A Biogeographic Database of Rernutipte Corals

Species of the Central Indo-Pacific Genera of the World

SLi

“st

J.E.N. Vero

SWS st RALIAN INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE

MONOGRAPH SERIE S Volume 10

AMA

A Biogeographic Database of Hermatypic Corals

AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE MONOGRAPH SERIES Volume 10

A Biogeographic Database of Hermatypic Corals

Species of the Central Indo-Pacific Genera of the World

J.E.N. Veron

SS

Australian Institute of Marine Science 1993

First published in Australia in 1993 Printed in Australia for the Australian Institute of Marine Science, Cape Ferguson, Queensland. PMB No 3, Townsville Mail Centre, 4810.

© Australian Institute of Marine Science 1993 This book is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of study, research, criticism, or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by

any process without written permission. Inquiries should be made to the publisher.

National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication data

Veron, J.E.N. (John Edward Norwood). A biogeographic database of hermatypic coral species of the central Indo-Pacific, genera of the world.

Bibliography. Includes index. ISBN 0 642 19194 8.

1. Corals - Indo-Pacific Region - Identification. 2. Corals - Indo-Pacific region.

I. Australian Institute of Marine Science. II. Title. (Series: Monograph series (Australian Institute of Marine Science); no. 10).

593.6

Contents

Distribution, Abundance and Geographic Variation in Central Indo-Pacific Species

1 Geographic Regions and Data Characteristics (a) Primary data: from original studies (b) Secondary data: from non-original Central Indo-

Pacific studies 3

(c) Tertiary data: from non-original Indo-Pacific-wide studies 4 2 Data Sources 7 (a) Primary data: from original studies 17

(b) Secondary data: from non-original Central Indo-

Pacific studies 19

(c) Tertiary data: from non-original Indo-Pacific-wide studies 19 3 Editorial Notes 21 4 Family Astrocoeniidae 23 5 Family Pocilloporidae , va 6 Family Acroporidae 37 7 Family Poritidae 131 8 Family Siderastreidae 165 9 Family Agariciidae 177 10 Family Fungiidae 199 11 Family Oculinidae 227 12 Family Pectiniidae 231 13. Family Mussidae 241 14 Family Merulinidae Zo7 15 Family Faviidae 265 16 Family Trachyphylliidae 317 17 Family Caryophylliidae 319 18 Family Dendrophylliidae 331

Distribution of Genera Worldwide

19 Generic Distributions: Data Sources and Maps 343 20 Acknowledgements 401 21 Literature cited 403

22 Index 417

Tateyama /

‘ pe pee Amakusa eh) ~ Kushimoto ~ \ Shirahama

Tanegashima-® —Tosashimizu

Amami ls. # Okinawa Is.

G ® Yaeyama Is.

PACIFIC

eR Philippines

sweet ta

“es Papua New Guineas. 9, 7 “> Torres Straite ate a Ashmore Reef aon. GBR N of Princess Charlotte Bay ooo 4 Scot Reefs ~ £ oT : Kimberley Coastess e ! Be Rowley Shoals es 9 coral Sea ; a Dampier Arch. ° Central GBR ae

Pilbara Coast . tS 7 Ningaloo Reef Tract * Pompey & Swain Reefs “es. "* *. @ Capricorn & Bunker Reefs

. ( Shark Bay @\: port Gregory

Houtman Abrolhos Is.

Flinders Reef N New South Wales

Jurian Bay Geraldton Quinns Rock RA @ Elizabeth & Middleton Reefs Marmion cm /Solitary Is. Rottnest ia “be. ® Lord Howe |. Geographe Bay ccig’ © Researche Arch. WA), SW Coast ee S New South Wales

Ss Australia Ny

Figure 1. Location map for Central Indo-Pacific study sites.

Distribution, Abundance and Geographic Variation in Central Indo-Pacific Species

1 Geographic Regions and Data Characteristics

This volume summarises the distribution, abundance and geographic variation of a studied subset of hermatypic corals of the Central Indo-Pacific. Geographically, this area extends from Indonesia and Thailand in the west to the western border countries of the Pacific basin in the east; and from Japan in the north to Australia in the south. Biologically, it is the world’s centre of hermatypic coral diversity (Fig. 2).

Species-level biogeographic data are presented in a compressed form which overviews regional detail (see Note 1, p. 22), but which is intended to preserve accuracy as far as possible in general statements. These data are not analysed or discussed in this volume; this will be done elsewhere.

Data are presented in three levels of taxonomic reliability which should not be confused: (a) original, comprehensive, field and laboratory studies of Central Indo-Pacific species; (b) non-original, non-comprehensive species-level studies within the Central Indo- Pacific; (c) records of Central Indo-Pacific species from elsewhere in the Indo-Pacific.

(a) Primary data: from original studies Characteristics

All data were collected from original field studies by the author and his colleagues specifically for taxonomic and biogeographic purposes.

They are based on a uniform taxonomy, facilitating direct and detailed comparisons between different biogeographic regions. Taxonomic and identification strengths, weaknesses and errors are uniform.

They include estimates of abundance and summary observations of geographic variation in colony formation, skeletal morphology, ecology and colour.

They are comprehensive presence/absence records for specific sites along the three major continental coastlines of the Central Indo-Pacific (Fig. 1).

Use in this volume

(a) All descriptive accounts of species

All descriptive accounts of species, including geographic variation in abundance, colony formation, skeletal morphology, ecology and colour.

(b) Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distributions

All distribution records listed, for all species, under the heading Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution. These are the three latitudinally contiguous regions in the Central Indo-Pacific which extend from very diverse tropical reefs at low latitudes to the extremes of hermatypic coral distribution at temperate high latitudes. These three regions are:

1

GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS AND DATA CHARACTERISTICS

(1) Southern Papua New Guinea and Eastern Australia. Biogeographic data, including presence/absence records, are summarised for each species for the following locations. These records, summarised in Table 1, are believed to be comprehensive for all localities except the Coral Sea (see p. 17).

(a) S Papua New Guinea (b) Coral Sea (c) Torres Strait (d) GBR N of Princess Charlotte Bay (e) GBR S of Princess Charlotte Bay, the Great Barrier Reef excluding the Pompey, Swain, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs (f) Pompey and Swain Reefs (g) Capricorn and Bunker Reefs (h) Flinders Reef (near Brisbane) (i) Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs temperate coral reefs (j) Lord Howe I. (k) Solitary Is. (1) N New South Wales (m) S New South Wales (n) Victoria (0) S Australia

high-latitude coral communities

(2) Western Australia. Biogeographic data, including presence/absence records, are summarised for each species for the following locations. These records, summarised in Table 2, are believed to be comprehensive for all localities. Additional records for the Kimberley and Pilbra Coasts and Shark Bay are included in the text and/or Table 2 (see below).

(a) Ashmore Reef

(b) Scott Reef shelf-edge atolls (c) Rowley Shoals

(d) Dampier Archipelago

(e) Ningaloo Reef Tract coastal coral reefs

(f) Houtman Abrolhos Is.

(g) Port Gregory

(h) Geraldton

(i) Jurian Bay

(j) Marmion high-latitude coral (k) Rottnest I. communities

(1) Geographe Bay

(m) SW coast

(n) Researche Archipelago

GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS AND DATA CHARACTERISTICS

Additional records, but not necessarily representative ones, were obtained from collections of the Western Australian Museum as follows:

In the north are twelve islands or island archipelagoes adjacent to the Kimberley region, as well as several coastal locations south to Broome: these are collectively referred to as the ‘Kimberley coast’.

Further south, between the Dampier Archipelago and NW Cape, are seven islands and island archipelagoes: these are collectively referred to as the ‘Pilbra coast’.

Five islands, forming the western border of Shark Bay (north to Point Quobba) are collectively referred to as the ‘Shark Bay region’.

(3) Philippines and Japan. Biogeographic data, including presence/absence records, are summarised for each species for the following locations. These records, summarised in Table 3, are believed to be comprehensive for all localities.

(a) Philippines

(b) Yaeyama Is.

(c) Okinawa Is. Ryukyu Is., Japan (d) Amami Is.

(e) Tanegashima

(f) Amakusa Is.

(g) Tosashimizu

(h) Shirahama mainland Japan (i) Kushimoto

(j) Izu

(k) Tateyama

coral reefs

high-latitude coral communities

(c) Additional Central Indo-Pacific regions

Comprehensive distribution records for Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Thailand, Hong Kong and Vanuatu. These records are listed, for each species, under the heading Additional Central Indo-Pacific Records. Biogeographic data have the same characteristics as the above regions, differing only in that they do not form part of any major latitudinally contiguous distribution.

(b) Secondary data: from non-original Central Indo-Pacific studies Characteristics, uses in this volume and geographic regions covered

Used for distribution records, but not records of species attributes.

Taxonomic and identification weaknesses and errors are not equal.

Data are not comprehensive for any one country and are not suitable for quantative analysis.

Taxonomic reliability varies greatly from one data source to the next. Records that appeared doubtful in original sources have been re- evaluated wherever possible.

Records are strongly biased in favour of species described in Scleractinia of eastern Australia and Corals of Australia and the Indo-Pacific. These data, therefore, are not intended to indicate diversity.

GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS AND DATA CHARACTERISTICS

Combined with primary data, records are listed under the heading Additional Central Indo-Pacific Records.

(c) Tertiary data: from non-original Indo-Pacific-wide studies Characteristics, uses in this volume and geographic regions covered

Were obtained from all sources, including relevant publications listed, pp.343-345.

Combined with primary and secondary data, these records are used in the determination of longitudinal distributions. They are indicative only and are very prone to identification error as well as error due to incomplete study. They span the full range of the Indo-Pacific.

GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS AND DATA CHARACTERISTICS

Table 1. Summary of the distribution of hermatypic corals in the principal geographic regions of Southern Papua New Guinea and Eastern Australia. The species composition of all zones except the Coral Sea (see text) is considered to be highly representative.

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SELEE EU RRS ESS SELEE GRE RES ES ES

BOEZOSORBIRZRESS BOEZEEOERIRZRES Acanthastrea amakusaensis X--- X-- eee eee ee Acropora nana XXXXXK- XX------- Acanthastrea bowerbanki - X----+- XXXX----- Acropora nasuta XXXXK- XXX------ Acanthastrea echinata XXXXXXXKX------ Acropora nobilis XXXXX- XX------- Acanthastrea hillae X- - XX- XXXKXX- - - Acropora palifera XXXXXXXXXK----- Acanthastrea lordhowensis X------ XXX- X-- - Acropora palmerae ~-> -> X~ XXXK-----=- Acrhelia horrescens X- XXXXX-------- Acropora paniculata - XXXX---------- Acropora aculeus XXXXX- X-------- Acropora polystoma -XXXX+---++--+--- Acropora acuminata - XXXX- X-------- Acropora pulchra X- XXX X- X------ Acropora anthocercis XXXXK- X- X------ Acropora robusta XXXXX- XX------- Acropora aspera XXXXX- X- X------ Acropora rosaria - X- XX---------- Acropora austera XXXXX- XXXK----- - Acropora samoensis XXXXX- XKX------- Acropora azurea ---++ XK--+---+---+---- Acropora sarmentosa XXXXX- XKK------ Acropora brueggemanni XXXXX- X-------- Acropora secale XXXXK- XK------- Acropora bushyensis --+-K-X----+---- Acropora selago XXXXX--- + ------ Acropora cardenae ----X---+-------- Acropora solitaryensis X- XXX- - XX- XX- - - Acropora carduus AKXX Ke - - - eer ee Acropora subglabra XXXXX---------- Acropora caroliniana X-- XX- K-------- Acropora subulata XXXXKX-- X------- Acropora cerealis XXXXK- X-------- Acropora tenuis XXXXX- X- X------ Acropora chesterfieldensis Ss Sl Acropora tortuosa ---XX---X------ Acropora clathrata XXXKXX- XK------- Acropora valenciennesi XXXXX- X-------- Acropora cuneata ~ XAXAXXKX- - eo ~~ - Acropora valida XXXXX- XXX- X-- - - Acropora cytherea XXXXX- XKX- K- -- - Acropora vaughani KXXKX- si pl eg Acropora danai XXXXX- XKX- K- -- - Acropora verweyi XXXXX- XX-- X---- Acropora dendrum XXXXKX- K-------- Acropora wallaceae - 2+ XX---+---- oe Acropora digitifera XXXXX- X- X------ Acropora willisae X- XXX- K--- X---- Acropora divaricata XXXXX- XX------- Acropora yongei - - XXX- XXXKKX- - - - Acropora donei -~ XXXX- XX------- Acropora sp.1 E Australia -- ++ XX--------- Acropora echinata XXXXX---------- Acropora sp.2E Australia - - - - - X--------- Acropora elseyi XXXXX---------- Acropora sp.3 E Australia ---- X-- +--+ ee Acropora florida X- XKXX- XX------- Acropora sp.4E Australia = - - - - - - X-------- Acropora formosa XXXXXXK-------- Acropora sp.5 E Australia - X- XX- X-------- Acropora gemmifera XXXXKXX- XXKX----- Alveopora allingi - XXXX-- X- X----- Acropora glauca 72 - XX- XXXXX- - -- Alveopora catali X- XXXX--------- Acropora grandis XXXXXXXK------- Alveopora fenestrata - X-XKX- X-- 2 ---+5 Acropora granulosa XXXKK- X-------- Alveopora gigas woe Gos Keyes apa are fs Acropora horrida XXXXXKXXK- X------ Alveopora marionensis 7 KX~ X- = Xo ee ee te Acropora humilis XXXXXXXK------- Alveopora spongiosa XXXXXKXXXXX--- - - Acropora hyacinthus XXXXXXXXKXXK- - - Alveopora tizardi ----XXX-------- Acropora kirstyae X---X-------+--- Alveopora verilliana - X-- X--- X------ Acropora latistella KXXXXXK- XXXXKX-- - - Anacropora forbesi X- XXX---------- Acropora listeri XXXKX--- XK------ Anacropora matthai X- --X---------- Acropora longicyathus XXXXXXX-------- Anacropora puertogalerae X- XXX---------- Acropora loripes XXXXXK- X-------- Anacropora reticulata X--- X---------- Acropora lovelli ----X---XX----- Astreopora cucullata - X----XXX------ Acropora lutkeni - XXXX- KX+------ Astreopora explanata XP Mek ae ts oh eg. SE Acropora microclados XXXXX-- X24 ----- Astreopora gracilis XXXXX- X-------- Acropora microphthalma XXXXX----- +--+ -- Astreopora listeri - XXXXXXXX------ Acropora millepora XXXXX- XXX- X--- - Astreopora macrostoma 2-X+------------ Acropora monticulosa MXXKX- see ree eee Astreopora moretonensis - X----XXXX----- Acropora multiacuta -- XXXXK--------- Astreopora myriophthalma XXXXXXXX-------

Astreopora ocellata XX Astreopora sp. E Australia Astreopora sp. PNG X - Australogyra zelli X- Barabattoia amicorum - X Blastomussa merleti X- Blastomussa wellsi XX Catalaphyllia jardinei -- Caulastrea curvata XxX Caulastrea echinulata X- Caulastrea furcata XX Caulastrea tumida - X Coeloseris mayeri - X Coscinaraea columna XX Coscinaraea crassa XX Coscinaraea exesa XX

Coscinaraea marshae -- Coscinaraea mcneilli --

Coscinaraea wellsi XX Ctenactis crassa -- Ctenactis echinata XX Cycloseris costulata X - Cycloseris curvata X- Cycloseris cyclolites =- Cycloseris erosa X- Cycloseris marginata ae Cycloseris patelliformis XxX Cycloseris sinensis X- Cycloseris somervillei X - Cycloseris tenuis -- Cycloseris vaughani XxX Cynarina lacrymalis XX Cyphastrea agassizi -- Cyphastrea chalcidium XX Cyphastrea japonica XX Cyphastrea microphthalma XX Cyphastrea ocellina -- Cyphastrea serailia XxX Diaseris distorta -- Diaseris fragilis ~S Diploastrea heliopora XX Duncanopsammia axifuga X - Echinophyllia aspera XX Echinophyllia echinata - X Echinophyllia echinoporoides X - Echinophyllia orpheensis XX Echinopora gemmacea ae Echinopora hirsutissima -- Echinopora horrida XX Echinopora lamellosa - X Echinopora mammiformis X- Echinopora pacificus -- Euphyllia ancora X- Euphyllia cristata X- Euphyllia divisa X- Euphyllia glabrescens XX Euphyllia paraancora X- Euphyllia yaeyamaensis X - Favia danae XX Favia favus XX Favia helianthoides - X Favia laxa X - Favia lizardensis X- Favia maritima X-

algae ful fold 4 5

XXXXX-------.- XXXXX- X------

XXXXX-------. XXXXXXX- X----

GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS AND DATA CHARACTERISTICS

Favia matthaii

Favia maxima

Favia pallida

Favia rotumana

Favia rotundata

Favia speciosa

Favia stelligera

Favia veroni

Favia sp. 1 PNG Favia sp. 2 PNG Favites abdita

Favites chinensis Favites complanata Favites flexuosa Favites halicora Favites pentagona Favites russelli

Fungia concinna Fungia corona

Fungia danai

Fungia fungites Fungia granulosa Fungia horrida

Fungia klunzingeri Fungia moluccensis Fungia paumotensis Fungia repanda Fungia scabra

Fungia scruposa Fungia scutaria Fungia valida

Galaxea astreata Galaxea fascicularis Gardineroseris planulata Goniastrea aspera Goniastrea australensis Goniastrea edwardsi Goniastrea favulus Goniastrea palauensis Goniastrea pectinata Goniastrea retiformis Goniopora columna Goniopora djiboutensis Goniopora eclipsensis Goniopora fruticosa Goniopora lobata Goniopora minor Goniopora norfolkensis Goniopora palmensis Goniopora pandorensis Goniopora pendulus Goniopora somaliensis Goniopora sp.1 E Australia Goniopora sp.2 E Australia Goniopora stokesi Goniopora stutchburyi Goniopora tenuidens Halomitra pileus Heliofungia actiniformis Herpolitha limax Herpolitha weberi Heteropsammia cochlea Hydnophora exesa Hydnophora grandis

XXXXXXX- X------ -- XXXXX- X------ XXXXXXXXXX--- - - XXXXXXX- XX---- -

MK HRN Pe ee = XXOMKe KNX o% + XXXXKNXw oo Xa sos OXe BXLe fees ess NieKese sg bees Bs ee oie eo Sy ee

XXXXX- XXXKXX- - - X- XXX- XXX------ XXXXX---- X----- XXXXX- XXKXXX- - - XXXXX- X- X- X- - - - XXXXX- XXK------ - XXXXXXKX- XX- - - - XXXXXKX---------

XEXRKRK 3 oS epg gS WRX IMIS Ke D5 ne ue}

MERE NAKS Fe-neans » MESH Mig, repli oh Deo a SEXOK X KR ee lon esi

XXXXXXXXXXXX-- - XXXXXXX--------

XXXXXXXXXXKX--- - BXKXXKX+ - + ain ys -

Ne KON INK = = Kir aegis ie XXXXXXXXK- XX-- - XXXXXXX- X------

- XXXXXXXX------ XXXXXXX- XX----- 2... D, @. aaa ee

Se aie Goa foe oy XXXXX- MRK. -..

OO rr

Hydnophora microconos Hydnophora pilosa Hydnophora rigida Leptastrea bewickensis Leptastrea inaequalis Leptastrea pruinosa Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea transversa Leptoria irregularis Leptoria phrygia Leptoseris explanata Leptoseris foliosa Leptoseris gardineri Leptoseris hawatiensis Leptoseris mycetoseroides Leptoseris papyracea Leptoseris scabra Leptoseris solida Leptoseris yabei Lithophyllon mokai Lobophyllia corymbosa Lobophyllia diminutia Lobophyllia hatati Lobophyllia hemprichii Lobophyllia pachysepta Lobophyllia robusta Madracis kirbyi Merulina ampliata Merulina scabricula Montastrea annuligera Montastrea curta Montastrea magnistellata Montastrea valenciennesi Montipora aequituberculata Montipora angulata Montipora australiensis Montipora caliculata Montipora capricornis Montipora corbettensis Montipora crassituberculata Montipora danae Montipora digitata Montipora efflorescens Montipora floweri Montipora foliosa Montipora foveolata Montipora grisea Montipora hispida Montipora hoffmeisteri Montipora incrassata Montipora informis Montipora millepora Montipora mollis Montipora monasteriata Montipora nodosa Montipora peltiformis Montipora spongodes Montipora spumosa Montipora stellata Montipora tuberculosa Montipora turgescens Montipora turtlensis Montipora undata Montipora venosa

GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS AND DATA CHARACTERISTICS

XXXXXK- XX- - X--- -

XXXXXXX- X------ XXXXXXXKXXX--- --

XXXXXXX--XX---- XXXXXXX--------

KR XEKKKS - ola - XO XXNA ASS S SS

SRN K Xs too phe SS XXXXXXXX-X-----

XXXXXXX--X----- XXXXXXX-------- X- XXXXXX------- XXXXXXXXXXX---- XX- XXXXX------- OO. C0. 0 Co) aaa

X- XXX----- X---- OS KS Xe i ee ..5 ss XOX MKS sep Ke, teks 22 PO EK er FS es KEK el Fe Cae Se WXMX KE K-iete sls es XXXXXXXXXXX---- | Cee © Oe ee ee ae XXXXX- X- X- X---- XK XX Lees -XXXXXXX------- XXXXXXXX------- XXKXX., 4.422042 XXXXXXX-------- MXe XKIKe vee eee - XXXXXX- X------ XXXXX-X-------- XX. LK AK SEL 2ke

) Ca Ce © oo © Care XKXKRS XX GSS sss X2XRK- SS SSS =

- XXXXXKX- XX----- - XXXX- XXKXKX-----

Montipora verrucosa Montipora sp.1 E Australia Montipora sp.2 E Australia Montipora sp.3 E Australia Moseleya latistellata Mycedium elephantotus Mycedium robokaki Oulophyllia bennettae Oulophyllia crispa Oxypora glabra Oxypora lacera Pachyseris rugosa Pachyseris speciosa Palauastrea ramosa Paraclavarina triangularis Pavona bipartita Pavona cactus

Pavona clavus

Pavona decussata Pavona explanulata Pavona maldivensis Pavona minuta

Pavona varians

Pavona venosa

Pectinia alcicornis Pectinia elongata Pectinia lactuca Pectinia paeonia Physogyra lichtensteint Platygyra contorta Platygyra daedalea Platygyra lamellina Platygyra pini Platygyra ryukyuensis Platygyra sinensis Plerogyra sinuosa Plesiastrea versipora Pocillopora damicornis Pocillopora eydouxi Pocillopora meandrina Pocillopora verrucosa Pocillopora woodjonesi Podabacia crustacea Podabacia motuporensis Polyphyllia talpina Porites annae

Porites australiensis Porites cylindrica Porites deformis Porites densa

Porites evermanni Porites heronensis Porites lichen

Porites lobata

Porites lutea

Porites mayeri

Porites murrayensis Porites myrmidonensis Porites nigrescens Porites rus

Porites solida

Porites stephensoni Porites vaughani Porites sp. PNG 1

XXXXXXX-------- Spy aaa Nia on se 2) Seb PAY. at Pe 2. ee ee 24 X¥KG S24 ee XXXXXXKX- X---+- Yi awe Bagge see

X- XXX-X--X----- XXXXXXX-X------

X- XXX- X-------- XXXXXXX-X------ X- XXXX--------- XXXXXXX-------- XL KK tae ts X- XXXXX-------- > ce ar ee oe ee ee X- XXXXX-------- ~XXNKs XIU LL XXXXXXX-X---X--

XXXXXXXXXXKX-- - - XXXXXXXXXX---- - XXXXXXXXXX---- - XXXXXXXXXKXKX- - - -

XXXKK- X- ++ KS s Ko EXO Sor ace = ie thts le ae! + Ie ee eT K-SUKXe Gee ee X- XXXXX-------- SEKOUEKA e 5 SRE Be BO Ee pp TS hee

Xie XK KKK ss X- XXXXXXX-X---- Xs KOK Ee

XO XK ote ss XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX---

X---2- X- XXX-- - - XXXXXXX- XX---- - XXXXXXXX------- XXXXKX- XX-------

Porites sp. PNG 2 Psammocora contigua Psammocora digitata Psammocora explanulata Psammocora haimeana Psammocora nierstraszi Psammocora profundacella Psammocora superficialis Pseudosiderastrea tayamai Sandalolitha robusta Scapophyllia cylindrica Scolymia australis Scolymia vitiensis Seriatopora caliendrum Seriatopora hystrix Stylaraea punctata Stylocoeniella armata Stylocoeniella guentheri Stylophora pistillata Symphyllia agaricia Symphyllia radians Symphyllia recta Symphyllia valenciennesi Trachyphyllia geoffroyi Turbinaria bifrons

GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS AND DATA CHARACTERISTICS

Xie Se te oe ee ee Turbinaria frondens XXXXXXXXKXXXKX--- XXXXX- XKXXX----- Turbinaria heronensis ---XXXXK- xX

X- XXX-- K------- Turbinaria mesenterina XXXKXXXKXXX- X- X- - -- XXX---------- Turbinaria patula X- XXXKKKKKK--- - ---XX- XXXK- X---- Turbinaria peltata XXXXKXXXKKXX---- ---X----XK------ Turbinaria radicalis -- KXXXKXKXXXxX--- KEK KKK op A" oP ota? Stes, Turbinaria reniformis X- XXXX-----

X- XXXK- K- X- XX-- - Turbinaria stellulata X- XXXXKX- - -

X- XXX----------

XXXXXXKX-------- TOTAL SPECIES

XXXXXXKX-------- Southern Papua New Guinea

---- ee XXXXX- XXKX Coral Sea ................

XXXXXXKXXKX------ Torres Strait ...

XX- XX- X- K------ Northern Great Barrier Reef

XXXXXXXKXKXX----- Central Great Barrier Reef

----X---------- Pompey and Swain Reefs

XXXXX- X- X------ Capricorn and Bunker Reefs ..

XXXXX- X- XX- - X- - Flinders Reef......... err

XKXXXXXXXXXKKX--- - Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs XXXXXKX-------- Lord Howe Island ...

XXKXXXXK--- X---- Solitary Island

XXXXXXX-------- Northern New South Wales

XXXKXX- X- X------ | Southern New South Wales

-- KXX- X-------- | Victoria ...............

-- XXX- KX------- | South Australia

fost ge fyrted

GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS AND

DATA CHARACTERISTICS

Table 2. Summary of the distribution of hermatypic corals in principal geographic zones of Western Australia. The species composition of all zones except the Kimberley Coast and Shark Bay is considered to be highly representative.

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geSe See ee SSC Zs ees EceepPeECG SESE ace

SEGA ZSZES SASS SEE

Acanthastrea bowerbanki X---------------- Acanthastrea echinata XXX-XXKXX--------- Acanthastreahillaa. = ---- - Dp eee Acanthastrea lordhowensis - - - - X------------ Acrhelia horrescens VOX eee Bee OOS ee Acropora abrolhosensis XXX-XX-X--------- Acropora aculeus --X-XX-XX-------- Acropora acuminata X------ Mis itc foe Se Acropora anthocercis XXK--XX-X--------- Acropora aspera X--+-XXXXX--+----+-+-=+- Acropora austera XXX-XKX-X--------- Acropora brueggemanni =XXXX------------- Acropora bushyensis = 839 - - - - - - > a eer ae rer Acropora caroliniana Nr Yrs 3 aye FO Ce ee Acropora cerealis XXX-XX-X--------- Acropora clathrata 13.6006 eee Acropora cytherea XXX-XX-X----- - eee Acropora danai XXX-XKX-X--------- Acroporadendrum = = - - - - - - - cage UL ep Acropora digitifera XXXXXXXXX-------- Acropora divaricata XX--XX-X---------* Acropora donei XXXX-+--X-------+--- Acropora elseyi KX 5 ce eh eee ee Acropora exquisita XX ss ee oe eee eee Acropora florida XXX-XXXX--------- Acropora formosa XXXXXX-X--+------- Acropora gemmifera MRR An ce ee eT Acropora glauca X-X-X--XXKX------- Acropora grandis XKX-XX-XK-------- Acropora granulosa XXXK--X-X--------- Acropora horrida RMRMX+XK+ Ko oe eee A Acropora humilis MiMi Keo Kes 2 II ALAA ep eG Acropora hyacinthus KXXXXXXKXX--X------ Acropora latistella XXXXXXXX--------- Acropora listeri 4 a in £2 to tot a eee Ee Acropora longicyathus XXX--X----------- Acropora loripes Nig ele we Oh Pe Fe Be Acropora lovelli ----X--X-K------- Acropora microclados --X--X----------- Acropora microphthalma XXXKXXX-X--------- Acropora millepora XXXXXXKXKX--X------ Acropora monticulosa KK Hae eae Sete

Acropora nana Acropora nasuta Acropora nobilis Acropora palifera Acropora paniculata Acropora polystoma Acropora pulchra Acropora robusta Acropora samoensis

XXX-XX-X XXX-XKX-X XXX-XX-X

XXX-X--- ) ee ae ~bteReee XXXXXXXX XXX-XXXX X¥X-X---

4 °

28 8 s

=» « SPES® &

+ 86% f2pee bz 3

2. B86 oe ee uk yas

eer ess PaPsae sy sass

ECoa eRe GCS cE EE RUS

SZEESS SERRE SSS 2RLZZAZ5LEG6 S625 55x

Acropora. sarmentosa ----XX-X--------- Acropora selago XXX-XX--X-------- Acropora solitaryensis X-XXX-XXXX------- Acropora spicifera => > > = - XXX--------- Acropora stoddarti -XX-X--X--------- Acropora subglabra See ay ee er ee ee Acropora subulata XXX-XX-XX-------- Acropora tenuis XXX-XX-X--------- Acropora tortuosa Oe Klee Ki on op SOS Acropora valenciennest XX--XX-X--------- Acropora valida XXX-XXKXX--------- Acropora vaughani -XXK--X-X--------- Acropora verweyi X---XXXKX--------- Acropora willisae -X-++X%+-X-2+--++ + = Acropora yongei XXX-X--XX---X---- Acropora sp. 1 W Aust NAAN: eee el Acroporasp.2W Aust = - - --- - - ) a Alveopora allingi -XXX-XXX--------- Alveopora catali xe 2 Siete ss eh gS LTS} Alveopora fenestrata X-XXXX-X-X-KXK---- Alveopora gigas 7 7 ee > Alveopora spongiosa XXX--XXX--------- Alveopora tizardi --X---XX--------- Alveopora verilliana BE MS a ee MO RE ak he 8 ty Ae Anacropora puertogalerae - X--------------- Astreopora explanata XXX-XX-X--------- Astreopora gracilis bp Seen ey Bae an Astreopora myriophthalma XX X-XX-X--------- Astreopora ocellata X--XXX-X--------- Australomussa rowleyensis X X X - X - - X-- ----- 7 - Barbattoia amicorum --XXX-X----- Men oe Blastomussa merleti Bok ae OR efor eet tebe SE) Blastomussa wellsi = = = = ee - ME las tankie [nebo fo fp fo 8s Cantharellus noumeae tates tags boa te is Catalaphyllia jardinei Xy3 XOX 6 AE PP Pee Caulastrea curvata Ea eu det oho e bs el bsscdsg Z Caulastrea furcata eS a a a area: ee ae Caulastrea tumida Bp DKK 3 3s Ke 8 Le Coeloseris mayeri WN 5 335 253 S805 Sas Coscinaraea columna XX-XXXXX--X------ Coscinaraea exesa --X-XX-X--------- Coscinaraeamarshae == - - - - - - - X----XXXXX Coscinaraeameneilli = = = - = = = = = = XXXXXXX Ctenactis crassa KR KK nn ee eS Ctenactis echinata XX-X-X--- 4-2 ss eee Cycloseris costulata eS ee ees eee ee Cycloseris cyclolites eo Se ae a eee Cycloseris curvata 24 Rosi high ss BHR, Oe Sg Cycloseris marginata Kee thee ee ony so aee Cycloseris patelliformis 222 3He 2 RO Bae 2S - Cycloseris sinensis Ree ts ow ts We ts sigs ig le ett

Cycloseris tenuis Cycloseris vaughani Cynarina lacrymalis Cyphastrea chalcidium Cyphastrea microphthalma Cyphastrea serailia Cyphastrea sp. W Aust Diaseris distorta Diaseris fragilis Diploastrea heliopora Duncanopsammia axifuga Echinophyllia aspera Echinophyllia echinata Echinophyllia orpheensis Echinopora gemmacea Echinopora hirsutissima Echinopora horrida Echinopora lamellosa Echinopra mammiformis Echinopora ashmorensis Euphyllia ancora Euphyllia cristata Euphyllia divisa Euphyllia glabrescens Favia favus

Favia helianthoides Favia laxa

Favia lizardensis

Favia matthaii

Favia maxima

Favia pallida

Favia rotumana

Favia rotundata

Favia sp. W Australia Favia speciosa

Favia stelligera

Favia veroni

Favites abdita

Favites chinensis Favites complanata Favites flexuosa

Favites halicora

Favites pentagona Favites russelli

Favites sp. W Australia Fungia concinna Fungia fungites

Fungia granulosa Fungia horrida

Fungia klunzingeri Fungia paumotensis Fungia repanda

Fungia scruposa Fungia scutaria

Fungia valida

Galaxea astreata Galaxea fascicularis

___Gardinoseris planulata

Goniastrea aspera Goniastrea qustralensis Goniastrea edwardsi Goniastrea favulus Goniastrea palauensis Goniastrea pectiniata Goniastrea retiformis

GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS AND DATA CHARACTERISTICS

ae dR ig eh ct Oe hat MEX ww Ke et bess 24 BM £0 D pasdth eet, 2 BRNO Xess pees} 3 XXXXXXXXX-------- XXXXXXXXX---XX--- oN Ads Eel ge el Eee, Coed ee Cb ci eT a Rs pe ee AR eee Neo XK Poe plea X ERIKA te os oe oD > © o> eames XX--XXXX--------- Mee le ei Aas ee ttt ak XXX-XXXX--------- BEV at yeP ee et ad veh ee RM tts. te OX XEN. SES nos MORAN So ne oe gE Oy ee a ae ne Xeon EAs OS S43 Oe oe 2 MRE Xa a that 8 M OR a eS cle Bes th SOB, a We oe LE KNX XEN OX HG See a oe XXXXXXXXX---XX--- MMos Ke ee eh ge eth MEK PPS 2 Kees oo: XXX-KH- eM ecw ee MMMIOKN KG oe A XXX-XX- N.S. 2S XX NEKX- Xe - + 24 Ses XOX "Koes aL re te XKOORK SE... TIP ww eS os Jatt he XEXKXX-X + - TE XXX RK Xt XS sae eee XX-XXXXXX---XXX-- XEN KEK o | le eee XX AO Xo RS OS MX = X--XXX-XX---XX--- XXXXXX-X----- 5 ly a XXX XXX XSER Se ee XXX = KX eee tite Xo x eee XX. XRD. Se XEXXXX: = 4 SE XXXes 4 eee XXX: - = fas eee X = Xo + -cujae Oe XXX. XK 5 XXEXXX- .. - BX OX ss XXX XL ee Xo nt a Se XXXIKX< 2 XK KX 5X = See XE Xe LE ee XX-XXXXXX-X-XxXX-- ---XXXXXXXXXXXX-- XXX REX XG OS ee XX = KK KEL Sie XX = Xe eee Katee XOXX XO Oe eee

10

Goniastrea sp. W Aust Goniopora columna Goniopora djiboutensis Goniopora lobata Goniopora minor Goniopora pandorensis Goniopora pendulus Goniopora somaliensis Goniopora sp. 1 W Aust Goniopora sp. 2 W Aust Goniopora sp. 3 W Aust Goniopora stokesi Goniopora stutchburyi Goniopora tenuidens Heliofungia actiniformis Herpolitha limax Herpolitha weberi Heteropsamunia cochlea Hydnophora exesa Hydnophora microconos Hydnophora pilosa Hydnophora rigida Leptastrea bottae Leptastrea inaequalis Leptastrea pruinosa Leptastrea purpurea Leptastrea sp. W Aust Leptastrea transversa Leptoria phrygia Leptoseris explanata Leptoseris foliosa Leptoseris hawaiiensis Leptoseris incrustans Leptoseris mycetoseroides Leptoseris papyracea Leptoseris scabra Leptoseris yabei Lithophyllon mokai Lithophyllon undulatum Lobophyllia corymbosa Lobophyllia diminutia Lobophyllia hataii Lobophyllia hemprichii Merulina ampliata Merulina scabricula Montastrea annuligera Montastrea curta Montastrea magnistellata Montastrea valenciennesi Montigyra kenti

M ontipora aequituberculata Montipora angulata Montipora australiensis Montipora calcarea Montipora caliculata Montipora capricornis Montipora crassituberculata Montipora danae Montipora digitata Montipora efflorescens Montipora floweri Montipora foliosa Montipora foveolata Montipora grisea Montipora hispida

cE fe eae he fo 5 ee ee XX s NONI ee ee 8 XXX HK te nose ce Re KIO ae a ea as XXKKUK OAS sss sss ap eae eee oe eee ee ee Bre a es Xs - Ms fa ee sass 2 tin ae Th fees hg a gg agp pclae it gna SM ee epi wee ena we py ee ea ee oe Pe ee ae ee Nese Xs ¥Xs 24 tease X-XXX-XX--------- XXXXXXXXX-------- XH LESS ete woe KEXXNKN- OSE A PEM o OOO

XM XK XXXXRKNS oe ene Me -RHXT ALE EE as XX--XXXX--------- XXX XX see eee ee Mata Kish tet did ele tat KX KX TUES hy pas XXXXXKIKA CoG oe NXXXXK Ry i St ees Koss sh aoe poe eee Oe XOONX DES =e eee ects RX MOK T LO baer es s XEN 1 KK a 2 ee w+ He MRO io Me X Se eee a MRIEOS KMS G2222-,- 5 ea a MMX+ KXX 5-5-2 -- TOT eon BES EADS ter ye oe 2b GCN LE SS Ge, ene MX KEK ete nD Cretn > G ae oe re pine Wes ie Be ee a ls Ta TCA Ss cep, Celt cine girs Aas A Jae oe ee NEXKS OX Re Ks = eee REXCN CK aN reac: Se oe meres XEROX XEN OR Pee pe E RON AON rm oe eee aD ete Te Seo. yeild SAD, Zyl agile

XXX-XXXX

See ee a ee ee ee Se AXX= KOK - = - - 2 Sirsa at, PG), tone an ee at en ae PoP Pade ee ed sl Se a eh See 2 eee SOS s*2) 2 ae ‘te tg , * PO. Ae ee eee Fe CME SO, es, ae ee A Ae Kee Kem A ee |, 2. De oa A 20>) E Co, or, Gee, ems oe OO CA Se Res es Seen pho SS) CE Cha ee ee BREAD AC SUMCROXC RE op on oe eo os BORNINSE KS a Sk Se

XX--XXXX

Montipora hoffmeisteri Montipora incrassata Montipora informis Montipora millepora Montipora mollis Montipora monasteriata Montipora nodosa Montipora peltiformis Montipora sp. 1 W Aust Montipora sp. 2 W Aust Montipora sp. 3 W Aust Montipora spongodes Montipora spumosa Montipora stellata Montipora tuberculosa Montipora turgescens Montipora turtlensis Montipora undata Montipora venosa Montipora verrucosa Moseleya latistellata Mycedium elephantotus Mycedium robakaki Oulastrea crispata Oulophyllia bennettae Oulophyllia crispa Oxypora glabra Oxypora lacera Pachyseris rugosa Pachyseris speciosa Palauastrea ramosa Pavona cactus

Pavona clavus

Pavona decussata Pavona xarifae

Pavona explanulata Pavona maldivensis Pavona minuta Pavona varians Pavona venosa Pectinia alcicornis Pectinia lactuca Pectinia paeonia Pectinia teres Physogyra lichtensteini Physophyllia ayleni Platygyra daedalea Platygyra lamellina Platygyra pini Platygyra ryukyuensis Platygyra sinesis Platygyra verweyi Plerogyra sinuosa Plesiastrea versipora Pocillopora damicornis Pocillopora eydouxi Pocillopora meandrina Pocillopora verrucosa Pocillopora woodjonesi Podabacia crustacea Polyphyllia talpina Porites aranetai Porites cylindrica Porites eridani

Porites evermanni

DATA CHARACTERISTIC

GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS AND

S

RPK = OK Kee mie se oh Sat Porites heronensis eee XK > Xe De Pb ee wn

-K--X--XK---+----5- Porites lichen XXX-XX-X---------

XXX--X-X--------- Porites lobata XXXXXXXX---------

RoE RRR Fort Se ths! oe Porites lutea XXX+=XXXX---------

XXXXXXXXKXXKXKXXXX-X Porites nigrescens eK Keb ee Rae ine eae OG

XXX-XXX---------- Porites rus KOK Ke et ap PE es

-X--X-++X-+---+++--- Porites solida -XX-XX-X---------

X-XXXXXXK-------- Porites sp.1W Australia - - - -XX-X------ 7-7 >

er ee oe Kin Rm EF Porites sp.2 W Australia. - - - - -X-X----- 7-77 -

Sa ae KoRn eh eee Porites stephensoni > ee oe arden a Ot ol

+ he Me A I oh" Porites vaughani OX XK site eS ep ot

X--XX-XXXKX------- Psammocora contigua XXXXXXXKXK---------

XER- X KK Kee ae ts Psammocora digitata II ROK Kee he ote Mb te asl

fee Xn = Keita = Ae Psammocora explanulata X--XXX-X------ 7-7 -

aXe = KKK cel ee spre = Psammocora haimeana =X RAK X aeRO pe

-XX-XXKXKX-------- Psammocora nierstraszi Roa S55 KR eee eta os

-+X-XX-X------ Xr = Psammocora profundacella XX - -XX-X---------

RXKO KK op ese ee see Psammocora sp.1W Aust - - - - - Mini hs ees eS

XX-XXK-X--------- Psammocora sp.2W Aust X - - - - > > 5 > 7 7 tT

XK» KBs Keo FF | ee pop & Psammocora superficialis XXX-XXXX---------

~--XXXXX--------- Pseudosiderastrea tayamai - - - XX-- ----- > > 75 > >

XXX-XX-X--------- Sandololitha robusta XIX Km 2 XS Se ec ie ee et

Rep ices re re tS ae Scapophyllia cylindrica KXXONK A Keto eo pee =

i, OC eel Scolymia australis = > ~~ > > > > te XXX-xX-

REX sr oe pee oe Seriatopora caliendrum Ke RE ee) el tieh fee oe rie

XXX-XX-X--------- Seriatopora hystrix 2) Gl, ae ae a ei

XXX--X-X--------- Stylocoeniella armata -XX--05- 5-555 tte e-

XXX-XXKX--------- Stylocoeniella guentheri KX - CNS RE cee 7 Geeta

RRM 2K Ke Kew to toes le Stylophora pistillata XMMX MRK Ko 2 2 eee

XXX-XX-X----- 777% Symphyllia agaricia POX X pA ee se ep o

topos ee ee Koni eee ead, Bree Symphyllia radians Kas te Kes ce tp Pe eee

XXX-------------- Symphyllia recta XXXXX--------- 7

XXX------------ >> Symphyllia valenciennesi XXX -X--- - = -- >> 57 =

XXXXXXKKX--------- Symphylliawilsoni > ~~ > - XXXXX-XXXK-

XE ye Ee ed eles oe del fe Trachyphyllia geoffreyi ---XX------------

XXX-XXXX--------- Turbinaria bifrons --XXXXKXX--------

XXX--X-X-------F- Turbinaria conspicua ---XXXXX-X-------

KAR yp KEK KH Se eS Hy Turbinaria frondens XXXXXXXXXX--XXXKXX XXX-XX-X--------- Turbinaria mesenterina X-XXXXXXXXX-XXXXX XXX--XK----------- Turbinaria patula ei KER S Geog to te Se

KX Xin es ne ES Turbinaria peltata XX-XXXXK----- XX - -

XXX-XX----------- Turbinaria radicalis. ~~ ~~ ~~ - »

XX-XXX----------- Turbinaria reniformis XX--XXXX---XXXKXX MK ae ee STS ts 4 Sle Turbinaria sp. W Aust ---+X-XK----------

RRM -XKe Se >> ers s47 Turbinaria stellulata XXX-XX-XK------- X -

--+XKXX------++----

XXXXXXKK-- 2 - eer ae TOTAL SPECIES

XX-XXXXKKXKX------- Ashmore Reef 256 XXX-XXK---------- Scott Reef 221 XX---X---- erste Rowley Shoals 193 XXXKXX--X--244+4-- Kimberley Coast 106 XXXXXX----------- Dampier Archipelago 218 XXXXXXK----------- Ninagaloo Reefs 214 XXXXXXXXX-XXXXXXX = Shark Bay.. 82 XXXXXXKXXXXKXKX--- Houtman Abrolhos Island 201 XXX-XKXXKX--------- Port Gregory Region 36 X---XX-X--------- Geraldton Region 14 RKX = KX X Ke-pew Jurien Bay Region 11 XX--XX------+------ Quinns Rock Region 9 XXXXXKX----------- Rottnest Island . 18 XXXXXX----------- Marmian Region 23 ---+KX-X--- 2 - eee Geographe Bay 14 XXX-XXK----------- South West Coast 9 Mabe. pry ss eats Recherche Archipelago 8

11

GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS AND DATA CHARACTERISTICS

Table 3. Summary of the distribution of hermatypic corals in the principal geographic zones of the Philippines and Japan. The species composition of all zones is considered to be highly representative.

Acanthastrea amakusensis

Acanthastrea bowerbanki Acanthastrea echinata Acanthastrea hemprichii Acanthastrea hillae

Acanthastrea ishigakiensis Acanthastrea lordhowensis Acanthastrea rotundoflora

Acrhelia horrescens Acropora abrolhosensis Acropora aculeus Acropora accuminata Acropora akajimensis Acropora anthocercis Acropora aspera Acropora austera Acropora brueggemanni Acropora carduus Acropora caroliniana Acropora cerealis Acropora clathrata Acropora copiosa Acropora cuneata Acropora cytherea Acropora danai Acropora dendrum Acropora digitifera Acropora divaricata Acropora donei Acropora echinata Acropora elegans Acropora elseyi Acropora exquisita Acropora florida Acropora formosa Acropora gemmifera Acropora glauca Acropora grandis Acropora granulosa Acropora horrida Acropora humilis Acropora hyacinthus Acropora insignis Acropora kirstyae Acropora latistella Acropora listeri Acropora longicyathus Acropora loripes Acropora magnifica Acropora microclados

Philippines Yaeyama Group Okinawa Group

1 ex xX OM x 1 PS PS OM OK OOK 1 > PS OX OK OKO OK PSPS KOKO OK

<—* ROR OX x > we OO

xX ~~ X<

PS PS POPS OK OOM OOK OOS OK OO OK OOO OOO OO mS KO OK OO OX

Sx KM SX KO OK OKO

*< ~ PSPS POO OO OOOO

x &

oo

“wo bad

Amami Group

‘x &

1 oe be

x

1

Tanegashima Tosashimizu Amakusa Is.

Shirahama

Kushimoto Izu

=< » a ~< ~<

Tateyama

12

Philippines

Yaeyama Group

Okinawa Group

Amami Group

Tanegashima

Tosashimizu Amakusa Is. Kushimoto Shirahama Izu Tateyama

Acropora microphthalma Acropora millepora Acropora mirabilis Acropora monticulosa Acropora multiacuta Acropora nana Acropora nasuta Acropora nobilis Acropora palifera Acropora paniculata Acropora parilis Acropora pruinosa Acropora pulchra Acropora rambleri Acropora robusta Acropora rosaria Acropora samoensis Acropora sarmentosa Acropora secale Acropora sekiseiensis Acropora selago Acropora solitaryensis Acropora spicifera Acropora stoddarti Acropora ‘striata Acropora subglabra Acropora subulata

Acropora tanegashimensis

Acropora tenella Acropora tenuis Acropora teres Acropora tumida Acropora valenciennesi Acropora valida Acropora vaughani Acropora verweyi Acropora wallaceae Acropora willisae Acropora yongei

Acropora sp. (Philippines)

Acropora sp. 1 (Japan) Acropora sp. 2 (Japan) Alveopora allingi Alveopora catalai Alveopora excelsa Alveopora fenestrata Alveopora japonica Alveopora marionensis Alveopora spongiosa Alveopora tizardi

HS OOK KK OOOO <x KKK

x ><

Mm OK OOK OK OKO OK SS KK OK OK OK

<< x Xx

'

x bad

<< KKK OK OK OK x KK KKM KO

SK KK KK OK Om

'

"OS OX

x~ x

x

Alveopora verrilliana Anacropora forbesi Anacropora matthai Anacropora puertogalerae Anacropora reticulata Anacropora spinosa Anacropora sp. Astreopora cucullata Astreopora explanata Astreopora gracilis Astreopora incrustans Astreopora listeri Astreopora macrostoma Astreopora myriophthalma Astreopora ocellata Astreopora suggesta Australogyra zelli Australomussa rowleyensis Barabattoia amicorum Blastomussa merleti Blastomussa wellsi Catalaphyllia jardinei Caulastrea curvata Caulastrea echinulata Caulastrea furcata Caulastrea tumida Coeloseris mayeri Coscinaraea columna Coscinaraea crassa Coscinaraea exesa Coscinaraea hahazimaensis Coscinaraea monile Coscinaraea wellsi Ctenactis crassa Ctenactis echinata Cycloseris costulata Cycloseris curvata Cycloseris cyclolites Cycloseris erosa Cycloseris hexagonalis Cycloseris patelliformis Cycloseris sinensis Cycloseris somervillei Cycloseris tenuis Cycloseris vaughani Cycloseris sp. Cynarina lacrymalis Cyphastrea agassizi Cyphastrea chalcidicum Cyphastrea decadia Cyphastrea japonica Cyphastrea microphthalma Cyphastrea ocellina Cyphastrea serailia Diaseris distorta Diaseris fragilis Diploastrea heliopora Echinophyllia aspera Echinophyllia echinata

Echinophyllia echinoporoides

Echinophyllia nishihirai Echinophyllia orpheensis Echinophyllia patula

Echinopora ashmorensis

XXXKX X XX - XXX - XX X - XX - -

x PK OS ll so

x XX OX <x xX OX

DDD OD OO OKO OK OM OO OOK OOK i << KOK OO OO OK OO! a

> OP OO OOK OK OK OM OOK OO OO OOS OOS OK

13

GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS AND DATA CHARACTERISTICS

Echinopora gemmaceu Echinopora hirsutissima Echinopora horrida Echinopora lamellosa Echinopora mammiformis Echinopora pacificus Euphyllia ancora Euphyllia cristata Euphyllia divisa Euphyllia glabrescens Euphyllia paraancora Euphyllia paradivisa Euphyllia paraglabrescens Euphyllia yaeyamaensis Favia danae

Favia favus

Favia helianthoides Favia laxa

Favia lizardensis Favia maritima

Favia matthai

Favia maxima

Favia pallida

Favia rotumana

Favia rotundata

Favia speciosa

Favia stelligera

Favia veroni

Favia sp.

