-
ly enough for profit, entirely too diy and
short for the heavy, slugg'sh J^ong Wools.
This is particularly true in the tide-water
zone. Mutton, too, sheeted uvi" externally
with three or Jour inches of solid fat, even
if it could be made accejitable to the slav e,
in lieu of his ration of bacon — a thing mure
than doubti'ul — would never find any coii.-id-
crable market oil' from the plantation, .'"^o
far as the supply of feed is concerned, tlie
above remarks a})ply, though not ccpially, to
the South-Down. It will live and ilirive
where the Jjong Wuols would dwindle avay,
but it is a mistake to supjtuse that the hea\y
improved South-J)own\\ill subsist, andaitain
its proper weight and latness, on very poor or
very _ scant herbage. The old animpioi nl
vai'iety would, like some other sunillish and
hardy races, obtain a living on keep as Pour
as that which grew on the lightest and thin-
nest soils of Sussex. 31ouhled by the hand
of EUman, and other breeders, tu bettor I'uUil
the conditions of a mutton sheep, in size and
other particulars, they demand that increased
supply of food which tlie furmution Dfaddi
tional fat and muscle re([uire. Jictaining
some of the properties of the parent siuck,
they are less sluggish, and bear travt-l better
ihau the Long A\ ools; but with tliem as with
the latter, and all other animal-^, much or
prolonged exercise in pursuit olfopd or other-
wise, is untavorablc to obesity. iMen, and
particularly oicitci\-!, iu advcieating the claims
of this breed and that, seem not uuim|Uently
to forget that the general jihysicial laws
which control, in the development of all the
animal ti;<sues as well as functions, are uni-
form. Better organs will doubtless make a
better ai)propriatlon of animal foi>d; and they
may bo taught, so to speak, to ai)propriatc it
in particular directions — in one breed, more
especially to the production of fat — in another
of muscle or lean meat — in -anotlier, wool.
But, cictcrls i-taribus, large animals will al-

ways require more food than small ones.
Animals which arc to be carried to a high state
of fatness, nmst have plentiful and nutritious
Ibod, and they must exercise but little in or-
der to prevent the unnecessary ''combustion"
in the lungs, of that carbon which forms more
than seven-tenths of their fat. No art of
breeding can countervail these established
laws of Nature.

Again, there are no facilities in the South
for marketing large quantities of mutton — of
a tithe of that which would be annually fitted
litr the shaml^Ics, were Sheep flusbandry in-
troduced to anything like the extent 1 have
recommended, and with the iwalloii Oreahoi'
sheep. With few ci'ies and large villages —
with a sparse population — with au agricidtu-
ral ]»opulation tlie greatest drawback on
whose pecuniary jirospcrity i.s their inability
to market thcii' own surplus edibles — not a
particle of rational doubt can exist on this
point. 'J' me, I have expressed the opinion
that^ both as a matter of healthfuluess and
economy, nmttoii should be substituted for a
moiety of the bacon used on the plantation;
but Avith such a change, in a country so ex-
clusively agricultural, each landholder would
raise his own supply, and thus no market be
created. It may then lie regarded as a set-
tled point that tlie production of wool is the
primary, the great object of Suuthern Sheep
Husbaudry.

I n instituting a comparison between breeds
of sheep ibr wool growing purposes, 1 will, in
the outset, lay down the obviously incontro-
vertible proposition that the (question is not
udiai variety will shear the. heaviest or even
the most valuable fleeces, irrespective of the
cost of production. Cost of feed and care,
and every other expense, must be deducted,
to fairly test the profits of an animal. If a
large sheep Cjiisume twice as much ibod as a
small one, and give but once and a half as
much wool, it is obviously more profitable,
other things being ecpial, to keep TWO of the
of the smaller sheep. The true question
then is, irifh. tin: .-(inir ujnusc in othn- j'or-
h'riifiu-n. From I'-hftt J>f<e(l irilh tlic fcrdnrr
"J nil U'l-i: oj' la 11(1 p roil iin ihr jri-aUst c(dne
"/ irool.'

hvt US first proceed to ascertain the com-
]iarativc amount oi" loud consumed by the
several breeds. 'There are no satisfactory
experiments Avliich show that breed itself
cuu'-idered,. has any particular influence on
the (juantity of food consumed. It islbund,
with all vaiieiics, tiiat tlie consumption is in
pidportiun to the live weight ol' the (gruwnj
animal. Oi" cuuiv.e, this rule is not invaria-
ble Ml its individual application, but its gen-
eral sjundness has been satisfactorily estab-
lished. Spoouer states that grown sheep
take lip oi per cent, of iheir weight in Avhat
is equivalent to dry hay per day, to keep in
stole condition. \'eit places the consumption
at '11 per cent. 31y experience would incline
me to place itabout midway between the two.
But whatever the precise amount of the con-
suni])tioii, il'it is proportioned to the w'cight,
it Iblluws that if an acre is capable of sustain-
ing three Merinos weighing au lUO lbs each,
it will sustain but two Ijcicestcrs weighing
liiO lbs each, and two and two-fifths South-
Downs weighing 12o each. 3Ierinos of this
Weight often shear 5 lbs per fleece, taking
flocks through. The herbage of an acre, then

would give 15 lbs. of Merino wool, and but
12 lbs of Leicester, and but 9 and three-fifths
lbs of South-Down (estimating the latter as
high as 4 tbs to the fleece !) Even the finest
aKd lightest fleeced sheep ordinarily known
as Merinos, average about 4 Tbs to the fleece,
so that the feed of an acre would produce as
much of the highest quality of wool sold un-
der name of Merino, as it would of New Lei-
cester, and more than it would of South-
Down I The former would be worth from
fifty to one hundred per cent, more per pound
than either of the latter! Nor does this in-
dicate iiU the actual diff"erence, as I have, in
the preceding estimate, placed the live-weight
of the English breeds low, and that of the
3Ierino high. The live -weight of the four-
pound i iie-fleeced Merino does not exceed 90
tbs. It ranges from 80 to 901bs, so that 300
lbs of live-weight would give a still greater
product of wool to the acre. I consider it
perfectly safe to say that the herbage of an
acre xcill uniformli/ give nearly douhle the
value of Merino, that it will of ani/ of tlie
Emjlish Loiuj or Middle wools.

The important question now remains,
"What are the other relative expenses of these
breeds'j* 1 speak from experience when I say
that the Leicester is no respect a hardier
sheep than the Merino — indeed, it is my firm
conviction that it is less hardy, under the
most favorable circumstances. It is more
subject to colds, and I think its constitution
breaks up more readily under disease. The
lambs are more liable to perish from exposure
to cold, when newly dropped. Under unfa-
vorable circumstances — herded in large flocks,
pinched for feed, or subjected to loijg jour:
neys — its capacity to endure, and its ability
to rally from the ciTects of such drawbacks,
do not compare with those of the Merino.
The high-bred South-Down, though consid-
erably less hardy than the unimproved parent
stock, is still fairly entitled to the appellation
of a hardy animal. In this respect I consider
it just, about on a par with the Merino. I do
not think, however, it will bear as hard stock-
ing as the latter, without a rapid diminution
in size and quality. If the peculiar merits of
the animal as'c to be taken into account in
determining the expenses — and I think they
should be — the superior fecundity of the
South- Down is a point in its favor, as well for
a wool-producing as a mutton sheep. The
South-Down ewe not only frequently yeans
twill lauibs, as do both the Merino and Lei
cester, but she possesses, unlike the latter,
nursing ]H-opcrties to do justice by them.
But this advantage is fully counterbalanced
by the superior longevity of the Merino. All
the English mutton breeds begin to rapidly
deteriorate in amount of wool, capacity to fat-
ten, and in general vigor, at about 5 years old
and their early maturity is no ofiset to this,
in a sheep kept for wool-growing purposes.
This early decay would require earlier and
more rajiid slaughter or sale than would always
be economically convenient, or even possible,
in a region situated in all respects like the
South. It is well, on properly stocked forms,
to slaughter or turn ofl' the Merino wether at
4 or 5 years old, to make room for the breed-
ing stock;buthe will not particularly deterior-
ate, and he will richly pay the way with his
fleece, for several years longer. Breeding
ewes arc rarely turned offbefore eight, and are

THE ILLINOIS EA^I^MER.

115

frequently kept until ten years old, at wliicli
period they exhibit no greater marks of age
than do the Down and Leicester aty?/'c or dx
I have known instances of Merino ewes
breeding uniformly until 15 years old ! The
Improved Cotswold is said to be hardier than
the Leicester, but I have said less of this
A ariety, throughout this letter, as from their
great size* and the consequent amount of food
consumed by them, and the other necessarj'
incidents connected with the breeding of so
large animals, the idea of their being intrc
duced as a icool-ijroicing sheep anywhere, and
particularly on lands grassed like those of the
South, is, in myjudgment,utt3rly preposter-
ous.

There is one advantage which all the coarse
races of sheep have over the 3Ierino. Either
because their hoofs do not e-row lonii; and
turn under from the sides, as do those of the
Merino, and thus hold the dirt and filth in
constant contact with the foot, the coarse
races are less subject to the visitations oftlie
hoof ail, and when contracted it spreads with
less violence and malignity among them.
Taking all the circumstances connected with
the peculiar managementi of each race, and
all the incidents, exigencies and risks of the
husbandry of each fairly into account, I am
fully convinced that the expenses, other than
those of food, are not smaller per capita, or
even in the number required to stock an acre,
in either of the English breeds above referred
to, than in the Merino. Nor should I be
disposed to concede even equality, in these
respects, to either of those English breeds,
excepting the South-Down.

You write me, sir, that many of the South
Carolina planters arc under the impression
that coarse wools will be most profitably grown
by them first, because there is a greater defi-
cit in the supply, and they are better protect-
ed from foreign competition, and secondly,
because they furnish the raw material tor so
great a portion of the woolen consumed in
the South. Each of these premises is true,
but are the conclusions legitimate? Notwith-
standing the greater deficit and better protec-
tion, do the coarse wools bear as high a price
as the fine one? If not, they are not as pro-
fitable, for I have alrea-'y shown that it costs
no more to raise a pound of fine than a pound
of coarse wool; nay, a pound of Merino wool
can be raised more cheaply than a pound of
the South-Down, Leicester or Cotswold I
This I consider clearly established.

Grant that the South requires a mucli
greater proportion ofcof'rse tlianof fine wool,
for home consumption. If a man needing
iron for his own use, wrought a mine to ob-
tain it, in which he should happen to find
gold equally accessible and plentiful, would
it be economical in him to neglect the more
precious metal be he wanted to nae the iron?
or should he dig the gold, obtain the iron by
exchange, and pocket the diflTerence in value?
Would it be economical to grow surplus
wool, wool for markeL worth 25 to 30 cents
per lb., when it costs no more to grow that
worth from 40 to 45 cents? And even for
the home want, for the uses of the plantation
— for slave cloths, &e. — -Jine wool is icorth
more per pound than coarse for actual ictar
or use ! Is this proposition new and iucredi-
ble to you? I challenge the fullest investi-
gation of its truth through the testimony of

those familiar with tlie subject or throuirh
the direct ordeal of experiment. It :.- true
tluit a piece offine broadcloth is not so.vtrd, .j;,
nor will it wear like a Ch<'l:i;sf'ord plod of
treble thickness. The tlnx'ads of the-1"iaun-
are spun to extreme fineness to ct<^'roniise
tho raw material. To gi\ e it that ilnish
which is demanded by fashion — to give it its
beautiful nap — these threads are still farthei
reduced bv '*Kiy;i>ini2: and shearinir." jlut
spin fine wool into yarn as coarse as that used
in Chelmsfords, and nianufacture it in the
.same way, and it would make a far stronger
and more durable cloth. The reasons are
obvious. jMerino wools are decided i}' strong-
er than the English coarse long and middle
wools — or any other coarse wools in propor-
tion to its diameter or bulk. It felts far bet-
ter, and there is, therefore, a greater cohesion
between the different fibres of the same
thread, and between the different tlireads.
It is also more pliable and elastic, and con.^e-
quently less subject to "breaking" or alira-
sion.

*I saw two at ttie N. Y. State Fair, lit Saratoga, w'licli
weiglied over 300 lbs. each .'

Taxes.

Mr. Editor: — Your duties re«|uircs you
to protect the interests of the laboring man,
and it is your intetest, as well as that of the
great community in which we live, to en-
courage the industrious (and nearly all of us
aspire to be such.) to obtain homes, wliere
all the domestic virtues flourish — and if
these are only extensive enough to reward
labor, to place man in "the middle state of
life" we achieve the greatest earthly good
possible for our race.

In looking over our system of taxation,
especially that which relates to lands, I have
been impressed with tlu! belief that there is
great injustice and ine(|uality in it — that it
is doing wrong to the laborious and in fustri-
cus — that it is civinir undne advantaiies to
rich landliolders, and that the evil ought to
be corrected, ^^'hen times are })rosperous,
and wheat two dollars a bushel, and pork 8C
per 100 lbs., we do not feel the draught upon
us for taxes as at this time, — for now, with
present prices of prtiduee, the taxes which
we have to pay upon our imjn'oved farms,
and the results of our labor, are grievous to
be borne.

The early fathers of our State provided
for assessing three kinds of land — Ir-t. I'nd
and ord rate. There was wisdom in titis.
Let lands be thus assessed as a general thing-.
Let those who have naked good prairie pay
ju.st as much tax as he who has improved
prairie beside it. I^et the la))orer be encour-
aged, and let the rich pay their full share of
the expenses oi' keei)ing up our institutions,
and we shall make a good beginning for the
benefit of the industrial classes — they vrho
create wealth for a country.

I will, with your permission, give more
thoughts on this subject hereafter.

. A TAX-PAYER.

Thti Trial of Plows.

Editor of the Farmer : — I am glad your
correspondent ''Plowboy" took up the pen
for a thorough trial of plows iit Ctuti-alia. I
have been to several fairs both in this .>tate

and out of it, and I do say that I have never
witnessed out of this State sucli rshibit'ons
of pl(^ws as I have seen at the Iliiuois SUitt
Fairs. Mechanical science was never better
displayed than in the man ufav^ture of those
plows '-^and many of'theu were fxislted with
a neatness that would rival the u.ost clioice
eyhibitii>ns ot cabinet work. But the practi-
cal application of their powers was never suf-
ficiently tested — in my opinion. We shall
now liave it. This of itself will be a great
exhibition. It Avill be one in which farmers
will feel it a deep interest.

I suppose we shall have there Viye's G-ang
Plows, and the gang-plow invented in Spring-
field, which seems to excite the admiratiou
of all those farmers who have examined it.

^\'e thought several years ago that we had
arrl.ed at perfection in plows. How mis-
taken we were? I very much hope that we
shall have steam plows there. I have noticed
that several were being made iu differunt
parts of the country. We shall want to see
them. P. OF MenARD.

The Osage Oraiigc Bedgc.

Editor of th^ Farmer: — Farmers who
cultivate the Osage Orange Hedge, want one
to be a protection to their fields as soon as
po.ssible. Five years is a great while in Illi-
nois. A good hedge can be made in four
years with proper treatment. It is not
strango tliat many ern-rs were made at first
in the cultivation of the hedge. Our people
had made up their minds that they must
grow the Osage Orange as they would grow
the thorn: and others thought that they had
only to plant the hedge to secure a fence.

M}' plan would jic to prepare well the
ground for the liedgc row; plow it up deep
and make the soil fine. Then take good
strong plants and set them in one row three
inches apart. Leave some strong jdants iu
the nurserv to fill ut) the vacancies in the
,;pring of the second year. Do this and let
hedge grow two 3 ears. In the .spring of the
third year cut it down even with tlie ground.
Some four branches will sprout up from each
root; let these grow till July and then cut
them off to within six inches of the grouud.
The next spring cut them off twelve inches
from the ground; the fourth spring cut them
off within six inches of the last cut, and you
will have a good hedge.

If any man has a better way, I wish he
would communicate it to the Farmer.
Yours, B.

■—^

Trial oJ Mowers and Reapers.

Editor of the Farmer : — I was glad to.S'^e
an article in a late number of the Farmer
suuiicstin-rthata more tiiorough trial be made
at the next State Fair than usual, of the plow.^
placed on exhibition; and I Avas stili more
uratified to see the response to that article in
the July number, from Mr. U. Zviills, super-
mtendent of the plowing match, in which Le
announces that the plowing match will \e
commenced on Thursday of the fuir wcr-k,
and that a most thorough trial of the plo-^s
will be made.

I now desire to make a suggustion, that, if
possible, a trial of mowers and reapers be also
had during fair week. If wo t-aunot have
grain to cut, can they not be tri^^d in grass,
millet and buckwheat? The awai Js given to

116

THE ILLINOIS F^HMEH.

these instruments without trial, arc unsatis-
factory and incouehisivc. In fact, an award
given, without trial, is useless, valueless, non-
sense. A machine may have a beautiful fin-
ish, and may not work. A macliinc may be
rough in apjiearance, and yet do tlie work
well.

I suggest to Col. AVebstcr, tlie respected
l're>idcnt of the State Society, the propriety
of making arrangements, if j)(\-.siblc, to try
the reapers and mowcr^j ;dt^o the wlicat drill-;
and Corn j)hiutcrs. 3Iany l-irmcrs wonld lie
present, and witness the iriais; and lie com-
mittees would liave stimuthing ]iraetic:d on
v»fhich to base their awards.

A AViiKAT i;.\is;;i;.

IJdifor (if the I'on.nr: 'J'iie trfUibles,
or stagg'ers ainoiig swine is ;i. (lisca^e so
rapid and fatal in its course as to i-'Mider
the application of any remedy almost
useless ; hence the idea is generally
prevalent that the disorder is incurable.
A successful experiment tried by uie the
other day upon a fine shoat of some
eight mouths may induce some of your
readers to repeat it.

I saw the animal about five minutes
after the attack, lie was then making
sundry gyrations in the road, with his
snout considerably elevated. In some
three minutes more he tvmiblcd against
the fence and could not rise. He seem
ed to sufier greatly, llis eyes wore
turned up, and were evidently blind. I
had several backets of water brought
from the well forthwith. One of these
I threw on him, then slit each ear pretty
deeply, and took about tln-ee inches of
his tail off. But little effect was pro-
duced, and I felt sure my hog Avas a
"gone Sucker." I then poured from
the spout of a watering j)ot in a contin-
uous stream right upon tlie scalp at least
four buckets of water. This operation,
at first, appeared to distress him, but he
soon became quiet. \ left him to his
fate. In about tAVo hours afterward he
got up, staggered from place to place
for a while, began to recognize his fel-
lows, and soon Avas pretty Avell over the
spell, lie is noAV entirely recovered
Yours, J. 15. W

WoodiL'ild, near Alton, elulv 7.

Tariiips.

UJ.itnr l\(j-,nir : — 1 lu'i\e obtained good
crops of turnips by the i'oUoAving proce-^s :
After the crop of Avheat WoS taken irom the
land, I have plowed a ])at(li of ground ti n
inches deep, taken care to bury the straAv
and weeds Avell — then liarroAV the ground
very line — sow a quarter of a pound of .seed
to the acre — bush the seed in lightly and then
pass over the ground Avilh the ruller.

If the Uy takes the jilants ts soon as tliey
appear above ground, 1 harrow the ground. !
soAv agaiu^ brush in iuid roll as before. 1
have done this way three times before I could
get a stand of plants. 1 always endeavor to

got in the seed before a rain
cced and sometimes fail.

-sometimes sue-

s.

TIIK (U{EAT r.EArFJl AND STA(^KEE,

ur 311 nUAV, A'A.N DOKEN & Cil.OVKU,

Proprietors, Ottawa, Illinois.

Above Ave nresent to our readers a cut of
this neAV machine, which attracted so much
attention among the farmers at our State
Fair at Feoria last iall. It Avas in operation
on the 'hi and nth of .July in this county.

One of these machines has been placed at
the disposal of the .Society, and Avill be ex-
hibited at the State Fair next fall, at Ccntra-
lia, to be aAvarded to the best oO acres of
spring Avlieat raised in the State. {ISo: Pni-

llli'i'ill fjif't ('i' tlif S"'-i<fty.)

'flie cutting- arrangement of this machine
is similar to all llu; leading machines. The
grain i'alls on the plat forJiiANdiich is composed
of a series of vibrating rods, havnig inclined
rake teeth. These teeth slip under the
grain :;s they go fruiii the driving wheel but
catch and ilraw il as they return and thus
liny draw tlie grain in a constant stream to-
Avard the driving Avheel. ^Vllen it arrives
near there, tlie same rods are bent upAVurds
and thus they, together Avlth an endless apron
Avliieh lies over it, ami is geercd by pully and
belt to the sickle shai't, discharge the grain
npon the little platform; Avhenee the cut
shows the man in the act of taking it. The
top of llie endless apron is slioAvn in the cut
at ( D.) The man in the box taking the
grain (rom the little platiorm deposits it in a
certain and proper order in (he box. When
the box is conij)letely filled, he tics or hooks
t(\L';ethcr the tAvo ends of several ropes, (0. O.
O.,) Avhich lies over the sides of the box and
the cranked end (F. II.) of a shaft Avhich lies
nlonii the bottom of the box is turned by the
driver, Avlio now stops his team. As the
rop(\s (O. O. O.) pass through eyes in the
rod, of course they wind aronnd the rod and
thus tighten the stack wifli great compres-
sion. The man in the box noAV cpiickly tics
the binding cords, which you see lying over
the side of the box (near to the ''tightening

ropes 0. O. 0.") when the crank is reversed,
tlic "tightening ropes" thrown ofiF and the
door (C.) thrown open, the small end of the
box tipped up and the stack (E.) discharged
as seen in the cut, WIND AND WATER

PROOF.

About six of these stacks are formed to
the acre. Consequently the team must stop
six times to each acre cut. This seems to
us to be one objection to the machine; the
proprietors should seek to obviate it. How-
ever, it is trifling compared to its other great
advantages, so far as we can judge.

These stacks are intended to stand in the
ileld until the threshing time comes. Then
the thresher is set in the middle of the field,
tAvo yoke of oxen or a good span of horses
are hitched to a "slide," or stone boat, or low
truck, made of small wheels of the machine,
one of Avhich is seen at B., and upon this
from half an acre to an acre of grain is put,
by driving the team close to the stack and
tipping it over upon the slide. When it
reaches the thresher, the stack is rolled or
drawn up on to a platform and fed in a steady
stream, there being no hands to cut, except
18 strings to the acre. The strings are then
tied togdher, wound en a reel and saved for
next year.

It will be seen that but two men and four
horses are needed to do all the work of cut-
ting, binding and stacking, and that all the
usual losses from exposure to weather between
the time of cutting and the time of finishing
off a stack in the usual way of harvesting, are
saved. And this exposure is a very great
matter." It will also be apparent that the
saving of labor in binding, shocking, drying
out bundles that have been drenched with
rain, and hauling to the stack durmg harvest,
is very great. We learn that Murray, Van
Dorcn & Glover last year, cut and put up
140 acres which saved well, and that stacks
which stood six months in the field were per-
fectly dry throughout, except such moisture

THE ILLIjNTOIS FARMER.

117

as m common to all stacks close to tlic ground.
It Was' a #efc season.

Many of our /hrifterg will have the opportu-
nity of seeing this machine in the field. Mr,
Van Doren and Mr. Glover are now Siomic
from South to North with one of the machine-^
along the line of the Centi-al Railroad. They
take it into the field of a farmer, work half a
day ty the ^>de of machines in use, and then
go ten or twenty miles either by rail or ''by
land," and enter^the field again. It is worth
while for farmers to ride twenty miles and
spend half a day to know for themselvos if
all that is claimed for this machine is true.

Ancient Farming.

This is a subject of some interast. Farm-
ing commeueed isoon after man appeared up-
on the earth; but we have few details of the
processes by which he made his bread : and
what we have are contained in the oldest book
of which we have any knowledge. These
were gathered and made a portion of several
"Essays on Agriculture," written and pub-
lished many years ago by one of the fathers
of New England, Rev. Mr. Elliott. His
essays have been reproduced by the Home-
stead, of Hartford, Conn. •

It will be recollected that in the early set-
tlement of the New Haven Colony, when the
people had not time to frame a code of laws
for the government of the colony, on account
of the two-fold necessity of raising of crops
for food and fighting the Indians, — they re-
solved to be governed by the laws found in
the Bible until they had time to make bet-
ter;— so Rev. Mr. Elliott gathers what wis-
dom he can find in the Bible on the subject
of agriculture, but is careful to bring in his
own experience and speculations when he
thinks they can subserve the purposes of
those for whom he writes better than what
he can cull for them from the Bible.

Mr. Elliott goes on to say that "The only
rules of husbandry, I have met with, I find
in the Bible," not professedly taught, but by
way of comparison and illustration, showing
us what the practice of farmers was in those
days, and suggesting the methods of ancient
husbandry.

"The first I shall mention gives an account
of the profit of goats, spoken of in Proverbs :
'Lambs are for clothing, and goats for the
price of the field.' They are excellent to
subdue rough uncultivated lands," fitted by
nature to serve this purpose, — destroying
bushes, briars, and weeds : "by their tread,
dung and urine, which is very hot, they
sweeten the ground so in a little while, that
the land will be clothed with grass," thus
doubling the value of the land in a little
time.

"In Ecclesiastes we read :

'In themorning

sow thy seed, and in the evening withhold
not thine hand : for thou knowest not wheth-
er shall prosper, either this or that, or whether
they both alike shall be good.' The true in-
tendment and mond improvement, is not ir.y
present business or design. I remember a
farmer of good credit told me, that being for
some reason obliire<I to be earlv, he sowed
oats at break of day, and had harrowed all in
before sun risinir; he observed that the oats
sowed thus early, out-stripped the oats sowed
the same day after the day was coTne on, —
<2;rcw six inches taller, had larger head.^, and
appeared every way better, aithougli the land
was poorei'. It is agreeable to reason it
should be so, for tlie dews are impregnated
with nitrous salts, and is the principle thing
which enriches the ijrround when it lies fal-
low; this dew being harrowed in with the seed,
may have promoted the growth ol" the crop.
If the seed were sown in the evening, j^o as to
lie all night, to be soaked and softened with
the dew, and then harrowed in the morning,
tliou ktwivcst not ichetlirr slialJ pro><p<'r, tJtix
or that ; it may be best to try both. I per-
suaded one of my neighbors to try this method
in sowing mesling," [a mixture of griiins, as
rye and oats, or rye and wheat.]

"Another piece of ancient husbandry we
have in Isaiah; 'For the fitches [chick peas]
are not threshed with a thrcshlno- instrument,
neither is a cart wheel turned about upon the
cummin, [an annual, whoscseedshaveawarm
bitterish taste, and an aromatic flavor; Cum-
mia rijm>rnihi\: but the fitches are beaten
out with a staff, and the cummin with a rod.'
The wheel was used for those sorts of grain,
hard to separate from the chaff; but the fitches
and cummins, were threshed with a little
stick." The wheel was used only for the
sorts of corn hard to thresh, time and labor
being saved by the cart-wheel. 'Bi-ead corn
is bruised; because ho will not ever be thresh-
ing it, nor break it with the wheel of his cart,
nor bmise it with his horsemen.' "There is
no doubt a wheel miiilit be contrived to thresh
out a great deal of grain in a day." [How a
modern threshinir machine would iiiivc juadc
the venerable clergyman stare'] Threshing
with horses was practiced, and .still is by the
Dutch, at the rate of sixty bushels a day.
"At present we arc more concerned how to
raise wheat and r^'e, than to devise expedi-
tious ways to thresh them : if ever we should
be blessed with large crops, such an invitation
might be of use."

There are various ways of cleansing clover
seed both red and white, so difficult to separ-
ate from the chaff; "the way has been a secret,
mysterious business," and slow at that. Take
your clover hay to a tanner's bark mill, where
a stone-wheel is used, grind it, and clear it
from chaff with a corn-pan, grind again if

necessary and fan as before; in this way a man
will clean a bushel a day. For the want of
a stone-mill use a cider-mall. This is an im-
portant article) and will I hope be more so;
for I believe it will not be well with New
England, till every farmer shall have a bushel
or two of clover seed to sow every year upon
his land." [This was a sound conclusion.]
I informed a gentleman who raises much clover
seod every year, and he said "he was obliged
to me, for it would save him -£25 a year in
cleansing seed.''

"In Kings we read of 'Elislia who was
plowing with twelve yoke of oxen before him.'
This was a mighty team : it must he a plow
of a very different stmcture from what are
more in u.se; but some imagine the text is to
be understood of twelve difierent teams and
plows, from what follows, 'and he was with
the twelfth.' His twelve yoke of oxen brings
to mind what Mr. Ellis, says of a minister in
England, who had l^ecn over sea, and brought
home with him a plow with which one yoke
of small oxen plowed twelve acres in a day.
We know not what sort of a plow it was, that
cither the prophet or the minister used. It
is a pity l^Ir. ]''llis did not explain the twelve
acre plow." [We apprehend that Elisha
must have had a gang-plow, probably after
the fashion of Mr. Fiye's. Perhaps Mr. F.
took Ills his idea from Elisha's plow! If so,
he certainly is not entitled to a patent.]

"One rale more of husbandry from Scrip-
ture, 'but this I say, he thatsowcth sparing-
ly, shall reap, also, sparingly; and he which
soweth bountii'ully, shall, also, reap bounti-
fully.' " Reason, use, prudence, and discre-
tion are to direct. Wc are not to cover the
ground with seed, for this would diminish
the crop; neither are we to spare. In Eng-
land they sow two and a half bushels of wheat
per acre, anxl the same amount of flax seed
per acre; but this is a waste of seed, if not
prejudicial to the crop : in strong laud more
seed than we use would be best. I saw last
summer flax on strong drained land choaked
with weeds for want of more seed. Thick
seeding such land would have kept down the
weeds, rendered the harle finer, [the filaments
of fliix or hemp,] and would have increased
the crop.

However much Mr. Elliott's Es-saj's may
interest the farmers of Xew England; wc arc
quite sure that our farmers can very much
improve on his suggestions, — c^uite as much
as the Xew Haven colonists could on the
Hebrew code of laws, — whereof wc have
spoken.

——

13^3Iorriirs Laud Bill, for the benefit of
Agricultural Colleges in the States, which
passed the IIou><e, was not token up in the
Senate.

';7.iin;wT^^^?s^"' : • ■

I-'tnF'^'Hp''

118

TPIE ILLINOIS FARMER.

Corn Shnckrr ami Slicllcr.

This machine is the invention of
Daniel Lomlard, ISo. (>, State
street, Bostou. It is a novel ma-
ehine, docs a vast deal of Avoik,
andis operated easily. — The A«zri-
cultural estahlishnients in Boston,
and the Agi icultiiral press of tlutt
city spenk in high terms of it. It
is obvious that a corn hnsker ■whieh.
woidd tto the work rn])idly and ef-
fectually Avould be of vast, benefit in
the ^^reat corn countrv of tlio West.
A\ e are not aware that the machine
i.syet on sale in the West, with the
exception of a few thnt -were made
to order for AVestern farmers.

The Ilusker consists of n chu^;k
made concave on one side and fur-
ni^hed Avith spurs arranL'cd uithin ^
its concavity. The chuck is fas-
tened on a tubular shaft and carries
two knives or cutters^ for the pur-
pose of reducing the stalk of an ear stea<lyini!; it, while the other retains hold
of corn, and separating the hi'sk from of the tip, and the moment the husks
the ear, after the knives have done their arc cut through, the corn is thrown into
oflScos; it is only necessary to insert tlu' '■ the basket, while the husks are thrown
car of corn into the shaft wliile it is into another, leaving the husks free
grasped wiili one liand in the middle for from cobs, ready for mattress bedding.

Fr( ni tlic iApriciiltiiial I'r-iiort cf iiic U. S. riiti'iit ( 'Hi. e, iJ-'/T.

Dr. jHrkson's Prorrss of Miikiii? Syrup and
Siijrar from llif fiiiiitsi' Sugar lane.

lu the tii>t place, it is iioi-i-^sary to (iltor
the jiiic-e of the plant, a.s it ceiiic? fmui the
iiiiii, in order to rcinovo tlie ceiluluse and
tibrous matters and the starch, all of whieh
arc present in it ■when expressed. A bag
filter, or one iiiude of a blanket j)!aceu in a
basket, will answer tins jiuiposc. Xext, we
liavo to add a .-;ufli -ien'-y of milk of lime,
(that is, ll:ne slacked and iniNodwith wi.ter)
to tliC juice, to render it siiizlitiy alkaliMe, ua
sijowii by its changing tumeric })apt r to a
brown eokr. or redueuct' litnais p.ijier (o a
blue. A hUiall exeu&s o1 liiiie is not injuri-
ous. After this adiliti.iii, tlie juie" sliouiu
be boiled, say lor iiliein iiiiiiiit-. s. A liiiek
• 'leen seian raoiub. eol!e ts on tin' >Ui lac ■,
wlileh is to l)e reuioved iiy a .^kiniuier, a.i'i
then the liqidd .should a^aii: be iiitertd. ii
will now be of a pale straw eob'r, ai.d r. ;;fly
lor evap«'.ratiou, and may he boiled down
fjul*o ra])idly to about h;dl its original Imo;,
after which, tf.c lire must be kept low, the
cvaporatioc to l>e earned on witli ureal i;ni-
lion, and the syrujj constantly stirre.l lo ]in'-
Acut it IVniu burning at the hottoin i>f tl:;^
kettle or evapor:iting pan. I'ortioiis (jI' t he
S3"rup :,re to be taken out, from tinu-tn time,
and alhjwcd to cool, lo see if it is dense
enough to crystal'ze. Jt should be about as
dense as sugar hou.sc molasses or tar. When
it hi'S reached this ci.ndition, it m;iy he
withdrawn from the evapi, rating % essel, and
be placed in tubs or casks lo granulate.
Crystals ot sugar will begin to form generally
in three or four days, and scmctiiues nearly
the whole nias.». will granulate, leaving hut
little molasses to be drained. After it has
solidified, it may be scooped out into conical
bags, made of coarse open eitithjOi- ot'eanvas,
which arc to be hung over some vessel to rc-

cc'wv the molas.ses; and the drainage being
niueh aided hy warmth, it will be useful to
keep the tenijiciature of the room at SU° or
'MP V. After some days, it maybe removed
from the b;.gs, and wil! be found to be a good
brown sugiir. It m;iy now be reiined hy di.s-
.•-olviiig it in hot water, adding to the solu-
tion some white of eggs, (say one egg for ] IK)
Ihs. of sugar.) mi:;ed with cold water, after
which, the temper. itur<' is to be raised to
boiling, and the .syrup alloweil to remain at
ih;it heat i'nv half .ui hour. Then skim and
tilti r to remove the coagulated albumen and
t!;c impurities it h:.s extracted from the
ragar.

Hy mc.ins of hoiieddiick, su; h as is prc-
|iared for sugar n liners, the sr.gar may be
decolored, by adding an oiUict; to e:ich gal-
ion ot the saeeli.irine .--olutioii, and boiling
duMvhoU tuucther. Tlmi filter,ai.d you will
obtain a iiettrly colorless syrup. J'lva])orate
M,:s. as liefore directed, biiskly, to half its
i..ulk, and tlien slowly uiitd dense eiiougii to
ciysj.dli/.e, leaving the syrup as before in
tulis. <.r pan.-, to granulate. This sugar will
he of a light hrown dlor, and Uiay now be
cl.iy. d. or whitened, by the usual method;
tiiat i-, by jmtting it into cones, and pouring
a , saturated .-olutii.n of wliite sugar upon it,
-I) as todispliiee the luolas^es, which will drop
from the aju'X of the eoiie when inverted.
It is iiuw refined or loaf sugar.

'I'he methods here deseriijcd are the com-
mmi and cheap ones, Mich as any farmer can
eiiij)loy. it may be advantageous, when
operations of considerable extent are contem-
plated, to arrange a regular system of shallow
evaporating j)ans fur the cunci'Utratioii of the
syrup, similar to those now used in Vermont
for making maple sugar.

It is evident ihat no ordinary methods can
compete with tle^se of a regular sugar refine-
ry, where vacuum pans are cm]»loycd, and

evaporation is consequently carried on at a
low temperature. If the planter should
raise sufficiently large crops to warrant the
expense of sucli an apparatus on his place,
ho would not fail to manufacture large quan-
tities of sugar, and to operate with perfect
success, but this can be done only in the
Southern, Middle or Western States, where
extensive farming is common. Those who
wish to have their brown sugar clarified, can
send it to some of the larger refineries, where
the operations may be completed, and the
sugar put up in the usual form of white

loaves.

A very large proportion of our agricultural
people will doubtless be satisfied with the
pnjduction of a good syrup fi'om this plant.
They may obtain it by the following methods
described in the first part of this paper, or
they m;iy omit the lime, and make an agree-
able, but slightly acidulous syrup, which will
be of a lighter color that which has been
limed. This syrup is not apt to crystallize,
owing to the presence of acid matter. The
unripe cane can be employed for making
molasses and alcohol, but will not yield true
cane-sugar unless it is well matured.

The Dwarfin? System.

Editor Farmer: One of the greatest
acliievcmcnts made by the Chinese in
gardening is in dwarfing trees and
plants. To such perfection have tliey
reached in this art, that they grow an
oak tree, with all the appearance of
great age, covered with minute foliage
and acorns, and still it will not reach
six inches in hight I The Chinese rose
has been so dwarfed by them, that one
of them can be planted in the earth, full
of foliage, and occupy the inside of the
shell of a common hen's q^^. Beautiful
miniature buds^and roses, to bo sure !

But we have been told that in one
part of the State — though they have not
aimed to approach the Chinese in dwarf-
ing trees and shrubs — they have eifec-
tually carried out the idea of dwarfing
animals, so that the success is complete.
The plan is, that when a cow has a like-
ly calf, if it be a heifer, to raise it for
the drover ; if a likely bull, to raise a
steer for the same purpose ; but if the
calves (heifers and bulls) be the scrub-
biest of the scrubby — mere dwarfs, pig-
mies— to raise them to increase the stock
of the farm II It is by this process that
the true dwarf cow becomes a small car-
ricature of a cow, and the bull in size
would be inferior in all essential points
to the cattle raised in the Orkneys and
Hebrides.

The system here noticed is carried out
by the natives far in the North, where
the horse is not much larger than the
billy goat. The Indians understand
this system, and nothing else !

Well, Mr. Editor, if any of this dwarf
stock can be had, it should be brought to
our Fair. We then can have before us
there suits of the two systems of breeding
cattle. We can see the difference be-

ifwi^g!r»jff'!?pE--_-:-

■ ^-^^^iS|.

THE ILI.I]>TOIS F-A-RMEH.

119

tween the system of improvement and
the system of dwarfing. The compari-
son will present strong arguments in fa-
vor of improvements.

The whole world Is advancing in ag-
riculture and in other branches of hu-
man industry. Light is piercing the
centre of Africa, which great country
will soon he open to European commerce.
Man is rapidly advancing in knowledge
through all Kussia, and the chains of
the serf have been stricken from him
there. France and England are giving
lessons of improvement to the great
Chinese nation, which will be felt through
all that vast Empire. England is now
engaged in a struggle Avith her revolted
India colonies — a struggle which avIII
determine whether Christianity shall
ameliorate the condition of the 200,000,-
000 there, or whether they shall sink
back into the degradation of Paganism.
England will there succeed.

Some two thousand years ago our
British ancestors were clothed with the
skins of beasts, and lived in holes in the
earth. Who could credit this, if not
stated on unquestionable authority, on
witnessing the refinement, the knowledge,
the civilization of the present age ?

That man who does not do something,
however minute it may be, to advance
the great system of improvement which
is rapidly changing the appearance of
our earth in some measure, lives in vain.

COSMOS.

~*9»-

Politcness at Home.

Editor of the Farmer: Lately I found
the following scrap in a periodical. The
caption drew my attention ; I read it,
and as I did, it found my hearty appro-
val. I submit it to your judgment, and
if that coincides with mine, please pub-
lish it in the Farmer, with a few re
marks :

"POLITENESS AT HOME.

By endeavoring to acquire the habit
of politeness, it will soon become famil-
iar, and set on you with ease, if not with
elegance. Let it never be forgotten that
genuine politeness is a great fosterer of
family love. It allays accidental irrita-
tion by preventing harsh retorts and
rude contradictions; it softens the bois-
terous, stimulates the indolent, suppres-
ses selfishness, and, by forming a habit
of consideration for others, harmonizes
the whole. Politeness begets polite-
ness; and brothers may easily be won by
it to leave ofi" the rude Avay they bring
home from school or college. Sisters
ought never to receive any little atten-
tion without thanking them for it ; nev-
er to ask a favor of them but in courte-
ous terms; never to reply to their ques-
tions in monosyllables, and they will
soon be ashamed to do such things them-
selves. Both precept and example
ought to be laid under contribution, to

convince them that no one can have re-
ally good manners abroad Avho is not
habitually polite at home."'

How perfectly true is every sentence
in this extract! Acquire tlic habit of
politeness at home, and you will be po-
lite everywhere! Home politeness is
the fosterer of family love! It allays
irritations, prevents contradictions, soft-
ens the boisterous, stimulates the indo-
lent, suppresses selfishness, harmonizes
the whole! Politeness begets politeness
and kindness, and corrects rudeness!
Sisters should never receive attentions
without a return of thanks; never should
ask favors but in courteous terms; never
should reply to questions in monosylla-
bles. No one can have trood manners
abroad, who is not habitually polite at
home!

These sentences deserve to be printed
in letters of gold, and hung up in every
house. They contain truths most obvious,
most important; and yet liow often lost
sight of? In how many families are
children almost encouraged to be boor-
ish, boys and girls coarse, parents rough
to each other and to their children?
How painful the association of such with
the truly delicate and sensitive!

Mr. Editor, I will only add a few
words. Parents, read the extract I
have embodied in these remarks ; sons
and diughters, read it — practice its pre-
cepts, and it Avill add to your personal
self-respect, and secure the love and re-
pect of others. MARY OllME.

-••*-

late Corn.

Editor Farmer: A good deal is said
about late planting. The largest varie-
ty requires the whole season to mature;
but there are varieties which will ma-
ture in ninety days after they are plant-
ed, and these varieties yield well. But
do you know, Mr. Editor, that in some
parts of Egypt, corn is planted on
ground after the wheat is taken off, and
good crops are thus obtained? It is
even so, sir, as any Egyptian can tell
you. There I should think the practice
would rapidly exhaust the richness of
the soil. In Central Illinois no imme-
diate danger would be likely to result
from this practice ; and I would like to
see the trial made with the Yankee flint,
the Mexican white flint, or the New
York white cheat.

Southern Illinois has some advantages
over us in the early maturity of wheat
and the fine warm fall weather, which
continues often till near December.

S. M.

Fruit Trees.

Editor of the Farma-: — I suggest to our
farmers not be in too great a liurrj to piir-
chase fruit trees for fall planting. AVhcn the
time comes to obtain them they can bo had
in ten days' time after the ordci"s are sent,

from the principal nurseries in Illinois. If
obtained from a distance for fall planting, they
must be taken up early, too early for the bene-
fit of the tree. Tlie young trees ought not
to be dug from the ground until severe frosts
have taken off the loaves. I have no doubt
that many P^astcru trees die because they are
taken up too early. There is n o need of being
in a hurr}^ to purchase trees; and cspeeially
when j'ou are toleraldy sure by doing so, that
you run iireat risk of losing thcra.

A LOSER.

«•»-

Cherry Trees— Soggeslions.

It ks well known that heart cliciTics cannot
be made to grow here with ordinary culture.
Various means have been proposed to remedy

tl:c evil — such as dwarfing the tree, planting
it in poor soil, &c. At a late meeting of the
Cleveland Uorticultural Society, the subject
of growing heart clieriy trees being under
consideration, — ^l)r. Kirtland called the at*
tcntion of the committee to the superior
healthiness of a row of bearing cheny trees
on his grouTids, standing on the north side
of an O.sagc (Jrange Itedge, where the trunks
were completely shaded from tlie sun. He
recommended those havini*: standard trees in
exposed situations, to take strips of thin
board, say six inches wide and as long as the
hight'of the trees, nail two pieces together
by the edges at a right angle, thus forming a
shield to be placed on the south side of the
trees, wlicre it can be fastened by a piece of
cord. Others of the committee su<rp"ested
tliat strips of bass woodorliickory bark, eight
or ten inches wide taken from vounsr trees at
this season of the year, or when it peels free-
ly, ]»y letting it dry a few days in the sun,
w<nil<l curl so as to make a good shield for the
trunlcs of cherry trees, and would present a
mi ire natural ajtpearance than the boards.
■ ^9f

Hold Ox. — Hold ou to your tongue when you
are just ready to swear, lie, speak harshly, or
say any improper word. Hold on to your hand
when you are about to strike, pinch, soratch,
steal, or do any disobedient or improper act. —
Hold on ti your foot when you are on the point
of kicking, runninj^ away from duty, or pursu-
inp; thi' path of error, ghame or crime. Hold
on to your temper when you are angry, excited
or imposed upon, or ethers are angry with you.
Hold on to your heart when evil associates seek
your conip.iny and invite you to join them in
their games, mirth and revelry. Hold on to
your good name at all times, for it is more'val-
uable to you tlian gold, high place or fashion ax
ble attire. Hold on to truth, for it will ;serve
you well and do you good through all eternity.
Hold on to your virtue; it is above price to you
in all times and places. Hold on to your good
character, f-T it is, and ever will be, your best
wealth.

Night into Day. — The irtense heat of the
weather has haJ the effect of inducing many
Parisians to convert night into day, in order to
enjoy the more moderate temperature of that
portion of th3 twenty-four hours. The Bois de
Boulogne is crowded with carriages of all de-
scriptions, from nine in the evening till two in
the morning. The boatmen on the lake are ac-
tively employed during the same period. The
thei-mometer marked 94 degrees Fahrenheit in
a very shady position at t^ee on Wednesday
afternoon, the ICth ult.

-t-

Tnn CoRX Caoi'. — Where this crop could be
cultivated at all, it looks well and is growing
rapidly. — Cass County Times.

«

•;V:*''-

•■■!»g!K^ •

120

THE ILLINOIS F^HMEK.

1

She Mhxm fmntw

SPRIXCFTKH>, AUOl'«t I. isr>«.

,A piece of cliurooal, placod upon a
burn, it is said, vrill offoct a cure iniuicdi-
atcly.

)lg^The National Horse 81iow is to tnlce
place in Sprinirficld, Mass., between tlie]4tli

and 17th of next September.

-•••

B@L„Bcans can yet be planted for fall u.-~e,
by selecting Early Newinpton, Early A'alen-

tinc and otlier early kinds.

••.. ■

B^^Bects for winter can be sown now.
The Early Bassane is the best variety fur this

purpose.

.^ .

JB@*A good deal of stock has been killed
by excessive heat on treeless pastures in
Wayne county, Ohio, the present season.

J8@»Tho "Floral and Fine Art" fair at
Chicago, on the 22d, 2od and 24th of June;

Tfas \cry successful.

^_„ ,«,

Tlie Llama.s broughi from South

America to Now York, have since been sent
to Scotland.

■*—-

J{S®"We have a pamphlet eontaininir des-
criptions, pedigrees, &c., of fine stock, cuttle,
phcep and hogs, belonging to B. W. Scott,
near Frankfort, Ky.

You can sow turnip seed yet with a

fair prospect of .success. Turnips are good
food for man and beast. J*rcpar(>the ground
well, put on plenty of seed .-o that there will
be some plants for tlie flies, and roll the
ground after the seed is sown.

JJ@°'Onion seed for "pips" next sprintr,
can be sowed now. Sow thick and in tlie
fall take them up and dry them in tlic shade.
If you choose, you can plant ."-cnK^ <.ut in
Novenib'^r for an early s[)ring tro}/ — throw-
ing some straw over thcui lor prott'ction in
winter.

■Your asparagus bed.-* will suuu rcpurc
at^'ontion. These have fed you, . mo vi.n now
must feed them. In the fall dig up iln^ bods
well and coverthem with rich manure. TIk'
rains will carry the food down to tlie roots.
and you may expect a renewal of the delicate
and delicious vegetable food the next spring.

B^^If we desire good fruit, whether it be
apples, pears, pisaches, apricots, plums or
quinces, we siiould ])lant out the trees which
cast the fruit where it cannot be picked up.
In all cases, if the fidlcn fruit, in wiii ! aii'
insects, is suffered to remain on the "round,
you make provision for an increased croji of
insects the )icxt year.

JB^'Tlie blackberry will soon be ripe.
We suggest to those wdio would cultivate
good varieties in their gardens, to notice
plants in their neighborhood on which tKe're
is go(|il fruit, mark thcui, aud take them up
and transplant them the coming fall. The
blackberiy is greatly improved by cultiva-
tion.

Wheat for .Market. — It is quite cer-
tain, that in future, the best cleaned wlieat
will bring the best prices in market. Few
farmers will be able to afford to lose on wheat
to be brought to market this SviasuU, if mixed
with cockle, che.ss, shrunk wheat, dust and
chaff. la pjvpaving wheat for market, we
suggest to make it perfectly clean, — if you
expect the highest market price for it.

-«a»-

IIiRED TIklp fou Hauvust. — The lazy
idlers, who loa^ about the towns, ati^ want
double prices when they work in the harVcst
field'!, — are miserable help When they get
there. What is to be done? The Beaper
and Stacker v>fl'ers some relief Our farmers
cannot g>'t along without agricultural ma-
chinery, and those machines which require
the fewest hands to tond them, are very like-
ly to be the best.

— The f.ower garden can still be render-
ed very bt autilul, with care. Eemoveall the
stalks of i)lants Avhieh have done flowerin<?,
trim roses into .shnpo, as also flowering shrubs,
keep the walks clean, cut the grass, tie up
llowering plants which are disposed to fall
u])on the ground. And it would be well to
save such flowor seeds as you desire fJener-
ally y"u shoidd jilnck the seed vessels from
tlie plant before they are so dry as to open
and lose the seed — place them wliore they
will ih-y witluHit injury. The seed of the
Pansy, I'eiunia, Phlox, and many other
l)l-int^ may be saved in tliis way.

Jgft'-"'l\ini)ing v,-as bcld to be one of the
mo--t hom-rablc proi'osions in ancient Bomej
liut the size of farnis was viry .'•m;dl coaqwired
to farms now-a-days. Marcus Curias Denta-
tus, thri'C times chocen Consul, the hiirhest
office in Home, on being olVored inore land
by the government, refused it by .styinu; —
"ife is an and)iti'ius and dangerous perscin,
who {■= not conti'ut with uiu\ should desire
more than scvoii jugera," (about 4A acres.)
The farm of Lucius QuintusCincinnatus, Con-
sul of |{ome 4.")r> years before Christ, consisted
iif oidy two and ii (piarter acres. TIic farms
of thi' lomnioners only consisted of "seven
jugera," — {4A acres.) These acres were
managed with skill. It must have been so
to make the jtroduce of them sup{»ort a fami-
ly. The oldest work on agriculture was writ-
ten by Cato.

Frye's Oanq PloWs.^— There Was a pub-
lic frial of these "ploWs near Tacusa station,
Illinois Ceiilral Railroad, on the 15th ult.
it. Hinchley writes to Emery s Journal a
very flattering account of the trial. Two
medium sized horses moved a two gang plow,
cutting thirty-four inches, with gl^al '^^^■
The gang-plow!^ cutting one htth'drbdaiid t^
inches, were moved by ten yok^e 'of icaltle —
four yoke moi^3 thAii absolutely necessary.
The W»ii, in all cases, was done well. The
ploWs have achieved a grand triumph. A
new trial will soon take place.

-«••-

Pot Plant.s. — If the ladies desite to in-
crease the number of thetf ^labts, how is th^
time. T.ak«? jmnf cutting, insert it in ti p'o't
filled with a light soil, of Which %, cottBidera-
blc portion is sanvl, cover tlie plant with a
tumbler. Water dally, and wipe out the mois-
ture in the tumbler daily, place the pot out of
the way of the sun — and you will be likely
to succeed in niaking your cutting live.
When the plant has started well, take off th^^
tumbler at night, being careful to replace it
in the morning, unti? t^ie plant has become
hardened to the atmosphere. Plants in pots
should never be exposed to the full heat of
the sun. The pots, in such case, become so
warm as to scorch the roots of the plants, and
thus cripple or kill them.

-••«■

B^Jjiarden amateurs can very oFteh im
prove their vegetables with a little pleasabl
care. Is there a bean stalk among your ear-
ly beans th«»t ir-i much forwarder than the
rest? liy all means save the seed from that
stalk? Do you find a tomato on your vines
ri[)ening much before others? You should
save the seed of that tomato. Does a cu-
cumber vine show a disposition to fruit ver.y
early? Save a cucumber from thftt vilte for
seed. And this principle runis through all
vegetables. You may not only in this way
make your vegetables come earlier, but if you
arc particular to select your finest specimens
for seed, you will improve their size and ex-
cellence. "Like produces like," is a general
law of nature.

fica/i'be Sixth Fair of the U. S. Agricul-
tural Society will be held in lUchmond, Va.,
on the 25th, 2<Jth, 27th, 28th, 29th and 30th
of October next. The last U. S. Fair was
nearly a failure on account of the early time

in the season it was held.
tm

Cashmere Goats in Ohio. — We learn
from the Scioto Gazette, that the flock of
Cashmere or Angora goats sent to that county
by Hon. John P. Brown, of Constantinople,
have been increased by the addition of four
kids, which were dropped this spring. All
the flock are doing well so far.

'^^^'^jJKS!^

:.'^^"-"'.7?-~

■ ■'(Jr^rSi^.Vif-. ■.;••;- V

"fPi^y^y^^if'^ v>-^rv5r»T!

THE ILLINOIS FA-HIVEEII.

121

The Wlieat Crop.
Tho wheat crop has been principally
cut in this State-. As a ^enpral fact',
taking the whoie whole State together,
there m not half an average crop of
wlieat. In Southern Illinois, the wheat
perhaps has made a two-thirds crop. In
some of the Eastern central counties
there were fine fields of wheat. In Cen-
tral IllinaivS) in some localities the wheat
was good and in others .hot worth cut-
ting. Fcr instance, iii Baugamon coun-
tj) thete Was, probably, near half a crop,
and in McLean not a sixteenth of a crop.
In Northern Illinois, possibly there may
have been half a crop. On the whole,
we come to the conclusion first announ-
ced, that the wheat ^vill not amount to
more thfih half a cvhp Ufeie tiie whole
Statv5 of Illinois together.

We desire here to make a few remarks
on the cultivation of wheat as a great
staple in Central Illinois. We have
good authority for saying, that in North-
ern Illinois, taking a feW years together,
wheat has never paid the costs of culti-
vation; The same fuct can be stated in
^egArd to the cultivation of wheat in
Central Illinois. We have heard one of
our best and most reliable farmers say,
that in the twenty years ho has grown
wheat in Sangamon county, he has not
succeeded in obtaining over two supe-
rior crops. Central I^liriois ?s tlot a
wheat »ccuntry, and the same truth may
be stated in regard to Northern Illinois.
Southern Illinois, with proper culture,
will return, uniformly, good crops of
wheat, /

We are impressed with the belief that
farmers in Central Illinois, who make
wheat their great staple^ will find in a
series of years, that they lose money.
We might go further and say, what a
distinguished stock farmer observed to
us, that in the long rUn a wheat raiser
will break himself upi

The history of wheat culture for the
last few years, is readily given. Our
farmers had fine crops of wheat at a
time when European wars created a good
demand and high prices for it. At the
period referred to, many crops of wheat
paid expenses of cultivation and cleared
to the owner from $17 to §22 per acre.
These good crops and better prices
stimulated our farmers to increased cul-
tivation. They bought wild lands on

credit, attached them to their farms j broke
iip tbe prairie and spwed it with Whfeat.
They "expected good crops and good
prices. There was an entire failure of
the crop. Last fall a greater breadth of
land was sown with wheat than ever.
There has been another failure — not
total as before— and prices of wheat are
so low under the stiite of peace in Europe,
that the crop. Will not pay the c-^st '^f its
cultiVaticn. In the meantime the interest
on the unpaid debt for the farmer's land is
accumulating, and to save his land, he has
to pay the money he receives for his
wheat, and the farmer's debts to his mer-
chants and his mechanics go unpaid —
creating general distress iniong a,ll
the. business roeri cf th*? couiitryl

What is to be done? Do the best our
farmers can and the difficulties of the
the times will not be remedied for two
years. We repeat, what is to be done?
We say, let our farmers sell off* some of
their lands which they cannot cultivate
to advantage;— let them sell their crops
as^ well .^as they can: — and pay their
debts. Many a merchant has not money
to do business, because the farmer has
got his goods and has not paid for them.
Many a mechanic is in the same condi-
tion. Prompt action on the part of the
farmer will, most likely, save his own
property, and benefit thb?e 4hb have
furnished him with the means of living
and comfort.

But we again_, repeat the question,
What is to be done by our farmers?
Central Illinois is naturally a stock
country. Horses, mules, cattle, hogs,
sheep, can 'be raibcd here with success.
Our soils produce corn, clover, the
grasses, oats and barley, AvUh scarcely a
failure. There need be no failure, if our
farmers have small farms and cultivate
them well. We were told by a farmer
who has been in Sangamon for many
years, that his crops this season, which
have matured, were reasonably good,
and that the prospect for the later crops
is fair. He said that in cultivating his
crops he always had an eye to the neces-
sity of draining his lands. He always
plowed them in a way "to deepen the
furrows between the lands," and when
he had put in his wheat and oats and
barley, he made furrows so deep that
water would not stand on his lands. The
same practice he followed with his corn
grounds. Ills lands were of the class of
black soil and level prairie;— and yet
this season, with all the rain which has
fallen on them, his crops are good so far,
and he has fine prospects for later crops.

He 4id n6t beiifere thCrfe troiild be faiihd
bti.t few lands in Sapgamcn county that
could not be drained.

We have said that Central Illinois is
the country for stock. We can raise tho
means to feed them with great certainty.
Our climate is good, and our soils can-
not be beaten for fertility. Stock bring
good prices; Where are there bettet
horses, muleS and pattle than are pro-
duced in Central Illiriois r Where can
better hogs be found than those of San-
gamon county? Where do sheep thrive
better? Horses and mules pay well —
cattle produce paying prices — hogs have
been raised at a profit for years — and no
branch of farming pays better than sheep.
It seems to us that the facts presented
in this {article, and Which must .be ton-:
firmed by all OjUr; fEirmers wbo have Jtteen
observers^ will show that the best busi-
ness of farmers in Central Illinois is the
raising of stock. The cultivation of
wheat as a staple is unsafe, and gener-
ally the cultivator is a loser in the long
rnn. The raising of stock is safe if con-
ducted with skill and economy. An^
all branches of farming, in this age, for
for their success^ require the exereiseof
industry, skill and econbmj^. , , •.;

We trust bur farming readers will re-
flect upon the matters we have herein
presented for their consideration.

4»»

STATE FAIR.

The Executive Committee of the State
Agricultural Society met Centralia on the
21st. Thoy found the work upon the fair
grounds progressing well. The fence is com-
pleted, several of the buildings and many of
the stalls, and materials for other work on
the grounds. The committee of Centralia
have done themselves great credit by the
progress already made in the preparations
upon the grounds. The whole country
South is alive to the interests of the State
Fair. We shall see such a fair at Centralia
as has never before been seen in Illinois.

The following is a minute of the proceed*
ings of the Executive Committee at Cen-
tralia :

Meeting of the Execdtive Committee. —
Present — C. W. Webster. President ; J. N.
Brown, Ex-President; L. Ellsworth, Wm. Kile,
H. S. Osborn, J. E. McClun, Vice Presidents ;
J. Williams, Treasurer ; S. Francis, Cor. Sec-
retary.

Subsequently appeared — S. A. Buckmaeter
and A. B. McConnell, Vice Presidents, and P.
Warren, Rec. Secretary.

The subject of postponing th« State Fair was
takeu up on motion of Mr. Brown.

After discussion, in which members of the
Board participated, and gentlemen from South-
ern Illinois expressed their views against a
postponement, and gave their reasons therefor,

On motion —

Resolved, That it ia inexpedient to postpone
the time for holdins the State Fair.

The resolution was adopted without dissent.

After the transaction of other ntinor busines
the Board adjourned.

V"?»Wy^* 7^7- V>(^.

• TifliF**'^^-'

\X'v^'T^m7'irxy^!;fT?wf'j^^f^^:s^^iir;;im^^

i oo

THE ILLINOIS FA.IIMEII.

The Croiis.
The wheat crop docs not prove as good as an
ticipased. In this section, there were many
fine fields. But this was by no means gene-
ral; and much would not pay for cutting.
Oats was near a failure. Barley, little sown,
and little saved. The hay crop excellent.
Many early planted potato fields an entire
failure. Tiie late planted look well. Corn
is coming on rapidly — if the season shall
continue late, there will be something of a
crop. The sugar cane, though late, is grow-

ing well.

We can still sow turnip seed. The latest
sown crops, if they succeed, are best. Buck-
wheat can still be sown. Millet, Sugar Cane,
and common corn, sown broadcast, will yet
produce fine crops of fodder. The sugar
corn produces a large yield of fodder sown
broadcast.

It is time we were getting ready to sow
wheat. The laud should be put iu the best
order. Plow well and deep, and cover up
the weeds and trash, so that you can drill in
the seed. No drill will work Avell where the
ground, near the surface, is full of weeds.
If to be sown broadcast, use Gaboon's Sower
if you can get it. It will sow from fifteen
to twenty acres per hour, and better th n
can be done by hand. U

The early sown wheat, the present season,
has proved the best, — a significant fact,
which should be remembered.

he London Il/uslratrd Xcu-a has a
description of Bray's Traction Engine. It
is said one of these engines, of eight-horse
power, weighing six tons', with a gang of
three plows, plowed six acres of light, loamy
soil in ten hours. Mr. Ilinchby's statement
of some experiments with Frye's Gang-l'low,
in Christian county, would lead us to suppose
that the Yankee was very much superior to

the English invention.

.♦.—

The following will make a very good

currant wine, not heady, and will keep well
as long as it is bottled tight :

One gallon of water,

One quart of currant juice,

Three lbs. of sugar.

Gooseberries, e.^peeially Houghton's

Seedling, can be rapidly iuereased by layers.
They should be layered in June, but if the
weather is suitable, layers wt)uld take root in
July. There is no better gooseberry for this

climate.

«••

B^^Wc learn that most of the Fair week
at Centralia will be devoted by Mr. Mills,
Superintendent of the Plow Pepartment, to
the trial of plows and other agricultural im-
plements. This is just what is wanted and
needed.

Cow Milking.

The agricultural papers are discussing the
question; — vJio. should milk the cotes?
Now, we can answer it to our own satisfac-
tion, at least, and say, that if woman attends
to her duties, she has no time to devote to
milking cows. This domestic duty comes at
the very moment when she is wanted in the
house, — when she should be preparing break-
fast, getting supper, or clearing away the
supper table. This matter does not admit of
a question. Wc advise our country girls,
when a young man solicits their company
through the voyage of life, to propound this
question to him, and when he answers it,
they will be able to determine whether he
wants her for a slave or a companion — '■'Do

ijon expect VIC to milk the coics?"
— — i**^

TiiK Cow.— The New York Tdhunc

thus asks and answers questions about the

cow :

"What is a good cow? One that gives
fourteen quarts of milk per day, and makes
therefrom fourteen lbs. of butter per week.
What is a medium cow? One that gives
twelve ((uarts, and makes ten pounds. What
is a common cow? One that gives from eight
to ten quarts, aiul makes seven poimds."

We apprehend that with the standard thus

presented, there are not avast numberofg(X)d

cows in Illinois.

jJ@^Congress appropriated 800,000 for the
purchase of seeds the present year; and
directed the publication of 2-12,950 copies of
the Patent Office Beport on Agriculture for
1857. This report will be published in
Auguist next.

i|@~We learn from Bock Island county,
that there will be a large number of visitors
to the State Fair from that county. The
same feeling exists to sustain the fair at Cen-
tralia, in many other Northern counties from
which we have received information.

Kill caterpillars and remove their

nests from your apple trees. ]\Iakc a deter-
mined war upon this insect, and they will
yield. There arc various ways for killing
them, but the most cfl'ectual way is to put on
a pair of gloves and take hold of the nests
with your hands and rub and "wipe them
out." It is very little credit to a farmer to
p«rniit his apple trees to be destroyed by

caterpillars.

^

^Pr. J. W. I'arker, of Columbia, S.

C, received the premium of tlic State Agri-
cultural Society, for a crop of Indian corn,
amounting to two hundred bu.slicls and twelve
quarts per acre. This is the largest crop on
record. The ground was a sand hill, richly
manured, and twice irrigated.

The Locust Borer.

This insect, which has destroyed many fine
locust groves in this county, is now com-
mitting its ravages on isolated trees in this
city. Some of them already show evidence
that they can survive but a short time.
These trees, which are used for shade, cannot
be sj^ared without much inconvenience; —
nevertheless, they will have to die.

It would be quite prudent for our citizens
to seek' some other trees for ornament and
shade, not liable to be affected or destroyed
by insects. The Sitrcr Leaved Maple
(Pasy Carpum) is a fast growing, beautiful
tree, forms a fine head, and so far as we know,
is not liable to injuries from insects. There
are beautiful rows of these ti'ees on the ave-
nues leading out of Cleveland, Ohio. TLej
can be had at our nurseries and at very rea-
sonable prices; — for we recollect hearing L.
Ellsworth, of the Pu Page County Nurseries,
say, that he could supply any reasonable de-
mand— the trees some ten feet high — at 318
per 100.

We find the following notice of the "Locust
Borer" in a Bloomington paper :

. The Locu.st Borer. — About the middle
of 3Iay I was enabled, through the kindness
of a friend, to procure from the trunk of a locust
tree in this city, several larva3 or "borers"
and one "chrysalis." The trunk or body of
the tree from which they were taken, was
completely riddled, so to speak — there being
cavities in the lieart three-quarters of an inch
in diameter by six inches long. In one of
these cavaties the chrysalis was found sur-
rounded by a thin silken covering or cocoon.
At the present time one of the "larvae" (grubs)
is spinning a cocoon, and is in appearance as
follows : — it measures two and a half inches
in length, by three-eiLditsof an inch in width
near the centre, tapering gradually toward
each end, and is made up of twelve segments
independent of the head. The length of the
head aiul breadth of its base wdiere it joins
the first segment is one-quarter of an inch
— the latter as well as the head, is covered
with a hard, brownish colored casing through
the centre of which runs longitudinally a
small white line. It is supplied with a good
pair of "mandibles." They measure one-
eighth of an inch in length and are very
strong. With these he is enabled to carve
his way through the firmest woods.

As above stated, the body is made up of
twelve segments, color dirty yellow, excepting
whore the green contents of the abdomen
show through. It has six legs, two on each
of the first three segments, and ten pro-legs,
two on each of segments G, 1-, 8, 9 and 12.
On either side and in the centre of each seg-
ment is a suudl red spot and hole (spiracles)
through which respiration takes place. On
the surface of the body there are numerous
papilhv, out of which grows a fine light color-
ed hair about one-(|uarter of inch in length.
The silk spun by the larva) is quite strong.
"When attached to the end of a stick and spun
out six inches in length, it will when sudden-
ly drawn up, raise the head of the grub or
larvic from the table before giving way.

THE ILLIlSrOIS FA-HMEK.

123

In disposition it is anything but amiable,
using its mandibles with all the ferocity of a
tiger, when stroked down the back, even
though it be accomplished in the most approv-
ed and caressing manner.

The chrysalis measured one and a half
inches in length, by nearly half an inch in
width. With regard to this it is only neces-
sary to say that the chrysalis is the apparent-
ly torpid state of the insect, that in which we
tind it, in the cocoon, changing from the
larva) or grub into the moth or perfect state
of the insect.

About one week since, the imago, or perfect
moth, emerged from its chrysalis or pupa
state. In size it is equal to the largest bum-
blebee; thorax and head black and glossy,
while the abdomen and wings are covered
with white and black scales or down, present-
ing a mottled or brownish gray appearance.
It has six legs, four wings, (two pair) eyes
large antenna) half an inch long and taper-

mg

Being a female it has laid numerous eggs
which are covered with a glutinous substance
that sticks them fast to that on which they
were first deposited. In all probability the
egg is deposited in the openings in the rough
bark of the tree, when the larva) is ha,tched
out and aflerwards bores or cuts its ways into
the body. The iviago is not supplied with a
lance or organ with which to perforate the
bark in order to deposit its eggs. I am in-
clined to believe that if the rougher external
bark of the tree was carefully shaved ofi" and
the inner bark washed frequently with some
strong alkaline solution, during the months
of June and July, the egg might be destroy-
ed.— C. 11. Parke, Bloomiugton, 111., June
17th. ■

->*—

West Urbana, 111., Julj 14, '58.
aS'. Francis, Esq.:

Dear Sir : — In your July number
under the head of Meteorogical, the
printer has committed a slight error in
placing the separatrix one figure too far
to the right.

. It may be interesting to your readers
to have the figures of the amount of rain
for the past six months, as taken at this
point. We will, premise that Blodgett
in his valuable work on climatology gives
for this latitude forty-five inches as the
average amount of rain for the year

Inches of rain
and melted snow.

Jannary 6,2350

February 5.3400

March 1.9520

April 5,7130

May 8,4017

June 8,0310

MuBne
temperature.
6 rainy days 35

11

3

9

18

8

.20
.39
.51

..57
.73

35,6727

It -will thus be seen that "we require
less than two inches to make our annual
quota.

When we look over this record Ave can
easily account for the drowned outcrops,
the small amount of work done and the
great luxuriance of the "weeds in our
cornfields.

Urbana is in latitude 40 ° 9 min. N.,
longitude 11 ° 16 min. W., and 759fdet
above the level of the sea.

Yours truly, M. L. DUNLAP.

Extravagance.

It seems clear to us, in surveying the causes
of panics, that the industiy of the world is
employed too largely on useless things. Lux-
uries, like tobacco and spirits, are wholly un-
necessary, and how much industry is thrown
away? how many fields that might otherwise
be used for the sustenance or clothing of
man? Then, again, how many expensive
fabrics are manufactured that the world could
do without? They furnish an industry, in
place of a better, to the workshops of Europe,
to those who make them, but they impover-
ish the consumer. We are not arguing
the disuse of all luxuries;but protest that there
is too much time lost on them, that they do
their part to cause panics, are the source of
much poverty, aflbrd temptation to all, and sap
the heart of society.

Gold and silver ornaments, precious stones,
are useless beyond their power of being trans-
formed into mediums of exchange, or used in
the arts. As so our abandoning taste, we
might as well abandon our limbs, but why
require the world, one half of which has not
common food or clothing enough, to exhaust
its labor on' articles of a fictitious and fre-
quently of a monstrous value, when a more
healthy taste can array itself in splendor,
equal to Solomon's, at very little cost? Dyes,
far surpassing the Tyrian, are now in common
use; fine cottons and woolens are brilliantly
made, and silk with modest embellishment is
not objected to; but the age demands, and will
have, a taste above meretricious ornament.
It cannotstand extravagance. The wheels of
business are stopped by it, ruin follows, and
where felt the most but in the lower ranks of
life?

It is seldom denied that a lady in plain and
simple attire, looks the best, and we might
remind them that men think so more gener-
ally than they imagine. Milton, in reference
to Eve in Paradise, says, "when unadorned
adorned the most," and when the full worth
of humanity out of Paradise is appreciated,
the inhabitants will require less ornamentation
than now. As to men, the}- are quite as cul-
pable as the women in the decoration of their
persons, and he need not be a fop or an ex-
quisite to know, that he is incurring expenses
in his apparel for appearance sake alone far
beyond what good taste requires, or his income
can sustain.

The calico balls, so much in vogue in our
cities of late, gotten up with some consid-
erable success, are a protest in their way against
show and extravagance. For ourselves we
believe the interest and attraction of the per-
son, whether male or female, is lost in much
of the gilded trappings of modern society.
Doctor Franklin, at the Court of Versailles,
before the King and Queen of France, espe-
cially illustrious as the exponents of all that
was sumptuous in European monarchy, did
not lose but gained interest and power from
the simplicity of his mariners and the plain-
ness of his attire; — -and Mr. Blarcy, one of
the best of our statesmen, when Secretary of
Stat€, endeavored to restore that plainness
and simplicity in the personnel of our ambas-
sadors, but the nation had been too much
tainted to insist upon the reform! The ladies
of Philadelphia, imbibing something of the
manners of Penn, however unwittingly, are
doubtless the best dressed of their sex in the

: United States, but we have heard it said that
the "essence was there" to as great an extent
as on others ot their more pretentious sisters.
The farmers are doubtless extravagant, al-
lured to it as they are by the credit system;
their families go into the towns and do not
go out again without those packages telling
tales that years, to be serious, may not repair;
— "uecessitas non habet legem," "if we sow
the wind, we must reap the whirlwind."
We believe that under simpler modes of liv-
ing there would be surplusage of means for
all matters of taste, for good houses, works of
art, for all true embellishment, for leisure,
recreation, diversions, for, in short, the pro-
motion of every rational desire. But so long
as extravagance, that finds no excuse in our
wants or necessities, prevails, we shall be at
the mercy of panics and revulsions.

It is supposed that the more cultivated the
taste, the more nearly it approaches simpli-
city and plainness. The North American
Indians, on the coast north of Oregon, cut
their lower lips laterally, and insert a piece
of wood or bone to make them attractive.
The negroes flatten and depress the skull.
The Chinese cramp their feet, aim at rotundity
and fatness. Others wear trinkets. The
South Sea Islanders indulge in showy gar-
ments, flowing with the wind and picturesque
enough in those warm and beautiful lands,
where man exists rather a make shift to
higher and better types of humanity; and we
of our day go to the death on anything that
is rare and expensive. A Cashmere shawl
is only more beautiful than others because
its cost is so great. Then, again, it comes
from a distance, has been worn by Nabob.' of
fabulous wealth — (for be it known that men
of distinction wear them. in India) — and is
MOrn only in this country by few persons,
and those few in positions tfiat lend a charm
to the admiring throng. We know of a
shawl much prettier that cost less than a
t}i;he of the money, has lasted more years
than we are willing to mention, and bids fair
to last as many more. .

We have seen a collar made by youthful
hands, that has caused more happiness than
the laces of Brussels could ever confer, and
intrinisically as good, or if not quit« so dura-
ble, a score of them might be made for the
past-time. It is quite surprising how much
a little ingenuity can do in the way of decor-
ation at a little expense. We are extrava-
gant in our pleasures and entertainments;
we degrade common social life, in our fami-
liar gatherings, with unusual provision for its
astonishment, when the usual sources of grati-
fication are lost sight of. Our theatres, — for
we are not of those who object to them, be-
lieving they are subject to the laws of pro-
gress,— are only an arena for fashionable dis-
play and extortionary expense, if not in them-
selves, yet in the side issues which they in-
volve. So of the concert; and a ride into the
country is hardly possible from our cities un-
less at the nether end there is a public resort
that possesses every appendage but simplicity
and innocence.

We are extravagant in our churches, sel-
dom or ever pay for them, impose heavy taxes
upon the pews that shut out those who be-
came more than all others, the disciples of
Christ. We do not object to a house of wor-
. ship as durable as stone can make it, and of

r

--.'K <f^^*r*^^'-^^iyf:y^^^^^,^-

124

4-

THE ILLIISrOIS FARMER.

aH architecture congenial to tlic religious
sentiment, but let it bo paid for before it is
dedicated, and let it be thronged from the by-
ways and hedges as well as from other quar-
ters. AVo like, indeed, the cathedrals of Eng-
land; the presence of grandeur is ennobling
and will scarcely perish in any dayj reared
high above the surrounding scenes and conse-
Gratr.d to upward things, they arc especially
calculated to enlarge our reverence, — repro-
seriting past centuries and destined to endure:
through the conn n<r ones, tliev iu)prf<^s>is v i'h
a sense of oar own littleness, and compass the

religious sentiment as effectually as any other
outward symbol can do it. Let tliom bo
open, we say, as in Catholic countries, on tlu;
week days, not for throngs of worshippers
under the influence of excitement, but for
each individual soul, on bended knee, to gather
stij'ength, in the utmost quietness, for the
diUi<?S that may lie before it, in the heat and
bustle anfl conflict of everyday lift, and wb'icli
would relieve the Sabbath, and make it niorc
a day of rest as the Scriptures designnl il,
than one of long continued, oft repeated, la-
borious public worship. Churches then
should be an ofiering to the Most High, and
placed beyond the reach of any criticism or
extravagance. It is but meagre justice that
the clergyman be well paid, for he is dei)en-
dent upon our generosity, is ox])ccted to re-
ciprocate our hospitality, and is otherwise
ejcposcd to contingencies, — fearfully great in
these days of clivid^id opinion, — and to ex-
peiises peculiar to his profession.

We are extravagant in our vices — vice is
expensive — it destroys our health, wastes
the mental and bodily vigor, and let youth
reflect that the repentant jirodigal is a jnior
specimen of humanity, side by side with him
who has never swerved, "vvhoso pure mind and
clastic step, and firm resolve have civen him
the Kingdom, — for the Scripture says, what
theologians do not so easily learn, that the
Kingdom of Heaven is within us. Fear
(rod and keep his commandments, provide
them in their youth, before the evil day eonus
when thou canst find no pleasure in them, —
for repentance, we repeat again, has little
naturalness, is little less than a blemish after
a bad spent life. David, King of Israel, was
not permitted to build the Great Temple be-
cause he had been a man of war, had passed
a life too little hallowed to such purjioses, —
could not draw from its earlier reminiscences
sufficient purity to sustain him in such a work.

13.

-••►

Fryc's Gang-Plow.

A public trial of this jdow took place near
Tacusa Station, Christian county, on the 23d
ult. After the exhibition a meeting was
held of persons present, to express their
views of the operations of the plow. Messrs.
11. Ilinchley, F. C. Edwards and Y>. l\.
Plawley, were appointed a committee to draft
resolutions. They reported the following,
which were adopted and signed by all the
persons present, besides the officers of the
meeting :

Resolred, That we, the undersigned, have
witnessed with great pleasure and satisfac-
tion, this day, the operations of Jesse Fryc's

ncw^y invented Gang-Plow, near Tacusa
Station,. Chri^-tian county, and that we feel
fully confident that it is an excellent agricul-
tural invention, economizing labor and time
more than one half.

lli'iiolrp(J^ That the plows, performing as
well in heavy hazel thicket as in smooth
prairie, justify the opinion that they are supe-
rior in every respect to any otlicr plow.

RcsolrrJ, That this plow fills a desidera-
tum long felt by farmers, especially those
oltiTiiting prAirio land.

h'ctio/rcj, Tliat MO- hcf'rtiTy recommend
this plow to the notice and use of our fellow-
farmers and agriculturists generally, and do
believe they will find it to their" interest to
purcha.se and use said plows.

JicaolrciJ, That these proceedings be pub-
lished in the Week/// IlcraJd, of Pana, the
Prairie Farmer, of Chicago, and the Illinois
Farmer, of Springfield.

B. SMITH, Pros't.

M. S. BEcruvtTn, Soc'y.

Why is it?

Editor of the Fanner: After an ob-
servation not now short, I have noticed
that English women — I mean women of
the middle classes of life, born and
brought up in England — in physical
constitution and in energy of character,
are, as a class, far superior to the wo-
men of America. It appears to me that
this fa^t i? so obvious, that it will hard-
ly be disputed. Why is this so?

This is fin important question. Is
our climate more enervating than that
of England, or is the physical education
of females there of such a character as
to giVe them constitutions so superior to
those of females of the same classes in
our country?

Mr. Editor, it has never been my for-
tune to place my feet ujion a foreign
sliorc. Some of your readers have un-
doubtedly done this; and, indeed, some
of them were born and lived to mature
age in England, and can answer the in-
quiries embraced in this communication.
Will some one do so? Just at this time
I feel a great interest in this subject.
There arc young females about me that
I would wish to see possessed of good
constitutions as they grow up, — capable
of withstanding the ordinary duties of
life, without exhibiting that lassitude,
that delicacy of health, that breaking
doAvn of constitutions, and all that fol-
lows, which we often witness. Will
some one enlightened on this subject,
speak out in your Farmer? M. 11.

Soft Maple Seed-Tree Pedlars. •'
Editor Farmer: — I noticed in the
last Farmer "that soft maple seeds are
now mature." Allow me to say that it is
many weeks since they were mature,
and already they are up from six to
twelve inches, as I have to-day seen on
the Illinois river bottom. I also hare
about one acre, which are all up nicely,
about six inches. The seeds were gath-

ered June 1st, which is late; May 20th
is usually late enough in this locality to
go for them; they can usually be found
at thrit date along the margin of theriv-
er or bayous, in tirmtows,". iuM^fd they
have floated to the shore after falling ift
the water, and can be gathered in wagon
loads with little time and trouble. They
should be planted immediately on well
prepared ground, and receive good after
culture, whicli will give you a growth of
about two feet the first season. They
will £ticcced .well on very wet or very dry
ground ! l^'armcrt-: en the prairies" might
have all their sloughs and wet laiid riforfe'
profitably employed in growing this
valuable timber, (for fuel) than their
K^est land in the usual crops of the farm.

I have trees from seed which were
gathered and planted May 24th, 1855,
from one to two and a half inches in
diameter, and from six to fourteen feet
high, and have seen a tree ten years
from the seed, foui'teen iriclies in diame-
ter. . , . -^

So mtTeli for Soft Maples, l^ovv foT
Tree Pedlars. 1 see you have given a
caution in the July number, out ihnt is
not half enough. It is my opinion that
not one individual who has ordei'ed trees
from Eastern nurseries, of traveling
agents, but has been wickedly imposed
upon, by getting worthless trees or
shrubs; in half of the instances not true
to the name, and those that were true,
much Inferior to the kinds we might get
at home of honest men. Last fall one
of these canvassers was through here
and sold many trees or shrubs. They
came on, and now, not otio man who
bought (so far as I know) is satisfied
Avith his purchase. We have not half
the value we might have had from our
own nurserymen. Edwards of Lamoile,
Bryant of Princeton, Aldrich of Arispee,
and many others, whom wc know "?fould
not cheat us, but somehow we do love to
be gulled.

This is not all the mischief done by
the tree pedlars. Many or all the boxes
Avere filled with straw mixed with
Canada Thistles. Should we get this
pest generally diffused throughout one
country, it Avould over-balance all the
benefit, though the trees were a gratuity
to us, that have been sent us from the
other side of the Lakes for the last ten
years. W. A. PENNELL.

Granville, Putnam Co., 111., July 22.

4«»

•'lie was an ludulgeiit Parent."

Editor of the Farmer : — I have often
read this sentiment in the notices of
deceased persons. "He was an indul-
gent parent !" What does this mean?
Is it intended to convey tlie idea that
children should be indulged in all their
whims and caprices and tastes, and, I
may say, vices? because the Bible says,
and we knoAv that the remark is true

*>■ ■

■ 'j-^,T«!P'p« w,7!- ■'^irr'xn^i^ •isf'sy'

■m-

THE ILLINOIS F^HMEH.

125

even without the authority of the Bible,
that man is "prone to evil." It is his
nature. Let him grow up indulged in
all he desires by an indulgent parent —
the parent fails in fulfilling the duties
of the high position that God has placed
him in, and the child, be it son or daugh-
ter, imbibes habits, sentiments and pruc-
tices, which are a curse to him or her all
their days.

God intends that children shall bo
brought up in the way they should go; —
they should be made to understand that
they are not to be indulged in anything
wrong, and that the parent, and not
them, is to judge when things are wrong.
The vices of children, their peevishness
at disappointments, their indulging in
ideas that do not belong to their condi-
tion, their proneness to seek for forbid-
den objects, — can be traced, ninety-nine
times in a hundred, to a neglect of duty
by the parent. When the habits of the
child are formed, and he enters upon the
world for himself, without a single prin-
ciple or habit, to secure his own respect
or the love of others, let the examination
be made, and it will be found that he
had "an indulgent parent."

The business of life with children is to
make them fit to occupy useful stations
in society. They should be taught to
curb I their passions, curb their desires,
and to find out that they are under
"tutors and governors," legally and
morally responsible for their training.
No misfortune greater can happen to a
child than to be indulged in all the
natural propensities of the mind.

SENEX.

4«k

Does the Wheat Crop pay?

Editor of the Farmer : — The wheat
harvest has now closed, and the ques-
tion, and a very important one arises,
does the wheat crop pay for raising it?

In the examination of this matter, we
must take into view a few facts — the
first, that the high prices some three
years since, grew out of a circumstance
which our farmers should not take into
calculation in raising their crops : this
circumstance was the war then progress-
ing in the east of Europe. In raising
crops, we can make no calculations on
foreign wars to save us from loss, or to
secure us good markets. Nor can we
depend upon foreign markets to help us
much. We are now sending flour to
Europe; but it must be recollected that
this flour is sent at low prices. Crops
are good in Europe; and our wheat is
not wanted for that market unless at a
very low figures. If wheat should ma-
terially advance here, there would be
no foreign demand, because it could not
be shipped without loss. We must,
therefore, expect only low prices for
wheat. We must make up our minds
to this fact. If John Bull or John

Crapeau should "let loose the dogs of
war," and take men from the peaceful
pursuits of agriculture, to kill each other,
then we might witness an advance in
Avheat; but we apprehend there is no
prospect of this at present.

In taking into account the profits of
gro-wing "wheat, we should recollect that
about one year in seven there is nearly'-
a total loss of the crop, and that in three

of the other years of the seven much of
the wheat is destroyed by winter-killing,
rust, wet, and the chinch-bug. In three
of the seven years we get good crops.
Now, striking an average, can we make a
living by raising and selling wheat atmuch
less than one dollar a bushel? I think
not — and even this sum, paid for wheat,
over all the seven j^ears, would not pay
the rent on the land, or the labor ex-
pended upon the wheat crop in plowing,
harvesting, sowing, cutting, binding,
shocking, threshing and carrying the
grain to market. Is not this thing so?

We are speaking of the irheat crops
of Central Illinois. They are uniformly
better in Southern Illinois than here; —
while in Northern Illinois, it is very
questionable whether wheat crops, as a
general fact have paid their cost.

If these suggestions and statements
are true, is it not high time for our far-
mers to seek the cultivation of some sta-
ple crops that will pay? Can this be
done?

Mr. Editor, with your permission I
will continue this subject in the next num-
ber of your paper, BUCKIIEART.
. -t*,^

Preserving Fruits and Vegetables.

The following which will be useful at
this season of the year.

1. Let everything used for the purpose
be clean and dry; especially bottles.

2. Never place a preserving pan jlat
on the fire, as this will reudcr the preserve
liable to hum to, as it is called; that is
to say, to adhere closely to the metal,
and then to burn: it should alwavs rest
on a trevet, or on the lower bar of the
kitchen range.

3. After the sugar is added to them,
stir the preserves gently at first, and
more quickly towards the end, without
quitting them until they are done; this
precaution will prevent them from being
spoiled. '■

4. All preserves should be perfoctly
clear from the scum as it rises.

5. Fruit which is to be preserved in
syrup, must first be blanched or boiled
gently, until it is sufiiciently softened to
absorb the sugar; and a thin syrup must
be poured o;i it at first, or it will shrivel
instead of remaining plump and becom-
ing clear. Thus if its weight of sugar
is to be allowed, and boiled to a syrup,
with a pint of: water to the pound, only
half the weight must be taken at first,
and this must not be boiled with the

water more than fifteen or twenty min-
utes at the commencement of the process.
A part of the remaining sugar must be
added every time the syrup is reboiled,
unless it should be otherwise directed in

the receipt.

6. To preserve both the true flavor and
color of fruit in jams and jellies, boil
them rapidly until they are well reduced,
before the sugar, is added, and quickly
afterwards, but do not allow them to be-
come so much thickened that the sugar
will not dissolve in them easily, and
throw up its scum. In some seasons the
juice is so much richer than in others,
that this effect takes place almost before
one is aware of it; but the drop which
adheres to the skimmer, when it is held
up, will show the state which it has
reached.

7. Never use tin, iron or pewter
spoons, or skimmers, for preserves, a,s
they will convert the color of red fruit
into a dingy purple, and impart, besides
a very unpleasant flavor.

8. When cheap jams or jellies are re-
quired, make them at once with loaf
sugar, but use that which is well refined
always for preserves in general. It is a
false economy to purchase an inferior
kind, as there is great waste from it in
the quantity of scum which it throws
up.

9. Pans of copper or bell-metal are
the proper utensils for preserving fruit.
When used, they must be scoured bright
witV. sand. Tinned pans turn and des-
troy the fl|l«r of the fruit that is put
into themT^ A stew-pan made of iron,
coated with earthen ware, is very nice for
preserving.

To Keep Preserves.— A^-^lj the white
of egg, with a suitable brush, to a single
thickness of white tissue-paper, with
which cover the jars, overlapping th
edges an inch or two. When dry, the
whole will become as tight as a drum.

To Clarify Sugar for Preserving. —
Put into a preserving pan as many pounds
as you wish; to each pound of sugar put
half a pint of water, and the white of an
egg to every four pounds; stir it together
until the sugar is dissolved; then set it
over a gentle fire, stir it occasionally,
and take off the scum as it rises. After
a few boilings-up, the sugar will rise so
high as to run over the side of the pan;
to prevent which, take it from the fire
for a few minutes, when it will subside
and leave time for skimming. Repeat
the skimming until a slight scum or foam
oi'ly will rise; then take off the pan, lay
a slightly wetted napkin over the l;asin,
and then strain the sugar through it.
Put the skimmings into a basin; when
the sugar is clarified, rinse the skim-
mer and basin with a glass of cold water;
and put it into the scum, and set it by
for common purposes. t'- '-':■■•■

To Preserve Fruit without Sugar or

an nrchitectiiro conponiiil to tl.c Tiliiriom
s"P'^iiin'"t, l''!t let it be raid f"r If C{}rc h i.s
(lf'(.licatc(l. and let it bo tlintni^i u Imw. the bv-
^ay^' and li('d<j;os a.s well as from fitlicr fjuar-
ters. We like, indeed, the catlicdrulsuflOriL:;-
land; tlic prcseuee of grandeur is ennobliriL'
and will s^carcely jterit;)) in any day; rcan d
hii:li al)Ove the hiirroundiiiLr sroncs anil'jimsL'-
riat'^d (d tipward tliii);rs, they are »'sjiecially
calculated to enlarge our reverence, — vtpn-
^-ei'tiui'T p?st C'liturie.^ and di -tined tei.iulur'
throiiojh the coi.ini!.'oi"j5i, the\ v.\\]>vi ^'^ iis > i'li
a sense of oar own littleness, a-id eonipass ilie
reliuious sentiment as etleetnally as .-iny dtl.ei-
outward synd)ol can do it. Let tlieni be
open, we .<ay, as in (.'atholie eounlries, (M1 tlie
week days, not for thronirs of wi'rsliip|i(>rs
under the influence of e.vciteiuent, hut for
each individual soul, on bended knee, t«iL;atlii'r
sti;ent;tli, in the utnicst (juietm'ss, fir tlu"
di;tie.'^ that may lie bel'ore it, in tie' Iiiat and
bustle : nd corflitt of o' ery da} lit.,, aed which
l^onld n lievt tie- Salibalh, and j-iake it nmri
a day of rest a.s the Scrijiture.^ desitro' it i',
than one of Ion;.' continued, oft repeated, Li-
borious public Avorship. Churidies then
should be an offering to the Most High, and
placed beyond the reach of any eritieism or
extravagance. It is but meagre ju.^tiec that
the cleru'vman be well na'd, tbr be is deiien-
dent upon our generosity, is expected to r"-
ciprocate our hospitality, and i.^ ollierwis;
e.xp(p.«!<(l to Cent inL:,eneies, — fearfully g)<' it in
thc^e days of di!i(bd ni,iiiiii)i. — and to e.v-
penses peeuliar to his prutes-mn.

We are extravagant in our vie<- — vi'-e is
expensive — it destroys imr benllh, wa-tcs
the nient:!l and bodilv viiror. and Irt vMith
reflect that the rejtentaiit proiligal is a poor
specimen of hunianity, side hy side with him
who has never swerved, whn,-c put'' mird and
clastic step, and firm r'^-nlve h;!Vi' Liiven him
tlie Kingdom, — for the Seriplnr.' s:iy>, \\li.!i
theologians ilo not so easllv haru. tliat the
Kingdom of Heaven i> within us. l^'ear
Trod and keep his commandments, jirovide
them in their youth, liei'ore tlie evil day ccmi •-
when thou canst find nu |ile,;-ure in th.'SM, —
for repentance, we repeat auain, has little
naturalness, is little loss thail a blemisli after
a bad snent life. J)avid, King of Israel, was
not permitted to buihl the threat Temple hi>-
cause be liai] been a man of war, had passed
a life too little hallowed to sm.h pui|.o-,(s,—
eould not draw from its e: rlii-r remini.--eeiii'es
sufficient purltv to su-taiu him in .-iieli a work.

15.

~*—~

Fryc's (iaiii-Plow.

A public trial of this plow took jdace near
Tacusa Station, Christian counry, on Mio 2;ld
ult. After th.e exhibition a meeting was
held of persons present, to express their
view.sof the operations of the plow. INIes.srs.
IT. llin.-hley, F. C. Kdwards and 1?. II.
ITawley, were appointed a committee to draft
resolutions. They report'al the followiii'j:,
wliicli were ndoptoil and .'^igncd by all th?
persons present, besides the officers of the
meeting:

Iii.«t/ri-if, That we, the miderslLnied. have
witnessed with r^vvat pleasure and satist'ae-
tion, this day, the operations of Jesse Frye'^

ni'wly invented (iang-PJow. near Taensa
Stat'oe,. Chri'tinli county, ;>i!d tha^ we feci
fiilv eoofi''"rit that i* ':•; ;;" evcellent agricnl-
tural invention. eeonn'Hi/.u;L' la!- t a-d ''me
I more than oni' half.

I /.*(>■'///•/,,/, That the plows, performing a.s
well in heavy hazel thii'ki t as in .smooth
j.T.iiri.', jnstii'v th*; ojiinion that they are supe-
rior in evi'ry res])eet *o any othei plow.

/.Vsm/,-,,/,"' 'I'hat this plow tills a d'?sidera-
tui') long felt liy iarsners, esjx-eially tho.se
e hi' atieg prairi'' land.

/,''>"//"/, Thai \.o l;(.:'rM'j' r-'coinmi nd
this ])low to the iiotiee .and use ol'our feliow-
farniers ami agriculturists gemM'ally, and do
t»elieve they will timl it to their interest to
purehase and use said plows.

/!' sti/ni/. That these proceedings be pub-
lisheil in the Vi'n /,•/// //mifil, of Fana, the
i'ridrii J'',inn'r, of ( 'hieago, and the JUiiioisi
I'd run r, ol Springlield.

J-. SMTTU, rre.'t.
M S. Hkckw riir, Sec'v

^■liy is it?

EUfnr of the I'uDner: I X^zx or ob-
si'vvatioii not now short, 1 have noticed
that Englisli wouien — I ni(\in Avoiuen of"
ihc tiiithlle clas.sos of lif(% born and
brouglit up in England — in T)livsical
constitutlmi and in energy of ebaractcr,
are. as ;i class, far simerior to the wo-
nioii of Amrrica. It ;i]»pcar.'> to metliat
lliisi I'af^t i"-' .'^o nbvinn.«. that it -will hard-
ly 1)0 disputed. A\ hy t.«^ tln.s s'>'.''

Titis is r>n important (jnestion. Is
our (dimatc more enervating than fjiat
of England, or is the jihysicul education
nf feinah\s there of such a cbavaeter as
to giVe tlieni ('onstitutiiui.s j^-) sujierior to
»ho-je of females I'f the same cla.sscs in
j our country':'

I ^[r. Editor, it has nevei- beeti mv for-
I tune to place inv feet U]>on a foreiurn
I shore. Some of your readers ha\'c nn-
' doubtedly done this; ami. iinleed. some
of tliom weri' lorn and li^ed to niatnre
age in Engltind, ;ind. ctm an.swer the in-
ijuirics einbrac(,'d in this coininunieation.
W ill some one do so? dust ;il thi.S time
1 feol a great intercv^t in tliis suljject.
Tlierc are young fcmali'S about me that
I wouhl V i.s!i to ."-ee possessed of good
constitutions as they grow up, — capable
of withstanding the ordinary duties of
Hie, without exhibiting that lassiliule.
thai delicacy of health, that breaking
down of C(nistitntii)ns, and all tiiat fol-
lows, Avhieh Ave often witness. Will
some one enlightened on this subject,
speak out in your EARMiiU? M. 11.

SofI }Iiij)ii' Sffil-Trff rt'liiars.

Editor Fdrnicr : — I noticed in the

I last Fakmkh '"that sol't maple .-eeds are

! now mature." Allow mo to say tluit it is

I many Avceks since they w.'vc mature,

' and alveadv thev arc no from six to
twelve inclios. ',\< I ]i:tvo to-<lay seen on
: the Illinois river bottom. I also hare
I about one acre, which are all up nicely,
I about six inches. The seeds were gath-

ered June 1st, which is late; May 20th
is usually late enough in this locality to
go for tbem; they can usually l)c found
•oX ih't date along the margin of theriv-
er or t;ayotis, i.-i vrnr'^ws,'. ^vkefo they
have floated to the shore after falling in
the water, and can be gtithercd in wagon
loads with little time and trouble. They
shouhl be planted immediately on well
prepared ground, and receive good after
culture, which will give you a groAVth of
about two feet tlio first season. They
will ..i7cr":ed ^*^ell on very wet or very dry
iiround I I'armer.'^! en the pr^^irics might
have all their sloughs and Avet land ii)'or6
profitably employe(l in groAving this
valuable timber, (for fuel) than their
best land in the u.sual crops of the farm.

I have trees from seed A\hich were
gathered and planted ^Slay 24th, 1855,
from <uic to tAvo and a lialf inches in
diameter, and from six to fourteen feet
high, and have soon a tree ton years
from the seed, fourteen mcties in diame-
ter.

So mvM for Soft Maples. Now for
Tree Pedlars. 1 sec vou have given a
caution in the July number, out tbit is
not hiilf enough. It is my opinion that
not one individual Avho lias ordered trees
from Eastern nurseries, of traveling
agents, but has been Avickcdly impo.'^ed
tipon, by getting Avorthless trees or
shrubs; in half of the instances not true
to the name, and those that were true,
much inferior to the kinds we might get
at home nf honest men. Last fall one
of these canviissers Avas through here
and sold many trees or shrubs. They
came on, and noAv, not oW man who
bought (so far as I knoAv) is satisfied
Avitii his purchase. Wo have not half
the Aal;<e Ave migb.t have had from our
own nurserymen. Edwards of Lamoile,
Bryant of Frinceton, Aldricb of Arispee,
and many others, Avhom avc knOT^' -vyould
not cheat us, but somehow Ave do love tc*
be gulled.

This is not all the mischief done by
the tree pedlars. Many or all the boxes
Avere (illed Avith straAV m'xed Avith
('.iihidi' Tlii.ith-s. Should A\'e get this
pest gi'nerallv diffused throughout one
country, it Avotild over-balance all the
benefit, though the trees Avere a gratuity
to us, that have been sent us from the
other side of the Lakes for the last ten
vears. W. A. PENNELL.

Gkaxville, Putnam Co., 111., July 22.

«*»^

"lie was an Imlulgi'iit Parent."

Editor of the Farmer : — I have often
read thi? sentiutcnt in the notices of
deceu^^ed ]»ersons. "He was an indul-
f'cnt parent 1 ' Wliat does this mean?
Is it intended to convey tiie idea that
children should be indulged in all their
Avhims and caprices ami tastes, and, I
may say, vices".'' because the Bible says,
and Ave knoAV that the remark is true

THE ILLTISJ^OIS Fi^HMER.

125

even without the authority of tlic Bible,
that man is "prone to evil." It is his
nature. Let him grow up indulged in
all he desires Lj an indulgent parent —
the parent fails in fulfilling the duties
of the high position that God has placed
him in, and the child, be it son or daugh-
ter, imbibes habits, sentiments and prac-
tices, which are a curse to him orlierall
their days.

God intends that ciiildren shall be
brought up in the way they sliouldgo; —
they should be mnde to understand that
they are not to be indulged in anyiblng
Avrong, and that the parent, and not
them, is to judge when things are wrong.
The vices of children, their peevishness
at disappointments, their indulging in
ideas that do not belong to their condi-
tion, their proncness to seek for forbid-
den objects, — can be traced, ninety-nine
times in a hundred, to a ne^irlect of dutv
by the parent. When the habits of the
child are formed, and he enters upon the
world for himself, without a single prin-
ciple or habit, to secure his own respect
or the love of others, let the examination
be made, and it will be found that he
had "an indulgent parent."

The business of life with children is to
make them fit to occupy useful stations
in society. They should be taught to
curb i their passions, curb their desires,
and to find out that they are under
"tutors and governors," legally and
morally responsible for their training.
No misfortune greater can happen to a
child than to be indulL!;ed in all the
natural propensities of the mind.

SENEX.

Does the Wheat Croii piiy?

Editor of the Farmer: — The wheat
harvest has now closed, and the ques-
tion, and a very important one arises,
does the wheat crop pay for raising it?

In the examination of this matter, we
must take into view a few facts — the
first, that the high prices some three
years since, grew out of a circumstance
which our farmers should not take into
calculation in raising their crc»ps : this
circumstance was the war then progress-
ing in the east of Europe. In raising
crops, we can make no calculations on
foreign wars to save us from loss, or to
secure us good markets. Nor can we
depend upon foreign markets to help us
much. We are now sending fiour to
Europe; but it must be recollected that
this flour is sent at low prices. Crops
are good in Europe; and our v.heat is
not wanted for that market unless at a
very low figures. If wheat should ma-
terially advance here, there would be
no foreign demand, liecause it could not
be shipped Avithout loss. We must,
therefore, expect only Ijw prices for
wheat. We must make up our minds
to this fact. If John Bull or John

Crapeau should "let loose the dogs of
war," and take men from the peaceful
pursuits of agriculture, to kill each other,
then we might witness an advance in
wheat; but Ave apprehend there is no
prospect of this at present.

In t:»king into account the profits of
growing Avheat, we should recollect tli;)t
about (me year in seven there i> nearly
a total loss of the crop, and that in three
of the other years of the seven much of
the Avheat is destroyed by Aviuter-killing,
rust, wet, and the chinch-bug. In three
of the seven years we get good crops.
NoAV, striking an average, can we make a
living: bv raisirfij and sellinn; wheat atmuch
less than one dollar a bu«licl? I think
not — and even this sum, paid for Avhcat,
over all the scA-en years, would not pay
the rent on tlie land, or the labor ex-
pended upon the Avheat crop in plowing,
harvesting, goAving, cutting, binding,
shocking, throshing and carrying the
crrain to market. Is not this thing so?

We are speaking of the Avheat crops
of Central Illinois. They are uniiormly
better in Southern Illinois than here; —
Avhilo in Northern Illinois, it is verA'
questionable whether Avheat crops, as a
general fact have paid their cost.

If these susxirestions and statements
are true, is it not high time for our far-
mers to seek the cultivation of some sta-
ple crops that Avill pay? Can this be
done?

iSIr. Editor, Avith your permission I
Avill continue this subject in the next num-
ber of your paper, BUCKIIEAIIT.

— - - — #.

Preserving Fruits and Vesetaltlcs.

The following which will be useful at
this season of the year.

1. Let everything used for the purpose
be clean and dry; especially bottles.

2. Never place a preserving pan jlai
0)1 the lire, as this Avill reuder the preserve
liable to A wr?? ro, as it is called: that is
to say, to adhere closely to the metal,
and then to burn; it should ahvavs rest
on a trevet, or on the lower bar of the
kitchen range.

3. After the sugar is aiMed to them,
stir the preserves gently at first, an<l
more quickly towards the end, without
quitting them until they are done; this
precaution Avill prevent tiiem from being
spoiled.

4. All preserves should be perfoctly
clear from the scum as it rises.

o. Fruit Avhich is to be preserved in
syrup, must first be blanclied or boiled
gently, until it is sufficiently' softened to
absorb the sugar; and a thin syrup must
be poured o^ it at first, or it will shrivel
instead of remaining plump and becom-
ing clear. Thus if its weight of sugar
is to be allowed, and boiled to a syrup,
with a pint of Avater to the pound, only
half the weight must be taken at first,
and this must not bo boiled Avith the

water more than fifteen or twenty min-
utes at the commencement of the process.
A part of the remaining sugar must be
added every time the syrup is reboiled,
uidess it should be otherwise directed in

I the receipt.

' G. To preserve both the true fiavor and

j color of Hruit in jams and jellies, boil
' them rapidly until they arc well reduced,
I Oefore the Sugar, is added, and quickly
[ afterwards, but do not allow them to be-
come so much thickened that the sugar
Avill not dissolve in them easily, and
throw up its scum. In some seasons the
juice is so much richer than in others,
that this effect takes place almost before
oiic is aware of it; but the drop which
adheres tu the skimmer, when it is held
up, Avill show the state which it has
reached.

7. Never use tin, iron or pewter
spoons, or skimmers, for preserves, as
they Avill convert the color of red fruit
into a dingy purple, and impart, besides
a very unpleasant flavor.

8. When cheap jams or jellies are re-
quired, make them at once with loaf
sugar, but use that which is well refined
always for preserves in general. It is a
false economy to purchase an inferior
kind, as there is great waste from it in
the quantity of scum Avhich it throws
up.

9. Pans of copper or bell -metal arc
the proper utensils for preserving fruit.
When used, they must be scoured bright
wit^' sand. Tiimed pans turn and des-
troy the Ml«r of the fruit that is put
into them. A stew-pan made of iron,
coated with earthen ware, is very nice for
preserving.

To Keep Preserves. — Apply the white
of egg, with a suitable brush, to a single
thickness of Avhite tissue-paper, with
which cover the jars, overlapping th
edges an inch or two. When di'y, the
Avhole Avill become as tight as a drum.

To Clarify Sugar for Preserving. —
Put into a preserving pan as many pounds
as you A\ ish; to each pound of sugar put
half a pint of water, and the white of an
eniz to every four vtounds; stir it to;rether
ui>til the isusrar is dissolved: then set it
over a gentle fire, stir it occasionally,
and take off the scum as it rises. After
a fcAv boiliiigs-up, the sugar will rise so
high as to run over the side of the pan;
U) [irevcnt Avhich, take it from the fire
for a few minutes. Avhen it Avill subside
and leave tioio for skimming. Ilepeat
the bkimming until a slight scum or foam
oidy Avill rise: then take off the pan, lay
a slightly Avetted napkin over the basin,
and then strain the sugar through it.
l\it the skimminjjs into a basin; when
the sugar is clarified, rinse the skim-
mer and basin Avith a glass of cold water;
and put it into the scum, and set it by
for connnou purposes.

To Preserve Fruit without Sugar or

mnms-mf^'

^^'

1^6

THE IXiZilNOIS FA-KINIEH.

Vinegar. — At a meeting of the Horti-
cultural Society, Mr. Lovejoj, butler to
J. Thorn, Esq., of Mawbey House,
South Leinbeth, obtained a medal for
preserving damsons, greenage plums,
gooseberries, and mulberries — all with-
out sugar or vinegar. The specimens
exhibited were as plump and transparent
as when first gathered. They Avere
preserved as follows: — Pick the fruit
from the stalks; put them into the bot-
tles. Put one drachm of alum into four
gallons of boiling water; let it stand until
it is cold; then fill the bottles with this
liquor, bung them tight, put them into a
copper of cold water, and heat to 176 ^ ;
and then tie them over with bladder and
seal them.

Preserving Fruit hy Hermeticalhj
Sealing. — Mrs. Bateham gives the fol-
lowing directions in the Ohio Cultivator :

First, select good fresh fruits or vege-
tables, stale and fermented can never be
preserved. Vegetables decomposing
quickly, such as green corn, green peas,
asparagus, should be preserved within
six hours after being picked, particularly
in hot weather. Berries always within
twenty-four hours. Peaches, quinces,
pears, apples, should be pealed, and the
seeds removed before preserving.

Yegetacles should be partially cooked

first — such as corn, peas, and tomatoes
should be boiled a half an hour, aspara-
gus a quarter of an hour. To the vege-
tables, add half a pint of the water they
are cooked in, to the quart.

Fill the can with ripe frmt, adding if
desired, a little sugar — sin^y enough to
render the fruit palatable, and set it in-
to a vessel of water (warm or cold). Let
the water boil, and continue boiling until
the fruit is ivell heated through — say for
half an hour. Directions have been
given to simply let the water boil; but
such direction is defective, as at this
time the fruit in the centre of the vessel
will be scarcely warmed. Should the
vessel be then sealed, fermentation will
take place. The heat must thoroughly
'penetrate the contcuts of the vessel. As
soon as the fruit is sufficiently heated,
seal the can, and the work is doiio.

Another way is to make q, syrup of
twe pounds of sugar for ever six pounds
of fruit, using half a pint of water for
every pound of sugar. Skim the syrup
as soon as it boils, and then put in your
fruit, and let it boil ten minutes. Fill
the cans and seal up hot. Some make a
syrup of half a pound of sugar to every
pound of fruit — and some use only a
quarter of a pound of sugar to a pound
of fruit — while some use no sugar at
all.

To keep peaches, pear and cut them
up. If thrown into cold water, they
will retain their firmness and color.
Heat them in the cans as above — or boil
them ten minutes in a syrup. In this

way, strawberries, raspberries, cherries,
plums, peaches, &c., &c., may be kept
for any length of time in the same con-
dition that they were scaled up, with
their flavor unchanged. For small
fruits, it is best to make a syrup without
water, and boil the fruit in it for only a
few minutes.

Tomatoes should be boiled, and the
skins taken off, and then placed in a
kettle and boil, and kept so while filling
the ca7is.

Edgar County Crops. — A letter
dated at "Paris, July 2Gth," says:

"The weather very fine. Some corn
doing well; some very ftnc. But alto-
gether we cannot have over half a crop.
Oats almost an entire failure. I think
the wheat crop an average one, although
a great deal of light wheat. Grass very
good, nearly all cut. Pastures good.
Stock doing very well. We shall have
a large surplus of all the staples of our
county, and Edgar county will be largely

represented at the State Fair."

•••

-We are not sure that the weather, the

rcniaindcr of the season, will not be so dry
as to require "Ayre.s' Self'-Actino; Farm

Well," to raise water fur the use of stock on
our prairies":' A wet spring is likely to be
followed by a dry summer.

. 4«»

Rusted Oats for Horses. — We have heard
an incident that should be known to our tUrm-
ers. A f^eiitleman from the neighborhood of
Chathiini states that five horses turned into a
field of ru?ted oats near that town, were found
dead the next morning. Rust is supposed to
be cii'O.d by a very minute insect which lives
on the juice of tlie straw, and that the rust is
its excretions, and is poisonous.

COMMERCIAL.

Springfield 91arket-.July SO.

K(!0.>— 8c ft doz;

WHKAT— OOfttiCo-^ bu;
KLOUR— $4 6b(a.|5 |i brl;
COllN — H)(i(;5U bu; Bciirce;
COKN MKAL— GOV- bu;
BUCKWUE.Vr— $1:
(.>.VrS— 3l)c t^ bu; none;
UEANS— 'bCa'lO*^ %* bii;
HI«AN— lOc^.bii;
SUOKT.-I— :>0 t^ liii;
TIMOTHY SKKO— 12 ~^ bu;
lIUMlAKlANGi-.Seo(l,^;i ;J0;
.milm;t— $1 -^b;

OLOVKK— ,f7 t^ bu;
NKW r >' Al'u; — $1 t" bu;
HAY < ■•, I.I.:
TALL a\— s,- -f '.;
SOAl-— bur; Ci-,.- c' "';
CA>a)LKS— lie V box;
I'OKK— $4 I^IUO lbs;
BACON— New bam.s. f>(S 7 ttj;
UACON— Sidea, G(u 7 lb; '

LAUD— 10c -el*>;
SUOAK— 7ta8c¥lt>;
OOFfKlO— lo(*I5c ji, ft;
MOLASSKS— aVCjiiiic "f. gal;
SALT— Jl 76 "(ii Back;
.<ALT— i;2 75 V' brl;
UONEV— loc t*.ft;
ONIONS— $1 -^ bu:
.MACKKIJKL— 13(ffi20c No. 1;
CODflSU— $3 75 %1 100 Ih^;
AIM'LKS— (ireeu. 0 ;")li(<i)$l;
A PFLKS— Dried, $2 'i4 bu;
WOOD— $1 f( cord;
COAI,— U'c -^ bu;
CKACULS— Dried, $Z 60;
WHISKY— lj< bl •2o(<t,801j',gal;
VlNK'JAIt— •' l-Z f.gaU
ItH OUMS— -^ d07. §1 5i^(a.J-<i oO
liUTTEr.— luc(si.20c x\ ft.

