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THE
BIRDS OF ASIA.
BY
JOHN GOULD, ERS,
F.L.S., V.P. AND F.Z.S., M.ES., F.R.GEOGRS., M.RAY S., CORR. MEMB. OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF TURIN; OF THE SOC. OF THE MUSEUM
OF NAT. HIST, OF STRASBURG ; FOR. MEMB. OF THE NAT. HIST. SOC. OF NURNBERG, AND OF THE IMP. NAT. HIST. SOC. OF MOSCOW ;
HON. MEMB. OF THE NAT. HIST. SOC. OF DARMSTADT ; OF THE NAT. HIST. AND THE NAT. HIST. AND MED. SOCS. OF
DRESDEN ; OF THE ROY. SOC. OF TASMANIA ; OF THE ROY. ZOOL. SOC. OF IRELAND ; OF THE PENZANCE
NAT, HIST. SOC.; OF THE WORCESTER NAT. HIST. SOC. ; OF THE NORTHUMBERLAND,
DURHAM, AND NEWCASTLE NAT. HIST. SOC. ; OF THE IPSWICH MUSEUM; OF
THE ORN. SOC. OF GERMANY ; OF THE DORSET COUNTY MUSEUM AND
LIBRARY ; OF THE ROYAL UNITED SERVICE INSTITUTION, ETC.
DEDICATED TO THE HONOURABLE EAST INDIA COMPANY.
IN SEVEN VOLUMES.
VOLUME IV.
LONDON:
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, 26 CHARLOTTE STREET, BEDFORD SQUARE.
1850—1883.
TN a RS a RS sh
Te
pe ae te eR ES oe 1:
arene
LIST OF PLATES.
VOLUME IV. ;
Norr.—As the arrangement of the Plates in the course of publication was impracticable, the Numbers here given will refer to them
PLATE
mw we nw Ww WwW bw BH WL
Sonn atk WW =
when arranged, and the Plates may be quoted by them.
Tesia cyaneiventer
» castaneo-coronata
Rhopophilus pekinensis
Suya lepida .
Dumetia albogularis
os hyperythra
Orthotomus longicaudus
Staphida torqueola
Stachyris pyrrhops
34 ruficeps
Ixulus castaneiceps
5» occipitalis
» flavicollis
Yuhina occipitalis
Leiothrix luteus
a argentauris
», laurinee
Siva strigula
5, cyanouroptera
Myzornis pyrrhoura
Cinclus Asiaticus
“A Pallasi
5 sordidus
3 Jletcoeaster
m Cashmeriensis
Dromolea picata
5 opistholeuca
Saxicola capistrata
Jeucomela
39
» montana
» atrogularis
Rhodophila melanoleuca
Pratincola leucura
Indica
Grandala ccelicolor
Ruticilla erythrogastra
“% erythroprocta .
Calliope camtschatkensis
s pectoralis
fe tschebaiewi
Accentor montanellus
a rubidus .
- erythropygius
Blue-bellied Tesia
Chestnut-crowned Tesia
Chinese Rhopophilus
Little Suya :
White-throated Dumetia
. Buff-throated Dumetia
Tailor-bird d
Grey-headed Staphida
Red-eyed Stachyris
Red-headed Stachyris
Chestnut-headed Ixulus
Thick-billed Ixulus
Crested Ixulus
Rusty-naped Yuhina .
Fork-tailed Leiothrix
. Silver-eared Leiothrix
Striped-throated Siva
Blue-winged Siva
Red-tailed Myzornis .
. Asiatic Water-Ouzel .
Pallas’s Water-Ouzel ;
Sombre-coloured Water-Ouzel
White-bellied Water-Ouzel
Cashmerian Water-Ouzel
. Pied Stone-Chat
White-tailed Stone-Chat
Grey-capped Stone-Chat
Black-and- White Stone-Chat
Mountain Stone-Chat
Black-throated Stone-Chat
. Black-and-White Bush-Chat
White-tailed Bush-Chat
Indian Furze-Chat
Celestial Grandala
Great White-capped Redstart
Coal-black Redstart
Siberian Ruby-throat .
Himalayan Ruby-throat
Mongolian Ruby-throat
Mountain Accentor
Ruddy Accentor
Red-backed Accentor
XX.
DATE.
June 1858.
March 1873.
April 1855.
June 1860.
March 1873.
March 1871.
June 1863.
March 1873.
June 1863.
May 1862.
June 1863.
June 1851. |
May 1862.
August 1883.
May 1862.
May 1856. | )
June 1860.
29 yy)
April 1865. |
April 1866.
June 1863.
May 1862.
June 1851.
May 1856.
July 1879.
39 39
March 1871.
RR rt ee ne i ES RCT NS MRS TaN Sh Ce A ES
PLATE
44,
45.
46.
An f
49.
ol.
03.
04,
Accentor Nipalensis
lamaculatus
Rubeculoides .
strophiatus
atrogularis
Altaicus
Sylvia nana :
Troglodytes Nipalensis
Anorthura formosa
Urocichla longicauda
Sphenocichla Roberti
? Humii
Salpornis spilonota
Certhia Nipalensis
- Himalayana
Phyllopneuste tristis
Regulus himalayensis
Motacilla Maderaspatensis
Dukhunensis
3 personata
Budytes citreoloides
Pipastes agilis
Anthus cervinus
Limonidromus Indicus
Enicurus maculatus
zm cuttatus
; Chinensis
a Scouleri
Melanocorypha maxima
39
Pa Sel Or PLATES.
Nepaul Accentor :
Blue-shouldered Accentor .
Red-breasted Accentor
Banded Accentor
Black-throated Accentor
Altaian Accentor
. Desert Whitethroat
Nepaulese Wren
Spotted Wren j
Long-tailed Hill-Wren
Robert’s Wedge-billed Wren
Hume’s Wedge-billed Wren
Spotted Creeper
Nepaulese Creeper
Himalayan Creeper
Himalayan Goldcrest .
Great Pied Wagtail
Deccan Wagtail
Masked Wagtail
Yellow-headed Wagtail
Indian Tree-Pipit
Red-throated Pipit
Variegated Wagtail
Lunated Forktail
Spotted Forktail
Chinese Forktail
Scouler’s Forktail .
Long-billed Calandre
XXVI.
: IV.
. XXXIV.
. XX XIII.
23)
Date.
April 1855.
d9 >)
June 1858.
August 1874.
Nov. 1852.
January 1883.
a9 39
February 1882.
oP) 93
April 1868.
July 1850.
April 1865.
April 1869.
October 1853.
May 1861.
oy) 99
April 1865.
29 oy)
April 1869.
May 1862.
April 1866.
Dy a>
May 1867.
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TESTA CYANEIVENTER, Godes.
Blue-bellied Tesia.
Tesia cyanwwenter, Hodgs. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., vol. vi. p. 101.—Gray, List of Spec. and Draw. of Mamm. and
Birds presented to Brit. Mus. by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., p. 62.—Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng.,
vol. xi. p. 182, and vol. xiv. p. 586.—Ib. Cat. of Birds in Mus. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta, p. 178.—Gray and
Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. i. p. 156, Tesia, sp. 4.—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 257, Tesia, sp. 1.—
Horsf. Cat. of Birds in Mus. East Ind. Comp., vol. i. p. 179.
Saxicola olivacea, McClell. in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part VII. p. 161.
Tesia auriceps, Hodgs.—Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., vol. xvi. pp. 137, 474.
Tee-see of the Nepalese (Hodgson).
Wuen figuring such an interesting form as that to which the term esta has been given by Mr. Hodgson,
the ornithologist inwardly wishes for an opportunity of visiting its native country, that he might be able to
observe and to place on record some account of its habits and mode of life, which could not fail to be
interesting.
The Testa cyanewenter is a rare species, and but few collections contain examples, except those of the
British Museum, the Honourable East India Company, and the Asiatic Society at Calcutta, in all of which
the natural history of India is well represented. It is in the rich countries of Nepal, Sikkim, and Assam
that this little, almost tailless bird is to be found in a state of nature, and where it must present a very
odd appearance, whether seen on the ground, or during its short flights through the dense and humid
bottoms of the woods it is known to inhabit.
This bird appears to have been described by Mr. Hodgson under two different appellations, namely
cyanwenter and auriceps, the former of which is the one generally adopted.
So far as we yet know, no difference occurs in the colouring of the sexes.
Head and back of the neck deep yellowish olive; remainder of the plumage deep bluish grey, washed on
the back and on the edges of the wing-feathers with deep yellowish olive ; the bill appears to have been
olive above, yellowish beneath ; the legs fleshy.
The Plate represents this little bird of the size of life, the figures being taken from specimens in my own
collection. The plant is the Kpimedium pennatum.
oar eR EE ER Ne EE Se EST —— a p en
[A CASTANEOCORONATA.
Smnidd and H.C Richter, del, lth E Y
, , ] Fir llrnrmutel & Walton. faim,
TESTA CASTANEOCORONATA.
Chestnut-crowned ‘Tesia.
Sylvia castaneo-coronata, Burton in Proc. of Zool. Soc., Part III. p. 152.
Testa castaneo-coronata, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., vol. xiv. p. 586.—Ib. Cat. of Birds in Mus. Asiat. Soc.
Calcutta, p. 179.—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. i. p. 156. pl. 47. fig. 1, Testa, sp. 3.—Bonap.
Consp. Gen. Av., p. 257, Testa, sp. 2.—Horsf. Cat. of Birds in Mus. East Ind. Comp., vol. i. p. 179.
Tesia flaviventer, Hodgs. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., vol. vi. p. 102.
Oligura flaviventer, Hodgs. in Proce. of Zool. Soc., Part XIII. p. 25.
Turs species is even more diminutive than the Testa cyaneiventer, yet it has a somewhat longer tail; dimi-
nutive, however, as it is, it plays its part in the economy of nature in the countries it is destined to inhabit
—Sikkim and Nepal, where every variety of animal life is to be found, from the huge Rhinoceros to the
little bird forming the subject of the accompanying Plate, each of which has its own province to fulfil, and
each being equally worthy of the attention and admiration of the naturalist.
“These singular birds,” says Mr. Hodgson, speaking of both species of Zésia, “are peculiar to the
mountains, and dwell in moist woods where there is plenty of underwood ; they are solitary, silent, live and
breed on the ground, and feed on seeds, gravel, and insects ; the stomach is thick, almost a gizzard.”
Like the 7. eyanewenter, the T. castaneocoronata is rarely found in our collections; its diminutive size
and the remoteness of the localities it frequents doubtless rendering it difficult of acquisition. Nearly all
the examples that have been received in Europe were collected by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., a gentleman, than
whom no one has added more largely to the stores of our museums, and whose researches are worthy of
being recorded among those who have rendered themselves most eminent for their devotion to the study of
natural history.
Crown and sides of the head chestnut-red; upper surface, wings and tail dark olive; under surface
yellow, brightest on the chin; bill brown above, yellow below; feet flesh-colour.
The figures are of the natural size.
— Se ee eR RE NR ER TES REN SS EE A en we ii aaa
2
LOPE
REOPOPEILUS PEKINENSIS 5 Swirly,
JSGoWUWN EMC Richter deb & bith:
i nt ens a ln ili ll in i lt Nt a AE TEA A
if
RHOPOPHILUS PEKINENSIS, Swina.
Chinese Rhopophilus.
Drymeca (2) pekinensis, Swinh. in Ibis, 1868, p. 62.
Rhopophilus pekinensis, Swinh. in Proc. of Zool. Soc., 1870, pp. 436 & 443, 1871, p. 352.—David, Nouv. Archiv. du
Mus, vol. vil., Bull. p. 7.
I am indebted to Mr. Swinhoe for the loan of a fine specimen of this new species, which was procured near
Pekin. The following brief note, in which he introduced the bird to the scientific world, is extracted from
‘The Ibis’ for 1868, pp. 61, 62.
‘The second novelty from Pekin belongs to the Drymecine, and seems to occupy a place close to Suya,
from which, however, it differs in having ¢we/ve rectrices instead of ¢en. I do not know to what restricted
genus to refer it, and will, therefore, for the present place it under Drymeca in its broad sense. ‘The occur-
rence of one of this group so far north is so worthy of note that I propose to name this bird Dryme@ca (2)
pekinensis, sp. nov.”
Subsequently, in his communications to the Zoological Society of London, published in their ‘ Proceedings’
above quoted, he speaks of the same bird as Rhopophilus pekinensis, but gives no reason for the change of
the generic appellation, and does not state whether it is a new term proposed by himself. Indeed, when
speaking of a journey north-westwards through the valley to the Black-Dragon temple (which is considered
especially sacred by the Pekinese, and twice each year is visited by pilgrims, who make the journey of thirty-
five miles from Pekin on foot, prostrating themselves at every step) he merely says, ‘ On the hills we saw
small parties of Rhopophilus pekinensis (mihi) flitting along the tops of bushes, singing sweetly ;” and ina
subsequent page, ‘Near Yunglo’s tomb Rhopophilus pekinensis was whisking about its long tail on the tops
of bushes, uttering a loud whistle. Its eyelid was madder-red, and its irides washed with yellow ; upper
mandible light brown, lower one yellowish white ; legs brownish flesh-colour, tinged with yellow.”
The following is Mr. Swinhoe’s original description of this bird :—
‘‘Upper parts olive-grey; feathers on crown, back, and rump broadly marked in the middle with
black, and tinged with rusty maroon; those of the sides of the neck grey, spotted with rusty; supercilium
pale ; cheeks brownish, with an indistinct black moustache-streak below the ear-coverts ; quills light brown,
edged with whitish; two middle tail-feathers olive-grey, brown near the shafts, and edged with whitish ;
remainder of the tail-feathers blackish brown, edged externally with white, the external one bemg white at
the tip and on its apical outer edge, and the shafts of all white beneath ; underparts dingy white, streaked on
the sides of the breast and flanks with rusty maroon, the same colour pervading the sides of the abdomen and
tibize, and slightly tinging the belly and vent: axillaries rusty white; the under surface of the wing tinged
with the same.”