Favites abdita

Favites chinensis Favites complanata Favites flexuosa Favites halicora Favites pentagona Favites russelli Favites stylifera Fungia concinna Fungia corona Fungia danat

Fungia fralinae Fungia fungites Fungia granulosa Fungia horrida Fungia moluccensis Fungia paumotensis Fungia repanda Fungia scabra

Fungia scruposa Fungia scutaria Fungia spinifera Fungia valida

Fungia sp.

Galaxea alta

Galaxea astreata Galaxea fascicularis Gardineroseris planulata Goniastrea aspera Goniastrea australensis Goniastrea deformis Goniastrea edwardsi Goniastrea favulus Goniastrea palauensis Goniastrea pectinata

oS OS OK OOK OOK OOK OKO

eeu RK OK KKK OK OKO KOO

<< KX OK

~~ KK OK OK OK OX

<< XX

~<

<x KK KK OK

<> KOK OO KOKO OKO

xO OK OK KOKO KK OKO OKO KOS

<~ «KK KK KK OK

'

<< 1 OX

<< KOK OO << KKK OK OK OOK

<x 1 x!

<< 1 KKK KX

=

<< x KK

1 KKK OK KK!

<< KOK

x

<x x XK!

GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS AND DATA CHARACTERISTICS

Goniastrea retiformis XXXXXKXXK- - - Montipora aequituberculata Goniopora burgosi > a), a a Montipora altasepta Goniopora cellulosa -- -XXK---- - Montipora angulata Goniopora columna XXXX-----XX Montipora cactus Goniopora djiboutiensis XX-XXK------ Montipora caliculata Goniopora fruticosa XXX----- et ee Montipora capitata Goniopora lobata XXX-XKXKXXKXKX Montipora capricornis Goniopora minor KeX XM soe be ama ee Montipora cebuensis Goniopora norfolkensis >, a Montipora confusa Goniopora palmensis X-=-+-2+-++4+-+-+-: Montipora crassituberculata Goniopora pandoraensis XX--------- Montipora danae Goniopora pendulus X---X-XX--- Montipora digitata Goniopora polyformis X sie oe = Ke - oe Montipora efflorescens Goniopora somaliensis XXXKXXK----- - Montipora effusa Goniopora stokesi XXX-XKXX--- - Montipora florida Goniopora stutchburyi me RK = = X27 KK ope Montipora foliosa Goniopora tenuidens XXX----+---- Montipora foveolata Goniopora sp. -XX-----X- - Montipora friabilis Gyrosmilia interrupta ~ Ks + eee ee es Montipora gaimardi Halomitra pileus XXX------- - Montipora grisea Heliofungia actiniformis XX--------- Montipora hirsuta Herpolitha limax XXXKX- - - ose Montipora hispida Herpolitha weberi ACK BS eS Montipora hoffmeisteri Heteropsammia cochlea X-X-- 2 se eee Montipora incrassata Hydnophora bonsai oop et a XK OK KH Montipora informis Hydnophora exesa XXXXXXXXXXX Montipora mactanensis Hydnophora grandis X--- +--+ ee Montipora malampaya Hydnophora microconos XXXX------ - Montipora millepora Hydnophora rigida XXXX------ - Montipora mollis Leptastrea bewickensis -XXXKX------ Montipora monasteriata Leptastrea inaequalis XXX-------- Montipora orientalis Leptastrea pruinosa XXXX-X---X- Montipora peltiformis Leptastrea purpurea XXXXXXKXKKXKX Montipora samarensis Leptastrea transversa XXXX------ - Montipora setosa Leptoria irregularis XXXX------ - Montipora spongodes Leptoria phrygia XXXX------ - Montipora spumosa Leptoseris amitoriensis on, ie a Montipora stellata Leptoseris explanata XXXX------ - Montipora tuberculosa Leptoseris foliosa XXXX------ - Montipora turgescens Leptoseris gardineri XX--------- Montipora undata Leptoseris hawatiensis XXXXX------ Montipora venosa Leptoseris incrustans XX - hie ee Montipora verrucosa Leptoseris mycetoseroides XXXKXXXXXXXX Montipora sp. Leptoseris papyracea XXX-------- Mycedium elephantotus Leptoseris scabra XXXX-X---- - Mycedium robokaki Leptoseris solida XXX-X----- - Oulastrea crispata Leptoseris yabei XXXXX----- - Oulophyllia bennettae Lithophyllon levistei > Oulophyllia crispa Lithophyllon lobata XXXX------ - Oxypora crassispinosa Lithophyllon undulatum XXX-XXKXKX- - Oxypora glabra Lobophyllia corymbosa XXXXX---- - - Oxypora lacera Lobophyllia hataii XXXXX-XXK- - - Pachyseris foliosa Lobophyllia hemprichii XXXXX-XXX- - Pachyseris gemmae Lobophyllia pachysepta XXX-------- Pachyseris rugosa Lobophyllia robusta XXXXX-XX--- Pachyseris speciosa Madracis asanoi i, Palauastrea ramosa Madracis kirbyi X-----+-+--- Pavona bipartita Merulina ampliata XXXXX------ Pavona cactus Merulina scabricula XXXXX----- - Pavona clavus Montastrea annuligera XXX-------- Pavona danai Montastrea curta XXXXXXXXX-- Pavona decussata Montastrea magnistellata XXXXXX----- Pavona xarifae Montastrea multipunctata XXX-X----- - Pavona explanulata

Montastrea valenciennesi

XXXXXXXX- -

Pavona frondifera

' ' '

<< xX OX << x OX x

' ' 4

MOK KK OK KOK OOOO OO

<<< KK KK OK OK

MSS KK KK OK KOKO KO OO

' ' 4 1 '

<x &<

<

1 PS PK OK OK OK OK OK OKO OKO OPS KOK OK OK KOO OK 1 MM KF OK OK OK OK OO

x ><

MO KK KOK KO KK =< x< ~< x

MS KK OK OX SX KK OK OK OK KOK

XX

' 1 '

Pavona maldivensis Pavona minuta Pavona varians Pavona venosa Pavona sp.

Pectinia alcicornis Pectinia lactuca Pectinia paeonia Pectinia teres Physogyra exerta Physogyra lichtensteini Physophyllia ayleni Platygyra contorta Platygyra daedalea Platygyra lamellina Platygyra pini Platygyra ryukyuensis Platygyra sinensis Platygyra verweyi Platygyra yaeyamaensis Plerogyra eurysepta Plerogyra simplex Plerogyra sinuosa Plerogyra turbida Plesiastrea versipora Pocillopora damicornis Pocillopora eydouxi Pocillopora meandrina Pocillopora verrucosa Pocillopora woodjonesi Podabacia crustacea Podabacia motuporensis Polyphyllia talpina Porites annae

Porites aranetai Porites attenuata Porites australiensis Porites cumulatus Porites cylindrica Porites deformis Porites eridani

Porites evermanni Porites heronensis Porites horizontalata Porites latistella Porites lichen

Porites lobata

Porites lutea

Porites mayeri

Porites murrayensis Porites negrosensis Porites nigrescens Porites okinawensis Porites rus

GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS AND DATA CHARACTERISTICS

X-XXX XXXXX XXXKXX XXXKX-

XxX - xX xX X X X X

x Xx x

<< KK MK KO

Porites sillimaniani Porites solida

Porites stephensoni Porites vaughani

Porites sp.

Psammocora contigua Psammocora decussata Psammocora digitata Psammocora explanulata Psammocora haimeana Psammocora nierstraszi Psammocora profundacella Psammocora superficialis Psammocora vaughani Psammocora sp. Pseudosiderastrea tayamai Sandalolitha robusta Scapophyllia cylindrica Scolymia vitiensis Seriatopora caliendrum Seriatopora hystrix Siderastrea savignyana Stylocoeniella armata Stylocoeniella cocosensis Stylocoeniella guentheri Stylophora pistillata Stylophora sp. Symphyllia agaricia Symphyllia radians Symphyllia recta Symphyllia valenciennesii Trachyphyllia geoffroyi Turbinaria frondens Turbinaria heronensis Turbinaria irregularis Turbinaria mesenterina Turbinaria peltata Turbinaria reniformis Turbinaria stellulata Zoopilus echinatus

TOTAL SPECIES Philippines Yaeyama Group Okinawa Group Amami Group Tanegashima Tosashimizu Amakusa Island Kushimoto Shirahama

Izu

Tateyama

1 >< mM KOK OOK OX

<< << XX

<< KX OX << KK XX

<x KK KK KKK

<< OK KOKO KOK OK OKO OK OK OK OKO

<< xX OX xx xX xX

'

<< KKK OX <x KKK XK

<< «KX

xx x KK XX

xx! << KK OX

xx ®

<x x KX!

~<

<< KK KK KKK!

~<

< x

<x KKK

<< x KK!

x

<< x

2 Data Sources

(a) Primary data: from original studies The following data sources incorporate previous studies; these are not re-listed here. (1) S Papua New Guinea and E Australia: Southern Papua New Guinea: Veron and Kelley (1988).

Eastern Australia:

+ Most records have been published in Scleractinia of Eastern Australia Parts I to V. Successive parts of this series contain data from study sites not listed in earlier parts and only Parts IV and V contain records from the entire coastline. The present account is thus more complete than this series, and also incorporates additions and changes. Most records are summarised in Veron (1986a); the present account contains subsequent additions and changes.

Records for Flinders Reef (off Brisbane), and Elizabeth and Middleton Reef, together with locality details, are in Veron and Pichon (1982) and Veron and Wallace (1984), but only for the Poritidae and Acroporidae.

Records for Lord Howe I. are in Veron and Done (1979), with subsequent additions (J. Oliver and R. Babcock, pers. comm.). The Poritidae and Acroporidae are revised in Veron and Pichon (1982) and Veron and Wallace (1984).

Records for the Solitary Is. are from Veron et al. (1974) with many subsequent updates and revisions after re-visiting the islands. The Poritidae and Acroporidae are revised in Veron and Pichon (1982) and Veron and Wallace (1984).

Records for coastal New South Wales and Victoria and southern Australia are in Veron (1974), Sheppard and Veron (1982) and Smith and Simpson (1990).

Records for the Coral Sea are in Veron and Pichon (1982) and Veron and Wallace (1984), but only the Poritidae and Acroporidae are included in Scleractinia of Eastern Australia. Field work was primarily concentrated at the Chesterfield Reefs of the eastern Coral Sea and it is thus possible that many additional species occur in the Coral Sea. For this reason, Coral Sea records are not considered to be complete.

17

DATA SOURCES

(2) Western Australia:

Most records are in Veron and Marsh (1988), summarised in Veron (1986a); the

present account contains subsequent additions and changes. Original records for Rowley Shoals are in Veron (1986b). Additional records for Shark Bay are in Marsh (1990).

3) Philippines and Japan:

Philippines:

Records are from Veron and Hodgson (1989) with subsequent additions and changes. This incorporates the extensive studies of Nemenzo and his colleagues. Original field work was carried out at Bolinao (W Luzon), Puerto Galera, Cebu, Apo I. (N Negros) as well as additional sites studied by Hodgson and Ross (1982) and Ross and Hodgson (1982), including W Palawan. Research collections were studied at the University of the Philippines, the University of San Carlos and Silliman University.

Records from the Philippines are not sufficiently comprehensive to enable regional study within the Philippines and thus the whole archipelago is treated as a single locality in the present account. Japan: All records are from Veron (1992a), which incorporates extensive studies of others. Records from additional Central Indo-Pacific countries are as follows: Cocos (Keeling) Atoll: Veron (1990b) Hong Kong: Veron (1982) Thailand: Veron and Wallace (1985) with subsequent additions and corrections associated with

other studies (listed, p. 345).

Vanuatu: Veron (1990a)

18

DATA SOURCES

(b) Secondary data: from non-original Central Indo-Pacific studies

Includes (a) the author’s identifications of laboratory specimens where there has been no comprehensive accompanying field work, (b) original work of the author in museums and unpublished field studies, (c) verified synonymies of the author and his colleagues, (d) published illustrations and taxonomic opinion expressed in the taxonomic literature.

Also includes non-taxonomic studies of others using the taxonomic framework of the author and his colleagues, or some recognisable variation of it, or other publications containing identifiable photographs.

Also includes a large number of studies previous to those of the author and his colleagues that have been undertaken in Australia, Japan and the Philippines, and some others that have been undertaken in S Papua New Guinea, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll and Hong Kong. Distribution records and taxonomic opinion from these have been incorporated into the relevant studies of the author and his colleagues; references are are not re-listed here.

Taxonomic revisions of genera and families containing biogeographic records of recognisable Central Indo-Pacific species have been used to obtain many distribution ranges. Among many such studies are Bernard (1896) on Turbinaria and Astreopora; Bernard (1897) on Montipora and Anacropora; Brook (1892) on Acropora; Dinesen (1980) on Leptoseris; Hoeksema (1989) on Fungiidae and Lamberts (1982) on Astreopora. Further references to taxonomic literature are not listed here. Hoeksema (1989) provides a particularly complete biogeographic account of the Fungiidae.

(c) Tertiary data: from non-original Indo-Pacific-wide studies

Tertiary species-level data sources are not separated from generic data sources (see p- 343) because they integrade and thus various qualifications apply to references to most species. However, the most frequently used data sources for the western distribution limits of species are (from W to E), Scheer and Pillai (1983), Sheppard and Sheppard (1985, 1991), Sheppard (1985), Pichon (1964, 1971), Faure (1977, 1982), Pillai and Scheer (1976), Wafar (1986) Scheer and Pillai (1974) and a complex of recent studies in Central Indo-Pacific (listed above). Eastern distribution limits are less easily sourced, but include (from E to W), recent studies in the far eastern Pacific including many personal communications, the studies of Chevalier in French Polynesia, the author in the Marshall Is., Maragos (1977), Wells (1954) and many recent collections from the south Pacific, notably the Cook Is. and the original work of the author W from Vanuatu.

It is emphasised that there has been no direct transfer of information from these sources to the present database and that these references have been used as guides only.

19

' im 4 ; i : - dep geret: FAS Be)

ey

naa . = a re eee : i . _ een pace =

4 : 2 s ee Toe a : i En

Note 1

Note 2

Note 3

Note 4

Note 5

3 Editorial Notes

In the interests of brevity in summary statements about complex data, the following qualifying words are given specific meanings: generally qualifies a general statement where the author is aware that there are specific exceptions; recorded means ‘recorded from the original field and laboratory studies of the author and his colleagues’ (see above) when used to qualify a stated geographic range or range of characters; taxonomically significant means ‘significant taxonomic characters used by the author to separate or define taxa’ as opposed to what are believed to be non-taxonomically significant characters, such as colour variations or minor regional morphological or ecological characteristics.

In this context it is essential to note that highly polymorphic species may display ‘no taxonomically significant’ variations throughout their distribution range.

Terminology is consistent with a companion publication in preparation on coral biogeography, which includes a glossary.

The subheading TAXONOMIC REFERENCES specifies the authors primary taxonomic data source for the species under consideration. These are the most geographically relevant, but not necessarily the only, or best, references to taxonomic data for that particular species.

Abundance estimates are, of necessity, very general indications only. Except for very rare or very common species, abundance is extremely difficult to record. It varies greatly from country to country or from one geographic region to another. It also may change enormously between one habitat and the next, and even then it may only be an apparent abundance because large colonies of conspicuous species will appear to be more abundant than small or cryptic yet more numerous colonies of other species. In the present context, a rare species is one seldom encountered even if searched for; an uncommon species is one that is sometimes found in likely biotopes; a common species is one usually found in a likely biotope. This crude classification assumes that the species is recognisable in situ. Regional abundance estimates are not believed to be sufficiently well established to be used in numerical analyses.

Unidentified species (as opposed to unidentified specimens), which are usually rare and little studied, are included in this book only if the author believes that they are likely to be valid. These species are given a place name as a temporary identification.

21

Note 6

Note 7

Note 8

Note 9

EDITORIAL NOTES

The author intends to make electronic copies of distribution data in this volume

available to users.

If there is disagreement between distribution data present in maps, the text, tables, or the abovementioned electronic database, the tables have priority as they contain

all final additions and changes.

Only species recorded in the central Indo-Pacific by the author and his colleagues (the primary data) are included in this volume. Other species have been reliably recorded from the Central Indo-Pacific and are referred to in the text and in the captions to generic distribution maps. These references may not be complete for species that the author has not studied.

Queries (”?”) under the heading Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution refer either to

a particular taxonomic uncertainty, an identification uncertainty, or a combination of both. These uncertainties may originate from any of the Data Sources referred to in this volume, or may reflect an absence of adequate information.

22

3 x 7 44 al Sa Sil t= as \ Q Aw \y N29 \ \ \ | i — x 5 i A Sf ‘) x EAS A : x _ S 4 > 3S CF gy SY ; is &S ( % . 40 SD 5 2}

Figure 2. Isopangeneric contours of hermatypic corals, computer generated by digitally recording the known rar program. Contours indicate totals of distribution ranges, not totals of genera actually recorded for a given site or regions may have a lower diversity.

eo ait JAPAN ¢ (3 ‘see e fig 3) er J wes Midway |. Se. 6 Bulf of Or ® Ogasawara Is. RUPE AIC Oe le | Tropic of Cancer 7 Sv. Gulf of Kutch Hong Kong. . Laysan |. Red a Pa : mr : —— e > ey | aiwan \ Sea geonen _ h India Pp % ae ey Mariana » eh ae (central W y Gulf of “South China { ED Ts, fa. Wake Is. Nt Lo Mbd-el-kuri Gavenshani © be a ee 4 Sea \y Hs, AA @ Saipan I. © John ‘ © “®Socotra Bank ® \ Andamen se _}Mteram cob hilippines Guam be D . Djtoutie.” 9 Larkshadweep |. @ nN mele hog Thallgnd p §, Marballts. st PEE j SE Indiae“/\ Nicobar Is. : ahi Somali Mal nf Palau ls. ¢ 4: . J omalia Arcee si ‘Lanka vane ‘ jalaysia < @raiau IS. Caroline Is. | eer _ “eAddu Ato yes Spsingapsie fs £ Gilbert Is. @ Kenya "a 0 Ne — 26 2 . / INDIAN an - Mc Kean |, Zanzibarig Amirante Is. ¢ Seychelles D Na Ma Wea Guinea te petal Tanzania? Aldatya Is. s Sines Aeeh ~ Soloman Is 2 “Oni Is. Christmas Le “Ss Papua. * Funafuti I Comoros ° mn Ee é\ New Guinea gots Ue a} Tromelin : Cocos (Keeling) Atoll yf fh BS a © Rotuma ‘ “eSomoa y e Cargados Carajos apy 7A %, ze . Mozambique a “oe @ Rodriguez a £ ‘ Yo ob =. Fiji fi \ KES \ @ Tropic of Capricorn : ; 4 + Reunion Mauritius _ al AUSTRALIA aS: eit. ; *Tonga Ray ‘a OCEAN ‘3 (see fig 3) N \ 8 Natal : : \ 7 \ Sis ° ) #5 Attica Ea ai =a -® Kermadec Is. ew eo NY iy / Cape of Good Hope Can i Sy asa hy

Figure 3. Location map for records in Figs. 4-111. Dots indicate either specific islands or whole countries. Study s

p of all genera (see maps, p. 346-400) and combining these records using an Idrisi Global Information System ntry. They therefore indicate maximum genera diversity for large regions; remote or small areas within those

X {7 = . i pe ) al A "A i, Flower Garden Banks yo © Bermuda = fe Seco | NG wih A : \ Baja, Gulf of a Florida e°. | Florida Canary Is... California} Mid Grounds \p “Bahamas a a — = { aie 4 4 Tropic of Cancer Bt ES, Cabo Rejo ue i 4. \ ate & © Hawaii Tres Marias sis? aN £ 3 Ginge Sy |e Puerto Rico ATLANTIC : tol Cae e Acapulcs®<: Belize > e Jamaica ° ‘™Dominia fey I C. 4 } OCEAN El Salvador Sounduras Netherlands, Antillies tellatinaue ape Verde, Is. @: sere Clipperton Ie Costa Rica “Sentaubige Grenadines %& Wr. Panama Columbia Trinidad Sierra Leone & er, Cocos |¢ ER OCEAN een aa ae o Galapogps Is 2 Ivory Coast Ghana ~ *\ * Ecuador a ee Beat,

Cameroons®,

-Manihi "@ Marquesas Is. Assension |@ \ Rangiroa Takapoto 7; Sociey Tug Nope _Fangataufa £ L.. > Zz Ratola Saint Helena e ' piven Maa? Wf \ oc \ Tabuaig “Hao Po? ore Atoll : “sip,,_ Mururoa Tropic of Capricorn V

4s.@ — Gambier Pitcairn te A fire Easter |.

#3 in the Central Indo-Pacific are given in Figure 1.

Figure 2. Isopangeneric contours of hermatypic corals, computer generated by digitally recording the known ranges of all genera (see maps, p. 346-400) and combining these records using an Idrisi Global Information System program. Contours indicate totals of distribution ranges, not totals of genera actually recorded for a given site or country. They therefore indicate maximum genera diversity for large regions; remote or small areas within those

regions may have a lower diversity.

f a pe ae ei es Pi et Bm 4S rae aie = he! 2 JAPAN 7 ~( see fig 3) " , x 3 4 ty Sate Flower Garden Banks © Bermuda = Say 26 Kuwait 3 i ga °* te 5° 2 Kure Atoll @ Bajag >< Gulf of Florida \ Canary Is.w. #1 The Gulfe7.¢ # Ogasawara Is na «California Mid Grounds \@ “Bahamas ; Tropic of Cancer ibe hel” i NOS i i’ bane os Tropic of Cancer t g as - = SSS = 7 ——— = J — ee ee x _ So = a f PEC Ee le | Red pee * Taiwan aa 5 eae Cabo Rejo j oe j e _ sap A e yieet e Mariana Wake Is @ Hawaii Tres Marias Is@2 fi Cus Wefeestites AEDANTTIGC S | go ; , Gulf of South China § s =e 7 ee — > Balok i “3 E ® aa ral W) 7 hoe © Son EL Saipan | © Johnston Atoll uicot. - Belizeb _, Jamai @ Dominia ates | fs Abd-el-kuri Gavenshani @ ara Tha and a et #2 baer: \— Hounduras netherlands Antill e Martinique Cape Verde Is.@.* @ Senegal pik ee SPT ia ade us PACIFIC OCEAN E| Salvador @* etherlands, Antilies ~ Barbados . Larksnadweep |. @ eo ken ee p Marshall Is. Clipperton |. Costa Rica on & Svea arenadines a SE Indiae” / icot y Ad. ig ‘ e 2 wa ~ Venezueia idad dc 6) Nicobar Is:¢ Aa, Se ede ; wee Panama<@*", Columbia ei cee Sierra Leone ® omalia P (deg e* laysi oes e : ae Oe om “4 i 7 ae : Gilbert | ae es } 4 aoe thoy Cee ~ Ghana = ae ___@ Addu Atoll _¥s <8 Singapore 4 ae, e aie Galapogos Is 2 3 ne Kenya a Ag 4 SP, = McKeanl. ovo, bathe i ZF2 yy om / ; INDIAN —_N’Papua New Guinea ‘Ze @Kanton | Ecuador @ Se #2, Brazil ‘ Zanzib: Amirante |s., @ Seychelles Ee ae ‘i 4 ee Cameroons® Tanzanis Algabra is © Chagos Arch. 5 rok ees Se Is iS \ J : ; b a ; es ona Manihi Marquesas Is. = Assension |@ hristmas |e 4 SP 3 % -Mani e j Comorosi@ el oe EB Shines te aro Rangiroa | Takapoto x S Cc Keel tol New Guinéa : le : “i f \ Tromelin ocos (Keeling) Atoll 4 a Tenis Socioy, aM Pag sph ee } | Woranbinude™ Pri e Cargados Carajos oe a £8 x35 Tahiti®: ‘Ty __ Raroia 7 Saint Helena e ‘% — Madagascar © Rodriguez 2 i P'Miutaki ‘laiato/ “e- 6 %—Reiao \: ; ae pore ue ae New Se slUidbee Marutea (ae a2 j | Tropic of Capricorn _} & Reunion Maunttus : Ls la if TEU 1 Caledonia" Rarotaga Tabuai.’“ “Hao 9 *. 7 <P2n0 Atoll ga | od 3 k U 2 J Aas, Mururoa s) ae = Tropic of Capricorn y OCEAN oe: ( see fig 3) ‘V/f,@ ~~ Gambier Pitcairn Is. Ps ¢ . : Rapa Easter |. ‘ j a Natal : plen: © Kermadec Is { a ; S Africa { eee) ae | ; : ‘ yp a ao Ly j * f wT Cape of Good Hope aX ] wy £ 5 Sk, fg ¢ ? A pee ‘ a?

Figure 3. Location map for records in Figs.

4-111. Dots indicate either specific islands or whole countries. Study sites in the Central Indo-Pacific are given in Figure 1.

4 Family

Astrocoentidae Koby, 1890

Only one extant genus, Stylocoeniella, from the Indo-Pacific, is included in this family. Stephanocoenia is a related genus from the Caribbean.

Genus Stylocoeniella Yabe and Sugiyama, 1935

Has three species, all from the Central Indo-Pacific. All three occur at Cocos (Keeling) Atoll indicating the genus has a unusually good dispersal capability.

Stylocoeniella guentheri (Bassett-Smith, 1890)

Relatively common in Ryukyu Is., generally uncommon in Australia (common at the Houtman Abrolhos Is.). Cryptic, usually sub-massive to encrusting, rarely forming large colonies. Mostly in shallow, protected reefal environments. Forms massive colonies only at Elizabeth and Middleton Reef of E Australia, but large colonies are found on NW Shelf reefs of W Australia. Has an unusually wide range of calice structure, depending on environmental conditions. Some coralla from the Ryukyu Is. have very reduced coenosteum spines and the second septal cycle may be well-developed to nearly absent.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1976), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: South China Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Madagascar to Marshall Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe I., Sydney. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is.

23

FAMILY ASTROCOENIIDAE

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Indonesia, Vietnam, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Stylocoeniella armata (Ehrenberg, 1834)

Uncommon, cryptic, mostly encrusting and restricted to protected environments throughout. Much less common than S. guentheri throughout the recorded Central Indo-

Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1976), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Red Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: Scott Reef, Rowley Shoals. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Tosashimizu, Kushimoto, Shirahama, Izu.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Singapore, Malaysia, Cocos (Keeling)

Atoll, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, S Papua New Guinea.

Stylocoeniella cocosensis Veron, 1990

Coralla are encrusting and very cryptic. Corallites are irregular in size, shape and orientation and are inclined on the corallum surface. Calices are oval or crescent-shaped, depending on the degree of development of the associated style and degree of inclination on the corallum surface. The coenosteum is covered by spinules similar in size and appearance to those of other Stylocoeniella. A rare species known from two widely separated localities, with no taxonomically significant geographic variation recorded.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron (1990c).

TYPE LOCALITY: Cocos (Keeling) Atoll.

24

FAMILY ASTROCOENITIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Cocos (Keeling) Atoll to Japan.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Yaeyama Is.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

25

5 Family Pocilloporidae Gray, 1842

Contains three common and widespread genera, Pocillopora, Seriatopora and Stylophora and two uncommon genera, Palauastrea and Madracis, all from the Indo-Pacific.

Genus Pocillopora Lamarck, 1816

Contains four very common and widespread Central Indo-Pacific species as well as an uncertain number of uncommon species. The abundance and lack of geographic variation of the common species throughout the tropical Indo-Pacific gives the genus as a whole a uniform appearance. Only in higher latitudes is there marked taxonomically significant geographic variation, both in and among species.

Pocillopora damicornis (Linnaeus, 1758)

Common throughout the recorded distribution range except at Cocos (Keeling) Atoll. Colonies from tropical reefal locations show little taxonomically significant geographic variation. Colonies from non-reefal high latitude locations are structurally similar but are much more robust than those from reefal locations. Has a very wide range of environment- correlated variation. Colonies from turbid water at the Houtman Abrolhos Is. may be so finely branched that they resemble Seriatopora caliendrum. Colonies from Rottnest I. of SW Australia and the Solitary and Lord Howe Is. of SE Australia are almost identical, with thick, tightly compacted branches. Usually pale to dark brown or green, but sometimes pink in the Ryukyu Is. and Tanegashima, dark yellow-grey to brownish-purple in mainland Japan.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1976), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: “Oceanus Asiatico”.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to central America.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea,

27

FAMILY POCILLOPORIDAE

Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and

Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe I.,

Solitary Is., N coastal N.S.W.

W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch, Pilbara

coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is., SW

coastal locations S to Garden I.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is.,

Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Cocos

(Keeling) Atoll, Indonesia, Vietnam, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Pocillopora verrucosa (Ellis and Solander, 1786)

Generally common in tropical locations where colonies have wide environment- correlated, but little taxonomically significant variation. A single corallum collected from Tanegashima, the northern geographic limit, shows no distinctive characters. Coralla throughout the known distribution range have purple-brown pigments in proximal branches.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1976), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Unrecorded.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to Hawaii and central America.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amami Is.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Cocos

(Keeling) Atoll, Indonesia, Vietnam, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

28

FAMILY POCILLOPORIDAE

Pocillopora meandrina Dana, 1846

Common on E Australian and Coral Sea reefs exposed to strong wave action. Uncommon in the Ryukyu Is. May be difficult to distinguish from P. verrucosa unless both species occur together. Differences between these species appear constant at all locations where studied.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1986a), Veron and Pichon (1976). TYPE LOCALITY: Hawaii.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Nicobar Is. to central America.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Indonesia, Vietnam, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Pocillopora eydouxi Edwards and Haime, 1860

Common in tropical Australian locations and throughout the Ryukyu Is. where it may be a dominant species in areas of strong current. The length and compactness of branches varies greatly from one locality to another but the only regional variation observed is that colonies from W Australia and the GBR may be larger and more compact than

Ryukyu Is. colonies. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1976), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: “Pacific Ocean”.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to central America.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs.

2?

FAMILY POCILLOPORIDAE

W Australia: NW Shelf reefs, Dampier Arch, Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tosashimizu. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Indonesia, Vietnam, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Pocillopora woodjonesi Vaughan, 1819

Uncommon in most locations and usually difficult to distinguish from P. eydouxi except where both species occur together. Colonies identified by the author as P. woodjonesi in situ at the type locality did not have clearly defined species specific skeletal characters as described by Vaughan (1918) and Wells (1950) and used by the author. The taxonomic status of this species requires further study.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1986a, 1989b), Veron and Pichon (1976). TYPE LOCALITY: Cocos-Keeling Is.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Cocos-Keeling Is. to ?French Polynesia and ?central America.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, N and Central GBR. W Australia: Cartier Reef, Scott Reef, Dampier Arch, Ningaloo Reef Tract. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Indonesia, Vietnam, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, S Papua New Guinea.

Genus Seriatopora Lamarck, 1816

Most Seriatopora of the Central Indo-Pacific is a single, very common polymorphic species, S. hystrix. More species (perhaps five) occur in the W Indian Ocean and Red Sea than in the Central Indo-Pacific.

30

FAMILY POCILLOPORIDAE

Seriatopora hystrix Dana, 1864

Common throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. Has a very wide range of ecomorphs throughout this range, with little geographic variability except that the full range of ecomorphs may not be found in all locations. A particular ecomorph with very short pointed branches is common on NW Shelf reefs of W Australia. The gall-crab Hapalocarcinus marsupialis occurs with S. hystrix in most tropical locations. Colonies are pink or cream throughout the known distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1976), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to Phoenix Is. and Samoa.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe I. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Seriatopora caliendrum Ehrenberg, 1834

Common in the Philippines and the Ningaloo reefs, but generally uncommon or rare elsewhere. May be difficult to distinguish from the much more abundant and variable S. hystrix and can also be confused with fine P. damicornis.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1976), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Red Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to Vanuatu.

31

FAMILY POCILLOPORIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea,

N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Elizabeth and

Middleton Reefs.

W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Kimberley coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract,

Houtman Abrolhos Is.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia,

Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Genus Stylophora

Schweigger, 1819

Most Stylophora in the Central Indo-Pacific is a single, very polymorphic species, S. pistillata. As with Seriatopora, there are more species of Stylophora in the western Indian Ocean and Red Sea than in the Central Indo-Pacific.

Stylophora pistillata Esper, 1797

Has one of the greatest ranges of growth form of any coral. Colonies from shallow reef flats exposed to strong wave action have very thick branches, becoming almost submassive. Colonies from sheltered lagoons have long thin branches, especially if the water is turbid and light availability reduced. The former colonies are usually pink or blue in colour, the latter are usually cream. Colonies from intermediate environments have intermediate growth forms and colours. These growth forms clearly integrate and do not overlap (except where adjacent microhabitats are very different). There is also considerable geographic variation in growth form extremes; thick-branched colonies are relatively common in the GBR and Vanuatu and thin-branched colonies are relatively common in high latitude reefs of E and W Australia (Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe I. and the Houtman Abrolhos Is.) and the Ryukyu Is.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1976), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: “East Indian Ocean”. DISTRIBUTION:

Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea, The Gulf and E Africa to French Polynesia.

32

FAMILY POCILLOPORIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe L.,, Solitary Is.

W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch,

Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Stylophora sp. Japan

Variation within this probable species has been studied only in a series of coralla from one locality in the Ryukyu Is. At one extreme these have all the characters of Seriatopora, including corallites arranged in rows. At the other they intergrade with a deep water ecomorph of Stylophora pistillata. Specimens from the Philippines are clearly the same species, which requires further study.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron (1991a).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to Ryukyu Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: not known. S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Genus Palauastrea Yabe and Eguchi, 1941

Palauastrea has only one species, P. ramosa.

Palauastrea ramosa Yabe and Sugiyama, 1941

There are no observable differences between coralla from the Houtman Abrolhos Is. and those from the GBR, despite the fact that the species has not been found on any reefs in between. Usually restricted to soft substrates and turbid water in Australia. There is substantial variation in coralla from different habitats in the Philippines and the Ryukyu Is.

33

FAMILY POCILLOPORIDAE

where, unlike Australia, this species is common in shallow water, where colonies have short compact branches with proliferous coenosteum styles on branch tips, have corallites that are relatively deep and have two clearly developed (even sub-equal) septal cycles. Coralla from deep water have finer, open branches, form larger colonies, and have relatively superficial corallites with abortive second cycle septa. The former ecomorph has been found on the GBR, but is rare.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1976), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Palau.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Andaman Is. to Vanuatu.

Indo-Pacific Distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Genus Madracis Edwards and Haime, 1849

Madracis is one of the few genera containing both hermatypic and ahermatypic species. As far as is recorded, M. kirbyi is exclusively hermatypic while M. asanoi could be both hermatypic and ahermatypic as are other (non-Central Indo-Pacific) species.

Madracis kirbyi Veron and Pichon, 1976

Well-developed colonies have short club-shaped branches, but most are encrusting. No taxonomically significant geographic variation has been recorded, but as the species is always rare, this has been little studied. Great Barrier Reef and Philippines colonies have the same colours.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1976), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

FAMILY POCILLOPORIDAE

DISTRIBUTION:

Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: The Gulf and Oman (but not the Red Sea) to E Australia and ?French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Central GBR. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea.

Madracis asanoi Yabe and Sugiyama, 1941

It is not known if this is exclusively an ahermatypic species or not. The only corallum studied had fine, irregular branches, a growth form more suggestive of an ahermatypic species than the much more robust (hermatypic) M. kirbyi. The holotype, from a depth of ‘100 fathoms’, is almost certainly ahermatypic.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1991a); Yabe and Sugiyama (1941). TYPE LOCALITY: Palau.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Japan mainland to Palau.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Kushimoto.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Palau.

35

6 Family Acroporidae Verrill, 1902

Genus Montipora de Blainville, 1830

Many more species of Montipora, especially ramose species, occur in the Philippines than either Japan or (especially) Australia. Many of these species are poorly known and the present records are likely to be incomplete.

Most species from NW Shelf reefs are indistinguishable from those of the GBR. Coralla from coastal and southern locations usually exhibit varying degrees of geographic variation. In some cases, especially some species from the Houtman Abrolhos Islands (e.g. M. mollis, M. turtlensis, M. spongodes, M. angulata and M. informis), the degree of variation makes identification doubtful and suggests the presence of geographic subspecies.

Montipora monasteriata (Forskal, 1775)

A readily recognised common species that shows no taxonomically significant geographic variation within the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. Especially common on NW Shelf reefs where it occurs on reef flats to lower slopes.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Red Sea. DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to Vanuatu and ?Hawaii. Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, Torres Strait,

N and Central GBR, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Pilbara coast, Dampier Arch.,

37

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Montipora tuberculosa (Lamarck, 1816)

Common; shows no taxonomically significant geographic variation within the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range although the full variation is obscured by

unresolved taxonomic problems. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Unrecorded.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to Marshall Is. and French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef. W Australia: Scott Reef, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Dampier Arch., Shark Bay region. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: NN Papua New Guinea, Thailand, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan.

Montipora lobulata Bernard, 1897

The holotype from the British Museum (Natural History) is very similar to a corallum collected from Cocos (Keeling) Atoll; this species requires further study.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1990b). TYPE LOCALITY: Diego Garcia.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Diego Garcia to Cocos (Keeling) Atoll.

38

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: not found. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Cocos (Keeling) Atoll.

Montipora hoffmeisteri Wells, 1954

Generally common but inconspicuous. Geographic variability is unrecorded but Japanese coralla are similar to those from the GBR and tropical W Australia.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wells (1954), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Marshall Is.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: W Australia to Marshall Is. and French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vietnam, Indonesia, Vanuatu.

Montipora flower Wells, 1954

Common on upper reef slopes of the Coral Sea and Vanuatu, but may be uncommon elsewhere. Very cryptic; geographic variability is unrecorded.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wells (1954), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Marshall Is. DISTRIBUTION:

Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Red Sea and W Australia to Marshall Is., Vanuatu and French Polynesia.

39

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Ningaloo Reef Tract. Philippines - Japan: not found. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea,

Vanuatu.

Montipora millepora Crossland, 1952

Cryptic, probably common throughout the known distribution range except for W Australia where it is uncommon. Full geographic variability is unrecorded but coralla

show no taxonomically significant variation. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?E Africa and W Australia to Coral Sea and ?French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Rowley Shoals, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vietnam, Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Montipora mollis Bernard, 1897

One of the most common and variable of all Montipora species on the GBR and, especially, SW Australia, where it occurs in most shallow- water habitats and has a very wide range of skeletal variation. Probably uncommon at Cocos (Keeling) Atoll. Within single sites, variation is clearly attributable to environmental conditions, but this is less clear between sites, and there remains a possibility that this is a species complex rather than a single species. Generally uncommon elsewhere in the recorded Central Indo-Pacific.

40

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Bernard (1897), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea, E Africa and The Gulf to Hawaii.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Lord Howe 1., Solitary Is., Sydney. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is., SW coastal locations S to Geographe Bay, Researche Arch. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N Papua New Guinea, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vanuatu.

Montipora turtlensis Veron and Wallace, 1984

Common in turbid waters over most of the recorded tropical Central Indo-Pacific where it appears to have little taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Malaysia and W to E Australia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe I. W Australia: Rowley Shoals, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is., Geographe Bay. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia.

4]

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Montipora effusa Dana, 1846

Common in the Philippines. Skeletal characters are similar to those of M. turgescens. TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron (1991a). TYPE LOCALITY: Tahiti.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Mozambique and Philippines to French

Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Montipora peltiformis Bernard, 1897

Common in the Philippines and Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, uncommon elsewhere within the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. Coralla show little taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Indonesia.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Madagascar to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Rowley Shoals, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is., SW coastal locations S to Port Gregory. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N Papua New Guinea, Thailand Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Taiwan, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vanuatu.

,

42

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Montipora calcarea Bernard, 1897

An ill-defined and little known species. TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Tonga.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: W Australia to Tonga.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Montipora turgescens Bernard, 1897

Common throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range where it always has a very wide range of variation. Geographic variations have not been determined, but the recorded range of variation in the Philippines and Japan is similar to that of the GBR.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Red Sea and Nicobar Is. to Ellice Is., Samoa and French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe I. W Australia: Scott Reef, Rowley Shoals, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is., Port Gregory region. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama, Izu. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan,

N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

43

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Montipora capricornis Veron, 1985

Common and conspicuous in higher latitude lagoons of E and W Australia (Capricorn/Bunker Reefs and Houtman Abrolhos Is., respectively) and Vanuatu, but uncommon elsewhere. Coralla from Australia and Vanuatu have differences in skeletal detail

which may be taxonomically significant.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1985, 1986a), Veron and Wallace (1984) (as Montipora sp. 2).

TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Cocos (Keeling) Is. to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vanuatu.

Montipora setosa Nemenzo, 1976

Generally uncommon in the Philippines, not recorded by the author elsewhere. TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Nemenzo (1976). TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Montipora sp. E Australia 1

Known from two specimens from Lord Howe I. TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron and Wallace (1984) (as Montipora sp. 3).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Lord Howe I.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Lord Howe I. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Montipora spongodes Bernard, 1897

Usually uncommon. There are substantial differences between coralla from tropical reefs and high latitude Australian locations, indicating the presence of geographic subspecies or a species complex. Septa are better developed in Japanese coralla than in those from the GBR.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Not designated.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Seychelles and W Thailand to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe I., Solitary Is. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is., SW coastal locations S to Port Dineson. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N Papua New Guinea, Thailand,

Malaysia, Indonesia, Vanuatu.

45

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Montipora spumosa (Lamarck, 1816)

A distinctive species primarily characterised by a very coarse reticulum. Japanese and Philippines coralla have slightly finer reticulum structures than those from the GBR. Large colonies with prominent reticulum ridges, common on the GBR and NW Shelf reefs of W Australia, have not been seen in Vanuatu, the Philippines or Japan.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Unrecorded.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Mozambique to French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Kushimoto.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N Papua New Guinea, Thailand,

Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vanuatu.

Montipora confusa Nemenzo, 1967

A common and very distinctive species in the Philippines, not recorded elsewhere. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Nemenzo (1967); Veron and Hodgson (1989). TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

46

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Montipora sp. E Australia 2

Known only from three coralla collected from very different environments. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984) (as Montipora sp. 4).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: GBR to Coral Sea.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, N GBR. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Montipora undata Bernard, 1897

Common on upper reef slopes of tropical Australia, generally uncommon elsewhere. Coralla show no taxonomically significant variation throughout the recorded distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Moluccas.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?E Africa, Moluccas and Indonesia to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N Papua New Guinea, Thailand,

Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

Montipora mactanensis Nemenzo, 1979

Generally common in the Ryukyu Is. and sometimes common in the Philippines where coralla consist of thin plates with fine, radiating reticulum ridges, and show no

taxonomically significant variation.

47

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Nemenzo (1979), Veron (1991a). TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to Japan.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Montipora danae (Edwards and Haime, 1851)

Common in Vanuatu, Australia and the Philippines, generally uncommon in Cocos (Keeling) Atoll and the Ryukyu Is. Verrucae may be tightly compacted in colonies exposed to strong wave action, but variation is generally the same throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. Mostly a uniform pale brown but dark brown at

Tanegashima. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to Marshall Is. and French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe L., Solitary Is. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Kushimoto.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N Papua New Guinea, Malaysia,

Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

48

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Montipora verrucosa (Lamarck, 1816)

Generally rare in the Philippines and Japan, common elsewhere. Coralla show no taxonomically significant geographic variation and polyps are often bright blue throughout this range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Unrecorded.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to Marshall Is. and ?Pitcairn I.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N Papua New Guinea, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

Montipora capitata Dana, 1846

Common in the Philippines, rare in the Ryukyu Is. where the species occurs as isolated pockets. Coralla from the Philippines and Ryukyu Is. are very similar, while those from Vanuatu tend to have thicker branches.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Hodgson (1989), Veron (1991a). TYPE LOCALITY: Hawaii.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to Hawaii.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vanuatu.

49

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Montipora incrassata (Dana, 1864)

Probably common in Vanuatu, uncommon on the GBR and in Japan where colonies tend to be submassive, without the digitate or irregular upgrowths of GBR colonies.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Malaysia and W Australia to Hawaii.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and

Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs Capricorn and Bunker Reefs,

Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs.

W Australia: Scott Reef, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Houtman

Abrolhos Is.

Philippines - Japan: Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea,

Vanuatu.

Montipora foveolata (Dana, 1864)

Common on the GBR and in Vanuatu, generally uncommon in the Philippines and Japan where colonies are usually plate-like or submassive and have similar corallites which are relatively small and less easily distinguished from M. venosa.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?E Africa, ?Chagos and W Australia to Pitcairn Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region.

50

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Montipora venosa (Ehrenberg, 1834)

Uncommon or rare throughout the known distribution range. Coralla from the Philippines and Japan are less easily distinguished from M. foveolata than are those from Vanuatu and the GBR.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Unrecorded.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to Marshall Is. and French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait,

N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef,

Lord Howe I.

W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Scott Reef, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch.,

Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Hong Kong, Malaysia, Vietnam,

Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Montipora caliculata (Dana, 1846)

Uncommon or rare throughout the recorded distribution range except at Vanuatu where it is very common. The reticulum of coralla from the Philippines and Japan is usually finer than that of most GBR coralla; corallites are very similar. Vanuatu colonies have a wider range of growth forms than recorded elsewhere.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

ot

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Malaysia and W Australia to Pitcairn I.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N GBR, Flinders Reef. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Vanuatu.

Montipora angulata (Lamarck, 1816)

Uncommon throughout the known distribution range. Found only on reef flats or subtidal sand flats with M. digitata at Cocos (Keeling) Atoll where colonies have thick branches becoming columnar, with conspicuous open corallites. Environment-correlated and geographic variation has not been fully recorded elsewhere, but is wider than this.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: “Eastern Indian Ocean”.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Gulf of Mannar and W Australia to GBR.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Solitary Is. W Australia: Scott Reef, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is., Shark Bay region. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tosashimizu.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vietnam, Malaysia, Thailand, Taiwan,

Cocos (Keeling) Atoll.

Montipora samarensis Nemenzo, 1967

May form extensive stands in the Philippines and Yaeyama Is., where colonies may have long, compact branches. Probably rare in the Okinawa Is.; very common on reef flats of Vanuatu.

52

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Nemenzo (1976), Veron and Hodgson (1989). TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found.

W Australia: not found.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vanuatu.

Montipora altasepta Nemenzo, 1967

Forms extensive stands in the Philippines and Yaeyama Is. where, in thick stands of Montipora, branches may be long and straight; in more isolated colonies, branches usually become short, irregular and and anastomosed. Has not been recorded elsewhere in Japan. Very common on protected reef flats of Vanuatu where branches are of highly variable size and shape.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Nemenzo (1967), Veron and Hodgson (1989). TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vanuatu.

Montipora sp. Cocos (Keeling) Atoll

A sub-arborescent species similar to M. digitata, primarily distinguished by high reticulum ridges between corallites and flattened branch tips with few corallites. This species has not been recorded elsewhere in the Central Indo-Pacific.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron (1990b).

53

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Cocos (Keeling) Atoll only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Montipora digitata (Dana, 1846)

Very common in protected shallow (subtidal) water throughout the recorded distribution range. Has a very wide range of environment-correlated variation. May be a species complex. May occur as two colour morphs in the Philippines and GBR, but is usually cream or brown elsewhere.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: E Africa and Arabian Sea to Vanuatu and Fiji.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea,

N and Central GBR.

W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Cartier Reef, Scott Reef, Kimberley coast,

Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is.,

Geralton region.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N Papua New Guinea, Thailand,

Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

Montipora gaimardi Bernard, 1897

Common in the Philippines, uncommon in the Ryukyu Is. Variation has not been fully determined, but is generally like M. digitata but with short, contorted branches.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Bernard (1897), Veron (1991a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Unrecorded.

54

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to Japan.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found.