Chicago Market—July 'il.

There was, for a Saturday, an active feeling in lircaddtuffs.
Flour wilt, quiet but lirui, witn ualeH ot'e.xtni brauds at $o 60
Un'i bO.

Wheat was in good demaud, witli sales of about 62,000 bu
at about yesterday's prices — No. 2 selling at iM(a,ii'\.^c in
litoro; river wheat 72c f. o. b; canal, 59(a^7Uc alloat

Torn was quiet, but j)ricu8 of yesterday sustaiNed, with a
better inquiry for No. 2. 60,000 bu were Bold, at 52^y(J5oc
lor canal afloat; ."iiKiiiOlc for No. 1 in store; 47(u,.-lt)C for'N'o. 2
iu store; 43^4^)/^ for rijected lu store.

The oats luarket was quieter, bnt higher prices were paid.
The transactions amount to about 20.000 bu, at ;!8(uj4(ic iu
store, and 3Sc in store for rejected. We note a cargo of oats
sold at Milwaukee at 35c f. o. b — to be sliipped to thiii port
on board the nchoonor International, atlV^cfreightjandseut
from hero to St. Louis by caLal, at u(iiit3c Ireight-

-*•*-

St. liOuis Market— J uly 21.

KLOUR— Sales of 180 sks delivered, $1 80; 55 do branded
extra, $1 85; 95 and 'JO do do, |1 90; 200 ditto city, $2; uo

brls low grade, $3 50; 00 do do $2 85; C7 do branded extra
$3 65; 160 and 150 do cjuntry, |4; 750 do city, at mill, f4 26;
600 do do, delivered, $4 26: 2iX) do extra city, $5 25.

WIIKAT — Sales of 75 sks damaged club, fific; 57 do poor
fall, 72c; 75 do spring, 75c; 160 do spring 7Cc; 39 do club, 78c;
700 do do. 82c; 146 do led, 96c; :iC and 116 do fall, 9jc, 121 do
prinu> red, 96c; 39 do club, 150 do fall, private.

CORN — 66 sks po'.T yellow, &6c; 60 do damaged, 66c; 103 do
pi-ime yellow. 70; ."JOO do white, in second-lian J guuuies, (j5c,
including sacks; 66 sks p'>or yellow, 5>k:, sacks returned.

OATS— .Sales ol 281 sks. 58c; 321, 106 and 369 do. SSJ^c;
233 do, 52i^c; 34 do, 53c; 225,200, 192,600, 150 and 416 do, 84c!
492. 600, 972 and 800 private. Sales without sucks of 61 and
499 sks a; 60c; and 100 do, 52c.

IIARI.EY — 37 bags sobl at 40c, ska returned.

BACON — 8 packages mixed — shoulders, 5c; hams, 7c; clear
sides, 8c; rib do. 6-%c; 20 Chsks clear sides, part in sugar hhds,
7J^c; 16 do do, in two lots, Sc; 8 do do, 8;,4c,

I'OHK — No saleK. ^olde^^^ firm.

J-AHD— S lo of 17 kegs at lie '^ ft.

HUTTER— 4 p.ickagps <okl at 10c

WHISKY— 59 brls, 2o%Ci 25, 60, 25, 52, 75 and 136 brls,
21c %4 gallon.

COfFEE— 500 bags Rio, lie; 161 dodo, llj^c ^ ft.

■WOdL — 4 sacks unwashed, lt.^_^: 10 do do, 1734c; 2 do,
washed, 27c.

FLAXSEKD— 5 sks sold at $1 06.

HAY— Sales of 32 bales. $1 05; 40 do choice timothy, $1 10.

DRY HIDES— Small sales, at 13Vn(a.l4c.

SHirSTUKFS— 62 sks sobl at eecT

SHORTS— Sales of 200 sks at b-Zy,c, e-xclusive of sacks. -

DRIED Al'PLES— 4 bags sold atlfl 40.

« St. I.ouis tive Stuck Market— July Z1.

The market has been well supidied with beef cattle of all
descriptions fcr the last week, and butchers are buyingslow-
ly at 5a6c net for good to ".hoice, and 'iKiy^c pross for ordinary
to fair, common do $12a.J2& '^ head, as to quality. No demaud
for shipping cattle at present.

IIOGS — Tlie market is still well stocked, and snies. con-
tinue to be made at low rates, tho demand being very light
for the past week. Sales were made at 4c in lots. Butchers
pay for fair to good, 4]/in.i')^c, for choice 6c %< ft Let. Com-
mon and light hogs sell at lower figures

SHEEP — A light stuck ofiering. and in fair demand; prices
range fi*m $1 60a$2 75 for f«ir to good. Choice $3 per
head.

COWS AND CALVES— A moderate stork offering, and de-
mand for fair good cows at $25a$35 per head, common dull at

$15a$20.

-—■

New Vork Cattle Market — July 31.

4rtcr a long series of bard markets, the owners of stock
appeared in little better spirits t j day — not tliat the prices

came up to their ileslres. but, like a drowning man, they ea-

gerly '*caiiy:ht at a tiuatiiig straw.** The cattle in market at

AUerton s for yesterday and to day numbered only 2,507,
against 3,326 last week, which certainly made an apparent
better show for Sellers. The miserably poor quality an 1
Very light weights of most that wure on sale diminished still
furiber the real supply. The total City receipts for the week
eniling this morning, number 3,270 which is 136 above th«
average weekly receipts of the last year. Via have seldom
setn pooier picking for the butchers than they had to-day.
There wer» few droves Of sullicieatlj' good quality to find
purchasers at 9c, and in some instances at 9)-$c, some to be
weighed evenf The principal advance in price to day was on
this classof cattle An idea of the uii-erabli- quality of some
droves may be gathered from the tact that there were sales as
low as tivilve dollars per liead, and not a few went between
that and f.'iO. There were no country buj era for grazing pur-
poses, but the yards were just about cleared out by nightfall.
The cattle at Forty-fuurth street were derived Irom the fol-
lowing sourcrs :

Indiana 196

Iowa 37

rennsylvania 126

Ohio 439

New Vork 141

Illinois 1,494

Kentucky 100

The following are the droves from Illinois :

No, Owners. Salesmen.

00 Thompson k Elliott Haring &. Gurney

150 K Virgin S L'lery

96 S Duulap Allerton &. Myers

106 Stucky & Bryant C G Teed

68 W 1 Hutchinson.. IIORg & Sherman

90 J A Brittinlmm W H Harris

69 -Alexander & Vii-gin R Murray

SO K Lockniau Valentine & Martia

99 H II Smith Sl Co T White <fe vSou

76 <;illett Mead * Hokomb

101 Alexander & Cnim J A Merritt

99 Ge* Virgin Allerton & Conger

95 D Barnes <>wncr

06 Vail & Co Owners

34 DU Culver Owner

90 Alexai.der ii Coukle U Baitram

74 S .McKee Allerton Ik. Myers

74 J N'cholH GeoAyrault

116 Messenger AUillett Gillett & Tofl'oy

17 O'Brien .' MD.ilton

The average prices to-day, as compared with last week, are
about \-^c higher.
Wo quote:

I'KICES OF OEEF AT FORTr-FOCUTU STREET.

Tu-flay. Last w«ek.

Premium cattle none. none.

First qual ty 9c (4 'jy,c 8J^c@ Oc

Medium quality HlZc(g^ S-^'^c 8c @ 8'4c

Poor quality TJ^cfe 8c 7c @ 7V2O

Poorest quality •'c fe> 7c CJ^c® 7c

General sellinK prices... Sc r«) 9o tUc® 8V^C

Average of all sjdes 8i^c@ — "i^c® —

At Browning's, Chamberlin's and O'Brien's, prices do not

materially diller from those at Korty-forth street. Brown-

iiiK reports beeves at 7c(«,9c. Chamberlin reports beeves at

0j2'o9c, O'Brien reports beeves at 7cto93/:^c.

i'ho following are notices of Illinois cattle:

Ilaring & Gurney, for Thompson & Elliott, 77 fair Illinois

■"wr.v.-.^*-

«;

■.■ifs .'

.?S'. •■'■■ ■ ■

'•?■

THE ILLIISTOIS FA.IIMEH.

127

cuttle, weighing 625 ftis., at 7J^c@8i^c. Thirty-eight of the
beet averaged $56 61, and the balance $45.

E. VirgiQ contributed 150 Illinois ttoors, with tlie excep-
tion of four large oxen, of f*ir qaality, weighing 725 B)s. net,
which S. Ulery sold at 83,^@9c.

Allerton & Myers, for W. A S. D\inlap, 96 scarcely mediuzi
Bieers from Morgan county; Illioois. The owner's weight, at
home, was 1,325 lbs. gross, which the seller rated at 65k lbs.
in theyards. They averaged about 8|/^c.

Stuckney A Bryant forwarded lu5 thin, hard and bony Il-
linois steers, which had lain three weeks at Albany — we
judge from the appearance they had fallen short of grass—
which C. G. Teed was selliug at 73.ic@9c. A few of them
were in fair ilesh, but the greater part were a harder lot than
the seller cared to deal in.

BHoag i Sherman sold 58 Illinois catllo for W. J. Ilutchin-
son, which were an improvement over those forwarded last
week. They were of uneven weights, luid brought from 73^c
@9i^c. C. Gwire took one i)air of the choice at $175, or

W. n. Harris, for .T. A. Hrittinh.ini, 93 light and thin Illi-
nois cattle, estimated at 575 lbs. net, at 6c^SJ,^c ^ ttt. 25 of
them weie sold yesterday at $32 50, or about Oc %i lb., which
Mr. Harris called the best sale of the lot, altboiigh the price
would but little more than pay the freight and expenses here.

Alexander & Virgin were lafge contributor? again to-day,
although they lost over 60 headj killed and crippled, by the
breaking of axle on the Wabash Valley Koad. R. Murray
was telling 69 very good cattle for them at 9c@9'4C, and T.
White 76 of similar quality at about the same rate. Home
weight 1,385 Ibg., and coru-fed all of last Winter. They cost
31/^c last year.

^11. R. Smith & Co. forwarded 99 medium Illinois cattle,
which White & Son sold at 8c@9c ou an estimated weight of
650 fi>B. net.

J. A. Merritt sold, for Alexander & Crum, 101 fat, hut not
really prime, Illinois steers, rated 750 lbs. net, at an average
of about 9c.

Allerton A Conger, for Geo. Virgin, 90 fair to good Illinois
canle, weighing about 775 lbs. net, at 8c@9c, and a few at

o. Barnes bought 95 pretty good Illinois cattle of S. B.
Richardson, which he waS retailing to day at Sc@9c, estima-
ted weight 700 lbs. net.

Vail * Co., on their own account, sold 66 nic'dium to good
T'linois and Kentucky cattle of about 700 Rs. weight, at So

•f lAWlM &A.- -'-

table: o*' Contents.

Eglantine 113

Tlie most profitable breed

of sheep for the south. ..113

Taxes _ ..115]

The trial of plows 115|

The Osage Orange hedge. ..115
Trial of mowers and leap-
ers 115

Turnips 116

The great reaper and

stacker 116

Ancient farming 117

Dr. Jackson's process of
making syrnp and sugar
from tlie Chinese sugar

cane lis

Tie dwarf system 118

Politeness at home 119

Late corn 119

Truit trees 119

Editorial Items 120

XUe wheat crop 121

State Fair 121

M" Thecrops 122
'Jow milking V22

The cow 122

The locust borer .122

■Meteorological 123

Kxtravagance 123

Frye's gang plow 124

Why is it 124

Tree pedlars 124

He was an indulgent par-
ent 124

Does the wheat caop pay..l25
i'reseroing fruits and veg-
etables 125

Edgar county crops 126

Rusted oats for hoases 126

Markets 126

w

fruit Trees tor Sale.
E HAVE 15,000 TREES, 5 YEARS

old,from seven to ten feet hiijh, well branched, (very
nice) that we offer .his fall at the low price of $12}.;; per 100;
also 15,000 4 years old, at $10 per luO, to cash custoruers.
Next spring we shall charge $16 lor 6 year, and $l2i^ for
4 j-ear. Also Pear, Cherry, I'luui, Grade, Currants, I'io
Plant, ornamented trees, shrubs r ses, evergreens, Ac; Aus
trian and Scotch Pines, from three to six feet high, at :?5cper
foot; Norway, Blue and Whita SpruceS; Hemlock, Arborvita,
Balsam Fir, European and American Larches, with a good
variety of hardy flowerinjj plahts. Orders respectfully solic-
ited. VKUKY ALDlllCH.
Pieasant Bidge Nursery, Arispe, Bureau County, Illinois.^
far aug-3m '^

~~ JDEKKti'srpLmvsi.

Two HORSE PRAIRIE UREAJvERS,
Danble Michtgan and common plows, ol the bcot work-
manship, for sale by
aug _ FRANCIS & BARUELL.

FRUIT AND OK^AMJENTAl, TKliKS
SHUABEKY, &c.

FRANCIS &BARRELL, SPRINGFIELD,
will receive orders for all description of trees from the
l)uPage County Xurseriea, L. Ellsworth & Co., proprietura.
These trees are well grown, beallby, and their geuuinuss is
warranted. Orders for fall planting can be forwarded to
them at any time Irom June till MoAember.

Catalogues will be furnished those who wish to purchase
trees and shrubbery on application to Messrs. Francis * B.ir-
rell, 8priugfleld. au^

qI;jel2ns>vakk;.

A LARGE LOT DIRECT FROM THE
potteries in Kugland, to be sold at very low prices by
aug ERANCIS A BARRELL.

o

MPrills,

N HAND, FOR SALE, THE BEST

varieties grain drills. FRANCIS & BARUELL.

JBroati-Cast Sowet's.

SEVERAL KiNRS. CAUOON S, WHICH
will sow fifteem acres an hour; and Sage's. For sale by
aua iUANCIS A DARRELL.

Q
F

Ag^rlcultaral Implements,
F EVERY DESCRIPTION FOR SAtE

by ^ang FRANCIS& BARRELL.

Buckwheat and. Turuip Seed
OR SALE BY

aug FRANCIS & BARBELL.

PRESERVING JARS..

THESE ARE OP A GLASS, A NEW IN-
vention, very excellent, just receivi fl and for sale by

aug FRANCIS & BARKKLL.

Chiuese Sugar Caue Molasses,
MOST EXCELLENT ARTICLE JUST

received and for sale by FRANCIS A BARUELL.

EAKEY'S

ART OF

Taming T*lciovs Horses.

Warranted Gcnuiue.

JUST PUBLISHED, ILLUSTRATED 1N>
structionsin Rarey's Art of Horse Taming, guaranteed
the same as practiced in Europe, and eutirtly dilferent from
that described in horse taming books and taught by itinerant
jockies. As Mr. Itaroydid not disclose the important feature
of his system in thte country, but which I now for the first
lime engage to fully reveal. My price has been reduced to
t3, which e.ery man who owns a horse can afford to part
with. Any man who knows anything about a horse can
operate it. All persons remitting the money must promise
over their signatures not to make the secret public or sell it
within three months of reeeption. Address

C-4LEB H. RAXEY.
july-far3m Albany, N. Y.

B. B LLOYD,
D E ^TI S T,

OFFICE ON NORTH FIFTH STKEEX, OVEH J. RATBCR>'8.

SPRXN€rFX£XJO, XX.X-.

A DENTAL PRACTICE OF FIFTEEN YEARS WARRANTS
him in saying that all operations shall be carefully and
neatly performed, lie is in posseesion of several premi-

uuis and diplomas awarded by the best institutes for the j>ro-
motii>u of science and arts in tlie country.

Teeth inserted, from one tooth to full sets, as substantial
and handsome as can be had in any city of the United fctates
or Europe. Artificial palate plates inserted, supplying the
want or loss of the jjalate, velum and would, 80 as to restore

articulation.

Refer to Prof. David Gilbert, Pennsylvania College of Med-
icine, Philadelphia; Hon. J. S. Black, Washington City; Kev
Dr. Harkey, Illinois University ; Drs. Helm, Ryan and Wal-
lace : Messrs. Jacob Loose, J S. Condell, J. U. Gray, Fossel-
man, Owen. Corneau A Diller.

Juntf, 185.

MA^ OK TllE CITY Ot' SPR1NCJFIE1,D

SANGAMON COUNTY. STATE OF ILLINOIS.

CONTAINING OLD TOWN PLAT AND
64 additions, shewing each Lot .-.nd Block, and the
numbers thereof, the Streets, Avennitf.s and Alleys, Residen-
ces, and the unimproved Lauds within, and a quarter of a
mile north along the northern limits of said city.
Scale 300 feet to an inch.

Published by WILLIAM SIDKS, of Springfield, City En
gineerand Surveyor .iunplO-<lwtf

UHLEK'S PLOWS

The Double Curved Upright Steel Mould
Board Plow.

THE PROPRIETOR OF THIS SUPERIOR
Plow stilj continues to supply ..^^^
the great demand which its merits have XS.^ ^-.,^y,p_-.»y
created. Its cumbinatioii of rare ad- - ^<^^-jy^\ —- - ^
vantages hife recommended it to the tft9i^^^£SBHl9
agricultural community tlircughout the State of Illinois, it
is now admitted that it has no equal.

The following note is but one of the many testimonials
which have been turnishcd the manufacturer of the working
of his plows.

We certify that v^i have lately used the above plows, manu"
factured by Mr. John Uhler, and we would statt- that they
are iu all respects, superior to any other plows we have ever
used. We cheerful ly recommend them to the iiublic.
Will. P. Lawson, Wm. Piiffiubarger,

J.J. Short, Dayid Nev.Bom,

John W. Beck, Uriah Mann,

Jolin Kavauaugh, :--'• Philemon Stout.

Sangamon oouuty, J;in I", ISoS.

From tiie pi:culiar form of Uhloi-'s plows they are not ex-
celled by any other now in u.se. It scours very bright, sheus
off stubbles admirably, aitd runs light and^asy to the teaiu.
The largsst sized two-horse plow of this kind, has been used
several seasons successfully in breaking prairie. The limits
of a uowspaper advertisement will not admit of an accuiate
description of these plow s. To see them is toUe pleased with
them. •

In .idditiou to the above, the niaunfacturer is making
wrought iron upright ones, and two-horse plows.

Also, a superior Prairie Plow, warnmts'd to be equal to any
prairie plow uow ill use. Any size tluat may be wanted can
be had at short notice. A large number of all sizes, kept on
hand constantlv.

Manufactured by JOHN UIILER,

Springfield, III., at whose establishment these favorite plows
can be had, from a single one to a number unlimited.

au£4-wlv

FEET OF SEASONED WAL-

ut lumber for sale.

J. nUTCUISSON.

20,000 „'

mayll

The Jfianny Prize!

■IVHAT FARMER WllLI, WIN IT t

Thankful for the patronage extended to us, and wishing to
promote the interests ef the Farmers who have done so much

for us, we hare presented one of our Ifully Improved Ma-
chines to the

IlIIuols state Agricultural Society,

To be given as a prize for the

BEST WHEAT FIELD.

Contest open to all Farmers.

Talcott, JEiHcrson A' Co,,

SUCCESSORS OP

MANNY & CO.,

ROCKFORD, » ItLiNoiB

Manufacturers of
JOHN H. .MANNY'S

REAPER AND MOAVER

COMBINED,
ANDSINGLrE MOWER.

GREATLY IMPROVED FOR 1858.

Which received the

dOLD MEDAL

Of the UNITED STATES AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY, for

being the

Best Combined Macblue In America :

After a tri.il of over a week, in competition with 40 other
Machines, at Syracuse, in July last.

PRICES, (besides freight, for two-horse Miichine, $;135 00
Cash; or $50 cash, wiih notes for $50. dtie Nov. 1st, and $45

due January 1st For four-horse machines, $10 more.
mayl-farmerSm

THE

STOCKSIIX Si HUME

Patent U^HE^tT nrill

Is NOW OFFERED TO THE FARMERS
of JUinois. This drill distributes the seed by the turning
of the axle — and is the only Prill in the market whirh will
sow the same quantity to the rod whether traveling fost or
sUnD. All slide drills will tow slower as they tnfel/asler, go
will. all drills which wipe over the space through which the
seed pa'ses.

Price for diill with grass seeder, $70 cash, or $75, $40 oneh,
SSS 1st of January', 1 859. Without seeder $66 cash, or $40 on
delivery and $.30 on the 1st of January, 1859.

Orders left with Francis A Barrel. Springfield, Ills., or di-
rected to M Grant. Dayton, Ohio, will receive prompt atten-
tion. Every drill is warranted.

tlcS_We challenge competition _fi^ mayl-FarSm

WHITEIiEY'S SEI.F.RAKINC

RE^tJPER *§J\*n ^ItOJVER,

THE BEST MACHINE IN USE.

THIS IS THE ONLY PERFECT COM-
bined machine for all purpotes iu existence, being a
perfect st^f-rakcr, and unlike most others, can in 5 minutes
time, be changed to a complete hand raker, and can also be
changed in 15 minutes to a mower, i^hich h>»8 no superior
for cutting grass. It will not clog in any kind of grass or
grain ; it has no side draft nor weight on the horses necka,
therefore it is the lightest lunnlng machine in use. All
machines wiirritnted to give satisfaction. Francis i Barrell,
agents, Springfield, Illinois.

All letters of information or orders, address Amos White-
lev, sreiieral rent, Blooniington. Illinois.. lJo.x 501.

May 1, tf.

SMITH, KOWARD."* & CO,

HAVi: BEEN RECEIVING FROM BOS-
ton and New York some verv desiraldefancy poods and
bog to rail the attentini of purchasers to the fact that tliey
will be sold at the bottom prices. jnveS

■W'--

w ^^«^^

r- :^Wt '^W Vv^'r^v •■-•'. 'T~^

■ r

128

THE ILLINOIS FA-RMEIl.

B. F. FOX,

Wholesale aud Retail Dealer lu Hardware,

IN ALL ITS VARIOUS BUANCHES.IIAS NOW IN STORE
one of tho largCHt and best agsortments rf goods in his line
ever offered in this market. Importing many Ktylcs of Kng-
lish goods dir»'ct, and purchasing liis Americitn goods of tlie
manufacturers at the lowcBt (caali) prices, he is enaWed to
offer tnerchants aud consumers goodsat the lowest prices, and
on as favorable terms as any house oast or west. Ili^ stocli
embnu'es a very large and complete assortment of

Agricultural Tools and Implements !

of tlie latest and moat improved kinds and qualities. licap-
ers, Mowers, Straw Cutters, tledyc Trimmers, Sickles,
Grass and ± nining Honks, Cradles, Scythes, Snat'is,
fhrks. Hoes, S/iovels, Sijonps, Axes{a\l kinds aud makes),
Picks, ilattucks. Fun MdU, Seed Separators and Tliresldng Sla-
cliinex.

HOUSE FURNISHING & BUILDERS WAREHOUSE.

Large and complete assortment of Locks, Latches, Butts, Hin-
ges, Screws, Bolts, Brads, iVutis. TBIMMINGS— great variety

Carpenter's and Builder's Tools !

Planes, Saws, Chisels, Augers, Braces, Bills, Draicing Knives,
Squares, Trowels, Bevils, Hatchets, Hammers, Adzes, Burch
and Broad Axes, Sorting Machines, O'ould's and Stejitoe^s
Morticing Machines, Files, dk:

Blacksmith's Tools.

Bellows, Anvils, Vices, Screw Plates, Tongs, Horse Xails, Horse

Shoes, Buttresses, <fc.

COOPER'S TOOLS.

Fine assortment, Anives, Hooks, Planes, dx.

€1JTL.ER1^.

A very largo stock and assortment of Wostenholm's Butch-
er's and other's, Table, PiKktt, Pen, Butcher and Shoe Knives,
Razors, Shears, Vissors, Carvers, cfc. Great variety.
GUNS, PISTOIiS,

Oun Trimmingsand Mountings, single and doiihlebarrelled En-
glinh and (lerman Hijles, Pistols of great variety, ttigether
with a general assortmiut of goods u;iually kept in a Uardware
storo.

S A'WS

Kvory variety, mill, cross cut and circular, from throo inches
to sixty inclusive, furnished at niannfacturers prices.

Saddlery Hardware and Carriage Trimmings.

In this branch of my business, I am cuabled to e.xtend to
saddlers and carriage makersunusual facilities, beiiigsnpplied
direct from the manufacturers. Goods in this line come to me
»t extraordinary low prices. My stock embraces all varieties:
Buckles, Ferrets, Ornaments, Boseatcs, Bings, Snaffleji, liilts,
Punches, Webl/ing, Sdf-Adjusting and Dennison Trees, Sad-
dler's Silk, Shoe, Three-Cordanil Fitting Ihreuil.

Carriage Ti*iiniiiings.

Brass and Silver Plated, Screw Front Bands and Plated Screw
Front Mail Bands, Coach Handles, Curtain Frames, Turned
Collars, Patent and Enamelled LeAither, Enamelled Muslin,
Duck and Drill, Rubber CUM, QxrrUifit Bows, Deer and Curled
Hair, Patent Zither and Rubber Belting, Hemp and Rubbtr
pack-iug.

Ou Ordors promptly filled and forwarded.

May Ist, 1857. U. F. FOX.

HOUSE BILLS

PROMPTLY AND NEATLY PRINTED

JOJIRJY^I, OFFICE,

SPRINGFIELD .^..ILLINOIS^

NOTICE.
To the Raisers of FJue Horses.

THE THOROUGH BRED HORSE YOUNG
BABNTON, imported by the Illinois Importing Com-
pany, will commence bis first season the I6th of March, at
the stable of John C. Crowder, 2 miles west of Springfield,
Illinois, aud to prevent complaints wo give timely notice
that he will be limited te 40 maros, aud a.s there has perlmji^
been thatnumbvr partially engaged, we .would here say tliMt
no mare will be considered engaged iiutilapartof the umui-y
is paid. Ifnving acquired a character at homo and abriu.I —
havini; sold for J&,050 — having taken the $500 premium at
tho St. Lonis Fair last Fall, from the best ring of Horses lad-
mitted by judges) tliat was ever exhibited iu the western

country — in fact he aoLuowlodnea no superior iu the tuitcd
States. The terms will perhnpi bo $75 cosh; pasture for
mares from a distance gratis. Uills and particulars In due
time. JOU.V C CKOWDKn A CO.

N. B — The thorough-bred Imported Harsc, Barnton, will
be exhibited at Calef <t Jacr>by"s sale, on tho 'I'M d,.y of
March, and perhaps one-fifth interest offered for sale.

Will stand at the stable of tlie subscriber, in addition to
Imported Barnton, Slda Ilamttt, by Andrew Ilamctt. tbat
only needs to bo seen to be admired, having taken the prc-
miutn over -tO horses at the '■tato Fair la^t Fall. Also, Ac-
teon, by Imported Acteon. Believing the raising of lino
horses the most profitable business the Farmer can engage
in. I hope they will tuke the necessary pains to .select the
ri;^ht sort of horses to breed from. 1 have bad considerable
experience in tho horse business, and amcontldent that I can
offir the public abetter stud of bones, suited to the wants of
all, than can be found at any stable iu Illinois; and to test
the thing. I would suggest that we have a general sliow of
horses and brood mares with their colts, at some suitable
time, say the 2d Saturday in April, aud the owners of horses
give the services of their horses to the best brood mares, 1st;
2d and 3d. What say you gentlemen.

JOHN C. CROWUKR.

febl4 w3m-farmer. (Beg copy w 3m.)

THE ILLINOIS

•Jfluiual Fire Insurance Co»

LOCATED AT ALTON ILLINOIS.

CHARTERED FEB. 23, 1839. ORGANIZED APRIL 4. ISaO.

Amount of premium notes in force February

Isl, 1850, constituting a fund for the

pai/ment if Looses,

$8 00,0 0 0.0 0,

Secured by a lien on properly insured, valued
at over

9.000.000!

fpHlSconipiiryinsurosdwelliiig^?,stores,wuve!iouses.manU;
J. factories, mills, barns, stable" and the contents ot each,
together with every other similar species of property witbin
tlie State, from

LOSS OR DAMAGE BY FIRE!

The Directors feel justified in recommending this company to
the favorable consideratiim of the citizens of Illinois. Every
one insured becomes a member, the company being an as-
sociation of customers — each of whom is concerned in in-
suring his neighbor. As the indemnification fund augments
in exact ratio witii tho increase of ri.sks, the capital of the
company it comparatively exhaustless; and tho entire safety
of the institution must bo aiijiarcnt to every one who reads
tho charter.

Thocost of insuring in this company is so low, as to render
it almost inexcusable fur the owners of insurable property
not to avail themselves of its j)rotection.

BOARD OF DIRECTORS.

Ltmam Trumbull, Klias Hibbard, L. KELLENBERGEn,
Benj. F. Lono. Samuel Wade, Alfked Dow,

RoBRRT Smith .Jou.v James, Be.'ij. K. Hart,

TlMOTUT TURNrR, IlBXRY 1,EA, JoHN BaILHACHE,

M. G. Axwoon, Nath'l Hassov. Joun Atwood,

BENJAMIN F. LONO, President. I
Lewis KELi,E>BEnr,ER,Trea8. M. O. Atwood, Sec'y.

.a®" An Agent for this Company may bo found in almost
every Coumy of the State.
4Eg" Application for insurance may be made to

JA.MES J.. 1111,1.. Agont.
April 1, 1857. at Spriuglield.

ST*IIl COMA* •^IIIjIj,

For Griiidlug Com, Cob, Hominy or Meal aud
Geuei'ul Stock Feed.

WE DELIVER THIS MILL AT ANY
point, or from our wagons, that run through the dif-
ferent parts of the country, at tlie manufacturer's retail price,
which is, iur the mill complete, $U0.

Orders, or letters of inquirv should be addressed to

UUNT,'PYKE & Co., Springfield, 111.

We need but say that where the Star Mill bus been used, it
has gained credit beyond ail other Mills now iu use; aud the
farmer only needs to see and try it in order to become con-
vinced that it is perfect in its arrangement from the fact that
it grinds green hs well as old corn, (corn and cob passing
through it tojiether,) which noother.Mill will do. Farmers
and stock-growers can save from 30 to 40 bushels of corn in
each 100 by the use of this Mill; (at least wo have cereiticatos
to that otfect.) Persons having once e.vperienced its benefit,
will neverreturn to the wasteful practice of feeding corn in
the ear.

It will undoubtedly make good moal of shelled corn for fam-
ily use.

The Mill grinils from twelve to twenty bushels per hour,
k:vI makes an easy diiitt for two hor.»e.-:.

^^■e can produce first premiums, diplomas, and recommen-
dill ions toip numerous to mention.

For full particulars, references and descriptionof Mills, see
circulars.

N. U.- Persons ran be supplied with a ^tnr Mill, and also
see one in operation by cslliug at the Agricultural jtore of

FKANCI.S A BAUKKLL,

Jiin 1, 1858 Authorized Agents.

n. .X. WILSON.)
K. VV.UKUWN,/

A. C. GoDDIN,

U:

JOIIN.SON.

IIIIPKIXS

BROWN, GODDIN & CO.

WHOIiGSALE GROCERS AKD

Commission Merchants,

NO. 02 SECOND hTREKT,

St. ILoiiis, Mo.

Special attention given to the sale of Orain aud Country
Produce. fJm J. E. D.

Sweet Potato Plants.

WE WILL HAVE THEM IN THE PRO-
per season, for B.'lo by the hundred or thousand, at
fair prices; (8eo Advertisement of early Nansemond potatoes)
febl fKANCiS A BARREL.

Illinois Central Mail Road

I.ANDS FOR SALE.

THE ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD
Company invites the attontiou of Agriculturalists and
farmers to the fertile lands adjacent to their Koad, which
are ofi'ered for sale upon low terms, aud long credit at low
rates of interest.

' It is the policy and wish of the Cmipany to sell aU their
lands to actual settlers; and no inducement is ofiered to
speculators; in tact none will be sold ou long credit, witliout
the distinct obligation of cultivation.

Illinois occupies the most ceutrni position of the Western
States, and comprises the most fertile se'tion of the belt of
land extending from the Atlantic Ocean to the Missouri
River, and including New Yoik, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Ohio. Indiana, Illinois. )lichigan; Wisconsin, Iowa and
Northern Missouri.

Unlike the States North of us, the productions are not
checked by rigorous winters,— nor is the heat of summer
o]>pressive. The lands West of the Missouri River gradually
and rajiidly decrease in fertility, till they blend with the
Great American Plain, and being cliiefly, if not solely adapt-
ed to grazing, can never compete with those of this State.

Tho lands bordering upon the Missouriand Kansas Rivera,
and upon the lines of the proposed roads in Iowa, have been
taken up, and are now selling at from $10 to $15 per acre,
although settlers have to pay heavy freights upon the trans-
portation of their agricultuial tools, furniture and goods;
and when tlieircrops are produced, llie extra cost of trans-
portation to Eastern markets exceeds tho cost of produc-
tion.

Looking to the future growth of our country, this State,
whichcouibines the most faviirable temperature with the
richest soil and n;cBt healthy climate, will for all time be the

groat grain producing district. It io full of mineral wealth

such OS Coal, Imn, Lead, Limestone, &e., and has already the
advantages of churches aud schools, of population, and of
the investment of capital. Moreover, there is scarcely a
county in Illinois which h.as not a supply of timber. The
southern section of the State includes at lea^t 2,1)00,000 acres
of the best (lualily of timber land; and the extensive pineries
in adjoining States, accessible by the Lakes, furnish Chicago
with an immenD<* quantity oftimber and lumber amounting
in 18.5C, to 460,000,000 feet.

Illijiois especially during the last ten years, has been rap-
idly develojiiug her resources. The population is now about
1,500,000 aud eighty millions of dollars have been expended
for Railroads; which, with the waters of the Mistisgippl,
Illinois River, the Michigan Canaland Lake communications
afford cheap and convenient means for the transportation of
her products to every market. About one million acres of
the Company's lands have already been sold, and many

flourishing villages evince lie rapidly increasing prosperity
of the country. 3nch is the facility and economy with which
the^e lands ca.-x be cultivated, that in two years farmers can
readily surround themselves with all the comforts of old set-
tled farnvs in the Eastern ^States; and such is their fertiliey
and productiveness, that property purchased at from $6 to
JiiO per aTo at six years' credit and three per cent, interest,
can be fullypaid for within that time, together with all the
costs of improvements, by ordinary industry, from theprofits
of tho crojis.

Although it is evident that lands in tho vicini'y of railroads
in Illinois willadvance to $50 or oven $100 per acre within
ten years, yet the interests of this Company are more advan-
ced by placing their property in the bands of farmers, to set-
tle tho country, relying upon the business of the road for its
chief profit, and to enable it to discharge its obligations ;to
the State. These considerations induce the policy of rapid
sales, which hrve been progressing aud increasing for two
years past, and will be pursued till the lands are finally
disposed of. No encouragement is given to speculative pur-
chasers, as the Company does not wish to dispose of any of
its lands except for rctual settlement and cultivation It is
evident, therefore, that the best interests of settlers can no-
where be as well promoted as by purchasing and settling
upon these iandj

For information as to price, terms, etc. apply to

JOHN WILSON

Jy29-dw6m Laud Comm'r I. C.R. R. Co., Chicago, 111.

KUilNS «Si IIAINF.S'

rREJfiiiJjfi nRiEEs:

THE BEST NOW IN USE.

THIS DRILL TOOK THE TWO FIRST
Premiums at the late Stiite Fair of Illinoi-, held at
I'eoria; also at the State Fairs of Wisconsin and Ohio. This
Drill will sow }yheat. Rue. Oals, Barley, Buckwh~Mt. Rice,
Hemp, I lax, Tiviothj/, Cbn-er and Miliet Seed, yiiihont any
ch.ango of fi.\ture3; can be i,;.;ul'\te<l in one minute to sow
any qUKnt'ty ur kind of Seed. Warranted for durability and
workmanship.

Good and responsibl- a{;ents wanted in every county in the
Stat^ Circulars sent to any adilress. Those wanting drills
should order early. ' Apply to

B. KUHNS &. CO.,
mar20 FCm-wlt Springfield, Illinois.

■r^-

- ■'" ^Sx^A-

VOL. III.

SPMNGFIELT), SEPTEMBEH. 1S58.

^^0. 9.

i>i

i i

i !

1 1

1 1

! I

|i

THE

PUBLIiSISED MOXTIILY,

flltolf #ii!iMi,

Baillincho (Kj Baker,
Joiinml E:iil.:lii;?s. - - Spriiigfichl, Illinois.

'*—

S. FRANCIS, Editor.

<«,. .

rrnAis of subscutptionv

One cojiy. ono year, in .tclVHnce ;il 00

rive co|iieP. ' •' ... ii v.'j

Ten " Aiul on" t.) thi^ person gett'ng; uj) club 7 50

Piiicin copi."3 .-..I.] (.v.r . F-:hr. cents each. ai"l .ine to jHTSon
gfittiiii; iij. cliUi.

CASH r.VTES <.F A')VT.KII«IXO :

Ouo Ocliar per g'luarc often lires. eacli insKrtion.

Concrete Buildings.

Tliere are ftiany localities in this Stiite
v.'liere concrot;e ))uild!n^s can conveniently
h: erccto'3, — A^ the Heees.-.ory jiiaterials beina:
i:e .r ut ii ■i.l. It is oli^ini^d for dwelling-s
mjulo of coiicr:^:, ],; t w.ey lov, «n1:;:tantinl.
^varm in nintei- and :■)'.! iu ^^aiiinicr. heoltli-
fiil. and -nur/h Jif-!jior tiiaa Jio:-e of tidier
wood or brick. AVo rind an urticlo ia i-fl-i--
f^nee to concrpfo dwcdilnus ia tlift \Vi.-;eou=iin
Fa ■n>c,\ \Vu\Q:i\\-(- belvove, fivM the atien-
iloii \.-c ]n!ve bt'pp i'.ble to d':vote to the sub
.l"ct vi'iT iVv]\- cm; ijmres the cost ::nd vnluc;
of.^uca dwellin-.'S wihi others mad.'.' 'if brick
ai.d ,{Oj'J :

fr.".Tn ; 1? ^''i'-cnri-h' Vavn. r.

Ti:.;: cc>>;i-Ai'/.ri''-;. com /'T. vat,; k oj-

"VV e now piveeed '^^ fnM!|iart^ th.* vi'-iou^;
niateriai' fur I'-e Aval'^ v^f farin b. uldit;,.;;; riid
in doinj/' so, -wil] adii].*. oui- (jwn fanr incaliiy
'nith its circu'iistaiK-e.-: iSi'd j Tiff s :.^ ;i o;:S!«
o^'c-dca^ition, lea/mr i*^ i\,i- (,l':cr.s ,'o 'u'o<l.iiv
fir cha-.n^e tJioir c^fmi-te . and :'t,-;iil?s a^c: rd-
int^- lo iMjy dIffureiKc i-t circilinsia.ices that
luay suiToiind uioiu in tho.r own re.'pec'ive

ber market within four miles; all of which
circumst-anees asruvc the variou> materials, at .,
least at medium fair price?.

For the purposes of our ill astratiou then, i
let us assume to croct the walls of a house 20 =
bj 36 feet square, being about a tair size Ibrj
the main part of a common farm houiKe, and !
20 fi^ei l)igh above the basement wall, whii-h \
admits of iwa nine feet stories in the (dcur, ;
which will also do verj^ well for a country !
farm house. '

In prcsentinji: iheaccompan^dn^xestlmatt's, I
of prices of materials and work, we have
aimed to get them as neatly correct Ju- possi-
ble, bv conferrinir with those v,ho are con-
stantly building, with the tlivee first men- 1
tioncd kinds of materials, as well as e^icrcis- 1
ing our own tolerably oxpeaenced juda-ment ';
uptm the matter. And in this connection t
we wouid say. that we have budt, several of i
each, of the different kinds oi" buildings ofi
which we are talking, audin several diffen nt i
localitie.sj hence it is not mere guess work I
with us. And in this Compaiison. we wisk ■
it fully understood, that we ; re ociv aiuiir'Li- '
to i<iw\\- the comparative co.^i. of nierelv t':e
outside w:dls of a house, bidlta-; \: sbuuld b -,
of thcoe diij'erent kind* Gi'matevi^ii-: all ..t'.^^i'
pans' of tlic house are .suppo-j-d f.. oo:t t^ e
same, of whichever matcTial huiir. Our -i^- ,
ures on the matter arc as :K>llovs :

Cost of the outside walls o''a bui'ldii.g .' '•
by 8<) feet square and JO f .u high.

BRICK WA'-LS C Tni: 8.iMK FL..E. ' t

5'i,<X.'n brick at kiip §5ptTHl ,

Drawing Ji .'lO \ifil<\

Sl.WTi'.s r.riceiV'r fuinis:.iuz> vt.'i"Mi.iri5.uj

per 'f

l''lf-t>f >;ttu(;i,i(.3 and il!s -or lio^-'a: ti v'

per fonL..... _,

I'lif^rZ w:it.-.r • .bio ;it I'^c ,!^i fo^t... ;

irL-id t;»^'}er? nnr.y.-^rs. far '^e. &<■...... ....

'.\ii;'

up :-^ -
l-t'i'-

^r '

.^•-^'j--

■■■> t.

I. ,

pvjce.-

of !

localities. Furtber, in esri.nating
'uaterials or labor, we sliall aim to1)c govern-
ed by customary rates, instead of any extreme
of high or low m-ie.'s. .Let us further pre-
mise, th:.t T^M> h^ve good conm.on quariy
stone., sand a.»l uvar.d. :d! n:,,jn our own pre-

nd-c.-; ^.)..d lime bun/t within a mile; brick
W'thin two ana a half mile.s. and a pine luiu-

^voQU Er■^,.IiI^V'•
5.1^0 (cet .irini.'.'ii; ir :>nd .";teciti;;f'l:>ar(U
4,0; ') feet fiiuihii : unn eiicWsJTj!,, Irru'. r. j

i .- ai iX,.,.':^. .........!:

F? *ra ■"■.rrciitcr an'! jiia r •nor!'. : i .vc >d

!-'"Ct:ii.,:\il.', .te.

Kxtrn ] fiii..lini; .- ri r .. aick or^uue

T.tivl .... r'.f.

A balloon frame wouM cr.>t m ;.: SDU i>
875 less ui ptice.

GRAVKL OR COXCRETK nLIf.DI.XG. i

Gravelaud stone forwal! to be drawn fr-n; '•
the nearest point (we hnd plenry of gravel, n
digging a ceriar on our preinises. ibr tiio wail
of building-.) th.^refort only costing ciii^ oiti-
ging and wheeiiug. For sucb .i buiidinL' .,.;
the one in question, it i.-- ab*aTt suth.deni
work for a team and man. to dig and dr^iw the

gravel, stone afd water, for a course of one
foot per day, upon a gravel wall, aud the labor
of two common hands will mix and put it up,
with the aid of the boss carpenter, to assist in
raising and adjusting the curbing plank, a
good mechanic being necessary for this pur-
pose in order to keep them true, and also in
order to place the door and window frames,
timbers, furring, blocks, kc. A good carpen-
ter F.ntl joiner can just about keep the requi-
site wood work aV^ng with the walls as they
procuress, with such a force as we have men-
tioned, bt sides rendering the aforesaid requi-
site .issistanee to tlie common laborers, mix-
ing aud putting up the gravel walls. Thus
rl,e ex^^ense of such a wall, is arrived at as
loll-^ws:

0nc-l;a!f tbe tim'. of a brwp hand, who by the ■Ray should
Im- a gooj .imi capable man. at the whole job, say »t

the rale or$2peruay .'. ^ '..., .$1 00

Tv7n f-ooil .joniujou ialiorera at $1 per Uay ........ 2 «iO

VeamauddriVM pi-r day Ju..... 2 itO

Makiup tbe ontlay per day for help 45 iO

Wii'.'U ttt a conr^pper di-j ot one foot, will require twen-
ty- .L'lvfifo pnr up the walls but atlfi four additional
d y*. Itr p^fttinp rt-,MJy. niucipc fimb^ iind otbew
»".'-.i>iv^.niii' th« time becomes twentj--fou|'ri«yB. vh'ch

ati^i !A> iLfTomy. !iDionntstp....« .^..wmm.,..., 41^-

.\do .'•.r }.'ii)Ii'M!u'i«nmeat 20c....;...... .....^._»<...„.... 30

Vo: s»t, je « !n':«i',i- «ud dojT sfJls, an 60 feet, at 40c.i».M:.. 20
Ca!>s.-ir. ; wH..<jrtH'il.' o'naiitted. ^

F'Mriri-;. •...ndtiuilHTR. tics, anchors. Ic „ 15

Hard flui: !:i!!2,iiud '■.locking of the outt-ide in imitation

of St. ce. iiic'a''i!;KRilinai.:ri:i>i- , 75

T.^Uh bs" >f lumber K-r-crrbing, c.iils. &c....... „.... 10

!,"seof to'.-i"!..... .^ 3

tVi.ele rost of Will's ^... „ $2?5

T]i«y being completed to the same point,
both outside snd in, for ue.s, as the stone,
brick or wood.

Unt to put up one of these gravel walls,
snbstautiullv and cheaply, is just as n.uch of
;i trade, and requires nearly as ifiucn skill,aR
to put up stone, brick or w.)od/ Hence the
>hron," tin*. Lia. bueiiordinrmly promulgated,
'■■■^,, Jiier:' fancy ^.liers, on tuc subject, thai
■nj 'ofly, ''V% .1 ctnVtnen farmers; and h.borer'',
c''"dd bi"i!d ,; ''gravel lioi; c," is t-t leas'- a
vcvy orro' enu 0;.c. r .3.} as we ba\e hvHjTti
^atfe^l, hj>.-J.^i:.ri: ,■ iLmsaud fe^intdenT:,r r,^.
tempit^ii^, :cdi h..T'^- residt'xl ^n ftomrcit mb-
tr0^-\)ii\ *ii p. .-.aic of t!io kii-d, i*s to raise a
gfcdera' tud iiio.<t ovonvhclmlng prejudice
against the whcle sy.^tem. vSuppose a con;
■. lou faruu 'T or iaboier should undertake to
put up a -t^ne or br'ck house, what kind of
a kok^ni' je^ would h-^ probably make, or
liow mud bcttoi would it stand than his
gravel Wi^.i" ^«u!. any better of course. No
bungiev.s nor ignoramuses;, have any business
wifh putting L-p gri.\c) w.iljs. without a me-
Lli.mic to * »S!- tIji '11, whi. know- hov^ t( pre-
serve a ^t•;nigi)♦ 0: porpenuleular line, and
geue-ully to put materials together as tiiCy

^a^^ ■

5^ '^

~>r

^

»-^— •■- 1.'-

131

THK j:r.x.i:srois k^raier.

pti.5tnrc.s ." siuODtlier a}»|ie^uc:ncf, r.nu in time
oraflifnting wild plniit:- so t] :\t :.,oo<:l pni-^sc.s
and whi'n^ c-1 vc.' may take tl'-^ir jh-.f"-. Fn
In this rt\'ireet, sli'.'ep arc ol cspcoi;:! vi.ln'^ !<•
rmstJiies en «uil-' too rtccp or f^noy j'.ir thr
plo/,-. li wud'.^y, the co-.i:-.«-r [.-m, > *' f ii--
^ia\, refui-r' 1 by nor?es unJ cow-, nri' voafUly
e'ltcn by sheep, ■while othor >:(ofk\sill !;(U('---
."lly out mo>7i of f]j;it k)l't by tlicsf^aninuils.

yor Uupo rcayons, lUiiuiiL;' others, no ;ii";i»
!i;e i:irm should be without :;t lo;'st a iju?!'
tiock ofshoop — r<>r ii ha.s bo^n I'ound tbnia.-;
many ";it:io and i..»r.o': can bo l-onl v."i'^" :.-
Avitliont tiicru, ;.iul v.uh'^^u rKyiujinv tj tliC
f;u'm I'lr othov puvpoi^cs. A inv.dl li:>!>:, \v-
f:aid — pcrhn'i-5 1'.air a dozen * > i ucll I..':-.; ::! 'i
cow, ■would be tlie piOpev ii!] vrl . >:;. \
va.icty of eivcu!n>i;:!!Ci.:5 ■wo'ald infiu'iM".- ;h.s
point; sucdi ns the cdiarr.cter ol tin- [ristui'a.-'''
and the pro; -..rtio:- of the .<a5.'ie fl'ted cnr! di, -
pir."b!o ior tihue.

2. t^!u-j. ( nii'-i) l;;:id by th.> iii;;!iu'"i;' ' a'
of OODsiuMid.ie OH iiti'it •; c''ex'--.''i; v.v\".-

:ip-^.-'i;-,-^v^i<v,>'

- ■ V^,»'' • ■'-■' ■; •".."■■■iii.viy'i/'' ' . ■. ■•■■■/£■■'■ V

urt

A iarii't

loiir i-x'rv\'-rM

!iet.

,-lU'ep :f
id-

'i' '■

n-i- I

th'

b-sbaO n-). [''wu^iit ibeve w;:.- no a; n'li'e i-'j
fertilizlLi-j: a: iii.!'t r.t' sheep, a;.d (ni'v.hieh
theic is liO duubt) that none, drooped by fiie
i.ninuil \i]ion the land ^ufTeied ^o bti.c by
wasto IVoiii exj'usure. A Gerii, in r";;';'vllu-
ral writer ii; < caicuhitcd tlr.it ibe ur< i"'iiri;;:?
from i.ae t'. 'U.^and :-bei'p (aiviv.' a .-i:t;':a-
ui'vlit, ■'.vniiid niaiiiife au ;u;ii.' . "du' I'MiiiX icr
aiiv erop. Uy a^u.;:; a pui'Lable i' ue.', r.nd
laovinu' the«iHiie ■Ircni tinir m utac. ;■ i.M'iiJei
miirht inanu;c f distaui: fie! 1 \v\'i)
lc'^> esrtOiiso iha'.i iba: oi" cai.ia;' a
inu barn inaiiure.

Th<-' value of .heap to ihe i;;!i:;i
onhancpd ].v duo atter:tiori b
Larg^. floc'ii-^ kept tof^eibcr vw ><ei '■'■■■u p.'...;
able; while small assor'ed f.iie'.:- todays jv^y
well, it' i'fd i 6 they .should be. Tu ;:.'t a l.-u
iltocc ul'wool and largo heahi:;-, iauilis tiO..
poor neglected s]u'ep,isiuip(Hsibh'. it i?
trut^ that the t'-:pease of keej-iii-^ i = o-'tea
k-'st ■?\-ith the floe ks that art ;d-w:.y- ueir ia
goi'd eo'udition. The eye and ilio'a.ditd' '.\\ ■
oW'icr arc far i..ore iicee.<<?ary Jh>;n !..;■'. e aid
ivezula/ ^upplio-^ of iuddfr. ]/' v i.-;'.i;; ci \'" '
flock and -lu'lier, with vjraw ar^d ;:H.'le;.'-.i:i!.
will orii.g tb:nn il'.''oui:h to i;pvi!!:j.p;:?tri.;e.- iii
far beftej erd,;- rhoaif kept u ■ ila r, v.iiii
double latiou;:- '.f h\y, oae-hal*^ui vi.iJi i.-
was*ed by the stvou,i,--:fr auiuiul..- vhiLtlie
weak of the tlock pick up but ■,\ !.i aaiy bviut'.
tiud ofientiuies I'ai. to ^et that th.-uii^h the
whole, winter.

We coninicud thib j^abjoct to thoiuuj-id- r-
ation of our cone.-.pondcutj — it is o;;j wlueli
need.= greater attention on the p.irt ol • h^: farm-
ing pablic. — Covntri/ Cenfh'waii.

Icg^Mr. Ahx.",adOi Hendcr<ou, of xs'ew
York, prof'e.'ite.s to have dl:?covort'd the cause
and cure of potato i' ^t. He sa\ s i he destruc-
tion 1= the work of an in.-ec^ — it cMtor,- the
2;rouul ard liiv.=: it.-. eu:u.- on the pe'iatj —
tlieac hrttc'.i. }>eiforate and pois.jn llie pori!e.
and when it.-^ \vin;^< ej-pcar.-j, leavf tlie ruei'd^
The potatoes are b'lb.-eqncutly de:~ii-eV' d 1-y
rot. lii^ eKpen'ioiiCe cual'lc-^ hii.i u --ih k
with cei'.aihi}'. Tu do.^t.'oy tho v-rj.i, (("uiek
linie ruudt be >pTinkle(l over tlieiii when p.e-
parea foi ph.ntiu-. (:'">

\{M- .:> P.': J. :■:. ui!Ov;y. ij£i'.i,iN, iLLixoi.;.
-•! vv i' 'iCi;e i- a ii>'hi r^ ii; lulved April,

i^>'; u' I by ib'ouder, (3

"VC,

MAY DA CUE.

-Alilkniaid, by Aceidenr. (191;) 2d dam, Lady
M'Allistei-. by Pontiac. 121, (4,784;) 4th
dam, the Iniporicd Durham cow

Ut d.:ni,

.> ■ I . 1

i'roprtuiitioii of Hiiuis by ('iillincs, etc

('::(fi/:i/s are p; ris ei ]ilant,-^ wliicb posses,^
;;u'iie;t lit vit:d loree lo .^^tjil-e rout and gruw,
( u': ell' ii'cun :.ll eonncetioii v.ifh the main
1 !a!:t. A liaiiiarey:iniple i.-.^ viilow.ofwhich
'■ 1- vl't.. n t)ld thai -^ ine fainnu^ Irce sjiMut-
ed iiLiiii a ridln<i-wi!ip;;fuck up in the .L;round.
Cn\\ ' -^, iiirnnit: iind 'juOoeberries .rjn'oii* al.--o
iiXUi ca'iiii'j^. a.- d(> i-'auiy :d.>o maay delicate
!'o\,eiii,L; j'l.uit^. i-i^uuie. indeed, wlueh are
;'.->;i:dly i'n»]t:.:i-;ited by layer*, are j:rov."n very
v.vii tieia ^.i'i; > or cuttings', the kiyerina pru-
ce-. It in., i'ivii-rred b'.'cauj^e a sell in uiiieh
uaj~t lu'althv r> fts is aot ai-

rii ,' Ju;>.-.e ill'
i \v;r..- !';; , o.id..;e to tiieir nio>t rapid gruwth;
I :tiui il li'e \«ai:;i.'; [,'Liiit regains ("iiO'.eted
j we.:: tL. T^i.i'eiit. '•.Ntool," il iiiny be \ery niueli
V >. J'..!l!;.-. .'^i'^'uhl, where it; i., pv.u.'-
e eiil ;il .; Mi'alion el' r he l;:-l Vear'.S

iti'i'e^i

ii:

1

j;,.'.,e,vi.i ^^■ull i,:at •.'! ttie year eciore, ';r ata.uy
la". ■ a ..;-,ei 'Ii e'il -ecuid be naah' luueevli-
,;ul\ '^■■.\)\: -^ ]ti:i:i; Ie;ve aiioi'' a third p.uT

iji '-"o iiaiiiral i'i;ii.iL,e, an-J cut e'.i ILO re.-'t,
having ^-liiiri siemj. It' the eutting ha.-;
bi'en^itli ei.eier!;, ]ai-;i it intu th'^ earth, and
pack ti.e e;.r;ii : ruu.id it, anti, hriv.cvev ^et,
the earlii .<L;. d'* b.' in vi ry inliiiiute ee^ntuci

with the

'1'

ur It Will uui sti'ike. Cuiiiniiri

efplaeto V. id'di btviko easily Uiijy be set in

the ( p. Ml -reuud. It IS best tu fcuicct f. plaCC
a bttlo shaded, and <'0 er with aa inverted
liov.-f-p'it w'lien the sun .shine.: hut. —
"\^'itli cuttinLi V, iiieii it i- diiricuit to

ni.ak- >i!ik'-

er \;i!:eii. n x.^ very ii,"pur-

t;.nL i'j u.a.^e Ine, ir j> Lc-t tu .'^. L itie'u in
(.:^iS In ei.i h, ."t "1- i:':;ir lieJ bette.l., aaJ

•igai;;-!. the ^iiie, t!>en idi lip aa iiich ^_)•: inure
^\Itll i.lti.e .-aad. :ii;d i .)\ei' v.illi ;l (Allghi.-. .
'[ a> 3 sliuuhl be LepL e-.in<ta!itly uiui'-t, bat not,
V... t. I 'luei' a bvii (ii- ia |.ut.i uiider cuvei",
liK v ..a;y ije (.L;i.\ed (.':'nu.iie i'llaiL''.'.

\i i:. aMvauti'.ge.ai.- wiili iiiany cn.'iing.-? that
t\\\'^'^ '■"•■"ily, to let 'hciii st;iiid a lew (hiy:5 in
a; .'er j^revlou^ lo beuiiii: liiemeut. llweuld
.-^< e!u ibe ibriJiatioa <.l t!ic &riongiile> er inci-
pient ruuts tako3 place niore readily wiieu it

water (.f]nk>warni temperature, such as it
v.ill ac([uire in a warm room or in the sun.
.\othinc like docny or discoloration t^hould
tike ph-iec.

In setting eu tings, a single joint below the
snrfiice i.s us\udiy enough.

A di=tincti(ii'. i.s niadie between slipp pnd
cntling.s, slips boing t;utkcr.s stripped off from
or near the roo;, and usually set when the
sap first moves in Spring. Plants of the pink
family, or havivg that habit of growth, are
neither cut iu,y :?tripped to obtain settings,
but pulled apan v.t a joint — hei'cc the term
j)'p.s nr ^dpiug^ i.s giv:ni to the parts thus
ubiaincd fur pn pagatio;.. — O/'iio Furtner.

Kilitor vf ih, Ji'f.'uots Fiinwr: — AVe have
all h.eard agrca' deal about tlie celebrated
hui.-c-tiuner. jIi'. llarey. v.dio has astoniidied
t'le work! Iiy bv ngingthe most vicioushorsc
'••unplet.ly undt r his eor.trol. 1 have always
i^iul a U'>ire of v.'itin s>lng the system prac-
ticed, and beio'- in daekiu)i\ille. tliG utlier
day, had the pl.a.-ure r.ot only uf gratifying
my curiosity, bt t of obtaining iniurmation in
reu':'rd :o I X''.- .nj horses, which every far-
mer sh'.niil be ].es<-::.-..sed oi. The sy.stem
practice I b, .'I •. Warren Wright, of Ohio,
i.s tlie S':;me a.s that of Yir. Karey. now in
£iii:h.nd. By liie syste.ii } m can fiioraplctely
subdue ai'd th^rouLdily break the wildest
l.iafc V. ithin an hour. .dr. AVright practic-
ed Upon an au d mule, which had never
been roile (jrAV.-rke'i, ;:nd had been turned
out aa of no va^'.e to th'^ owner, fn a short
tiuio he had thi mule ^-o eoiuplctely broken,
that a little boy n.d.'it ihrough the streets,
and the mule Ji: .•< been working kindly ever
.-ince. .1 am nut :it libertv to give this great
secret te the ]>ublic. bid is it not to the in-

ter' .-t of iverv 1 'a-ui'.

l.i learn it?

A I'AK^IEll.

-.«.-

1 liiul Itjlfhfs.

Mr. F'litnr ;--\ have seen notices in the
papers relative to ditches made with what

^■^'■.■^tK^- -■

•yp'-.

^1?^

«-^;:;^i^;:-'.^^.-:^.

THE ILLI]SrOIS FA-RMBR.

135

I

I ■■

was called thf> "Mule Plow/' Theso dii|]-ies
are three feet under the surface, and the
work is done by fastening the plow to a cut-
ter, and forcing it through the ground at that
depth. What I want to know is, whether
these ditches have stood the singular wet
season just passed^ and whether they are an-
swering the purpose they were designed for.
I am satisfied that the ground must break
away near the mouths of the ditciiej. but
this evil can be remedied. I Jiopc some one
of your readers familiar with these ditches
will give ins experience to the publir-. Wo
cannot yet afro;-d tile dnnns. If the mole
ditch answers the purpose, it is what we want;
for I think these ditches can be made with-
out great expen^^e. -T. \V.

Our Staplps— Wiiiit must tliey he'

E'^'ror Fann'r: — 1 see ^h?.\ y-'U are dMivji
on the cjinvatiur. of wi o^t a< a s''a;>ie ci'uy.
In Certra' Ilhiiois. I own (hat the jji.st hii^-
tory of that cr'"^p iw.V'-\ i-' e;io-;.2h to uiscour-
age u.s in growing it. ^\'c haveijad misny Ikil-
ures within my oxperieneo. Sometimes it
has been attributed to dry winiersand freez-
ing out; sometimes to dry falls, when the
seed would not germinate; and sometimes to
wet springs, which would drown it out, or
otherwise foUowed by hot woather, which
would scald it out. All these things are
true. And :iiore. — that our farji:ers. when
they iiappened to get a good coj) and good
prices, went to vrork, boitght up wild prairie,
and sewed almost an oi.-eaa ol" land (forgive
the expression) in whe;it. A dry i'all and
an open winter followed, and the whole crop
was lost. 3'hey went to work the next sum-
nuT and again sowed wheat over their broi^d
prairie firy^s. and *he vet spring came aiid
iirlf of their crop is not worth cutting — ^and
tlie price of \/hfat is to-'' 1 w to pay the cost
of makiiig the crop, "acli .-w it i.-:.

Yott ask, what is to tje done.' You j; v
raise stock — for this i>; a great corn growi. !^
and grass producing country. TiiaD is right
— give more attention to .stock, raise more
grass and corn: — but I add more — Do not
give up the cultivation of wlicat. Far;ners
can makt! whe-it if Uiey will cultivate thor-
o'lgldy. 'fhat mm is wild wlio expects as
a general thing, to got unifurmly good crops
(^n our fiat praiiics, ■vithout making provision

£■

lor '^rMTying off uu- Hoods of water th;tt iail
rpon liieiii. Colli vi'e join- land thoroughly
— ;vni iMf. ^ultl-ation C) !i,.rces thi- ?;<'ees-i
iy of fii!ehii\u. .•-a that w tcr wioeh iallsupon
your grounds .v"f! not rtand there, but rnr
ofi. iirt few ncrcs \\11] b'2f.iu'\l where this
ditching wi'i not be effectu.^1; — if 3'ou have
Pre'! grijiicds, anu tl-er • is no way 10 draiu
them, hut '.he vat-'r mast stand upon tliu
^heni tHi It c*apor; tes. the best, thiiig you
c^n do with thut land is tc put it into grass.
Now, I beliive that if our moderately roll-
ing prairie is ditch'>d ,;nd drained, so that
water will not .stand upon it. and the soil is
plo-.ved deep and well, the weeds buried deep,
the laud thoroughly drained, rnd tie scxi
whea^ drilled in car!y in the so:isou, the
wheat crop wd! scarciiy ta:l. Do you know,
reader, where a wheat crop in Ceiitnd illloo'.-
has tailed with thi.-i ticatm -iit? I .v;h-il! still
sow wiieat. — but i shall j.repare Uiy gruund
better i\r\n I h>.ve yet dune, — I sluifT dr dn
it; I shall bury the weeds deep; I shall plow

deep: I shall drill in the seed; an<l I. shall
put the seed in eavlj. I shall depend a lood"
on the nroper cultivation of the crop for suc-
cess, i intend to do my part, as far a«< my
strength enables me and my judgment directs,
and 1 shall not put as much ground into
'.^heat this fall us usual.

Farmers of moderate means cannot go into
the raising of cattle, hoi"«e3 or mules largely.
Three vearsis a long time for thotu to \x■^<^.
to ntature a crop of these kinds of stock.
Hogs promise better. A small farmer can
soon got a stock of hogs, and if he turns hi.'
.•ttention in that direction, he nniy, with in-
dustj-y and care have a hundred head to sell
every fall; and a hundred head .>f fat hogs,
even at §3 per lUO lb.?, vrill brlnga tro d deal
of money — and besides this income, the sup-
port of h^'s family can be made from otiier
produ'-e of his farm. I like youv £iiggestions
'hat niooev ciu be made in g/ov. tjg wool.
T'ie wool gr.:\vMrs in this county have v-cd-. |
n.oney— wool i- jiow at compa:' ilvo'v borf . !
prices thaii ^a^ otiicr prouucc, A^l i!;e ^-.^ •
penses of raisiog sheep can be paid by the-,
iucrcase iu lambs; — that is, if the sheep and
profit, ^o say erperienced wool growers; —
lambs arewell taken care of and the wool is f^-iear
gain but no man should undertake to keep a
flock of sheep who has no experience in their
m n g-ment. If he docs, he willnndliim.self
woViL-8 oil' at the close of the year th;-n wheat J
iarmcrs who undertake to grow whentoii Icvc'
or basiny prairie land, half plowed and half
harrowed.

•'DON'T GIVE UP THE SHIP.*

n:'ura li t for our third annual exhibition
ind fdj-. to be held at Carlyle, October 13th.
14th and 15th, 1858.

1 acliuowledge the receipt of two bundles
of the .State tfociety's premium list, with
sorne bills, all of which 1 have distributed in
diff"erent parts of the county.

The farmers of Clinton, (to use a common
idirase"! hive begun to think that thev are
some dJivliow, tnd are d' termined to show it
by their actions, if you will take improvement
lor pruof.

Oo joti recollect that club spring wheat
you sent me last spring? 1 sowed and kept
It, sad i am feeding it to my Bantams; it is
too small for the Shanghai.';. No kind of
spring wheat has done any sood here this
year, and I am satisfied that it will not pay
io .sow here.

Tb'^ wcat' '?r is orpressively warn;; the
i'ltieury ha.s ^-i-'od i)i toe shade from 8S° to
'Hi-' 'brtl'v' I ■■:' .en days at ^ o'clcck.
Yv :::■. rc^t'pecdidlr,

0. L. NICHOLS,

CV J-, .'-'ec. Clinton Co. Ag. Society.

J

Caelile, Aug. 12, ^'^'^'^
Editor of rlie Fitrrairr: — Vvo comnjencc'.
our wiicat harvest on the 2iJth of dune

.-I.

'jotit one month sooner than last y:>ar • and
we hav<? more than an average cn.ip, and niorr

V..,

I wheat tiian we had last yi'

vjat.s

vevv liir; t. not r.^.ore tlian half a cr.:;i .iud
!)ght at that. Oats and late sown wi. a.'.
rusted. "We were ^as a general thing very
itite in getting in our corn, the season beir'T j
v^ry wet from the last of April to the loth of j
Juno. The prospects are that we sh:'ll ha\e
plcLty for home confuniptiuu. and in iI.l
w'-'.-stern purt of the eouuLy (^Loukirg Ghi^.^
Prairie) a large surplus. i\)titoes a-- grr i
or i'etter than cordmon. and all well ce!t^' n c
gardens hnve produced an abur.d.mce of V'ro-
i^?st and largest kird. ('j!
ond crnp io my i^arden bie.- iai;

Tire Farm Locomolire.

EiUfor of tJif Farmer: — I have heard it
said and s. en it stated in papers that there
were machines bchig made in Albany, Day-
ton, Galesbu''a' and 3lo!inc, designed to com-
pete for the premitUii e.f.ered by the State
..IgricniiMrai ^ociety ior a farm locuino^'ive.

The inachine wanted, I suppose, is one
that v.'ill do the duty o.f horses, mules or oxeu,
in h.tulinc unm the farm, whether it be the
plow, drawing waguu loads of wheat, Com,
wood, rails, !oo:s, — whether it be to draw
piowa or other instrr.mcnts for ditching. —
toniii;h power Ibr thrashing, for cutting
.:h:r::.t oa:^^ gt..' aod thelike. :

if .vach a oiachiae can be invented and
mad? to pe'ibrn '■: idveu qdantitj of work at
less expense <^}ian brute power, it will be a
rreru ac-utHeiucnt — aQcl -will Scarcely rank

ochind

sieambi:>at or the tclGgmnh. It

tables of tL

crnp io my .„

^T•iil make ouv Illinois lauds a garden from
ir,e end of tL- iSiate to another.

<>n it be done? Cciu such a locomotive,
^0 arrcnpllsh these cbj^cts. be perfei-tcd.''
it may l'^. \'iewing .>ome of the improve-
n.t-iTs '.nd tt^s ovcries for a few years past,
it will scire lyb.^~sai"i to limit the power
ar, i geniu: ..•' m.ai; — stlU. fko the tliousana.s
' I '■ f'l sa-T Fuitoa "irork on his steamboat, I
1^ 1 ".I ' nevoid uIoib; — M.-t thrt b,-cauf5e J de.sire

^ut beeau ^e my judgment corupcls me

an aven-ge yield.) 1 can rais: ;> croj -A] to'.
onions and f.jllow it vritli a err .> i>f be- 1,- thv' \ tn '■ t
•^ame ^ear, and a crop of pe.i> iind fobov.- 1 et. I xcjoice at the propof.ition L.ade by
with turirrs, and I follow uiy ca"ly potat,.:o j t.^^ .v-.tL.e ooeietr. ft l= a great ..ffer for a
ground with late cabbage. -.-eat objeet. And 1 shall 'go to Oentralia,

There is very little sale foranythinn- X^. j y f;,^. ^^^ other purpose hut to sec the Far-
1 wheat 8U cents, corn So cents at tiic ciiii, ■ ujcr's l.ocoi.ivtivos, which I am told will be

and tliere is a good deal in the country j | exhibited there, A. DOUBTER.

)ats coliimand noui 3'J(tt,40 cents pci bush- 1 —

Oats coliimand noui d'J(a..-iV cents p
el. Potatoes from three to live bits. 1\
.-alo for cattle, horses, sliccj or ho2"s. K
mers get no money; don't want much; ?uird
tunes for those that do w. nt a little

-—*-

riii-

r^%jt is said that fuschias can bc preserved
";i the greuiud through the winter. They
iuj..-t be covered ".a the fall with leaves, lit-
AVe are all making pr«p".r:'":ons to cansp j t."r, straw, saw-dust, tr^n bark, kc, to the
at tb.e State Fair and take all t ir-t we ttu;dc ! ucpth of six or eight inches. The small
will be of any interest in otir possession, tor | |,,.„n.iji.s may be killed, but new sprouts will

eXidbition at Ceatraiia. : . • i 1 xv 1 * -ii

,-. ^ . . . cou-e cut i!i tne spring and the plant will

Irar county society is in a prosnerou.s ooii- ' in 111

ditiou. I Ibnvarded to your ivldress a ...py ; I'-come, in a short time, a beautiful bush,

of our Constitution and By-Laws, and pre- ; covered with flowers.

"^W"

^■'nymmr • -■flBe!"' •■ T^" j" '■J7'

■^J^If^Kr

^ "^[^'■"Wt^"''^^ TW^"- .

132

THE Il^JLIlsrOIS FA.RMEII.

tin^ on; tlicir heads being drawn lip. strike the
{ground vvith the whole weight of the burh-.
IlorrtPd thatbivTO iLeir heads drawn up tiph.'iy,
should not Lnve toe biitinsi on more than fifteea
ov tA.'cnty minutes rt a time.

now TO BP.r.AK .. noE-F. VRov ticA'^iN'';.

It ib (\n established rule iii nhilosophv, that
there is not au eiiect witacui: a cause, and if
so, thrro m-ist be t^oae cause fur the scaring
of a hnrse. The horse scarea eitlier Irom im-
agination or from pmn. Nuw. it is a liW of
his nature, th;it ii y u will .onvir.ce lam that
unj ohjecc will not hurt him, there i-; no dau-.
ger ftf his flc:ivinj; at it, no nc.ttcr hc".v l'ri2;lu*
ful it may be lu appearance. To esemplif^r
this, take a hov?'? that is* verv casil}- Ronrod uT
an umbrella; take that horse into a tigru f-tji.-
bie, wiiore you can ha\c his attentiun, take
l.im by ,chc bridle, and hold the uiid/ -ella lU
your hand ; wlion he first look ' at it he will l^o
uf/aJu of it, and ii he could iic would j^onn ho
om of it.3 reach ; 'mt bold it in V'luv hand, h-t
him look nt it and tcel it witn i:is nose ., fo'.v
minutes, and then you cau open .i'' 1 slun it a-
you piease, oooiisionaiiy 'tutiui; mm foi.» ;t v, rii
his uoso, and soua ho will cun; uuih.tif^ uh i;f
it.

In the sai;jo uianuex you ca:i bicik' tiry
hor^'C frum fearing at thiii;:-" tjiut iTi;iy Imk
fiio;htful to him — lorre, stamps Vy iiif^ rt;:;d.;i'!c.
or j'B^'thiug that you may wi.«h I i mr-y on liiiu.
If you v.i!?h to make ii tual of this ihoi.ry, jah'.
tak.'» a horse into the siaolt", and kt him ex inl-
ine ihe frightful object a lew nilnuio- after hih
mode of exuiiiinina; 'hings, and j'lUi wil! be p^i-
fect'y satisSo'i. We liave U-i^nl hi>r.«Oj t'ui'
■ftould not t^uf'er y.-.u to take an unibrcli; v..!
them eLr.t, at.J in iiftoon minutes duld tfien
and shut it at pleasure, and Ihey wmuld pay ro
attention to 't. There is .soaiethiL;r peculiar in
the iiorse, though ii ia bucdusc hu lias n»,'t the
faculty of rea.-oning. You '"'in take a;i u!ijfi;r
that ho is afrall 'if, take it only du cno sidp,
and, CIS sonn as the other eye b'jl!.-.lilrf it. v,-'i,l }.<>
afraid unnl ha loiik.s at it and u>ai;hos it with
his nose; tiieu he will be broki n on ijulii -^idi >.

n^W TO IIAR>E9'? TUK (Oi.T.

liou T.Iiould, by fll raoans ha^c youi- h^'.r-
nees in«do to £t yor.r ii:.r.-!.'", e_-poc ally ihe
ool.'ar Hundreds oi hor.ses have b< t-n spuiei!
by coilnvs that do not fin uh ttiey should. A
liitln nttoniior, to this matter b'dl.rehaml v-ii.
facllifate you" pron;reFS vory n;i cii. r.n.
Toui' harness into the stable; ;'0 tl)rai;:;ii tK'
ciitLie proce-'; tiiat you dio v it'i th ^ .-'f dilc, lei
ling the c-lt exaniirjt- yoU.- hjrne.-N .laisfa't.j!-
ii\; thou put it nn eareluUy; and iftGi y';L; huvi-
it <\1' c^Utplele, fUt on y ur linc.s: iiac tiiom
goiitly, as 11''. i.H raihor ^kirti^h, uu'il he is u^ta ,
to thciii a i'ttlc; tl.ea lead hiui b:..-k uai fjitii i
in ihe .-'table until he does net.-;, i." to i..i'j
the fittln;r oi' the ha'iie>3 to bis body; then takt
}iOld of the end of tho fracos an 1 ;iuH .-ii^jilv
at fiist, lucroasing y<ur strenirtli mtil lie \\:\'
pull yon across ine sta.bleba_(.L aod torth; tlicn
hiich bim to whatever yju wi h hiiu lO jiuli.

TO niTCII UP XU£ LULX.

This shiHild he ilo;ift with j^real can* ion, hr-^;
.ottin^ hiui examiiiu the buggy or «-ulky in !ii
owri way oi ex.iminint; objecus; then u.rc'fulij
hite'i biia up: iiavmy e^eiythiti^ cai'>>, ler i;;ui
ttart the bn^t:;y empty, and puil th;i! ..t Ijil,. ii;
that M'ay; 'hen gi.'t in, and Ici. hiui take it slow
and he will not be near so ape to scire, and t>y
desrecs you will be making a good work
betisc.

If vou Tvant to !iave li horpe that v/ill be uus:
to poll, in i that, tiiinkj iiec^iuld pui! a nnai' -
tain, never twitch hiiu to anytiiinij: tnat ne can
not pull, and aiier he is used l-i pulluij; i.ojusi
ifair, krf tnat tie can pull anything Ltc i'i.<o i:-
alwayd has, a^u he does not knuw a'lyiiiii:;.;
nbrui his ttrer.;j;ih bejjnd his expericce.

THE Kl.vn Of Brr, AND HOW TO ACCCiiTtM A COi, C
TO iT.

Yon shoo Id use a laigt, smooth, souiflo bit,

go aa n"t to hurt ids mnuth, with a bar on each
side to prevcjit the bit from pulling through
either way. Tiu;, yiu should attach to the
head stall of y^«ur biidle and put it on your
colt wi'huut an}- reins to it, and let Liin run
loos" in a larire str.ble or sited '^ome time, until
ho l,ecomc< a little u ed to the bit, and will
bQfU* it without trying to get it out o[ his
mouth. It would be well, if convenient, to
rejicnt this S'.'vcral times before you do any
thii.g mure with the cnjt ; as soon as he will
bear the bit. attach a single rein to it, withttut
any marlin^'ale. Youshnuld also have a halter
on your cnlt, or a bridle made after th*^
fashion '.f a halter, with a strap tu it, so that
you can hoM or ii-ad him about wirhout, pulling
on the bit imiL-l). He i> now ready Lr the
saddh:.

iiO\> Xu Mul.Nr TJU: < ;iI,T.

Fir.-r, soothe l.li.i v.t!! on both suiei*, ab;;at
t!ie ^jnddlf*. and •ill i^V' r, uu il ho will stand
• idl wiliv.iit Jiu! iiit„', und I*: iiOt alVaid to sec
yon anywhrT'- aVouf h!)i:.

A'^ !^o('n as y^.o havo him thu^ gr'^ntlf, j^et a
araali ,'>'''Ci;. i^o'.'. c-ne i jot .v <''ght':ou incbes
in hei::hf. aiii sit it .ivjwr. i)y tiie .side of Ji.m;
itep lip en fhi-, raising yuuiseif very gently ;
hordes n.,cico every changi ci position ver^
closoly. a;id '<'^ vuu m">.;c to step suddenly on
tiie !)u)ck It vvi'iild lyo vcrr ait to scare nim ;
but by liusing your-eif gr.idu;illy on it, ho \>iri
r-o yuu wit' out beio'.!; ii-i 'btnnod in a positi'T
VI 'V ncivlv ti;c snme as Avaen you are on his
bn.-k.

A" suon as iic will l;o.\r ibis without ahii'in,
lUi'.io ill'! stirruji strap next to you, and put
y.'ur loft foot ^n'o ihf si;rrui>, and stand .square
over it, bMuin;', vuur knee against the horse
ami yur too cot, .^o ms nc^c to touch him under
liie sh.ouidor nitii tho loe of your boot, riace
y. iir r'tjlM Land on the front ol tne saddle, and
oil tbo op]' 'hi:?' side of yon, tuhing liold of a
pori.oii t [ til" mane and reins as ihcy lu.ng
ijo.-' ■> 'iver tho neck with Vuar h-'fc hand; then
;.;raduaiiy bcir your weigiit on the stirrup and
on yi ur rigoi hand, unul the ii(-r-« Icclsycair
wliol. wc;;iat on tlio saiidle. ilfpoat this sev-
eral time?, each time raising yourself a little
bljIiOi' iroi.i tho bkjk, uoiil ti.- will alloAV you
10 riiLsO your icg ovtr his en. up and place your-
itcit in llie .-addle.

I'Meri'

:ri'!>

;'.r

hi"ck I
id

ni.'Ulit iVolt'

p\-i;i,i. is very

CO great adv;i';ta;',et- in h.ivin^-a

i'lrs;, a tudi.len change
I'ot CO fnubton a you.ig
r-.c w.u. Iris i,>.\oi Ij^'ca handle.l. lie will
,,u- y u c.) waik up Ij bun i;nd stand by his
■,; .'(• n-.thout scaring at you, because yui' iiave
wir'cd i'.iM ia that position, but if you gel
down on y.."jr h.'.iids and l.f.v.es and crawl t'^-
>". -nl bim lie wdl bo very n.ucii lri_^hti'ned; and
t.[ on tlio sumo pr.UvipIe he would frighten ai
yoar now p,j--iiioa if you bad t!;e p .'vvcr to liold
w.t:ij-fk ovtr i.is t.i'.k without li-u^-hing him.
I I'cii, the I'li-i,: gic.it a'.. vantage of iLj block is
lo gialualiy ac^-usiom hiui u. that new pcs.tiou
■; \\liir;i r.e wiil s(C you when yoii ride 1 iiu.

iS. oou.ily, by the [irocess of icaonig your
•voighi ill (he stirrups and on your hand, you
can giaduaily ae:usi.,iu bim to your weight, .-o
.1. n .; tohi^i, on him by ba\ir.g him Iccl it al'
a"; -lie. Atid, i: tlio thud piaci', the b!' ok
r;c»; .c^ _', wU s ■ ihui VOU wiU ujl ii.ivc t'j make
a -^oi i'.g i;t on.jr i.o got on tiie h'oc' j Lat.k, but
Iroui it y"u cao ^r^a 'ualiy rai^o y.arsi If int>-

Ii I- .^-.d'lic'.

SfKEyitM KlL'CATlo.NAL L£.-cO.\".- IN UOi:b£ 'lA-

Mi.N'; — no'v To .--LiiOLi: a kic;.!-\ci uor:.e.
A hiciviaL; horse is the wi-r.-l kiad of a ho/.se
lo uudtTiake :o c^ui^due, ami iiivre dreaded by
on;'! than any ulaer: iinlecd, it w, uM noL b.'
t')o iiiu'-h to say i^iut tli'.y are K.nro Oreaded
tiiau ad liio other oad uud vicious hortca put
i.i;<;:lier. You olu.u hear the cxpres.-<iou, eveii
iioiu burse joc„eys thuusclvcs, "1 don't care
wJiat ha docs so Le doesn't kick.'' iSlow, a
Kicking horse ;-an be broken li-om kicking in
h.trncisi, and eifoLtuuUy broken, too; thougu it

•will require ^ome time to manage him safely ;
but oerseverence and patience by this rule will
do jk effectuall}". When you go to harness a
horle that you know nothing about, if you wish
to find out whether he ia a kicking horse or not,
you can asrctain that fact by stroking bim in
the tlank w.'^ere the hair lies upward, which
you can discover easily on any horse; just
stroke him d:)wn with the ends of your fingers,
and if he floes not switch his tail, and shake his
head, and lay back his cars, or some of these
you need no fear bis kicking; if he does any
or all ol thes.1, set him down tor a kicking horse
aufl watch hm closely.

\V hen you harness a kicking horse, have a
strap about lirce feot long, with a buckle on
one pnd; hive several holes punched in the
s;ra ; wrap t once around his leg just above
the lioof: lift up his foot, touching ibis body; put
tho strai) arc and the arm of hi.s leg nud buckle
it: tlien ¥>u can go behiri'l him ar<l pull 1 ick
•n ^ifp (r !oi" i; yni inus'- nor fear his kieMng
\.!.iu: ills f.M . is up, fur it i.-? irap-^-ssible for him
to <".o )'.. I'r- ctiro him in this way awhile, r.nd
!•■■> w Ai s;on f»a. j to walk on three logs. You
■diOii^d not i itrii ]\\v>. up until you hav? prac-
■ iccd idm w' h his leg up two or three times,
pull <ig ou t' e traces ami wahcing bim along.
Aftc; yru h: ve practiced him a few times in
t!ii> way, aik ; up his f lot as directed; hitch him
i"> Kiuiethiiii; and cause him to pull it a siiort
distance: thi -i take Idm out; cares.- him every
lifue you wor with nun. You will fiad it more
c;>nvi'ni::r.t It fasten up liij left forefoot, because
♦ hat is the sde you are on. After you have
ba<l nim hito icil up once or twice, you should
get a long strap: put it around hisi"ootas before
directed (above the hoof and bflowthe pastern-
j'dnt:) nut it througli a ring in your harness;
take hold o; it in your hand; hitch him up
gently, and if he makes a motion to kick, you
ecu pull ut. h.s foot and prevent it. You should
use this strap until y,»u have hiui broken from
kicking, whirii will take you very long. You
should hitch a kicking hor.^e by himself; you
c n manage him better in ttiis way than to hitch
bin by the siue of another horse.

HOW ro Ti.ACU A ;:ORSE TO FOLI-0'.V VOU.

Take liim nto a largo stable or shed ; tako
hold of t'.ie jndle or halter with your left
hand ; have a iong switch ir whip in your
rignt ; after cares^ip'; Jiiui a little, put your
right hand o or his t-liouider with the whip
oriei.ding l:.a'k, so tha*; you can touch him up
with .he whip, applied gently around his hind
■eg-. iStart Lim up a litth:', give him a gentle
.ap with tl.t whip, valkiug him around tho
stable, saying to him, "(Joine along, boy ;" or
call him by 1 is name, taking him around the
table a low tmcs, ho'diijg him by the bridle.
After you ha'o taken him around in this way
a lew times y. u can kt go of his bridle, saying,
'Come along, bey, ' and if ho stop, tap him up
With the v.ni: gently, and ia a short time he
will learn ib it you want him to ibilow you :
then gradually get before him, have him lo fol-
low 2, ou aroUiAl liio stable in this way a few
miuuica, thou he will understand what you
Want biru to d<j. Alter you have taught bim
to follow you ill tiio stable, take him into the
stable lot, learn him tc ioilowyou in that a few
aimuiL.'; ; the.; you can take hiai into the public
I'f.id or strec , and he \,iil follow you there,
.sad lu a slioii liuie lie v.dli follow you wherever
you want hu;^ to. iuu should often pat him
md ca.-css hiiu, -.'.nd give him to understand you
don't intend i« hurt him, and bo will soon like
ij follow yoi . Mvw o;tea get their horses
ifraid of ibcu , and k<!ep thorn so, and it is
[heir nature i ■ kcup .'. it of Uaitger when they
.ipprcuend it, d'lcr their manner of arriving at
J jiiclu^ions. fac .vay .:(u-ses arrive at conclu-
sions is gcuLiul.y from oxperieuce.

aOW TO TLAtil A IIOK.SE TO STAND U ITHOUT
UIT'.UINC.

After you liiive fought your horse to follow

f^/lpjf-?

'■m-

-:^^5--*-

THE ILLI]SrOTS F^RMEH.

183

ycu, Htiind hiui in the centre of lae stable, bo
gin at his bead to gentle him, gradually work
backward. If he moves give uin, a geutio cnx
■with the whip, aud put himbaciii.pon the same
spot from which he siarted. if Le stands
caress him as before, and con»Jiiue gc tling
him in this way until you can gf t ar.'und him
witb)ut making him move. I- eep As-i-lking
around him, increasing your p ce, and only
touch hull occasionally. Every nme ho moves
put him back into the same place; go stil far-
ther from him, if he moves give li'm a cut with
your whip place him back in th»; ^^amc lace.
If he stands go ♦o him fv>?q'ientl7 and invess
him. Do nut let him stand too Img. ^ut mnVie
him *b]'ov.- you arc and in tlio -taijie. "* siea
stand him in another place and vii.Hxcd :.- uc
foie. After yuu have him so tiuif li" will -tsind
in that stable, take him ur.i in the loc aud placo
him there, and in a shf It time you con place
him anywiicre witl'.nut hitching. You ^.iculd
not practice him lunger than half an ii'nu at a
time.

ON IJALklNG.

If you have balky hoT^(!s, it i.« ,'our fault not
the hor.»Ls'; for if they do not pull true, there
i"? some cau^e for it, ivA if yov will rr iore
the Cause the effect w;ll cease.

W.ien your horse ralks. he v excited, and
does pit knuw what you wau . liim to du.
When h" gees a li'tle •^xcitoJ, sfti i hiin flvj ov
ton minute.--; let him h? r;r'^o ci in: g") i • the
balky horse, pat liim, and speak :entiy t' liim
ar.d as' s'>on a.-. Jic '> over his ( ;ciiemei t, he
will, nin" case.- ou.'. of ten, puT. at the .vowi:
whipping and siasbingand sweai..'ip:onl_v anikr-
the n^att'M- worse. After yuu ha>o f.iothflhiin
awhile, and his excitement as e'-;u?ed liown,
tase him by < he bits; turn bim I'-vay as lar !i'>
you can; null oui the tonguf; ;Othe lim a
little; unre'n him; then step Lef le the balky
hoi-se, and 'et the other start, first; then yi^u
car rakt him nnv where you wi'^h. A ijalky
hoise is always high spirlte ', ao'l starts "uick:
has his pull cut before the oticr sti^rt?: 1»\
EtiindiDii; before him, the other starts too. By
close iipplication of tliis rale, you can mate any
balky horse pull.

If a horsB has been bad'y spoi'ed,youshould
L-.teh ijim to the puiptv^agoR and pullit around
while on level ground; then put on a iitil load,
and increase it gradually, caressing as I '^for('
anil in 'a \hort time you v.ill have a jjoud h^ r^.^,
that will work without troubling you

From tlio Knicker" nckir Maga;-itje.
CouvorsatloTi on Vegetable Fliyhiolo^v.

"My eyes'." ...aid the J'-.talo i'> tiic J.euioii,
'•how billious you luok tu-day ! Vour skiii
is as yellow a» salron. Wbni. can he the
matter?"

"Le310N. — xVi 'dity o'' stomach — a fiimily
comp'.aiiit of ours."

"Potato. — Why dou't you cake advid'"

''Lemcn. — Advice ! Vou know my poor
dear brother dropped oft tlio other day; and
without being allowed io rest on his mother
earth, his body was snatched up by a mem-
ber of the Bar, who, instead of aciing legally,
dissected him — absolutely cut liiiu up. ^All
fi.ir the public good,' said the rascal, as he
squeezed out poor Leni's g-'.stric iuices.
Take advice, quntha I If he was tiot idlowed
lo enter a plea iu Bar, what may I expect
from Doctor: Coniuions!'''

'•Potato. — That's true. I only hope poor
Lem; tho ghhe was inli(iuorat tlio time, had
streno'th enough to give him a punch under
the ribs; he was a rum customer to the last,
DO doubt — but I must say I wish his skin had
been fuller. Y<o you altend the m. etiir'- to-
night?"

''Lextox. — I feel rather soured at present.

: I met Running ^ ine just now with the invi-
tations, and he hinted that there would be a
squeeze, iu which case I should decline, as
; they might pre.<s me. to lurin>h drink for the
'company — iu foct it is always so wh(>n they
; call any of my family to thoir ai'l. Putuow^.
I to be serious my sweet Swcei Potato, if you
should go, let me advise vou not to iret your-
self into hot water; you'll be dished to a eor-
ta'uty if you do. Union, thestrongest friend
you luive on earth brouglit te-.trs to my eyes
by the bare recital of what would be the pro-
bable consc(iuei:ces ofyour atteuding it. In
ctiso of a row, youll both h-av -. ti-. >trir', peel
i"ftl Aow, uhder such cireuui innces. he'll
certainly excite i,o\LiC ,sori o^ syuij)athy,
whereas the removal ofycuri'u--ct coatuiight
attract more admiration thau jiilj: '■Lovely
in death,' would they sny, '■ra.Vidn^ moras
etc. I)idced, for my ovou part; [ think you
do look better in white. Oh! another thing
I would say :'' Keep out of jfurse Piadish'.s
compan}-; he will be sure to get iurn a unripe,
a greater one thar, he inuigiue.-. }:.iT';.T;j.- —
and as ibr Onion, (don't let this h-ak out,i I
fear the rope will end h"m. I should not

like to get into a stew w ith liim ^o mum'

Ahl here come> Pluut and l"<:'r. J-uw sav-
age they hujk !"

^'PtAR. — How are y<iu, niv <\rv.y ".eiron?
Oo decide this (juostii.n be' we* a j'lnm and
me. On referring to dohri.-uii wc lliid ivy
numerical value c-timated at twj unly, while
tiie rascally l^lum is set dovi-n -or a hundved
thousand. It's too absurd — th'-ic must be
some mistake."

' ' Plu :m . — None at all . Please to rec >llcct,
sir, that I weigh a sSrne more ih;iu you.

"Peak. — From that 1 niu.-t b'-g h'avc to

J??
e.

"IjEMON. — Stop this iruille-s wr.-'ngHug,
or I shall be tempted to s:kin you loth, to get
at the truth. I'm not in spirits. As \\)\ yuu,
3Ir. Plum, no more of your tr.rt re!.iarks;and
Mr. I'esr, if you wish to be pre>. tNed, tl;e
less jarring the better. Hero comr :: our good
friend Jijispberry. Ilovr d;) vou do, my line
lellow? ^\llere have you been.'

"llA.spBrRRY. — In tiio mo-t inierual jam
you ever saw; 'pouliouor, 'twas insuppi^rt.'ible.
What's the itcws:''

"Lemon. — There iis a report v.hi.-h Bush
has raised, quite current hero, that he -served
you up in sweet style last evcui ug at th^ tea
table, before a party :jf ladies; aud the ere.'im
of the .joke ib, that y'ou wore considcipbly
down in tho mouth."

"IIaspbehry.^— 3Iere envy. Vou know
he cultivates the affection ■ of Miss Kose
Geranium, (a sweet creature, by-the-by, and
has grown vei*}' much lately;) but ondingtb.Tt
she preferred me, he became saucy, which
induced me to beat him into jelly, and send
him in that state to his fj-iend Venison, who
lives near Fulton 3IarLct."'

'•Le.MoN.— (Pt-its liis hands on his hips,
and guilaws. ) Bravo i What a funny limb
of Satan you are. But Kas, have you seen
old (jrardencr lately? Fle'li give you a deuced
trimming wiien he ra'.otsyou. tl-j says you
ought to have done sowing your wild oats.
and that, although it goes aa^alnst his grain
0 complain of yoiu* treading on his corns, he
cannot stand it any lougcr, aiol must peach.

'"PiASPEERRY. — Peach, will be? And arc
these to be the fniitsofmy bearing with him

so long? He has been picking at roc for
some time, aud yet it was but y'\sterda}, tii«
ungratci'ul old rake, that I got tiini out oi a
sirajve with Mr. Horse Kadish, who alter seiz-
in-j: liiiu by the nose, threw a nmsk-melon at
his head, cxcjaiining with an cquestriua
hragh : "That ought to make at lea^t one
Ui.a;"-o.' Viid <!•.* he did, that's certain, all
to Squash."

"1-.EMON. — A challenire will ensue, doubt-
less."

"Pi vspijERF.y. — By no means. No oiic
knows b ;tter tlim (ra-^deuer ti^at II'>rse
Puidish sliijots like the devil in the f-pnng,
and one i'all h' has already receivod Trom
him. It would be. unreasona'olc to .

But drnj» tlie snbjecu for here comes ISVis.
Tree, who seems to wear a verv cypressy
look."

'•3rns. 'J'ree. — r-ood morning gentlemen.
You have heard, no doubt, that I have lost
tiiose young Hiiibs of mine. A v'^ell, perhaps
it is for the be d.; ofi'springs are -f great trou-
ble and expense, and to speak the truth, I
should pine ujoro at the loss of Uiy trunk.
Fiue growing wcpther, this. Adieu 1

"Pe.ui. — Pine more ' I .should s:iy i^he is
one of the pine kr.cH'^ There is ve''y little of
the weej'.ing willow about hor."

"Lemo>. — No, the suagy old creature!
No doubt sL'^'d have been cut dc-wxi by the
loss of her truui: — i;he'd have been chop-fal-
len tiien. Instead of pining.shetdlksspracer
than ever. 1 don't believe she ;-ver wont to
tile '^xjjcnsc of having thf. poor little think?
innoculated; a verv iittle matter would hare
given them buetor. iSho said the other day
she was trying bark on them. But I vow,
here comes Aspen. Aspen, why so agitated?
Is there anything strnnge in the wind?"

"AsirEN Ti^FE. — I'm in such a flutter that
I en starce tell you of cur common danger.
But in fi wo< d, whether it was on account <.d
our extreme admiration of the ^V oods and
tne F^..rest<. or thjit the Chestnuts and Oaks
began to rail at him, and give hi'iiouence, it
has entered the head of Hickory — which is
very liigh just now — to root me out, aud re-
move ry trembling deposits from the bank
en which I v.as reared by the fcide ot the
.^chuykill. iSupplic.ition is useless. Old
Hickory will r.ot be.n'D, thougii we tell him
ol our TBEAKIXG. And I udvi-e all of
ycu, who, like me, iiave brariches, to cut and
ran.''

"Lemon. — ^ly skin s'auds a double ehanr-c
to be s.Tfved — ior if I cut, I shall surely ruin.
But are you serious?"

'■AsPE.v Tri:e. — :.:erious ! I tel! you the
sooner yju all cut stick the better. Hickory
runs wonderfully. I'm off."

"Lemon. — Gentlemen, are you ready f^r
the qu.estiou? All in favor of taking our
leaves will please bow.''

[They bowunar.imously.andexcuni as fast
as their limbs can carry t'.^.em.]

Value- of Sheep to the Farmci.

Sheep are profitable to the farmer, not only
trom the product of the wool and mutton, but
from the tendency which their keeping hats
to improve and enrich his land for uU agri-
cultural purposes. They do tliis :

1. By the consumption of food refused by
other animals in sumuicr; turning wa.ste vege-
tation to use, and giving rough and b"u.shy

i

1

:1tfi--.tmh\*t.l»^

!^»!r.-'?l'r^- '^-^'7'rv'Ki

■?^^-

J- •? -^•yw^s'^rt^?r^-*aKJ^ ^ . • * ' ■ •!" ' .

■^W^-

K-.fl95',' "'

■«.-}■'

130

TJIJ^ J I.LI^s^OlS iH^^KMER.

should be. ^Vlth suclia bo>-s.tho (•n:irnniif :^t
help cau ])e Av<iikcd in IVn- nil tin' vc^t.

AVe liavc tricl nearly nil tli-(lilifr(t'»it v/avs
of pnttinj.C lip tlipse wallr-. and fuivc <m;; !lv
fouuu thi' uini'ij Avluch we sli;;!! d' '•cribt' iiic
preferable cup. It is as lol!i'^\.s :

We first put in as piod .-i I'lMMj.'-ii ::ii t.;'
stone as mo voii'.d for a l'i:< i- i.u- ■'):\ )\\:vy
buildiiti;'. Oo])bbnL' f'»U!id::t!. ns mv ,^u\->: [■■.
cause llu'ju t'^ or.-ifk or tciiiM..- i'i\\m, ibc --.iiue
as tliey 'n'oiild a sT'/iiei.) brJclv' I'liMilm.;-. W.-
next take onr ovc-'lic.v: jnist, ixntiii- )i -.-[nl
diiip- and rf^ftejx, (such «tu!r : •• w^' >\ nV ;m^'
need until the v,all.<are up.) ay-^ biy >',!ili >!U.!-
dinir do^^u in pairs, two and i\vo. and n.ii,
strips acro:^.s tiiein r.t tiiC toi), midolc and bot-
tom, like a latidcr: tlic stuuu'iiuc he'u •: tli
rig-lit distance r.pur': for tlie ilncl.iii ,-- vl' ili
walls and tlie cui-bi).'.'- b'lavi].' en- li .-id' "fit.
WIk'u we cot a ftuflieier.rv efi'i:' ^ t'.i'Ma'ivM-
ni.ido to stand aiound rJ;<; tuisnii.iii.tn \::y:
once in ubout threi IL<t, avo -(;'; •! fliri:i ui'.di
in a line, and .«rav latb (he.in i.:i a r vvul ;■ in
porary stnd.^, taeked u]< to th;- II-mi- ji.'^i.;; ir
the Cfiitre ot'tlie buildin'j; ; ;-d br-t-d .o-lii'
a.s to keep the v.holi' U'^iL' i '"d in ;■';!.■■
For the cu'nov.-;, sp'ko tv,-'i .if ;li- r^-pj-i :
toi:ethel> so that they wi.l en- f li ut " ,i /■'''•''.''-■
insid<fPto roci-ive the ends c: <iie i-wy'n
boards. When tli's v. hole sun •fiirp. .-nv ;■
set up, straighten 't by a line cii e.-ch vi''.-
to just tbu place on the i'oursdat'. n v. ur.' :mu
would liave your wall, and ecu'e ilieui .'.c:.
with =oine sort of a suiv; I'iCi; i.'iniid) i h '.
one perpendicul.o- with a pin:.,'- .-tail', .in'! ui
the centre sr])>T.structure Ix-'-i.:^- .-p >ki a -;.
inake e.ieh 0)lC'fa^t. beinp (.■•■.'\. i;! CicA .;•■
stay laths are ail ?o arran<_;id. :,: to 1 - .
much as possible out ot the w;.y of p;i 'p .
around the wall, inside or oiu, wiih /Ui! w ;■
and barrows of mortar. Ti'.is .-ur..M>t.ai. ; : •
onee up, accurately nnd pr'.,'e;:y, :!:•
most ditheult j>art oF the v. i' '. • !>• :■■
Next Select j;ood sound il nr ■..!■. j
seven to eight incf^e)^- wide, ; nd '.; tl' "...ii .-' k
the studs so as to make a tuh'v.d.i'v -i'lit i ; .,.
of two courses of plank and at least ;;"r.; . oi.
inches higli. ,ln placinjx ihe^c euro 'l-.i;!..
it is well to stick the p(ini oi'a shiii.j. 1 -
twecu fcucL cur!>injr plank ai.'J ti^e u; ri'rht.
so that wlun yon wish to raise t!ie (iirbi: ...
you can ^ll.^en it liom the wall, l-v ta^u j
out the sb.inule. Thus far vl^^^. d,"an!l ('h
whole is rcadv i(:>r tiie ujort.r, wUich we r-;- -
pare and put in as follows. W'ori'.rasirah.cr
box cad laortar bed. ihe same :\s for any l:u .
job of ma.-ou work, h;.ve the f:,r;;.cl (and tin
coarser and cleaner from ioiun tfu- Ic't. '•.
pi-ovidcd there is -und enou;.':li In 1; *•> e-.dK-,;
the gravel.) .luvwn into tli" ''C-i uiitli suHi-
cientiy lull, rbm ^strain in the i.i.c, t..
the aniouut of fibout am: bii.-^i'.i.d '■-> lei'
oi tA.-elve of f.:r: vel, and nds the who!' ^■. it
with a hoe. U iic;* it is iead\' tor I'Sc, wit:
a wheeluarrow it can be mu around Lh ■ wal
and filled into the mould, mu»''fi more . /'iiv
than with a hod. In filiinu' iu v.e m.;L > liie
mortar (^uilc thin, and afrcv pla?in_L:in a Ivyfi
about two or rhrc:' iti-^rlies thick, v,ep:-ek \<. .\s
full av possible of thin flat to.'jc a'. ;j>ii;i-
dance of which ..re found handy uu oui )4V-
mises, Tiiis laye/ cc;ipleted, weihen -prcd
another coat of mortar ;;.- belbrc, aiii : 'rahi
em^cd the clones, u-^itej; a stone hanuuer *.(..
tamp them as close and .-^oiidly ;is j>os- ;ble.
Ihese stones are not indi.,pensible, bu' un-

d)ubt"dly ureal ly strenutheu and improve
the wall, making it equivalent to stone, wlien
they arc well packed in. "When the curb is
rnll, il ncfds u^ .';tau(i iiir a da}', wlicn if the
wcatiiei' is gnod, il ean i)e raised and adjusted
\ir ;i new cour'^e, ;ind so on o the end or the
jiil.. Ilxperlcncc will soon teach a skililul
i!a!nl hou' to temper the mort.ar, and I o\\ to
;.ai ■!].■■ every part of it, althouLih praclic- is

I v.-

'!r.;}>|i' 111 ; his. .•!.■- i!i

eve

.'■<,

•rvtiout;' t'isc.

i'or a imi^dinii' ol the .<ize ;;nd hiuht vc'or-
red to, we wouKl make the first story wail
I \ •'',• im!!i •; thici:. an'l the second stow ten.
Over the ilovirs and. windows, flush with the
ii!>i:le. we would put in good stout bond tim
'k'IV, vunniii'j' at h'ast a loot on to thf wal'.-
e. ch way. We -.Vw put in the centre oi" the
'.v .il (.ivci" tlic 'oor and wii-dow o]ii'iiiii'j;s,
ion:;- si;i|is oi'y;:; soik 1 wane, or light rough
.- aatiiii'^, io < i!.'r' te as t!e^ ti) strem'then the
•»mU, a'<o I't the (oi'inrs bv cro-'siirj; tluni,

nd iia!!i!", f'-ndv t.>;;C:hfi. '!he-e littb-
orccauti.':!'^ Uiay scein iritlin'.':, still they will
■1 • fonnii to be v; r\ import.iMt in nr.ictice,
re- 1 ;'.:-ured. 'Jdic oljcit ■:•[' th.e narrow
■\:n< n_ V'L.uk. is to prey, ui thtir w.o'teu'j:. to
..'.licl; tlicv yivmui'ii inern..\i lVoiiib"inu wer
"!'Iv on ooc side, 'fhe vavnM.lrv nicmths are.

'ic best i'or this kind oi' work, althrugli uo
ovd.ivivy i';Mn \v:!sl-;'s tiic::^ v.;dls, af'er they
eJ. II ^hort i jiie; slill in dan);; weather

I.

IV;' ('l II.

[Joointiio N. V. Tribuno July 30th. j
THE AM»':KICA?i ART

■ F

T.f *M /a G MM o ni^x: s

Oriyin.ili;/ '•^iixlnnali-ri/ and vrnc'ixfH dy
J01L\ S. HAIihA:

A Complete Compemiium of aJJ that Is uuw
Known (if tlie !?yslem.

tiov '•;:;i!i.a !>v ar'jed up so t'a.-i.

tin' or outside lln.shiiit:- this kind of wall.
•li'.idd iiidv Ot! done by cxpenonced lia.nds.
■•,>• koo'.v li'o.v i.i properly te.u'jier ;'i;d lait eii
■iio iiioi'l;"', so t!, ;t it xvill stay on and bf dn-
i;d-f'. wl'ich it AV'ii usi'aliy do i'.v(.;v']it v.dn n
':• v.i.oii timsniiiii is .-o d-r,...', j;s '0 ailcw the
v;i. ■ !> iht ude bchio 1 it. wliicli should be
, :;-;'"ili".i l!j,::..sI. \\ 1th iseople o\' mode, .'te
'I ai.s, ill i in.l ':ini--i, c:,'; b: omtto 0 onill
■"..V' .'.■.'111. b; ■ hoi Ml tii'^ iiiiiioL niit li'<.m
'■■■^ wdl a.vi \.;i 1.;. '■- "li . !'io.' i.- '■'.•'V -
i ■'> '>; ' ;.i 'I'-', .-t' ii-' I'l' i:'': ' .•'. In e-e, 'fone
■'. ■ iiid hae iM'-m .tiy and iuaahl'-d, ;.io.l
I :a ..!d ic . •• ■ 1' : ( lai.re'i v.h- a inirdic 1 m-i'.ie.
Iiw \vi :Moi-t. rti.ai i- pr(.'i)eriy iid.Ke.i, hardens
with, tutic ;.'i'I i'ecoine.s .diiiiist cfjiial to '-olid
si lie. 1' - ! <jM b'j placed uj) li.irly above
■..;•! in. e u])Ou 'he fctiiulation wa'd.s.

il'h''.- 'Uivdi v,'e !;aye -ai'i .'diuut grivf 1 ( v

• iicr' O' walls Ibr hoa.ses, not liiat we prdur

'. 1 lu 10 st cvj bri^cix, or con v,"Oi d in s'".;'.e

■ ;Si..... or bic.m-e we would advise any wdu)

.i.t- fidly ;djle lo buiiii of stone o'- brick; to

,'ai!d thcTi, f.v v.t' hold thai rood stoiie or

iric-k c;ini,oi well be ; urpasscd. Ihit wc

wriie ' o this subject fir th( thousands (iv."'il-

;!ig tlj.ii!; ioo v.ide ;ii-' velly jtrairics. IfK-'iiive-

ae.iil to ^; '^H , Irrick, (>i' oit n timber, and for

:M!y oditTs '.vli;> iiia\ (d'oo.'^c to try \i. (.)ur

VU'.}.)! .-e is to .siiti.sly :;I1 ,-uch. thiit both good

M<^\ cliea[i buildings cau be nsade of it. ly

+ hoso sriio .-.o ♦hf^ righl Wi-.y to woii^. 1. is

.vor. Ifittcr -da, ted tor barn;- v.nd out 1 uILl-

i.'igs. than fur licuiCs, as in such case it needs

..o oui^ide finish, J'ar jiaintin';, is both warui

and Ci'ol. ;ind Will ei!(lnre for ar'-ts.

It has been tele to t' c last ten yearp, and to
Mr. .J ■iia !?. Ilaicy, 1 > dovel |)e a system that
i.« really practJuiil to <1 i^f uiiiversiil r.op!i<iiiMon.
Ml-. Murcy is one oi four broilu'rs, iiiid a citizer,
Oi' Gr>ivc;i(et. Ohio. Altnoacr!i it is evident
tf at he is not t.e original discoverer of the
p"nc:]>b^ iipiiii %ylj;ehiie O' erat(!S, sTiU .vemus'
tr-n;e ilie present u*ehil an! grcatl" iinpr(>ve(.!
priiotiee dneody to .'im a. ! conse-pmntly wc
ean lul} view uidi di-gus, iho many aite.mpis
of inn vat-rs to dcioive 'Mr. ilarey ':| hi- jusllj
<i"-e;vcil ;iiul iiurfi carood fte'.'ls.

S 0)1 t n 0 siu.'c, M; I'l ii,y j.rir''-ed, fo" tiie
use .)[" Ids p!ipi!s 111 this (.uT.rv, ii pithiII
|i:onplii(!t, dcficnpiivf of cori.-nn ediic oi'inai
•eMiorcs poeuliar to his systeiu, but enly -d"
KU[.iilei.!oiii-irv utility to T'o^ r<'ai (jiorj'.iion tiy
wliieii th" Ii. !'-o i- 1 'I'l jii^ o d a.id deprived I'f
Ins ieriM-iiius ]c "[crt'es. TIuhs tun.pHec lias
since b''cu reprinted in Kni^ia. d, 'ovni,^ iu tlic
;''>s,;r.. c ■ f an in'cr at (.'U.il itojo rijr'i;^ jn,,! has
l>con </"i^(' i'.il'. iii--(?:M!iiitcd as l)is trui^ at.d
conipl"t" system f Imi,-.-,o ,.0111. .g. (Ic has s'a-

! t.d ti.e truth el" th'^ nituter in the London
|i.iirti:'.s; hut y(i <'»ioap;li 'f his sccre, was
disrl . > 1 'n this p.ia'(>l iiaiu.'.h'et to render it
,;i'(v a'ii>- for Idin io rcic. ••• lii- puoils thri'e
i' iiii th-i'* jlcd,;:" eiF \'!eev. iind to ci n'^tiue
his !e..,>!,s \\\'.\\ ut cxac'ir.;" any ;u.ch piodg'i

j. in the future.

\'.\ 'oiigiui. a of seerccv Laviiig thus been
• ■:.ii .V, (I, wc i:>:v L:oc>^?i] t- hi} he^'jve ei.r
r."a h.'.s a '•■!»{ ie*e :.;o .lait oi" too ey-stem, its
uriiiid; Its x:rA i;s in' ' . of'.

Til-. :' :.\: li'!' or or.li^.c TAMIXC.

^fhe ' ■■■• l(.i•';•■^.">e 'c! i:!h > >u :ausr csaihli.-ii.
iir'iiiv ui '-OU!' irinil, ai.ii whudi s m C' .nti;:'

i 1 i.o'-o I.;-.',. ,';. L.io V '.■• aou .s: the cii'icr

' \i yj.K.s.vL (^(.ifAr.rr^ . — fhere is but one
\v:!y ( t"?eeiiri'jg i nivers..! Cfiualiiy lO .nan,
and thai i- to legi'vd cy,jiy honest emjii.iy-
menr as honoridde; and theu fi r cyerv man to
!' a.a, ill wlu.tsocver state, he may b. , tbeie-
v.iil: to b'e content, to fulriil witli strict hdel-
iiy the duties of his "-tatiou, and trm-k-. every
condition a post of honor.