The figures are of the natural size.
eee
nt ee a eS PART A PER LN NT eS SS ST a . = ‘ = -_
TS Gould wah O Richter de
eee SUYA LEPIDA.
™ Little Suya.
Prinia lepida, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., vol. xii. p. 376. .
Drymoica lepida, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., vol. xvi. p. 460.—Ib. Cat. of Birds in Mus. Asiat. Soc. of Calcutta, ie
p. 123.—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. i. p. 164, Drymoica, sp. 64.
Suya lepida, Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 281.—Horsf. Cat. of Birds in Mus. East Ind. Comp., vol. i. p. 327.
As the singular little bird here represented was the first contribution to Indian ornithology sent to this
country by my son, it will always be regarded by me as an object of especial interest, and the more so, as
prior to the present time the species was extremely rare in our collections ; and my own was destitute of any
example. The specimen in question was transmitted to me in a letter, dated “‘ Kurrachee in Scinde, Oct. 5,
y 1854,” accompanied with the following remark :— -
‘Enclosed is a curious little bird which I shot on the sea-shore. What is its name? It frequents the
low salt-marsh plants that grow at the edgeof, and even in the water. It is extremely difficult to shoot, and
when shot, equally as difficult to find; it runs among the roots, and occasionally perches on a twig, gives
forth a wheezy feeble song, and instantly drops into the thicket. The eyes are dark.”
The only other note respecting this species on record is from the pen of Mr. Blyth, in the thirteenth
volume of the “Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,” where he states that “this bird inhabits low
scrub, intermixed with tufts of coarse sedgy grass, growing in sandy places by the river side, and it frequently
flies out to feed among the thin herbage growing along the margins of the sand-dunes.”
Since the receipt of the specimen above-mentioned, additional examples from the same source have
reached me, and have been forwarded, with some other species of birds, to the Museum of the East India
Company in Leadenhall Street, where all my son’s future collections, or such portions of them as may be
required for the Collection, will be deposited. |
There is no perceptible difference in the colouring of the sexes, but I find that in one of the specimens
last received, which I consider to be a youthful bird, a wash of yellow pervades the greyish-white of the
under surface.
General colour of the upper surface light olive-grey, with a dusky streak down the centre of each feather,
broadest on the head and back; wings light brown, margined with olive-grey; upper surface of the tail
faintly banded with narrow transverse dusky lines; under surface pale, with whitish tips, behind which is a
dusky band ; lores, a slight superciliary stripe, and the under surface greyish-white ; irides brown ; bill brown,
fleshy below ; feet fleshy-yellow.
The figures are the size of life.
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DUMETIA ALBOGULARIS, Bayt.
White-throated Dumetia.
Malacocercus albogularis, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., vol. xvi. p. 453.
Dumetia albogularis, Blyth, Cat. of Birds m Mus. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta, p. 140.—Layard in Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist., 2nd. ser. vol. xii. p. 272.—Horsf. and Moore, Cat. of Birds in Mus. East Ind. Comp., vol. i. p. 403.
Timaha hyperythra, Jerd. in Madras Journ. of Lit. and Sci., vol. x. p. 261.—Id. Ill. Ind. Orn., 7th page of text to
pl. 19. |
Pellorneum albogulare, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., vol. xxi. p. 357.
Timala albogularis, Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. i. App. p. 10, app. to p. 228.
Shah Dumri of the Hindoos, Jerdon.
Pundi jitta (4. e. ‘ Pig-bird’) in Telugu, Jerdon.
To see this bird in a state of nature, one must pay a visit to the southern portion of the peninsula of
India; if looked for in the north, it would not be found. Like many other of the species inhabiting the
Madras Presidency, this bird is also found in Ceylon, but, I believe, not very abundantly, and it is somewhat
local there. We are indebted to Messrs. Jerdon, Blyth, and Layard for all we know of the habits and
manners of this bird; and it is only justice to those gentlemen to give their observations in their own words.
«This bird,” remarks Mr. Jerdon, ‘I have seen but very seldom ; once at the top of the Tapoor Pass in
thick jungle, and in the neighbourhood of Jaulnah in jungly district, in thick hedges and thickly wooded ©
nullahs. From the dense nature of the bushes it frequents, it is with difficulty observed and obtained. I
have generally seen it in parties of five or six, occasionally giving out a low and indistinct sort of chattering.
Fragments of various insects were found in the stomachs of those I procured. It is called Pundi jetta, or
Pig-bird, in Telugu,—a name given from its habit of making its way under the bushes, never showing itself
above.”
Mr. Blyth states: ‘Its note considerably resembles that of Malacocercus caudatus, except in being pro-
portionally weaker.”
“Tn Ceylon,” says Mr. Layard, “it 1s confined to the vicinity of Colombo, and is not uncommon ; it is
generally found in small flocks about the cinnamon and other low bushes, creepmg about in search of
insects.”
There appears to be little or no difference in the colouring of the sexes, the numerous examples that
have come under my notice being all similarly coloured.
Forehead pale rust-colour, faintly striated with a lighter hue ; all the upper surface, wings, and tail very
pale brown, the inner webs of the primaries somewhat darker, and the tail-feathers crossed by indistinct
bars of the same tint, only seen in certain lights; chin and centre of the throat buffy white, remaimder of
the under surface deep fawn-colour.
The figures are of the natural size.
i
a ae
oe
pry
LOW,
Us
S
S&
SQ
ne Ot PED ar Var see
a Re a eee E ATT Lae TTF eS SANT TOE A A IMT NOT PE EPR EA TT LTT He LT PSST ESET.
CATS DNC BT sa NONE
ERS Pe YE RE STENDEC EME TT A SIT FP EP A TEI ENN TP a TAIT REIS PFI IO ET TT TIPS PTY ESTES TEV
DUMETIA HYPERYTHRA.
Buff-throated Dumetia.
Timalia hyperythra, Frankl. in Proc. of Comm. of Sci. and Corr. of Zool. Soc., part i. p. 118.—Gray and Mitch.
Gen. of Birds, vol. i. p. 228, Timalia, sp. 8.—De la Fresnaye, Mag. de Zool. 1835, Ois. pl. 40?
Dumetia hyperythra, Blyth, Cat. of Birds in Mus. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta, p. 140. |
How frequently have we occasion to regret not having access to the typical specimen when there occurs any
doubt as to the identity of a rare or little-known species! Major Franklin described a bird in the ‘ Proceedings
of the Zoological Society’ for 1831, now nearly thirty years ago, under the name of T’malia hyperythra.
Unfortunately the specimen he described from cannot be discovered, and I fear is no longer in existence.
I have regarded a bird which-I find in my Collection, procured in Central India by the late Captain Boys,
and which bears on its label the name of Dumetia hyperythra, as probably the same as that of Franklin ; at
all events it closely agrees with his description, and I have therefore figured it under that name. It 1s
nearly allied to D. albogularis, but differs from that bird in its somewhat smaller size and in the absence of
white on the throat, and in having the crown of a deeper rufous tint, striated with buffy white.
Mr. Blyth states that the D. hyperythra inhabits Central India, and that the specimens in the Museum of
the Asiatic Society at Calcutta had been procured in the Mednapur jungles.
I have quoted the Baron de la Fresnaye’s figure and description of a bird which he has called D. hype-
rythra, with a mark of interrogation, as I am very doubtful as to its being a representation of my bird, or
that described by Franklin.
Head rusty red, striated with buffy white; all the upper surface, wings, and tail very light brown; the
‘inner webs of the primaries somewhat darker; under surface rich fawn-colour, deepest on the sides of the
chest and breast.
The figures are of the natural size.
EE NE RRS NN RT TT TT TS CL A LN SEE OTE OT NI CIES CLE OA OC AIT AC A ET I LO I
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ORTHOTOMUS LONGICAUDUS.
Tailorbird.
Motacilla longicauda, Gmel. edit. Linn. Syst. Nat., tom. i. p. 954.
Orthotomus longicauda, Swinh. Zool., 1858, p. 6229.—Idem, Proce. of Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 351.
phyllorrhapheus, Swinh. Ibis, 1860, p. 49; 1861, p. 32; 1862, p. 258.—Idem, Proc. of Zool. Soc.,
1863, p. 294.—Gray, Hand-l. of Birds, part i. p. 195.
Mr. Freperic Moore, in the Monograph of the genus “ Orthotomus,” submitted to the meeting of the
Zoological Society of London on the 28th of February, 1854, and published in their ‘ Proceedings ’ for that
year, enumerates only nine species of this form, while the late Mr. G. R. Gray, in his recently published
‘Hand-list of Birds,’ extends the number to thirteen or fourteen. One or other of them has been
commented upon by the earliest down to the latest of our ornithological writers on eastern birds, owing
to their singular habit of sewing together the leaves of growing plants to form receptacles for their nests,
and thus securing their frail structures from falling to the ground or being blown away by the wind.
The ingenuity displayed by the “ Tailorbirds,”’ as they are called, is so well known to every school-boy that
a minute account of it is quite unnecessary, especially as the accompanying illustration will at once enlighten
through the sense of sight any one who may be unacquainted with the subject. Whether there are nine or
fourteen species, as enumerated by the authors above mentioned, is a question which can only be solved when
the entire group has received a more careful investigation than would seem as yet to have been given to it.
One species, 4. longirostris, has been assigned to New South Wales by Swainson; but I may affirm with
certainty that no bird of this form has yet been discovered in that country; neither has the O. Higeli of
Pelzeln a better claim to a place in the fauna of New Holland. It is only when numerous examples of both
sexes of every species are laid side by side that the specific characters of each are discernible and can be
carefully noted down. A question has for some time existed in the minds of ornithologists whether the
common species frequenting India and the one so abundantly spread over South China are identical or not.
Mr. Swinhoe, in his Revised Catalogue of the Birds of China, published in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoolo-
gical Society ’ for 18/1, remarks, ‘‘ Gmelin’s name ” [of Jongicauda] “applies specially to the China bird ; so
that its Indian ally will have to take the next in priority of its numerous synonyms.”
The figures of the birds on the opposite Plate having been taken from Chinese specimens, and that of the
nest copied from a drawing made in China, there can be no doubt of their representing the true O. longi-
caudus, which Mr. Swinhoe states “‘is an abundant resident from Canton to Foochow ;” and in his notes on
the ornithology of the latter district he says “ the little Tailorbird cheers up his mate with his well-known
note as the contented pair thread their way through the close bents of the long coarse grass ’—and_ further
remarks, in a paper read before the Literary and Scientific Society of Amoy, November 17, 1857 :—
«The most diminutive of all the birds is the little Tailorbird (Orthotomus), remarkable for its long pointed
bill, which serves as a needle in sewing leaves together round its nest; the underside of a long leaf of the
Alpinia nutans is often chosen, the edges of which are drawn together by thread made of spider’s web and
fibres. The prettiest construction of the kind I have seen was a nest flanked in by three orange-leaves, and
placed at the extremity of a bough of an orange-tree. The bird is called Mang-tang-a in the vernacular.”
The following is Mr. Swinhoe’s description of a male shot at Amoy on the 22nd of February :—
“Forehead ferruginous, gradually changing to olive-brown on the head; back bright olive-green ; wings
and tail hair-brown, the coverts margined with olive-green, the primaries with yellowish olive-brown ; round
the neck and all the under surface, including the edge of the shoulder, ochreous white, darker on the flanks
and buff on the tibize; bill pale flesh-colour, dark hair-brown along the culmen; irides buff; a narrow circle
round the eye pale yellow; legs and toes pale yellowish brown.”
««The two central tail-feathers of the male gradually lengthen until May, when they are about an inch and
a half or so longer than the others, which are all somewhat graduated; I observe that these lengthened
feathers soon become worn, ahd usually drop after the first nesting, to be replaced by others only slightly
longer than the rest.”
The figures and the representation of the nest are all of the natural size.
SS Nea RT TE SR, NE WO
ORQUEOLA, Swink.
J Gould & HCRichter deb & lithe.
STAPHIDA TORQUEOLA, Swinn.
Grey-headed Staphida.
Siva torqueola, Swinh. in Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1870, vol. v. p. 174.
When: I published my Plate and account of Mr. Moore’s Zxulus castaneiceps 1 felt convinced in my own
mind that the bird had been placed in a genus to which it did not belong, if indeed, it could be assigned
to any one that had then been proposed. Since that period Mr. Swinhoe has discovered another
species of the same form, and, like Mr. Moore, placed it in a genus (Siva) to which it does not pertain ;
this error, however, he has now corrected, as will be seen from the note with which he has favoured me, and
which is given below. In future, therefore, the Lrulus castaneiceps will stand as Staphida castaneiceps, and
the present bird as S. torgueola. The former is supposed to be a native of Afghanistan, or the Khasia Hills,
while the latter was obtained in China. So little is known respecting both these birds that we are unable
to state if there is any difference in the colouring of the sexes, and are in an equal degree ignorant of their
habits and economy. The present species has a grey crown, while that of S. castaneiceps (as the name
implies) is of a chestnut-brown; they also differ in some other respects sufficiently to convince any one
conversant with the study of birds that they are distinct species.
The following is the note by Mr. Swinhoe above referred to :— .
‘I was wrong in referring this species to Hodgson’s genus Siva. It is most like an Zvudus with a deeply
graduated tail; and on comparing it with Lrulus castaneiceps, which is of similar form, the two birds might
with propriety be placed in a subgenus, for which I would recommend the name Staphida. 1 have nothing
to record of the North-China bird, as the only two specimens I have procured were brought by a hunter, in
December 1867, from the Tingchow Mountains, about one hundred miles north-west of the island of Amoy.
‘Crown greyish brown, each feather edged with bluish grey and having a pale stem; from the base of
the under mandible, under the eye, and round the nape runs a broad line of chestnut-brown, most of the
feathers with a central white streak ; back, scapularies, and rump olive-brown, with the shafts of most of the
two former whitish; tail-coverts of a deeper hue; under surface white, tinged with bluish grey; tibials
deep olive-brown, the same colour, but of a lighter shade, marking the central flanks and more slightly,
in the form of obscure bars, the sides of the breast; vent-feathers blackish brown, with shafts and
broad tips of white; axillaries white, with a brown- and white-barred carpal edge; under edges of the
quills pale salmon-colour; wing-feathers hair-brown, margined with reddish olive, the three inner ter-
tiaries having white shafts and margins; tail deep hair-brown, the four outer feathers tipped with white,
increasing outwardly, and on the two outermost including the external web; bill light brown ; legs, toes,
and claws brownish flesh-colour.”