W Australia: not found.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Montipora hispida (Dana, 1846)

Common on the GBR and Vanuatu, generally uncommon in Japan except at Kushimoto. Variation is similar throughout the tropics. Coralla from mainland locations of Japan are relatively plate-like and lightly calcified; colonies are usually columnar in lagoons of tropical reefs.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Singapore.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: E Africa to Hawaii.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Scott Reef, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N Papua New Guinea, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

Montipora informis Bernard, 1897

Generally common throughout the recorded Indo-west pacific distribution range, with a similar range of variation. Massive colonies are especially large at Tanegashima and

these have an especially wide colour range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Bernard (1897), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a).

55

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and Madagascar to French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N Papua New Guinea, Malaysia,

Hong Kong, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

Montipora orientalis Nemenzo, 1967

Philippine colonies are flat, glabrous, unifacial or bifacial plates. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Nemenzo (1967). TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Montipora australiensis Bernard, 1897

Well-defined and common only on exposed reefs of the Coral Sea; generally rare elsewhere.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Bernard (1897), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Houtman Abrolhos Is. Taxonomic note: Although the Houtman Abrolhos Is. is the type locality, this species has not been found by the author anywhere in W Australia.

56

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Malaysia and W Australia to Pitcairn Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, N GBR. W Australia: Houtman Abrolhos Is. (type specimen only). Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia.

Montipora efflorescens Bernard, 1897

Common throughout the known distribution range except Vanuatu where it is uncommon. Colonies from the Philippines and Ryukyu Is. have a similar range of variation, but tend to develop branch-like up-growths more than is usual on the GBR.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Unrecorded.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Gulf of Oman and Chagos Is. to Samoa and French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea,

Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs,

Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Solitary Is.

W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch.,

Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Izu. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N Papua New Guinea, Thailand,

Malaysia, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

57

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Montipora nodosa (Dana, 1846)

Common in the Coral Sea, uncommon elsewhere. Coralla show no taxonomically

significant geographic variation throughout the recorded distribution range. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: W Australia to Pitcairn Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: Scott Reef, Dampier Arch., Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

Montipora grisea Bernard, 1897

Generally common throughout the recorded distribution range except for W Australia where it is common only in the tropics. Shows no taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Tonga.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Cocos (Keeling) Is. to Tonga.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is., SW coastal locations S to Port Gregory. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vietnam, N Papua New Guinea, Cocos

(Keeling) Atoll, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

58

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Montipora hirsuta Nemenzo, 1967

Common in the Philippines and Ryukyu Is. where colonies show no taxonomically significant geographic variation and are uniformly cream in colour.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Nemenzo (1967). TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines to Japan.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to Japan.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found.

W Australia: not found.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Montipora stellata Bernard, 1897

Sometimes common in the Philippines and common on the GBR and in Japan (S Ryukyu Is. only). Coralla show no taxonomically significant geographic variation throughout the recorded distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Saudi Arabia and W Australia to E

Australia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait,

N and Central GBR.

W Australia: Dampier Arch., Houtman Abrolhos Is.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vietnam, N Papua New Guinea,

Malaysia, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Taiwan.

59

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Montipora malampaya Nemenzo, 1967

Common in the Philippines, generally rare in the Yaeyama Is. Colonies show no

taxonomically significant geographic variations. TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Nemenzo (1967). TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to Japan.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Montipora cactus Bernard, 1897

Generally common in protected shallow biotopes and has a similar range of variation within the recorded distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Bernard (1897). Veron (1991a). TYPE LOCALITY: Unrecorded.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to Japan.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found.

W Australia: not found.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Montipora sp. Philippines

Common in the Yaeyama Is. over a wide range of environments, probably less common elsewhere. Colonies consist of thin plates like those of M. foliosa, with irregular coenostial ridges and elongate papillae. Corallites are minute and widely spaced.

60

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron and Hodgson (1989).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to Japan.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found.

W Australia: not found.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Montipora corbettensis Veron and Wallace, 1984

Rare and little studied. Colonies are massive or are thick unifacial or bifacial plates. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Malaysia to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Torres Strait, Nand Central GBR. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: not found. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, Indonesia, N Papua New

Guinea, Vanuatu.

Montiporea sp. E Australia 3

Rare and little studied. TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron and Wallace (1984) (as Montipora sp. 5).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: GBR only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: N and Central GBR. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

61

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Montipora foliosa (Pallas, 1766)

Very common on the GBR and tropical W Australia, generally uncommon or rare in the Houtman Abrolhos Is., Vanuatu, the Ryukyu Is. and probably the Philippines. Shows no taxonomically significant geographic variation except at the Philippines where there is a possibility of an additional, very similar species (M. multipapillosa Nemenzo) being present.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Unrecorded.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and Mozambique to Fiji.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vietnam, Indonesia, N Papua New

Guinea, Malaysia, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

Montipora cebuensis Nemenzo, 1976

Generally uncommon throughout the recorded distribution range. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Nemenzo (1976), Veron and Hodgson (1989). TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vanuatu.

62

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Montipora aequituberculata Bernard, 1897

Very common in E and W Australia, generally uncommon in Vanuatu, the Philippines and the Ryukyu Is. Seldom forms large plates in the Ryukyu Is. but coralla are very similar throughout the recorded distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Bernard (1897), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Torres Strait.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to Marquesas Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe I. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is., SW coastal locations S to Port Gregory. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Cocos (Keeling)

Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Montipora friabilis Bernard, 1897

Uncommon and little studied. The validity of this species is uncertain. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Bernard (1897), Veron and Hodgson (1989). TYPE LOCALITY: Unrecorded.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Mozambique to Japan.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found.

W Australia: not found.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Tanegashima. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

63

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Montipora florida Nemenzo, 1967

Uncommon and little studied. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Nemenzo (1967), Veron and Hodgson (1989). TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Montipora crassituberculata Bernard, 1897

Generally common in Vanuatu and the GBR, generally uncommon in W Australia, rare in the Philippines.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Bernard (1897), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Houtman Abrolhos Is.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Thailand to Pitcairn Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Montipora sp. W Australia 1

A doubtful species known from a single corallum. TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron and Marsh (1988).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: W Australia only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Montipora sp. W Australia 2

A doubtful species known from a single corallum. TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron and Marsh (1988).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: W Australia only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Montipora sp. W Australia 3

Probably a valid species, but little studied. TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron and Marsh (1988).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: W Australia only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

65

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Genus Anacropora Ridley, 1884

Anacropora forbesi Ridley, 1884

Generally uncommon throughout the recorded distribution range, but may be a dominant species on soft substrates in deeper water.

Very polymorphic; coralla from Japan are similar to those from Vanuatu in having prominent, conical shaped corallites, but differ in having blunt, rather than pointed branch tips.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Cocos (Keeling) Atoll (not found by Veron, 1990b).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Seychelles and Providence Is. to Marshall Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vanuatu.

Anacropora puertogalerae Nemenzo, 1964

Generally uncommon throughout the recorded distribution range. Colonies from the Ryukyu Is. and other equatorial western Pacific countries are very similar, but differ substantially from those of Vanuatu and the GBR in having finer branches and relatively prominent coenosteum styles. This may amount to a species-level difference.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Nemenzo (1964), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to Vanuatu.

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FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR. W Australia: Scott Reef. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Anacropora spinosa Rehberg, 1892

Generally uncommon or rare throughout the recorded distribution range except in restricted pockets.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Rehberg (1892). TYPE LOCALITY: Palau.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Malaysia to Japan.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found.

W Australia: not found.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, Indonesia.

Anacropora matthati Pillai, 1973

Uncommon or rare but with a similar range of variation throughout the recorded

distribution range. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Indonesia.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Indonesia to E Australia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Central GBR. W Australia: not found.

67

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New

Guinea, S Papua New Guinea.

Anacropora reticulata Veron and Wallace, 1984

Colonies in the Philippines and Ryukyu Is. are similar, with robust branches up to 12mm diameter 20mm from the tip. Coralla from the GBR have a relatively fine coenosteum

and elaborate coenosteum spinules. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Indonesia to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Central GBR.

W Australia: not found.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Indonesia, Vanuatu.

Anacropora sp.Philippines

A single corallum from the Ryukyu Is. has more compact branches than Philippines coralla, otherwise they are very similar.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Hodgson (1989), Veron (1991a).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to Japan.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

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FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Genus Acropora Oken, 1815

As with most Montipora species, there is a greater degree of intra- specific similarity between Acropora of the tropical NW Shelf of W Australia and the GBR than there is between tropical and temperate Australian locations. There are also major differences in the relative abundance of species between tropical and temperate regions. Of the 15 groups of Acropora defined by Veron and Wallace (1984), the A. palifera and A. echinata groups are largely restricted to NW Shelf reefs of W Australia where colonies are similar in abundance and appearance to those of the GBR. Three common members of the A. humilis group (A. humilis, A. gemmifera and A. monticulosa) are similarly restricted or absent in W Australia.

There are major differences in relative abundance between the W and E Australian coasts in other species: A. samoensis, A. cytherea, A. aculeus, A. divaricata, A. clathrata and A. sarmentosa are all common on most reefs of the GBR, but usually uncommon in W Australian coastal locations. The reverse applies to A. willisae, which is much less common on the GBR. Acropora abrolhosensis, A. spicifera and A. stoddarti have not been recorded from the E coast.

Several W Australian Acropora species have distinct variants in specific geographic regions and may be sibling species or geographic subspecies. The most notable of these are A. grandis from temperate locations, which has distinct morphological characters and colours, and A. florida from all W locations which is similarly distinguished from all E coast locations.

There are also morphological, colour and behavioural differences between colonies from temperate locations and their tropical counterparts. Several species of Acropora at the Houtman Abrolhos Is. extend their polyps during the day, whereas this is almost never seen in tropical locations. Similarly, many Acropora species at the Houtman Abrolhos Is. (except those growing on reef flats exposed to wave action) are relatively lightly calcified. Coralla of all species from coastal temperate locations are substantially morphologically different from coralla of the same species (or in some cases, supposedly the same species) from either the Houtman Abrolhos Is. or from tropical locations. This may be attributable to environmental conditions at the extreme limit of distribution ranges.

One of the most distinctive characters of Cocos (Keeling) Atoll corals is the low diversity and, usually, the low abundance of Acropora. The only extensive stands of living Acropora are on reef flats. Very extensive stands of dead arborescent species, mainly A. pulchra and A. formosa, occur in the lagoon and extensive dead tabular colonies, no longer identifiable, occur at North Keeling I.

In Japan, Acropora of coral reef locations (Ryukyu Is.) are also markedly different from those of higher latitude non-reefal locations. In both regions, Acropora is usually the overwhelmingly dominant genus; the differences being (a) in skeletal structure, colour and general appearance in situ, (b) in the relative abundance of dominant species and (c), in total species composition. Skeletal structures of mainland Acropora (unlike those of the Houtman Abrolhos Is.) are relatively thick, solid and highly calcified. Colour patterns may be the same or be completely different; they are usually darker and more intense. Relative abundance of species is generally uniform between adjacent locations of relatively high diversity (eg. between Shirahama and Kushimoto), but may vary greatly between distant mainland

69

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

locations (eg. Amakusa Is. and Kushimoto). In general, for any given species, there is less geographic variation within the Ryukyu Is. than there is within mainland locations. This may be genetic or it may be the result of more critical environmental gradations.

Acropora palifera (Lamarck, 1815)

The most common of all corals on the E Australian coast, but known only from the NW Shelf reefs of the W coast where it is abundant, especially on upper reef slopes exposed to strong wave action. The range of growth forms on both Australian coasts is similar except that colonies at Lord Howe Is. tend to form incipient axial corallites. Coralla from the reef slope and lagoon of Cocos (Keeling) Atoll are similar and thus display only a small part of the variation of Australian coralla. A dominant species in high energy environments throughout the Philippines and Ryukyu Is., where there is little taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: “Southern Ocean”.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: E Africa to the Marshall Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe I. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora cuneata (Dana, 1846)

Common on the GBR, uncommon in the Philippines and Ryukyu Is. Corallites of Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vanuatu, the Philippines and Ryukyu Is. coralla tend to be smaller than is normal on the GBR. At Tanegashima, encrusting colonies occur in exposed habitats and these have irregular corallites with some tendency to form incipient axial corallites.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

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FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: E Africa to the Marshall Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Tanegashima. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora brueggemanni (Brook, 1893)

Like A. palifera, this species is found only on NW Shelf reefs of the W Australian coast, where it has the same range of growth forms as on the GBR. Very common on reef flats and upper reef slopes of the Philippines and Ryukyu Is. and may be a dominant species in both exposed and protected habitats. Uncommon in Vanuatu. Has a similar, wide range of variation throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wallace (1978), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Singapore.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Mozambique and Malaysia to Samoa.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vietnam, Indonesia, N Papua New

Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora ocellata (Klunzinger, 1879)

Recorded in the Central Indo-Pacific only from Cocos (Keeling) Atoll where it is common.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wells (1950), Veron (1990b).

TYPE LOCALITY: Red Sea.

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FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to Cocos (Keeling) Atoll.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: not found. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Cocos (Keeling) Atoll.

Acropora humilis (Dana, 1846)

Common in Vanuatu, on the GBR and NW Shelf reefs of W Australia, but has only been recorded at the Dampier Archipelago on the W Australian coast, where it is uncommon. Common in Vanuatu. Restricted to exposed biotopes of the Philippines and Ryukyu Is. where it is generally uncommon to rare.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wallace (1978), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora gemmifera (Brook, 1892)

Common in Vanuatu, on GBR upper reef slopes and on the NW Shelf reefs of W Australia, but has only been recorded at the Dampier Archipelago on the mainland coast, where it is uncommon. Restricted to exposed biotopes of the Philippines and Ryukyu Is. where it is usually much more abundant than A. humilis.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

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FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to Pitcairn Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe I. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Vietnam, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora monticulosa (Briiggemann, 1897)

Uncommon on the GBR where it may form very large colonies on upper reef slopes. Recorded only from the NW Shelf reefs of W Australia and similarly exposed biotopes in the Philippines and Ryukyu Is., where it is generally uncommon, and Vanuatu where it is common. Has a similar range of variation throughout the recorded Central Indo- Pacific.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Rodriguez.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Aldabra to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vietnam, Thailand, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora sp. E Australia 1 Rare; found only on the GBR where it has a distinctive appearance. TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron and Wallace (1984) (as Acropora sp. 1). DISTRIBUTION:

Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: GBR only.

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FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: N GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Acropora samoensis (Brook, 1891)

Generally uncommon throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific except at Vanuatu where it is common. Coralla from the Philippines and the Ryukyu Is. show no taxonomically significant differences.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Samoa.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Thailand to Samoa and Pitcairn Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Indonesia, N Papua New

Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora digitifera (Dana, 1846)

Common on exposed reef flats of tropical W and E Australia, the Ryukyu Is. and Tanegashima, where colonies have the same range of growth forms. Only corymbose colonies have been recorded from the Houtman Abrolhos Is.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wallace (1978), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Unrecorded. DISTRIBUTION:

Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and Madagascar to Samoa, French

Polynesia and ?Pitcairn Is.

74

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is., SW coastal locations S to Port Gregory. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Amakusa Is.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan,

N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora multiacuta Nemenzo, 1967

Uncommon or rare throughout the known Indo-west Pacific distribution range. Forms much larger colonies in the Philippines than on the GBR.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wallace (1978), Nemenzo (1976), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Nicobar Is. to E Australia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Indonesia.

Acropora bushyensis Veron and Wallace, 1984

A single specimen attributed to this species from W Australia shows no differences from coralla from the southern GBR, the only other recorded locality of the species.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wallace (1978) (as A. tubicinaria) (Dana, 1846), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

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FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ? W to E Australia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: Shark Bay region. Philippines - Japan: not found. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: ?Vietnam.

Acropora verweyt Veron and Wallace, 1984

Generally uncommon on the GBR, uncommon in W Australian coastal locations, but common at most NW Shelf reefs and in Vanuatu. Colonies at the Houtman Abrolhos Is. have longer branches than usual for tropical locations. Generally uncommon in the Ryukyu Is., but may be found in both protected and exposed biotopes. Is usually (but not necessarily) a uniform pale brown with yellow axial corallites throughout the recorded distribution range, showing no taxonomically significant geographic variation in growth form or colour.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Coral Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Thailand and W Australia to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Solitary Is. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Vietnam, Vanuatu.

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FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Acropora lovelli Veron and Wallace, 1984

Rare in Vanuatu and tropical Australia where most identifications are tentative only. Common on high latitude Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs and Lord Howe I. of E Australia.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Middleton Reef.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Thailand and W Australia to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Central GBR, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe I. W Australia: Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Houtman Abrolhos Is., Geralton region. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Vanuatu.

Acropora glauca (Brook, 1893)

Rare at tropical Australian locations but common on high latitude reefs of Australia including Lord Howe I. and the Houtman Abrolhos Is. Generally uncommon at Tanegashima, becoming common in Japan mainland locations, where colonies consist of irregularly anastomosing horizontal branches and short upward-curving branchlets forming large corymbose plates. These coralla are similar to those from high latitudes of E Australia, except that radial corallites of the latter tend to have thinner outer lips giving a rasp-like appearance, and axial corallites tend to be smaller.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: W Australia.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: W Australia to French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe I.,

Solitary Is.

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FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Rowley Shoals, Dampier Arch., Houtman

Abrolhos Is., SW coastal locations S to Geralton.

Philippines - Japan: Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vietnam, Taiwan.

Acropora robusta (Dana, 1846)

Common in shallow exposed biotopes of the GBR, Vanuatu and the NW Shelf reefs where colonies have the same range of variation. Uncommon in the Ryukyu Is and Cocos (Keeling) Is. where radial corallites are finer than usual in GBR coralla.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wallace (1978), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: E Africa and Red Sea to Pitcairn Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea,

Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs,

Flinders Reef.

W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo

Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Cocos (Keeling)

Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora danai (Edwards and Haime, 1816)

Found only in tropical locations of W Australia where colonies have the same range of variation found on the GBR, where it is common in shallow exposed biotopes. Uncommon in the Philippines and Ryukyu Is. where colonies generally have finer, more highly fused branches than on the GBR. Coralla from Cocos (Keeling) Atoll have unusually elongate corallites near branch tips.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wallace (1978) (as A. rotumana (Gardiner, 1897), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Unrecorded.

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FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Solitary Is. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Vanuatu.

Acropora palmerae Wells, 1954

A rare species not satisfactorily separated from A. danai or A. robusta. Restricted to reef faces exposed to very strong wave action and is mostly encrusting.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wells (1954), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Marshall Is.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Mascarene Is., ? Thailand and E Australia

to Marshall Is. and Samoa.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: not found. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

Acropora nobilis (Dana, 1846)

Common, and has a similar range of variation throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range, forming extensive monospecific stands in a wide range of

environments.

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FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wallace (1978) (as Acropora intermedia (Brook, 1891), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Singapore.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to Fiji and French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora polystoma (Brook, 1891)

Uncommon throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. Coralla from Vanuatu show no taxonomically significant differences from Great Barrier Reef coralla.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Mauritius.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and Mozambique to Samoa.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR. W Australia: Dampier Arch. Philippines - Japan: not found. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Singapore, Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

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FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Acropora listeri (Brook, 1893)

Rare on the GBR, in the Philippines and Yaeyama Is., generally uncommon in Vanuatu and the Kerama Is. of Japan. Coralla are very similar throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Tonga.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Thailand to Pitcairn Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: Dampier Arch. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Tanegashima. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Vietnam, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora grandis (Brook, 1892)

Seldom common on the GBR, but found in a wide variety of biotopes. Colonies tentatively attributed to this species are very common on reef flats and upper reef slopes of the Houtman Abrolhos Is. where most are a uniform pale brown or bright blue. These do not form the large, thick-branched colonies that are common in similar environments on the GBR. Coralla from both Australian coasts have similar, lightly calcified corallites. Generally common in the Philippines and the Ryukyu Is., uncommon in Vanuatu where colonies show

no taxonomically significant differences from those of the GBR. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wallace (1978), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Red Sea and W Australia to Samoa.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef.

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FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is., SW coastal locations S to Port Gregory. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora formosa (Dana, 1846)

Very common throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range, except at Cocos (Keeling) Atoll where it is uncommon and has a similar range of variation throughout this range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wallace (1978), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji and Sulu Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and Madagascar to French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora teres (Verrill, 1866)

This is an arborescent species, primarily characterised by very straight branches and immersed radial corallites. It has been recorded from the Philippines (Ross and Hodgson, 1982 and Veron and Hodgson, 1989) but not the Ryukyu Is. (the type locality) by the author. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wells (1954).

TYPE LOCALITY: Japan.

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FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ? Philippines to Samoa.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines; Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Acropora sp. Cocos (Keeling) Atoll 1

Sometimes common at Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, unrecorded elsewhere.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Vaughan (1918) gives a very extensive account of this species (as A. pharaonis) which incorporates descriptions of earlier authors.

DISTRIBUTION: Unrecorded. Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Cocos (Keeling) Atoll only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Acropora abrolhosensis Veron, 1985

Uncommon at all recorded locations except the Houtman Abrolhos Is. where it is common and Vanuatu where it is rare. Coralla from all W Australian locations have similar skeletal structures, and polyps are usually extended day and night. Generally uncommon in the Ryukyu Is. where it forms extensive thickets with straight branches similar to those of

Australia. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1985, 1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Houtman Abrolhos Is.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: W Australia to Vanuatu.

83

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vanuatu.

Acropora acuminata (Verrill, 1864)

Uncommon on the GBR, in Vanuatu, the Philippines and in the Ryukyu Is. except on high diversity reef flats of the Kerama Is. where it forms large, circular, pale to dark brown, corymbose plates. Branches are finer and closer, and corallites smaller, than in most coralla from the GBR, but are similar in these respects to coralla from Thailand. Skeletons of Japanese coralla bleach white, whereas those of all other Central Indo-Pacific countries (where studied) retain dark pigments after bleaching. The present records are doubtful; the species warrants further study.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Gilbert Is.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Thailand to Vanuatu and ?Gilbert and Marshall Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

Acropora valenciennest1 (Edwards and Haime, 1860)

Common only in tropical Australian locations where colonies show no taxonomically significant geographic variation. Coralla from the Houtman Abrolhos Is. are more arborescent and are only tentatively attributed to this species. Rare in the Philippines, generally uncommon and restricted to exposed reef slopes of Vanuatu and the Ryukyu Is.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wallace (1978) (as A. splendida Nemenzo, 1967), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a).

84

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to Samoa.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Scott Reef, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia,

Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora pruinosa Brook, 1893

A distinctive species restricted to the environmental extremes of Acropora distribution. At the Amakusa Is. it is the dominant species at one small depauperate site where it has two colour morphs, greenish and brown.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1991a). TYPE LOCALITY: Straits of Korea and ‘China’.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: China to mainland Japan.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found.

W Australia: not found.

Philippines - Japan: Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Izu. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Hong Kong.

Acropora parilis (Quelch, 1816)

Common in some lagoon biotopes of Vanuatu, the Philippines, and the S Ryukyu Is., where colonies are very similar and may form extensive stands.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron and Hodgson (1989).

TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

85

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found.

W Australia: not found.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vanuatu.

Acropora exquisita Nemenzo, 1971

Common in the Philippines, uncommon in Vanuatu, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, the Philippines and Ryukyu Is. Colonies have a similar appearance throughout the recorded distribution range. They display very wide environment-correlated, and possibly age- correlated, variation, analogous to that of A. pulchra.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Nemenzo (1971). TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Cocos (Keeling) Is. to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found.

W Australia: Scott Reef, Rowley Shoals.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vanuatu.

Acropora akajimensis Veron, 1990

Probably uncommon or rare in the Philippines (not recorded by Nemenzo or Veron and Hodgson, 1989), but common on high diversity reef flats of the Kerama Is., Japan.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron (1990c, 1991a). TYPE LOCALITY: Ryukyu Is.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to Japan.

86

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found.

W Australia: not found.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Acropora microphthalma (Verrill, 1869)

Probably uncommon throughout most of the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. Colonies of NW Shelf reefs of W Australia are mostly indistinguishable from those from the GBR, but several coralla are referred to this species with doubt. A single corallum from the Houtman Abrolhos Is. and some from northern coastal locations may represent a separate species or geographic subspecies. Common, and may form extensive stands in the Philippines and Ryukyu Is. Colonies from all locations are usually pale grey in

colour. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wallace (1978), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Ryukyu Is.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: E Africa to Pitcairn Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora copiosa Nemenzo, 1967

An ill-defined species common in Vanuatu, uncommon in the Philippines and rare in the Ryukyu Is. Growth forms range from compact thickets to sprawling, horizontal

branches. TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Nemenzo (1967).

TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines to Vanuatu.

87

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found.

W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Tanegashima.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vanuatu.

Acropora sp. Japan 1

This is an undescribed species forming small compact clumps with proliferous, tapering branches and very small axial corallites. The species has the general appearance ofa

diminutive A. microphthalma. TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron (1991a).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Japan only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Yaeyama Is.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Acropora kirstyae Veron and Wallace, 1984

Generally uncommon on the GBR, rare in the Philippines, but may form extensive stands in isolated pockets of Yaeyama Is.; rare elsewhere in Japan. Corallites of Japanese and GBR coralla have less flared lips than those from the Philippines.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR. DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Singapore and the Philippines to the

Marshall Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Central GBR.

88

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Singapore, Indonesia, S Papua New Guinea.

Acropora sp. E Australia 2

Rare and little studied. TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron and Wallace (1984) (as Acropora sp. 2).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: GBR only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Swain and Pompey Reefs. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Acropora sekisetensis Veron, 1990

Common over a wide range of environments of Sekisei Lagoon, Yaeyama Is.,

including reef flats and lagoons. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1990c, 1991a). TYPE LOCALITY: Ryukyu Is.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Ryukyu Is. only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found.

W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

89

FAMILY ACROPORIDA E——

Acropora sp. W Australia

A distinctive species with close affinities with A. horrida, apparently endemic to the

Houtman Abrolhos Is. TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron and Marsh (1988) (as Acropora sp. 1).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: W Australia only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Acropora horrida (Dana, 1846)

Common in the Philippines, GBR and tropical W Australia where colonies are pale or dark blue, rarely brown. Forms a distinct geographic subspecies at the Houtman Abrolhos Is. where colonies are mostly brown, form stands up to 2 m diameter, and have relatively small corallites. Polyps are usually extended day and night in all Australian locations. Uncommon in the Ryukyu Is. where colonies form compact bushes or have a sprawling growth form and also have relatively small corallites. There remains a possibility that the

latter are is a distinct species. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wallace (1978), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to the Marshall Is. and French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, N Papua New Guinea,

Vietnam, Indonesia.

90

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Acropora tortuosa (Dana, 1846)

Very rare on the GBR and tropical W Australia, common on high latitude reefs of E Australia but uncommon on the Houtman Abrolhos Is.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: W Australia to French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: N and Central GBR, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: Dampier Arch., Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: not found. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Acropora vaughant Wells, 1954

Uncommon on the GBR except in some turbid biotopes, common in the Philippines and in the Kerama Is., but rare elsewhere in Japan. Coralla are similar throughout the

recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wallace (1978), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Marshall Is.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Saudi Arabia and W Australia to Marshall

Is. and French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR. W Australia: Scott Reef, Rowley Shoals, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, N Papua New

Guinea, Vietnam, Indonesia.

91

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Acropora austera (Dana, 1846)

Found in a wide range of environments throughout the recorded Central Indo- Pacific distribution range and is sometimes common in areas of high diversity. Coralla are very similar throughout this range and colonies usually have distinctive yellow axial

corallites. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wallace (1978), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Unrecorded.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Saudi Arabia and Madagascar to the Marshall Is. and French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan,

N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora aspera (Dana, 1846)

Generally common in a wide range of biotopes throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range but uncommon at Cocos (Keeling) Atoll. Colonies from reef flats of Australia and the Philippines are characteristically corymbose. Those from mainland locations of Japan are highly anastomosed, becoming plate-like or forming solid plates. These form a distinct geographic sub-species of doubtful taxonomic affinity; they are usually darkly coloured.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wallace (1978), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

92

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Chagos to Fiji and ?Samoa.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: Cocos-Keeling Is. to Fiji. S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Shirahama, Kushimoto.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll,

Malaysia, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora pulchra (Brook, 1891)

Generally uncommon on the GBR and usually restricted to shallow back-reef margins. Commonly forms extensive monospecific stands in shallow lagoons and on upper reef slopes of Vanuatu, the Houtman Abrolhos Is. and Cocos (Keeling) Atoll. Also common on reef flats, where colonies become sub-corymbose. Coralla from the Houtman (Abrolhos) Is. have relatively fine branches and lightly calcified, small corallites. May form very extensive stands in shallow, protected environments of Sekisei Lagoon, Yaeyama Is., but is generally uncommon in Japan. Has a similar wide range of variation and is usually blue or cream throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wallace (1978), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Cocos-Keeling Is.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Mozambique to French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

93

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Acropora millepora (Ehrenberg, 1834)

Common on the GBR, sometimes common in the Yaeyama Is. but generally uncommon in Japan. May be the same distinctive salmon-pink colour in Japan, the Philippines and the GBR, but has a wide range of other colours. Shows very little variation throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: “Indian Ocean”.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Sri Lanka and Malaysia to Marshall Is and

Tonga.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Solitary Is. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is., SW coastal locations S to Jurien Bay. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora tenuis (Dana, 1846)

Common on the GBR, in Vanuatu, and the Philippines, uncommon in the Ryukyu Is. except in some reef flats. Philippines and Ryukyu Is. colonies have a similar appearance in situ, with a sprawling growth form and large, distinctive corallites with wide flaring lips. Australian colonies are generally less distinctive. Usually the same cream colour throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range, but may be other colours. Polyps are usually partly extended during the day at the Houtman Abrolhos Is.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wallace (1978), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Unrecorded.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: E Africa to Vanuatu and the Marshall Is.

94

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora selago (Studer, 1878)

Common in tropical reefs throughout the recorded Central Indo- Pacific distribution range. It is not known if the full range of variation determined on the GBR also occurs in Japan, where collected coralla have relatively fine branches and corallites, the latter being more appressed than usual on GBR coralla.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wallace (1978) (as A. delicatula), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: New Ireland.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: SE India and Sri Lanka to Johnston Atoll and the Marshall Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract, SW coastal locations S to Port Gregory. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan,

N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora sp. Japan 2

A single corallum from Tanegashima appears to be a distinct species. It is a corymbose plate with an open branching pattern and is primarily characterised by flaring radial corallites (similar to, but smaller than, those of A. selago) and a very coarse lace-like

skeleton. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1991a).

95

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

DISTRIBUTION;

Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution; Japan only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found, W Australia: not found, Philippines «Japan; Tanegashima,

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records; none,

Acropora donet Veron and Wallace, 1984

Uneommon, but forms large, conspicuous colonies throughout the recorded distribution range,

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES; Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a), TYPE LOCALITY: GBR,

DISTRIBUTION:

Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution; Thailand to Vanuatu,

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea « E Australia: Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, W Australia; NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines « Japan: Philippines,

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Vanuatu.

Acropora dendrum (Bassett-Smith, 1890)

Generally uncommon throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range, Readily confused with A, valida in mainland Japan where it forms corymbose plates with tapering branchlets and thick-lipped immersed corallites, This identification of mainland coralla, which form a distinct geographic subspecies, is tentative only,

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES; Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a),

TYPE LOCALITY: South China Sea,

96

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Thailand to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: Pilbara coast, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea,

Vanuatu.

Acropora yongel Veron and Wallace, 1984

Common in high diversity areas of upper reef slopes and flats of the Ryukyu Is., especially the Kerama Is. Uncommon in Vanuatu.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wallace (1978) (as A. Hiainei), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: W Australia to Fiji.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe Is., Solitary Is. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Houtman Abrolhos Is., Port Gregory region, Rottnest I. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vietnam, Indonesia, N Papua New

Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora cytherea (Dana, 1846)

Forms extensive stands in shallow water on the GBR, the Philippines, Vanuatu and some locations of the Ryukyu Is. Has a similar range of variation throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range, but may have wide environment-correlated variation.

97

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wallace (1978), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Tahiti.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to French Polynesia

and Hawaii.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Solitary Is. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora microclados (Ehrenberg, 1834)

Common in the Philippines, the Yaeyama Is., and on exposed upper reef slopes of the GBR and Vanuatu; uncommon elsewhere. Colonies are relatively finely branched in Vanuatu. They are pink on the GBR, usually grey in Vanuatu, cream or yellow in the Philippines, grey or brown in the Ryukyu Is.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Unrecorded.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Indonesia to Vanuatu and ? Pitcairn Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Flinders Reef. W Australia: Rowley Shoals, Ningaloo Reef Tract. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

98

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Acropora tenella (Brook, 1892)

Rare throughout the known Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Brook (1892), Veron and Hodgson (1989). TYPE LOCALITY: Macclesfield Bank, S China Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: South China Sea to Japan.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Acropora magnifica Nemenzo, 1971

Uncommon, generally restricted to vertical substrates. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Nemenzo (1971), Veron and Hodgson (1989). TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Acropora paniculata Verrill, 1902

Generally rare or uncommon throughout the recorded Central Indo- Pacific distribution range. Sometimes common in Vanuatu, forming large, thick, plate-like colonies with polyps extended during the day. Has a similar range of variation in the Philippines, Japan and the GBR. Coralla from Cocos (Keeling) Atoll may be a separate species or a

99

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

geographic subspecies with wide variation in the degree of branch fusion and a lack of the elongate radial corallites which characterise most eastern Australian coralla.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Probably Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Cocos (Keeling) Atoll to Fiji and ?Hawaii.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR. W Australia: Ashmore Reef. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora hyacinthus (Dana, 1846)

Common throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range except at Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, where it is rare. Occurs S to the Houtman Abrolhos Is. on the W Australian coast, where colonies are indistinguishable from those of the GBR, but are unusual in having polyps extended day and night. A record from Green Head is the southern- most W Australian mainland record for Acropora. Usually common on shallow upper reef slopes of the Ryukyu Is., especially the Yaeyama Is., and is the overwhelmingly dominant species of shallow-water coral communities of Tanegashima. Has a similar range of variation in Japan, the Philippines and the GBR, showing little taxonomically significant geographic variation except that, in Japan mainland locations, branchlets tend to be thick and radial corallites mostly immersed.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wallace (1978), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and Mascarene Arch. to Hawaii and Pitcairn Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe L, Solitary Is., N New South Wales.

100

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is., SW coastal locations S to Green Head. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora tanegashimensis Veron, 1990

Colonies are flat corymbose plates similar to those of A. hyacinthus. Branches are uniform in size, 9-11mm diameter and branchlets are short, terete, and also uniform. Has only been recorded form Tanegashima, where it is distinctive, but uncommon.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1990c, 1991a). TYPE LOCALITY: Tanegashima, Japan.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Japan only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Tanegashima.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Acropora spicifera (Dana, 1846)

Rare in the Philippines. The most abundant reef flat and upper slope species of the Houtman Abrolhos Is. where colonies >3 m diameter are common. These, like A. hyacinthus, have polyps extended day and night.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Singapore and Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Singapore to W Australia and Samoa.

101

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Acropora anthocercis (Brook, 1893)

Rare in the Philippines, uncommon in Vanuatu, sometimes common on exposed upper reef slopes of the GBR and Ryukyu Is. Colonies at Tanegashima have almost solid plate-like bases. Otherwise, there is little taxonomically significant geographic variation and colonies are the same (pinkish) colour throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Mozambique and ? Red Sea to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Scott Reef, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vietnam, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea,

Vanuatu.

Acropora tumida Verrill, 1866

Common around Shirahama and Kushimoto of mainland Japan. Colonies have irregular to submassive bases and irregular, digitate branches. Radial corallites are aligned along branches, are appressed, with thick lips and wide calices. Recorded elsewhere only from the South China Sea (Brook, 1893) (a doubtful record) and Hong Kong (Verrill, 1866 (type locality) and Veron 1980).

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1991a).

102

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

TYPE LOCALITY: Hong Kong.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: South China Sea to Japan.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found.

W Australia: not found.

Philippines - Japan: Tosashimizu, Kushimoto, Shirahama. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Hong Kong.

Acropora latistella (Brook, 1892)

Rare at Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, common on upper reef slopes throughout the rest of the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. Forms extensive plates in W Australia only at the Houtman Abrolhos Is. The range of variation in the Ryukyu Is. is similar to that in the Philippines and Australia.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Cocos (Keeling) Atoll to Pitcairn Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe L., Solitary Is. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Amakusa Is.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll,

Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

103

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Acropora subulata (Dana, 1846)

Rare at Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, common in tropical Australian reefs, Vanuatu and the Ryukyu Is., becoming uncommon at Tanegashima. Has very little variation within the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Cocos (Keeling) Atoll to Pitcairn Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Flinders Reef. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is., SW coastal locations S to Port Gregory. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll,

Malaysia, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora nana (Studer, 1878)

Common in Vanuatu, uncommon on the GBR, rare in W Australia except for some NW Shelf reefs. Always restricted to exposed upper reef slopes. Has a similar range of variation throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. Commonly bright blue at the Ryukyu Is., brown, blue-grey or cream at Tanegashima.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Cocos-Keeling Is.to Samoa.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is.

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

Acropora aculeus (Dana, 1846)

Generally uncommon throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range except for the GBR where it is common on upper reef slopes and in clear-water lagoons. Corallites of Ryukyu I. coralla are larger than usual for GBR coralla. Colonies on the GBR and the Philippines are usually yellow, those of coastal W Australian locations and the Houtman Abrolhos Is. are pale brown.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wallace (1978), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?E Africa and Sri Lanka to Marshall Is. and Samoa.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: Rowley Shoals, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is., SW coastal locations S to Port Gregory. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., ? Okinawa Is.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam,

Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora azurea Veron and Wallace, 1984

Very rare; recorded only on very exposed upper reef slopes of the central GBR, where it is always a uniform sky blue.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: GBR only.

105

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Central GBR. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: ? Taiwan.

Acropora cerealis (Dana, 1846)

Common in tropical Australian locations and the Philippines, rare at the Houtman Abrolhos Is., uncommon in Japan. Shows no taxonomically significant geographic variation

throughout the recorded Central Indo- Pacific distribution range. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wallace (1978), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Sulu Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Seychelles to the Marshall Is., Tonga and 2Johnston Atoll.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora nasuta (Dana, 1846)

Common, and with a similar range of variation, throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wallace (1978), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Tahiti.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to Pitcairn Is.

106

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea,

Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs,

Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs.

W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo

Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia,

Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora sp. E Australia 3

Recorded from a single corallum from the central GBR. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984) (as Acropora sp. 3).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: GBR only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Central GBR. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Acropora sp. E Australia 4

Rare; recorded only from the S GBR where little is known on the range of variation. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984) (as Acropora sp. 4).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: GBR only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

107

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Acropora valida (Dana, 1846)

Probably the most widespread of all Acropora species, especially common in high latitudes. Generally common on upper reef slopes throughout the recorded Central Indo- Pacific distribution range. May be a dominant Acropora of mainland Japan where it forms a distinct geographic subspecies primarily characterised by radial corallites with thick rounded lips. Ryukyu Is. coralla have a similar range of variation as GBR and Philippines coralla and the species has the same distinctive two colour morphs throughout this range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wallace (1978) (as A. variabilis (Klunzinger, 1879), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: — Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to Columbia. Probably the most

widespread of any Acropora species.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Solitary Is. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora sp. Cocos (Keeling) Atoll 2

Colonies are irregularly arborescent. Corallites are very irregular, some being valida- like and strongly oppressed. This species is little-known.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1990b).

DISTRIBUTION: Cocos (Keeling) Atoll. Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Cocos (Keeling) Atoll only.

108

FAMILY ACROPORIDA E——————_

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Acropora secale (Studer, 1878)

Generally common in the GBR and Vanuatu, sometimes common on exposed upper reef slopes of the Ryukyu Is. Has a similar range of variation and similar colours throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wallace (1978) (as A. diversa (Brook, 1891)), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Sri Lanka.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to the Marshall Is. and French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia,

Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora lutkent Crossland, 1952

Uncommon in Vanuatu and on the GBR where it is restricted to upper reef slopes

exposed to strong currents. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Thailand and the GBR to Pitcairn Is.

109

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: not found. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Vietnam, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora clathrata (Brook, 1891)

Common on upper reef slopes, back reef margins and fringing reefs of Vanuatu and the GBR, uncommon in the Yaeyama Is., common in some other regions of the Ryukyu Is. Has a similar range of variation throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wallace (1978), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Mauritius.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea, The Gulf and Madagascar to French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora divaricata (Dana, 1846)

Common on the GBR, Vanuatu and NW Shelf reefs of W Australia. Records from W Australian coastal locations are tentative only. Has a very wide range of variation on the GBR. Uncommon in the Philippines and Ryukyu Is. where environment-correlated variation has not been studied.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wallace (1978), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a).

110

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?E Africa and Seychelles to Vanuatu and ?Fiji.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Scott Reef, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam,

Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora sp. Philippines

A rare, undescribed species that has been reported from Thailand and the Philippines, but has not been found by the author. It is close to A. divaricata but has bulbous radial corallites.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron and Hodgson (1989) (as Acropora sp. 1).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand.

Acropora schmittt Wells, 1950

Not found by Veron (1990b) at Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, but was recorded there by Wells (1950).

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wells (1950).

TYPE LOCALITY: Cocos (Keeling) Atoll.

111

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Cocos (Keeling) Atoll to ?Samoa.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand.

Acropora rambleri Bassett-Smith, 1890

Uncommon or rare in Vanuatu and the Philippines. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Hodgson (1989). TYPE LOCALITY: South China Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Mozambique and the Philippines to ?French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vanuatu.

Acropora solitaryensis Veron and Wallace, 1984

Common in Vanuatu and S of the GBR on the E Australian coast and at the Houtman Abrolhos Is. and Dampier Archipelago on the W coast. At both these W coast locations, colonies may consist of whorls of solid plates with almost no development of branchlets. Most colonies are indistinguishable from those of Lord Howe and the Solitary Islands of E Australia. At Vanuatu, colonies show less fusion of branches than at most tropical Australian reefs. Uncommon in the Ryukyu Is., where colonies are found on upper reef slopes, becoming common at Tanegashima and the Amakusa Is. These are very similar in colour, structure, variation and abundance to those of Australia. In all cases, this species shows a wide range of growth form variation; it is relatively rare in tropical locations and becomes abundant at higher latitudes.

112

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Solitary Is.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: W Australia to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, N coastal New South Wales, Solitary Is. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Rowley Shoals, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is., SW coastal locations S to Port Denison. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama, Izu. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Hong Kong, Vanuatu.

Acropora stoddarti Pillai and Scheer, 1976

Rare in the Philippines, often the dominant species of lower reef slopes of the Houtman Abrolhos Is., uncommon throughout the remainder of W Australia. The most common Acropora of many locations of Tanegashima but not recorded elsewhere in Japan. Radial corallites of Tanegashima coralla are smaller than those from other Indo-west Pacific countries. These form a distinct geographic subspecies, but may prove to be a separate species.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Pillai and Sheer (1976), Veron (1986a), Veron (1991a). TYPE LOCALITY: Maldive Is. to W Australia.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Saudi Arabia to Japan.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: Scott Reef, Rowley Shoals, Dampier Arch., Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Tanegashima. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

113

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Acropora echinata (Dana, 1846)

Common in some protected habitats of the Philippines and S Ryukyu Is. and in some lower reef slopes and lagoons of the GBR and Vanuatu. Colonies are greyish green in colour in the Ryukyus, cream with blue or purple branchlet tips in the GBR and Vanuatu, otherwise they show no taxonomically significant differences.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wallace (1978), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji and Sulu Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Maldive Is. to Marshall Is. and Samoa.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora subglabra (Brook, 1891)

Recorded in W Australia only from protected lagoons of NW Shelf reefs where it may be dominant in restricted areas. Very common in some protected shallow lagoons and deeper biotopes of the GBR, Vanuatu, the Philippines and S Ryukyu Is. Colonies from the GBR and Philippines frequently have distinct yellow tips to axial corallites; they are usually cream or pale brown in the Ryukyu Is.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wallace (1978), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Singapore.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Malaysia to Vanuatu and ?Fiji.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait and Central GBR. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs.

114

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora carduus (Dana, 1846)

Sometimes common in protected biotopes of the GBR and Vanuatu, the Philippines and S Ryukyu Is. The range of colour and morphological variation is very similar throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wallace (1978), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Malaysia to French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora insignis Nemenzo, 1967

Uncommon in Japan. Environment-correlated variation has not been studied. Coralla have similar skeletal detail to Philippines coralla.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Nemenzo (1967). TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found.

115

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tosashimizu. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vanuatu.

Acropora elegans Edwards and Haime, 1860

Recorded in Japan from laboratory specimens only. Colonies are all flat interlocking branches with corallites on the upper side only.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Faustino (1927). TYPE LOCALITY: Unrecorded.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Philippines to Japan.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found.

W Australia: not found.

Philippines - Japan: ?Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Acropora cardinae Wells, 1986

A species dredged from 55-130m beyond the outer reefs of the central GBR. Does not closely resemble any other species and nothing is known of its variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wells (1986). TYPE LOCALITY: Central GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: GBR only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: central GBR. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

116

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Acropora elseyi (Brook, 1892)

Common in Vanuatu and on the GBR, recorded only from NW Shelf reefs of W Australia, generally uncommon to rare in the Ryukyu Is. Vanuatu colonies and some GBR colonies usually have white branch tips. Coralla show no taxonomically significant geographic variation throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wallace (1978), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Maldive Is. to French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Scott Reef. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vietnam, Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora longicyathus (Edwards and Haime, 1860)

Recorded only from protected lagoons of NW Shelf reefs of W Australia. Common in Vanuatu, the GBR and the Ryukyu Is. Coralla show no taxonomically significant geographic variation throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wallace (1978), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Unrecorded.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Mozambique to French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and

Bunker Reefs.

117

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Ningaloo Reef Tract. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, N Papua

New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora rosaria (Dana, 1846)

Generally uncommon throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. Has not been sufficiently studied for detailed comparisons between regions. Colonies are pale brown or pinkish- cream in the Ryukyu Is., deep blue on the GBR and S Papua New

Guinea. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wallace (1978). TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?E Africa to Fiji.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea and N and Central GBR. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vanuatu.

Acropora sp. E Australia 5

Rare, known only from Australia. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984) (as Acropora sp. 5).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: GBR only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: not found. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

118

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Acropora loripes (Brook, 1892)

Common on the GBR, in Vanuatu and the Philippines, but known on the W Australian coast from only two specimens which have relatively small corallites. In Japan, only colonies from the Ryukyu Is. are readily identified as this species. These are very similar to those of the Philippines and GBR except that only corymbose growth forms have been recorded. Coralla from Tanegashima and the Amakusa Is. are corymbose plates with highly fused bases and relatively small axial corallites and are only tentatively placed in this species.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wallace (1978) (as A. squarrosa (Ehrenberg, 1834)), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Mozambique and the Philippines to French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: Ashmore Reef. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, .

N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora chesterfieldensis Veron and Wallace, 1984

Common in the eastern Coral Sea and Vanuatu. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Chesterfield Reefs.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: E Australia to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea.

119

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: not found. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vanuatu.

Acropora granulosa

(Edwards and Haime, 1860)

Common on lower reef slopes of the GBR and most tropical W Australian locations; rare at the Houtman Abrolhos Is. where it occurs only on lower reef slopes. Generally uncommon in the Philippines and Ryukyu Is., where plate-like colonies are similar to those of the GBR.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wallace (1978), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Bourbon Is.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red sea and Madagascar to French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora caroliniana Nemenzo, 1976

Generally rare in Vanuatu and on the GBR; known only from the Rowley Shoals and Ashmore Reef of W Australia where it also is rare. Uncommon in the Philippines.

Taxonomic note: The holotype of this species is more finely structured than has been observed in any colony in situ. Further study of intraspecific variation may indicate a name change is required. Acropora rayneri (Brook, 1893) from Fiji may be a senior synonym.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY:. Philippines.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: W Australia to ?Fiji.

120

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Rowley Shoals. Philippines - Japan: Philippines. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora willisae Veron and Wallace, 1984

Uncommon in Vanuatu and on the GBR, but a dominant species of shallow reef flats of the Ningaloo Reefs and common at the Houtman Abrolhos Is. of W Australia. Uncommon in the Ryukyu Is. where colonies show no taxonomically significant differences from those of the GBR. Colonies are mostly brown or fawn in colour throughout the distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Singapore to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Solitary Is. W Australia: Scott Reef, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tosashimizu.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Singapore, Vanuatu.

Acropora florida (Dana, 1846)

Generally common in Australia and Vanuatu, uncommon in the Philippines and Ryukyu Is. Colonies from NW Shelf reefs of W Australia are similar to those of the GBR in structure and colour, while those from coastal locations and the Houtman Abrolhos Is. become prostrate, with flattened branches tending to become plate-like. The latter are brown, fawn, or more commonly, bright green. They also tend to have relatively large corallites and represent a distinct geographic sub- species not observed elsewhere in the Central Indo- Pacific. Usually pale brown in the Yaeyama Is. and GBR and pinkish-brown or bright green in the Kerama Is. and tropical W Australia. Very large colonies such as are found on the GBR

have not been found in Japan.

121

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wallace (1978), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?7E Africa and Maldive Is. to Vanuatu and

?Marshall Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait,

N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef.

W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo

Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is.,

Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia,

Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora mirabilis Quelch, 1886

Uncommon; forms corymbose plates with tapering branchlets with small axial corallites. Radial corallites are similar to those of A. millepora, only much smaller and less exsert. Radial corallites have very well developed septa, including distinct directive septa and an abortive third cycle.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Quelch (1886), Veron (1991a). TYPE LOCALITY: Banda Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Mauritius and Banda Sea to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found.

W Australia: not found.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vanuatu.