\est to kiail;

\ ..!i noLsr

.0 pat eeee. acd

'.e<t. 'o jMt'e, ce i. d i.dt.d'I per. e^ erunce.
»V i:' tO'-'- qi:;iiit:e ion- lo'id oct ;, '.-jsessiiig
i"..,i.i" r aogirr, "V. .0: Jctiibe t. t-iMeiior.sc. with
].eriect ie-.iir : -.e > t's'icccss, 'f w.' use the {.r -
;5ci UH'.ois. 'j'.lio hi'Vsc iccci'.cs insirucuon.) in
.:iod I''-, ili'.' u e ef, f ni of Ids •^cc'iO' — lUimcly,

1!".

h'. •\"iio/, S'l;

liiiii ail'.! f^?cii

y.;u

..I'.si .'CI lerii'e. thai 'lie h. ■.•..' is a dumb finite,
i.;..s .'.. i le to-auv ' r "oa-oaiusj; . n e.vpcriinetit.s
•.'..'t y- a iiii.is-: 01. :;ii ;, I .t i.-; <j;ovcrned by iu-
sti.i. l. Ii; a r,.r.u-,d cwao'i ho is afr.ial of a; in,
aial ev'.-r unrii y.ai O'ach hoa tf t you 'Io uor
iroc; 1 o i.iut kiiiii, v>id iliat fc M" ceiisc — we
iiiO.iu liiat wdd, r'iitiirai lear — fir you aiu>*t
liLivc !dm IVa: "'.i. a- w- \\ a^ l-jve you, before
ve.i can !ih-.irb us ait-iuiou a.s luucli as i.-i
necessary to frenk him ti> your liking. It is a
prin^.-iplc in the nutme if a h'lrse n-.t t'' 'ifler
rec i.-ta'.c'Mo , ur V, isihes, il mailt; kiif) vn in a
wav th;i' hd uei'.,''r--iai,d:<, anJ in accordance

wi'h *h;' "e.-.vs ' f tiis M;it;irc.

In si.ihjo;.'ari..;.^ licj h'.,se, wo u;u.t make a
o nvf rfiil i'p; oal t'> \.\- inteliigenco; this can
only be doiic f.y a pf , dcd oficuition. ft i- an
uiulispu; -fl facr deit tin; Ij.itties of ail rtnimaJF
(e.K ci'i su, h us are jiarto "tied with horns) are
f lu^h' bv se'.<:iag e:teii other by the throat. A
(j .;; t'lat hu-i I'eeii tiius 'o'ld ),y hi-, antaf^'inist
fi.r I Si-'W Uiinute. , on being releaseii, i^i nfien so
iboreughly <o\\e I th.i: 710 luiinin ariitlce ean
iiaiuoo him to ai^ain resum., the unequal con-
le.-t. lliC: ii-, the pv iiMple upon which horse
tamin;; is (ounoeil.

Ci'.okin;ja horse is the first process in taming
mid is bu:: tlie t)e!iinaiiig ot his educntinn. By
its opovation .1 lu '-.-e bu': ones decile, and wdll

5^B!IB^^i^|^J!gi^;TO«J?T-;^

^'^^'^iirni^i

■ <r^S??5?-.' '>r

■i ^v>

••«»««

ff^

THE ILI.I]SrOIS F^^R]N4:ER.

131

thereafter receive any instruction which he can
be mt^dc to und rstnnd. Tcacliinj^ tjK- anirn.il
to lie down at ourblddinsr tends to keep him
permanently curcl, as it is a ] orpemii retniQ.i-
or of hi« sulxhii^H condition.

It requires a gnofii '1e.il of p'^actico t.> tauic n
horse succ-cssf illy; r.lsia ni ejmleinent to know
AVhen ]ioi< clioked hufiicientl}"? sihoro i« a a hay"
possibility that he mi^lit jjet iiiorc thiU". vrou'd
b'^ .^O-'d tVr hiin. We iidvisra por.«oris riot j>>t-

fpcily ftniiliar with a horse' t, resort r'.tii".r t-
thej^trapping; and thrOAvinf;xd";\n proeoi'a (iin-
les^ he is very viciouy) de.-Tib;;i beJ^.w; \h\<, in
ordinary cases, will prove snc( essfni. It is the
fault of most people who have owned a horse
to imagine tiiat they areosper .-in lii> n!a''ia^>?-
uient: while, ontiie contrary, mariy pri^fo'^sionai
horiremen are the very wornt pirties to attempt
his .^ubjugtiti'm. lTn!;>tf a man havi a p'ood
diiiposition. he need not attempt horsi -raiiiino;.

In practicing the nipt'aod, retire with the an-
imal to be operate<i. upo'i in-i a clu? 5 fttyble,
with plenty of litter un the floor (tarbark "t
fc;:iwdost i'. nr -fcrab!..-.) In rbf tirnfc p!n :c fa.-ter.
up the left fore l:^^ uiili tlic ai.-n .stiao. in su,h
a nia-mer that it will be v*orm irrentlv vocire.].
Then take a broad strap and b'clde and pa<s it
around the ne ,-k jii«jM,:,; :k oT the jawbone
Draw the strap as tight, as por^-ible, so t':i;ht a^"
almost to st>;p tbr> horse's orcathins;.' The
strap mu;..t not be iuckled, bur ln.'!d"in this
position to prevent ; lippiin,-- bu'lw The ani^
mal will stru^rgie tor a few Uwiuitea. when ho
will bpcome perfecrl) quiet, <;"erpuwered bv a
sense of suffocati^m, the vei'i :;i hi« h^ad will
swell; his eyes lose tiieir lire; hi-; kne v, totter
and becooie weak; a sii;^lit ve '^i^xo will en.-^ue,
and -^rowins {;radaa!lyesha'i^;''d, by backing
him :iroun(l the stable, he will come dovrn on
his knoi's, in whifh p;;-ition it ".-an ea> v m:itter
to push him on his .side, when 'ii<i lhro-i<„shon!d
1>e released. No\v pat aiid ruo him srcntly iVa-
abouL twenty minutes, when, in most 'instance.^,
lie will be subdued. It is ouly iu ostrcme casc.^
neee--sary to repeat ilio operation of choking.
Tito nextleson is to t".:c"h i'i.n to llo d -wa,
whih is described lielow in t.'is aocount ..f the
second method <.f tamin':;. No horse can ef-
fectually resist the terrihh? ..-.fTects nf be;n;r
choked.

It mu=t be oonstirttly borne i.i mind that the
operator must not be bo!s*eron.<i, or violr-nt, and
that the -reatess possiS.ie de;:;rc- f.f kindness i-
absolutely esron;i.iI. When' tiie hurs' is pros-
trate lie .should bo soothod unt'i his Cj es show
that his eyes are })erfectly rran>juil,

ANOTUEn VF.Trii n.
Buckle or draw n strap tii. at 'iriopd ^Iv c^ok,
lift a fore leo; an.! f;x't*n. ;i.' oar.ri it 1I.3 opposiie
end of the strat^i, th.' sh..ru.r ;.h? bo-t >;•. It will
be seen that in this pbui t.'r^ '■ r.-,.j is loado the
iastrument by which the p.iiii hnieut is int^ict-
ed Wiien he auoopts lo -. a; lus foot .lowu hi-^
hrad s"es with ii, and lie thu- chokes hiras^lf;
oarc should be tiiken that he d -ea not pitch on
his iieud, and thus endanger his nee!:. "

TAMING A nOR^E WIlHoUT RE.^OKT TO STRAl 3.

Secure the horso with a stout halter to the
manger. Ii' extremely unruly, muzzle him.—
Soothe him with the havids for a i'^w mijii-tes
until he becomes s .mowhat. paci'ied. Tiien
seize him by the throat, close to ihe "aw-bine
with the right liHi.d, and by the m^tno with the
left. Now forcibly c'iii.;,ross Lis wind-pipe un-
til he becomes go eshiiusted raat, bv lightly
kii;king him on the fore legs, h;- wil]"'ie d'^om,
after which he should I o troaf.ed a.s previously
described. This process nquiies conraf'e in
the operator, and a!sj g.cat Ml!^:.^ular b:rt>ng:h.

AXOTIIEP llKTnOD OV TA.-TNCi A nOR-L: AL.otT TO
TEAOfl HiM ■!■:: LIE uuWN.

_ The horse to he or.erated ur-ou should be l^d
into a ch.se stable. T;.e operuor ^houid be
previously provided wirhout a .^toot Ic^ath.or
halter ; i. .oopod strap to slip ove- the animal's
knee; a strong surcingle, and a L,ng aod shcn

istraii— the first to !t.sten around {ii« k re- foot
wiiich is atlib'jry, ;ind the si\. rid to peruuv-
ncntly s?ciife t'le leg which is loo; el nvu

In the tir.-^t plac<\ '' the h ise be Ijitcr,
mu;-.!;!.'? him ; then bfi tii'.'i bco i Lis le't fi>rp
leg, at.d slip ft l0:'P over ir. '1 iie Ic^: w!d-h i-
looped mfist: lie secured by ap]ilylr\g tit ■ sii. r*
strnp, bireklinff it around the jia-'«rn joir.r and
fore arm ; next pur on the s-ir: in/jl-, an'l fasten
'\in long strap around the riglr i-'K' i.ntt, i\-.(\
pass the end thr uih. a lo;>p .-itUi/o-d t^; tlie
sircingle; al'ler 'ivli.ich liisten on a coi] tc oi
rluck iC:ither kr.C'' pads — these c;:n be rut on in
the first place, if convenient '■; Ik- pal- are
necessary, as some horses iu their svuggles
c one vi; icntiy on their kn-.'e-', .'ibr^idinr I'seu.
tradly X<9W t-ke a sh^rt h"ld >d"tho long .strap
with your hand: stand on th.e le^r siWc of th.-
horse grasp t'te bit hi yovir ief' h.-iid ■ Avh.lo in
,h:s position back hioi gently ah.aU, tiie stubie
until he becomc'i t^o es.'jau-t< d a*: I- ext.iii: a
d':-si«-e to lie dov. n, vrhi'li dcsi'^c sh(.i:l i [/(• gra-
titi-d vritii as iitvlo ri.'lencc a? p ■■-'•ibitf. ; bear
your weight firmly ^-g.^i'^st tlie ^ii tj.der f tlu-
;ir.;-c, and poll f-teaddy on t!'; ^ivap wi'h y air
righf hand ; t'li'^ wiii f-.T^-e biro ? i iai-<' iiif
fijot, wiiicli ;^!i'>uld be ianiii-di.irciy itill--,: from
under him. Tiii^ i* the crincid looioe'^t : crrc:
i.j the horse, and after a few t-'ru/glet: " - Wi
lie down. In be,vii.ng ag!in::t t;ic ni.it.'i;:!, d.^
[;;?t desist fiviia pulling a ■■! jiuiii.jjr ut-.ti] v,,u
have hini on liis gidf. rreveot him fr ,ni at-
rcmpcin„ tj riso. liy vail fg i;i- head towaru
his, slinubJer, /.!> -non as, he h:."- d vc o-;.„r;
giin-j, caress bi< frtce and nci-iv : n'so. b.a.Kile
'^vcjv part of hi-: ri:-dy,ouid render \,:^^^;eit a-
faniuiar as pOH^.i!ib.'. ATtta- he ha-- lain qiiictlv
f r tv.'cutj minutes, let han risr,an'J fcpeit *h>2
operation, roiaovlDg the strai -~ "s s.p >: ar i e o-
down ; and if his hovid < f i"Jie<i lowards hi>.
sliouidor, it is iiii,.( ssibie fa" him t- girt ui-.
J Iter throvvin;' him frorti two t i Mvc ■•'m.s. V:-
Hiiimd \v'^\ become as suVKri-sive rnd a^j^ct a^

a well trained d' g. and you ticel n':L be atraid
to indulge in a';T li^iiriios vi-.h Id'c. .^ y-^ux. s
hor-c is subdued muou tiuicii'-r t't .u i-.n ■Idiaic,
a^ iiirt iiabirs arc ijot •::-r>,[\r:i}f \. Au iocOiTi;^!^

■ k' ilor.-O shi'Uid have two b't.'^nuc: , -;■.• : ^:-, ,if

*he lour'h i>- ■ -

■ a i."

wi

il be ;

-21 m

;• *

■: l^ j;o.

qu'^roi!. If [i\

• '.oei

a;

■ n =^

re:-

;> .

' s-'-ra

Vinios, lie c;r;

t.-". ;!i'

d"

ro iv

do-

il

i V- -im-.h

".frbjg v.p ill- i.:rele:t and re oc-atiu.^ r'to w •ids,
•'Lio down, •;••'■' whJc:- he niti-ibc ■.r>'v:ou.:'>
made fiimiliar '.vith.

The t'dlowin'r rti es vril' ,~o:r. e :i== ?>. !:;r' is^ to
the aaiatour operate, -^wid svi ;;}ia '.e -i2;cdy
obscrv':d : I'brs'. : Ti: 3 Lor :.,■ iira-t }:.■■' b.' f reel
dovro by vi.)le;.-"e, but r>!i,;-' ',c t:r •' of !"'.'i lie
has :' stioag ib'sifc t.ilie <l;T;-n. ;vT^^ ivil'- : tie
luu-t b" kej tfjuiet on liie gi"":inl on.il !■!!.-• . x-
prtjs-iun of tlu- eye sin.w.s iU-.it he :.- tra.'! pr.l-
izcfi which invariably {akc.^pi■:ce by ]..r o-.tlv
waififg "lod gently pni ting the hor-r. I'iiir iiv:
Care :i.>:s: b3 liikeit ru/t tt.tbrcw tiic i;o!'v.:> unoti

Ids iicck, vvhe; i:.enr., a^irraay e.-.-ily bebc'k^n. j
Fourthly: In buckivp.' b:m, ro vioior.co most be j
used. 0/ ii'j may be tiaved en Ids hau!!ciits nnd I
liis back broke.!. Fir'dy: Tiie habcr and otrs
rein are held in li-re le.^t nao'l, so as t ■■ keep tiiC
ise 'd av,-ay from ll^&'>atl.-r : while, if the horat
attcmpis. to piung>», the h ilrcr is ii.r.vLrtight,
udieii the off leg b.iug rai td, riio a...; ma; is
brousrht o:i Ii'j knee-. an;l r^ii-.d-^red ja. werlcss
tor oti'enr.iv. purposes.

The oltcr.itions of toaoiiing a lojrse to foikow
a cicn, and al^o to cure him < i kick;;;; and

halki.'g, :.hv'ulj

prectrdcd ry C;;^'' tiir^Mving

do'vn ;.roco-is. aiid in bad .'asr.s \iy "-iie choRing
■)f,eratiur>, a> th''' aniaiai ts thu>; rci;r!ercd gentle,
tractable aad idEtHously o',-edi'' c to vi-h.-Uaver
lie can bo taagl'.r to comprehci;'";. To;-, subse-
quent educati'iial cf'ur-sc is uocei^sary in order
to rei-der the reforraatiiiu pcrmanenr

uou TO bp.£ak; Colts.
The folucvipg iii.-trucii.iis vvit!) robition to
the management and breaking of colts, and
the subsequent operaiion:.- uijon cbdurace and

aii£:ovcrnal.i!o borsps, were or^giaailj wTitten
and rubii^ked by Mr. Rarey soire three yenre
ago, ard are an important part of his pystciu.
although c rmng more particularij nrider tbe
. hetid of training rather than tcaiing. I( a oolt
is ])>-opi'r!y }>rtojvoa in bis tirst encounter wlili
man, the necessity for a method ef tomliig.
othcT- than that, u«ed for wild horses, would
nt-ver i-avc be^r o:<perie,ace J, therefore tbe.so
in?truet;cus are peculiarly valuable.

row TO HALTER. SADDLF, BRIDLE A COLT.

Ill breaking a Celt, we fehouid firi^t endeavor
to make himc jiis ioT'S of Avin.t i.s reqi'hed of
[lir.i. Fettering him with a halter for the firtt
time, n!acin<: tk-^ "ddl: upon his back, fasten-
ing the pinii", av(> all matters of pa-amount im-
portaiice, demandiug the ^^reateot degiee oi' pa-
ticHce pcr-'^veraiicp, at-d iutu'tlve knovrJedge of
idios V V. cr i" >hx' .

lJf^i"oro putiing a, Lalier upoa a colt, he must
i.-e re .icred f.ii'viiiar iriib it by cares.-irg liiin
aird peraiitrii.?: h]n> t^- examine the article vith
'lis no.-c. Tkotj place a p.-rtion of it ovrr hi«
h',-i'.l- ccca';i'>rjal!_\ giving it a slight pull, and
in a f-i'v ndiiutes he will fe accut-iomed t > thc?e
liherti.'-i. aii-u then the halter may be fastercd
on pr iperly. To U'ach ii-'ai to lead is another
difficfby. P.ind a little on oi; 3 side, rub hia
nj-oa^tcl :vrehea;i. take bold cf £bf su-ap and
puli geuily. aad at the .-aitio iiuxe tcULa Litii very
i:::h-!y \<\ib tho ..iid vfa long whip ..cress bis
hind iog- . Tf-.iF will tnakt- him ftart and ad-
vance a f'.'w stf rs. Repeat tlie operation eev-
eral tinu s.und he wil. sv-ju learn to follow you
by ;-ia,pl\ ]ail!mg tbe baker. Tlse process of
sudd]ing'u,.cl brloliu;; is similar. Tbe m.uth
ol the coll sliould l-e trequently handled, after
whicb iv'troduce a plai^ t-uaiH? betwc u his
t'cf 1! and h' Id it tl.ere v.-ith oue hand nndtarees
hiiu with thei tbcr. .^fter a time ho v\A allow
tbe bridle lo be placed upon biirj. The t.addJe
cm now be broughc in and rubbed again;?t his
UvSc, hi« neck and his leg.-: next hang the Ftir-
rup btrttp acr■•^s hit back and gradu;iUj iusin-
uato ti;-- stddlc i.i'^i i'^R p.hieo. The girth
shnuld no!, be f ..s^<:n.M.i nutil be Ijeeoajes thor-
O'lg'itv acqoair.tcd with the saddle The first
tiin.^ *■■ e girrh is buckled it suauid be dor3 so
loosely as no; ro attiaci bis atten'-itiu: pubsc-
qaci.ilv it can tje tightened witbont in?piriiij;
him -\i ith fear, wbi.h ir fastened iBim9dia''.ly
it woi;M 'fi ;st cCi rainjy no. In ihif- mam er the
\\i:de>t .. k c;'n bo etfeotttaily tul-jugated by
Eueh ir2incre..'pu;ik' degrees that he givct- «pcii.
obedience i.^rcre hr is nware of bi.5 afered
conuitiun.

~IIE FK-OrER WAY TO BIT \ CO' T.

Fiirmers eft"!. yAi a 'a. ring harness on aGoit
the ;ir>t thing tbev do with him, buckling "p
the b:*ti;.;-; as tig' t as they con d"aw il. to tnsike
b'ir.i ca^ry hi.' '-.ead ln?u, t»nd then turn him
on' in a lut tJ run a ba.^ day at -*. time. Tbie
\>. niiC '' iliO vor.-i punislanenis ihat tfier could
infiiet o-i a coji. and very injurious to a yc tt-g
hor^e th:-t b..:' been Uvci :? running 'a pasture
with 'lis head down.

A bo-.-vj :-/rooi... be woil accvisttiirod to the bit
befiro you put (-ii the bit'ing hai-uees, and
when ■> ou first bit bitn you should only lein bis
head ^ip to that poini whe-e he raturally Holds
It, let t! at be high or lew; he wMl ?'ion Icara «
that he cannot lower his head, and that rai.'ing
it a ii'rie wid loosen the bit ia Lis rnoath. This
■wiii giv,:" him t ho idea cf raising his bead u
luosen the bit, and thoi' you caa draw the bit.-
ting a little tigh-':er every time you put it or.,
and he v.-ill .-'till r.nise his head to lo >ecn it. By
tbi.5 me.:ij.s you v.-ill gradu' liy get bii bead t":,iid
urek in tiiC position you wish him ^j carry it,
and give hiti r. graceful carriage, Tvithout hurt-
ing him, raakittg him acgry, or causing his

UKitith to got hVCO.

If you pat tha bitticg on very tight the first
time, hecii;..aot raise his head enough to loosen
it, b'.it will bear oo it all the time, p.nd jaw,
sweat and tnrow himself. Mtiny horseg have
been killed by faiiliig ba-kwards :vitb tue cif

',: ,'■■:■- -SNTT

w

"^PTf^

;Tr.-''S!?5F'~

:r.'iitf -i-- .

13G

TTIL- 11.1.1 ^OTS F^KMKR.

S^hc ^Wimb ^iivmrv.

SPRIXCFIEI.I), SEPTHMCtK I, 18r,>^.

JS^^The Mov-'au Couiitj Fuir will t-o i.ii
the 28th, 2*.)th and oOth of Srpfcinljcr and
October 1st, — at ,Tyck.'<ouvilIc.

ffi^Macon Coiu'ty Fair, Ttli.Stli, '.U a and
10th of September next. Tlie sv-ciety ins
issued a veiy handsome listuf ])ioniiuiiis i'ur
the ocecsiou.

irtf^To prevent your slices from .slippini:-
ill lia3inLv time, nail India rubber soles on

i:?'l..f^ti-a\vb rry l^eds can still br; planted
at, ;n tlio early part of this month, 'i'lie
r nd j^liould be vorkvd deep, and \vell man-
ured. Pruina'io is indispensable.

ji©°Thc Logan County Fair will cnnii' o;i'
at Lincoln on the Hth, 0th, KHli and 11 ;h if
September. The premium lii-l is a lil>'!';;i
one. AYm. 11. Younp', Seeretar},

B^„The Tazewell Cuunty i\iir will take
place at Tremont, on the (ith and Tth <}'\y>
of October. Josiah Fan^rer, Fresideiii- 1>.
T&ibott, Jr.. ."Secretary.

B^^Mncb g^-ound has already been '•nT-n
with wheat. Is tlu-vt ground .-nfTieient'y
drrined to ])revcat water ,?tandiri_ iipi r it
after heav} rains?

fieS^It ">vill soon be time lo diir potatot s.
The crop is short in Central Jllin.-iv. ]'.a-
mcrs should diiz potatoes early, and jirv^^rAc
them well, 'ihey will bo wanted.

JKi^The Champaifrn County A .rieultVLV;:!
Society, have vurehascdtit'tv air' ..••! la-.l •">
fair grounds. They :i.e l-..r.i::!'u'ly I i.;t;oo
t''-iler and i.rai"'i", aii'' L.y i > ;\,^' .' ili- 0'Vi:s
of Z" t ;'!•<] \W .-! "rb. ii;!

<feir"For the t;:;jie ui; 'r. "c! '■■.!;;( Tur-
nip is superior to the Iluta l>;.;:;i. 1; i n.-
so strontr — is n eertain crop — ^-ml ki' j.'-vrll.
Tbistuuiip is uoi.ew thir._^ Vi'c a"-.- aetj«, li.,-
ted ^^ith pCioOP" who brive ki: 'v,! i: ibrlouy

J^-'iT'If vou would ha\e tomatoes, youuiust
r,lant t- I'U- on light ,soil and train them to
.takes or bushes. If on he:ivy rich soil, tliey
^■.•ill iiKike great growth of plant, and pinch-
i;.ir oil their extremities does nogood.

.ears.

"We learn, as a general fact, th.at the

^^.rul.ln .AlilLt ^Hungarian Grass) errp is
d-iiiL' Well Ir was sown inadrv time, after
the heavy ram.s of spring, and Avas tard}' in
eviUii.ML' up It now is going ahead rapidly.

Bf«l„Goos( berries, il be:ii ing plant.'-i, should
be pl-inted out in tiie fjll. Ihcy will theu
pr'oduf-e atolcralde r-ropthc next sca'^on. No
bt>iTer goeseberry can he had th;ni Houghton's
He uling. It jir.iducos well and never mil-
d- n- 'the plants should be four feet apart.

KfaJi'lio ^lailism County Agrieiiltural
■^o •iety's pr laium li.'^t, is lari^e and noil ai-
:ni;'j 1 — -T. J. Ktnder. ITesiuent- Jihu .\.
I'ii" k^ti. .■terctafy. The iV>nvt!i annual fair
v./.j Liivi- J. lace at 1 Alv'arilsvill(\ on (ho ojst
' / M'.n-' -iiid t'le !-t. _d :in(i >id d:tys o:

■-■ i'^'^lUl)'''!-.

. - - ■-*»•• - ■ —

•■':;*,!f \\"i ,\i-"; I ! i\A\'- ij.: tt a "Ood C\ :
• wli'Mt, ,,.• .'rv]-'. vlow i!:.- :j;-:inmt *]>.:■< —
:' M,' lit-: J '.»■: t.' nil.<;.i. ; A\'i'- .-'., '•(_!:(
. ■,•■/ '.i V, c '.!.- a.id 'r;i-li .so d<i'!> tliai tie
u ill !i-etli iviil noi re:.(di tliem, a;..! rhe-i \,..
.' oii'd p;:r, t'lo S''e I w!ii';;t in with ;i drill —
L- [I'g :,lw:i}> certain t'.a! th: uT.d is sodrain-
." ;:i;,r vv •• -r Will i ^-t ^r.y.d "u it.

.,J::rd :..

p^^^It IS vi.-.t uneo'vu.oi in
take ei'_'hfv busi.ei ■ oi T,'Vi;;,t 'i
land. By wimt uiojjij ;< it "loov
mad<^ ri.h — it is siur.!i;cr iiiiiov,
does (b'wa iweive inches — 'In > jvth is ootp
pietely pulverized — it L- j'iov. u] imiiI !:;iv"u\'.-
od until this is aceo^ipli-ini! — tho sec^l i.--
put iu with i-he dii'l — the i-.itid i:- p; rl'evtly
drained.

fi@t"'Thft Ohio F'lriV'^r s;iys tNat it b.;
been lon'j; sus[)eLt.ed that he thiL^ix ;■.■> i.i'
many horses in Town J'.nd other \\'e.-urn
States are impositions upon the good laiin .■.'
farmers an<l stock feeders, and in ;ta!. .'•.--
several etudes wdicro bur cs ehiiuji\l to \k
Messengers, Morgans audl^liiek JfawK- h:;vi

been proved not to be ^uoh.

,«. .

Corn, vdiicb has been taJven care of is

- ; ur- ■ ■ . • r.

' t

e -v^. r.^ H:,::,!i Mapb::; n;.iTur.' ni

li>. ■' .i;: V be l<l.v,;t«M i HI !: ■!•-

'•' -I'l:..' . .-..1 ■ •'• •■ n. 'Mjod ovl^er ..nd i.ot

■ V ,

pushing forward most snryirir^Inaly. If' he
rro.sts h(»ld off, mo.st of ic will niaturc.

I'.ihle ,o i.-ike. ii'yai d(, jx't '.vi-^h I."' plant
I '• !i; in the iWlI, thry i an h. kf.pt in boxc ol
.-aid a little moist, but nof \\<^f. Tli(>«oi)iect
• t .) k. ; j> ihe;n ^o moi, t ,is n »t tf> dry thoiu
.. ■•. a'ld not so wet as to spi.^ut tbctn. The
.-. -.'l i:uii tueu be ph.nled in the spring.

^'.-i.f Tin- fresi'lcnt of the .\ui'rie;:H In: ti-
"a'.e [.\evv' York.] has converted the rond-
"tiou lli^ ;arnj io a '^'.-duabh* u>e. ile has
. .;.iht i..'f liiciii, auu liey !i'.»U' 'jotai i I'lriV-
'Ive kinds >-[' ti.- h. The.-c, fl^h gro\\' iapi<liy,
and he says he can n.ake hi.- poi,']? m'.,rc jro-
h.tibi': than tract:- of hind of ^he .same dimeo-
>ious. He li...; even shaib a salt water llsli,
i:: SO!!"- of liani, which are tl'^ing wej!. lie
fiml;- no il.iilculty in stocking his pouds wiih

ilsh

The StKte Fair.

This fair, tlie pr?.sent year, is be held
at CcntraHn, in Southern Ill'iuois, com-
moncinir ou the 14th and endinrj on the
ITth of the present month. So mncli
has Deon publi.shcd in regard to it that
we neetl say but little here. The fair
was located at Centralla, because South-
ern Illinois, which had contributed much
to its former successes, desired it, and
because it was believed tha^ it would be
of much benefit to that portion of our
State. It is not necc-nsary at this day
to arg;uc in favoi of the advantages of
])ub1ic displays of this eliaracter. So
important and necessary are they deem-
ed, that there is scarcely at this time a
county in this State \\hcre they are not
seen. Tlr.'ir effects are the introduction
of valuable stock, fruits, grains, vegeta-
bles, tigricultural implements, articles of
dopiestic economy, — they produce emu-
lation amon!i farmers and mechanics for
good; — they stimulate tlie industry and
taste of our wives and dauLilUers:— and
nn)ro than all, they h.ivc a powerfttl ten-
dency to make our ;igricukural popula-
tion feel tlieir true position in society,
and that education, tastt; and industry
.oust 00 united to make tl.:- }\>rfeet and
siLjcessfi:! fa: uier.

we d;\ ire to see a g-rtat crowd at
C'e'j imIki. \Vl' wani those who will
eoi., • thOie to icarii. ^Vo v/aut to SCO
the r'arracrs and their eons examine the
■-tock of :t]] kinds. We want to see
them take hold of il.c plows and other
agri.:ultnrai insirtimmtj designed to re
1 'Vi thrviifi.yui, tmii p:>rfect, their h^b-or.
"Ve »vaLt ii:;;u to undorsihnd the ratnits
o^" tiie>.L d'.tfeven: i..achinrs. Wc want
thoni to look at the faim wagons and
carriage^', and sec if thcj'O are not im-
prove'.nents in them Avorthy of their at-
tehtioii. "We A.ould have them examine
the harness, che saddles, the bridles.
\Vc would like them look at the wheut,
new varieties of oats, corn, vegetables,

fruits. If in .•-■1 thc:re and hundreds of
other things, they find that which is
valuable, lei them t.'d<e notes, that they
may be ihei-f.fter supplied. We want
the ladies ihjie. and they will be there,
and thev will admire beautiful stock,
and they Avill examine fruits, vegetables;
— they will have u keen eye to articles
which couT' .specially into their depart-
ments— canned fruits, ureserves, confec-

wwrr*^^'*?

■*¥?e»5?f.

THE ILLIlsrOIS FA^RMER.

137

tionerj, bread, cake, pickles — and par- |
ticularly the -work of the "fairy fingers" |
of their sex, quilts, counterpanes, em- \
broidery, every variety of needle work, |
jeans, flannels, linseys, blankets — a j
thousand things which we have not time j
to mention, but which all will admire; —
their taste will be improved, their ambi-
tion excited — and they will know whnt
can be done by woman when surrounded
by her famiiy, to add comforts to her
home aud to carry out an innace taste
which has only to be taught and stimu-
lated to be greatly improved.

But these remarks need not be extend-
ed. We want every one to go to the fair
who can . These are the great gala days
of the farmers aud mechanics of Illinois.
Illinois spreads out before the world the
evidences of the industry, the genius aud
tactc of her people, — the. results of the
labors of her farmers and the productions
of her soil. Where can our fnrmersfijid
a more appropriate theatre for their pre-
sence? It is their own exhibition. It
will be an exhibition to tlieir glory or
shame. We are quite sure it will redound
to their honor.

Ccntralia will offer conifortable quar-
ters for all Avho niay come. She has
made great preparations to greet the
people at the Centralia Fair. Come m
car loads, in vagon load'-, buggy loads,
horseback, or on foot. Come all, come
aud be Avclcome ! Come ! Come !

The Sugar t'ane Crop.

The editor of this paper last spring made
ah ciibrt to induce our farmers to enter into
tiic oultivatiou of a cr'>p of e agar cane, with
the view of-ecuring the establishment In this
cit}" of -i sugar m'll .and refinery. The feel-
ing was decid^^dl}' in favov of the mu&..sure
•,virli ir.anr of our farmers, but the deludes of
rain fur some six weeks of the usual planting
time, (■perattd much against carrying out the
enterprise. It is supposed, however, that
some 200 acres of land were planted with cane
in this vicinity. Some of that planted, failed
from wot weather and other causes; but, we
have rea&on to believe that there Avill be a
large crop where the ''caae stood" v/ell; and
that there are other patches about the county,
of which we have no record, sufficient to make
up ail that is necessary to keep the mill at
wi'rk during the sugar making season. Some
ofthecaneat this time must be perfectly

mature and ready for the mill A portion will

be BUich later, but if frosts keep olf, we have
reason to believe that most of the crop will
mature.

The experience ofcane growers this season

has proved the following facts: — that cane
should planted on dry or thoroughly drained
land; that the seed should be tried before it
is planted; that the first plowing should be
done early and with great care, and the hoe can
be u.sed advantageously once in dressing the
cane; that it can be planted as early as corn,
and if so planted, will be ripe before corn, not
requiring as much timo to make the crop as
corn, and that the climate and soil of llliuois
are perfectly and happily adapted to the grow-
ing of this cane.

We expect that wheu this number of the
f ARMEtt is issued Mr. Dopow will be here
with his mill. The location is at the juuetion
of the two railroad.s, [lies' mill] south of this
city. He vail want the early matured cane
at once to go work upon. Persons, whose
cane is matured, wdl obtain every informa-
tion necessary, of Mr. Dcpew, or of the editor
of the Farmer, at his office, Journal Uuild-
ina's.

Mr. Depew will Co his dut}' in working up
the cane, and it is necessary that he should be
constantly supplied with the article. A great
and thorough demonstration of the value of
the sugar cane is now to be mode.

IL may be as well for the editor of this paper
to state, that he has no pecuniary interest in
the establishment of the sugar mill iu ihis
city. Ilia efforts are solely to benefit the
farmers of Illinois, and with them the masses

of our peuplo

.^ . _ -

S^^'W'd plums can b*. thus saved for j
sauces : Pick them over, saving tiie perfect
one.<; put them into boiling water and let
them remain over the fire a ruinute, till they
begiu to crack open. Put them ina jar,ke<i-
or barrel, with sufficient water to cover them,
and place a sheet of paper of the proper size
over the truit to keep it from the air. You
can take them when you please, and stew
them for sauce, adding a little sugar. Plums
thus treated will keep till spring.

J. P. Bliss, of Chinchville, N. Y.,

has used the following prescription for the
cure of horses attacked by hots with perfect
success : Take a table-spoonful, a little heap-
ed, of alum, and the same c^uautity of cap-
peras, pulverize them fine aud put them into
a pint of vin^^gar. Pour the mLxture down
the horse's throat. li, will generally allbrd
relief in five or ten minutes.

■••^

B^^Bidbs, such as tulips, hyacinths, nar-
cissus, and the like, should be planted nexj
mouth. They make beautiful spring flowers,
that can scarcely be dispensed with. A hun-
dred tulips can now be had for eight cents
each, and a hundred would make a gorgeous
bed of flower's. Hyacinths are higher, and
narcissus can be had at less price.

The Great Even of the Age.

Our readers are aware of the great en-
terprise, attempted last y€ar but which
fa'led, of connecting the Eastern and
Western continents by telegraphic wire.
In the last and previous month, the
attempt was repeated and success was
complete. The wire which lies on the
bottom of the deep abyss of the ocean,
is some 2,000 miles long. The electric
current passes through it perfectly, and
messages now pass as quick as thought
from o"ie continent to the other. Won-
derful achievement I AH the g: ea*"
events transpiring in Europe, and the
lesser but not less important changes in
state of the markets, which are immedi-
ately felt throughout our whole country
— affecting the interests of our farmers
and commercial men — can be read, if
lised be, by our hearth- stones in Illinois,
on the same d;iy that they are in
Europe 1

Astounding r^snlts of the genius and
enterprise of our covintrymen ! An awe
comes oyer us while we contemplate these
truths. What will be the next gieat
achievement of the human mind? Shall
we see serial cars passing to and fro,
over our heads, guided by human will?
Who dare say that this will not be wit-
nessed by men now living?

Wool Growing.

We should not be at all suprised that
many of our formers were looking about
them with the desire of engaging in some
more profitable description of agricul-
ture than wheat raising. A good many
must be becoming tired of raising wheat
as a staple cropj. In seeking for some
more profitable business to engage in,
perhaps they will be inclined to look
favorably on sheep husbandry. Sure
we are, that under all the vicissitudes
which have attended crops of late years,
wool growers have been steadily going
ahead, and even at this time when bar-
ley, wheat and other articles of produce
are at low prices, wool is grown and sold
at a fair profit.

We should like a practical article on
this subject from some one of our expe-
rienced wool growers, and we do not
know an individual more compe-
tent to the task of giving one. than An-
drew B. M'CONNELL, one of the Vice
Presidents of the State Agricultural So-
ciety, who has for many years been one

pwM.uunHjut^iHViiV't;.'''!;' ^•.?''i'»'«WW•'M?.?iltT»'• ''™ .'■ Tt'^-

•':^-V-T-

■ I ■ ■■ •^'«?r>^:iw^-'jf v' '^=rr*^':-'

142

TX-IE ILLIIS^OIS 3^x\.IilVlIi:R.

recking with sweut, and system relaxed
and exhausted by exercise, standin;:;
exposed to the cold air and wind; and I
would recommend that all horse-owners
who drive fast, sliould at all times carry
a good liorse-cover in their buggy, and
always in cool or cold weather put it on
when they stop, if the horse has to stand
more than five minutes; but never leave
it on over nijzht in a warm stable. —
Ohio Farmer.

«—■■

Cure for Rallle-Simkc Biles.

Some four years since, Prince Paul, of
Wurtemburg, the celebrated naturalist,
communicated, to my friend, Mr. De
Vesey, the results of some experiments
performed before the Fremch Aeadcniy
of Sciences, by Professor Bibron, rela-
tive to an antidote to the poison of a
Rattle-snake. According to tlie Prin?e
Paul, Professor Bibron allowed a rattle-
snake to bite him in the lips, cheeks, tfcc,
and, by taking the antidote discovered
by him, prevented an alarming symp-
toms, and, in fact, suffered no iueoiiven-
ience therefrom.

The antidote in question, as stated by
Prince Paul, is prepared according to
the following recipo : 1?. — Potussi
iodidi gr. iv.; hydrarg, cldovidi corro.--.
gr. ij.; bromiui zv. — M. Ten drops of
this mixture diluted wirli a tablospoon-
ful of wine or brandy constitute a dose
to be repeated if necessary. It must
be kept in glass- stoppered vials well
secured.

Prince Paul forwarded a snnll quan-
tity of the above mixture tc Mr. ,0e
Vesey, who used ir successfully in the
cases of two men bitten by rattlc-i.iutkcs
near his residence in Iowa.

During a recent expedition fo t'lc
Rocky Mountains. I had several op])or-
tunities of testing its efficacy, and, since
my return, have performed additional
experiments with it. Tho results liave
been, on the whole, exceedingly ^atiofac-
torv, and I think that when taken in
time it may be entirely depended upoti
in the poisonous Avounds of tht; rattle-
snake, and, perhaps, also in those of
other venomous serpents. — A[,\cricni
'Journal of Medical Sciftift'.

The Youthful Bride.

Observe that slow aud solemn tread; when
the youthful bride takes her wedded oac -^y
the arm, and with downca.it looks and a hea\y
heart, turns her lace froai ''sweet hoiae," and
all its as.snci;itions, which have for ye;irs beeii
glowing and brightening, entwiiiini;- so cold-
ly around the purest and tendercft feelings
of the heia-t. How reluctant thai step^ as
she moves toward the carriap:e; how eloquent
tliose tears which rush unbidden from ihe
fountain !

8he has just bid adieu to her home I iShe
has given the partiug hajid — the parting ki.-.-i '
With deep and struggling emotion she has
pronounced the farewell ! and oh, how fond

and 3'ct mournful a sjicll tli- w.ird breathes,
and perhaps 'tis the last farewfll to father,
brother and sister.

Childhood and youth, lln; sweet uiovuing
of lilc, with its •thaiiiis ot' e::iliot^t birds, 'and
earliest as.^ociations. have now passed. Now
conunenci -; a now — a monieiiious period of
• xistenee. Ol" this slie is aware, f^he reads
in llvini!; cliaracters — uncertainty assuniiau-
tliat where all was liajipiiic^.-— where home,
sweet home, wa-, all untolur. But these tirs,
these associatinp-:, th(v<e t njoyiii'-nts slie bus
yielde<l, one by one, and novr she has broken
them all asunder! She has tuincd her lac:
from them all, and v.itiiess how she Clings to
the ana of hl)n, fur Avhoui all t]ie.=e have been
cxchansrcdl

See how she imvos '"'ii; the worid
i-; l)eio-c lier, and a b.istory to be writ-
t^Mi whose paaes p,re to h^ iilled up
Avith life's lovttlicit peneilin'/s, or perhaps
ineid(;nts of arfcctinj^ interest — of startlin;:',
f^ai-ful record I AVIio can Hnow aside the
veil even of ''tlirec score y.-ars and ten" for
iier, and record the hapin' and suudn'itiht
iiieidonts that shall arise in sueces.sion, to
niaki' joyous and full the i ;ip oC life; tliat
s!iall lhn>w around tlio-e eudieliishmeuts of
the mind and the ]ie:irt, tint v.bich crowns
the donicsti.) ci/cle witii bc.iuty and lovcli-
nos, that whicJj .^wi-el'.'n^ so; ial intercourse,
and softens,, improves ;itid r!'-.vat' s thecoudi-
tion o! .''ociL'ty'.' Oc v."h'>. wllh iir'u arid uu-
w;'\\rli!2' baud, can rc-i;jter (lie luiur.- and
ihys oi' alTectionnte and sil^rt weenimr — oC
niidni;^ht watehiTi'/;' Who can pen her
uli,:i'hied huj^o- — the instances of unrequited
love — the loneliness and sorrow of the con-
Mdiii!:'" heart — the dcc]^, ecirroding cares of the
mind, when ni",rh('ti'd • nd f'-'i'^Mtten, a^ it
w-re by him wiio w:;s dtaicv 1" h;'r than li^'c,
when a!I aroeiisd was dvi/tirand desolate, when
;iie -av'iercd ■•[^\^'^< avv- wn.-rcd., j'.nd the lii.'k-
crinu' blaze m on the heartli vanes and '^O' 5
our, aud Ieav< s li.-r in solitude, in silence and
iti tear-'' iJui her ;Ii'.a-t.i'iiis w;'ne noi, slum-
ber nor, di'" nwt !

The b/iih'aTit s'r'es may tb.ed Cx^-.v'n all • ''cir
liladdeniiej" be luti'^s — nature arrays h"i--i li'in
L;ay iiowei's, bricrht If.pe^ and iVicne-:, '■ in;.t
tV;t;U'l< may vrcrt v/ifh ]:'u_iiijit:" eouniiMi-
aiioe~;/nd kivid heart=;. i.uU o av.'i:- 'iou<'-!it.
One kind look, one solt aad aireetioa-ite :'.c|
cent, the uncquivecal e-idence oi'r-Mn ..ning
love — 0!iu s;i;ile like that \\iic!i wooed and
won that heart, would enkincTie briu'iter, and
deenei, .-oid lovelier emotion .'tt it- fount li;;.
than earth wit'i all i's sphuuor, beau.y. aud
gay aiisociutioua.

01 young man, ever be to fhyyouni:- bride
then, what thou se^iuest r:ow to lie. fJisap-
point her not. What has she not given up
to'- theo/ "Wha^ .-weet ties thnt bound her
heart t _^ i:».arl, iiud hand foliand. :oid life to
lito, ijas she not br iken off for theey Prove
thy-ell worthy of all she ha.s sacrliiced. Let
it ever be lier pLasure, us now, to cling v.^ith
coufidim." joy and love to that arrn. Let it
be ho ;• stay, h- r ,-AipporL, and it shall, be N^ell
repaid. Here is an enduring — an undyiu!]^
love. Prosperity will streiiiithcu it, adver-
tity will uriehteu and invigorate it, and give
to iladdiuoiial bistre and loveliness I Suaild
the bund of disease i'all upon thee, then wilt
thou b'-hold Woman's devotion I for thou will
never witness her spirit wax faint anddroop-

in;.c at thy couch ! When thine own are
failiii'j.'. she will cliiii!; to thee like a sweet vine,
and diflf'nse a.round tliy ]>illow those influences
ami jittraetions that shall touch the master
sprinixs and nobler passions of thy nature —
that shall f;ive new ieq^ulses to life. Her
kind voice to thy failimi: heart, like oil on
the wouiuJs. Yea, slic will raise thee, restore
the.% and make thee happy, if anything less
than an angel can do it. — litirol American.

Illinois State I'air.

.\t CcMitialifi 14th, 1 Jth, lOtli .iiid ITtti Sopt.

IllinoLs County Fairs.

.\ilaiu.-j, (Jiiincy. Sviit. ::0, aO; Oct. 1.

Brown. Mt. Ii rliiig. Oct. 7 to S.

r.iHf. \ iri;iiii:t. All.; ;!I; Sipt. 1, 2.

C.i-roUjMr. Carrull, Sopt. 'J!", oO; Oct. 1.

Cli;i.t]|i!ii';ii, Urliaiiii. Sijit. "Jl.

Cliic.ijr.) hutitut'-, 4th lo 7th Sopt.

Cliiili.ii, Or-t. 11". 14, 1.-..

Oul'ii.^e. Wh !it 111. M-pt. '.JS tti oO,

lvl.!::ir. I>aii.«, Sijit •J'! tn Oct. 1.

(iruuiii, il.irris, Orf V2t» 14,

>M'-"n'\ Sp]:t. 1,'J. ".

Jtciir.V. O.irnliriilp-. Sipt. S. '.1.

l\:ink:ili(e, l\nnl,i:!io(Mjrt. G to K.

Kuut . (!etir"vii. Sofit. 'Z'-J, -4.

l^ii-aUH. i/tli»wn. S'?pt ■.•'!. oO.

L.ikc. Lilici tj\ille (Ji;. ;'), 0.

I.of, .Amlioy, S'pt. Irt. 17.

Uviiij^.stdn, l'oiit.i:i'',Oct. 0, 7.

I.fi>mn. Scin. .S. 0, 10.

Mac...ii[j;n.(jii;lii)Villi', Oct. Tito 7.

>I.j><iii iieli. M ir nib, Oct. I'n t.. •J-.J.

.^I'Ti i-T. .Mill'TslurL'. Sept. JX t.i an.

M.irir'm..(iicksoiivii!c, S-pt 2H. ;'>.s, :;0; Oct 1.

.'•lisiii. U.iviinn. Sept. -'.I. '■>&. Oct. 1.

Mclj>'(ii]. iaooiiiin;;tou, Sept. "J. 4.

M.viiii. Oi,T.'.ti!r. ,N pt. 7, 111.

.^[■int-omcry, liiU^Iioro", ,-opt. 2-^, SO; Oct. 1.

M.i'Ji^riii. .\ii2.;il: Srpt. 1. 2....

.M.i-sImI. o,.t H. !o.

I'ik.', l'it!MicI(I."ct. r,.C. 7.

IV.ria, I'cniKx.Si )t "Jl. 'Jl.

UnrX Ishi'i'L Hrck 1^1,1!,. I. s-pt. 8.'...

-t. Oiir. i;(Ti,\'iii'. Sept I, ::.

Srott. ■V\iiiflicr,t'r, Svpt. :i-. 'S;. '2i.

lM!i;;.Tmi>!i. Oct. 6. 0 7.S.

Tii7.':«ell. 'I'rf'iiiDrit, Octet), an^l 7Mi.

Uiii.ni.,). n'slv,i(p'. f'-jit Itl. 11.

V.'.ir-iiiw. Wiivsio^.S'pt. -20, ao: Oct. 1.

Wiiiii.>(.,ic9. H.'r-kVird, -'(•pt.-Jl. ■-'■-', •.'.•■.. C4.

Will,.)<.ii;t,Sci.t.i:S, ai).

("nvNTY V.w?. PlPi.iM.45.— W- nrc pr.piirifl vritli suitable
cut-, ami di'.' tii.c-t inks, to c.\cciiti'.niT>i.eMvs foi the nsj of
<',!ii' !>• \c.'ti'nl!iimlSixicti(s)tia f-ty\r .^npcricr totinj- cstab-
!c'.;:iv i,t HI Illi!i..is. l!.\Ti,nACHK .fc BAKER.

(X)MMERCLVL.

^^prin^liei'l Market— .Vjjj^nst 31

UHi .vr— 7.:,.MJV '"i:
i-i, ;i;i;— .i;4 ,',H(...i;-, --• i.ri;
;'0j;.\ -lii-jtOO lui; -c:!!-'.-;
eoii.N MEM.— 75f t.ii;

i;(a'ivW.ii-;.\T— Si:

O \TS — '■.'■>€ \'. llT IIIT.C

ilK \NS--7ii(; lit. I \> !
l;*: \N'~iOc-^liu:
.11 ii!T — !.• ■;< l.'.i;

TiMtvtuv s.a;l>— *2"",-f''"i;

Un:,(iAlllAMi.-.Stvd.VJ."i ■;

'iiLt.Kr— n •:•:

Cl/)\i)i;— >7' ' I'ti;

.\LVV iM'wroi:?— o;.(4'70-

T.M.L 'W- .Sc IS lb;
.SO-Vi— l„i:; l.i.Jc jJi lf>:
C\.M)Lhs— !U p' !iox;
rOIUi.— ;1 V 100 lbs
n '.eoN— .New liini«, 7^'(S li'i.
U.i.CO.N — 5i.It.-s-,7i.. Sib;

i ;i J ( ; - — ." y,^ "c -jA ,j , ,7;

i AliO— >•r"J(lc"^^^;

si;i.Ari— b t'Oi 0 rifti:
j i.'OKFi:K-i;;f/:i.icrji tb;
\ Mol.AS-vS— iij^Cdc t> !^ul;
1 •.;\!,f— il 7r> ji *ick;

.•■-■M/r— 1;2 .-iOvi'i-l;

IP .\,sy— l.V TJ'b;
o.', !o.\:;_i| -j.) i,„;
.M \ OKI!!; I'M,- l."(a -200X0.1;
C.JUISII— !;:, 75 !< luO tb.i;
.\! ria;S— TiiTcii. (1 i'lOdt-l:
.a;>PLK.<— Dri..(!,^.-2-#(bu;'
•►"Ol'— S". MV-iii-ficoril;
e;'\l — l.v > lai;
'■i;AeHK.S— Di-iid; none;
WIIU-KV— V- til :..';((.,:<0t;'.su1;
VI.\':OAH— '■ 1-2 "^i^ gill;

B ,UM ).\l s— -ji ,!;,. 51 ou(rr|2 00
BLi i'lci;— io.-.:ii,-j;c'cift>.

ait. l.ouis Slarket — Aujrust ^s*.

rjcclptd of niMit dtocilptiuiis ')f Cruiiucc fnir, and the
ri::ik"t«,-n rf '.loaiil'ly active to day. Si'k Fl..uri8 ill re-
«iHi<st tolili ouii i. On • or (w,.) lu.ivy sal'"! of city, in bar-
mlr,. Oi.u.l iiiiit priiuu \V'M':it i.s li> l.'-ttcc d -miiinl itiaii yes-
't i-il.iy. ihils ail I ciiCii .sjUI at liav •]• n{:i;r.:' than yesterday.
Biil.'V Ir.f^ adr m, i-d liiit ^:tl.s wpro Miidi- <i;i private tcrnis.
ill ill], is dull, nnd all s.dfS a' ..vi-r .^if.i are ol g'lod iin(t prime
lut.-i lo oil;c: articlis we i.avc ru m.-itcri il ciiaii^e t.i jioti-.
H,OI.U; — IS.i ."iks I'.w gimV i-old at $•,; 3i!; juO do .suiierfine
•^■2 i.J; ii'o a d 4^U do ri*-j do ,f_' i\): ::,S0 d.i fiucy couiitrv
.^i 4o; iou libls ^n;).■rf!ll.■ j4 .^; ; 4i' do c. uitrv o.vtr.i |;.T 4u;
■^■.i\-. .!o do i'> (■„'.; -Jul <'.u d .dtlivtri'd ^ 'i 7a; U.*! do extra $5 75;
joO do city o.xtru j-u; l,0tiOf jty ...iipyrdue prir.ite.

WIl!',.\T— 'ilp.i 01' UijOskj jMcT 1-, good fall at 70 to 108s:
l.iO do jioor tall 7tx;; 170 do puor 78c; titi flo old .spring 87J.c,'c:
■i'i du n-.i fall (iSc; .1-JO .1.. f.,ir ;riil loo,-; ,:t-4 do do lU-Jj^c; "jO
dodolosc: tudo dolUic; Kio do go<»l UlV; lU do do lOlj;
'2 ij do do l09c: .'jil do j liiii.' ivLiii ■ and ri'd llOc; 1315 do
;irinio od il2},.U", '.i'O do prjaie ifd aud white IJOc; 382 do
pi'i\at .

I c >).X— G'J.'.ks poor &2c; "Jul .lo mi.\ed white a^r: SI do do

j I'l;',./" -JlOio wiiite n.'ic 1' ' :\.

] o.^T.-' — "'00 feks. in tuo iotts, and .SaOO do 65c; 4'X) do iulots

; Hoc, includiug racUi; "-ij ska toc, ciciuflive of tacks.

I I

'.wrff"'v^'!K,r;

TJbili: ILLlISrOIH IH\A.KJV1EJR.

143

ItYE— Sales of 97 ake poor at 66c, including; 69 do 62c; sks
Tf turned.
liACO.N— 12 hlids ribbfld sides sold in lots at 9c.
L, vKD— 8 bl'm oountrj at yc; 2.50 kegs city J2c.
POKK— '^nlf of liwy hams in bulk at 7c "j^. fj.
WlIlriKY — Sal.'seriiljraced ytJO libls 'n lots at 2GJ/^c.
COKFKK— 07;') sk, fioM .it iV/^c -^ ^■

BlIGAli— ;nl.-3 ot l&hhdd at i^'^c.

St. Louis Liive Stock Market — August 28.

BclUvue House Sti.ck i'ards

BKKF CATTLE— The lumket ijcveistocked with iuforior
audcoiiiuioii cattU-. wiili anKiderate B.ipiily of <ood nattle of-
fiTiu,.' and iu fair deiuiuid. iiulchi-rs pny tor tair to good
2j,^ to oC. gross Few chuice'»ri' siilliugashadi? hijjber. lu-
fenoi .»iid common sell oiuw ac $li)(a*2t> ji head, as to qual
ty mid weiglit.

" llmis — 111 fair demriid. Gi/od heavy hogs retail to butch
crs at 4j>^frt-)C. i^hippers pay i to-lj^c

t^llK f — A limited sticli. ofleriiii;, and demand fair for
sheep iit ,;J 60(5: ; por head. Infeiior and common are helling
ft $1 -^a to 2 uu.

Ci»W8 A.N'D CALVKS— A fair supply on the market,
(ij'id to rlioiooar-< Felliugat $a5@3o; cummou and ordinary

£Uy Telegraph. J
New York Market~^ugust 30.

FLOl'R — lull ai.d lieavj for cj .imon ^rades: sales SCKjU
Ibis •:t3.W;Hai4,Ia for u.i->ounii to HU'iertiric ^t.ite; 4,»d(2J4.;')0
for unsouinl .'Xtra statr-; o,!) fe li.OO tor cumiTiou to extra Wes-
ti-ru; .j.7.>((2'",lu ir si.ippini* brauiU e.vtra round hi-op <»h)o.
CauadiiMi if >ur Mtuady I'Ut ijuiet; sales oUO hbls at a,75(SjD,.50
for I'xtra.

WIIE vr — Very dull and prices nominally 1@ J cenis lower.
Sa'es sinill, I2t bush extra southern, 14o hush white do.

CiJIf.N — Lower; sales 2J,0U0 bush at 09gS2for unsound to
good mixed vvcsteru.

OA L.^ — Quiet and steady at .50@54 fo,- state and western.

POKK — .-hade belter; sales 3uj ohl*at 17,50 for mejs and
15,0 @lo, 1.5 fir prime.

BKKF — liuict but firm.

WllISKV— Uull and nominal at 24@ili/^.

ST'iOKrf — Firmer with only moderate business; money
quiutity on hind continues lar^e and is increasing and with
only limited lemaud rates easy at six per centon call ; ster-
ling exchange more active at 109% and holders now are firm
at ";9^. C & K r 7*1,.^; I C bondB 91 V^-, I O 77J<i; M Si N I
^i-)^, M a preferred at 46: N Y C 8Ui^: Readinj; 49; Canton
Co 20; .Mo Gs b4J-y; Va C's 92, LaCrosse warrants 24' ; C & T
3»%: O &C 80, .M C r.d'4; Krie 18]^; huail 88;?/^; .M & M ISJ,.^;
Mi<-h 2d liouds 49J'|: .Mich 8 per ce:it 96^^; Erie 2d bont^s 90:
Krie bonds '71 ■ O;,:^; Teun 6's 91^.

■ <*«

New York Cattle Market-- \ugust '25.

f lie Cattle at Fr.rty-fourtL street were deiivtd from tho fol-
low! n;; -our.eH:

< i.o f04

New Voik -'jf

Illir;(-is t.SSS

Ke'itmky '_o2

inditna... 5

HfXHi 14'.

Vr''! subjai; !> list 01 (irovus and nwLers iroui llliiioia :

Xo. Owner-'. .S'.Jt: ;n."U.
^ •"; I. Viifr.n S Uicry.

Il4 .illXaI'dci i. Iluiii.- l>W,-J<rra

-I .\.l'."'a"dov A: Vir-iiu Wbitu Ar Sou

4-' I'elfuc & ii.f'e.1 1'i:ii:»r'!r & J>as*aian

"'•- t.aiiKiu & Gitletjif \V;blheimer & ijro

'.<' VV I lIutL'iifiso'i Iloag & f herinau

1-5 ...G Burlingaiue Uja'^Ai ;?L;erman

CO W J- K-ebb;Ti = Ayrault & l!ro

o2 V Stone

9;) Virgin i i'larvel.

"~: laiu.s Steel"

if) I'-.-rkiiiri

OU A Hard O Hard

In! C ngk- ,: Vk-xan !er-...U IJ.itl.aai

l'-' \;e.\.iui:er i Vir„'n...K .M'.u'ay

) Pui-cna e ...'Jwuf .

M Li)ekniaE Martin &, ValeLttne

\.'.':iuiijr >i Orui'^...J A Mirri;t

J li Ll'iney Owuer

Tbear<';ir^e pric. s tu-du}', as compared with last week, are
a sliiUc loM'er.
"Ac quote

Ajrault <k br >

Alie'ttu &.(_nuziir

ll.i;iug .i,Gurnev

MDiilton

47.
12'.

71.

PRICES OF BKtF AT TORIV-'

OURTH STECBT.

Last we«k.

yi.i#95-ic
9(a,9>^C
8V^,viyc

bf(49c
8i4(§8i/2C

To-day.

Premium Cattle none.

Fir.-it .jutlity 9(<i9'<c

Jledini quf^lity ^^'i^i^H'^l

Pi>or quality 7J,^(aSc

Poore-t <iuality 0@7c

G'Mieral selling prices 8(''!,9c

Average of all .sales 8%(a^ —

At Briwniiig's. (.'liauib'jrliu s. and O'BrieiiViuicos do not
mall riallj <liffi-r ir<<in those at Foity fourth street U-^own-
ing reports beeves at 7(a,'Jc. ( liamberliu reports Beeves at
7J£@9>2'^. O'lirion reports beeves at 7J^(a'9c.
IliiJIARKS OS THE BLEF MAPSET.

The summary of ro.eipts at all the City markets, inclu-
ding the Cattle etailed out a» Bergen before crossing the
river, show the total number of iresh arrivals since last
Weduesday to lie 4.161. This is an excrss of 1,018 ever the
Weekly average of latt year, and 831 mora than last week.
Tiie sales at Bergon, (tOu thid week,) have been mui h great-
er than usual, indicating an early demand. The surplus
this Week, however, is not so great as inoicated bv the num-
ber of Cattle, since there was a lull complement of light,
lean animals Amoug thisewere UC from Texas, said to
bo grazed iu Illinois, but itmust have been by the oa<lside.
as thjy came along, for their appearance indicated that they
had tasted very little even of prairie grass, or any other

fat producing material There was considerable sales yes-

t-rdivy, mainly of the better grades, at prices about as last
Wodn-sday, and the market opened about the same this

n.ornin^, Tluyers were anxious to ^ecere a lequisit" supply
ol g'lOd Cattle, of which tiiey -aw there was not an overidus.
'.Vith the departure o; this class, the prices of the inferior
grades declined, and before night th^y wr-nt li®%f- helow

la,st wt^i?ks rati-rt. The jarrfs were ..ot quite c'tared at r^un
doAH : the T"Xau aniuials a'ovi- refeiitd to, though coming
so far to pt^ a- a visit, seemed sc ^r ely ti> uitiae* tl • <oui-
l>lim Qt of a pnssi:ig iioti e from even th,. buy rs of low
pricil slon and bone, though a f-w oi the l.e^t wi re m'I ! at
>;:ju@i;jj ^ head, such animals sh uid be grazed at least one
season in Illinois, or el-ewher'-. beiore being oUVred lu tins,
or 'ndeed any other ma ket, as Beef Catlle....(,)f the 3.117
at .tllerton s, Illinois alone couiribuied l,ob8. or full one-
half. .

i^, I Iny Sold 105 of the E Virgin cattle ot about 7^cwt.,
at an average of near 9c. Uf course ihey were gojd Itliuute
stock

Harris & Conger, on their own account, 114 fairish Illiuois
steers, at 8c@9c on 6-6 lbs net

White * son, for Alexander & Virgin; 101 very fair cattle
from Illinois, at near 9c on an estimate ol 7uO Itis net.

Budiong iSi Eastman tried to sell 14uTexuns brought on by
one VV. W. Robbins, for Beck k Herndon. The few bes^t ones
that were got oflf at $3bfni,»j2 t» head i>robably were about
tic S^ lb. although it was impo-sible to tell what the . would
weigh wheu di*'ested of horns, hide ai.doil\,l The hea-.iest
mi(?l;* ieaoh 5 cwt. net. It apj^eared as though tho lot would
ia-t fortwo markets at least, wliirh, will save tin- owners tlie
uece.~aity of sending asrain nest Week. Huiilouff <>. Kastman
had better luck with 48 Illinois t'aule ot luiiiiih u to medium
grade, for I>cduno& Kst- s,Ui=posing of tlieiu at 73^2C((jb).^c.
on !<o esti:iiata of •53<i cwt.

VVd.>-tlieiDier A Brother, for I'ankin <fe Oi!Ieipie72 Illinc-is
Carrie in fair tlei-h liiit rat her rcugn, at .;4.';. or 8c for t >
tailings and so up to 9c IVu- ti.e best. Al.o for J CaMwell.
101 Very tair Cattle Irom Pickaway cciiiity, Ohio at SJ,!jO.—
Home weight 1,311 lbs. cixty-four of them brought 9c."\(.s-
terday,

Hoag & Sherman, for W. .1 Hutchinson, 07 rather common
Illinois stock at 8c , and 71 Illinois steers of lett.-r qualitv
f T .J.Cheeu<-y, at 8 J..ge(g. 9 1 jj^c . Also for i)utcheas County far-
mers ;i5 good cattir, at about 9c,

Ayrault k Brother, fir W. .S ftebbins, i)9 fiirish Illinois
stock at ScCo Si-^r ,aud for a few oftheb-st 9c. rating Jheui
7l)0 lbs. net Tiii- lot averag.'d n. ar ^^00 j* head Also, for
0. Stone. 32 medium cattle ai 83/^c.

0. Hurd, tor A. Uurd, 60 fair lUinoi-i cattlo, estimated .at
of< cwt.at 8)^c.

XT,K1 CALVES.

Allerton reports receipts of 275 V'e;il Calves, selling at
5i/^cCa;6J4c. t< tt) ,and auw at OJ^^^ Market quicker, espec-
ially for good Calves, weighing about ].'>u ftj. Some heavy
ones ranging from 17?. lbs. to JOU lbs sell slowly, at last vyeeks
prices, wuile the lighter ones are near J ..ict* lb higher.

SHEEP.

Browning reports receipts of 6,791. Shceji and Lambs,
Selling geueially at 33,.<efo,4c, for '^heep, and o'.-.'Jct.; Oc. gross
for LainliH. JiarUeta *cli sli,.plied; and lambs have "been
ddHiga trilic beUer. Receipts for .Monclay were 2,7-!l. or
■••■ore t',-:i lo"- ary one previous d:)y forlhe year.

TABILE OF

CONTENTS.

Countjv l.uiiuings 129

\VonI growing

-137

Ilarci's ai* < " h-pvst la.u

About ine lact

.bib

lus I?0

'I illilig

.138

0 >'iverB:'ti< n eri vegetaile

1 F.ir.-u '-l ije-.v ;^ U.Tnonias

..l:.8

phvsiology I;',3

Mothers

.';;9

'ialuj of sheep to the 'i-.t-

.-.-ed ■\,i !i

..Uu

Ul.f. l^'^i

Ul itn.-iry

..■41

Mw n.-c-^ !•;+

Dial ra-a hi animal-

..14!

Dl.uul dil.hiiig Voi

Horses— wik eyt «

rl-il

O.nr STipIc.; , ISa

Cure for r.iltlesnaikU bite

..142

Tue fari.i locomotive \Zi

The youthiui bride

..1^.2

Edit iria. ;tems 13o

Illinois flirt-

.142

The I'tale Fair XZ •

Markets

aAJ.

Tiio sugar cane crop lo7

M::rkets

.'4.>

The gr-at event f the

.Advertisements.

.Ui,

age 1-7

A'lver!is'>inL:;ts

.l-il

wJlOJLI.XE PJLOIVS.

MaiiUtaciu: -.'d by .John l>er«:.

A S THE SEaSOa FOll VXLL PLOWING

Xi_is at hand, the subscriber Ao.ild asic the atteuti >u of
Farmers and others interested, to his lane and superijr
stock of Plows of all kinds, uo'v iu useiutiie West, Consist-
ing of

Three sizes of Improved Clippers, made from the be-'t Cast-
steel, and tluished in very bni'erior ina;i!ier: the.-e low.s for
e.ase of draft, and perfect plowiug, have i.j equal iu this
State.

Four eiz«s and qualities of the comnioii form of old gronnd
plows, made from Cast, Gcrn- m and A:nericaa Steel, which
are equal to any plaw madL- nfter ttii.-i ittyls.

t.oru t'lows L.f two qualitiee».

D;iubie auU siagle Siiovel Flows.

Fiv" Tooth Cultivators.

llnrroA •, two-^tyle-, leVerSable, adju.stable, and
Giddes Double Harrow.

Ux YektS I'f tnrco sizes, fiuisheu iu the best manner,
and a veiy superior article.

Twehe.iud Fourteen ia Kxtra Breakers, for Ireakin;;
Prairie or oioer ^ud, wilh two and three horses — these are
very sujierior breaking plows.

Common breakers of every size and style, on hand, or
made to order.

The Michigan Double Plows. Cf this I am making two
sizes lor threi and tour hoiscs. This plov,- is adojited to
breaking, plowing 8iubble-lan>i, or sub soiling: and will do
anykinds of ploniuji iu the Lest manner. No plow has given
such general satisfactieu wherever it has been used. It
should be more geuorJly introduced for deep ilowiug and
subsoiliLj;.

All orders for plows either singly or by the dozen will re-
ceive prompt af?ntion
Sept., IS 8—6 times. JOHN DEKRK.

■fl®" All of said articles can be had oa application to
FraBcis it iiarrell, Springfield.

Agricultural Implements,

OF EVKuY DESCKlPTlUN FOR SALE
by aiig FKANC1S& niRKF;LL._

Buckwheat and Turuip 8ecd

I70R SA.LE B^
^ aUfe ^ FRANCIS * LAkRKLL^

"PRESl^R^^rNG JAK<i.

THESE AhE OF A GLASS. A NEW IN-
veutioa, V .ry excellent, just rec«iv*d and for sale by
iiug KRANf'ls 4 BARKELL.

Cbiuese i>'u^ar Caue Molasses,

A -MUSI' liXOi-LLLNT ARTICLE JUST
received and for sale by FRANCIS A BARKLLL.

ART OF

Taming \*lciovs MMorses,

Warrautcd Geikuiiie.

JUST PUBLlSilED. ILLUSTRATED IX-
structioasiu Kurey's Ai t of Uorse Taming, guaranteed
llie sameus pi:ictio<?d in Knrope, aiid entirely ditfereut from
that described luhor.'^e tamiug books and taught by itiaerant
juckies. As -Mr Uareydid not di-close the important feature
of his system in this country, but which 1 now for the first
time t ngage to "ul y reveal. My price has been reduced to
*;j, which eery man who owus a horse can afford to part
With. Any man who knows anything at>out a horee can
operate it. Ail perboci remitting the money must promise
over their signatures not to make the secret public or sell it
within three months of reeeptiou. Address

CALEB B. RAXET.
jnly-far.jm Albany, X. Y.

B. B LLOYD,

T> E :isrTi S T,

OFfiCE o>" r.Or.IU fifth STKEET, over J. KAyULIl.N'B.

SPRINGFIEUa, IIX.

ADKSTAL PRACTICE OF FIFTEEN YEARS WARRANTS
liiui in saying that all operations shall be carefully and
ueatly performed. He is in possession of several premi-
ums and diplomas awarded by the best institutes for the pro-
motion of seience and -artsiu the country.

Teeth inserted, from one tooth to full sets, as substantial
and handsome as can be had m any city of the United suites
or Eur. Tie. Artihcial palate plat«>s inserted, tujiplying the
want or loss of the palate, velum and wuuld, so as to rest re
articulation.

Refer to Prof. David Gilbert, Pennsylvania College of Med-
ici uc. Philadelphia; Hon. J. S. Black, \Vii.>hiut:ton City; Rev.
Dr. Harkcy. Illinois University; Drg. Helm, Kyan and Wal-
bice: .\!e^^r8. Jacob Loose, J b. Coudell, J. U. Gray, Fossel-
maii, Owen, Corneau k Hiller.

,lune7, 18i;.

MAP Ot TUK CITY Ol^ !!iPKlliOFli!:].I>

SANGAMOX C'jUNTV. MATE OF IT.MNf'l.-^.

CONTAIJ^ING OLD TOWN PLAl AND
64 additions, shewing rach Lot and Block, and the

nun hers tL.;r;A.»., the .'Aiwis, '' I'lvnufx end j:H'->j.', K'Suicil'
rc.j. an' the unimoroveil i-aiiut within, anu a quarter -f a
mileViOrtn along the .Kitbtrn limits -f stiidtity.

Sc-ile ;;oO feet to an inch

Pnolishei; by \V1LLIA>' SIDES, of Springfitld City En
:;ineera'id Mil >eyor iunelb-dvtf

i'rmt ireeh fjr Sale.
41. HAVE 15,000 TREES,

WE HAVE 15,000 TREES, 5 YEARS
old, from seven to teu feet hi^hs well branched, M-ery
aice) that we oiTer his f-all at the low price of $l:i}^ per 100;
al-o ^),'lJO 4 years old, at $19 j>er 1(.0, to cash custon.ers.
-Next . ■spring we shall charge $'.o for 5 year, aud $l;^3^ for
■I year. Also Pear. Cheny, Plum, Ora<ie, Curiauts, Pie
Plant, ol uauiente'i trees, slit ubs r ses, evi rgreeue.ic; Ac«
tr aaAuii :-cot,ch Piues., from three to six fett high, at ipcpei
fo-it; Norway, hluj and VVhita Spru.;es.. Hemlojk, Arborvita,
U.-Uiin lir, liur.peaa auJ American Laixh^s, with a good
variety o' hardy liowerlug pl»hts. Oiders respectfully solic-
ited. " \ t.ltKY ALDfticU.

Pleasant Hidge Xursery, Arispe,BureauCouuty, Jll auis,

far aug-Sm

DlilfRtJsTFEoWs;

qnVO HORSE PRAIRIE BREAKERS,

1 Dauble Micbtgau and common plow«, of the best work-
manship, tor sale by
aug FRANCIS A BARRELU_

fruit" AND~ORNAMENTAi "iKEiiS
!»UUAB1^RY, &c.

FRANCIS & BAKRELL, SPRINGFIELD,
will receive orders for all description of trees from the
DuPage County .\ urseriea, L. Ellsworth A Co., prop^rietors.
TUete trees are well grown, healthy, and their geuuiuess is
warrante.. Orders f^r fall planting can be forwarded to
tlieru at any time from June till -VoAember.

Catalogu's will be furnished those who wish to purchase
treesand -hru' berj on application to Messrs. Francis & Bar-
ren, cpriu^field. aug

dUEENSWARET ~ "

A LARGE 10 r DIRECT FROM THE
pottetiee in England, to be sold at very low prices by
aug FRANCIS & BAKRELL.

FOR SALE, THE BEST

FRANCIS & BARRELL.

0

N HAND,

varieties gram drills

! I

90 i )i \( \ ^"EE'r OV SEASONED WAL-

^yJ^yjyjyj nut lumber tor sale.
niayll J. HCTCHINSOX.

rZjS" f^ V "t~ ,*l'^*™^ "

V: '^^>?73?^-"^'^T** . *

■■•"■■■'■•'':- -^-yt)' ■"^^:^5Sfw- ■ ■ ■:.

' '*?!5P»r>X«*

^B?^KU5'^/>l!'^\nVrr*5^"'^

140

TPTE ILLI]NrOIS F^VI^MJER.

have, will have done good, and she may
herself become the nucleus of their oper-
ation,— thus effecting in another way,
the same general dimunitiou of labor.
Thus every useful invention is a counter-
action of toil, enabling mankind to do
quickly that which concerns their lower
wants, and giviiig them more time to
study and perfect that part of them Avliich
is intellectual and immortal.

We arc aware that tlie subject of in-
vention, the influence of mriCiiinery on
labor, 13 a deep one, and in the rapid
chano^e which it is effecting in human
affairs, is not an universal good. Tlie
full advantage can only operate in more
perfect conditions of society than exists
at present, but it does something to force
those conditions into being. That tliere
i.- too g'cat an ine(|uality i^^ tl'c lot of
man in the world, philanthro]);>.ts and
the thougbtful concede. If one num
holds the means of subsistorce of the
many, that many must be abridged in
their wants and necessities. Fields that
are hcM out of use, exertion and effort
that might relax and go into other hands,
much useless and luxurious production,
are evils tiiat will cry louder as the earth
becomes more populous and mankind
more sensitive to the true naiure iftlieir
wants. "The rich and the poor wo sliall
always have with u>'," but if the de.<^ire?
of the one class were moderated, the
condition of the other would be propor-
tionately made better. If man livetl as
he should do upon earth, there can be
no doubt that it would people comforta-
bly, prodigally, untold millions more
than are now upon its face, and as in-
vention ami discovery were bringing
otit new products, new forms of nutri-
ment will come into being not now
dreamed of. As the preservation of
food has already reached a high degree
of perfection, we may feel some reliance
that the theory of Mathus and others
who have feared that the powers of pro-
duction woidd fall short of consumption,
were not to be realized in generations
for which we have any concern.

There is an interesting fact in relation
10 the multiplication of fishes that show
the resources of the world in a most
beautiful and beneficent ligbt, the
spawn of which may be collected and
removed into other suitable places,
ponds, brooks, artificial lakes, &c,, and

the introduction of fisii ]>e increased to
an indefinite and incalculable extent.
We may therefce rely upon it that the
Creator Avill provide sustenance for all
the creatures be has made, if they fal-
low out iheir instincts, nnd keep their
reason enlightened sou'owhat in comp^t-
ability with his desires. B.

Seed forii.

Last year at tliis time, avc commenced
o'lvino; h'.nt'^ to onv farmers in vo^'ard lO
saviui: tlieir sec(i .orn. Soruc few naid
attention to our jM"Lrij;cstioi)s, went into
thcii" fields a*- tlie projici- season, selected
their corn, dried it und put it away for
safe-keeping. Last spring they found
the seed ^hns saved invaluable. We
deem it s;ife to say that some farmers
linvo bjst ^'inii^unils oi bu.-]icls of corn
by j'.eglecihig lo ;.-'.'cni. lin-i:- ^^cd m ;i!.
in liie fill'.

Wo )ia»(' -.1 it w 1 :ore sug^rc'-ti'; ns 1

ne spi'v..!: M':i>on. m v^g-ird 'o
> Vt r'\ irii-( r*;i'). bii'o. ^A e

'■■ ■■■■td.V
L;-l

mak'v'.

\^oatla

oftenor iiavo bad snr:n?> ihiiii ia.artU)

r-'

ones f.>r plimting v.ud >(>\\'ui
spring was the wor^-t we have known.

AVe will make .'i few ren^avks on an-
otlier point, and tlicn clos*- our article
with what we deem in!porr;int 1 '.nts to
oar f;u'mrrs on the ctdtject <>f .■^ced co.rn.

Our raih'oads fuj-nish means to send
off our fat hogs to Eastern markets at
every sea.-^on. No fartiier need be at a
loss ;;t any time f'>r want of n market
for fat hogs, — and especially early in
the fall season.

Now how is he to rnako his liog^ fat
at thnt season? Why, pro(„uvc seed of
-■rinc of the early kinds of corn, and
hove row corn ready "o feed thoni. '1 lie
Kins; Phillip corn, and tiiere is no belter
corn to fatten hogs, wa^ ripe in this sec-
Lion on the iir>t of Augu.-t. Plniiicd
thick, this corn makes avcrv ''ood yield.
Tliere are other varieties of early corn,
larger, perhaps qiute as good, though
latt ••, that caii be made to answer u, val-
uable purpose for early feeding.

Our springs are uncertain and very
OiiGh frosts come bf^fore we are expect
ing theiii — consequently mueli of our
corn is injured by frosts. It seems that
with these facts considered, our farmers
.should provide themselves witli a fovn
that msitures in less time than that ordi-
narily plant .'d. We want a corn v.itli a
h;rge ear, v.ell lilled, with a small cob,

that does not grow a large stalk, earlier
by a month than conmion corn, and that
yields heavy crops. Our farmers should
be looking out for such corn. A great
manv new varieties have been broufjht to
ihe country the present season, and
from among them, it is very likely, that
the coi'n wanted, can be selected.

DrilllD? ill AVlicat.
It is no longer a ([ucstion that drilling
is tiie i'c-t r^ystem for putting in wheat.
ViVt such is the fertility of oui' soil that
it throws u}» such a large crops of weeds
that tile plow cannot be made to cover
them deep enough to admit of the unob-
structed operations of the common drill.
Farmers feel that they arc compelled to
sow tiicir Avheat bro:u!ca>t anrainst their
judgment and wishes. Well, there is
now a drill that can drill in wheat through
all obstructions oi"w<_cds or corn st dks,
anu car, u" toi^ work v,r!l. Tlie drills
are made by rolling eiotei-;-;, the seed
,<>!t ^;i lo^'ul. il\- and covere.lbrautifully.
Til is drill is a perfect machine. It is
cheaper than the common drills, will do
all the work of tlie connnon drill, and
will do Work that the common drill can-
not do. It has not been iuiroducediren-
erally, Ijcean^o the owner is too f)00i' to
f-end out agents over the land. We see
that t]ie»<e drill.s are for sale bv ]\Ies.>rs.
Francis i*s: Barrell, of this city. They

are called ''Emmcrt's Kolling Drill.""

IIow TO Pkotect Sheep erom the
Ravages OE Dous. — Asid)scriber, whose
sheep-fold has often been visited by
prowling dogs, v^'ishes to know how he
can [irotect his flock. "With great plea-
sure we furnish the folb.wing prescrip-
tion.

Iii'tf-i'idic V: (lunceii.

.-rlrvftiDiH 4 scriip'vs.

DiEEvTioxs. — Divide the beefsteak,
or "tit bit." into sixtceii j,arts; take a
sharp knife and make an incision into
each one of them, aiid insert one six-
teenth of the aDove quantity of strych-
rdne, drop a fcA\ of tiie Medicated "tit
bits" arotnid your "sheep preserves,*^
I and have a few in your coat pocket, so
that \viieii yon eouie across an ugly
cms of a dog — a perfect Nena Sahib —
just come the "Rarey" over him — make
his acquaintance, coux him to stay with
you long enough, while you draw forth
just one morc-cl. in the name of mufton
let the medicine be given. — Am. Vei.
'Jour.

'T^T**? -.^^iC'i^TTt-^r

- W^'

TELE ILLINOIS F_A.BM:EK.

141

From Porter's Spirit.

Obituary.
Bloumington, 111., July 22.
The last of Old Gazan. — Died, this
morning at the stable of Green, Paul &
Wurts, Esqs., near Bloomington 111.,
the thorough-bred old horse Gazan^
twenty-two years old. (I find him a
winner in the tables published in "1011-
att on the Horse," by Skinner, in 18i0,
where he is set down at four years old.)
This horse wa- bred by Dr. Warfield,
of world-vride celebrity, and in his day
in the hands of Guorge Crane, and Andy
Spang ranked with the first racers of
the Continent. He has long been a resi-
dent of this prairie country, and ''has
done the Staie some service," as any
one may easily rce by making a nsit to
Morgan c Ainty, and examining their
stock of horses, not probably surpassed
by any other county certainly in this
yn'tate, and perhaps I might, with pro-
priety, extend the remark much fur-
ther.

It is no small jiraise to say, that the
people of Morgan county had the under-
standing to appreciate, and the spirit to
sustain such an animal for a long period
of years; but A^hcn I . add, what 1 have
recently understood, that they have
lately sent to IScw Jersey and obtained
the services of the famous thorough-
bred horse Marco, for the purpose of
carrying out iheir views so correctly
begun, of pmciug their horses at the
very top of the list for spirit, beauty,
and endurance, it will require no proph-
et to foretell the character of these noble
animals in a few yoars to come.

Marco waf^ also bred by Dr. Warfield
and contested many a hard fought, field
in his day, as the file of the Old >Sj)i)it
will abundantly testify, ilo has been
used for the last five years amongst their
extensive stud of mares by the gentle-
man at whose stable Gazan breatned his
last, and vrherc 1 Avas permitted to be-
hold near fifty of his beautiful colts. —
These gentlemen having finished tneir
purpose with him, sent him to iVew
Jersey, the place of their resideULO,
where that emcerprising veteran horse-
man AVm. 11. Hartley, J^sq., of Jackson-
ville, followed, and succeeded in bring-
ing him back to iliinois.

Being on a visit to the West, 1 was
an eye witness to the struggles of this
'•noble old courser,"' and the tenuer care
bestoAved upon him, Avhich impelled me
to send you this hasty sketch of what
is doing in this 3'oung empire; being well
assured that the announcement of the
death of so notable a horse as old Gazan
will cause a thrill of regret in the heart
of many a lover of these noble friends
and companions of man.

Sowing Timotliy Seed.
The Etiral JS'ew Yorker has the fol-

lowing remarks on this subject, which
we submit to the consideration of oar
farmers : .

Whoever sows winter wheat can sow
Timothv before the vrheat is drilled, in
or before the last dragging if the wheat
is put in with a drag; but if the wheat is
put in with a cultivator or gang plow, I
should prefer sowing the Timotliy after
that operation was completed, trusting
to the rains to bury the seed.

Timothy seed may be soAvn upou any
clean land, and dragged in Avithout any
other crop, and if put in immediately it
might be moAved or pastured next year,
as It makes a better growth und frequent-
ly succeeds better alone th;ui Avhen sown
m connection Avith a grain crop. Oats
r-'^peciail}" are a po."^r crop to seed down
Avith.

It is now pretty generally conceded
that if wc want to raise tAvice as much
grain, especially Avheat, we must sow
only half as much ground. This makes
It necessary to put doAvn more land to
grass than avc have usually devoted to
that cix)p, and renders it important that
we should adopt the best methods of
seeding.

Diarriioea in Animals.

A correspondent of an English journal
Avhile speaking of tiie diarrhoea amongst
the lamb stock, so fatal in many parts
of the country, remarks :-

I am not a farmer by proiession, but
have had some experience, liaA'ing oc-
cupied a farm for seven years, during
which I paid some attention to this dis-
ea,'?e, not only in sheep and lambs, but
also in cattle, especially young stock.
The benefits I derived from the experi-
ments, I am anxious to give to the Avorld.
Vv hen I had been about Vvo years a far-
mer, it happened that a very abundant
crop of acorns made its appearance; and
hovmg this, it occurred to me that moth-
er ]N:iture had provided the crop for
some useful purpose. I at once gave out
to the boys of the a illage, that I would
give 2d. a gallon for all che acorns they
would brinti; at ihe season A", hen tliev be-
gan to dioi) from, ■ the oak, which
abounds in the neighborhoo-l (Oheshh-e.)

In a. shor. time i Avas inundated Avith
liiib fruit, so much so that 1 Avas obli":ed
to reduce my price to a ponn}' per gallon
and still they kept coming in abundance,
Avhilst my neighbors (the farmers) Avere

lau-j-hinji in
o o

tueir sleeves, Avondering

Avhether I was going to keep pigs on a
large scale. HoweA'er, Avhen the season
for gathering Avas over, i sent them to
the mill to be ground into Hour, and
Aviien I found symptoms of scour or
diarrhoea in my cattle, I ordered tAvo
handfuls to be mixed in ti uran mash,
and given Avarm immediately, and to
continue it once a day until the disease

i disappeared. This proved a noA-er fail-
! ing cure, in so much that I never had
any trouble from the disease afterwards;
and my neighbors seeing this, had re-
course to me for a little of my acorn
flour Avhen the disease appeared in their
cattle, which, of course, I was glad to
give them, the result being the same as
in my own case.

llorses— Weak Eyes.

Horses that are kept most of the time
in the stable, on dry food, are more lia-
ble to haA'e inflamed eyes than those tliat
are kept on pasture. When I find an
eye much inflamed, I bleed in the vein
b<dow, as described in a former number
and Avash with a solution of sugar of
lead, or Avhite yiiriol, flissolved in raiii-
water. In cases of slight inflammation,
the wash alone is suflBcient, which should
be used every two hours until it subsides
and then uccasionally until the eye seems
entirely bright and clear. In severe
cases, that do not yield to the aboA'c
treatment, take a gallon of blocd from
the neck, dissoh'c tAvo pounds of glauber
salts in water, and give him a pint of it
with a bucket full of water v.henever he
is thirsty; or if he will dri»k it at two or
tlu'ee draughts, all the better; put four
threads of sew ing-silk in a sharp darn-
ing-needle, and bore his ears about one
inch from the head, on the outside; draw
the thread through until there is just
length enough to make a two-inch loop,
wet it, take some tartar-emetic betAveen
A-our thumb and finger, and rub on it,
and then draw ic back and forth a few
times through t'le ear. This Avill canse
the ear to swell considciablv, and in a
day or tAvo it Avill begin to jiuppurate:
take hold of the strings once a day, and
pull it through a little; keep the patient
as much as possible out of the stable
and in the shade — the ammonia about a
stabl.i, especially one that is not kept
very clean, is very irritating to sore eyes.
I liave no doubt that horses frequently
lose their sight by being kepi in close,
filthy stables,

Ir will be found where eyes have once
been severely inflamed, that they will be
more subject to it ever after, and in v\l
eases for sometime after you subdue the
inflammation, be careful not to oA'crheat
the horse, and Avhen he is Avarmvd «(> as
to sAveat tVeeU", ncA-cr leaA'c him stand-
ing in a di aught of cold, or CA'en cool air,
but have him cool oft' as gradually as
possible.

I once had a very valuable j'oung
horse, whose eyes had ahvays been ap-
prirently sound, put entirely blind by
being driA'en five miles in .tAventy-five
minutes, and then put in an open log
stable, exposed to the cool air, of an
autumn night.

It is under all circumstances highly
injurious and very cruel, to leave a horse

138

THE ILLIISroiS F^VUMER.

of the large wool growers of this couu-

We would like to have him furnish a
fair calculation of the cost, expense of
keeping, feeding, &c., of a flock of 1,000
sheep in Central Illinotp, the amount o^
t}ie wool they would jield, and the worth
of it in market. It would be a fair thing
to estimate the cost of keeping, &c.. for
the last year. Last year our crops were
not good — and this year wool is low.

What we want is, statements that will
show whether wheat raisers can turn
their attention profitably to the growing
of wool.

Mr. M'Connell in furnishing the state-
ment we ask. will gratify many of his
friends and do a great service to tlie far-
mers of the State.

—•>-

About the Fact!
Last year a farmer in this county pre-
pared his ground well for wheat and put
the seed in with great care. After the
work was done, the field regulnrly plow-
ed, well harrowed, no trash to be seeu on
the surface, — looked well, we mifjht well
say bea\itiful. A neighbor had a field
ricfht alon2; side. Both fields had been
broken ujj one year. "Now," said the
neighbor, "You are too particular. J
will get as f^ood a crop Jis you, and will
put the seed in at lialf the expense."
'•We'll see," said the first. Both fields
were cut at the same time and thresjied
by the same muchine. The first field
yielded ten bushels of wheat more to tlie
acre than tlian the other; — a fact whicli
pioves the benefit of tliorougli cidtlva-
tion.

Hed'-dng— A New Idea.
II- J. Chase, Esq., of Peoria cuunt}.
has noAV upon Ids farms twenty-two mil :.>
of Osage Orange hedge. Tic was amon<j:
tlie first who planted 0>agc Orange
hedges in the State. lie tried almost
every plan proposed for making quick
and good hedges; and he has now couk'
to the conclusion and practices on this
system : He plants the hedge plan is
near together and lets them grovr up
without clipping. If they get too high,
he cuts oft' the tops with an axe. ll-
has hedges cultivated in this manner
and they are perfectly impassable \l<>r
man or beast. He will clip no uio.o
hedges.

rnrra oi Lewis II. Thomas.
This farm is in Macoupin county, six
and a half miles west of Yirden. It
has been entered for competition and pre-
mium with the State Agricultural Socie-
ty as a grazing farm. We had the
pleasure of examining it a few days

ago.

The tract consists of a section and a
half of land. We think it was entered
abou!- "50 or '51. It w»s then in the
middle of a large prairie, where there
was good water, a branch leading into
one of the afiluents of the Sangamon
passing through it. The old road from
Sprlngfi'?ld to Carlinvillf^ passed over
the tract. Mr. Thomns had the lands
survrycl out in "5:^, an;l foi'mcd liis plans
for the future improvements. The land
is divided into several lots — some of
them containing 160, and others 80
acres. He went to work in the fall of
'5'2, and broke np the land an ample
width for plantinghedge round the whole
tract and for keeping the fine from it —
then in the same iranner for his cross
hedges — and in the spring of "53 com-
menced planting his hedges.

The land Avas away from the rango of
cattle. In fact his hedi^es received no
injury but from passing hunters or d(^cr.

He attended to his licdgcs for two or
tliree yeai's without much attempt to
cultivate his farm — though he found
time to build a Iiouse near the centre of
the tract, and a large barn, and to plant
seed for forming a grove of peach trees,
a locu.^t o-vove, and a larjxe trrove of 15
acre-, fill'-il witli oak, wahiut, hirikorv,
svcaniore, chestnut, ash. soft maples and
niany ^ihcr kieds of ou." forest tree^'.
This lasc laentloncd t"^ vo j- nuw in a
u:i0st })rrmi!^ing ..•late of growth. Sojuo
of the tr^>e-; are fifteen and tweniy-fivc

-some less, but all are fiuurisli-

\\\ iiei'Mit-

11. g. ;.'!*;.> V, n-, indeed, lae fir;-f grove
of the kind that we ever saw, and it Avill
be s{)okin of to the p''ai.~e of Lewis IT.
Tlioma.s in long, long years to come.

But we have lost sight of ilie beauti-
ful hedges tliat surround and cios.s this
farm. The outride hedges are all bull-
proof, ao arc most of the inside hedges. —
some of the latter being ^iit aoo'it three
years old.

The groves and hedges about Mr.
Thomas' farm are a most beautiful crea-
tion— tlic work of a young man, scarcely

now thiity years old. They thow what
can be done by well directed and intel-
ligent industry. The hedge3 on his
farm, in one string, would make a line
of eleven miles, and he does not believe
that they have or will cost him 25 cents
a rod.

No man can examine the hedges of
Mr. Thomas without being profoundly
impressed with the belief that Osage
Orange hedges are to be the fences of
Illinois.

Mr. Thomas has now fences for the
present, and probably for half the next
century, and how much longer, who can
tell?

-««^

KS^'We are told of a fnrmer in this
county who put into a crib last fall 3,000
bushels of corn. The crib was made of
rails and not covered. The corn was
exposed to all the vicissitudes of weather,
rains, sleets, snows, and the deluges of
water in May and June — of course the
corn was not the best — being faulty, as
most corn of the last season was — but
the crib j^radunlly settled, and it W^as
found on examination that the vrholc lot
of corn was rotten, with the exception
of about a hundred bushels. We sup-
pose the owner of the corn retlects on
Providence for the loss of his Ia«t year's
crop.

SmGULAR Palliative for Toothache.
— A little horseradish scraped, and laid
on the wrist or the side aifectcd, wiJl, in
many cases, give .speedy relief. K bet-
ter way is to place a little scraped horse-
radish in tlie mouth, or the tooth, or
just ..round the gum. It relieves rhdJ-
iuatlc pains in the g'lm and face also.
The .aouth may aflerwirds bj rinsed
with a little oamplxorated water, luke-
warm.

Beceii't For 3!AKix.^. Ige-Ckeam.—
Two quarts goo<l rich milk, four fresh
eggs; three-(>narters pound of white
sugar; six teaspoons of Bermuda arrow
root. Hub the arrow-root smooth in a
cold milk; beat the cggb and sugar to-
gether; bring the milk to the boilinr'
point; then stir in the arrow ro<^t: remove
it then from the f.re and immediately
add the egg* and stgar, stin-ng briskly
to keep the eggs from cooking, then
set aside to cool. If iipvored with cx-
iracts. let it be done JAHthcJvrt pucting
it in the freezer. If tiic vanilla bean is
used, it must be boiled in tlie milk.

t

»W«?iwT?!'^??*7-

::' ■ -iI«?:^:^Tr -■■'<-

THE ILLIjSTOIS F^^KMER.

139

The State Fair.
We loarn tbat the bnildinjrs and other fix-
tures on the Fair jrrounrls at Centralia are in n
fine state of forwardness, and will be all per^
fectly completed in time. The buildings are
large and convenient, nnd all the other fixtures
and arrangements will he fully rqual to thoec
of any previous Fair. Our editorial brethren
will have a eommodions rooni for their e?peeial
benefit. Extensive eatirpand sleeping arrange-
ment'^ will be made about the grounds. Extra
ears will run to the different towns up and
down the road,'^, and even in Centralia accom-
modations for lodaings? will be found for 8,000
people. The hotels and private hou?es will be
reserved principnlly for the ladies. Among
other great nttractionK.for tliC farmer will be
seon certainly one, and pfspibly three, eteom
plow* The t'ini of rlr-.ws will be mo''o tbo.s
rou'^li aT;d intero-tmji than ni any prerioua
Fair.

riloiliers.

Whatever man's position maj be in
this Western country, woman's is a hard
one. And all this in an age of great in-
dustrial, social, and intellectual advance-
ment. Help, which is the name given
for servants in our repuhlican country,
is still scarce, and mothers have to toil
hard to make up th<; deficiency. Tlie
daughters, in a fairly prosperous family,
admitting; that thev have left SChool, do
less in this generation than they did in
former one. There is more required of
them intellectuallv. The general status
of societv. is more elevated, and vrith
what convcntioual usage demands, how-
ever absurd, there is ec>-tainly less work
expected of them than formerly. The
mother, under these circumstances, has
to assume the responsibility of the house-
hold, to perform its onerous duties, to be
up betimes in the morning, to be the la-
test, to bed at right.

If we tak-e less prosperous conditions
of life, we shall find that toil has k-ss al-
leviation in the liouso than in the fields,
and wherever we look, in the city or
country, we perceive that woman has
the worst part to perform. Our view of I
the matter is tliis — that there is not gcu- !
erally indoor help enough, that where i
there is too little the profits of the farm
suiFer, the butter and the cheese diminish
in quality and value, ragged clothing
and personal neglect take the place of
tidiness and thrift, and the sheer inhu-
manity of the thing, to her upon whom
the burden comes, makes life hardly en-
durable, as we think. The grasping at
too much land, at more cultivation than
can be profitably attended to, is the fruit-

ful source of this suffering. A mother,
living out wearisome years, when under
more equable desires and duties she
would enjoy and lengthened her days,
is a sad commentary on the prevailing
habit of depriving our homes of their
needed help.

Women that have been mothers are
difi'erent beino-s from those Avho have
not. The anxieties and cares incident
to the maternal relation, make great
draft upon the physical powers. When
to this be added constant hard work,
tlie sun of comfort has nearly set. Edu-
cation, too, begins with the child's dawn-
ing perceptions, and to fulfill her duty
bore i-equires the mo.-t of a mother's at-
tention. Of thcf daus'h^pr?. however
great the accomplishments they may
aim at, let them understand that house-
hold work, kitchen work, however home-
ly, is to our mind the greatest, and is
never incompatible with other attain-
ments in a well regulated family. We
know of no condition in this favored
country, there sljould be none, in which
degrading toil is inevitable, unless
through misfartime, and then if tliero be
virtue, there will be the rescue or our
experience is at fault.

Tliere certainly can always be some
portion of the day appropriated to im-
provement. Girls brought up to con-
stant drudgery, are fit only for that ever
afterwards; the sternest utilitarian could
not desire such a destiny for his child.
As to help, how many distressed children
there in New York, and in all our great
sea-ports, and fur that matter, in our in-
land cities, to whom a place in one of
these countrv homes would save a soul,
would save our own, for we cornot take
a child from these positions without mr>-
tives of a higher than a selfish kind.
Of adult iemale help how much comes
from the European world, and the less
favored conditions of our own land, that
might be sought for and emplo^'cu, even
if we could comfortably do without it.
AVc can enter into no relation with oth-
ers in a spirit of indifference. Life is
too sacred for that, and "we may meet
angels unawares," — -in other words, good
muy redound to us from our intercourse
Vv'ith others, if we are open to receive it.

In this Prairie State, blessed beyond
all others in fruitful fields, the infinite
has crowded upon us the fall hundred

talents, and we should manfully and
womanly act up to, and not escape, from
the responsibility which it imposes. We
cannot live for ourselves alone, and we
live best for ourselves in a practical sense
as it will generally prove, when we live
to a certain extent, for others.

There should then, according to our
reasoning, be more servants in our house-
holds, better than this, — help, — if we
can thus elevate it, more to do indoor
work, than we find there is in our West-
ern country. Economy is so much of a
virtue that if beginners can do without
help, then other improvement not being
neglected, or their health suffering, let
them do it; if they have the help and are
able to pay for it, so much the better,
for therein are they widening the useful-
ness of their possessions and the general
good of society. We think a sewing
machine is as necessary an implement in
in a farmer's family as a drill, cultivator
or mower is in the fields. Labor saving
machines are wanted indoors as WcJl as
out, they are co-laborers with the school,
the telegraph, and the railroad in helping
forward the condition of man. The in-
troduction of the spinning jenny in Eng-
land, though it met with great opposition
from the hand loom weavers, soon made
fabrics so cheap, gave them such exten-
sion and use, furnishing ample clothing
to the poorest and meanest subject of the
realm, that it at once stood forth as the
most beneficent invention of the time.
^\ ashing machines, we trust, will be
furnished, ere many years, that will su-
persede the present slow and exhausting
manipulation that is so much dreaded by
females. The application of heat to
culinary purposes is another labor saving
process, that is attracting attention, par-
ticularly where coal is used for fuel, and
in cities, but which will in process of
time find its way into the country.

That a higher era is dawning upon
industry, compressing labor into a small-
er compass, is perhaps the leading char-
acteristic of the present age, and is des-
tined, in the leisure which it affords, to
elevate man into a higher rank. That
'Ve do not live by bread alone," is be-
coming a substantial reality instead of a
mere Christian abstraction, expressed
without meaning or force. Sewinir ma-
chines, if they lift the needle woman into
a higher position, a worse she could not

144

THE ILLINOIB F^HMER.

B. F. FOX,

Wholesale ami Retail Dealer lii Hardware,

IN ALL ITS VARIOUS BRANCUKS.IIAS NOW IN STOKE
one of Mie larRcst ami best ass'irtnients c.f giiods in Ins line
ever ofTt-retl in tliit market, linjiorting many styk-s of Kn^-
lish goiids diriHit, and i>uicliasiiig liis Amcririin ginKla I'f the
mnniifacturer» ut tlio lowest (casli^ i>rici's, he is t'ii;ibU'd to
offer merchants ami con.-iumers g(K)dsat the lowest piict-s.aml
on as favorable tiauj!" aji any bouno exst or west. His stock
embraces a very Iiitfrc and complete assortment of

Agricultural Tools and Impienionts !

of the lati'St and most improved kind" and nualities. lle-ip-
ers. MoK'i'.r.', i>>niw CidOrs. }M(f Tiimiitn\<, S c-dpn.
Grass und J runiiig Jlo'ifcs, CrnJU", .'<<:i/thi:t. Siiol'i:/,
/IirA-?. //()«.«, iSVioiv/.?. Scoiws. Are.s!fli\ kinds and m.iUes,.
fides, MaWKks, Fan MtlU. •'imd H-sjHfralors atni T re.'liin:; Mi-
di t'lies.

HOUSE FliRNISIHNd &: BTJIIBERS V.' ARLliOLSIi.

I^irge ai d couipleteassorf iicut of Lnr! ,, l,,it'-!i ,,-. ;, '.''..•. i/,ii-
ges, ^rtm. Bolts. I'.-odi, N<^ils. TJ{JMM/yi,\S—'^\ ■>: vui i.tv

AT '■IIB

HPRINGFIELD,

OFFMCjtl

ILLIXOIH

UHLER'S PLOWS

The i>uiihle

UprljfUt

Carpenter's and Builder's Tools !

PlanfS, .Sfitfs, Ciiisch, Any r-, Lra'-n, Jli/if. Dr.^vhi-: hninf.
Kjunres, Troioels, J3ci-il<i, Hatclii-t^, fitiiiimcis. A<hcs, H'trtli
and Broad Axeji, Jjofinff Machine.', OuuUV^ ami 6'teploi'i
Morticing MacliinKS, /'?.'':.'••, dr.

BIacksniitb'8 Tools

BenoivUf-lnvih', fi'-es, Snrew P! :i€.\ Tonij^\ ffnrsc XaiU: ilorsi:
Slues. Bi<ltie.''fei. tA-

COOPER'S TOOLS.

Fine asfiocmeut, Knnr>-. Hook', PUn<:, dw

CUTI.EKV.

• k very largo stock ami :i<c!ortment of W o^tenh'ilnis Butch-
era .-ind othei'8. Uhl'te, PiKhsl, Piii. Butch r ami AVmc A'HiitV,
J(a:or!t, S/irars, CistMr.^. I'-irvers. ttv. (jreiit vi-riotv.
GCXS. PiSTOl^S,

Gun Trimming: an ' Mmwlings,U7.^,if.n,j.tilni^'lehiridh<l L/i-
ylifh and German Rillr.i, Piittus of great variety. t'.)i£i'tli'-r
withagtaeralussortu: ut of goods usuailykcp 'un Hardwure
atoro.

S A'WS

Every v.irifty, mill, fT:>-if cr.t and cirrinar. fp'm tlncc inches
t.o sixty inclusive. : sruished at mannfacturors prices.

Saddlery lianlwarc and Carriage Trimmings.

In this hro'ic!' >f ray business, 1 .im eiialded to oxten : to
sndalers and carriage ii.ii;Kcrsunusi.al lacilities, b-itigsnpi lit.l
direct from the ..lanufactiirers. OoihIs in tliis lin''ci.n<' tome
»l c:;traordiiiary hiw prices. My stuck emtimci » all \:iiii'ti's:
Buc':t.ix, Ferrets, Ornairnt.i, Jlosent'S, }iii>;s. Snujfli'i'- B'lt^.
Pun' ies. Webbiv'i, i It'-Ai'juftiifi and Dcvnifjii jfV.iy, Scul-
dUr'g Siik: SJmc, Thrce-CorU inid F.Uinfi lhr^«d.

Carria^f; Ti*iiiiiniii^!N.

Bran and St.r,;- I'ljl^a. •'icrr.ir Frnut Humhi iiJt'i J'lotiil S-.riW
Front Mail II' 'ids, Coarlt li.'ndltx, {'urtaiti Fnimi.<. Turned
I'lillam, J'cUent and Pnamelied Lcat/ier, F>u'.iii''llii/ .^Ir 'in.
Dade a'ld Drill, pidibtr CloUi, Carrixt^f Bnivs, Pier mid ''nrled
lliiir. J'atent L<-nt Iter and Bubt^.r BdHng, fhmp and Jliibbtr
yvch ihij.

<f5_ urders in-omptly fiiieduml forwarded.

M''iv ot, 18:.7. • B. 1 . FOX.

HOr.SE BILLS

PRC-MPTLY AM> NEATLY PKlNTED

St ■.^'^ ifloulrt

ot Illinois, it

Curved

B'.ur.l Plow.

THE PliOPHTETOR OF TUTS SUPERIOR
Plow Btil! C'.utinuo- t^ 8ui)ply .
tlie .".rtat demand which i»j m ;rits havu
creaf>.(t. Its ccml)inatioii of i.tre ad-
Tar\ti.g<'s Vas lecomiuoaJed it lo th«
a^-rii.i.itiii.il co;iimnnirv iiirt. .';;!' nit tU
ij ni.v- .idiuitre'I tl ii ic '.las no eqnel.

Thefoilowiii", n ,te isbrt one of thf ninny t '.stln. 'iiinl''
wlvch'. '■'-•en laruishedthe i.i»?uil'!i. turer of !'ie \.orkiiii;

Ol -lis plOW-l.

Weceriity that v;e have lately nscd*!:ciboveplows, niiinr
factuicd by ^'r. Jolm Uhler, and we "miiM stat<^ that tley
ar- in :.ll respecls, snperioi to any oti v . low i we hu.c ever
used We cli' crAilly recommend then; to the piil.iic .
Wm. '' Iiw.iou, Win. i'wlllrrli.ii^. r,

J. J. "<hort, Dayid Nf\vso"i,

Joan W. Beck, Uriah .'ilitiie.

Join. KavanauKh. Philen-on S; jU*..

San);amon r mnty, .lau 1". ISoS.

From the peculiar 'oi ai of Uhler's plow., the-- nie not ex-
celled by anj other now in use. It -couis very lirivrlit. slxds
o!T Ktubbles admirably, and runs liglit und easy to tiw t.:iiii.
The larg.iRt sized t«->h.«isc", plow of 'his kind, has I'ffii u-imI
sevt-riU seasous sucTossfnlly in breaking prairie. The limits
of a newspaper adverti!>einent will not admit of au accurate
description of th'.se plows. To seothum in tobo plea.sed with
them.

In addition to the above, the manufacturer i« making
wrought iron upright ones, and two-horse plows.

Also, a superior Prairie l>lo\v, warranted to be equal to any
prairie ph«w now in u;-. .\ny si/e that may lu- wanted can
be 'lad at short n'iti'-:e. A larj.") uumbT ol all si/es, kei L on
hard constantly.

MannfacturHd by JOHN UlILKR,

Sprinj;tUd<1. 111., at wliosi estaldiHbni<>nt thL-e favorite'plows
can be had. from a single one to u number unlimited.

an,i4-wlT

THF. ILLIXOlii

tlltrlual Fire Insurance Co.

LOCATED AT ALTO X ILLIKOIS.

CIIARTERKD Ki B.'J0,1839. ORGANIZED APHIL 4 IS-OO.

Amouut oj' premium notes in force February

\st, iSOG, coti.ttitudnf/ a fund for the

pai/incni of Lo-fgct,

$8 00,0 0 0.0 0,

Secured bi/ a lien on propejli/ insured, valued
af orfr

$9,000,000!

'^I"'!ItSt:oi!ip:iny lnsu^esdweilillgs,^to^'s.wal•ehouse^.n^;lnll-
l I'u^t.U'ios. mill bams. st:i!'k-< and thi- contents ol e.veb.
t'>;>'tiiir will) cv'iy other siniiinr .sjiecicf of prupcrty vithin
i'.e ."^t-itc. from

LOt^S i)R DAMAGE BV FIRE!

Tb'" Directors 1V"'l instilled in rrcrniiii^ndiug tlii" ci'iiipnny to \
thi- liivor;:bI(- cmisidTRtiow of tiie ci*i/ens of Jliinols. Every j
Diir insured 1 .•••o- ;ch a nienilicr, tb" eonipany ln'ln^ ."•.u as '
soi iatn'!i I'f cii5tr.iii..T.i_ ench of 'vhum is conccri.oil i-i in- i
si.iing his iiei^libor. As the i-idemniflcation fund aiigme'its \
in exact ratio with the increase 'if vihks, ilie r.ipitai of the i
cnnifWiiy ii ci .iip.iraLivcIy cxhaustless; and the entire safety '
of tiu' i-istitutioD aiiist be <ippa- nt 'o overv ».uo v!iO reads ;
tiic ciiart.r. " ;

The cost c' insi.rint; \n this ciimp..ny issoLw. ns to render
it nlnio.s; Inexcusable for the nvneis "of insurable prop'^-ty \
not to avail iliemse.ves oi its jirotL-ction. " i

r><).AKD OF DiRECTOP'*.

El'.\S Uinu.^KD.
S.\MtTl, WaDK,

John J.AMis,
lltvRv I.i:'.

N.MH'i. JtANaOy.

It K.\,i A ;*.('%■ 1

1.KV, i-i .C i,M :;\ .-T.r. r.n. Trr-i-,. M . O. A-Wooi), Sec'y.

>^- .m ARcnt far this Company nviy be found in alni^
everj Com y of th!" State.

4Kai" Application foi- insurance niav be i.nade to

.TAMES L. »111,I,. Ag«nt.
April 1, ISr.T. at spriiigfield

l.TMA^: rR(MELI.L,

Br.Nj. K. l.oNii.
TiMoTnr Tra.vKn.

.M. '.r. ATWOoI;.

.\'FRH) Dow,
Hrxj. iv. Hi-.T.

.lOHN R.ill.fUCHE,

Jon.v atwood,
I'LNG. President.

ST.flR COISA* ^WIJLIj.

For Grinding Coi n. Col), Hominy or Meal and
Ciencral Storii FecJj.

WE l>i:iIVEU THIS MILL Al AXY
point, or from our w.ikous, Di.-it run tli ough tbedif-
fiTcut o.irts (if till- ci'untry. ut the in mufacturor's r<,:ail price,
v hull i,s. I..;- the niill ( ompkt .>;oO.

Old' r--. or i<ttj:so'"iiii)i.irv ^ill•nl,l be addressed lu

liJ.M'.'pYKK <-0o.. .^prin^fi.ld 111.

W.> ne •' l.n, 'i\v that v.ii^i.; 'tie S- .r Mill . .is ben used, it
11-' ^riiinid ■■"(lit !)• yoiid nil oi/or ViUn ,,ow ii. usis a.id the
firmer <>'ily needs tn si-c ar 1 'r.v it in <Mdc; to liccme cii.-
v^icfil that it i. i frk-(t in its arr.ini;ein>'at fioni thefiict tl at
it i;ri'"ls I'rcen I- well -IS old '•orn. ^...ir;i and cob p"s>.iii^
!b.(>uj.'li It fovfi-tlier,^ wli.ch im ('the- Mill w'll do. fanners
and stock t;:ovviTs ctt.< '"avi- from ;'>0 'o 4ii busbi is of corn iii
■•ac'i li^o liy ;!;(, n«e ot thin Mill; (at le:i.-.t we ha\e eertiticates
tl' th I. ■.:Teo..> Per ms i.aviii;. once e.\p«ri^'nc«Hl its beuetlt.
Mill iii-verreturn lu the vastefiil practice of fepdir^' con. ia
the ear.

li will ur<'..nbte(ny iiiuk.i go<«.l mcil of shelled corn lor fam-
ily use.