“ Length about 6 inches; wing 2°7, tail 2:4; bill, to gape, °55, breadth of base -22; tarse -66.
“The tarse is thick, and the hind toe and claw strong ; the other claws are smaller, cultrated, well-curved,
and sharp.
“Wing.—The third quill, which is slightly longer than the fourth, is the longest in the wing ; the first is
-45 shorter, and the second °1 shorter than the third.
“ Tait.—Consists of twelve broad greatly graduated feathers; the fifth and sixth rectrices are nearly equal
in length; the first is *72 shorter, the second °35, the third -2, the fourth -1.”
The figures are of the natural size.
Dyna
Vibe,
V,
|
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Ne nN a SRT NE a ER RN a
STACHYRIS PYRRHOPS, Hodgs.
Red-eyed Stachyris.
Stachyris pyrrhops, Hodgs. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., vol. xiii. p. 379.—Gray, Cat. of Spec. and Draw. of Mamm.
and Birds pres. to Brit. Mus. by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., p. 75.—Blyth, Cat. of Birds in Mus. Asiat.
Soc. Calcutta, p. 150.—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., tom. i. p. 332.—Horsf. and Moore, Cat. of Birds in
Mus. East Ind. Comp., vol. i. p. 232.
Timaha pyrrhops, Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. iii. app. p. 10, app. to p. 228.
Stachyris pyrops, Hodgs. in Proc. Zool. Soc., part xiii. p. 23.—Id. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xvi. p. 193.
: chrysea, Adams in Proc. of Zool. Soc., part xxvil. p. 184.
I must plead guilty to having led my friend Dr. Leith Adams into error by sending him the wrong name
for this little bird, a specimen of which was kindly presented to me by that gentleman. The name of
Stachyrts chrysea, which appears in his “‘ List of the Birds of Cashmere,” in the twenty-seventh part of the
‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,’ has reference, therefore, not to the true Stachyris
chryseus, but to the bird here represented, which is undoubtedly the S. pyrrhops of Mr. Hodgson, as I have
ascertained by carefully comparing it with the specimens sent by him from Nepaul to the British Museum.
Dr. Adams’s discovery of the bird in Cashmere proves that the species enjoys a wide range, which probably
extends over the whole of the southern and temperate regions of the Himalayas. Of its habits and economy
nothing has yet been recorded. Dr. Adams states that its bill is reddish towards the gape, and black at
the tip; that its irides are red; and that it frequents bushy places in the Lower Himalaya ranges, but is by
no means numerous. In all probability, there is little difference in the colouring of the sexes; but this and
all other particulars respecting it must be left for the attention of future explorers.
The following is Mr. Hodgson’s description of its colouring :—
‘¢ Olive-brown above, sordid rusty below and on the sides of the head and neck; beneath and before the
eye and under the chin a black spot; bill sordid sanguine, dusky on the ridge; legs horn-colour; eyes
sanguine.”
The figures on the Plate are of the natural size. The plant is the Dendrobium pulchellum.
/
CZ
S RUFICEPS, Blyth
|
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IR
oS
|
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STACH
Se
TGould eH CRichter ded eb ith
el NE a a ERTS cee es
ee
STACHYRIS RUFICEPS, Bytn.
Red-headed Stachyris.
Stachyris ruficeps, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., vol. xvi. p. 452.—Id. Cat. of Birds in Mus. Asiat. Soc. Cal-
cutta, p. 150.— Horsf. and Moore, Cat. of Birds in Mus. East-Ind. Comp., vol. i. p. 409.—Gray and
Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. iii., App. p. 10 (App. to p. 228).—Moore, Proc. of Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 141.—
Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., tom. i. p. 332, Séachyris, sp. 3.—Jerd. Birds of India, vol. 11. parti. p. 22.—Id.
Ibis, 1872, p. 299.
precognitus, Swinh. Ibis, 1866, p. 310.—Id. Proc. of Zool. Soc., 1871, p. 373.
Timalia (Stachyris) ruficeps, G. R. Gray, Hand-list of Birds, part i. p. 315.
pileata, McClell. Proc. of Zool. Soc., part vu. 1839, p. 161.
Syak-birang-pho, Lepchas (Jerdon).
Havine carefully compared Mr. Swinhoe’s Chinese specimens of his Stachyris precognitus with Nepaulese
examples of Mr. Blyth’s S. ruficeps, 1 am unable to perceive sufficient difference between them to warrant
their being regarded as distinct; I have no alternative therefore but that of placing the Consul’s name as a
synonym of the latter. The accompanying illustration of two birds and a nest, taken from Chinese examples
lent me by Mr. Swinhoe, will enable those who may possess Himalayan examples to judge for themselves
whether I am right in considering them identical. Size is evidently of but little value; for one of my
Nepaulese examples is much smaller than any Chinese specimen I have ever seen. If the above view of the
case be correct, then it is evident that this little bird has a wide range, extending over Nepaul, Sikhim, and
the Khasia hills, while Mr. Swinhoe also gives the island of Formosa and the Ichang gorge of the Yangtsze
river as other places it inhabits.
The following notes, by Mr. Jerdon, Mr. Moore, and Mr. Swinhoe, comprise all the information I have
been able to find recorded respecting this bird. ‘The meaning of Mr. Swinhoe’s remarks in connexion with
it, given in his first account of the species in ‘The Ibis’ for 1866, I am at a loss to understand; for he
therein compares the bird with various genera which seem to me in no way allied to Stachyris.
« This bird,” says Dr. Jerdon, ‘is found in Nepal, Sikhim, and the Khasia Hills. It 1s common at Dar-
jeeling, frequenting high trees in small parties, searching the foliage for mmute insects. A nest and eggs,
said to be of this species, were brought to me at Darjeeling. ‘The nest was a loose structure of grass and
fibres, and contained two eggs of a greenish-white colour, with some rusty spots.”
Mr. Moore remarks that this species is ‘allied in form and size to Stachyris pyrrhops, but having the
crown light ferruginous, and the chin and middle of the throat white, with slight black central streaks to the
feathers; rest of the upper parts plain olive, and of the lower whitish, with a fulvous tinge on the sides of
the neck and breast; bill and legs pale horny.
“Length 4 inches; wing 2; tail 2; bill, to frontal plumes xo, to gape 15; tarsus Z.
‘In some specimens the crown and nape are bright ferruginous, and the whole of the underparts pale:
ferruginous. ”
In his Revised Catalogue of the Birds of China and its Islands, published in the ‘Proceedings of ane
Zoological Society of London’ for 1871, Mr. Swinhoe says :—“ Very like St. rujiceps, Blyth, of Nepal, but
smaller, with much smaller bill, and with the red of the head confined to the crown.”
The figures and the nest are of the natural size.
ore
RS
Sy
fi
7
Ce ded Z
1j
7
fll
J Gould and Al Ftc
IXULUS CASTANICEPS, Moore.
Chestnut-beaded Ixulus.
Ixulus castaniceps, Moore, in Proc. of Zool. Soc., part xxii. p. 141.—Horsf. and Moore, Cat. of Birds in Mus. East
Ind. Comp., vol. i. p. 411.
Tue following is Mr. Moore’s description of a bird which was formerly in the Museum of the East India
Company, but now forms part of the national collection. This individual, from which my figures were
also taken, is the only one I have ever seen, and is probably the only specimen that has yet been collected.
Nothing whatever is known respecting the habits of this rare little bird, nor, although Mr. Moore has
given Affghanistan as its habitat, is it quite certain of what part of India it is a native. Mr. Moore has
recently informed me that he has reason to believe it is from the Khasia Hills.
‘Colour, above dull brownish olive, the shafts of the dorsal and scapular feathers pale; crown dark
chestnut, and subcrested ; the frontal plumes short and scale-like, and having pale margins ; the occiput paler
chestnut ; behind the eye whitish ; ear-coverts chestnut ; wings blackish, the secondaries and tertiaries with
pale shafts; axille white; tail black, the three outer feathers graduated and tipped obliquely externally
with white, the next white at the extreme tip only, and the rest entirely black; the whole under parts of a
dirty ruddy-white colour ; bill reddish brown; legs yellowish.
‘Length 57 inches; of wing 2;;.tail 27, its outermost feather ;ths less; bill, to front sths, to gape +;
and tarse < of an inch.
‘Habitat Affghanistan.
‘This species is at once distinguished by the white tips to the tail-feathers.” |
The figures are of the natural size. The plant is the Berberis concinna of Dr. Hooker.
LORE A CRE AE NR i Ne A Neg PS
- LE SET NS eee ee ner
a
Se ee
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Ut Hb bebe,
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77
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Sbwu
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IXULUS OCCIPITALIS, Buta.
Thick-billed Ixulus.
Siva occipitalis, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., vol. xiii. p. 937.
Ieulus occypitahs, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc, Beng., vol. xiv. p. 552, and xvi. p. 448.—Id. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,
vol. xx. p. 318.—Id. Cat. of Birds in Mus. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta, p. 100.—Moore, Proc. of Zool. Soc.,
part xxii. p. 141.—Horsf. and Moore, Cat. of Birds in Mus. East Ind. Comp., vol.i. p. 411.
Tue present bird, which is extremely rare in our collections, is an inhabitant of Nepaul and Sikim. It isa
stouter bird than the Jvulus flavicollis, and has a much thicker bill; but in its general style of colouring it
bears avery great resemblance to that bird. The red band at the nape of the neck, common to both species,
serves to indicate their alliance as members of the same genus. Of the habits, manners, and economy of this
species nothing whatever has yet been recorded ; and it 1s to be hoped that Mr. Jerdon, or some other zoolo-
gist resident in India, will not fail to investigate the subject, and make us acquainted with them. In all
probability, the sexes are alike.
Crown and nape ferruginous brown; coronal feathers considerably elongated, and the occiput beneath
the crest pure white; upper surface olive-brown; the feathers of the back and scapularies pale-buffy white ;
wings and tail dark olive-brown, the primaries edged with pale olive ; ear-coverts reddish, with greyish-white
shafts, the latter slightly spreading on the webs; under surface reddish buff, faintly streaked with a darker
hue on the chest; bill blackish brown, lighter at the base ; legs brownish olive, according to Mr. Hodgson’s
drawing in the British Museum. :
The figures are of the natural size. The plant is the Rudus diflorus.
'
i
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i
EL LL TE OTE LO ATE L EEO OO A EA ENO I RN serene
————
IXULUS FLAVICOLLIS 9 Hogs.
Walter & Cohn, 1p.
J6ouléandlRechier, de. & ith.
IXULUS FLAVICOLLIS, Hodgs.
Crested Ixulus.
Yuhina flavicolis, Hodgs. in Asiat. Research., vol. xix. p. 167.—Id. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., vol. vi. p. 232.—Gray,
List of Spec. and Draw. of Mamm. and Birds pres. to Brit. Mus. by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., p. 74.—
Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. i. p. 199.—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 397.
Polyodon flavicollis, Hodgs.
Txulus flavicollis, Hodgs. in Proc. of Zool. Soc., part xiii. p. 24.—Id. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., vol. xiv. p. 562.—
Blyth, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xx. p.318.—Id.Cat. of Birds in Mus. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta, p. 100.
—Horsf. and Moore, Cat. of Birds in Mus. East Ind. Comp., vol. i. p. 262.
Txose ornithologists who have studied the birds of India cannot have failed to remark that the southern
slopes of the great Himalayan range of mountains are inhabited by a very peculiar avi-fauna, the temperate
portion of these extensive hilly districts being tenanted by whole genera not found in the hotter contiguous
plains. Generally speaking, the birds of these hilly regions are much more scarce in European collections
than those from the peninsula; and had it not been for the energy of Mr. Hodgson, we should have known
still less about them than we do. This gentleman, however, as well as others who have visited Nepaul,
have done little more than collect specimens; for scarcely a word have they placed on record with regard
to their habits and economy: thus all we are informed respecting the present species is that it inhabits
Nepaul and Bhotan, frequents shrubby trees, and obtains its food among the leaves and flowers, rarely
descending to the ground, and that there appears to be no difference in the outward appearance of the
SEXES.
Head and crest lively brown in some specimens, darker brown in others ; nape reddish ; lores, orbits,
and a streak passing from the angle of the bill down the sides of the neck black ; upper surface olive; wings
and tails darker, the primaries with lighter margins; under surface white, washed with pale rufous on the
abdomen flank, and vent; around the eye a narrow ring of white feathers ; bill fleshy light brown below,
darker above ; legs and feet light olive-brown.
The figures are represented of the natural size, on the Clematzs barbellata.
RE ee Ne RR eg ce ee A
mi
Welter & bohm, limp.
OCCIPITALIS, Zodgs
A
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a
YUHL.
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Lik LOT
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YUHINA OCCIPITALIS, Hodgs.
Rusty-naped Yuhin.
Yuhina occipitalis, Hodgs. Asiat. Res., vol. xix. p. 167.—Id. Journ. Asiat. Soc, Beng., vol. vi. p. 231.—Gray, Cat.
of Spec. and Draw. of Mamm. and Birds pres. to Brit. Mus. by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., p. 74.—Blyth,
Cat. of Birds in Mus. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta, p. 100.—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. i. p. 199.—
Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., tom. i. p. 397.—Horsf. and Moore, Cat. of Birds in Mus. East Ind. Comp.,
vol. i. p. 261.
Polyodon occipitalis, Hodgs. in Gray’s Misc., 1844, p. 82.
Odonterus occipitalis, Cab. et Heine, Mus. Hein., Theil i. p. 113, note.
Tue present elegant little bird is one of Mr. Hodgson’s numerous discoveries, and was first described by
him in the nineteenth volume of the ‘ Asiatic Researches.’ Its native country is Sikim and the other
portions of the Eastern Himalayas—provinces abounding in fine species of birds, and flowering trees and
shrubs, particularly rhododendrons.