122

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Acropora sarmentosa (Brook, 1892)

Common on the GBR and in Vanuatu, uncommon in the Ryukyu Is. Colonies from the Ryukyu Is. are very similar to corymbose plate-like coralla from the Philippines and GBR.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wallace (1978), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: W Australia to French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vietnam, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acropora striata (Verrill, 1866)

Uncommon in Japan except at Tanegashima where it forms monospecific stands

many hundreds m2. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1991a). TYPE LOCALITY: Ryukyu Is.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Japan only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found.

W Australia: not found.

Philippines - Japan: Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

123

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Acropora wallaceae Veron, 1990

Uncommon; shows no taxonomically significant geographic variation throughout

the recorded distribution range. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984) (as Acropora sp. 6); Veron (1990c). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Thailand to E Australia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: N and Central GBR. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand.

Genus Astreopora de Blainville, 1830

Astreopora myriophthalma is by far the most common Astreopora of the E and W Australian coast.

Astreopora myriophthalma (Lamarck, 1816)

Common throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. Colonies are generally massive except at the Houtman Abrolhos Is. where they are submassive or flat, with explanate borders.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Lamberts (1982), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Unrecorded.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E. Africa to Pitcairn Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef.

124

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Astreopora sp. E Australia

Rare throughout the recorded distribution range. TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron and Wallace (1984) (as Astreopora sp. 1).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Singapore to Pitcairn Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: N and Central GBR. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Singapore.

Astreopora listeri Bernard, 1896

Sometimes common in shallow lagoons of the GBR, rare in Japan where coralla are similar to those of the GBR.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Lamberts (1982), Bernard (1 896), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Tonga.

DISTRIBUTION: West to East Distribution: E. Africa to Marshall Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs.

W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is.

125

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Singapore, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan,

N Papua New Guinea.

Astreopora gracilis Bernard, 1896

Uncommon at Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, rare at Vanuatu, generally uncommon elsewhere in the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range and shows no

taxonomically significant geographic variation. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Lamberts (1982), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Solomon Is.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Cocos (Keeling) Is. to Marshall Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Scott Reef, Dampier Arch., Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Tosashimizu, Amami Is., Kushimoto.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Malaysia, Taiwan,

N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Astreopora explanata Veron, 1985

Common at the Houtman Abrolhos Is., becoming less common in tropical W Australian locations. Common on protected upper reef slopes of Vanuatu where colonies are usually encrusting and do not form tiers as they commonly do in W Australia. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1985, 1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Houtman Abrolhos Is.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Gulf of Oman to Marshall Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait.

126

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract,

Houtman Abrolhos Is.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Tanegashima. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Astreopora incrustans Bernard, 1896

Second to A. myriophthalma in abundance in the Ryukyu Is. and is the most common Astreopora of Japan mainland locations.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Bernard (1896), Veron (1991a). TYPE LOCALITY: Unrecorded.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Japan only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Kushimoto, Shirahama. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Astreopora moretonensis Veron and Wallace, 1984

Rare in tropical, but common in temperate localities of E Australia. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Middleton Reef.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Thailand to E Australia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe I. W Australia: Not found. Philippines - Japan: not found. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand.

127

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Astreopora cucullata Lamberts, 1980

Rare throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Lamberts (1982), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Samoa and Marshall Is.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Malaysia and E Australia to Marshall Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, Malaysia.

Astreopora ocellata Bernard, 1896

Rare throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Lamberts (1982), Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Reunion and W Australia to Marshall Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vietnam, Malaysia, N Papua New

Guinea, S Papua New Guinea.

128

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

Astreopora suggesta Wells, 1954

Very rare in Japan; the present identification is tentative. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wells (1954), Lamberts (1982). TYPE LOCALITY: Marshall Is.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Mascarene Is. and Philippines to Marshall Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, not found. W Australia: not found.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Taiwan, S Papua New Guinea.

Astreopora sp. Papua New Guinea

Rare; known only from S Papua New Guinea. Has small corallites similar to those of A. suggesta.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Kelley (1988).

DISTRIBUTION:

Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Papua New Guinea only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Astreopora macrostoma Veron and Wallace, 1984

Rare throughout the recorded distribution range except at some stations at Tanegashima; coralla are very similar to those of the GBR.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Wallace (1984), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Chesterfield Reefs.

129

FAMILY ACROPORIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Malaysia to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea.

W Australia: not found.

Philippines - Japan: Okinawa Is., Tanegashima. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, Vanuatu.

130

7 Famil

Poritidae Gray, 1842

No Goniopora or Alveopora have been recorded from Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, but both are recorded at Christmas I. (Indian Ocean), with 4 and 1 species respectively.

Genus Porites Link, 1807

Most Porites species from temperate locations form small colonies. Only P. lutea is known to form large colonies at the Houtman Abrolhos Islands. The presence of P. eridani and probably a second P. cylindrica- like species at Ashmore Reef, indicate an Indonesian influence not found elsewhere in Australia.

This, more than any other major genus, is in need of extensive taxonomic revision. This is partly because rare massive species may be difficult or impossible to recognise in situ allowing them to remain undetected in the presence of abundant species.

Porites solida (Forskal, 1775)

Common on the GBR, uncommon at Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, probably rare in the

Ryukyu Is. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1986a), Veron and Pichon (1982). TYPE LOCALITY: Red Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to Hawaii and

French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: Scott Reef, Rowley Shoals, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is.

131

FAMILY PORITIDAE

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Malaysia, Vanuatu.

Porites lobata Dana, 1846

Common throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range where colonies are large and massive, except at the Houtman Abrolhos Is. where they are small and flat. Probably the most common Porites of the Ryukyu Is. Distinguishing characters, notably corallite walls having three concentric rows of denticles, are uniform throughout the

distribution range. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1982) and Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Mozambique to central America.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tosashimizu.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N Papua New Guinea, Thailand, Hong

Kong, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

Porites murrayensis Vaughan, 1918

Uncommon on the GBR, probably common in Japan. Distinguishing characters, notably small corallites with a conspicuous central fossa and usually four well-developed pali, are the same as in coralla from the Philippines and the GBR.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Vaughan (1918), Veron and Pichon (1982) and Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

132

FAMILY PORITIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?E Africa and Maldive and Nicobar Is. to Samoa and Marshall Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N Papua New Guinea, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan.

Porites australiensis Vaughan, 1918

Common on the GBR and in Vanuatu, probably uncommon in the Ryukyu Is. Ryukyu I. coralla have corallite structures similar to those of GBR except that in some, there is little tendency to have three pali on the septal triplet.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Vaughan (1919), Veron and Pichon (1982) and Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?E Africa to Marshall Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Porites lutea Edwards and Haime, 1860

Very common on the GBR, probably common in Japan, but some coralla studied are attributed to this species with doubt. The only species of Porites known to form very large colonies at the Houtman Abrolhos Is.

133

FAMILY PORITIDAE

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1982) and Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea, The Gulf and E Africa to Pitcairn Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tosashimizu.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N Papua New Guinea, Thailand, Hong

Kong, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

Porites stephensoni Crossland, 1952

Rare on the GBR, where it is found only on reef flats. Probably uncommon in Japan but little studied. Corallites of some coralla collected show no taxonomically significant differences from GBR coralla.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Crossland (1952), Veron and Pichon (1982) and Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Saudi Arabia to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Central GBR. W Australia: Ashmore Reef. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

134

FAMILY PORITIDAE

Porites somaliensis Gravier, 1910

The most abundant massive Porites on some reef flats of Cocos (Keeling) Atoll. Colonies from shallow water usually have a knobbly growth form. Corallites are closest to P. stephensoni but the present species appears to be distinct from any Australian species.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron (1990b). TYPE LOCALITY: Somalia.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: E Africa to Cocos (Keeling) Atoll.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: not found. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Cocos (Keeling) Atoll.

Porites mayert Vaughan, 1918

Seldom common on the GBR, where it is found primarily in protected shallow water. Recorded from Japan from a single corallum; this is indistinguishable from GBR coralla.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Vaughan (1918), Veron and Pichon (1982) and Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Red Sea and ?E Africa to GBR. Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: NN Papua New Guinea, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia.

135

FAMILY PORITIDAE

Porites evermannti Vaughan, 1907

Generally uncommon throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. Polyps throughout this range are usually extended during the day and are yellow-

brown in colour. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Vaughan (1907, 1918), Veron and Marsh (1988) (as Porites sp. 1). TYPE LOCALITY: Hawaii.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Cocos (Keeling) Atoll to Hawaii.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Scott Reef, Dampier Arch., Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, S Papua New Guinea.

Porites densa Vaughan, 1918

Sometimes common on back reef margins of the GBR, abundance elsewhere is unrecorded.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Vaughan (1918), Veron and Pichon (1982) and Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?E Africa to GBR.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: not found. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia.

136

FAMILY PORITIDAE

Porites myrmidonensts Veron, 1985

A well-defined species common only on exposed upper slopes of the GBR. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1985, 1986a), Veron and Pichon (1982) (as Porites sp. 1). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: E Australia and Coral Sea.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: not found. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Porites okinawensis Veron, 1990

Colonies are massive or encrusting. Corallites are superficial, unevenly distributed. Wall thicknesses between adjacent corallites vary from less the thickness of a septum, to over 2mm. The Porites pattern of fusion is obscure in most corallites, due to a very high degree of fusion. Columellae are small or absent; highly fused radii link the septa to the corallite centre. Rare in the Ryukyu Is., common at Izu, mainland Japan.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1990c, 1991a). TYPE LOCALITY: Okinawa L., Japan.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Japan to ?Palau.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Okinawa Is., Izu. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

137

FAMILY PORITIDAE

Porites cylindrica Dana, 1846

The most common species of intertidal reef flats and some upper reef slopes of Cocos (Keeling) Atoll and forms extensive monospecific stands in a wide variety of environments of Vanuatu, the GBR and the Ryukyu Is. Has a similar range of variation throughout the recorded Central Indo- Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1982) and Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: E Africa to Marshall Is. and Tonga.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea,

Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn

and Bunker Reefs.

W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast,

Ningaloo Reef Tract.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Tosashimizu. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia,

Hong Kong, N Papua New Guinea, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

Porites nigrescens Dana, 1846

Generally common, with a similar range of variation in a wide range of environments throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1982) and Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: E Africa to Fiji and Tonga.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs.

W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Ningaloo Reef Tract.

138

FAMILY PORITIDAE

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, N Papua New Guinea, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

Porites sillimanianti Nemenzo, 1976

Common in Vanuatu and the Ryukyu Is. where coralla show no differences from those of the Philippines.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Nemenzo (1976). TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found.

W Australia: not found.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Porites negrosensis Veron, 1990

Rare in both the Philippines and the Ryukyu Is.; coralla show no taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron (1990c, 1991a). TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines and Ryukyu Is. Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

139

FAMILY PORITIDAE

Porites latistella Quelch, 1886

Uncommon in the Ryukyu Is. Coralla from Vanuatu, the Philippines and the Ryukyu Is. show no taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Quelch (1886). TYPE LOCALITY: Tahiti.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found.

W Australia: not found.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vanuatu.

Porites attenuata Nemenzo, 1955

Common in the Vanuatu and the Ryukyu Is., very common in the Philippines. Colonies show no taxonomically significant geographic variation throughout the recorded distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Nemenzo (1955), Veron and Hodgson (1989). TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vanuatu.

140

FAMILY PORITIDAE

Porites deformis Nemenzo, 1955

Generally uncommon. Readily recognised in situ by having irregular, highly anastomosed branches. Corallites are shallow, giving the corallum a smooth appearance.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Nemenzo (1955), Veron and Hodgson (1989). TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines to Vanuatu.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vanuatu.

Porites cumulatus Nemenzo, 1955

Probably rare; of doubtful taxonomic validity. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Nemenzo (1955). TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Porites lichen Dana, 1846

Generally common throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. Has a similar range of variation and is usually yellow or mustard throughout this range, but may be other colours.

141

FAMILY PORITIDAE

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1982) and Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to Marshall Is. and French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe Is. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N Papua New Guinea, Malaysia, Cocos

(Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

Porites annae Crossland, 1952

Common on the GBR in protected shallow or turbid water, generally uncommon in Vanuatu and the Ryukyu Is. Has a similar range of variation throughout the recorded distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Crossland (1952), Veron and Pichon (1982) and Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Malaysia to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N Papua New Guinea, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

142

FAMILY PORITIDAE

Porites heronensis Veron, 1985

Common in temperate east Australian locations, rare in the tropics. Similarly common in mainland Japan and uncommon in the Ryukyu Is. Septa are usually not as disarranged in coralla from Japan as are those from extra-tropical Australian locations; otherwise there is little difference.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1982) and Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: W to E Australia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe Is., Solitary Is. W Australia: Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama, Izu, Tateyama.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: S Papua New Guinea.

Porites vaughanti Crossland, 1952

Sometimes common on the GBR, generally uncommon in Vanuatu and the Ryukyu Is. Coralla show no taxonomically significant geographic variation throughout the recorded

distribution range. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Crossland (1952), Veron and Pichon (1982) and Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Malaysia to Vanuatu and Cook Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N Papua New Guinea, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Vanuatu.

143

FAMILY PORITIDAE

Porites eridani Umbgrove, 1940

Common in the Philippines, known in Australia only from Ashmore Reef. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Marsh (1988). TYPE LOCALITY: Indonesia.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Indonesia and W Australia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: Ashmore Reef. Philippines - Japan: Philippines.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Indonesia.

Porites sp. W Australia

Generally uncommon and little studied, restricted to coastal localities of W Australia.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron and Marsh (1988) (as Porites sp.3).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: W Australia only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Porites aranetai Nemenzo, 1955

Common in some places at Dampier Archipelago, probably rare elsewhere. TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Nemenzo (1955), Veron and Marsh (1988) (as Porites sp. 2).

TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

144

FAMILY PORITIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Sri Lanka to Japan.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Porites horizontalata Hoffmeister, 1925

Generally uncommon in the Ryukyu Is. where it has a similar range of variation as in the Philippines.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Hoffmeister (1925). TYPE LOCALITY: Samoa.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Chagos to Samoa.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. .

W Australia: not found.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vanuatu, N Papua New Guinea.

Porites rus (Forskal, 1775)

Generally common throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range and shows no taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1982), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Red Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to Costa Rica.

145

FAMILY PORITIDA E———\—_

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Archipelago. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Porites sp. Cocos (Keeling) Atoll

Forms plates and irregular branches and columns. Corallites are essentially similar to those of P. rus and P. latistella Quelch, but are smaller than both.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron (1990b).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Cocos (Keeling) Atoll only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: not found. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Cocos (Keeling) Atoll.

Porites sp. Papua New Guinea 1 Recorded only from one Central Indo-Pacific locality and not studied. TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron and Kelley (1989) (as P. californica).

DISTRIBUTION:

Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ? Papua New Guinea to far eastern Pacific.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: ?Philippines.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: S Papua New Guinea.

146

FAMILY PORITIDAE

Porites sp. Papua New Guinea 2 Recorded only from one Central Indo-Pacific locality and not studied. TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron and Kelley (1988) (as Porites sp. 1).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Papua New Guinea only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: S Papua New Guinea.

Genus Stylaraea Edwards and Haime, 1851

Stylaraea punctata (Linnaeus, 1758)

Very rare throughout most of the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Crossland (1952), Veron and Pichon (1982) and Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Fossil from Europe’.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to Guam and E Australia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Central GBR. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

147

FAMILY PORITIDAE

Genus Gontopora de Blainville, 1830

Most Goniopora species, especially those forming thick-branched or massive colonies, are clearly identified only when both living polyp and skeletal characters are known. Within a particular country or region, species are not particularly difficult to identify, either in situ or from collected coralla, but over a wider geographic range the taxonomic significance of colour and morphological variations can become difficult to determine with any certainty.

Goniopora djiboutiensis Vaughan, 1907

Common on the GBR, generally uncommon in Japan, rare in Vanuatu. Shows no taxonomically significant geographic variation throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1982) and Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Somalia.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: E Africa to Vanuatu and ? Marshall Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Flinders Reef, Solitary Is. W Australia: Scott Reef, Rowley Shoals, Dampier Arch., Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, N Papua New Guinea, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

Gontopora stokesi Edwards and Haime, 1851

Rare or uncommon throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. Shows little taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1982) and Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Unrecorded.

148

FAMILY PORITIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to Vanuatu. Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Dampier Arch., Houtman Abrolhos Is., SW coastal localities S to Port Gregory. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Goniopora lobata Edwards and Haime, 1860

Generally common throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range and shows a similar range of variation from the GBR to the Ryukyu Is. Always difficult to identify with certainty in higher latitudes, where skeletal variations occur that are primarily correlated with non-reefal environments.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1982) and Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Red Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea, The Gulf and E Africa to Samoa.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Moreton Bay, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Solitary Is., N coastal New South Wales. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Scott Reef, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama, Izu?, Tateyama? Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N Papua New Guinea, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

149

FAMILY PORITIDAE

Goniopora pendulus Veron, 1985

Uncommon throughout the recorded distribution range. Colonies from Japan and W Australia have the same distinctive long, tapering, pale to dark brown tentacles. Coralla from

both regions are very similar. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1985, 1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Houtman Abrolhos Is.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: W to E Australia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Central GBR (not previously recorded). W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Houtman Abrolhos Is., SW coastal locations S to Cockburn Sound. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Tanegashima, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Goniopora columna Dana, 1864

Common and has a similar range of variation throughout the recorded Central Indo- Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1982) and Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to Vanuatu and ?Fiji.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Scott Reef, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Izu, Tateyama.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: NN Papua New Guinea, Malaysia,

Thailand, Hong Kong, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

150

FAMILY PORITIDAE

Goniopora somaliensis Vaughan, 1907

Very common in Vanuatu where it forms extensive encrusting colonies up to 5 m diameter, usually pinkish or brown in colour, found mostly on lower reef slopes and in lagoons. Generally uncommon on the GBR and in the Ryukyu Is., becoming common at Tanegashima.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1982) and Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Somalia.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to Vanuatu and ?Samoa.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef. W Australia: Ashmore Reef. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, N Papua

New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Goniopora tenuidens (Quelch, 1886)

Generally common in Vanuatu, the GBR and the Ryukyu Is. Shows no taxonomically significant geographic variation throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1982) and Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Oman to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe I.

151

FAMILY PORITIDAE

W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay, Houtman Abrolhos Is., SW coastal locations to Port Gregory. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Thailand, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Goniopora cellulosa Veron, 1990

Possibly a high latitude endemic of Japan. Calices of some coralla, especially those from Tanegashima, show very great variation in depth as well as septal development, otherwise no geographic variation has been observed.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1990c, 1991a). TYPE LOCALITY: Japan.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Japan only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found.

W Australia: not found.

Philippines - Japan: Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Goniopora burgosi Nemenzo, 1955

Uncommon in the Ryukyu Is. Has not been studied in detail, but has the same appearance in situ in the Ryukyu Is. and Philippines. A single corallum from Thailand is relatively columnar in growth form.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Nemenzo (1955), Veron and Hodgson (1989). TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to Japan.

152

FAMILY PORITIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found.

W Australia: not found.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand.

Gontopora minor Crossland, 1952

Common, shows no taxonomically significant variation throughout the recorded distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Crossland (1952), Veron and Pichon (1982) and Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Red Sea and South China Sea to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Taiwan,

N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Goniopora norfolkensis Veron and Pichon, 1982

Uncommon throughout the recorded distribution range. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1982) and Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Hong Kong and Indonesia to Norfolk I.

153

FAMILY PORITIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, Central GBR, Capricorn

and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vietnam, Indonesia.

Goniopora pandoraensis Veron and Pichon, 1982

Rare in Vanuatu, generally uncommon on the GBR and in the Ryukyu Is. Has been observed with bleached branches in both the Ryukyu Is. and GBR.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1982) and Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Malaysia to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Kimberley coast. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Vanuatu.

Goniopora eclipsensis Veron and Pichon, 1982

Uncommon and usually restricted to protected, turbid, fringing reefs of the GBR. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1982) and Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Malaysia to E Australia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Central GBR. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia.

154

FAMILY PORITIDAE

Goniopora palmensis Veron and Pichon, 1982

Common in some shallow reefs of the GBR and the Philippines. Shows little or no taxonomically significant geographic variation and little or no colour variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1982) and Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Malaysia to E Australia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N Papua New Guinea, Malaysia.

Goniopora sp. W Australia 2

The single specimen attributed to this species, from Ashmore Reef, may be an ecomorph of G. fruticosa Saville-Kent (1891), but has smaller corallites than coralla of this species from the GBR.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron and Marsh (1988) (as Goniopora sp. 2).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: W Australia only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: Ashmore Reef. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

455

FAMILY PORITIDAE

Goniopora fruticosa Saville-Kent, 1891

Uncommon on the GBR where it occurs primarily on protected upper reef slopes. Rare in Japan where coralla show wide variation in septal development, encrusting coralla

having fine irregular septa. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1982) and Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Malaysia to E Australia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N Papua New Guinea, Thailand, Malaysia.

Goniopora stutchburyi Wells, 1955

Distinctive but generally uncommon throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. Corallites of Vanuatu coralla are mostly smaller than those of GBR coralla, otherwise the species shows no taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wells (1955), Veron and Pichon (1982) and Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Moreton Bay (E Australia).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: S India to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Moreton Bay, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Cartier Reef, Rowley Shoals, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Shark Bay, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Tosashimizu, Kushimoto, Shirahama.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Hong

Kong, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

156

FAMILY PORITIDAE

Goniopora polyformis Zou, 1980

Apparently endemic to the South China Sea, where is rare. TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron (1991a). TYPE LOCALITY: Xisha Is.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Xisha Is. to mainland Japan.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Amakusa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Goniopora sp. E Australia 1

Rare. The distinct gonioporoid pattern of fusion is less obvious in Japanese coralla than in Australian coralla and thus there remains some doubt that the two are the same species. This species has not been studied in situ.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron and Pichon (1982) (as Goniopora sp. 1).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Japan to E Australia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: N and Central GBR. W Australia: not found.

Philippines - Japan: Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Shirahama. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Goniopora sp. E Australia 2

Rare and little studied. The taxonomic status of this species has not been confirmed.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron and Pichon (1982) (as Goniopora sp. 2).

137

FAMILY PORITIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: E Australia only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: not found. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Goniopora sp. W Australia 1 Rare and little studied. The taxonomic status of this species has not been confirmed. TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron and Marsh (1988) (as Goniopora sp. 1).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: W Australia only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: Ashmore Reef. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Gontiopora sp. W Australia 3

This third W Australian unidentified Goniopora is a tentative grouping of specimens only.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron and Marsh (1988) (as Goniopora sp.).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: W Australia only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: Rowley Shoals, Dampier Archipelago. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

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FAMILY PORITIDAE

Genus Alveopora de Blainville, 1830

The species of Alveopora, more than any other scleractinian genus, show no consistent habitat preference. Several are restricted to protected or turbid biotopes, others are restricted to exposed upper reef slopes, while some occupy a wide range of biotopes.

Probably more abundant, and develop larger colonies, at the Houtman Abrolhos Islands than on any other Australian reef.

Alveopora catalai Wells, 1968

Generally rare, but may form extensive stands throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. Forms very extensive stands in two locations of the Yaeyama Is., but has not been found elsewhere in Japan. Has a similar range of variation and colour (creamy- yellow with white centres) throughout the recorded distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wells (1968), Veron and Pichon (1982) and Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: New Caledonia.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Malaysia to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Scott Reef. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia, Vanuatu.

Alveopora allingi Hoffmeister, 1925

Uncommon on the GBR, sometimes common in some lagoonal areas of NW Shelf reefs and on lower reef slopes of the Houtman Abrolhos Is., W Australia, but generally uncommon, and shows no taxonomically significant geographic variation throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1982) and Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Samoa.

159

FAMILY PORITIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Flinders Reef, Lord Howe Is. W Australia: Scott Reef, Rowley Shoals, Kimberley coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Hong

Kong, N Papua New Guinea.

Alveopora gigas Veron, 1985

A very distinctive species with an anomalous distribution. Common on lower reef slopes of the Houtman Abrolhos Is., not recorded elsewhere in W Australia. Recorded elsewhere only from the fringing reefs of the Daintree coast of the GBR where living colonies are identical in colour and appearance to those of the Houtman Abrolhos Is.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1985, 1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Houtman Abrolhos Is.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: W to E Australia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Central GBR. W Australia: Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Alveopora marionensis Veron and Pichon, 1982

Common on Marion Reef, rare or uncommon elsewhere.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1982) and Veron (1986a).

160

FAMILY PORITIDAE

TYPE LOCALITY: Coral Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, N GBR, Flinders Reef. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vietnam, Vanuatu, N Papua New Guinea.

Alveopora fenestrata (Lamarck, 1816)

Uncommon in most Australian locations except at the Houtman Abrolhos Is. where it is frequently found on lower reef slopes.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1982) and Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: “Southern Ocean”.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: E Africa to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Rowley Shoals, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is., coastal locations S to Rottnest I. Philippines - Japan: Philippines.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Indonesia, Malaysia, Vanuatu, Taiwan,

N Papua New Guinea.

Alveopora verrilliana Dana, 1872

Generally uncommon throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range, except at the Houtman Abrolhos Is. of W Australia. Colonies are typically composed of a complex of nodular branches. Skeletal characters of Japanese coralla are very similar to those of GBR and Philippine coralla, with corallites having well developed septal spines and a palisade of trabecular rods on the walls. These rods are poorly developed in Houtman Abrolhos I. coralla, which consequently appear to be a distinct geographic subspecies.

161

FAMILY PORITIDAE

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1982) and Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Hawaii.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to Hawaii and French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, Central GBR, Elizabeth and

Middleton Reefs. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Scott Reef, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu, N Papua New Guinea.

Alveopora spongiosa Dana, 1846

Common in Australia, but not Japan or Vanuatu. Found in a wide range of environments, including moderately exposed ones. Shows no taxonomically significant geographic variation throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. Usually chocolate brown, but often green in the Ryukyu Is.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1982) and Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to Vanuatu and ?French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe Is. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Amakusa Is., Shirahama.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N Papua New Guinea, Thailand,

Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

162

FAMILY PORITIDAE

Alveopora japonica Eguchi, 1968

Restricted to shallow water of high latitude locations where it occupies habitats where other corals are seldom found. Usually rare, but relatively common in restricted locations. Appears to be endemic to Japan and Korea (Song, 1982).

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Eguchi (1968), Veron (1991a). TYPE LOCALITY: Japan.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Korea to mainland Japan.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama, Izu, Tateyama. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Korea.

Alveopora excelsa Verrill, 1863

Japanese coralla are similar to those of the Philippines and are usually grey or brown

in both countries. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1991a). TYPE LOCALITY: Singapore.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Malaysia to Japan.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Kushimoto, Shirahama. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia.

163

FAMILY PORITIDAE

Alveopora tizardi Bassett-Smith, 1890

An ill-defined species with few conservative skeletal characters. Probably rare throughout the recorded distribution range. Japanese colonies are similar to colonies from

the Philippines and are pale brown to pinkish brown in colour. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1982) and Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: South China Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Saudi Arabia to ?South China Sea to

Pitcairn Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: Rowley Shoals, Shark Bay, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Indonesia, Vanuatu, N Papua New Guinea.

8 Family Siderastreidae Vaughan and Wells, 1943

The genera of this family have generally ill-defined relationships. Only two genera, Psammocora and Coscinaraea, are widespread and common in the Central Indo-Pacific. Anomastrea irregularis von Marenzeller, 1901 has been recorded from Malaysia.

Genus Pseudosiderastrea Yabe and Sugiyama, 1935

Has only one species, P. tayamai.

Pseudosiderastrea tayamat Yabe and Sugiyama, 1935

Found only on rock substrates in shallow water where other corals are seldom found. Is one of the few species which displays almost no environment-correlated or

taxonomically significant geographic variation. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Arafura Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Kuwait to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR. W Australia: Kimberley coast, Lacepede I, Broome, Dampier Arch. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia,

N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

165

FAMILY SIDERASTREIDAE

Genus Siderastrea de Blainville, 1830

Recorded in the Central Indo-Pacific from a single specimen only from the

Philippines.

Siderastrea savignyana Edwards and Haime, 1850

Rare, recorded in the Central Indo-Pacific only from the Philippines. TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Vaughan (1907), Veron and Hodgson (1989). TYPE LOCALITY: Red Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to Philippines and Palau.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Genus Psammocora Dana, 1846

In general, the species of Psammocora are distinct. They may show substantial environment-correlated variation, the same variation being repeated in most geographic regions. Except for some colonies of P. nierstraszi, coralla from W and E Australia are indistinguishable.

Psammocora stellata Verrill, 1866 has been recorded in both the E and W Pacific by Durham (1966). It has not been studied by the present author.

Taxonomic note: This genus was placed in Family Thamnasteriidae Vaughan and Wells, 1943 by Veron and Pichon (1976) and all previous authors.

Psammocora contigua (Esper, 1797)

Common in restricted shallow-water habitats in most Central Indo- Pacific countries but only one colony, a corallith, has been recorded from the Houtman Abrolhos Is. May be a

166

FAMILY SIDERASTREIDAE

dominant species in some sub- tidal biotopes, especially of the Ryukyu Is., where colonies have a primarily nodular form. In deeper water, colonies have flattened branches. Frequently forms coralliths with short, tightly compacted branches. Corallite structure also varies greatly with environment.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1976), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Unrecorded.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea, The Gulf and E Africa to French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Moreton Bay, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe I. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Hong Kong,

Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Psammocora nierstraszi van der Horst, 1921

Usually uncommon throughout the recorded distribution range; rare on the W Australian coast, except at Ashmore Reef. Colonies have a wide range of valley shapes, from short to sinuous, but show no taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1976), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Indonesia.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and Aldabra to Marshall Is. and

French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: N GBR, Elizabeth and

Middleton Reefs.

W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Dampier Arch.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Tanegashima. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia.

167

FAMILY SIDERASTREIDAE

Psammocora superficialis Gardiner, 1898

Uncommon at Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, generally common throughout the remaining recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. Usually a uniform grey or brownish colour, dark green in the Ryukyu Is., but may be other colours including brick red. Calices of coralla from mainland Japan are relatively large with distinct septa and this is observable in situ. Coralla from the Ryukyu Is. have a similar range of variation to those from the Philippines. Most variation in tropical locations is environment-correlated rather than geographic.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1976), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Marshall Is.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: The Gulf and E Africa to Galapagos Is. and

Costa Rica.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, N coastal New South Wales, Solitary Is. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama, Izu, Tateyama.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam,

Indonesia, Hong Kong, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Psammocora explanulata van der Horst, 1922

Always rare or uncommon. Forms thin plates or is encrusting, especially in biotopes where light availability is low. Shows wide environment-correlated variation but little taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1976), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Amirante and Providence Is. DISTRIBUTION:

Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Mozambique and Red Sea to Marshall Is. and French Polynesia.

168

FAMILY SIDERASTREIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Torres Strait, N and Central GBR. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reefs, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Indonesia.

Psammocora digitata Edwards and Haime, 1851

More common in W than E Australia, except at the Houtman Abrolhos Is., where it is rare. Recorded at Cocos (Keeling) Atoll by Wells (1950), but not found there by Veron (1990b). Forms distinctive colonies in most shallow-water reefal biotopes, with short thick columnar or plate-like branches. Colonies may be stunted in various ways in turbid biotopes, but generally shows no taxonomically significant geographic variation throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1976), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: China Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Seychelles Is. and Cocos (Keeling) Atoll to Fiji and French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Flinders Reef. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Psammocora haimeana Edwards and Haime, 1851

Uncommon or rare throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1976), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Seychelles Is.

169

FAMILY SIDERASTREIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to Marshall Is.,

French Polynesia and ?Pitcairn Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: N and Central GBR. Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Solitary Is. W Australia: Scott Reef, Rowley Shoals, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong,

Vietnam, Indonesia, Vanuatu, N Papua New Guinea.

Psammocora profundacella Gardiner, 1898

Generally uncommon in the Central Indo-Pacific except in the Ryukyu Is. and Cocos (Keeling) Atoll where it is common. Usually grey or creamy-yellow, but sometimes pink or blue in the Ryukyu Is., commonly pink at Tanegashima, mostly dark brown or green with distinct calices in Japan mainland locations, green or pale pink at Cocos (Keeling) Atoll.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1976), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Marshall Is.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Saudi Arabia and South Africa to Pitcairn Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Scott Reef, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama, Izu, Tateyama.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Cocos (Keeling)

Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

170

FAMILY SIDERASTREIDAE

Psammocora vaughani Yabe and Sugiyama, 1936

Common at Ishigaki I., Yaeyama Is.; probably uncommon or rare elsewhere, but has not been studied in detail. The species is retained in the genus Psammocora primarily because the corallites are the same size as other species of the genus; other skeletal characters,

however, are Coscinaraea-like. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Vaughan (1918); Yabe et al. (1936).

TYPE LOCALITY: Ogasawara Is.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Japan to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found.

Philippines - Japan: Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vanuatu.

Psammocora sp. W Australia 1 Recorded from three specimens, all from the Ningaloo Reef Tract. TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron and Marsh (1988) (as Psammocora sp. 1).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: W Australia only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: Ningaloo Reef Tract.

Philippines - Japan: not found. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Psammocora sp. W Australia 2 Rare in Vanuatu, recorded only from a single specimen from Ashmore Reef.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron and Marsh (1988) (as Psammocora sp. 2).

171

FAMILY SIDERASTREIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: W Australia to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: Ashmore Reef. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vanuatu.

Psammocora sp. Philippines Rare at Vanuatu and the Philippines. TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron and Hodgson (1989) (as Psammocora sp.).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vanuatu.

Genus Coscinaraea Edwards and Haime, 1848

Only two species are common and widely distributed. Two are restricted to extra-

tropical southern Australia, the remainder are uncommon, with tropical distributions. Has

not been recorded from Cocos (Keeling) Atoll or Christmas I. (Indian Ocean).

Coscinaraea exesa (Dana, 1846)

Common in tropical Australian reefs and Vanuatu, rare in Japan and at the Houtman Abrolhos Is. Shows no taxonomically significant geographic variation throughout the

recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

172

FAMILY SIDERASTREIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Indonesia to Fiji.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: Rowley Shoals, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Okinawa Is.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vietnam, Indonesia, N Papua New

Guinea, Vanuatu.

Coscinaraea columna (Dana, 1846)

Usually uncommon throughout the recorded distribution range but may be common in some locations, especially in the GBR. Rare at the Houtman Abrolhos Is. Forms plate-like colonies up to 3 m diameter at Kushimoto. Shows no taxonomically significant geographic variation throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: The Gulf, E Africa and Red Sea to Pitcairn Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Moreton Bay, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe I., Solitary Is. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Scott Reef, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is., SW coastal locations S to Jurien Bay. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama, Izu. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

173

FAMILY SIDERASTREIDAE

Coscinaraea mcneilli Wells, 1962

One of the two Coscinaraea to be restricted to the extra-tropical southern Australian coast. Usually uncommon. Occurs with C. marshae in SW Australia. Shows no geographic and little environment- correlated variation except in the size of colonies.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wells (1962), Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Sydney.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: W to E Australia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S coastal New South Wales. W Australia: SW coastal locations from Jurien Bay in the north, S to Geographe Bay, then E to Research Arch. on the S coast. Philippines - Japan: not found. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Coscinaraea marshae Wells, 1962

One of the two Coscinaraea to be restricted to the extra-tropical southern Australian coast. The distribution range is unlike any other coral except Symphyllia wilsoni and overlaps with that of C. mcneilli which has a similar general appearance. Usually uncommon except in some very restricted biotopes. Shows no geographic and little environment-correlated variation except in the size of the colonies.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wells (1962), Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: SW Australia.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: SW Australia only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: Houtman Abrolhos Is., SW coastal locations from Rottnest I. in the north, S to Geographe Bay, then E to Researche Arch. on the S coast. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

174

FAMILY SIDERASTREIDAE

Coscinaraea wellsi Veron and Pichon, 1980

Uncommon and cryptic in all Central Indo-Pacific locations. Colonies are best developed on vertical or overhung rock faces where light availability is restricted. Relatively common at Lord Howe I. Coralla show no taxonomically significant geographic variation throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Marshall Is.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Madagascar to E Australia and ?Marshall Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe I. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Okinawa Is., Tosashimizu.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, N Papua

New Guinea, S Papua New Guinea.

Coscinaraea monile (Forskal, 1775)

Rare or uncommon throughout the Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Crossland (1941). TYPE LOCALITY: Red Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Kuwait and Red Sea to Japan.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found.

W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Okinawa Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia.

175

FAMILY SIDERASTREIDAE

Coscinaraea hahazimaensis Yabe and Sugiyama, 1936

Uncommon, recorded by the author from single specimens from each of the

localities below. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Yabe and Sugiyama (1936). TYPE LOCALITY: Japan.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Japan only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found.

W Australia: not found.

Philippines - Japan: Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Kushimoto, Izu. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Coscinaraea crassa Veron and Pichon, 1980

Rare throughout recorded distribution range. Japanese colonies may form large, flat plates; coralla show no taxonomically significant differences from those of the GBR. Nothing is recorded of environment-correlated variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to Papua New Guinea.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Shirahama.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N Papua New Guinea.

176

9 Family Agaricudae Gray, 1847

Contains six Indo-Pacific genera as well as Agaricia of the West Indies. The distinction between Pavona and Leptoseris is uncertain in some species.

Helioseris was considered a valid Caribbean genus of Agariciidae by Wells (1973) and synonymised with Leptoseris by Dinesen (1980).

Genus Pavona Lamarck, 1801

Most species of Pavona are well-defined, although the genus is not clearly delineated from Leptoseris. Species are readily divided into ‘leafy’ and ‘non-leafy’ groupings, the former, with the greater number of nominal species, being poorly represented in Australia. There is very little difference, in structure, colour or abundance, between the Pavona of the E and W Australian coasts. Undescribed massive species are figured by Veron (1991a).

Pavona cactus (Forskal, 1775)

Generally common throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range but uncommon in Vanuatu and restricted to small areas at Cocos (Keeling) Atoll (where it was formerly widespread). Restricted to NW Shelf reefs of W Australia where it is very common. Has a wide range of growth forms, a major part of which occurs in most biotopes where the species is common. Shows no taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Red Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to Marshall Is. and French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs.

We

FAMILY AGARICIIDAE

W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Pavona decussata (Dana, 1846)

Common on the GBR and the Philippines, uncommon in Vanuatu and much of the Ryukyu Is., rare at the Houtman Abrolhos Is. and Cocos (Keeling) Atoll. Colonies may be submassive if exposed to strong wave action and/or sand abrasion, but form thick, interconnecting, bifacial, upright fronds in most reefal biotopes. All colonies from Ashmore Reef (NW Australia) were from a single lagoonal biotope and had more highly divided fronds than observed elsewhere. Otherwise the wide range of environment-correlated growth forms is repeated in each geographic region. Yellowish-brown in colour at the Ryukyu Is. and Tanegashima, chocolate brown, sometimes with green tentacles at Japan mainland locations. Tentacles are normally extended during the day at mainland locations, but not in the Ryukyu Is.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea, The Gulf and E Africa to Samoa.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, S New South Wales. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Hong Kong,

Malaysia, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

178

FAMILY AGARICIIDAE

Pavona explanulata (Lamarck, 1816)

Seldom common except at some Ryukyu I. locations and Tanegashima. Colonies are encrusting, or are thin unifacial laminae, but are sometimes submassive or columnar. This very wide variation in growth-form, with similar variation in calice structure, is clearly primarily environment- correlated and is repeated throughout the recorded distribution range. Further variation occurs in coralla from isolated locations eg. those from Tanegashima have recognisably smaller corallites than those from the Ryukyu Is. from similarly exposed biotopes.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Unrecorded.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea, The Gulf and E Africa to French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe L., Solitary Is. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Izu.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Cocos

(Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Pavona danai Edwards and Haime, 1860

Uncommon throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. Has not been studied in situ, but coralla from Japan and the Philippines have a similar range of variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1991a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Indonesia

179

FAMILY AGARICIIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to Japan.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

?, S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found.

W Australia: not found.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vietnam.

Pavona frondifera (Lamarck, 1816)

Common in the Philippines, generally uncommon at the Ryukyu Is., becoming common at Tanegashima. Restricted to one biotope at Cocos (Keeling) Atoll. Has a similar, wide, range of variation in Japan and the Philippines. In protected biotopes, colonies consist of small, tightly anastomosing plates; more stunted colonies occur in exposed environments. There appears to be little taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1991a). TYPE LOCALITY: ‘southern seas’.

DISTRIBUTION:

Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: E Africa to Panama.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Singapore, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Malaysia, Vietnam, Taiwan.

Pavona clavus (Dana, 1846)

Common on the GBR on some shallow upper reef slopes exposed to currents and, rarely, may be a dominant species. Common on NW Shelf reefs but not observed elsewhere in W Australia. Submassive colonies at Ashmore Reef may be a different species not recorded elsewhere on the west coast. Uncommon to rare in Vanuatu and the Ryukyu Is., but may forms large colonies. Colonies are most commonly columnar, but may consist of thin laminar plates, or be submassive. This great range of growth form, together with corresponding corallite variation, is repeated in all geographic regions where it has been studied.

180

FAMILY AGARICIIDAE

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to central America.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu, N Papua New Guinea.

Pavona minuta Wells, 1954

Uncommon or rare in all regions where studied except at Cocos (Keeling) Atoll where it is common on most exposed reefs. Growth form varies greatly, primarily according to how entire, or how divided, colonies grow. This appears to be unrelated to environment. Australian colonies are usually composed of parallel lobes or ridges, while Japanese colonies are more columnar (as illustrated, Veron, 1986) and are seldom large. There is also minor variation in corallite structure.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wells (1954), Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Marshall Is.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?E Africa and Gulf of Oman to French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe I. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Amakusa Is.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Cocos (Keeling)

Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

181

FAMILY AGARICIIDAE

Pavona bipartita Nemenzo, 1980

Uncommon in the Philippines, rare in the Ryukyu Is. Usually restricted to the same biotopes as P. minuta, which it closely resembles. Has not been studied in detail in situ.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Hodgson (1989). TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to Papua New Guinea.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Pavona sp. Philippines

Known only from a single specimen which is encrusting, with fine corallites separated by meandering ridges.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron and Hodgson (1989) (as Pavona sp. 2), figured, Veron (1990c).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

182

FAMILY AGARICIIDAE

Pavona xarifae Sheer and Pillai, 1974

Common at Ashmore Reef but not recorded elsewhere from Australia. Forms extensive colonies at Tana I., Vanuatu.

Taxonomic note: This species has been incorrectly called Pavona diminuta Veron, 1990, which is a junior synonym of P. xarifae.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Scheer and Pillai (1974), Veron (1990c, 1991a) (as P. diminuta). TYPE LOCALITY: Nicobar Is.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Nicobar Is. to the Cook Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea. W Australia: Ashmore Reef. Philippines - Japan: Philippines.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Vanuatu.

Pavona sp. Cocos (Keeling) Atoll

Colonies are flat unifacial plates. Corallites are very small, similar to those of P. bipartita Nemenzo, but with smaller calice centres and tendency to become sub-plocoid.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1990b, 1990c).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Cocos (Keeling) Atoll only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

183

FAMILY AGARICIIDAE

Pavona sp. Vanuatu A rare species known only from Vanuatu. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1989), Veron (1990b) (as Pavona sp. 2).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Vanuatu only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vanuatu.

Pavona varians Verrill, 1864

Probably the most common Pavona in most Central Indo-Pacific regions, although it is often cryptic. Flat, encrusting to plate-like colonies frequently exceed 2 m diameter in protected biotopes, including those of high latitude locations. Environment- correlated variation in corallite structure is very great and sometimes this variation is seen in single large colonies which occupy more than one micro-environment.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Hawaii.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to central America.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe I., Solitary Is. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tateyama.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Cocos

(Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

184

FAMILY AGARICIIDAE

Pavona venosa (Ehrenberg, 1834)

Occurs in a wide range of habitats but is uncommon throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Red Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to Marshall Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Solitary Is. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Ningaloo Reef Tract. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Pavona maldivensis (Gardiner, 1905)

Usually rare or uncommon throughout the recorded Central Indo- Pacific distribution range. Has both columnar and explanate growth forms, in exposed and protected biotopes respectively. Colonies from intermediate biotopes may have both growth forms. Explanate growth forms are much more common in Japan than observed elsewhere. Corallite structures vary greatly, according to growth form, but there is little discernible taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Maldive Is.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to Pitcairn Is. and Panama.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe I. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is.

185

FAMILY AGARICIIDA E ——————__

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Malaysia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

Genus Leptoseris Edwards and Haime, 1849

Although most species of Leptoseris clearly belong to the one genus, L. mycetoseroides and L. yabei both have some characters more usually associated with Pavona species.

Like Pavona, there are few differences between E and W Australian Leptoseris except that L. papyracea occurs in shallow lagoonal water at Scott Reef, whereas on the GBR it is restricted to lower reef slopes and inter-reefal areas.

Most species are well defined and readily identifiable throughout their geographic ranges. Leptoseris is unusually uncommon in Vanuatu.

Leptoseris papyracea (Dana, 1846)

The full geographic range indicated below requires further study. A probable synonym, L. panamensis Durham and Barnard (1952), has been recorded in the far eastern Pacific. Within the recorded Central Indo- Pacific distribution range this is a well-defined species, although it has a wide range of environment-correlated variation. It is usually restricted to deep biotopes where light availability is much reduced. At Vanuatu and Ashmore Reef (the latter only W Australian locality where it has been recorded), it occurs in shallow water exposed to full sunlight. Forms an extensive carpet in a single protected locality at Cocos (Keeling) Atoll.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Dinesen (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Sulu Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Madagascar and Amirante Is. to central America.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Central GBR. W Australia: Scott Reef. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

186

FAMILY AGARICIIDAE

Leptoseris amitoriensis Veron, 1990

Colonies form extensive stands in situ in Amitori Bay, Iriomote I., Yaeyama Is., but the species has not been recorded elsewhere. Is very conspicuous, yet has only been found in deep water at Amitori Bay. It is likely to be restricted to deep water elsewhere.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1990c, 1991a). TYPE LOCALITY: Iriomote I., Japan.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Ryukyu Is. only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Yaeyama Is.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Leptoseris gardineri van der Horst, 1921

Uncommon or rare in all locations where studied, but may form extensive monospecific stands in deep or turbid water. Probably has relatively minor environment- correlated variability and shows no taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Dinesen (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Indonesia.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Maldive Is. and Malaysia to Marshall Is.

and Samoa.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia,

N Papua New Guinea, S Papua New Guinea.

187

FAMILY AGARICIIDA E —————

Leptoseris explanata Yabe and Sugiyama, 1941

Generally uncommon or rare throughout the recorded Central Indo- Pacific distribution range. In deep or turbid water, colonies have relatively shallow, widely spaced corallites, otherwise there is little taxonomically significant variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Dinesen (1980) (as L. glabra), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Palau.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Malaysia, Vietnam, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Leptoseris scabra Vaughan, 1907

Occasionally common on walls or under overhangs but generally rare throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. Calice structure, especially the appearance of the septo-costae, varies greatly according to the size of colonies and degree of exposure to light. No taxonomically significant geographic variation has been observed.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Dinesen (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Hawaii.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and Mauritius to Hawaii and French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe I.

188

FAMILY AGARICIIDAE

W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tosashimizu. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Leptoseris solida (Quelch, 1886)

Rare throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. Coralla from Japan are similar to those of Western Australia, but this remains a poorly recorded species; not studied in situ.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Dinesen (1980). TYPE LOCALITY: Tahiti.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Kuwait and Madagascar to Pitcairn Is. and ?Easter I.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea.

W Australia: not found.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Tanegashima. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Leptoseris hawatiensis Vaughan, 1907

Less common than L. scabra in most regions where studied, but has a similar, wide, distribution range. Also has similar environment-correlated variability without noted taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Dinesen (1980), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Hawaii.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and Mascarene Arch. to central America.

189

FAMILY AGARICIIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Lord Howe I., Solitary Is. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia,

Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, S Papua New Guinea.

Leptoseris mycetoseroides Wells, 1954

One of the more common Leptoseris except at Vanuatu, where it is rare, and one of the most variable. Occurs in a wide range of habitats including exposed upper reef slopes, under overhangs and in deep water. Environment-correlated variability is correspondingly great, and masks possible taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wells (1954), Veron and Pichon (1980), Dinesen (1980), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Marshall Is.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to Marshall Is. and Pitcairn Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama, Izu, Tateyama.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam,

Indonesia, Hong Kong, Malaysia, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

190

FAMILY AGARICIIDAE

Leptoseris yabet (Pillai and Scheer, 1976)

A distinctive species, sometimes common on tropical reefs. Uncommon in the northern Ryukyu Is. Rare in high latitudes including the Houtman Abrolhos Is. and Tanegashima; also rare at Vanuatu. Coralla from the Ryukyu Is. may be very similar to those from the GBR, but some have less well-defined radiating ridges which are generally characteristic of the species. Coralla from Tanegashima are relatively finely structured.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Pillai and Scheer (1976), Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Maldive Is.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Red Sea and Maldive Is. to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua

New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Leptoseris foliosa Dinesen, 1980

Uncommon throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range; found only on sheltered vertical or overhung walls. Environment- correlated variation is less than in most other Leptoseris species and no taxonomically significant geographic variation has been determined.

Taxonomic note: Craterastrea levis Head, is a junior synonym of Leptoseris foliosa.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980) (as L. tenuis), Dinesen (1980), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

191

FAMILY AGARICIIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and Amirante and Providence Is.

to Galapagos.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Scott Reef, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Vietnam, N Papua New Guinea, S Papua New Guinea.