Til.- .MillKrio''-" i^om tw^lvit to tweiuj b"H} cd.> per hour
and ; .au-scii i-a-";/ drali for ;wo"ors '>.

Wi- cai. pr. :'.nc f:-.sl pr- mi in s, dip! nn . ., aci r.-c iinmin
d.itions t. 'I i.Mii,:Ti. IS to inci.iiiin.

y r loll p.'ir-.iciilurs. n i'jrences -ind 'l.s-iip-.;.^.! of Mills s -e

^ - I'Hrsons c .n '.e rUiipli. I willi a 'tar Mill, a, n a. ^o
■• r ••:: '111 ,'ciatio.i by cailiuf; ;it :lic Agr-'ult-jral .^^toit of

FKA.NCl.s A i>-;KliELI,.
••■■•' '. '^••■^ A>tl.o,;.-,d A;re.:tt.

Illinois t^entrai Hail Hoad

TIIE ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD
Company invites the attention ' f Agriculturalists and
Farmers to the fertile lands adjacent to their Road, which
are offered for sale upon low terms, and long credit at low-
rates of interest.

It is the policy and wish of the Company to sell «,7 their
lands to actual settlers; and no inducement is olkred lo
speculators; in fact n<uie will be sold on long credit, without
the distinct obligation of cultivation.

Illinois occupies the nioiit central positi<>n of the Western
'^tatcs. and comprises the most fertile section of the belt of
land extcndini: from tlie Atl.-intic t.iean to the Missonri
River, and including New 'Noik, Now Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Ohio. Indiana. Illinois. .Micliignn; Wisconsin, Iowa and
Northern .Missouri.

Unlike the States N'ort h of us. the prodictions are not
clucked h), rigorons winteij,— uor is tlic luiit oi summer
oppressive. The bind - Wet-t of tiie ,Mi- oiiri Kive.' gradually
und rapidly decrease in fertility, till they blend wi'^h the
Great American Plain, and being cliii'fly, if not solely adapt-
ed tograjjng, cati never compete with those of this f'tHte,

The laiids Iiordering upon the Missouri and K.'insas Rivers,
and upon the lines of the proposed roa'^sfn Itiwa, have been
tak- n up.and.ire nowselling at from $10 to ?1.') per acre,
nltbongh seltlerf have to pay heavy freights up-iu the trans-
portation of their agricnltuial tools, furniture ami gooHs;
and wh^n theircrr-ps are produced, Ihe extra tost of trans-
portation to Fastern markets exceeds th"' cost of prodnc-

tiOil.

Locking tc the future gcowtii' of onr ccnntr^.tbis State,
which combines b mugt favorable 'ompcrature with the
iicl.?si. Soil and n:^ it hi althy climate, will fi.r al! time be the
great grain p;oduc.ngdist..ict. It is mil of mineral wt;dth
such as Coal. Iron, Lead. L'mtstcne. <l j.. and hie-, already the
ttdvantpges o"" ci.urches and ecbools, jf p/pnlation, and of
the investmen* of capital. SUreover, 'here is scarcely a
county in Illinois which his not a st;pply of timber. The
southern section of tiie State Includes at lea-t 2.utMi,000 ceres
of the be^t qualitj, of timber land: <ind rbee.tonsive pin'>ricj
in adjoining Stat s, accesiiible by the I,ak<-.-, furnish Chicago
"ith an iinruen?" qnautitv oftimbei audl-tml,eramtunting
in lS5C,to 4(j0,00o.00it feet.

Illinolsespe iaily di'ring the last t;-n years, has been rep-
idly developing hpr .esou; ces. The popnlatioii is now <\l'OUt
1,600,000 and eigbty millions of dollars have been . xpeuded
for Railroads; which, with the waters ol the M'siiisippi.
Illinois River, tin- Michigan Canal and Lnke communications
afford cheap and convenient meaunfor the transportatii^u of
her products to every mark' ^ About one million acies of
the Company's linds have already been Bold, !\nd many
flourishing villages ev':.co he ' ipidly incro-aaing prosperity
if thecoiiutry. Suchistuefs.'ility ardccinomy with -which
these lands o<.-,ib" cultivated, tl.it in tv i yei^..i-n farni.rs can
readily surround themseiv -s with all tbecomforts ot old set-
tled farLii in the ii'.astern .States: and sucli is their fertiliey
and pioductiven.sH, that prope.ty purchased at froin ^6 to
$;;( per ^'-re at six years' credit and tiiree per cent, interest,
tan be fully ^aid for >wthin that thne. •■"pother witli all the
coats of imnrovements.by v.rdinari industry, from the prohts
oftbo croy-o.

Al'h.Ui h it isiJvidcnt that lands in the viciui'y of railroads
in lllnois willd.ivance tc |-'<'or eT. I' JlOO pt.- acre vithin
ten venrs. yo* th ^ vi-ierests "f tbi« C'>mp-iny are more adv.in-
c; 1 by ii'aciug their property in the hands offarmers, tc ret-
tl"^ the couu'ry. relying upon the bu«-in si olthe read for it."
chief profit, and to enable it to disiiiarge its obljgatiouStic
the State. These ronsiderations induce ilie policy of "apid
sales, which !:r^ v." be<;n progressing and increis'r.g for two
years pant, ;:nd will be pu.!,ue<; till ilm ia:ids arc finally
ui8i)?sod of No encouragement 's i,'iv;-n to spccalative pur-
eba-ers, as tiie Co-ojiany doet- not wi-'h to dispost of any of
It-, lands except fo*- rctual settlen.enl and cnltivation Itig
evideut. tiierefors, t''(.t the b-st iLterestf of settlers can no-
(vh.'re b» a.1 \.«fll promoted as b} iiurcbajing and settling
upon these land*

For inlv rmniion as to pricc,termB, etc. apply tc

JOHN \riLaoN

Jy2(t-dw6m Land C -mmT I. C.R. Tl. Co., Cbicago, 111.

rRF^wiij^fi nRiijijis!

TJlrt BEST NOW T\ U£E.

1!. :<. Wli-,>iiN. ,

i:. V. liUuWN ■

.^. C fioUDl.V

; -)

.(. T. j;inNs.iN.

(. p. II "PEINS

BROWNE GODDIN & CO.

WllOlil^iS.Vl.lO CatOClLKS AM>

Commission Merchants,

NO. Gi2 s^:co^D .-trset,

St. I.<(>uis, Mo.

Special atteuti n 0ven ♦'> tin sale ol' Gnin and Country
Produce. CUil 3. E. l). '

Sweet Potato PIa:its.
T1."F Wri,L HAVE TIIKM IN I IIR PRO-

yW ii'-r-ei-on t'lirs.il'hy liie hmnli-ed or th ■ushi,iI at
fair prices; (See advertiseiuent of earlj .Sa^sem^nd pita'oe?)

febi FKA-r^.Ts « Barrel.

rpil
1 P"

'IMS DRILL TOOK THE TWO FIRST

'remiums at the late State Fair of Illinoii-, held at
Peoria; also at the State lairs of Wisconsin and Ohio. This
Drill w III sow Wheat, B;/e. Outs. Burlei/, Bud.-ieheat, Bice,
III nip, J-li'x, Timothy, Clovir iin'\ Millet Se>'d, without any
change oi dxturos; can be regulated in one minute to sow
liny qunnt'ty or kind of Seed. Wan-anted for durability and
workiiiaiiship.

Oood.iiid resp.insibl • agents wanted in every connty iii tie
State ' iic'ibir' .soi t to juv addr <s. Those wanting ib ills

Apply to

B. KUHNS i CO.,

Springfield. Illiunis.

ihould order .-arly.
marCO F6.ii wit

^^^''^w^W^W^-^- -^^ -^^^^^,^ o ,■■■•:'- ™-zW'.".^'-^

VOL. III.

spei:n^gfield, October, isos.

Noia

THE

PUBLISHED MONTHLY,

IIY

Bailliaolie <& Baker,
Journal Buildings, - - Springfield, Illinois.

~*9»-

S. FRANCIS. Editor.

TERMS OF SUBSCBIPTIOX.

Ono copy, one year, in advance Jl CO

Five copies, " " 3 75

Ten " and one to the person getting up cjub 7 50

Fifteen copies and over , (>-]4 cents each, and o«e to person
getting up club.

CASH BATES OF ADVERTISING:

One dollar per square of ten lines, each insertion.

Market Gardens.
The next best thing to a private garden
about the dwelling, is a niai-l-ret fzardeu ia
the neighborhood, where vegetables may be
procured fresh on the day they are wanted
for the table. With all the facilities for
email gardens, witli toom and means enough,
there are multitudes too lazy and ignorant to
have them. You might set before them a
section of paradise, and tell them that they
have room enough, and time enough to real-
ize more beautiful things than Adam and
Eve saw, and it is nought to them. You
may demonstrate to them, that it is the
cheapest and best means of preserving health,
and they will not bo moved. You may con-
vince them that they can procure vegetables
and fruits in their own yards, cheaper and
better than they can be had elsewhere, and
they will coolly respond, "that may be so."
You may bring your arithmetic, and show
them that by a little management, they can
sell enough to get their own fruits and vege-
tables for nothing. They are not inclined
to invest. You may appeal to their parental
sympathies, and show them that a garden is
a good school of industry for their chikhv n,
safeguard against vice, an excellent physic I
discipline and means of health, and they will
triunipiiautly respond that "mother takes
care of the children." You cannot get them
interested in soil culture by any of the ap-
peals that move them on other subjects.
They have either no practical acquaintance
Avith gardening, or become disgusted with it
early in life. It is associated in their minds
with weeding onion beds, and back-aches,
with the diit and sweat of their boyhood!

They have an utter distaste for the hoc, and
the pruning knii'e. They do not want the
bother of a garden, and would not care if
they should never see a potato blossom or a
cabbage growing ag^in.

Such people are to be found in all our
cities and villages, in groat numbers, for if
we add to them those, who have absolutely
no facilities for gardening, we shall have the
great majority. These unfortunate peoplie
arc. to be cared for as a public dut}-. It is a
matter of as much importance that thoy
should be kept from feeding upon decayed
vegetables and- fruits, in which the sun has
been gendering poison for a Avcck, as that
they should be^kept from swill milk, incijii-
ent veal, and other noxious articles. It
were a fair field of philanthrophy, if there
were no other motives, to induce men to sup-
ply this great public WJint. He who £u;>-
plants the withering and festering commodi-
ties, imported from a distance, that so gener-
ally lumber the village hucksters' stalls, and
the corner city grocery, with fresh home
grown vegetables and fruits, is a public bene-
tactor. He is more worthy of a monument
in a public square than the hero of a battle
field, for his mission is one of life and
health.

But in our call to market gardening, we
are not entering upon a missionary enterprise,
and calling upon candidates for this honor to
disgorge for the public benefit. The busi-
ness is as lucrati\-e to the gardener, a$ it is
beneficial to the consumer of his products.
The grower of strawberries and cabbage only
gives the appreciating public a chance to
disgorge for his benefit. Gardening, like
godliness, is great gain for all parties' con-
cerned in it.

The work in a market ir:irden viropcrlv
begins in the fall. There ai-e several vege-
tables that must be started at tliis season,
and all the ground should be man^^rod cither
then, or durin^r the winter. Much of the
success of the garden, pecuniarily depends
upon having its products anticipate the sea-
son a little. Pot^atoes early iu tlie season
are worth two dollars a bushel. Three weeks
later they are down to a dollar or less. There
is a like falling off from most other articles,
though hardly anything fails to return a pa}--
ing price.

Spinach is sown in September and Octo
ber, to furnish cuttings in April and 3Iay.
Cabbage is sown about the same time, to
furnish plants for the cold frame, which are
kept through the winter, transplanted in

April, and furnish heads in June. They are
put into the frame in rows, very near together
in November, and when the winter sets in,
are covered with boards, removing only in
mild weather, and increasing light and heat
as Spring advances, until the open ^ground is
in condition to receive them; These are
called cold frame plants, and furnish heads
about two weeks earlier than the hot-bed
plants started in iSlarcli. The best varieties
for this early crop, are the Eaily Y'ork and
the Winnigstad, which makes a veiy solid
head of excellent quality.

Lettuce is also sown in the Fall, and with'
a little protection, keeps well through the
winter. About the first of a\Iarch operations
commence with the hot-beds. These are
prcp:jred with various quantities of manure
according to the heat required. The beds
are generally from four to six feet wide for
donvenieuce in attending to the plants. They
are covered with a sash about three feet wide,
the glass being not more than seven by nine.
In these beds a great Tai'icty of plants are
forwarded, cabbage, tomatoes, pepj)ers, egg
plants, etc.

The whole cround is covered as soon as it
sufficiently wanu and arranged so as to allow
a succossion crop. . In the first course come
radishes, spinnach, lettuce, cabbage, potatoes,
peas, turnips, corn, Kohl-rabi, etc.

Potatoes being well appreciated call for a
laYgo breadth of laud. The varieties culti-
vated are mainly the Carpenters, Stuiley's
Seedling, for early varieties, and the Bovers
for the main crop.- These varieties have all
done well this sea^ron, and have shown no in-
dication of the rot. After the early potatoes
are harvested, the ground is appropriated to
late cabbage.

lladishes is another early crop, and would
be more largely cultivated if there was a large
demand. These come ofi' early in June, and
are followed by eeleiy, or any other crop that
does not demand the whole season. Sweet
corn, cabbage or carrots might ibllow, if any
exigency of the cultivator, or of the mai-ket
demanded them. In cultivating radishes or
any of the brassica tribe of plants, care must
be taken to seleot ground that has not been
.j|ertilizsd with the contents of the stye. This
induces diseased tubers.

Peas-are largely cultivated, and the main
crop is a dwarf variety, of lage size, and very
prolific, common in the Philadelphia market.
The use of brush is found to be troublesome'-
and expensive. The Champion of England
i3 cultivated, and is regarded as on the whole

! I

I 1

B. F. FOX.

Wholesale an<» Retail Dcal..r in Jlat-.lwarf.

IN ALL 1Tb \ ARIOUS liltA.VCUliN HAS M. W iN sTviKK
one nfthf Ifirit'.'-it ami best dsj irtiiionts r;f gdoiis in lii.-i liir-
ever olTVreil in tins nmiiiet. Imimrtliitf iiiaiiy styks of Kii'j.-
lisli goiiils (lir-ot, mid puicliasing 'lis Aiiriu-!iii ^joiulj (f tlir
miiuiita'-turors iit tlu- lowost (ciish; laic-ts. In- is fi.iitili-i to
offer iiiercliiints ami consTimt'is ^oodsat tlu'luuest pi ici-i.aml
on iis favorable triuj-i as any hous^- east or \V"st. ilis stoclc
eml)race!< a very buu''' and ci'inj'lc'te assortjisenf of

Agricultural Tools aud ImpieuK'uts !

of the latest and most improvi'd kind'' and i|ualiti(s. ;,',,,/;-
era. Mmca;', i><i\tv.' futt-n. Ifi'M,'^ I'l-iniin- r.i. ><■..'.;,
Grasg avd J rui'irn/ Iti.'if.-. '. '/•".//<. •. S'::it'i'\'. >}!'!(':.■:,
/1<r.'.-v. Jfivi. S/tr»-rI.;. S:::i''>i.:. .Ijv.,',^n;l Pjuvis and n;.ilve>,.
Piclis, MatliicL;'. l-'in Mul.-:. .■Ov'/ ,v;«iA(/, r.s i-it T ,ryi,,;r- Mi^

JfiitSE Fl RN:^!IIMi ^ Ri:il,DrilS \^ .lIlEliutS!:.

Ijirg'- a; d Ci'iiiid.'t ' H^s 'F- .1. -.it <.f L'>'! .. 1. ::■■/, ... ,_,■■'.-. ii\:'-
(/<•> , Si-rt ivs. Jiolts. V. -i '(/?. S' • ■ '.:. 'ill I M.i lyi ,S— -, : ■ ; va • i r t >

Carpenter-s and Bunder's Took !

J-'l.iVff, .Srdos. C!nst'I<. A(i^/- r,. Iji-arii. />'. ,V. l'i\ r-.'n;
Sfiurf^, Trowels., fkvif'. //'ifrlift^, 'h'tuDid-. Ai''i.
an'. Jiroad Axe.a, L'lt ■lict Mnchi'i-w 'Vj:..'7 iir.i
ihriicing M'.'xhini'?, F '':: tt--.

Blacksniiih's Tool ,

rni: illixois

•llniifi'A Tire Mnsur^iurt Co,

LVCATl'J) AT ALTOX ILLIXOIS. |
cii\i:ti;ri:d imj. •:;;, isgo. okoa.mzep Ai'Pi;.4 isr/.\\
AiHouut of I'lciuixtm vntcs in force Ftbruary
\d, l^b'^, nmy.tibdiit'j a fnud Jbr ihr
jiai,!inn' of Lfi-t^'t'-'-',

$8 0 0,000.0 0,

Sicurc'l I'll a lien on pniiifili/ iiisuxd, valued

.^i.LOOo'.OOO!

'5 "!1'.- ■ -.:riiv:iiy .;;siili'si|u, iliii^--.-t in-.wareli'Hl.sf'. i;.:iTHl-
! fiii.'ii'" mill !a? ]:■:. -i iMi ~ and III'- content' ol ''Y')'-
:y utliei p^ii:ici:ir- s] (■ -a- uf ju i-'ity V ittiiji

h II iff

r'w r: :i.-: Tr'r. i!

a TS-:

JhUon.', ...'ivii ■■ r. ■

CGOPEIt'3 TOOLS.

Fine assoi LiJi'ijf, Knrv.-. Haul. -. /';. m . i.',_. \

.. Vi-ry hirs^o sfoek .mu :iss.irtmfi.' i f Uost"nli I:') s lUiTc^- ,
fr<i and othiji's. ii!('''-, /^.. /><,/, l\iu Hiilr'ti r t-ml A/i..'' J.'miW'. |
/I'iKy/A', .*>>.■»■.';■.:', '.V.-vor.--, I .r,-r,'r.^. ttv. (iri'iit v 'rivtv.

t;t >>■, PiS'iOi.-j. I

f'lin Triiiiluir^n.'.u, ' Mt>iii>!ii'gs."i;.^,.':i:, ij. d'lr- f ■' ' rir ''■•i i,.- ;

jjU.'/i iin.l f-t'i iiiuii Hlil.A, fifti'^i of gifrtl Vitriety. t'.'i."'lli"r I

with a gL.ioraia'isortr. ntol goods usual);. l;cii nuilardwure .
.•store.

Evpry varitty, mill, itjis rr.t and cirf tuar. fr.-m rl.'.vt isiilii s '
to sixty imdusi' ■>. : irnislict- at iiian:ii'.ii'tn!-or.s i.ii( >-. j

Saddlery Imrdwarc and riiniuiic TrMiimiiis.. j

In t'.'is l.r.T'ie! /i' my bii-^in^-s.s, J ,m\ •■iml'led to e.\i-!i . t- |
snddiers aud eurriau;.- 1. ■d^Lr.innuM.al l.icilities, b. int;siil.i 'it. i i
di;-i;v,t from u'le ..lanid'a tiners. (ioodr in tliis lln>Mi .m- t'lnn- I
ac e:.traordi"ivry l.'W oriei s. Mystuck em' rae. s :ii; \;iiii ti'^:
Btir';Wj!, FTrela, Ori.urr nts. .idi.oyjti!!, }{il>',.<. S'l'tOhr. /;■■/*.
jr'un It.-.. tVchhh'i, i U'-Jt'jii)iiit.! oml D'l'in.'ti 7V. •,-. >i /■
dler's SilK: .VAo.:, Thrci:-<'<>td'UH/ t\cti>.ii 'J'hr. ■•■t.

Carria!?<^ Triiiiinin.:^"«».

JSrc-.s at'J .Si.i- ;• i'ijl'-d. .St-r::!- i'i-"i,l />.n;...; ..» i y ■;«.'-•.' .^■' a lu t
VrmitMr-iJIliiih. Co-nh l/.'>iill,..<, ('urtfiii l-'nimi-<, /'.(,■•/•>';' 1
('■iliorx. J'nliiit ti,!ii J-:n('.i:uUrd I^utlirr. Kii.'iu'lh-d .''.■ 'in. ',
Purl.- <r>d Drill, hUtliUr (J.oLi.Oirri'fx' j: n'-'-. !>■' ri- >■! i-,.,-Ud \
lliir. l\itiint L'-.itlicr and linhl.r lidUnu. li. mi. vwl HMur ■

■jK'Ci.il,;/. I

CTu unbars iiromptlv iiotiliaid iur\viiro..d. !

M"v ,,t. is.^7. " ■ n 1 . r<)'<. .

HOPvSE HILLS

SPRING FIFLJJ, i^JJXOlS

UIILER'S PLOWS

The l>ojl)le Curved lJ'>rii;;l»l i'^t -^i ;'loul<i

THE PiiO?j{lETUll OK T11T8 SrPEK:(;K
t'l. w ttill e .ii'inue (.. sufldy ■>■-■.,
tlu' ;'rfat deniasid v. liieli i.jiii TitsliiiVo >/^ ^__r, ■. ^^^^jn
creatid. Its cemJiuntioi. of i.ire ad- ^g^'y.V^" ""

•i>;riei.itii..il c Miniiinir > iiiri. .' -I' lit :h • Sl..leo'i ii.imiis, it

Ij TK.V .i..lllli;ri-' tt il IC ..Hi) uo eq'li'L

Tlie l'ciilo"\ ill' 11 to i.s 'ji ; one of il.i- ni:.".\ t -(in i;' '
v-^b^' '■ ' ' 'en l.irnisbcd lUe i.i:"',ili. I o:.-;- i>r , '.■■ \....r!; inir

o; .US |ii','\< ■■■.

Weierliiy tbat \v<' I'.av.' I.itely ii«cd ! !:i' ■iliovepiin-.-^, :.i ■

factnied by'^^'r. J.diu Milei, a'"'d \\c-v..iii! ftatH tb.'il I'^y
Hr in II respecjs, siJj'eri'r Viany o1> i !■ u ■ web:, ei . l r
us. ,i We ell. ■■; I'ldly recoinmi-ad (bi ii: lo lb.- yv.l j( .
Win. ■' i iwnon. V."ni. : Hi- i.,ii, . r,

J.J. ■short David Ni'wso'n,

J.iiin W. B-'Ck. Uri'ab .!i.::,',

Jto!. Kavaiianc;b. I'hilcn on t.-'.. r

Saiipilnon r ninfy. .Ian 1", l.'^.'io.

From the peciihar 'Ol .11 ot Uhler's plow, tb' • a!e nr.t ,\-
Celled b> .iiij ,)tlirr now in tiso. It ■•^oiiis very bni-b'. ^i ,i,s
olV stubbles admirably, H"d runs lisht and .'asy ti' ib • '.■ im.
TIic larp.st .si/.,.(l t« .'-li.trsi' plow of tliis kind, has ]••■: n n-.'i!
«ev..ial sea.soiis suecertsfiiHy i.i breaking )irai:ie. The limits
of a newspaper .idverti-eiiiint will not admit of an a"-iirate
description of th se plows. To see tlioDi is tobe pleased i* i:h
them.

In addition to the above, the rpaimfactiirer i* tuaking
wroi'^ht iron Hiiti;rbt ones, and two-horse pliiw«.

Al.so, a superior I'lairie I'low, warranted to be; eijinil to any
pra./io plow n..>w in u- ■. .\ny si -e tba' may be w.mte 1 ear.
be i.id at ."liort n"t!"e. A lari' ■ unmbT oi all si/.es,!;ei l m
hard Ciiristanlly.

Maniilaetniedby .bill.N lIlbKI',

Spiin^'bbl. III., .1! whos estaMisbnient tlii. ;> lav.irjte jiliiw«
can be had. from a single one to a unmbe'' uulimited.

au.;4-wlv

. .1' . !i-..Ill

I.OSSi R DAALV(i.E BY VIRE!

T)."^ T'iiv- -ti^rs IVei Jiistified in recomruMyliup tl:!« c.-airniiy to
i>i.' i .vi'!.;l'l'- i'.i.s;d"rntion .'' toe ei*i'.-..n« ,.( l!;,no's. !;\ory

llfiiiois fleutral la^uU I£ofr<f^,

i.AXi).'^ FOK s.trr..

THE ILLlXOl:? CE.NTKAi. RAILROAD
Company invites the attention ■ f .^gricultuialists aud
Farmers to the fertile lands adjacent to their Koud, whieh
are offered for sale upon low terms, and Ions; credit at low
rnfes of interest

Itis tliepoliey and wishof the fompany to .s»U «.'.' their
land.s to actual .settiei s; and no indiu : im nt is olltred lo
speculators: in fact none will be sold on long credit, without
the distinct (dilijtation orculti\aiion.

Illinois i),ou|iies the most c"t!tr.il Jiositioi; (f tlie We«fern
'-^tafcs. aed ci>!iipri.ses the most fe.-file sei-tioi, of the bi Ir of
land extendini.' fn.ni (!■ ■ \t!.-ititir '.'..-an to the Missonri
Hiver. am; inelndiii;.' >(W \i,!k. >i;w .Jersey. IVun.sx Ivania.
Ohio. Indiana. lUinoir. .Miehipati: Wisconsin, Iowa and
Northern .Missouri.

Unlike the sraies N'ort h • f ni. ti^e predictions arc not

(bf ke^l !■', r v ri r..; v irif ei.:.-- u.^i is the I. :;t ■•' innimer
oppressive. The lan.l Wet' of the .^51: onri li'vo. gradually
an. I raijiiUy decree.se in f.Ttibiy, till they blend wi'h the
• itrat Ane-iiL-at Mam. and btdiit; dii-tiy, if not -ailely adajit-
Oii to -rrazing. cau never couij'ele « ith those of this i't!it<s

inui'-:l I '1' is a ijienibe. . Ih , ron'pan> I ein-.: ;.u as
•-OI ii;ii'"i if ..o-t..|iiers— eneli ..;■ -vla,ni i.s C'liiccn.ed I-. in- .
-•..int; Ill's iiei,,lib.,r. A.- the i idernniOcation fund aiifriMeots
iniNar-t rnti." with t)o' increase of --i^ks, .lie r ijiit.irii tne
e..iii,.eiu :i ' . ..!p.i!-i'.:i-,.:'!y e.nbaustli sp: imd tiie 'olire s.if.'ty
(• tio 'istituTiou must be .ij'j.'a- iit Ki .:"erv , i.e. v, In re :;ils
l;e^ e!iart l.

'I'be eo.-! ( '■ i.n-..loiL. 'n t'l.s ,.,.,,ip.,;iy ;>■ ...1 ; w. ns 'ii ft rid-r
ii .".i"--; in ■von-- ibie fr.r tiie rwne, .^ of ii.sn.able propi^'ly
not te av:ii'i vlienise.ve:; oi its jir.it;'Cti'.n.

l.rM.\" rr-iMULi.L. I-.. '.\s UriiMiu. i,. Ki:.r.r'.r,r...'..:n, '
i'.' -,,;. K. 1 i'No. SrilM. W.\DK, A'iKKb U'jw,

K 111 r.T . ^';•:■ii J..HN .I.^lii .s, lirx.i. »\. I{ '-.t.

Tlv.iT'iT T: ;t\K".. [(i;-,RY i.f. .b.iIIV ll.ill.inria;. '

.'•1. ,1. .-Vmo.;. N.^tm'i. i<AN.soy. Joii.s ..vtwodd,

I'.K'-.IA • i V l\ I '.>■(;, I'resid<r,V

Ir.'Ms .•:i.r:-.,\ T. ■• r;.T..-i.,. .V. U. A-m-o..!), oec'y.

.<r3- in AK''iil f r tiii.i .'cninar.y may bn found ;!i almost
cv- r_\ Coui y of tli" s^ta'.e. ,

t-j"" .\i)i:!i''at:ii: il.- iii.surn:;''e rnnv be i.'-ade to <

.lA.MKS L. in 1,1.. Agent. |

Apiil 1, T«".7. at .spriiigrieK?.

I

The lands iKr.lerin;; up>

M->.sonri.ind Kansas I'.jvrra,

ST.IM: €OJi^.T .WIIjI,.

^^^k^

For *', ^iiidliifj Coi !i. Col> llomlnj o.'- M^aJ aid '
<»'PMcr..I Stork Fvet:.

TVTE ]m:i wkm this aull ai a\y

T f l.'oint. ...f fi.'in our \-..il-oiis. ih.n riia th mgh tbedif-

fi-.-i;t '■ irr.'- cif ti," Hitiy. at ;he .i. 'uii'^.ei u let's retail ;ii'iee.

\ l.-'li 1-. ..■ ill- n.ill r'.iapl. t .•■■■■. ,

i.Mo i -'. o; :■ Ii. . i o'i'e;i..'V -ji.'id 1 be adilrcs-sed t .

iK'.M'.'f'Vlvi'. V Co.. .-'.iri.'izfi Id 111. ;

W, ne ■' ! u • ly tleit 'vIim;,. •!-,,- ,v .,. ^ijij _ .j,. | ,; -.i.,,.,). ■( i

; '» -'(iiu-i I'd.! '.I- : ,..it nil oi o'-r >';lls .,ow in use: a. id the
I.M-iu.-r ''Mly i;. ! ds !. ■.;.■•■ ar 1 •; , ii in •atle: to bee <me ei;.-

v:,Ke., trui! it i. : in ■( t in i(s nrr.iiurement tVon; the taft tl at I

il .I'i" Is ■ !■■. n 1 xvi'll 'IS i,b! -.irii. i...ir;i and i .,b ji '-'■iiiir I

•1 "oi-li :t fi..-.-li.-r.' wb.. il ,!■,. oIlii-MiM w'll di. V:irniei-s ]

.ii.d SI 'i-U .;; o<-,.|- e-i . ave liom :;o 'o Ml biisle is of run, in I

■ ■:i.-ii ii'o ly ,' " IIS.' ol thi' 'dili; 14.1 least we ha\e yertilie.ites |

to lb I. .r'ee,.i I'er -ns ! .iv! i. once e\p("-i.Tieed its bem tit. |

'.ill r .vrTr..!!!: ii I.. ;!ie V :>ste;iri prai fiee of teedir-' (■■in, i.i I

the e.ii. ' I

liwir, !!• ' ;!;itei!'\ hr , Ii.' i;o. ,.l i|ii 'iI i/f siiellod c.jm ...r -ani- 1

ily n-e. ;

To,- .'»..!!_; II..' J . .Ill tv.. b.c' i.j ,wiiiy b"n' -1 p< r hour ■

.■oil . .ii'w- . ■.! •■.,- iiialil'oi ;vo' ,irs... ',

W-e^ii. pi. '.:-.'■ i -^t ji .iij ill s, dip! I 1 ..,.'.;:.; 'c 1..1.1, 'i
<1 !■ i. 11- t . l..:n ■'., :- I., iij. J.. i..n.

I' ■- ':•''. ,^ar.:.^iilars. n :•.;■ r.ees -.lel -'..■•■ 1 i] .i. 0 of 'liils - 't- \

and upon tiic lin'j:- 01 tiie propioseJ roa'^sii o wa. ha\'beeii
Uij. n np.and ire nowKeliing at from $loto ?l"i per acre,
allhoiipli s.-i-jcrf h .ve tn pfiy heavy fri ijrlits iiji-iu the irans-
portatii.in of their uKi u'ultuini t lols. furnifire ami goo-^ii;
i.nd wh n theircri ps are p"j('uced, Ihe extra cost or -.rans-
Mjrt> "ion to F-ister'i in'ii ^.ets < iceed, t! '• coot of prodiic-

Lookir.fr I. thefiitnr" jjiov.t.i ifnar c. uiir;. tli? ,'-'iatc,
which combines h ^lost fa'orable ' niperatuic with the
.nl. IS, Soil and n-.' ;t b.. althy climate, v ill f r all tiiuebe t!;e
p.reatRrain p. oduc nj; dist.iet. It is mil of mineral w.dth
siich as Coal, lr;>n. Leml. F nn st( ne. t j., and ha- already the
advanti-gep <■'■ clinches and Frbools. ..f j; ,piiiution. mio! of
•he investmen* of capit.il. JUreover. ♦here is scari-ely a
c'luiity -^n ilUnois which b^\s mil a srnply of tirnber. 'The
Boiitliprn .section of tne State Ini hides at li>a-t 2.ul«i,UC0 i'cren
of the best nimlit., of timber land: and tiie' ..tcsnsive pin Tiej
in uUjoining Stat s. acressible by rh; !,aK<'.. furnish Cbicatrf
■iih an i.iinieii-:i» ijuautitv oftimbei audliiol f;iumtan,iiig
)n i-Sfit;, to 4Kl.U'.'o.<;0ii fe.-t.

Illinois e^pe 'ally dnrinp the iaat t- n year-i, has been rap-
idly devidopim h"r .eson. c-s. T'le population is now r.l out
l.oOO.iJoO and '--'gbty nillious of dollars have been . .vjiended
for jtailroads; which, with the wat-rs ol the Misti-^sijpi.
Illinois Hiver. the Mieliigan ('anal and I. ike communicationa
alf'ird che;i,> .■\ni| eon\enii'iit mean!- for the transportati'Mi ..f
her prod Kits tn . very inark '. About cue niil'.lon -icies of
thn Comiiany's lands have already beei Fold, tnd nianj
ilourishiii)^ villaiies ev'_ee be ipidl\ increa.sinj; prosperiiy
d' the coil ufv. Siieh istijefa.ility ai ii coT'oniy >vith '.'.•hich
I'.iese lands c... b" cni'ivaied, tl it in tv . ye. is •"•iriii. rs can
r.iadiiy surr,iunii rheniKeiV 's with all tbecinifmts ot old set-
tled fari.»s in the r.istern .States: and such is tli.ir fertiliey
and pii'ductiven, SK. that prope ty purchased at 'roi.i Ss'j to
..?'. ; per ai re at si.\ years' credit a..d tnree jier cent, i itercst,
.III I e fully p.iid foi- \iitliin that tiiiii', » .crether with all fb<>
costs of improve wen1s.':y,. nlimiev industry. 'Yora tlu profits
lift! tr,>^ J.

M'b.Uj h i; is evident that land.s in tie vioini'y of railroads
in illi'i^jis. viill !' ^vanre to .i'oor >v ■• i I'O'.i p.. acre v. thin
tell '..'ati. ye* til ■ 'i-iprests "f this f im] my are more ad' .in-
c. 1 iiy p'acuiK their property in the hands of farmers, tc Kel-
tic the .oun'e.w ri lyiu:; ujion the bu'-in S'. nlrhe road for i*.s
cliief [irolil. and to enabl,. it t.i disi iiarne its > bl'^iutioi.s '■ o
the State. Tlierse considpiations 'ndu, e ilie policy of npid
sales, flbirh !:r^ .' Is >ii pn.-'iessi:!^ and itierea^'r^: for two
years past. ;.!id will be pi:,.sue<: till -.'.v bindi are tiaa'i.y
oisL^-i.,! of No ■neviura;;enient 's niven to spccjlutive pur-
1 1 a r'>-s, I's tiie Co-ipany do-t .,0, V i t: t(> dif posi c*" any of
r lands except fo" rctteil settloii.eiu «tna rnl'.fvction It is
eviile.jt. tiier.'f'oru. ("i.t iheb' «t ii.ter'st" o/yeftlers ca;i no-
»vl, 're b" .V... \.,di jiroinoied as hi ourchaL'iit- and settling
ujioii these iand.^

For inl- rn.i'tion as ti' pri:^, terms, etc. apply tf

.TO UN \VlL,SON

Jy2it-dwf,m Land ( n^'n"; I. C.K. 'I (a., Cbicaii,-),!!!.

'.vIUXS & HAINFS'

T?lr. VEST >0W T\ Uti:.

.■r-..:i." ■ ti'e nii.li Iwili; ,1 s [,„ Mi^. ,i ,,, -.-0 |
,.i:iL.i>,i i.'\ . .iiiiii:. ..' ,1m A;;r-.iil:_;::l .'■^toiei.f '

KK.A .\< I,« A- .1. .l;iil.l,l,.

Artl.ioi. ,i A

I;
i:.

V, ii„-n\. I
bllMU N

t' <i;lH)i.v.

( .1. T. .1 .IIN.-^^ .V.
■| '. r. Ii il'KiNis

1^ !E<>Li,r».\3.r, (;5i(>C'i;jJ.« AM>

Gomiijission MercliantS; I

XO. Ol! c'XOWJ ^-TK^::!, I

i!»t. I.;mis, Mo. I

.-) .-eial attenti n I'i-.rii '-.111. sale o.' (ir i't and d u;; trv i

Tins DKILT. TOOK THE TWO FIRST

.ire,

1."i;i

J. i:. \).

''wcfit Potato Plants.
K W!!.L U.WE THEM l\ HIE PllO

('•■r - ■ i-f.ii f.is.d.by lio^ biiielri'd oi- Iti. iisHi.d at 1
tair ii'ices; ^.-e-' udverti'-ement o! > arh .'sa'-f-em .loip. tsi-i.e.s) !

b.-l.l

ru.'

I'retiiinws lit the bite State Kair .}f Illinoi.-, held at
I'eoria; also »t the State I drs ..f U'iseonsiu and Ohio. This
Drill w.llsiw H'heiit, J'';/-. Oo/.s. /I'-rlr.if. Biicl.wheiit. h'ice,
III Hip, /.'ox, T'liiotlnj. Vlnnr i\n'\ MUhi Siyd. wMwwl any
ehaii'.;e 01 ilxtiii.;s: ,;an br regulated in one niiniitp to sow
1M1.V ,|ii-.nit ty or k'ud of .Seed. Warranted fordurability aad
work,ii.iiish!p.

Oo'ii'.ind ri sp.'nsibl • aj;ents wanted in every coonty i.i tVe
*tate ' ic' bir- <;■; t to luv ii'ldr s.<. Those Wuniing d jn.s
hould order .arlv. Applv to

B. KUIIN> cc CO.,
n::n;:0 FCii wit Springfield. IllinniH.

YOL. III.

SmiXGFIELB, OOTOEEK, 1858.

NO. 10.

T II E

Uj3 ll»li»<]3J.

f

^t

uo^iyi ^-^ afr m'

PUKilSIIED MOXTHL,^,

LV

I3ailh.aclie & [Bakc^r,
Journal Buildings, - - Springfidd, Illinois.

—•*-

S. FRANCIS, Kditor

TERMS OF SUBSCRll'TTON.

One- copy, one yi;ar, in ailv.\iice j;T 00

five cupic's, " '• o TO

Ten '• anJ one to tlip jicrson getting up club 7 oO

Fifteen copies and over . 01]'^ cents each, and o«o to person
getting np club.

CA-n BATES OF ADVERTISING:

Ouo dollar per sijiiaie often lines, each insertion.

Market Garilejis.
The rtext best tliinj; to a private .cardeii
about tlie dwcllinu', is a inavket pirdcu in
the ncighburhood, where veii'etablot! may be
procured fresh on tlio day they are wanted
for the table. "With all the iacilitics for
Biuali gardens, witli room and means enougli,
there arc multitudes too lazy and iirnorant to
have them. You might set beibre theui a
section ofparadi.se, and tell them that they
have room cnoujjh, and time enouuh to real-
ize more beautiful things than Adaui and
]'jve saw, and it is nought to them. You
may demon.strate to them, that it is the
cheapest and best means of preserving health,
and they will not be moved. You may con-
vince them that they can procure vegetables
and fruits in their ovrn yards, cheaper and
better than they can be had elsewhere, ;ind
they will coolly respond, "that may be so."
You may bring your arithmetic, and sliow
them that by a little mamigement, they can
sell enough to get their own fruits and vege-
tables for nothing. They arc not ineliiied
to invest. You m:iy appeal t;- their parental
s3-nipathies, and show them that a garden is
a good school of industry for their "chil-h-. n.
safeguard against vice, an excellent phvs,\ 1
discipline and means of health, and theV will
triuiiipnantly respond that "mother "takes
care of the children." You cannot crct them
interested in soil culture by any of the ap-
peals that move them on other .<ul)ieels.
They have either no practical ac(juain(ance
with gardening, or become disgusted with it
early in life. It is associated in their minds
with weeding onion beds, and back-aches
with the dirt and sweat of their boyhood.

They have an utter distaste for the hoe, and
the pruning knil'e. Tiny do nut want the
bother of a trarden, and would not CAre if
tliey should never see a potato blossom or a
cabbage growing again.

t i

i^ucli people are to bo ibund in all our i
cities and villages, in great numbers, f'lr if ■
we add to tliem those, who have absolutely |
no facilities for gardening, we shall have the '
great majority. These unfortunate people
arc to be cared for as a public duly, it is a
matter of as much importance that they
should be kept from feeding upon decayed
vegetables and fruits, in which the sun has
been gendering poison for ;i week, as tiiat
they should bekcpt from sv/ill milk, iueijii-
ent veal, a.nd other noxious articles. It
were a lair field of philanrhrophy, if there
were no other motives, to induce men to sup-
ply this great public T?ai!t. He wlio iv.r,-
plants the withcrijig and festerhig commodi-
ties, imported from a distmice. that so gener-
ally lumber the village hucksters' si.ills, and
the corner city grocery, with iixsh home
grown Aegetab'es and fruits, is a public liene-
tactor. He is more worthv of a monun^eiit
in a public square than the hero of a battle
held, for his mission is one of Y'.l-; and
health.

But in our call to market gard'Siing, we
arc not entering upon a niis.sionary enterprise,
and calling upon candidates ibr this honor to
disgorge for the public ber.ciit. The busi-
ness is as lucrative to tlio g:;rdener, as it is
bencticial to the consumer of liis products.
The grov.'er of stniwberrios and oaboa.ge only
gives the appreciating public a chance to
dLsgorge for liis benefit, (i.ivdening, like
godliness, is great gain for all panics con-
cerned in it.

The v.'ork in a mark^ i Liarden i.rojK :\\
begins in the fall. Tlicrc are rover;;! nge-
tablos that must be started at tliis .-:eason,
and all iheground sliould be n:anured either
then, or during the winter. Much of the
success of tlio garden., ]e';n.*'-ivi!y doiioud-;
upon having its products ai,;iv.-ii'aij the sta-
tion a lit^^le. Potatoes early i^i the season
are Avorth two dollars abusliei. Three weeks
xattr they are down to a dollar or le.is. There
is a like falling oft" from mo.'<t otlier articles,
tliough hardly anything fails to retui'un pay-
ing price.

;^pinach is sown in September and (>rto
ber, to furnish cuttings in April and TUnv.
Cabbr'ge is sown ;:bout the <ame tiu!e, to
furnish plants for the cold frame, which, are
kept thi-ough tiie winter, transplanted in

April, a]):l furni-h h.cads in June. They are
put into tl;e ihime in rows, very near together
in Aovember, and when the wintei* sets in,
are coAcred with boards, removing only in
mild weather, and increasing light and heat
as S])ring advances, until the open ground is
in condition to receive them. These are
called cold frame plants, and furnish heads
al.iout two weeks earlier than the hot-bed
plants start.'d in ^iardi. The best varieties
for tills earlv croti. are the Jv.irlv York and
the Wi^niigstad, whicli usakes a very solid
head of excellent quality.

]jeitu2..' i.': al.so i^own In the Fall, and with
a liitle prorrcHon, keeps well through the
winter. Aliont the first of 3[arch operations
coLn;ni-:n<-e with the hot-beds. These are
preparod v.ith various quantities of manure
according to the heat ret^uired. The beds
are trciicrully from four to six, feet wide for
eom--enicnce in al t-.ndin 2.- totlic plants. They
are covered Avith a .sasli about three fi'Ct wide,
the g]a<,- being not more tlian seven by nine.
In these i;ed> a great variety of plants itre
Ibrwardt'd, cabbage, tomatoes, pei^iiers, egg
plants, etc.

The v.dioio grouni.l is covcrrd as .coon a.s it
sr.llieientiy warm and arranged .so as to allow
a succes.-ion crop. . In the first eour.se come
radi.shcs, spinnach, lettuce, cabbage, potatoes,
peas, turnip/, corn, Ivolil-rabi, etc.

I'otatoes being well appreciated call for a
large brcaulhci' land. Tiie varieties culti-
vated are mainly tiie Carpenters. Stullcy's
iSccdliiig, ibr early varieties, and the Dovcrs
for the 1; ain crop. Tlie.-e varieties have all
done well this f:i:ion, and have shown uoiu-
dieati-.in oi'the rot. After the early potatoes
are harvested, the ground is appropriated to
late cabbage.

liauisiu-s is auotliox early crop, and would
be more Largely cultivated if there was a large
denntnu. These come oft' early in June, and
aix- fbilo\\-.d ]>y eeleiy, or auy other cr<j]i that
does not djinand the whole season. iSweet
corn, cabbjige or carrots uiight follow, if any
oxigeney of the cultivator, or of tlie market
demanded them. In eultivatiiig radislies or
any of the brassier tribe of plants, care must
be taken to select ground that has not been
fertilized with the contents of the stye. This
induces diseased tubers.

I'eas jric larg.-ly cultivated, and the main
crop is a dwarf variety, of lage size, and very
prolific, common in the Philadelphia market.
'1 he use of brush is found to be troublesome
and expen.?ive. The (.•hanijnou of England
id cultivated; and is regarded as on the whole

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146

TME ILLIjSTOIS F-A.RMEII.

the best pea in market. The peas oflF in
time for celery, late sweet corn or cabbage.

Corn is planted as a first crop, and is off
in time for the red strap leaf turnip, or for
spinach.

Spinach does not survive the winter, so
vrell hero as it would in a less variable climate.

The repeated freezings and thawings of
■winter go hard with it, and some of it is kill-
ed. After this crop is off, the ground is oc-
cupied by tomatoes, which is a large and im-
portant product iu this garden. It is sur-
prising to see, how widely this tropical plant
has become distributed, and how extensively
it is cultivated. Few like it at first, and yet
almost every one becomes fond of them on
further acquaintance. The plants are started
in hot-bods, earl}- iu March. They are trans-
planted into hot-beds twice, and into the
ground a third time early in June. The re-
peated transplanting induces early fruitful-
ness, and thefirst pickings arc early in August.
lieans arc also planted after spinach. This
comes off so early, that almost any crop may
follow it.

JSquashes or cucumbers follow lettuce.
Quassia chips, steeped in hot water and
sprinkled xipou the vines, are found to be ef-
ficient protection again;;t iT'g.s.

Onions arc exteuoiveiy cuhivated, both the
rare ripes, from pips, and those from seed.
The potato onion is raised, and the large
white Portugal onion. Carrots form a good
succession crop to the onions. They are
sowed between the rows about the middle of
June.

The Kolil-rabi or cabbage turnip is grown
more largely every year, and is working its
way into favor. This worked off in July, in
time for a crop of sweet corn.

Beets are followed by celery, and peppers
are transplanted among the heads of lettuce
a week or two ULlbre they go to market.

The great secret of success in market gar-
dening lies in this succession of crops.
Heavy manuring, thorough cultivation, and
a good market are of course important ad-
juncts, but alio! these will not give maximum
results without the gardener's skill, iu keep-
ing-the ground fully occupied.

— „^,

Agriculture and Agriculturist.

The following essay was written by a stu-
dent at M'Kcudrec College. It is made up
of generalities; but the writer promises well :

The litter of the soil, in an especial man-
ner, has the great volume of nature always
spread open before him, and always present-
ing lessons of truth to the inquiring mind.
Agriculture was the first business of man, or
at ieust horticulture on a largo scale. If we
lot our thoughts ascend the hill of time, and
rest iu the enticing shades of the garden ot
Eden, there we perceive that the occupation
of our first parents wjis to dress the garden
and cultivate it. How beautiful, how pleas-
ing the scene, when Adam, the first inhabi-
tant of earth, was placed in the garden, sur-
rounded with all' the luxuries which earth
cauld afford to satisly his animal nature, and
was styled the mighty lord of creation. And
if still anything was wanting to complete his
happiness, which the singing birds and deli-
cious fruits could not sausly, his great bene-
factor soon sujjplied the wants of his nature
with a helpmate to aid him in keeping it;

and it was the enticing words of the father of
lies that turned out the two, and thus drove
them to narrower and meaner cares.

If we trace down the geneology of thi.s
science, we find that Able was the first hus-
bandman, and that husbandry has occupied
a very elevated position among the higher
ranks of men. The greatest inen that have
ever lived have been some of farmers. In
ancient Greece and Kome it was the theme of
their popular poets. We read of Cicero, at
his 1 usculan villa, of Cato at his farm, and
Cincinnatus left his plow to lead the armies
of the great republic to have his home, wliile
t\e great natural!st,Pliny, provided himself by
his vineyards.

In England too, the great men and nobles
shrink back from almost all connection with
trade and commerce, while they hold the
cultivation of the soil iu high renown. Eut
we need not go to classic (j recce and Home,
nor to England, to find lovers and patronizers
of this science. ^\ e have had, and have at
present, men whose names arc enrolled among
the noble aud mighty of the earth, who have
been cultivators of the soil. George Wash-
ington,— a name we ail love to speak — the
i'ouuder of our great republic, was a farmer.
When called, he canu; to the service of his
country; when he had triumphed over her
enemy, ho retired again to his farm. Chosen
tifst President, he again served the country
he had saved, then hidding his ofiicial breth-
ren farewell, iie returiKd to cultivate the soil.
Look if you please at Gen. Putmau, in whose
breast the torch oi freedom was lit while plow-
ini; in his field, he was informedof the battle
of Lexington, iie imnicdiately left his oxen
aud plow in the field, and hastened to the
help of his country. 3iauy more such in-
stances we miu'ht mention, but these will
suffice to show, that the greatest men iu an-
cient as well as modern times have received
their first lessons on the farm.

Put tliere are many who argue in this man-
ner : if yoii intend to be nothing but a
iurmer, you need not desire any more educa-
tion thau to be able to reckon how much your
pork will amount to at six dollars a hundred,
or how the world will be at the end of six
thousand years. And if you understand the
orthograpny of your motucr tongue so as to
read tne market prices, you know full enough,
as much as you can, and not hurt yourself
Jiut is not tills cliurming reasoning, — sound
sense — that the clsss of men on whose shoul-
ders rests the sub-si^tencc of the whole world,
should be as ignorant as the wild beast oi the
luountaiii? ^\ hy duos the attorney, or man
of any other proicssiou, demand a good edu-
cation;' is it not because they can under-
stand their business belter, and pcrlorm what
their offices demauds.'' Put i uffirm, that if
any person Las a right to a complete educa-
tion, it is the fiiriner. in order lor him to
carry ou his trade to an advantage, he must
understand the nature of the soil, and the
means that are best calculated to enrich each
soil, Aud how can he understand these
phenomena of nature without some knowledge
of chemistry and natural philosophy.

Put the age in which we now live, can be
styled none other than the age of improve-
ment, lifty years ago, the larmer was
obliged to .'scatter the grain with his hand,
cut It down with his siciile, thnish it with his

horses or flail, and shell his corn with the edge
of his spade; he was compelled to perform the
drudgery which time and invention is now
performing with sleight of hand. Now, the
tarraer can sit down and sow his sead; he can
harvest his grain on horseback; can thrash it
with little or no trouble; his mowing is but a
table-talk, and his corn-sheller his music box.
In fine, our motto is "whatever man has done,
man may do," and a little more. As for real
substantial enjoyment, we believe that farm-
ing gives more of it, than any other profes-
sion. The farmer is his own master; he can
work when he pleases, do what he pleases,
and there is no one to ask him, — Why do
you do so? none to criticise him. While he
is sleeping his corn is growing; while he is
visiting, his wages are still going on. The
owner of the soil alone can say —

'•I am monarch of all I snrTey —
My light there is n&no to dispute."

The works of nature surround him on every
hand, and the pattering rain, the silent dew,
and the glorious sun, speak to him in charac-
ters of living light. He can look upon the
rainbow and read, that seed time and harvest
shall never fail, as long as sun and moon en-
dure. He looks upon the work of nature
around him, and feels that there is an Al-
mighty }>owcr of infinite wisdom, and bound-
less truth; and they are whispering to his
wcarv spirit, of faith, and hope, and a rest in
Heaven. J. W, CAVELL,

McKendree College, Aug. 6, 1858.

A Yankee Baclng Horses with an Arab.

The editor of the Utica Herald dates his
last letter from the region of the Dead Sea.
A portion of his ride over the wilderness of
Judea is described thus :

The ride was very lonely and tedious.
My Bedouin Sheik still seemed consumed
by fears of hostile Arabs, He reconnoitered
every mount, suspiciously examined every
ravine, and his restless eye was ever roaming
over the wide desert. After riding some-
thing over an hour, he told me the great dan-
ger was passed, and I could now consider my-
self as tairly out of the hands of the Philis-
tines. His manner changed completely.
The expression of care passed from his face;
he became by turns listless and jocular; de-
manded bucksheesh like an Arab clothed in
his right mind; toyed with his long spear;
and wound up by challenging me to a horse
race.

Now, if I am not mistaken, your recollec-
tion of me will not be exactly that of a "gen-
tleman of the turf." I never owned a "fast
nag" in my life, and never appeared in the
list with "the fancy." I own no stock in the
"Oneida Course;" never acted as iudge at a
trotting match; and am not a regular subscri-
ber to the Sporting Times. And to confess
truth, I am one of the most cgregrious cow-
ards on horseback, alive. And yet, here I
was coolly called upon to dispute the course
with a wild Bedouin, who had spent half his
days in the saddle with a wild Arab horse !
What could I do? I parlied; I equivocated;
I begged to be excused; I pleaded an attack
of rheumatism; said I was opposed to racing
on conscientious grounds, and resorted to the
most desperate subterfuges to worm myself
out of the scrape. But all was in vain. Mj

;'Tr-.

.W-:

f,'. *-■

...#«f

THE ILLIIsrOIS FA.RMEI?.

147

complacent savage had taken the pleasant
fancy into his head, and there was no argu-
ing, or begging, or lying out of it.

Finally, I compromised by consenting to a
trot; I loosened the reins of my horse, when
he shot forward as if hurled from the mouth
of a cannon. On we sped with the speed of
lightning over the plains — through ravines
— up the sides of mounds — down into gullies
— tearing the parched earth beneath us and
raising two dense masses of dust. On we
went as if all the fiends of Tophet were after
us^-our horses neck and neck — and one
rider cleaving desperately with both hands
to the mane of the charger. . My feet slipped
out of the stirrups; my turban came down
over my eyes, blinding and bcmuddling me
altogether. I desperately pulled away at
the bits; I shouted to my ]iedouin to hold up;
I pleaded; I entreated; I magnanimously of-
fered to waive the honors of the race — but in
vain. He brandished his spear, shouted in
wild glee, and dashed forward anew-; my
horse followed as if every hair on his head
were winged; and so we kept madly on racing
until we halted perforce by the shore of the
Dead Sea. I was glad enough to dismount,
and in the wildly-weird scene before me soon
forgot the race and its perils.

Cultivate Qnd Improve.

Deterioration in plants and animals, is as
possible as improvement. Nations, once re-
nowned as the perfection of the human race,
by neglect, have sunk back into barbarism.
Egypt was once so learned, that it is recorded,
as a striking mark ofhis greatness, that Moses
"was learned in all the wisdom of the Egyp-
tians." Egypt is now a semi-barbarous pro-
vince of Turkey, so poor that none do her
reverence. The Bedouin robber makes his
haunts where was once the Alexandrian
School, from which has come much of our
civilization and science. Tyre, celebrated in
Holy Writ for her knowledge in the arts,
and navigation, has lost her designation as
"Queen of the Sea," and scarcely a vestige
of her greatness, her arts, or her power re-
mains.

We might extend our illustrations of the
truth of our position, at the expense of our
pride of human progress, but the.«; will be
sufficient.

The best breed of animals extant, turned
into the wilderness, will soon lose their dis-
tinctive qualities, and assimilate to the origi-
nal wild stock. But a few generations are
required to change the Berkshire, or China,
into the long-nosed, flap-eared wild hoir, from
which all our varieties have sprung.

So with our fruit. Let the best variety of
apple known, grow np in a hcdirc, or in the
woods, and in a short time the descendants
will be no better than bitter crabs.

We may follow this l-.nY uf dcteriorati^^n
through the whole vegetable and animal crea-
tion, and wc shall find it unerring — ichaf is
not prQjnssi'ny,' is rttroiradiiKj. ' Every lar-
mer, then, may make up his m'ind that unles.-?
by his efforts, projjerly directed, in taxing
nature, ho is improving his stock, and other
products, they wil! deteriorate in his keeping.
If we eat our best and earliest grain, jjenera-
tioji after generation, or sell it because the
immediate profit is greater, the rieh wheat
kernel will soon become a shriveled con-

cern, as unlike its ancestor as a crab is to a
pippin.

By cultivation, all our choice varieties of
apple have been produced from the wild ci^ab
of Asm — by neglect, they will return to that
again. Our best varieties of peach have been,
by cultivation, produced from a fruit of Per-
sia, that possessed, in its whole mass, the \\o\-
sonous property that is now in the seed; and
a person eating some of the nch, pulpy vari-
eties of ]gears, can hardly imagine that it is a
descendant of what Pliny described eighteen
hundred years ago, when he said, "all pears
whatsoever, are but a heaA'y meat, unless they
be well boiled or baked."

While suchha.s been the progress forward,
of many of the fruits, others have greatly de-
teriorated, or progressed-- backward. Xot
long since, some wheat kernels were found in
the coffin of one of the Gallic kintrs, whohad
been buried fourteen hundred years. The
wheat, in its botanical character, is identical
with the wheat of the present day; and 3'et,
on being planted, it produced from sixteen
to twenty stalks to each grain, and had an
average of 'twenty more grains to a stalk,
and each grain heavier than our common
wheat. . ,

This shows that wheat cttlturehas dwarfed
the crop in the last fourteen centuries, so as
to almost make the plant a different species:
and every year's cropping is making it less,
and less likely that we shall keep even the
present deteriorated article good without
constant care and skill in the use of fertili-
zers, and in the selection of seed.

The descendants of vegetables, as well as
of animals, are the representatives of their
ancestors. If consumption, scrofula, or other
disease exist in the parent, it will appear in
the children; and though it may sometimes
pass over a single generation, it is sure to
appear in the next. It is so with vegetables :
sow peas, full of bugs, and you will getbiigcA'
peas; sow wheat, full of weevil and smut, and
you will reap a rich crop of weevil and smut;
sow shriveled and late ripened wheat, and it
will require a miracle to produce a good
crop. In the retrograding scale, the descen-
dants are always worse than the parents. In
the human race, avarice in the parent makes
a thief of the child — the principle is inheri-
ted, but is more fully developed. So in all
animals and vegetables. The bad trait^s in
the parents, arc inherited by the offspring,
and more fully developed. Deterioration
thus goes on, in accelerated ratio, until we
can scarcely trace a resemblance to the an-
cestor.

Let every farmer, then, conscientiouslv
resolve never to allowagood article to deterio-
rate on his hands; but, by taxing the forces
of Nature, to improve whatever is intnistcd
to his care. Let him resolve, not only to
compel the earth to yield her increase in
abundance, but that the abundance sijall be
improved in quality. — Ohio Fanner.
•*•

Oil tlic Scnsilive Faculty of the Ilorse's Foot.

The sensitive faculty of the foot is found
in its nervous and membranous tissues; for it
is well known that the hoof, sole, bars, and
horny frog, are insensible — the medium
through which the sense of touch is develop-
ed or aroused.

By this wisely-planned arrangement^ a

liorse can Vjitli considerable degree of accura-
cy, ascertain the nature of the ground over
Wijich he 15 travelling, and thus regulate the
action and force of his limbs, so as to favor
his feet, nnd lessen the concu.^sion, which, if
he were destitute of this sense of feeling,
must occur throughout the whole animal
fabric.

As a familiar illustration of this peculiar
sense of touch, suppose a person places in
contact with his teeth, apiece of ice, or applies
warm water t>) same, immediately he experi-
ences a .sensation of heat or chiUlness, as the
case may be. This occurs, simply bv contact
or touch; the teeth, like the hoof and its hor-
ny appo:' da ges, being devoid of sensibility;
yet both have nervous filaments on their in-
terior fiurface-s. Witliin the tooth we find
the dental iievve, and within the houf is also
found a siiiiilar arrangement, only on a more
extensive and magnificent plan. The teeth
aiid'hoofs, tb.ercforc, viay be said to be analo-
gous in function, so far as the transmission of
.sensibility is concL-rned, and at the same time
they offer a v,'all of defence and protection to
nerves, which are too delicate to eomc in con-
tact with crude matter. Thorefove the horse's
hoof is to the foot iust what the tooth is to
the dental nervo.

i:?ome horses, however, appear, while trav-
eling over tbfe road, to be governed by the
.'ense of hearing, as well as that of sensa-
tion.

Mr, Pcrcival has remarked, that '^lind
horse's are observed to lift their fore legs in
a manner that would iudiwte they are sound-
ing the ground, after the fashion of a blind
man with a stick: therefore they may be said
to sec with their feet. — Vetcrinari/ Journal.

-*f~

Edufaticn of Young Farmers.

I have lately seen, in different newspapers,
.several advercisements for young marrfed
lacu to care of lkrm,s^ poor houses, &c., and
I find on inquiry, that men qualified for those
.stations are very scpa'ce. while all the learned
proicssions arc tilled to overflowing. The for-
mer comma'id as high salaries or higher than
the latter obtain on an average, ' ' ;

Novr, is it not somcwh at sing-ular^ that wMle
the professional man has to give years of time,.
talent.?, and hundreds of dollars to bbt;jin bis
learning, that vre .'?.o not h:ive a supply of well
(jualifiod vounLcfiirmcr.^, when thcvcan obtain
their learning, and have wages all the time
into the bargains? This to me appears to be
a wrong state of affairs — a screw loose some-

Vvh<TO.

I think thi;' i< a .subject which calls for, and
would bear a tlio.'-ough discussion, at all our
agricultural meetings, al.-^o in tlie uaws-
papcrs until it awakc'u.s some of our farmers
to n seii&c of their duty, at least to their own
boys in regard to a farm education. There
may be, and probably are, different reasons
for thi.s state of affairt-; but I believe that the
iarmcrs themselves v^ill have to take the bur-
den of the blame upon themselves.

For instance iu haviug a large nitmbGr of
men in my employ, aad from diifcrent States,
I hive never vet tound Q;icm:m fresh frcm
home, thatka.w how. or ever hadsown grain
of any kind, or knew how much seed of any
kind per acre should' be sown, or one whose
father had givou the least iu.struction in this

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148

THE ILLINOIS FAHMER.

and many otlier Lranclics equally as impor-
tant.

It is too apt to lie the case with our young
men that if they can drive oxen and horses,
plant or hoc corn and potatoes, mow, rake,
pitch hay, shovel dirt, and liarsest corn, pota-
toes, and cider apples, kc, that this is about
all that is needed; but if you should question
them about yood plowing, composting, and
application of manure, the quantity of the
different kinds of seed per acre, their quality,
the best time, and manner of sowing, the
feeding and management of the different
kinds of stocks, the care and management of
fruit trees, the kitchen garden, &c., and
you will find that will tell you that their
lather never taught them anything about it;
at least I have found it so in a large majority
of cases.

I think that the present is a very favora-
ble time to discuss this question, on account
of the largo number of men out of employ-
ment and the general depression in the man-
ufacturing and mechanical part of business
throughout the country, and I hope to hear
from some of your numerous correspondents,
what their views may be about it. — Cor.
iMass. Flovghman.

mers with farms of forty acres, lend money
to thier neighbors who have farms of six hun-
dred acres. This looks very probable, and it
is known to be true. Yes, and it is true,
when they each began with their farms paid
for, the one having apparently ten times the
advantage of the other. There is nothinfr
like being able to manage ably and thorough-
ly what ono undertakes. We have but just
couimencod to tax the mind and the soil to
their liighest capacities relative to the bci>t
mode of tanning. A few years from this time
will bring about greater improvements than
the previous twenty years have done. There
fore be patient and persevering, and we shall
reap the results of the inventive age in which
we live. A. S. R.,

//•; /Ac Connecticut Homestead.

Waste Lauds.

■\VnO HAS MONEY TO LOAN?

. It IS a fact that cannot be denied, that many
of our farmers, notwithstanding the light
thrown in their path, remain nearly stationary
without making any radical improvements.
The principal reason is obvious — to-wit :
they possess too much land. One half has
to run to waste and to weeds. But few oi
the farmers arc able to dofull justice to their
lands, owing to the very good reason, that
they cannot till so much, cither profitably or
scientifically. Land that pays nothing; land
that is worth next to nothing iu its present
state; land that is nearly a nuisance, from the
many noxious weeds it germinates and scat-
ters broadcast over some of our best farms,
causing quiet, snug farmers to be tormented,
harassed and perplexed therewith, and by the
miserable fences that enclose it. There is
more truth than poetry iu this assertion.
Many farmers of this stamp seem indeed desi-
rous, but know not how to win fortune's favors
for the very good reason they will not learn
when they are told. Farmers holding such
lands stand right in the way of their being
benefited by the improvoments of the age.
And to find u remedy for their very small in-
come at the end of the year, in many instances,
only make the matter worse by adding more
acres to their larms. This is their crowning
fault. If they would sell, and put themselves
in a way ofimproving to advantage whatthey
would have left, it would be a very great rebel
to their neighbors, who have to bear the curse
of their weeds, the seeds of which are con-
stantly spreading all over the adjoining farms.
It would save them also the very great mis-
fortune and nuisance of good-for-nothing
fences, and the (^iiarrcls that originate from
this cause.

No man ought to own more acres than he
can fence properly, and improve to the best
advantage. Small farms, with a limited capi-
tal, pay the best interest. It is said that far-

SUMNKII I'Ul NINO OF THE GkAPE, AND

JS'ew Kociii'.i.iiE Blagkbeuky. — The fol-
lowing is from the Countri/ (;icntlcmans re-
port of the doings of the Fruit Growers' As-
sociation of AVcstcrn New York :

",T. .Salter of Rochester, was engaged ex-
tensively in grape raising — his practice was
very close summer pruning — raises fruit on
the spurs, and training his vines all over his
trellis — after the fruit has set, cutting off the
vine three buds above, and keeping off all
unnecessary growth of vines.

J. Crane of Lockport, has practiced sum-
mer pruning on the Isabella for fifteen or
sixteen yeiirs, and hud almost ruined his vines
— he was fully convinced that the Lsabella
would not bear close summer pruning. It
needs long vines to keep up the vigor of the
vines.

11. B. Warren of Gcncssec county, said that
winter pruning increases the vigor of the vine,
and summer pruning weakens it. As a gen-
end rule we do not prune enough. He had
grapes, kept till the Tilth of last month, in a
goiid state of preservation.

11. N. liangworthy said the only reliable
way was the rin<icn( nj/atrm. All the other
methods require close pruning, and then you
must leave smne long vines or you will weaken
your plants.

Mr. Johnson of Xaplos, said the grape rais-
ers in his vicinity had practiced summer prun-
ing with great iii^iudranfiujr; f,jr a time they
cut back to within two or three buds of the
Iruit — but did very badly. lie pruned in

sjtring Avith great success. They have all

abandoned summer pruning by cutting off

the main vine.

J. Crane lutd seen the bearing branch of a

grape vino girdled below the fruit with great

increase iu the size and early ripening of the

fruit, but on t!ie whole he would not recom-
mend it fiir gencnd practice, as in tinic it

would injure the vine.

11. A. Langworthy had often girdled peach

limbs ami could succeed in obtaining fruit on

such limbs two or three weeks before their

season, and nmch larger and finer. JIc had

raised many bushels of such fruit.

J. Salter of lioehester, thought the buds

below the ^'n'ii<j" on the vine would be worth-
less. His practice frequently was to tie a

piece of ba.ss matting around the vine under

the fruit. This produced a good effect, and

did not injure the vine us much as girding, ment" stores. — [Ed. Farmeu.]

The girding method was generally disapprov-
ed of.

In reply to an inquiry relative to the har-
diness of the new Eochclle blackberry, it was
stated by several cultivators that they will
stand the winter better by being planted upon
dry soil, where they ripen their canes well,
than on a moist soil, which induces a late
succulent growth — very good success had at-
tended the efforts of nearly every cultivator
of this berry.

After a sitting of two days, the society ad-
journed to meet at Rochester in the fall, at
some day to be fixed upon by the council.

The Wheat Crop of 1859.

Editor of the Illinois Farmer: — A vast
deal of seed wheat has been and will be put
into the ground the present fall in this coun-
ty. W^e have devoted a great amount of
land to this crop. W^e cannot sow it all in
grasses; we do not want it all for corn, or oats,
or barley, and we cannot afford to have it lay
idle. The conclusion is, we must sow it with
wheat.

The experience of the last two years should
be useful to us in putting in the seed for this
crop. Under favorable circumstancec the
crop runs many risks from the vicissitudes of
the weather, to which this country is subject.
It is a fact, I believe, that we have more poor
than good crops in this section of this State.
Everything happening right, we get a toler-
able good crop, — otherwise we fail.

The extraordinary rainy weather of the
last spring season, seems to have caused an
immense growth of weeds upon our wheat
lands. Most farmers plow in these weeds in
the most effective way they can. In rolling,
they enrich the ground and make it light.
They fill the ground so full of weeds, that the
drill cannot be used. Hence the seed wheat
must be sown broadcast.

Now, with unfavorable winter, or early
.i^pring season, with this culture, the earth is
in just the condition in which the frost will
affect the roots of the wheat and kill it.
Hence, so far as this practice is followed, pro-
vided the winter should be unfavorable — with
little snow, dry and cold — we may expect
much of the next crop of wheat to fail.

We do not desire to alarm our wheat grow-
ers unnecessarily; but we should learn some-
thing from experience. The best thing that
can be done under the circumstances is to
roll the wheat ground, after sowing, with a
very heavy roller, and make the earth as com-
pact as possible. This practice will save much
wheat, I feel assured; and I repeat, that with-
out this is done, the chances are that much
wheat will be lost.

Another truth should not be lost sight of
— the ground must be so cut with drains as
to carry off surplus water, if we should have
repeated the deluges of last spring. W,

Note. — There is a drill that will work well
even if the ground is filled with weeds. It
is "Emmert's Rolling Drill;" works rapidly
and is cheaper than the common drills and
will last quite as long. It is strange that our
farmers do not make themselves acquainted
with the advantages of this drill. They are
for sale at many of the "Agricultural Imple-

-■ •^■.■>> ■ . .. ■" -

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iT Y: ■■ • • ■- •;r-;^|y'7~:f?W!?^'?^^^.".?;.'J»||p'BS?!VWJWifJ^lKet'.l'',>-.l'^'' '.?■«!'.. IW^.m^JMt

THE ILLI^STOIS FARMER.

14:9

Large Farms. a

The very hurtful tendency that has been
so prevalent among our farmers in time past,
to attempt to sepure too much land, is at the
present time very much on the wane, and
those who are now opening farms as a gene-
ral thing purchase pieces much nearer the
mark designated by economy. The reason
for this is two-fold : — in the first place the
enhanced price of land causes the manage-
ment of very much of it to he attended with
pretty heavy cash responsibility, and the pay-
ment of more interest and taxes than most
of our farmers care about meeting, and in
the second place men are becoming aware of
the truth that much money is wasted in the
attempt to manage too large a farm, and that
a small piece under high cultivation makes
much better cash returns than a vovy large
one poorly managed.

More than this, we venture to prophecy
that not only most of the farms opened in the
future will be comparatively small, but that
before a great many years numbers of the
huge tracts of prairie now held by single in-
dividuals will divided up among numbers of
men who do not care to spread themselves
quite so extensively. We do not refer so
much to the land held by non-resident specu-
lators, which will of course come on the mar-
ket sooner or later, as to the possessions of
those men who have an ambition to hold and
cultivate a large estate after the !=tyle of the
old country aristocracy. This is not the
country for such things, and no one need fear
that they will ever flourish. — Urhana Con-
st itutionist.

-*•*-

Smut in Wlicat— Ilie Reracdv.

I will state to your readers, what I suppose
to be the cause of smut in wheat, and like-
wise, what I Jcnoio to be a prevention. I
have supposed that pure wheat, like various
other productions of the earth, might degen-
erate and produce smut, or, tliat owing to
some casuality, it might fail to blossom,
and produce smut. These causes, acting
separately or conjointly, may be the first
moving cause of smut, while sjnut itself, be-
ing an efiicient agent in propagating ita kind,
becomes the continuing cause.

When I was a boy, I one day observed my
father washing wheat to sow. I asked him
why he did thus. He repUed to rid itof smut.
I observed that, after he had skimmed oif all
the balls of smut from the first water, he
washed it thoroughly in the second and third
waters. I asked him why he washed it so
much after he had taken off all the kernels
of smut. He replied, that particles of smut,
adhering to the wheat, will cause it to pro-
duce smut. Young as I was, I had imbibed
the idea that smut germinated, and was too
incredulous to relinquish my notion on the
subject. To satisfy myself, I took a number
of balls of smut, rubbed them in my hand,
and added a handfull of washed wheat. On
one side of the field, where pure wheat had
been sown, I sowed what I had prepared,
and, boy-like, rolled it in with stone. At
harvest, I had a fine crop of smut, while the
adjoining wheat was entirely free from it. I
then felt that inexperience should not be too
confident.

In the course of time, I contracted with a
gentleman to take charge of his farm. When

seeding time came, I could not conveniently
obtain any other than smutty wlioat for seed.
My employer was not slow to condemn tliis
''mess of smut." I told him perhaps I might
be able to teach him a ''thing or two," con-
cerning smut. I washed this wheat thor-
oughly, sowed it, and raised, e^xccllcnt pure
wheat. From the result of the first experi-
ment, it appears reasonable to Infer that smut
does not germinate, bat bv adhering to the
wheat, contaminates or diseases its roots and
blades, imparts to them a vitiating principle,
which prevents]^the head from producing a
sound grain. This is proved, as there was
no kernel of smut in the seed sown, and as
there was nothing but pulverized smut in it,
the smut must have been produced by some
process similar to that above described. The
result of the second experiment proves that
if smutty wheat be washed, smut will be pre-
vented.— Soutlicru Jlomesfead.

Rust in Oats — What is it?

Throughout the whole Southwestern por-
tion of the Union the oat crop has sufi"cred
from a terrible blight, which, from its resem-
blance to the fungous substance that some-
times attacks wheat by that name, has been
called RUST. So far as we are informed,
rust in oats has hitherto been unknown. We
have never lieard or read of anything of the
kind, in any section of the country. The
fact that it is thus unusual, opens a wide and
interesting field to the naturalist, and in this
case, to the entomologist, as it invites investi-
gation in a channel, so far as wc can ascer-
tain, hitherto unexplored.

While in West Tennessee, a short time
since, we took occasion to examine the blade
of the oat under a miscroscope ( kindl}- furnish-
ed us by the Baily Troupe,) and were greatly
suprised with the phenomenon which the
crla.-^s revealed. Since then, we have follow-
ed up these examinations,' by the aid of more
powerful instruments, at the Medical College
in this city, in company with several scien-
tific gentlemen, among whom were Doctors
Bri<(2;s and Buchanan, of the Medical Fac-
ulty.

The cause of all this destruction of the oat
crop is a living worm, too small to be seen
plainly with the naked eye. A single blade
or leaf of the oat sometimes contains hundreds
of them. They lie encased in the tis.'>ues of
the leaf or blade where they have been ger-
miiiatcd, beneath the epidermis or thin pelli-
cle over the exterior portion of the blade, and
as they progress in developiuent, the skin of
the leaf shows curious puffy blisters. The
growth of the worm subsequently ruptures
these, and it escapes to feed on tlie jilant.
When first, released irom their covering, they
are of a beautiful, clear, red color, almost
transparent, but soon begin to change coli)r
and form, and getting more opaque and dark
in appearance until, in the cour.se of transfor-
mation, tlic}^ become a black bug, with logs
and wings, when they attack the head or grain
of the oats.

Under the miscroscope, the dust which re-
mains on the leaf, closely resembles that on
the winu's of butterflies. '

flow this immvaerable arniy of infinite
small worms originated is yet a mystcr}-. It
is a singular fact, however that wherever the
greatest quantity of rain has fallen, there the

oat crop has fared the worst. In our recent
trip through West Tennessee, wo saw but a
single field of oats, between the Mississippi
and Tennessee rivers, which was not a total
failure, or in which it ■rt'ould be folly to put a
scythe-blade. That field was near Denmark,
in jNIadisou county, and was sown very early.
It is well known, that more rain has fallen in
West Tennessee, this season, than in any oth-
er part of the State; hence the extreme wet
weather must have had some agency in the
production of this animalcula?. It is also
well known that moisture and heat will pro-
duce and multiply animal life, millions per
hour, and therein we judge is the secret of this
destruction of the oat crop. It is one of those
cases of natural phenomena which occur only
at a certain stage in the growth of plants,
and under peculiar states of temperature. It
may happen next season, or it may not occur
again for many ycars.^ — Southern Home-
Mead.'

—f

Deep Plowing. \

Question. — At what period of the year o"f
rotation would deep plowing be advisable?
What kinds of soil does it benefit, and when
should be avoided?

Avsiver. — Deep plowing Is most effective
in the autumn, thus exposing the influence
of frosty rain, and wind during the winter,
which act upon the mineral ingredients of
the soil, rendering them available for the
succeeding crops, and pulverizing the soil,
and thus facilitating the passage of the soils
into the subsoil. As regards the period of
the rotation it is generally considered that
deep cultivation is most beneficial after the
wheat crop, as a preparation for the root crop
and the whole succeeding rotation it is deem-
ed advisable that the land receive a deeper
stirring than would be considered safe or ex-
pedient iu preparation for a corn crop, in or-
der to disturb the hard impenetrable stratum
formed by the continuous treading of horses
and the passage of the plow, and also to bring
to the surface a fresh portion of unexhausted
sod to be incorporated with that from which
the previous rotation has derived its nourish-
ment. Moreover, the first crop which follows
requires a deep well pulverized soil; a soil, in
fact, which will offer as little resistance as
possible to the expansion of the bulbs. —
Therefore, taking all these things into con-
sideration, we conclude that the most suita-
ble time for deep plowing is in the autumn,
previous to the root crop, or for the bare fal-
low after a corn crop, in cases where the soil
is unsuited for the root crop.

The soils most benefitted by deep cultiva-
tion are stiff clay lands, those soils resting
immediately upon rock cannot be subsoiled
even if were desirable, which is very doubt-
ful. As a rule, we may say, plow deep, when
the subsoil is of the same character as the
surface, if both are tenacious, or when the
subsoil is composed of good clay, only re-
quiring atmospheric influence to sweeten it. .
Deep cultivation should be avoided when
preparing for com, either for barley after
roots fed oft", in which case we should by deep
plowing bury the manure beyond the reach
of the crop, and in plowing the clover lea for
wheat it would be especially injurious. In
underdrained clays deep plowing would be
objectionable. Deep plowing benefits most

■"¥•

'•["■■%

;jp--;^>il

150

THE II.I.i:S^OIS FA^RMEjR.

cliiy i^oih. in 1' ct latv": -v ;-i;cIi huid as No. 4
in the liutumu i.< ''(;-.::'.i to iiali'cliv->ii.'>; iii.-in-
Uio. J'roi'.>. . r \..iv <^iiiiJ. t'. s u oh:}' .Soil to
ub.vorb as much i:i;riiiir<i;i dr.rltJir the fallow
as WiiuKi be f>!!f:;li:cd in jivo l.Uiuh'cdpi'Uiiils
of'guiiiio; liio.si! cl;tvt; cuntt;.! :!!!)'_; ;i laru;(U[u:in-
titv I'.f iiiso'it: bli' >iiiraU'S oi'|,!.r;i>u arc f^vii-
erally liorirfUtcd. Clay frnm which the air
is exclmied, c-\hibits a davk bhii^h colnr.
Tlie frost diiinvj, the \;\uUt penutratos the
soil, and acts intA-hauiccJ'-v by destruyin,!: t.l;c
adhesion of particles. Altfr draiuinpi clay it
is not ;'.(lvisal>l'J to briiicr to the surface more
than tv,o inches of new .-oil :it a time, othor-
vrise more is bronalit un than tlic Avliiter
frost, kc, can pulverise and :<weeteu, aiid
the first crop lh:.t follow^. I'.Diiiniic un uneon-
genial seed bed will not flourish. — London
Magnet.

Plow IJcfpcr.

Messrs. EliTTOHs: — There seein-s to oxif^t
quite a diver<iiy oi' oniiiions in reaavd to the
depth that land should be piowcd. ^I;iny,
and in my opinion, too many advocate .s]i;:l-
low 2:)lowing. ^\'hat is (he iii^e, say they, of
plowintr nj* the .v;tiid and etny. and buryin'j.-
the niuiiuro ai'd ^oil out of the rea(h of tlie
plants? Let us reason tijgcthei-. What is
the use of plowii.;: at all? Fs I.s iiot tluit v.e
may pulvevixie tlie sull and brin!:i- it to f^ueli a
state that the lltih- ro.ls and f'.ves ofthe} ir.nt
luny shoot out and irathcr up uliatevor Ihey
can find to nouri.sii it? Is i- I'.ot to ineorpoi--
atc the manure ■\viih the soil, ar.d va-?Jw it of
a uiiilbrn; eunsi.^i^ i;cy a.s it i\u:;rds fjUidity.
etc.? i'loY.' deep. iK.ii't f ar buryiu;i' t];e
manure so deep th;d they w'.U liiid it. It i.~
po.-^sible you m.-iv i.ot re: li>: ; so ^'ood a r-nr,.
tlie fir?t ycLir by bui'vliiu' tlie i.iaaure dfrply.
You will net lo.so. "What uia!-;'. s holLom lands
so much better than mos-t uplands? Isiti;n(
the deptli oftlie^^oil? ITyoutiiinkyouliave
not manure .'^ufliciont to ir.alce such a soil the
tirst year, act accorJiu^ily, butlicgiu iinmedi-
atelj'.

What '-'runs a (isria out," .X'^ it isciilled':' Is
it not .shoal plowing — a scratch (/ver the soil,
as if you were ai'iaid of getting tmt of tin;
reach of Sim and ail'.' 1 \erii3' believe this
is the principal Ciaio: ; and the remedy iriuj-1
be the revcxse course of luanaceiecnt. — J. T.
StRtiEANX, in tlie (iiiun:.-^"\ I''(roi^r.

A Pi.KA roTt MtiM:s. — iloi'-.:, the Kttriolc
Shepherd, oliserved that on land.s tenanted
by t:ie uiole, the i<j'ii-ri.:t in sheep wad Uiuch
less prevalent i'e.in \flHve il ey h.'d been on-
tirpated. An Inteiligent fanner in tl:e south
of Yi luiaiid. uiib-: : •■fniiu IuM.^ v.vA atten-
tive observaiion, I tVi'i siitf-^l^od that uoaniii;al
is more benelicl;d in hl.<caliin.u than tlie mole.
Thefarmef, 1 think, igMOraniiy andw;uitor.ly
destroys thei.!. A\'ere he to relloct a littf,',
and make a few obsevvatioiis, he Avould, in
mo.-;l CasLS. proteet ai.u liot "le.^tro}' them, a.-
they are very interesj'ng ;!-si?tantri to his lit-
bors. They destroy the wire-wnrni aud all
kinds of grubs, and t^o Ijenetieial is this, tliat
I Lave seen many f;ek-s of cum greatly inju
red, if not dcstmyevl, !:;; ilie moKs not being

permitted to -worW iu tii<iii, 1 never allow
them to be trapp.-d. l^ai- r>i fjiV ia.st I had
a field i)f wheat iu which tiie ineh.i were busily
at worli. I wa.s anxious to preserve them,
but iu my ab?cace a neighlorir.g mole-catcher

; eri!ra]ij)ed iheia. llxactly at the pl:;ce from

i wliieh thev v.eu- removed, and for about an

acre inrthe- into the fiehl, the wire-worm cn-

I tirely di'stivyed my wheat. I made it my

i business to i x.Mninc many jilaee.s in the

iici'jliborbocid where tmps were set. In one

field I saw eight traps in area of about an

acre of wheat. 1 examined the place and

found the worm at the root of almost all tho

plants, .'^cveial other fields were examined

where tr.ips were set in the saiue manner with

results ah\:iys the .same."

Some lime ago, [was pnssingAvith a friend
ever ;i field, and he observed that it would
groAV nolhing on account of the Avirc-worm.
J told him to get mole>.

"Why," >aid he, "we cannot keep them
out of it; we destroy (juantities of them every

I said, 'don't destroy them."

ITc took my advice, let the moles liiind
their own business, and since that time the
(ield h.as borne exeelh-nt crops. This may
be new to some of your readers. — ^4 Whisflrr
I'f ihc Ploir in ihr Amrrkait At/rivultur-
ht.

|t?Tu,The ll<-tiU'.<i[ai(ihiXH tlip following c»pi-
t;il article:

AVasTK nF ExpKRii'.xcK. — A farmer's
experiences are so far apart that they do not
do him mnch good, and it takes an error five
or six y^irs to so .stamp itself upon his moni-
ury th.'it he Avill not commit it again. Ijis
life is made up of a series of operations, of
which one being done now, it is a year before
he does it airain. He says to himself after
its perfoniumee this year, "another year 1
mean to do so and so: X will not do this a-^ain
as I did this year, but will change uiy prac-
tice in .=onu; respects.'' Another year comes,
.'Old iiiiles-s tlie resolution ]ia.« taken ijarticu-
larly strong hold upon bis mind, and is one
th.d has been driven into him by some very
palpable failure in s(une crop, or something
as measurable, he will forget it. The little
minutia of change that lie thought about the
year before has gone from him, and so it goes
year by year.

jf favnu-rs would put on record the prac-
tii'es ofycar, ]U'ecisely as they occur, with
all the faults, and mistakes, and nec-li/c nces
they arc eomliuicd with, and would use this
record in the next year tf> gu;Hte the same
practices, they would .soon become better far-
mers. This is easily done, and the observa-
tions that would not fail to be made as the
year goes (»n, would prove of inestimable value
In the next year's doiniis.

Tliore is a sort of indefinitonoss in a far-
ne'r's knowledge of his own practices that
aris-'s from the fact tliat he lias only a ."ort of
general ke.owledge of how he does things,
and of the circuTustances that modify the
Miee-iss of his ojicratioiis. ,\n aeenrate de-
tail of his ilaily work, with observations upon
tlic re.-tilt of certain of them as theyear runs
I'll, jKi'severed in for three y(!ars, would be of
more value to him in his after practice than
h'^ can culeulate; and would be used by him
as a S!'rt ol guide, and referred to in every
after ye.ar of Iiis life as a rule to work bv.

We ha\e said before, perhaps often, that if
farmers would only do as well as they know
how to do, they would all oftheni be better far-
id it is the irio.st sinirular ihintrinthe

world, that men who will stint themselves in
every luxury and very nuuiy of the necessi-
ties of life to make money, who will be care-
fe.l to the verge of parsimony in the expen-
diture of every cent they dbsburse. who will
labor with untiring vigilance from early
morning to late night, and so day by day and
year by year, with "unpausing toil," will let
slip tlirough their fingers from sheer want of
care, a large portion of what should and
mitrht be the honest meed of their labors.
The experiences of the year, every idea
gained, is as nundi a portion of the profits of
the year as the crops harvested. If he leaves
ungarnered the only portion of his year's gain
that will not, in the future, be diminished in
the using, is he not more wasteful than he
who allows his grass to stand over time, and
his potatoes to Avaste in the ground, because
he is too careless or lazy to dig them?

-••»-

The Best Fruit Bottles.

USE NO CORKS.

An article bearing the above title, giving
the personal experience of the editor's fami-
ly— AVJT-find in the Ruralint of Springfield,
Oliio. We have often claiiued for avcII sealed
jars and bottles, all the advantages of the
modern fruit cans, s; If-scalers, etc., a new
set of which with new patent rights, tind new
claims of superiority fluod the Uiarkct, the
sidewalk and the show Avindows every year,
as periodically as the autumn comes.

These things are of tlie same value to the
communitv, that are the tiovl Aveeklies, —
the mushroom literature Avliich does not
live, in the mind of its readers, till the date
oftlic publication of the paper. Thati.s — as
it is a good thing if a certain class of people
can be induced to read anything, even worth-
less tra.sh that they cannot remember over
night, so it is u.seful to induce some people
to use worthless cans, that will not preserve
the fruit three month.?. They acquire therc-
bv a desire to preserve fruit that will lead
them to the use of better means.

The Jiurtdisl's method is this — the editor
says :

"The better halfofthe editor hereof, wishes
the readers of the Jiundi.tf to try her plan
for putting up fruit, if they are not posted
in it already, and see if it has not ease and
safety to recommend it. She lays aside all
self sealing cans, patent glsLSS jars, earthen
and fancy .stone-ware, of which we have such
a variety in the market, preferring a simple,
plain glass bottle, any sort or size of a glass
bottle that has a wide mouth. If the best
and safest, they are al.so the cheapest, as quart
bt./ttles may be got i'or a dollar per dozen, or
a dollar and a half at most.

Place the bottles on the hearth Avhile the
fruit is cooking in another vessel. Let them
heat very trradually, and there is no danger
of break i'ng. Do not cook the fruit too much.
Be careful and have it a* the boiling point
when the bottle is filled, that the steam may
displace all the air in the bottle, and leave a
vacum when it condenses in cooling.

Then 7iyr no rorks in sealing. If there is

^?S^'J^-*!.-.-'^»'7

W;?^^^^<9T^^^^Sg!f''f'!«i^':'!!f,^l'yir^J^^

mmF'

W^:--

i"fwi-->.m

•■»■

THE ILLINOIS FARMER.

151

no current of air to blow from door to window
upon the bottles and break them, you are
ready to proceed. Furnished with circular
pieces of new cotton drilling, aud equal parts
of gum shellac and resin, with a very little
beeswax, as the bottle is filled, spread the
melted wax evenly upon a piece of the cloth,
and apply, wax down, to the mouth of tlie
bottle, bring down the cloth over the rim of
the bottle, and tie it firmly with a string.
Then spread a coating of wax over the upper
surface.

As the bottle cools, the pi'cssure of the air
will indent the surface of the cloth, and give
infallible proof that all is safe.

By this method a child of ordinary intelli-
gence can put up fruit, with absolute .safety.
There can scarcely be a simpler method, or a
cheaper, and certainly not a safer.

We have never lost fruit put up this way.
The corks are entirely useless, and not al-
ways reliably safe."

The Next Wheat Crop.

Editor of the Farmer: — Not>vith-
standing the failure of the wheat crop —
this year partially, the last year altogeth-
er— I have no doubt a laro:e breadth of
land will be devoted to this crop the pre-
sent season. The past admonishes us
of many errors in regard to the cultiva-
tion of the crop, and it is hoped that we
shall not only learn wisdom from experi-
ence, but that we shall practice it.

In the first place the ground should be
put in good order; it should be thorough-
ly plowed and so deep that the seed can
be drilled in. This done, good seed
should be provided. It is said by some
that shrivelled or .-shrunken wheat will
answer for seed. I would not use it un-
less compelled by necessity to do so.
The small May wheat has made a much
better crop, the present season than the
white; and especially has this been the
case where the wheat was sown early.
There cannot be a doubt that had our
farmers all sown the May wheat early
last fall, we should have had a very good
crop in Sangamon. Having secured good
seed wdieat, thoroughly clean it; — leave
not a single seed of chess amonir vour seed
wheat; and this being done, and no chess
remaining in your ground, next year you
will be able to form a sound opinion in re-
gard to chess turning to wheat. Now
clean you seed thoroughly — and then
next year let your brethren know whether
your wheat or any part of it, has turned
to chess. Put your seed in Avith a drill,
— having previously harrowed your land
well. Do all this in good time. The
earliest sown wheat did the best the last
season, and this has generally proved to
be the fact. It has a better chance for
escaping insects and rust. Having sow-
ed your wheat, see to it that the ditches
are open to carry oiF the water. Ditch-
ing should be done efiectually. These
ditches should be kept open. The far-
mer can cheat himself, but he cannot
cheat his grounds.

I have hopes that our small farmers
will gradually turn their attention to the
raising of stock. Small farms well man-
aged will turn off many fat hogs. There
is a market for these all the time. Large
farmers can turn their attention to cattle
and sheep. These pay- well even in the
present hard time.^- Many coiinties in
Kentucky are made rich by raising mules
for market. But it requires much capi-
tal to commence, on any thing like an
extensive scale, raising cattle, sheep,
horses or mules. It will hardly do to
begin such stocks by the purchase on
credit. Better commence small. Our
country has been well nigh ruined by
farmers purchasing land and stocks on
credit. Let us move carefully now.
We hope we are near the bottom.

S. W.

Sangfimfln Connly Fnir.

Editor Farmer : — The farmer's have
been too bu.sy to think mncii of our coun-
ty fair. In raising our corn crop, we
have, as the saying is, had to put the
cart before the horse. Wo hud to cut
what wheat was Avorth cutting before we
finished plowing our corn. Even now,
first of August, there is much corn plow-
ing to be done. We have never liad a
worse summer in Avhieh to do our work.
Every thing crowded upon us, and really .
we did not know what to take hold of
first. If we cut our wheat, our corn crop
was suffering — the weeds were making
fight with the corn, to know Avhich should
finally have the mastery. Then our
grass, too, required to be'eut. Indeed,
Ave have had a hard time, but I hope Ave
shall get out of the conflict with some re-
putation.

What I wis]), to say is, that we' must
not forget our county fair. We must
save the best of everything Ave have to
exhibit. The premium list is rich.
Every premium is to be paid in silver
ware. Who is there that Avould not like
a set of spoons, goblets, butter knives,
forks and other plate, as evidences of
their public spirit, and the superior char-
acter of the articles they shall exhibit?

It is J;ime to begin to think of our
fair. The county fairs of old Sanga-
mon ahvays do her honor. They show
the true worth of our farmers, their sons
and daughters, — they famish eA'idence
of the skill and cntrrprise of our mechan-
ics— and they create an emulation which
is seen in the improvements of crops, of
stock and of homes in our county, every
year, marked and caeering.

OLD SANGAMON.

• Geo. Seymour & Co., of Nor-

walk, Conn., estimate their crop of NcAV
Rochelle Blackberries this season at from
100 to 160 bushels an acre, which readi-
ly sell in New York market at 12.1-2
cts per quart.

What Farmers should liat. for. —
There is something worth living for besides
money. That is very good, but is not all.
With the rest let us raise a crop of good
ideas. While you are farmers, remember
also that you are men, with duties and respon-
sibilities. Live down the old brutal notion
that a farmer must bo uncouth, uneducated
and unthinking — a mere clod-hopper. You
are brought into immediate contact with the
great heart of civilization. You cannot get
out of the buzz of the toiling Avorld. The
thrill of the wonder working wires, and the
rumble of the locomotive, (the thunder tread
of natiofis,) come to your once secluded hill-
side. Move toward a better life. Do not
keep your boys corn-shelling all the long win-
ter evenings. Make your farms a place that
your sons and daughters cannot help loving.
Cultivate the trees — they are Gods messen-
gers.

Care much for books and pictures. Don't
keep a solemn parl(»r into which you go but
once a month vnth the parson, or gossips of
the sewing society. Hang around your walla
pictures which shall tolJ stories of mercy,
hope, courage, faith and charity. Makeyour
living room the largest and most cheerful in
the house. Let the place be .«uch that when
your son is in distant lands or even perhaps,
he clings to a single plank in the lonely water
of the wide ocean, the thought of the old
homestead shaFi come across the waters of de-

solation, bringing always the
aud love.

Have no dungeons about,
never open,

light

of hopt

no blinds that

no rooms you
always shut.

Don't teach your daughters French before
they can weed a flower bed or cling to aside
saddle; and daughters do not be afraid of the
trowel or the pruning knife; bring to your
doors the richest flowers of the woods; culti-
vate the friendship of birds — study botany,
learn to love nature, and seek a higher cul-
tivation tlian the fashionable world can give
you. — Ex.

: — ««,_ — -.

Tomato Pickles. — Take green toma-
toes enough to make two quarts, which
haA'e grown to their full size, wipe them,
cut them in two pieces, put them into a
porcelain or bright tin kettle, scatter a
a handful of salt OA'^er them; pour on
them enough boiling water to cover them;
cover them over and leave them to boil.
Boil them until a fork aa''11 easily pass
through them. Have ready two quarts
good vinegar, into Avhich some allspice
is thrown, boil it until it is hot. Now
take your tomatoes, put them into a cul-
lender, drain them, after Avhich place
them in a crock and pour boiling Adnegar
upon them. Thus prepared the green
tomatoes makes a fine article.

The Apple Borer. — Youug apple
trees should be noAv looked to for the
borer. If you see fine dust about the
tree, looking" like saw dust, you may be
sure that that the borer is present. A
wire or a pliable shoot run into the hole
and Avorked about Avill kill him. Be sure
and kill him before you leave the tree.

SJ^WT

152

THE ILLINOIS FA-HIMER.

Sh^ Hliuoi,$i |avmcv.

-HN-

springfil:i.d, October i, i85«.

The Stdtc rair.

The State Fair for IS.JS lias passed.
The history of that fair has hocn herald-
ed by the press over the land. It ^vas a
distinguished suceess. In some dep;irt-
nients the entries exceeded those of any
former fair, and in others less, but tak-
ing it altogether, -vve believe it "will prove
the most effective fair for irood that h:is
ever been held in this State.

We do not believe that there has been
an cxhil)ition of Durham stock in the
West, that has excelled in numbers and
excellence, that which was on exhibition
at Centralia. The horse exhibition was
also excellent; and the shovr of hogs and
sheep was better than at any previous
fair. The department of agricultural
implements has been scarcely excelled.
There was some fine fruit on exhil)ition,
but the season has been against the per-
fection of fine fruit. The department of
farm products contained many good spe-
cimens, but was not as full as desired. In
the departments of textile fabrics, fine
arts, and natural history, the contribu-
tions were respectable in numbers and
some of great excellence.

The plowing match, it seems, did not
give general satisfaction. Our opiniun
is, that if the manufacturers of plows de-
Bire a fair and full trial of their plow-,
more time should be taken for the pur-
pose than can be found at a State Fair.
A trial should be got up by the Agricul-
tural Society in some convenient portion
of the State, and several (hjs devoted
to it — so that a thorough and satisfacto-
ry trial cnn be made. We suggest
this matter for the consideration of the
executive committee of the society. The
plow, in truth, is the most important in-
strument used by the farmer.

Wo have said that the lair was a suc-
cess. The arrangements of the execu-
tive committee were nearly perfect; and
they were carried out quietly and with,
out difficulty. The holding of a State
Fair in the woods, — or rather in a loca-
tion which dates its first settlement Avith-
in four years, was a new thing. Many
doubted its expediency and others pre-
dicted a failure. But the committee
who took in hand the putting up the fix-
ture for the fair, carried cmt their obli-

gations in good faith — the Central Rail-
rood Company gave their assistance at
every point required — the people in the
region round about Centralia, lent effi-
cient and helping hands — the articles for
exhibition came in abundance — the peo-
ple were present — and the fair closed to
the satisfaction of all parties concerned.-
We congratulate our readers, especi-
ally in Southern Illinois, on the success
of this fiir. It will be an epoch in her
history.

-«••-

Seed Corn. — We again caution our
farmers not to neglect providing them-
selves with seed corn the present fall.
It would be well to secure several varie-
ties,— early and late. Much land re-
mained unplanted the past season for
want of an early variety of corn. The
experience of the present year will show
whicli of the early varieties is best for
this country — King Phillip, Early Yel-
low Dent, Yellow eight rowed Hint, Den-
ton or New Mexicnn White. A little
care now will save a great deal of loss,
trouble au'l anxiety next spring.

Kkepixg Grapes. — Wo have seen
the fjllowiug plan fur keeping grapes.
''Gather them carefully on a dry day,
remove all unsound or unripe berries
and pack thern in small, shallow boxes,
with })apcr on the bottom and between
tlie layers; set them in a cool dry place
for ten days, when they will have passed
the sweating ]>rocess, and then close
them tight and keep them at a Ioav tem-
perature without freezing. A dry cellar
will ansvrer."

|,^S^We b.ave already seen good speci-
mens of Ciiinese Sugar Cane syrUp, — a
great improvement on the syrup of last
year. We nntieipate a su])erior article
from the Springlieid Sugar Mill, and
hope the public will at once make a gen-
eral thing of using it. It will be found
t.o be pure, clear — witliout the hundred
unmentionables which make up New Or-
leans molasics.

The Ciiinese Sugar Cane is mak-
ing a l)etter crop than was anticipated.
FfU- the lust fortnight it has been matur-
inir finch'. The Springfield Sugar jNIill
will be at work in a few davb. It is
located at tlie ''Junction." The mill is
of sucii ciipacity that it can work up all
the cane brought to it. J. C. Depew,
proprietor.

jgigi^'We do not believe that half the
usual amount of land will be sown with
wheat, in this region, the present fall.
We hope that what is sown, will be put
in well. The ground is full of weeds
generally, and the roller ought to be used
in all such cases. .

Orchards. — The earth is in fine order
for planting out trees the present fall.
The nurseries of Illinois are abundantly
supplied with every description of fruit
and ornamental trees, and these have
made a fine growth the present sea-
son.

J?©^The Macon County Fair was a
very successful one. The entries wer
more numerous than before, and there
were many specimens of valuable stock.
The address by John Davis, on "Anglo-
Saxon Destiny, " is full of original
thoughts.

-«•►

1EJ@=,The Sangamon County Fair will
commence on the oth of the present
month and continue four days. It is
expected that it Avill be a great fair.
AVe hope to see all the departments well
supplied with articles for exhibition.

j5@^See to your young fruit trees
this month. Clear away about the roots,
and replace with har<l earth, so that
mice will have no opportunity to nest
about them.

Ig^^In the south part of the State,
the drought is a serious obstacle to the
sowing of wheat. In this part of the
State, the earth is in fair order, and
many wheat fields are already green.

j^j^=^Thc artesian well in this city is
already about 900 feet deep. No water
has been struck in sufficient quantities
to reach the surface. The company are
noAV boriniz; throuixh mountain limestone.

^^^^Experiments for obtaining water
on the Southern route for a railroad
across the continent, in the region of
Llano Estacado, has failed for the pre-
sent.

X^2k Abbott Abiel Cooley, the inventor

of friction matches, died in Connecticut,

lately. He was a great genius — a good

man — but his inventions kept him poor.

— . -<••

r'-^r--Early May wheat the present

season, produced the best crops.

.•.iwa«-v"?'rr'?!Br-

■'-.^W- •■■ ■ r ^ f-; ;-^'.--.T':;?

■-rr;

; '^^^^JJiT* .

'i^.

THE ILLINOIS FA-HIMEII.

153

Farmers should see to it that the

drains in their wheat land are properly
opened this fall.

4*>

A correspondent ■writes us that

there will not probably be more wheat
gathered this season in Rock Island

county than was sown the present fall.

.♦. ■

The fair in Logan county, three

days, commencing on the 8th September,
was well attended, although the weath-
er was rainy. Those present say that

there was pres ent some valuable stock.
«»>

The Cass County Fair came off

on the 31st of August. There was a fine
show as well of stock and agricultural
products, as of the people — a much
larger number being present than at any
previous fair.

Deep plowing is found to bury

The Oregon Farmer savs that

the excitement in relation to the Frazer
mines, is fast subsiding there. It sup-
poses that when trails can be found for

passing through the mountains, so that
men can reach the mines without risking
their lives, and provisions can be carried
there, the "diggings" will be found to

pay fair wages — nothing more.

«•»

A. R. "West, of Kentucky, cau-

the eggs of insects so deep that they will
not hatch in time to injure the coming

crop,
of.

This is a matter worth thinking

There was a balloon ascension at

the late State Fair. "When it returned
to the earth, a father, for amusement,
put two of his children into the basket.
The rope slipped from his hand, the bal-
loon ascended, staid up in the air nearly
all night, was found lodged in a tree
next morning, and the children safe and
unhurt.

Chufas or Earth Almo^^d. — A cor.
respondent suggests new uses for this
plant. As an edible root for the genus
homo, it will never amount to much.
He says that cattle are very fond of the
green blades and the plant produces a
great many. They would serve as fall
feed for stock; and when the blades were
taken off, the roots or tubers would afford
a large quantity of dainty and rich food
for hogs. We hope some one will give
the Chufa a trial for the piirposes men-
tioned.

Early White Wheat? — Is there
such a Avheat? If so, what is its name,
and where can it be had?

-••t-

The wheat crop was fine in

Oregon the present season. The crop
of apples poor, and many of the bearing
trees had died. It was supposed that
the moles had done this mischief by eat-
ing the small roots of the trees.

tions persons not to let their cattle eat
the stalks of sugar cane after the juice
is expressed from them. He had lost

some stock in this way.

— ■ — <••

The Rural Agricultural Society

of England have awarded Mr. Fowler

^2,500 for his steam plow. The}'- ex-
press the belief that it will save much in
the cost of plowing land — from 2.1-2 to
25 per cent. We presume the plow is
only intended for large farmers, and
that it is not yet a perfect machine.
The premium, indeed, may be regarded
as a tribute to the ingenuity of Mr.
Fowler.

Uses of IxsECTy.— If insects speak
to us neither by the voice nor by their
physiognomy, by what do they appeal to
us? By their energies. By the prodi-
gious destruction, which they effect in the
over-productiveness of nature; by their
Colors, fires, and poisons, and by their
arts. In all these manifestations, if pro-
perly understood, there is nothing but
wisdom and beneficence. Even the per-
secution of domestic animals by flies,
constitutes, according to our philosophy,
their safety. Without the stimulus ffiven
by these tiny persecutors, cattle would
remain at times stupidity resigned, till,
no longer capable of movement, they
would perish on the spo:^. Flies drive
them to running waters, or to more salu-
brious places. In Central Africa the
nam regulates the migrations of whole
herds. The tetse,. it is to be supposed,
is sent by some such similar provision of
nature^ Even this terrible ant, when it
invades a house and expels the inhabi-
tants, does so for wise purposes. They
destroy every living thing; mice, toads,
snakes, are all devoui'ed — not an insect,
nor even an insect's egg is left. The
house is thoroughly cleansed, and then
the visitors leave it to its master, jroinir
on to another. The si)iders of the An-
tilles are such good servants, and so
useful in the destruction of flies, that
they are sold in the markets as birds are
with us.

jJig^'The potatoe crop in Ireland, the
present season, is excellent, and but few
are found to be diseased. It is said that

1,250,000 acres are occupied with the _ ^ ^

crop of potatoes in Northern Ireland. 1 firm' for duty, truth and right, as did thi

Heroism.

"A marshal of France never surrenders,"
said Ney, as he plunged into the frozen
stream, with the exhausted remnant of the
French army, in the very face of a Russian
foe much superior in numbers, and fough^
his way through them into Napoleon's pre-
sence. Nothing perhaps in military history
has exceeded this fete, the chances of war,
the elements, everything being against it.
Some of tlie marshals that France broujrht
forth in her stern conscriptions, were the
very beau ideal of all that we can conceive in
military glory. Murat would expose his life
with as much unconcern as he would take
his coffee, daring and reckless his fine person
and superb bearing as a cavalry oflBeer were
the delight of France, as they were the ad-
miration of her enemies. The slucrirish na-
ture of General Larmes was like a flame of
fire in battle, he stood for hours at the
Bridge of Lodi, before tlie muzzle of the
Austrian cannon, which were cuttinsr his
men down as the mower cuts the grass, liis
enemy, meanwhile, being screened behind
the buildings, and carried it against these
vast odds. The higher natures of Dessaix
and Klebcr were full of hope and promise,
but they were lost to France in the earlier
wars. Junot was the impersonation of brave-
ry, but he was passionate, avaricious, profli-
gate and cruel, a character not unlike that
of General Avnold, who was singularly brave
in his earUer career. Heroism in the French
people stands out as a distinct creation, de-
pends less upon the nobler characteristics,
has less conscience in it, or moral power,
than honor. Heroism is frequently the only
redeeming thing in bad wars, it " is to them
what the good is in bad men, and makes
them to that extent worthy of respect and
love. Single combat, the abuse of the duel,
the degradation of the prize fight, have some-
thing attractive in them. Strength and
power were deified in the heathen mythology,
and are the expression of congenial spiritual
power, as beauty in the natural world is the
reflection of that which is celestial. The
celebrated Pass or Canon at Thermopyle,
where three hundred Greeks under Leonidas
resisted the overwhelming force of Xerxes,
broke his prestige and absolutely saved
Greece, stands out as an oblation to one's
country that mankind have delio-hted to
dwell upon. Do you remember that boy who
stood upon the burning deck at the 'Battle of
Nile,' and reliised to come down at the cry
of many voices? 'Father shall I come down,'
said the dutiful child, but, alas, the father's
voice was hushed in death, and the child
perished at his post in the whelming flame.
May we in the vicissitudes of our lot, stand

w^'t^'^^':'-'m^ "i'wm^s^ijfPv;

p^^';«";V*7!V^f!?P.".'r'-fHfl^ '-W'H':-

' ■!',*??•»■

-T<))«J5K^-jrg«:|'_-;?^^|wT?:

■???''-^''

~w^7R!T^S9?

154

THE ILLINOIS F^HMER.

child in his uncontauiinate years. The
spirit of sacrifice and self-denial is the high-
est that mortal can possess, and whether it
concerns the least rentraint in our daily lile,
or requires us to lay down that life, displays
in the proper suhordination of ourselves to
it, the highest perfection attainable in man.
'Thy necessities are yet greater than mine,'
said Sir Phillip Sydney, as he passed the cup
from his own parched and fevered lips to the
wounded soldier at his side, evincing a chiv-
alry that may well be deemed chrisian as he
laid himself down to his final rest. The last
hours of life often exhibit hidden treasure;
"this day shalt thou be with me iu Paradise,"
revealed character that life had not time to
develope; a nobility of soul just thenlighten-
ing up the vision and opening to it new scenes
and a new birth-right.

An.lrew Ilofer, the Inn-keeper of the
Tyrol, marshaled hia forces ia his native
mountains, and offered more effectual resis-
tance to the tyrauny of Napoleon than the
whole Austrian army, until his own house-
hold gods were destroyed and himself hunted
down and shot like a dog. General Washing-
ton, in two dismal winters of the Revolution,
as he sustained his men under hunger, cold
and nakedness, tracking their footsteps with
blood through the snow, the British army iu
possession of the cities and the seaboard,
Congress faltering, the nation discouraged
and almo.-^t despairing, himself a rebel, with
an untried future before him, £tand.«i before
the world in collossal grandeur, as radiant
with the Iiighest measure of glory. His
fame eclipses that of other men more from
a predominating goodness of character,
which like granite in the structure of the
earth sustains the other parts, but is a trait
that gives foresight as to ultimate results un-
attainable by inferior moral development.
Sam. Adams would have died at the stake
rather than succumb to "stamps" and "writs
of a.ssistance," a character as truly heroic as
any of the fabled personages who fought at
Troy. Such men were our Revolutionary
sires, military and civil, men filled with that
impulsive nature from whence heroic deeds
spring, but subordinated to greater purposes
than any that concerned self or the mere
glory of their country. Their's was a heroism
too serious to be mean, was a struggle less for
self than for mankind. l)ecatur in our naval
annals was a hero, but not a safe man to mii-
tate; and Nelson on the other side of the water
was of like genius, but more subdued. Mr.
Southey relates of the latter, that in one of
his great battles, as the fleet was about
drawing near the enemy, he ordered his oth-
er ships to take the had of the Victory, but
they could not do it a.-j she was the fastest in
the fleet, and he would not shorten sail, show-

ing a forgetfulness of self in a great and
patriotic purposes; also that on the day of his
death ho would not disrobe the uniform and
insignia he had been honored with by his
country, and which were a shining mark to
his enemies, the refusal of which has been
ascribed to vanity in himself, but we should
hope it had a bettor origin, inasmuch as be
was constitutionally a modest man. Joan of
Arc was a heroine, and so was Grace Darling
in another way. Florence Nightingale and
Miss Dix are heroines in the pursuit of bene-
ficent purpose under difficulties and hazards,
a type of character of which John Howard
was the most distinguished representative.