I believe the sexes do not differ in external appearance; and whether there be any marked variation in
the colouring of the young Iam unable to say; nor, to my regret, can I furnish any details respecting the
history, habits, manners, or economy of the species.
M. Cabanis has made this bird the type of a new genus, Odonterus; but I retain the generic appellation
originally assigned to it by Mr. Hodgson, which I believe has only been discarded by M. Cabanis on account
of its not being a classical term.
Forehead and front portion of the crest light brown, striated with greyish; hinder portion of the crest and
nape rich rufous; upper surface, wings, and tail olive-brown ; all the under surface deep vinous buff, passing
into rufous on the vent and under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts and edge of the shoulder fawn-white ;
bill and legs fleshy red.
The figures are the size of life. The plant is the Rhododendron virgatum.
a a ~ -
_ = . a TE
= ae Sas
eS a en en Ey
RS
aS
,
Ler,
S byudd and Ml Buch
LEIOTHRIX ARGENTAURIS.
Silver-eared Leiothrix.
Mesia argentauris, Hodgs. Ind. Rev., vol. ii. 1838, p. 88.—Gray, List of Spec. and Draw. of Mamm. and Birds
pres. to Brit. Mus. by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., p. 94.
Leiothrix argentauris, Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. i. p. 269.—Blyth, Cat. of Birds in Mus. Asiat. Soc.
~ Calcutta, p. 99.—Id. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta, vol. xxiv. p. 279.—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., tom. i.
p. 332.—Horsf. and Moore, Cat. of Birds in Mus. East Ind. Comp., vol. i. p. 365.
Philocalyx argentauris, Hodgs. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., vol. x. p. 29.
Fringilloparus argentauris, Hodgs. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., vol. xiii. p. 935.
Fringilloparus (Mesia) argentauris, Hodgs. in Gray’s Zool. Misc., 1844, p. 84.
Tuis bird has so many characters in common with the type of the genus Leiothrix (L. luteus), that I am
inclined to associate it with that bird, rather than to adopt the generic term of JMesza, proposed for it by
Mr. Hodgson. Both ZL. /uteus and L. argentauris have very truncate tails: the outer feathers of the former,
it is true, turn outwards in a somewhat singular manner, reminding one of Lyrurus among the Grouse, but
I regard this difference as specific rather than as generic; in the form of their bills, legs, and wings, they
are very similar. The native locality of this fine bird is the southern face of the great Himalayas ; and it is
in all probability universally distributed over every district, from Nepaul on the east to Afghanistan on the
west. My own specimens are from the former country; but Mr. Moore, of the India Museum, states that
a specimen contained in that collection was obtained in Afghanistan by Mr. Griffith. Like most of the
Leiotrichine birds, a great similarity exists in the colouring of the two sexes of this species; but some
individuals are much less brightly coloured than others: in all probability these are females.
The few members known of the genus Lecothriv are more robust in form than those of Siva; they have
also more hooked and stouter bills.
Forehead, bill, throat, and chest fine orange; ear-coverts silvery grey, remainder of the head black; nape
orange-brown; back, scapularies, and wings dark grey; the greater coverts rich, deep blood-red, and the
primaries margined with orange-red ; upper and under tail-coverts deep blood-red; tail dark olive, margined
externally with dull orange; under surface grey; centre of the abdomen orange-buff; feet reddish flesh-
colour ; irides brown. |
The figures are of the natural size. The plant is the Dendrobium cretaceum.
|
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ET TE LT, LLL CO CE SA LO TEE OT IS CIT OA ON I
» dalvad.
3
W.Hart del. et lath.
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OO TE TL SE ESO CO TE LE ON I I soc
LEIOTHRIX LAURI N AL, Salvad.
Marchioness Doria’s Hill-Tit.
Leiothrix laurine, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xiv. p. 231 (1879).
Turis beautiful species was discovered by Dr. Beccari during his expedition to Sumatra in 1878. Ten
specimens were obtained, all of them on Mount Singalan; and it is somewhat extraordinary that such a
very conspicuous species should not have been discovered by any of the travellers who had previously |
visited Sumatra. i
It is of the same form and style of coloration as Leiothriv argentauris of the Himalayas; but it is easily
distinguished by the richer coloration on the throat and breast, which are crimson. . I
The following is a translation of Count Salvadori’s description :—
Forehead, throat, neck all round, upper tail-coverts, and a large patch at the base of the quills blood-red ;
crown, lores, fore part of cheeks, and a line at the base of the lower mandible jet-black ; ear-coverts silvery
grey; back and rump olive; breast and abdomen olive-yellowish ; wing-coverts olive like the back ; quills i
blackish, edged towards the tips with orange, edged at the base with blood-red, the innermost dusky, uniform ; |
tail black, the two outermost feathers edged externally with yellow ; bill orange-yellow; feet pale ; iris brown.
I am indebted to Capt. Wardlaw Ramsay for the loan of a pair of birds, received by him from the Genoa
Museum, thus enabling me to give a life-sized figure of the male and female birds. |
LE OTE OT CN I CE TLIO Pe RE A I eC
7
jor & lit
J 6ould ant CRichier, del. et lith,
72, (ep.
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O
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Yh
SIVA STRIGULA, Hodgs.
Striped-throated Siva.
Swa strigula, Hodgs. Ind. Reyv., 1838, p. 89.—Gray, Cat. of Spec. and Draw. of Mamm. and Birds pres. to Brit.
Mus. by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., p. 95.
Levothrie strigula, Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. i. p. 269.—Blyth, Cat. of Birds in Mus. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta,
p. 99 —Id. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta, vol. xxiv. p. 279.—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., tom. i. p. 333.—
Horsf. and Moore, Cat. of Birds in Mus. East Ind. Comp., vol. i. p. 365.
Hemparus strigula, Hodgs. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., vol. x. p. 29.
Toropus strigula, Hodgs. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., vol. xiii. p. 935.
Joropus (Siva) strigula, Hodgs. in Gray’s Zool. Misc., 1844, p. 84.
Muscicapa (Siva) strigula, Deless., Souv. Voy. dans l’Inde, tom. ii. p. 24, pl. 8.
Muscicapa variegata, Deless. in Mag. de Zool., 1840, Ois. pl. 19.
Letothrix chrysocephala, Jameson.
On reference to the above list of synonyms, it will be seen that ornithologists have not been sparing in
generic appellations when writing on this bird; the generally received opinion, however, is that Siva is the
one that should be retained; and under that name, therefore, I have figured it. The native country of the
Siva striguéa is the more temperate regions of Nepaul and Bhotan; and, judging from the great number of
specimens sent to this country by Mr. Hodgson and others, it must be very common there. The sexes,
are very similar in size and in the colouring of their plumage; but the female differs from the male in being
somewhat smaller, and rather less striking and brilliant in her markings.
The time, I trust, is not far distant when I shall be able to give some account of the habits and economy
of this and other species figured in the ‘ Birds of Asia.’ At present, I regret to say, not a word has been
recorded.
Mr. Moore considers the Garrulax felicie of M. Lesson (described in the ‘Revue Zoologique’ for 1840,
p- 164) to be identical with this species, and has placed that name among its synonyms; but, after carefully
reading M. Lesson’s description, I cannot coincide with him, and believe that it has reference to some
other bird.
Crown of the head dull orange-red ; back and upper tail-coverts olive-grey ; wing-coverts olive-grey, tipped
with white ; spurious wing black; primaries slaty black, margined on their basal half with rich orange-red,
and ‘on the apical half with fine yellow; secondaries similar, broadly tipped with white, the three nearest the
body grey on the outer web, black on the inner, the first of the three tipped with white, the others with
black; two central tail-feathers brownish black, the basal portion of the inner web deep red, and the tips
slightly margined with yellow ; the remainder brownish black, tipped and margined with orange-yellow; ear-
coverts grey mottled with black, the black predominating on the front margin, and forming a somewhat
conspicuous moustache from the angle of the bill down the side of the neck; chin and under surface yellow,
becoming deeper on the under tail-coverts ; across the throat a series of narrow crescentic marks of black
on a grey ground, whence the specific name ; upper mandible dark horn-colour, lower mandible yellow; legs
and feet grey; irides brown.
The figures are of the size of life. The plant is the Dendrobium heterocarpum.
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TRE Re gn Re eg
es Sh
NS er
Ss
Hode
OPTERA,
J
A
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SIVA CYANOU
JS Govdd and M0 hichter, de v bith,
SIVA CYANOUROPTERA, Heodgs.
Blue-winged Siva.
Siva cyanouroptera, Hodg. Ind. Rev. 1838, p. 88.—Gray, List. of Spec. and Draw. of Mamm. and Birds pres. to Brit.
Mus. by B. H. Hodgson, Hsq., p. 95.
Leiothrix cyanouroptera, Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. i. p. 269.—Blyth, Cat. of Birds in Mus. Asiat. Soc.
Calcutta, p. 99.—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., tom. i. p. 332.—-Horsf. and Moore, Cat. of Birds in Mus.
Kast Ind. Comp., vol. i. p. 366.
Hemiparus cyanouropterus, Hodgs. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., vol. x. p. 25.
Toropus cyanouropterus, Hodgs. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., vol. xii. p. 937.
—— (Siva) cyanouropterus, Hodgs. in Gray’s Zool. Misc., 1844, p. 84.
Leiothria lepida, McClell. in Proc. Zool. Soc., part vil. p. 162.
Tuer Blue-winged Siva recommends itself to our notice by the neatness and elegance of its contour, and the
delicacy of its pretty markings. Blue is a colour rarely found among the smaller Indian birds; and as there
is no other species of the genus Siva similarly coloured, it cannot well be mistaken. Although tolerably
abundant in our collections, it is more rare than Siva strigula. Both species inhabit the same countries—
Nepaul and Bhotan. Mr. Blyth states that Capt. Tickell found it about the sides of Mooleit ; it is also said
to be found in Assam. I have not yet, however, seen any examples from that country, but, among the draw-
ings preserved at the India Museum, there is a figure of this species said to have been taken from a speci-
men obtained there.
Crown of the head and nape greyish blue, striated with bluish white ; all the upper surface, wing and tail-
coverts fawn-colour ; spurious wing blue, margined on the outer edge and tipped with white ; primaries deep
blue on their outer webs, brownish black on the inner; outer webs of the secondaries dull greyish blue at
the base, and white to the tip; the inner webs black, bordered with white; the two nearest the body fawn-
colour on the outer web, black on the inner, bordered all round with white; two centre tail-feathers slaty
brown, passing into black near the extremity, and narrowly fringed with white at the tip ; the two next are
blue on the outer and slaty brown on the inner webs, deepening into black near the extremity, and fringed with
white at the tip; the two next are similarly coloured, but have a large blotch of white on the tip of the
inner web, larger on the second than on the first ; the outer feather on each side is black on the outer web
to near the tip, which with the inner web is white ; lores, space over the eye, and all the under surface white
washed with vinaceous; irides dark brown; bill orange-brown ; legs apparently light-yellowish brown,
although in Capt. Boys’s notes they were stated to be grey.
The figures are of the natural size. The plant is the Rhododendron glaucum.
/
j
!
1
ee re rR A OSS RS A Ne mg rte
;
T Gould and ILC Richter, del. et lith
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FY
MYZORNIS PYRRHOURA, Aoags.
Red-tailed Myzornis.
Myzornis pyrrhowra, Hodgs. Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. vol. xii. p. 984, and vol. xiv. p. 561.—Gray, Cat. of
Spec. and Draw. of Mamm. and Birds presented to the Brit. Mus. by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., p. 74.—
Blyth, Cat. of Birds in Mus. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta, p. 101.—Horsf. Cat. of Birds in Mus. East Ind.
Comp. vol. i. p. 263.
Yuhina pyrrhoura, Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. i. p. 199. pl. 53, Yuhina, sp. 5.—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av:
397, Yuhina, sp. 3.
Tuar so beautiful a bird as the one here represented will become a general favourite with collectors there
can be but little doubt, and one would fain hope that the time may arrive when some native Nepaulese,
inspired with a love for ornithology, may give to the world a description of the habits and economy of this
and the many other rare species which adorn his luxuriant country, or that some European may be favourably
located for obtainmg this desirable information: at present all that has been recorded respecting it is
comprised in a lme by Mr. Hodgson, who states that “‘ this bird inhabits the northern and central hills
of Nepaul.”
I believe that the accompanying Plate represents both sexes ; if so, it will be seen that they very nearly
resemble each other ; the only difference being in the smaller: amount of red on the throat of the female and
the lesser brilliancy of the red of her outer tail-feathers. ,
In the male the feathers of the crown are black, broadly margined with green; all the upper surface and
wing-coverts dark green, becoming paler on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; spurious wing orange-yellow ;
quills black, the apical half of the primaries margined with grey and tipped with white; the basal half of
the secondaries margined with red, passing into greyish white on the apical portion and largely tipped with
white; two central tail-feathers dark green tipped with black, the remainder fine crimson-red tipped with
black ; lores black ; under surface green with a patch of dull red on the breast ; vent and under tail-coverts
paler red ; bill black ; feet fleshy.
The female is similar in colour, but the hues are not so bright, and she has merely an indication of the
red on the breast and under tail-coverts.
The figures are of the natural size, and the plant is the Cirrhopetalum cornutum.
Beez
CUCLIY P FP uMO UL
aT
ee
sung °SAOLIVISV SOMTINIOD
0 eteeopgins unre daeiiaee
YL BP 727? 22272287) PUY PYMOD L
Re Ne N= SS a A SP —
. = SE a
CINCLUS ASIATICUS, Swans. i
Asiatic Water-Ouzel.