Leptoseris incrustans (Quelch, 1886)

Uncommon or rare throughout the recorded distribution range. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Dinesen (1980). TYPE LOCALITY: Tahiti.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Mozambique to French Polynesia and ?Pitcairn Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, not found. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Scott Reef, Seringapatam Atoll. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Taiwan, Vanuatu.

192

FAMILY AGARICIIDAE

Genus Gardineroseris Scheer and Pillai, 1974

Gardineroseris planulata (Dana, 1846)

Generally uncommon and shows only minor environment-correlated variation and no taxonomically significant geographic variation throughout the recorded Central Indo- Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Unrecorded.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to central America.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Cocos (Keeling)

Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Gardineroseris sp. Thailand

This second species of Gardineroseris has been tentatively recorded from Phuket, Thailand.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: none.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Thailand only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand.

193

FAMILY AGARICIIDAE

Genus Coeloseris Vaughan, 1918

Coeloseris mayert Vaughan, 1918

Common, especially in Vanuatu and the Yaeyama Is., generally uncommon on the GBR and W Australia. Has a similar range of variation throughout the recorded Central

Indo-Pacific distribution range. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Vaughan (1918), Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?E Africa and Andaman Is. to Vanuatu and ?Samoa.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia,

Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

194

FAMILY AGARICIIDAE

Genus Pachyseris Edwards and Haime, 1849

It is likely that only two species, P. rugosa and P. speciosa, occur in most Indo-Pacific locations. Although both species have wide ranges of growth forms, they are taxonomically distinct. There are no significant differences between E and W Australian Pachyseris.

Pachyseris rugosa (Lamarck, 1801)

Common throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range except in Japan where it is generally uncommon. Occurs over a wide range of environments, from shallow to deep, and has a wide range of environment-correlated growth forms, especially in shallow turbid water, where it may form colonies over 8 m diameter. Possible taxonomically significant geographic variation is masked by this environment-correlated variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: “Southern Ocean”

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to Marshall Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Pachyseris speciosa (Dana, 1846)

Very common, especially in deep water where (notably at Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, the Houtman Abrolhos Is. and some Ryukyu Is.) it may form monospecific stands. Becomes notably less common in higher latitudes. Rare in Vanuatu. Displays much less variation than P. rugosa, but has little or no taxonomically significant geographic variation in locations where studied.

195

FAMILY AGARICIIDAE

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: “East Indies”.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to Kiribati and French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Dampier Arch., Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Cocos

(Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Pachyseris gemmae Nemenzo, 1955

Common in exposed environments of the Philippines and Japan. This is an ill- defined species, similar to plate-like P. rugosa.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Nemenzo (1955), Veron and Hodgson (1989). TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to Japan.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found.

W Australia: not found.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand.

196

FAMILY AGARICIIDAE

Pachyseris foliosa Veron, 1990

Uncommon, recorded only from the Philippines. TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron (1990c, 1991a). TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

197

10 Family Fungiidae Dana, 1846

Cantharellus Hoeksema and Best, has been recorded in the Central Indo-Pacific only - as C. noumeae Hoeksema and Best, 1984.

Genus Cycloseris Edwards and Haime, 1849

Rare throughout Australia (except for Cycloseris cyclolite) on the GBR, generally common in the Philippines, rare in Japan, not recorded from Cocos (Keeling) Atoll. Usually found only in non-reefal (including inter-reefal) biotopes.

Cycloseris cyclolites (Lamarck, 1801)

Very common in localised non-reefal areas of the GBR. Rare in Japan. Specimens from Okinawa are similar to those from the Philippines but are larger, more irregular, and have coarser septa than those from the GBR. This trend is greatly extended in mainland locations where there is either a high latitude ecomorph of cyclolites or, more likely, a high latitude endemic.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a), Hoeksema (1989) (as Fungia (Cycloseris) cyclolites).

TYPE LOCALITY: “Southern Ocean”.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to New Caledonia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Shark Bay region.

199

FAMILY FUNGIIDAE

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama, Izu, Tateyama. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam,

Indonesia, Taiwan, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia.

Cycloseris sinensis Edwards and Haime, 1851

The most common Cycloseris in the Motupore I. region of S Papua New Guinea but known in Australia only from Ashmore Reef. Coralla from the Philippines and Japan are very similar but have distinctively higher septa than those from lower latitudes.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Hoeksema (1989, as Fungia (Cycloseris) sinensis). TYPE LOCALITY: South China Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: E Africa to French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea. W Australia: Ashmore Reef. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Singapore, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, S Papua New Guinea.

Cycloseris hexagonalis (Edwards and Haime, 1848)

Rare, and little studied, throughout the recorded Central Indo- Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Hoeksema (1989, as Fungia (Cycloseris) hexagonalis) Figs. 123 and 124 only).

TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: SE India to 7Hawaii.

200

FAMILY FUNGIIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea.

Cycloseris curvata (Hoeksema, 1989)

This is a very widespread species yet is generally rare throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. It is found along the northern Australian and southern Papua New Guinea coasts, where it may be common in restricted areas between reefs or in sandy lagoons.

Taxonomic note: this is anew name for C. elegans Verrill.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Hoeksema (1989) (as Fungia (Cycloseris) curvata). TYPE LOCALITY: Gulf of California.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Indonesia to central America.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Solitary Is. W Australia: Rowley Shoals. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea.

Cycloseris costulata (Ortmann, 1889)

Seldom seen except in some deep lagoons where it may be locally abundant. Rare in

the Ryukyu Is. except for a single site. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Sri Lanka.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Red Sea and E Africa to Bismark Arch.

201

FAMILY FUNGIIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, S coastal New South Wales. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia,

Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, S Papua New Guinea.

Cycloseris erosa (Déderlein, 1901)

Rare and little studied. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Unrecorded.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Red Sea and Indonesia to E Australia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, S Papua New Guinea.

Cycloseris somerville (Gardiner, 1909)

A rare but distinctive species. Recorded from Miyake I. (S of Tokyo), but not from

the Ryukyu Is. or mainland Japan.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a), Hoeksema (1989) (as Fungia (Cycloseris) somervillei).

TYPE LOCALITY: Seychelles Is.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Kuwait, ?7E Africa and Seychelles Is. to Fiji.

202

FAMILY FUNGIIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N GBR W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea, S Papua New Guinea.

Cycloseris sp. Philippines

Rare in the Philippines, recorded in Japan from a single specimen. TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron and Hodgson (1989) (as Cycloseris sp. 2).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to Japan.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Tanegashima. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Cycloseris patelliformis (Boschma, 1923)

Rare in Australia and Japan. Coralla from the Ryukyu Is. are similar to those from the Philippines; those from Tanegashima and the Shirahama (Tanabe Bay) are attributed to this species with doubt.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Indonesia.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and Seychelles Is. to Samoa.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, N and Central GBR, Coral Sea, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: Dampier Arch., Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa ls., Tanegashima, Shirahama.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, Vietnam, Vanuatu.

203

FAMILY FUNGIIDAE

Cycloseris vaughani (Boschma, 1923)

Rare in Australia and Japan where only four specimens have been observed. A single specimen from the Amakusa Is. is lightly calcified and is identified as this species with doubt.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a), Hoeksema (1989) (as Fungia (Cycloseris) vaughani).

TYPE LOCALITY: Hawaii.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Saudi Arabia and Madagascar to Hawaii and Easter I.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Amakusa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, S Papua New Guinea.

Cycloseris tenuis (Boschma, 1923)

Rare throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a) (as Cycloseris marginata), Hoeksema (1989) (as Fungia (Cycloseris) tenuis).

TYPE LOCALITY: Indonesia.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Red Sea and Chagos to Hawaii.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Central GBR. W Australia: Ashmore Reef. Philippines - Japan: Philippines. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore.

204

FAMILY FUNGIIDAE

Genus Diaseris Edwards and Haime, 1849

Diaseris typically occurs in isolated pockets of non-reefal habitats. They have a distinctive mode of asexual reproduction by autotomy. As with Cycloseris, the rarity of Diaseris makes it likely that present records are incomplete. Species differences are always clear in any given region but environment-correlated variation may mask inter-regional species recognition.

Diaseris distorta (Michelin, 1843)

Very common in some inter-reefal areas of the GBR, rare in W Australia and the Ryukyu Is., except in some isolated biotopes.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Unrecorded.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to central America.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reef. W Australia: Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, N Papua

New Guinea.

Diaseris fragilis Alcock, 1893

Seldom found in Australia and occurs only on soft substrates in deep water or in turbid lagoons, but may be abundant in such areas. Recorded only from the Yaeyama Is. of Japan at approximately 40m depth, a record attributed to this species with doubt. Recorded in a subtidal sea grass bed in Cebu, Philippines, where autotomy was so frequent that individuals were reduced to the size of pebbles which almost covered the substrate.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Andaman Sea.

205

FAMILY FUNGIIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Mozambique and Seychelles to E Australia

and ?Hawaiil.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs. W Australia: Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan,

N Papua New Guinea.

Genus Heliofungia Wells, 1966

Heliofungia actiniformis (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833)

Very common on the GBR and NW Shelf reefs of Australia, especially in lagoons. Usually uncommon in Vanuatu and Japan where it is restricted to protected biotopes. Has a similar range of variation throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a), Hoeksema (1989). TYPE LOCALITY: New Ireland.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Thailand to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Scott Reef, Kimberley coast. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

206

FAMILY FUNGIIDAE

Genus Fungia Lamarck, 1801

Of all major genera, Fungia is the most restricted to tropical waters. In E Australia, only F. scutaria is abundant in higher latitudes (Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs). On the W coast, only a single specimen (of F. repanda) has been recorded from the Houtman Abrolhos Islands. There are usually few, if any, differences between coralla from the two Australian coasts.

Fungia are very common throughout the Ryukyu Is. and show little taxonomically significant geographic variation within this range. There appears to be little variation in relative abundance within the three major groups of the Ryukyu Is., yet only one species, F. scutaria, has been recorded further north (at Tanegashima) by Veron (1991).

The genus is usually divided into subgenera following Well’s (1966) revision although these have no more taxonomic significance than subgenera of other major genera. Species generally show little geographic- or environment-correlated variation, partly because they are not colonial, but also because they seldom occur on exposed reef fronts or in high latitude, non-reefal localities, both of which are common environmental extremes for other corals.

Fungia fungites (Linnaeus, 1758)

Very common throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range except at Cocos (Keeling) Atoll where it is uncommon. Coralla show no taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a), Hoeksema (1989). TYPE LOCALITY: Red Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tosashimizu. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

207

FAMILY FUNGIIDAE

Fungia scruposa Klunzinger, 1879

Rare on the GBR and W Australia, generally common in the Ryukyu Is. over a wide range of biotopes. Coralla show no taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a), Hoeksema (1989). TYPE LOCALITY: Red Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to ?E Australia and French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Scott Reef, Dampier Arch. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan,

N Papua New Guinea.

Fungia horrida Dana, 1846

Generally uncommon or rare throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific

distribution range. Coralla show no taxonomically significant variation. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a), Hoeksema (1989). TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs. Philippines - Japan: Philippines. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan,

Vanuatu, N Papua New Guinea.

209

FAMILY FUNGIIDAE

Fungia danai (Edwards and Haime, 1851)

Common throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range where

coralla seldom show any taxonomically significant geographic variation. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Madagascar and E Africa to French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Singapore, Vietnam, Malaysia, Vanuatu.

Fungia corona Déderlein, 1901

Rare and little studied. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Singapore.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to E Australia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam.

208

FAMILY FUNGIIDAE

Fungia fralinae Nemenzo, 1955

Rare, geographic variation has not been studied.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Nemenzo (1955), Veron and Hodgson (1989), Hoeksema (1989).

TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Indonesia to Papua New Guinea.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea.

Fungia valida Verrill, 1864

Common at Ashmore Reef but has not been recorded elsewhere on the W Australian coast. Rare in Vanuatu, probably rare in Japan. Coralla show no taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Zanzibar.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to Vanuatu and ?Phoenix Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: Ashmore Reef. Philippines - Japan: Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Vanuatu.

210

FAMILY FUNGIIDAE

Fungia klunzingeri Doderlein, 1901

Generally uncommon or rare and shows no taxonomically significant geographic variation throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Red Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Rowley Shoals. Philippines - Japan: not found. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Singapore, Vietnam, Vanuatu.

Fungia repanda Dana, 1846

Common throughout the Australian distribution range except for the Houtman Abrolhos Is. where only a single specimen has been observed. This is the only record of Fungia at the Houtman Abrolhos Is. Very common in the Ryukyu Is. Coralla show no taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a), Hoeksema (1989). TYPE LOCALITY: “East Indies” and Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea,

Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs Capricorn

and Bunker Reefs.

W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch.,

Ningaloo Reef Tract.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam,

Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

211

FAMILY FUNGIIDAE

Fungia concinna Verrill, 1864

Very common in Vanuatu and the Ryukyu Is. Shows no taxonomically significant

geographic variation throughout the recorded Central Indo- Pacific distribution range. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a), Hoeksema (1989). TYPE LOCALITY: Zanzibar.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Scott Reef, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu. Additional countries: not found.

Fungia scabra Déderlein, 1901

Rare on the GBR, uncommon in the Ryukyu Is. and not studied in detail. Coralla are similar in these localities.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: “East Indies”.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Seychelles to E Australia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea, S Papua New Guinea.

212

FAMILY FUNGIIDAE

Fungia granulosa Klunzinger, 1879

Generally common, shows no taxonomically significant geographic variation throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a), Hoeksema (1989). TYPE LOCALITY: Red Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Fungia spinifer Claereboudt and Hoeksema, 1987

Rare, geographic variation has not been studied. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Claereboudt and Hoeksema (1987), Hoeksema (1989). TYPE LOCALITY: Indonesia.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Indonesia to N Papua New Guinea.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Okinawa ls. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea.

VA.

FAMILY FUNGIIDAE

Fungia sp. Philippines Rare, geographic variation has not been studied.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron and Hodgson (1989).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Fungia scutaria Lamarck, 1801

Generally common throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range, occurring in higher latitudes than other Fungia species in E and W Australia and Japan; common at Elizabeth and Middleton Reef (E Australia), rare at Tanegashima (Japan). Unlike other Fungia, this species is sometimes found in moderately exposed environments. Coralla show no taxonomically significant geographic variation. Commonly bright green in the Ryukyu Is.; uniform pale brown at Tanegashima, cream with blue or white tentacular lobes, occasionally pink, at Cocos (Keeling) Atoll.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a), Hoeksema (1989). TYPE LOCALITY: “Indian Ocean”.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and SE Africa to Hawaii and Pitcairn Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Ningaloo Reef Tract. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Cocos (Keeling)

Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

214

FAMILY FUNGIIDAE

Fungia paumotensis Stutchbury, 1833

Generally common and shows no taxonomically significant geographic variation throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a), Hoeksema (1989). TYPE LOCALITY: Paumotu Is.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and Madagascar to Hawaii and French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Fungia moluccensis van der Horst, 1919

Generally uncommon in Australia, sometimes common in the Ryukyu Is. Coralla show no taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Indonesia.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Vietnam, Indonesia,

Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, S Papua New Guinea.

215

FAMILY FUNGIIDAE

Fungia sp. Vanuatu

Rare, geographic variation has not been studied. TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron (1990a) (as Fungia (Verrilliofungia) sp.).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Vanuatu only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Genus Ctenactis Verrill, 1864

Taxonomic note: This genus was formally considered a subgenus of Fungia by the

author and his colleagues.

Ctenactis echinata (Pallas, 1766)

Common and shows no taxonomically significant geographic variation throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a) (as Fungia (Ctenactis) echinata), Hoeksema (1989).

TYPE LOCALITY: “Indian Ocean”.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to Samoa.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Scott Reef, Kimberley coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

216

FAMILY FUNGIIDAE

Ctenactis crassa (Dana, 1846)

Uncommon or rare and shows no taxonomically significant geographic variation throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range.

Taxonomic note: This species has previously been called Herpetoglossa simplex and Fungia (Ctenactis) simplex by the author and his colleagues.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a) (as Herpetoglossa simplex), Hoeksema (1989).

TYPE LOCALITY: Maldive Is.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to Fiji.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley Coast, Dampier and Ningaloo. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, Taiwan, Vanuatu, N Papua New Guinea.

Genus Herpolitha

Eschscholtz, 1825

Herpolitha limax (Esper, 1797)

Generally common and shows no taxonomically significant geographic variation throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range except at Cocos (Keeling) Atoll where it is rare.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a), Hoeksema (1989). TYPE LOCALITY: Unrecorded.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to French Polynesia.

217

FAMILY FUNGIIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea,

Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn

and Bunker Reefs.

W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch.,

Ningaloo Reef Tract.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Cocos

(Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Herpolitha weberi (van der Horst, 1921)

Generally rare throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: van der Horst (1921), Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Indonesia.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Maldive Is. to E Australia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Central GBR W Australia: Rowley Shoals, Kimberley coast. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, N Papua New Guinea, S Papua New Guinea.

Genus Polyphyllia

Quoy and Gaimard, 1833

Taxonomic note: Lamberts (1984) presents a plausible case for dividing Polyphyllia into two monospecific genera, Polyphyllia and Lithactinia, on both morphological and biogeographic grounds. This division would be more useful if either genus had a second species.

218

FAMILY FUNGIIDAE

Polyphyllia talpina (Lamarck, 1801)

Generally common in E and W Australia, uncommon in the Ryukyu Is. Coralla show no taxonomically significant geographic variation, neither are there colour variations or variations of colonies in situ, which have tentacles extended day and night.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a), Hoeksema (1989). TYPE LOCALITY: “East Indies”.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Madagascar to Fiji and Tonga.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, S Papua New Guinea.

Polyphyllia novaehiberniae Lesson, 1831

This is a well-defined species with an anomalous distribution: it is common from N Papua New Guinea to Samoa, does not occur in the central western Pacific or the Indian Ocean except Kenya, where it is known from a single specimen.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Lamberts (1984) (as Lithactinia novaehiberniae), Hoeksema (1989).

TYPE LOCALITY: New Ireland.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Kenya and Papua New Guinea to Fiji.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: not found. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vanuatu, N Papua New Guinea.

219

FAMILY FUNGIIDAE

Genus Halomitra Dana, 1846

Halomitra pileus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Rare in the Ryukyu Is., uncommon in Vanuatu. Shows no taxonomically significant geographic variation throughout the recorded Central Indo- Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a), Hoeksema (1989). TYPE LOCALITY: “East Indies”.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: E Africa to Kiribati.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa ls. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Sandalolitha

Quelch, 1884

A second species of Sandalolitha, S. dentata Quelch, 1886, is probably a valid species of the south Pacific, but its wider distribution is uncertain.

Sandalolitha robusta (Quelch, 1886)

Generally common and shows no taxonomically significant geographic variation throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range except at Cocos (Keeling) Atoll where small colonies are oval, larger ones are contorted according to irregularities in the substrate. The flattened, irregular appearance combined with wide corallum margins free of centres, suggests a different species from that found in Australia. There are, however, no skeletal details which reliably distinguish Cocos (Keeling) Atoll coralla from those from Australia and these are best regarded as geographic subspecies.

220

FAMILY FUNGIIDAE

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Indonesia.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Andaman Is. to French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Ningaloo Reef Tract. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Genus Zoopilus Dana, 1846

A well-defined monospecific genus.

Zoopilus echinatus Dana, 1846

Uncommon except in some isolated deep-water biotopes. The distribution range is unusual in that it excludes Australia and the Coral Sea, yet extends S to Vanuatu and Fiji and

N to the Yaeyama Is. of Japan. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1986a), Hoeksema (1989). TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Indonesia to Marshall Is. and Fiji.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, Indonesia, N Papua New

Guinea, Vanuatu.

221

FAMILY FUNGIIDAE

Genus Lithophyllon

Rehberg, 1892

Hoeksema (1989) records two species of Lithophyllon in total, as concluded by Veron (1986). One species occurs on the GBR: L. mokai Hoeksema, a new name for the L. cf. edwardsi of Veron and Pichon (1980) and subsequent uses of that name by this author from Australian locations, but not Japan. Lithophyllon undulatum sensu Hoeksema, occurs Ashmore Reef, NW Australia but has not, to this authors knowledge, been found on the GBR. There are probably no species of Lithophyllon in common between the GBR and Japan.

Lithophyllon undulatum Rehberg, 1892

Uncommon, but forms large, conspicuous colonies in high latitude, non-reefal

localities of Japan. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1986a, p. 358, fig. 1), Hoeksema (1989, figs. 570, 571). TYPE LOCALITY: Unrecorded.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to Japan.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: Ashmore Reef. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is. Okinawa Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Shirahama, Kushimoto. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan,

N Papua New Guinea.

Lithophyllon mokai Hoeksema, 1989

Uncommon and shows no taxonomically significant geographic variation throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980) (as L. cf. edwardsi), Hoeksema (1989).

TYPE LOCALITY: Indonesia.

222

FAMILY FUNGIIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Andaman Is. to Vanuatu and ?Samoa.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Scott Reef, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia,

Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Lithophyllon lobata

van der Horst, 1921

Rare throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: van der Horst (1921), Veron and Hodgson (1989), Hoeksema (1989, figs. 567, 568, as Lithophyllon undulatum).

TYPE LOCALITY: Japan.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to Japan.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea. W Australia: not found.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Indonesia, S Papua New Guinea.

Lithophyllon levistet

Nemenzo, 1971

Rare, presumed to be endemic to the Philippines and Vietnam. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Nemenzo (1971). TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Vietnam to Philippines.

223

FAMILY FUNGIIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vietnam.

Genus Podabacia Edwards and Haime, 1849

Podabacia crustacea (Pallas, 1766)

Common in E and W Australian, uncommon in the Philippines and Ryukyu Is. Coralla show no taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a), Hoeksema (1989). TYPE LOCALITY: Unrecorded.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Podabacia motuporensis Veron, 1990

Rare over the recorded distribution range except at Vanuatu where it is generally common.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1990c).

TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

224

FAMILY FUNGIIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vanuatu.

225

1 Family Oculinidae Gray, 1847

Contains three hermatypic genera, Galaxea, Acrhelia, and Simplastrea from the Indo- Pacific. The first two genera are common and widespread, the last is known only from the holotype of S. vesicularis Umbgrove, 1939, which appears to be a distinct species.

Genus Galaxea Oken, 1815

The total number of Galaxea species is unrecorded but there appear to be at least four in the Central Indo-Pacific, three of which have been studied by the author and a fourth, recorded from N Papua New Guinea. The variability of G. fascicularis, however, may well mask the presence of other similar but less abundant species. Species identities of the eastern distribution range of the genus have not been determined.

Galaxea astreata (Lamarck, 1816)

Common in most Central Indo-Pacific locations. Rare in the Okinawa Is. and not found in sub-tropical Australian locations. Colonies may be tiered, encrusting, columnar or pillow-like, depending partly on exposure to wave action. Columnar growth forms are more common on the W Australian coast than on the GBR. This species shows little of the great variation of G. fascicularis and there is little or no taxonomically significant geographic variation in either growth form or corallite structure.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: “Indian Ocean”.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to ?Samoa.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea,

220

FAMILY OCULINIDAE

Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Tosashimizu. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Galaxea fascicularis (Linnaeus, 1767)

Common throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. Has a very wide range of environment-correlated variation and may also vary greatly within the same uniform biotope. Forms very large colonies, including some of the largest of all Scleractinia, in turbid, protected water. Small colonies growing on mud substrates have been described as separate species because they often develop very elongate, phaceloid corallites. Such corallites may also occur in colonies from reefal habitats, where they may be induced by boring organisms. Environment-correlated variation, therefore, takes several forms, which completely masks both geographic variation and the possible presence of sibling species.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to ?French Polynesia

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam,

Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

228

FAMILY OCULINIDAE

Galaxea alta Nemenzo, 1979

Sometimes common in the Philippines. Primarily characterised by very large, exsert,

tubular corallites and numerous highly compacted septa. Difficult to distinguish from G.

fascicularis unless both species occur together.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Nemenzo (1979).

TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

DISTRIBUTION:

Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Genus Acrhelia Edwards and Haime, 1849

This genus, from the Central Indo-Pacific, is monospecific.

Acrhelia horrescens (Dana, 1846)

This is one of the most habitat-restricted of all reef corals of Australia where it occurs

only in clear reef waters and is virtually never found on fringing reefs. It occurs only on off- shore (NW Shelf) reefs of W Australia and only on the southern-most (Yaeyama) reefs of the Ryukyu Is., where it is generally uncommon. In Vanuatu, the Philippines and the Ryukyu Is., colonies frequently occur in turbid environments where they have lax growth forms.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION:

Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Malaysia and W Australia to Gilbert Is. and

Samoa.

229

FAMILY OCULINIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, Indonesia, N Papua New

Guinea, Vanuatu.

230

12 Family

Pectintidae Vaughan and Wells, 1947

Genus Echinophyllia

Klunzinger, 1879

Except for plate-like E. orpheensis at the Houtman Abrolhos Islands, there is little difference between the Echinophyllia of the GBR and the W Australian coast.

Echinophyllia aspera (Ellis and Solander, 1786)

Generally common in a wide range of habitats throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. Is especially common in high latitudes, notably Tanegashima and the Amakusa Is., but is uncommon at Shirahama and Kushimoto. Has a similar range of

corallite variation throughout its range. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: “Eastern Indian Ocean”.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe Is., Solitary Is. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Scott Reef, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reefs, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami lIs., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama, Izu,

Tateyama.

231

FAMILY PECTINIIDAE

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N Papua New Guinea, Thailand,

Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

Echinophyllia orpheensis

Veron and Pichon, 1980

Generally uncommon throughout the recorded distribution range. Colonies attributed to this species with doubt form explanate plates at the Houtman Abrolhos Is. with

outwardly inclined corallites. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Malaysia and W Australia to E Australia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf reefs, Pilbara coast, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reefs, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N Papua New Guinea, Malaysia,

Vietnam, Indonesia.

Echinophyllia echinata (Saville-Kent, 1871)

Recorded only from Ashmore Reef on the W Australian coast where it is unusually common. Generally uncommon elsewhere in the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Solomon Is.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Saudi Arabia and Maldive Is. to Solomon Is. and French Polynesia.

232

FAMILY PECTINIIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N GBR. W Australia: Ashmore Reef. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea.

Echinophyllia nishthirat Veron, 1990

Rare, but very conspicuous. Coralla have a very large central corallite with a compact, circular or elongate columella up to 20mm diameter. Septo-costae radiate from the central corallite to the corallum perimeter. Secondary corallites are rare. Geographic range and environment-correlated variation are both unrecorded.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1990c, 1991a). TYPE LOCALITY: Ryukyu Is., Japan.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Japan only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found.

W Australia: not found.

Philippines - Japan: Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Tosashimizu. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Echinophyllia echinoporoides Veron and Pichon, 1980

Rare throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range except, in the Ryukyu Is., in some protected biotopes. Has a similar range of variation in the Philippines and Ryukyu Is. In the Ryukyu Is. it is mostly rust red in colour, often with green or white calices, occasionally grey with green or red calices.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

233

FAMILY PECTINIIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Indonesia to E Australia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait,

N and Central GBR.

W Australia: not found.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vietnam, N Papua New Guinea,

Malaysia, Indonesia.

Echinophyllia patula (Hodgson and Ross, 1982)

Rare, except at Tanegashima where it has the same grey- green colour and appearance as Philippines colonies.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Hodgson and Ross (1982). TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Thailand to Japan.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found.

W Australia: not found.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Tanegashima. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand.

Genus Oxypora

Saville-Kent, 1871

Oxypora crassispinosa Nemenzo, 1979

Common on steeply sloping substrates of the Philippines. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Nemenzo (1979).

TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

234

FAMILY PECTINIIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Oxypora lacera (Verrill, 1864)

Common in E and W Australia and in the Ryukyu Is. N to Tanegashima, uncommon in mainland Japan and Cocos (Keeling) Atoll. Has a similar range of variation throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. Colonies are usually pale grey or brown in the Ryukyu Is., or yellowish-brown to creamy grey at Tanegashima or bright green (sometimes red) at mainland locations.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Singapore.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to Marshall and Loyalty Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf reefs, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reefs, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama, Izu. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Oxypora glabra

Nemenzo, 1959

Much more abundant on the W than E Australian coasts where colonies tend to form thin plates similar to those of O. lacera and distinctions between these species are not as clear as they are in other geographic regions including the GBR and the Philippines. Generally uncommon elsewhere in the recorded distribution range. Coralla from the GBR, the Philippines and the Ryukyu Is. have a similar range of variation.

235

FAMILY PECTINIIDAE

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Malaysia to New Caledonia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf reefs, Ningaloo Reefs, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N Papua New Guinea, Malaysia, Taiwan, New Caledonia.

Genus Mycedium Oken, 1815

Mycedium elephantotus (Pallas, 1766)

Common in E and W Australia, the Ryukyu Is. and Kushimoto, where it has a very wide colour range; uncommon at Tanegashima and other mainland localities of Japan where it is dark coloured, predominantly green. Has a wide variation in corallite structure throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: “Indian Ocean”.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Moreton Bay, Lord Howe Is. W Australia: NW Shelf reefs, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reefs, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama, Izu. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: NN Papua New Guinea, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

236

FAMILY PECTINIIDAE

Mycedium robokaki Moll and Borel Best, 1984

Generally uncommon in Vanuatu, rare and in Australia and Japan (recorded only from Ashmore Reef and Ishigaki I., respectively).

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Moll and Borel Best (1984). TYPE LOCALITY: Indonesia.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Indonesia to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea. W Australia: Ashmore Reef. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Indonesia, Vanuatu.

Genus Physophyllia

Duncan, 1884

This is a poorly defined genus with one species.

Physophyllia aylent

Wells, 1934

Rare throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Japan.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to Japan.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: Kimberly Coast (new record). Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

237

FAMILY PECTINIIDAE

Genus Pectinia Oken 1815

Although the species of this genus have been very confused historically, they are usually reliably identified in situ and, except for some P. teres, from coralla.

Pectinia lactuca (Pallas, 1766)

Common in Vanuatu-and E and W Australia, generally uncommon in Japan. Coralla show no taxonomically significant geographic variation, and are always blue-grey in colour throughout the recorded Indo-west distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Unrecorded.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: E Africa to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR. W Australia: NW Shelf reefs, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reefs. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Tosashimizu, Amami Is., Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N Papua New Guinea, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

Pectinia paeonia (Dana, 1846)

Common in Vanuatu and E and W Australia, uncommon in Japan. Coralla show no taxonomically significant geographic variation throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Sri Lanka to Fiji.

238

FAMILY PECTINIIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Scott Reef, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reefs. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: NN Papua New Guinea, Thailand,

Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

Pectinia alcicornis (Saville-Kent, 1871)

Occurs only on NW Shelf reefs of W Australia. Uncommon in Vanuatu and Japan. Usually found in partly protected biotopes but sometimes found on partly exposed upper reef slopes. Has a similar range of variation throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Solomon Is.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Maldive Is. to Vanuatu and ?Solomon Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Scott Reef. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N Papua New Guinea, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Vanuatu.

Pectinia teres Nemenzo, 1981

Rare throughout the recorded distribution range where it is usually restricted to lower reef slopes. Restricted to the NW Shelf reefs of W Australia where colonies shown no taxonomically significant differences from those of the Philippines.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Nemenzo (1981), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

239

FAMILY PECTINIIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Thailand to Papua New Guinea.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: NW Shelf reefs. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama ls. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, N Papua New Guinea.

Pectinia elongata Rehberg, 1892

A rare distinctive species, probably restricted to equatorial regions and occupying

soft substrates in protected environments. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980, fig. 605). TYPE LOCALITY: Palau.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Malaysia to Papua New Guinea.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: not found. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N and E Papua New Guinea, Malaysia,

Indonesia.

240

13 Family Mussidae Ortmann, 1890

Indophyllia Gerth, 1921 was known only as a fossil genus until an extant species, I. macassarensis Borel Best and Hoeksema, 1987 was described from Indonesia. It is solitary, like Scolymia, but adults are free-living. It has not been found by the author and may be endemic to the Indonesian region.

This family includes both high latitude endemic species and subspecies and other species which have marked latitudinal variation in abundance in both the N and S hemispheres.

Genus Blastomussa Wells, 1961

Except for the rare occurrence of B. merleti at the Dampier Archipelago, this genus has been found in W Australia only at the Houtman Abrolhos Is.

Blastomussa merleti (Wells, 1961)

Uncommon in Australia, very rare in Japan. Usually green centered in W Australia, may be red, green or brownish colour in Japan. Coralla show no taxonomically significant

geographic variation. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: New Caledonia.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and Madagascar to New Caledonia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait,

N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Solitary Is.

W Australia: Dampier Arch., Houtman Abrolhos Is.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N Papua New Guinea, Malaysia,

Indonesia, New Caledonia.

241

FAMILY MUSSIDAE

Blastomussa wellsi Wijsman-Best, 1973

Rare throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. Usually phaceloid, becoming sub-plocoid in higher latitudes (including the Houtman Abrolhos Is. of W Australia) and may be completely cerioid in mainland Japan. Generally greenish or red throughout the recorded distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: New Caledonia.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Red Sea and Philippines to New Caledonia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Tateyama.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vietnam, Malaysia, New Caledonia,

Vanuatu.

Genus Cynarina Brtiggemann, 1877

Cynarina lacrymalis (Edwards and Haime, 1848)

Seldom common on the GBR, very rare in Japan. Although this is a very distinctive species, three specimens only were observed at Tanegashima, two at Shirahama, and none were found in situ at Kushimoto.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to Kermadec Is.

242

FAMILY MUSSIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: Kimberley coast (new record). Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is.,Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N Papua New Guinea, Thailand,

Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia.

Genus Scolymia Haime, 1852

Scolymia vitiensis Briiggemann, 1877

Uncommon in Vanuatu. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?E Africa and Philippines to Fiji and ?Pitcairn Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa ls. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N Papua New Guinea, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

243

FAMILY MUSSIDAE

Scolymia australis (Edwards and Haime, 1849)

Primarily found along the southern coastline of Australia, a distribution similar to that of Coscinaraea mcneilli. It is usually uncommon within this range and rare in the S GBR. Has also been found in Japan, but not in the Ryukyu Is. or the mainland.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Port Lincoln (S Australia).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: W to E Australia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe Is., Solitary Is., coastal locations S to Victoria thence W to W Australia. W Australia: SW coastal locations S to Point d’Entrecasteaux, thence E to E Australia. Philippines - Japan: Miyake and Ogasawara Is.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Genus Australomussa Veron, 1985

Australomussa rowleyensis Veron, 1985

Rare in W Australia except for restricted biotopes of N Legendre I., Dampier Archipelago. Colonies are small, flat, dark green and grey at Rowley Shoals and large, dome- shaped and medium grey at Dampier Archipelago. Very common in W Thailand, rare in Japan and recorded in the Okinawa Is. from a single laboratory specimen.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Rowley Shoals (W Australia).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Andaman Is. to Japan.

244

FAMILY MUSSIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: NW Shelf reefs, Dampier Arch., Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea.

Genus Acanthastrea Edwards and Haime, 1848

Several species (A. hillae, A. bowerbanki, A. lordhowensis and possibly A. amakusensis) are much more common in high latitude non-reefal localities than in the tropics. Acanthastrea echinata is the only widespread common species of the genus.

Acanthastrea echinata (Dana, 1846)

Generally common throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range, especially on exposed upper reef slopes. Less common in higher latitudes. Colonies show no taxonomically significant variation throughout this range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea, The Gulf and E Africa to Marshall

Is. and French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf reefs, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reefs, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama, Tateyama. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N Papua New Guinea, Thailand,

Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

245

FAMILY MUSSIDAE

Acanthastrea rotundoflora Chevalier, 1975

Rare in Japan. Colonies from Japan, the Philippines and Vanuatu have a similar

appearance in situ. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Chevalier (1975). TYPE LOCALITY: New Caledonia.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to New Caledonia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: New Caledonia.

Acanthastrea hillae Wells, 1955

Uncommon or rare in Vanuatu and tropical E Australia and in W Australia except at the Houtman Abrolhos Is. Has a wide range of colours in the E, but little colour variation in the W where most colonies are creamy green or brown. Rare in Japan, especially in the Ryukyu Is., where colonies are mostly grey, brown or mottled green in colour. At Tanegashima and mainland Japan, colonies are also commonly red. Coralla from W Australia usually have relatively coarse skeletal structures, with a tendency to become sub-meandroid.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wells (1955), Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Moreton Bay (E Australia).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Mozambique and The Gulf and W Australia to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe Is., Solitary Is., N coastal New South Wales. W Australia: Ningaloo Reefs, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is.

246

FAMILY MUSSIDAE

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Acanthastrea bowerbanki Edwards and Haime, 1857

Rare throughout the tropics and recorded from a single W Australian locality. Living colonies do not have the fleshy appearance of other Acanthastrea species. Coralla from the GBR and the Ryukyu Is. show no taxonomically significant differences.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: “Australia”.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Reunion and Rodriguez I. to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe Is. W Australia: Ashmore Reef. Philippines - Japan: Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amakusa Is., Tosashimizu. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Vanuatu.

Acanthastrea hempricht (Ehrenberg, 1834).

Generally uncommon, but may form conspicuous orange-yellow colonies over 1m diameter in the Ryukyu Is. and uniform brownish-grey to dark green or red colonies at mainland locations. Coralla from the Philippines and Japan show no taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Yabe et al. (1936). TYPE LOCALITY: Red Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to Japan.

247

FAMILY MUSSIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Acanthastrea lordhowensis Veron and Pichon, 1982

Not recorded on the GBR and generally uncommon elsewhere in Australia, very rare in Japan except in higher latitudes. Coralla show no taxonomically significant geographic variation and have a very wide range of bright colours throughout the recorded distribution

range. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Lord Howe I. (E Australia).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?E Africa and Hong Kong to E Australia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe Is., N New South Wales. W Australia: Dampier Arch. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Izu.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: S Papua New Guinea.

Acanthastrea amakusensis Veron, 1990

Rare throughout the recorded Indo-Pacific distribution range where colonies are fleshy and brightly coloured, green or red.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1990c, 1991a). TYPE LOCALITY: Japan.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Indonesia to Vanuatu.

248

FAMILY MUSSIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Central GBR (not previously recorded). W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Yaeyama Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama, Izu.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vanuatu.

Acanthastrea ishigakiensis Veron, 1990

Coralla from Vanuatu and the Cook Is. have more widely spaced, more strongly dentate septa than those from the Philippines and Japan. Coralla from Vanuatu and one from the Cook Is. have well developed ambulacral grooves between corallites and some septa are greatly thickened towards the corallite walls. Coralla from the Philippines have fine ambulacral ridges between corallites and Philippines coralla (especially) have more numerous septa and finer dentations. These are clear geographic, as distinct from

environment-correlated, variations. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1990c, 1991a). TYPE LOCALITY: Ryukyu Is., Japan.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to the Cook Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Tanegashima, Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vanuatu, Cook Is.

Genus Lobophyllia

de Blainville, 1830

Lobophyllia hemprichii (Ehrenberg, 1834)

The most common Lobophyllia of the recorded Indo-west Pacific, uncommon Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, shows little or no taxonomically significant geographic variation.

249

FAMILY MUSSIDAE

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Red Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to Pitcairn Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Lord Howe Is. W Australia: NW Shelf reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reefs, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama ls., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N Papua New Guinea, Thailand, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

Lobophyllia diminuta Veron, 1985

Sometimes common in Vanuatu, rare elsewhere throughout the recorded

distribution range. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1985, 1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Thailand to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Pompey and Swain Reefs. W Australia: Ningaloo Reefs. Philippines - Japan: not found. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Vanuatu.

250

FAMILY MUSSIDAE

Lobophyllia corymbosa (Forskal, 1775)

Common on the GBR and in Vanuatu, generally uncommon in W Australia. There is less difference between this species and L. hemprichii at all W Australian locations than on the E coast, primarily because septal dentations are less easily contrasted. This suggests the presence of geographic subspecies. Uncommon in the Ryukyu Is., rare at Tanegashima. Has the same appearance in situ throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range where it exhibits little growth form variation and is usually blue-grey in colour.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Red Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Moreton Bay. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Kimberley coast Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reefs, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima. |

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N Papua New Guinea, Malaysia,

Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

Lobophyllia pachysepta Chevalier, 1975

Uncommon on the GBR and in Vanuatu. Exsert septo-costae are the same yellow colour throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Chevalier (1975), Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Coral Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Maldive Is. to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs.

251

FAMILY MUSSIDAE

W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vietnam, Malaysia, Vanuatu.

Lobophyllia hatatt Yabe, Sugiyama and Eguchi 1936

Uncommon throughout W Australia, but more abundant than on the east coast where it is rare. Generally rare throughout the recorded Indo- west Pacific distribution range,

but very distinctive. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Palau.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Saudi Arabia to New Caledonia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf reefs, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N Papua New Guinea, Thailand,

Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, New Caledonia.

Lobophyllia robusta Yabe, Sugiyama and Eguchi, 1936

Uncommon throughout the recorded distribution range, but in the Philippines and Japan, sometimes forms conspicuous colonies over 2m diameter. Very large colonies have not been found on the GBR, but Lobophyllia sp. from E Australia of Veron et al. (1980) is probably this species.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Yabe et al. (1936), Veron and Pichon (1980) (Lobophyllia sp.). TYPE LOCALITY: Japan.

DISTRIBUTION:

Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to Papua New Guinea.

252.

FAMILY MUSSIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, N and Central GBR W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Tanegashima, Amami Is., Tanegashima, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: S Papua New Guinea.

Genus Symphyllia

Edwards and Haime, 1848

Symphyllia wilsoni

Veron, 1985

A distinctive species restricted to SW Australia. Seldom found with other corals; rare at the Houtman Abrolhos Is., most commonly found on kelp- or Sargassum-dominated coastal exposed rock surfaces. Only Coscinaraea marshae has a similar distribution range,

although habitat preferences are different. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1985, 1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Houtman Abrolhos Is.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: SW Australia only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is., SW coastal locations S to Geographe Bay, thence E to Bremer Bay on the S coast. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Symphyllia recta (Dana, 1846)

Generally common throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range

and shows little geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a).

253

FAMILY MUSSIDAE

TYPE LOCALITY: Wake I.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?E Africa and Maldive Is. to Marshall Is.

and Samoa.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tosashimizu.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N Papua New Guinea, Thailand,

Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

Symphyllia radians

Edwards and Haime, 1849

Probably less common than S. recta throughout most of the recorded Central Indo- Pacific distribution range. Has a similar range of variation and the same appearance 1m sifu in the GBR, Philippines and Ryukyu Is., but at Tanegashima, where it is rare, colonies are small,

encrusting, and brick- or bright red in colour. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: “East Indies”.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to Fiji.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Solitary Is. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Ningaloo Reefs. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N Papua New Guinea, Thailand,

Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

254

FAMILY MUSSIDAE

Symphyllia agaricia Edwards and Haime, 1849

Generally common in Vanuatu and E and W Australia, uncommon in the Ryukyu Is. except in isolated locations; rare at Tanegashima. Has a similar range of variation throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Unrecorded.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to Samoa.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf reefs, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reefs. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N Papua New Guinea, Thailand,

Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

Symphyllia valenciennes1 Edwards and Haime, 1849

Common in Vanuatu, but generally rare elsewhere in the recorded Central Indo- Pacific distribution range. Colonies at the Ryukyu Is. are mostly grey and have a similar range of variation as in the Philippines and the GBR. Colonies in mainland Japan are distinctive, with thick, fleshy polyps of a wide range of colours, including brown, red, blue, grey and green. There is some doubt that Ryukyu Is. and mainland colonies are the same species. The latter are distinguished, at least, as a geographic sub-species.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Singapore. DISTRIBUTION:

Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Saudi Arabia and Aldabra to Vanuatu and

?Tonga.

255

FAMILY MUSSIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf reefs, Dampier Arch. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N Papua New Guinea, Thailand,

Malaysia, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

256

14 Family Merulinidae Verrill, 1866

The five genera in this family have all been recorded in the Central Indo-Pacific. It is represented by only one species at Cocos (Keeling) Atoll and two at Christmas I. (Indian Ocean). Boninastrea has been recorded in Indonesia (Borel Best pers. comm.) and the Ogasawara Is. of Japan (type locality of B. boniniensis), but the genus has not been found in the Philippines or elsewhere in Japan.

Genus Hydnophora

Fischer de Waldheim, 1807

Of the five species recorded from the Central Indo-Pacific, H. pilosa and H. grandis may be difficult to recognise unless they occur with the two common species they resemble (H. exesa and H. rigida, respectively).

Taxonomic note: This genus was formerly placed in Family Faviidae.

Hydnophora rigida (Dana, 1846)

Common in Vanuatu and tropical Australian locations, especially in lagoons and on protected reef slopes, but absent in higher latitudes. Common also in Philippines where it may form monospecific stands on upper reef slopes and on reef flats. Coralla from the latter biotopes have very compacted branches and small and compacted monticules, whereas coralla from deeper or turbid biotopes have a lax branching pattern and larger, more widely spaced monticules. What geographic variability there may be is masked by these

environment-correlated variations. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: E Africa to Fiji.

257

FAMILY MERULINIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and

Bunker Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef

Tract, Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Vietnam, Indonesia,

Malaysia, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Hydnophora grandis Gardiner, 1904

May be more widespread than recorded below as it is reliably separated from H.

rigida only if both species occur together. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Gardiner (1904). TYPE LOCALITY: Maldive Is.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Maldive Is. to Philippines.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Indonesia.

Hydnophora pilosa

Veron, 1985

Common at the Houtman Abrolhos Is., uncommon elsewhere. Difficult to distinguish from H. exesa, except where both species occur together. Is relatively abundant in higher latitudes of Australia.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1985, 1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Elizabeth Reef (E Australia).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: W Australia to Vanuatu.

258

FAMILY MERULINIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Scott Reef, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N Papua New Guinea.

Hydnophora bonsai Japan, Veron, 1990

Apparently a high-latitude endemic of Japan. Growth form is similar to H. exesa but is finer, with relatively stunted branches. Could have been considered a geographic sub- species of H. exesa had not these two species been found to occur together.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1990c, 1991a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Japan.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: mainland Japan only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama, Izu. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Hydnophora exesa (Pallas, 1766)

Common throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range except in Vanuatu and the Ryukyu Is. where it is uncommon. Tentacles are usually retracted during the day in the Ryukyu Is., but are usually extended in mainland locations. Usually pale coloured in the Ryukyu Is., but may be green, red or brown at Shirahama. Usually has a very wide range of growth forms, most of which are clearly environment- correlated. Little taxonomically significant geographic variation in growth form has been recorded.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: “India Ocean”.

259

FAMILY MERULINIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea , The Gulf and E Africa to Samoa.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Moreton Bay, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe L., Solitary Is. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama, Izu, Tateyama.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia,

Hong Kong, Vietnam, Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Hydnophora microconos (Lamarck, 1816)

Seldom common in the recorded Central Indo-Pacific except on upper reef slopes of Vanuatu. Shows little variation, either environment- correlated or geographic.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Unrecorded.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Solitary Is. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Kimberley coast, Broome, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Genus Paraclavarina Veron, 1985

Taxonomic note: This genus was formerly Clavarina, now considered invalid.

260

FAMILY MERULINIDAE

Paraclavarina triangularis Veron and Pichon, 1980

Environment-correlated variation includes density of branching, in a manner similar to that of H. rigida. Has been studied only in the GBR where no taxonomically significant geographic variation has been recorded.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Malaysia to E Australia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: not found. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea,

S Papua New Guinea.

Genus Merulina Ehrenberg, 1834

Merulina ampliata (Ellis and Solander, 1786)

Common and widespread throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range except at Vanuatu where it is uncommon. Has a wide range of variation, including colonies being composed entirely of tiers of plates to colonies being composed primarily of irregular branches. In tropical locations, the latter growth form predominates, while in higher latitude Australian and Japanese locations, plate-like colonies predominate. There remains a possibility that at least some of the plate-like colonies are a separate species.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Unrecorded.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to Kiribati.

261

FAMILY MERULINIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Lord Howe I. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Merulina scabricula Dana, 1846

Much less common than M. ampliata on the GBR, but relatively common in Vanuatu and tropical W Australia. Restricted to tropical locations in Australia. Common in the Ryukyu Is., rare at Tanegashima where colonies consist only of flat sheets which are a dark yellowish- orange.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Mergui Arch. to Fiji.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia,

Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

262

FAMILY MERULINIDAE

Genus Scapophyllia

| Edwards and Haime, 1848

Scapophyllia cylindrica

(Edwards and Haime, 1848)

Generally uncommon throughout most of the recorded Central Indo- Pacific distribution range. Colonies from Australia are brown or brownish-green in colour and consist of encrusting plates which develop columns. Well-developed colonies are entirely columnar. Japanese colonies are mostly smaller, pillow-like, and pale grey in colour. There are no taxonomically significant differences in skeletal detail between Japanese and

Australian coralla, but geographic subspecies can be distinguished. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: South China Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Andaman Is. to Fiji.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea,

Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn

and Bunker Reefs.

W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo

Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Taiwan,

N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

263

15 Family

Favudae Gregory, 1900

The Faviidae contains more genera than any other scleractinian family and is second only to the Acroporidae in number of species and overall abundance throughout the Indo- Pacific. With few exceptions the genera are well-defined and widely distributed. Two Indo- Pacific genera (Favia and Montastrea), also occur in the Atlantic and two others (Astreosmilia and Erythrastrea) are restricted to the western Indian Ocean.

Most species are widely distributed, both longitudinally and latitudinally. They usually exhibit less inter-regional variation than other major groups of corals and this, combined with the rarity of endemic species, gives a relatively uniform Central Indo-Pacific fauna.