The heroic fortitude of woman has been
recently shown in the sieges of Lucknow and
Delhi, and in other parts of India during the
existing rebellion. In the Scriptures we
have the sonti- of Deborah on the murder of
Sisera as an especial deliverance, but without
as I think the sanction of the Almighty in any
other sense than in permitting men to be
ministers of punishment on themselves, a re-
tribution which has obtained in all ages of
the world. Jeptha's daughter sacrificed her
life and all the hopes that a Jewish maiden
of her station could have, ratficr than permit
her father to dishonor his vow, showing the
stern demands of those times, and how neces-
sary it is for us, under a more searching dis-
pensation, to refrain from idle, careless, reck-
less speaking. The seige of Jerusalem
showed that the chosen people would suffer
anything for their nation, their faith and
their hope in the coming Messiah. The
Maccabees were unquestionably very heroic
men, the three brothers each in their turn
fought with unrelenting vigor and preser-
verance one of the most desperate contests
for theirsoil, their homes and lineage, record-
ed in history. Daniel preferred death in any
shape to the betrayal of his faith and trust
in God. The siege of Seb.astopol, the late
war with Mexico, contests that had not much
glory for the powers engaged, called forth,
especially the latter, marked instances of this
elevated endowment iu man. The intrepidity
of Dr. Kane, his whole career, as represented
in the publications of the day, his energies,
nervous, moral and intellectual, in a feeble,
attenuated frame, were eminently heroic.
But heroism becomes less assuming. In the
common walks of life there is much heroism
that meets neitherappreciation, applause, nor
reward. It may discover itse'f in many ways,
in going counter to general opinion, in assert-
ing what the multitude disclaim, in meeting
obloquy and scorn for conscience .'^ake. We
do not dispute that there is an excCvSS of en-
thusiasm on some subjects that carries with
it no respect, that is too ultra to become prac-
ticable, that has for its end vanity and noto-
riety, for itself, or sect or party, rather than
any burning, triumphant zeal to accomplish
good for its sake alone. The Christian is
ever a hero, is not heroic to forgive injuries,
to love enemies, to be kind to the unthank-
ful, to do to others as we would have them
do to us, but Christendom has gone after
other things and her heroes are few. Saint
Paul, though an inspired person was left like
other men to submit to wrong, outrage and a
violent death, will be'hailed in a Christian
community as the very sublimest model of a
Christian hero. Saint John, of an entirely

opposite temperament, died at agood old age,
but he was at Patmos and had other troubles,
and we are constrained to think it is pretty
difficult to be a Christian without those crosses
that are the emblem of its faith, and which
have higher significance iu human life than
mere happiness. The persecutions of Re-
formers in all ages may be cited as examples
of heroic purpose, no book in the language
can compare with the delineations of De
Aubigne on the sacrifices and heroic deport-
ment of Luther, Zwingle and other Protes-
tant Reformers; indeed we challenge the
equal of Martin Luther in civil, military or
ecclesiastical history for his indomitable will
iu putting down the corruptions of the Papis-
try, with its thuuderings and its power eager,
at any moment to crush him. "Go and tell
your master," said he, "that even should
there be as many devils in Wormes fs tiles
on the house tops, still I would enter it," is
an expression as full of heroic emphasis as
any other ever uttered. B.

— «•»—

STATE AGRICULTURAIi SOCIETY.
Cbmralia, Sept 17, 1858.

Meeting of the Executive Cummittee. Pre-
•ident C. W. Webster in the chair

The followiug rcBolutions were adopted :

Iteni/lced, That we congratulntc the people of
ihiH Slate, and m)re «s8peciftlly of Southern Il-
linois, on the Buucea^ful close ot the sixth State
Fair at Cantralia.

Retoh-ed, That this »ucces* has been achieved,
in a great measure by ttie energetic action of
the committee of the citizens of Centrulia, in
fitting up the grounds for the fair, and secur-
mg auoommodatioDS, board and lodging, for the
largtt numbers of people in aitendauce. The
demands for lodgings in Centralis wore nut
equal to the supply ; the food furnished was
ample and ezcelien.; and, indeed the results
of the great fair at Contralia prove that State
Fairs can be successful without the conipuliory
resort to the neighborhood of large cities for
their location.

liciolved. That our thanks are also due to the
cit.iiens of the country adjacent to the fair, and
of the towns on the line of the Central and
Ohio and Mississippi Railroads, for the extent
live accommodations furnished by them to rast
numbers of strangers during the week of th»
fair.

Resolved, That tho fairs of this State cannot
b» successful without the aid and eo operation
of the liuilroad companies ; and that we ao^
knowledge with gratitude the unprecedented
liberality of the Ilhnois Central Railroad, and
the groat benefit derived from the facilities fur-
nished by the Ohio and Mississippi ; the T«rre
Haute and Alton ; the Great Western ; the
Chicago. Alton and St. Louis ; the Peoria and
Oquawka ; and the Peoria Extension; the Chi-
cagr and Burlington ; the Galena and Chicago,
and Fond du Lao and St. Paul Railroads.
Whatever secures the settlement and improve
ment of the country benefits our railroads.
The interests of our people and of these ronds
are one. May a libtrality on lh« part of both
bo perpetual.

Resolved, That James C. Clark. Esq , Super
iiitendent of the Central Road, Phineas Peas,
E.sq., Soperintendert of the Southern Division;
Th.is. Wight, Eiq , Freight Agent at Centralis,
and other agents of tho road located at that
point, are entitled to receive, and do receive,
our unfeigned thanks for their ready co opera-
tion in tlie efforts of the Executive Comi-
mittee to make the Southern Illinois State Fair
a marked successs and an epoch in the history
of Southern Illinois.

Resolved, That weacknowledg* the liberality
of Messrs O'melvenny & Qaul in furnisbing

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THE ILLINOIS FARMER.

155

for the Stiitfi Fiiir •h»'ir l)0;!!;tifiil grmuuls. A
lovelier ppot fur that purpufle cannot lie found
in I'lir Smtft.

Resolv'fJ . That we r^'focrnieo otir •^Mi^atir'nf
to the firc*;^ of thi« Stn'n f r t^rcir vahmM-
services in Ijohalf nf tiif* St^t'e F«4ir. There are
at this time nearlv fivo hnnded pniiPrn pnliUfh
ed in Illinoii'. They wicl'l fip-iwerfnl infl'ience
for jror.d. We tender our thank« tf> the report-
ers who were present for the verv fair and in-
tere.=tinp manner in which Ihey have preaented
to the readers of their reFrectivo papers the
sights and inoidc'rts of tno Fa'r.

Rcarilved. That in drt^in jr our proceedine* here
the Executive €■ mmittee cojigratnljite each
other on the distinijuihhf-d snccps<> of thip annual
Fair. They hfliovo its irfliierce will be felt
in bHnein? vSo th^ri IHInni^ more pr m-
inently before the public a« a deRirable regi' n
for pettlement and nfjricujtnrsl enierprise — in
introducing improved breedn o^ stock and agri-
cultural machinery, defirned to lepwen the
labors and increase thfl profit* of thf» farraer—
in the uniting of the citirens of the N'rth and
South in ha'-moninus action for the public good
— in sat/ifyirs all rf ns that we nre one people

— that our in'erests are one — that our Stale
from its exfrf-mc north to its southern termi
nntion, and from its ea'^tcrn to its. western
boundary, is bovond all others rich in a£rr'C"l
tural repourooa, and must spon *al;e rank in
wealth and population, with the leading States
of the Cnion.

On motion if Mr. T>urVma«tci*.

Fexnlvfd. Th'>t th-Pros'dfnt jvnd Corr^ppond-
ing Scretarv f f thi« TJof^rd, be dired^ed to tne-
morializo the L^gi"! suture at its next Beesion.
Asking thnt a portion of 'ho »evpn per cent
fund cominr fr«m thn Tili miic Control Eail
Roafl C>nininv, be nerm^nently a-npronri^te-'
to this 'Society, to promote the great objects of
the association.

On n->"*'ori.

Fesolvid T'lnt wo th<^nfe J. A. Fawlces, Ei'q.,
for the exhibition of his ft^am r low it our fa r.
It was not as rerA^ft nn instrumfrnt as Mr.
Fawkes depigns it ph.ill be, but it SPtMed the
quefstion that the pteam nlow ran be m"^"! buc^
cessfiilly to work upon our prairies. The Rni«
matpd scene ri-pspntrd on it« introduction unon
the fair ground'' w'll scarcelv be forgotten. Th^
steam plow h»< beirnn its work in Illinois. Who
■will limit its future ?

Itexnlred, That w noxv adiourn to rr\pp\, in
Springfield on the 3d dny of .Janrarv, 1859.

S. Francis,
Cor. S'iC. Ill, Sfafe Ag. Society.

Sheep as Scavengers.
Notwithstanding the heresy of the
Rev. R. J. Breckcnridcre ahont "In and
In Breeding," he is jet o good observer
and thoughtful farmer. I owe to him
my first idea of sheep as scavengers or
eaters of weeds. It is well knoAvn that
sheep eat a larger variety of weeds than
any of onr domestic animals. With a
certain numhcr of sheep then to eat
what weeds the horse and ox leave, we
have a clear gain of all the mutton made,
'the most wholesome of meats, and the
absolute advantage of destroying noxious
weeds, which would otherwise increase
and root out wholesome grasses. -Hav-
ing sheep in one pasture, and cattle in
an adjoining one, I found the sheep con-
tinually pressing to pass from a fine blue
grass pasture into the pasture where the
cattle were, much less luxuriant. I let
them through the gate and watched
them; they at once greedily, without

toachiu2 the

grass,

devoured certain

Avceds, which the cattle studiously passed
over. The true plan is to have few slieep,
and change them fvequcntly from one
pasture to another; the sheep will then
be healthier, and the pasture the better
for their presence. Bat it does not fol-
low, however, that sheep will clear up
foul pastures of themselves. They re-
(juire some grass as Avell as weeds. Now
if a pasture is very foul, the scythe must
be used. Suppose fifty sheep will . cat
in a year, five acres of briars or other
weeds, and the one hundred acre field
produce six acres of briars or weeds; now
if five only be eaten, the other acre will go
on spreading and trenching upon the
grass, until such time as there will not
be grass enough for the sheep, to say
nothing of other stock. By using the
scythe, if you reduce the six or ten acres
of briars to five, then the sheep will cut
the other five for you, which is a clear
gain, or saving of labor and mutton.
But tlicre are numerous weeds in most
pastures which the horse and ox will not
eat, and which the scythe cannot reach;
all the sheep will feed upon.

The true theory then of cleaning pas-
tures is not to rely upon sheep or the
scythe, separately, but upon both.
They especially are greedy in eating
young briars after the seytiie has cut the
hard and old stalks. ^And after all we
muist not rely upon the scythe or the
sheep for permanent freedom from weeds,
but upon long and thick grass to choke
them out.

I do not doubt that the reason why
sheep are so liable to disease is the fjict
that by over numbers they eat out all
the variety which is necessary to their
health, but if kept in small numbers, and
changed from pasture to pasture, there
is no stock more healthy and remunera-
tive for the outlay of capital and carh.

Let every farmer then keep a few
choice sheep. C. M. CLAY,

Whitehall, Ky.

. — t^.- .

Geese and Goslings and their Manageirent.

Geese set four weeks, the goslings
breaking the shell on the t^Sth, 29th and
30th days. They should remain on the
nest as long as they like, and require
but little food for three or four days.
Crusts of bread soaked in milk, is better
food than Indian meal — the latter seem-
ing to sour in their crops. If the weath-
er is pleasant, they may go to pasture,
but it generally necessary to keep them
separate from other geese at first, as
the ganders are apt to weary them by
excessive attention. A good pond fur-
nishes the best Avater, but it is not a ne-
cessity in rearing geeso. A shallow
vessel, frequently supplied with fresh
water, should be provided for the gos-
lings at times, though they are better
off shut away from it some portion ofthe-

day. Too much dabbling in water in
jures them.

It is important to have a good, warm,
dry shelter for the young geese, especi-
ally while the cool nights continue, un-
til they they become pretty fully feath-
ered. There they should remain on
cold and wet days, and until the dew is
well off in the morning. Feed them
frequently with handfulls of fresh clover,
and supply water while thus confined.
See also that their j)en is frequently
cleaned and littered.

Sometimes goslings will die, though
treated carefully and according to the
usually successful methods. This often
occurs, we believe, from their eating
some poisonous plant, though none such
may be known to be within their reach.
Perhaps half the half the flock will die,
one after another, when no one can ac-
count for the same.

Grown up geese are generally hardy,
and active in their search for food.
They are less likely to be mischievous
and wandering, when fed with corn each
morning; and this should always be at-
tended to if we desire them to be thriv-
ing and profitable.

The great object of keeping geese is
th .'ir feathers, although they are nearly
as good for the table as other poultry,
if fattened and killed at the right age,
and prepared in the proper manner.
In picking them alive, the proper time
should be selected, and that is when
the feathers are ripe, and not in the
green or pin-feather stage. The feath-
ers grow out and ripen every seven or
eight weeks during the summer, and
should then be removed in a neat and
careful manner. To cure them, place
them in a sack of thin cloth, and hang
them in an airy place, shaking up and
stirring frequently. In this way they
become thoroughly dry in a few weeks,
without any disagreeable scent, and will
keep good in any dry place until worn
out by use. — Country Gentleman.

4»

Blooded Stock for America.

We clip the following from the Daily
Post, Liverpool, England, July 31st:

A valuable consignment of live stock
for breeding purposes has just been
placed in the hands of Mr. Bell, of the
Adelphi-sttibles here, for shipment to
America and Australia. The larger
and by no means the less valuable por-
tion of the collection consists of twenty-
four fine animals, including six bulls,
fourteen heifers and yearlings, and four
cows of the Ayrshire breed, purchased
in Ayrshire, from the most celebrated
breeders, by Mr. Sanford Howard, edi-
tor of the Boston Cultivator, for the
Massachusetts Agricultural Society.
Several fine Southdown rams, from the
herds of Mr. Jonas Webb, Bathraham,
Cambridgeshire, purchased for Colonel

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156

THE ILLINOIS F^HMER.

Morris, New York, and two splendid
bulls of the Durham Short-horse breed.
These two latter arc for Adelaide, in
Australia. They were purchased at the
Royal Agricultural Society's Show, at
Chester; one from the herd of Mr. J. K.
Farnworth, Cheshire; the other from
that of Mr. Jonas Webb. They are both
exceedingly fine animals, and though
young give unmistakable evidence of
fine breeding. Of the Ayrshires, it is
only fair to say they^are all an exceed-
ingly fine and justly celebi'ated bi*eed of
dairy stock. Twelve of the Ayrshires
were shipped on board the Agnes, on
Wednesday last, for Boston : the other
tAvelve will be shipped for the same des-
tination in course of the ensuing week.
The two Short-horn bulls will be put on
board the Bristow, in the beginning of

week, for Adelaide.

•••

Cleaning Seed Wlieat,

John Johnston of Geneva, one of the
most thorough and successful farmers in
this country, as all our readers know,
says that he quit raising chess twenty-
eight years ago — by never sowing it.
He has not raised a bushel of it in all
that long period on his extensive Avheat
farm. Thirty-seven years ago he ob-
tained eight bushels of chess in every
hundred of wheat. His mode of clean-
ing seed is the same in substance that
Ave have practiced thirty years ago, but
will bear repetition, and we therefore
give it as recently described by him :

"My plan is to take out the fanning-
mill riddles, some call them screens; I
call the lower one only a screen — it
takes out mustard seed and cockle in
jHtrt. iVfter the riddles are out, take ofl"
the shaking rod, or at least the one
nearest the wings or fans; then let one
man turn the wings or fans by the ci^nk
or handle, as usual; let another pour the
wheat into the hopper from a basket or
any other vessel — a tin-pail ansAvers
very well — let him pour the Avheat in
regularly and not very fast, ii much
chess. Let the man turning keep up a
steady wind; he need not turn very fast.
Have a boy, or a girl, or a man, or a
woman, if you choose, to take back the

clean Avheat

mill, and I ^

chess seed is bloAvn out.

as it comes down from the
will ixuarantee that every

The man pour-
in jr in the Avlieat ou;;ht to be the boss, to
make sure that the man turning does not
slack up too much, or that he don't stop
turninsr until the wheat and chess are all
out of the hopper, else it may fall down
amongst the clean Avheat. If the wheat
is 60 ft)S to the bushel or over, very lit-
tle, if any, Avill be blown out with the
chess. As considerable Avill lay on the
cockle and mustard screen, Avhen that is
going to be put doAvn it is safest to scrape
back the upper part with the hand, be-
cause if there is chess anywhere amongst

the wheat, it will be there. Now if this
is done precisely as I direct, and if the
wheat is notjuiade entirely free of chess,
unless three chess seeds should be stick-
ing together, which is sometimes the
case with the top seeds on the main stalk,
in that case there may be such left in
the Avheat, still a little more Avind will
bloAV them out. If any man Avill try it
and cannot do it, send for me, and I can-
not do it to perfection I won't ask them
to pay my traveling expenses."

We have met with many farmers Avho
asserted that they sowed perfectly clean
seed, and yet had an abundance of chess
— but on closely examining such seed,
spreading it out thinly, we could always
find plenty of the seeds of the chess;
sometimes enough to make ten thousand
grains in a bushel, and yet pass entirely
unnoticed by a casual observer. TraA'-
eling once Avitli a friend who "believed
in chess," Ave offered to prcve to him
that all seed claimed as clean, Avas foul,
and proposed to examine the seed Ave
should find at the residence of a good
farmer Ave were about to call on. The
Avheat Avas accordingly called for and
clot^cly examined— -handful after handful,
but no chess could be found! "What,"
said Ave at last in despair, do you never
raise any chess here? I do not find
any." "No !" was the emphatic ansAver,
"no chess groAvs on this farm ! We ncA'-
er soAv any--Ave have cleared the farm
of such foul stuff long ago — and we find
it never groAvs unless it is soavu." —

Country/ Gentleman.

1«» _ .

TJie Potato Crop.
Editor of the Farmer : — The papers
in the Northern part of our State and
Wisconsin represent the prospect of the
potato crop there as good. In the South
port of the State the prospect is only
tolerable, and in the American Bottom,
from Avhence the great supply of potatoes
Avas usually raised for the St. Louis and
Alton markets, and the country belcAV,
the crop is entirely cut off. In Sanga-
mon county, so far as I have observed,
the potato crop planted on rolling ground
took Avell, though I am told the potato
fly is doing it much harm. The prospect
is that all the potatoes raised in Sanga*
mon county Avill bring a good price, and
our farmers Avould do well to save their
Avhole crop. To do this, they must be
dug in season, and if saved on the ground,
they should be Avell covered. Our far-
mers have lost thousands of dollars by
having their potatoes frozen. Last year
many were lost. In the fall they could
not be had at less than forty and fifty
cents per bushel. Some Avere kept over
for higher prices and brought 25 and 30
cents in the spring. Experience shows,
that as a general fact, produce should be
sold Avhen it is ready for market. Could
potatoes have been bought in the fall at

what were considered fair prices, the nu-
merous car loads, brought from the
north, would not have come to Spring-
field. Whenever potatoes cannot be
had for forty or fifty cents in our mar-
ket in the fall, northern farmers will
send their potatoes here, which will des-
troy our market for the home produc-
tion in the coming spring. This has

been our experience so far. M.

<••

Kight Air-Seasonable Hints.

During the months of September and
October, throughout the United States,
wherever there are chills, and fever and
ague, intermittents, or the more deadly
forms of fever, it is a pernicious, and
even dangerous practice, to sleep with
the outer doors orAvindows open; because
miasm, marsh emanations, the product of
decaying vegetation— all of which are
different terms, expressing the same
thing— is made so light by heat, that it
ascends at once toAvards the upper por-
tion of atmospheric space, and is not
breathed during the heat of the day, but
the cool nights of the fall of the year
condense it, make itheaA'y, and it settles
on the ground, is breathed into the
lungs, incorporated into the blood; and
if in its concentrated form, as in certain
localities near Rome, it causes sickness
and death Avithin a fcAV hours.

The plagues Avhich devastated Eastern
countries in earlier ages, were caused by
the concentrated emanations from marshy
localities, or districts of decaying vege-
tation; and the common observation of
the higher class of people was, that those
Avho occupied the upper stories, not even
coming doAvn stairs for market supplies,
but drcAv them up by ropes attached to
baskets, had entire immunity from dis-
ease, for tAvo reasons, the higher the
abode, the less compact is the deadly
atmosphere; besides, the higher rooms in
a house, in summer, are warmer ones,
and the miasm less concentrated. The
loAver rooms are colder, making the air
more dense. So, by keeping all outer
doors and windows closed, especially the
lower ones, the building is less cool and
comfortable, but it excluded the infecti-
ous air, Avhile its Avarmth sends what en-
ters through the crevice immediately to
the ceilings of the rooms, where it con-
gregates, and is not breathed; hence it is
that men Avho entered the bar-room and
dining-saloons of the National Hotel, re-
maining but a fcAV brief hours, Avere at-
tacked Avith the National Hotel disease,
where the ladies Avho occupied upper
rooms, where constant fires were burn-
ng, escayed attack, although remaining
in the house for Aveeks at a time.

It was for the same reason that Dr.
Rush was accustomed to advise families
in the summer-time, not being able to
leave the city, to cause their younger
children especially, to spend their time

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«?••*;?.'«■: '. ■ .

THE ILLINOIS FA.R]VrEIl.

157

above stairs. "We have spent a lifetime
ourselves in the West and extreme South,
and know in our own person, and as to
those who had the firmness to follow our
recommendation, that whole families will
escape all the forms of fall fevers who
will have bright fires kindled at sunrise
and sunset in the family room. But it
is to plain a prescription to secure ob-
servance in more than one family in ten
thousand. After the third frost, and
until the fall of the next year, it is an
important means of health for persons
to sleep with an outer door or window
partly open, having the bed in such a
position as to be protected from a draught
of air. We advise that no person should
go to work or take exercise in the morn-
ing on an empty stomach; but if it is
stimulated to action by a cup of coffee,
or a crust of bread, or apple, or orange,
exercise can be taken, not only with im-
punity, but to high advantage iu all chill
and fever localities.—^aZrs Journal of
Health.

About Milking and other Things.

JEditor Farmer : — Your correspon-
dent has touched a very delicate sub-
ject, more so, perhaps, than you are
aware of. In the families of farmers,
where the work of the house and farm
is done by the family, and where there
are brothers and sisters and father and
mother, we have no difficulty about
milking. When work is not driving on
the farm, and when our men people
have little to do before breakfast and
after supper, and more especially when
the weather is bad, snowy, rainy or
blowey, they expect to milk, and do it
with pleasure; but when harvest time
comes, or when our men have as much
or more than they can do in plowing,
sowing and planting, indeed, wherever,
from any cause, the labor of the farm is
severe, requiring the .attention during
all working hours, then we do the milk-
ing. The difficulty is with hired hands;
— they generally do as litrle work as
possible, always grumble when they are
not surfeited with the best cooking we
can get up for them — their whole object
being to live well, do little work and get
high wages; — I say the difficulty is to
get these men to do the milking. Oh,
they are above that ! They will see us
picking our way through the mud and
weeds to get to the cows, and they will
lay about, perhaps smoking, while we
milk and afterward get their breakfast
or supper for them. Now this is what
we do not like.

I believe that woman has important
duties to fulfil in the economy of life.
She is to be the "help meet," not the
slave of man. Her more delicate frame,
and her more delicacy of nature, points
out distinctly her sphere of action. We
appreciate the position in which Provi-

dence and nature have placed us, and
we wish that our course may harmonize
with our duties, and with the perform-
ance of duty by the other sex, make a
harmonious whole.

It is a false position, in my opinion,
that would excuse woman from the do-
mestic duties and labors of life. Under
all circumstances she ought to know
what their duties are, and how to per-
form them. Labor is entirely respecta-
ble, and is necessary to health as to
happiness. Woman who cannot labor
in some calling, is of little account, any-
where— a drone who lives on the labors
of others, a blank in God's creation. A
mother who does not bring up her daugh-
ters to industry — who makes a slave of
herself that they may yawn away their
time in idleness and dress, — ^is a simple
mother, who has little appreciation of
the responsibilitiesof her position. She
is doing her daughters a grievous and
irreparable injury. What sensible man
would not prefer to see the girl in her
neat and appropriate "fatigue dress," in
the morning, busy in her domestic avo-
cation, than to find her loHing away her
time, perhaps with a volume of yellow
covered literature before her, — expect-
ing, perhaps, that others like herself,
might chance to give her a morning
call? ELIZABETH.

Home Farm, Aug. 10, 1858.

-•••-

Misery and Indigestion. — The lon-
ger I live the more I am convinced that
the apothecary is of more importance
than Seneca, and that lialf the unhappi-
ness in the world proceeds from little
stoppages, from a duck choked up, from
food pressing in the wrong place, from
a vexed duodenum or an agitated pylo-
rus. The deception as practiced upon
human creatures, is curious and enter-
taining. My friend sups late; he eats
some strong soup, then a lobster, then
some tart, and dilutes these excellent
varieties with wine. The next day I
call upon him. He is going to sell hi
house in London, and retire into the
country. He is alarmed for his eldest
daughter's health. His expenses are
hourly increasing, and nothing but a
timely retreat can save him from ruin.
All this is the lobster; and when over-
excited nature has had time to manage
the testaceous encumbrance, the daujjh-
ter recovers, the finances are in good
order, and every rural idea effectually
excluded from the mmd. In the same
manner, old friendships are destroyed
by toasted cheese : and hard salted meat
has to lead to suicide. Unpleasant
feelings of the body produce correspon-
dent sensations in the mind, and a great
scene of wretchedness is sketched out by
a morsel of indigestible and misguided
food. Of such infinite consequence to

happiness is it to study the body.
Sidney Smiths V ^ y" v v • : ; ^ :/

^ Wheat as a Staple.'

Editor of the Farmer : — I read your
article on this subject in the last Far-
mer, with much interest. I like the
bold manner in which jom speak out;
but yet I am sure that our wheat oftener
fails in Central Illinois from bad culti-
vation than from any fault in soil or
climate. I agree with you that it is
folly to grow wheat as we have generally
done — -that is, half plowing the land,
sowing late, sowing broadcast, and
leaving the ground so that rains will
stand upon it. Neither our soil or cli-
mate can be depended on to make crops
of wheat under such circumstances. If
farmers will follow this old plan^if they
go on scratching their grounds, sowing
their wheat broadcast among weeds and
litter — if they wait to sow until in Octo-
ber— and more than all, if they sow on
level lands, they will not make a good crop
of wheat one year out of ten. That's
my opinion.

Now, I stand up for our soil in Central
Illinois for making wheat; but I would
premise that to do this — soils must be
plowed deep — ten inches is shallow
enough; — if the land is weedy, bury the
weeds to this depth — afterwards cross
plow your land, not going so deep as to
disturb the weeds; — if the ground is not
mellow and fine by these operations,
harrow it — harrow it — till you effect the
object; then drill in your wheat in time
— latter part of August or near the first
of September. Never fail to have
ditches to drain your land. If necessa-
ry, make them wide and deep enough to
prevent water standing on your field.
Do this, and your prospects will be fair
for a good crop — say 30, 35 and 40 bush-
els to an acre.

Is not this better than to scratch over
many acres, half do your work, and
finally lose most of your crop? If our
farmers will pursue a thorough system
of cultivation, they will uot be likely to
complain that our soil is not adapted to
the wheat crop. It is the farmer— not
the soil— is in fault.

I hope this fall our farmers will be
alive to the necessity of thorough culti-
vation for wheat. I hope to see them
running their plows deep— preparing
their soil in a fitting manner for the seed
— putting it in properly — draining their
grounds; and the next season reaping a
rich reward for their labor, '

Let them do all these things— and
then if in nine seasons out of ten, they
do not raise good crops, — they may com-
plain of climate and soil.

THE BLACK SOIL OF S^NGA-
*'MON FOREVER."

158

THE ILLINOIS FARMER.

Corn Cutting niacliincs,

Editor of the Farmer : — I have occa-
sionally seen notices published of corn
cutting machines, and, indeed, a machine
of this kind received a premium at the
last Illinois State Fair. I think the
person who entered the machine, gave
his residence as Bloomington. But nei-
ther that, or any other corn cutting ma-
chine, so far as I can learn, has been in-
troduced into practical use. If your
knowledge on this subject is different,
and there is a corn-cutting machine in
use anywhere, please state so in your
paper, and you will receive the thanks
of a good many of your readers.

We have our corn buskers now, that
perform well, and do up a kind of far
mers' work that is very laborious. That
which I saw on its way to the State
Fair last year, was a cumbrous and ex-
pensive machine, but I think would work
well. That you pictured in your last
Faiimer , strikes us as being more sim-
ple and less expensive. If it will work
well, and can be put at a reasonable
price, there will be a great market for
them in Illinois.

The State Fair is a proper place to
bring all new agricultural machines.
There we have farmers from every part
of the State, and who will be glad to ex-
amine all such machines as will lighten
their labor and do work. I would like,
indeed to see the Bloomington corn cut-
ter again at the fair, andsceit su])jected
to a fair trial. If it is what is claimed
for it, it will be wanted in our State; —
and let me say here, if our State Agri-
cultural Society wishes the awards of
committees, in reference to airricultural
implements to influence the public mind,
they must give these implements an ef-
fective trial. Nothing else will suffice
to make a basis for a proper award.

I have seen several pieces in the Fah-
iMBR recommending a thorough trial of
implements at the fair, and the response
of Mr. Mills that two days of the fair
shall be devoted to the trial of plows.
This I regard as a most excellent move-
ment; and I hope the Superintendent on
Agricultural Implements will also de-
vote a good portion of the fair week to
the trial of the implei.ients in his cUi.-s.

Yours, &c., C. W. B.

<••

The Apple Worm.

Editor Farmer .--—Have you noticed
the present season the great destruction
of apples, caused by the apple worm?
The fruit is fast falling from the trees,
and not a single specimen can be found
on the ground in which there is not an
apple worm. And I have examined the
fruit on the trees, and rarely Is it the case
that an apple can be found which is not
perforated by this worm.

Something must be done, or we shall
lose our apples as well hereafter as now.

When an apple falls to the ground, the
worm soon makes his way out of it, goes
into the ground, remains there in winter,
goes into the larva state, comes out in
the spring in the new form of a miller,
crawls up the trees and lays his eggs to
form worms, and then has completed his
mission. The eggs hatch into worms,
go into the apple, and this process is
continued.

The mischief is done the present season,
the apples are ruined, many have fal-
len to the ground, and the worm has
escaped to make preparations for next
spring's operations; What now can be
done? Nothing until next spring, unless
late in the fall we turn up the ground
under the trees, and thus expose the
larva to freezing; and this plan to rid
ourselves of the evil, Avill only bo par-
tially effectual. But wo must kill the
miller when he attempts to ascend the
trees in the spring,-— or rather rue, for
the female, destitute of wings, does the
mischief. A ring of soft tar spread on
a strip of cloth fastened round the tree,
is partially effectual,— would be entirely
so, but for the fact that rain or cold
will harden the tar so that the insects
can crawl over it. A pattnt lias been
taken out for a troui^h, which is to be
filled with water and fastened tight about
the tree, said to be a very ingenious,
perfect, cheap and effective contrivance.
[ have seen this noticed in the papers.
Can you tell me Mr. Editor, where it
can be iiad?

It is quite certain tliat some preven-
tive means must be resorted to, to des-
troy this insect, or it will be in vam for
us to expect gootl crops of fair and sound
apples. The ravngcs of this insect have
been alarmingly increased within the last
few years. I would be glad to hear
from some of your correspondents their
views in regard to these insects, and
especially their practice, if they have
been successful in preserving their fruit

from his depredations. M.

.«, . — ^...

Corn Crop.

The Louisville Journal says that the corn
crop has never l)een so larjie in Kentucky ns
'he prc'-ent promises to le. We henr of tiel'^s
•a thf» Bhie OraHsre-jjion e'tlmateJ at 2') Ijarrol?
or 175 l)UHhpl8 to the acre, while fieMs proniis
ing 75 or 80 bushels are quite common. Con-
Hpqsient upon this, droves of swino from the
less proliiio rt^gionn cross ihe Ohio liver d.illy
at thid und othtT points to be fittenod in Ken-
tucky, and the indications now fire that we
shall have finer and fatter ho^e this season than

ever before".

We ftlfo karn from oth'?r sources that the
corn crop this Heanon proniises niuch more
vbundanily than was ari'vicipated sumo weeks
rsinco.

Thin may he «aid wirh rffprence to Maryltir.d
Peonsvlvania. Nrw York, Illinois, Indiunii, and
indeed nearly all the Western Staten. Such in
ilio tenor of infurmanon gathered from our
vuriuua exchanges. — JSaltimore Patriot,

COMMKllCIAL.

Sprfn£:field Market— Sept. 30.

WiiKAT— 7u(ji.su V t>«;

CORN — lO^jjeO b\v. scnrco;
CORN MUSL— Ti^buj
BUCKWIIHAT— #1;
UATlS— 30c |» I'u: none;
DEAj<t< — TbC*l"*) f'- I'u;
BliAN— lUc Jfliu;
SHOUTS— 1.1 ^, Ipu;
TlMOrnY SKhU— |2i4^hu;
UUN(JAUlANOr.SeeU Jl;J 50;
MILI.KT— 11 2^;
CLOVKK— <;7?. hu;
N !•; W l*OT ATOKS— C5cii-7ri;
TAY— $Ky ton;
TAI-I/)\V— Sc'-f', Iti;
SOAP— b«r;t;i4<-|UI);
OANDUhS— He j» lx)x;
l^JnK— 3-J5>lU0tbs;
W \0«>N — i%i!W liaiiiH. "(iitS Iti;
llACC'X— Siiif«,7to8 lb;

KOO &<»7c%>doz;

liAKD— 8<u)10c %» lb;
HUti AH- 8(;^.10c f. fb;
CUFFKJt— 13@l6c^ 11);
M0l>ASdE8— 45(fli60c ^ gal;
SALT— $1 76^ Back;
SALT— J2 60^*bil;
nONKY- lfc1*ft);
OMONS- |l%^l,u;
MACK KRKb- l.'V3>2l)c No. 1;
OODKISU— J5 76 ^100 lbs;
APHLKfi— Greou, 0 50^|1;
Al'fl.KS— Dried, $-21* bu;
WOOD— $3 J>Or»$i %> cord;
COAI^— Uc^ bu;
IM;aC1IK.S— Dritd; none;
WUIi^KY— %< bi ^S^-fOfigBl;
VUSiXJAR— '• 12 ^gal;
Bli IX>MS— l^dfZ fl 50foj$l! 50
liUn'KR— 16c®i!6c ^ is.

-—-

St. I.ouis Market.~!*C'pt. 28.

Flonr — •Hlcsof 1000 bl)l-> city iiiji' rliue vestirdAy »Pd the
Hduie (jiiaiitity to-duj, for future iluUvery, at $5; 600 do citjr
»xtr», iinviite.

Whrnt — ^uiall lot of very inferior sold «t 58r; 502 do poor,
including 9pi iii»f mid bleaclied fall at IVoui 70 to 80c; lol do
bleiiclu'd wliitt! bSc: 031 do cirdinary 90c.

Corn— S»lf« of 67 sackd dAniHj^ed at 50c; TOO do mixed at
5'2r; 46 do ytllow, delivired, 60c; &0 do wliitt-, and 100 do do
delivered, u6c ^. bushel.

Uati- 8 sacks poor gold at 48c; 460 do new, in two lots,
bOc: 402 do do 64c-; 100 do 6Sc 216 do old 69c.

jUrlf J— 100 .k" full lit 8Sc; IJO do do 9Jo: l!32 do prime do
lOfic, fack*- returned; 'lb do spriti;; 70c. Including cacks.

live — ,-aie of H bags iufyrior at i6c, including bags; 60 do
private.

Whi-ky— .«aleg embraced 422 bids at 21c ^ Kallon.

Bacon — W« now quote city ribbed sides at 8c — a decline of

%.-'■

I.ard — A email lot of S plcpo country sold at 9c per lb.

Salt— Sale of ;ii'0 bkH new at $1 05.

I'litalies— Althoui.-h tiie I'lTinugg were larjre, the galei
•rere vifry light Wi- hi'Uid of tu iikf at loo; oO d^o at 30c,
44 dij ut 40>-; 26 do Hi .'it c

Oiiio g — Ln ffnod deinuin!. Palo of 100 sackaat 99c.

Dry Ilidr:*- Sales were ma le at H^, IC}.^, and even as
low ill It'c rir Iti. A It't of ,00 WHS reported to us at 163<.C.

P.rnu— A l(jt of 110 H»cks Sid.j at 66c.

I.'rrt'd iruit — i'.O Rackf of new p -achf 8 bold at J.2 75.

Talbiw— !>aU> of 1,5 bbis at V%c per lb.

Fiuxiikud — 15 lackH sold at $1 6o "p bushel.

• H».—

St. I.ouis Cattle Market— Sept. %5.

The arrirals of CiiUh: for tlie last we' k hav« been light, and
tin- iji.tiki-l is nearly bun? at prtBi-nt. Uood cattle are in
>li niiind. IJilKlnTs pay tor lair t(5 ^joofl, 'Ji.]//o,'ic; for choice,

;;'-4i;. t;ro8(; iufiiior and common, $ll.gt Ju.^ ^ bend, ad to
■liiilu y. A li)j;lit dem;ind for uliipmcnt to >i'jw Orleamj

Il0(jS — Are (■filiiif; at prices niiit^ine fromJl^^Sc, in lots;
go< •! ill avy lio. s ri t.iil at 634@Si-2'- f" it', "et.

SIILi-.l' — Tlje niurki't has I'Cen well mipplied for the past
wi-ek, and «old readly at jTics raiigiiij; fium %\ b'Qli'l 75;
chotci' will bring J3 Over 1.000 huaU were soldatan average
of J2 tiO "jl bend IU;t few left over u-jgold.

(\>V\>! A.M)C'ALV1>— !iiit f.^w ..ftt-riii/. and fair demand
'ov K''Od cowb at |2j(S.f36 'iK head; coinuiou and ordinary

.— ••»

[IVrTik-midi.]

Xew York Mitikct— -September 27.

ST.ICIv!^— .\t Jirst b i;«..l « n b,-tt<T. and are still higher
Pftle^ Krie, i-liice llie b- unl was nude, 17;'.:. and N Y 0 1%'j'^
^^J[lcy coiitiiiiie.i plint;MMid i?^ freely offi-ri-d at I'orniTratea
.■;lerlin-.i eS hanfre tirm ut *1 10; 0 & It 1 04^^; 1 C 793a; I C
l-.n.U VI. M .-■ .It U i -':;'■ v N Y 0''^V^\ R-ad'u,g47J'„:t; 0 i G
90; MichCjO: l.a-; Ji .M -iyi: U(.;j;rautK2G:(;&T32'X; G&C
v.;;^: V, * V 7-'i- I'.m ima il 19, I'ac .-uail ^i 04; I'acoal 74, B
Co; I'irie boll-la •>{ 02. :U.

i'bi'UiJ — .^Iarkt;t dull and heavy, but unchanged, i'or
pnmi', tiiirs 600 bi.:s f :; 8ii;a4 :.t'; iiiisonnil $5 20^,0 37; Cana-
dian Mendy. !^aIl;K 36'J bids $0 bOiii,lJ 60 — extra small lales.
Hye Hour j\l 25((' 4 I'j.

H UKA T— 6(eiidy, For contra on, snles 2,'>.0O0 at S4o for
un-i'und ('l;ii-it;'i -"iiring: $1 36 good wbitu Canada.

RY K— firm at 7-'('i'8ic.

Cl'U.N — Dri lined i.- 'i*, bu, with sales 26,000 bu at 71@75 for
iiUfiiiiiid t"i g mi »t' tern mixed.

0\ I ^ — Fjrm a: 4i (u t7o for r-tate; fdCiih'Z for western.

POIili— Dull and hcava. Salcs20UbOlstl0 85; me3S$14 90
frf.fl-..

I'Ul.MK UKKF— SttftdV: cut meats steady T^/^. .

11AM.»— I >4wni.^ f^.y »|, ,„i i,.rg.

I.AIID-De. liii.'d .'■ales 1:00 bbliin(r!ilV',^c.

HI' !Ti.U— !«l.ady. l_'i(^l?c Ohio; l.j:iiiui; etate.

OIKK-'K— D.iiiHt6(a.;3a^.

VVlIl.'iKi — Lo-.vtr. faii-s SJCi bM-* 2Zc.

-••^-

New York CatUe I>Iarket~!«epteml>er 22,

Tbw cattl<-at Forty-fom tli -.trtet were derived fiom the fol-
lowing soLrceB :

N' w York S29

Chid ti70

IiidiMiii*. -204

Keiitu -Vy y^^^

>liLliii;rn 03

llliii ii> .' 1.774

li-xns ,t4

Iowa 07

We subjoin a li<t of droves and owners Iroui llliuois:
No. Ount-rs. Sale^m■ n

0^ ?•'' Ph.liH Iloatc a: i-'h(rm.in

32 W Ihoiu Iloag <l( iherman

. >&.?.3_.iA.a:«>-W .-^ Mlm,i .

■^^?*?^^fW.":'*^-

.--,,'^i?3.*--^;.

■ • ^ ■■:<■- -^^.^w^^--:^^-}

' ■/ ',^iv" •■.

••;f>-fl.'v'-7

-s- . ■ . -

#

f-*'-

#

THE ILLIlSrOIS FA.IIMEII.

159

96 n II Smith & Co White 4 Son.

86 Heath S W Bowks

111 E Virgir 8 Ulery

99 Barker A Co Walling & McMann

31 C Hulderman Walling & McMann

'•'■ .K Virgin n Myers

66.,

Last week,
none

7feSJ4c
''Ac

"3 J C !<elf. J Miller

66 J Dalt)ey BndK ng 4 Eastman

63 J 6teel« „ Bndlong & fiastman

79 Piatt A Co, and others W U Harris

67 S G Woodruflf. Gillett iToflfey

69 Rankin & Gillespie Wsstbeimer & Bro

*6 Bargdoll & Ballard Ayrault & Bro

8i> E Virgin ; R Murray

49 Gillett* Messenger Gillett & Toffev

26 J Steele O Hurd

83 W F Boyer J) Barnes

86 Alexander & Crum J A Merritt

67 Palmer S Smith

64 Robbins & Stone M Dalton

31 Gillespie M Dalton

62 J Dalbey M Dalton

The average prices to day, as compared with last week.are
near i^c lower. Wo quote:

BEEP CATTLE.

To-day.

Premium Cattle 8»4@9c

FirBt quality 8^(g)8%c

Medium quality Ili^'Kc

Poor quality cUfeO^c

Poorest quality 4}4(s6c

General selling prices 7@8c

Average of all salts 7@73<^c

At Browning s, Chamberlin's and O'Brien's, price* do not
materially differ from those at Forty-fourth street. Browning
reports beeves at 7@Sc. Chamberlin reports beeves at 5(a>
8c. O'Brien reports beevei. at 5(g>8.

REMAKES ON THE BEEF UABKET.

The surplus receipts of cattle still continue very large, say
■early 60 ^ cent, above the average yearly requirements for
city consumption. Thus, against the average weekly receipts
of 3,143 for last year, we have this week 5,^05, l»st week
4 6(i3, the previous week 5,728, and during the week before
6,040. This gives an average of 5,206^ week during a
month past. Of course, under this continued overstock
prices continue to go down; iudetd they have now reached a
non-paying figure lor producers. Many of the cattle yarded
at AUerton's to-day were of poor quality — some of them very
poor. This is partially owing to the lack of liourishmcnt in
the prairie grass at the West, after so much wet weather in
the spring, and in part to the fact that quite a number of
the cattle now coming in are the remnants of droves, or such
animals as farmers choose to turu out in payment for debts
previously contracted, tome of tbeni, ut the low prices—
4@6c "^ fi) net— obtained to-day. paid but little more than
expenses here, comroissious, 4c.

T White & Sou, for H R t-aiith & Co, 64 fair Cherokee Cat-
tle, rated 6 cwt net, at 7@Sc, and 96 quite common Illinois
Cattle in their flesh, at 7c.

S. Ulery, lor the estate of E. Virgin, deceased, 111 fairish
Illinois cattle at 7c®8c, and a few at 8}^c, rated 7 cwt. net.

BoBCh & Bray, for D. Burrell, 34 ^ood etate cattle at 7c@8c,
and 70 Ohio cattle for U. Mills at the same price. Also, for
B. Johnson, 17 light, thin State cattle at 6c^7c.

Walling, McMann 4 Co , for Barker 4 Co^ 99 fair Illinois
cattle, rated 660 lbs net, at about $50 ^ head. Also. 31 cattle
for C. Uolderman, of inferior quality, at $:6@J30 fi head.—
These were moitly two year oid. light, thin, stock cattle,
ranking as scallawags. Xhey iTought 4c@6c ^ lb.
• H. Myers, for E. Virgin, 55 rather rough Illinois
fairish quality at 7c(^8c.

J. Miller, for J. C, Self, 73 light common Illinnis cattle at
$40^ head, on an estimated weight of 6 ^^ <^*' net. Also, at
Bergen, 44 Ohio cattle fur J. C. Gary at ticfoJTc.

Budlong 4 Eaitman, for J. lJalby,,66 thin Illinois cattle,
rated 7^ cwt., at (,]4c, or $50 ^ head. Also f r J. ^^teele,
63 con)mon Illinois cattle, estimated bl4 c«t., at 7c ^ ft).

Barnes 4 Culver bought 75 Indiana cattle of J. McOullum,
at Albany. They were of good quality, rated 7^^ cwt. net.
They brought, today, 7c@8i^c. .

W U. Il.u-ris, for t'iatt 4 Co. and six others — gatherings
from various shippers— 77 Illinois cattle of various grades
and different weighta, at 6c@9c ^s^lb, one animal only bring-
ing the latter price.

Mead 4 Uolcomb, for A. Warner, 75 good Ohio cattle.ratcd
71^ cwt, at 8c®8i^c.

O. llurd, for T. 0. Willis. 34 fa<r Kentucky cattle, rated
7}^ cwt, at7c@83<^c, and -Jb light, thin and very poor llliuois
steers at 5i^c.

R. Murray was selling 80 of the E, Virgin cittle of medium
quality, at tJc@8J^o.

G. bagesold for Morris 4 Co. 36 good Iowa cattle, at 7c@
8J.^c. Also,Ht Bergen, about 126 head of KewYurk and Ohio
cattle for sundry parties, at 6i^o@8c.

L. Beers brought in 31 Connecticut cattle, of good quality,
which he averaged at adout fej-^c.

C. G. Teed sold for J. Bryant 75 good Ohio cattle, at $05@
$70 ^ head; estimated weight of 860 lbs net.

J. A.Morrittsold for Alexander 4 Cruiu 85 common, thin
Illinois cattle at 7c^7J>iic, on 6 cwt., net.

cows.
AUerton reports receipts of 2Z fresh Cows, selling at low
prices, say $2o@30 for ordinary, and $a5@40 for good ani-
mals. The market is gradually improving.

CALVES.

AUerton reports receipts of 347 Veal Calves, selling at 5(3i
ej^C. Supply rather short, although the demand is not ac-
tive. A very few of the finest calves brought 7c gross.

SHEEP.

AUerton reports receipts of 1,584 sheep and Lambs. Sheep
are selling at 3i^@4, and for a few of the best 4Uc » lb
gross. Lambs are worth 4i<$@5i^c gross, or $->m 50 per
head. Supply quite equal to the demand, which is tolerably
active at former prices.

STINI.
AUerton reports receipts of 3,809 Hogs at the western
yavds, foot of Kortieth street, selling at 5@6%c for com fed,
and 4^@5^c for stiU hogs. Market biure

cattle of

TABL.E: OF CONTENTS.

Market gardens 146

Agriculture and Agricul-
turist 146

A Yankee racing horses

with an Arab 14()

Cultivate and improve 147

Cn the sensitive faculty of

the horse's foot 147

Education of young fur

mers 147

Wastelands 148

^ummer pruning 14S

The wheat crop of 1858 148

Large farms ..149

8mut in wheat 149

Uust in oats 149

Deep plowing 149

Plow deeper 160

The best sruit bottles 150

The next whi-at crop. ......151

Sangamon county fair 151

The state fair........... ....... 152

Items 152

Items .......153

Ueroism. • 153

State agii."ulturalsociety..l54

S?heep as scavengers 166

Geese and gosliugs 155

Blooded stock for America 155

Cleaning seed wheat 156

'Ihe potato crop ,..156

Xightair loG

About milking, etc 157

Wheat as a staple.... 157

Corn cutting machine 158

The apple worm 158

Corn crop 158

Markets 158

Markets 159

Advertisements.. 159

Advertisoments 160

A SUBSTITUTE^FOR POTASH !
CONCENTIIATED LYE !

A FAMir,Y AUTICJLE,

For making soap without Lime, and with little or no trouble
and trilling expense.

THE CHEAPEST AND MOST CONVE-
iSIENT article ever offered to the public for that pur-
pose. EVKKY FAMILY can make all the soap they use
from their ordinary kitchen grease and this Lyo. Nothing
else is required. .

ONE POUND BOX will make 25 gallons of fine soft soap,
or nine pounds of elegant hard soap, and several gallons of
soft.

A single trial wiU convince any one of its groat utility and
cheapness.

PRINTfiUS, and all others using a strong Lye, will find
the "Concentrated" three hundred per cent, clitaper than
aiiytliing else they can use.

For sale by all the Druggists and Grocers in the coiintry.

BEWARE OF iMlTATWyS!

Manufactured oiily by the Pennsylvania Salt Manufactur
ing Company, Pittsburg. Pa., who manufacture extra s^per-
fiao snow white TABiiiK, DAIRY and PORK PACKERS
6ALT, Wivrrantod free from all impurities, and the only really
pure salt made in this country.

Caustic soda, for soap makers, soda ash, refined soda ash,
sal soda, bleaching jjowder, bleaching liquor, manganese,
nitric acid, muriatic acid, aqua fortis, chloroform, soda sale-
rutus. sept6-daw4m farmer2m

For sale wholesale and retail, by
> JvB. FOSSELMAN, Druggist.

JflOIilJVE lPL,on*s.

Mauutactured by Joliu Dere.

AS THE SEASON FOR FALL PLOWING
is at bdnd. the subscriber would ask the attention of
ittimerrtanu others interested, to his lar»fe and Superior
stock of i'lowsof all kinds, now in use in the West, consist-
ing of

Three sizes of Improved Clippers, made from the best Cast-
steel, and tluibhed iu very superior mauner; thfeso (lows for
ease of draft, and perfect plowing, have no equal in this
State.

Four sizes and qualities of »he common form of old ground
plows, made from Cast, German and American Steel, which
are equal to any plaw made after this style.
Corn Plows of two qualitio!:.

Double and eiiigle t-liovel Plows. -r- '

Five Tooth Cultivators.

HnrrowK, tuo sty lee, reversable, adjustable, and
Giddes Double Harrow.

Ox Yokes of three size.?, finished in the best manner,
and a very superior article.

Twelve .'iiid Fourteen iu Extra Breakers, for breaking
Prairie or other nod, with two and three horses— these are
very (superior breaking plows.

Common breakers of every size and style, on hand, or
made to order.

The Michigan Double Plows. Cf this I am making two
••izes for thro and lnur horses. This plow is adopted to
breaking, plowing siubl'le-lan«i. or subsoiling: and will do
anykiuds olplowiiiR iu the best manner. Ho plow has given
such geiierxl satislactien wherever it has been used. It
should be more generally introduced for deep plowing and
bubsoiliLg.

All orders for plows either singly or by the dozen will re-
ceive prompt attention.

Sept., I808— 6 times. , *. JOHN DEERE.

*j- All of said articl.^ can be had on application to
Francis 4 Bariell, Springfield.

West€rinr£aM<l OflAce*

T. S. MATHER.

roB Tn£
PURCHASE AND SALE OP CITY PRO-

perty, Farms and Unimproved L>auds,

, PAniEJS'T Of TA^ES,^

OoUection of Cl-auns.[ . ,

Government Ijunds

ENTERED WITH WARRANTS OH CAST/ TN ANT

LAND DISTRICT IN ILLINOIS, IOWA. MISSOURI,

MINNESOTA OR NEBRASKA.

LAND WARRANTS BOUGHT AND SOLD.

_01Ece over N. 11. Ridgely's Bank, West side Public Squawej
SDringfield, Ills.

o

Agricultural Implements,
F EVEttY DESCRIPTION FOR SALE

by ang FKANCIS4 BABBJELL.

F

Buckwheat and Turulp Seed
lOR SALE Br

aug FBANCIS 4 BARBELL.

PRESERVING JARS.

THESE ARE OF A GLASS, A NEW IN
vention, very excellent, just received and for sale by
ang FBANCIS 4 BABKKLL.

Cbinese Sugar Caue Mulasses,
MOST EXCELLENT ARTICLE JUST

received and for sale by FRANCIS 4 BABBKLL.

^ RAKEya

(-'■:'::• ART OF '"^^^■ .-^^

Taming T*lciou8 Horses,

Warranted Genuine.

JUST PUBLISHED, ILLUSTRATED IN-
structionsin Karey's Artof Uorse Taming, guaranteed
tlie Siuue as practiced iu Kurope, aud entirely different (rom
that described in horse taming books and taught by itinerant
jockies. As Mr. Karey did not di-close the important feature
of hissystem in this country, but which 1 now fur the first
time engage to lul y reveal. My price has been reduced to
f3, which e.ery man who owns a htrse can afford to part
with. Any man who knows anything about a horse can
operate it. All personi remitting the money must promise
over their signatures not to make the secret public or sell it
within three months of reeentiou. Address

CALliB n. RANET.
julj--far3m Albany, N. Y.

B. B LLOYD,

T

OFnCE ON NOETU flFIH STR££T, OVER J. EATBUII.n'8.

SPRINGFX£IJ>, XXX.

A DENTAL PRACTICE OFFIFTEEN iliAliS WARRANTS
him in saying that all operations shall be carefully and
neatly performed. He is iu possession of several premi-
ums and diplomas awarded by the best institutes for the pro-
motion of science and arts in the country.

Teeth iiisertwi, from ('Ue tooth to full sets, .as substantial
and handsome as can bo had in any city of tlie United ."•lates
or Europe. Artificial palate plates inserted, supplying the
want or loss of the palate, velum and would, so as to restore
articulation.

Kefor to Prof. David Gilbert, Pennsylvania College of Med-
icine, Philadelphia; lion. J. S. Black, Washington City; Rev.
Dr. iiarkey, Illinois University ; Drs. Helm, Ryan and Wal-
lace: Messrs. Jacob Loose, J S. Condell, J. U. Gray, Foesel-
man, Owen, Corueau & Diller.

June7j ISo.

MAP OF THE CITV OF SPRINGFIELD

SANGAMON COUNTY, STATE OF ILLINOIS.

CONTAINING OLD TOWN PLAT AND
64 additions, shewing each Lot and Block, and the
numbers thereof, Oit. Strtets, Avennua and Alkys, Jiesiiierv-
ces, and the unimproved Lands within, and a qiutrter of a
mile north along the northern limits uf said citf . .,\ .
Scale 300 feet to an inch. -■:.■,,

Published by WILLIAM SIDES, of Springfield, City En
gineyrand t^iirveyor junelO-rtwtf

k- ruit Trees for Sate.

WE HAVE 15.000 TREES, 5 YEARS
old, from 83ven to ten feet hi!.ht well branched, (very
nice) that we offer .his lall at the low price of $\'z^ per lt)0;
also 15.000 4 years old, at $10 ];>er liiO, to cash custon.«r8.
Next spring we shuU charge $15 for a year, and $l-J^ for
4 .vear. Also Pear, Cherry, Plum, Graiie, Cunants, Pie
Pl.ant, ornamented trees, shrribs r ses, evergreens, 4C.; Ang-
triiin and Scotch Pines, from three to six fei t high, at Vocper
foot; Norway, Blue aud Whita s-pruceS; ilemluck, Arborvita,
Balsam Fir, European and American Larches, with a good
variety of hardy flowering plahts. Orders respectfully solic-
ited. YLKHY ALDKICU.

Pleasant Ridge Nursery, Arispe, Bureau County, Illinois.

fiir aug-3m

~ DBKUE'iS PL<>Ws^

TWO HORSE PRAIRIE BREAKERS,
Dauble Michtgan and common plows, of the best work-
manship, for sale by
aug FRANCIS 4 BARRELL.

FRUIT AND OR NAM E NT AX'TREiiS
SHUABERY, &c.

FRANCIS & BARRELL, SPRINGFIELD,
will receive orders for all description ol trees from the
DuPage County Nurseriea, L. Ellsworth 4 Co, proprietors.
These trees are well grown, healthy, and their genuiuess is
warranto... Orders fur fall planting can be forwnrded to
them at any time trom June till NoAember.

Catalogues will be furnished tho»e who wish to purchase
trees and sbruLbery on application to Messrs. Francis 4 Bar-
ren, Spriugfield. aug

~' """ ""qSjeensware:^ ~~ ~~

A LARGE lOT DIRECT FROM THE
potteries In England, to be sold ut very low prices by
aug FRANCIS 4 B-VRRbLL.

o

Drills,

N HAND, FOR SALE,

varieties grain drills.

20,0U0

THE BFST

FRANCIS * B.iRUf.LL.

WAL-

mayll

l-EET OF SEASONED

Dutlmuberforstttu.

J. IICTC HINSOW.

•»»;-TTOi;?w>,

?r.fc

■ '••■'•.. -P ■

.>«;■.,

•^^V .;v

^^••«?-^

^;'t;-';^:

160

THE ILLINOIS F^IIMEK.

B. F. FOX,

Wholesale aud Retail Dealer lii Hardware,

IN ALL ITS VARIOUS BUAXCHESJIAS NOW IN STORE
one of the largest and bost nssortnients r.f goods in his line
ever offered in this miirket. Importing many styles of Kng-
lish goods direct, and purchasing his American goods of the
manufacturers at tlie lowest (cash) prices, he Is enabled to
offer merchants and consumers goods at the lowest prices, and
on as favorable terms as any house e:ist or west. Hia stock
embraces a very lurjjc and complete assortment of

Agricultural Tools and Implements !

of tho latest and most improvod kimb and qualities. limp-

ers. Mowers, Straw Cutters, Huiije. 'i^iiiimers, Scldea,

Grass ami Jt tuning litxihs, Cnidles, iVyWics, Siixths,
f})rks, HiKX, aiirnids, Sampx, v1xes(aU kinds and makes).
Picks, Mattocks, Fan Mills, iSixd A'-'/jarutors unci Tlireshiitij Mu-
chims.

HOUSE FURNISHING & BDILDERS WAREHOUSE.

Large and complete assortment of Lucks, Latches, Jiutl.i. Hin-
ges, Screws, Soils, lirads, Nails. TJiJMM/XGH—sreat variety

Carpeuter^s and liuilder^s Tools !

Planes, iSttw*. Chisels, Augers, liraces, Bitts, l/rawing Knives.
S/iuares, Trowels, Bevils, Jiatdiets, Hammers, Mlzcs. Binv/i
and liroad Axes, Bi>reivg Madnncs, Gould's and Steploe'i
Morticing Machines, Piles, cCc.

Blacksmith^s Tool;;*

Bellows, Anvils, \'iccs, i'ccew Plates, Tvnjs, Horse Nails, Uorst
S/wes, Buttresses, d'-c.

, COOPER'S TOOLS.

Fine assortment, Anives, Hooks, Planrj:, i£v.

CUTIiERY.

A very Large stock and assortment of \\ ostenholm's Butch-
er's and othei's, T<tlile, J'ocket, I'cn, Butcher and .S'/ioc Knives,
Bazora, Shears, Vissors, Carvers, <fc. Great variety.

GUNS, PISTOLS,
Gun Trimmings and Mountings, single and dotibleharrelled En-
glish and German Rifles, PisUds of great variety, together
with a general assortmmt of goods usually kept iu a liar J ware
store.

S A -w s

Kvery variety, mill, cross cut and circular, from three inches
to sixty inclusive, furnished at mannfaoturers prices.

Saddlery Hardware and Carriage Trimmings.

In this branch of my business, I am enabled to extend to
saddlers and carriage makers unusual faeilitiea, bcingsupplied
direct from the luanufacturers. Goods in this line come to me
at extraordinary low prices. My sti.ck embraces all varieties:
Buckles, Ferrets, Ornaments, Boseutes, Bings, Snaffles, Bitts,
Punches. Wehliing. SelJ'-A'iJustiug and Vennisuii Trees, Suil-
dler's Silk, Shoe, Three-Cord and Fitting Thread.

Carrias^c Triiuiuin^s.

Brass and .V/.rr Fialea.^S'-r'W Front Jiaiuls aiiii Fluted Screw
Front Mail Bands, Coach Handles, Vurlain Fravie.s, Turned
Collars, J'oteiit anil FiutmellfU Lcatlier, Kiuimellnl Muslin.

Diidc and Drill, Huliber CM'i, t'drriOj.,'^ Jiowa, Par ami Curled

//air, I'litent LexitUer and /iubber Helling, ll.-.^np and JCubhir

liacliug.

ft5_ (Jnlt^rs promptly filled aud forwarded.

Maylst. lM-)7. B. F. FOX.

HORSE BILLS

PROMPTLY AND xVEATLY PKINTKD

AT TUB

JOWrnJWMMj OFFICE^

SPRINGFIELD ILLINOIS

UHLER'S PLOWS

The Double Curved Uprljjlit Steel Mould
Board Plow.

THE PROPRIETOR OF THIS SUPERIOR
I'low still continues to 8upi)ly..^^
the grrat demand which its merits have
created, ttn combination of rare ad-
vantages has recommended it to the
agricultural community throughout the Statu of Illinois, it
is now admitted that it has no equal.

The following note is but one of the many tpstimonials
which have been furnished the manufacturer of the worliiu);
of bis plows.

Wecertify that w.c l-.avn lati 'y used tho above pbnys. iii.uii;
factured by .Mr. John Uhler, ujul we would state that tliej
are in all respects, superior to any other jdows we have ever
used. We cheerfully recommend them to the public.
Wm. I*. Lawson, W'ni. I'otlinbargcr,

J.J. Short, Hayid .Newsom,

John W. Beck, Uriah Mann,

John Kavauau;^h, I'hilcniou Stout.

Sangamon county, .laa I', l^io.o.
JjFrom tliu pxciliar form of Uhler's plows tb.-y ar ■ lut ex-
celled by any other now in use. It scours very briyht, sheds
off stubbles adminibly, and runs ll;ilit and easy to tlm team.
The largest sized two-horso plow of this kind, has been used
sevoral seasons successfully in breaking prairie. The limits
of a newspaper advertisement will not admit of an accurate
description of these plows. To see them is tobo pleased with
them.

In addition to the above, tho manufacturer is making
wrought iron upright ones, and two-horse plows.

Also, a superior Prairie I'low, warranted to be equal to any
prairie plow now in use. Any size that may be wanted can
bo had at short noticu. A large number of all sizes, kept on
hand constantly.

Manufactured by JOHN UlILER,

Springfield, 111., at whose establishment these favorite plowg
can bu had, from a single one to a number unlimited,

aufii-wlT

THF ILLINOIS

Jflutual Fire Insurance Co*

LOCATED AT ALTON ILLINOIS.

CHARTERED FEB. 23, 1830. ORGANIZED APRIL 4 1839.

Amount of premium notes iti force February

1st, 1^60, constitittuKj a fund for the

pai/mcnt of Lo-s-ie-i,

$8 00,0 0 0.00,

Secured li/ a lien on juoprrh/ Insxrid, valued

(if over

$9,000,000!

^f ■'IIT.** company insures d\veliiut;s,store^,wareln uses, manu-
A factuiies. mills, barns, stabk"* and the eonteiits of ''"^I'l
together with every other similar species of property w't'iin
tlie State, from

LOSS OR DAMAGE BY FIRE!

The Directors feel j\istilied in recomniriuliog tliis company to
the favoralile consideration of the citizens of Illinois. Every
one insured becomes a member, the company beiii^j; an as
sociation of customers— each oi' whom is concerned in in-
suring his neighbor. As the indcmniiicaticm fund augments
in exact ratio wjth the increase of risks, the capital of the
company it comparatively exhaustless; anil the entire safety
of tho institution must be apparent to every one who reads
tho charter.

The cost of insuring in this comp.any i8solow,as torcnder
it almost inexcusable for the owners of insjirablo property
not to avail themselves of its protection.

BOARD OI<' DI HECTORS,

liYMAM TRUMUULL,
Uenj. F. Lono,
Robert .Smith

TlMOTHV 'J U.INEB,

M. G. Atwood,

L. Kellknukkoer,
ALFai.D Dow,
Renj. K. Hart,

.lon.N li.UlllACHE,

.Jolts Atwood.

kuas iiiuiiari),
Samcel Wade,
Jon.N Jamks,

IltXRY I.KA,

Natu'l Hanso.v,

BE.NJAMIN V. LO.NG, President.
Lewis Kellenbekges, Treas. .M. (i. Atwood, tec y.

XllS" Au Agent for this Company nuiy be found iu almost
every Couuiy of the 5^tate.

>ei" Application for insurance may be made to

JA.MES L. Ull.l,. Ag"nt,
Ajiril 1, 1S67. at Springlield.

sT^an coR^v •iiiIjIj^

For Grinding' Corn, Cob, llonjiny or Meal aud
(•ciieral !Siofk l^'i'cU.

WE ])ELIVER THIS MILL AT ANY
print, or from our wagons, that run througli the dif-
ferent parts (jf till' couiilry. at ibe manufacturer's retail price,
which is. for the mill compb:t<'. .vi.d.

Orclers, or letters of ioi|Uii v slioulJ be a luressed to

IIU.NT, I'YKK A t\... Sprin-tield, Til.

We need but say thitwh-re the Stjtr Mill has been n^ed. it
has gained credit beyond ail other .Mills ..ow iu use; luid the
farmer I'lily needs to see and "ry it iu ordir to Icconie con-
vinced that it is i)erl'ei t in its arr.ingenient from the tact that
it grinds green -is well as old corn, (corn and cub pa^siii'.'
through it together.) which no otlier..Mill will do. lariners
and stock-growers can save from 30 to 40 bushels of corn in
each loo by the use of this .Mill; (at least we have Rertiticates
to that elfect.) Persons having once experienced its beui iU.
will never return to the wasteful practice of feeding corn in
the ear.

It will undoubtedly make good meal of shelled corn fir fam-
ily use.

The -Millgrinds from twelve to twenty bushcKs per hour,
and makes an e.i.sy ilralt for two horses.

We can produce lirst premiums, diplomas, and recommcn
datbins too numerous to mention.

For full particulars, references and descripiicui of .Mills, see
circulars.

\. U.- I'erson.i can be supplied with a '^tar Mill, and also
see one iuopeiatiou by calliui; at the Agricnltural .'^lore of

' FRANCIS .V UAUUELL,

Jan 1, 1S58 Authorized Agents.

Urs. \VIi..Si>N;"]

K. W. 1!K0W.\, j"

A. C. IJODUI.V,

EllOWN, GODDTN & CO.

WHOLLISALE GKOCEHS AAD

Commission Merchants,

NO. G2 SECOND hTUEET,

St. liOuis, Mo.

Special atteuti.'n given to the sale of Grain aud Country
Produce. fJm J. E. D.

Sweet Potato Plants.

WE WIl L HAVE THEM IN THE PRO-
per sea'-on. f)rB,ile by tho hundred or thousand, at
fair prices; (See advertisement of early Nansemond potatoes)
IbW FUANCIS k BARREL.

Illinois Central Rail Road

L.A\'DS FOR SAL,K.

THE ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD
Company invites the attention of Agriculturalists and
Farmers to the fertile lands adjacent to their Road, which
I arc olTered for sale upon low terms, and long credit at low
I rates of iuterest.

I It is tho policy and wish of the Company to sell all their
lands to actual settlers; and no imiucenieut is oflered to
I speculators: in fact none will be sold on long credit, without
the distinct obligation of cultivation.

Iliiuoisocciipies th" nio^l central position of the Western
i'tates. aud comprises ihouiost iertile sfcetion of the belt of
hind extending from tlie .4tl:iiilic (itciin to the Missouri
Itiver. ami iiicliuiii g N<w Yoik, New Ji'rsey. IViinsy Ivania,

Ohio. Indiana, Illinois. .Micliigai;: Wisconsin, lowa and

Northern Missouri.

Vnlike the States Nort h of us, the prodtictiuoB are not
check( il l)y ligori'Us winters,— nor is tlie heat of summer
oJl|u■t•o^iv^■. 'Ihe lauds W'estol ibe Missouri Itiver gradually
and rapidly decreat^e iu fertility, till they blend with the
t»reat American Plain, and being cbieliy, if not solely adapt-
ed to grazing, can never cuiniietc witii thoseof this State,

The lands bordering U|Kin the Missouri and Kansas Rivers,
and u])on the lines of the propo.sed roads in loWa, liave been
taken up.andaro nowsellirg at from $10 to $15 per acre,
although settlers have to pay heavy freights upon the trans-
portation of their agricultuial tooli'. furniture and goods;
and when tbeircrops are produced, Iho extra cost of trans-
portation to Eastern niarkcts exceeds the cost of produc-
tion.

Looking to tho future growth of oUr country, this State,
which combines the most favorable teraperatnre with the
richest soil aiul mcst healthy climate, will for all time be the
groat srain producing district. It is full of mineral wealth
such as Coal. Iron, Lend, Limestone, &c., and has already the
advantages of churcheg and schools, of population, and of
the investment of capital. Moreover, there is scarcely a
county in Illinois which has not a supply of timber. The
southern section of the State includes at loa=t 2,000,000 acres
of the best finality of timber laud; aud the extensive pineries
in mljoining States, accessible by the Lakes, furuish Chicago
with an iuuuen-" onantity of timberandlumberamcuntiug
in 1856, to 400.000,000 feet.

llliuoisespecially dtiring tlio last ten years, has been rap-
idly developing her resources. The population is now about
1,000,000 and eighty millions of dollars have been expended
for Railroads; which, with the waters of the Mississippi,
Illinois River, the Michigan Canaland Lake communications
afford cheap and convenient means for the transportation of
her prodticts to every market. About one million acres of
tho Company's lands have already been sold, and moBy
lloiirisliing village» evince he rapidly increasing prosperiiy
.d' tho country. Puch is the facility and economy with which
these lands can be cultivated, that in two years farmers can
readily surrotind themselves with all thecoraforts of old set-
tled farms in the E.asteru 5tates; and such is their fertiliey
and productiveness, that property purchased at from $0 to
if'M per acre at six years' credit and three per cent, interest,
can l>e fully paid for within that time, together with all tho
costs of improvements, by ordinary industry, from the profits
of the croiis.

Al til. High it is evident that lands iu tho vicini'y of railroads
in lilitiuis will advance to $50 or even $100 per "acre within

ten yeart. vet tlie intcrosts of this CoDipauj- are more advan-
ced by placiiiif tlieir property iu the Inimls of farmers, to set-
tle the cotmtry. relying ujion the business of tlie road for its
chief profit, and to enable it to discharge its obligations ;to
the State. These considerations induce tho i)olicy of rapid
sales, which hrve been progressing and increasing for two
years past, and will be jiur.-ued till the lands are finally
disposed of. No encouragement is given to six^culative pur-
chasers, as the Coinpany does not wish to dispose of any of
its hinds except for rctual settlement and cultivation It is
evident, therefore, that the best interests of settlers can no-
where be as w(dl promoted as by purchasing and settling
upon these iand.r
For iufirmalionaa to price, terms, etc. apply to

joiinVvilson

Jy29-dwCm LandComrn'r I. C.R. R. Co., Chicago, IlL
KUHNS & UAlXr.S'"

i'RFJfiirj\ii ipriijIjs:

TUK BEST NOW IN USE,

f J. T. ji)nxs(».v.

\.l. V. ii'lflilNS

T

I HIS DKILL TOOK THE TWO FIRST

rreniiums at tho late State Fair of Illinois, held at
Peoria; also at the State Fairs of Wisconsin and Ohio, Tliis
Drill will sow Whent, Ilge, Outs, Barleg, Buck-wheat, Bice,
Hi nil), Hox, Timothy, Clorcr a.\\'\ Millet Seed, v/itiwixt any
change of fixtures: can be regulated in one minute to sow
any <iu:in|ity or kind of Seed. \Varranted fordurability and
workmanship.

Good and responsibl » agents wanted in every county in the
State Circulars sent to anv address. Those wanting drills
should order early. Apjdy to

B. KUHNS 4 CO.,

mar.;0 l''6m-wlt Springfield, Illinois

^.*-;&;,.„;:i,^"-.-

VOL. III.

SPRINGFIELD, NOYEMBER, 1858.

NO. 11.

PUBtlSHED MONTHIilf,

1

Bailliaclie & Baker,
Journal Buildings, - - Springfield, Illinois.

«»»

S. FRANCIS, Editor.

<•*

TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION.

Oae copy, one year, in advance $1 00

Five copies, " " 3 75

Ten " and one to the person getting np club 7 50

Fifteen copies and over , 62}^ cents each, and one to person
getting np club.

OASS RATES OP AnVERTIBINQ :

One dollar per square of ten lines, each insertion.

For the Illinois Farmer.

A Uonie Wanted by Every Man.
Tiie desire of getting a home in the
country, at some future time, is proba-
bly the most common that a business
man covets. In the din of the city or
town, on the broad sea, at the mechanic's
bench, in the buzzing manufactory, the
conceptions of men as to the disposal of
their later years, tend oftener in this
direction than in any other. The poetic
sentiment in man, existing often under
very rough exteriors, finds its appropri-
ate food in the naturalness of the coun-
try: the religious sensibilities, if they
have less artificial aid and have more of
the benefit derived from the illustration
of nature ; the quietness of the country
is altogether alluring to one's sober
days ; the expanse that it affords is the
symbol of freedom ; it forms a surer
competence, we are satisfied, in the
long run, than any other ; and incom-
petence fares as well, if not better, there
than elsewhere. But does actual farm-
ing-life reach the high ideal here assum-
ed for it ? Go into the country and
you will say nay — nay — at every turn.
You are altogether disappointed ; the
illusion has vanished ; the man's work

visible is preposterously out of keeping
with the beauty and order of nature.

It may be that you are in contact
with a pioneer, struggling population ;
but be tliat as it may, if a man has time
to hoe and dig and jjlow, to exist at all,
he has time to make his own abode com-
fortable ; his own doors inviting ; to
manifest some neatness ; to methodize
his labors ; to put his barn in some or-
der— to have an indoor sitting-room,
where the family can congregate, free
from the odors of cooking, the para-
phernalia of a chamber. If he has it
not, let him build one with the first
boards he can lay his hands upon, paper
it inexpensively, hang pictures about its
walls, put flowers upon its tables, decor-
ate it with the commonest things, ever
the best, and occupy it, not occasionally,
but let the family be frequently found
there, as in a refuge where care may be
laid aside, and the social qualities be
nurtured and strengthened. -

Habits thus begun, under straitened
circumstances, will be the inception of
an improvement that will not end simply
in moral and mental results ; but will
aid practical efibrt, give a meaning to
industry that it never before had : for
there can be no collusion between culti-
vation of character and the efforts of la-
bor. How many men, from their daily
toil, at night enter their kitchen and no
where else. It may be that they have a
parlor, but with their years and increas-
ing means have not acquired those tastes
that enable them to enjoy it ; sit down
without proper change of shoes, ablution
or raiment, unsocial as such manners
ever must be, and then go to sleep like
the beasts that perish, perhaps in the
same room. Let such men, if over-
worked or fatigued, wash their feet,
their legs, above the knees, their face

and neck and hands, and see what a
transformation it will make ; how their
weariness will subside and renovation
succeed ; how their evening may then
be spent to some purpose, some social
advancement ; how it will sooth them
durinor the hours of night. No doctor's

prescription is equal to the simple ap-
pliances of nature.

Of neglected households, in what are
they better than the Hottentots of south
Africa? What end has life to them?
Their enjoyments of the lowest kind,
their aspirations low ; they die some
day as the fool dieth, without having
even possessed those enjoyments that
their heart has craved, and have lost
this world, the beautiful natural scenery
amid which they were placed, nor gain-
ed from it one solid satisfaction, a sin-
gle practical benefit, or acquired that
subdued character, those simpler wants
that are in harmony with its contempla-
tion. The wife and mother in these
homes Jeads a wretched existence ; her
fidelity may commend itself to her con-
science, but it has been a woeful per-
version of the high trust committed to
her ; a sad example to her children, and
no law of our being is better established
than this, that from coarse parents will
proceed coarse children, and physiolo-
gists believe that the bodily structure
obeys the same condition and deteriora-
tes in symmetry with neglect of general
culture. And improvement in rural
life does not involve expense. We have
not in our mind a city drawing-room —
if poverty exist let things be as neat
and orderly as poverty can make them.
The most scrutinizing eye will pass over
these imperfections ; let every thing be
good or fair of its kind. If a Virginia

fence surround the premises, the rails
at least should be in their place ; the

...J..,.

■ :x 'W>Jy'.f

160

THE ILLIiSTOIB FARMER.

B. F. FOX,

Wholesale and Retail Dealer in Hardware,

IN ALL ITS VARIOUS liKANCIHOS.IIAS XOWIN STOKE
oii« of tlie largest and bo.^t as.soitiiieuts ct' goods in liin lino
ever olTered in lliia nuirkut. Inipoiting intiny styles ofKng-
lish goods direct, nnd pnrcli.isiiig liis Aiupriciin goods of the
uianufiu'turers iit the lowo^t (oish) iirices. he is eiiiibled to
offer merchants and consumers goodsat tlic hiwest prices, and
on as tiivoniljle terms us any honse o:ist or west. Hia stock
ouibnioes a very large and complete assortment of

Agricultural Tools and Implements !

of the latest ami most improved kinds and qualities. Jffiip-
ers, Mowi'm, Straw C'lillrn, Ufdije. 'l^iMtnira, Hcldm.
Grass and I runintj It'uiks, (.'nidicn, .\';/tlii'f, Simt/i.s,
FiirK-g, I[<ici, Sii'ivds, Soniix, .lj-c,N(aU VMmls and makes).
Picks, MatlucKs, Fun Mills, Sxd S--parators and 'I'hreiliiny Ma-

iiisE FURMSm.Nr. & buildeus wareiiolsk.

Large and complete assortment of L(/r!..<. Lidch's., JUitts, Hin-
ges. Screws, Bulls, Brads, yails. TJilMVlJSC.'i—g.vvnt variity

Carpenter^s and Builder^s Tools !

Plains, Saws. Cliisch. AiKjfrs. Urdu ■>, Bills. Drawiii// Knms.
Siiuans, Triiur.ls, Hindis, Halchcls. Jiaiitiiors, Aihts, llinci,
and Broad Axes, Boreiny Mac/iiiics, O'oidd's and Steploc's
Morlicing Machiucs, Piles, i(v.

Blacksmith^s Tools.

ndlows. Anvils, Vices, Screw riides,T'Mos, Horse Xaih,llij)'se

S'utcs, Buttresses, </»■.

COOPEE'S TOOLS.

Fine assortment. Knives, llimhs, I'hines, <lf.

CUTIiERY.

A very large stuck and assort niont of U ostenholnrs Hutcli-
er's andotliei's, Tn.lile, I'ncl.xt, Peii.Bulclier mid Shnc Knives,
ICazors, S/icars,- Cissurs, Carvers, dx: (ireat variety.
GUXS, PISTOLS,

Gun Trinimingsand Moanlinijs.siniih- and douhUhitrrelkd F.n-
i.'lisli and German liijies. Pistils of great variety, tugrtle i
witli a general assort m ut uf guods usually kept iua Hardware
storu.

S A -iF* S

Kvery variety, mill, cross ci;t and circular, from three inches
to sixtv inclusive, luriiished at man u tact urers prices.

Siiddlcry lliu'dwiirc and I'lirduge Trimmiiiffs.

In this liranch of my busimss, 1 am enabled to extend to
saddlers ami carriage makers unusual I'aiilities. beingsnpplic-d
direct from the manufacturers, (iimds in this liiiecnme tome
ut extraordinary low ]irices. .My st..clv embraces all varieties;
JiiirkUs, p.rrits, Omanonls. Ji'ovk/,/.--, J.'infjs, Siinjllis. Jlilts.
PiincJies. M'elihiiifi. Silj-Aiijii.-Hn;/ and Deiinisiia J'ro.s, Sad-
dler's Sillx, S/ioe, Thre.i-t'i'rdanil Piltinii 'Ihnad.

Carriage Triiuiiiiii^s.

Brass and Silrer J'iiitea,S-r'-i" Fi-fiU Bands ami I'laled Screw
Front Mail Bands, t'uarli Handles, Vnrlain Frames, Turned
Cellars, I'alent and Enanieihd Leatlier, Kni-iiiilhtl Mnslin.
Ihiil: and Drill, Knliiier CM'i, Carria\;.e JJaws, peer and Cnrlrd
Hair. Patent Leather and liubbcr Belli mj, IL.iiip and JiahUr
Itad.ilii?.

tlS-'Oriljrs i)romptly tilled and forwarded.

Mavlst. l^hl. I!. 1''. Ko\.

HORSE BILLS

PllOMi'TLY AND XL:ATLY I'HINTKD
SPRINGFIELD ILLINOIS

rilK ILLINOIS

•IMntual Fire Insurance Co,

LOCATED AT ALTON ILLINOIS.

CirAllTKRKD FKD. Jo, ISo'.i. OIUiANl/.KD A1'KIL4 INI'J.

Aiiioiint of jircmuim notes in force February

\st, 1^5(), cnnstihdiiiij a fund for ilie

ptt'inient of Losses,

§80 0,000.0 0,

Secured I'l/ a lien on pro/n r'l/ insiniJ valued
III or<'r

The

UHLER'S PLOWS

Double Curved tJprlj^lit Steel IHould
Kuard FIoav.

THE niOPllIETOR OF Tins SUPEPJOR
liow still contmuis to supply .>.-^
the grfatilemaiij which its merits havo \.\„__*j.-^::3:x_uci

crealid. Ita couibinatiou of ran; ad

vantages has rocouimeiiclcd it to tl]<

iisricultuial coiniiiniiity llirougliout the Slate of Illinois, it

is now ailinitCL-d that it has no eijual.

The following note is but one of the nnmy testimonials
which have been turni.-,lied the man Jl'aclurer of the w.niiiii^-
of his (iloWS.

Wecertify that wv; have lati ; used the above plow -. liMtn;
faoturi'd by -Mr. .John Uhler, a:ol «e would .-lat'- that ;io \
are in ,ill respc-cts, sni)erior to any other )dows we have ever
used. We chi'orfuUy recommend them to the [lubljc.
W'la. I'. Lawsou, Win. I'otlinbarger,

J..), .■'hort, Dayid Newsom,

John \V. liuck, Uriah >Ianu,

J<)tin KH\anau;.'li. I'hilenion Stout.

Sangamon county. .Ia:i 1'. l^.)ii.
■Jih'iom tile p.'caliar form of Uhler's plows tb:'y ar- not ex-
celled by any other now in usi'. It scours very bright, sheds
oiT stubbles admirably, and riina light and ea^y to the team.
Tile largust sized two-huiso pbiw of this kind, has I'cin us'-d
sevoral seasons successfully iu breaking prairie. The limits
of u newspaper .idvertisement will not admit of an accurate
description of these plows. To seothetu is tobe jdeased with
them.

In addition to the above, the manufacturer it nutking I

wrought iron upright ones, and two-horse jdows. |

.\lso,tt superior f'lairie Plow, warranted to l>o equal to any |

prairie iilf.v now in use. Any size that may hu wanted can '

bo hatl at short iioticu. A large uaniber of all sizes, ki'pt on

h.'nid constantly.

.Maautactnred l>y .TvOflN UIILKIt,

Spritigtield, 111., at wlio.so establislinient thesi' favorite plows
can be had, from a single one to a number unlimited.
aufi-i-wlv j

§9.000.000!

'I '^11 IS comiiany iosiiii-^ d\^l•llillg^,^;or■■^.\\ar.■h(,n.-l s. n<anu-
X lactnii, s. niijls. bams, stable^ ami the cont^ iiis ol '."'!''
toi^ctlor with every other similar species of propi rty w'''''"
tiiu ."^late, from

L08S OH DAMAGE UY FIRK!

The liinetois feci jostilii-il in n-conimriiilii:j; ilijs company t^'

the I'avoralile consideration of the citizens ol Illinois. Kvny
one insurvil bfConus a member, the eoiepany being an as
soeiation of customers— each of whom i> coroerncd in in-
suring Ills neighbor. As tlie indomnilicatioii fniid augments
inexact ratio with the incnase of ri.-ks. th.' capital of the
company it com|i,irati\ely exljaustli!-s: and the entir.- safety
of tlie institution must be apjiareut to every one who read>
the charier.

Clie cost of insuring in this company is solow,as to render
itaVniost iii(xciisal)lo lor the owner- of insuraldc projierty
not to avail themselves of its protection.

BOAKD Ol-' DJKKCTOKS.

I,VM*3i TniMiiLi.L, lOi.iAs lliiiiiAEi.. J,. Kei.lj:\ih:i;olr,

ItK\.i. F. l.oNr,, Sami ru Wadi;, ' Ali ai i> Dow,

KOIIERT .-^MITII .b. MX .(amis, IIeXJ. K. IIaKT,

Tl)IOTHV'lU.;XK!!. Ih.NilV I,K\.' .loIIX IIMIIIVCIIE,

M. CJ. Atwook. Nath'i. JIaxso.v, ,?oh.n At\\. .m,

1!E.\JAM1X r. LO.NG. I're.-id.nt.
Lewi,-, KEi.i.KNr.F.noEit.Treas, .M, {,. ,\r\\o< v, c-i-c y.

Jijj' An .\gi'iit for this ("oiiiiiany may be found in aliie,i.-t
evi-ry Coniny of tlie Mate,

I^jj' Application for insnruiice ninv be made to

.lA.MLS L 1111,1.. A --lit,
Ajiril 1, IS.'iT. at Si.ringbeld,

*T.«K COKA" .llllh.

w

For Criiirtliig- Corn, Col). Iloniiiiy or ."^Ical and
ticiicral Slock Feed.

R J)KM Villi T1II.S MILL AT ANY

P' int. or from our wa:.-oii,-<. that inn tI,ron:;Ii the ,li:-
f 'lent pirl> ul the duiitry. ai the iiiannfictuii 'sid:;!! price,
whi. h is, for llie mill c •iiipli te. ,^i.o.
Old. 'IS, or letters of ioniii;;, slioul i hi' all^e>^l■vl to

111, .\ r.'i'VKi; .t I'o., >r.iiTi..Mi. M, 71!.

Wi- iiir.l liut .«ay th At s>li"ri- He' .-tar Mill l;a>l'tili ll-ed. it
lia< gtiiiofi en dit beyond ail ollnr .Mills . ow in use; iiml tli-
Iniiiir only m i-O.- to >. c and TV it in order to lice ine con-
vincid tliat it is pirfi t in it- arr.ingeuienl from tin! tact that
it ^riod- i.ni II i- Ki'il a- old coin, (corn ami cdi p,is-iii'_
lluough It together.) which no other. Mill will do. hlrnu■l.^
and ^tock-.;:•oWel•s e.iii save from ;;u to -Id bii-heis of corn in
e.u'h loo by tlien<e of this .Mill; (at least we havo certilicale-
ti) that elfi-ct,) Persons having once e.\pi,rieiic-d its 1 em "'..
will iievei return to tlie w.i-lelul prat'tice of fu,,c|iiij- corn in
tlie ear.

It will nudoulitedly make- good meal of -lulled corn f -r fam-
ily use.

The .Mill gii lids from twelve to tv.-enty bushel.-i per hour,
and Tiiaiiisaii e.is.v draft for I wo In. cm s.

XVf can produce lirst premiums, Oi[doma^:. tiiid recommcn
dations too niinieions to meiiiiun.

Kor lull paiti'-uliirs, references .iml deseriidionof Mills, see
c lieu firs.

,\, IJ,- I'lrs-ons can be suppli'.l with a ''tar Mj!l. ami al-o
see (.ilu> in opivation by calliuir at tin- A;;ricullniMl .-lore of

IRANCIS .V I'. A i; lit: 1,1..

.1,111 1, 1.-..1S Aulhuiized Au'ents.

11, .-. M !i,.<iiN.)

1-.. \v. 111; iv.x, )'

-V, t.'. ii.)!)!)I,V.

/.I, 'f. .Inl|v-.i«
(.i. I', il ..VKI,\-

JiUOWN, (iODDIX & CO.

\vih)I.i:sai.l: cuociius am>

Commission IW[e:chants,

NO. ('.2 SECOND .->TUE]':T,

St. T,<ouis, Mu.

Special atteiiti n given to tlie sale of Grain .ir.l Country
Produce. foia J. K. L). "

Suect Totato Plaats.

WE WIl L HAVE THEM IN THE PRO-
per se;i-nn, fir Sale by the hundred or thonsand.at
fairprices; (cee advertisement of early Nansemond jiotatoes;
Jytjl i'KANUS & JJAKKKL,

Illinois Central Hail Road

l.AM)S I'Olt SALi:.

r|-'llE ILLINOIS C'ENTIIAL RAILROAD

1 Company inviten the attention of Agrirultmalists and
I'anuerK to the fertile lands adjacent to their Koad, which
are o'fereiMor sale upon low terms, and long credit at low
rates ol interest.

His the policy an i wish of the Company to scdl all their
lands to actual set this; and no induceniciit is ottered to
si.ecTilStors: in fact none will be s(>!d on long credit, without
the distinct oliligalion id cillti\ation.

Iliinoisoiciipies ih ' luo.-i ceiitiiil position if t!ie AVestern
.-tatcs and Ci.mpi i,-es lheiiei...t ii I tile Seetioii of the belt of
land e.xienditiv: tnaii tin ,*.t'..inlic tcean to the Mi6.-=ouri
liiver, and incliiilii.g Ni w VniK. New .ieisey, I'l nn-y I vania,
Ohio. liidJina, ll'inoi.-. .Micliigii,: AViscoii»in, Inwa and
Northern .Miss.iuri,

Lulike the j;tatcb -Vort h of ns, the i>rodnctions arc not
clieiki d byiigurinK « inters,— nor is the Inat of summer
iijiprej-ixi-. 'I he ill mis \\ e,-t of the ,\|issoini l;iver gradually
and rapiill.\ decrea^e in |.rtilit,\, till thej bend with the
Cleat .Vnierican Plain, and iuing cbielly, if not solely adapt-
eil to jii.i/.inj:. can :ie\er eoinpele with tbo-eol this Male.

The lands bcrdciing np>iii the Miasoiiiiaml Kansas It ivers,
and ujion the lines of the j.roposed road- in Iowa, have been
taken up. anil an iiowsellii g at i'loia .410 to S'u I'er acre,
allh.iiigh settleis have to pay heavy I'reights upon the trans-
portation of their agrirultmal tool-, furniture and goods;
and « hen theirerops are produced, ihe extra cost of trans-
portatiou to Kastern markets exceeds the cost of produc-
tion,

I.onking to tiie future growth of our country, tliis State,
v.hich con. Lines the most favorable temperature with the
richest soil and ir.cst healthy climate, v ill for all time be the
great aaiii producing district. It is full of mineral wealth
such as t^ial. Iron. Lead, Limestone, &c., and has already the
advantages of churches and schools, of population, and of
the invest tuent of capital. Moreover, there is scarcely a
county in Illinois which has not a supply of timber. The
sonthern section of the State includes at lea-t 2.U(tU,U00 acres
of the be-t iiuality of timber laud; and theexteiisive pineries
in adjoining States, ace-sibie by the Lakes, furnish Chicago
with an iniiiien ■• onantity of timboraudlumber ameuutiug
in IS.".!;., to 4i;ill.l)«to,i Kill feet.

Illinoisespecially during tp.e last ten yearn, has been rap-
idly developing lur resources. The population i.s now about
l,f,00,000 anil eiclity inillions of dollars have been expended
for Uailroad.-; whi'li. with the waters of t)ie Miotissippi,
Illinois Kiver, the Michiiran Canaland Lake communications
allonl clii'ap ani coiiveiiieiit iiieuii.- for the transportation of
lier proilncts to every market. About one million acres of
the Companv's lauds have already been sold, and many
linuri-hing vilhiKen evince lie rapidly increasing prosperity
of lliecoiintry. Such is the laeility and economy with which
the.^e l.-.nds ca 1 l>e cultivated, that in two years farmers can
rei-.dily sun..und theinsilves with all thecomforts of old set-
tled fariii.s in the Ka.-terii .States; and such is tlieir fertiliey
a;t.l pr.iiluctiveiie-s. tliat property purchased ut from ijlj to
.;.;,o per a. re at si.\ years' credit and three per cent, interest,
can i.e luily I'li'l for within that time, togetlni- Willi all the
I ..sts of jiiipn.vements, by ordinary industry, from the profits
ot the crov".

Alt!ei.L;h it is evi.lent that lands in tli'' viciiii'y ofrailroads
in Illinois witladvance to foUor even ,.^100 jlt aero within
fen years, yet the ititen'sts of this Coni]iany arc more advan-
c.'d by ]. lacing their property in tin- ban. Is of fanners, t.) set-
tle the coiiniry. relying upon the business of tin- road for its
chief profit am! to enable it to di-churge its obligationR;to
till' Stale, These considerations induce the policy of rapid
.- il-s. whi--h hrvt b, en (.r. gre-.-in;; ami inerea-ing for two
years past, ami will be lurunl till Ihe lands are finally
ili-Mos d id'. .\o iiicouia.,:eiiniit is given to -[.eonlative piir-
< ha-ers, MS the ( o'lipany iloi - not wi-h to ills) ose of any 'if
it- lands e,\ce[it lor rctnal sctili ineiit and cultivation it is
e\ Ideiit. tlierit.ire. that Ihe List interests of .-ettleis can uo-
w lute be Its Well iiioinottd u.s by purchasing and settling
m .n tli.'-f iaiii!.*

i'oriiifirniiitioiias to price, tenns, etc. apply to

Ji.'lI.V \VlLSON

JyJ'.idwCni Land Ci mm'r I. C.U. K. Co., Chicago, 111.
KUIIXS i\i ILVIM,};;'

1* 11 1; *^ii r^i iJ> siiijIj s i

TUK UKST NOW IX USK.

rPHLS DRI

_B. l'i\ iiiiums a

LL TOOK THE TWO FIRST

t the bite Stat- lair of Illinois, held at
Peoria; .i'~ i iit the State Kairs of Wisconi-in and lUiio. This
Inill will s,.w llVi-e^ Bile. Oats. j::irie;i. BvcKxi-heat, Jlice,
II: in J), l-'nj-, Tini'illii/. t'li.irr •.unl Millcl Seerl. with. nit any
cliange of lixtiirc:" c.in I..' regiilat-.-il in one minute to sow
any ijiMiil'iy or kind of Seed. Warranted fordurability aad
workniaii-hiii.

flood and resp.insibl ■ ag.r.ts wanted in every county in the
State Circulars sent to any addre.is. Those wanting drills
should order early. Applvto

U", KUIIXS & O',,

m.ir.O FCiuwlt Sidinj;ficld, Illinois

/-

/'n>-

^■'- 1

VOL. III.

SPE.IXGFIELD, N0YE:MBER, 1858.

NO. 11.

'yt^'ifif

'Mmm

THE

%

'A W V

PUBLISHED MONTHLY,

IBailliaclie & Baker,
Journal Buildings, - - Springfield, Illinois.

-«•»-

S. FRANCIS, Editor.

<•>

TERMS OF SCBSCHIl'TION.

One copy, one year, in advance $1 00

Five copies, " '• 3 75

Ten " and one to the person getting uj) club 7 50

Fifteen copies and over , 62}^ cents each, and one to person
getting up club.

CASH KATES OP ADVEKTI81N0 :

One dollar peraiiuaro often lines, each insertion.

For the Illinois Farmer.

A nome Wanted by Every Miin.
The desire of getting; a liorae in the
country, at some future time, is proba-
bly the most common that a business
man covets. In the din of the city or
town, on the broad sea, at the mechanic's
bench, in the buzzing manufactory, the
conccpticns of men as to the disposal of
their later years, tend oftenor in this
direction than in any other. The poetic
sentiment in man, existing often under
very rough exteriors, finds its appropri-
ate food in the naturalness of the coun-
try: the religious sensibilities, if they
have less artificial aid and have more of
the benefit derived from the illustration
of nature ; the quietness of the country
is altogether alluring to one's sober
days ; the expanse that it aff'ords is the
symbol of freedom ; it forms a surer
competence, "\vc are satisfied, in the
long run, than any other ; and incom-
petence fares as well, if not better, there
than elsewhere. But does actual farm-
ing-life reach the high ideal here assum-
ed for it ? Go into the country and
you will say nay — nay — at every turn.
You are altogether disappointed ; the
illusion has vanished ; the man's work

visible is preposterously out of keeping
with the beauty and order of nature.

It may be that you are in contact
with a pioneer, struggling population ;
but be tluit as it may, if a man has time
to hoc and dig and plow, to exist at all,
he has time to make his own abode com-
fortable ; his own doors inviting ; to
manifest some neatness ; to methodize
his labors ; to put his barn in some or-
der— to hare an indoor sitting-room,
where the family can congregate, free
from the odors of cooking, the para-
phernalia of a chamber. If he has it
not, let him build one with the first
boards he can lay his hands upon, paper
it inexpensively, hang pictures about its
walls, put flowers upon its tables, decor-
ate it with the commonest things, ever
the best, and occupy it, not occasionally,
but let the family be frequently found
tliere, as in a refuge where care may be
laid aside, and the social qualities be
nurtured and strenoithened.

Habits thus begun, under straitened
circumstances, will be the inception of
an improvement that will not end simply
in moral and mental results ; but will
aid practical effort, give a meaning to
industrv that it never before had; for
there can be no collusion between culti-
vation of character and the efforts of la-
bor. How man}'' men, from their daily
toil, at nitrht enter their kitchen and no
where else. It may be that they have a
parlor, but with their years and increas-
ing means have not acquired those tastes
that enable them to enjoy it ; sit down
without proper change of shoes, ablution
or raiment, unsocial as sucli manners
ever must be, and then go to sleep like
the beasts that perish, perhaps in the
same room. Let such men, if over-
worked or l\itigued, -wash thoir feet,
their legs, above the knees, their face

and neck and hands, and see wdiat a
transformation it will make; how their
weariness will subside and renovation
succeed ; how their evening may then
be spent to some purpose, some social
advancement ; how it will sooth them
during the hours of night. No doctor's
prescription is equal to the simple ap-
pliances of nature.

Of neglected households, in what are
they better than the Hottentots of south
Africa? What end has life to them?
Their enjoyments of the lowest kind,
their aspirations low ; they die some
day as the fool dieth, without having
even possessed those enjoyments that
their heart has craved, and have lost
this world, the beautiful natural scenery
amid which they were placed, nor gain-
ed from it one solid satisfaction, a sin-
gle practical benefit, or acquired that
subdued character, those simpler wants
that are in harmony with its contempla-
tion. The wife and mother in these
homes jfeads a wretched existence j her
fidelity may commend itself to her con-
science, but it has been a woeful per-
version of the high trust committed to
her ; a sad example to her children, and
no law of our being is better established
than this, that from coarse parents will
proceed coarse children, and physiolo-
gists believe that the bodily structure
obeys the same condition and deteriora-
tes in symmetry with neglect of general
culture. And improvement in rural
life does not involve expense. We have
not in our mind a city drawing-room —
if poverty exist let things be as neat
and orderly as poverty can make them.
The most scrutinizing eye will pass over
these imperfections ; let every thing be
good or fair of its kind. If a Virginia
fence sui-round the premises, the rails
at least should be in thoir place ; the

:.!Sf^

..^ ^^-^^ v^^v^^f-^

162 *^

THE ILLINOIS F^HMER.

;«>3j

" '■:'.^.

gate may have a hinge or some device
for opening or shutting ; the puddle
that the hog wallows in may not be at
the front of the house ; some mathe-
matical precision, or squareness may
exist in the general fixtures and arange-
ments ; things may have a place and be
kept in their places ("order is heaven's
first law,") and all this -without extra
price or exertion, after a beginning
is made and the system is followed up.

It is useless to argue the value of
these practical virtues ; they pay well.
A few trees are desirable near every
man's dwelling ; they adorn the scene ;
bear fruit ; protect the house, the herds ;
invite the birds ; encourage rain ; re-
tain moisture — a condition more need
ed generally on the prairies than
drainage. Were the proper elevation
of farming life attained, it would hold
the superior rank assigned it in the
imaginations of men — for from the earth
we came, and to the earth we must go ;
from the earth the most that we derive
springs, and in its cultivation we shall
realize the simplest habits, the best im-
provement, the highest happiness possi-
ble to the race. And it is in this eleva-
tion, so prominently forced upon the
imagination, and sanctioned by the in-
creasing attention of the times, that the
world may look for its best progress.

When the great of the nation consider
it an honor to' eulogize agriculture, to
frame addresses for it, to step forward
in its defence, to labor for it and in it,
we may well believe that the vision of
its admirers will be realized. It is in-
deed a shame that the world requires
the names of Cincinnatus, and Washing-
ton, and Webster, and their like, to bol-
ster up an interest to which mankind
must return as in primitive ages, before
they can acquire a simple and durable
civilization. Of business life, entirely
necessary in its place, the uncertainties
and hazards are very great ; not one in
a hundred who embarks in it ever suc-
ceeds, says a writer in the Scientific
American^ and those that succeed do it
through an incessant toil that farming
life is not exposed to. The truth is
there are far too many pressing into bu-
siness avocations. Witness the great
army that comes into New York and
other kindred cities from the country,
as clerks to mercantile establishments,

and read the memorial on their tomb-
stones, if they have one, and it would
show an amount of perverted faculties,
short-sightedness, and intensity of suffer-
ing, that few would imagine as possible ;
and yet our country yoath, the superior
ones generally, from the absence of those
more exalting elements of farming life,
desert their homes for the cities. They
do not dream that the elevation and no-
bleness which they crave, exists around
them in far greater intensity, is evolved
from their own circumstances, from the
very ground, whose dust they shake from
their feet, as they wend their way into
those vortices of destruction-
Many will say they have no education
and alledge this as an excuse for their
inferiority. We say then, if your position
on the score of instruction is so unfortu-
nate, spend the indolent hour before you
go to bed, if you have no winter leisure
or other odd time at your command,
over a spelling book or a slate or a
reader, and it will shortly open to you
all the avenues of knowledge. If you
confer with farmer's books, periodicals
and papers, with science and philosophy
brought to bear upon the subject of your
calling, it will brighten up every duty
you engage in. There are books wholly
devoted to farming subjects, covering the
entire ground now known ; and there arc
books of a more general character that
foster an interest in nature and her pro-
ductions. Of other books we think a
few standard works better than many
ephemeral ones. Scott's novels, in the
department of high reading, happily and
truthfully portray the manners of the
times of which they treat, without the
usual drawbacks attached to such works.
Shakspeare is a remarkable book, and
pruned as most of the editions are of the
license of former times, is not to be
gainsayed; it opens the intricacies of the
human heart beyond that of all other
productions ; has a quaintness and orig-
inality, uttered by all sorts of persons,
under all kinds of circumstances, that
challenges constant and unvarying
pleasure, admiration and astonishment.
The great work of Paleywill embrace
the whole train of thought required on
the subject of natural theology, and
"Butler's Analogy" is scarcely inferior.
The Sacred Volume is too necessary
now in every family to invite it upon

tbem ; the Proverbs, the Psalms, the
sayings of the old prophets ; the insight
into man as he emerged from the flood,
may be made too tenapting to be neglec-
ted, aside from the practical wisdom
which it unfolds, and that other wisdom
which none can do without. Of news-
papers, no family should be without one;
the local news, the distant news, brought
with the speed of lightning, are indis-
pensible to a right understanding of
prices, the markets, the labor of our
own hand and its reward, as well as
other matters that concern our well-
being.

Since writing the above the sugges-
tion has met our eye that farmers live
too unsociably — do not mingle together
enough with their families — that there
are too few gatherings among them^tea-
parties, meetings, to bring out their
mutual affections and dependencies, that
are the spice of life. It is supposed
also that the employments of farmers
are not varied enough, that there is too
much of undeviating routine in their
duties; but not so, if they are active,
observing, intelligent men, who find
something new each year in each de-
partment of their labor.

«•»—

TBc True Wife of the Farmer.

"Yes, the farmer's true wife — for what
class of wives is more worthy the appel-
lation of true ? or what class of men
more deserving the warm love and ten-
der affections of a true-hearted companion
than the faithful agriculturalist, who, by
honest toil and steady application, sup-
plies not only the wants of his own
household, but places the staff of life
within the reach of all classes of man-
kind throughout the world? But, in
speaking of true wives, we do not wish
to be understood that the farmer alone
is capable of giving comfort and happi-
ness to the better half — on the contrary,
we heartily congratulate all, in whatever
profession or calling they may be labor-
ing, because of their good fortune in ob-
taining loving and cherishable wives.
From the daily vicissitudes of farm la-
bor, and the anxiety and fatigue of the
field, there is something within the far-
mer's bosom that seems to demand a
cordial response from the heart of the
one who has sworn to love, cherish, and
obey. And, as we contemplate her wil-
lingness, and the pleasure she experien-
ces as she engages in the routine of
household duties, how genial seems the
chord of love that binds two mutual
hearts in one.

Much depends on the energy and per-

THE ILLINOIS F_A.R]MEIl.

163

severance of his wife. lio-w hallowed
the influence she is wont to diffuse
throughout the family circle; and
through her instrumentality how the
husband's heart is cheered as he retires
from the toil and heat of the day to
taste the bounties of his own table,
made thrice welcome from the fact that
they have been prepared by the oi^e in
whose society he so much delights to
dwell. Dui'lno; the lono- winter even-
ings, as he is permitted to sit by his
own fireside and peruse the contents of
useful books and read the news of the
day from his family paper ; or as he
playfully indulges the little ones in
child-like glee, lie looks around him,
and as ho beholds the perfect neatness
and order that prevails throughout the
entire dwelling, he is again filled with
gratitude, and is once more constrained
to revert with pleasurable emotions to
her in whom all his affections centre.
Then it is he is ready with willing hands
to render any assistance or comfort that
she needs, for the true-hearted farmer
knows hoAv to esteem her excellence and
appreciate her worth. Then why so
many discontented and unhappy wives?
It cannot be owing to their aversion to
the toil and patience incumbent on them
as wives? It is no less a j^^^f^sure to
the true wife than a duty to direct all
the affairs of the house, as well as it is
his to preside on the farm and toil on
from day to day, not only for his own
interest, but also for hers. True, the
happiness of the wife depends much on
the encouragement and kind indulgence
of the husband. He, too, must show
due respect to her, and bo kind and
obliging in giving assistance in every
possible way. But when each labors
with an eye single to mutual happiness,
nothing is wanting to render a lasting
fraternity complete.

Among the many attributes character-
istic of the true wife, we will only stop
to mention the following. Above all,
she loves home and cares for her chil-
dren. Unlike many who are inclined to
regard home merely as a drudge, and
the theatre of disquietude and irksome
toil, she loves her own fireside, and de-
lights in educating herself for the pio-
per training of the offspring which God
has given her, and by her mild and tem-
perate example strives to influence them
in paths of rectitude and honor. Thus
her heart is ever enlisted in endeavorino-
to make the associations of home "ways
of pleasantness and paths of peace," and
as husband and children cluster around,
forming one grand fraternity of love,
they have not the least inclination of
leaving their own roof-tree to seek re-
creation in the tavern or stores of the
village when leisure moments or long
winter evenings come. Of such material
is composed the affectionate mother the

successful housekeeper, and the true wife
of the farmer. J. P. T.

Akron, N. Y., 1858.

—*-

Physical Education.

Vre find in an exchange the followintj
common-sense views, which we wish were
more generally heeded by those upon
whom devolves the solemn duty of edu-
cating the rising generation :

At the present time, when intellectual
activity marks our entire population,
and when our children have more active
brains than muscle, proper pliysical edu-
cation should be regarded as of the very
first importance.

Let your boy befog his whole being,
physical, mental and moral, with tobac-
co, and however well directed the care
bestowed upon him by his teachers, the
result of this unfortunate physical habit
will pain your heart some time, though
you may not know the cause. Let your
child go from a highly seasoned dinner
of gross meats, mince pie, and coffee, of
oysters, sardines, and wine, to the school-
room, and while this unnatural food is
in process of digestion, attempt to study
and it is like loading a race-horse with
heavy weights before putting him on the
course. But to require a child of five,
seven or ten years to think vigorously
and closely, is like commanding him to
cut his own throat. Let children think
naturally and freely. Make knowledge
attractive to them, but never cultivate
the mind at the expense of the body.
The prevalent sentimentality that makes
it vulgar to regard the well-being of the
body, is fraught with ruinous consequen-
ces. We want Professors of Physiology,
of Romping and Pun, in our public
schools, as much as we want Professors
of Mathematics, or of the Natural Sci-
ences. Children in their sports, want
the vigorous influence of joyful and un-
trammeled maturity, and they would
have it, were there less false dignity in
the world. A good scholar, who is
7iothing else but a good scholar, may
exist without" health, but a truly noble
man, instinct with expanded moral and
intellectual life, even in his temper and
holy in his emotions, to whom knowledge
is a servant and research a pastime, to
whom one is not a task-master and the
other a task — such an one cannot exist
without sound health.

The Steam Plow.

3Ir. Editor : I was at Centralia and
saw the steam plow. I admired the con-
struction of the machine. I believed it
would work. I made up my mind, that
although this was not the machine that
would break up our prairies, yet it was
the forerunner of one that would be used
for that purpose.

A icreat deal has been said of steam

plows, and what they would do for the
country, if an entirely successful one
should be invented. I have always felt
a doubt about the general use of such a
machine. A steam plow can be made to
work ; but can our farmers — I mean the
middle and lower flasses (not in moral
worth but in the aihount of their acres)
avail themselves of its advantages ? Can
a fiirmer who has 60 acres of arable
lanxl, or even 80, find it for his interest
to own a steam plow ? I wish some one
of your correspondents would enlighten
me on this subject. If a steam plow is
invented, and a successful one, I want to
know who it will benefit ? If it is to
benefit solely large farmers, enabling
them to raise crops cheaper than can be
raised by the small, farmers, thus to maker
"the rich, richer, and the poor, poorer,"^
what great benefit is it to confer on the,
country? ■ ■ .' . :.y'^-\.:-''^''- '.-^ ^^ /■■■ r^-;^/

I may be mistaken in my views, but
I have been in the habit of thinking
that a country settled with small and
industrious farmers, was a more desira-
ble country than another where the
farms extended over thousands of acres,
where there were few indabitants, few
schools, few churches, and poor roads
and bridcjes. I believe that a brave, in-
dustrious, intelligent yeomanry is what
our country wants — not a few lordlings
(for such they are who count their acres
by thousands,) who lord it over large
districts of our beautiful prairies. - . .

I hope much good will come from the
invention of steam plows. I would not
stop the invention ; but I cannot see, as
many profess to, its great advantages
in a country where the welfare of our
government and the people are connect-
ed by making the masses of the people
prosperous and happy. :.^< .'

I would be glad, as I have before
stated, to read what your correspondents
may say on this subject. C. F.

: > Hnngarian Grass. ^T
Mr. Editor : A good deal of Hungar-
ian grass seed was sown in Sangamon
county last spring. I am aware that
the season was unfavorable and many
fields were lost from wet weather and
badly cultivated grounds ; but I suppose
that there was some seed sown under
favorable circumstances — the ground
high and dry, well broke and well cared
for. I want to know how the grass
yielded in such cases ; for on such ground
and with such care only could there be a
fair test. ..-/•■■■'■■'■; ;;.■.';-

At the Centralia Fair, Gen. Wilson,
of Iowa, stated that the seed was better
for stock than oats, and that the straw
was equal, if not better, than 'timothy,
and that the present season the crop
proved to be better than that of oats.

Now is the time to talk over thesg
things. If the Hungarian grass is

S?f

; -. ;:TS?^'y3i^'-; ,

■TiS^^'^^^WWi^^^^^

162

THE ILLINOIS F^HIVIER.

gate may have a hinge or some device
for opening or shutting ; the puddle
that the hog wallows in may not be at
the front of the house ; some mathe-
matical precision, or squareness may
exist in the general fixtures and arange-
ments ; things may have a place and be
kept in their places ("order is heaven's
first law,") and all this without extra
price or exertion, after a beginning
is made and the system is followed up.