Cinclus Asiaticus, Swains. Faun. Bor. Mer. VOLe isp. 174. H
Pallas, Temm. Man. d’Orn., tom. i. p. 177.—Gould, Cent. of Birds, pl. xxiv.—Gray, Cat. of Spec. and |
Draw. of Mamm. and Birds pres. to Brit. Mus. by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., p. 78. |
tenutrostris, Gould, MSS.—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p- 252, Cinelus, sp. 5.
asiaticus, Adams in Proc. of Zool. Soc., part xxvu. p. 180. |
maculatus, Hodgs. in Gray’s Zool. Misc. 1844, p. 83, young. Ml
Hydrobata Asiatica, Gray and Mitch., Gen. of Birds, vol. i. p. 215, Hydrobata, sp. 4.—Blyth, Cat. of Birds in i)
Mus. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta, p. 158.—Horsf. and Moore, Cat. of Birds in Mus. East Ind. Comp., vol. i. |
p. 185.
More than a quarter of a century has now elapsed since the subject of the present memoir occupied my
attention while engaged upon my first work, n»>—>=@"é —=2@.>Dianawses“sSsD—_—_—_OS SSS
Aenea et Rees aS SS . coon
| WD q
adi
CINCLUS PALLAST, Temm.
Pallas’s Water-Ouzel.
Sturnus cinclus, var., Pallas. .
Cinclus Pallasii, Temm. Man. d’Orn., tom. iii. p. 107.—Gould, Birds of Europe, vol. ii. pl. 85.—Temm. et Schleg.
Faun. Jap. p. 68, tab. xxxi. B.
Hydrobata Pallasii, Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. i. p. 215, Hydrobata, sp. 3.
Cinclus pallasi, Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 252, Cinclus, sp. 4.
Tux discovery of this species is said to be due to the researches of Professor Pallas ; and it is well that one
who did so much for natural history should have his name perpetuated by having so interesting a bird named
in honour of him. To myself the Water-ouzels have at all times been a group of birds of especial interest ;
and there are many associations connected with them which must be pleasing to every one, especially when
we consider how romantic are the situations they affect,—situations which the poets love to write about, and
of which more anon, should I ever again undertake to describe the habits and whereabouts of our own
Water-ouzel, or Dipper.
Although I really have nothing to communicate respecting the habits and economy of this bird, I feel that,
without overstepping the bounds of truth, I might easily describe how it lives, the situations it frequents,
&c., masmuch as I feel assured that in all these respects it very closely resembles our own well-known bird ;
but, in the absence of any positive information on these points, I will only affirm that, like that species, it il
obtains its food by diving to the bottoms of rocky streams and pebbly rivers.
I am also unable to say whether this bird inhabits Siberia or the continent of Asia, or if it be an island
species ; and if the latter, whether Japan be or be not its exclusive habitat; certain it is that it is in that
island that all the specimens which have reached this country have been collected; but it may also inhabit : |
the island of Formosa, Mr. Swinhoe having just described a Water-ouzel from thence under the name of
Alydrobata maria, which I think is likely to be identical with the present species.
There appears to be no difference in the colouring of the sexes, both being clothed in a uniform but
darker style of plumage than the C. Ascaticus, the darker hue being especially noticeable on the head, throat,
and centre of the breast, which parts are of the same hue as the other parts of the body in its near ally.
I am indebted to the Trustees of the Derby Museum at Liverpool for the loan of the fine specimen of this
bird from which my figure was taken. !
The entire plumage very dark chocolate-brown, becoming nearly black on the head, back, breast and
under surface ; wings and tail dark chocolate washed with grey ; bill olive-black; feet blackish brown; fore
part of the tarsi and toes paler.
The Plate represents the two sexes of the size of life.
Se ee i gs Sr tc cee
. fea STE he NT et ras CEE
= — Dene So ee a ene SS eee
a —
LIT NR LT OP ONS TA IE TE RTE I LN ea CEI A A eS I I
DIDUS, Codd’
Sboidd and HC Fuchler del ob bith : :
Hullmande & Walion,/ 7p.
CINCLUS SORDIDUS, Gowd |
Sombre-coloured Water-Ouzel.
Cinclus sordidus, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., part xxvii. p. 494.
Aux the information I am able to render respecting the bird figured in the accompanying plate, is that
while at Banchory Ternan I paid a hurried visit to its little museum, which principally consisted of a collec-
tion of birds from Western India and Thibet, formed by Dr. A. Leith Adams, of the 22nd Regt. ; and found
therein, among other interesting objects, a species of Cinclus which had never before come under my notice,
and which I was kindly permitted by Dr. Adams to bring to London for the purpose of comparison with the
other known species, and to figure in the ‘ Birds of Asia.’ Subsequently Dr. Adams sent me the following
note, respecting the locality in which he observed the bird. ‘I have fished out the true history of C. sordidus
from among my masses of MS. notes, and give you, verbatim, a note made on the 26th of July, 1852, near
Chimouraree, Lake Ladakh, 'Thibet :—‘ Added two new species to my collection, one of which I take to be the
C. aquaticus; the other is a dark-brown ouzel, darker than the bird I have in my collection, and killed in the
lesser ranges near Dagshai. Both species were together today. ‘They are distinct species, surely, and not
male and female? The latter may be a variety of C. Pallasi.’” Ihave considered it best to give the fore-
going note verbatim. The white-breasted bird which Dr. Adams thought might be C. aguaticus proves to
be a distinct species; and I have accordingly conferred upon it a specific designation—that of C. Cashme- aii
riensis. ‘The dark-brown ouzel is the bird here figured, and which, bemg also new, I have called Cinclus
sordidus, in allusion to its sombre colouring. The bird observed by Dr. Adams on the lower ranges was i
doubtless the C. Ascaticus. |
In the colouring of the body the C. sordidus somewhat assimilates to C. Pallas: and C. Asiaticus ; but it
has a distinct throat- and chest-mark of a much lighter colour, and, did crosses occur in a state of nature, it
would seem to be a cross between C. Cashmeriensis and C. Asiaticus ; but it is unlikely that such will prove
to be the case; the C. sordidus must therefore, for the present at least, rank as a distinct species. The
specimen has not been returned to the little town of Banchory Ternan, but has been liberally presented by
Dr. Adams to the British Museum, where it may be consulted by any ornithologist desirous of examining
the original from which my description was taken. 3 |
Crown of the head, back of the neck, throat, and chest chocolate-brown, the throat and breast lighter
than the back of the head; back, abdomen, and tail deep brownish black, the abdomen somewhat the darkest ;
wing's nearly the same colour as the back; tarsi brown, lighter on the front and on the upper part of the | |
toes. :
The birds are represented in the plate of the natural size. ; ||
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oe = — — = SS ee SS = —
—= — SS — ———— == ——— eed ——— ——— PSS SaaS SE === = SSS = —— =
WLLL Re Lee 004 24, LL Ra Lee
AWecy OZ? £ PEO LR LPILLS
Usory WALSVIOIMAT SATINIO
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ma —_ 2 eR era a RTE a ST RC a ec
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“3 RT ST DEORE ERE PET EEE A Ce PRED
CINCLUS LEUCOGASTER, Eiversm.
White-bellied Water-Ouzel.
Cinclus leucogaster, Eversm. Add. Pall. Zoog. Rosso-Asiat.—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 252, Cinelus, sp. 3.
Wene I to say that this is the only species of Water-ouzel with an entirely white under-surface, I should be
stating what is not the case; for, strange to say, there are two Cincli inhabiting the mountain-streams of
the Andes both of which have the under-surface white, but which are smaller birds than the other members ||
of the genus, and, as they differ somewhat in form, might perhaps be with propriety separated into a a
distinct genus: but in the Old World the present is the only species of true Cinclus with a white breast
and abdomen; and hence the term /eucogaster is very appropriate. |
The White-bellied Water-ouzel is another of the birds noticed by Pallas, but which has been left for Evers- i) .
mann to give it a specific appellation. In point of rarity, this bird surpasses the C. Pallas; and, as was |
the case with that species, I am indebted to the Trustees of the Derby Museum at Liverpool for the loan of
the specimen I have figured from. Not having access in this country to any work in which the bird was
described, I was induced to write to Dr. Hartlaub, of Bremen (a gentleman intimately acquainted with the
Russian Ornithological discoveries), and to solicit his assistance in the matter; and he has kindly furnished
me with the following reply :—
“What I have to say about Cinclus leucogaster is very little. The bird was originally described by Evers-
mann in his ‘ Addenda ad Pallasti Zoographiam Rosso-Asiaticam,’ a work of which nearly all the copies were
destroyed by fire, consequently very few remain. I have never seen it, but there was a copy in the library |
of the late Mr. Oken. The bird is very probably the ‘ Sturnus Cinclus, var. ‘ad Teniseam, et in orientali |
Siberia’ of Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., tom. i. p. 426. Muiddendorf says (p. 163) that ‘a specimen of Cinclus | Wi
leucogaster was shot at Udskoi-Ostrog.’ All the specimens received at St. Petersburg came from Semipa-
latinsk, where the bird seems to be very common. I have seen numbers from that locality ; and two speci-
mens from thence are contained in our collection. Mr. Brandt has given a notice of the bird in Tchithatskoff,
‘Voy. Scientif. Altai,’ p. 418.”
The present bird is the sixth species of the genus with which I am acquainted as inhabiting the Old
World: to these must be added the Cinclus Americanus, of the north-west parts of North America, and the mh
- two little species found in the Andes, and the group will then be raised to nine. What important additions,
then, have lately been made to a genus formerly so limited in extent ! and how greatly has our knowledge |
of ornithology been increased in this as well as in every other direction ! |
Crown of the head ashy-brown, becoming paler on the sides and nape of the neck; back brown; wings a
and tail greyish brown; chin, throat, and abdomen white; flanks and vent brown; under tail-coverts grey, |
tipped with white; bill olive-black ; feet brown; lighter on the front of the tarsi and toes. |
The figures are about the natural size. |
By umn YP pypumulyliyy VEL, EG MIDE PLE ANGE NGL GD) Hf
M707 “SISNAIUAN HSV SOTONID
iA ALMERIA GAS MSO ANNES AACR MOL SS RARLALC PCR NIAC AH LN AE AL MTD EA
IE I LO AO A Sao
ee - - ——— = = eames: =
CINCLUS CASHMERIENSIS, Gowa. |
Cashmerian Water-Ouzel. |
Hydrobata cinclus, Adams in Proc. of Zool. Soc., part xxvii. p. 180. |
Cinclus cashmeriensis, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc., part xxvii. p. 494. |
se
I am indebted to Dr. A. Leith Adams for a knowledge of the fine species of Water-Ouzel figured on the
accompanying Plate, an example of which was killed by him in Cashmere. This bird is only one of the ae
numerous interesting species discovered and brought to England by this gentleman. To the ornithologist
no country can possibly be more interesting than Cashmere, its fauna being very peculiar, and many of the
species of which it is composed closely assimilating to others of the same form found in Europe. After a ' |
careful comparison of the bird here figured with examples of C. aquaticus procured in Wales, Scotland, |
Norway, Switzerland, and the Pyrenees, I have no hesitation in affirming that it is a distinct species, as,
independently of the difference in the colouring of the abdomen, it is considerably larger in the size of the
body and im the relative admeasurements of its wings ; it also differs in the brown colouring of the head
extending far over the mantle; the crescentic markings of the upper surface, too, are less numerous than ni
in its European prototype. I have also compared it with the bird named C. melanogaster, which is now |
supposed, and perhaps rightly, to be merely a local variety of C. aguaticus, and find that it only assimilates a
to that bird in the dark colouring of the under surface. | i
The Cinclus Cashmeriensis appears to inhabit Thibet as well as Cashmere, as the following extract from
Dr. Adams’s note-book will testify :—* 26th July, 1852. Near Chimouraree, Lake Ladakh, Thibet: Added |
a new species to my Collection. Saw it in the Duchinpara, Cashmere, a month ago, but could not get |
specimens. Its belly is darker than that of the British species, and perhaps it is the C. melanogaster.” | |
Beyond this, I regret to say there is nothing to publish respecting this little-known bird. i
Crown of the head, ear-coverts, and mantle brown, passing into deeper brown on the upper part of the
back and wing-coverts; lower part of the back and tail-coverts grey, with a darker central mark on each |
feather ; wings and tail blackish grey; throat and breast white; upper part of the abdomen brown, passing
into dark greyish brown on the flanks and vent; under tail-coverts uniform dark grey; tarsi brown, lighter
on the front and on the upper part of the toes. 3 |
Total length, 7 inches; bill, ; wing, 3%; tail, 24; tarsi, 14.
The figures are about the natural SIZe.
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UID PPE ARYL DH Puo ploy Tyr
‘VIEVOIad VwWTOWOoOUd
GE AOL RAD ELE ILE BST PE EIS
= —~
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DROMOLAA PICATA.
Pied Stone-Chat.
Saxicola picata, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., vol. xvi. p. 131.—Id., Cat. of Birds in Mus. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta,
p- 167.—Gray & Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. iii. App. p. 8, pp. to p. 179.—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av.,
tom. i. p. 304, Sawicola, sp. 17.—Horsf. & Moore, Cat. of Birds in Mus. East-Ind. Comp., vol. i.
p. 287.—Jerd. Birds of India, vol. ii. pt. i. p. 131.
Tuis is one of the largest and most conspicuously marked of the Stone-Chats inhabiting the peninsula of India.
It belongs to that section of the group to which the generic name of Dromolea has been applied, and differs
from most of the other species in the whiteness of its abdomen. It is said to be an inhabitant of the Upper
Provinces of India, Scinde, and Afghanistan ; from one of the two last-mentioned countries, I possess
examples which were collected at Ghuznee by my son, the late Dr. J. H. Gould.
While I have little doubt that the two hinder figures in the accompanying Plate, one with a black and the
other with a clouded throat, have reference to the same species, I am not so certain about the figure in the
brown dress; it may be a female or a young bird of either sex, or the female of another species ; and if so,
the figure with a clouded throat is that of a young male.
“The Pied Stone-Chat,” says Mr. Jerdon, “‘has been found in the Upper Provinces of India, in Sindh,
and in Afghanistan. Adams observed it in Sindh, frequenting gardens, and also in the Punjab. It is pro-
bably only a winter visitant. He did not meet with it in the Western Himalayas.”
The male has the abdomen, upper and under tail-coverts, the base of the two central and the basal four-
fifths of the lateral tail-feathers white, the remainder of the plumage being black; irides dark brown; bill
and feet black.