Some species of faviids are restricted to intertidal habitats and upper reef slopes, but most occur over a wide range of environments. These species have a similar, correspondingly wide, range of skeletal variation. Coralla from high energy environments exposed to strong sunlight have heavily calcified skeletal structures and compact corallites. Those from deep or turbid-water, with poorly illuminated environments, are always lightly calcified and have relatively small corallites, widely separated by blistery coenosteum. This similarity in response to environmental gradients frequently results in coralla of different species from the same environment looking superficially more alike than coralla of the same species from very different environments.

Geographic variation within species is greatest between high latitudes and tropical locations, coralla from different tropical regions frequently showing minimal morphological differences. There may be, however, major differences in the relative abundances of species in different tropical regions. Coralla from high latitude regions are usually heavily calcified, accentuating the skeletal characteristics found in coralla from shallow-water tropical habitats.

Because of their solid construction and wide geographic distribution, most faviid

genera are readily preserved as fossils and have a good fossil record.

265

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

Genus Caulastrea Dana, 1846

The four species listed below are well-defined and are probably the full species complement of the genus. One of the three species of W Australia is restricted to the NW Shelf reefs, the second to the Kimberley coast (a new record, Marsh pers. comm.) while the third is widespread in coastal locations. The two species of the Ryukyu Is. co- occur, while all four species extend from the GBR to the Philippines.

Caulastrea tumida is most commonly found in turbid water, and occurs commonly in high latitude non-reefal environments of Japan, while the other species are typically found in

clear-water reefal environments.

Caulastrea echinulata (Edwards and Haime, 1949)

Uncommon throughout the recorded distribution range. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Singapore.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Singapore to E Australia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, N and Central GBR. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, S Papua New Guinea.

Caulastrea furcata Dana, 1846

Restricted to NW Shelf reefs of W Australia where colonies are indistinguishable from those from the GBR. Uncommon on the GBR, rare in Vanuatu, generally common in the Ryukyu Is., forming extensive compact colonies in exposed biotopes. Some Japanese coralla, especially those from shallow biotopes, may become plocoid in growth form. Brown with yellowish exsert septa throughout the recorded distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

266

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: E Africa to Fiji and Tonga.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Scott Reef. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

Caulastrea curvata Wijsman-Best, 1972

Generally uncommon throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. Recorded from a single outcrop in the Ryukyu Is. and only from the Kimberley coast of NW Australia. Shows little environment- correlated or taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: New Caledonia.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Indonesia and W Australia to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR. W Australia: Kimberley coast. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Okinawa ls. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia, Vanuatu.

Caulastrea tumida Matthai, 1928

Rare on the GBR but by far the most common Caulastrea on the W Australian coast, where it occurs in turbid water south to the Houtman Abrolhos Is. Generally uncommon in the Ryukyu Is., where it occurs in similar environments becoming relatively more common in mainland Japan. In Japan and the Philippines, colonies may be sub-plocoid, even plocoid. Environment-correlated growth form variations overshadow possible taxonomically significant geographic variations within the tropical Central Indo-Pacific.

267

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Singapore.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to E Australia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: N and Central GBR, Coral Sea. W Australia: Kimberley coast, Lacepede Is., Dampier Archipelago, Pilbara coast, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama, Tateyama. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea.

Genus Favia Oken, 1815

One of the most widely distributed of all coral genera, in both the Indo-Pacific and Atlantic. Individual species are also very widely distributed in the Central Indo-Pacific and many have distribution limits extending to, and beyond, the latitudinal limits of reefs. Four undescribed species are included in the present account but several additional probable species are omitted as these require further study.

Favia stelligera (Dana, 1846)

Common throughout E Australia, Vanuatu and at Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, generally uncommon in Japan. Usually restricted to exposed biotopes. Coralla from intertidal environments may have very modified skeletal characteristics. Coralla show no taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to Pitcairn Is.

268

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Moreton Bay, Solitary Is. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Archipelago, Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Favia laxa (Klunzinger, 1879)

Uncommon or rare throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. Shows little environment-correlated variation. Coralla from the GBR, Philippines and Japan show little or no taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Red Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to Samoa.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia,

Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, S Papua New Guinea.

Favia helianthoides Wells, 1954

Uncommon or rare throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. The full range of skeletal variation has not been determined but coralla from the GBR, Philippines and Japan show little or no taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wells (1954), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Marshall Is.

269

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Saudi Arabia to Marshall Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Scott Reef, Ningaloo Reef Tract. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Indonesia, Vanuatu.

Favia pallida (Dana, 1846)

Common over a wide range of habitats throughout the tropical Central Indo-Pacific and the most common faviid of eastern Australia. Common throughout the Ryukyu Is. and Tanegashima, uncommon further north. Lack of conservative skeletal characters may make this species difficult to distinguish from F. speciosa and perhaps other species unless they occur together (in which case there are usually readily separated) or other identification aids, such as colour, are used. Corallites of GBR, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Philippine and Ryukyu Is. colonies usually have dark calices. Colonies in mainland Japan have a wider range of

colours. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea, The Gulf and E Africa to Samoa and French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe I. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Archipelago, Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong i Kong, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

270

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

Favia speciosa (Dana, 1846)

Much less common than F. pallida in Australia, Vanuatu and Japan except in high latitude non-reefal locations. Great Barrier Reef and Ryukyu Is. colonies have uniform colours, usually pale brown, whereas high latitude coastal Australian and mainland Japan colonies are often more colourful. Japanese coralla have a similar range of variation as those from the Philippines and GBR except that corallites tend to be smaller.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1982) and Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: “East Indies”.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Moreton Bay, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe I. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama, Izu, Tateyama.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Hong

Kong, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Favia favus (Forskal, 1775)

Common throughout W Australia south to the Houtman Abrolhos Is. and the only Favia to extend to more southern locations. Generally uncommon in Vanuatu and the Ryukyu Is. but common in mainland Japan. Coralla show no taxonomically significant geographic variation. Has a wide range of colours, either uniform colours, or with oral discs and walls of different colours. Is relatively dark in high latitude locations.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Red Sea. DISTRIBUTION:

Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to Marshall Is. and French Polynesia.

271

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Solitary Is. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Archipelago, Shark Bay region, Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is., SW coastal locations S to Cockburn Sound. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Favia danae Verrill, 1872

Common in some Ryukyu I. locations where colonies are usually mottled green, yellow-green and brown. Uncommon at Tanegashima where colonies are mostly dark colours. Further study is likely to indicate that this species is much more widespread than

indicated below.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Yabe et al. (1936), although the illustrations are not clearly this species.

TYPE LOCALITY: Tonga.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to ?Tonga.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs (not previously recorded). W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Favia matthat Vaughan, 1918

Generally common throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range except at Cocos (Keeling) Atoll where it is uncommon. Coralla show no taxonomically significant geographic variation and colonies have a similarly wide colour range.

ase

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: “Western Indian Ocean”.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and Madagascar to Pitcairn Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Archipelago, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Favia sp. Vanuatu

Uncommon, but occurs over a wide range of environments. Is structurally very similar to Favia rotumana but corallites are approximately half the size.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1990a).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Vanuatu only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found.

Philippines - Japan: not found. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Favia rotumana (Gardiner, 1899)

Generally uncommon in Eand W Australia, rare in the Ryukyu Is. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

273

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Mozambique and Gulf of Oman to Samoa

and Pitcairn Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe I. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Archipelago. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Hong Kong,

Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, S Papua New Guinea.

Favia sp. W Australia A distinctive species known only from Rowley Shoals. TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron and Marsh (1988) (as Favia sp. 1).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: W Australia only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: Rowley Shoals. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Favia maxima Veron, Pichon and Wijsman-Best, 1972

Uncommon throughout the recorded distribution range. There may be taxonomically significant inter-regional variation in this species.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Chagos and Thailand to E Australia.

274

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Archipelago, Ningaloo Reefs, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Shirahama.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan,

N Papua New Guinea.

Favia rotundata (Veron, Pichon and Wijsman-Best, 1972).

Generally uncommon throughout the recorded distribution range. Colonies from tropical W and E Australian coasts are a distinctive grey and orange colour, those from the Abrolhos Is. are creamy-grey and those from the Ryukyu Is. are sometimes greenish-yellow. Ryukyu Is. coralla have slightly smaller corallites than usual in GBR coralla.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Red Sea, Malaysia and W Australia to

Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Cartier Reef, Scott Reef, Dampier Archipelago, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Tanegashima, Kushimoto.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia,

Vanuatu.

275

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

Favia lizardensis Veron, Pichon and Wijsman-Best, 1972

Common in Vanuatu and the GBR, uncommon in W Australia. Always pinkish- brown with cream or green oral discs on the GBR and in Japan, commonly a uniform grey in tropical W Australia and a uniform brown at the Houtman Abrolhos Is. Generally uncommon in Japan except at Tanegashima where it is common. Coralla show no taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Red Sea to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Archipelago, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Izu.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Hong

Kong, Vanuatu.

Favia veroni Moll and Borel-Best, 1984

Uncommon throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. Coralla show no taxonomically significant geographic variation. Pale coloured in the Ryukyu Is., usually dark in Japan mainland locations.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977) (as Favia sp. 2), Moll and Borel-Best (1984), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Indonesia.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Indonesia and W Australia to Vanuatu.

276

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, N

and Central GBR. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Dampier Archipelago, Pilbara coast, Houtman Abrolhos Is.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vietnam, Indonesia, Vanuatu.

Favia maritima (Nemenzo, 1971)

Generally uncommon throughout the recorded distribution range. Coralla show no taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Nemenzo (1971), Veron et al. (1977) (as Favia sp. 1), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: E Africa to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, N and Central GBR, Flinders Reef. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vietnam, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Favia sp. Papua New Guinea

Common in Papua New Guinea but not recorded elsewhere. Corallites are similar to

F. pallida but smaller. TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron and Kelley (1988) (as Favia sp. 1).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Papua New Guinea and Torres Strait only.

277

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Fava sp. Thailand

Rare; originally recorded from Thailand, then from two coralla from Japan. This may be the same species as Favia sp. of Veron and Hodgson (1989) from the Philippines. Coralla are primarily characterised by small corallites (4 - 5.5mm diameter) with fine, neat, septa and

a columella crown. TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron and Hodgson (1989).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Possibly Thailand to Japan.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand.

Genus Barabattoia Yabe and Sugiyama, 1941

This is an ill-defined genus possibly containing four species, only one of which has been encountered during the present study.

Barabattota amicorum (Edwards and Haime, 1850)

Generally uncommon throughout the recorded distribution range except for some turbid water biotopes of the Houtman Abrolhos Is. Coralla show no taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a) (as “Favia amicorum complex”).

TYPE LOCALITY: Tonga.

278

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Mozambique to ?French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: Kimberley coast, Dampier Archipelago, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is., SW coastal locations S to Fremantle. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Genus Favtites Link, 1807

As with Favia, there are likely to be more Favites species on most Central Indo- Pacific reefs than have so far been studied.

The distribution range Indo-Pacific Favites is similar to that of Favia. Favites is particularly common in higher latitudes, occurring on the SW and SE Australian and Japan mainland coast, well south of the southern limits of reefs. As with Favia, most species are widely and uniformly spread, with many minor regional differences in colour, skeletal detail and abundance.

Coralla of most species from high latitudes are heavily calcified with thick septa and elongate septal dentations. Such coralla are readily distinguished from, but intergrade with,

coralla from tropical locations.

Favites chinensis (Verrill, 1866)

Uncommon in Australia, sometimes common in Japan, especially at Tanegashima where it forms large colonies. Coralla show no taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Hong Kong.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and ?E Africa to Samoa.

aro

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Kimberley coast, Dampier Archipelago, Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: N Papua New Guinea, Malaysia,

Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

Favites abdita (Ellis and Solander, 1786)

Common over the recorded Indo-west Pacific distribution range except for Cocos (Keeling) Atoll where it is uncommon. Found in a very wide range of habitats and has a similarly wide range of variation, none of which appears to be taxonomically significant. Usually honey or cream coloured in tropical latitudes; colonies from higher latitudes (including temperate coastal Australia and mainland Japan) have a wider range of darker

(grey, green and brown) colours. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Unrecorded.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Moreton Bay, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe I., Solitary Is., N coastal New South Wales S to Forster. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Scott Reef, Kimberley coast, Dampier Archipelago, Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is., SW coastal locations S to Geographe Bay. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama, Izu. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

280

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

Favites halicora (Ehrenberg, 1834)

An ill-defined species which is difficult to distinguish from F. abdita unless both species occur together. Generally uncommon except in W Australia, especially on upper reef slopes of the Houtman Abrolhos Is. Coralla show no taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Red Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to Loyalty Is. and Samoa.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Moreton Bay, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Solitary Is. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Archipelago, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is., Marmian region. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa ls.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Singapore, Vietnam, Indonesia,

Malaysia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Favites flexuosa (Dana, 1846)

Generally common in E and W Australia and the Ryukyu Is., uncommon in Vanuatu. Coralla show no taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to French Polynesia.

281

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe I., N coastal New South Wales, Solitary Is. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Kimberley coast, Dampier Archipelago, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is., SW coastal locations S to Cockburn Sound. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama, Izu. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam,

Indonesia, Hong Kong, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Favites complanata (Ehrenberg, 1834)

Generally common in E and W Australia and Vanuatu, uncommon in Japan except Tanegashima where it is common. Japanese colonies are usually uniform pale grey, brown or cream in colour, except at Tanegashima where they have a wide colour range. Coralla show no taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Red Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Lord Howe I. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Scott Reef, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is., SW coastal locations S to Geographe Bay. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama, Izu. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

282

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

Favites pentagona (Esper, 1794)

Common throughout tropical E and W Australia, the Ryukyu Is. and Tanegashima, where it has a wide range of uniform or mottled colours, pale brown or cream being the most common. Generally uncommon in Vanuatu and mainland Japan where colonies are usually encrusting and have a very wide range of pale or bright colour combinations. Coralla show no taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: “East Indies”.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea, The Gulf and E Africa to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Archipelago, Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is., SW coastal locations S to Lancelin, Researche Archipelago. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama, Izu. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Favites stylifera Yabe and Sugiyama, 1937

Probably rare. The only recorded colour is cream. TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Yabe and Sugiyama, 1937.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Japan only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found.

W Australia: not found.

Philippines - Japan: Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

283

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

Favites russelli (Wells, 1954)

Rare throughout the Ryukyu Is, but common in mainland Japan. Coralla show no

taxonomically significant geographic variation. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Marshall Is.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to Marshall Is. and ?French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Lord Howe I., Solitary Is. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is., SW coastal locations S to Cockburn Sound. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Favites sp. W Australia

This is a distinctive species only recorded from W Australia and having characteristics of both Favites and Favia.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron and Marsh (1988) (as Favites sp. 1).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: W Australia only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

284

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

Genus Gontastrea Edwards and Haime, 1848

For most Goniastrea species, there are significant differences in colour and/or skeletal detail, between colonies from temperate and tropical locations. Often the dominant corals of intertidal mudflats, rock platforms and some outer reef flats. Includes some of the most tolerant of all coral species to emersion, the same species occurring in intertidal environments throughout the Central Indo-Pacific distribution range.

Most species are well-defined and widely distributed, showing little taxonomically significant geographic variation. Environment-correlated variation may reach extremes in some intertidal habitats where, for example, normally cerioid species may develop colonies with meandroid upper surfaces.

Goniastrea retiformis (Lamarck, 1816)

Generally common in shallow, exposed biotopes of most of the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range except Tanegashima, where it is rare. Coralla show no taxonomically significant geographic variations. Usually pale orange-brown throughout its range, but in Japan may be bright green where light is limiting.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Unrecorded.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to Samoa.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Archipelago, Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is., SW coastal locations S to Port Gregory. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam,

Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

285

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

Goniastrea edwardsi Chevalier, 1971

Common in most tropical localities where it occupies the same biotopes as G.

retiformis. Coralla show no taxonomically significant geographic variation. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Seychelles Is.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Red Sea and E Africa to Samoa.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Pilbara coast, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tosashimizu.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia,

Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Goniastrea deformis Veron, 1990

Uncommon and may be endemic to high latitude locations of Japan. Paliform lobes are usually well developed, but this, as with other Goniastrea species, is variable and some coralla, especially those from Kushimoto, have only weakly formed paliform lobes and hence a Favites- like appearance. Some coralla from Kushimoto have some development of a ‘groove and tubercle’ formation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1990c, 1991a). TYPE LOCALITY: Japan.

DISTRIBUTION:

Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: mainland Japan only.

286

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama, Izu, Tateyama. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Gontastrea aspera (Verrill, 1865)

Generally common in E and W Australia, especially on intertidal reef flats of NW Shelf reefs, generally uncommon in the Ryukyu Is. Morphological variation, especially in the development of the paliform lobes, is not always correlated with environment and further study may reveal the presence of a second species. Uniform pale to dark orange- brown throughout the recorded distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Hong Kong.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?E Africa and Mergui Arch. to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Scott Reef, Kimberley coast, Dampier Archipelago, Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is., SW coastal localities. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Kushimoto, Izu.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong

Kong, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Goniastrea favulus (Dana, 1846)

Uncommon or rare throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range

except for some intertidal tropical biotopes. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

287

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Lakshadweep Is. to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe I. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Scott Reef, Dampier Archipelago, Pilbara coast, Shark Bay region, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama, Izu. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vietnam, Indonesia, N Papua New

Guinea, Hong Kong, Vanuatu.

Goniastrea pectinata (Ehrenberg, 1834)

Generally uncommon in Japan, common in Vanuatu and Australia, especially on upper reef slopes and flats and shallow lagoons. Usually the same pale pinkish-brown throughout the tropics, but may be dark colours in mainland Japan. Coralla show no taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Red Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and ?E Africa to French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe L., Solitary Is. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Archipelago, Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam,

Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

288

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

Goniastrea australensis (Edwards and Haime, 1857)

Uncommon on the GBR and not recorded from the NW Shelf reefs of W Australia but common in coastal W Australian localities and higher latitude E Australia, rare throughout the Ryukyu Is. and the Amakusa Is., common at Shirahama and Kushimoto. Shows no taxonomically significant geographic variation. Some Australian coralla attributed to this species have very well developed ambulacral grooves above the walls: these may represent a distinct species.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: “Australia”.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to Pitcairns Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: 5 Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe L, N coastal New South Wales S to Forster, Solitary Is. W Australia: Kimberley coast, Dampier Archipelago, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is., SW coastal locations S to Geographe Bay. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu ?, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama, Izu. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, Vietnam, Taiwan, N Papua

New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Goniastrea sp. W Australia

Recorded only from the Houtman Abrolhos Is. Coralla attributed to this species

have skeletal characters close to G. australensis but are monocentric. TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron and Marsh (1988) (Goniastrea sp.).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: W Australia only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

289

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

Goniastrea palauensis (Yabe and sugiyama, 1936)

Seldom common but occupies a wide range of biotopes. There is considerable skeletal variation in the degree of development of paliform lobes, this does not seem to vary geographically.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Palau.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Aldabra and W Australia to E Australia and ? Samoa.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Scott Reef, Dampier Archipelago, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is., Marmian region. Philippines - Japan: Philippines.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam,

Indonesia.

Genus Platygyra

Ehrenberg, 1834

The eight species of Central Indo-Pacific Platygyra recognised in this study all have similar skeletal characters. All show similar skeletal modifications along environmental gradients and some, especially P. daedalea and P. lamellina, may be difficult to distinguish unless they are collected from the same biotope.

Platygyra daedalea (Ellis and Solander, 1786)

Common in Vanuatu, the GBR and W Australia, rare throughout the Ryukyu Is. and at the Amakusa Is., common at Shirahama and Kushimoto.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

290

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea, The Gulf and E Africa to Marshall Is. and French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR , Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe L., Solitary Is. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Archipelago, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama, Izu. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Platygyra lamellina (Ehrenberg, 1834)

Common in the Houtman Abrolhos Is., but generally uncommon in Vanuatu, tropical Australia and the Ryukyu Is. Coralla show no taxonomically significant geographic

variation. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Red Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to Samoa.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Moreton Bay, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Solitary Is. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Scott Reef, Kimberley coast, Dampier Archipelago, Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is., SW coastal locations S to Geraldton. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia,

Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

291

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

Platygyra sinensis (Edwards and Haime, 1849)

Common in Vanuatu, the GBR and tropical W Australia, generally uncommon in Japan. Shows no taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: “China Sea”.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to Vanuatu and ?Samoa.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Archipelago, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Port Gregory region. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Kushimoto.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong

Kong, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Platygyra ryukyuensis Yabe and Sugiyama, 1935

Common in S Papua New Guinea, uncommon in most locations throughout the recorded distribution range. Has a similar range of variation in Japan the Philippines.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Yabe et al. (1936). TYPE LOCALITY: Japan.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: W Australia to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Central GBR (new record). W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Scott Reef, Ningaloo Reef Tract. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vanuatu.

ys

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

Platygyra pini Chevalier, 1975

Common in most tropical localities and probably the most common Platygyra of Japan. Has a similar range of variation throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Chevalier (1975), Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Chesterfield Reefs.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Malaysia and W Australia to French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Archipelago, Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam,

Indonesia, Hong Kong, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Platygyra contorta Veron, 1990

Generally uncommon in Vanuatu and the Ryukyu Is., becoming common in mainland Japan, also some equatorial countries. No taxonomically significant geographic variation as been determined, all variation in the species being environment-correlated or

correlated to position on the colony. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1990c). TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is, Kushimoto, Shirahama, Izu. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vanuatu.

293

fhe eh cnet stg eee He Eo FAVIIDAE

Platygyra verweyt Wijsman-Best, 1976

Uncommon or rare throughout the known Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. Living colonies have the same appearance in the Philippines as Japan; skeletal variations have not been studied.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Indonesia.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Thailand to Indonesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Archipelago, Ningaloo Reef Tract. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Indonesia.

Platygyra yaeyamaensis (Eguchi and Shirai, 1977)

Probably endemic to the Ryukyu Is. where it is rare. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Shirai (1980), Veron (1991a). TYPE LOCALITY: Ryukyu Is.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Ryukyu Is. only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

294

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

Genus Australogyra Veron and Pichon, 1982

This is a well-defined monospecific genus.

Australogyra zelli (Veron, Pichon and Wijsman-Best, 1972)

Generally uncommon on protected fringing reefs, rare elsewhere. Shows no taxonomically significant variation throughout the recorded distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a) (as Platygyra zelli). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Indonesia to Solomon Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vietnam, Indonesia, S Papua New

Guinea.

Genus Leptoria Edwards and Haime, 1848

Leptoria phrygia (Ellis and Solander, 1786)

Common throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range except at Cocos (Keeling) Atoll where it is uncommon. Shows no taxonomically significant geographic

variation. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: “Pacific Ocean”.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to French Polynesia.

295

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Archipelago, Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Leptoria irregularis Veron, 1990

Rare on the GBR, uncommon in the Ryukyu Is. and probably restricted to exposed habitats.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1990c, 1991a). TYPE LOCALITY: Yaeyama Is., Japan.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to GBR.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: N GBR.

W Australia: not found.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

296

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

Genus Oulophyllia

Edwards and Haime, 1848

Veron and Hodgson (1989) note that the possible validity of Coelogyra laevis Nemenzo as a third species of Oulophyllia requires further study.

Oulophyllia crispa (Lamarck, 1816)

Generally common in NW Australia, uncommon to rare in the GBR and Ryukyu Is. In the Philippines and Amakusa Is., colonies may have larger valleys than found in GBR colonies.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: “Indian Ocean”.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to Phoenix Is. and Samoa.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Archipelago, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Oulophyllia bennettae

(Veron, Pichon and Wijsman-Best, 1972)

Common in Vanuatu and tropical Australia, rare in the Ryukyu Is. Colonies from Vanuatu, the GBR, Philippines and Japan are the same distinctive greenish-grey with pink oral discs, while W Australian colonies are usually a uniform grey.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a) (as Favites bennettae).

TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

297,

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Malaysia to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Lord Howe I. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Pilbara coast, Dampier Arch. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Genus Montastrea de Blainville, 1830

A poorly defined genus. Species are mostly distinctive species within a given region, but over wider geographic ranges several have distinctive geographic subspecies of doubtful taxonomic affinity within the species.

Montastrea curta (Dana, 1846)

Very common on exposed upper reef slopes throughout the recorded Central Indo- Pacific. Colonies are primarily encrusting on upper reef slopes and reef flats of the Houtman Abrolhos Is. Corallites of coralla from mainland Japan are relatively large, otherwise they show no taxonomically significant variation. Usually orange-brown in the Ryukyu Is. and in deeper water of mainland Japan and dark brown in shallow water mainland locations.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and Madagascar to Pitcairn Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe L., Solitary Is. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Archipelago, Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is., SW coastal locations S to Port Gregory.

298

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Montastrea annuligera (Edwards and Haime, 1849)

Generally rare throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. Japanese coralla have more exsert and more dentate septa than those from the GBR indicating the presence of geographic subspecies.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: “Australia”.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef. W Australia: Ashmore Reef. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Vanuatu.

Montastrea multipunctata Hodgson, 1985

Rare in Vanuatu and the Ryukyu Is. These colonies are similar to those from the Philippines. There remains some doubt about the validity of this species as distinct from M.

annuligera. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Hodgson (1985). TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found,

209

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Tanegashima. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vanuatu.

Montastrea magnistellata Chevalier, 1971

Generally uncommon in Australia and the Ryukyu Is. Coralla show taxonomically significant geographic variations, indicating the presence of geographic subspecies.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: New Caledonia.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Archipelago, Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam,

Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia, Vanuatu.

Montastrea valenciennesi (Edwards and Haime, 1848)

Generally uncommon in Australian and the Ryukyu Is., common in mainland Japan. Usually found on exposed upper reef slopes of the Ryukyu Is., or on partly exposed rock faces of mainland Japan. Has a similar range of variation in Japan and the Philippines, but corallites are much smaller than usual in GBR coralla and, with other differences, indicate the presence of geographic subspecies.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Unrecorded. DISTRIBUTION:

Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Madagascar to Marshall Is.

300

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Archipelago, Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia,

Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Genus Oulastrea Edwards and Haime, 1848

A well-defined, monospecific genus.

Oulastrea crispata (Lamarck, 1816)

Generally uncommon throughout the known Central Indo-Pacific distribution range but very distinctive and found only in shallow water attached to wave-washed rock where few other corals occur. Colonies are always small, flat or dome-shaped and dark in colour except for the septal margins which are white. There is little environment-correlated variation and no taxonomically significant geographic variation. This is the most northerly distributed of all hermatypic corals, having being recorded from the Noto Peninsula of N Honshu, Japan (Yajima et al., 1986).

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Unrecorded.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Red Sea to Indonesia to Samoa.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: Kimberley coast. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama, Izu, Tateyama.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong

Kong, Vietnam, Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea.

301

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

Genus Plesiastrea Edwards and Haime, 1848

Although there are nine nominal species of this genus, it is likely that there is only

one valid species in the Central Indo-Pacific.

Plesiastrea versipora (Lamarck, 1816)

Generally uncommon but one of the most widely distributed corals and the only hermatypic species to occur around the entire Australian coastline. Coralla from S Australia were formerly called P. urvillei Edwards and Haime. Forms a distinctive subspecies which integrades with tropical coralla in a similar manner on both the E and W Australian coasts. Colonies are either brown or green in Australia, green colonies being more abundant in high latitudes, except at the Houtman Abrolhos Is. As far as is recorded, all colonies are cream, brown, grey or green elsewhere in the Central Indo-Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Red Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea, The Gulf and E Africa to French Polynesia and Pitcairn I.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Moreton Bay, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe I., Solitary Is., Sydney, N and S coastal New South Wales and Victoria. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Archipelago, Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is., SW coastal locations S to Geographe Bay, thence E to Duke of Orleans Bay. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama, Izu, Tateyama.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Cocos

(Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

302

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

Genus Diploastrea Matthai, 1914

A very distinctive monospecific genus. Several skeletal characters, notably alternating septa-costae which are very thickened in the region of the theca, indicate a major taxonomic separation from other Faviidae.

Diploastrea heliopora (Lamarck, 1816)

One of the most widely distributed of all species. It shows minimal variation of any kind.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Australia.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to Phoenix Is. and Samoa.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Archipelago, Ningaloo Reef Tract. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam,

Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

Genus Leptastrea Edwards and Haime, 1848

As with Montastrea, several species of Leptastrea appear to have geographic

subspecies.

Leptastrea inaequalis Klunzinger, 1879

Generally uncommon throughout the known Central Indo-Pacific distribution range

and shows no taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a) (as L. bottae).

TYPE LOCALITY: Red Sea.

303

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to Vanuatu and ?Hawaii.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, Indonesia, Vanuatu.

Leptastrea bottae (Edwards and Haime, 1849)

Rare throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range except at Cocos (Keeling) Atoll where it is uncommon.

Taxonomic note: The Leptastrea bottae of Veron et al. (1977) is L. inaequalis. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: The holotype is figured, Veron et al. (1977). TYPE LOCALITY: Red Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and Mozambique to W Australia and French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Ningaloo Reef Tract. Philippines - Japan: not found. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Indonesia.

Leptastrea purpurea (Dana, 1846)

Common throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. Corallites of Japanese coralla are more uniform in size than usual in GBR coralla. Colonies at the Houtman Abrolhos Is. usually have tentacles extended during the day.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wijsman-Best (1980), Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to Hawaii and Pitcairns Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Archipelago, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama, Izu, Tateyama.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong

Kong, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

Leptastrea transversa Klunzinger, 1879

Generally uncommon throughout the known Central Indo-Pacific distribution range except at Vanuatu and Cocos (Keeling) Atoll where it is common and where colonies are greenish-yellow and have uniform corallites. These are more distinct from L. purpurea than is usual for GBR colonies. This species requires revision over a wide geographic range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Red Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea, The Gulf and E Africa to French

Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe I. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

305

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

Leptastrea pruinosa Crossland, 1952

Uncommon throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. Corallites

are relatively small in Japanese coralla, indicating the presence of a geographic subspecies. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: E Africa to Pitcairn Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Archipelago, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tosashimizu, Izu.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong

Kong, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

Leptastrea bewickensis Veron, Pichon and Wijsman-Best, 1977

Rare throughout the Ryukyu Is., but common at Tanegashima. Coralla from the GBR, the Ryukyu Is. and Tanegashima all show taxonomically significant geographic variations, especially in the development of the columella and the size of the corallites, with GBR coralla having the lest well-developed columellae and the largest corallites.

Taxonomic note: Veron (1991a) notes that Parasimplastrea Sheppard, 1985 may be a junior synonym of Leptastrea as the type species, Goniastrea simplicitexta Umbgrove, 1939, a fossil, is close to, or synonymous with, the present species.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Thailand to E Australia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: N GBR, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs.

306

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vietnam, Thailand.

Leptastrea sp. W Australia Known from a single, distinctive corallum. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Marsh (1988).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: W Australia only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: Ashmore Reef. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Genus Cyphastrea

Edwards and Haime, 1848

There are several undescribed central Central Indo-Pacific Cyphastrea and other little known species which might be valid; the latter includes C. zhongjianensis Zou, 1980.

Cyphastrea agassiz1 (Vaughan, 1907).

Generally uncommon throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Vaughan (1907) (as Leptastrea agassiz1). TYPE LOCALITY: Hawaii.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Cocos (Keeling) Atoll to Hawaii.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Torres Strait (not previously recorded).

W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Cocos (Keeling) Atoll.

307

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

Cyphastrea serailia (Forskal, 1775)

Very common and has a wide morphological variation throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range, but shows no taxonomically significant geographic variation. Varies greatly in colour, especially in shallow water and in higher latitudes of

Australia and Japan. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Wijsman-Best (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Red Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea, The Gulf and E Africa to Marshall

and Pitcairn Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Moreton Bay, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe Is., Solitary Is. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Archipelago, Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is., SW coastal locations S to Cockburn Sound. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama, Izu, Tateyama.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong

Kong, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

Cyphastrea chalcidicum (Forskal, 1775)

Generally common on the GBR, common on NW Shelf reefs of W Australia, common in Japan except at Shirahama where it is uncommon. Coralla show no taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Wijsman-Best (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: “?Red Sea”.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and Mozambique to Marshall Is. and Samoa.

308

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Ningaloo Reef Tract. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama, Izu, Tateyama.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam,

Indonesia, Taiwan, S Papua New Guinea.

Cyphastrea japonica Yabe and Sugiyama, 1932

Uncommon except at Tanegashima. Coralla from mainland Japan have larger corallites than usual for Ryukyu I. coralla.

Taxonomic note: The name japonica has been incorrectly used for C. decadia by Veron et al. (1977) and all subsequent taxonomic accounts of Cyphastrea. Cyphastrea chalcidicum tanabensis Yabe and Sugiyama, 1932 appears to be a synonym of this species.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1991). TYPE LOCALITY: Japan.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to Japan.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Kushimoto, Shirahama, Izu. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Cyphastrea ocellina (Dana, 1864)

Rare on the GBR, common in shallow exposed biotopes of Japan. As far as is known there are no taxonomically significant variations throughout the recorded Central Indo-

Pacific distribution range

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Wijsman-Best (1980).

309

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

TYPE LOCALITY: Hawaii.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Indonesia to Hawaii.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: N and Central GBR (not previously recorded). W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Indonesia, Marshall Is.

Cyphastrea sp. W Australia

Recorded from two specimens, both primarily characterised by the presence of a distinct first cycle of septa in most corallites.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron and Marsh (1988).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: W Australian only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: Scott Reef, Ningaloo Reef Tract. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Cyphastrea microphthalma (Lamarck, 1816)

Generally common throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range except Vanuatu where it is uncommon. Especially common in exposed biotopes of the Ryukyu Is., but generally uncommon in Japanese mainland locations. Coralla show no taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Wijsman-Best (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: “Indian Ocean”.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and The Gulf to French Polynesia.

310

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe Is. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Archipelago, Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is., SW coastal locations S to Port Gregory. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Tateyama. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

Cyphastrea decadia Moll and Borel Best, 1984

Generally uncommon or rare throughout the Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. There may be substantial differences between GBR, Indonesian, Philippines and Japanese coralla. The former and latter are similar, as are Indonesian and Philippine coralla. These may be geographic subspecies, but they are not contiguous.

Taxonomic note: This species has previously been called Cyphastrea japonica by Veron et al. (1977) and subsequent authors.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Wijsman-Best (1980), Veron (1986a) (all as C. japonica).

TYPE LOCALITY: Indonesia.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Indonesia to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, Vietnam, Vanuatu.

311

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

Genus Echinopora Lamarck, 1816

Echinopora lamellosa (Esper, 1775)

Generally common throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range and may form very large colonies at Tanegashima as well as tropical locations. Presently much less common at Cocos (Keeling) Atoll than formerly. Coralla show no taxonomically

significant geographic variation. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Unrecorded.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to Marshall Is. and French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Archipelago, Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Cocos

(Keeling) Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

Echinopora ashmorensts Veron, 1990

A rare species, primarily characterised by having a tubular rather than a lamellar growth form. Originally considered an unusual ecomorph of E. lamellosa (Veron, 1986) as corallite characters are very similar and the latter sometimes develops tubular ‘chimneys’. However, the two species occur together at Ashmore Reef and the Philippines, where they are readily distinguished.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1986a) p. 529 fig. 4 (as E. lamellosa), Veron (1991a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Ashmore Reef, W Australia.

312

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: W Australia to the Philippines.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: Ashmore Reef. Philippines - Japan: Philippines.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Echinopora pacificus Veron, 1990

Generally uncommon throughout the recorded distribution range. The distribution range is likely to be wider than recorded below.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1990c, 1991a). TYPE LOCALITY: Ryukyu Is., Japan.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Indonesia to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution:

S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Central GBR.

W Australia: not found.

Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Echinopora gemmacea (Lamarck, 1816)

Common on the GBR and the Ryukyu Is., uncommon in Vanuatu, recorded only from Cartier and Ashmore Reefs of W Australia, where it is rare.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: “Indian Ocean”.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to French Polynesia.

313

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Cartier Reef. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia,

Vanuatu.

Echinopora hirsutissima (Edwards and Haime, 1849)

Rare in W Australia and Vanuatu. Shows little taxonomically significant geographic

variation. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: “Indian Ocean”.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Torres Strait, N and Central GBR. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Scott Reef, Dampier Archipelago. Philippines - Japan: Philippines.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Vanuatu.

Echinopora horrida Dana, 1846

Generally uncommon, but may form large monospecific stands in reef lagoons of E and W Australia.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Saudi Arabia to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs.

314

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Archipelago, Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract. Philippines - Japan: Philippines. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vanuatu.

Echinopora mammiformis (Nemenzo, 1959) Generally common on the GBR, in Vanuatu and Scott Reef of W Australia, rare in the

Ryukyu Is., but occasionally forms large colonies in protected lagoons. Coralla show no taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Saudi Arabia and W Australia to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Torres Strait, N and Central GBR , Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: Scott Reef. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, Indonesia, Vanuatu.

Genus Moseleya Quelch, 1884

A well-defined monospecific genus which shows affinities with both the Faviidae

and the Trachyphylliidae.

Moseleya latistellata Quelch, 1884

Usually uncommon and restricted to lower reef slopes except on the NW coast where it sometimes occurs intertidally. Has little environment- correlated variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a).

315

FAMILY FAVIIDAE

TYPE LOCALITY: Torres Strait.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Malaysia and W Australia to E Australia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Torres Strait, N and Central GBR. W Australia: Kimberley coast, Dampier Archipelago, Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vietnam, Malaysia.

316

16 Family Trachyphylliidae

Verrill, 1901

Only one extant genus is included in this family, which is closely related to the Faviidae in general and Moseleya in particular.

Taxonomic note: Wellsophyllia radiata Pichon, 1980 is considered to be a synonym of Trachyphyllia geoffroyi after Veron and Hodgson (1989). It was considered a valid species of Trachyphyllia by Borel Best and Hoeksema (1987) and a doubtful species of Trachyphyllia by Veron and Marsh (1988).

Genus Trachyphyllia

Audouin, 1826

Trachyphyllia geoffroyt

(Audouin, 1826)

Large colonies only occur in very protected, turbid environments and these may have distinctive skeletal characters and/or colours which are seldom found in other biotopes. Common in isolated pockets of the GBR, rare in Japan. Coralla from the recorded Central Indo-Pacific show no taxonomically significant variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron et al. (1977), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Red Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to New Caledonia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: Kimberley coast, Lacepede Is., Dampier Archipelago, Pilbara coast. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam,

Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia.

317

17 Famul

Caryophylltdae Gray, 1847

Six hermatypic Indo-Pacific genera are recognised in this otherwise ahermatypic family. A seventh genus, Eusmilia, is restricted to the West Indies. Most species display relatively little environment-correlated or geographic variation. The family is represented by one species at Christmas I. (Indian Ocean) and not at all at Cocos (Keeling) Atoll.

Heterocyathus is a solitary, free-living genus that is mostly ahermatypic. It has a superficial similarity to Heteropsammia, with which it often co- occurs.

Taxonomic note: Nemenzophyllia Hodgson and Ross, (1981) was included in Veron (1986) as a doubtful genus, but its one species, N. turbida Hodgson and Ross, 1981, is now included in Plerogyra.

Genus Euphyllia

Dana, 1846

Two species groups of Euphyllia cannot be identified from skeletons alone. The first, originally described as Euphyllia fimbriata, contains two species: E. divisa and E. ancora. The second contains four species: Euphyllia glabrescens, E. paradivisa, E. paraancora and E.

paraglabrescens.

Euphyllia glabrescens (Chamisso and Eysenhardt, 1821)

Although one of the most common Euphyllia, it is generally uncommon in the recorded Central Indo-Pacific, especially W Australia. Indistinguishable from E. paradivisa, E. paraancora and E. paraglabrescens by skeletal characters alone. There is almost no geographic and little environment-correlated variation where studied. Elsewhere there are colour variations, eg. in the Marshall Is., tentacles are a mustard yellow instead or grey with greenish or white tips as they are in the Central Indo-Pacific.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Radack Arch.

319

FAMILY CARYOPHYLLIIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to Marshall Is. and Samoa.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam,

Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Euphyllia paradivisa

Veron, 1990

Rare, probably endemic to the Philippines and adjacent countries. Polyps are extended during the day and have branching tentacles identical in appearance to those of E. divisa (illustrated, Veron, 1986a pp. 548 and 549). Indistinguishable from E. glabrescens, E. paraancora and E. paraglabrescens by skeletal characters alone.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1990c). TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Euphyllia paraancora Veron, 1990

Rare. Polyps are extended during the day and have anchor-shaped tentacle ends identical in appearance to those of E. ancora (illustrated, Veron, 1986a, pp. 547). As with E. ancora, some tentacles branch, but they do not integrade with those of E. paradivisa. Indistinguishable from E. glabrescens, E. paradivisa and E. paraglabrescens by skeletal characters alone.

320

FAMILY CARYOPHYLLIIDAE

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1990c). TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to S Papua New Guinea.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: S Papua New Guinea.

Euphyllia paraglabrescens Veron, 1990

Recorded only from south of Ojioya Port, Tanegashima I., where it is one of the dominant species at 0-5 m depth. Tentacles are short and bubble-like, superficially resembling the vesicles of Plerogyra. Indistinguishable from E. glabrescens, E. paradivisa and E.

paraancora by skeletal characters alone. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1990c). TYPE LOCALITY: Tanegashima, Japan.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Japan only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Tanegashima.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Euphyllia cristata Chevalier, 1971

Much less common and widespread than E. glabrescens. Shows little variation except

in colony size.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Chevalier (1971), Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: New Caledonia.

321

FAMILY CARYOPHYLLIIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Indonesia and W Australia to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: Rowley Shoals, Dampier Arch. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, Vanuatu.

Euphyllia divisa

Veron and Pichon, 1980

Common in a few restricted tropical biotopes, but very common only at the Houtman Abrolhos Is. Shows no taxonomically significant skeletal variation but there are geographic differences in the colour of the polyp and, sometimes, in the shape of the tentacle tips and degree and tentacle branching. All skeletal variation appears to be environment- correlated; colonies from shallow, exposed biotopes are more heavily calcified than those

from deep or turbid water. Indistinguishable from E. ancora by skeletal characters alone. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Singapore to E Australia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs. W Australia: Dampier Arch., Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, N Papua

New Guinea, S Papua New Guinea.

Euphyllia ancora

Veron and Pichon, 1980

Generally uncommon throughout the recorded distribution range. Shows no taxonomically significant skeletal variation but considerable variation occurs in the shape and colour of the tentacle tips. In shallow water, the tips are elongate with scroll-shaped ends and white borders. In deeper or more turbid biotopes, the tips are more kidney- shaped and uniform in colour. There appears to be minor geographic variation in this pattern,

Indistinguishable from E. divisa by skeletal characters alone.

322

FAMILY CARYOPHYLLIIDAE

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Chagos and Indonesia to E Australia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama, Tateyama. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Taiwan,

N Papua New Guinea, S Papua New Guinea.

Euphyllia yaeyamaensis (Shirai, 1980).

Uncommon and shows no taxonomically significant skeletal variation or any colour

variation. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Shirai (1980) (as Botryphyllia yaeyamaensis), Veron (1991a). TYPE LOCALITY: Ryukyu Is.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to Vanuatu.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vanuatu

323

FAMILY CARYOPHYLLIIDAE

Genus Catalaphyllia

Wells, 1971

Catalaphyllia jardinei (Saville-Kent, 1893)

Generally uncommon throughout the recorded distribution range. Occurs in localised areas of Honshu, Japan; not found elsewhere in Japan. These colonies have the same general appearance as those from the Philippines and Australia, with the same grey- green tentacles with pink tips. There are, however, minor colour and ecological differences between Japanese and Australian colonies indicating a geographic sub- species.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Aldabra to E Australia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Kushimoto, Shirahama. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, Indonesia, N Papua New Guinea.

Genus Plerogyra

Edwards and Haime, 1848

A single species, P. sinuosa, occurs throughout most of the geographic range of this genus. Like most other Caryophylliidae, Plerogyra species are most commonly found in turbid water, but their occurrence is often unpredictable.

Plerogyra simplex Rehberg, 1892

There are no taxonomically significant differences between coralla from the Philippines and Vanuatu, otherwise this species is little studied.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Rehberg (1892).

324

FAMILY CARYOPHYLLIIDAE

TYPE LOCALITY: New Ireland.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Malaysia to Samoa.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Vanuatu.

Plerogyra eurysepta Nemenzo, 1960

Uncommon and little studied throughout the recorded distribution range. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Nemenzo (1960), Veron and Hodgson (1989). TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to Japan.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Plerogyra sinuosa (Dana, 1846)

By far the most common and widespread of the Plerogyra species although generally uncommon and rare in Japan. Usually found under overhangs and other such places where light availability is low, but sometimes occurs in exposed places in Australian NW Shelf reef lagoons. Coralla show no taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: “East Indies”.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to Marshall and Line Is.

Ke Fas)

FAMILY CARYOPHYLLIIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam,

Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Plerogyra turbida (Hodgson and Ross, 1981)

Colonies are flabello-meandroid with smaller polyps than P. sinuosa. Found only in

biotopes with partially muddy substrates and, so far as is recorded, is rare. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Hodgson and Ross (1981) (as Nemenzophyllia turbida). TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Indonesia.

Genus Physogyra

Quelch, 1884

Iwo species have been recorded from the Central Indo-Pacific. Like Plerogyra, this genus most commonly occurs in turbid water.

Physogyra lichtensteini (Edwards and Haime, 1851)

The most common and widely distributed Physogyra but generally uncommon throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. Usually found under overhangs and in other such places where light availability is low, but, like Plerogyra sinuosa, sometimes occurs in exposed biotopes in NW Shelf reef lagoons, where it grow into

326

FAMILY CARYOPHYLLIIDAE

unusually large colonies. Generally uncommon in Japan and the Philippines where colonies have a similar range of variation as in Australia except that vesicles are often tapered or tubular rather than spherical or ovoid. Coralla show no taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: “East Indies”.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to Marshall Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Ningaloo Reef Tract. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Physogyra exerta Nemenzo and Ferraris, 1982 Rare. Coralla have large valleys with very exsert septa. Living colonies have very

large vesicles. This species is not easily distinguished from P. lichtensteini except where both occur together.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Nemenzo and Ferraris (1982), Veron and Hodgson (1989). TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Indonesia and W Australia to Philippines.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Indonesia.

327

FAMILY CARYOPHYLLIIDAE

Genus Gyrosmilia Edwards and Haime, 1851

Restricted to the western Indian Ocean except for Ishigaki I (Ryukyu Is.) where it is probably no longer extant.

Gyrosmilia interrupta (Ehrenberg, 1834)

A single corallum collected at Ishigaki I., Yaeyama Is. is the only presently existing record of this genus in the western Pacific.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Red Sea.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea to Japan.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Yaeyama Is.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Genus Montigyra

Matthai, 1928

This distinctive genus is recorded from a single specimen.

Montigyra kenti Matthai, 1928

Recorded from a single corallum from the Lacepede Is., NW Australia. This species is very rare or extinct as, even at its type locality, it has been looked for unsuccessfully.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Matthai (1928), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: Lacepede Is. (NW Australia).

328

FAMILY CARYOPHYLLIIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Type locality only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: Lacepede Is. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

329

18 Family

Dendrophylludae

Gray, 1847

Contains three hermatypic genera which, superficially, have little in common. Psammoseris is a solitary, free-living genus that is probably ahermatypic. One species, P. hemispherica, has been recorded from W Australia.

Genus Turbinaria Oken, 1815

Has distinctive distribution patterns as most species are much more abundant, and form much bigger colonies, in non-reefal habitats of high latitude locations. This pattern is repeated on both Australian coasts: in the E Turbinaria is particularly abundant around the Solitary Is. and Lord Howe L., and in the W, around SW offshore islands E to Researche Arch. In general, there are greater similarities between coralla of most species from high latitude locations on the E and W coasts than there are between high and low latitude locations on the same coast. Turbinaria is much less abundant in Japan than Australia, but is also relatively common in higher (mainland) latitudes.

Most Turbinaria species exhibit very great environment-correlated variation and lack conservative skeletal characters which can make some species especially difficult to separate.

Turbinaria peltata (Esper, 1794)

Conspicuous and sometimes common in tropical Australian reefs (especially E coast) and high latitude non-reefal locations. Uncommon at Vanuatu. The largest colonies, reaching 2-3m diameter, are in non-reefal habitats. Not found in the Yaeyama Is., rare in the Okinawa and Amami Is., generally uncommon at Tanegashima. Very common in turbid inshore biotopes of the GBR. Colony shape varies from plate-like to columnar according to environmental conditions. Polyps are characteristically extended during the day; the colour is a uniform grey. There is little or no taxonomically significant geographic variation in these

characters. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a).

TYPE LOCALITY: “China Sea”.

331

FAMILY DENDROPHYLLIIDAE

Turbinaria frondens (Dana, 1846)

Very common in tropical reefs as well as most non-reefal temperate locations. Has a very great range of growth including flat explanate plates, upright plates, highly convoluted fronds and may even be columnar. This range is clearly associated with depth, colonies being convoluted in shallow water and explanate in deeper water. Species characteristics, including the presence of elongate corallites, are usually best developed in coralla from temperate locations. Both environment-correlated and latitude-correlated characters are identical on the E and W coasts of Australia. Rare in Japan except at Tanegashima, where it is generally uncommon. In both Japan and the Philippines, highly convoluted colonies have not been observed. Otherwise, coralla are similar to those of the GBR.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Fiji.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Saudi Arabia and E Africa to Samoa and Cook Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Moreton Bay, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe I., N coastal New South Wales, Solitary Is., W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is., SW coastal locations S to Geographe Bay, thence E to Duke of Orleans Bay on the S coast. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Shirahama.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records:Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia,

Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Turbinaria sp. W Australia

An indistinct and little studied species close to T. frondens. TAXONOMIC REFERENCE: Veron and Marsh (1988).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: W Australia only.