It is useless to argue the value of
these practical virtues ; they pay well.
A few trees are desirable near every
man's dwelling ; they adorn the scene ;
bear fruit ; protect the house, the herds ;
invite the birds ; encourage rain ; re-
tain moisture — a condition more need
ed generally on the prairies than
drainage. Were the proper elevation
of farming life attained, it would hold
the superior rank assigned it in the
imaginations of men — for from the earth
we came, and to the earth Ave must go ;
from the earth the most that we derive
springs, and in its cultivation we shall
realize the simplest habits, the best im-
provement, the highest happiness possi-
ble to the race. And it is in this eleva-
tion, so prominently forced upon the
imagination, and sanctioned by the in-
creasing attention of the times, that the
world may look for its best progress.

When the great of the nation consider
it an honor to eulogize agriculture, to
frame addresses for it, to step forward
in its defence, to labor for it and in it,
we may well believe that the vision of
its admirers will be realized. It is in-
deed a shame that the world requires
the names of Cincinnatus, and Washing-
ton, and Webster, and their like, to bol-
ster up an interest to which mankind
must return as in primitive ages, before
they can acquire a simple and durable
civilization. Of business life, entirely
necessary in its place, the uncertainties
and hazards are very great ; not one in
a hundred who embarks in it ever suc-
ceeds, says a Avriter in the Scientific
Americaii^ and those that succeed do it
throucrh an incessant toil that farming
life is not exposed to. The truth is
there are far too many pressing into bu-
siness avocations. Witness the great
army that comes into New York and
other kindred cities from the country,
as clerks to mercantile establishments,

and read the memorial on their tomb-
stones, if they have one, and it would
show an amount of perverted faculties,
short-sightedness, and intensity of suffer-
ing, that few would imagine as possible ;
and yet our country yoath, the superior
ones generally, from the absence of those
more exalting elements of farmino- life,
desert their liomes for the cities. They
do not dream that the elevation and no-
bleness which they crave, exists around
them in far greater intensity, is evolved
from their own circumstances, from the
very ground, Avhose dust they shake from
their feet, as they Avend their Avay into
those vortices of destruction.

Many Avill say they have no education
and alledge this as an excuse for tlicir
inferiority. We say then, if your position
on the score of instruction is so unfortu-
nate, spend the indolent hour before you
go to bed, if you haA'e no Avintor leisure
or other odd time at your command,
over a spelling book or a slate or a
reader, and it Avill shortly open to you
all the avenues of knowledge. If you
confer Avith fanner's books, periodicals
and papers, Avith science and philosophy
brought to bear upon the subject of your
calling, It Avill brighten up every duty
you engage in. There are books wholly
devoted to farming subjects, covering the
entire ground noAv knoAvn ; and there are
books of a more general character that
foster an interest in nature and her pro-
ductions. Of other books Ave think a
fcAv standard works better tlian many
ephemeral ones. Scott's novels, in the
department of high reading, happily and
truthfully portray the manners of the
times of Avhich they treat, Avithout the
usual drawbacks attaclied to such works,
Shakspeare is a remarkable book, and
pruned as most of the editions are of the
license of former times, is not to be
gainsaycd; it opens tlie intricacies of the
human heart beyond that of all other
productions ; has a quaintness and orig-
inality, uttered by all sorts of persons,
under all kinds of circumstances, that
challenges constant and unvarying
pleasure, admiration and astonishment.

The great work of Paley will embrace
the whole train of thought required on
the subject of natural theology, and
"Butler's Analogy" is scarcely inferior.
The Sacred Volume is too necessary
now In every family to invite it upon

them ; the Proverbs, the Psalms, the
sayings of the old prophets ; the insight
into man as he emerged from the flood,
may be made too tempting to be neglec-
ted, aside from the practical wisdom
Avhich it unfolds, and that other Avisdom
Avhicli none can do Avithout. Of news-
papers, no family should be Avithout one;
the local ncAvs, the distant news, brought
with the speed of lightning, are indis-
pcnsible to a right understanding of
prices, the markets, the labor of our
own hand and its rcAvard, as well as
other matters that concern our well-
being.

Since writing the above the sugges-
tion has met our eye that farmers live
too unsociably — do not mingle together
enough Avith their families — that there
are too few gatherings among them, tea-
parties, meetings, to bring out their
mutual affections and dependencies, that
are the spice of life. It is supposed
also that the employments of farmers
are not varied enough, that there is too
much of undeviating routine in their
duties; but not so, if they are active,
observing, intelligent men, who find
something new each year in each de-
partment of their labor.

—f

Tlie True Wife of the farmer.

"Yes, the farmer's true wife — for what
class of wives is more worthy the appel-
lation of true ? or what class of men
more deserving the warm love and ten-
der affections of a true-hearted companion
than the faithful agriculturalist, who, by
honest toil and steady application, sup-
plies not only the wants of his OAvn
household, but places the staff of life
Avithin the reach of all classes of man-
kind throughout the world ? But, in
speaking of true Avives, Ave do not wish
to be understood that the farmer alone
is capable of giving comfort and happi-
ness to the better half — on the contrary,
we heartily congratulate all, in whatever
profession or calling they may be labor-
ing, because of their good fortune in ob-
taining loving and cherishable avIa'cs.
From the daily vicissitudes of farm la-
bor, and the anxiety and fatigue of the
field, there is something within the far-
mer's bosom that seems to demand a
cordial response from the heart of the
one Avho has SAvorn to love, cherish, and
obey. And, as Ave contemplate her wil-
linf^ness, and the pleasure slie experien-
ces as she engages in the routine of
household duties, how genial seems the
chord of love that binds two mutual
hearts in one.

Much depends on the energy and per-

■^ .^ " -XH"'^'''';^®;^*' '^ ■"■-

THE ILLIjSTOIS FA^n^SIER.

163

severance of his wife. How liallowod
the influence she is -wont to diffuse
thvougliout the family circh»; and
through licr instrumeutality how the
husband's heart is cheered as he retires
from the toil and heat of the day to
taste the bounties of his own table,
made thrice welcome from the fact that
they have been prepared by the one in
whose society he so much deliglits to
dwell. During the hnig winter even-
ings, as he is permitted to sit hy his
own fireside and peruse the contents of
useful books and read the news of the
day from his family paper ; or as ho
playfully indulges the little ones in
child-like glee, he looks around him,
and as ho beholds the perfect neatness
and order that prevails throughout the
entire dwelling, he is again filled with
gratitude, and is once more constrained
to revert with pleasurable emotions to
her in whom all his affections centre.
Then it is he is ready Avith willing hands
to render any assistance or comfort that
she needs, for the true-hearted farmer
knows how to esteem her excellence and
appreciate her worth. Then why so
many discontented and unhappy wives?
It cannot be owing to their aversion to
the toil and patience incumbent on them
as wives? It is no less a jjleasure to
the true wife than a dutij to direct all
the affairs of the house, as well as it is
his to preside on the farm and toil on
from day to day, not only for his OAvn
interest, but also for hers. True, tiie
happiness of the wii'e depends much on
the encouragement and kind indulgence
of the husband. He, too, must show
due respect to her, and bo kind and
obliging in giving assistance in every
possible way. But when each labors
with an eye single to mutual happiness,
nothing is wanting to render a lasting
fraternity complete.

Among the many attributes character-
istic of the true wife, we will only stop
to mention the following. Above all,
she loves home and cares for her chil-
dren. Unlike many who are inclined to
regard home merely as a drudge, and
the theatre of disquietude and irksome
toil, she loves her own fireside, and de-
lights in educating herself for the pio-
per training of the offspring which God
has given her, and by her mild and tem-
perate example strives to intiuence them
in paths of rectitude and honor. Thus
her heart is ever enlisted in endcavorino-
to make the associations of home " ways
of pleasantness and paths of peace," and
as husband and children cluster around,
forming one grand fraternity of love,
they have not the least inchnation of
leaving their own roof-tree to seek re-
creation in the tavern or stores of the
village when leisure moments or lonir
winter evenings come. Of such material
is composed the affectionate mother the

successful housekeeper, and the tDie tvife
of the farmer. J. P. T.

Akron, N. Y., 1858.

Physipiil Eiiucallon.
We find in an exchange the following
common-sense views, which we wish were
more generally heeded by those upon
whom devolves the solemn duty of edu-
catinf; the risina; generation :

At the present time, when intellectual
activity marks our entire population,
and when our children have more active
brains than muscle, proper physical edu-
cation should be regarded as of the very
first importance.

Let your boy befog his whole being,
physical, mental and moral, Avith tobac-
co, and however Avell directed the care
bestowed upon him by his teachers, the
result of this unfortunate physical habit
Avill pain your heart some time, though
you may not know the cause. Let your
child go from a highly seasoned dinner
of gross meats, mince pie, and coffee, of
oysters, sardines, an<l Avine, to the school-
room, and AAhile this unnatural food is
in process of digestion, attempt to study
and it is like loadinsi a race-horse Avith
hea\'y Aveights before putting him on the
course. But to require a child of five,
seven or ten years to think vigorously
and closely, is like commanding him to
cut his OAvn throat. Let children think
naturally and freely. Make knowledge
attractive to them, but ncA'er cultivate
the mind at the expense of the body.
The prevalent sentimentality that makes
it vulgar to regard the well-bein<x of the
body, is fraught Avitli ruinous consequen-
ces. We want Professors of Physiology,
of Romping and Fun, in our public
schools, as much as we Arant Professors
of Mathematics, or of the Natural Sci-
ences. Children in their sports, Avant
the A'igorous influence of joyful and un-
trammeled maturity, and they Avould
have it, were there less false dignity in
the Avorld. A good scholar, Avho is
nothing else but a good scholar, may
exist Avithout health, but a truly noble
man, instinct Avith expanded moral and
intellectual life, even in his temper and
holy in his emotions, to Avhom knowledge
id a serA'ant and research a pastime, to
whom one is not a task-master and the
other a task — such an one cannot exist
without sound /!6'a/;;A.

The Steam Plow.

3Ir. Editor : I was at Centralia and
saAv the steam ploAv. I admired the con-
struction of the machine. I belieA'ed it
Avould Avork. I made up my mind, that
although this Avas not the machine that
Avould break up our prairies, yet it Avas
the forerunner of one thatAvould be used
for that purpose. ^

A great deal has been said of steam

plows, and Avhat they would do for the
country, if an entirely successful one
should be invented. I have always felt
a doubt about the general use of such a
machine. A steam ploAV can be made to
Avork ; but can our farmers — I mean the
middle and lower glasses (not in moral
AAorth but in the amount of their acres)
avail themselves of its advantages ? Can
a farmer who has 60 acres of arable
lantl, or even 80, find it for his interest
to OAvn a steam ploAv ? I Avish same one
of your correspondents would enlighten
me on this subject. If a steam ploAV is
invented, and a successful one, I Avant to
knoAV who it Avill benefit ? If it is to
benefit solely large farmers, enabling
them to raise crops cheaper than can be
raised by the small farmers, thus to- make
"the rich, richer, and the poor, poorer,"
Avhat great benefit is it to confer on the
country ?

I may be mistaken in my views, but
I have been in the habit of thinking
that a country settled with small and
industrious farmers, Avas a more desira-
ble country than another Avhere the
farms extended over thousands of acres,
where there were fcAv indabitants, fcAv
schools, fcAV churches, and poor roads
and bridges. I believe that a braA-e, in-
dustrious, intelligent yeomanry is Avhat
our country Avants— not a few lordlings
(for such they are Avho count their acres
by thousands,) who lord it oA-^cr large
districts of our beautiful prairies.

I hope much good will come from the
invention of steam plows. I would not
stop the invention ; but I cannot see, as
niany profess to, its great adA^antages
in a country where the welfare of our
government and the people are connect-
ed by making the masses of the people
prosperous and bappy.

I Avould l^e glad, as I have before
stated, to read what your correspondents

may say on this subject. C. F.

i>»

Haugariaii Grass.

Mr. Editor : A good deal of Hungar-
ian grass seed Avas sown in Sangamon
county last !?pring. I am aware that
the season was unfaA'orable and many
fields were lost from wet weather and
badly cultivated grounds ; but I suppose
that there Avas some seed sown under
faA'orable circumstances — the ground
high and dry, well broke and Avell cared
for. I Avant to knoAV Iioav the grass
yielded in such cases ; for on such ground
and Avith such care only could there be a
fair test.

At the Centralia Fair, Gen. Wilson,
of loAva, stated that the seed AA'as better
for stock than oats, and that the straAV
AA'as equal, if not better, than -timothy,
and that the present season the crop
proved to be better than that of oats.

NoAv is the time to talk 0A*er theSg
things. If the Hungarian grass is

^n:w:

:^-'

:\y^:-r'^:-i,:.'^-v'-^-^^'':

--.•-.::.o.:t;^-^-;

164

THE ILLIISrOIS FA-TOMER.

profitable crop, now is the time to know
it, so that another spring we shall know
what to do about sowing the seed.

Enquirer.

Tlie Cane Crop.

Mr. ^Editor : I have a small patch of
cane. It is ripe. It Avas planted early.
I have pealed some of the stalks, taken
the pith out, and found that it had a
rich and pleasant sweetness, too sweet
and rich to eat. In this pith there is
nothing of that strong, unpleasant taste
which is found in some of the syrups.
This bad taste must come from the out-
side or rind of the stalk. The molasses
is not pleasant unless this is removed.

I went to your Springfield Sugar Mill
on th^ 28th of September. The works
were not perfectly in order, but some
seventy gallons of syrup had been made.
It was entirely divested of that vegeta-
ble taste, which is so disagreeable ; and
was as pleasant as any sugar house mo-
lasses. I was informed that ripe cane
would make such molasses, if the juice
was properly clarified. This is the great
object. Molasses which contains acid
and vegetable taste, must be refined, or
it is of no value but for the distillery.

I have great confidence in the success
of the trial now going on in the south
part of your city The mill is operated
by a steam engine, and when grinding
it throws ofi'a stream of juice nearly an
inch in diameter. The boiling is done
by steam; the apparatus was not theii
perfect ; but would soon be.

The cane was coming in rapidly. The
early planted cane was in fine order.
The mill will soon be going day and
night.

I feel proud that an experiment on so
extensive a scale is being made in San-
gamon county, and believing in its suc-
cess, I feel that an impetus will be given
to the putting up of sugar mills and the
raising of sugar cane, that in another
year will be felt to the great benefit
of our farmers. I hope the doubting
and distrustful will visit the Springfield

sugar mill. S. W.

«•» — ■ ■

iLditor of the Farmer : In common
with most of ray brother farmers, I had
a poor crop of wheat the past season.
In truth, though I prepared my ground
and put in my seed, as well as my
neighbors, I did not prepare the ground
with that care that I should have done.
I plowed in the weeds, harrowed the
land, sowed my seed, and let luck decide
the rest. The bad weather of spring
came, and my wheat yielded only fifteen
bushels to the acre. I believe that, had
my ground been plowed as soon as I had
taken off the previous crop of wheat in
1857, and again in the fall, I should
have had a tolerable crop.

This fall I have reduced the extent of

my wheat ground, and have put in my
wheat well. It is now looking well, and
I have great confidence that I shall make
a fair crop.

I ajj-rce Avith vou that our farmers
should divide their crops. They should
raise some wheat, a great deal of corn,
some oats, barley, buckwheat and pota-
toes. Instead of depending on wheat
as a leading crop, they should rely upon
stock. Forehand farmers raise swine,
cattle and horses and mules with profit.
Less able farmers can soon get into a
stock of hogs, and hogs always sell at
living and sometimes high prices. Even
in the present hard times — for hard they
are — pickled pork, hams, shoulders and
sides, sell at 8 and 12 cents per pound.
What farmer can't make money by
turning his attention to raising hogs,
killing them himself, and putting them
up at these prices ? And the same
prices have ruled for several years.

I am glad that farmers are not sow-
ing wheat now as they did last fall. The
Avheat, I hope is put in better than it
was then. Some I know is put in a
great deal worse. If we have a bad
winter, I think a good deal of wheat
will be lost. I suggest to farmers,
where they have not already done so, to
plow ditches for carrying off the water
from their wheat lands. I. S.

The One Crop System.

Editor of the Farmer : A good many
of us have been in the habit of depend-
ing on one crop, mainly, to make money.
Latterly, with many of us, this crop has
been wheat. For myself I have aban-
doned this system. Two years loss of
the wheat has satisfied me that it is not
a system to depend on. We can grow
wheat, barley, oats, corn, potatoes, tim-
othy— we can give more attention to the
dairy — we can raise hogs with great fa-
cility, and we can raise some other
stock and it never was yet known that
all these different things failed or that
some of them did not fetch fair prices.

We have another year to pass over
before we can hope to realize enough to
pay up our past indebtedness and to be-
gin the world again fairly. That is my
case, and I think it is the case of a
great many others. We must make up
our mind to chantre our mode of farminer
— that IS, a good many of us. Two and
three years ago I had good crops of
wheat and they sold well. The two last
years the crops have failed. All my
labor and the money I spent on these
crops were lost. I dare not proceed
any further in this way. I am even
nervous on account of the little wheat I
have sown this fall.

I want to hear your correspondents
on this subject. It may be that a series
of disappointments has made me faint-
hearted. J. N.

Corn.
3Tr. Editor : The wet weather contin-
ued so long last spring, that many per-
sons, despairing of the maturity of the
common corn of the country, procured
and planted early kinds. Now the far-
mers would be glad to know if any of
these early kinds, late planted, produced
good crops. Some of them, it is well
known, did not. Now if there is a va-
riety of this early corn that matured
well, and yielded a fair crop of corn,
such a variety must be of great value to
our farmers for early feeding. I hope
some of those who have grown the dif-
ferent varieties of corn, the past season,
will inform the public, through the col-
umns of the Farmer, of their success
and the value of the different varieties.
I have heard many farmers speak on
this subject, and I know their anxiety
to hear all that can be said on it.

G n.

—f

Oats.

Editor of the Farmer: I have been a
somewhat attentive reader of the agri-
cultural papers for the last few years,
and have been struck with the coinci-
dence of many farmers in the fact that
ground plowed in the fall for oats, and
the oats soived early in the spring, in all
most every, case jjroduced good crops.

Now this is an important item to our
farmers. Ground can yet be plowed for
the oat crop next spring. It will be
in good order for plowing this fall. The
plowing will then be done. Spring
work generally crowds, and if a few
days' plowing can be saved, it will be an
object with our farmers.

I think next to securing seed corn in
the fall, plowing for oats is an object.
Who will try it ? I will venture to say
a great many will not, and if such lose
their oats, they will make a charge
against Providence on account of the
loss. M.

Labor the Creator of Wealth.
A novice in reflection would naturally
consider the possession of inexhaustible
money, gold and silver, as the greatest
sign of wealth, national or individual.
The false position money has been per-
mitted to assume as a supplier of the
necessities and luxurious tastes of society
has begotten the impression that money
is the chief wealth. But truly consider-
ed how far this conclusion is from fact.
Gold and silver bear but a mean relation
to those wants of man upon which life
depends ; intrinsically they are, as an
application to his temporal necessities,
less valuable than the simplest weeds by
the way side. Can a man eat, or drink,
or wear gold ? But for the fictitious
value allowed to it, what pleasurable im-
pression would it produce on any of the

■1S^?^^'

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P^sff^^;^

"Jv^^sr^i^r

Sj:;?'JWE')

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■ '?i

THE ILLIlsrOIS FARMER.

165

senses more than any other shining sub-
stance ?

The greatest wealth of a nation, or an
individual, does not lie in temporal asso-
ciation or estate to both nations and in-
dividuals, but consists in those elements
by which the necessities of human life
are most surely satisfied. To the wan-
derer famishing in the desert, the great-
est treasure would have been food and
drink ; he cast pearls aside with disgust,
praying they had been dates. The great
temporal wants of men and nations are
food and raiment, and especially food- —
deprive them of these, and all other pos-
sessions would be useless. The capacity
to supply these wants, in spite of exi-
gence, is a wealth and power which gold
and silver never possesses. Real capi-
tal lies in labor, and labor brought in
contact with the earth, in its various
capacities, is the creator, as it should be
the distributor and enjoyer of the most
substantial of all temporal wealth. — Ex.

Pears,
The impression seems to be general
that the cultivation of pears in this
country, is a failure. In many locations
it undoubtedly is so. In others, it is
attended with great success. We are of
opinion that, when sufficient trials are
made, varieties will be found that will
succeed in places where, so far, all vari-
eties yet tried, have been found to fail.
At the recent meeting of the U. S. Po-
mological Society, in New York, Presi-
dent Wilder, in an able address, made
the following statements :

PROFIT OF PEAR CULTURE.

But the immediate question under
consideration is, " Can pears be grown
at a profit ?" We advocate the affirma-
tive, premising that the conditions of
success to which we have already refer-
red must be complied with. This in-
quiry has been satisfactorily answered
by pomologists, some of whom I am
happy to recognize in this assembly, yet
the responsive facts and arguments de-
serve to be embodied and published un-
der the sanction of this National Assem-
bly. To a record of these as collated
from various authorities, so far as they
are confirmed by personal observation
and experience, I now invite your at-
tention.

The Fruit Growers' Society of West-
ern New York, composed of gentlemen
of deserved integrity and celebrity, some
of whom are on this floor, and competent
to defend their report, furnish the fol-
lowing instances from that section of the
State.

Three White Doyenne Pear trees,
owned by Mr. Phinney, of Canandaigua,
one of them small, produces annually

fifty to sixty dollars' worth of fine fruit.

A tree of the same variety, owned by
Judge Howell, of same place, seventy
years of age, has not failed of a good
crop for forty years, averaging for the
last twenty years, twenty bushels annu-
ally, and sold on the tree at sixty dollars
per year. This tree has produced for
the New York market three thousand
seven hundred and fifty dollars worth of
pears.

Three large trees owned by Judge
Taylor, of same kind, yielded in 1854,
eleven barrels, and sold for one hundred
and thirty-seven dollars.

A young orchard, owned by Mr.
Chapin, of four hundred trees, eight
years from planting, which produced in
1863, fifteen barrels, selling in New
York for four hundred and fifty dollars,
and m 1854, fifty barrels, yielding him
one thousand dollars.

Similar results have been realized in
the State of Massachusetts.

William Bacon, of Koxbury, has
about one acre devoted to the pear.
The oldest trees were planted eighteen
yeais since, but more than half within
a few years. From two trees, the Dix
and Beurre Diel, he has realized more
than one hundred dollars a year, and
for the whole crop, over one thousand
dollars a year.

John Gordon, of Brighton, has three
and one-fourth acres in his pear orchard.
This was commenced in 1841, there be-
ing only eight trees on the ground.
There are now twelve hundred trees,
planted in various years, more than one
half of which since 1854. The amount
received for his crop from that date to
the present, has been from five to six
hundred dollars a year, but he remarks,
" If I had confined myself to a judicious
Selection of varieties, it would now
bring me two thousand dollars per
year."

Wm. R. Austin, of Dorchester, Trea-
surer of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society, has an orchard of between five
and six hundred pear trees, mostly on
the quince root. These trees are about
twelve years of age. One hundred are
Louise Bonne de Jersey's. They com-
menced bearing about three years after
planting, and have borne regular crops
ever since. They are very healthy, and
only eight of the whole number have
died since the orchard was commenced.
No accounts of the crops were kept until
the year 1851, but Mr. Austin's sales
for the next six years, amounted to
three thousand four hundred and eight
dollars.

The Messrs. Hovey, of Cambridge,
have a very large collection of bearing
pear trees. From two rows, two hun-
dred and ten trees, grafted on the quince
the crop has amounted, some years, to
twenty-five barrels.

John Henshaw, of Cambridge, plant-
ed about an acre of land principally
with pears on the quince. On the fifth
year thereafter, he gathered one hun-
dred and twenty bushels of pears, seven-
ty bushels of which, he sold at five to six
dollars per bushel. ^ -

A Bufi'um pear tree at Worcester, be-
longing to Mr. Earle, yields annually
from thirty to forty dollars worth of
pears. Mr. Pond, of the same city,
planted in 1850 three hundred and fifty
Bartlett pear trees, one ^ear old from
the bud. In 1857 he sold from these
trees fifty bushels of pears, at five dol-
lars per bushel, or two hundred and fifty
dollars for the crop. ■ ■ »

Similar instances of success, in these
and in other States might be multiplied,
if time would permit, to prove the age,
health, and profit of the pear tree. So
deep has the conviction of this truth be-
come, and so uniform the success, that
instead of planting trees as in former
times, by the single tree or the dozen .
cultivators now plant orchards of hun
dreds and thousands, in firm and reason-
able expectation of large income. .'--^

Such facts are conclusive, and ought
to rectify the false theories which have
been advanced on this subject. But it
may be objected, that these are instances
of success developed by accidental adap-
tation of kinds, of soil or climate ; that
such results are neither uniform or com-
mon ; in a word, that there are counter
facts sufficient to justify an opposite
conclusion, and therefore to sustain the
opinion that pears cannot be made a re
liable and profitable crop.

Planting out Orchardi.

Editor Farmer : The season has now
come for planting out orchards. Can
you give me advice in regard to the pro-
per soil? On my farm I have black
loam, some a little inclined to sand, and
some barrens in which there is a largo
intermixture of clay. The black soil is
on level prairie ; the sandy on ridges ;
and the barrens on high land. I know
that a great many orchards fail and I
want to make a sure shot in setting out
a new orchard. Will you give me your
opinion on this matter? JfiL

Will some one of our practical or-
chardists answer these enquiries ?

Editor Farmer : Do you know any-
thing about fall oats, where they can be
had, and whether they are superior to
spring oats for cultivation and profit ?

We have heard of such oats, but
neither know where they can be had or
whether they would be profitable for
cultivation. ' . : ^:'

-<T"ir|j; .-f ■;

-*vr.:-,;.'^-*--T'r

." v-j «<*■ V^ HjS r^»>* ^^^^ "-.; 'P '

164

THE ILLINOIS FA-HIVEER.

profitable crop, now is tlie time to know
it, so that another spring we shall know
what to do about sowing the seed.

Enquirer.

The Cane (,'rop.

Mr. Editor : I have a small patch of
cane. It is ripe. It was planted early.
I have pealed some of the stalks, taken
the pith out, and found that it had a
rich and pleasant SAveetness, too sweet
and rich to eat. In this pith there is
nothing of that strong, unpleasant taste
which is found in some of the syrups.
This bad taste must come from the out-
side or rind of the stalk. The molasses
is not pleasant unless this is removed.

I went to your Sprin;ifield Sugar Mill
on thd 28th of September. The works
were not perfectly in order, but some
seventy gallons of syrup had been made.
It was entirely divested of that vegeta-
ble taste, which is so disngreoablc ; and
was as pleasant as any sugar house mo-
lasses. I was informed that ripe cane
would make such molasses, if the juice
was properly clarified. This is the great
object. Molasses which contains acid
and vegetable taste, must be refined, or
it is of no value but for the distillery.

I have great confidence in the success
of the trial now going on in the south
])art of your city The mill is operated
by a steam engine, and when grinding
it throws off" a stream of juice nearly an
inch in diameter. The boiling is done
by steam; the apparatus was not then
perfect ; but would soon be.

The cane was coming in rapidly. The
early planted cane Avas in fine order.
The mill will soon be going day and
night.

I feel proud that an experiment on so
extensive a scale is being made in San-
gamon county, and believing in its suc-
cess, I feel that an impetus will be given
to the putting up of sugar mills and the
raising of sugar cane, that in another
year will be felt to the great benefit
of our farmers. I hope the doubting
and distrustful will visit the Springfield
sugar mill. S. W.

-«•»-

Editor of the Farmer : In common
with most of my brother farmers, I had
a poor crop of wheat the past season.
In truth, though I prepared my ground
and put in my seed, as well as my
neighbors, I did not prepare the ground
with that care that I should have done.
I plowed in the weeds, harrowed the
land, sowed my seed, and let luck decide
the rest. The bad weather of spring
came, and my wheat yielded only fifteen
bushels to the acre. I believe that, had
my ground been ploAved as soon as I had
taken off the previous crop of Avlieat in
1857, and again in the fall, I should
have had a tolerable crop.

This fall I have reduced the extent of

my Avheat ground, and have put in my
wheat Avell. It is now looking Avell, and
I have great confidence that I shall make
a fair crop.

I agree with you that our farmers
should divide their crops. They should
raise some Avheat, a great deal of corn,
some oats, barley, buckwheat and pota-
toes. Instead of depending on Avheat
as a leading crop, they should rely upon
stock. Forehand farmers raise swine,
cattle and horses and mules with profit.
Less able farmers can soon get into a
stock of hogs, and hogs always S(;ll at
living and sometimes high prices. Even
in the present hard times — for hard they
are — pickled p(n-k, hams, shoulders and
sides, sell at 8 and \'l cents per pound.
AVliat farmer can't make money by
turning his attention to raisinn; hoiis,
killing them himself, and putting them
up at these prices ? And the same
prices have ruled for several years.

I am glad that farmers are not sow-
ing wheat now as they did last fall. The
Avheat, I hope is put in better than it
Avas then. Some I knoAV is put in a
great deal worse. If Ave have a bad
Avinter, I think a good deal of Avhcat
Avill be lost. I suggest to farmers,
Avliere they have not already done so, to
ploAv ditches for carrying off the Avater
from their Avheat lands. I. S.

-•—

The One Crop System.

Editor of the Fanner : A good many
of us have been in the habit of depend-
ing on one crop, mainly, to make money.
Latterly, Avith many of us, this crop has
been Avlieat. For myself I have aban-
doned this system, Tavo years loss of
the Avheat has satisfied me that it is not
a system to depend on. We can groAY
Avheat, barley, oats, corn, potatoes, tim-
othy— Ave can give more attention to the
dairy — we can raise hogs Avith great fa-
cility, and Ave can raise some other
stock and it never was yet knoAvn that
all these different things failed or tliat
some of them did not fetch fair prices.

We have another year to pass over
before avc can hope to realize enough to
pay up our past ijulobtedncss and to be-
gin the Avorld again fairly. That is my
case, and I think it is the case of a
great many others. "We must make up
our mind to change our mode of farmin''
— that is, a good many of us. Two and
three years ago I had good crops of
Avheat and they sold avcII. The tAvo last
years the crops have failed. All my
labor and the money I spent on these
crops were lost. I dare not proceed
any further in this way. I am even
nervous on account of the little Avheat I
have soAvn this fall.

I Avant to hear your correspondents
on tliis subject. It may be that a series
of disappointments has made me faint-
hearted. J. N.

Corn.
3Ir. Editor : The Avet weather contin-
ued so long last spring, that many per-
sons, despairing of the maturity of the
common corn of the country, procured
and planted early kinds. Noav the far-
mers would be glad to knoAV if any of
these early kinds, late planted, produced
good crops. Some of them, it is well
knoAvn, did not. Noav if there is a va-
riety of this early corn that matured
well, and yielded a fair crop of corn,
such a variety must be of great value to
our farmers for early feeding. I hope
some of those aa'Iio have groAvn the dif-
ferent varieties of corn, the past season,
Avill inform the public, through the col-
umns of the Farmer, of their success
and the value of the different A'arieties.
I have heard many farmers speak on
this subject, and I knoAv their anxiety
to hear all that can be said on it.

G-

-n.

OiltS.

Editor of the Farmer: I have been a
somcAvhat attentive reader of the agri-
cultural papers for the last fcAV years,
and have been struck with the coinci-
dence of many farmers in the fact that
r/round plowed in the fall for oats, and
the oats soioed earhj in the spring, in all
most every, ease produeed good crops.

NoAv this is an important item to our
farmers. Ground can yet be plowed for
the oat crop next spring. It will bo
in good order for ploAving ihi^ fall. The
ploAving will then be done. Spring
Avork generally crowds, and if a fcAV
days' pioAving can be saved, it will be an
object Avith our farmers.

I think next to securing teed corn in
the fall, ploAving for oats is an object.
Who Avill try it ? I Avill venture to say
a great many Avill not, and if such lose
their oats, they will make a charge
against Providence on account oi the
loss. M.

Labor the Creator of Weaitii.
A novice in rcficction Avould naturally
consider the possession of inexhaustible
money, gold and silver, as the greatest
si ITU of Avealth, national or individual.
The false position money has been per-
mitted to assume as a supplier of the
necessities and luxurious tastes of society
has begotten the impression that money
is the chief Avealth. But truly consider-
ed how far this conclusion is from fact.
Gold and silver bear but a mean relation
to those Avants of man upon Avhich life
depends ; intrinsically they are, as an
application to his temporal necessities,
less valuable than the simplest weeds by
the Avay side. Can a man eat, or drink,
or Avear gold ? But for the fictitious
value allowed to it, what pleasurable im-
pression Avould it produce on any of the

*i-y

THE ILLINOIS FA.IIMEII.

165

senses more than any other shining sub-
stance ?

The greatest wealth of a nation, or an
individual, docs not lie in temporal asso-
ciation or estate to both nations and in-
dividuals, but consists in those elements
by Avhich the necessities of human life
are most surely satisfied. To the wan-
derer famisliing in the desert, the great-
est treasure would have been food and
drink ; he cast pearls aside Avith disgust,
praying they had been dates. The great
temporal wants of men and nations are
food and raim.ent, and especially food —
deprive them of these, and all other pos-
sessions would be useless. The capacity
to supply these wants, in spite of exi-
gence, is a wealth and power which gold
and silver never possesses. Real capi-
tal lies in labor, and labor brought in
contact with the earth, in its various
capacities, is the creator, as it should be
the distributor and enjoyer of the most
substantial of ail temporal wealth.—jE'^.

Pears,
The impression seems to be general
that the cultivation of pears in this
country, is a failure. In many locations
it undoubtedly is so. In others, it is
attended Avith great success. AVe arc of
opinion that, when sufficient trials are
made, varieties will be found that will
succeed in places where, so far, all vari-
eties yet tried, have been found to fail.
At the recent meeting of the U. S. Po-
mological Society, in Kew York, Presi-
dent Wilder, in an able address, made
the following statements :

PROFIT OF PEAR CULTURE.

But the immediate question under
consideration is, " Can pears be grown
at a profit?" "We advocate the affirma-
tive, premising that the conditions of
success to which we have already refer-
red must be complied with. This in-
qun'y has been satisfactorily answered
by pomologists, some of whom I am
happy to recognize in this assembly, yet
the responsive facts and arguments de-
serve to be embodied and published un-
der the sanction of this National Assem-
bly. To a record of these as collated
from various authorities, so far as they
are confirmed by personal observation
and experience, I now invite your at-
tention.

The Fruit Growers' Society of West-
ern New York, composed of gentlemen
of deserved integrity and celebrity, some
of whom are on this floor, and competent
to defend their report, furnish the fol-
lowing instances from that section of the
State.

Three White Doyenne Pear trees,
owned by Mr. Phinney, of Canandaigua,
one of them small, produces annually

fifty to sixty dollars' worth of fine fruit.

A tree of the same variety, owned by
Judge Ilowell, of same place, seventy
years of age, has not failed of a good
crop for forty years, averaging for the
last twenty years, twenty bushels annu-
ally, and sold on tlie tree at sixty dollars
per year. This tree has produced for
the New York market three thousand
seven hundred and fifty dollars worth of
pears.

Three large trees owned by Judge
Taylor, of same kind, yielded in 1854,
eleven barrels, and sold for one hundred
and thirty-seven dollars.

A young orchard, owned by Mr.
Chapin, of four hundred trees, eight
years from planting, which produced in
18('3, fifteen barrels, selling in New
York for four hundred and fifty dollars,
and m 1854, fifty barrels, yielding him
one thousand dollars.

Similar results haA'c been realized in
the State of Massachusetts.

William Bacon, of Roxbury, has
about one acre devoted to thff°poar.
The oldest trees were planted eighteen
years since, but more than half within
a few years. From two trees, the Dix
and Beurre Diel, he has realized more
than one hundred dollars a year, and
for the whole crop, over one thousand,
dollars a year.

John Gordon, of Brighton, has three
and one-fourth acres in his pear orchard.
This was commenced in 1841, there be-
ing only eight trees on the ground.
There are now twelve hundred trees,
planted in various years, more than one
half of which since 1854. The amount
received for his crop from that date to
the present, has been from five to six
hundred dollars a year, but he remarks,
" If I had confined myself to a judicious
selection of varieties, it would now
bring me two thousand dollars per
year."

Wm. R. Austin, of Dorchester, Trea-
surer of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society, has an orchard of between five
and six hundred pear trees, mostly on
the quince root. These trees are about
twelve years of age. One hundred are
Louise Bonne de Jersey's. They com-
menced bearing about three years after
planting, and have borne regular crops
ever since. They are very healthy, and
only eight of the whole number have
died since the orchard was commenced.
No accounts of the crops were kept until
the year 1851, but Mr. Austin's sales
for the next six years, amounted to
three thousand four hundred and eight
dollai's.

The ]\Iessrs. Ilovey, of Cambridge,
have a very large collection of bearing
pear trees. From two rows, two hun-
dred and ten trees, grafted on the quince
the crop has amounted, some years, to
twenty-five barrels.

John Henshaw, of Cambridge, plant-
ed about an acre of land principally
with pears on the quince. On the fifth
year thereafter, he gathered one hun-
dred and twenty bushels of pears, seven-
ty bushels of which, he sold at five to six
dollars per bushel.

A Bufi"um pear tree at Worcester, be-
longing to Mr. Earle, yields annually
from thirty to forty dollars worth of
pears. Mr. Pond, of the same city,
planted in 1850 three hundred and fifty
Bartlett pear trees, one year old from
the bud. In 1857 he sold from these
trees fifty bushels of pears, at five dol-
lars per bushel, or two hundred and fifty
dollars for the crop.

Similar instances of success, in these
and in other States might be multiplied,
if time would permit, to prove the age,
health, and profit of the pear tree. So
deep has the conviction of this truth be-
come, and so uniform the success, that
instead of planting trees as in former
times, by the single tree or the dozen .
cultivators now plant orchards of hun
dreds and thousands, in firm and reason-
able expectation of large income.

Such facts are conclusive, and ought
to rectify the false theories which have
been advanced on this subject. But it
may be objected, that these are instances
of success developed by accidental adap-
tation of kinds, of soil or climate ; that
such results are neither uniform or com-
mon ; in a word, that there are counter
facts sufficient to justify an opposite
conclusion, and therefore to sustain the
opinion that pears cannot be made a re
liable and profitable crop.

Planting ont Orchard*.

Editor Farmer : The season has now
come for planting out orchards. Can
you give me advice in regard to the pro-
per soil? On my farm I have black
loam, some a little inclined to sand, and
some barrens in which there is a large
intermixture of clay. The black soil is
on level prairie ; the sandy on ridges ;
and the barrens on high land. I know
that a great many orchards fail and I
want to make a sure shot in setting out
a new orchard. Will you give me your
opinion on this matter ? M.

Will some one of our practical or-
chardists answer these enquiries ?

Editor Farmer : Do you know any-
thing about fall oats, where they can be
had, and whether they are superior to
spring oats for cultivation and profit?

We have heard of such oats, but
neither know where they can be had or
whether they would be profitable for
1 cultivation.

i**s-.

160

THE ILLIIS^OIS F^HIMEII.

Catawba Wine.

Editor Farmer: After the close of
our late State Fair at Centralia, I in-
tended to write a fcAV lines to you ;
sickness, however, interfered and delay-
ed it until now ;• yet I hope that what I
shall have to say, will not be considered
too late, nor too personal or local, to
to give it a place in your valuable
paper.

At that fair I was the only exhibitor
of Catawba wine; my wine was passed
by as unworthy of notice by the com-
mittee appointed to pass judgment on
articles belonj^ing to that class; and
now, wdth the intention to vindicate the
quality of my wine, I will state a few
facts, which tend to show that the com-
mittee did not understand much of a
good, pure, still Catawba wine. I shall
not rely on my jiidgment, nor on that
of other competent persons, "connois-
seurs" who are ready and willing to
give certificates and make affidavits, if
desired. I shall be satisfied to state
facts, which are generally known here,
and shall at the same time give a short
history of my experience in grape cul-
ture.

For the last seven or eight years I
have been engaged in the cultivation of
the grape, and have devoted to it much
care and money. My vineyard is in the
eastern part of St. Clair county in the
Lookingglass prairie, on the southern
declivity of a gentle hill which rises
some 80 or 100 feet above the level of
the prairie, and Avhose summit is covered
with a dense growth of forest trees, and
which affords to my grapevines protec-
tion against the severe northern winds,
which come here sweeping over 40 or 50
miles of level prairie, with nothing to
break their fury. My ground has all
been trenched with the spade two feet
deep, and the vines are planted five feet
by six and are trained to stakes. I have
not been successful as to the quantity of
the wine which I raised, but its quality
appeared to compensate me for the de-
fect in quantity. In the fall of 1855,
from one acre of bearing vineyard I ob-
tained 200 gallons of wine ; I kept some
of it for my own use, and sold the bal-
lance to a wine merchant here at ^3,00
per gallon. In 1856 I made not more
than 60 gallons of wine, which I sold to
the same wine merchant at the same
price of $3,00 per gallon. Last fall
(1857) I had four acres of vineyard in
good bearing condition, which yielded
between 600 and 700 gallons of wine,
which I have sold also to the wine mer-
chant here at ^2,50 per gallon. Here
it may be proper to state, for those who
do not know it, that the Catawba grape
has been cultivated for a number of
years to a considerable extent in this
county of St. Clair, and in the adjoining

county of Monroe, and that in 1857 in
the former county not less than 20,000
or 30,000 gallons of wine have been pro-
duced, and that in the latter county of
Monroe the yield must have been much
larger, reaching up to near 100,000 gal-
lons. Native wine was therefore plenty
last year, and, in compai'ison to former
years, cheap ; a good article of pure
Catawba wine could be bought by the
barrel or cask at $1,00 to §1,50 per
gallon ; and the wine merchants, who
generally know pretty well what they
do, would not have paid me $2,50 per
gallon for my wine if they had not con-
sidered it a superior article. My wine
has one rival only in quality and price :
it is the wine raised by Mr. Valentine
Huff", in his vineyard near Belleville. Mr.
Huff is a practical vinedresser and his
vineyard deserves to be pointed out as a
model to all who intend to ena;a";e in the
cultivation of the grape. Our wines
have been rivals at our county fairs for
the last three years, carrying away the
first premiums alternately, and not a
week passes, without their respective
merits being made the subject of private
investigation, and of animated discus-
sion between ourselves and our wines'
respective friends ; yet we have not ar-
rived at a final conclusion as to which of
the two wines is the best, but do not des-
pair nor give out, and intend to renew
our meetings for that purpose with una-
bated zeal at regular intervals. Mr.
Huff', however, has the advantage over
me, that his vineyard combines quantity
with quality: he pressed last year (1857)
from the grapes of about five acres of
vineyard upwards of 8,000 gallons of the
aforesaid wine !

I make these statements as a justifi-
cation or excuse for sending a sample of
my wine to our late State fair for exhi-
bition, and taking it (6 bottles) out of the
best cask which graced my cellar. The
agricultural and other papers published
in the State, and the published Report
of the Illinois State Agricultural Society
have of late said so much on the culti-
vation of the grapevine, as promising in
a few years to become a new and im-
portant branch of agriculture and indus-
try, that I supposed it would receive at
the fair a due and corresponding atten-
tion, and that the committee on wines
and fermented liquors had been selected
with a view, to encourage and do justice
to it. I was sadly disappointed. The
awarding committee evidently was not
composed of qualified judges of pure
new wines, and before they tasted the
Catawba wine they had spent their time
and spoiled their judgment by devoting
three hours to tasting sweetened com-
pounds exhibited under divers names as
wines. It is true, two gentlemen whom
I personally knew to be well qualified to
act on such a committee, and originally

appointed members of it, failed to attend
at the fair ; yet their vacant places
ought to have been filled by others
equally well qualified, and this it appears
was not done. It is to be regretted
that the winegrowers had not taken
more interest in the fair and sent in
more samples for exhibition ; a compari-
son of different wines would have been a
great help to the committee to find out
the difference in quality; as it was, it
was the more difficult and at the same
time the more necessary to do jus-
tice to the wine on exhibition and there-
by to encourage the cultivation of the
grape. If that had been done, we
might expect at our next fair fifty or
even a hundred different samples of
wine on exhibition ; now I doubt whether
there will be any. I for one shall not
again throw aAvay my pearling wine to
such an awarding committee. If at our
next fair the evil will be remedied, the
object of this, my communication, is at-
tained ; if it passes unnoticed, as such
communications generally do, nothing
will be lost except the space in the Illi-
nois Farmer, which might have been
filled with something more useful. ^

Th. Engelmann.
St. Clair County, Oct., 1858.
«»

The Great Object of Education.

Self-instruction is the one great object
of rational education. In mind as well
as body we are children at first, only
that we may afterwards become men ;
dependent upon others, in order that we
may learn from them such lessons as
may tend eventually to our edification
on an independent basis of our own.
The knowledge of facts, or what is gen-
erally called learning, however much we
may possess of it, is useful so far only
as we erect its materials into a mental
framework ; but useless so long as we
suffer it to lie in a heap, inert and with-
out form. The instruction of others,
compared with self-instruction, is like
law compared with faith ; a discipline of
preparation, beggarly elements, a school-
master to lead us on to a state of greater
worthiness, and there give up the charge
of us. — Bulwer.

Sheep Raising.
Editor niiiiois Farmer: There is,
probably, no better way to bring any
subject of agriculture before the public
than to give them a few facts and figures
of the cost and keeping and also of the
profit of the same. And in reply to an
editorial in the September number of
the Farmer, in which my name was
mentioned in regard to wool growing, I
will give you an estimate on one thou-
sand ewes, Avorth three dollars per
head. I am aware that several have en-
gaged in the business and made a fall-
lure of it, and, of course, have come to

■*^i»V-)«5K:3E^K|^f^.^'!>?«:?y-";; .x-"?t?'T .^/'.vl^'^'-|.' *-■ . /^.f .y^''^'j^jBMMjpr-^?^s^'^!gig!gy5»^

THE ILLI:^^OIS farmer.

167

the conclusion that it won't pay. But
depend upon it there was a screw loose
somewhere. Thej have either had an
inferior flock or they were badly man-
aged. There is a great difference in
sheep, probably more than in any other
stock. While some flocks will shear but
2 to 3 lbs of inferior wool, I know of
others that will cut from 4 to 5 lbs of
fine wool. So any one can readily see
that it is an important matter to start
right if they expect to succeed ; and I
will remark hci'e that if any person in-
tends to commence the business they
must give their flock the care and atten-
tion that they require, or they had bet-
ter let it alone.

The estimate I shall mak-e is upon
such sheep as are kept in our large fine
wooled flocks of Sangamon county.

EXPENSE^!.

To 4000 bushels of com ac 20 cts. . $800,00
To Shephe'd and hoard for one year . 354,00
To washing and sheariag at Sets p. head 80 00
To six barrels of salt at 3 per lb. . 18,00
To int'st on capital invested at 10 p. ct. 300,00

$1,552,00
RECEIPTS FROM SHEEP.
4000 Iba of wo>l at 40 cts. . . |l6fl0.00
800 laoibs at $2 50 per head . 2000,00

Deduct expenses

?3600.00
1552,00

Leaving a balance of $2048,00

The above estimate may be considered
outside of the mark by some, but to such
I will say give it a fair trial and I will
guarantee that you will raise less wheat
and grow more wool.

A. B. McCONNELL.

Springfield, Oct. 25, 1858.

' ••»

Beginning the World.

Many an unwise parent labors hard
and lives sparingly all his life, for the
purpose of leaving enough to give his
children a start in the world, as it is
called. Setting a young man afloat
with money left him by his relatives, is
like tying bladders under the arms of
one Avho cannot swim : ten chances to
one he will lose his bladders and go to
the bottom. Teach him to swim, and
he will never need the bladders. Give
your child a sound education, and you
have done enough for him. See to it
that his morals are pure, his mind culti-
vated, and his whole nature subservient
to the laws which govern men, and you
have given what will be of more value
than the Indies. To be thrown upon
his own resources, is to be cast into the
very lap of fortune, for our faculties
then undergo a development, and dis-
play an energy, of which they were pre-
viously unsusceptible.

— ••• — '

Texan Wild Grasses.— A corres-
pondent writes that " two species are
most esteemed above all others, and

greatly sought after by stock. Mesquit
grass is found after leaving the low
country in great abundance. It is short,
very fine and nearly matted, sweet and
tender. Cattle, horses and hogs eat it
greedily. Grama grass is longer,
coarser, and more plenty in dry locali-
ties. Its value for stock of all kinds is
very great, and some graziers prefer it
to the mesquit." ^:\;

— ^ '-—»- — '■ — — - — '

l!@°'The grain crop of Europe for
1858 is fully reported in the English
papevs, from which the following state-
ment has been condensed by the Boston
Journal : . '

" In the following countries bordering
upon the Mediterranean the crop is var-
iously reported, but upon the whole may
be regarded as equal to, if not exceed-
ing, an average. Egypt will furnish a
full average. Spain and Portugal will
not require any supplies from other
countries. In Belgium and Holland
there is an average crop, while in the
Baltic regions, including Northern Ger-
many and Western Russia, the yield is
below an average, although high prices
may induce exports to some extent. In
France there is a fair crop of wheat and
rye, oats being inferior. The cereal
crop of England exceeds the average,
and a portion of the extraordmary wheat
yield of last year still remains in the
hands of farmers, to be added to this
y-ear's harvest. Other breadstuffs are
somewhat under the average. In Ire-
land all kinds of produce are abundant,
compared with recent years. The wheat
crop of Scotland is excellent, other crops
being medium, and possibly below. On
the whole, the United Kingdom will this
year require smaller imports of grain
than in ordinary seasons. The supply-
ing power of Central Russia is not yet
determined."

'■«•>-

Pine Tree Culture. — Major Phin-
ney, of Barnstable, Mass., has been
very successful in the cultivation of pine
trees from the seed. Eleven years ago
he planted ten acres of wornout and
otherwise useless land, the soil of which
was productive of little else than lichens,
with seed from the pine cone, and the
result is that now he has a vigorous
young forest of pines, the average height
of which is twenty feet, with trunks
from three to six inches in diameter.

California Fruits. — Some of the
fruits exhibited at the California State
fair were extraordinary. Among them
Avere a pear weighing four lbs., a bunch
of grapes weighing fourteen lbs., an
apple weighing two lbs. three ounces, a
peach measuring twelve and one-half,
and a strawberry six and one-half inches
in circumference.

Sugar from the Chinese Sugar
Cane. — Josiah Sawyer, of Tremont,
who took the first premium of the State
Agricultural Society, on Chinese Sugar
Cane Syrup, entered for exhibition at
the late fair in Tazewell specimens of
both sugar and syrup. The committee
appointed to examine the articles, say :

Two specimens of sugar manufactured
from the Chinese sugar can, by Josiah
Sawyer. Although there was not
eno gh presented to ensure a premium,
still, we found one specimen, marked by
the manufacturer, No. 2. well worthy of
the first premium. That marked No. 1,
is a fair specimen of good sugar. A
specimen of maple sugar was examined,
which was deemed a good, but not a
prime article. . /'■;-'.

Mr. Sawyer gave the following speci-
fications of the manner in which the
syrup and sugar were made :

The samples of Chinese sugar cane
syrup and sugar herewith presented
were made as follows :

Sample No. 1, of syrup. Immediate-
ly after the juice' was expressed, it was
clarified with milk and eggs and boiled
down to syrup without further prepara-
tion.

Sample No. 2. Pursued the same
course, with the addition of two table
spoonsful of lime water to every two and
a half gallons of juice.

Sample of sugar No. 1. Pursued the
same course as with No. 2 syrup, with
the addition of two ounces of ivory black
to the gallon of syrup, and it commen-
ced to granulate soon after it became
cool. - ■ - '" ■ : ;.-\-; -•■•::.■ ■■■.■•-„■.„ .

Sample No. 2. Treated as No, 1,
with the addition of a small solution of
nut galls. It began to granulate in
about three days, and about half sugar
and the other syrup. J. Sawyer.

mt

Things Lost Forever. — The follow-
ing words from the pen of Lydia H.
Sigourney, are full of instructive mean-
ing:

" Lost wealth may be restored by in-
dustry ; the wreck of health regained by
temperance; forgotten knowledge re-
stored by study ; alienated friendship
smoothed into forgetfulness ; even for-
feited reputation won by patience and
virtue ; but who ever looked irpon his
vanished hours, recalled his slighted
years, stamped them with wisdom), or ef-
faced from Heaven's record the fearful
blot of wasted time? The footprint on
the sand is washed out by the ocean
waVe ; and easier might we, when years
are fled, find that footprint than recall
lost hours."

j|@=='Specimen8 of molasses and sugar
from the juice of the Chinese sugar cane,
were exhibited at the Rockford fair.

-•^w^'

•■^r:7''i

168

THE iLr.i]srois fa.i^m:er.

Wxt ^Wimb ^mwtx.

SPRINGFIELD, NOVEMBER 1. 1868.

Slate Agricultural Society.

Circular to the Officers, and especially to
the Secretaries of the County Agri-
cultural Societies of Illinois.

Office Cor. Sec. III. State Ag. Siciett,
Sprinjjfield.Oct. 23. 1858.

Sir : — The matter required for the
3d volume of Transactions of the Illi-
nois State Agricultural Society, is now
being collected ; and, as an important
part of these Transactions should be the
reports of the proceedings of the County
Agricultural Societies for the years
1857 and 1858, the undersigned most
urgently asks the officers of those Soci-
eties such reports for the two years
named.

The reports should embrace the names
of the officers for the two years, a brief
history of the fairs, the pecuniary con-
dition of the societies, their progress,
and such county statistics as it is con-
venient to furnish.

It will be a subject of deep regret if
the officers of the County Societies fail
to make the returns. It is desired to
make honorable mention in the Trans-
actions of every Agricultural Society in
the State. How can this be done un-
less the proper reports are returned to
this office ? Respectfully,

S. FRANCIS,

Cor. Sec. III. State Ag. Society.
P. S. Returns have been received
from twenty-seven Agricultural Socie-
ties for 1857, and from three for 1858.

-«»

Jg^S^The potatoe crop the present
season is a poor one. Our farmers have
too few to have them rot in the ground
or in the heap. . They ought to be
gathered at once. If you have not a
cellar to put them into, put them in
heaps and cover them so well that the
frost can't reach them. There is no
particular pleasure in opening your holes
in the spring and finding your potatoes
all spoiled — or in recollecting that you
allowed them to rot in the ground be-
cause you did not commence digging in
time.

few pumpkins or squashes put
away where the air is dry, cool and free
from frost, will keep a great while, and
furnish grateful food until near March.

TLc Sangamon County Fair.

This fair was held on the 5th, 6th,
7th and 8th of October. The first day
was unpleasant and there was but a slim
attendance. A threatened storm on the
morning of the second day kept many of
our country friends away. The third
and fourth days there were large num-
bers of people present. The entries
were abont equal with those of last year.
Probably in every class, save that of
fruit, the stock and articles were more
choice and select than at the last fair.
Some of the best stock, and "ffliich took
the highest premiums at the State Fair,
were seen on the ring.

The weather was fine for the two last
days, and the grounds Avere beautiful.
The receipts at the fair were over 1800
dollars, and the premiums paid out
amounted to near 1200 dollars. The
reduction of entry fees to one-tenth of
the amount of premiums ofiercd, and the
entry without cost of all articles in the
ladies' department, reduced the amount

of receipts. The policy, however, has
strong advocates, and it is proposed to
abolish the entry fees entirely hereafter.
It is believed that such a measure will
greatly increase the number of entries
from all parts of the country, and have
the effect of largely adding to the atten-
dance at the fair.

The Plow Trial.

There was some dissatisfaction at Cen-
tralia, we are told, because the plows
present could not all have a thorough
trial. Though there are no premiums
oifered for the trial at Decatur, yet
awarding committees can be selected,
and their decisions can be given. There
are now quite a number of gang plows
in the country, and the farming commu-
nity would be glad to see them in opera-
tion. If the claims made for thera are
just, they would go into general use.
Mr. Derre, of Moline, has been lately
^manufacturing a gang plow for breaking
prairie, which is said to turn over twen-
ty-four inches with two plows and which
can easily be drawn by two yoke of
oxen. It is said that two horses have
worked with it. The dynamometer
shows that the draft is over 700 lbs. — a
heavy draft for two horses.

If the weather should be good, there

will be a very interesting exhibition at
Decatur.

The Central Railroad Company will
sell half fare tickets to the plow trial.

Fruit and Ornamental Tre(s, &e.

Home, 21st Oct.

3fr. S. Francis: Dear Sir: Are you
still agent for Messrs. Lewis Ellsworth
& Co's. Nurseries, and can you furnish
trees this fall, and would you recommend
the planting them out in the fall ?

Yours, .

Yes, we are still agents of L. Ells-
worth & Co., and can furnish you with
trees from his or almost any nursery
you can name in Illinois — as also shrub-
bery, including raspberries, gooseber-
ries, and the like — and roots, including
rhubarb, asparagras, broad leaf sorrel,
&c., &c. — flowering plants, such as
phlox, larkspurs, &c., &c., and tulips,
narcissus, &;c., and would say to you that
you can set out trees, shrubbery and ve-
getable roots this fall in good ground,
properly prepared, as well and with as
good success as in spring ; and would be
glad to receive your orders.

To Preserve Tender Roses througu
Winter. — Tlie China and Bourbon ro-
ses are a most interrcsting class of
plants for the garden ; but few of them
will live through the winter without pro-
tection. A writer in the Homestead re-
commends, that such roses after they
have matured their seed in the fall, and
as late as it can safely be done, be cut
around with a sharp spade, taken up
and potted without breaking the ball,
pressing the earth down firmly at the
sides of the pots. They may be placed
in a cool, dark cellar, need a thorough
watering when lifted, and again three
or four times during the winter, often
enough to prevent the shoots from
withering, but not enough to make them
grow. An occasional sprinkling will
also be beneficial. They can be re-
planted in the spring, after danger of
frosts has passed, and after the ground
which is to receive them has been
thoroughly manured and prepared.

-—*-

GiiArE Culture. — Dr. Grant has a
very successful vineyard at lona, an
island on the Hudson, opposite Peeks-
kill. His vines are all vigorous and
healthy. This he attributes to a deep
and thorough culture on a porous soil ;
making the soil rich with the sediment
left by the river after a flood. No man
should visit lona who does not wish to
take the grape and pear fever.

;ifW»BftW^'JSW?9^HWW'4!«?11^^^

*w«al?wt'!^*^."!'^K4iSS*~ "*^^^^

^'tp^^'

THE ILI^IlSrOIS FARMER.

169

The Springfield Sugar Mill. .
Our readers have read in this paper
some notice o£ the proposed establish-
ment, in this city, of a mill for expres-
sing the juice from the Chinese sugar
cane, and the manufacture of it into
syrup and sugar. In some correspon-
dence with Isaac A. Hedges, of Cincin-
nati, last spring, we suggested this as
the only plan to determine the value of
the Chinese sugar cane as a saccharine
plant. Mr. Hedges replied that i£ we
would induce our farmers to plant 200
acres of the cane, he would come or send
competent persons here to put up such a
mill as we had suggested. We went to
work, and notwithstanding the unfavor-
able character of the spring, many of our
farmers viewing the matter in the same
light that we did, agreed to plant cane.
Two hundred acres, probably, were plant-
ed. We do not know exactly how much.
Many who intended to plant were unable
to do so on account of the continued
rains and the submerged state ot the
soil.

Some fields of cane have grown and
matured well. That which was planted
early and on dry ground, is very good j
but a considerable portion has not ma-
tured— we hope that enough matured,
however, to be used in making molasses.
The juice of late planted cane can be
worked up into molasses for distilling, if
desired, and a valuable alcohol can be
made of it.

Messrs. Depew & Hedges have now
put up their mill, near the junction of
the two rail roads, south of this city.
They have a great supply of cane at the
mill. It is brought in on wagons from
the country, and on cars upon the Rail-
roads. Gov. Matteson, with the view of
furthering the great experiment, is bring-
ing on the Chicago, Alton & St. Louis
Road, small parcels free of charge, and
large lots at a small charge. Cane is
coming from as far north as Atlanta —
indeed, we heard that it was intended to
bring a lot from Will county. From
the south, cane has been sent by railroad
from Virden.

We trust the mill will have full em-
ployment. It is now running day and
night, giving employment to two setts of
hands, 'it will turn out from 250 to 300
gallons of syrup per day. No attempts
have yet been made to make sugar. The
cane does not show as high a per cent, of

saccharine as last year — when it reached
10 per cent. Lots of ripe cane now aver-
age but T per cent. The difference, no
doubt, was caused by the peculiar char-
acter of the last season — the ground,
during two-thirds of it, being entirely
saturated with water. ■

The syrup made is a good article.
Messrs. Depew & Hedges are thoroughly
satisfied, that in good seasons a fine ar-
ticle of cane can be grown here, and the
juice manufactured to good profit. We
presume that cane mills will be common
throughout this portion of the State the
next season ; and after next fall the de-
mand for molasses will be fully supplied

by the domestic article.

— .•.

Fall Plowing.

Some of our correspondents have re-
commended fall plowing for oats. Wc
think the plan would work equally well
for spring wheat and barley. In the
fall we are not as much hurried as in
spring, and the ground is in much better
order for plowing. We would recom-
mend, if the work is undertaken at all,
to do it well. PloAv deep, and cover up
the weeds deep, and bury the larvae of
worms and insects (which are generally
within two or three inches of the surface)
so deep that you will not hear from them
in time to enable them to do much harm.
Plowed ground will be advantageously
afiected by the freezing of winter, and
in spring the soil will be light, and with
a good harrowing, will be ready to re-
ceive the seed.

If this fall plowing for spring crops is
something new to you— and is not re-
cognized by old farmers — try it on a
small scale, on ground drained and dry
— and see if it will not pay. The best
gardens are those where the earth is
trenched deep and thrown up in the
fall.

and cuttings of the grapes of New Mex-
ico and Texas, with the view of testing
their adaptation to wine making and table
use. Writing from El Paso, in the val-
ley of the Rio Grande, he speaks in high
terms of the grapes in that region, which
he says are mainly of two varieties, the
blue and white. Of the blue grape, he
says: "In size of bunches, in size of
berries, in exalted sweetness as well as
delicacy of flavor, it is unrivalled by any
in cultivation in the United States. It
tastes like the Isabella, sweetened with
loaf sugar. The white grape is a large
delicious grape, preferred by some for the
table, but the blue grape is supposed to
be more hardy and prolific. The El
Paso grapes are already successfully cul-
tivated in Pennsylvania. Major Wil-
liams will send in samples of plums and
apricots, and seeds of other valuable
fruits.

-«•»-

That Seed Corn!
Have you saved that corn for seed ?
Have you selected those varieties — late,
early and earliest? If not, do it at
once. Don't let us see you next spring,
when mud is knee-deep all over the
country, hunting about, as if mad, to
find seed corn! "Now's the time" to
select your seed.

Fair Regulations. — We find the fol-
lowing among the regulations for the U.
S. Fair. It should be adopted at all our
fairs, and awarding committees by being
especially careful to place their ribbons
as required, would save the officers of
societies from much trouble. Miscella-
neous articles are entered for commen-
dation, and not for premium ; and no
premium can be awarded on such articles
without a violation of the rules.- If there
be an article on the miscellaneous list es-
pecially deserving of a premium, the
white ribbon should be placed upon it,
as upon all articles deserving commenda-
tion, and the case especially reported to
the officers of the society.

*' The books of entries will be deliver-
ed to the judges by the Secretary, on the
morning of the day on which the awards
] are to be made ; with the ribbons which
are to denote the premiums, viz : 1st
premium. Blue Ribbon; 2d premium,
RedRibhon; 3d premium, FThite Rib-
bon; commendation, Green Ribbon.
Animals or articles thought worthy of

"commendation" will be reported to the
executive committee, who alone have
authority to award discretionary pre-
miums in such cases."

-—»-

g@°'The Patent Office has sent Major
H. 0. Williams to New Mexico and
Texas, for the purpose of collecting seeds

••.-

g^^The Patent Office has commenced
the establishment of a propagating house
and grounds at Washington. The object
is to make trial of foreign and native
plants, fruits, grasses, vegetables, Ac.
This is doing something for the agricul-
tural interest. , V , ....

•■V

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^^- l'l'._>)'-*VKlf

170

THE ILLINOIS F^HjVIEH.

Trim of Steam Plows.

A trial of steam plows will take place,
under the supervision of the Illinois State
Agricultural Society, at Decatur, com-
mencing on the 10th of' November next.
It is expected that three steam plows will
be upon the ground, viz : J. H. Fawke's,
from Pennsylvania ; J. W. Fisher's,
from Dayton, Ohio ; and Charles F.
Mann's, from Troy, N. Y.

Manufacturers of plows, all over the
State, are invited to bring their plows for
trial.

Adequate arrangements will be made
at Decatur to accommodate with board
and lodging, the crowd expected to be
present.

Jfti^i^PIows can be sent by Railroad to
the care of Dr. II. C. Johns. The Cen-
tral Railroad Company will sell half fare
tickets to the plow trial.

From "Esypt."
A late letter to the Editor says ; "Wo
already see ih(* advantage of having the

fair in Egypt. Many farmers are pur-
chasing fine stock ; tine class farming
implements, &c., that probably would
never have thought of such things had
it not been for seeing such on exhibi-
tion. The fair has been, and will be, of
great advantage to the farming inter-
ests in Southern Illinois.

"Fawk's steam plow is * a great and
glorious success,' as all who have wit-
nessed its work will testify. We all bid
the ingenious inventor — ' God speed.' "
«•

Sheep Husbandry. — We give an arti-
cle on this subject by Mr. A. B. McCon-
nell, Vice President of the Illinois State
Agricultural Society. lie has placed the
advantages of sheep husbandry in a light
that cannot be misunderstood. We com-
mend it to the attention of wheat
growers.

EfST'Now is a good time to look over
your young orchards for the borer. The
rascals have been hard at work the last
summer. You can find them by obscr-
vinj; the fine dust about the holes. If
you don't like to cut them out, get a
wire and punch them to your heart's
content.

j3@^Mark R. Cockrill, the "Tennes-
see Shepherd," appeared at the State
Fair, at Nashville, dressed in a suit
manufactui-ed from wool of his own
growth. He had with him a portion of
his flock, among them the sheep whose
wool took the premium at the World's
Fair, at London, in 1851.

Sheep for the West.
Fine South Downs. — We saw two

splendid bucks in this city a day or two
since, recently purchased by Hon. John
Wentworth of Samuel Thorne, of Thorn-
dale, New York. Each of these bucks
took the first prize in his respective class
at the recent State Fair at Syracuse. The
yearling was by " 112" from the import-
ed ewe No. "11." She was a first prize
ewe at the Royal Agricultural Society ef
England in 1855.

The two year old was also by "112,"
from a ewe, imported by Mr. Thorne,
from the celebrated flock of Jonas Webb.
The ram "112'' was also a prize animal
at the Royal Show of England. He was
imported in 1853, and was bred by Jonas
Webb, from whom he was purchased for
^650. He Weighed not long since within
a trifle of 30# pounds. They can now
be seen at Mr. Wentworth's farm at
Summit in this county. — Friarie Far-
mer.

Syracuse State Fair, N. Y.,
October 8th, 1858.
Hon. John Wentworth : —

JJear ^ir : I forward you, by Ameri-
can Express, to-day, the yearling and
the two year old rams that you selected,
and am happy to inform you that they
each took the first prizes in their respec-
tive class. I send their pedigrees, as I
do not remember your making a memo-
randum of them. The yearling ram was
by " 112" from the imported ewe No.
" 11.'' She was a first prize ewe at
the show of the Royal Agricultural So-
ciety of England in 1855. The two
years old was also by "112" from a ewe
imported by me from the celebrated fluck
of Jonai Webb. The ram "112" was
also a prize winner at the Royal Show of
England. He was imported in 1853,
and was bred by Jonas Webb, from
whom he was purchased for §650, He
weighed, not long since, within a trifle of
300 pounds. Trusting they may both
reach you safely,

I am yours truly,

Samuel Thorne.

P. S. I inclose you the two blue rib-
bons which should have been sent with
the rams. S. T.

An Extensive Farmer. — Jacob Car-
roll, of Texas, is the largest farmer in
the United States. He owns 250,000
acres of land. His home plantation con-
tains 8,000 acres. Col. Carroll has, on
his immense ranges of pasture-lands,
about one thousand horses and mules,
worth $50,000 ; one thousand head of
cattle, $7,000 ; six hundred hogs, $2,000;
three hundred Spanish mares, $15,000;
fifty jennies, $2,000 ; fifteen jacks,
$0,900 ; and five stallions, $2,500. His
annual income from the sale of stock
amounts to $10,000, and from cotton,
020,000.

From the Indiana Farmer.

Bust— Us Cause and Remedy.

The rusting of the oats crop this year
has imparted new interest to the ques-
tion— " What is the nature and cause of
rust, and what is the remedy ?" We be-
lieve that we understand it. This is our
opinion : —

It consists, chemically, in fermentation
of the sap. It may occur when the
weather is either wet or dry. When it
occurs lately, before maturity of the
grain, it depends on rain, fog or a very
humid atmosphere, in the presence of
great beat. Too rank a growth, by keep-
ing the sap thin too long — until very hot
weather occurs, induces rust in a dry at-
mosphere. Thus early sown wheat, by
providing a thick sap and mature fiber,
before the weather gets hot is hardly ever
rusted. When it does rust it is only in
the presence of very moist and very hot
weather. In this case we suppose it re-
sults from the absorption of external
moisture, into the bark sap, thus thin-
ning the semi-fluid sap, and inducing
fermentation.

In the latitude of Indiana, wheat sown
early is ripe before the sun gets hot
enough to ferment its sap. On the other
hand, wheat sown late has scarcely finish-
ed building the stalk \i\\Qni\xQ hot harvest
weather occurs — has not thickened ts
fibers, and consequently it may rust in the
dryest weather, if the sun shines very
hot.

Wheat sown too thin on the ground,
although it may be sown early, by pro-
ducing too large a stalk, continues the
stalk building process too late, and is most
likely to rust.

Again, wheat sown on new loamy soil,
which abounds in unoxydized vegetable
pulp, because it over builds the stalk,
matures so late that it is nearly sure to
rust.

Indiana contains more of the latter
kind of soil than any other State in the
Union. We allude to our swamp lands
when drained. It behooves us then to bo
the most inquisitive as to the cause of
this malady, and its proper remedy.

If, then, we regard wheat rust as a
mere fermentation of the sap, we may
expect to find other hardier crops rusted
under extreme circumstances. We have
often seen oats rusted in small patches
which contained too much vegetable mat-
ter in a high state of fermentation, whilst
the remainder of the field was sound.
We doubt not nearly all farmers can call
to mind similar patches in their oats
fields.

In 1842, we rented a clay farm to a
German who was to clear up an enclosed
7 acres which had been deadened twenty
years, and on which nearly all the tim-
ber of a heavy forest had rotted, and re-
turned to earth again.

By seed time a portion of this dead-

W'?V.'

-■^ vS<in^»5?lo^ - Iff'

""■fl- W»»T7R»-J^^^jCp

THE ILLINOIS EA^mVIER.

171

ening was cleared up very clean, and
with the rest ȣ the field sown down in
wheat. In 1843, the season of universal
rust, the old ground yielded 20 bushels to
the acre, of full grained wheat, 62 lbs.
to the bushel, straw very bright and
elastic, whilst every straw in the new
ground rusted, and not one grain of
wheat could be found. A few scattering
Blue Stems did not rust, but continued
the straw building process until the frost
bit them down. By this time the straws
had acquired the propoi*tions of small
corn stalks, without being unusually high.
The next season the field was divided
and one half planted in corn and the oth-
er in oats. The division of the field left
about half the new ground for oats, and
although they were well put in, and the
ground rolling enough to drain well,
every straw on the new ground rusted at
about two-thirds its height. The corn
did not rust, but produced an enormous
crop, two and three ears being common
on the stalk. The corn on the old ground
" fired," we suppose, for want of " vege-
table manure," as "plant food," to keep
up the sap, and complete the develop-
mental process. Too much water in the
soil prevents the sap from drying, and
the fiber from maturing ; whilst the want
of plant food, incident to super-satura-
tion of the soil, arrests the sap circula-
tion, by withholding the motive power,
leaves the sap stagnant and thus invites
fermentation. This will rust any plant
not aquatic in its character. It rusted
oats this year.

We have been thus tedious in stating
the cause, knowing that if we are right
in this, the remedy will suggest itself to
every man's mind.

Fortunately for agriculture, the "rem-
edy" is in the direct line of every man's
interest, if there were no such thing as
rust. This is it :

1st. Sow nothing but early wheat.
2d. Sow it early. .-.■.-.

3d. Sow it thick on the ground.
We regard these three rules an infal-
lible remedy for nine years out of ten.
If in addition to these, the soil is well
ventilated, by under— drains, by deep
plowing, and kept sweet by rotation, and
well supplied with plant food, the mine-
ral always predominating, the remedy
will be absolutely infallible for nineteen
out of twenty years. This is our opin-
ion.

On very well drained soils, which
seemed to be balanced in the elements of
plant food, we have seen fine fields of
oats, free from rust the present season.
We observe in the economy of nature,
running through the whole vegetable
kingdom, that earl^ growth and earli/
maturity are the conservators cf vegeta-
ble life.

-•••

jg^^-Putyour agricultural implements
under cover.

: Equestrianism.

BY CAPT. STEWART, LATE OF THE BRITISH
_ LIFE GUARDS.

The Art of Riding. — Modern riding
is of two kinds, viz : military and jockey
riding, of which the former is the most
graceful, but the latter is the most prac-
tically useful. In mounting, be careful
not to allow your toe to touch the horse's
side, which would make him start, in
which case you would inevitably fall. In
sitting upon horseback, you must not sit
stijQf nor cramped, but pliable, for by
sitting thus, you avoid all rough motions
of the horse; your legs should hang
graceful and easily from the hip ; you
should sit upright, and your shoulders
well back. When your horse is at all
inclined to be restive, you should not
throw your body forward, as is usually
the case on such occasions, for that mo-
tion moves you from your catch, and
throws you out of your seat ; the best
way to keep your seat or recover it when
lost, is to advance the lower part of the
body and bend back your shoulders. At
all flying and standing leaps the rider is
most secure in keeping himself well back;
have the stirrup-leathers a hole or two
shorter in crossing the country than on
the road.

MoDNTiNG. — Place the whip or switch
in the left hand, handle upward ; take
the bridle between the third and little
finger, the latter separating the two sides,
and if it be double, the hind half loosely
held in one with. all the fingers. The
buckle being exactly at the top, will
show if the sides are of equal length.
Carefully examine that the curb-chain sit
loose and the girth be firm before mount-
ing. If, in fixing the curb, jou turn the
chain to the right, the links will unfold
thenaselves and then prevent further turn-
ing. Seize a handful of the main with
the same hand, and with the other take
hold of the crupper- end of the saddle.
Take your position with your left side
toward the fore-leg of the horse, so that,
if vicious, he can neither reach you with
it striking forward nor backward, nor
with his hind-leg, which you are espe-
cially exposed to when standing square
with your saddle. Press the side of the
knee on the saddle as you place the left
foot in the stirrup, and spring up, chang-
ing the hand from behind to the pommel
as you turn. Sit then as close to the
pommel with the fork as possible, and
keep the shoulders well squared, and
never allow either toe to touch the horse ;
taking care not to lapse into the prevail-
ing habit of advancing one before the
other — to which the left one seems most
liable from the pull of the reins.

Fall Planting. — A New Englander,
traveling in the West, says of an old
nurseryman who has been setting fruit
trees for seventeen years, that those he

sets in the spring were indifterent bearers;
and remarks that his own experience and
observation satisfy him that fall setting
is much the best, aside from this consi-
deration-. They should be well mulched
the first winter, to protect the roots from
frosts, and the next summer to guard
from drought.

Work, and Taint Not.

There are times when a heaviness
comes over the heart, and we feel as if
there were no hope. Who has not felt
it ? For this there is no cure but work.
Plunge into it ; put all your energies into
motion ; rouse up the inner man — act —
and this heaviness shall disappear as mist
before the morning sun.

There arise doubts in the human mind
which sink us into lethergy, wrap us in
gloom, and make us thiak it were boot-
less to attempt anything. Who has not
experienced them ? Work ! that is the
cure. Task your intellect ; stir up your
feeling; rouse the soul; do! and these
doubts, hanging like a heavy cloud upon
the mountain, will scatter and disappear,
and leave you in sunshine and open
day. :

There comes suspicion to the best men,
and fears about the holiest efforts, and
we stand like one chained. Who has not
felt this ? Work ! therein is freedom.
By night, by day, in season and out of
season, work ! and liberty will be yours.
Put in requisition mmd and body ; war
with inertness ; snap the chain-link of
selfishness ; stand up a defender of the
right ; be yourself ; and this suspicion
and those fears will be lulled, and, like
the ocean-storm, you will be purified by
the contest, and able to bear and breast
any burden of human ill. :..;;:..

Gladden life with its sunniest features
and gloss it over with its richest hues,
and it will become merely a poor and
painted thing if there be in it no toil, no
hearty, hard work. The laborer sighs
for repose. Where is it ? Friend, who-
ever thou art, know it is to be found
alone in work. No good, no greatness,
no progress, is gained without it. Work,
then, and faint not ; for therein is the
well-spring of human hope and human
happiness. — Cincinnatus.

Stenton's Improved Prairie Breaker.

At a trial of this plow, in our town,
last week, twenty-four inches of prairie
was broken with tivo horses^ on a draft of
725 lbs, by dynamometer. We have
been invited to see the plow that has ac-
complished this heretofore unheard of
feat. It was manufactured by the cele-
brated plow maker of the West, Mr.
John Deere, of Moline, for Mr. R. S.
Stenton, of New York, the patentee <>f
the plow.

The plow consists of two of Deere's
twelve inch breakers connected at the
point by R. S. Stenton's Patent inter-

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172

THE ILLINOIS FA-HMER.

mediate share which cuts the furrow for
the second plow using the landside pres-
sure, for this purpose, of both plows ;
thus the second plow has only a sod to
turn already cut for it by the patent in-
termediate share, and which also acts as
a brace to bind the two plows together.

The result has fairly astonished all
concerned. The possibility of making a
plow to turn twenty- four inches of prai-
rie sod easily with two horses, was more
than either the patentee or manufacturer
dared to anticipate. Mr. Stcnton affirm-
ed that three horses must and could work
the plow with ease, but the actual result
— 725 lbs. draft on a 24 inch sod three
inches thick, shows that hereafter any
man using an old-fashioned twenty- four
inch breaker, requiring five or six yoke
of oxen, will be sadiy behind the age.

This plow will be the easiest working
plow for two yoke of oxen ever yet used,
and the draft shows that one good yoke
can work with it when needed. We are
informed that the price will be but little
more than what is usually charged for
the complete 24 inch breakers, as here-
tofore made.

Our esteemed and enterprising fellow-
citizen, John Dcrre, will be pleased to
make these plows for those who are en-
gaged in breaking prairie, or to show
the plow and explain the principle de-
veloped in its construction, to any one
who may visit his manufactory. This
is certainly the " Plow of Plows," and
cannot fail in coming into general use
in a short time. — MoUne Paper.

"t/f-

Gov. Wise on Horse-racing. — Gov.
Wise, of Virginia, has declined to attend
the Horse Fair at Springfield. In his
letter he thus denounces horse-racing :
*' It has been said that nothing else than
horse-racing will improve and keep up
the breed of fine blooded stock. I am
not willing to believe any such thing.
Improved agriculture and the wealth it
produces will, in my opinion, do far more
for the horse than ever the turf did.

Race-tracks, with a fashion for the sport
of racing among the leading proprietors
of a people, will impoverish them and
dwindle the horse to a poncy. The fine
blood ought to be kept pure, iu order
that it may be crossed on the larger and
coarser stock. The thorough-bred stal-
lion crossed on the large Conestoga mare,
till the cross attains three-quarters of the
blooded stock, is superior, I think, to the
Cleveland bays of England. A venerat-
ed friend, Alexander lleid, Esq., now no
more, of Washington county, Pa., intro-
duced that cross, and I commend it to
every man who knows how to make a
spire of grass to grow where one never

grew before."

II —

American Tra. — A Mobile paper
states that Mr. D. W. R. Davis, in the
vicinity of that city, has been cultivating

the tea plant for several years. He has
now quite a number of plants in the
most flourishing condition, which seed
annually.

•••

What can be Done on an Acre of

Ground. — The editor of the Maine Cul-
tivator lately published his management
of one acre of ground, from which we
gather the following result :

One third of an acre usually produced
thirty bushels of sound corn for grinding,
besides some refuse. This qualitity was
sufiicient for family use, and for fatten-
ing one large or two small hogs. From
the same ground he obtained two or
three hundred pumpkins, and his family
supply of beans. From the same bed of
six rods square, he usually obtained sixty
bushels of onions ; these he sold at $1
per bushel, and the amount purchased his
flour. Thus, from one-third of an acre
and his onion bed, he obtained his bread-
stuiBfs. The rest of the ground was ap-
propriated to all sorts of vegetables for
the summer and winter use — potatoes,
beets, turnips, cabbage, green corn, peas,
beans, cucumbers, melons, squashes, etc.,
with fifty or sixty bushels of beets and
carrots for the winter food of a cow.
Then he had a flower garden, also rasp-
berries, currants and gooseberries, in
great variety, and a few choice apple,
pear, plum, cherry, peach, and quince
trees.

The above may appear somewhat chi-
merical to some, but amateur editors,
wide awake horticulturists and gardeners,
who are in the habit of doing similar to
this " down-easter," might be increased
indefinitely.

m

l^™"I haven't done seeding yet."
" You haven't ? well you ought to have
done, even a month ago. Don't you
recollect that the last season the early
sown wheat was the best, and that it al-
ways is so nine times out of ten ? Won't
you learn something from your own ex-
perience, and that of others." '
. — <•»

||@°- Turnips to be kept well must be
put where they can be kept cool and from
the air. Gather them, cut ofi* their
tops, throw the turnips in heaps and
cover them with the tops. When it be-
comes colder, cover them again with
straw and corn stalks until they are safe

from freezing. Save the turnips.

■•I

More Camels.— The New Orleans Picayune
notices that the ship Thos. Watson and bark
Lucerne, the former having tighty camels on
board, and the hitter forty, have arrived off
the South-West Pass, and have been ordered to
Galveston. The camels are imported by the
Government, aud are intended to join "those
already dning so well at Camp Verde, above
San Antonia, Texas.

Orchard Grass.

The following wc clip from the German-
town Telegraph, in testimony of the value of
a grass we have often taken occasion to com-
mend. For a permanent upland meadow it
is unquestionably the best grass now known
to us — taking into consideration both hay
aud pasturage, Timothy is the popular hay
grass, and those who make hay for market
must confine themselves chiefly to that. But
for consumption on the farm and pasturage
combined, it does not compare with Orchard
grass. For pasturage the latter is especially
valuable. It springs early and continues
later ; endures drouth and requires close feed-
ing to keep it in order. With seed enough
to put on the ground, it makes a close turf
and it never runs out.

Let us give a word of caution, however :
the seeding with orchard grass is costly, and
it should not therefore be sown except on
well prepared ground in good condition.

I have just finished the perusal of a Trea-
tise on Grasses aud Forage Plants, by Charles
L. Flint, of Massachusetts, a second edition
of which I found had been recently published
by a New York bookseller. It is, in my
opinion, an excellent and practical little work
which every farmer should possess himself of
and study. In connection with the subject,
I propose to give my experience of the value
of a variety of grass which I think is not un-
derstood or appreciated by most of our far-
mers. It is the Orchard grass or Rough
Cocksfoot. Flint says this grass was intro-
duced into England from Virginia in 1764,
iu which latter place it had been cultivated
for several years previously. It is now one
of the most widely dift'used grasses in Eng-
land and is highly prized there.

Orchard grass, in my experience, yields a
greater amount of pasturage than any other,
and is better suited to sustain a drouth than
any other grass we are yet acquainted with
in this country. In the severe drouth of
1856, in this section, my farm book reads as
follows :

"July 15, Grass fields suffering greatly
for want of rain, 20th. Clover and rye
grass fields look as if a fire had passed over
them. Pasturage in these fields quite gone.
The field of green grass of thirty-five acres,
but little better, affording scanty pasturage

to a few sheep and cows. The orchard grass
field of twenty acres, supporting entirely the
store cattle, forty head, and still looking
green, and our only dependence. If it fails
us, we must feed away the sheaf oats,"

It did not fail us, but carried the cattle
through the drouth, which was not broken
until the 15th of August, while the same
field had been well pastured during the whole
season. When the rains of August started
the other grass fields, and we could relieve
the orchard grass from duty, it looked as if
an invading army had passed over it. But
with a little rest and a few showers, in ten
days was ready for pasturage again.

Orchard grass is of rapid growth, and a
field well set with it affords earlier and later
pasturage than any other, green grass not
excepted. When cut in blossom with red
clover it is said to be an admirable mixture
for hay, although of this I have had no ex-
perience. For pasturing be sure to keep
it well grazed, to prevent it from forming

itsrjwj^

5^;^:^^5^^'^l^l^^f'?^«^vf

'"V^.

;i^?aS''?-'

W^:"^^-'

THE ILLINOIS F^RMEH.

173

tufts and running to seed. Every kind of
stock I have yet turned upon it in its green
state, are fond of it. It is a lasting gras.s,
endures the shade well, and is not as exacting
upon the soil as either timothy or rye grass.
It succeeds best when sown in the spring,
about the same time as clover on wheat
ground, say four quarts of clover, crossing
with one and a half bushels of orchard grass
to the acre. It may succeed in the fall on
early wheat, harrowed in very lightly after
the wheat is covered. For hay, cut it in
blossom in June. From the quantity of seed
required, it is somewhat expensive at first,
but afterwards the farmer should save his
seed himself, which is readily done. The
seed is very light, weighing about twelve to
thirteen lbs. to the bushel.

In my experience, the merits of orchard
grass can thus be summed up; early and
rapid growth; resistance to drouth; abun-
dance of return in pasturage; endurance of
shade; and in affording earlier and later pas-
turage than any other grass.

high wines, and bathed their shoulders three
times a day, withoutever stopping them from
work, and soon discovered the hair coming
out nicely, and have never been troubled
with their shoulders since. — Ohio Cultiva-
tor. ■

••>-

Make Home and Farming Attrac-
tive.— That is the "platform'' for farmers
who desire their sons to become contented,
successful agriculturalists, instead of leaving
the farm for vexatious, hazardous and un-
healthy avocations. The best legacy for
your sons is a substantial education — moral,
mental and physical — including a practical
knowledge and love of farnling. They should
thoroughly understand some occupation
which is both useful and healthy, and there-
fore honorable and measurably reliable. This
is of far greater consequence and value than
a gift of much money or many acres. Make
home and farming so pleasant and attractive
that they will become so attached to rural
life as to resist all temptations to enter into
uncertain and speculative pursuits. The
financial simoom which has swept over the
land the previous year — in numerous instan-
ces destroying the accumulations and dissi-
pating the hopes of individuals, families and
communities engaged in commercial and
speculative pursuits — teaches alesson on this
subject which should be heeded by all classes,
and especially by the ruralists of America.
It proves, that agriculture which feeds all
and clothes all, though temporarily depres-
sed, is the most sure and permanently relia-
ble occupation for this life, as well as the
best to fit man for that which is to come.
Farmers, and farmers' sons, read the lesson
aright. :, .

GrAiiLS ON Horses. — In working horses,
especial care should be, given to the collar,
that it is in good condition, and frequently
washed and oiled, togctherwith an occasional
pounding, to keep it soft and in good shape ;
but in case any should be troubled with
galls on their horses' shoulders, as will be
the case sometimes by putting their horses
to hard work in the spring, after a winter's
rest, or in commencing the working of colts.
I will relate my experience. I bought a
team of young horses that had never been
put to hard work, and, when I commenced
my spring plowing, I soon discovered that
their shoulders were getting sore, one of
them so that hair had come off, and its shoul-
der quite raw. I immediately got a quart of

Trusting to a Single Crop. — There is
no crop that does not fail sometimes, though
there are a few which are never wholly cut
off in any one season. Grass, for example,
always yields a partial crop, and a person
may, if need be, depend wholly upon this
product as a means of subsistence. The
same thing, however, can hardly be said of
any other staple crop. Innumerable illus-
trations might be given of the danger of de-
pending upon a single crop. The result in
Ireland of relying upon the potatoe crop is
patent. The failure of the wheat crop, in
many parts of this country, has involved
thousands of farmers in debt, which it will
take year's of toil and economy to liquidate.
A friend at the West had been so successful
in raising peaches that he turned his whole
attention to that crop. Last year he real-
ized a large net profit, and looking for still
greater results this year, he laid out his
plans accordingly and incurred considerable
debts to be paid from the proceeds of his
peaches. The result is, that from five or
six thousand trees he gathered scarcely two
bushels of marketable fruit.

A mixed cultivation is the safest, in the
long run. If the potatoe crop fails, let there
be corn, wheat, bai'ley, or other grain to fall
back upon. The chances of utter failure
are diminished a thousand fold, where there
are three or four different crops under cul-
ture. A season destructive to one is likely
to be just the thing for another. — American
Agriculturist.

*•• ■

From the Valley Farmer.

Gardening Operations for October.

BY CAKEW SANDERS.

THE VEGETABLE GARDEN,

The late crops will be fast approaching
maturity. Some of them, as the turnip, may
yet be assisted in their growth by frequent
hoelngs. Thin out spinage and kale, to a

moderate distance apart. It will enable the
plants to become large and strong, and stand
the winter better.

Continue to earth up celery, in dry weather,
as fast as it progresses in growth j and before
severe frosts set in, be prepared to store it
away in winter quarters, or else cover it all
over with soil in the row where it grew ;
round it off and pat it down to make it smooth
and turn the rain, then cover the top with
Stable litter.

Lifting and storing away the winter root
crops, will require attention by the end of
the month. Beets and carrots should be
dug first; they keep best in sand, in a dry
cellar. If kept in soil they will be sure to
absorb moisture and the roots will be apt to
decay, while they will wither and shrivel if
not mixed with something. Parsnips and
salsify continue to grow and increase in size
till very late, and being very hardy, may be
left in the ground all winter, and be the
better for it. Sufficient should be taken up
to last while the ground remains frozen.

Transplant cabbage, cauliflower, and let-
tuce sown last month, into cold frames, to be
covered during winter.

Any leisure time may now be employed in
manuring and trenching up vacant ground,
ready for spring. Lay it up in ridges if
very stiff and clayey, or at least let it be
thrown up as roughly as possible, so as to
present as much surface to the action of the
frost and atmosphere as possible. .

FRUIT GARDEN AND ORCHARD.

The principal work in the orchard will be
gathering and storing away the winter fruit
— apples and pears. Those intended for
long-keeping must have care and pains be-
stowed on them. Apples are most easily
blemished, and must be collected as if they
were eggs; when the baskets are emptied
let the fruit fall or roll, as it were, over the
arm. Have each sort distinctly marked and
laid out neatly in single layers ; none but
those of superior quality and free of taint or
speck, should be retained. The early sorts,
or such as are being used, may be laid thick-
er. The fruit room should be so situated
that it can be kept cool, airy and dry. A
few degrees above freezing, in winter, is all
that is required. ; . • "" -^

The period for trasplantlng has again ar-
rived. As a general rule we are most in fa-
vor of spring planting, though all deciduous
trees and shrubs can be moved in the fall
with perfect safety, if done early and well.
As soon as the trees have shed their leaves
or turned yellow, is the time to commence,
and the sooner fall planting is done after
that, the better ; because if done early, the
wounded roots have time to heal over, to
callose or to exude their rooty matter, and
even to grow; the rains settle the soil firmly
about their roots, and the whole tree becomes
established and prepared to withstand the
effects of winter; whereas, if planted just
before winter sets in, none of this can take
place. The soil will be loose, the tree will
be rocked about by the wind, its roots torn,
a large hole made by the trunk in its mo-
tions, where water will get in and stand, to
the great injury of the roots, and lastly, it
will be more likely to be heaved and lifted
by frostj than if planted early.

FLOWER GARDEN AND SHRUBBERY.

If the frosts hold off, dahlias will still be
in all their glory, crysanthemums will be
just beginning to display their beauty; while
a few straggling roses and many other things,
will keep the garden gay the greater part,
perhaps all of this month. Provision should
be made to lift the most tender of the bed-
ding plants before we get a killing fros*.
Dig round them carefully with a trowel or
hand-fork and secure as many'fibrons roots
as possible; pot into as small pots as the
roots can be got into ; reduce the tops pro-
portionately, and place them in a cold frame
under glass; shade from the mid-day sun,
and water moderately, and they will soon be-
gin to root afresh, and grow and become es-
tablished, either for the window, greenhouse
or cold pit, or wherever you design to win-
ter them. This practice applies' to hilio-
trope, lantana, scarlet geranium, cuphea, sal-
via, &c. Herbaceous plants of all kinds
maybe divided and re-set this month. Plant
bulbs as advised in another place, under the

->•

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"^<^'T™?^!Sl'P'^-""^' ■

r?j<''!r^T^5'^-

.-.:#

-.4^

174

THE ILLINOIS FARMER.

head of Spring Flowering Bulbs. The
flower garden cannot be complete without a
good assortment of these.

Alterations in the flower garden, lawn, or
shrubbery, now may be made, such as mak-
ing flower beds, new walks, graveling, sod-
ding, cS:c. The soil is now in a better condi-
tion to work, and this is generally a more
leisure season than the spring.

Transplanting many of the deciduous trees
and shrubs may be done immediately after
the fall of the leaf. All fall planting is bet-
ter done early. If left till just before hard
frosts set in, better leave it till spring.
Many of the hardiest shrubs bloom earlier
and better, the next season, by being planted
early in the fall. The pyrus japonica,
altheas, syringas, spireas, &c., are of this
class.

Cultivation of Cucumbers.

Last spring a friend of mine and myself
were planting cucumbers at the same time.
I was planting mine as usual in gardens, by
mixing a small portion of stable manure with
the earth, and raising the hill an inch or two
above the level of the ground. Observing
it, he jocosely remarked: "Let me show
you how to raise cucumbers." Never having
had much luck in raising them, I cheerfully
agreed to his proposition. He commenced
by making holes in the earth at the distance
inteuded for hills, that would hold about a
peck ; he then filled them with dry leeched
ashes, covering the ashes with a very small
quantity of earth. The seeds were then
planted on a level with the surface of the
ground. I was willing to see the experi-
ment tried, but had no expectation of any-
thing but a loss of seed, labor and soil. But
imagine my astonishment, (notwithstanding
a dryer season never was known, and almost
a universal failure of garden vegetables,)
when I beheld the vines remarkably thrifty,
and as fine a crop of cucumbers as any one
could wish to rai.se, and they continued to
bear for an unusually long time. I will not
philosophize on the subject, but say to all —
try it ; and instead of throwing your ashes
away, apply them where they will be of use,
and you will reap a rich reward. — Ex-
change.

. <•*

i'rom tho Rural New Yorker.

Gapes in Cliiekens.

Messrs. Eih.: — Having noticed an inqui-
ry as to the cause and cure of gapes in chick-
ens, accompanied by the remarks of the edi-
tor, in a late number of the Rural, I take
the liberty to present a theory as to the cause;
and also, a sure remedy. As far as my ob-
servation extended, the disease is caused by
a white "hair worm" (found in chip yards)
getting into the throat of the chick, thereby
choking it. The remedy is as follows : Fill
a pipe with tobacco, as for smoking, and af-
ter lighting, (instead of inserting the stem
into your own mouth and whiffing the smoke
into the atmosphere, thereby poisoning the
air you breathe,) insert the stem into the bill
of the chick, and by placing your thumb and
fore-finger on each side of the bill, so as to
force as much of the smoke down the throat
and wind-pipe as possible, then blow into the
bowl of the pipe and continue to do so until
the chick begins to "wilt" and lop its head ;

then lay it down and it will, after a time,
begin to recover from the effects of the
smoke, and being once up again, it will in-
dignantly throw the worms out of its breath-
ing and gastronomic apparatus and be per-
fectly recovered from tho disease.

J. B. Baker.
East rharsaUa, N. 7., 1858.
<•»..

From the Chiro Gazette.
Cairo and Fulton Railroad.

The most important public work for the ben-,
cfitot CHiri), in contemplation, is the C:iiro and
Fulton Railroad. The completion of this road
even so far as liloomtield. Mo. will open to our
merchants a heavy trade now centered at Cape
Ginivdeau and St. Louis. The difficulty of
access to market has kept south western Mis-
eouri imd northern Arkanpas as it were a
•'sealed book," the settlers being obliged to
make a circuit of nearly one hundred miles to
reach a shipping point. Lately, tho Iron
Mountain Kiilroad has been completed to
Pilot Knob, thirty miles from Bloointield and
seventy five from St. Louis; this gives readier
access to market, and already has produced a
market influence upon the country. But still
a more direct and accessible avenue to thegreut
marts both east and south is required — one
that would put them in communication with
New Orleans, the great depot of western pro-
ducts, and this want is to be fill<Ml by the Cairo
and Fulton llailrord, and which we expect to
see in operation as far as Bloomfield, in the
month of January, 1860.

The entire length of this road when comple-
ted will be eighty miles, twelve miles of which
to Charleston, are nearly ready for the lies.
Owino; to the heavy overflow last summer,
operations upon the work were suspended, and
some alight damage done t > that portion of the
road already graded. Three thousand dollars
will, lu wever, repair all damage, instead of ten
thousand, as at first reported. Between Bird's
Point and Charleston, a portion of tressed work
and piling jet remain to incorporate; the
balance of the work with the exception of a
few gaps, is in good order, and the track-layers
will coiumonce operations early next month. —
Iron for thirty miles of the roud has been pur-
chased, of which thirteen hundred tons is on
the waj, and will be here in two weeks at the
farthest. Rolling stjck, consisting of two
locomotives, two passenger and fifteen freight
cars, which will be fully sufficient to equip the
first division, have also been purohasod, and
will be on tho ground as soon as necessity re-
quires.

The resources of this Company are equal to
those of any other road of similar extent in
the West, and its affairs have been so admira-
bly cimducted that even during the wtiole of
the present financial crisis, its credit remained
uniinpsiired. The projectors and stockholders
being men of ample means, wisely refused to
embarrass the u'ldertaking by loreing its binds
upcm the market, but preferred to prosecute
tlie work only so fast as the me\ns in hand
would permit, thus avoiding the error upon
which so many western roads went to ruin, and
caused the present depreoiuti jn of all manner
of railroad securities.

It is s;i!e to say thar the bonds of the Com-
pany will more tiiaii pay the entire cost of C(^u-
sini ;riori and equipment of the road in the
most substantial manner. Five hundred and
sovcnty'-one thousand acres of the finest land
in south western Missouri have been donated
to the Company, which, at five dollars per
acre — a moderate estimate when the road is
conu'letei — will bring m §2,855,000 — while
the entire c ist of the road, including interests,
ciimmissionn, discounts on Jionds, etc., will not
ex-^eed $2 080,000. In addition to this land
grant, the road lias paid in stock subscriptions
$52,150, and loans Iroui the State of Missouri

to the amount of $050,000, having twenty and
thirty years to run, at G per cent, interest.
These State bonds are drawn only ns the road
progresses, and are applied strictly to the
work.

Thus it will be seen that the Company have
benefitted — as population pcurs in, and markets
are offered for their products, prices will be en-
hanced, their lands rapidly increase in value,
and all the discomforts and inconvenience of a
sparsely settled country be remeiiied. The
Cairo and Fulton road is one of the most impor-
tant works to the west in progress, and we are
pleased that it has fallen into such prudent
hands as will assuredly secure its early comple-
tion.

HjXiIISrOIS F -A. I?, Is/I E It
FOR 185 9.

Clubs cannot bo made up too early. We

appoint every subscriber we have and every

post master in the State as Agents.

Remember the Terms !

One Copy per yeak . . . 81,00.

Five Copies " .... 3,75.

Ten Copies " .... 7,50.

Fifteen Copies, and over, G2J cents
per copy.

An extra copy will be sent to persons get-
ting ten subscribers and over.

The great political excitement will be
ended in a few days, and farmers will find it
a pleasure to return to the duties of the
farm.

We hope to improve on the Farmer the
ensuing year, and render it of essential be-
nefit to its subscribers.

We appeal to our agricultural friends to
increase our patronage. We have no travel-
ing agents.

October 29, 1858.

COMMERCIAL.

Springtield Market— Oct. 30.

WHEAT— 70(aS0|% bu;
VU)U1{— »-l &'ufe$5'|*brl;
COKN — iO@60 bii; scarce;
COKN MEAl.r-75i^ bu;
BUOKWllKAT— 11;
OATS~30c %» bu; uone;
BK A N S— 7i>(ainK) '^Xixx;
JOtAN— lOcl^bu;
.'-Hoax-'— 16 %« bu;
Tl MOTIIY 3EKD— $2T4f,bu;
II UN G A KI A N 0 r. Seed $Vi 60;
MIM-KT— *1 26;
OLOVKK— $7 t^bu;
NKW POVATOES— Co(»75;
TAY— SS-t), ton;
TAI.LuW— So t*lb;
SOAI'— twr; lij-^c f. lt>;
CAN'OLES— lie t^box;
I'OKK— $1 'f, lOU tb.s;
IJ.VOUN — New hiiius, 7@8 1b,
11 AGON— tides, 7toS lb;

KOGS— 5®7c ^ doz;
LAUD— 8® 10c i^ lb;
SUGAR— »Cd>10c "f, lb;
COFFEE— l'a©15c%i ft;
MOLASSES — 15@00c "^ gftl;
SALT— fl 76^ sack;
SALT— S;-2 50 %< l)rl;
UONEY— l&o%*lb;
ONIONS— 81 t<bu;
MACK EKEL— 13(0^.200 No. 1;
COUKISH— $0 75 t< 100 lt)s;
APPLES— Greeu, 0 .30(5;>$1;
APPLES— Dried, 2 1?, bu;
WOOD- $3 ."iOfu^li ^ cord;
COAIy— 12c'#bu;
PEACHES— Orie<l none;
WUISKV— 1> bl 25(a,«0¥Sgal;
VlNEdAK— " VI l?(pal;
UKOO.MS— -fJ.doz 150(ui$2 50
IIU TTEIl— 16cfe26c 1^ fc.

-••i-

St. Liouis Market— Oct. 23.

yUEIO UTS— To New Orleans. Flour 60c and W hisky $1 10
^ bbl; pound freight 36c ^ 100 lbs.

Fl.oC K — SiilHi to-d»y ol two lots of 1,000 bids each of city
Bupertiue.at J4 50 '-[*, lb lOli countTy siipertiue at J4 •J.h, lou lb
extra on private terms; 50 slis I'uacy at $2 26 '^ sack, and
loo do at .f2 10

W1IE.\T — liow grades dull — clioice n fair roijue't; sales
oft'>-d:iy iticlmle So 8kH poor spring at 45c; 30 and 100 sks lio
at 50o; io2 xks do at OOo; OU do at 61c; 51 and 82 sks at 65c;
15H at 70c; 62, h7, 113, 146 and 208 sksspriuj; at 7oc; Olfks do
at 77 J-^c; 252 «k« club at 78c 02 «ks bleached fall at 75c; 208
inferior at 80c; 200 and I2o sks at 83c; 190 at 82>$c; 1,000, 140
91 and 350 Hks atSoc; 171 sks at 87)^c; 75 sk.n at UOo: 167 sks
at Hoc; 36. 96 and 132 -ks at !)6c; 140 sks at fl; 147 sks at $1
(aU 02: 130 sks at $1('^1 03, 23; 129 and 183 sks at $1 05; 200
Bks at $1 10 %^ bushel.

COit^ — ^liiw Hiile; we onty noted enlcs toKi'iy of 81 sks
(laiiiakted at &2c; 140 sks at56c, and 47 aud 200 sks white at
6Sc: IS bn.

OATS — SalcB to.day were 254 sacks at 45c; IS9 s s at 50c

3F

■'''^^^■

-'it^-*^-'

THE ILLINOIS F-AHMEB.

82 and 86 sacks at 62c; 76 and 108 sacks at 56c; 100 at sej^c;
lis at 57c; and 60 shcI- s at 6«o f. bu.

BARLKY— Very dull. Sales to-day were 140 and 167 sks
spriug at 60c, and 131, 209 and 340 sacks fall at $1 02}^.

h YE— Sales of 340 sacks at 55c, sacks in.

HUOKWUlSAT— In dnil sales; 'Oc^ bu offered.

MllISKy— Steady; sales today of 100 bblsat the market,
and ;W, 37, 25, 45 and 140 bbls at 19c per gall.

H AY— Sales of I'rairie yesterday at 65c, and prime Timothy
at 77}4c per 100 lbs.

POTAT^yJKH — The market is well supplied for the present
and dull. To-day'» sales include 113 sks small pink eyes at
85c; 177 do mixed at 90: 33 at 9a, and 44 sks at the outside
price at $1 10 per bu.

UNIONS — Katber dull; 18 sks to-day brought 60c per bn.
Choice ones sold on Tiiursday ttt 76e.

BEANS— White range from 60c to $1 25 for inferior to
choice. Castor |2.

GUNNIES— 5^ale of 3000 nt SJ^c.

BACON — Pales to day of 50 hhds shoulders at 6c; 6 casks
city do 6J^c; 10 casks clearcouutry sid^s 8jJ^.

LARD— Sale of 35 k'gs country at 9%c.

TALLOW— Last sale of prime, 91^,0.

SA LT— Sales to day of 2275 sks Turks Island SOc; Q A firm
at 90@95c.

SUGARS— Sales to-day of 20 hhds good old in lots at 7}^c;
7@8c is about tho range — choice old is worth 8c.

MOLASSES— Old rehoiled worth 2Sc; new SOc.

COFFEE— 200 sks (in lots) sold to-day at ll%c.

BICE — Sales of 4 or 5 bbls new at 534c. ■ J,

St. I.ouis Liive Stock Market — Oct. 23.

Bellevut House SU'Ck Fards

BEEVE? — Arrivals of cattle for the week have been
heavy and market is well supplied. Price.^ uuchanged since
l"»st week. Butchers pay for good to choice 2}^ to 3c, gross,
fur interior and common $8 tj $20 '^>head, as to quality and
weight.

lioGS — But few coming in at the present time, good butch-
er's Hogs are in fair demand at 5 to SJ^c 100 lbs net.

SHEEP — -everal large droves have arrived this week.and
the market is well supplied. Prices rnnge 1 om $1 to $2 76
as to quality

Cows AND CALVES— Suitable for shipping are in de-
maud at $25 to $35; Common and ordinary sell at $15 to
$20,

2a,

Chicago liive Stock Market— Oct.

BEEVES — The demand is fair, but large receipts render
the market heavy, and prices are a shade under yesterday's
fleures. Good to extra choice Beeves, were sold at $2 50@
$2 65 per 100 lbs gross; common to ordinary, $1 75(a>$2 25.
Left over, about 800 head.

HO'lS — The demand is good, and prices are fair. Pat
heavy Ho s sold at$4@4 30 per 100 lbs; common lots, $3 50-
@3 75. Left over, about 8 car-loads.

SHEEP— Dull. AlotofThiu Sheep were sold at $2 per
head.

New York Cattle Market— October 2T.

The cattle at Porty-fourth street were derived from the fol-
lowing sources:

New York 1299

Ohio 1186

Illinois ™ _ 925

Kentucky 174

Indiana 171

Iowa _ 39

The following are the droves from Illinois:

No. Owners. Salesmen.

67 W J Hutchinson Hoag & Sherinan

36 J H Perkins Budlong & Eavtman

20 Robbius Endlong & Eastman

90 Geo /unk O Uurd

55 H K Smith White & Son

39 G Wells .T Bloomer

62 M C Gibson G llett k Toffny

79 G Funk Westheimer & Bro

16 Brooks Doty Church & Co

169 J Nichols T Wheeler

66 Alexander A. Fitch J A Merritt

85 W L £tebhius Wostheimer A Bro

69 W Richards Westheimer & Bro

The average prices of all sales this week, as compared with

last week, are about %c lower — the closing rates being even

more than this.
We quote:

PBICES OF BEEF AT FORTT-FOCRTH STREET.

To-day.

Premium quality none.

First (juality 8l^@9 o

Medium quality 8 ((fl&i^c

Puor quality &^((^',]^

Poorest quality 6 @6 c

General selling prices 7 ^8 c

Average of all salts '.•7J4(&7;^c

At Bro Auing's, Chamberlin's and O'Brien's prices do not
materially difl'er from those at Forty-fourth street. Bro*n-
inu reports beeves at 7c@9c. Chamberlin reports beeves at
6c@9c. O'Brien repoi Is beeves at 7}/^c(a;9i^c.

REMARKS ON TUU BEIlF MARKET.

Five thousavd bullocks(4,971)agaiu''n market fora single
week, tells the story of today s trausactious Of these 3.683
were offered at Allertou's alone, and nearly all of th-ni ttiis
morning, as there were comparatively few sales yesterday.
Ttie sales were slow thii morning, and dull at ui'Uii, but
brisked up a little in the afternoon, as buyers were then able
to make about their own terms. The nominal were really
below the actual prices, fur most of the bullucks will weigli
out better than the estimates all>wed. We could find no
"premium" cattle, and but few lots of prime quality. The
highest rates paid scarcely equaled 9c, wiiilt, plenty of good
aniinal-i hrouKht little over 8c, and any quantity wentat 7 J^c
down to 5c for the scallawags. The nioruing sales com-
menced at about J^c decline from Isst Wednesday s average,

Last week

9 fe.9^c

7J^@8 c
6/2^7 c
8 Ca9 C
8 ©81^0

while the later afternoon's transactions were fully Ic lower.
The high Railroad tariff keeps back Western cattle, and this
will operate still more strongly if tho expected increase of
$10 f4 car load goes into effect. The Railroad managers will
do well to fjtke into account the present unprecedented low
prices of beef here before materially changing the present
tariff on cattle. When the expenses alone equal 25 or 30 ^
cent, or more of the entire proceeds of a drove of cattle, there
is little inducement for sending them forward. Nothing but
lowest possible rates at which cattle can be profitably carried
will prevent an almost t )tal cessation of shipping Western
cattle until pri<'eB are better than now.

UILCH COWS.
Fresh Cows, selling at low prices, eay $25@$30 for ordin-
ary, and $35(ai|ft5 for good, with a very lew at f60@J;6o. —
Excepting for a few good Cows, the demand is quite limited
and low prices only offered.

CA1VE8,
Veal Calves, selling at 4cfe'6i/^, and 7c, for a very few. —
Market slow, especially fur Utile calves, of which there is
quite enough.

SHEEP.

S eep are selling at 3}^c(S.4c, and fora few cf the best 4c,
^ Sb., gross. Lambs are worth 6c(g>53^c. gross, or $2@$4 50
y, bead. Sales very dull with more than are wanted on
hand.

/ EWINE.

Selling at $4 25(al$^4 60 for griod corn-fed Hogs, and
$4 00@$4 25 for still-fed. Also, S64 Hogs at Fort\ -fourth
street, at similar price. Market largely overstocked, and
more on the way

m

TAB1.E OP CONTENTS.