The young male or female differs in having those parts brown which are black in the other sex, and in
having the abdomen washed with vinous.
In another state, represented in the front figure of the Plate, which may be characteristic of the true
female, or perhaps of another bird, the whole of the parts described as black in the male are of a lively
brown, and the under parts of a pale greyish brown.
The figures are of the natural size.
i a A A AAA TI =
Walter, mp.
x
Bree
one
=
4
OIL
OPUS TEL
(OLABA
ws
B\
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)
Alth.
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J Gouldand H CRictiter, de
DROMOLAA OPISTHOLEUCA. i
White-tailed Stone-Chat.
Samicola opistholeuca, Strickl. in Jard. Cont. to Orn., 1849, p. 60. 10, fig.
———— leucura, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta, vol. xvi. p. 137.—Id. Cat. of Birds in Mus. Asiat. Soe.
Calcutta, p. 167.
——— leucuroides, Jerd. Birds of India, vol. 11. pt. i. p. 130.
I rainxk Mr. Strickland was right in considering this bird to be different from M. Guerin’s Sawicola | aii
Jeucuroides, and Mr. Jerdon mistaken in considering it identical with that species. I have at this moment il
examples of the Indian, the Nubian, and the Algerian birds before me; and although they bear a general
resemblance in their colouring, still there are points of difference which I think would induce most |
ornithologists to regard them as distinct: these consist in the very feeble character of the bill of the an
Indian, compared with that of the Nubian and Algerian birds, and m the colouring of the tail, the apical
three-fifths of the two central feathers and the tips of the lateral ones in the former bemg black, while in
both the others the tips of the same feathers are pure white or merely clouded with blackish brown. |
Mr. Strickland was also of opinion that Mr. Blyth was in error in considering the present bird to be identical |
with the S. /eucura; and his remarks on the subject are so judicious that I need make no apology for
transcribing them.
‘This is evidently the bird referred to as Sawicola leucura by Mr. Blyth, as he states it to differ from his | iil
S. picata only in having the breast and belly black, while in the latter species those parts are white. As
I have before me specimens of S. picata, I can confirm Mr. Blyth’s statement of the close agreement in size
and coloration of these two birds. They form, in fact, a parallel case to that of the Saaicola aurita and
S. stapazina of Southern Europe, which only differ in the presence or absence of black on the throat, and
whose specific distinctness is still a matter of controversy among naturalists. It is very possible that some
species of Sawicola may, at certain periods of life, assume additional portions of black or white into their
plumage, just as many of the rufous Zchitree acquire more or less of a white coloration in old age. This
} may perhaps account for the immense number of species of Saacola described by Ruppell, Ehrenberg, and |
7 others as inhabiting the deserts of Africa and Western Asia. Conformably with this view, we find that, in a
specimen of S, opistholeuca before us, some of the black abdominal feathers are narrowly tipped with white,
as if in the act of changing colour. Further researches, however, are required to decide this question,
and meanwhile we have no choice but to regard S. opestholeuca as distinct from S. pecata until their identity , |
be proved. |
“< Saxicola opistholeuca agrees closely in coloration with S. /eucura of Europe, but is considerably inferior
in size. It also differs in having the lateral rectrices tipped with a continuous patch of black, while in a |
specimen of S. /ewcura, now before me, they have merely a longitudinal black spot on each side, separated | |
by a white space, which extends to the extreme tips.”
‘This fine Stone-Chat,” says Mr. Jerdon, “is not uncommon about Mhow, in Central India, in the cold
weather; and I have seen it on the banks of the Nerbudda, near Mundleysur, but nowhere else. Its range |
probably extends throughout the North-western Provinces, having been killed near Agra and in Sindh. In |
summer it doubtless migrates to Tibet and Central Asia.” Captain Boys procured specimens in Northern
India; and Mr. Blyth states that it is common about Agra. It frequents bushes on the plains, but also
comes into cantonments, and may be seen seated on the hedges or on the low trees bordering the roads. | :
It descends to the ground to feed on insects, returning to its perches.
So little has been recorded respecting the differences, if any, between the sexes and between the adults i
and young of this species, that I am unable to say whether the brown bird represented in my Plate is a |
true female or not. |
The male has the whole of the plumage of the body, both above and beneath, to the vent, and the wing- |
tail-coverts white; two central tail-feathers white at the base, and black for the remainder of their length ; a
the lateral feathers white, tipped with black ; irides dark brown ; bill and feet black. : |
The figures are of the size of life.
coverts deep black ; primaries black on their external webs, greyish brown on the inner 5; upper and under
S—— — = ——— — SST SS — = —————— ——S = — SS ee a cin ates want pal mas Wao ar aan Si aR TO ee
—= <== = a —— = = aseeoenene een ean — eo eee ee a Ne =— —— SSS
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SAXICOLA CAPISTRATA, Goud. |
Grey-capped Stone-Chat. |
Saxicola leucomela, Jerdon, Birds of India, vol. i. part ii. p. 131 (mec Pallas).
Unrin very recently the group of birds known by the trivial names of Stone-Chats and Wheatears had not
received that close attention which had been paid to many others ; the knowledge, however, which has recently
been gained respecting them renders it evident that there are many more species than was formerly supposed.
I have stated elsewhere that the Indian members of this form are all, or nearly all, specifically distinct from
those which inhabit Europe, North Africa, and Nubia. Without, doubtless, having had the opportunity
of instituting a careful comparison between the present bird and the Saxicola leucomela of Pallas, Mr. Jerdon
has treated them as identical, whereas they are quite distinct, not only from each other, but from a third I
nearly allied species, the S. /ugens of Algeria. . I
Having said thus much with regard to the distinctness of the Indian bird, I would fain have given some |
information respecting its habits and economy; but of this little or nothing is known. Mr. Jerdon merely
says that it “has been found in the Upper Provinces of Hindostan during the cold weather only, and is
common in Afghanistan.” \
The Sawicola caupistrata is a very well-marked species, and is readily distinguishable from S. deucomela in
being somewhat larger in size, in having a grey cap, the under tail-coverts buff, and a broader band of black
on the tips of the lateral tail-feathers; the spurious feather on the under surface of the edge of the wing,
moreover, is much broader and longer.
I am unable to say if there be any difference in the outward appearance of the sexes; but Mr. Jerdon
states that young birds have the cap more or less tinged with dusky brown, in lieu of the greyish white
of the adult.
Among the MS. notes on Indian birds by the late Captain Boys, I find the following in reference to the
present species :— | | | !
‘¢Shot several specimens on the road to Sukkur, at a place called Mhuta-jeedo, and met with others at ,
nearly every stage lower down towards Sukkur. The bird affects old walls, sits upon the top of any raised / |
place, and pounces on the flying insects as they pass; frequently a pair were seen on the ridges formed to i
retain the water in irrigated grounds.” i
The male may thus be described :—Line across the forehead, lores, a line above the eye, chin, throat, |
sides of the neck, back, wings, under wing-coverts, axillaries, two central tail-feathers, and a broad band at
the tips of the lateral tail-feathers black ; crown of the head and nape ashy grey, margined on the sides with
white, and with a faint streak of dark grey down the centre of each feather; lower part of the back, upper
tail-coverts, and basal portions of the lateral tail-feathers white ; breast and abdomen greyish white ; under
tail-coverts buffy white ; irides dark brown ; bill and legs black.
Total length 6+ inches; bill +3; wing 3; tail 23; tarsi 1. : bi
The figures are of the natural size.
5 ey ee eT eee | eRe Ee
OS —
SAXICOLA LEUCOMELA.
Black and White Stone-Chat.
Motacilla leucomela, Pall. Zoog. Ross. Asiat., tom. i. p: 479.
Auruouex there is no positive evidence that this bird is .an inhabitant of Asia, I think there is very little
doubt of its being entitled to a place in the present work. It is believed to enliven the deserts of Persia,
and it is very probable that it also frequents some parts of Asia Minor. The specimens from which my
figures were taken were killed in the Crimea, which country, with Oriental Russia, is its true habitat.
If it be not found within the precincts of Asia, I think the cause of science will be advanced by my
devoting a Plate to this species, since by this means the distinctions between the true S. /eucomela and the
Indian bird, S. capestrata, with which it has been confounded, will be seen at a glance. In my description
of the latter bird, I have mentioned the various particulars in which they differ from each other; it will
therefore not be necessary to recapitulate them; I may, however, call attention to the more delicate
form of the bird here represented, as compared with those of its Indian and North African allies, as well
as to the total absence of any buff colouring on the under tail-coverts—a character by which it may be
readily recognized.
I regret to say, so little is known respecting the 8. Jeucomela that I have not found anything respecting
it worthy of transcribing.
A very narrow line across the forehead, lores, space above the eye, ear-coverts, chin, throat, sides of the
neck, back, scapularies, upper and under wing-coverts, axillaries, apical three-fifths of the two central, and
the tips of the lateral tail-feathers jet-black ; primaries and secondaries brownish black; the remainder of
the plumage pure white; irides dark brown ; bill and feet black.
The figures are of the natural size.
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SAXICOLA MONTANA, Gouda.
Mountain Stone-Chat.
Two specimens of this very fine Wheatear, brought to England, with some other rare birds, by Major W. E.
Hay, are now in my collection. The labels attached to them are simply inscribed Thibet ; and as, unfortu-
nately, that gentleman is no longer among us, I am unable to ascertain the precise locality in which they
were killed. Their nearest ally is the Seaicola atrogularis; but they differ from that bird in their much
larger size and in the colouring of the under surface of the wings, which is snow-white, except at the
shoulder, which, with the axillaries, is of the deepest black.
I consider this species to be not only the very finest of the Indian Sewicole, but second to none of the
form inhabiting other countries. It is doubtless very sprightly in all its actions, and the plumage of speci-
mens fresh from moulting must be very beautiful, before the feathers have become abraded by contact with
the stony sides of the cavities among the rocks, to which these birds resort, like our own Wheatear, for
the purpose of breeding.
I regret that no information whatever has been recorded respecting its habits and economy.
The Saatcola montana is rendered most conspicuous by the strong contrast of the black under wing-
coverts and axilla with the snow-white of the bases of the primaries and secondaries.
Across the forehead and over each eye a narrow line of white; crown of the head pale cinnamon-brown,
passing into the deeper isabelline brown of the back and scapularies ; lores, chin, throat, under wing-coverts,
axillaries, wing-coverts, and apical half of the tail jet black ; a line of white along the outermost scapularies
separates those feathers from the black of the wing-coverts ; lower part of the back, upper tail-coverts, and
basal portion of the tail-feathers white; breast delicate isabelline brown, fading into buffy white on the
abdomen and under tail-coverts; primaries and secondaries blackish brown on their outer webs, the inner
webs being white at the base and light brown for the remainder of their length; irides dark brown; bill
and feet black.
Total length 6; inches ; bill ;; wing 4; tail 25; tarsi 1.
The figures are of the natural size; the supposed female taken from an Afghan specimen.
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SAXICOLA ATROGULARIS, Byta.
Black-throated Stone-Chat.
Sawicola atrogularis, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., vol. xvi. pp. 130, 131.—Id. Cat. of Birds in Mus. Asiat.
Soc. Calcutta, p. 167.—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. iii. App. p. 8, app. to p. 179.—Horsf. i
and Moore, Cat. of Birds in Mus. East-Ind. Comp., vol. i. p. 287.—Adams in Proc. Zool. Soc.,
part xxvii. 1859, p. 180.
atrigularis, Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., tom. i. p. 304, Saxicola, sp. 18.
——— deserti, Jerd. Birds of India, vol. ii. pt. 1, p. 132.
Tue numerous species of Sazicola are so very nearly allied that I deem it an impossibility for any ornitho-
logist to distingush one from the other by written descriptions or even by comparison with the most carefully
made delineations ; to effect this satisfactorily it will be essential that an extensive series of specimens from ii)
every part of the world in which they are found should be before him at one and the same time; he would (
then be enabled to perceive the minute characters by which each bird is distinguished, and which are |
usually constant in the examples from any given locality. All those who have paid attention to the birds Mi
of Europe are aware that the only difference between the Sawicola aurita and S. Stapazina consists in
the throat of the one being black, and the other white; while the Nubian species of the genus Dromolea,
which are precisely alike in their admeasurements and general colouring, have the crown of the head white
in one, and black in the other. After a careful examination of most of the known species of the genera 1
Saxicola and Dromolea, 1 have come to the conclusion that, although most nearly allied, all the Indian
and African ones are really distinct from each other ; were we otherwise to regard them, the species of both |
must be greatly curtailed. Mr. Jerdon considers the S. atrogularis of Blyth and the S. deserti of Rtippell |
to be identical ; but while I find them to be very similarly coloured, I do not fail to observe that the specimens | |
of §. deserti, in my collection at least, have rather longer tarsi, somewhat shorter wings, and smaller bills
than the S. atrogularis, that a great difference exists in the colourmg of the under surface of their shoulders,
that part being nearly white in the former and jet-black in the latter, and that this black colouring of the
under shoulder is the best character by which the Indian bird may be distinguished from its African ally. i
Of the habits of S. atrogularis, I regret to say, but little has been recorded. Mr. Jerdon states that it Hl
‘¢is common at Mhow in the cold weather, frequenting stones and bushes in the open plains. It is also Hi
tolerably common in the Upper Provinces of India, in Sindh, the Punjab, and Afghanistan,” “frequenting,”
says Dr. Adams, “the arid plains of those countries; and not uncommon in the Valley of Cashmere. _ Its :
favourite food is a sort of wire-worm, abundant in dry sandy places.” Captain Boys, who procured ex- i
amples at Sultanpore in December 1839, and Futtehpore in March 1842, merely remarks, “ affects sandy :
plains, and seldom flies to any great distance.” :
The male has a line which crosses the forehead, passes over each eye, and extends down the sides of the neck |
white ; head, back, and scapularies cinnamon, deepest on the back ; lores, chin, throat, and ear-coverts jet-
black ; wings black; the lesser coverts slightly, and the greater conspicuously tipped with white; primaries |
slightly edged with greyish white ; secondaries margined with pale cinnamon; under surface of the shoulder i
and axillaries deep black ; inner webs of the primaries and secondaries greyish white for the greater part of |
their length from the base, showing conspicuously on the under surface ; breast, abdomen, vent, and under |
tail-coverts pale cinnamon, darkest on the breast; upper tail-coverts white, tinged with cinnamon ; basal
half of the tail white, apical half black ; bill and legs black; irides brown.