333

FAMILY DENDROPHYLLIIDAE

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: The Gulf and E Africa to Samoa.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe L., Solitary Is. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Scott Reef, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is., SW coastal locations S to Geographe Bay. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia,

Hong Kong, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Turbinaria patula (Dana, 1846)

Uncommon throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range except in some high latitude locations of E (but not W) Australia. Sometimes common at Vanuatu.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Unrecorded.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Thailand and W Australia to Vanuatu and ?Fiji.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Moreton Bay, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe L, Solitary Is. W Australia: Kimberley coast, Broome, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vietnam, Vanuatu.

332

FAMILY DENDROPHYLLIIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Shark Bay region. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Turbinaria mesenterina (Lamarck, 1816)

This is probably the most common Australian Turbinaria, occurring in most reefal biotopes and extending to high non-reefal latitudes, where it is especially common. Probably the most common coral of the Solitary Is. on the E Australian coast and Geographe Bay on the W coast, where colonies form tiers of plates up to 3m high and 3m diameter. Coralla from shallow water are usually very highly convoluted, whereas those from deeper water are (like T. frondens) usually explanate. These environment-correlated growth-form variations occur at all latitudes and may well mask any taxonomically significant geographic variation in the species or the possible presence of geographic sub-species or sibling species. Uncommon in Japan and the Philippines.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: “Indian Ocean”.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Red Sea and E Africa to Marshall Is. and French Polynesia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Solitary Is., coastal New South Wales S to Sydney. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Rowley Shoals, Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is., SW coast S to Geographe Bay, thence E to Recherche Arch. on the S coast. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Hong Kong,

Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

334

FAMILY DENDROPHYLLIIDAE

Turbinaria reniformis Bernard, 1896

Has a similar, although less extreme range of growth forms as T. mesenterina. Less common than T. mesenterina in the tropics and at the Houtman Abrolhos Is., but is common at more southerly locations and it is the dominant species at the Recherche Archipelago. Common at Vanuatu. Rare at Cocos (Keeling) Atoll, but forms very extensive monospecific stands in one biotope. Uncommon in Japan, but may form extensive monospecific stands in deeper, protected biotopes. The same yellow-green colouration and the same environment- correlated growth-form variations occur throughout the recorded Central Indo-Pacific distribution range.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Saudi Arabia, The Gulf and E Africa to Tonga and Cook Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs. W Australia: Ashmore Reef, Scott Reef, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is., SW coastal locations S to Geographe Bay, thence E to Recherche Arch. on the S coast. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amam1 Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Singapore, Cocos (Keeling)

Atoll, Vietnam, Indonesia, Taiwan, N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

Turbinaria irregularis Bernard, 1896

Generally uncommon in Japan. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Bernard (1896). TYPE LOCALITY: Mauritius.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: 7?Mozambique to Japan.

380

FAMILY DENDROPHYLLIIDAE

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Amakusa Is., Kushimoto, Shirahama.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

Turbinaria stellulata (Lamarck, 1816)

Generally uncommon throughout the known Central Indo-Pacific distribution range. Colonies are submassive, encrusting or explanate, these growth forms varying with the size (presumably age) of the colony and depth. Lack of conservative skeletal characters, however, makes this species difficult to define and there remains a possibility that it is more a species complex than a single species. There appears to be little or no taxonomically

significant geographic variation. TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Unrecorded.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: ?Saudi Arabia and E Africa to Vanuatu and

?Marshall Is.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef. W Australia: NW Shelf Reefs, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is., SW coastal locations. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Yaeyama Is., Okinawa Is., Amami Is., Tanegashima, Tosashimizu, Kushimoto, Shirahama.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia,

N Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu.

336

FAMILY DENDROPHYLLIIDAE

Turbinaria bifrons Briiggemann, 1877

Usually rare on the tropical E Australian coast and uncommon on the W coast. A distinctive species displaying little environment-correlated and no taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Unrecorded.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Indonesia and W Australia to E Australia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef. W Australia: Kimberley coast, Broome, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is., SW coastal locations S to Port Gregory. Philippines - Japan: not found by the present author but recorded from the Ryukyu Is. by previous authors.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vietnam, Indonesia.

Turbinaria conspicua Bernard, 1896

Common only at Dampier Arch. Shows little environment-correlated and no taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Shark Bay (W Australia).

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: W Australia only.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: not found. W Australia: Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Shark Bay region, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is., SW coastal locations S to Port Denison. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

337

FAMILY DENDROPHYLLIIDAE

Turbinaria radicalis Bernard, 1896

Rare in tropical locations, much more common in temperate locations of E Australia; recorded from a single specimen from W Australia (Houtman Abrolhos I.). Shows little environment-correlated or taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Thailand to E Australia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: Torres Strait, N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, Lord Howe L.,, Solitary Is., N New South Wales . W Australia: Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: not found.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vietnam, Indonesia.

Turbinaria heronensis Wells, 1958

Unlike most Australian Turbinaria, this species is probably restricted to reefal habitats, but is much more common on temperate reefs than tropical ones. Turbinaria cylindrica Nemenzo could be a separate species closely related to T. heronensis: corallites are smaller and the degree of fusion between them is greater than normal for GBR T. heronensis.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: GBR.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: Philippines to E Australia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: N and Central GBR, Pompey and Swain Reefs, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs. W Australia: not found. Philippines - Japan: Philippines.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: none.

338

FAMILY DENDROPHYLLIIDAE

Genus Duncanopsammia Wells, 1936

This is a monospecific genus which combines many of the characters of hermatypic and ahermatypic Dendrophylliidae.

Duncanopsammia axifuga (Edwards and Haime, 1848)

Usually restricted to relatively deep reefal and non-reefal habitats. Blue-grey polyps are extended during the day. Shows little environment-correlated and no taxonomically significant geographic variation.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a). TYPE LOCALITY: Western Australia.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: W to E Australia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: S Papua New Guinea, Torres Strait, N and Central GBR. W Australia: Kimberley coast, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Shark Bay region, Houtman Abrolhos Is. Philippines - Japan: not found. Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Vietnam, S Papua New Guinea.

Genus Heteropsammia Edwards and Haime, 1848

Heteropsammia cochlea (Spengler, 1781)

The small free-living colonies occur only on sandy substrates in inter-reefal regions. Colonies primarily vary according to how many polyps are present, this character appearing to be environment- correlated. Colonies from equatorial countries which have more than

three polyps may be a distinct species, but this remains unstudied.

TAXONOMIC REFERENCES: Veron and Pichon (1980), Veron (1986a).

339

FAMILY DENDROPHYLLIIDAE

TYPE LOCALITY: Bay of Bengal.

DISTRIBUTION: Indo-Pacific longitudinal distribution: The Gulf and E Africa to E Australia.

Central Indo-Pacific latitudinal distribution: S Papua New Guinea - E Australia: N and Central GBR, Capricorn and Bunker Reefs, Flinders Reef, Solitary Is., N and S coastal New South Wales. W Australia: Port Hedland, Dampier Arch., Pilbara coast, Ningaloo Reef Tract, Houtman Abrolhos Is., Port Gregory. Philippines - Japan: Philippines, Okinawa Is.

Additional Central Indo-Pacific records: Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, N Papua

New Guinea.

340

Distribution of Genera Worldwide

19 Generic Distributions: Data Sources and Maps

The following maps show the world-wide distribution of all hermatypic genera. For the central Indo-Pacific, the number of species in those genera is also indicated.

Genera are in alphabetical order. Data sources:

The following are the secondary and tertiary data sources used in this volume. These records are supplemented by many other data sources as indicated in Chapter 2 and Acknowledgements. Data are used in this volume to assist in the compilation of W to E distribution ranges of species (above) and generic distribution maps (below). These references are by no means exhaustive and do not include broad-ranging taxonomic references or references to primary data sources (p. 17). References which have not got a major taxonomic or biogeographic component, or are superseded, are also not listed.

Generic-level data have also been compiled by Wells (1954 and unpublished), Rosen (1971a), Scheer (1971) and Veron (1986a). These compilations have all been re-assessed in this study. They are included below, where they remain a primary data source.

Some localities are recorded under more than one name; all are indexed.

ADDU ATOLL: Wells and Davies (1966); AFRICA (SOUTH) : Boshoff (1981); Crossland (1948); AFRICA (WEST): Thiel (1928); Chevalier (1966a,b), Laborel (1974); Boekschoten and Borel Best (1988); AITUTAKI, COOK IS.: Stoddart and Pillai (1973); ALDABRA: Rosen (1979); AMIRANTES: Rosen (1971a); ANDAMAN IS.: Reddiah (1977); Wafar (1986); ARAKAN COAST, BURMA: Rosen (1971a); ASCENSION I: Laborel (1974); AUSTRAL IS.: Chevalier (1979, 1980, 1981); Faure (1985, pers. comm.); Pichon (1985); BAHAMAS: Vaughan (1916); Squires (1958); Walton Smith (1971); Wells (1973); Davis (1982); BARBADOS: Lewis (1960); Veron (unpublished data, 1992); BELIZE: Cairns (1982); Veron (unpublished data, 1992); BERMUDA: Laborel (1966); Wilson (1969); Walton smith (1971); Dodge et al. (1982); Cavalierre et al. (1983); Cairns et al. (1986); BRAZIL: Laborel (1967; 1970); Belem et al. (1986), Leao et al. (1988), Pitombo et al. (1988); F. Amaral (pers. comm.); CALIFORNIA (GULF OF): Durham (1947); Durham and Barnard (1952); Squires (1959);

343

GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

CAMEROONS: Laborel (1974); CANARY IS.: Laborel (1974); CAPE VERDE IS.: Laborel (1974); Boekschoten and Borel Best (1988); CARGADOS CARAJOS: Rosen (1971a); CHAGOS ARCHIPELAGO: Rosen (1971b); Dinesen (1977); Sheppard (1981, 1987b); CHRISTMAS I. (INDIAN OCEAN): Bernard (1900); Veron (1990b); CLIPPERTON I.: Hertlein and Emerson (1957); Wells (1983); COCOS I: Durham (1962, 1966); Bakus (1975); Hertlein (1963); Wells (1983); J. Cortés (pers. comm.); COLOMBIA (ATLANTIC COAST): Pfaff (1969); Antonius (1972); Erhardt (1974); Erhardt and Meinel (1975); Erhardt and Werding (1975); COLOMBIA (PACIFIC COAST): Birkeland et al. (1975); Glynn eft al. (1982); Cantera (1983); Prahl and Mejia (1985); Cantera et al. (1989); Cortés (pers. comm.); COMOROS: Rosen (1971a); COSTA RICA (ATLANTIC COAST): Cortés and Guzman (1985); COSTA RICA (PACIFIC COAST): Cortés and Risk (1984); Cortés and Murillo (1985); Cortés (1986); Guzman and Cortés (1989); CUBA: Zlatarski and Estalella (1982); DJIBOUTI: Gravier (1907, 1911); Vaughan (1907b); DOMINICA: Geraldes (1976); Geraldes and Bonnelly (1978); EASTER L: Wells (1972, 1983); Cea and Di Salvo (1982); ECUADOR: Wells (1963, 1983); FANNING L: Vaughan (1918); Maragos (1974); FIJI: Hoffmeister (1925, 1945); Wells (1954); Phipps and Preobrazhensky (1977); Salvat et al. (1977); FLORIDA (SOUTH): Walton smith (1971); FLORIDA MIDDLE GROUNDS: Vaughan (1916); Hopkins et al. (1977); FLOWER GARDEN BANKS: Tresslar (1974); Bright et al. (1984); Viada (1980); FRENCH ANTILLES: Chassaing et al. (1978); FUNAFUTI, TUVALU: Whitelegge (1898); Hinde (1904); GALAPAGOS IS.: Wells (1982, 1983); Durham (1962, 1966); Glynn and Wellington (1983); GAVESHANI BANK: Wafar (1986); GHANA: Laborel (1974); GOLD COAST: Laborel (1974); GUAM: Randall (1973); Randall and Myers (1983); HAINAN AND SOUTH CHINA COAST: Zou (1975); Zou et al. (1975, and subsequent taxonomic notes); Liang (1985); HAWAII: Studer (1901); Vaughan (1907a); Pillai and Scheer (1973); Maragos (1977, pers. comm.); Grigg (1981); Veron (unpublished data, 1988, 1992); HONDURAS: Tortora and Keith (1980); INDIA (SOUTHERN MAINLAND): Pillai (1967, 1969, 1971a,b, 1972); Scheer (1971); Mergner and Scheer (1974); Wafar (1986, pers. comm.); INDONESIA: Umbgrove (1939, 1940); Pillai and Scheer (1974); Umbgrove (1939); Wijsman-Best (1974); Moll and Borel Best (1984); Borel Best and Hoeksema (1987); Borel Best et al. (1989); IVORY COAST: Laborel (1974); JAMAICA: Goreau (1959); Wells (1973b); Goreau and Wells (1967); Wells and Lang (1973); Veron (unpublished data, 1992); JOHNSTON ATOLL: Maragos and Jokiel (1986); KANTON I., PHOENIX IS.: Maragos and Jokiel (1978); KENYA: Lemmens and Smeets (1987), Lemmens (in press), L. Didham (pers.comm.); KERMADEC IS.: Vaughan (1917); Wells (1954); Brook (1989); KOREA: Song (1982, 1991); KURE ATOLL: Dana (1971); KUTCH (GULF OF): Gideon et al. (1957); Pillai et al. (1980); Wafar (1986); KUWAIT: Downing (1988); Hodgson and Carpenter (in press); LAKSHADWEEP IS.: Pillai (1971a); Wafar (1986); LAYSAN I.: Studer (1901); Vaughan (1907a); MADAGASCAR: Pichon (1964, 1971, 1978); MALACCA STRAITS: Pillai and Scheer (1974); MALAYSIA (EAST COAST): Searle (1956); Green et al. (1979); Betterton (1981); Wood and Tan (1987); Johnston (MS); MALDIVE IS.: Gardiner (1904, 1905); Scheer (1969, 1972); Wells and Davies (1966); Pillai (1972); Pillai and Scheer (1976); MANIHIKI, COOK IS.: Stoddart and Pillai (1973); McCann (1974); G. Paulay pers. comm.; MARQUESAS IS.: Chevalier (1978, 1979); MARSHALL IS.: Wells (1954); Tracey et al. (1948); Veron (unpublished data, 1986); MARTINIQUE: Battistini (1978); MAURITIUS: Faure (1977); McKEAN L, PHOENIX IS.: Dana (1979); MERGUI ARCHIPELAGO, BURMA: Harrison and Poole (1909); Wells (1954); Rosen (1971a); Pillai (1972); MEXICO (ATLANTIC COAST): Rigby and

344

GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

McIntyre (1966); Rannefeld (1972); Chavez et al. (1970a,b); Rezak et al. ((1985), MIDWAY ATOLL: Wells (1982); MINICOY: Pillai (1971); MOZAMBIQUE AND ADJACENT AREAS: Harrison and Poole (1909); Wijsman-Best et al. (1980); Boshoff (1981); NATAL: Crossland (1948); Wijsman-Best et al. (1980); NETHERLANDS ANTILLES: Bak (1977); Roos (1964, 1971); NEW CALEDONIA: Matthai (1923); Woodhead and Weber (1969); Chevalier (1971, 1975); Wijsman-Best (1972); NICOBAR IS.: Pillai (1972); Scheer and Pillai (1974); Reddiah (1977); Wafar (1986); OMAN (GULF OF): Sheppard and Salm (1988); Sheppard and Sheppard (1991); PALAU: Yabe et al. (1936); Eguchi (1935, 1938); Hatai (1940); Yabe and Sugiyama (1941); PANAMA (ATLANTIC COAST): Cubit and Williams (1983); PANAMA (PACIFIC COAST): Squires (1959); Porter (1972); Dana (1975); Wells (1983); Cortés (pers. comm.); PAPUA NEW GUINEA (N COAST): Veron (unpublished data, 1974); Claerebout (MS); PITCAIRN I. GROUP: Rehder and Randall (1975); Paulay (1989, pers. comm.); S. Blake and J. Pandolfi (pers. comm.); PUERTO RICO: Vaughan (1902); Armstrong (1980); RAROTONGA, COOK IS.: Stoddart and Pillai (1973); RED SEA (CENTRAL): Scheer (1967); Head (1980); Sheppard (1985, 1987); Sheppard and Sheppard (1985); Schumacher and Mergner (1985); RED SEA (NORTHERN): Crossland (1935, 1938); Loya (1972); Scheer (1971); Loya and Slobodkin (1971); Scheer and Pillai (1983); Schuhmacher and Mergner (1985); Sheppard (1987a); Sheppard and Sheppard (1991); RED SEA (SOUTHERN): Rossi (1954); Scheer (1967, 1971); Sheppard (1985b, 1987a); Sheppard and Sheppard (1985, 1991); Antonius et al. (1990); REUNION AND MASCARENE IS.: Faure (1977); Bouchon (1981); RODRIGUEZ: Faure (1977); SABAH, MALAYSIA: Wood and Tan (1987); Morris (1978); SAINT HELENA: Laborel (1974); SAMOA: Studer (1901); Hoffmeister (1925); Wells (1954); Pillai and Scheer (1973); Lamberts (1983); SENEGAL: Laborel (1974); SEYCHELLES: Rosen (1972 and pers. comm.) Pillai et al. (1973); Wijsman-Best et al. (1980); Stoddart (1984); SIERRA LEONE: Laborel (1974); SINGAPORE: Studer (1881); Wells (1954); Purchon (1957); Chou and Teo (1985); Koh and Chou (1989); SOCOTRA AND ABD-EL-KURI: Scheer (1964, 1971); Sheppard and Sheppard (1991); SOCIETY IS.: Crossland (1928, 1935); Hoffmeister (1929); Boschma (1929); Chevalier (1979, 1981); Chevalier and Kuhlmann (1983); Pichon (1985); SOLOMON IS.: Weber (1973); SOMALIA: Vaughan (1907b) Rosen (in prep.); SOUTH CHINA SEA: Bassett-Smith (1890); Zou (1978); Liang (1985); Latypov (1986); Jing-Fen (1985); SRI LANKA: Ridley (1883); Ortmann (1889); Mergner and Scheer (1974); Rajasuriya (1986); TAIWAN: Kawaguti (1953); Jones et al. (1972); Randall and Cheng (1980); Dai (1989, 1991); Hoesema and Dai (1991); TANZANIA (DAR-ES-SALAAM): Ortmann (1892); von Marenzeller (1901); Hamilton and Brakel (1984); THAILAND (GULF OF): Campbell (1980); Srithunya et al. (1981); Latypov (1986); Sakai et al. (1986); Ditlev (1976); THAILAND (WEST COAST): Ditliev (1976, 1980); Campbell (1980); Veron and Wallace (1985); Phongsuwan (1986); THE GULF (NORTHERN): Basson et al. (1977); Burchard (1979); Sheppard (1985b); Sheppard and Shepard (1991); THE GULF (SOUTHERN): Sheppard (1987a); Sheppard and Salm (1988); Sheppard and Shepard (1991); TONGA: Hoffmeister (1932); TRES MARIAS IS.: Squires (1959); TRINIDAD: Kenny (1977); TUAMOTUS: Chevalier (1974, 1976, 1979, 1981); Pichon (1985); VENEZUELA: Antonius (1980); VIETNAM (NHA TRANG): Latypov (1982, pers. comm.); WAKE L.: Wells (1954); ZANZIBAR: Wells (1954).

345

DISTRIBUTIONS

KeLG

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346

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GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

‘satdads ¢ Ajazewtxoidde sureyuod snua3 ayy, ‘wavs Jo UOYNIsIp ey *Z aaNSIy

‘satdads (cy sea] ye SUTe}UOD snuas ay] ‘payeorpul are uede/f pue saurddyyg au} ‘eresny wos paprodai satads jo siaquiny ‘vsodossy Jo UOWNQLUsSIp ay, *9 an31y

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“pa}eotput are uede{ pue sautddymg au} ‘erensny wo papiodai saideds jo siequiny ‘viodoszvuy Jo UOYNGLysIp sy], “6 aIn314

DISTRIBUTIONS

RIC

‘sapads ct Ajayeurtxoidde suteyuos ‘wiodozajy JO UOWNGLYSIp sul *g amnS1yz

ENI ;

(

root / \ | | Bi ] . Ly - » * f é ) | . . $ " ; as = a WS . A SS “s / a” Ta ( . = tT ri . X ic a awk / Z \ =a - 7 fe a ra \ Sa YQ ww an ro => ~ cs NS

348

GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

‘satdads cy] Ayjayeuttxoidde sutejzuo05

snuas ay], ‘pa}eotput are uede/ pue sautddrryg ay} ‘eyeysny wos papsodal satdads jo siaquiny ‘v1odoasjsy JO UOYNISIp UL “LT en8ry

ENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

G

‘jaz "y ‘setdads auo suteyuod snua3 ay] ‘wASojvsjsny Jo UOYNaIsIp oul “ET ain3ryz

sS wT \ i ; Tre } SA Va NS — L Seer Cana ul 4 : = = lan & \ J \ as i. jeva\ Es “Neg an? se : a oe! e, “eetpe. fet Sey & XN A

350

GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

‘satoads ¢ Ajayeutxoidde

suTe}UOD snuas ayy, ‘uede{ pue saurddyryg ayy ‘eyeysny Woy papsodal st winsoouy ‘g ‘satdads aUQ “vIO}HqQUAU JO UOTINLISIP SUL “ST ain31y

So

ENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

J

~_

‘saideds ¢ suteyu0d snuas ay] ‘pazedtpur are uede/ pue saurddiryg ayy ‘eresny wor papsodar sadads jo siaquinn ‘vssmiuojsujg JO UOYNGIYSIp ay, “gT amn31y

ia a oN x d | { : \ 4 : <¢ 4 re _ 7 7 ‘ me & Pa gee™ bo Soa i rete. ff py “Se = : ar WA a Nae SS

352

GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

‘auipavl ‘> ‘satdads auo sutejyu0d ATqeqoid snua3 ayy ‘w1yjAydvjvjvD Jo UONQLYSIp YL “6L aN

“paqlosap are ‘si1asoj9AD 0} reyTuMTs ‘saidads om] “eTTeISNY WoY JoYNe ayy Aq papsoda1 JON ‘sM]ja.vyzUVD JO UOYNQIYSIp ay], “gl an31y

GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

‘yjNISNgdv ‘> ‘satdads auo suTeyUOd snue3 ay], ‘vAOI0pU]D JO UOINQIsIp su], “LZ eanB1q

‘satdads F Ajayeurtxoidde suteyuo09 snuas ay] “pa}eotpul are uede{ pure saurddryiyg ou} ‘eressny wo1 pepsodai satdads jo slaquinnNy ‘vadjsyjnvD JO UONQIYsIp oy, ‘OZ eANSIy

|

\

354

GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

‘satdads Z suteyuoo A,qeqoid snuas ay,

‘vyjhydodjoD Jo UoYNqUysIp ayL “€Z eANSTY

355

DISTRIBUTIONS

‘RIC

GENI

> “gr a a

‘saidads ¢ suteyu0d

snues ey] “payeoiput are uede/ pue saurddipug ary ‘eeysny wo papsozar sapads jO SIaQqUINN] ‘$1j9vUaJD JO UOYNQLYsSIp sy “sz aIN31Z

\ »N ? —S male 4 - = fr iia ~ ; ate + - ‘ ~ “ \ o~ ws ~*~ Q iy Pd e BK foe iS { { ) wr | eer 4 4 7 if \es &

‘satdads Z] Ajayeurtxoidde surejuod payeotpul ere uede/ pue saurddityg ay; ‘eljeysny woy paprodai saidads Jo siaquinNy ‘vavivui2s0D Jo UONNGLYSIp au. “pz aINB1q

ee ——— a ee 2 et [a ee = ze ara « / #7 e . : * es ce ez hy pd el a c awe 1 . . s > re SM. ( _ fake “ye fb . . BRS 8 ee c 3 a . Cd eo 7 ‘, aie an of ae ‘ \ Neg ° So ft =) “ye 5 / = _ — = = = he ~~ = Jf. % o . $2 x ~ & 6 Lal a NSE, . A er as . fo Ne AE . . fy > a % @ Te rg Le 4 Pans) Y / 2 a z + d Se i — ——— f ieee — fj AA 2 e\ ry L ’ Se ere bh ° Ww = — leh Oe + . ze f “wR ree 2, eS. ~~ ok em {FFF —> cate ) — RE i Peel dt, - ats

356

GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

‘satdads g] ATayeutxoidde sutejuos

snues ay] ‘pa}eotput are uede{ pure sautddynyg ayy ‘eyeusny woy papiodai satdads jo siaqumyy ‘siasojaAD Jo UOYNLASIP ay “ZZ aNB1y

357

GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

‘sateds 6 Ajayewrxoidde sutejuos snuas ay], “payPorput are uede{ pue sautddipug ayy ‘eyeysny wo papiosar saideds jo siaquinyy ‘vasysvydAD Jo UOYNIYSIp ayy “6z aINSIy

8z en3r1y

358

GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

snue3 ay °

‘satdads ¢ Ajayeumtxoidde sutejuo5

pazeorput are uede{ pue sautddynyg au} ‘eyerjsny woy paprodal satdeds jo sIaquinyy ‘siasviq JO UOTNGISIp AY], “LE aAN31y

359

GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

‘vodojay ‘q ‘satdads auo suteyuod snuas ay “vasjsvojdiq Jo UOYNQU\sIp eu], “eg anNB1q

360

‘satads 7 Ajazeurtxoidde sutejuod snua’ ay ‘viuaoz0421q JO UOYNQLASIp aUL, “ZE aINS1y

GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

‘v8n{ixv ‘q ‘saads auo suteyuod snue’ ay] ‘wuuuvsdouvsung Jo UOYNGIYSIp ay “gE aIN31J

361

DISTRIBUTIONS

GENERIC

‘satdads 7 Ajayeurtxoidde suteju0d

snuas dy] “pa}eotput are uede/f pue saurddipryg ayy ‘elpeysny wor pepsodai sadads jo siaquinyy ‘viodou1ysq Jo UOYNIysSIp aut, “Z¢ aIN31q

a,

: = . \ f ‘. J es J , Sh p < \ ‘

ae “rg 3 ce * a \ f ee es Sh x os i Cra i ar So eS — A ane aides a 7 ; -

‘satdads g Ajayewxoidde suteyuo2

snuas ay] “pajedtput are uede/ pue saurddryg ay} ‘erpesny wiolj papsodai satdads jo sraquinny ‘v1jjAydouiy2q Jo UoyNqIysIp aul, “9g aIN3IZ

t fe ‘ & 4 2 r ad e 3. 7 7 | Se e . ‘ ec oa 3 . . Sy Neg 4 is _ yl . e = of \ \ ? . oo Ng aay Pe, %, J Ss > ee ~ : ewer ~ etteS fr \ ibe a \S ey © ae na wp a hat aa i ea ee tl : \) ~\ ee L y i a | " a C 7 Be-<™,. BS ai J + 2 re &

362

GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

snues su

‘payeoipul are uede{ pue ssutddyyg ay} ‘eyeysny wo papiodai satdeds Jo sia

“saideds 6 suteyu0> quiny ‘vijAydnq Jo uoNaIsIp aul “6¢ eNSIZ

363

DISTRIBUTIONS

GENERIC

‘saidads ¢¢ ATayeutxoidde sutejuo3

snuas ay] “pa}eotput are uede/ pue sautddipuyg ay ‘eeysny Woy papsodai satdads jo slaqunN ‘viSunz JO UOyNQysSIp sy “ep anS1y

rao < —~ ™* ne ° 4 oe 2 e e \ e ° « ~~ e 72 bd J e a N J 1, 5 ee - Nee 2 < > Lee, a 2 \ ee ee pea ae ? Coa. = -~ e "3 OL TN ° oe wet ee + 6 Ss ad Tp ed AY a

‘satdeds cy ATayeutxoidde suteyuos

snua3 ay] ‘pa}ediput are uede/ pue saurddrynyg ay} ‘eresny wo papodai saidads jo siaqumyy “sajiavq JO UOQNaISIp aul “zp an31q

365

DISTRIBUTIONS

'RIEC

eee ee ee ee ee

“satdads (¢ sea] 12 SUTE}]UOD Snuas ay] “pa}edIput aie uede/ pue saurddyyg ay3 ‘eyeysny Woy pepiodai saidads jo slaquinN ‘viav{ JO UOYNQUASIP sul “Lp 2In31y

k ae { ° = y . a ~+<¢ : 3 s

ay : Ree x saa ee

aa aeiahanlSrialioeeaet: AEN ES

ty U = + < Ae. ’ NN we L ~ - . YL ~ KU 4 B<\ = « Jf x \o cy “7 a ae 7 Ra vm # pecan \ \ 4 \ = 7 7 a = x a 7 - (% . . Ps f ff ) 2 : Se pe ves “a < Oe ae . a aah See < € >, = & a “=< _ s = a i a = 2 a ts SO — ~~ . es = fo J — “a ra \ ins fn; Nas a me 2) > > ~ — 7 ee ee] ft 4, “4 Pen ao he @ TA — _—~ 5 - * i yl ax ae ~ 4 ; Z a Fe k g f I. Z 2. ae - ‘ou ger - sa eas Ge Sa yy > ~< “\ ~~ ) i ngld- 4 fu, I ~s& ct = = —_ oe a— 7 = ~ mabe f a Uw - a a

GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

‘satdeds 7 Ajayewmtxoidde suteyu0s snua3 ay], ‘peyeorput are uedef pue saurddipyg aug ‘eyeysny wo papiodei satads jo siaquiny ‘si4asodautpav5 JO UOYNGLYSIp ay], “sp amn31y

‘satdads g Ajayeurtxoidde sute}uod snua3 ay, ‘pe}edtput are uede{ pue saurddipryg ayy ‘epeysny wos papiodai satdeds jo siaquny ‘vaxyjy5 Jo UOYNIySIp xu, ‘pH aANSIy

366

GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

snuas aul, °

‘satdads gg ATayeurtxoidde suteyu05

peyeorpul are uede{ pue saurddypryg au} ‘ereysny wo paprodai satdads jo staquiny ‘viodo1u0y jo UOYNGLYSIp aU ‘Zp aIN3Iy

snuas du, °

‘satdads zp Ajeyewtxoidde suteyu0s

payeorpur are uede{ pure sourddiynyg ayy ‘eyeysny wo papiooal satdads Jo siaqumN ‘va4jsv1u05 Jo UOYNIYSIp ay, ‘gp anB1q

367

DISTRIBUTIONS

GENERIC

‘vjdn4i2jUl “5 ‘satdads auo suteyuod snus’ sy] ‘wyiusosh5 Jo UOWNQLYsSIp sul “6p 2INBILY

‘\ \ ? A ly NS Sf on —- 7 5 a — a i. ¢ ea —™ & v. ‘ A —) ra é ~— ‘ \ * ¢ na 4 ~ = gare asf a ae af vd ae a . - = > : q Ay ga he, ! ~thee CN = BO / “~~ ts ia a » / ‘ a ave = cas aya = SON “ OS = vn fy q > Q SY LZ f fh, WA ———, & {+ ~ eS oe Hy h Be _- md fos {J 2 Y y Sy ue —_ 2 = ‘ a = > a ee se NX “"\ ~~ ~~ — a alh- f IO -— jrr~ Ss et => ~ Kerr f < — a a

368

GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

‘stofiuijav ‘Fy ‘satdeds auo surequod snua3 ayy, “viSunforjazy Jo UOTNGISIP ay] “Tg an31y

369

GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

‘satoads stdAyeursay Z AToyewtxoidde suteyu0d snuas ay, :payeoTput are uede{ pue sautddiryg ayy ‘erpeysny wo papiooal satdeds jo sraquinyy ‘viuiuvsdosajapy s1dAyeutray JO UOYNGISIp au, “Eg a1n3ry

‘satdads 7 suteju0d snuas ay, ‘pa}yeotpul are uede{ pue sautddyryg ayy ‘eyeysny wo papiodai satdads jo slaquiny ‘vyj1joduazy JO UOYNQIYsIp ay, “zg aAN3Iy

370

GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

‘satads 7 ATayeutxoidde sutezuod

snua8 ayy, ‘payeorput are uede{ pue saurddyyg ay} ‘erpensny woy paprosai saieds jo sraquinyy ‘vioydouphH yo uoyNqIysSIp aL “Sg aINSTy

371

GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

snua3 aul

‘po}eoIpul aie uede{ pue sautddryg au} ‘eyeysny Woy pap1odei satdads jo sIaqunN

‘satdads g ATayeurtxoidde suteyuo0s

‘va4jsujdz] JO UOWNQLYSIp UL “6g aINSIZ

373

DISTRIBUTIONS

GENERIC

372

DISTRIBUTIONS

GENERIC

‘sluasojday] Jo wtAUOUAS P OSTR SI vadjsulaqwAD “sLuasoNjapy Snua3 au ut padeyd Aguanbay ‘yyuynon9 “7 sadeds squepy ayy Butpnyout ‘sadeds FT ATeyeurxoidde SuTeyUOD snuas ay], “payedtput aze uede/ pue seutddyryg ayy ‘eyeysny Woy paepiosai sabeds jo slaqumny, ‘suiasojda] Jo UOWNGUASIp aU “19 aMB1z

{ as .

ON Sin } . \ ang oA f . o> CP - , ne a = sti Ls » a + _—e ANS . ‘aes / ye 7 psig j

‘satdads Z suteyuod snua3 ayy ‘wiSAuyd “7 Jo yeuy St a3uel st] JO [TY “peledtput ere uede{ pue seutddipug au} ‘elpeljsny wo papiodel satdads jo slaquiny ‘viu0jdz] jo UOYNQySIp ay “99 aIn31q

bd + [(~ ° 7 e ~ a) 7s e. z aa ie . . SS ele ZL ° N eek GS gn So) : \ ~~. . ~E >) {<4 * : £ . tfm 3 > ee = eae 1 ‘ © At SAYS oo ° > — . w 4 St bp ° <A =“ ™~ ° da 3 ee = . ja\ . Oo Sf Wr e-em bry ‘ ° Sp een. J °\ ar 7 a wl val Se a Laue eerein,. + . Ze an \ ep? Ze 8} * a ent. i fo SY a SE », 2 ~ — et A —~ Ame = = ul cars: reg

374

GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

‘satdads 6 Ajayeurtxoidde sutejuos

snuas ay ‘payeotpul are uede{ pue sautddymyg au} ‘eredsny wo papsodal satdads jo slaquinn ‘viyjhydogoy] Jo uoYNqUIsIp ay], “9 aN3Iy

‘sateds fF ATayeutxoidde suteyu0d snua3 ay], ‘pa}edtput aie uede/{ pue sautddrryg au} ‘eyessny wor papiodai satads jo slequinN ‘uojAydoyjr7] Jo UOYNQIYsSIp ey, “79 aIN3I1y

375

DISTRIBUTIONS

GENERIC

“DulOa.v “WF ‘satdads auo suteyuod snus3 sul “suIIUDYy JO UOYNGLYSIp au “sg amn31z

\ 4 \ “~thege — CH ee \ ‘d MeN SG su

‘saidads sid4eunuay F Ajayeurtxoidde sutejzuod snuaZ ay] “payediput are uede/ pue sautddrnyg ayy ‘epensny wioy papiodal sadads jo siaqumyy ‘siavupyyy 21dAyeutay jo UoANqLysIp ayy “79 amn31z

¢ A = > A—c — ~ UZ ow ff ) o « 4 ” , rag . ad Py res va e ) 2™ | = > - © eh re ee, . »* €é “ sae EP RL J “eg = ~ st ee - —— t - \ rh =f Wa KOO Pe ebake e ty “SS 4) ~ Re aN xt f., ‘we * 1a 4 o ae; aera es + <> ma ° ‘ amy NO c y ~ a! § _ = gy + Po 4 \ ore tt * a. a, ir ys XY <— x tye “x ay —\ ‘ee f in 2. Se Th as nv om » — a, 4 et A >: = Pg ao af 2. Fee ane if Lem Ee%

376

GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

‘satdads ¢ sutejuod snua3 ay ‘vUINayy JO UOYNIYSIp AY, *Z9 aAN31y

377

“eyeQsny M wo edAjojoy ayy woy ATUo uMOUy ‘1ju2y “yy ‘SaDads auo suteyuOD snua3 ayy ~wASyUoyy Jo UOyNQIsSIp ayy “69 2IN31z

-=S> aon Sy mes f Se, ih )- el a BSF f

DISTRIBUTIONS

-saDdads ¢] Ajayeumxoidde sutejyuo> snuas sy] ~payedipul are uede{ pue ssuiddynyg aw ‘eyensny wo pep10se1 saDads jo slaquMNy “vaLsHJUOYy JO UONNGLSIP sy *gg amn31Lyz

-» GENERIC

va oo 7 a i 7. | vy; — } 4 a “aT, Jn f c t / ‘ te = + = re { Mafes . ~ e o f¢ 7 ~ . call ae z fore y ot y * «. S rat UV Ta,- + ; * . Te, “pa - e~ ” NS a ‘S a . - ~2g ~~ Fe “at Ea iio“ pie = e a Pe eee re, a t\QYSS ~~ r Py \ Pe Ps a. ma / “at A anes ae af cs = : ae os re y => ba. an yo a y a <\ ae 2. y £ ee m : ew oe eat! an a e « 8 z ies WA ean cA se : an po o> — ie a = ae ae ff Fe Ly, Loony = a a mid L rs! reek @

378

GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

— 7 a 2 ye ° f L ae E c ) J 3 o J = 4 > — hey —— + it ___— = — i a oa . Pah a ¢ 3 — _— \ “ES DS. f es Se ee a ae = : s

“‘DIOI[AISIID] W ‘Seldeds auo sute}uod snuas ayy “whajasoyy jo UONGLYSIp aul, “TL am3ij

379

“saideds gg sea] ye suteyuOD snuaZ aul “pa}edIpul aie uede{ pue sautddyrug ayy ‘eyensny woy papiodal satdeds jo slaquinNy ‘wiodijuoyy Jo UONNGLYsSIp sul “OZ eIN31z

= my zz

GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

‘vsojnduv “yy ‘satdads auo sureyuod snuas ay ‘vssnyy Jo UOYNaIysIp ay “ZZ amnB1q

\

\ \ ae 5 —_— a | ( \ tae eat ba WA ae \ ened ay . Vs \

380

GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

‘sarsads ¢ Ajayeurtxoidde suteyuod snua3 ayy ‘v1jAydojaohy Jo UOYNGIASIp AY], “SZ aN31y

‘satdeds 7 Ajayewutxoidde suteyuo0d snua3 dy ‘pa}eotput are uede/ pue sautddyryg ay} ‘erpeysny wos papiodai satdads jo siaquinn ‘wmipaohpy jo uoyNqLysIp sul, “PZ ean31y

381

GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

382

GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

‘satoads ¢ ATayeurtxoidde sute}u0d

snua$ ay, ‘payeorput are uede{ pue sautddynyg ay} ‘eresny woy papsosai satdads jo sraquny ‘viodAxGQ Jo UOYNAIysIp ayL *6Z aINSIA

snua3 dy

‘satdads ¢ Ajayeumtxoidde suteyu05

‘payeotpul are uedef pue sautddytyg ay} ‘epeysny wo pap1odai satdeds jo siaquiny ‘vijjhydojnC Jo UOYNQU\sIp sy], *gZ aINB1y

383

GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

“psoas “q ‘satdads auo suteyu0s ATqeqoid snua’ ay], ‘vaijsunujug Jo UOHNIYSIP ay ‘Lg an31y

snuas au °

‘satads F AyTayewtxo1dde suteyu0o payeotpur are uede{ pure saurddyryg ayy ‘eyensny wo papsodai satads jo saqumyy ‘sliashydug JO UOYNGLUYSIp ay], ‘9g amnB1z

384

GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

‘pyxaqioyduus ‘g ‘satdads auo suteyuod snua3 ay], ‘vasjsujdiuusvsvd JO UOTINGIYSIP ABUL “€8 ain3Lq

385

GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

‘satdads 7 ATayeutxoidde sute}yu05 snuas ay], ‘payedtput ase uede/ pue sautddryyg ayy ‘erpeysny wo papsodai satdads jo siaquiny ‘v1u1J2ag JO UOYNIYsIp sy °¢g amn31y

LG d

386

‘satdeds 77 Ajayewtxoidde suteyuod snuas dy ‘payedtpul aie uedef pue sautddiyiyg ay} ‘elyeysny wor papiodai satdeds jo slaquinN ‘yuoaug JO UOYNLYSIp ey “Pg anBriy

| rag —~ é

— = a a ar So er —r ~. . .? a

\ ‘ f e

) f 7 5 } | os { J \ e

\ - . r<¢ _ 2. igs _ --.

NL ae f e \ \ \ : ae a . > : Cote eer t "ae = tr aa e » ase a a 2a0! ye ‘ak A \ } Ne ¢ We a

ry Yo va Le KOE f

GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

‘tuajhv ‘gq ‘satads auo sureyuod snuas ayy ‘vyjhydoshyg Jo UONGLYASIP ay “2g eINSty

‘satdeds ¢ suteyu0d

snuas ay], ‘payeotput aie uede/ pur sautddiyiyg au} ‘erpeasny wo papiodai satdads jo siaquinn ‘wiASoshyg JO UONIIYsIp sy], *9g aIN31y

387

GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

‘wyyphydozuaman snuas ayy sapnyouy “setdads ¢ suteyu0D snuas ay] ‘peyeotput are uede/ pure sautddyryg ayy ‘erpeysny wos papi0de1 sateds jo sraquinyy ‘vsASo1a]q JO UOYNQIASIp aU], “6g aAN31y

‘satdeds 7] Ajayewtxoidde sutejuo0d snua3 ay], ‘pa}eotput are uede/ pure soutddrryg au} ‘eresjsny wos papsodai sateds jo siaquinny ‘w4ASAjy]g JO UOYNQIYSIp aU, “gg amn3Iy

388

GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

snuas su,

‘satoads gt Ajayeumtxoidde suteyuo0s

‘payeotput ore uede{ pure saurddyyg ayy ‘erpeysny wo papiodai satads jo siaqumny ‘vsodosji90g JO UOINIYSIP ABUL, “16 aINSIY

389

GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

‘satdads ¢ suteju0d snuas ay], ‘vuidjv} ‘gq Jo yey} SI asueI STA JO [TV “payeorput are uedef pue sourddipyg ayy ‘eyerjsny wor papsooai sateds jo saqumny “v1yjhydhjog jo UONAIYsIp aUL *E6 eANBIy

‘satdads 7 suteyuod snuas ay] ‘vaaujsn42 ‘g JO yey} ST aBuRI STU} JO [TY “payeotpul are uede/ pue sourddiryg ayy ‘eyessny wor papsodai saidads jo siaqumny ‘viouqupog JO UOYNISIP aU, “7 aINSIy

390

GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

‘satoads ct ATayeutxoidde suteyu0d

snua3 ay], “‘payeorput are uede/ pue sautddymyg au} ‘eypeysny wo papiodai saldads jo siaquinnN ‘v10901MIUYSg JO UOYNIYSIP ayL, “G6 aINSIA

"5

D LO d

‘satdeds 9g yseay] ye SUTe}UOD

snuas ay], “‘payeotpul are uede{ pue saurddiyryg ay} ‘erpeysny wor paps10da1 satdads jo siaquny ‘saji4og JO UOYNIASIp aU], “FE aINS1y

391

GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

snua3 aul, *

‘saloads 7 sute}u0d poeyeotpur are uede/ pure saurddynyg ayy ‘eyeysny woxy paprzooai satoads jo siaqumyy ‘vyj1]0]ypuvs Jo UOYNaLSIp ayy, “26 any

392

GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

‘vandissyf ‘S ‘satdads auo suteyuod snuas ay], “‘vUI[NI0Z1Y9g JO UOYNIYSIp ay], *66 AINSI

86 aNnSIy

393

GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

‘satoads ¢ Ajayewtxoidde suteyuod snuas ayy, “x144sAy *S Jo yey} SI oBuRI STY} JO ISO] “po}Ptput aie uede/ pue saurddyryg ayy ‘eypensny wos papsooal satdads jo siaquinyy ‘vodojyisag Jo UOYNAIYSIp sul, ‘LOL en314

‘satdads % Ajayeutxoidde sutejyu05 snuas ay “pa}eorput are uede{ pue sautddipyg ay} ‘erpesny wo pap10da1 satdads Jo slaquinN ‘wNuAjoIS JO UONLUYSIp sy “OOL eAn31z

394

GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

‘stupjnaisaa ‘§ ‘satdads auo suteyuod snuas ay “va4jsujdiuis JO UOINGIASIp AY, “EOL aanBIy

‘satdeds ¢ Ajayewtxoidde sute}u09

snuas dy], ‘pa}eotpur ore uede{ pure sautddryiyg ay} ‘eperysny wor papiodai satdads Jo slaquinnNy ‘vasjsusapis JO UOTNISIP 9UL “ZOL eAN3Iy

GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

‘NUIaYINU *S ‘satdads auO suTeyUOD snuea’3 ay] ‘wUao20UvYdajS Jo UOYNGLYSIp aul “SOL en31q

396

GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

snua3 aul °

‘satoads ¢ AjTayewtxoidde sutejuo5

payeorput are uede{ pue sautddryg au} ‘eyeysny wo papsosai satdads jo staquiny ‘vjjatuaos0jhjs JO UOYNGLUSIp aU, *ZOT aan31yq

397

RIC DISTRIBUTIONS

4

sENE

‘satdads 9 Ajayewtxoidde sutejuo0s snuas ay] “‘peyeorput are uede/ pue saurddynyg ayy ‘eypensny WoJj papsoda1 saads jo staquny ‘viyjAydiuhs Jo UoYNLYySIp aYL “60 aIn31q

‘satdeds ¢ ATayeutxoidde suteyuod snua’ ay “vywyj14s1d “s Jo yeu} st aBueI STU} JO SOW “payedtput are uede{ pue seurddyryg ay} ‘eyeysny wor papsodai satdeds jo siaquinyy -wioydojh3s Jo uOnNIIYSIpP sul “SOL amn31y

We pete

Spee ened,

398

GENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

‘satdads cq] ATayewtxoidde sutejuod

snuas ay] ‘pa}eorpur are uede/ pue saurddynyg ay} ‘erjeysny woy papiosai satdads jo siaqumnN ‘vLUUIGAN] JO UOYNGIYSIP AY “LLL aanB31y

a —

399

‘snyouyda “Z ‘Satdads auo suteyUod snua’ ay] “snjidooZ Jo uo\nquysIp ay “ZLT ammB1q

ENERIC DISTRIBUTIONS

~ J

C

2? aN 1 ‘3 Se XQ WD 1 } * Ee \ \ 7 } . ; St é ) = 2 ey, * Ne ma DA, pM v ON RE BY ADS —— Tass ae » TS Dy” AAS fal f : Be AY , i= G oS iq ea , Z \ reo. ~ — ak, ‘4 oY 2 i _™~ Fe oS YY “~N& a

400

20 Acknowledgements

The compilation of distribution data in the text, in tables, in the distribution maps and on electronic databases has been an enormous task that has been greatly assisted by many volunteers. I particularly thank Ms Lisa Saxby, Mr Tony Askam, Ms Margot Warnett, Mr Glen Docherty, Mr Adam Birstwhistle, Ms Sarah Stobart, Ms Juliette King, Ms Fiona Webster and Ms Catherine Corkery for their major contributions to this study.

The publication has also been greatly supported by the staff of the Austalian Institute of Marine Science, with special thanks to Mr Kim Navin, Ms Christine Cansfield- Smith, Ms Inara Bush, Mr Steve Clarke and Ms Marty Eden.

Distribution records have been obtained from a resume of all taxonomic literature, from the publications cited in the text, and from personal communications with many of these authors. In compiling these records, I have made use of unpublished information, with thanks to Steve Blake, Steve Cairns, Bruce Carlson, Jorge Cortés, Lallie Didham, Peter Glynn, Gregor Hodgson, Jim Maragos, Loisette Marsh, Moritaka Nishihira, John Pandolfi, Gustav Paulay, Jim Porter, Don Potts, Richard Randall, Brian Rosen, Ken Sebens, Charles Sheppard, Mary Stafford-Smith, Hiroyuki Tachikawa, and Mohideen Wafar.