A Home Wanted by every

Man 161

The True Wife of the Far-
mer........ 162

Physical l<^ducatiun 163

The Steam Plow 163

Hungarian Grass I'i3

The Csne Crop.. l&i

Wheat Crop.......» ..164

The One Crop System......l64

Corr',.... 164

Data 164

Labor the Creator of

Wealth 164

Pears. .7... 166

Planting out Orchards 166

Fall Oati 165

Catawba Wine 166

The Great Object of Edu

cation 166

Sheep Raising 166

Beginning the World 167

Texan Wild Grasses 167

The Grain Crop of Europe 1 67

Pine Tree Culture.... 167

California Fruits Ib7

Sucar from the Chinese

IKigar Cane 167

Thiiigs Lost Forever 167

Chinese Molasses and Su-
gar 167

State Agricultural Society 168

The Potatoe Crop 168

Pumpkins .168

Sangamon County Fair 168

The Mow Trial 168

Fruit and Ornamental

Trees, Ac 16R

To Preserve Tender Roses

-Through Winter 168

Grape Culture .. ]C8

Tho Springfield Sugar

Mill .160

Fall Plowing 169

That j-eed Corn It 9

f«eds ^....1(9

Fair Begtcaiuns 169

Trial of iiteam Plows... 170

From Etypt 170

Shtep Husbandry 170

Sheep fur the West.. 170

An Extensive Farmer 170

Rust — Its cause and Rem-
edy 170

Equi'Strianism.^.. 171

Fall Planting „ 171

/ Work, and faint Not .171

Stenton's Improved Prai-
rie Breaker 171

Gov. Wise on Horse-
racing 172

American Tea 172

What can be Pone on an

Acre of Ground 172

Orchard Grass 172

Make Home and Farming

Attractive 173

Galls on Horses 178

Tr"8ting to a Single Crop..l73
Gardening Operations for

October 173

Cultivation of Cucum-
bers 174

Gapea in Chickens 174

Cairo and Fulton B.R 174

The Markets 174

Advertisements. 175

Itetns for Fanners

O

AND ALL THOSE INTERESTED IN HORSES AND CATTLS.

The Great Pennsylvania Remedy I
NE OF THE MOST VALUABLE MEDI-

cinss saved from our late fit^is tha'T/K Great Ptnn-

iylvania Condition P^nvder,^^
so well known and establish-
ed in this part of the coun-
try. Sufficient to say that,
notwithstanding the pulling
of other '-Uorse Powders" in
the papers, the experience oi
our farmersfuUy corroborate
all we can say in regard to it.
Seeto it, farmers and horse-
men/

It is every man's duty not
only to take care of his fami-
ly, but of bis horses. He has
been given to ugff>ronr service, usefulness and pleasure; it is
therefore highly essential that we should protect so willing
and devoted aservant. The spring and summer campaign is
near at hand, the horse must do the labor. Thousands and
tens of thousands of dollars depend on thatnoble aVimal.

Then, take care of him, Mr. FARMER as you value your
crop; see that he is in good condition; let him go forth to the
plow head and tail up.havingagoodappetite.uot hide-bound,
but full of energy to do the great work, every hair on his hide
in the right place.

References — James Stewart, Fancy Creek; Isaac Troxel
Brush Oreek; S A. Jones, Rochester: N S.Bates, stage agent
Eairfield, Iowa; Josephus Gatton and John Bell. Lick Creek;
J. B. Smith, John Cook. John Kavanaugh, M. Wickersham,
John Eck, I. R.Diller, R. F. Ruth, I. P. Dana, J»hn Burnap,
Ward Dana, Joseph Perkins, Joseph Stockdale, H. P. Cone,
Col. A. G. Herndon, S.G. .Jones. Charles Dunn, Ben. Gray, Geo.
Chatterton, Butler &, Bros., O.Lewis, Charles Lsrchandmany
others.

Don't be mistaken in tlu place/

Be sure and call on u«at E. R. Wiley's clothing store, sonth
side of the square, where your wiil find everything kept in the
drug line, which wawillsell very cheap.
aprSKiaw CORNBAU * DILLER.

I^or Fall Planting.

EASPBERRIES, GOOSEBEKRIES,
Roses, Pie Plants, -Tulips, Lillies, Peonaes, gpraes
UefbuceouB Flowering Plants for sale by

octao FRANCIS & BARRELL.

Agricultural Iniplemeuts,
F EVEttY DESCRIPTION FOR SALE

by ang FRANCISA BARRELL.

Buckwlieat aud Turnip Seed
OR SALE BX ,

aug FRANCIS A BARRELL.

0
F

PRESERVING JARS.

THESE AKE OF A GLASS, A NEW IN-
vention, very excellent, just received aud for sale by
ang FRANCIS & BARKELL.

Cbluese Su^^ar Caue Molasses,

MOST EXCELLENT ARTICLE JUST

received and for sale by FRANCIS 4 BARRELL.

i< ruit Trees for Sale.

WE HAVE 15,000 TREES, 5 YEARS
old, from ssven to ten feet hith, well branched, (very
nice) that we offer .his fall at the low price of $12},^ per 100;
also 15,000 4 years old, at $10 per loO. to cash custoiuers.
Next spriug we shall charge $16 for 5 year, and $12}^ for
4 year. Also Pear, Gheny, Plum, Grade. Currants, Pie
Plant, ornamented treew, .shrubs r ses, evergreens, Ac; Aus-
trian and Scotch Hues, from three to six feet high, at 25c per
foot; Norway, Blue and Whiu Spruces. Hemlock, Arborvit«,
Balsam Fir, European and American I..arche8, with a good
variety of hardy flowering pUhts. Orders respectfully solic-
ite.l. VERRy ALDIUCU.

Pleasant Ridge Nursery, Arispe, Bureau County, IlUnuis.

far aug-3m

DERKE>S PtOWS.

TWO HORSE PRAIRIE BREAKERS,
Dauble Michtgan and common plows, of the best work-
manship, for sale by
aug FRANCIS A BARRELL.

FEET OF SEASONED WAL-

nut lumber fur sale.

J. HDTCHINSON

20,000

mayll

NEW HABrDWARE STOEE

" W. B. MILLER & CO.,

West side Capitol Square, (David Spear's old stand,)
SPRIJXGFIKLD, ILL.

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALEBS
in Hardware and Cutlery, , .^^"" /

Giins, Window Glass, Naila, ' ' ?■

■',..■_. , Paints and Oils,

Coach Trimmings, Ac,
Beg leave to call the attention of Farmers. Mechanics, Build*
ers and others, to their extensive ai d well ^ jlected stock of
Hardware, Cutlery, Guns, 4c. Having th< advantag* ol be-
ing solely in the Hardware Trade, we can luvnit-h goods as
low as they can be bought elsewhere. Our object is to make
our store a place where persons can alwajs find a complete
assortraeni of

Hardware of All Kluds,

Ai the lowest prices. We have paid especial attention to the
selection of our Goods, being particular to ha^ e them of the
best quality and at the lowest prices. Builders will find it
much to their advantage to purchase their niateriaU here, ot
which th<-3' will always find a complete assortment, as tbey
■Will get tnera at !• w' prices.

Annexed will be found a short list of the articles to be
found in our store. Hoping you will be induced to give ui
a call aud examine our stock.

Farmers. Mechanics.

Full assortment shove's A Auger and centre bits;.

Nose, shell and spoon bitts;

Turnscrew bitts;

C( uuter sinks and reamers;

Plane irons, assorted:

Bread aud post ax«c>.

Adzes;

Hand, pan ncl and ripsaws;

C. S. back aud comi.ab8 saws;

Mill and ^ cut saws;

Gimlet point screws;

Files, all kinds;

Spirit levels, gauges, .

Wrenches: --•.";.

Drawing knives; _ .. >

Bench stops; -^^t-"

Oilstones. ■..,.:^.:...

if«iW«ri-.— Butcher's, Bcatty'h and Witberby's Cliisels. —
Nails, all sizes; strap and butt hinges; reveal liingeis; shut-
ter fastenings, all kinds: bol's, all kinds; turn buck leh, sash
pulleys and cord; sa.sh weights: lucks and latches, all kinds.
Orders for every thing In the way of Ruildiu^: Hardware so
lici'ed, which wll be filled to satisfaction of purchast-rs.

Blackfiiiiithfi and Coach liuilders stipplied with stork and
tools and all articles in tlieir line at b w ;.rices. jel6-w

CASH FOR

Hides, Skins and PeltM

COE & VAN DUYN, ';-.■ ■"..■•—•:•.■
Opposite the Journal Office. SPRINGFIELD, ILL., will pay
the highest Market Price in cash for
HIDES. SKlJfS AND PELTS.

Si -des
Full 5S.'>rtment hay and ma-

nuii •■'sk;
Chain t -'^s;
Halterat rsas* chains;
Scythes, a. >»-';ds,in season;
Farming imi- 1 wients;
Knives, forks au ! sp'.'ons;
Porcelain and Brass kettles;
Pots, ovens, spiders, &c;
Augers, assorted;
Co8ee mills;

Axes, hatchets, hammers;
£U<ivt-l aud tonga, pokers:
Sadirons;
Fultastortmentof Planes,

A giod a.ssortment of
Harness and Shoe Leather, Fludiiig^s, Ac.,

always on hand and for sale cheap for Cash.
Springfield, April 17. wly

^•- ■

'fr^^'^-'T

, -•3;'3Rs;:*fT ■;-!!^^' ,

^■m-

174

THE ILX.i:^^OIS F^\.IIMEII.

lu>;id of Spring Flowering Bulbs. The
flower gardon cannot bo coiuplete without a
goorl assortniont of these.

Alterations in the flower garden, lawn, or
shrubbery, now may be made, such as mak-
ing flower beds, new walks, graveling, sod-
ding, i^'e. Tlie soil is now in a better eondi-
tion to work, and this is generally a Uiore
leisure season than the spring.

Transjilnnting many of the deciduous trees
and shrubs may be done immediately after
the fall of the leaf. All fall planting is bet-
ter done early. If left till just before hard
frosts set in,* better leave it till t<jiring.
^lany of the hardiest shrubs Idooui earlier
and better, the next season, by being planted
early iu the fall. The pyrus japonica,
altheas, syringas, spireas, kc, arc of this
class.

Cultivation of Cucumbers.

Last spring a friend of mine and myself
were planting cucumbers at the same time.
I was planting mine as usual in gardens, by
mixing a small portion uf stable manure witli
the earth, and raising the hill an inch or two
above the level of the ground. Observing
it, he jocosely reuuu-ked: "Let me show
you how to raise cucumbers." Never having
had much luck in raising them, I cheerfully
agreed to his proposition. He commenced
by making holes in the earth at the distance
intcuded for hills, that would hold about a
peck; he then tilled them with dry leeched
ashes, covering the ashes with a very small
quantity of earth. The seeds were then
planted on a level with the surface of the
ground. I was willing to sec the experi-
ment tried, but had no expectation of any-
thing but a loss of seed, labor and soil. Jlut
imagine my astonishment, (notwithstanding
a dryer season never was known, and almost
a universal failure of garden vegetables,)
when I beheld the vines remarkably tlirifty,
and as fine a crop of cucumbers as any one
could wish to raise, and they continued to
bear for an unusually long time. I will not
philosophize on the subject, but say to all —
try it ; and instead of throwing your ashes
away, apply them where they will be of use,
and you will reap a rich reward. — Kc-
chamjc.

<•*

Ij'rom tUo Kural Now Yorker.

Giipes in Chiekens.

Jl^'.s-.sr.s. ^(/,s.: — Having noticed an incpii-
ry as to the cause and cure of gapes in chick-
ens, accompanied by the remarks of the edi-
tor, in a late number of the llurdi, J take
the liberty to present a theory as to the cause;
and also, a sure remedy. As far as my ob-
servation extended, the disease is cau.sed ))y
a white "hair worm " (found in chij) yards)
getting into the throat of the chick, thereby
choking it. The remedy is as follows : Fill
a pijie with tul)aceo, as for smoking, and af-
ter lighting, (instead of inserting the steii:
into your own mouth and whilHug the smoke
iuto the atmosphere, thereby jjoisoning tlic

air you breathe, ) insert the stem into the I>ill
of the chick, and by placing your thumb and
fore-linger on each side of the bill, so as to
force as much of the smoke down tiie throat
and wind-pipo as possible, then blow into the
bowl of the pipe and continue to do so until
the chick begins to "wilt" and lop its bead ;

then lay it down and it will, after a time,
begin to recover from the effects of the
snmke, and being once up again, it will in-
dignantly throw the worms (Uit of Its breath-
ing ami gastronomic apparatus and be per-
fectly recovered tVum the disease.

J. U. Baker.
Eui^t r/mnalia, X. Y., isr,8.
•••

From t!i(! Oiiro Utizctte.
Cairo and Fulton Railroad.

The most important public work for the ben-
efit ot Ciiiro, in contemplation, is the Ciiiro and
Fult'in llailroiul. The CMmpletion of this road
even so fiir as Bloouiliol.l, Mo. will open to our
merohants a heuvy trade now oeiitereil at Cape
Girardeau a!ul St. Louis. The difficulty of
access to market has k'.'pt .south western Mis-
souri and northern Arkansas as it were a
•'sealetl bo<ik," the scfilers Iteing obliged to
make a circuit <>f nearly one hundred nules to
reach a shi[)ping point. Lately, tho Iron
M.iuntain UuhMuJ ha.s been coinf)leted to
Pilot Iviiub, thirty miles from Bio )uifioid and
.seventy five from St. Louis; this gives readier
access to m.-trkot, and airea'ly has produced a
market iiiHuerice upon the eiiuntry. But Htill
a more direct and aecessddcavenue to tlie";reut

CD

luiirts both east and soutli is rerjuireii — one
that would put them in eommunicaticai with
New Orleans, the great depot of western pro-
ducts, and this want is to he filh-ii by the Cairo
and Fulton Railrord, and wluch we expect to
see iu ojierat'on as far as Bloomfield, in the
month of Jiiiiuary, 1800.

Tlie entire length oi this road when comple-
ted will lie eighty miles, twelve miles of wliich
to Ctiarli'Ston, are nearly ready for tfie ties.

Owing to the heavy overflow last summer,
operations upon the work were suspended, and
eome slight dama^^e done t > that portion of the
road already graded. Three ihou.sand dollars
will, hi wever, repair all damage, instead of ten
thousand, aa at first reported. Between Bird's
Point and Charleston, a portion of tressil work
and piling jet remain to incorporate; the
balance ot the work with the exception of a
few };a])S, is in good order, and the tiack-layers
will commonce operations early next; month. —
Iron for thirty miles of tlie ro::d has been pur-
chased, of which thirteen hundred tons Is en
t!io wa3, and will be here in two weeks at the
farthest. llolling st.ck, consisting of two
locomotives, two passenger and fifteen freijiht
ears, which will be fully sufHcient to equi[) the
first division, have also been purchased, and
will be on the ground as soon aa necessity re-
quires.

The resources of this Company are equal to
those of any otiier road of similar extent in
the West, and its affairs have been po admira-
bly conducted that even during the wtude of
the present financial crisis, its credit remained
uniinpiiired. The projeo;ors and stoi-kholders
being men of ample means, wistdy refused to
embarrass the u'ldertaking hy loroing its b-rnds
upon the marker, but proft'rred to nrosccute
tlie work only h-o fast us the means in hand
would permit, thus avoiding the error upon
which so many western roads went to ruin, and
caused tiio prosent dc: rcciati jn of ail manlier
of railro -d scouriiii-s.

It is sa'e to sav tliar the bond-s of tlie Com-
pariv will iiMrv" t uiii [lay the entire cost ot"cuu-
sini rtion and <'(piipinent of the road in tho
most substantial manner. Five haiulred and

soveuty-one thou.sand acres of tlie finest land

in south western Missouri have been donated

to the Company, which, at, five dollars per
acre — a moderate estimate when the road is
cotnjietei — will bring in §2,!So5,U00 — while
the entire e ist of the road, incluJin;,; interests,

Commissions, di.-'cunts on bonds, etc., will not
ex-eed 5>2 OSO.OUO. In addition to this land
jrrant. the road tias paid in sto>:k subscriptions
$52,150, and loans from the Slate of Missouri

to the amount of §050,000, having twenty and
thirty years to run, at 0 per cent, interest.
These State bonds are drawn only as the road
progressep, and are applied strictly to the

work.

Thus it will be seen that the Compary have
benefitted — as population pcurs in, and markets
are offered for their proebicts, prices will be en-
hanced, their lands rapidly increase in value,
and all the discomforts and inconvenience of a
sparsely settled uountry bo remeiiiod. 'ihe
Cairo and Fulton road is one of the most impor-
tant works to tho west in prcgre-s, and we are
rdeased that it has fallen into such prudent
hands as will assuredly secure its early comple-
tion.

91,00.
3,75.
7,50.

IljIjinsrOIS F -A. li 3VE E I^
FOR 1850.

Clubs cannot be made up too early. We
appoint every suliscriber we have and every
post master in the State as Agents.
Remember the Terms !

One Copy im:r ykau

Five Coi'ie.s "

Tk\ Copies " .

riFTEEN Copies, and over, G'2\ cents
per copy.

An extra copy will be sent to persons get-
ting ten subscribers and over.

The great political excitement will be
ended in a few days, and farmers will find it
u pleasure to return to the duties of the
farm.

We hope to improve on the Farmer the
ensuing year, and render it of essential be-
nefit to its sub.scribers.

We appeal to our agricultural friends to
increase our patrouage. We have no travel-
ing agents.

October 20, 1858.

COMMERCIAL.

Sprluiflield Market~Oct. 30.

WIIKAT— 70(?/.R0rSlai;
FI-ODR— .s4 &u(a J;5 -r^. brl;
COltN— tUffijiJO l)ii; scarce;
COKN MKAli— 70 V' Iju;
IJUOlvWUKAT— Jl;
OATS — 30i-^. t>u;uone;
15 !•: ^ S S— Tufdiloij -j), bu;
liKAN— Uicit'l«u;
.-Uitirr— l.i V bu;
'11 MOTIIY SEKD— |2i if.bu;
HU.\(iAI!lANGr.Sefil$-.JoO;
Mli.I-ET— j:l 2a;
OI.OVKK— fT-fi bu;
NKW I'OVATOKS— GodiTJ;
'I'AY— ;?S "[J ton;
TAI-fiOW— So r' If";
SOAI'— tKir; li' ,c r>. lb;
CANDI.KS— lK-£< box;
I'oltK— .^4 t' IWi lt>s;
15.\CoN — Nuw Imiu.H. 7@S lb,
IIACUN— 5iilo3, 7ra.s ft;

E(iGS— 5r(i,7c i^ (l'>z;

LARD— bC" l"CTrll^>;
SUOAR— 8((vl0c'E<lb;
COFFKE— lo(<t'loc~i^, lb;
MOLASSKS — i5((! 00c ^, givl;
SALT— il 75 V sack;
SALT— f J ;.0t' brl;
HONKY— l&ct'fc;
ONIONS— jil X* bu;
MACK KKEL-l;<((?20c No. 1;
CODFISH— $u 7& x' lU^J •*«;
Al'l'LKS— (irofU, 0 OUfy^^i;
APl'LKS— Dried. 2 %> b":
WOOD— J3 bO(.i ^4 ^ cord;

COAL— IJc V I'u;
I'lvACIl KS— Uriel none;

WlUSlvV— V- 1)1 25(-i,-Ut'gftI;
VIMCOAH— '• 12 t* pal;
HKOO.MS— V- <lo/. 1 o^Htli■2. 50
ULTTKlir-15t(t>-i5(; -^, Iti.

St. Louis Market.— Oct. 23.

VUKTOUTS— To Nfw Orleans. Flour 6Uc iiud Wliisky $1 10
"j' bill: iMiiiiiil Irciirbt li.'ic t< lUU Ib.s.

FI.OLI! — Suli'< U)-.l!iy "1 two lot« of 1,000 Iil.ls «iii-h of city
FUlurtiuciit >:4 :M) \> It) lOO coDiitiy Kiiixlliimiit ;j4 •2n. lOU lb
extra nil private lui Ills; 50 sks luticy at $2 Ho *f^ -sack, aud
loo do lit ^-Z 10

WUK.VT — Low griidcM dull— <'bi>ice n fair ri"'|ue«t; sales
(if t"-d ly iiii'ludr So hkH \mnr f\niuj; at 40i';;>o and loosks do
at oOc: l.VJ :"ks do at bUo; Oti do at tile; 51 and S'i ska at G6c;
l.'is at TOr; liii, NT, l]'-\, 140 and Jiis skaspriii^i a' ~i)v; 01 pka do

ut 77);/: ^5i! ok* cliil) :it 7^e U'lnki lili'ucliud f.ill at 75c; 20i)

inferior Bt Mio; 'JiiOaud 120 sk* ;it S:!c; 100 at S2i.^,i-; 1,000, 140

\)\ and ;!.'iO sUh at sjc; 171 sks at S7 ' ^fi; 75 bU-< lU '-'Oi-; 107 .iks
lit OOc; :10. 'J'iand l;;2-kH at '.Mio: ]4ii sIjm at $.\; 147 sks at *!
(0 I 02: I-iO rikn at $\(<i I Ou, ::;; l-.:u and Isj skB ut :^1 UO; 2'JO
Bks at jl 10 r» busbil.

Cdit^ liiw s-ile; we outy noted ealcs to-d ly of SI Bks

daiiiaifd at i"i2c; Mo hks atoOc, and 47 aud 200 sks wliiteat
5Sc: "t> 1)11.

OA'l'S — Silos to-day were 261 sacks ut 45c; 1S9 s h at 50c

'TTi' ; • '■•"■? Vf7 ■ ■'. ■ ■ '??5?"3^5^r*-« ■

■ii^™^3>'^>

Sf^f «?7i5K \r^?^?^<^^^/^-i

THE ILLIISrOTS F^HMEH.

175

82 and S6 sacksat 82c; 76aiid 108 sacks at oGc; 100 at 56>4c;
IIH at 57c; and 60 shcv s at OOo ~f. bu.

UAKLKY— Very dull. Sales to-day vere 140 and 167 sks
spiiug at OOc, and" 131, 209 and 340 sacks fall at $1 O^J^.

kYE—Siiles of 3-lU sucks at 55c, sacks in.

I'.UCKWIlJiAT— fn dnll sale?; '^Oc -jji bu offered.

\\llltiKY— i^tcady; xales today of 100 bbUat the market,
and :'.0. 37, 25,45 and 140 l>h\a at IKc per gall.

U A Y— Sales of I'rairie yesterday at 55c, aud prime Timothy
at 77 34c per 100 tbs.

POfATv^K^ — The market is well supplied for the present
and dull. Today'* sabs include 113 sks small pink eyes at
8.')c; 177 do mixed at 00; 33 at 9a, aud 44 ska at the outside
jirice at f 1 10 per bu.

u.MON>— itather dull; 18 sks to-day brought GOc per bu.
Cboice ones sold on Tciursday «t 75g.

BKANS— VMiite range from UOc to $1 25 for inferior to
choice. Castor J2.

(JUXNlKt;— ?ale of r.000 at Si^c.

BACON — Sales to day of 50 bhds shoulders at 6c; 5 casks
city do Oj/^c; 10 caskBclearcountry sides 8-%.

LAUD — Sale of 35 k."gn country at Oi^c.

TALLOW— Last sale of prime, dy,c.

SALT— Sales to day of2:i7;i ska Turks Island 80c; G A firm
at 90feU5c.

SUUAKS — Pales to-day of 20 hhds good old in lots at 7}^c;
7®Soig about the range — choice old is worth 8c.

MULASSKS— Old reboiled worth 2Sc; new 3Cc.

COFFKK— 200 sks (in lots) sold to-day at ll%c.

HICK — Sales of 4 or 5 bbls new at 5],<j!c.

St. Eouis Liive Stock Market— Oct. 23.

Bellrvue. House Stock Fanh

BEEVES- Arrivals of cattle for the week have been
lieavy and market is well supplied. Price* uuclmnged since
last week. Butchers pay for good to choice i}/^ to 3c, gross,
for inferior and common §S t j §20 ^, head, as to quality aud
weight.

U^iGS — But few coming in at the pre.^ent time, good butch-
er's Hiigs are in fair demand at 5 to S^-^c 100 lbs net.

SlIKKl' — -everal large droves have arrived this week, and
the market is well supplied. Prices range t om $1 to J2 75
as to qualitv

Cows AND CALVKS— Suitable for shipping are in de-
mand at $25 to S35; Cumniou and ordinary sell at $15 to
$20.

Chicago liive Stock Market— Oct. 22.

BEEVES — The demand is fair, but large receipts render
the market heavj', and prices are a shade under yesterday's
figures. Gooil to extra choice Beeves, were eold at J2 60^H

$2 65 per 100 lbs gross; commoa to ordiuary, $1 75®. fi 25.

Left over, about SOO head.

Iious — The demand Is good, and prices are fair. Fat
heavy IIo k sold at$4(S,4 3o per loo lbs; common lots, $3 50-
(ti 3 75. Left i>ver, al>oat 8 car-loads.

SHEEP— Uull. AlotofThiu Sheep were sold at|2 per
head.

New York Cattle Market~<>ctot>er 2T.

The cattle at Forty-fourth street were derived from the fol-
lowing sources:

New York 1299

Ohio 1185

Illinois 925

Kentucky 174

Indiana 171

Iowa 39

The following are the droves from Illinois:

No. Owners. Salesmen.

67 W J Hutchinson „ IIoag& Sherman

36 .1 II Perkius BudloMg& Kaktman

20 Kobbius Budlong & Eastman

90 Geo /unk O Hurd

55 U U Sn.ith White & Son

39 G Wells T Bloomer

62 M C Gibscu G Uett & Toff-y

79 G Funk Westheimer & Bro

16 Brooks Doty Church & Co

159 J Nichols T Wheeler

06 Alexander &, Fitch J A Merritt

85 W L i'tebbins Westheimer A Bro

69 W Richards Westheimer & Bro

The average prices of all sales this week, as compared with
last week, are about %c lower — the closing rates being even
wore than this.

We quote:

PRICES OP BEEF AT PonTT-PODETH STREET.

To-day. Last week

Premium quality none. Ol-ijfi-ii^lic

Firs.t quality 8)4fe9 c

Medium quality 8 ('ii8),-:^c

Poor (luulity nyj(pV/{,c

Poorest quality 5 (2»b c

General selling prices 7 (ctS c

Average of all sales ''}-^(ti7Jx;c

At BroAuing's, Chamberlin's aud O'Brien's piices do not
mateiialiy di tier from those at Forty-fourth street. lifO -vn-
iiig reports heeves at 7c(«9c. Chamberlin reports beeves at
6c(a,yc. O'Brien repjits beeves at ly^'^iaityj:.

REMARKS OS THE BEEF M.\RKET.

Five thonna-d bullocks (4,971) afjaiu 'ii ni;irki't fora single
week, te.lls the story of today « trausactions Of th<we 3.5ho
■weri- olleroil at Allertou's alone, and nearly all of th-in this

morning, as therb were eomiiaratively tew sales yesterday.

The sales were slow tliis moruiuj;, and dull at u<.oii. but

brisked up a little in the afteruoou. as buyers were Iheii ahle
to make about their own terms. The nominal were really
below the actual prices, for most of the bullocks will we'gh
out better than the estimates all >wed. We cimld liud no
'•premium'' cattle, and but few lots of ]>rinie quality. The
highest rates paid scarcely equaled 9c, wiiili- plenty of good
aniiiial-< brouiilit little over Sc, and any quantity wentat l^-^c
down to 5c for the scallawags. The iiioruing sales com-
meuced at about 3^0 decline from Ijst Wednesday s average,

9 (aO'-jC
8j4(a'8-!ic
ll/iiaii c
6/ij4i,7 C
8 (1x9 c
8 (gtSlic

while the later afternoon's transactions were fully Ic lower.
The high Kailroad tariti keeps back Western cattle, and this
will operate BtiU more strongly if the e.\pocted iiicrease of
$10 ^ car load jioes into effect. The Railroad managers will

do well to tJike into account the present uuprecedented low
prices of beef here before materially charging the present
tariff on cattle. When the expenses alone equal 25 or 30 '^
cent, or more of the entire proceeds of a drove of cattle, there
is little iuducement for sending thorn forward. Nothing but
lowest possible rates at which cattle can be profitably carried
will prevent an almost t Jtal cessation of shipping Western
cattle until prif-es are better than now.

MILCH cows.
Fresh Cows, selling at low prices, eay $25@J30 f<)r ordin-
ary, and $35@i|.45 for good, with a very tew at f50(a,:JBii. —
Excepting for a few good Cows, the demand is quite limited
aud low prices only ollered.

CALVES.
Veal Calves, selling at 4c(2 Oi^^c, and 7c, for a very few. —
Market slow, esijcciully for lilUe calves, of which there is
quite enough.

SHEEP.

S eep are Bclling at 3J^(fi4c. and fora few of the best 4c,
TJ> lb., gross. Lambs are worth 6c(ij5j.^c. gross, or $2(a»4 50
■^ head. Sales very dull with more than are wanted on
hand.

ewiNE.

Selling at *4 25(3>$4 60 for good corn-fed Hogs, and
$4 00@$4 '25 for still-fed. Also, SC4 Hogs at Fort » -lourth
street, at similar price. Market largely overstocked, aud
more t n the wav

TABL,E OF CONTENTS.

A Ilome Wanted by every

Man ICl

The True Wife of the Far-
mer...- 162

Physical Kducatiou 103

The Steam Plow 163

Hungarian Grass .I<i3

The C5ine Crop 164

Wheat Crop...- 164

The One Crop System.«...164

Ci,rr^ 104

Oati - 164

Labor the Creator of

Wealth 164

Pears 16-5

Planting out Orchards 165

Fall Oat« 165

Catawba Wine 166

The Great Object of Edu

cation 166

Sheep Kaisint; 106

Beginning the World 167

Texan Wild Grasses.. ..,..,167
The Grain Crop of Europe 1 07

Pine Tree Culture..^ 107

California Fruits 1^7

Siiear from the Chinese

fr.igar Cane 167

Things Lost Forever 167

Chiuese Molasses and Su-

g.ir 167

State Agricultural Society 168

The Potatoe Crop 168

Pumpkins 168

Sangamon County Fair 108

The flow Trial 168

Fruit and Ornamental

Trees, ic 16R

To Preserve Tender Roses

Through Winter 16S

Orape Culture IGS

The Springfield Sugar

Mill lOJ

Fall Plowing 169

That ,-eed Corn 1(9

f«eds li>

Fair Bega'am ns 169

Trial of Steam Plows 17o

From Eirypt 170

Shtep Husliandry 170

Sheep for the West 170

An Extensive Farmer 170

Rust — Its cause (lud Kem-

edy 170

Equistrianisni.... 171

Fall Planting 171

'i Work, atid l-aiut Not 171

Stenton's Improved Prai-
rie Breaker 171

Gov. Wise on Ilorsa-

raciug 172

.\mericati Tea 172

What can bo I'oue on an

Acre of Ground 1"2

Orchard Griiss 172

Make Home and Farming

Attr<irtivc 173

Galls on Horses 178

Tr-sting to a Single Crop..l73
Gardening Operations for

October 173

Cultivation of Cucum-
bers 174

Gapes in Chickens 174

Cairo and Fulton U.J5 174

The Markets „ 174

Advertisements .175

o

Itetns for Furniers

AND .ALL THOSE I.VTKRESTED IN HORS!;8 iNI> CATTLE.

The Great Pennsvlvania Remedy I
NE OF THE MOST VALUABLE MEDI-

ciu«s saved from our late firois th«'-r/te Great Penn-

iylvania Ctmdition P^rwder."
80 well known aud establish-
ed in this part of the coun-
try. Sulficieut to say that,
notwithstanding the pufliug
of other "UdrBe Powders" in
the papers, the experience or
our farniersfiilly corroborate
all we can say in regard to it.
Sceto it, farmers and horse-
men t

It is every man's duty not
only to take care of his fami-
ly, but <)f his horses. He has
been given to usfiM-onr service, nsefulness and pleasure: it is
therefore highly essential that we should protect so willing
and devoted asorvant. The spring aud sirmnier campaign is
near at nanri, the hor«e must do the labor. Thousands and
tens of ti'.ousanda of dollars depend on that noble a\iiinal.

Then, take care of him, Mr. FAHMKU as yon value your
crop; see that he is in good condition; let him go forth to the
plow head and tail up. havinga good appetite, not Lide-hoiind,
but full of energy to do the great work, every hair on Lis hide
in the right place.

Iifferciice!i—,''HUV'S Stewart, F.incy Crenk; Isaac Troxel
Brusii Greek; S A. Jonee, Uochester: N S. Kates, stageagiiit
Fairfield. Iowa; Joscphus UuttOll aod John IJell. I.ick Creek;
.1. B. Smith, John Cook. .John Kavanan-ili, M- VVicker.>-liani,
John Eck, I. K.Diller, K. F. Hutb, I. P. Dana. .Iwlm buriiap,
Ward Dana, Joseph Perkius, Joseph Stockdale, 11. P. Cone,
Col. A. G. llerndon, S.G. .Jones. Charles Dunn. Ben Gray. Geo.
Chatterton, Butler &, Bros., O.Lewis, Charles Lerch aud many
others.

Don't he mistalcen in the place!

Be sure and call on u«at E. R. Wiley'sclothingstore.sonth
side of the square, where your wi.l find everything kept in the
drug line, which wewillsell very cheap.

aprSKlaw COliNKAU * DILLER.

M^or Fall Planting,

T> ASPBERRIES, GOOSEBERRIES,

JLA/ Roses, Pie Plants, Tulips, LiUie«, Peonaes, Spraes
lief u<tceoti8 Flowering Plants for sale by

oct30 FR.VNCIS & BAKRELT...

Ag^riculturai IniplemeutK,

F EVEtiY DESCRIPXIUN FOR SALE

by aug FRANCIS& BARHKLL.

Buckwheat aud Turuip Seed
OR SALE BX

aug FRANCIS & BARBELL.

0

F

PKESERVIKG JARS.

THESE AKE OF A GLASS, A NEW IN-
veution, very excellent, just received and for sale by
aug FRANCIS & BAKKKLL.

Cliiuese Su<^ar Caue Molasses,
MOST EXCELLENT ARTICLE JUST

received and for sale by FRANCIS & BARKELL.

h ruit Trees for Sale.

WE HAVE 15,000 TREES, 5 YEARS
old. from 82ven to ten feet hiLli, well bi-anched, (very
nio") that we offer .his fall at the low price of $12J.j^ per 100;
also 15,000 4 years old. at $10 per liO, to cash v-u»tou.er8.
Next spring we shall charge $15 for 5 year, and $12'^ for
4 year. Also Pear, Cherry, Pluiu, Grade. Curiantw, Pie
Plant, ornamented trees, .'.hrubs r ses, evergreens, Ac; Aus-
trian and Scotch Pines, from three to six feet higii. at 25c per
foot; Norway, Blue and Whita SpmceS: Hemlock, Arborvita,
Balsam Fir, European and American Ijin lies, with a good

variety of hardy flowering pUhta. Orders respectfully solic-
ited. VKKRY ALDKICH.

Pleasant Ridge Nursery, Arispe, Bureau County, Illinois.

far aug-3m

L>ERUE'S PLOWS.

TWO HORSE PRAIRIE BREAKERS,
Dauble Michigan and common plows, of the be«t work-
manship, for sale by
aug FRANCIS k BARRELL.

(^VJaVyUV/ nntluml

mayll

OF SEASONED WAL-

liuuber for sale.

J. HUTCHINSON

NEW H ARDWAllE STORE

W. B. MILLER & CO.,

West side Capitol Square, (David Spear'a old stand,)

SPRINGFIELD, ILL.

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALERS
in Hardware aud Cutlery,

GaQ8, Window Glass, Nails,
Paints aud Oils,

Coach Trimmings, Ac,
Beg leave to call the attention of Farmei s. Mechabirs, Bnild*
ers and others, to their extensive ai d well ■■■ -Itcted stock of
Hardware, Cutlery, Onus, *c. Having tin advantag* ol be-
ilig solely m the Hardware Trade, we can jutnibh goods as
low as they can be bought elsewhere. Our object is to make
our store a place where persons can always find a complete
assortmeni of

Hardware of All Kinds,

At the lowest prices. We have paid especiui attentioDto the

selection of our Goods, being particular to liave tlum "f the
best quality and at the lowest prices. Builders will find it
much to their advantage to purchase theii niaterialr here, ot
which they will always find a complete assortment, as they
will get tnem at h w prices.

Annexed will be found a short list of the articles to be
found in our store. Hoping you will he induced to give ui
a call and examine our stock.

Uechanics.

Anger and centre bits;

Nose, shell and spouu bitts;

Turnscrew bills;

C<unter sinks and reamers;

Plane irons, assorted:

Biead aud post axes.

Adzes;

Hand, pan nel aud rip saws;
C. S. back and conii.abs saws;
Mill and ^ cut saws;
Gimlet point hcrews;
Files, uU kinds;
Spirit levels, gauges,
Wrenches:
Drawing knives;
Bench stops;

Farnitrs.
Fu'' assortment shove's A

S' '"les
Full 7"f.->rtment hay and ma-

nuii '"'is;
Chainl <=<s;
HalteraL raas? chains;
Scythes, a. K 'ids, in season;
Farming iiut. ■ .lents;
Knives, forks ai. i spoons;
Porcelain and Brass kettles;
Pots, ovens, spiders, ic;
Augers, assorted;
Coffee mills;

Axes, hatchets, hammers;
Shovel aud tongs, jiokers:
Sadirons:
Full astoi'tmentof Planes, | Oil stones.

Jiiiiklers: — Butcher's, Beatty's aii<i Witherby's Oiisels. —
Nails, all sizes; strap and butt hinges reveal hinges; rliut-

ter fasleniufjs. all kuids; boPs.all kinds: tutu bu<kk-h, sash
jniUeys and cord: sash weights: locks and latches, all kinds.
Orders for every thing in the waj of BiiildiU;; Ltardware so
lici'ed. which W 11 be filled to satisfaction of purcbasiis.

Itiacksiiiiths and Ci'ach Builders stipplied with stock and
tools and all iiiticles in tlieir line at I. w :.iiees. j.-i;>.w

CASH FOR

Skins and, P e It 9

IMides.

COE & VAN DUYN,

Opposite the Journal Office. SPRINGFIELD, ILL., wiJlpay

the highest Market Price in cash for

HIDES. SKiys AND PELTS.

A good assortment of
Harness and Shoe Leatlier, Fludinfifs, Ac,

always on hand aud for sale cheap for Cash.
Springfield, April 17. wly

■iiK^-?--/

^^.•.

^:

..s',~.

^^;,;f.;-.?

176

THE ILLIISrOIS FA^Il]MER.

i

»• F. FOX,

Wholesale aud Retail Dealer in Hardware,

IN ALL ITS VARIOUS BUANCHES,HAS NOAV IN STORE
one of tlio largest and best assortments cf goods iuliis litiu
ever otTered in this market. Importing many styles of Kng-
lish goods direct, and imrchosing his Auierican goods of the
manufikcturers ut the lowest (cash) prices, he is enabled to
offer merchants and consumers goodsat the lowest prices, and
on as favorable terms as anj- house east or west. Ills stock
embraces a very large and complete assortment of

Agricultural Tools and Implements !

of the latest and most improved kinds and qualities. Heap-
ers, Mower.i, HSlraw Cullers, lii'dge. Trimmers, S ddes.
Grass and Iruning Hooks, Cradles, Scythes, Snaths,
Ihrhs, Hms, Shnvels, Scoops, ^x«^'(all kinds anil makes),
Icicles, Mattocks, Fan Mills, Seed S'parutors and Threshing Ma-
ch iiies.

HOUSE FURNISHING & BUILDERS WAREHOUSE.

Large and com|)lete assortment of Locks, Latches, Butts, Jfin-
gei. Screws, Bolts, Brads, Nails. Tlf IM MINGS— ^nni variety

Carpenter's and Builder's Tools !

PI071KS, Saws, Chisels, Augers, Bracei, Bitt-s, Drawing Knives,
Sr/iMres, Trowels, Bcvils, Hatchets, Hummers, Adies, Jlurcli
and Broad Axes, Bnreing Machines, Gould's and iSteptoe's
Morticing Machines, Files, dv.

Blacksmith's Tools.

BeUoivs, Anvils, Vices, Screw Flutes, Tonga, Horse Kails, Horse
Slujes, Buttresses, ilv.

COOPER'S TOOLS.

Fine assortment, Knives. JIuoks, I'lanes, dx,

CUTLERY.

A very largo stock and assortment of Wostenholm's Butch-
er's and otliei's, Table, Fockttt, Fvn, Butcher and Shoe Knices,
Motors, S/iears, Cissors, Carvers, ifc. Great variety.

GUNS, PISTOLS,
Oun Trimmingsand Mountings, singlcandd<mhM>arreUed En-
glish and German Rijles, Fistnls of great variety, tofjetlier
with a general assortm mt of goods usually kept iu a Hardware
store.

S A "W S

Every variety, mill, cross cut and circular, from three inches
to sixty inclusive, furnished at manufacturers prices.

Saddlery Hardware and Carriage Trimmings.

In this branch of my business, I am enabled to extend to
saddlers and carriage makers unusual facilities, lieingsupplicd
direct from the manufacturers. Goods in this linocometomo
at extraordinary low prices. Jly stock embraces all varieties:
Buckl.es, Ferrets, Orname7ils, Jioseatrs, liings. Snaffles, liitts,
Funches, Webbing, Sclf-Ai/Justing and Vennison Trees, Sud-
dler't SiUc, Shoe, Three-Cord and Fitting Thread.

Carriage Trimmings.

Brass and Silver Plated, Screw Front Bands and Flatcd Screw
Front Mail Bands, Coach Handles, Curtain Franuis, Turned
Collars, Patent and Enamelled Leather, Fnamelled Muslin,
IXuck and Drill, Rubber Cloth, CUmagu Bows, Deer ami Curled
Hair, Patent Leather and Rubber Belting, Hemp and Rubbir
packing.

fl®, Ordfirs promptly filled and forwarded.

May 1st, 1857. B. F.FOX.

THE ILLINOIS

JUlutual Fire Insurance Co.

LOCATED AT ALTON' ILLINOIS.

CHARTERED FEB. 23, 1839. ORGANIZED APRIL 4. 1839.

Amount of premium notes in force February

1st, 185G, constituting a fund for the

payment of Losses,

$8 0 0,0 00.0 0,

Secured by a lien on property insured, valued
at over

9.000.000!

THIS company insures dwelliug3,stores,wareliouses, manu-
factories, mills, barns, stable* and the contents of i-ach,
together with every other similar species of property witliin
the State, from

LOSS OR DAMAGE BY FIRE!

The Directors feel justified iu reeommrudiiig this company to
the favorable consideration of the citizens of Illinois. Kvery
one insured becomes a menilier. the company beini; an ns-
siK-'iation of customers— each of whom is concerned in i(i-
siiriiig his neighbor. As the iniJemnifieation fund augments
iu exact ratio with the increaao of risks, the capital of the
company it eumparativoiy exiiaustless; and the entire safety
of tliii iiistitatioa must be apparent to every one who roads
the charter.

Tlio cost of insuring in this company is so low, as to render
it almost inexcusable for tlie owners of insurable property
not to avail themselves of its protection.

TlEXj. F. Loxo,
R oosiT Smith
TlMOTUr Tn.iNER,

M. Q. Atwuoo,

Alfked Dow,
Besj. K. Hart,

.loIIN liAILIiAClIE,

Jou.v Atw.iod,

BOARD OF DiRECTORS.

LTMAM TRUMOLLL, EI.IAS HlllBARD, I.. KELLKXnERQER,

Samuel Wadb,

JoHM .fAMl'S,

Hen'ry Lea,
Natu'l Uansox,

BENJAMIN F. LONG, I'resi.lent.
Lewis KELi,RNBEROKa,Treas. M. 0. Atwood, Sec'y.

J^g' An Ag"nt for this Company may be fouud in almost
every Cauui.y of the State.

,K^ Application for insurance may bo made to

JA.UES L. UlLI., A«»nt,
Aprill, 1837. at Springfield.

ST.MJI CORJV JfKIIjMj^

For Griudlug Corn, Cob, Hominy or Meal and
General Stock Feed.

WE DELIVER TUIS MILL AT ANY
point, or from our wagons, that run through the dif-
ferent parts of the country, at the manufacturer's retail price,
which is, for the mill complete, $GU.
Orders, or letters of inquiry should be addressed to

■ IIU.N'T, PVKK k Co., Springfield, 111.

We need hut say that where the Star Mill has been used, It
has gained credit beyond ail other Mills ijOW in use; and the
farmer only needs to Bee and try it in order to become con-
vinced that it is perfect in its arrangement from the fact that
it grinds green ta well as old corn, (corn and cob passing
through it together,) which no other Mill will do. Farmers
aud stock-growers can save from 30 to 40 bushels of corn in
each 100 by the use of this Mill; (at least wo have certificates
to that efl'ect.) I'ersons having onco experienced its bcuellt,
will never return to the wasteful practice of feeding corn iu
the ear.

It will undoubtedly make good meal of shelled corn for fam-
ily use.

The Millgrindsfrom twelve to twenty bushels per hour,
and makes an easy draft for two horses.

We can produce first premiums, diplomas, and recommen-
dations too numerous to mention.

For full particulars, references and descriptionof Mills, see
circulars.

N. B.— Persons can be supplied with a Ptar Mill, aud also
see one iu opeiation by calling at the Agricultural Store of

FRANCIS & BAKU ELL,

Jan 1, 1858 Authorized Agents.

UHLER'S PLOWS

The Double Curved UprlgJit Steel Mould
Board Plow.

THE PROPRIETOR OF THIS SUPERIOR
Plow still contlnne. to supply
tlie greatdemaud which its merits have
created. Its combination of rare ad-
vantages has recommended it to tlio
agricultural community throughout the Slate of Illinois, it
is now admitted that it has no equal.

The following note is but one of the many testimonials
which have been furnished the manafacturer of the working
of his plows.

We certify that we have lately used the above plows, manu-
factured by Mr. John Uhler, aud we would state that they
are in all respects, superior to any other plows we have ever
used. We cheerfully recommend them to the public.
Wm. P. Lftwson, Wni. I'ofiinbarger,

J. J. Short, Dayid Newsom,

John W. Uuck, Uriah Mann,

John Kavanaugh, Philemon StontK

Sangamon county, Jan 1'^, 1855,

From the peculiar form of Dhler's plows they are not ex-
celled by any other now in use. It scours very bright, sheds
off stubbles admirably, and runs light and easy to the team.
The largest sized two-horse plow of this kind, has been used
several seasons successfully in breaking prairie. The limits
of a newspaper advertisement will not admit of an accurate
description of these plows. To see them is to be pleased with
them.

In addition to the above, the manufacturer it making
wrought iron upright oues,and two-horsd plows.

Also, a superior Prairie Plow, warranted to be equal to any
prairie plow now in use. Any size that maybe wanted can
be had at short uotictt. A large number of all sizes, kept on
hand constantlv.

Manufactured by JOHN UHLER,

Springfield, III., at whose establishment these favorite plowi
can be had, from a single one to a number unlimited.

aui:4-wlv

B. B LLOYD,
Z) E N^TI S T,

OFFICE O.V NORTH FIFTH STREET, OVKR J. RATBUa.N'fl.

SPRIWGFIEI.5>, ILL.

A DKSTAL I'];. \(TICI;(U'FIFTI;KNY1;AKS WARRANTS
him in saying Uiat all operations shall be carefully and
neatly i)erforuifd. He is in i)Osses8ion of several premi-
ums and diplomas awarded by the best institutes for the pro-
motion of science aud arti* in the country.

Xi'ctli inserted, from one tooth to full sets, as substantial
and handsome as can bo had in any city of the United Plates
or Europe. Artificial palate plates inserted, supplying tho
want or bjs^s of the palate, velum aud would, 60 as to restore
articulation.

Refer to Prof. David Gilbert, Pennsylvania College of Med-
ici ui'. Philadelphia; Hon. J. S. Black, WiUihiugfon City; Rev.
Dr. Harkey, Illinois University; Drs. Helm, Kyan and WhI-
laoe: Messrs. Jacob Loose, J S. Coudell, J. H. Gray, Fossol-
man, Owen, Corueau k Diller,

JuneT, 185.

Sweet Potato Plaats.

WE WILL HAVE THExM IN THE PRO-
per season, for s.ile by the hundred or thousand, at
fair prices; (See udvertiuementof early Nansemond potatoes)
febl FBANtIS & BAUB£L.

A SUBSTITUTE FOR POTASH!
CONCENTRATED LYE !

A FAMILY ARTICLE,

For making soap without Lime, and with little or no trouble
and tritUug expense.

THE CHEAPEST AND MOST CONVE-
NIENT article ever offered to the public for that pur-
pose. EVERY FAMILY can make all the soap they use
from their ordinary kitchen grease and this Lye. Nothing
else is required.

ONK POUND BOX will make 25 gallons of line soft soap,
or nine pounds of elegant hurd soap, and several gallons of
soft.

A single trial will convince any one of its great utility and
cheapneks.

PRINTERS, and all others using a strong Lye, will find
the "Concentrated" three hundred per cent, cheaper than
anything else they can use.

For sale by all tho Druggists and Grocers in the country,

BE WARE OFIMITA TIONS!

Manufactured only by the Pennsylvania Salt Manufactnr
ing Company, Pittsbnrg, Pa., who mauufactHre extrasuper-
fiuo snow white TABLE, DAIRY and POKK PACKERS
SALT, warranted free from all impurities, and the only really
pure salt made iu this country.

Caustic soda, for soap makers, soda ash, refined scdaash,
sal Soda, bleaching powder, bleaching liquor, maniranese,
nitric acid, muriatic acid, aqua forti^, chloroform, soda Hale-
rat us. sept6-daw4m farmer2m

For sale wholesale and retail, by

J. B. FOSSELMAN, Druggist.

JflOmVE JPIjOJVS.

Mauutactured by John Dere.

AS THE SEASON FOR FALL PLOWING
is at hand, the subscriber would ask the attention of
Farmers and others iuterested, to his lareo aud superior
stock of Plows of all kinds, now in use in tho West, consist-
ing of

Three sizes of Improved Clippers, made from tho best Cast-
steel, and finished in very superior manner; these ^.lows for
ease of draft, and perfect plowing, have no equal iu this
State.

Four sizes and qualities of the common form of old ground
plows, made from Cast, German and American Steel, which
are equal to any plaw made after this style.
Corn Plows of two qualities.
Double and single Shovel Plows.
Five Tooth Cultivators.

H.irrowH, tw o styles, re versable, adjustable, and
Giddes Double Harrow,

Ox Yokes of three sizes, finished in the best manner,
and a very superior article.

Twelve aud Fourteen in Extra Breakers, for breaking
Prairie or other sod, with two aud three horses — these are
Tery superior breaking plows.

Common breakers of every size and sty la, on hand, or
miide to order.

The Michigan Double Plows. Cf this I am making two
sizes for thre> and four horses. This plow is adopted to
breaking, plowing stubble-land, or sub-soiling: and will do
any kinds of plowing in the best manner. No plow has given
anch general satisfactien wherever it has been used. It
should be more generally introduced for deep plowing and
aubsoillLg.

All orders for plows either singly or by the dozen will re-
ceive prompt attention.
Sept., 18u8— 6 times. JOHN DEERE.

MS- All of said articles can bo had on application to
Francis k Barrell, Springfield.

Western Land Office.

T. S. MATHER.

FOB THS

PURCHASE AND SAIiE OF CITY PRO-

perty. Farms aud Uulmproved Lauds,

PAYMENT Of TA.XES,'^

Collection of Claims. I '

Government Ijands

ENTERED WITH WARRANTS OR CASH TN ANT

LAND DISTRICT JN ILLINOIS, IOWA. MISSOURI.

MINNESOTA OR NEBRASKA.

LAND WARRANTS BOUGHT AND SOL.D.

;;Offlce over N. II. Ridgely's Bank, West side Public Square,
SDringficld. Ills.

FRUIT AND ORNAMENTAL TREES
SHUAHERY, &c.

FRANCIS & BARRELL. SPRINGFIELD,
will receive orders for all description of trees from the
DuPage County Nurseriea, L. Ellsworth & Co., proprietors.
These trees are well Krown, healthy, aud their genuincss is
warrantee. Orders f 'r fall planting can bo forwarded to
them at any time from Jutie till NoAerober.

Catalogues will be furnished those who wish to purchase
trees and shrul bery on application to Messrs. Francis i Dar-
rell, Spriugfield. aug

QUEENS WARE.

LARGE LOT DIRECT FROM THE

potteries iu England, to be sold at very low prices by
FRANCIS k BARRBLL.

A

0

Drills,

N HAND, FOR SALE, THE REST

varieties grain drills. FRANCIS & BARRELL.

YOL. III.

SPEINGFIELD, DECE31BEK, 1858.

«

■m^M^

THE

If it

UVV s

(J'

ll'l

^sK^

?51

PUBLISHED MONTHLl,

Bailliaclae <fc IBaker,
Journal Buildings, - - vSpringfield, Illinois.

-<♦»-

S. FRANCIS. Editor,

. <♦< — -

TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION.

One copy, one year, is advance $1 00

Five copies, « « ; 3 76

Ten " and one to the person getting up club 7 &0

Fifteen copies and over , 62}/^ cents each, and one to person
getting up club.

CASK RATES OF AHVERTlelXO :

One dollar per square of ten lines, each insertion.

Ideas on Progress.

Tliat tlie woi-ld is a.dvancing in all that
concerns its material interests, is obvious
to all. Agencies, subtle, incorporeal
and invisible, are pressed into service,
and are made, ■vvitb, little fear of contra-
diction, a connecting link between spirit .
and matter that is incomprehensible and
inconceivable. The phenomena of spir-
itualism, a mundane influence so far as
the highest and most reliable investiga-
tions can reach, shows that man's mind
is brought into communion, however er-
ratic and disordered the interpretation,
with the physical agencies that surround
us. The electric wire was no sooner
laid under the ocean, and man's voice
had triumphed over space, than an in-
voluntary anthem of praise was shouted
forth to corroborate its connexion with
peace on earth and good will to men.

But has human progress in the moral*
world kept pace with these feaHul and
propulsive material agencies? The gift-
ed bishop of this diocese in his late an-
nual address said, in an incideutal allu-
sion, that it was an open question wheth-
er the world was better to-day than it
had been in times past, and his hearers
must have been impressed with the s.vaie
unsettled cpnviction. We -might take
thirty or forty years since, in°the then
settled portions of the United States,
and how little there was to startle pr
disturb the staid and sober demeanor of

the population? How changed now,
even in New York city? At that day a
murder held tho^ public interest for
months, not so now: in any sacred esti-
mate of human life. -

That the liberal tendency of the times,
the emancipation from much religious
intolerance that all sects have gradually
yielded to, has only been gained at great
loss of reverence and respect, is too
manifestly apparent. The days of
witchcraft and the Inquisition are gone;
but there is a license on subjects both
serious and and secular unknown to the
severe discipline of Loyola or the Kew
England Puritans. We have lost th^
evil without havin"; attained the good.
This may be cited as a type of the world
at large. We have missionary enter-
prises, asylums for all classes of human
infirmities, other glorious As'orks of bene-
volence, but no individual fidelity. We
have great and controlling ideas of some
comprehensive good; but without speci-
fic results, without the induction or the
successive steps by wdiich to attain it.
We have the completed structure but
not the design or orderly arrangement
of parts. The old landmarks are broken
down Tfithout others to supply their
place! '

In politics we have those who would
withdraw all restraint from human ac-
tion, give slavery and polygamy, for in-
stance, their free course, relying upon
that higher law, as we must suppose
these respectable advocates hold, that is
to subject all human things to its con-
trol. There is certainly a disposition to
see what unrestrained men may do, for
if there are centrifugal there are also
centripetal forces to guide him. There
are the low deeps of socialism and free
loveism, that doubtless originate from
pure minded abstractionists; but are
caught up by tlie multitude and beconie
the very pandemonium of pollution,
showing that we must keep in this world,
use its practical common sense appli-
ances if we desire to gain advantage
over the realms of darkness.

There are the labors of Avomen, term-
ed, women's rights,' and as we accept

all that may elevate her, we think much
may be done in opening new employ-
ments, in protecting her rights and per-
son and property, and that there is a
positive progress in this direction amid
all the rubbish that is heaped upon it.
We may with little abatement then unite
in thinking that man has gained but lit-
tle in the acceptance of ii^uences that
when rightly used are to regenerate the
world, ever kept in abeyance to the Di-
vine command. We see powers, innova-
tions and disturbances, that are unset-
tling the existing order of things, and we
may well ask, if they are or are not the
harbingers of a true progress to come?
We see churches filled with communi-
cants; we see the ordinances, the obser-
vances, the ceremonies of religion in full
vigor: but we do not sec the life; we see
the symbols, but not the significance.

Innovation is ever perilous and the
world is now full of it. The defence of
ideas good in their proper use run into
excess and extravagance, and we suffer
the consequences. But waving this
treatment of our subject we would yet
say to every young person, believe in
progress, shape your views of action as
thouirh future time would be better than
the present and was holding you in judg-
ment on your present acts. We must
think ^that any member of society loses
the best part of his influence, who be-
lieves the world is a sort of stationary
platform; that his sect has about all the
truth it will ever get, his party about all
the security there is for freedom or right,
his country all the virtue and patriotism,
his circle all the decency. &c.

The Scriptures assert, with all due
allowance, for metaphor that there will
be a brilliant day for mankind, and
though man has been .fickle, empires
have risen and declined, a dark age has
passed over our favorite Christianity;
still we are none the less satisfied that
the prophecy will be fulfilled, — believe
that the world will be better and it will
do not a little to make it so. It was said
by a farmer, that if traveling through
the air was ever successfully accomplish-
ed, the plan would be matured by one of

■»5."

-i^

^.i

-r ■^•5W':'^»^:*«^f^'\v., :7^:^^5ft^-;

Mm,

176

THE ULrLIISrOIS F^HjMER.

B, F. FOX,

Wholesale and Retail Dealer in Hardware,

IN ALL ITS VAKIOUS URANCHES.HAS NOW IN STOKK
one of the larjiest ami lifst assortments cf goods iuliis liiii'
ever offered in tlijs market. Importing many styles of Kng-
lisli goods direct, and i>urcliasing liis American goods of tlio
luanufacturiTs at the lowest (cash) prices, he is enabled to
offer merchants and consumers goodsat the lowest jjvices, and
on as favorahle terms (vs any house oast or west. His stuck
embraces a very large and complete assortment of

Agricultural Tools and Implements !

of the latest and most improved kinds and qualities. I'ci'iT-

trs, Mnwers, S(nm Vulhn^, Ualiji'. I'Timmers, tichks,

Ortiss ami pruning Htmh-R^ Vrtidles^ ScytJtes^ Snaths,

thrks, Ilnf.i, .S/i'ivh, Staxipg, Axe.$(M kinds and makes),
J'ic/.s, i/aitucks, /'<()( ^flll3, SccJ S'parators and Threshing Ma-
chitifs.

HOUSE FURNISHING & BUILDERS WAREHOUSE.

Largo and couiideto assortment of Lncl.^, Latches, lialtj, Iliii-
</«, .Screws, BuUs, Urads, iNuiVs. Tl^lMMINGS — great variety

Carpenter^s and Builder^s Tools !

I'lmies, &iii)s. Chisels, Aiiycrs. Jirucc!'. }i<lls. Drawiiiy Knins,
S/unris, Trowels, Bevils, Ilatdats. Hamnurs, Adits, JliircJi
and liroad Axes, linreinij Machines, Gould's and iStejdue's
Murticiny Machines, Files, <fc.

Blacksmith's Tools.

Jlellnivs, Anvils, I'ices, Screw Plates, Tongs, H(/rse Kails, Horse
Hhves, Buttresses, civ.

COOPER'S TOOLS.

Fine assortment, Kniees. Jlooks, I'lanis. dx.

CUTL.ERY.

A very largo stock and assortment of Wostcnholm's Hiitcli-
I er's and others, Table, I'tKi'.xt, I'en, Jiut<her and Shoe Kuiees,
Jiazors, SJiears, Cissftrs, Cariers. c/t. Great variety.

Gun T)-immingsand Mountings, singleiuiddnulikharirUed En-
glish and German Kijle^t, I'istnls of great variety, together
witli a general ossortmsut of goods usually kept in a Hardware
store.

Every variety, mill, cross cut and circular, from throo inches
to sixty inclusive, fnrnishod at mniuifacturers jjrlces.

Saddlery Hardware and Carriage Trimmings.

In this branch of my luisincss, I am enabled to extend to
saddlers and carriage makersunusual facilities, bcingsui. plied
direct from the manufacturers. Goods in this line come to me
at extraordinary low prices. My stuck embraces all varieties:
Jiucliles, Ferrets, Ornaiiienis, Ji'oseates, JCings, .Snajlles, Hills,
Punches, Wehhing, Self- Adjusting and Dennison Trees, Sad-
dler's SiU; Shne, Three-Curdand Fitting T/ircad.

Carriage Triiuiiiings.

Brass and Silver Plated, Screw Front Bamls and Plated Screw
Front Mail Bands, CoacU IfandUs, Curtain Frames, Turned
Collars, Patent and Enainellcd Lcatlier, Enamelled Muslin,
Duck and Drill, liubber Cloth, Carriage Bows, peer and Curled
Hair, Patent Zeat/ier and Jiubber Belting, Jlemp and Mubbir
packing.

ft3_ Ord/>r8 promptly filled and forwarded.

May Ist, 1857. B. F. FOX.

Jfiutual

THE ILLINOIS

Fire Insurance Co,

$

LOCATED AT ALTON ILLINOIS.

CHARTERED FEB. 23, 1839. ORGANIZED AI'RIL 4. 1839.

Amount of premium notes in force February

\st, 1850, constituting a ftmd for the

payment of Lo.^aes,

8 0 0,000.00,

Secured by a lien on property insured, valued

at over

9.000.000!

THIS company insures dwellings.stores, warehouses. manu-
factories, mills, barns, stables and the contents of <'ach,
together with ovury other similar spocies of property within
the State, from

LOSS OR DAMAGE BY FIRE!

The Directors feel justified in recommrmliMg this oumijany to
the favorable consideration of the citi/.ius of Illinois. i,very
one insured becomes a member. t)ie company biiiii; an as-
Buciatiou of customers— eacli of wliom is concerned in iii-
siiriiig his neighbor. An the indomnilioatiun fund augmenfs
in exact ratio with the incn^ise uf risks, the capital of the
company it coini)aiMtively exha\istloss: and the ontiro safety
of the iustitutioQ must bo apparent to every one who reads
the charter.

The cost of insuring in this company is so low, as to render
it almost inexcasable for the owners of insurable property
not to avail themselves of its protection.

BOARD OF DiRECTOUS.

Ltu\m Trumulll, Ei.ias IIihuard, L. Kkllkxiierqer,
iiKXj. F. Long, Samuel Wauk, .\lfued Uow,

RjBEiT Smith John .(ames, Hk.xj. K. IIaut,

TiMoTUf Tu.;ner, Henry I.ea, .Iuiin liAU-HACiiE,

iM. U. Atwood, Natu'l Han'sox, Joii.v Atw.m>d,

Bfc:N.IAMlX F. LO.NG, I'resi.Ient.
Lewis IvELLEyUEROKR, Treas. M. (J. ATWOoU, Sec y.

itCg* .\u Ag'-nt fur this Company may be found in almost
every C()uni.y of the State.

Its' Application for iusuraiici- nnv be made to

JA.UHS L. UlLl,, Agont,
April 1, ISJ". at tiningtield.

STJIU COUJV ^IIIjI,^

For Grinding Corn, Cob, Hominy or Meal and
General Stock Feed.

WE DELIVER TUIS MILL AT ANY
point, or from our wagons, that run through the dif-
ferent parts of the country, at the manufacturer's retail price,
which is, for the mill complete, $00.

Orders, or letters of inquiry shoulJ bo addressed to

UU.N'T, PYKK & Co.. Springtield, 111.

We need but say that where tlie Star Mill has been used, it
has gained credit beyond ail other Mills ..ow in use: and the
farmer only needs to see and try it in order to become con-
vinced that it is jierfei t in its arniiigement from the fact that
it grinds green 'is well as old corn, (corn and cob passing
through it together,) which no other Mill will do. Farmers
and stuck-gruwers can save from 'M to 40 bushels of corn in
each lliO by the use of this Mill: (at least we have Bcrtilicates
to that ellect.) Persons having (;nco exjierienced its benellt,
will never return to the wasteful practice of feeding corn in
the ear.

It will undoubtedly make good meal of shelled corn for fam-
ily use.

The Millgriuds from twelve to twenty bushels per bour,
and makes an easy draft for two horses.

We can produce first premiums, diplomas, and recommen-
dations too numrrons to mention.

For full particulars, references and descriptionof Mills. Bee
circulars.

N. 1}.— Persons can be supplied with a Star Mill, and also
see one iuopeiation by calling at tlie Agricultural Store of

FRANCIS & liAKKEbL,

Jan 1, 1858 Authorized Agents.

UHLER'S PLOAVS

The Double Curved L'prlgJit Steel Mould
Board Plow.

THE PEOPRIETOR OF THIS SUPERIOR
Plow still continues to supply ..^gv
the great demand which its merits have >yV ^«.jv,— _w«
created. Its combination of rare nd- ^^j^^Sk "^»
vantages has recommended it to the tUS^SS^StlSi^^
agricultural community throughout the Slate of Illinois, it
is now aclmitted that it has no e(jaal.

The following note is but one of the many testimonials
which have been lurnished the manufacturer of the working
of his plows.

We certify that we have lately used the above plows, manu'
factured by Mr. John Uhler, and we would state that they
are in all resjiects, superior to any other plows we have ever
used. We cheerfully recommend them to the public.
Wm. P. Lawson, Wm. I'olHnbargor,

J. J. Short, Dayid N'ewsom,

John W. I5eck, Uriah Mann,

John Kftvanaugh, Philemon Stout.

Sangamon county, .Tan 1'^, 1855.

From the puculiar form of Uhler's plows they are not ex-
celleil by any other now in use. It scours very bright, sheds
off stubbles admirably, and runs light and easy to the team.
The largwst sized two-horse plow of this kind, has been used
several seasons successfully in breaking prairie. Tlie limits
of a newspaper .idvertisemeut will not admit of an accurate
description of these plows. To see them is tobe pleased with
them.

In addition to the above, the manufacturer ia making
wrought iron upright ones, and two-horso plows.

Also, a superior I'niirio Plow, warranted to be equal to any
prairie i>U'-.v nuw in use. Any size that maybe wanted can
be bad at short uoticu. A large number of all sizes, kept on
hand constantlv.

Manufactured by JOHN UlILEIl,

Spiingrield, III., ut whose establishment these favorite plows
can be had, from a single one to a number unlimited.
aut4-wlv

B. B LLOYD,

D E ISr T I S T ,

OFFICE O.V NORTH FIFTH STREET, OVER J. RATUUR.n'S.

SPRIKrCJFIEI.», ILK..

ADKNTAh I'i; A( 'Tl C i; i iF Fl FTKKN YJ;A1{S WARRANTS
him in .saying tJiat all operations shall be carefully and
neatly perfunncd. He is m ))ossession of several premi-
ums and ciiplumas award.'d by the best institutes for the pro-
niotiun of science and art- in the country.

Te( th inserted, from one tooth to full sets, a.") substantial
and hanilsome a.s can be had many city id' the IJniied srates
or Knrupe. Artiiiciul jialati' plates inserted, sniqjlying the
want ur loss of the palate. Velum and would. Bo as to restore
articulation.

Refer to Prof. David Gilbert, Pennsylvania College of Med-
Icin.'. Philadelphia; Hon. J. S. Black, Wxshintfon City; Rev.
Ur. lliirkey, Illinois University; Drs. Helm. Ryan and Wal-
laco: Mes.-iis. Jacob Luose, J S. Cuudull, J. II. Gray, Fussol-
uian, Owen, Corneau ii Diller,

JuneT, lNi>.

Sweet Potato Plants.

WE WILL HAVE THEM IN THE PRO-
piT season, fur H.ilc by the hundred or tliuusan(1,at
fair prices; (See advertisement of earl v Nanscmond potatoes)

tebi fuanlis jc barrel.

A SUBSTITUTE_FOR POTASH!
CONCEJS TllATED LYE !

A FAMIJLY AKTICJLE,

For making soap without Lime, and with little or no trouble
and trilliug expense.

ri^IIE CHEAPESr AND MOST CONVE-

JL NIENT article ever offered to the public for that pur-
pose. EVERY FAMILY can make all the soap they use
from their ordinary kitchen grease and this Lye. Nothing

else is required.

ONE Pound box win make 25 gallons of fine soft soap,
or nine pounds of ele|;ant hurd soap, uud several fttllOUB yt"
soft.

A single trial will convinco anyone of its great utility and
cheapness.

PUJMTERS, and all others using a strong Lyo, will find
the "Concentrated" three hundred per cent, cheajjtr than
anything else they can use.

For sale by all the Druggists and Grocers in the country.
BE WAKE OFIMITA TIOA'S!

Manufactured only by the Pennsylvania Salt Manufactur
ing Company, Pittsburg, Pa., wlio mauufactHro extra super,
lino snow white TAULK, DAIRY and POUK PACKERS
SALT, warranted free from all impurities, and the only really
2>t're salt made in this country.

Caustic soila, i'or soap makers, soda ash, refined soda ash,
sal Soda, bleaching powder, bleaching liquor, manj:anese,
nitric acid, muriatic acid, aqua fortis, chloroform, soda sale-
rat us. septG-dawIm farmer2m

i'or sale wholesale and retail, by

J. B. FOSSELMAN, Druggist.

Mauutactured by Jolrn Dere.

AS THE SEASON FOR FALL PLOWING
is at hand, the eubscriber would ask the attention of
Farmers and others interested, to liis lari.'o and superior
stock of Plows of all kinds, now in use in the West, consist-
ing of

Three sizes of Improved Clippers, made from the best Cast-
Steel, and Hnished in very superior manner; these (lows for
ease of draft, and perfect plowing, have no equal iu this
State.

F'our sizes and qualities of the common form of old ground
plows, made from Cast, German and American Steel, which
are eijual to any plaw made after this style,
Corn Plows of two qualities.
Double and single Shovel Plows.
Five Tooth Cultivators.

H.irrows, t»o8tyle8,roversablo, adjustable, and
Giddes Double Harrow.

Ox Yokes of three sizes, finished in the best manner,
and a very superior article.

Twelve and Fourteen in E.xtra Breakers, for breaking
Prairie or other sod, with two and three horses— these are
Very superior breaking plows.

Common breakers of every size and styls, on hand, or
made to order.

The Michigan Double Plows. Cf this I am making two
tii/es for thro? and four horses. This plow is adopted to
breaking, plowing stubble-land, or sub-soiling: and will do
any kinds of plowing in the best manner. No plow has given
such general satisfactien wherever it has been used. It
should be more generally introduced for deep plowing and
subsoiliLg.

All orders for plows either singly or by the dozen will re>
ceive prom))t attention.

Sept., 18.^8—0 times. JOHN DEERE.

iKi" All of said articles can bo had on application to
Francis &, Barrel!, Siniugfleld.

Western JLand Office.

T. S. MATHEK.

FOB THB

PURCHASE AND SAIiE OF CITY PRO-

perty. Farms aud UnlniproTed ]L.auds,

PAYMENT 01 TAJ'ES,Z
CMleclion of Claims. [

Government JLands

ENTERED WITH WAli HANTS OH CASH IN ANT

LAND DISTIilcr IN ILLINOIS, IOWA. MISSOURI,

MINNESOTA OH NEBHASKA.

liAND WARRANTS BOUGHT AND SOtD.

^Office over N. II. Rldgely's Bank, West side Public Square,
Sprintfield. Ills.

FRUIT AND ORXAMENTAI, TREES
SHUABEUY, &C.

FRANCIS & BARRELL. SPRINGFIELD,
will receive orders for all description of trees from the
DiiPape County Nurseriea, L. Ellsworth & Co., jiroprictors.
These trees are well (rruwn, healthy, and their geniiiiiess is
warrante... (Orders t'r fall planting can bo forwnrded to
them at anj' time troni June till NoAcmber.

Catalogues will be funiislu'd those who wish to purchase
trees and shrul bery on appliratiuu to Messrs. Francis ir liar-
rell, Spriuglield. aug

Q,UEENSWAREi!

LARGE LOT DIRECT FROM THE

potterii-s iu England, to be sold at very low i)rices by
FRANCIS & BARHKLL.

A

0

FPrills,

N HAND, FOR SALE. THE RFST

varieties gram drills. i'KAKCIS & DARUKLL.

o>;--'i-'.v-'w«n;syi'. ?'"' ".'■!'"'

A^OL. III.

SPEINGFIELD, DECEMBEll, 1858.

NO. 12.

T n E

\"ip'ji»

! I

VdV

(J

1 5i5?m"ii,

Bailliaclie & leaker.
Journal Buildings, - - Springficltl, Illinois.

»9'

S. FRAXCIS, Editor.

*t

TKKMS OF SUBSCRll'TIOX.

One copy, one yoar, in advance $t 00

Five C'lpipR, " " 3 76

Ten " anil one to the person getting up club 7 00

Fifteen oojiies jinil over , G2],^ cents each, and one to person
getting 111) club.

CASH BATES OF Airr.RTIgTXG ;

One dollar per stjuare of ten lines, each insertion.

Ideas on Progress.

That the world is Jidvancing in all that
concerns its material interests, is obvious
to all. Af^encies, subtle, incorporeal
and invisible, are pro.sse<l into service,
and are made, •with little fear of coutra-
dietion, a connecting link between spirit
and matter that is incomprehensible and
inconceivable. The phenomena of spir-
itualism, a mundane influence so far as
the highest and most reliable investi^ra-
lions can reach, shows that man's mind
is brought into coraraunion, however er-
ratic and disordered the interpretation,
with the physical agencies that surround
us. The electric Avire was no sooner
laid under the ocean, and man's voice
had triumphed over space, than an in-
voluntary anthem of praise vras shouted
forth to corroborate its connexion with
peace on earth and good will to men.

But has human progress in the moral
world kept pace ■\vitli these fearful and
propulsive material agencies? The gift-
ed bishop of this diocese in his late an-
nual address said, in an incideutal allu-
sion, that it was an open n uestion vrheth-
er the world was better \o-d;iy than it
had been in times past, and his hearers
must bave been impressed with the savno
unsettled conviction. AVcmiglic take
thirty or forty years since, in'tlie then
settled portions of the United States,
and how little there was to startle or
disturb the staid and sober demeanor of

the population? IIow changed now,
even in New York citv? At that dtiv a
murder held the imblic interest for

i.

months, not so now in any sacred esti-
mate of human life.

That the liberal tendency of the times,
the emancipation from much religious
intolerance that all sects lia.ve crraduallv
yielded to, has only been gained at great
loss of reverence and respect, is too
manifestly apparent. The days of
witchcraft and the In([uisition are gone;
but there is a license on subjects both
serious and and secular unknown to the
severe discipline of Loyola or the Xew
England Puritans. V^e have lost the
evil withoitt bavin o; attained the {rood.
This may be cited as a type of the Avorld
at large. We have missionary enter-
prises, asylums for all classes of human
infirmities, other glorious works of bene-
volence, but no individual fidelity. We
have great and controlling iileas of souie
comprehensive good; but without speci-
fic results, without the induction or tlie
successive steps by which to attain it.
We have the completed structure but
not the desijrn or orderly arrangement
of parts. The old landmarks are broken
down without others to supply their
place!

In politics we have those who would
withdraw all restraint from human ac-
tion, give slavery and polygamy, for in-
stance, their free course, relying upon
that higher law, as we must suppose
these respectable advocates hold, that is
to stibject all human things to its con-
trol. There is certainly a disposition to
see what unrestrained men may do, for
if there are centrifugal there arc also
centripetal forcos to guide him. Tliere
are the low deeps of socialism and free
loveisra, that doubtless originate from
pure minded abstractionists; but are
c."'jght up by the multitude and become
the very pandem.onium of pollution,,
showing that wo must keep in this world,
use its practical common sense appli-
ances if we desire to gain advantage
over the realms of darkness.

There are the labors of women, term-
ed, women's rights,' and as v.-e accept

all that may elevate her, we think much
may be done in opening new employ-
ments, in protecting her rights and per-
son and property, and that there is a
positive progress in this direction amid
all the rubbish that is heaped upon it.
We may with little abatement then unite
in thinking that man has gained but lit-
tle in the accc])tance of influences that
when rightly used are to regenerate the
world, ever kept in abeyance to the Di-
vine command. We see powers, innova-
tions and disturbances, that are unset-
tling the existing order of things, and we
may well ask, if they are or are not the
harbingers of a true progress to come?
We see churches filled with communi-
cants; we see the ordinances, the obser-
vances, the ceremonies of religion in full
vigor: but we do not sec the life; wc see
the symbols, but not the siirnificance.

Innovation's ever perilous and the
world is now full of it. The defence of
ideas good in their pix>por use run into
excess and extravagance, and we suffer
the consequences. But waving this
treatment of our subject we would yet
say to every young person, believe in
pi'ogress, shape your views of action as
though future time would be better than
the present and was holding you in judg-
ment on your present acts. We must
think^that any member of society loses
the best part of his influence, who be-
lieves the world is a sort of stationary
platform; that his sect has .about all the
truth it will ever got, his party about all
the security there is for freedom or right,
his country all the virtue and patriotism,
his circle all the decency, ttc.

The Scriptures assert, with all due
allowance, for metaphor that there will
be a brilliant day fur mankind, and
though man has been .fickle, empires
have risen and declined, a dark age has
passed over our favorite Christianity;
still we are none the less satisfied that
the prophecy will be fulfilled, — believe
that the world will be better and it will
do not a little to make it so. It was said
by a farmer, tliat if traveling through
the air was ever successfully accomplish-
ed, the plan would be matured by one of

=^3r^

■*:■

178

^^

THE ILLIISTOIS FA:

l^^^'rJ'H^m^

his profession when holding the plow.
He was a thinking man, and no better
conductor could be found from the earth
to the space above them, this most an-
cient and useful of all implements, — the
composure of the fields, and his own con-
templative mind.

We saw a representation of the comet,
its relations to the earth and the sun pro-
jected by an unlettered farmer, who had
mused over tlie beautiful science of as-
tronomy until he had mastered the way-
ward progress of this celestial visitant,
and with animated features, would ex-
plain with mathematical precision its
probable course and destiny through the
spaces. The kind of thought and inves-
tigation here cited, lift us out of our more
prosy money making life and make us
better men. That the present civiliza-
tion and knowledge are adding new poAv-
ers to gain, new conquests to business,
new lands and new territories, precipita-
ting us upon luxuries and efieminacics
that have hitherto destroyed the greatest
nations, should admonish us to cultivate
something besides mere worldly interests,
sordid selfish purposes that lead by in-
evitable necessity to sensual gratification
and ultimate decay. That the influence
of Christianity on progress has not been
what it should be, is a misfortune.
Through the middle ages it was a cor-
ruption. Since then theology and doc-
trine have occupied it- attention, we have
had little of its goodness, little of the
'sermon on the mount,' the Parables, the
Precept, little of the example and spirit
of it' founder. These should form the
bond of Christian union and belief in the
world, and then human progress would
be accelerated and succeed beyond all
peradventure.

It is not known how intelligence and
knowledge, science and philosophy stand
related to moral progress. The intel-
lectual men of France at the close of the
last century were infidels; but they had
adopted the wild theories of Des Cartes
on the Universe; their government had
abandoned the Supreme Being and ac-
cepted unassisted reason and the vaga-
ries of chance for their guidance; and it
is little to be wondered at if they and the
nation Avere affected by such untoward
circumstances. Buffon, the naturalist,
was one of them, and he hesitated not to
advance any thing however improbable,
on the subject of natural history that
would excite the wonder or tickle the
fancy of his volatile reader or listener.
Cuvier, greater and better than any of
them, that followed the sober induction
of Bacon and Newton, who could from
the fragment of a bone reconstruct the
entire animal, whether of Saurian or later
period, was taught by his mother the
truths of Kevelation, and never advanced
one step beyond what facts could estab-

lish in his great study of comparative
anatomy.

If we begin right, reason from estab-
lished data, we may rest assured that
science and philosophy will go hand in
hand with revelation in all true progress.
Hume and Gibbon, the great historians
of England, were skeptics, but the for-
mer believed in the divine right of tyrants,
was a disciple of the Stuarts, saw his-
tory through a false medium. How
could he do other than mistrust the mira-
cles of the Scriptures and the fabric of
revelation? Of Gibbon we know less,
but his ponderous volume is said to be a
covert attack upon Christianity wherever
he supposed it to be vulnerable. His
cold nature delighted in the fame which
such recreancy, supported by genius and
clothed in all the affluence of learning,
would bring him. It is but justice to
some of this class of men to say tliat their
skepticism was often more intellectual
than moral; and here a question may arise
that will add strength to the view that
science and learning are mainly enlisted
with true progress. We should say then
that the physical agencies, especially in
their higher manifestations, education
and knowledge, mechanical power, do
favor man's improvement: but they do it,
in their present great impetus, through
much radicalism, throufirh the unsetlino;
of old institutions, the uprooting of time
honored conservatism, but out of chaos
comes light. B.

~*—^

Wasliingtoii Territory.

Description of the Countrij — Natives — Af/ricul"
iural Advantages — Markets, dx., (t'c.

Gray's Harbor, Sept. 20, 1858.

Editor of the Farmer : — I write you
from what you might say the ends of the
earth. I do not feel it to be so. But
this letter is penned near the mouth of
of Chehalis River on Gray's Harbor,
Washington Territory. I have been
here three months on a contract for sur-
veying lands for the government.

This section of Washington Territory
was known little of by the whites until
our party came here. It is true that
Captain Gray, one of the early Ameri-
can navigators of the North Pacific visi-
ted here in early times, but it was sim-
ply a visit, and for commercial purposes,
and he has not left upon record any des-
cription of the country.

The harbor extends some twenty
miles inland from the Pacific, has a good
approachable mouth, but as it has never
been surveyed, it is not possible to state
the depth of its waters, though to all ap-
pearance it is one of the finest harbors
on the Pacific.

The shores of tjje bay are generally
covered Avith large and fine timber — a
source of wealth and convenience to the
population for years to come.

The waters are alive with fish of many
of the best varieties known to fishermen;
and oysters and clams are found in large
quantities and of excellent flavor in its
shoal waters. It is supposed that this is
the most northern point where the shell
fish are found in great abundance.

In Shoal Water Bay, — a bay of very
large extent, — some thirty miles aouth
of this harbor, a great business is done
in gathering oysters and clams, bedding
them out, and afterwards taking them
up and selling them to coasting vessels,
who carry them to San Francisco and
other places on that bay and the rivers
which fall into it, for market. Some
$150,000 a year are taken by the fish-
ermen of Shoal Water Bay for the oys-
ters and clams gathered by them.

The population of Shoal Water Bay
is mainly whites. There are but few
Indians left. The small pox a year or
two since passed through their villages
with desolating effects. Villages were
found, after the pestilence had passed
over them, without inhabitants, the dead
lying in the wigwams, rolled up in their
blankets as if they were asleep.

The Chehalis river falls into the head
of Gray's Harbor at its eastern extremi-
ty. That river is susceptible of naviga-
tion for seventy miles. It is crossed on
the way from the Cowlitz river, to Olym-
pia, the seat of government for the ter-
ritory. You will recollect that the Cow-
litz river empties into the Columbia on
the north side, about sixty miles below
the mouth of the Willamette. The Cow-
litz is navigable for boats thirty miles,
and within ten miles of the navigable
waters of the Chehalis. These facts are
important in understanding the geogra-
phic and accessibility of this section of
the country.

Years ago this country was full of na-
tives. Lewis and Clarke state that there
were thousands where there are now
scarcely tens; and it is only where they
were beyond the reach of the contamina-
ting influence of depraved whites, that
they have held their own numbers; and
even there diseases of civilized origin
are exhibiting their fatal influences.
Formerly upon this harbor and Shoal
Water B:iy, the natives were numerous
and had their trails through every part
of the country. There were trails from
the Willcpah river, (running into Shoal
Water Bay, ) through the mountains and
over the plains, to all the upper country.
These are now grown over and hardly to
be found.

The remaining Indians anticipate
their destiny. They feel that they are
to bo swept from the earth, and they
regard their prospects with a sentiment
of stoicism. They are diseased; — they
raise no families; — they have no ambi-
tion; and glad, indeed, to find employ-
ment with whites, and to earn something

.'s^i's^^m'

HE ILLIISrOIS FARMEH.

179

to keep them in existence. A few ga-
ther and sell to the whites cranberries
for the San Francisco market, of which
plant there are large marshes on the
coast.

The lands on the Chehalis river are
very fine for the purposes of agriculture.
They are alternately prairif! and timber.

The current of population in Washing-
ton Territory seemed to set towards the
harbors of Puget Sound, and consequent-
ly there are bat few claims taken up on
the Chehalis river. There is no telling,
however, how seon the tide may set in
this direction; and when it does, all the
prairie country will be wanted in a short
time. ' ;.

The advantages of this country for
farmers, are — that the soil is good,
loamy, little of clay — that it is fertile
and will produce good crops of every
thing which will grow with you except
corn — ^that wh€at, barley, rye, oats, peas,
and vegetables generally, are far more
certain crops than with you — that grasses
are green all winter, requiring little or no
food to be raised for stock — that the
country is in reach of market, which
will be greatly improved by the discov-
eries of gold on FraEer river — and that
the climate is one of the most salubrious
in the world. I have said that Indian
corn cannot be grown here; but I have
understotd that the natives a hundred
miles north on Puget Sound do grow »
small kind of Indian corn.

There are peculiarities in our climate
which you may not understand. Though
we are considerably north of you, our
winter seasons are much more mild*
They are as mild as in the most south-
eastern parts of Virginia, and I may say
as in Charleston. The winds of winter are
from the West and Southwest; they bring
a mild atmosphere and much rain. We
have here very little snow, and that
staj's on • but a few hours. I have
a meteorological journal kept in 1853-
'54, at Steilacoom, more than 100 miles
north of this location. It will show you
our temperature. Commencing with
November: ; - ; . ■ " .

18 AverogA. Lowest.

53...NOV. 44° 63' _ -j; =

" „.Dec. 44° 74^ 23 =

lSy4....laii. 31° 6S^ —

♦' ...feU. 43° -22°

" ...March 40° 08' -28°

" ...April 51) -» 06^ 04° 05'

'• ...MRy 56° 51' :',r.o

" ...Juuo 61° 04' _ 44°

'• ...July 65= 45°

" —August 05° 01' — -..4s°08^

" ....Sept. 69= 07' 44° OS^

" ...Oct: 51° 04' .33°

Thus our winters, in mildness, approx-
imate to those on the Western coast of
Europe. They have this peculiarity also
--they are rainy. Much rain falls.
There are but few comparatively clear
days. Much of the weather, however,
will not prevent a man from working out
doors. Though farmers, everywhere,
can always find employment here, they
are not compelled to haul fodder and feed

their stock in winter. They should look
after them; — have sheds where they
can go if they choose; — but the grass is
sufficient for their support.

In March there is but little rain; and
Spring commences, and after that no
more rain falls than is wanted, until Oc-
tober, and even then and through winter
the rains make the grass and the winter
crops grow and keep them green. I do
not say that every thing is agreeable in
this climate. I know it is not in yours,
as your letters of last summer show,

I have spoken of the crops that can be
cultivated to advantage. Peaches suc-
ceed in Oregon and I do not know why
they should not in Washington. Other
fruits, which have been cultivated on the
Hudson's Bay Company farms, have done
well. There are two promising nurseries
near Olympia, which will furnish almost*
all the varieties of fruit trees and fruit
shubbery that would be called for. I en-
tertain the idea that a nursery here would
be a fair investment. A stock would
scarcely be raised for sale before there
would be a good demand. : • ' •

You might expect me to speak of game,
as this is a new country. There is little
game here, — perhaps a few deer, grouse,
and many aquatic fowl, — which can be
seen in acres up and down Gray's Har-
bor and other waters. I have told you
that we have varieties of shell fish; other
fish in our bays and waters, and salmon,
excellent as need be, in untold numbers.
Most persons, however, have little time
to hunt game or fish. These things can
always be bought of the natives, if de-
sired, who are now too few and too pusi-
lanimous to be feared, and Avho can be
made useful to themselves by being use-
ful to the whites.

Gov- Simpson, late Governor of the
Hudson's Bay Company, in his remarks
on Washington Territory, (then consider-
ed as belonging to the British govern-
ment,) speaks in undisguised admiration
of the open lands on the Chehalis river,
and of the extraordinary timber found in
places upon the same. He says that
there are trees thirty-five feet in circum-
ference and 350 feet high— and he
mentioned one which had fallen and found
it to be more than 250 feet in length.

The country about the mouth of the
Chehalis and portions of the shores of
Giay's Harbor, used to be considered the
"Indian's Paradise." Here they came
to gather their stocks of food for the win-
ter— salmon, which they smoked and
dried, and clams which underwent the
same process. Here on the beach they
had their racing gro^nds — and enjoyed
all the pleasures of the savage life.

I have taken, withmy son-in-law, pos-
session of 160 acres at the place where
there must be a landing for shipping near
the mouth of the Chehalis. Avhere I prO'
pose to make some improvements, and

open a small establishment for trading
with the natives, who will be likely to
visit this point from the north, instead of
those more distant, for trading. So soon
as it will be any object for vessels to visit
u.'«, this will be done. The governmeat
officer in charge of the surveys on this
coast, did not deem it necessary to survey
Gray's Harbor, because, as he said, there
were no settlements upon it.

The discovery of gold upon Frazer's
river, will change the destiny of Washing-
ton and Oregon Territories most rapidly.
I know that the gold discoveries are pro-
nounced a humbug. That persons can
go to the gold diggings and make for-
tunes at once, is a humbug, I verily be-
lieve. It is a difficult work to reach the
diggings. They are a considerable dis-
tance up a river of bad navigation and of
no navigation at all. They are reached
with great difficulty. The country is the
wildest imaginable. It is at a great dis-
tance from supplies. Supplies have to
be taken there at great expense. There
are Indians in the vicinity; such as have
not been demoralized by intercourse with
the whites. They are savage and reck-
less. All these and other difficulties are
to be met by miners. But there is gold
to be found there. Enough to satisfy the
most sanguine, if they have perseverance,
industry, means, and economy and
health to carry them through their trials
as miners. A great many have come
back. These are those who have no
means and are destitute of the quality of
continuance. The reward is only for
those who persevere, and of these there
are great numbers remaining. In a short
time the mining will be done more sys-
tematically, and will pay better. In
Washington Territory, about Colville,
there is gold as I know, and which will
pay good wages when the Indians can be
controlled, and food and other comforts
can be had there for the miners. .- • ■

The Frazer river diggings can be
reached about as well from your side of
the mountains as here. Expeditions can
leave the Upper Mississippi in the spring
and reach the diggings in time to take
advantage of the low state of waters in
the fall.

I will write yoK as I have opportunity.
We have no mails here; but will have
them as soon as our settlements are or-
ganized.

I am now looking out upon the Pacific.
Its blue waves are rolling upon the shore,
and far out as the sight can reach there
is nothing to be seen but the waste of
waters. They remind me of the great
ocean of eternity to which we are all has-
tening. If I do not meet you here on
earth, I shall meet you there — and I re-
main, yours truly, H.
— — ' — ^— — .«•»

B^"PraIrie Creek PostofiBce, Logan county,
has been ree.stablished, and John Tyler ra]-
pointed Post Master.

^

"■".^VI^PP^BR^nWi^^' '.

180

THE iLLi:srois F^R

^^'^^S?^. -.'^i

Kor (be IlliiiuiH furiiier.

Coiilmls of Aovcmbcr .\iiinbcr.

*'Kvcry man wants a home."' Noth-
ing more true. And every man, of tiny
aceount, will try to ;;et u home. What
else is it that causes the vounjr .itkI am-
hitiuus to leave parents and all Eastern
tics, to come and settle in the (ireat
West?

"The true wife" of the farmer, is the
woman that unites with her husband to
overcome the evils and trials of life, and
to make the home pleasant. One that
encourages liim when he falters with
trials or misfortunes; bears with him iii
his adversities, and rejoices in all his
prosperity. Such is the true wile, and
her love and her happiness should be
guarded by you as the apple of your
eye I

'Thvsical Education,'' the education
of the body and the limbs, first, before
all other cduc; tion. It is the basis to
biiilil upon. Let the education of the
mind fullow.

"The Steam Plow," and what of it?
Will it lessen the toils of the common
fanner? Can ho avail hlmselt' of the
advantages of this instrument on his few
aores? Or, is the steam plow alono for
the rich? Who answers?

"Hungarian Grass." No firmer has
yet spoken oP his experience in raising
Hungarian Grass. Are they bitten by
its cultivation last summer, and, by
their silence, R-i^^h others to be bitten?
Oi' has the crop been good and profitable,
and they wish to keep the facts to them-
selves?

'•The Cane Crop." The papers of the
North an<l West tells us that the cane
crop is good; that the farmers are crush-
ing it with their wooden mills; that they
make good syrup, and the whole country
seems to be r( juicing. Well, it is a mat-
ter upon whicli we should rejoice. We
shall no lunger depend upon the South
for sweets. The drain of money and
means from the country, for that object,
must cease.

"J. S.'' tells US that last year he put
in hi^ wheat badly, and it failed. This
3'ear he has taken more care in ])lowjng
and sowing. We hope his experience
and practice will be a warning to other
wheat grower.'*.

The "Oi.o Crop System," is a bad one,
whether it be corn, wlieat, y^^q^ oats,
buckwheat, or any other field ciop.
Mixed husbandry is best. If one crop
fails or brings little i:: market, another
produces well and brings a good price.
Like Betty, iu another matter, the far-
mer had best have two, three or more
strings to his bow.

"Oats." The ground should bo plow-
ed in the f.;ll. A\ hat fanucr knows tl;e
benefit of a good crop of oats, and v.. 11

not try, even ujjon a small scale, this
practice?

"Labor is the Creator of Wealth."
No man can obtain the good things of
this life, and truly enjoy them, without
earning them.

"Pear culture is successful," where
knowledge and industry is applied to
the cultivation. The pear should be
plantcil on high and dry ground, should
be protected from cattle, from insects,
from careless men. With these precau-
tions practiced, we have faith in pear
culture.

"Planting of orchards," if not done,
better be omitted til) spring. If you
have the trees on hand, lay them in
trenches, cover over all their roots and
half of their bodies with earth, work-
ing the same into the interstices all
about the rtots, and then throw litter on
thu tops of the trees. They will come
out bright in spring.

"I liave heard of fall oats." They
are of little value.

"Catawba Wine." I think :Mr. Engle-
man has reason to complain. The wiiw
crop iu Illinois i.s worth thousands. It
is a great and growing interest. One
who has tasted the sweetened compounds
of blackberry juice and sugar, elderber-
ry juice and sugar, currant juice and
sugar, will lose the fine taste re-
quired for testing the delicate Catawba
wine — a wine now regarded as amonix
the best in the world.

"Sheep Raising," — a capital article.
It shows that the raising of sheep, pro-
perly managed, must be a profitable
business. Here are the figures There
is no mistake in these. Thank you,
^Ir. M'Connell, for your statement on
sheep raising.

"The grain crops of the world.''
These show that we are not likely to
have great prices for grain in this coun-
try. Our "home market" is pretty
much all that we have. Cannot it be
made better?

"J. Sawyer, of Tazewell county,"
takes the ])remium for molasses at the
Tazewell fair, and would liave done so
for sugar, if there had been more of it.
Press on In the good cause, Mr. Saw-
yer.

"The Springfield Sugar Mills." I
have tested some of its j)roducts. They
are fine. The next census will show
Illinois to be among the sugar produc-
ing States.

"Save your seed corn!" Haven't you
already? If you have not, experience
and pleaching have done you little good.
I don't think you take newspapers, and
if you do, you don't pay for them.

"Ilust; its cause and its remedy." Its
cause is late sowing. Its remedy
is early solving. Does e>cry farmer
hear?

"Stenton's Improved Prairie Ercak-

er." Befu-e I buy one I must see it
subjected to another trial. A draft of
735 lbs. is a heavy one. Wliat is the
draft of Derre's 12 inch two horse
breaker?

"Orchard Grass." This should have
a thorough trial. If it is better than
any other grass for pasturage — if it
starts earlier and keeps green lati-r — it
will prove a valuable grass for our far-
mers. Hadn't they better test it in
sanall cpiantities?

"The vegetable garden" in the fall
should be taken care of. Take up your
vegetables : store them away. Trench
up vacant grounds. Plant out aspara-
gus and pie plant now. Cover them
well with the manure. Trim gooseber-
ries and currants, if you have them.
Trim the cuttings into proper form for
transplanting — plant them out, or bury
them in your cellar for spring planting,
as you like. Shrubbery can be planted
out now if you choose; but it had better
be done in the spring.

"Gaping chicks" should be compelled
to smoko. Put the pipe stem into their
mouths and blow the smoke down into
their wind pipes. Sickness will follow:
they will wilt, (like other chickens in
their first attempts at smoking) and will
cough, and throw up little worms from
their wind pipes, and be well in a few
minutes. We are glad that we have
found out that some good can come from
tobacco. We close. REVIEW Ell.

The Sugar tunc Crop.

Mr. Editor : — It seems that our
whole season is to be one of mishaps and
misfortunes. Tlie rains continued so
late in the spring, that we could not
plant our cane seed in time. And now,
(Nov. 6,) when we want to work it,
(after a rain of fourteen days) the
roads are too heavy to haul and there is
some danger of the can6 souring.

I have been at your SpringfielTi Sugar
Mill, and have made myself pretty fami-
liar -vvith the work there I am sure
that it is a success, and that hereafter
the sugar cane is to be one of our sta-
ples. But we have much to learn in regard
to it§ cultivation yet. The poorest land
in Illinois is the best for growing it. The
land should be high and' dry. We
want stalks possessing most saccharine.
These come from diy land. To be sure
they will not be as large as those raised
on heavy wet land, but they will be bet-
ter: and when common prairie land is to
he used, it should be ridge<land the cane
planted on the ridges. There is no fear
of the cane being injured in dry weather.
The roots run down four feet where they
have a chance and until they reach water.

A irrcat many will raise su^ar cane

«... •■■ cr*

next year that have not done so this.
To such I want to say, — Don't plant
more than you can work, and as soon as

•-:=ff5 ':■■■

-^'S-'i:

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^»

THE ILLINOIS F^A.H]VIEK.

181

your seed comes up go about getting
your mill and fixtures. They will not
come to you without bidding; and you
should have every thing in order to go
to work as soon as the cane is ripe.

I say, don't plant more than you can
•work. An acre yields an immense
amount of stalks, if the cane is good.
One acre will yield 40 tons, 80,000
pounds'. It is a very heavy article to
handle. You can't make a business of
hauling it even three miles. You must
have a mill nearer. And you better have
a good iron mill, and then a'ou will know
what you are about.

There are two of Hedge's mills in Sugar
Grove. These are of suiall size, but they
are strong and. they will Avork up six
acres each. They cost $,3G. These
Avere obtained through S. Francis,
Springfield. If you want any more thnn
six acres you must get a larger mill.
There is no mistake in this fact. 80,000
pounds of cane multipli 'd by six will
show you wliat you have got to do if you
work \ip six acres of good cane. Our
farmers should be cautious in this mat-
tor. They must not leap in the dark.
They must count the cost and notw^asto
their time and money.

Six acres, well managed, good cane,
will make 1,500 gallons of molasses, and
there will be refuse enough to make per-
haps 4J barrels of vinegar, or more be-
sides.

My idea is from what I have seen this
year, that the true wa3'' to ma)s.e sugar
cane profitable and available, is for far-
mers to raise their own cane, to get mills
of sufficient capacity to work it up, and
to be sure and have these mills ready for
work by the middle of August. They
should also have their barrels ready in
which to put up the sj'rup.

Mr. Hedges, at Springfield, told me
that he would have the process of making
syrup made so pla\', and publisheil, that
no man need make a mistake. He could
make good syrup, and if he wanted a re-
fined article, there ought to be refi-
neries in the cities to do this. Such es-
cstablishmentsneed not cost over §2,000,
and could bo made to ^deld handsome
profits to their owncs.

I have written this, Mr. Editor, for
now is the time to agitate this matter.
We arc done, 1 think, in depending on
wheat as our great crop. AVe can make
molasses, and I believe sugar, for ex-
portation. Farmers who are able, should
raise their own cane, and have their own
mills to work it up. Next season there
will be a regular market for thesyrup in
a crude state for refining and making
into sugar.

Our people have got along wonderfully
in finding out the value of this new plant.
In Louisiana, the Jesuits did not make
a passable article of sugar until fifteen
years after its introduction there. J.G.S.

Going to the Country. ■
Mr. Editor : Do you know of a farm
in the country that I can get hold of so
that I can quit the town? I am quite
tired of living here; and you would not
wonder if you had half my troubles. ' I
have a tolerably snug house and as cood a
wife as anybody; but she is so intolera-
bly neat and particular, that I believe
she will be the death of me. I am not
vcr}'' particular myself, though 1 have
had the best schooling for the last ten
years.

Now, for one branch of mv troubles
and a small specimen. Haven't we had
rains lately? And didn't they make
mud? Could you go anywhere out of
the house without going into the mud?
Well, home I come in the rain after
working all the forenoon, stamp at the
door to get off" the mud and wipe away
for dear life at the mat — feel literally
sure of being right on the understandings,
when I hear the voice of my dear Avife
from Avithin — "He's coming I get thc
slippers I don't let him come in Avitli the
dirty boots ! run ! run !'' Well, there I
stand at the door, the rain pouring down,
and at last the door is opened, the slip-
pers presented, and my boots have to be
pulled off. But I said that there Avasno
need of changing the understp.ndings,
'•I kiioAv better — I see the mud on them
clear from here — take them off," and
oft' they go, and mud comes oft" with them I
Uli, horrible ! I can't faint, Mr. Edi-
tor. It is impossible for me to faint I
It isn't my nature. But the slippers are
on and with my umbrella collapsed, I
move into the room. "Take aAvay 3'our
umbrella — it is running Avitli Avater!
Take it away !" I do it soon as I can, of
course, Mr. Editor, and seat myself,
pretty nearly out of breath and tolerably
near out of patience. *'Do you think,"
says my fair one, "that Mr. Thompson,
your neighbor Thompson, came in here
to-day, with his boots muddy, and I
haven't got out all the mud yet, though
I have been rubbing and scrubbing ail
the morning? I knew it would be just
so Avhen I saAV him coming. 1 wonder
Avhat kind of a Avife he's got?" "A very
pleasant, agreeable Avoman," saidi "A

pleasant, agreeable — -. You Avouid

love to live in dirt, ankle deep, I believe.
I'leasant, agreeable woman ! , This is all
I get for trying to keep things clean.
Oil, there are some men who Avould be
suited to live in a stablel"

That's the Avay of it, Mr. Editor; only
it is sometimes worse and sometimes
better. In the midst of my troubles, I
ejaculated that oft quoted lino of Shakes-
peare— (I wonder if he had. a wife) —
"Oh, for a lodge in some vast wilder-
ness !

NoAv, Mr. Editor, I am determined to
go into the country, Avhere I can IIa'c in
freedom; and stand to that determina-

tion at the least -until we have good
weatlier. DEBBYS HUSBAND.

J Traveling Fdlars.

Lditor of the Farmer : 1^ there nny
way of arresting these nuisances about
the country? Illinois is thronged Avith
Avith them. It Avould really look to mc
that in Yankeedom, Avhcnever a stout,
able-bodied man with a glib tongue gets
out of business, he is (n.|.l(ycd to tcmc
to Illinois and sell all sorts uf Avares and
merchandise. Some of them retail silk
thread at tAvo cents askein; some haA-e a'
new kind of soap that tak(S grease out
of silks; some have a most valuable book
that you must subscribe for -Avhen yon
have no money and pay for it when you
have; some have a A-ery important article
to cement broken glass and China; some
haAc trees that arc a great deal better
than anv Avhich can be had in this State;
some liaA'e grape ■ roots that produce
grapes as large as tomatoes; some have a
peculiar kind of salve that will cure cuts,
and burns, and salt rheaum, and tooth-
ache, and night sAveats, in ten minutes;
some have the roots of blue roses and the
China Ivainbow plant, of Avhich only one
plant was ever permitted to be taken
from the floAvery kingdom; some haAe
the ready reckoner, by Avidch you can
calculate the interest on one of v.our
notes Avhich is out, and Avhich you have
to take up or besued, from January last
until the vear 20^.0. All things vou can
think of arc brought around by these
pedlars. They come in upon you when
you are eating, when you are undressing
for the night, and Aviien you honestly
Avish them all in — a better country*
Well, Avhat can Ave do to check these nui-
sances? I tell you, sir, Avhen any man
peddles, ask him for his license, and if
he don't show it to you, complain to tbe
nearest proper officer. And if there is
not laAV enough to make these men tjikc
licenses, lot the Legiblature finish up the
business. A tax for a license would
keep a good many of these chaps out of
the State, and those that did come aaguM
be compelled to pay i-omething for the
.supjion of the gevemment which ])rotects
them while engaged iu their ynoAvling

operations. JEDEDlAli.

■•»

•; : Sngar tanc for Togs.
3Tr. Editor : Some of your farmers
would do a very good thing, if they
would furnish the public Avith a satisfac-
tory trial of sugar cane stalks for fat-
tening^iogs, comparing cane with corn.
It should be done in this Avay. Take
tAvo hogs of about the same size and
weigh them. Put them into pens and
feed sugar cane chopped to one of them,
as much as he w ants; and to the other as
much corn as he Avants. At the end of
six weeks Aveigh them. Publish the result
in the Fakmeh. This Avould tell the
story. Who will do it? ; M. P.

»

182

THE illi:n^ois Farmer.

Plant Trees.

Editor of the Farmer : — I think an
agricultural newspaper will do most ser-
vice "by saying the rigiit things in the
right times." It is now the riglit time
to plant many seeds of our forest trees.
Acorns, black walnuts, hickory nuts and
the seed of the ash, should be ga-
thered and planted where you wish to
have the trees grow. On prairie farms
a grove near the dwelling — not too near
— would add great beauty, secure great
protection against the heavy prairie
winds — shield stock — add healthfulness
— and other advantages to a farm and
its occupants. What is now to be done
in this matter, must be done immediate-
ly, before the frost binds the earth in
chains.

That man who has located on a prairie,
and designs to make it his home, should
not lose a single season in laying the
foundation for a grove. He can do it;
he can do it without much expense; in a
few years he can enjoy his grove, and
those who follow him "will rise up and
call him blessed." Nov. 10. A.

—*-

Gooseberries and Curranti.

Editor of the Farmer: — Last spring
I obtained about a hundred gooseberry
cuttings, and after trimming them and
cutting them into lengths ten inches
long, I planted them out in my garden,
a foot apart, pressed the earth hard and
close about them, and now without a
single exception, as I believe, they all
grew and are good plants for spring
planting.

It is now a fine time to get cuttings of
gooseberries and currants, and to pre-
serve them well, bury them in the ground
for setting out in spring. They should
be set out as early as the ground can be
put in order. Currant cuttings will
grow as freely as those of gooseberries.

The fruit of these plants is excellent
and cost but little trouble or time to se-
cure it in abundance.

Can't oui farmers now spend three or
four hours to get the cuttings? If they
are to be bought, a little money thus ex-
pended will secure a good interest.

DEMPSEY.

)crrics.

Mr. Editor : I have never failed to
obtain a crop of raspberries "when the
plants were properly cared for, whether
they were the Antwerp, the Faslolf, the
Franconia, or the raspberry which is
cultivated about the country, and which
I believe is a native of New Hampshire.

Old plantations are not likely to do
well. Those of from two to six years
old, will, if taken care of. And what is
the care? Simply in the fall to lay them
down and cover them with straw, litter
or evergreea branches, to keep them
1 rom destruction by the hot sun that some-

times comes in February and oftener in
March, wJion such as are exposed to its
influences breeze and thaw so often that
the vitality of the stalks is nearly des-
troyed. If you Avill take the pains to
protect your plants, you can always
have fruit. It is not the intensity of
frcezirg, but the changes of temperature
in February and March and sometimes
in the early part of April that disappoints
you in your anticipations of luscious
crops of raspberries. It is not now too
late to protect your plants.

RIBES.

The Chryanthemura.

This interesting plant is a native of
China. It has been greatly improved
in this country by increasing the varie-
ties and producing many of great beau-
ty. It blossoms with us Avhen the flow-
ers of the garden are gone, in the dreary
months of November and December.

The Chi-yanthemum is of the easiest
culture. Cuttings of matured wood, set
out in the spring in the garden, will form
beautiful plants by fall. In the spring,
too, the roots of the plant can be divided;
a small piece Avith a bud, set out in a
flower pot, that flower pot set in the
ground, and the plants will grow beauti-
fully, if occasionally watered, and make
a fine show in the last of October, No-
vember and December, — the pots being
raised and placed where they can have
some heat, rain and air.

So soon as they have done flowering,
set the pots in a dry, cool cellar till
sprin";, — water them but little. In the

spring commence propagating the plants.

*
* *

The Sliubbcry.
>: Editor Farmer: There is often a
great mistake made in crowding small
gardens Avitli shubberry. If it is deter-
mined to have many varieties, the shrubs
should be constantly cut back, and made
to grow in small, snug, beautiful shape.
They should not be sufi"ered to grow at
random. Pinching in the growing
sprouts, and cutting them back with
shears or the knife (the knife is best)
should be attended to in the spring,
summer and fall seasons.

It is not uncommon to see roses run
and spread, as they will in gardens, by
which wildness they disgust one of true
taste, instead of pleasing, and fail to pro-
duce the best flowers. In small gardens
the strong growing shrubs should have
no place. Why should the old coaryc
lilac be grown when a far more beauti-
ful and neater growing and blossoming
plant can be found in the Persian? Why
should the large, coarse rose bushes be
found in your gardens, producing flow-
ers once in the season, when you can
have the Dutchess of Sutherland, the
Yoland de Oregon, the Madam Laflay,

and that class of roses, which blossom
most of the summer and autumn and
make neater bushes and occupy less
room? : -

And this choice of plants runs through
the whole list. A few handsome plants
in the shrubbery are more beautiful
that three times the number of the
larger and coarser ones.

Now is the season to throw out many
of your coarse plants, trim out your
roses and get some of the new varieties
if you can. It is always pleasant to be
improving, and to do this we should aipi
to obtain new varieties of approved ex-
cellence. ROSEA.

-••»-

The Wheat.

The heavy rains have filled the ground
sowed with wheat. They may freeze up
with the water on them. What then be-
comes of your wheat crop? When I see
large fields of wheat sown on level prai-
ries and no attempts made to drain
them, it looks to me as if the owner was
tempting Providence. It is the business
of the farmer to do his duty by his lands.
His experience and his reason were
given him for useful purposes. If he
does not use them, let him not grumble
if his crops are destroyed.

OBSERVER.

Ornamental Deciduons Trees.

Editor of the Farmer : A few hints
in regard to some of our deciduous
trees, adapted to the lawn or pleasure
grounds, may be of use to some of the
readers of the Farmer.

Among the great numbers of well
known trees, there is no want of kinds
to create a variety in ornamental plan-
tations of any extent; but for the more
elegant and refined description of land-
scape beauty, such as the lawn or pleas-
ure grounds, there are many new trees of
recent introduction and less known, that
add greatly to the finished character and
deserve to be extensively planted. We
shall briefly name a few.

The Cut-leaved Oak, {Quet'cus jyen-
dernhdata Hetrophylla, ) a variety with
deeply indented leaves; bmt not so strik-
ingly distinct as the beech or maple. It
is, however, a very fine tree.

The Cut-leaved Beech, (^Fagus JTetro-
phylla,') is one of the finest cut-leaved
trees. It possesses the fine habit and
general character of growth of the Eng-
lish beech, though, perhaps, a little
more compact, and the foilage is deeply
and finely cut or divided, like that of a
fern leaf, — having a very attractive ap-
pearance.

The Cut-leaved or Eagle's Claw Maple,
(^Aeer Plantanoides lasciniatum,) is
another curious leaved tree, with foliage
so deeply indented, that, with its fine
sharp points, it bears resemblance enough
to an eagle's claw, or hawk's foot, to give

^

'«■

*.

THE ILLIjSTOIS F^RJSIER.

183

it that name. It is rather a slow grow-
ing tree; but its habit is free and hand-
some, and its masses of foilage render it
a fine variety.

The Cut-leaved Lime, ( Tilia Europa
I/ascimda,) is not quite so beautiful as
the above sorts, as its foliage is not so
deeply cut; but it forms a fine Variety,
and its more formal habit contrasts with
the looser growing heads of other trees,
t does not attain a large size.