The female differs in having the general plumage dull cinnamon-brown, no black on the throat, and the
wing-feathers margined with cinnamon instead of white. |
The Plate represents the two sexes, of the size of life. :
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RHODOPHILA MELANOLEUGCA, vera.
Black and White Bush-Chat.
Rhodophila melanoleuca, Jerd. Birds of India, vol. ii. part i. p. 128, and vol. ii. part 1. p. 872.
Ir affords me great pleasure to give the first figures of an adult male and female of this recently described
bird, to which Mr. Jerdon has given the name of Rhodophila melanoleuca. No ornithologist will, I feel assured,
question the propriety of instituting a genus for this form; for, at least in my opinion, it is sufficiently
distinct from every other to warrant such a step; I aver this because Mr. Jerdon states that ‘‘ It is possible
that some of the Oceanic Swricole of Prince Bonaparte, which he named Orecola, may belong to the same
type. One of these is Sax. melanoleuca, Mill., black above and white beneath, but has a white wing-spot
and ear-spot. Another is S. /uctuosa, Miull., black above and white beneath, but the wings varied with
white; and S. pyrrhonota, Mall., has the back rufous. All three are from Timor.” I believe, however,
that the Indian bird differs in form from these, and that the genus Rhodophila will not be consigned to the
list of rejected genera. In his characters Mr. Jerdon says, ‘“‘ Much as in Pratincola, but the bill longer,
deeper, barely depressed at the base; nostrils longitudinal, slightly impended by some nareal tufts ; rictus
strongly bristled ; wing moderate, or rather short, rounded ; first quill short, second, third, and fourth gra-
duated, fourth longest, fifth and sixth nearly equal to it; tail moderate, distinctly rounded ; tarsus moderate ;
feet moderately long, toes slender, hind toe and claw lengthened. |
«This form approaches that of Prat. ferrea, but the bill is still less depressed, and the tail more distinctly
rounded. The coloration, too, is peculiar, as are its thicket-loving habits.
“J first procured this bird,” continues Mr. Jerdon, “ when beating for game in the dense swampy rose-
thickets near the banks of the Ganges in Purneah, and subsequently observed it along the reedy edges of some
of the rivers in Eastern Bengal and Cachar. Mr. W. Blandford obtained it in Burmah, in long elephant
grass, and I doubt not it will be found in similar situations throughout Lower Bengal and the countries to
the eastward. It is with difficulty dislodged from the thick coverts it frequents, and quickly returns to its
shelter. Judging from the structure of its feet, it is probably a ground feeder like the rest of its family.”
The male has the head, all the upper surface, wings, and tail deep glossy bluish black; the entire under
surface pure white ; irides dark brown; bill and feet black. :
The female has the head, all the upper surface, wings, and tail reddish brown ; the under surface dull
white, washed with buff on the flanks ; irides dark brown ; bill and feet black.
The Plate represents the two sexes of the natural size. The plant is the Berberis concinna, Hook. fil., in
fruit.
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PRATINCOLA LEUCURA, Buti.
White-tailed Bush-Chat.
Pratincola leucura, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., vol. xvi. p. 474.—Id. Cat. of Birds in Mus. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta,
p- 170.—Jerd. Birds of India, vol. ii. part i. p. 162.
Khar-pidda, Hindoos at Monghyr.
Tuts is one of the most conspicuously marked Bush-Chats inhabiting India, where there are at least six
species, one or two of which are very similar to our own members of the genus Pratincola—a form strictly
confined to the old world, being found in Europe, Asia, and Africa, but not in America. These little birds
affect sterile and scrubby districts rather than woods and forests, and do not resort to the ground so much as
the true Saxicole or Wheatears, to which they are very nearly allied, but whose province is open wastes, the
crowns of hills, and rocky districts ; they are also more stationary in their habits, seldom quitting the
countries they respectively frequent.
Of the habits and disposition of the White-tailed Bush-Chat little appears to be known; but it may be
inferred that they are very similar to those of the other members of the genus. Its most intimate allies in
India are Pratincola indica and P. insignis. As is the case with most of the species, the female differs
considerably from the male; for, although she presents a similar style of plumage, her tints are much less
gay and decided.
The following note is extracted from Mr. Jerdon’s valuable ‘ Birds of India.’
«The White-tailed Bush-Chat till lately had only been procured in Sindh, whence it was sent by Sir A.
Burnes to the Museum of the Asiatic Society in Calcutta. I found it far from rare in Thyet-myo in Upper
Burmah, frequenting grassy chirrs on the the Irrawaddy, but never the low jungles that lined the banks.
Somewhat to my surprise, I observed it to be most abundant in the Gangetic valley from Rajmehal to
Monghyr, frequenting fields and low grasses. It is a permanent resident and breeds here ; for I.found the
young birds just flown in April, but did not succeed in procuring the nest.”
The male has the head, neck, throat, back, and wing-coverts deep black; bases of the secondaries and a
few of the innermost larger coverts white, forming a conspicuous patch on the wing, in the centre of the
breast a patch of bright rufous; sides of the neck and breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts white ;
primaries and secondaries very dark brown, edged with pale brown; two centre tail-feathers black; the
remainder white with the exception of the apical portion of the outer and the tips of both webs, which are
dark brown, becoming pale brown on the extreme edge; bill and feet black.
The whole of the upper surface, wings, and tail of the female are brown, with a light edging to each
feather; her white wing-spot is less conspicuous; and the under surface is creamy white, tinged with
rufous on the breast; bill and feet black: thus it will be seen that the female is very similar to the female
of P. indica, and exhibits no trace of the white marking of the tail so conspicuous in the opposite sex.
The Plate represents the two sexes of the natural size. The plant is the Berberis concinna, Hook. fil., in
flower. |
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PRATINCOLA INDICA, Byea.
Indian Furze-Chat.
Saxicola saturatior, Hodgs., in Gray’s Zool. Miscell., 1844, p. 83.
rubicola of India, Auct.
Pratincola indica, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., vol. xvi. p. 129.—Id. Cat. of Birds in Mus. Asiat. Soc., Calcutta,
p. 170.—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 305.
saturatior, Horsf. and Moore, Cat. of Birds in Mus. East Ind. Comp., vol. i. p. 285.
Sawicola indica, Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. iii. app. p. 8 (app. to p. 179).
Tue present species is an interesting illustration of the law of representation, inasmuch as it takes the place
in the fauna of India which is occupied by the common Furze-Chat (Pratincola rubicola) im that of Europe ;
but it will be observed that the Indian bird, besides being of a somewhat smaller size than its Western ally,
differs from it also in the uniform black colouring of the head, back, and tail, and in the scapulary patch being
of less extent and of a purer white. The female presents the same variation from the colouring of her
mate that is seen in our own bird the P. rudbicola. It is distributed over the whole of the peninsula,
wherever sterile waste lands and scrubby districts congenial to its habits are found. Its clacking note, like
that of the European bird, is uttered while it is sitting on the topmost sprig of a low bush, which it leaves
on the approach of an intruder, flits off to a neighbouring shrub, and jerks up its little tail on alighting.
The brief notes given below, from the pens of Colonel Sykes, Mr. Jerdon, and the late Captain Boys, are,
I regret to say, all that has been recorded respecting this pretty species.
Mr. Jerdon states that ‘it is found in all parts of India during the cold weather, making its first appear-
ance in the beginning of October. It frequents bushes on the plains, hedges, and grain-fields, and feeds on
the ground, on ants and various other insects.”
Colonel Sykes says that, in the Dukhun, “these birds were met with only in low scattered bushes. Cater-
pillars, flies, and ants found in the stomach.”
Captain Boys states that it ‘flies in sudden jerks, and sometimes hovers up and down in a fluttering
manner previous to alighting. It is generally seen sitting on the topmost sprig of a low bush in a corn-
field. One, shot on the 7th of March 1842, was sitting on an ear of ripe corn ; its crop was filled with insects.
Its note is melodious, but of no great variety.”
The male has the head, throat, back, wing-coverts, interior half of the scapularies, thighs, and _ tail deep
black; sides of the neck and chest, exterior half of the scapularies, upper and under tail-coverts pure
white; primaries brown, with paler edges ; secondaries blackish brown ; chest rich deep rusty red, becoming
gradually paler and passing into buffy white on the abdomen and vent; irides dark brown; bill, legs, and
feet black.
The feathers of the upper surface of the female are brownish black, largely fringed with tawny ; those
of the wings are similarly coloured, but are more narrowly margined; the white scapulary patch is not so
pure; the chin is light greyish brown, bounded below by a patch of brownish black feathers, fringed with
greyish brown ; all the under surface pale rufous; tail-feathers blackish brown, margined with tawny; eyes,
bill, and feet as in the male.
The Plate represents the two sexes, of the natural size, on a branch of Juniper.
ohne, Lp.
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GRANDALA CQCELICOLOR, Ades.
Celestial Grandala.
Grandala celicolor, Hodgs. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., vol. xii. p. 447, pl. at p. 450.—Gray, Cat. of Spec. and Draw.
of Mamm. and Birds pres. to Brit. Mus. by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., p. 69.—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of
Birds, vol. 1. p. 184, pl. 50.—Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., vol. xxi. p. 132.—Id. Cat. of Birds in
Mus. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta, p. 166.—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., tom. i. p. 289.—Horsf. and Moore, Cat.
of Birds in Mus. East Ind. Comp., vol. i. p. 281,
———— schistacea, Hodgs. (young).
Tuar all the operations of nature are governed by certain fixed laws is so evident, that few persons, I believe,
will venture to gainsay it. Thus the birds of the sandy deserts assume the colouring of the soil, the brilliant-
plumaged birds and gaily coloured insects of the tropics are surrounded with plants and flowers equally
gorgeous in their hues, and the spotless Ptarmigan is a denizen of the snow-clad hills. At the same time we
| , do not fail to observe that these laws, like all others, have their exceptions; and thus we occasionally find
brilliantly coloured birds inhabiting regions so elevated that they are almost perpetually clothed with snow.
As cases in point, we may cite the bird here represented; the Lophuphorus Impeyanus, among the Gallinacee ;
and the Oreotrochil, among the Trochide. Who for a moment would suppose that this beautiful bird is an
inhabitant of the lofty snow-clad ranges of the Himalayas, and that it never leaves these icy regions,
neither the temperate valleys nor the hot terri having any temptation for it? In its habits it is truly Saxi-
coline, and, like the Rock Thrushes (Petrocincline) and Stone Chats (Savicoline), frequents the most rocky
and sterile places ; consequently it is never seen in a state of nature, except by those who traverse the lofty
passes, or ascend the alpine districts, of the magnificent range of mountains which afford it a congenial
habitat. The sexes present a marked difference in their colouring, in which respect they also resemble the
Rock Thrushes and Stone Chats: these differences will be readily seen on reference to the accompanying
drawing ; I need not, therefore, trouble my readers with a lengthened description of what the eye will at once
detect. Iam indebted to the brothers Robert and Hermann de Schlagintweit (whose scientific reputation,
acquired among the lofty alpine regions of Europe and Asia, is too well known to need any comment from
me) for the fine specimens from which my figures were taken.
Mr. Hodgson states that ‘this most remarkable and (the male) most splendidly coloured bird inhabits
the northern region, or Cachar, of Nepaul, in under-spots near snows, is solitary; insects and gravel
found in the stomach.” Mr. Blyth states that it occurs in Simla, and probably frequents the whole of the
elevated portions of the Himalayas, from east to west.
I find a figure of this bird among the drawings of the late Hon. F. J. Shore, and the following brief note
respecting it :—‘* Taken from a specimen killed at Kidarnath, on the borders of the perpetual snow of the
Himalaya, in June 1827, when the snow was still on the ground. Kidarnath is covered with impenetrable
snow for six months of the year.”
The whole of the body-plumage of the male is rich, shining, lazuline blue; the wings, tail, bill and feet
being black, and the eyes dark or blackish brown.
In the female the entire plumage is brown, striated with white on the head, neck, upper part of the back,
chin, throat, and under surface; a broad band of white crosses the primaries and secondaries, near their
bases ; the bill, legs, and eyes are the same as in the male.
The Plate represents the two sexes, of the size of life.
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RUTICILLA ERYTHROGASTRA.
Great White-capped Redstart.
Motacilla erythrogastra, Giild. Nov. Comm. Petr. 1785, tom. xix. p. 469, tabs. xvi. & xvii—Gmel. Edit. Linn. Syst.
Nat., tom. i. p. 975.
Sylvia erythrogastra, Lath. Ind. Orn., vol. ii. p. 503.
Chestnut-bellied Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn., vol. iv. p. 424.—Shaw, Gen. Zool., vol. x. p. 672.—Lath. Gen. Hist.,
vol. vil. p. 27.
Motacilla cerauma, Pall. Zoog., tom. i. p. 478.
Ruticilla grandis, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 112.
erythrogastra, Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 296.
tricolor, Ib., p. 296.
Tue bird here represented is in every respect a typical Rutic7//a, and is, moreover, so much finer than any
other member of the genus, that I was induced to consider it to be new to science, and to characterize it as
such in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1849, under the name of Ruticilla grandis (not
tricolor as quoted by the Prince of Canino); more recent research has, however, informed me that it was
long since described by M. Giildenstaedt with the appellation of Motacilla erythrogastra, under which title
it will be found in the works of Latham, Shaw and others; it affords me much pleasure therefore to correct
the error into which I had fallen, and into which I had been led by finding a fine specimen in the Museum
at Berlin, labelled aurorea of Pallas, which I knew to be a very different bird.