401

21 Literature cited

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415

22

Index

(References to maps are in bold print)

A

Abd-el-Kuri 343

abundance: common species 21, not otherwise indexed

abundance: estimates of 21

abundance: geographic variation in; see ‘geographic variation in abundance’ (see also 'abundance:’)

abundance: latitudinal variation in; see ‘latitudinal variation in abundance’ (see also 'abundance:’)

abundance: local variation in; see ‘local variation in abundance’ (see also ‘abundance:’)

abundance: rare species; see 'rare species’ (see also 'abundance:’, 'species:’)

Acanthastrea 245, 346

Acanthastrea amakusensis 245, 248

Acanthastrea bowerbanki 245, 247

Acanthastrea echinata 245

Acanthastrea hemprichti 247

Acanthastrea hillae 245, 246

Acanthastrea ishigakiensis 249

Acanthastrea lordhowensis 245, 248

Acanthastrea rotundoflora 246

Acrhelia 227, 229, 346

Acrhelia horrescens 229, 344

Acropora 19, 69, 85, 100, 108, 113, 347

Acropora abrolhosensis 69, 83

Acropora aculeus 69, 105

Acropora acuminata 84

Acropora akajimensis 86

Acropora anthocercis 102

Acropora aspera 92

Acropora austera 92

417

Acropora azurea 105 Acropora brueggemanni 71 Acropora bushyensis 75 Acropora cardinae 116 Acropora carduus 115 Acropora caroliniana 120 Acropora cerealis 106 Acropora chesterfieldensis 119 Acropora clathrata 69, 110 Acropora copiosa 87 Acropora cuneata 70 Acropora cytherea 69, 97 Acropora danai 78, 79 Acropora delicatula 95 Acropora dendrum 96 Acropora digitifera 74 Acropora divaricata 69, 110, 111 Acropora diversa 109 Acropora donei 96 Acropora echinata 69, 114 Acropora elegans 116 Acropora elseyi 117 Acropora exquisita 86 Acropora florida 69, 121 Acropora formosa 69, 82 Acropora gemmifera 69, 72 Acropora glauca 77 Acropora grandis 69, 81 Acropora granulosa 120 Acropora haimei 97 Acropora horrida 90 Acropora humilis 69, 72 Acropora hyacinthus 100, 101 Acropora insignis 115 Acropora intermedia 80 Acropora kirstyae 88 Acropora latistella 103 Acropora listeri 81

INDEX

Acropora longicyathus 117 Acropora spicifera 69, 101 Acropora loripes 119 Acropora splendida 84 Acropora lovelli 77 Acropora squarrosa 119 Acropora lutkeni 109 Acropora stoddarti 69, 113 Acropora magnifica 99 Acropora striata 123 Acropora microclados 98 Acropora subglabra 114 Acropora microphthalma 87, 88 Acropora subulata 104 Acropora millepora 94, 122 Acropora tanegashimensis 101 Acropora mirabilis 122 Acropora tenella 99 Acropora monticulosa 69, 73 Acropora tenuis 94 Acropora multiacuta 75 Acropora teres 82

Acropora nana 104 Acropora tortuosa 91 Acropora nasuta 106 Acropora tubicinaria 75 Acropora nobilis 79 Acropora tumida 102 Acropora ocellata 71 Acropora valenciennesi 84 Acropora palifera 69-71 Acropora valida 96, 108 Acropora palmerae 79 Acropora variabilis 108 Acropora paniculata 99 Acropora vaughani 91 Acropora parilis 85 Acropora verwey! 76 Acropora polystoma 80 Acropora wallaceae 124 Acropora pruinosa 85 Acropora willisae 69, 121 Acropora pulchra 69, 86, 93 Acropora yongei 97 Acropora rambleri 112 Acroporidae 17, 37 Acropora rayneri 120 Addu Atoll 341

Acropora robusta 78, 79 Africa, south 341 Acropora rosaria 118 Africa, west 341

Acropora rotumana 78 Agaricia 177, 347

Acropora samoensis 69, 74 Agariciidae 177

Acropora sarmentosa 69, 123 age of colonies 86, 336 Acropora schmitti 111 ahermatypic species 34, 35, 319, 331, 339 Acropora secale 109 Aitutaki, Cook Is. 341, 342 Acropora sekiseiensis 89 Aldabra 341

Acropora selago 95 Alveopora 131, 159, 348 Acropora solitaryensis 112 Alveopora allingi 159 Acropora sp. Cocos (Keeling) Atoll 1 83 Alveopora catalai 159 Acropora sp. Cocos (Keeling) Atoll 2 108 Alveopora excelsa 163 Acropora sp. E Australia 1 73 Alveopora fenestrata 161 Acropora sp. E Australia 2 89 Alveopora gigas 160 Acropora sp. E Australia 3 107 Alveopora japonica 163 Acropora sp. E Australia 4 107 Alveopora marionensis 160 Acropora sp. E Australia 5 118 Alveopora spongiosa 162 Acropora sp. Japan 1 88 Alveopora tizardi 164 Acropora sp. Japan 2 95 Alveopora verrilliana 161 Acropora sp. Philippines 111 Amakusa Is., Japan 3, 12-15 Acropora sp. W Australia 90 Amami Is., Japan 3, 12-15

418

Amirantes 341

Anacropora 19, 66, 348 Anacropora forbesi 66 Anacropora matthaii 67 Anacropora puertogalerae 66 Anacropora reticulata 68 Anacropora sp. Philippines 68 Anacropora spinosa 67 Andaman Is. 341

Anomastrea 349

Anomastrea irregularis 165, 349 Antilles, French 342

Antilles, Netheralnds 343 Arabian Gulf; see 'The Gulf' 343 Arakan Coast, Burma 341 Ascension I. 341

Ashmore Reef, W Australia 2, 9-11 Astreopora 19, 124, 349 Astreopora cucullata 128 Astreopora explanata 126 Astreopora gracilis 126 Astreopora incrustans 127 Astreopora listeri 125 Astreopora macrostoma 129 Astreopora moretonensis 127 Astreopora myriophthalma 124 Astreopora ocellata 128 Astreopora sp. E Australia 125

Astreopora sp. Papua New Guinea 129

Astreopora suggesta 129

INDEX

B

back-reef margins 93, 110, 136 Bahamas 341

Baja, Gulf of California Barabattoia 278, 351

Barabattoia amicorum 278, 351 Barbados 341

Belize 341

Bermuda 341

Blastomussa 241, 352

Blastomussa merleti 241 Blastomussa wellsi 242

bleaching 154

Boninastrea 257, 352

Boninastrea boninensis 257, 352 boring organisms 228 Botryphyllia yaeyamaensis 324 Brazil 341

Bunker Reefs, Great Barrier Reef 2,5 Burma, Arakan Coast 341 Burma, Mergui Archipelago 342

C

calcification: environment correlated (see

also 'calcification:') 265, 323

calcification: geographic stability in (see

also 'calcification:') 81

calcification: geographic variation in (see also ‘calcification:’) 55, 69, 265, 279

calcification in high latitudes (see also ‘calcification:’) 55, 69, 81, 265, 279

California (Gulf of) 341

Cameroons 342

Canary Is. 342

Cantharellus 199, 353

Cantharellus noumeae 199

Cape Verde Is. 342

Capricorn Reefs, Great Barrier Reef 2, 5-8

Astreosmilia 265, 350 Astreosmilia connata 350 Astrocoeniidae 23

Austral Is. 341

Australia, eastern 2, 17 Australia, southern 2, 17 Australia, southwestern 9-11 Australia, western 2, 3, 9-11, 18 Australogyra 295, 350 Australogyra zelli 295, 350 Australomussa 244, 351

Australomussa rowleyensis 244, 351 Cargados Carajos 342 autotomy 205 Caryophylliidae 319 Catalaphyllia 324, 353

Catalaphyllia jardinei 324, 353

419

= INDEX

Caulastrea 266, 267, 354 colour: polymorphism (see 'colour:’) Caulastrea curcata 267 colour: region-specific (see also 'colour:') Caulastrea echinulata 266 27, 48, 55, 81, 84, 98, 114, 117, 118, 122, Caulastrea furcata 266 170, 178, 214, 235, 236, 241, 244, 246, 254, Caulastrea tuntuda 266, 267 259, 262, 276, 280, 282, 283, 288, 297, Chagos Archipelago 342 298, 302, 308, 319 China; see ‘South China Sea’ 343 colour: species specific; see ‘species specific Christmas 1. (Indian Ocean) 342 colouration’ (see also 'colour:') Cladocora 354 Colpophyllia 355 Cladocora arbuscula 354 commensals 31 Clavarina 260 common species 21, not otherwise indexed clearwater habitats (see also 'habitats:, Concoros 342 ‘light availability’) 105, 229, 266 Cook Is., Aitutaki 341 Clipperton 1. 342 Cook Is., Manihiki 342 coastal coral reefs Cook Is., Rarotonga 343 Cocos (Keeling) Atoll 3, 18 Coral Sea 2, 5-8, 17 Cocos 1, 342 Coscinaraeca 165, 171-173, 356 Coclogyra laevis 297 Coscinaraea columna 173 Cocloseris 194, 355 Coscinaraea crassa 176 Coeloseris mayer! 194, 355 Coscinaraea exesa 172 Colombia (Atlantic coast) 342 Cosemaraea hahazimaensis 176 Colombia (Pacific coast( 342 Coscimaraeca marshae 174, 253 colony age 86, 336 Coscinaraea meneilli 174, 244 colony size, geographic variation in; see Coscinaraca monile 175 ‘geographic variation in colony size’ Coscinaraca wellsi 175 colour: environment-correlated stability in Costa Rica (Atlantic coast) 342 (see also ‘colour:') 301, 331 Costa Rica (Pacific coast) 342 colour: environment-correlated variation in Craterastrea 372 (see also 'colour:') 32, 285, 298, 308, 319, Craterastrea levis 191 323 cryptic species (see also 'species:') 23, 24, 39, colour: geographic stability in; see 40, 175, 184 ‘geographic stability in colour’ (see also Ctenactis 216, 356 ‘colour:') Ctenactis crassa 217 colour: geographic variation in; see Ctenactis echinata 216 ‘geographic variation in colour’ (see Ctenella 357 also 'colour:') Ctenella chagius 355, 357 colour: high-latitude-specific (see also Cuba 342 ‘colour:') 69, 178 currents 29, 109, 180 colour: latitudinal stability in (see also Cycloseris 199, 200, 205, 357 ‘colour:') 325, 322 Cycloseris costulata 201 colour: latitudinal variation in; see Cycloseris curvata 201 ‘latitudinal variation in colour’ (see also Cycloseris cyclolites 199 ‘colour:') Cycloseris elegans 201 colour: local variation in; see ‘local variation Cycloseris erosa 202 in colour’ (see also 'colour:’) Cycloseris hexagonalis 200

420

Cycloseris marginata 204 Cycloseris patelliformis 203 Cycloseris sinensis 200 Cycloseris somervillei 202 Cycloseris sp. Philippines 203 Cycloseris tenuis 204

Cycloseris vaughani 204 Cynarina 242, 358

Cynarina lacrymalis 242, 358 Cyphastrea 307, 310, 358 Cyphastrea agassizi 307 Cyphastrea chalcidicum 308 Cyphastrea chalcidicum tanabensis 309 Cyphastrea decadia 311 Cyphastrea japonica 309 Cyphastrea microphthalma 310 Cyphastrea ocellina 309 Cyphastrea serailia 308 Cyphastrea sp. W Australia 310 Cyphastrea zhongjianensis 307

D

Dampier Archipelago, W Australia 2, 5-9 Dar-es-Salaam (Tanzania) 343

data characteristics 1-4

data sources 1-4, 17-19

INDEX

deep habitats (see also ‘habitats:’) 33-35, 66,

113, 114, 120, 186-188, 190, 195, 201, 205, 221, 257, 265, 298, 323, 333-335 Dendrogyra 359 Dendrogyra cylindricus 359 Dendrophylliidae 331 Diaseris 205, 359 Diaseris distorta 205 Diaseris fragilis 205 Dichocoenia 360 Diploastrea 303, 360 Diploastrea heliopora 303, 360 Diploria 361

disjunct distributions (see also ‘distribution:’)

24, 33, 38, 43, 44, 47, 49, 53, 75-77, 81.

83, 85, 86, 88, 96, 112, 115, 122, 140, 141,

145, 160, 171, 201, 205, 219, 242, 243,

300, 325, 331, 338

421

distribution: disjunct; see ‘disjunct distributions’ (see also 'distribution:’)

distribution: endemic; see 'endemic species’ (see also ‘distribution’, 'species:’)

distribution: recording of 2

distribution: restricted within the Central Indo-Pacific (see also 'distribution:’) 33, 35, 44, 46, 47, 56, 59-65, 67-69, 71, 73,75, 82-84, 86, 89, 90, 95, 99, 101,103, 105, 107, 108, 111-113, 116-119, 124, 127, 129, 135, 137, 139-141, 144, 146, 152, 154, 155, 157, 158, 162, 163, 166, 171, 172, 174- 176, 181-184, 187, 193, 196, 197, 203, 210, 213, 214, 216, 219, 221, 223, 224, 229, 233-235, 237, 240, 248, 253, 259, 261, 273, 274, 277, 278, 283, 284, 287, 289, 293, 294, 307, 310, 311, 313, 321, 322, 324, 326-330, 332, 336, 337

distribution: widespread species; not indexed

Djibouti 342

dominant species (see also 'monospecific stands’, 'species:') 29, 52, 53, 66, 69-71, 79, 85, 87, 88, 93, 97, 100, 101, 108, 113, 114, 121, 123, 138, 159, 167, 180, 183, 186, 187, 195, 196, 285, 315, 316, 322, 335

Dominica 342

Ducie Atoll; see ‘Pitcairn Is.' 343

Duncanopsammia 339, 361

Duncanopsammia axifuga 339, 361

E

Easter I. 342

Echinophyllia 231, 362 Echinophyllia aspera 231 Echinophyllia echinata 232 Echinophyllia echinoporoides 233 Echinophyllia nishihirai 233 Echinophyllia orpheensis 231, 232 Echinophyllia patula 234 Echinopora 312, 362

Echinopora ashmorensis 312 Echinopora gemmacea 313 Echinopora hirsutissima 314

INDEX

Lehinopora horrida 34

Pehinopora lamelfosa 312

Relinopora maniuniifornis 315

Lohinopora pacificns 343

ecomorphs 23, 27, 29, 31-34, 40, 50

Heouador 342

Hlizabeth Reet, fh Australia 2, 5-8, 17

emersion 285

endemic species (see also ‘distributions, ‘species:’) 44-46, 53, 56, 61, 64, 65, 71, 73,82, 83, BB-90, 95,99, LOL, 105, 107, 108, 116, 118, 123, 124, 127, 129, 135, 137, 141, 144, 146, 152, 154-158, 162, 171, 174, 176, 182-184, 187, 1938, 197, 199, 203, 214, 216, 223, 229, 233, 235, 240, 241, 253, 257, 259, 265, 273, 274, 277, 278, 283, 284, 286, 287, 289, 294, 807, 310, SEL, 82.1, 3822, 826, 330, 332, 337

environment-correlated stability in colour (see also ‘colour:’) SOL, 331

environment-correlated stability in morphology (see also ‘morphology: 92, 162, 174, 181, 187, 192, 193, 267, 209, S01, 316, 320, 337-339

environment-correlated variation in colour (see also 'colour:') 82, 285, 298, 308, 319, 323

environment-correlated variation in morphology (see also 'morphology:’) 23, 27-29, 31-33, 40, 48, 52, 54, 55, 69-71, 81, 86, 93, 97, 112, 135, 149, 166-169, 178-180, 184-186, 188, 190, 195, 205, 227-229, 257, 259, 265-268, 285, 290, 293, 298, 319, 323, 331, 833-335, 339

Erythrastrea 265, 363

Erythrastrea flabellata 363

Euphyllia 319, 363

Euphyllia ancora 320, 322, 319

Euphyllia cristata 321

Euphyllia divisa 322

Euphyllia fimbriata 319

Euphyllia glabrescens 319-321

Euphyllia paraancora 320-321

Euphyllia paradivisa 320-321

Euphyllia paraglabrescens 319, 320-321

422

Luphyllia yacyamaensis 323

Rusmulia 319, 364

Lusmilia fastigata 364

exposed habitats (see also ‘habitats:') 56, 69, 70-73, 76, 102, 104, 105, 159, 162, 180, 181, 185, 190,207, 214, 239, 245, 265, 2 68, 285, 296, 300, 309, 310, 322, 326, 328

I}:

Fanning 1, 342

Pavia 265, 268, 271, 278, 279, 284, 364

Fao amicorium 278

Pavia danae 272

Pao faous 271

Fao heltanthotdes 269

Fao laxa 269

Pao lieardensis 276

Fao maritima 277

Pavia matthan 272

Paoli maxima 274

Pavia pallida 270, 271, 277

Pavia rotumana 273

Pavia rotundata 275

Pavia sp, Papua New Guinea 277

Favia sp, Thailand 278

Pavia sp, Vanuatu 273

Favia sp. W Australia 274

Favia speciosa 270, 271

Favia stelligera 268

Favia veront 276

Faviidae 265, 317

Favites 279, 284, 286, 365

Favites abdita 280, 281

Favites bennettae 297

Favites chinensis 279

Favites complanata 282

Favites flexuosa 281

Favites halicora 281

Favites pentagona 283

Favites russelli 284

Favites sp. W Australia 284

Favites stylifera 283

Fiji 342

Flinders Reef, E Australia 2, 5-8, 17

Florida (South) 342

Florida Middle Grounds 342

Flower Garden Banks 342

French Antilles 342

French Polynesia 19

free-living species 166, 199-221, 242-244, 319, 331, 339

fringing reefs 110, 154, 160, 229, 295

Funafuti, Tuvalu 342

Fungia 207, 211, 214, 365

Fungia (Ctenactis) echinata 216

Fungia (Ctenactis) simplex 217

Fungia (Cycloseris) curvata 201

Fungia (Cycloseris) cyclolites 199

Fungia (Cycloseris) hexagonalis 200

Fungia (Cycloseris) sinensis 200

Fungia (Cycloseris) somervillei 202

Fungia (Cycloseris) tenuis 204

Fungia (Cycloseris) vaughani 204

Fungia concinna 212

Fungia corona 208

Fungia danai 208

Fungia fralinae 210

Fungia fungites 207

Fungia granulosa 213

Fungia horrida 209

Fungia klunzingeri 211

Fungia moluccensis 215

Fungia paumotensis 215

Fungia repanda 207, 211

Fungia scabra 212

Fungia scruposa 209

Fungia scutaria 207, 214

Fungia sp. Philippines 214

Fungia sp. Vanuatu 216

Fungia spinifer 213

Fungia valida 210

Fungiidae 19, 199

G

Galapagos Is. 342 Galaxea 227, 366 Galaxea alta 229 Galaxea astreata 227

INDEX

Galaxea fascicularis 227-229

Gardineroseris 193, 366

Gardineroseris planulata 193

Gardineroseris sp. Thailand 193

Gaveshani Bank 342

genera: taxonomic uncertainties of; see ‘taxonomic uncertainties of genera’ Geographe Bay, W Australia 3, 9-11

geographic stability in abundance; not indexed

geographic stability in calcification (see also ‘calcification:') 81

geographic stability in colour (see also ‘colour:') 27, 28, 31, 34, 48, 49, 59, 69, 76, 87, 90, 92-94, 102, 105, 108, 109, 112, 115, 121, 122, 136, 141, 149, 150, 159, 160, 162, 163, 168, 177, 219, 233, 234, 238, 242, 246-248, 251, 254, 255, 262, 266, 271-273, 276, 279, 280, 282, 285, 287-289, 297, 298, 301, 302, 305, 320, 324, 325, 331, 335

geographic stability in environment- correlated morphological variation (see also 'morphology:’) 74, 165, 174, 260, 267, 301, 303, 316

geographic stability in morphology (see also 'morphology:’) 28, 29, 31, 34, 37-43, 47-49, 58-60, 62, 63, 68-71, 73-76, 78-87, 91, 92, 94, 95, 97, 99, 100, 102-104, 106, 108-110, 112, 114, 115, 117, 120, 121, 123, 124, 126, 130, 135, 138-140, 142, 143, 145, 148-151, 153, 154, 156, 159, 160, 162, 165, 167, 169, 172-178, 180, 187, 188, 192, 193-196, 206-217, 219, 220, 222, 224, 227, 231, 233, 235, 238, 239, 241, 245, 247-249, 251, 254, 255, 259-261, 265, 267-269, 271, 272, 276-279, 281-286, 288-293, 295, 301, 303, 304, 308-312, 315, 316, 319, 320, 322-326, 328, 331, 335-339

geographic stability in skeletal micro- architecture (see also 'morphology:’) 24, 48, 50, 51, 77, 132,-134, 180, 185, 231, 263

geographic subspecies (see also 'species:') 45, 66, 87, 90, 92, 96, 99, 108, 113, 161,

INDEX

220, 255, 263, 274, 298, 299-301, 306, geographic variation in skeletal morphology 312, 334 (see also ‘latitudinal variation in geographic variation in abundance (see skeletal morphology’, 'morphology:’) also 'abundance:') 21, 23, 27, 34, 39, 40, 23, 27, 33, 37, 40, 44, 46, 49-52, 57, 66, 42, 44, 47-52, 54, 55, 57, 58, 60, 62-64, 69, 70, 76, 77, 81, 84, 90, 92, 93, 96,98- 66, 69, 70, 72-74, 76-78, 81-84, 86-88, 100, 102, 108, 112, 119, 122, 124, 126, 90-94, 98, 100, 102-106, 110, 111, 113, 117, 161, 179, 227, 229, 249, 262, 263, 265,

119-123, 125-127, 131-135, 140, 142, 143, 144, 148, 154, 155, 159-162, 166-173, 175, 177-182, 187, 188, 190, 191, 194, 195, 199, 206, 207, 210, 211, 214, 215, 219, 220, 224, 227, 231-233, 235-238, 241, 242, 244, 245, 250, 251, 255, 258, 259, 261, 262, 265-268, 270-272, 276, 278-283, 285, 287-293, 295-297, 301, 304-306, 309-311, 314, 316, 319, 320, 323, 326, 331-333, 327, 328

geographic variation in calcification (see ‘calcification:') 55, 69, 265, 279

geographic variation in colony size 23, 29, 46, 55, 70, 75, 90, 101, 122, 131, 133, 150, 173, 174, 176, 180, 181, 184, 228, 252, 254, 263, 312, 334

geographic variation in colour (see also ‘colour:') 27, 48, 54, 69, 81, 84, 98, 104, 105, 114, 117, 118, 122, 147, 162, 168, 170, 178, 214, 233, 233, 235, 236, 241, 244, 246, 247, 254, 255, 259, 263, 270-272, 275, 276, 279, 280, 283, 285, 288, 289, 297, 298, 320

geographic variation in environment- correlated morphological variation (see also 'morphology:’) 32-34, 40, 54, 79, 70, 74, 86, 87, 92, 97, 110, 135, 167- 169, 178, 180, 186, 188, 190, 192, 193, 195, 205, 257, 259, 265, 268, 285, 293, 323, 331, 333, 334, 339

geographic variation in skeletal micro- architecture (see also 'morphology’) 23, 33, 34, 46, 48, 51, 66, 68, 70, 77, 78, 81, 88, 90, 93-95, 100, 105, 108, 113, 119, 122, 133, 143, 155, 156, 161, 168, 167, 179, 181, 184, 191, 228, 246, 249, 257, 271, 275, 286, 299, 307

424

266-268, 287, 289, 300, 301, 305, 306,

307, 310, 312, 333 geographic variation in soft tissue

morphology 255, 328 Geraldton, W Australia 2, 9-11 Ghana 342 Gold Coast 342 Goniastrea 285, 286, 367 Gontastrea aspera 287 Goniastrea australensis 289 Gontastrea deformis 286 Gontastrea edwardsi 286 Goniastrea favulus 287 Goniastrea palauensis 290 Goniastrea pectinata 288 Goniastrea retiformis 285, 286 Goniastrera simplicitexta 307 Goniastrea sp. W Australia 289 Goniopora 131, 147, 158, 367 Goniopora burgosi 152 Gontopora cellulosa 152 Goniopora columna 150 Goniopora djiboutiensis 148 Goniopora eclipsensis 154 Goniopora fruticosa 155 Goniopora lobata 149 Goniopora minor 153 Goniopora norfolkensis 153 Goniopora palmensis 154 Goniopora pandoraensis 154 Goniopora pendulus 149 Goniopora polyformis 156 Goniopora somaliensis 150 Goniopora sp. E Australia 1 157 Goniopora sp. E Australia 2 157 Goniopora sp. W Australia 1 158 Goniopora sp. W Australia 2 155 Goniopora sp. W Australia 3 158

INDEX

Goniopora stokesi 148

Gontopora stutchburyi 156 Goniopora tenuidens 151

Good Hope (Cape of); see 'South Africa’ 343 Goreaugyra 368

Goreaugyra memoralis 368

Great Barrier Reef 2, 58 Grenadines; see 'Barbados' 341 groove and tubercle formation 286 Guam 342

Gulf of California, Baja 341 Gyrosmilia 328, 368

Gyrosmilia interrupta 328, 366

H

habitats: back-reef margins (see also ‘habitats:') 93, 110, 136

habitats: clear-water (see also ‘habitats:’, ‘light availability’) 105, 229, 266

habitats: currents (see also ‘habitats:') 29, 109, 180

habitats: deep; see 'deep habitats’ (see also ‘habitats:')

habitats: exposed; see 'exposed habitats’ (see also ‘habitats:’)

habitats: fringing reefs (see also ‘habitats:’) 110, 154, 160, 229, 295

habitats: high-latitude; see ‘high-latitude habitats’ (see also ‘habitats:’, 'geographic:’)

habitats: inter-reefal (see also ‘habitats:’) 199, 201, 339

habitats: inter-tidal; see ‘intertidal habitats’ (see also ‘habitats:')

habitats: kelp dominated 253

habitats: lagoonal; see ‘lagoonal habitats’ (see also ‘habitats:’)

habitats: light availability; see ‘light availability’ (see also ‘habitats:’)

habitats: lower reef slopes; see ‘lower reef slopes’ (see also ‘habitats:’)

habitats: muddy (see also ‘light availability’, ‘habitats:') 228, 285, 327

habitats: protected; see ‘protected habitats’, (see also ‘habitats:’)

425

habitats: reef flats; see 'reef flats', (see also ‘habitats:')

habitats: reef slopes; see ‘lower reef slopes’, ‘upper reef slopes’

habitats: rocky 253, 285, 301

habitats: sand abrasion 178

habitats: sandy 52, 201, 285, 339

habitats: sea grass dominated 205

habitats: shallow; see ‘shallow habitats’, (see also ‘habitats:’)

habitats: soft substrates; see 'soft substrates’ (see also ‘habitats:’, ‘light availability’)

habitats: steep substrates; see 'steep substrates’

habitats: subtidal (see also ‘habitats:') 54, 295

habitats: turbid; see 'turbid habitats’ (see also ‘light availability’, 'habitats:’)

habitats: upper reef slopes; see ‘upper reef slopes’ (see also ‘habitats:)

habitats: wave action; see 'wave action’, (see also ‘habitats:’)

Hainan 342

Halomitra 220, 369

Halomitra pileus 220, 369

Hapalocarcinus marsupialis 31

Hawaii 342

Heliofungia 206, 369

Heliofungia actiniformis 206, 369

Helioseris 177, 372

Henderson I.; see 'Pitcairn Is.’ 343

Herpetoglossa simplex 217

Herpolitha 217, 370

Herpolitha limax 217

Herpolitha weberi 218

Heterocyathus 319

Heteropsammia 319, 339, 370

Heteropsammia cochlea 339

high-latitude-specific colours (see also ‘colour:') 69, 178

high-latitude habitats (see also ‘habitats:’) 2, 3, 27, 32, 40, 44, 45, 53, 69, 70, 77, 78, 84, 90, 91, 108, 112, 132, 149, 152, 162, 174, 184, 191, 196, 199, 200, 201, 205, 207, 214, 222, 228, 231, 241, 242, 245, 248, 257, 258, 259, 261, 265, 266, 271, 279, 280, 286, 289, 301-304, 308, 331- 334, 339

INDEX

Honduras 342

Hong Kong 3, 18

Horastrea 371

Horastrea indica 371 Houtman Abrolhos Is. 2, 9-11 Hydnophora 257, 371 Hydnophora bonsai 259 Hydnophora exesa 257, 259 Hydnophora grandis 257, 258 Hydnophora microconos 260 Hydnophora pilosa 257, 258 Hydnophora rigida 257, 258, 261

I

identification uncertainties of species 1, 3, 21, 30, 31, 87, 110, 119, 149, 155, 157, 196, 203-205, 229, 252, 258, 270, 328

India (southern mainland) 342

Indonesia 342

Indophyllia 241, 372

Indophyllia macassarensis 241, 372

inter-reefal habitats (see also ‘habitats:') 199, 201, 339

inter-tidal habitats (see also 'habitats:') 138, 265, 271, 285, 287, 316

Isophyllastrea 372

Isophyllastrea rigida 372

Isophyllia 373

Ivory Coast 342

Izu, Japan 3, 12-15

J

Jamaica 342

Japan 18

Johnston Atoll 342

Jurian Bay, W Australia 2, 9-11

K

Kanton I. 342

kelp dominated habitats 253

Kenya 342

Kermadec Is. 342

Kimberley coast, W Australia 3, 911 Korea 342

426

Kure Atoll 342 Kushimoto, Japan 3, 12-15 Kutch (Gulf of) 342 Kuwait 342

L

lagoonal habitats (see also 'habitats:') 32, 44,52, 55, 69, 70, 85, 89, 93, 105, 114, 117, 125, 150, 159, 178, 186, 201, 205, 206, 257, 285, 288, 315, 316, 319, 326, 328

Lakshadweep Is. 342

latitudinal stability in colour (see also 'colour:’) 325, 331

latitudinal variation in abundance (see also ‘abundance:’) 40, 58, 69, 77, 78, 87, 90- 92, 104, 111, 120, 122, 126, 127, 143, 152, 158, 162, 169, 172, 174, 191, 196, 207. 214, 244, 245, 248, 257, 265, 267, 268, 271, 279, 284, 289, 293, 331, 332, 335, 338

latitudinal variation in colour (see also ‘colour:') 27, 69, 81, 90, 170, 178, 235, 236, 247, 255, 259, 271, 272, 276, 280, 283, 288, 298, 302, 308

latitudinal variation in skeletal morphology (see also 'geographic variation in skeletal morphology’, 'morphology’) 27, 40, 45, 55, 76, 77, 84, 92, 96, 102, 108, 112, 119, 137, 143, 149, 184, 199, 220, 242, 261, 279, 298, 302, 331, 333

Lau Archipelago; see 'Fiji’ 342

Laysan I. 342 (see also 'Hawaii' 342)

Leptastrea 304, 307, 373

Leptastrea agassizi 308

Leptastrea bewickensis 306

Leptastrea bottae 304

Leptastrea inaequalis 304

Leptastrea pruinosa 306

Leptastrea purpurea 305

Leptastrea sp. W Australia 307

Leptastrea transversa 305

Leptoria 295, 374

Leptoria irregularis 296

Leptoria phrygia 295, 374

Leptoseris 19, 177, 186, 190, 192, 374

INDEX

Leptoseris amitoriensis 187

Leptoseris cucullata 372

Leptoseris explanata 188

Leptoseris foliosa 191

Leptoseris gardineri 187

Leptoseris glabra 188

Leptoseris hawaiiensis 190

Leptoseris incrustans 192

Leptoseris mycetoseroides 186, 190

Leptoseris panamensis 186

Leptoseris papyracea 186

Leptoseris scabra 188, 190

Leptoseris solida 189

Leptoseris tenuis 192

Leptoseris yabei 186, 191

light availability (see also 'habitats:’) 32, 136, 168, 175, 186, 188, 265, 285, 326, 328

Line Is. see 'Fanning I.' 342

Lithactinia 218

Lithactinia novaehiberniae 219

Lithophyllon 222, 375

Lithophyllon cf. edwardsi 222

Lithophyllon levistei 223

Lithophyllon lobata 223

Lithophyllon mokai 222

Lithophyllon undulatum 222, 223

Lobophyllia 249, 252, 375

Lobophyllia corymbosa 251

Lobophyllia diminuta 250

Lobophyllia hatati 252

Lobophyllia hemprichti 249, 251

Lobophyllia pachysepta 251

Lobophyllia robusta 252

local variation in abundance (see also ‘abundance:’) 21, 49, 69, 174, 188, 199, 201, 205, 229, 233, 265, 319, 322

local variation in colour (see also 'colour:’) 54, 81, 85, 162, 241, 242, 248, 302

Lord Howe I., E Australia 2, 5, 17

lower reef slopes (see also ‘habitats:’) 37, 113, 114, 120, 150, 159, 160, 161, 186, 239

M

Madagascar 342

Madracis 27, 34, 376

Maadracis asanoi 34, 35

Madracis kirbyi 34, 35

Malacca Straits 342

Malaysia (East Coast) 342

Malaysia (Sabah) 343

Maldive Is. 342

Manicina 376

Manicina areolata 376

Manihiki, Cook Is. 342

Marianas, see 'Guam' 342

Marmion, W Australia 2, 9-11

Marquesas Is. 342

Marshall Is. 19, 342

Martinique 342

Mascarene Is. 343

Mauritius 342

McKean I. 342

Meandrina 377

Mergui Archipelago, Burma 342

Merulina 261, 377

Merulina ampliata 261, 262

Merulina scabricula 262

Merulinidae 257

Mexico (Atlantic coast) 342

Middleton Reef, E Australia 2, 5-8, 17

Midway Atoll 342

Minicoy 342

monospecific stands (see also 'dominant species’) 79, 93, 123, 138, 187, 196, 257, 315, 335

Montastrea 265, 298, 304, 378

Montastrea annuligera 299

Montastrea curta 298

Montastrea magnistellata 300

Montastrea multipunctata 299

Montastrea valenciennesi 301

Montigyra 329, 378

Montigyra kenti 329, 378

Montipora 19, 37, 40, 53, 69, 379

Montipora aequituberculata 63

Montipora altasepta 53

Montipora angulata 37, 52 Montipora australiensis 56 Montipora cactus 60 Montipora calcarea 43 Montipora caliculata 51 Montipora capitata 49 Montipora capricornis 44 Montipora cebuensis 62 Montipora confusa 46 Montipora corbettensis 61 Montipora crassituberculata 64 Montipora danae 48

Montipora digitata 52, 53, 54 Montipora efflorescens 57 Montipora effusa 42

Montipora florida 64 Montipora floweri 39

Montipora foliosa 60, 62 Montipora foveolata 50, 51 Montipora friabilis 63 Montipora gaimardi 54 Montipora grisea 58

Montipora hirsuta 59 Montipora hispida 55 Montipora hoffmeisteri 39 Montipora incrassata 50 Montipora informis 37, 55 Montipora lobulata 38 Montipora mactanensis 47 Montipora malampaya 60 Montipora millepora 40 Montipora mollis 37, 40 Montipora monasteriata 37 Montipora multipapillosa 62 Montipora nodosa 58 Montipora orientalis 56 Montipora peltiformis 42 Montipora samarensis 52 Montipora setosa 44

Montipora sp. Cocos (Keeling) Atoll 53 Montipora sp. E Australia 1 45 Montipora sp. E Australia 2 47 Montipora sp. E Australia 3 61 Montipora sp. Philippines 60 Montipora sp. W Australia 1 65

INDEX

428

Montipora sp. W Australia 2 65

Montipora sp. W Australia 3 65

Montipora spongodes 37, 45

Montipora spumosa 46

Montipora stellata 59

Montipora tuberculosa 38

Montipora turgescens 42, 43

Montipora turtlensis 37, 41

Montipora undata 47

Montipora venosa 50, 51

Montipora verrucosa 49

morphology: age-correlated variation in (see also 'morphology:’) 86, 336

morphology: environment-correlated stability in; see 'environment-correlated stability in morphology’ (see also ‘morphology:’)

morphology: environment-correlated variation in; see ‘environment-correlated variation in morphology’ (see also 'morphology:’)

morphology: geographic variation in; see ‘geographic variation in environment- correlated morphological variation’, (see also 'geographic stability in..', ‘geographic variation in..', 'morphology:’)

morphology: geographic stability in; see ‘geographic stability in morphology’, (see also 'morphology:’, 'geographic stability in..', ‘geographic variation in..’)

morphology: geographic variation in; see ‘geographic variation in morphology’, (see also 'morphology:’, ‘geographic stability in..', ‘geographic variation in..’)

morphology: latitudinal variation in; see ‘latitudinal variation in skeletal morphology’ (see also 'morphology:’)

Moseleya 316, 317, 379

Moseleya latistellata 316, 379

Mozambique 342

muddy substrates (see also ‘habitats:’) 228, 285, 327

Mussa 380

Mussa angulosa 380

Mussidae 241

Mussismilia 380

Mycedium 236, 381 Mycedium elephantotus 236 Mycedium robokaki 237 Mycetophyllia 381

N

Natal 342

Nemenzophyllia 319, 385

Nemenzophyllia turbida 319, 326 Netherlands Antilles 342

New Caledonia 342

New South Wales 2, 58, 17

Nha Trang 343

Nicobar Is. 343

Ningaloo Reef Tract, W Australia 2, 911 North-west Cape, W Australia 3

O

Oculina 382

Oculinidae 227

Oeno Atoll; see ‘Pitcairn Is.' 343 Okinawa Is., Japan 3, 12-15 Oman (Gulf of) 343 Oulastrea 301, 382 Oulastrea crispata 301, 382 Oulophyllia 297, 383 Oulophyllia bennettae 297 Oulophyllia crispa 297 Oxypora 234, 383

Oxypora crassispinosa 234 Oxypora glabra 235

Oxypora lacera 235

P

Pachyseris 195, 384 Pachyseris foliosa 197 Pachyseris gemmae 196 Pachyseris rugosa 195, 196 Pachyseris speciosa 195, 196 Palau 343

Palauastrea 27, 33, 384 Palauastrea ramosa 33, 382

INDEX

429

Panama (Atlantic Coast) 343 Panama (Pacific Coast) 343 Papua New Guinea (N Coast) 343 Papua New Guinea (S coast) 2, 5-8, 17 Paraclavarina 260, 385 Paraclavarina triangularis 261, 385 Parasimplastrea 307, 385 Parasimplastrea simplicitexta 385 Pavona 177, 184, 186, 386 Pavona bipartita 182, 183

Pavona cactus 177

Pavona clavus 180

Pavona danai 179

Pavona decussata 178

Pavona diminuta 183

Pavona explanulata 179

Pavona frondifera 180

Pavona maldivensis 185

Pavona minuta 181, 182

Pavona sp. Cocos (Keeling) Atoll 183 Pavona sp. Philippines 182 Pavona sp. Vanuatu 183

Pavona varians 184

Pavona venosa 185

Pavona xarifae 183

Pectinia 238, 386

Pectinia alcicornis 239

Pectinia elongata 240

Pectinia lactuca 238

Pectinia paeonia 238

Pectinia teres 238, 239 Pectiniidae 231

Persian Gulf; see "The Gulf' 343 Philippines 3, 12-15, 18 Phoenix Is. 342

Physogyra 327, 387

Physogyra exerta 327

Physogyra lichtensteini 327 Physophyllia 327, 387 Physophyllia ayleni 327, 387 Pilbra coast, W Australia 3 Pitcairn Is. 343

Platygyra 290, 388

Platygyra contorta 293

Platygyra daedalea 290

INDEX

Platygyra lamellina 290, 291 Platygyra pini 293

Platygyra ryukyuensis 292 Platygyra sinensis 292 Platygyra verweyi 294 Platygyra yaeyamaensis 294 Platygyra zelli 295

Plerogyra 321, 324, 325, 388 Plerogyra eurysepta 325 Plerogyra simplex 324, 327 Plerogyra sinuosa 325-327 Plerogyra turbida 326 Plesiastrea 302, 389 Plesiastrea urvillei 302 Plesiastrea versipora 302, 389 Pocillopora 27, 389

Pocillopora damicornis 27, 31 Pocillopora eydouxi 29, 30 Pocillopora meandrina 29 Pocillopora verrucosa 28, 29 Pocillopora woodjonesi 30 Pocilloporidae 27

Podabacia 224, 390

Podabacia crustacea 224, 390 Podabacia motuporensis 224 polyp behaviour 69, 83, 90, 94, 99-101, 136, 178, 219, 255, 259, 305, 321, 331, 339 Polyphyllia 218, 390 Polyphyllia novaehiberniae 219 Polyphyllia talpina 219, 390 Pompey Reefs, Great Barrier Reef 2, 5-8 Porites 131, 132, 135, 137, 391 Porites annae 142

Porites aranetai 144

Porites attenuata 140

Porites australiensis 133 Porites californica 141

Porites cumulatus 141

Porites cylindrica 131, 138 Porites deformis 141

Porites densa 136

Porites eridani 131, 144 Porites evermanni 136

Porites heronensis 143

Porites horizontalata 145

430

Porites latistella 140, 146

Porites lichen 141

Porites lobata 132

Porites lutea 131, 133

Porites mayert 135

Porites murrayensis 132

Porites myrmidonensis 137

Porites negrosensis 139

Porites nigrescens 138

Porites okinawensis 137

Porites rus 145, 146

Porites sillimaniant 139

Porites solida 131

Porites somaliensis 135

Porites sp. Cocos (Keeling) Atoll 146

Porites sp. Papua New Guinea 1 146

Porites sp. Papua New Guinea 2 146

Porites sp. W Australia 2 144

Porites stephensoni 134, 135

Porites vaughani 143

Poritidae 17, 131

Port Gregory, W Australia 2, 9-11

Princess Charlotte Bay, Great Barrier Reef 2, 5-8

protected habitats (see also 'habitats:') 23, 24, 32, 53, 54, 60, 71, 76, 93, 114, 115, 117, 126, 135, 142, 154, 155, 158, 180, 184-186, 192, 206, 228, 233, 239, 240, 257, 295, 316, 319, 335

Psammocora 165, 166, 171, 391

Psammocora contigua 166

Psammocora digitata 169

Psammocora explanulata 168

Psammocora haimeana 169

Psammocora nierstraszi 166, 167

Psammocora profundacella 170

Psammocora sp. Philippines 172

Psammocora sp. W Australia 1 171

Psammocora sp. W Australia 2 171

Psammocora stellata 166

Psammocora superficialis 168

Psammocora vaughani 171

Psammoseris 331

Psammoseris hemispherica 331

Pseudosiderastrea 165, 392

INDEX

Pseudosiderastrea tayamai 165, 392 Puerto Rico 343

Q

Quinns Rock 9-11

R

rare species (see also 'species:’) 21, 34, 38, 43, 45, 47, 51, 61, 65, 67, 68, 73, 75, 79, 89, 95, 99, 105, 107, 111, 112, 118, 120, 125, 128-130, 139, 141, 146, 148, 155-158, 166, 168-172, 175, 176, 182, 188, 189, 192, 193, 200, 202-204, 208, 210, 213, 214, 216-218, 223, 233, 234, 237, 239, 240, 242, 248, 278, 283, 289, 299, 304, 307, 313, 315, 321, 327-330

Rarotonga, Cook Is. 343

Red Sea (Central) 343

Red Sea (N) 343

Red sea (S) 343

reef flats (see also 'habitats:') 31, 32, 37, 39, 52, 53, 69, 71, 74, 81, 84, 86, 89, 92, 93, 94, 97, 101, 104, 116, 121, 122, 134, 135, 138, 167, 257, 285, 287, 288, 298

reef slopes; see ‘lower reef slopes’, ‘upper

reef slopes’

Researche Archipelago 3, 9-11

Reunion 343

rocky habitats (see also ‘habitats:') 253, 285, 301

Rodriguez 343

Rottnest I., W Australia 3, 9-11

Rowley Shoals, W Australia 2, 9-11, 18

Ryukyu Is., Japan 3

S

Sabah, Malaysia 343 Saint Helena 343 Samoa 343

sand abrasion 178

431

Sandalolitha 220, 392

Sandalolitha dentata 220

Sandalolitha robusta 220

sandy substrates 52, 201, 285, 339

Sargassum 253

Scapophyllia 262, 393

Scapophyllia cylindrica 262, 393

Schizoculina 393

Schizoculina fissipara 393

Scolymia 241, 243, 394

Scolymia australis 244

Scolymia vitiensis 243

Scott Reef, W Australia 2, 9-11, 17

sea grass dominated habitats 205

Senegal 343

Seriatopora 27, 30, 32, 33, 394

Seriatopora caliendrum 27, 31

Seriatopora hystrix 30, 31

Seychelles 343

shallow habitats (see also ‘habitats:’) 34, 40, 52, 54, 60, 93, 97, 99, 110, 125, 136, 138, 142, 162, 165-169, 186, 195, 265, 266, 268, 285, 285, 301, 323, 333, 334

Shark Bay, W Australia 3, 9-11, 18

shelf-edge atolls, W Australia 2

Shirahama, Japan 3, 12-15

sibling species (see also ‘geographic subspecies, 'species complexes’, 'species:') 69, 228

Siderastrea 395

Siderastrea savignyana 166

Siderastreidae 165, 166

Sierra Leone 343

Simplastrea 227, 395

Simplastrea vesicularis 227, 395

Singapore 343

skeletal pigmentation 28, 84

Society Is. 343

Socotra 343

soft substrates (see also 'habitats:’) 33, 66, 205, 228, 240, 285, 327, 339

soft tissue morphology: geographic

variation in 255, 328

Solenastrea 396

Solitary Is., E Australia 2, 5-8, 17

INDEX

Solomon Is. 343

Somalia 343

South Africa 343

South China Coast 342

South China Sea 343

species: ahermatypic 34, 35, 320, 331, 339

species: common 21, not otherwise indexed

species: complexes (see also 'species:’) 40, 45, 54, 228, 261

species: cryptic 23, 24, 39, 40, 175, 184

species: disjunct; see ‘disjunct species', (see also 'species:’)

species: dominant; see 'dominant species’, (see also ‘abundance’, 'species:’)

species: endemic; see 'endemic species’, (see also ‘distribution’, 'species:’)

species: freeliving; see 'freeliving species’

species: geographic subspecies; see ‘geographic subspecies’, (see also ‘species:’)

species: number in genera; see map legends 344-398

species: rare; see 'rare species’, (see also ‘species:')

species: sibling (see also 'species:’,

‘geographic subspecies’, species complexes’) 69, 228

species: solitary; see 'solitary species’

species-specific colouration (see also ‘colour:’) 76, 92-94, 102, 105, 108, 121, 136, 141, 149, 150, 159, 160, 162, 168, 248, 251, 254, 270, 273, 276, 302, 325, 335

species: taxonomic uncertainties; see ‘taxonomic uncertainties of species'

species: widespread; not indexed

Sri Lanka 343

steep substrates 99, 175, 188, 190, 192, 234, 326, 328

Stephanocoenia 23, 396

Stephanocoenia michelinii 396

Stylaraea 147, 397

Stylaraea punctata 147, 397

Stylocoeniella 23, 24, 397

Stylocoeniella armata 24

Stylocoeniella cocosensis 24

432

Stylocoeniella guentheri 23, 24

Stylophora 27, 32, 398

Stylophora pistillata 32, 33, 398

Stylophora sp. Japan 33

subspecies see 'geographic subspecies (see also ‘sibling species’, 'species:’)

substrate: mud 228, 285, 327

substrate: rock 253, 285, 301

substrate: sand 52, 201, 285, 339

substrate: soft; see 'soft substrates'

substrate: steep; see ‘steep substrates’

subtidal habitats (see also ‘habitats:') 54, 205, 295

Swain Reefs, Great Barrier Reef 2, 5-8

Symphyllia 253, 398

Symphyllia agaricia 255

Symphyllia radians 254

Symphyllia recta 254

Symphyllia valenciennesi 255

Symphyllia wilsoni 174, 253

T

Taiwan, 17, 343

Tanegashima, Japan 3, 12-15

Tanzania (Dar-es-Salaam) 343

Tateyama, Japan 3, 12-15

taxonomic data 1, 17-19

taxonomic references 19, 21, 341-343

taxonomic uncertainties of genera 131, 147, 165, 171, 177, 186, 237, 278, 284, 298

taxonomic uncertainties of species 1, 30, 38, 40, 43, 44, 54, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 79, 81, 84, 92, 95, 99, 113, 120, 141, 157, 158, 163, 180, 186, 190, 199, 220, 222, 232, 255, 261, 267, 287, 289, 297, 299, 305, 338, 339

taxonomically significant characters 21

temperate coral reefs; see ‘high-latitude habitats’

Thailand (Gulf of) 343

Thailand (W Coast) 3, 18, 343

The Gulf (N) 343

The Gulf (S) 343

Tonga 343

INDEX

Torres Strait, Great Barrier Reef 2, 5-8

Tosashimizu, Japan 3, 12-15

Trachyphyllia 317, 399

Trachyphyllia geoffroyi 317, 399

Trachyphylliidae 317

Tres Marias Is. 343

Trinidad 343

Tuamotus 343

turbid habitats (see also ‘habitats:') 27, 32, 33, 41, 91, 142, 154, 158, 169, 187, 188, 195, 205, 228, 229, 257, 265-267, 278, 319, 323, 325, 327, 328, 331

Turbinaria 19, 331, 338, 399

Turbinaria bifrons 337

Turbinaria conspicua 337

Turbinaria cylindrica 338

Turbinaria frondens 333, 334

Turbinaria heronensis 338

Turbinaria irregularis 335

Turbinaria mesenterina 334, 335

Turbinaria patula 332

Turbinaria peltata 331

Turbinaria radicalis 338

Turbinaria reniformis 335

Turbinaria sp. W Australia 333

Turbinaria stellulata 336

Tuvalu, Funafuti 342

U

upper reef slopes (see also ‘habitats:’) 39, 70, 81, 93, 97, 98, 100, 101-105, 108-110, 112, 126, 138, 180, 190, 207, 239, 245, 257, 260, 265, 285, 298

V

Vanuatu 3, 18, 19

Venezuela 343

Victoria, S Australia 2, 5-8, 17 Vietnam (Nha Trang) 343

W

Wake I. 343

wave action (see also ‘habitats:’) 29, 32, 48, 69, 70, 72-74, 79, 162, 178, 179, 227, 265, 268, 296, 301, 310

Wellsophyllia 399

Wellsophyllia radiata 317

Western Australia 2, 3, 9-11, 17

widespread species; not indexed

Y

Yaeyama Is. 3, 12-15

Z

Zanzibar 343 Zoopilus 221, 400 Zoopilus echinatus 221, 400

a, ,

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