The Cut-leaved Chestnut, (^^Esculus
Lasciniata,) a remarkably curiotts tree
and very interesting from the contrast
of its finely divided leaves Avith the head
and ample foliage of the parent. No
one would scarcely believe it was a horse
chestnut.

The Curled-leaved Elm, ( Llmus Mo7i-
tana Criapa,") a handsome variety, with
very thick green foliage, finely indented
and curiously curled or crimped on the
margin of the leaf, — a slow growing tree,
and an attractive addition to any planta-
tion. RURAL 1ST.

Central City, 111., Oct. 26, '58.

-.♦.- .

The Cherry Cnrrant.

Editor of the Farmer : The cherry
currant has been introduced some five or
six years, and is now somewhat exten-
sively cultivated; for, notwithstanding it
is scarcely so fine a fruit as the Old Red
Dutch, or the Victoria, the very large size
of theberries, the showy appearance oi the
bunches, and fertility of the plant, will
always render it a favorite in any collec-
tion. The fruit attains a large size.
We have grown them so that some of
the berries measured seven-tenths of an
inch in diameter.

The bushes are very vigorous, making
strong, stout wood, with large, thick,
dark green foliage. We add a descrip-
tion of the fruit.

Fruit very large; five, to seven-tenths
of an inch in diameter, round; clusters
medium size, usually containing from
eleven to thirteen berries; color, bright
red, semi-transparent, showing its large
seeds through the surface; juice abun-
dant, but rather acid; seeds large.

The currant needs some attention to
raise as fine specimens as those named.
The bushes also require annual pruning
in order to set strong wood.

RURALIST.

Central City, 111., Oct. 26, 1858.

-4«*

The Hollow Horn. — This disease
causes the death of many animals. The
Frankfort Yeoman says : "The disease
is spinal, caused by the hide of the ani-
mal adhering to the bone of thfe back and
preventing circulation, and may be cured
as follows : Rub with the hands with as
much force and friction as possible, the
hide of the animal on the backbone,
from the tail to the horns, thereby re-
Storing the circulation."

From the Illinois State Journal.

The Culture of the Grape—Matlre Wiues.

In the columns of the St. Louis Democrat of

a recent date, we find the following article in

ret«rencc lo the cultivation of the grape and

the manufacture of native wines:

Grape Cultcre. — Although this cultivation
has been in firojrress to some extent for sixty
years past, yet it may ntill be ranked as an ag-
riculiural hobby, or classed witn fancy larniinj;
But tiio tiaitt isjast approaching, when it will
take a stand as one of the permanent and
staple crops of our cimatry.

Upon the first discovery of this continent,
the grape vine attracted the particular attention
of the early adventures to its shores. The vine
was found in profuse variety and luxuriance
from Florida to New England, and the great
number of species discovered, induced travel-
lers and emijjfrants to believe that, for the pro
du tion of wine, the New World would not
only rival, but surpass the Old. These expec
tuitions have not thus far been rfaliaed; andal-
th. ugh wine was made in Fidrid.i, ac^^ordingto
Sir John Hawkins, as early as 1585, and .-ince
that period to tiie present in different parts of
the United States, in a small way, yer it isor.ly
wiihin tho last fifteen or twenty years that i4
has been extensively cultivated as a remunera-
tive crop.

The grape vine is now oultiva'ed for wine
making in twenty Statts in the Union, and it is
ranidly on the increase. Between the 321 and
40th parallel of latitude, is supposed to be the
mo^t favorable for its cultivation, but no doubt
some varieties may be found suitable tj higher
or lower latitudes.

We are as yet in our infancy both in the cul
ture of the grape and also the making rf the
juice into wine. As a general thing th^; cul-
ture of the grape has heretjfore been pretty
much in the hands of our German friends but
now all classes are giving the sulject thought
and attention.

The production of the grape in a series of
years has proved it profitable beyond almost any
other one crop — and it is from this dollar and
cent view we must look at it to continue the ar-
guments in favor of increasing the growth.
The result in the matter of producing temper-
ance, by substituting the native wine, the juice
of the grape, for strychnine whisky, as a bever-
age to a certain class of the population, is one
easily seen by the looker into futurity.

The grape requires care and attention during
the whole season — and farmers who have large
farms devoted to corn, wheat, or grazing, can-
not be expected to make vinting an item of
their profitable pursuit; but every iarmer who
has regard for his family, will not fail to culti-
vate njore or less of the grape for home con-
sumption. Some large families there are who
devote one acre or more to the grare, hiring one
extra hand for the purpose of caring for the
grap crop alone, and make a profit by so doing

Any supplies of grapes or grape juice have,
and will always find a ready market in any of
our principal towns and cities. As a remuner-
ative crop, the West and Southwest, wherever a
fair trail has been made, now answer in the
affirmative.

_ It is witb greai; pleasure that we notice the
increasing preparations making throughout the
United States fjr the culture of the grape, for
the purpose of providing the American com-
munity with a healthful and reliable wine.
There is not a single reason why wines can not
be produced in our own country, of equal
strength and value with tho<e really manuiac-
tured in the vineyards of France. The exper-
iments which have, for several years past, been
made by the grape growers around Cincinnati
and other parts of Ohio; at Hermann, in Mis-
souri, and by the GermanxAmericans around
Belleville and Highland, in this State, prove
conclusively, not only that a superior quality
of wine can be manufactured from our native

grape, but that the businet-s can be engaged in
with profit to the pniduoer. In fact, three
fourths of the families in the United States,
with very little trouble and expense, may lay
by, once a year, a barrel at least of very pxcel-
lent wine, from either the grape or the currant,
both of which are easily pr-duced. and within
the reach of all who have even a small patch
of ground. We have heard the opinion some*
times expressed that the heavy eo'l in this part
of Illinois was not favorable to grape culture;
but in disproof of this, we would state that, at
our last County Far, there were exhibited sre-
cimens of Isabella and Catawba grapes, equal
to any, for table use or for wine, that we have
ever seen grown in :ther more vaunted locali-
ties. All that is necessary is care and atten-
tion ; and for the very moderate sum of from
five to ten dollars, any family may obtain, by a
very simple process, from thirty to fifty gallons
of wint, which, if properly and carefully pre«
served for a moderate length of time, will be
quite good enough to set befire a King or a
Queen. On account of the diffic-ulty of obtain-
ing a genuine article (.f foreign wine, except at
an extraordinary price, if would be well, both
on the score of e<;onomy and health, if the
attention ot every owner of a garden patch
couid be turned to the manufacture of domestic
wines — either from the grape or the currant,
tioth of which are vastly prtferable to the trash
manufactured aV^road out of different kinds of
liquiils, exported from the (Tnitod States for the
purpose, and return-d to the United States
again under the heretofore popular foreign
brands

It would indeed surprise many a pretended
connoisseur of fine winee, which bear u^.on
their face a French or a German impress, but
in reality had their origin within 8"me of the
many subterranean vaults in the city of New
York — to notice the vast difl'erence Itetween a
{genuine grape wine of American tfianufacture,
such as may be found down at Bellcv.lle and
Highland in our own State, and the spurious
French wines which are so admirably pr-^duced
in the New York cellars and aitics in generous
abundaoce. A superior domestic wine, bow-
ever, is more easily drank than manufactured.
A good deal of care, experience and patience
are requisite to produce the finest quality j but
when all the difficulties have be»n overcome,
the gain far exceeds the time and the money
expended. A fictitious article, on the contrary,
is almost instantly produced by the aid of pecu-
liar and powerful acids, which, when taken into
the human system, are extremely detrimental
to health, and which often goad the consumer
on to madness or death. The consumption of
domestic wines will be found conducive in an
eminent degree to temperance and moderation.
It is these spurious brandies and wines which
are concocted out of the most deadly poisons,
that are the c.iuse of so much intemperance
and excess, and keep the public mind constantly
excited at reading the daily accoui.ts of mur-
ders and other crimes committed among us.

Grppe culture in the West, we are glad to
observe, is getting to be a subject of increasing
importance. W^e trust the time is not far dis-
tant when private families will generally kcow
how to produce their own wines, and thus drive
away entirely those base imitations which ma-
terially assist in shortening life and making it

miserable.

<«,

Early Onions. — Persons desiring to
have onions early next spring, should
plant out the small bulbs now. A bed
should be made in a warm part of the
garden and the little onions set out in
drills. So soon as the weather becomes
at all severe, they should be covered
Avith litter, to be taken off early in the
Spring. ^^ .;;;:. , y .., . . ,^ ^

•

'.^P«5(W,iiMt!JI!S![!??t^i!J||P;Ji||W'!

184

w'j^-w'^iirwfw.^f'jw^^iwww^

TPIE ILT.IISI OlS J^A.TIM^ER.

She ^Uinoijji ^^uvmcv.

-<•» —

J«PRING1'I1^I.D, DIICEMHEU 1, 1HS8.

M

ILLINOIS^ FARMER FOR 18511.

We shull avoid the common practice
of sending agents into the country to in-
troduce the Illinois Farmer among
the farmers and to solicit subscriptions,
The low price of subscription, if there
•were no other cause, would not justify
tlie expense. The Illinoi=3 Farmer
has been published for three years, and
with reasonable success. \Ye arc often
in the receipt of notices of approbation
of its management, and of promises of
enlarged support.

Our aim is to publish a paper that
shall bo useful to farmers. Our eoils
and our climates require different"' sys-
tems of farming from those practiced in
the old States. Hence we endeavor to
present to our readers all the important
improvements in Western farming.

AVe have yet much to learn in Illinois
in regard to the best modes of cultivating
our soils and securing crops. The past
two years has furnished a painful and in-
structive school to many of us. The
great questions now presented, are— can
we secure paying crops under all the
vicissitudes of our seasons?— and if so,
how is this to be done? These ques-
tions have to be answered, and we be-
lieve to a considerable extent, it can be
satisfactorily done. And this is by
thorough farniing;-~by adopting plans
which shall secure the growth and per-
fection of vegetation, not only in favora-
ble, but in unfavorable seasons. We do
not suppose that this can be altogether
accomplished; but much can be done,
lie who makes discoveries to this end,
carrying them into practice, will accom-
plish a great good.

We arc sure we are right when we
say that there is a greater spirit of in-
quiry and investigation among our far-
mers than has been known in any former
period. They arc feeling that their pro-
fession requires the employment of mind,
quite as much as any profession, to ren-
der themselves successful. They are
educating their children— and giving em-
ployment to thought,— for which there is
an ample field around them. They are
beautifying their homes, — making them
plea sand desirabk-.

To assist and to throw light on the |

patli of the cultivators of the soil, is the
humble aim oF the Illinois Farmer;
and to strengthen our hands and give us
power to be useful, we ask the kind as-
sistance of the farmers of Illinois. We
hope to Improve the Farmer in the com-
ing year, and to render it of essential
benefit to its readers. We desire every
subscriber, every friend and every post-
master to aid in getting up clubs for
this work.

RKMEMBEK THE TERMS.

ADVANCE PAYMENTS ARE RLtlL'IKED.

Onn ropy poryoar fl 00

Kim ciipit'H at 76 ecutu enrli ". 7")

Killct'ii copicH lit (J2)/<; ('KiitH each U u7

Kifty cojiits tiioueaildrisii 25 00

JB^^'An extra copy will be sent to
persons getting ten subscribers and
over.

4*>— —

Kt^In New York wheat does not

freeze out on underdrained land.

■>i ■

S^^Mrs. Loudon, the talented author

of a work on gardening, recently died

in England.

19*

KB°*The Freeport Jonrnal says that
"the Chinese Sugar Cane is a success

there. It Avill pay better than Avheat."

—f

J3g5°'Fawke's machine will unques-
tionably go right ahead with the mole-
plow as an underground drainer. It
ought to make twenty miles of drain a
day. Wouldn't that do something for
Illinois?

4«*

15^=»n. Prather's plow for deep cul-
ture is believed to be a capital imple-
ment. We hope he is not in advance of
the times. Deep and perfect cultivation

will pay in Illinois.

<•• .

KS^'An extraordinary head of six
rowed barley was discovered in Yuba
county, California, in 1854. Tiie pro-
duct the next year, with the increase,
till last spring, was own, and the crop
the past summer amounted to 5,440

bushels.

..«»■ . — — —

Good Crop of Sweet Potatoes. —
M. A. Low, of Madison county, the pre-
sent year, on one-fourth of an acre of
land raised one hundred and one bush-
els and three pecks of sweet potatoes.
"The potato plants were set out on
ridges, eighteen inches apart, and the
ridges three feet from each other, —
next scraped, then plowed down, and
throAvn back and hoed no more till dug."
Who can do better than this?

JK^"°Osage Orange Hedge can be set
in the fall. Generally the farmer has
some spare time now which can be given
to that purpose.

•••.-

E®°'Tender roses should be protected
as soon as there is a freeze. Lay them
down, cover them over with leaves, and
lay a board over them.

f<^A farmer stated to the writer

that his land, plowed with the Double

Michigan Plow, yielded from fifteen to

twenty-five bushels of corn more than

his ground plowed with the common

plow.

<•»

Jg^S^The Chinese double-flowering
peach, when in blossom, is very beauti-
ful. The flowers are double, and resem-
ble the flower of the Camelia. What is
strange, these trees often produce dou-
ble peaches, though not of good quality.
>•.

l^^S^" There is a shrub growing on the

Rocky Mountains that produces a fruit

like a small apple, very red, and eatable.

It might be improved by cultivation.
.*.

]KF"Montana is the name of a new
"Yankee town," at Pike's Peak. There
is gold there, but as everywhere else,

the man who gets it must work for it.

t»m

KS'The Chinese sugar does not suc-
ceed well in New York. No matter,
Illinois can supply New York with all
the siveetcning she wants within the

next five years.

*t

J§@"There is a great scarcity of veg-
etables in this market. Of cabbages,
there are but few, and are sold at 8 and
10 cents each, and potatoes at 80 cents
per bushel.

a*.

J^fS^Farming tools of every descrip-
tion should be placed under cover for
the winter. They wUl lose 25 per cent
of their value by being exposed to the
weather.

40,

jlg@=°The Country Gentleman has of-
fered a reward of §500 to any person
who Avlll bring to that office a root of
wheat on which stalks of chess and
wheat are growing — the person claiming
the award to deposit $100 as forfeit, in
case he does not make his claim good.

-••.-

l^:^The Delaware Grape ripens some
weeks before the Isabella and has a
most agreeable flavor. It is the best
American grape known.

•

'''iif!mwi!S!yWm^!^mf--

the: illii^sTois fa.iimeii.

185

State fair Trial of Implements and Machin-

We commend the following circular
/to the attention of all manufacturers of
■ machinery and to the officers of all agri-
cultural societies. We have in our hum-
ble way protested against the system of
awarding premiums at fairs for imple-
ments and machinery without subjecting
them to trial. And trials should be
made with deliberation, and the judges
on such occasions should be men who
thoroughly understand their business.
We often find implements and machinery
presented for exhibition, whose greatest
merit, apparently, is their exquisite fin-
ish. These machines may operate well;
but their fine finish will on trial, be of no
importance to them. We do believe
that such trials as are desired can be had
under the auspices of our agricultural
societies; but we question whether this
can be done at our usual fairs. Men
there have too little time to investigate
the principles of machinery. They
wish to see everything on exhibition and
can devote but little attention to one de-
partment.

We arc aware that the time has passed
for the holding of a meeting on this sub-
ject as called in the appended circular
at Cincinnati; but the facts embraced in
that circular, and which are important
to all manufacturers of implements and
machines, requires its publication at
this time. We regret that it was not
received by us until near the middle
of November :

NewafxK, Ohio, Oct. 15,1858.

At a meeting of delegates appointed
by Mechanics and Manufacturers in the
States of Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky,
held at the State House in Indianapolis,
on the 17th day of October, 1858, the
undersigned, as Chairman and Secreta-
ry, were directed to address you on the
subject of a great and general trial of
machinery and implements in the North-
western States during the summer of
1859.

It has long been the opinion of the
most observing and successful of our art-
isans and builders of agricultural ma-
chinery,^that there is not enough atten-
tion paid on the part of agricultural so-
cieties, to this important and indispensi-
ble adjunct of farm labors; that the posi-
tion given, the premiums awarded, and
above all, the manner ofmalchig awards,
are not calculated to encourage the ex-
hibitor, or give the public any adequate
idea of the true merits and value of im-
plements shown, while many who build

excellent machines do not exhibit them,
failing to see proper inducements for un-
dertaking the labor and perplexity of ex-
hibition where the rewards arc so uncer-
tain and inadequate. For these reasons
initiatory steps have been taken for or-
ganizing at some suitable point in the
Nortlnvest, during the next summer, an
exhibition and trial of implements and
machines, under such supervision and
rules as shall insure the most thorough
examination and comparison of all which
shall be offered, and to this end, as Ave
Avould in no Way interfere with existing
organizations of State or National Agri-
cultural Societies, we now address vou
on the subject, desiring that you may
give us your views of the subject in "wtI-
ting, or send from your association a
delegate who shall efficiently represent
the views of your officers, at a Conven-
tion to he held in Cincinnati on Wed-
nesday^ the Yith day of November next.

This meeting will decide as to the ad-
visability of placing the trial in -svhole or
in part in the hands of some existing or-
ganization, or of arranging for an inde-
pendent prosecution of the enterprise.

We do not attempt to give details of
plans to be adopted for securing. the re-
sults which we so sincerely desire, but
leaving such details to the decision of
those who shall assemble at the time ap-
pointed, only premise that we 7-epudiate
the awarding of premiums^ or the ex-
pression of anything but facts elicited by
the trial, and embodied in a full and
clear report, which facts shall relate to
the same j^oints in all the machines of
any particular class.

Conceding, then, the necessity or
utility of the undertaking, the main
points for discussion, at the November
Convention will be those relating to the
direction and supervision, the organiza-
tion ot a competent committee, and of
finances. These are thought by some to
be clearly adjustable, and we approach
the community with confidence that such
a programme will be offered as shall in-
vite the confidence and favor of all in-
terested.

We hope to hear from you in good
time,, and that we may have your favor-
able approbation and support.

Please address J. E. Holmes, Secre-
tary, Newark, Ohio.

ARTHUR PETER,
Chairman, Louisville, Ky.

J. E. Holmes,

Secretary, Xeivark, Ohio.

•••^ " -

Large Peach Crop.— The brothers
Loughry, of Adams county, Ohio, raised
this season thirty-six hundred bushels of
peaches, which brought them in Cincin-
nati, an average of three dollars per
bushel, or an aggregate of over $10,000.
Deducting the expense of gathering and
marketing, the net product was $9,000.

THE STEAM PLOW TltlAL*

The steam plow trial, under the superrisioa
of the State Agricultural Society, was held at
Decatur oh the 10th instant. There was but
one plow on trial. Three others expected were
not present. The pnprietors say that they
will hereafter appear on our prairies. The
plow exhibited belonged to J. W. Fawks, and
was the same that was at Centralia. On the
morning of the 10th, it was fired up, for trial.
The ground Bclected was south of the Depot —
a blue grass sod. The plows were not calcHla-
ted for our soil, being eastern plows. Never-
thelens, the engine moved forward as rapidly
as men could conveniently walk, drawing six
plows, cutting a foot each, and doing tke work
satisfactorily. When the engiie reached the
end of the field, it turned in three-quarters of a
minute, aiid returned, plowing, to the point
from which it started. The engine seemed to be
under perfect command.

On the day following, it also worked very
sa'isfactoril}'.

Mr. Fawks does not regard his machine as
perfect, but believes, with a few improvements,
it will do all that can be done by a locomotive
steam machine. It can now be used for thresh-
ing, sawing, grinding, &c. Mr. M T. Soott,
of McLean county, has engaged Mr. Fawks
and his machine for a year on his large farm
at Chenoa. It is supposed that the machine
can break up 20 acre:^ of prairie a day, at an
expense of fifty cents the acre. Some two or
three thou'-and persons were supposed to be
present at the exhibition, who all appeared to
be much gratified with the performance.

On the evening of the 10th, the Executive
Committee met at the Barnum House, and
adopted t":e following resolutions .

Resolved, That having witnessed the perform-
ance Ot J. W. Fawks' "Steiim Plow," we deem

it our duty to record our opinion, that tliis in-
genious machine i.s well adapted, as a stationary
engine for farm purposes, and that wiih im-
provements it can be made u-eful for plowing
on our prairies ; but that it is not aa yet such a
machine as will entitle it to the premium ofiPered
by this society.

Resulced, That in consideration of the ex*
peoses incurred in exhibiting this machine at
Centralia and Decatur, the Corresponding Sec-
retary is hereby auth(<nzed and required to
dra'v an order on the Treasurer of the Society
in favor of J. W. Fuwks for the sum of five
hundred dollars.

But a few plows were present for trial. The
committee adopted the following resolution for
the appointment of a committee to examine them
and report upon their performances:

Resolved, That Dr. II. C. Johns be appointed
a ommittie to Jurther superintend the trial of

steam and other plows, arid that he have full
power to call to bis aid any scientific or practi-
cal skill he may require, and on behalf of the
Executive Boaru, award any commendations
said plows may merit.

Dr. Johns appointed the committee, who
made the examinations, and made the following
report :

■\Ve the undersigned committee, appointed "by
the Illinois State Agricultural society, to ex-
amine the plows ufon trial at Decatur, on the
10th and llihof Novemtier. 1858, report, that :

We have examined the "Gang Plow arid Seed
Sower,' invented by Joel Lee, of Galesbargh,

■^"lW''?P?5s't'Sv''T'^"?^^

;:^-p

.••c<;jir>!y,TnCTjf-

186

THE ILLINOIS F^HMER.

and, in oar c inion, it is an improvement on
most other similar plows; and we believe it ia
worthy the attention of farmers jjenerBliy.

We have also examined the Ganj^ Plow man-
ufactured by C. II. Dawfion, of Jacksonville,
and pronounce it a great improvement on tlie
old plow in common use.

We also examined the sinple plow with
•wheelp, manufactured by H. Prather, of Deca-
tur— which we think will be valuable for deep
plowing and for loul ground.

S. M. Parsons,
PIZRA >IaRQUE88E,

F. May.

'I'. B. HoppiK,

D. S. Stafford.

TLe Imphecs as Sugar Plants.

It will be recollected by those who are
conversant with the history of the Chinese
Sugar Cane, that soon after its introduction
into France, Mr. Wray, of South Africa,
discovered in that country, of which he then
was resident, several varieties of Millet^
which he believed, on experiment, contained
saccharine properties to a large amount.
3Ir. Wray came with the seeds into France,
there made experiments, which appeared to
satisfy him, that the Imphees yielded more
saccharine than the Sorgho or Chinese
Sugar Cane. Mr. Wray came to the United
States, on invitation, bringing his seed, which
was planted and crops produced on Gov.
Hammond's farm, of South Carolina. Gov.
H. believes it a more profitable article for
molasses than the Sorgho. He has raised it
extensively this year; but we have seen a
late letter from him, in which he states, that
he made no sugar.

The Imphee seed, to some extent, was
planted in this State last spring. A farmer
in Grundy county made sugar from the juice
without difficulty. But we have had no
such certain and conclusive evidence of the
value of the Imphees, as saccharine plants,
before this time, as will be found in the fol-
lowing communication, from Mr. R. KiM-
B.VLL, an old and respected citizen of Taze-
w^ell county. The statements made by Mr.
Kimball can be fully relied upon. "We hope
however, he will furnish us with some more
particulars. Wc wish to learn whether the
Imphee comes to maturity sooner than the
Sorgho. We wish more particulars in regard
to the conversion of the syrup into sugar.
W^e doubt not, as he says, that he prefers
the Imphees to the Sorgho; but we want to
know all the causes of this preference.

We here give the letter of Mr. Kimball,
and will only further remark that the expe-
riments of Mr. Kiml)all do him great credit,
and we believe will be useful to the coun-
try :

Delavan, Tazewell Co., |
November, 15, 185S. J

Editor Illinois Farmer : — With your
permission, I will now answer your request,
to know how I came out with my Imphees,
(African Sugar Cane.)

I desire to say, Mr. Editor, by way of in-

troduction, that I have always been a lover
of sweet things. I have often wished, when
rearing my family, that I had a hogshead of
sugar just to go to, and use as we desired.
Sugar has always agreed with me. I have
always been fond of sweet cake, good family
gingerbread, pies of all descriptions if made
good and sweet, and, in short, all those good
articles that pass under the appellation of
pastry cooking. Such things are a vast sav-
ing of other articles of food, besides being
far better for the physical system, and much
more satisfactory to the mind.

Last year I was a mere beginner in mak-
ing molasses from cane. We kept about two
barrels for our own use and had plenty to go
to the whole year. I sent three samples to
Springfield, made after the cold freeze. The
committee said it was very pure, but had a
bad flavor. Our folks thought, however,
that it was very good, and so did all our vis-
itors that eat of it.

>'ot being disheartened on account of the
opinions of great men, I have still persevered
in trying to improve, and do better, if possi-
ble. Accordingly I obtained nine varieties
of Imphee seed (African Sugar Cane) of Mr.
A. 0. Moore, of New York city. I planted
five varieties the first of May, a few days be-
fore the wet weather set in. The other four
varieties I planted iMay 29th. A/l (he cario
ties ripeiml iccU; nor did the wet kill asingle
plant, although some stood in the water most
of the time for a month. On ripening I
found the canes very sweet and sugary.

]My first attempt in making sugar was on
No. 1, (Oom-see-a-na.) I dreaded the trial,
as I knew nothing about sugar making, ex-
cept what I had read. And then I had not
half the materials or implements that I
wanted. I, however, miulc about ticcntj/-
Jive poxuuls of moist sugar.

I next worked up the other varieties of
the Imphee simultaneously, and made a
hatch of uhuut fifty pounds of ijood, moist,
rich sui/ar. I then made a small batch of
what good cane I had left, and used more
bone black. T/tis icas delightful in favor,
and the best J had ever seen, (although, I
suppose other folks have seen better.)

Perhaps I ought to say that in making
the first batch from No. 1, I selected the
best stalks; and afterwards worked up the
poorer stalks, together with some of No. 10,
(Sorgho-ka-baic,) — a good deal of this also
granulated.

Last of all, I worked up No. 4, (nee-a-za-
na,) — in which I had no faith — to ascertain
if that also, contained sugar. I clarified it
better than any other parcel I had worked.
It appeared beautiful in syrup. I boiled it
down to the consistency of sugar; but there
was no sugar in it, nor was the syrup of a
pleasant flavor. / threw all the seed away
as worthless.

My experiments prove to my mind two
things :

1st. The Imphee (African Sugar Cane) is
very prolific in sugar; and

2d. That I am not an experienced sugar
maker, although I made sugar every time I
tried. My only difficulty is in separating the
molasses from the sugar.

I came very near burning the first batch,
in trying to get the heat upto 238°; butcould
not do it. Perhaps the fault was in the ther-

<v

mometer. It was a 225° thermometer —
marked to 240°.

One remark, and I have done. I have
kept all my varieties of Imphee seed separ-
ate; put up in bags and marked; but my re-
mark is, — that the Imphee is bound to take
the jilace of Chinese Sugar Cane in this
State. It has already done so with me. I
am confident that it is far better than the
Chinese Sugar Cane, and that it contains
much less mucilage, and consequently the
juice is much more easily clarified. I have
some seven or eight bu.shels of the seed of
the eight good varieties.

llespectfuUv,

II. 'KIMBALL.

B@n=The editor of this paper has made ar-
rangements with Mr. Kimball for his Imphee
seed. It will be put up in papers by him,
and sufficient to .sow two square rods will be
sold for five cents.

The Catllc Market.
The attentive observer of the cattle
market in the Eastern cities, must be
struck at the large amount of stock sold
there from Illinois within the past six
months. The pressure of the times
here has forced this stock into the mar-
ket, and the sales have been made close.
We have not a vast amonnt of stock left
which will be suitable for the market
next season;— from which we infer that
after next spring cattle will be high in
Illinois. We know the vastness of the
amount of our resources in this respect,
still we believe our conclusions will prove
correct.

Sheep Raising.
The conclusive statement in our last num-
ber, by Mr. A. B. M'Connell, of this county,
of the profit of raising sheep, has drawn the
attention of many of our farmers to the sub-
ject; and we doubt not will be the means of
increasing the number of flocks in this coun-
ty. Sheep raising and wool growing here —
by those who know how to manage them —
has always been profitable; — while wheat
raising has generally brought the farmer in
debt.

Two crops of Isabellas.
We have seen the second crop of Isa-
bellas grow and mature tolerably well
the present season. In trimming the
vines, much was cut off so as to throw out
fruit on the fruit buds designed for the
coming year. The position was favor-
able, and the fruit would have ripened
perfectly but for the cold wet weather
which continued nearly two- thirds of

October and a part of November.
••. _

JtQ^We presume that our Tennessee
subscriber can obtain Orchard Grass
Seed at either of the seed stores in Louis-
ville, Ky.

\

ft?Ksa*''>^;?;-t*Jjp. -

■^SB^i.ilWhViyJUflpWSi^iWK^***^^ .

THE I3L.LI^NrOIS F^HMiER.

187

Illinois Nurscrifs.

These are amply sufficient to supply all
tlie demands for trees and plants which can
be made by the farmers of our State. These
nurseries are generally situated convenient
to railroads, and trees can be delivered at all
leading points in the State in two or three
days from the nurseries. No sensible man
can believe that for our soils and climate,
trees and plants raised in the State are not
better adapted than trees and plants raised
in other soils and climates.

With all these truths plainly exhibited
our nursery men do not supply one-tenth of
the trees and plants purchased by our far-
mers. Nurserymen of other States have
their agents scattered all over Illinois, so
that a farmer scarcely escapes from their
drummers, and they hang on to him, tell a
''slick" story, and urge him until they get
an order — and then he must take the trees
when they come, like or dislike them, and
he must pay for them. There may be cases
where these trees have succeeded well.
These, however, are rare. Where are the
hundreds of thousands of trees scattered over
this State by the Eastern nurseries? Echo
answers, "Where?" They are not in exis-
tence. Still the farmers will buy them until
repeated failures cure them of their folly.

Do our farmers subscribe for the agricul-
tural papers? Do they read them? If they
do, they can easily learn where they can ob-
tain all the trees they want. They can get
them from responsible nurseries and respon-
sible men; — they can get good, sound, flour-
ishing trees, not covered with insects or put
up in straw filled with Canada thistles. They
can get trees accustomed to our climate and
soils. They can foster an important business
in our State, — a thought worthy the consid-
eration of our citizens, — and build up a busi-
ness that will add wealth to our community.

In this State there are numerous large nur-
series, in which large capitals are employed.
These capitals arc taxed and the taxes go to
support our State government, schools, &c.
The stocks sent into our State by foreign
nurserymen. — who employ salesmen at so
much a month, pay no taxes here. They
are brought into competition with the stocks
of our nurserymen, to the injury of them and
of our farmers, who purchase the foreign ar-
ticles. We propose to do one thing in this
matter, which is just and right, to all parties
concerned. When a pedlar comes into the
city to sell goods for a few weeks, we make
him pay a handsome license fee. Our proposi-
tion is this, — that the sales of these foreign
agents shall be considered and that they shall
be made to take out licenses and pay for
them in such suras as will place their stocks
in the market on an equality with our nur-
serymen. This is just and right, and ought
not to be complained of. If the nurserymen
of this State would memorialize the Legisla-
ture for this object, we believe the Legisla-
ture would pass such a law as will answer the
purpose desired.

Our readers will notice a communication
on this subject in the present number of the

Farmer; ,

Mr. Morrill's Land Bill. : "^^
y The bill granting lands to the States for
/the endowment of Agricultural Colleges,
which passed tlie House of Representatives
at the last session of Congress, will come up
in the Senate in the regular order of unfinish-
ed business, at the coming session. We feel
a deep interest in the passage of this bill
through the Senate. 'V ,

And why? Because we wish to see the
profession of agriculture elevated to its true
position. Mind as well as muscle should be
employed in the operations of farming.
These qualities cannot be had or combined

without education; and the farmer wants pre-
cisely that education that will fit him for his
duties. He should be a chemist, so far as
the principles which affect his business are
concerned. He should understand the laws
of physiology, for on their observance depend
the life and health and growth of all animal
and vegetable nature. He should have some
knowledge of the veterinary art, learned from
competent instructors. He should under-
stand botany, horticulture, geology, mineral-
ogy, meterology, mathematics, penmanship,
book-keeping, map and perspective drawing,
and the operations of machinery.

These branches of education, so necessary
to an accomplished farmer, cannot well be
learned in our schools. Farming is the
great interest of the country, and in the estab-
lishment of educational institutions, why
should not this great interest be provided for?
We have our medical colleges, law colleges,
divinity colleges — and why not farmers' col-
leges? Precisely because farmers, placed in
the back ground by customs and usages and
institutions of the country, have been unable,
had they the disposition, to stand up for their
rights. It has been constantly kept before
them that farming was a business only re-
quiring physical power, to plow and sow and
to gather the crop. They are learning now
that science added to labor, enlarges crops,
lessens toil, and preserves the value and fer-
tility of the soil. New light is illuminating
his path, and new interest and new pleasures
are urging him on to improvement.

Let Mr. Morrilfs land bill pass and an
era will commence with our agricultural popu-
lation, that will soon be seen in the improve-
ment of the country — and which will place
our farmers in the community where they
ought to be — fully equal in all respects to the
other professions which from time immemorial
have looked down upon them as the "mud
sills of societv."

-«•»-

Sugar Cane Seed.

Col. M. Pierson, living in the vicinity of
this city, raised this season something like an
acre of sugar cane. It perfectly ripened its
seed, and he is firmly of the opinion, that
those of his hogs, living on it, grow quite as
fast and fatten quite as rapidly, as those fed
on corn. His cattle are very fond of the
stalk, eating it with great relish. He believes
that as a crop for stock, sugar cane is fully
equal to corn. Now, here is an opinion that
our farmers can rely upon.

Fall Planting of Trees.
On account of the extraordinary amount
of wet weather the present fall, it may not
be expedient to plant out the trees ordered
from nurseries. It will not benefit the trees
to have their roots stand in ground perfectly
saturated with water for five or six months.
We suggest that when the trees are received
late that they shall be put into ground by the
heels, and kept till spring. For this purpose
select a dry and high piece of soil, digatrench
two feet deep, lay down a few trees in the
trench, so as to have half of their tops come
above ground, throw in the dirt carefully on
the roots, so that every portion of the roots
shall be covered; then lay in more trees, and
continue on in the same manner until all are
put away, and then if you cover over the trees
with s slight covering of straw it will be all
the better for them. We have tried this
plan with great success.

: Upland Rice. .

We have successfully cultivated the Chi-
nese Sugar Cane and have used it profitably
in making a rich syrup. A few years will
make us entirely independent of other coun-
tries for sweets.

We propose that our farmers shall make
a trial of a Southern plant, which we are
quite sure will be grown successfully here —
Upland Rice. Mr. A. Conner, of Carbon-
nale, had some, of very fine quality, on exhi-
bition at the State Fair. John Russell,
Esq., of Greene county, Illinois, has success-
fully raised this rice, the present year, on
his farm. Rice, raised in this State, would
be a very pleasant and healthful article of
diet. ■-, :-/.. '■'■, '■■'.■ :. ■■;■■:

Cotton was formerly produced in consider-
able amounts in the Southern part of the
State. Cannot this be started in hot beds
and transplanted into the fields? We do this
successfully with sweet potatoes. We would
like some of our sriends to try it.

Sweet Potatoes.

The Early Yellow Nansemond Sweet Po-
totoe, introduced into this section of the State,
the last spring, proves to be a very superior
article — productive, sweet, dry, and keeps
well. Now, our farmers having this stock,
should take measures to preserve the seed
and keep it pure. We lose a great deal by
neglecting proper cautions in preserving the
purity of our vegetable seeds.

g@*At the Little Falls Farmer's
Club, there was a few days days ago, an
interesting discussion on butter making.
There was one important point of con-
sideration, not often thought of. It is
the case of hard and soft water in work-
ing butter. Facts were presented show-
ing that soft water should always be
used, and that bard water injured the
butter.

■^'''^S'tJpBPrwS^^ff^BJ'HiP^SIW^S^WW^^

188

TH]b: ILT_.I]SrOIS FARMER.

1 1

A hint for sugiir cane sroAvrrs.

A year H'^o the present fall, Lucius C.
Francis, ofliermanj Prairie, about four miles
from this city, by accident or design, we don't
know which, scattered some ripe sugar cane
seed on a patch of dry ground, which in fall
and winter was trod into the ground. Tliat
seed germinated early last spring, grew well,
was not injured by early Irosts, and the cane
was matured, if we recollect right about the
middle of August.

We repeat that the plants came up early
in the spring and were not injured by fro.st.

Those who are going into the business of
su2;ar cane <rrowlnu" licod nut be inf'oriiiod of
the advantage of having a porti(»n of their
crop mature early. If the seed can be plant-
ed in the fall, and tho {ihmts come up early
in the spring, ivmain uninjured by the frost,
and thus sec\ire the maturity of the crop by
the middle of August, — these facts arc very
Important and should be heeded b}^ sugar cane
growers. We know that the foliage of cer-
tain plants, young and tender as they may bo,
are not injured by early frost, — though when
near maturity they are killed at once by frost.
The same facts may apply to thj sugar cane,

We suuirest to those who design to irrow
sugar cane the coming year, to prepaaea small
portion ofground this fall in a dry warm place,
and plant a few rows of sugarcane. It if suc-
ceeds, as we hope it may. an important ques-
tion will be settled — of groat value in the cul-
tivation of sugar cane. The trial will cost but
a few hours labor.

P. S. Professor Turner has bad some ex-
perience OQ this same point. Ciiinesc sugar
cane seed was left upon his farm lust fall, and
it sprouted in the spring and made good cane;
but he suggests that last winter was unusually
mild.

Ifo?s.
Hogs arc now bringing 85 per 100 lbs nett,
in most of the Western markets. This is a
fair price, and would be a great price if we
had our usual stocks of corn. We allude to
the fact here for the purpose of again calling
the attention of small farmers to the business
of hog raising. Hogs have paid well in this
market for years — sometimes giving the far-
mer a very large pi"ofit and in no aise, as we
recollect, failing to give him a fair profit,

when he raised the hogs himself. We do
not speak of those, who, anticipating very
large prices for hogs, in some seasons, paid
extravagant prices for hogs to fatfen.

With a little attention, a farmer can soon
get into a stock of hogs. He can have
iiis pastures; he can have his rye fields; he
can grow very early corn to feed and fatten
them, and later corn, if he wishes to bri.ig
them into market late. But to do all this
successfully, there must be care and system.
There must be suitable shelters, yards, water,
conveniences for breeding. The farmer must
make it one of his principal objects — keep it
always in view to get the best stock; — he
will soon take a pride and pleasure in it —
will be interested, — and everything will be
ikely to go on right. If a farmer could

h:ive two hundred Berkshire hogs, or of any
other good variety, as large and fat as those
taken to market, last year by Job Fletcher,
Jr., of Sugar Creek, in this county — it
would make him feel tolerably comfortable iu
these severe times.

Rhiibarl) or Pic Plant.

As this is the best period for setting out
the rhubarb roots, some remarks on the sub-
ject will not be out of place. Some tw'enty
years, or more ago, the word rhubarb had
anything but a pkasant sound. Some per-
son, however, in England, tested the plant
for sauce, and found it had, in some degree,
a pleasrant taste and acidity, which he thought
could be improved by cultivation. In its
natural state, the stalks were small, wirey

and hard. The seed was planted, the growth
of the plants stimulated, now varieties were
introduced, until but little of the char-
acter of tlic original plant remained, and
until Myatt's A'ictoria was produced. This
fine plant, in this country, was followed by
Downing's Collosal, and Cahoon's Mammoth.
In England, again, was originated Scotch
Hybrid and Linnajus. All these varieties
have their admirers. 3Iyatt's A'ictoria is ex-
cellent where it succeeds. Downing's Col-
losal is very largo and fine. Cahoon's Mam-
moth tSeedling, is the largest that grows — a
sour, coarse })lant. The Scotch Hybrid is
quite large and produces wonderfully. It is
claimed for the Linnjous that it is the best.
All those varieties arc distinct. There are
many others in market. We like them all
belter than Cahoon's.

The cultivation of the Pie Plant is simple.
The ground should be trenched deeply be-
fore planting and filled with manure. The
ground should not be heavy or wet. The
plants should then be set out, four feet apart,
one bud on a root in each hill. Thencxtsea-
son you may carefully pull off a few leaves.
Every fall manure your plants, By this mode
of cultivation jou will have immense crops
of lariic and fine stalks.

Sii?!ir Cane as a staple crop.

Many farmers will grow sugar cane next
year as a staple crop. Its value as a saccha-
rine plant is now known; and its cultivation
and the working up of its juice into syrup
can be made as regular and as safe a business

as any other. If grown for stock, no more
care is needed in growing it and saving it,
than corn. It it is grown to work up into
syrup, whoever does this, must take time by
the forelock and bave his apparatus ready to
work as soon as his cane is ripe. He must
regulate the quantity of cane he proposes to
raise by the means he has to work it up. Few
realize the amount of giwd cane on an acre of
ground. It will yield forty tons, or tijliti/
thousand 2youn(h.

-»•»-

ei?g="W. II. Ladd, of Ohio, recom-
mends farmers who wish to preserve
their oats from rust, to be prepared to
sow the seed without plowing next
spring.

Tlif Steam Plow.

Editor of the Farmer : — I liave seen the
veritable steam plow. I have seen it at work;
plowing up six furrows at a time of strong
blue grass sod; turning about as readily as a
team of two yoke of cattle. I certainly ad-
mired the results of the genius of man. lie
had even made fire and water do the work of
the ox and the horse; and he had shown the
ability of increasing power to any extent re-
quired.

I went home, Mr. Editor, and did a good
deal of thinking while my hor.«e plodded his
weary way through the mud. The improve-
ments of the age are wonderful. It is scarce-
ly safe for any man to say where these shall
have their limit. I have seen much and
hoard much of the project of steam plows.
I now believe the steam plow will succeed.
It can be made to break up our prairies. It
can do a vast deal of work when the machine
is perfected and when all circumstances,
water, fuel, suitable condition ot the soil,
favor the work. Twenty acres a day can be
plowed by these machines. I believe it. So
much for the prairie. And more, I believe
it can be made to work on stubble ground,
though it did not work at Decatur. Vast
improvements will be made in these steam
plows. How much time was spent even in
making a plow to scour in our prairies? AVlio
docs not remember the old Carey? How
little little like its successors, — which are
seen almost everywhere, and especially the
beautiful Derre Plow?

Believing that this steam plow Is to suc-
ceed,— succeed after a good many improve-
ments and trials, — what is to be the result?
The plow is to cost 82,5U0. Common far-
mers will hardly want such plows. It ap-
pears to me that the rich can only use thoiu
successfully. A man who has two thousand
acres of prairie and has loose capital enough,
can own the plow — cini have have his engi-
neer— can use the machine to ditch his
gnmnds, — to force the mole plow under the
ground and drain it, to throw up immense
embankmeutg on which he can plant his
fence, to move his threshing machine, to saw
bis lumber, to grind his corn and wheat, to
cut his wheat, and do many other things.
Doing all these things successfully, he can
raise crops far cheaper than his poor neigh •
bors, that have to do their work with horses
and oxen.

Now all these things are so; and what is to
be the result? Are the rich to swallow up
our small farmers, the ''bold and hardy yeo-
manry," always the richest to a country?
Who can tell'/

Mr. Editor, If all that Is anticipated of
this steam plow and others in prospect, (for
I am told that in this country there are al-
ready/rye steam plows that promise to be a
success.) I ask what is to be the result upon
the farming and general interests of the coun-
try? I wish some of your correspondents
would give their views upon the subject. If
the steam plow succeeds, great revolutions iu
farming are to take place upon our prairies.
Th?se revolutions are not to be confined to
Illinois, There arc millions of square miles
of prairie in the United States that have not
been touched by the plow. H0310.

^«./

|jpiJpT5r^iJ5^,jjij(e»^«4)ij^^^

THE ILLII^TOIS PWI^MEIi,

189

Bc&t Ground for Orciiards.

Editor of fh<; Farmer: — I notice an in-
quiry by "M." in the November uunibcr of
the Farmer respecting the proper soil for
jm orchard. He says : "On my farm I have
black loam, some a little inclined to sand, and
some barrens in which there is a large inter-
mixture of clay. The black soil is level prai-
rie, sandy on ridges, the barrens on high
land." it is difficult to tell which of these
soils would be best for an orchard without
seeing them. In this section T should pre-
fer the high barrens, providing it is of a good
corn soil. Barrens that are high and little
rolling are the best for an orchard. The fruit
crop is more certain on high land than low.
Black prairie soil is good ior orchard if it is
sufficiently dry at all seasons of the year; trees
on such soil will grow more vigorously and
not fruit so young as those on barren
land. Our own orchard is in the edge of the
barrens, and is the admiration of all that see
it. The oldest part, 200 trees, arc 12 years
since set; the balance, making 1,700 trees,
have been set the last two, three and four
years, many of them just ready to fruit. If
you tliink 3Ir. 31. will be benefitted by this
you can publish it or any part.
Yours trulv,
_ YEIUIY ALDPJCII.

The Physical Training of Giils.

It is a matter of common observation that
Endlish women belon<;;ing to the higher classex
unite with their mei.tal uccnnipli^hments a far
greater robustness and stretinth of physicul
constitution than are upually found in tt.e

females of this country, arid all are ready to
admit that the hnman form, in classic an>
tiqiiity, fur exceeded in the perfection of pym-
nietry and vijjor the rrdinary development of
the present dny. The race that pave to the
world a Venus and an Apoilo is still regarded
as furnifhinji the best examples of physical
stretigih and beauty; and perhaps those who
tire familiar with the pocial customs of the
ancient world will concede that thi^ perfection
was the result (f the systematic training and
exercise <if the body, then made an essential
part of education. In the a;j;ea of chivalry,
too, when a man held it a jireater honor to ex-
cel in feats of arms than in scholarship, we

read of wonderful achievements of physical
etrenjith. But all the lessons ot the world's ex-
perieoces in such matters serm to hiive been
lo^t in our modern civilization, at le:i>^t in
America. Look at the women of our hijiher
ci-cles, witli their thin and willowy forms, their
pale and sallow faces, their inability to endure
the .-I'ghtest exposure or fatigue. Obi^erre in
all classes how early the cheek loses its vouth-
*ul freshness; how ci inmon are complaints of
"delicate hi-alth;" how uriiver:-al the appear*
anceof frajiilily. It is true that public atten-
tion has, within a few ypars. been in a dejiree
awakened to this subject; but as the iijilit in
Milton's infernal pri^on only served to make
darkness visible, so this attention has only ex-
posed the ut:er and fatal nejdoct of the duty —
u I'e^lect almost everywhere apparent.

It a paiioraniii? view of the evils growing out
of neglect of the proper physsical training ot
children could be presented, tha hormr and
alarm created l>y such a t-urvey- wou'd drive
lond parents into tlie adoption (f a lictter sys
tern. Mothers who now compel their infant
(.ff-piing to live as prisoners, pir.inff in vain for
fre^h air ar-.d invijiorating exercise, because
Mary or Biddy can not find time to take tiiem
out, would not only make the servant perform
this duty every day, letting the house work gi
rather than omit it, but would make some ar-

little ones allowed to play half the day out of
do'TS, running and wrest liog "at their own
sweet will " need no gymria>ia to develops their
strength : but city hrcd unfortunates will be
benetitted by Cali^thenic practice. The increase
o( institutions for this purpose is a g lod t-ign.
A lady vtIio presides over a large one in this
city, appropriated cxilusivelv to womea, and
where there are now thirty invalids informed
us she received three years and a half old, and
would whrrant the manifest imjirovemetit of
the'r heal'h in three months Atnusement she
aiakes an es^en'ial e'emtnt of t()c>e exenises ;
for as nil the muscles of the body shiuli be
brought into play, the powers of the mind, so
intimately and iiiysteriou-ly connec cd with
the t.hy»ical frame, should not be inactive.

We would advocate, ()r rather insist upon,
the attachment of a gymnasium to every school;
and if one were in every hou^e, it would trove
an actual saving "f more than i's co-t, in phy-
sicians' bdls, aiedieines and nurs^es' wages. A
frolic every dny with the "recliniog board" or
the "parallel bare," would put to flight many
juvenile ailments, banish the physio bottles

from the t^heif, and plied a glow «if cheerfulnet-.s
throughout the household. The bencfit-t that
would result to the community and to lutnre
generations from such a system are absoiu'elv
rangement f )r more thorough exercise of all
the limbs than a mere walk can furnish. The
incalculable

The evils of a hot bed education, where euU
ture of the mind is attotiipted, with neglect of
physical development, are not so universally
reciigniz'-d as they should he. The (dd adage —
"mens Sana in copure sano" — shows the ancient
climate of the parallel culture of hody and
brain. The dependence ot ihe integrity of the
brain on the health of the body — the neeii that
organ has of rest as well as exertion, ought ever
t.) be borne in mind. Nature should be allow-
ed her bent in harmonizing the employment of
the intellect with physical activity, by alternate
exercise. And no school deserves patronage
wliere this suf^ject has not had due coneidera-
lion.

Jr was never desi;ined by our Creator that
the life of a human being should be made mis*'
erahle by ill health. Strict observance of his
wi^e laws will secure health; indeed, we would
not be afraid to fay tba*^^ any child born of
healthj pa-ents, allowed abundance of exercise
in the open air through childhood, and pre-erv-
ed in y< uth in-m irjurinus habits, may be sure
of immunity f n m disease, till nature's great

debt becomes due in the cuurse of events. En-

tiie f.-eedom fnon headache-* atid indigestion,
with its train of disease-', will be his portion
» liMse early Id'e has hai this judicious training.
Thitik of this, mothers and teachers, we entreat
you ! and when you opine that an infant "must
have worms," or note svuiptmis of languor in
a pupil — ask yourself if the young creature is
not ^ulferillg from privytioii of ihe bles^ings
God gives freely to the poorest, ai;d which can
not je denied without entailing a train of mis-
eries upon such a yiortion of life as your nt-g-
lect mav have to the child under your care. —
N. Y. Express. v

f;?^Tho fall season has been much
against tree planting. It is not a very
good plan to plant trees so as to have
their roots stand in water all winter.
They Lad better be heele<l-in in a dry
garden. Tliis is done by digging a
trench, placing their roots into it about
a foot in depth, and filling in the fine
earth, so that the earth Avill come into
contact with all the roots.

From the Illinois Journal, Dec. 1.
The Hog Bussiness.

During the hist w( ek the hog business has
been prosecuted in this place with considerable
activity. The weather, however, has been un-
fiivoralile a great part of the timr, being almost
too mild for t-afc; operations, while the rain and
the impassable condition of the roads have been
a serious drawback to business.

II. Jacoby reports that he has op to thi-sdate
packed 11,000 hogs and has now 1,000 in the
pens, with 4,000 contracted (or and yet to ar*
rive. ■ , ■ . ■ ■■■ "■'"■'-. ;''C. - -'. :'/

J. L Lamb reports that he has packed 10,-
000 with two thousand now in the pens, and
4 000 to arrivi.

The price for good h^gs remaic.8 at $5@,5,-
50 net. dividing on 200 pounds.

The St. Loui-i Democrat of yesterday, Rays:
The weather is too warm for packing, ut.d lew
only are offering. Only one slauirhter house
going tosday. Iloldeis are lirm at 6j<(/t:',62C,

and buyers i>Ser 6(a,&\(f, dividing on 2U0tt>s. —
A few were taken yesterday at the first figures,
but no sales were reported this morning.

The Louisville Journal of the C7th, says : The
market continues bii yant; but few sales have
transpired. Alt of 1700 heavy hi.;rs sold on
Wednesdav at S6,75. and ve-terday 100 head at
SO GO. and 200 head at .SG,G5.
j ;The number killed up to last evening, around
tlie Falls, was over 100,000 head, and nearly
all the pens were full. The number estimated
to be kil'ed around the Palls this season will
not exceed 280,000 head. It is generally be-
lieved that the season here will close by the
lOih proximo.

In cotifirmation t)f what we have already
mentioned, in regard to the great falling off in

the weight of hogs in Indiana. Illinois, end all
the N rth Western States, we are enabled to
state, from a lettei from Springfield, III., that
KOOO Jiog-* killed there this season, show a fall"
ingofof 30 pounds per head over last jear'a
weight.

The Cincinnati Gazette, of Saturday, says:

"We be.nrd I f no sales of extra he ivy above .?6.-
75@.6 80, although holders to av_ry ctmsider-
able extent asked SG 75 for the former and $7
for the latter.

Last year, for the week ending December 1st,
the receipts were 36 172. and tlic total fur the
season to that date 9.5.(lKl, This season, the

leceipfs so far are 187 8'2I.

The Chicago Press and Tribune of Saturday,

sa\s-

' The receirds of hogs, live and dressed, for
the last hirtv eight hours, foot up 10,258 The
market fur live hogs is quiet, with .•■carcelv any
demand f 'r light hogs, which seem to prepon-
derate. Heavy hog-^, however, hnld their (,wn,
and the yards are pretty wp'l cleaned out. —
Sales cf heavv, range fr nn ?-i 55 to §4 75 gross
and I'ght sit S-J(a;.4 20 jiross.

The c ntiiiued mill wea'her operates against
Dressed Uog^, and the m u-ket is not so bri^k.
Light Hogs range from 5^4 75f?f5 and s'ow sales
at tha.f ; and heavy hogs at So AO(ab GO

At Decatur, 11., a place well si-uafed forre-
ceiving hogs l>j rai mad, the C/irotiicle nf
Thursday says 0 000 head havp 1 « on packed
this season, and that over $100,000 his been
paid out there the yiresent month for II *gii. —
Ab.iut .*5@5 50 net is paid.

At F<kin, III., oh Friday, p-iekers were busy:
hgs arriving rapdly and selling at J5 50. —
Beef packing was also under way,§\2 grvss atsd
!?4 net being pa d for catllCi

J8©^The last season in man^r orcha-ds
at the East, the apple \vas attacked by
the curculio insect, and the fruit des-
troyed.; ; ■■

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^'

190

THE ILLIISrOIS F-i^RJMER.

Tree Peddling.

Eclitor of the Farmer ; — '^o sooner is
the spring planting of trees and shrubbery
finished, than the whole country is alive
with the professed agents of foreign nurse-
ries, who make it their business to visit al-
most every family in the country, and whee-
dle them into the purchase of nursery arti-
cles, or to sign orders for them. These ped-
lars succeed in inducing a vast number to
give them orders. The orders are filled and
the trees, &c., come in the fall. There can
now been seen at most of the railroad stations
piles of Rochester trees. The "knowing
ones," will not purchase; but those who have
not much experience of the ways of tree
pedlars, will.
- We have law to protect merchents against
the competition of pedlars who would trade
about the country, and because they do not
have to pay rents here, or taxes on their
stock, or support their families, can sell
goods cheaper than regular merchants, and
carry them to the people's doors. The same
protection should bo given to our nursery-
men. There are hundreds of thousands of
dollars invested in nurseries in this State,
and much more would be if they could go
into the market with a fair competition with
nurserymen out of the State. Our laws dis-
criminate, but it is against our own people
and against home industry. We tax our
nurseries; they pay heavy taxes to support
the government and other institutions of the
country. These foreign pedlars pay no taxes,
no license, they are under no respon.sibility,
but come in fall and spring as plentifully as
the frogs once were in Egypt, and enter, if
not the bread-troughs of the people, into all
their houses, and generally annoy them un-
til they get their orders for trees. The or-
ders are sent oflF — the trees come — the mon-
ey is collected and sent out of the State.
Our own nurserymen are deprived of a mar-
ket; aud our people have no security that the
trees are of any account or the varieties that
they ordered.

In the purchase of trees from home nur-
series, responsible men are dealt with : they
are responsible for the goodness of the trees
purchased and their varieties when coining
into bearing. They have always a reputa-
tion to sustain, which is of very great im-
portance to them.

Now, our opinion is, that the least our
Legislature can do, is to give our nursery-
men a fair competition in the market. They
pay taxes and so should the foreign tree
pedlars. Their stock cannot well be taxed,
but they can be re(|uircd to take out licenses
in every county where they sell, paying a
just amount for the same; and also be com-
pelled to furnish satisfactory security, to be

valid for six years, that not more than

per cent of the trees and shrubbery shall die
the first year, and that when in a bearing
state, their fruit shall conform to the origi-
nal bill.

By adopting such a system a fair competi-
tion will be secured, and the people protect-
ed from imposture.

"While there are thousands of dollars paid
here to these pedlars for trees and shrubbery,
all the same articles in a healthy condition,
accustomed to our climate and soil, can be
purchased at less prices than paid to the for-

eign pedlare, at nurseries in our own State —
some of which can be found in almost every
county.

AVe suggest this matter to the consldera-
tifm of the Horticultural Society, which is
to meet in Bloomington on the 14th, 15th,
16th and 17th of next mouth.

*

->•—

The Chrysanlhemuffl.

Eilltor Farmer: — T have been often sur-
prised that no more attention has been paid
to the cultivation of this plant. The flowers
now embrace all colors, perfectly double, and
very numerous. Their ])ropagation is very
easy. Take up the plant very early in the
spring, and separate it so as to have one bud
on a a root and plant them out in the garden
about ten inches apart. They will grow and
make fine plants before fall, and if you wish
them to flower late in the garden, and make
a gorgeous show when the leaves are falling
from the trees, and the general appearance of
the garden is desolate, you have only to plant
them out in some warm sunny border. To
have plants for the parlor, the single rout may
be set out in a pot, and that pot set into the
ground for summer growing. By seeing
that the plant has sufficient water, pinching
it back so as to make a good shaped plant,
you will have beautiful pots of flowers in the
fall months. There is danger when you take
the plants from the garden in the fall that
you keep them too warm in the house. The
consequence will be that they will soon get
through with flowering, — whereas if you
kept them in a cool place the flowering would
be prolonged for two months. I Wa.s fond of
thisflowerwhenachild, at which time we had
only one, a pink variety. Now we have many,
and the flowers are larger and more beauti-
ful than they were //( i'r/y-five years ago, when
the only name I knew the plant b^', was

ARTEMISIA.

Agricultural Collfgcs.
The Pennsylvania and Michigan colleges
are now in successful operation. The walls
of the 31aryland college are now being put
up. A meeting to take measures for estab-
lishing an Agricultural College in Missouri,
was lately held in St. Joseph. Measures
are in progress to establish a college of the
same character in Iowa.

-•♦^

B^„"\Ye have received a few parcels of
Polish Avheat (sometimes called Grant Bye)
for distribution. The grain is very large
and fine, and we desire to put the wlicat into
the hands of men who will give it an effec-
tual trial.

-«•»-

The C. a. & St. L. R.ulhoad.— The
public are generally aware that ae effort was
being made in the U. S. Court at Chicago,
to take above road out of the hands of Gov.
3Iatteson, on the alleged ground that he had
misapplied the funds. The evidence to the
contrary was overwhelming; and the case
abandoned. Gov. Matteson's friends antici-
pated the result.

The State Agricnltnral Socicly.

We rpceived the following communication
just as our paper was ^oing to press :

Having in view the interests of the people of
the State whose chief pursuits are agricultural,
and with the wish to aid and extend the great
and important benefits which have been ren-
dered liy the efforts of the State Agricultural
Society by their Fairs and publicationp, and by
exciting the interests and competition of our
producers and stock-breeders, as well as drawn
ing forth from the niindi^ and pens of many in-
telligent citizens, valuable essays and addresses
on subjects intimately connected with the ob-
jects ofits endeavors. Acknowledging all these,
we pre-e»t herewith a plan which, if adopted
by the State Society, and assisted and fostered
by the representatives of the people, must, in
our opinion, tend greatly to increape the f ffi-
fiency, benefits ami uselulness of the Society,
and promote the interests of tiie great source
of our wealth and power, which is agricultural.

Ttie plan prppo.-ed is, that as near as can be
made by not dividing countie^, a geoofraphical
division of the State shall be made into four
districts or departments, representing Nctrthern,
Southern, Eastern and Western Districts; and
that at some accessible and prominent point in
each district be located Fair Grounds, buildinj»8
and fixtures, and that in each year in such dis-
trict a Fuir shall be held, optn for the compe-
tition for all citizens iu the district, and to all
other States, and that a central State Fair shall
annually te held at Springfield as soon as may
be possible after the close of the District Fairs,
at which Central Fair any animals or articles
which may have received premiums at any of
the District Fairf the same year, may be entered
to compete for the grand State premiums which
may be offered. That all these Fairs shall be
under the administration and government of the
vState Agricultural Society, and controlled by
laws and rules instituted by the State Society.
We would recommend, for tne purpose of carry-
ing out this plan, if adopted, an application to
the Legislature, by the State Society, for suit-
able appropriations from the State Treasury to
place the establishments on an efficient footing,
and at as early a period as may be possible.

Many arguments can be advanced which we
think must be conclusive of the advantage to
be fiained Jjy the proposed change, among the
m.'St important of which will be the cutting off
ihe jireat annual expense now incurred by the
present plan of yearly changing the location of
the Fair. One of the rules of the State Society
declares, " That this Society will hold its An-
nual Fair at no place which will not pay the
entire expenses of the grounds, fixtures and
police;" and to thus secuie the location, it is
necessary to raise from seven to nine thousand
dollars from tLe citizens of the town at which
the Fair may be held. It must be apparent to
every one that this heavy tax, though self-im-
posed, must in time become an onerous one,
and does each year call f )r an espendit-ire of
money lor which no adequate return is made,
or at least, which might, if used in a difi'erent
way, go much further to carry out tlie objects
of the institution. By this nieiins the Fairs
may, and pruba! ly will, be precluded t/om peo-
ple and sections, where ^reat l)enetit might be
rcMidered, by the inability of the people to raise
Che required sum demanded by the State Soci-
ety.

Here the Fairs proposed by us once perma-
nently located, they would at once become self-
sustaining, and the premium lists could be
greatly enlarged, aud the inducements, tendmg
to the improvcnii^nt desired, be greatly extended.
Each District Fair would be better, both in the
number of entries and people iu attendance,
than are the present State Fairs, as the interest
in them would become localized and centralized,
and the real advantajres would reach a greater
number of people. It is the case with our
State Fairs, that iu all departments except

^«i#fc-

:.■%.

'^r%?L

THE ILLINOIS F^RMEH.

Wi.

horses and cattle, nnd, to a great degree, even
in these, there is little interest marifested, and
but iittle contributed to the exhibition beyond
a limited section sdrrounding the location of
the Fair. People living at great distances,
having valuable animals or articles, or rare and
valuable works of art or mechanism, vrill n,it,
except in a small degree, incur the oost and
risk of taking such animals or articles to the
Fair. This fact — which will be doubted by
none — we consider strong in establishing the
evidence of the advantages of the propo ed
change. The Fairs, as now held, are, to a great
degree, merely local exhibitions, and intprest
but pmall sections, while the District Fairs
would excite each the same interest, and extend
its influence and benefits in its owa section
more than can be done by the present mode.
The objects of the Society in holding Fairs is,
to promote the interests and extend the influ
ence of an improved and constantly improving
syste.n of agriculture, horticulture, manufac"
tures, mechanics, arts and domestic industry,
and to encouraj^e improvements in impleraen's,
breeds ol stock, &c., and ths diffusion of useful
information among the people That great
benefits have been conferred by the State Sjci-
ety is evident ; and it must be manifest to all
that it may be made c^ipable of extrnding this
influence to a great extent by the adoption (if
the proposed plan. The object is to reach each
year, by the attractions of our fairs, the greatest
number of our citizens, and bring them within
the reach of its benefits by making them acces-
Bible to the greatest number. No one can
doubt the good judgment which located the iast
State Fair in the Southern part of the State,
where never before had such an exhibi ion
been seen, and the good which must result
from it can not be calculated ; but could such
Fairs be held in that section each year, the in-
terest would be constantly kept up. and such
an arrangement would greatly accelerate the
advance of the people in their improvement,
aided by the organization of the institution ;
while if a number of years should elapse before
the Fair was as^ain held, much thought and in-*
terest which have now been started or brought
out would lose much of its power and efficiency
for the need of proper stimulation, and such
must be the case should our State Society con-
tinue the present plan of its Fairs. In our
opinion, the plan we have proposed would do
more to bring up all sections of our State to-
wards a standard of perfection more rapidly
and snrely than can be done in any other way.

The matter will be brought before the State
Society at their next annual meeting, and we
hope the County Societies will send repressn'a-
tives there, that full and free discussion of the
plan may be had, and the best course be pur-,
sued.

North — Booone, Bureau, Carroll, Cook, De
Dalb, DuPage, Grundy, Henry, JoDaviess,
Kane, Kankakee, Kendall; Lake, LaSalle, Lee,
Marshall, McIIenry, Mercer, Ogle, Putnam,
Rock Island, Stephenson; Whiteside, Will,
Winnebago— 25.

East. — Champaign, Clark, Clay, Coles; Craw-
lord, Cumberland, DeWi^t, Edger, Effinsrham,
Fayette, Iroquois, Lawrence, Macon, McLean,
Moultrie, Piatt, Richland, Shelby. Vermillion,
Woodford, Tazewell, Livingston — 22.

South. —Alexander, Bond, Clinton, Edwards,
Franklin Gallatin, Hamilton. Hardin, Jackson,
Jasper, Jefferson, Johnson; Madison, Marion,
Massac, Monroe, Perry, Pope, Pulaski, Ran-
dolph, Saline, St. CI iir,Uni(m,Waba-h, Wash-
ington, Wayne, Wiiite, Williamson— 28.

West. — Adams, Brown, Calhoun, Ca^s, Chris
tian, Fulton, Greene, Hancock, Ilenders m,
Jersey, Knox, Logan, Macoupin. Mason, Mc-
Donough, Menard, Montgomery, Morgan, Peo-
ria, Pike, Sangamon, Schuylor, Scott, Stark,
Warren — 25. Adams County.

COMMERCIAL.

Chicago 9Iarl(et»NoT 27.

There is no inquiry for Corn and no sales to report. O ts i
quiet, imt firm, m itb a fair demand for old crop at d^@54c in
bagH. Barley more active with a sale of No. 1, at 67c. in
store.

W HEAT— Sales are SCO bu No. I, Red winter at 90c (nrper
war>ihouse), 6UU bu. No. 2 spriugat &5c; 3UU bu.at 54c; all in
store. _

FLOUR — Continues firm with the following sales: 75bbl8
choice Sjiring X at S4,Uti; 60 bbls do at $i,25; 160 bbis
"W innebugu ' spring Extra at $3,88; 50 bbls "Atlantic'' do

I^ARD — Is firm with an upward tendency. We quote
9i$@10c.

TaLLOW— Qniet at 9@9;-^c.

DKESSKI) IIUG-— ?ales are 7 head av. 2*0 !bs; $5 50; 9
head av. 266 lbs. $5@5 6u; 5 head av. 226 tt>8, $'• 50.

■«•»-

St. Liuuls Alarket~Nov. 27.

Ff-OUR — Yesterday an advance took place in city brands,
with increased activity; and sales of 2.000 bbls superfine took
place at $i 50 delivered, and 500 bb sat $4 40 and 1UU$4 5U.
Ti)-dny 200 bbls city fancy sold at $4 60, and country Hour
sales embraced 40 bagi superfine Ht S2; 100 bags exti^ at
$2 75: 250 bbls fine in lots at $3 50; 5aU bbls superfiiie, in
two lots at $4 20.

WIIKAT — Yesterday an advance ot from .'i@5c per buRhel
was had; owing to the activity in flour and small receipts,
with sales of several lots choice jftll at as high as $1 20. 1\>-
day's market was again depressed, but no material change
in prices ; sales of 11 sks serine at 80c; 140 sks cominun fall
at «5c: 100 sks at aoc; 164 at 92'^c: 77 and 120 «ks at f 1; 150
at $1 05; 72 at $1 08; 34. 127 and 174 sks prime red at $112}A;
128 and 188 do at $1 15 ■^ bu.

CORN — Yesterday corn was in excellent demand, with
llgh* supply, with some 1300 sks sold ut 70 to 73c ^bushel.
To dav the ma'krt was unchanged: firm, and little offered —
sales of 68 sks yellow at 78c; aud 121 and 40u sks at 79c "^
bush.

OATS — Rereipts have been very small, with few sales; and
at liigli rates. Yesterday 400 sks sold at 69 to 70c 'fi bushel.
To day, offerings were still smaller, with sales reported only
of.'iOsks at 70c; 50 at 75c and 34 sks at 76c ^, bu.

BAULKY — Market has been ste^idy, at 50 to 5^c for spring
and 95c to $1 for fall. To-day the market was dull, with
sales of 55 sks spring on private terms, 61 sks do at 55 aud
278 sks good fall at 90c fi bu.

RYK — Receipts and sales are extremely light. Yesterday
27 and 65 sks sold at 05c, sks returned, and to-day only 30
sks at 70c, sks returned.

BUCKVVIIKAT— 21 SRS sold to dav at 70c IS bu

WHISKY — Market firmer, with an advancing tendency,
with sales of 2.'<0 bbls in lots at 23c per gallon; and 541)bls
on private terms.

SALT— G. A. is selling at 97^ to $1, and Turk's Island
at 75 to 80c per sack, a decline.

St. r.ouis liive Stock Market— Nov. 27*

BdUvue House Stock Yards.

BEEF CATTLE— There is a moderate supply of good cattle
offeriiig, with a good stock of common and superior cu the
market. Butchers pay lor good to choice OJ^fa 6c, net; for
fair to good 21^^ 3c, gioss; superior and common sell atl}4@
2c. Shipping ilemariti fair at d^'c for good qnaiitities.

1.0QS- — Are coming in more freely and in good demand.
Packers are paying f 6@0 40, butchers pav b\/l(nib]^^ for heavy,
well fatted bogs. None left on the market unsold.

SHEKP — But iew coming iu at present, and demand light.
Good sheep are Selling at $2 50@$3.

COWS AND CALVES— A moderate supply offering. Good
cows suitable for shipment are in demand at $20@|S5 per
head.

New York Cattle Market— Nov. 27.

The Cattle at Forty -fourth-street were derived from the
following sources:

Ohio „.955

New York .......883

Illinois .....728

Kentucky 369

Indiana ...4S2

New Jersey 42

Michigan 120

Connecticut 17

PRICES OF BEEF AT FoRTT-FOURTa STREET.

To-day Last week

Premium Cattle none 9i^c @95^c

Firnt quality 9c (g.»!^c. 9c. (iji^W

Medium quality T54c.(a:^G. 8c. roiSv.c

I'oor quality ti^^c (p,7c. 7c.

■ ''■ mic: CtWB.

Allerton reports Cows, selling at }25@$30 for^ ordinary,
and $36(tt$40for goed, with a very f^-w at fDOfeiftJO. Few
Cows in market, and very little inqtiiry alter them M
present. .'• . -. '. -

TE*L CALVES. - .

The Calf trade scarcely differs from last week. Oood Veals
sell readily at fii^c. and a few choice ones at 7c. "Bobs" are
plenty, an i sell « owly, (we should be glad to aee no salej at
$1 2o@$l 50 each.

SHEEP AM) LAMBS

Mutton has been as low as 3c(i6c. •?>, B)., In Washington
Market. Live stock is dull, at 3J.^c@4c. %i lb., gross weight,
or 5Gc^75c. ^ head less than last week. Sheep are worth
more iu the country than here just now. Large numbers
remain unsold. '• •. ^ "- ,- .■ ;

" Uw,

Heavy Western Com Hogs... .....6J^@65^

Light We»tern Corn Uogs 6 @i.' J4

Common Corn Hogs 4V<Jfgt5

Distill. ry Uogs .4Ji(gi5

^8140.
©7J/.C
Cfi'6'/^c"
(gJSl^c.

1 oorest quality ■i\^c.<!j;'nc. ■. 5c.

General selling pric s 6»4c.(a,8c. .' . . 7c.

Average of all sales 7s @ — l^c.lmi^^c.

At lirowning's C'jamberlin's and O'Brien's prices do nut
niHteriatly difier from tliOKeat Kortj -fourth-street Brown-
ing npoits Beeves at 6c^9c, Cbamberlin reports Beeves at
Cc(ii9c. O'Brien reports Beeves at t)!,^cra 8c

REMARKS ON THE UEEf'maREET.

There never was, iu our recollectiou, a good market for
cattieou the week following Thanksgivim; — we doubt if
there evt-r was a poorer one than that held at Forty-fourth
street to day. And no wonder. \\ hat do we want of the
4.29S beeves brought to the City this w-ek — a majority of
theiu poor eating — when there is and has been any amount
of good fat turkies offered all over the city at 10c@'2c ^ lb-,
and froin that all the way down to 4c. for mrdium qualities,
and for tho^e which have been killed long enough to be ten-
der, and which, though not at all spoiled, have yet been
kept long enough to make the lioldnrs think it about time to
"dhove tiiem ott at some rate.." Prices were not so much
lower to-day than they have been — and that is not saving I
m>icli, forth^y were thought to have reached the lowest i
possible point Weeks ago — but the fact is, there. Were few
buyers iit any price. - .- ' ■■

Dead.

6%(a7

ikte6%

6 <Si6%

CONTENTS.

TdexB on progn B« 177

Wasbin,;t<>n trrrittiry. 17*

Contents of November No .80

The sugar rar>ecrop .180

Going to the country 181

Traveling pedl«r8 181

,S'iigar cane fur hogs 181

Plant tre<8 182

Gooseberries and curraotsl82

Raspberries .182

The chrysanthemum 182

Shrubbery 182

The wheat 182

Ornamental trees 182

The cherry currant ..183

Native wine , 183

Illinois Farmer lor 1858. ..184

Editorial items...... 184

State fair tnals ofimpl£^-

nients and macliin«r\ ...185

Tlie steam plow trial 185

The Imphces as sugar

plants 186

The cattlemarket 186

Pheep raising ».....186

Illiu< is Dnrseries 187

.Morrill's land bill 187

Sugar cane seed 1 87

Fail planting of tn-es 187

Upland rice„ 187

Sweet potatoes 187

A hint for sugar cane grow-
ers 188

Hogs 1 88

Khubarborple plaut 188

Sugar cane as a staple crop 188

The steam plow 188

Best ground for (rcbards 189
The physiciil training of

girls 18»

The hug business 189

Tree pedluig 190

The chrysanthemum 190

Agricultural colleges 190

'the state agriculiural^o-

ciety fc.l90

Advert istments 191

Adverti-ements„ 192

NEWHAllDWAIlE STORE

W. B. MILLER & CO.,

West side Capitol Square, (David Spear's old stand,)
SFKiyOFlLLD, ILL.

WHOLESALE AND KETAlL DEALERS
in Hardware and Cutlery.

Guns, Window Glass, Nails,
." V . .- ■ Paints and oils,

Coach Trimmings, Ac,
Beg leave to call the attention of Farmere, Michaiiics, Build-
ers and others, to their extensive ai d well ■ elected stock of
Hardware, Cutlery, Guns, *c. Having tk< <idvantHg« of be*
ing solely in the Hardware Trade, we csn lumii^h goods as
low as they can be bought elsewhere. Our object is to make
our store a place where persons can always find a complete
assortmvui of

Hardware of All Kiiids,

A t the lowest prices. We have pjtid especial attention to the
Selection of our Goods, being particular to ha\e them of fho
best quality and at the lowest prices. Builders will find it
much to their advantage to purchase their material here, of
which they will always find a complete assortment, as they
will get them at I' w- prices.

Annexed will be found a short list of the articles to be
found in our store. Hoping you will be induced to give us
a call and examine our stock.

Mechanics.

Auger and centre bits;

None, shell aud spuun bitts;

Turnscrew bitts;

Crunter sinks and reamers;

Plane irons, assorted;

Broad and poet axes,

Adzes;

Iiaud,paiiDrl and rip eawt;

C. S. back aud comiass saws;

Mill and ^ cut saws;

Gimlet point screws;

Files, all kinds;

.Spirit levels, gauges.

Wrenches:

Drawing knives;

Bench stups;

tiil stones.
Baildtrt. — Butcher's, Boatty's and Witherby's Chisels.—
Nail;', all sizes; strap aud butthingeK: reveal hiug(>^; shu^
ter fastenings. all kinds; bolts, all kinds; turn buckles, sash
pulleys aud cord; sash weights; locks and latches, all kinds,
(frders for every thing In the way of Ruildim: Hardware so-
lici'ed, which w II be filled to satisfaction ol purchai>ers.

Blacksmiths and Coach Dnilders supplied with stock and
tools and all articles in their line st 1' w j.rices. jolSw

I- ruit Trees for S&ie. ~

WE HAVE 15.000 TREES, 5 YEARS
old. from seven to ten feet hi^h, well branched, (very
nice) that we offer .his fall attbe low price of $12}4 per 100;
also 15,000 4 years old, at $10 per 100. to cash customers.
Next spring we shall charge $15 for 5 year, and $121^ for
4 vear. Also Pear, Cheny, Plum, Grale. Currants, Pie
Plant, ornamented trees, shrubs r ses, evergreens, Ac; Aus-
trian and Scotch Pines, from three to six feet high, at 25c per
foot; Norway, Blue aud Whita Spruces Hemlock, Arborvita,
Balsam Fir. European and American Larches, with a good
variety of hardy flowering pUhts. Orders respectfully solio
ited. VKRRY ALDKiCU..

Pleasant Ridge Nursery, Ari8£e,BurewCoiusity,Illiiu«s.

far aug-3m ■'\-':^'"-^'-^i.-'-'i'!'-:y''--..'

Fanneis.
FuH a.ssortment shove's t

Si "ies
Full 'S.'^rtment hay and ma-

nuii I" Jib;
Chaint >ss;
Httlterai. '-reaat chains;
Scythes, a. K';ds.ini*eason;

Farming init' ments;

Knives, forks au : spoons;

Porcelain and Brass kettles;

Pots, ovens, spiders, Ac;

Augers, assorted;

Coftee mills;

Axes, hatchets, hammers;

i'hovel and tongs, pokers:

S^adirons;

Full astortmentof Planes,

' .t*^ "

'■^■-^ :■"

■ijSk<-m£lL.'

](|W*^K''#yA«W^M'*?9^

.«"%«

■■'4i- '2^'' ■

■!'7jW"''!r-'^f^'5s

r^-WWSBF^

^^S*^' -.■;'■

176

THE ILLI]SrOIS I^^^PvMER.

B. F. FOX,

Wholesale and Retail Dealer in Hardware,

IN ALL ITS VARIOUS BRANCIIES.IIAS NOW IN STnHE
Diie of tin; larnost anil best assuitiiifiit.i rt'g.iod:- in his line
ever offereil in this niuikef. ImiuTtiiig nmiiy stj ics (if Kii;;-
lish goods direct, and purchasing Iiis Anierii-aii goods of tlio
iiiMimfactnrer« fit tlie luwest (cash) prices, he in enaliled to
ofl'cr inerchiintsiiii'l cousuiiierH goodsat tin- lowest prices, and
on as favoriilile terms as any Iiouse e:iKt or west. His stock
fiuliraces a very l;ir^'e and comijlelo assortment of

Agricultural Tools and Implements !

of the latest and most inijiroved kinds and finalities. lir/ip-
ers. Mowers, ISIniiv Culdys, H>ul;i'; TrimmT.^, .Vc/.'m,
O'rass ami pruning J/co/.s, VnulUs. S:i/tlics. tinoths,
Jhrl.s, H<ti'-f, f>Jiot!''U^ Srifip.-i, /)*<;.•! (all Vinds and makes),
J'ick-s, Mattocks, Fan Mills, ^cd H'.parators and Threshiiui Ma-

il'isE FURNISHING & BUILDERS WAREHOUSE.

Large and coniplele assortment of Locks. Lntcheg, Unit... Hin-
ges, .-iercws, Bolts. Hrads, JS'aih. I'JiJMMJiWOS—^riUXt variety

Carpenter's, and Builder's Tools !

Planes, Saws, Chisels, Augers, ISraces,BUts, Drajoing h'nins.
Squares, Trowels. Bevils. Jlntcliels, Hammers, Ad:es. JJiireU
and Briktd Axes, llnreing Machines, Gould's and Sle^jt/jc's
Morticing Machines, Files, cfc.

Blacksmith's Tools.

Bellows, Anvih, I'lces, i;i:rcw Flutes, Tuiigs, Horse Naili, Horse
Shoes. Buttresses, dx.

COOPER'S TOOLS.

Fine Of sortment, Knives, Hooks. Flaiies. d-c.

CTTLERY.

A very largo stuck and assortuieiit of Wostenholm's Btitcli-
er"s audothci>, Table, I'ocl.e.t. J'en, Butcher and Shoe Knives,
Jicuors, Shears, Cissors, Carvers, dv. (ireat variety.

GUNS, PISTOLS,
Gtin Trimmivgsand Mounlings.singleanddnuhleharrrlled Fn-
glish and (Icrman liijies, Fid^ls of groat variety, tos>.tl>er
wi th a general lusortm :;ut uf goods usually kept iu u Uard ware
storu.

S A TT S ■ ■■

Kvery variety, mill, cross cr.t and circular, from three inches
to sixty inclusive, fiirnislied at maunfacturers prices.

Saddlery Hardware and Carriage Trimmings.

In this branch of my business, I am enabled to extend to
Ba<ldlers and carriage niakers unusual facilities, beingsnpplied
direct from the nianut'acturers. Goods in this linecorae tome
at extraordinary low prices. My stock embraces all varii^ties:
Buckleys, Ferrets, Ornomeuis, Boscalcs, Bings, Snaffles, Bills,
Funches, Webbing. Self- Adjusting and Denriison 'Frees, Sad-
dler's Silk, Shoe, Three-Cordand Filling Thread.

Carriage Ti'iiiiiiiin^s.

Brass and Silver Plated, Screw Front Bands and Plated Screw
Front Mail Bands, Coach Handles, Curtain Frames, Turned
Collars, Patent and Enamelled Leather, Enamelled Muslin,
Buck and Drill, Kubhe.r CM.'i. C-arria^e Bows. Deer and Carted
Hair, Patent Leallier and Itubler Belling, Hemp and liubbir
pacA-i)^).

t:fg_'Ord."rs promptly tilled and forwarded.

Maylst, lSu7. B. F.FOX.

^lutunl Fire Insurance Co,

LOCATED AT ALTON ILLINOIS.

CHARTERED FEB. 23, 1839. ORGANIZED APRIL 4 1839.

Amount of premium notes in force February
li'^, 1856, constituting a fattd for tke
»'•: pat/ment of Lo.sses,

$80 0,000.0 0,

Secured O'j a lien on properly insured, valued
at over

$9,000,000!

THIS company insiiresdw el lings.stores, warehouses, mann-
fictories. mills, baius, stable-' and tbe contents ot e:icb,
to'^cther witli every other similar species of property within
the State, from

LOSS OR DAMAGE BY FIRE!

The Directors feel justified in iccominmiin:: this company to
the favorable coiisidi'ralioa of the citi/eiis of Illinois. Kviiy
one insured becomes a member, the company bcin:; an as-
sociation of customers— euclj of whom is coiicciiied in iii-
Buriiig his neighbor. As the indcninilic;ition fund aii-'iMcnts
in exact ratio with the incroaso of risks, the capital of the
Company it comparatively cxhaustless; and the eiitiie safely
of th'j iiiistitutiou must bo apparetit to every imu wlio re;ids
the charter.

The cost of insuring in this company is so lovr. as to render
it almost inexcusable for the owners of Insurable proiierty
not tj avail tliomselves of its protection.

BOARD OF l>.RECTO«S.

LTSHM TarMBULL, Ei.IAS UIRU^RD, I/. KELI.EVnERGEH,

Bf.xj. K. LoNd, Samuel Wade, ALFtitn Dow,

RiBERT Smith JohvJamks, Benj. K. IIaut,

TlVIOTHV TciiXER, 11t;xrt I.EA. .FoHN- lUii.rnciiE,

M. G. AiwooD, •Na.tu'l Hansov, .Ioh.s Atw od,

. 'BKN.l.A.MlX F. L0.\(}, President.

Lewis KEi.iR.NBEnaEn,Treas. M. 0. .\twooI). See'y.

4E^ .In Agent for this Company may be found iu almost
every Couniy of the State.

Jj(^ Application for insurance may be made to

JA.UiOS L HI LI.. Ag-nt.
ai apniigneld.

fSTmlR COIiJl" •WIJLIj,

For Grinding Corn, Cob, Hominy or Meal and
Cieueral Slock Feed.

WE DELIVER THIS MILL AT ANY
point, or from our wations, that run through the dif-
ferent p.ii ts of the country, at the manufacturer's retail price,
which is. for the mill complete, .jiio.

Orders, or letters of ini|uii v slioul J be addressed (o

IIU.ST. I'YKK & Co., Springfield. 111.

Vt'e need but say th.it wli'-re the Star Mil! has been tised, it
has gained credit beyond ail other .Mills ..ow in use; and the
farmer only needs lo see and "ry it in order to become con-
vinced that it is perfec t in its umiiigement from the (act tiiat
it grinds green ts well as old corn, (corn and cob pn.'-sing
thiougli it together,) which no other .Mill will do. 1-arniers
and stock-growers can save from 30 to 40 bushels of corn in
each loo by the use of tliis Mill; (at least i*;e liave certiticales
t,i lliat efl'ect.) I'ersous having r,nco expwienced its benetlt,
w ill never return to the wasteful practice of feeding corn in
tlie ear.

It will undoubtedly make good meal of shelled corB for fam-
ily use.

The Millgrinds from twelve to twenty bushels per hour,
and makes an ea^y draft lor two licrses. •

We can prodiuo flVst premiums, diplomas, and recommen-
dations toi> TUinierous to nienlion.

For full piirliculars, references and description of Mills, see
cii'culars.

N. B.- Persons can be supplied with a ^'tar Mill, and also
see one inoi>eiatiou by calling at the Attricultural Store of

FKA.NCi.-;* 15AKKELL,

Jan 1, 185S Authorized Agents.

ilule of Illinois, it

UHLEll'S PLOWS

The Double Curved L'prij^JJt Steel Mould
Itourd l*lo\v.

THE PIIOPKIKTOU OF THIS SUPERIOR
Plow still cont nues to supply,
the grf at demand which its merits have
created. Us combination of rare ad-
vantages has recommended it to tlio
agricultural community throughout the
is now admitted that it has uo e<jual.

The following note is but one of the many testimonials
which have been luruished the maualacturer of the working
of his plows.

We certify that we have lately used the above plows, manu*
factureil by .Mr. John Uhler, and we would state that they
are iu all respects, superior to any other plows we Imve ever
used. We cheerlully recommend them to the public.
Win. I' L.iwsou, M'lu. I'otfiubarger,

J. .1. Short, David Newsom,

John W. ISeck, Uriah .Mann,

Jonn Kavauaugh, I'liilemou Stout.

Sangamon county. .Ian 1". 1855.

From the peculiar forui of Uhler's plows they are not ex-
celled by any other now in use. It scours very bright, sheds
o!f stnbtjles admirably, and runs light and easy to the team.
The largest sized twohorse plow of this kind, has been used
several seasons successfully in bn-aking prairie. The limits
of a newspaper advertisement will not admit of an accurate
description of these plows. To see them is lobe pleaaed with
them.

In addition to the above, the manufacturer ia making
wrought iron uprigiit ones, and iwo-hoise plows.

Also, a superior i'rairie i'low. warranleil to l>e equnl to any
prairie pl.-w now in use. Any size that may be wanted can
be had at short notice. A large uuiubtr of all sizes, kept on
hand constantly.

Manutactnred by .JOHN UIILER,

Spriiigrield, 111., at whose establishuieul tlie.-i' favorite plows
can be had, from a single one to a number uulimited.

anji4-wiv

B. B LIOYD,

D E N^ T I S T ,

Off ICE OX .NORTH FIFTH STRFfiT, OVtK,T. llAVBUR^'8.

SPR5WGrFl[EI.», TLJL,

ADEXTAL I'KAt.'TlCKi il'l-rrrEKN YKAIiSWAimAXTS
biin in -iiving that all operati.Mis shall be carefully and
neatly performed, lie is in pos»ies.^l(jn of several premi-
niiis and <liplomas nwardi'ii by the best institutes for the pro-
motion oi science and arts in the country.

Teeth inserted, fnu)i one tooth to full sets, an stihstantial
and handsome as can be Iiad in any city of the United Mates
or Europe. Arlilicial palate jilates inserted, supplying the
want or loss ot the palate, velum and would, so as to restore
articulation.

Kefer to I'rof. David Gilbert, Pennsylvania College of Med-
icine. Pbiladelphiii: Hon..). .<. Black, WasliiiiL'ton City; Uev.
Dr. IIark(!y, Illinois University: Drs. Ili-iiri, Kyan And Wal-
lace: Mes-irs. Jacoli l/oosi>. .1 S. Condell, J. 11. Uray, Foisel-
raan, Owen, (Jorueau A DiUer.

.luueT, IS.'i.

Sweet Potat PIa:tts.

WE WILL HAVE TllKM IN THE PRO-
per season, for »,il> by the hundred or th' u.-and. at
fairpricer^; (see advertisenu-utof ei>i Iv .\iii'seuiont| potaNies'l

I bi iKA.N\i.s X bai:i;i.i..

A SUBSTITUTE^FOR POTASH!
CONCENTKATED LYE!

A FAMiL,! AUTICJLEI,

For making soap witlnmt time, and with little or no trouble
and trilling expense.

rpiIE CHEAPEST AND MOST CONVE-

JL MENT article evir offered to the public for that pur.
po.-e. EVEKY F.iMILY can make all the soap they use
fiom their ordinary kitchen grease and this Lye. fJotliiug
else is required.

O.NE I'uU.VU BOX will make 20 gallons of fine soft soap,
or niue pounds uf elegant hiti\ soap, and several pallons of
Bolt

A. single trial will convince anyone of its great utility and
cheapness.

PIU.VTER8, »nd nil others neing a strong Lye, will find
the •'Concentiated'' three bundled per cent, clieaper than
anything ebe they can ife.

For sate by all the Druggists and Grocers in the coantrjr.
BE iVA HE OF I MIT A TlOIsSI

Manufactured only by the Pennsylvania t^alt Manufactur
ing Company. Pittsburg, Pa., who manufacture extrasuper-
flue 8UOW white TAUi.E, D.MKY and POUK PACKEUS
bA i,T, w arranted free from all iiupurltifg, uud the only really

pure salt made in this country.

Caustic Soda, for soaj) inak.-rs, soda ash, refined soda iish,
sal Soda, bleaching powder, bleaching liijuor, nianuanebe,
nitric acid, muriatic acid, aqua funis, chlorotorm, soda sale-
rafns. 6eptti-daw4m farmer2m

For sale wholesale and re*ail. by

J. B. i0?SELMAN, Druggist.

Manulaciured by Johu Dere. -. ;.;

AS THE SEASON FOR FALL PLOWING
is at hand, the subscriber would ask the attention of
Faiiuersand others interested, to his larve and superior
stock of Plows of all kinds, now in use in the West, consi.st-
iugof

Three sizes of Improved Clippers, made from the best Cast-
steel, and Iluished in very superior manner; these (lows for
ease of draft, and perfect jilowiug, have uo equal in this
yt.ite.

Four sizes and qualities of Mio common form of old ground
jdows. made from Cast, German and American Steel, which
are e(iual to any plaw made alter this style,
Corn Plows of two qualities.
Double and single Miovel Flows,
Five Tooth Cultivators.

Harrows, t«o style.-, reversable, adjustable, and
Giddes Double Harrow.

Ux Vokts of three sizes, finished in the best manner,
and a very superior article.

Twelve and Fourteen in Extra Breakers, for breaking
Prairie or other fod, with two and three horses — these are
Very superior breaking jjIowb.

Common breakers of every size and Btyl«, on hand, or
made to order.

The Michigan Double Plows. Cf this 1 am making two
sizes for thies and tour horses. 'J'liis plow is adopted to
breaking, plowing slubble-lan.:. cr f-ub soiling: and will do
anykindo olplouint; in tbebest manner. No plow has given
such gHiier.d satisfactieii wherever it has been used, it
should he more generally introduced fur deep plowing and
subsoiiii.g.

All orders for plows either singly or by the dozen will re-
ceive juduipt attention.
Se)it., 18..S—0 times. JOUV DEERE.

Ji-0- All of said articles can bo had on application to
Francis A Kanell, t^pringUeld.

Wej^tern £and Office.

T. ~S71\IATHEII. •

FOR THB

PURCHASE AND SAI.E OF CITY PRO-

perty, Farms and Unimproved L,auds,

l^A YMEXT Of TAJCES,"^
Collection of Claims, \

Gorernnicnt Ijands

ENTF.nEI) WITH WAFBAuXTS OJt CAS}/ TN ANT

LASD DlSTFJi'TIS JLLiyo/S. }oWa. MISSOUBI,

MINNESOTA OH A'EBUASKA.

LAND W.\RRANTS IM)UGHT AND S01.D.

^Office over N. II. Kidgrely'g Bank, West side Public Square,
Sin incfield. Ills.

FRUIT AND ORNAMENTAIi TREES
SIIUABF.RY, Ac.

Q FRANCIS. SPRINGFIELD, ILL,

kj; • will receive orders for all description of trees from the
Dul'age County Nurseriea. L Kllsworih & Co., proprietors.
Tiie.<e trees are well grown, healthy, and their penuiness ia
warrante... Orders fi,r fall planting can be forwarded to
them at any time Inmi .luue till NoAomber.

Catalogues will bo fiinii.'-lied th.>se who wish to purchftso
trees and shrui bery on applitaliou to Messrs. Francis & Ilar-
rell, t^priuglield. aug

Q,UE ENS WARE.

LARGE lOT DIRFOT FROM THE

potteries iu Englnnd, to be fold at very low prices by

A

aiig

FilANClS & liAKKELL.

0

DriUs,

N HAND, FOR SALE, THE BEST

varieties 1,-1 am drilli. Fll.4.\CiS i iiAKUELL.

-'y'*-J- ■■'■WVlJ«W»!5|!f^,'' ■ ■- ••^^?^ER^?5^5j?5B!(?«J''^»" yrr-^rr v ^.^if^w^^gs^Bif^: JIF^' flpf "r^^^^j^l^SS^g^;*/^^

"^"^^^-",-r'^'-'r'i * V

^-z^sf -s'Tjji^jtTT— i»>».:'.Tj^;_ i,.H ,ir

176

THE ILLINOIS F^^RMEK.

F. FOX,

Wholesale and Retail Dealer in llardivare,

IN AMj its VAUIOUS ur.ANt'llK?.lIA5> NOW IN STnliK
uui! .if t lie hirzoat iiiiil Ijcst iif^si'i'tliieiits r(" goods iuliis lino
ever olT-Tutl ill this iiinrket. liiiin'itiufi m;iii_v styles iif Km.;-
lish giKxls- diri'i.t, iind |miL-)iasi!is liis Aiuoiitviii mxuls of the
ni'iiurnctiiriTs at the lowest (c;ish) piiocs, lie is euiililed tn
oir.T in("rcli;iiit3 aii'l consumers i^oodsut tll.■^.^ve^t prices. anil
on as liivontlile terms a.s any house e:",st or west. Ilia stock
unbraces a very lar-e ami eoniplele assortment of

Agricultural Tools and Implements !

IIOLSE FURXISIIIXG & DUILDERS AVARKilOCSi:.

l,ar;;i,' ami compleie assortment of /,oW..i. /,"/c/V.<. JlnH.:. llm-
gts. .Vcy.ujx, Bi.Hs. lintils, yuils. Tll/MMIAUS—t-wm v.ii iely

Casrpenter's. and Builder's Tools!

P'.iines, ikiws, ChiS'iJx, Aiiyn:^. Jlraceg., Bills, Orairin;/ Knivif:,
^'/iMrrf. Triiwch. lS>rih. IJolrlnl.:, Hawmrrx, Aihi;/. llnn-li
amJ Iti-noil ^Ix*"..-, }liiyi:ing M.icliiiiei, (Soald's and iSii:/iU>c' n
Morticiiuj Marlitnis, Fil'>; tfv.

Blacksmith's Tools.

P'Vnws. Anvilf. Vicf.i, tScrew l'hites,Tunijs, Ilurse Nails, Horse
Siiiits. Bullrc/.'is. itv.

COOPER'S TOOLS.

Fine assortment, Ki:ii''x. llu

J'laii.s. dc.

CUTLERY.

A very Iar;:e st>'ik and assortment of \Vostcnliolm'.s r>iitch-
er"s and othei's, Titlilc, I'lu-l.nl. I'm. Bukliir ond Siiuc Kiiivc.<,
JiUiorSytSlimrs, t'l-.-vov, (Umr^. ilv. (ireat variety.
tJDXS, PISTOLS,

Oini Trimm'rf7.<'and Mounlinij'i. siu/jh: and d'liihh: hdrnllrd /.'»-
f;/(..Vi uwl (itriiKui KilU'.i. J'lM'ils of ;i;reat variety, to:^.-thei-
with a general a»5ort)u ;ut of goods usually kejit ina Hardware

Bioro.

s A '^jr s

Kvery variety, mill, cro-*-' cut and circular, from three inches
to sixtv iii.lu.-ive. fuvnislnd at niannfaclurers prices.

Siuldlfry llardwiiri: iiiid liirriiigc Trimininirs.

In this hraiich of my husiness, I am enahled to extend to
paddlers and carriai^i- makers unusual facilities. I)einysin>plied
direct from t!ie manufacturers. Goods in this lineconic io n)e
at extraordinary low prict-s. My stuck enilirici's all variilies:
Buck-l<:s, Firrdx, Orniniunh. Bnsralif, JUiii/.t, Siuifflrs, Ili/la,
J'linclii'S, Wihiji.ag. &l/-.\dj list ill;/ and Vfinnignn Trees, jSad-
dkr's Sill:, S/inc, Tliree-Coriiand FiUin'i I'hrt-ad.

Carriage Triiiiiiiin^s.

Brill's and Silver Ptaled. Screw Front Jiands and J'laled Screw
Front Mail Bands, Coach Jifindlis, Vnrtain Fraiiu's, Tnrind
Collars, Patciil and Enamelkd Lrafher, EnamelUd Miiflin,
D'xck and Drill, RtMer Clol'i. Carrl.t'^f Buws. Pier am/ I'lirled
Hair, Patent LeaXlier and Itubber Belting, Hemp and lUibbir
pankiiiif.

r. ^"Ord."r.s promptly filled and forwarded.

iluylst, IbuT. B. F.FOX.

THE ILLINOIS

illHtual Fire Insurance Co.

LOCATED AT ALTOy ILLINOIS.

ciiahtered feb. 2:5, is:». ohuanizkd Ai'Ra4 is.",9.

Amount of premium notes in force FeJirnanj

Ist, i85G, constifntinf/ a faitd for the

■pui/ment of Lit.-.aoi,

$800,00 0.0 0,

Secured by a lien on properly insurtd, valued

$9,000'. 0 0 0!

ryiTIT? cnm;)any insu res dwell in^s.stores, warelinuses, inanu-
X. fiotories. miils. b.ii ns, st.iM'^-= and the contents ol e:ieh,
t'l^ether with every other similar species of property within
the S-tate, from

LOSS OR PAMAOE BY FIRE!

Tho Pir>M-f<u-s feel .jnstiie'd in recomim-ii'.iii'r thi< ■■ump.inyfo
the fivoralde co:isideraiion cdthe citizens of llljnui.,. Kv,-i-y
one insured becomes a meniher. the i.ompauy bein., an as-
sociation of custonier — each of whom is concerned in in-
suriiis; his neighbor. As tlie indciniiiiicatiou liiiul an.:ii'.nrs
ill exact ratio witii the iu'-rease of risks, tl:e capiliil of the
onipiiny it eontparatively exhaustless; and the entile safely
of tlie institution must be appareut to every oue who reads
the charter.

The cost of insuring in this company is so low. os to nnder
it almost ine\cus;i!ile tor tin; owners ol iu^urablo pioperty
not t J avail tiieinselves of its jirotection.

,^'2VffJB: COIlJ%* .Wll.1.^

A SUBSTITUTE_FOR POTASH!
CONCENTllATED LYE!

A KAMil.% AHTICLIi,

For making soap without Lime, and with little or no trouble
and trilling expense.

rpiIE CriEAPESI' Ax\D MOST CONVE-

For Grinding Corn, Cob, Hominy or Meal and
C^eneral Slock i^'eed.

WE DELIVER THIS MILL AT ANY
liulnt. or from onr wagons, thnt run tlir<iii;rh thedif-
fi Cent puis of the ri inn try. at the manufacturers retail price,
which is. liir tin- mill cmiplett*. .^^t'O.

Orders, or letters of innuii v hlemlj be addressed to

11L:\ r."i'VKK >V Co.. Spiin^ili.dd. 111.

We need but siy fli it wh"re tin' ^^t.ir Mil! has bet n used, it
lias i;ain.-d creilil luvoud ail ollu r .Mills ..ow in use; ami the
farmer only \n'^n\!>. to see and "ly it in order to 1 1 come con-
vinc.'d that it is perfei t in its arrantv 'rMent, from the ia<-t that
it j^riiids t;reen is well as old corn, (^eorn and cob pHsf^in^
tlii'onjh u to;.',iiier,) which no other .Mill will do. Farmers
and stock-icrowers can save from liO to 4d busliels of Ci>rn in
each loo by the use of this .^lill: (at least we have <.'im titieaies
t) that ell. •■:!.) I'ersnus having i.nce expsrienced its benetlt,
will nevcrreturn to the wasleliil practice of fetdiug Corn in
the ear.

1 1 will undoubtedly make };ood meal of shelled corn for fam-
ily use.

Tin' Milli^rinds from twelve to twenty bubhels per hour,
and makes au I'asy draft i'.'r t wo hor.st s. •

We can produce first preiiiiiims.dii'lomas, and recommen-
dations too nninrrous tu meniiim.

For full particulars, references and descriptiouof Mills, see
circulars.

N. B.- I'ersons can b.' suj plied with .a ^tar Mill, and also
sec one in opetaiion by callmi; at fiie A rrienltural Store of

IKA.NtJK-; A BAKKELL,

Jan 1, IS.'iS AutboMzed Aitents.

UHLER'S ELUAVS

The Double Curved L'|»rii;iit Steel Alould
Hoard l''lou.

THE PUOPltlHTUK OF THIS SUPERIOR
I'low still cont iiiu.> to snjiidy..
the ^rfatiliinand which it:- m"iits have >?^._.^>-'-'4^.:~ajE
created. Its comliinatien of rare ad- ^^^3^

vantages has rrcoinnK'tided it to the n n ill 1 ' " Hi ■"

atjricuitural community tlireujfhout the ciale of Illinois, it
is now admitted that it has no iijual.

Thefollowiny note is but one of the many te.stinionials
which have beeu luruishedthe maualacturer of the working
of bis plows.

Wect-rtify that we I'.ave litely used the a'love plows, nianu'
factiiied by .Mr. .lolm Uhler. and we wonM state that they
are in all respects, superior t^ any otlur plows we hive over
used. We ch"erl\illy recoiumeuu them to the luiblic.
Wni. 1' biiwsou, Wm. rotlinirarjrer,

J. .1. tfhoi't, Dayld Newsom,

John W. Heck, Uriah .Mann,

.T(jen ivavaiian-h, I'hileiuou Stout.

San^aniou eonnly. .Ian T". ISao.

Krom til.' peculiar form of Uhier's plows tliey are not ex-
celb'd liy any other now in nsi'. It scouts very briirht, sheds
o:f stnliole.-; admirably, and runs li);ht andea.^y to tlie team.
'1 iie lariC'-st .>ized two-liorsi- plow i>t ihls Uiihl. has been used
several reasons .sacces.TfuUy in bcakini; prairie. The limits
of a newspaper .xiverlisement. will mil admit of an accural '
description of these plow s. To see theui is lobe pleaded with
them.

lu a Iditioii to the abive. The mannractnrcr \* making
wriini;!il iron upri^iit ones, and lwo-hoi»e plows.

.\l.-o.a superior I'rairie I'low. warrant".! to be eiinal to any
praiiie id.'W now In use. Any si/,e tliat miiv be wanted can
be .had .it -.hurt notice. A lar^e uumbcr of all size8,kepton
hand constantly.

.M milt ictnred by ,T. iIIN Uir!,?:n,

Spriii;;Tiel(i. 11!., at whose est.ahlishment tiie-e favorite plows
can he had, from a single one to a iiiiinber uulimit'.d.

aua:4-wj v

BOAKD OF I)»REC TORS.

IiTIHM TRrMBLLI,, Kl.I\S Hlr.lJMlP, I.. Kf.LI.FNIKRf;

Bf..\.i. F. boNd. SvMi'Ei. \V,*.i(Ej Ai.rntu D'lw,

R mC.RT S<«1TM. JiiHV .l.VMFS, liEN J. K . If VC.T

TlM'lTItv TlH.XEB, Ilr.VUV I.F. V. .loilN liMLIl \Ci

JI. U. Atwood, •Nath'i, H •l^S'^^^ .loii.s' .iTU. (in.

"BKX.JAMl.V F. I/1N"(J. I'lesid

Lewis KEi.iKNBF.RaEa,Trea<t. M. O. .\two'iI). s-e

^fg- .\n Ag.'ut for this Company may be found in a

eVery Couuiy <'f the !<taie.

Itg* Application lor insurance mnv be me.de to

JA.Mi;6 U 11 11.1.. k\i-n
at .^priii.;ii

Kit,

IE,

■Ut.

i''\\

huost

t.
■Id.

B. B LLOYD,

D Til isr T I S T ,

orfict; o.x .Noi:'iii hi-tii srr.FtT. ovkk j. r.vvkcrv's.

SP»2]NGF2EL», ILL.

ADT'NTAblMIAl TH'Kni. i:iTl.:i:.\ Vl'..\ K.-J W.4BB AVTS
Iiini in sivin;; th.il ail opi-rate.Mis sliail lie rarefnUy and
neiiily peri'ormed. lie is ju |,.|>,,.v~j, .) (,» >evcral pvimi-
ums and diploma.s aw.iried by tlie best institutes I'or tlie pio-
motioit of science and art.-^in tl; ■ country,

Ti'.tli iiiMTfed. iVoin one lootli to full sets, n.i .''uhst.intial
and lii.iidsome as can be liail in any ci!.\ of the United .'.-li.tes
or Kuiiipe. Ariiiicial palate idates in-erted. sujiplyinp the
want or I.jss ot tin.- palate, veliij.i and would, fio as tO rcstoie
ai'ticiilation.

Itel'e:- to rrof. Pavid flilbert. rennsylvania College of 'led-
iciue. I'hiladeljdiia; ibei .). S. Ubo k, U'a-'liinL'lon ('ity: Itev.
Dr. ll.irkey, Illinois I niieisity : Drs. JIeli:i, Hyan And Wal-
lace: .M'ssrs. .laeob boo^.>. .1 "h. (.'ondell, J. ll."(.iray, Fo.=sel-
man, Owen, tjorueau Jc Uiller.

.luiieT. l-'^'i.

Sweet Polat Pia:;ts.

WE WILL lIAVi: TlfE.M IX THE PRO-
per season, for s.il ■ by the hninlred or th'-n.-aiid. at

fair |>: ice-: (,-ee advertisement of earlv .\ae-.enioi,i.| [lota-oesi
I bl i-KA.v 1.- i is.\i;!;i.i,.

MKNT article evi r offered to the public for that pur-
po-e. KVKKY F.iMll.Y can make all the soap they use
fiom then ordinary kitchen grease and this Lye. Ni/thiug
else is miuiied.

O.m: I'uU.VU BOX will make 20 gallons of fine soft soap,
or nine pounds of elegant hud soap, and several pailous uf
sott

A single trial will convince anyone of its great utility and
chi'apiiess.

I'Ul.NTLRS, and nil others u.sing a strong Lye, will find
the "Concentinted"' three huudieU per cent, cheaper than
auythinf; el^e they can u-e.

i'or sale by all the lirneu'isfs and Groc(>rs in the country.
BE »M /.'A' OF IMITA TIOASJ

Manufactured only by the Feiin.sylvania t^alt Manufactur
iim (Joinpiny, I'ittsbiirg, IV... who maiiutacliire extra super-
hii> snow white TAUl.K. DAlllY ani lOKK I'ACKKUS
Ss.^ bT, warranted free from all impurities, and the only really
jmrc salt made in this country.

Caustii- soda, for soap mak- IS, soda ash, refined rodaash,
Hal soila, bleaching ].iiwder, bleaching' liijuor, maiiiianebe,
nitric acid, muriatic acid, aqua fortis, ehlorobirm. soda sale-
rafns. teptO-daw-im farmer-iu

For sale wholesale and re'ail. by

J. B. io^^i^ELMAN, D.-uggist.

Manulactured by John J)ere.

AS THE SEASON FOR FALL PLOWING
is at baud, the subscriber would ask the attention of
laiuiersand others interested, to his larfe and superior
slock of flows ol uU kiuds, now iu use in the West, consi.st-
iug of

Three si/esof Improved Clippers, made from the best Cast-
steel, and lliu>hed in very superior manner; these , lows lor
ease cd' Uralt, aud perfect jilowiug, have no equal in this
tfi ite.

Four sizes and qualities of Uio common form of old ground
plows, made from lJa^t, (.lermaii and Ainericau iSttel, which
are equal to any plaw made alter this style,
torn Plows of two qnaiiiies.
Double and single Miovel Flows.
Five Tooth Cultivators.

Ilirrowi., twofttylcf, reversahle, adjustable, and
Gidiles Iionble Harrow.

<)K Vokts of three sizes, finished in the best manner,
and a very superior article.

Twelve and Fourteen in Uxtra Breakers, for breaking
Prairie or other pod, with two and three horaee— these are
Very cuperior breakiuj; plows.

Common breakers of every size aud stylo, on hand, or
made to order.

The Michigan Double Plows. Cf this I am making two
6i/.es for thie! and four lioises. 'this plow is adopted to
bieakiiiir, iilowing stubble. Ian... ir sub boilinj.': ami will do
anykimh ol plow me m the best manner. No plow has jiiveii
such jrenerel sati.-.|hctien v heiever il lias been used. Jt
sh.iiild lie more generally introduced for deep plowing aud
sub.-oiilLg.

All orders for plows either singly or by the dozen will re-
ceive promiit iitteutlou.

tept , i;, ,s— 0 times. JOII.V DKliRK.

&tr All of siiKi articles can be had ou application to
Francis At Barren, i^piinglield.

Wcj^terii JLaiid Office.

T.^rMATHEIl.

For. THi;

PURCHASE AKD SAI.K OF CITY PKO-

perty, Farms and Unimproved Lauds,

i'.i ]'j//;,vr Of TAXES.—

CoUcciion o/Clains.l

€Sorer>tm€i:f l^ands

ENTFnr.ii WITH ii .u'A'.i^vy.v on cash in ant

LASB iil:-ri:l,r ll\ ILLINOIS. ioVVA. MISSOUIil

Jt'.XNES'iTA Ol! NEIll.ASKA.

LAND WAKK-WTS ItOUGHT AND SOUD.

^OlTioe over N. II. Jtidgely's Bank, West side Public Square,
.*^liiin£:iield. Ills.

lULIT AND OK>A>lK>TAL TREE.S
SniJAlIF.KY, diC.

Q FPANCLS. SPlilNOFIELT), ILL,

k_1 • will receive order.-* for all deseriptlori of trees from the
Diii'af;!- County NiirseiieQ. L KUsw orth A- Co , proprietors.
T^le^e tre"S are well irrown. beijlthy. jind their gonuim-ss is
wairiinte . nrders f . r fail pbintiiis^ can be forW'iriicd tO
tliem at any time trom .hine till .Vo.venil .-r.

Catalopiies will be fiirni-bed tli.'se wlio wi.h to purchase
trees and siirui liery on aiiplimliou to Messrs. Francis & Par-
rell, f-priii<:lielii. mjjr

CiUEKXSn AKK.

LAEOE lOT DIRICT FROM THE

potteries iu Fneland. to be sold at vorv low j-rioes by
FKANCl:** BAUKKLL.

A

O

F^rnjs.

X IIAXI), 1011

vaiietie- „iiiii drilN.

SALE. THE BE.',!

Fi; -i.N'-iS & BVKUELfi.