The Ruticilla erythrogastra is still extremely rare in all our collections ; the specimens in my possession
were obtained in the valley of Cashmere, in which locality it was frequently seen, and examples were also
procured by Mr. Vigne. M. Giildenstaedt informs us that it frequents the gravelly hollows of the Caucasian
Torrents during the whole of the summer, and migrates southward in search of food on the approach of
winter; that it runs along the banks of rivers ; is restless, but not fearful ; often moves its tail while sitting
on the low shrubs ; and makes its nest among the branches of the sea buckthorn, of the berries of which
it is very fond.
Crown of the head and the basal portion of the primaries and secondaries white ; forehead, cheeks, chin,
throat, back, wing-coverts, and the apical portion of the primaries and secondaries black ; abdomen, lower
part of the back, upper and under tail-coverts and tail rich rufous ; bill and feet black.
The Plate represents a male and a female, or young male of the natural size.
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| Coal-black Redstart.
Ruticilla erythroprocta, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc. part xxiii. p. 78.
Tue Ruticilla erythroprocta is specifically distinct from every other known member of its well-defined genus ;
it is most nearly allied to the Ruticilla Tithys of Europe, but differs from that species in several particulars :
in the first place, it is somewhat smaller in size ; and in the next, the black colouring of the body both on the
upper and under surface is much more intense, besides which the lower part of the abdomen is red instead of
greyish white.
The existence of this bird having but recently become known to us, it does not occur in Mr. Moore’s
valuable Monograph of the Ruticille ; and I may remark that, after a careful comparison, I find it is quite
distinct from every species described therein.
The specimen from which my figure of the male in the accompanying Plate was taken was procured on the
shores of the Black Sea. It was sent direct from Erzeroum; of its habits and economy, and of the extent of
its range, nothing has yet been recorded; the former doubtless closely resemble those of the other members
of the genus, and, in all probability, Asia Minor and Persia will hereafter be found to be its true habitat.
Forehead black; crown of the head clouded silvery grey; back, shoulders, throat, chest and the upper
part of the abdomen jet-black ; lower part of the abdomen, upper and under tail-coverts dull red ; tail-feathers
dull red, except the two middle ones which are brownish black ; wings both above and beneath brownish
black ; some of the secondaries slightly fringed with silvery grey; bill and feet black.
The figures are of the natural size.
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CALLIOPE CAMTSCHATKENSIS.
Siberian Ruby-throat.
Motacilla calliope, Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs, iii. p. 697.—Id. Zoogr. Rosso-As. i. p. 483. °
Kamtschatka Thrush, Latham, Gen. Synopsis, ii. p. 28.—Id. tom. cit. Suppl. p. 140, pl. frontisp.
Turdus camtschatkensis, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 817.
Turdus caliope, Latham, Index Orn. i. p. 331.
Accentor calliope, 'Temminck, Man. d’Orn. ili. p. 172.
Calliope lathami, Gould, B. Europe, ii. p. 144.—Bonap. Comp. List B. Eur. & N. Amer. p. 15.
Lusciola (Melodes) calliope, Keys. & Blasius, Wirbelth. Europa’s, p. lviii.
Calliope camtschatkensis, Strickland, Ann. Nat. Hist. vi. (1841) p. 422.—Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. Beng.
p. 169.—Bonap. Conspectus Gen. Av. i. p. 295.—Horsf. & Moore, Cat. B. Mus. East-India Co. i.
p. 313.—Jaub. & Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 236.—Jerdon, Birds of India, ii. p. 150.—Deegl. &
Gerbe, Orn. Europe, i. p. 464.—Swinhoe, P. Z.S. 1871, p. 359.—Dresser, Birds of Europe, pt. 46.—
Taczanowski, Bulletin Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 143.—Prjev. Birds of Mongolia, in Rowley’s Orn. Misc.
i. p. 180.—David & Oustalet, Ois. de la Chine, p. 235.—Blakiston & Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 239.—
Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 7.
Cyanecula calliope, Gray, Genera of Birds, 1. p. 182.—Id. Hand-list of Birds, i. p. 224.
Erithacus calhope, Degland, Orn. Eur. 1. p. 154.
Sylvia (Calliope) kamtschatkensis, Middend. Sibir. Reise, p. 174, Taf. 15. fig. 2.
Calliope kamtschacensis, Hartl. J. f. Orn. 1859, p. 50. |
Lusciola (Calhope) kamtschatkensis, Schrenck, Reisen Amurlande, p. 359.—Radde, Reisen Sibir. p. 248.
Calhope yeatmant, Tristram, Ibis, 1870, p. 444.—Brooks, Stray Feathers, 1879, p. 475.
Ir is not my purpose in the present article to give an exhaustive account of this well-known bird, which has
been so recently treated of by Mr. Dresser and other authors. My object in figuring it has been to place side
by side with the figures of the other known species of Cadliope better figures than it has before been in
my power to produce, as the species has, until recently, been rarely procured in full breeding-plumage.
My friend Mr, Seebohm has very kindly placed at my disposal the beautiful specimens procured by
him during his recent expedition to Siberia. He writes :—‘‘ I only met with this very handsome bird once
within the Arctic circle. This was on the 14th of June, whilst the ice was still straggling down the river.
Early in the morning, before breakfast, Blue-throats were singing lustily. One bird struck me as having a
wonderfully fine song, richer and more melodious than that of the Blue-throat, and scarcely inferior to that
of a Nightingale. I shot him to be quite sure he was only a Blue-throat, and was astonished to pick up a
fine male Ruby-throated Warbler. I did not meet with this bird again until I reached Yen-e-saisk’, on my
return journey. It was then the 16th of August, and I was exploring the reedy swamps near the river.
My attention was attracted to a bird hidden among the Carices, which was uttering a very loud harsh
cry like tie, fe, tre. After waiting some time I got a shot at it in a tall bunch of rushes. I felt
quite sure that the bird was a large Acrocephalus, and was astonished to find a second male Ruby-
throat.”
The range of the present species may be briefly stated to be from the Ural Mountains m Europe, across
Siberia, to Japan, migrating through China, in winter, and extending at the same season of the year into
Central India. It has twice occurred in France; so that it may be looked upon as an occasional straggler
to Western Europe; and its range in a south-easterly direction is said to extend even to the Philippine
Islands. An account of its habits is given in Mr. Dresser’s ‘ Birds of Europe,’ from the writings of Dybowski,
which I here transcribe :—* In Dauria this is a common bird, arriving late in May. Throughout June its
soft, quiet, somewhat unvaried song is heard; and it is one of the pleasantest of our songsters. So soon
as the sun has left the horizon this bird begins to sing,
first one or two commencing ; and gradually more
join in, until in the dusk of the evening all the males are in full song; and I have often heard from three
to five singing close to our tent. They sing more or less, according to the weather ; for during rain they
seldom sing, being only heard now and again. During the daytime they frequent the thickets. The present
species inhabits the wooded plains near rivers and streams, and is met with as far as the boundary of tree-
growth, thus at a much greater altitude than Larvivora cyane. It nests on the ground in out-of-the-way
places, either in heaps of boughs swept together by the floods, or else in bush thickets or dense grass, or
The nest is only found by accident ; we only found a few, although the bird
under the shade of hillocks.
It is constructed of dried marsh-
The nest is domed and has an opening in the side.
is SO numerous.
Although artistically built, the structure is weak, and it is difficult to take
Late in June the female deposits five oval-shaped eggs ;
5
it away without destroying its original shape.
grass, and lined with fine bents.
The female
and they have a slight gloss.
When frightened off, she escapes through the dense thicket,
, others shorter and stouter ;
some, however, are rather elongated
sits very close, and may be taken on her eggs.
and will not soon return to the nest.
Whilst the female is sitting,
the male sings all night ‘through in the
99
vicinity of the nest.
The Plate represents two males and a female, of the natural size (one of the former having the red throat
very pale), copied from a specimen in my own collection.
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CALLIOPE PECTORALIS, Gowa.
Himalayan Ruby-throat.
Calhope pectoralis, Gould, Icones Avium, pl. 4 (1837).—Gray, Cat. Mamm. &c. Nepal, coll. Hodgs. p. 69
(1846).—Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xii. p. 934 (1843); xvi. .p. 135 (1847).—Id. Cat. B. Mus. As.
Soc. Beng. p. 169 (1849).—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av. p. 295 (1850).—Horsf. & Moore, Cat. B. Mus.
E.I. Co. i. p. 313 (1854).—Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 492; 1859, p. 180.—Blyth, Ibis, 1862, p. 303.—
Jerd. Birds of India, ii. p. 151 (1863).—Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 453.—Pelzeln, Ibis, 1868, p. 310.—
Hume, Nests & Eggs Ind. B. p. 325 (1875).—Brooks, Stray Feathers, 1875, p. 241.—Dresser, Ibis,
1876, p. 78.—Godw.-Austen, J. As. Soc. B. 1876, p. 79.—David & Oustalet, Ois. de la Chine, p. 236
(1877). |
Bradybates pectoralis, Gray, Gen. of Birds, i. p. 181 (1846).
Cyanecula pectorahs, Gray, Hand-list of Birds, i. p. 224, no. 3203 (1869).
Calliope bailloniu, Severtzoff, Turkest. Jevotn. pp. 65, 122 (1872).—Id. in Stray Feathers, 1875, p. 429.
— at me.
More than forty years have elapsed since I first described this pretty Ruby-throat ; and at that time the type
specimen in my collection was the only one known in Europe. During those past forty years, however, a
complete revolution has taken place in the science of zoology; and in no branch of that science has progress
| been more complete than in ornithology. Thus we are now enabled to give full details of the life-history of
many Indian birds, thanks to the labours of the excellent field-naturalists in India, whereas at the time that
I described the first Himalayan birds they were looked upon as some of the rarest species procurable.
Dr. Jerdon states that the White-tailed Ruby-throat is “found throughout the Himalayas, from Cashmere
to Sikhim. He adds :—
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ACCENTOR MONTANELLUS.
Mountain Accentor.
Motacilla montanellus, Pall. Zoog. Rosso-Asiat., tom. i. p. 471, pl.—Id. Itin., tom. iii. p. 695. no. 12.
montanella, Gmel. edit. Linn. Syst. Nat., tom. i. p. 968. no. 99.
Sylvia montanella, Lath. Ind. Orn., vol. ii. p. 526.
Accentor montanellus, Temm. Man. d’Orn., 2nd edit., tom. i. p. 251, tom. iii. p. 174, and Atlas, pl. of male-—Bree’s
Hist. of Birds of Eur. not obs. in Brit. Isl., vol. ii. p. 115.—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., tom. i. p. 305,
Accentor, sp. 8.—Midd. Sib. Reise, tom. ii. p. 172.—Gould, Birds of Eur., vol. ii. pl. 101.—Gray and
Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. i. p. 187, Accentor, sp. 6.
Temmincki, Brandt, Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., tom. i. p. 306, Accentor, sp. 9.
———— (Spermolegus) Temminckii, G. R. Gray, Hand-list of Birds, part i. p. 230.
( ) montanellus, G. R. Gray, Hand-list of Birds, part i. p. 230.
Spermolegus montanellus, Kaup.
Siberian Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn., vol. iv. p. 456.—Shaw’s Gen. Zool., vol. x. p. 626.—Lath. Gen. Hist.,vol. vii. p. 90.
Tue figures of this bird on the opposite Plate were taken from Lake-Baikal specimens, which appear
to have been killed in their full nuptial dress, since they differ considerably from examples obtained in
other districts, yet not more than might be expected from individuals killed after the plumage had been
exposed to the light and temperature of the lofty regions in which they dwell.
The Accentor montanellus is most nearly allied to the bird named 4. atrogularis by M. Brandt, of which a
figure will be found in the present work; but the latter is somewhat larger in size and has a black throat,
which the former never has. |
The following brief notes comprise all the information that has been recorded respecting this interesting
species :—
Temminck states that it inhabits Siberia, European Russia, the eastern parts of the middle of Europe, and
the same latitudes in Asia, that it is common in the Crimea in winter, and that it occurs in Dalmatia,
Hungary, and, less frequently, in the centre of Italy. He adds :—‘* The individuals procured by Pallas do
not differ from those killed near Naples. It always lives among the mountains, and does not visit the
- plains, even in winter.”
‘ All the adult specimens received by me from Lake Baikal,” says Mr. Swinhoe, ‘ are in full summer
dress ; it would appear, therefore, that the bird breeds in that neighbourhood, and migrates southward in winter ;
for, according to Pére David (‘ Nouvelles Archives,’ tom. iil. p. 32), it only occurs at Peking during the season
of the great cold. It has not been found elsewhere in China. Von Schrenck does not mention it in his
‘Vogel des Amur-Landes ;’ Radde procured it in Mongolia; Middendorff obtained a single specimen in the
Stanowoj mountains, and says that it agrees with Pallas’s description and Gould’s Plate in the ‘ Birds
of Europe.’ He does not believe Accentor Temmincki, Brandt, to be distinct, but declares that it is the
winter plumage of the ordinary bird.”
Dr. Bree states that the egg of this species, figured in his ‘ History of the Birds of Europe not observed
in the British Isles,’ was kindly sent to him ‘“‘ by Professor Moquin-Tandon, with the following remarks :-—
‘My two eggs of this bird are exactly alike in shape and colour; they are twenty-three millims. in long
diameter, and sixteen in the short. The colour pale and uniform azure blue. They were were taken in
the south of Hungary, and sent to me by my friend, M. Raoul de Barace d’Angers.’ ”
Crown of the head brownish black, somewhat lighter in the centre ; over each eye a broad stripe of sandy
buff; lores, lines under the eye, and ear-coverts brownish black, a few of the feathers covering the ears tipped
with buff, forming a spot within the black ; on each side of the neck a patch of grey ; all the upper surface
reddish brown, with a stripe of brownish black down the centre of each feather ; wing-coverts reddish brown,
deepening into brownish black near the end and tipped with white ; remainder of the wing and the tail dark
brown with lighter margins, and a few of the innermost secondaries tipped with white; under surface deep
buff, becoming gradually paler towards the vent, and str eaked on the flanks with deep brown ; bill blackish
brown, tip yellow at the base ; legs buff.
The lower figure in my Plate would appear to be that of a female ; the upper one probably represents a
adult male ; both of the natural size.
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Ruddy Accentor.
Accentor rubidus, Sieb., Temm. et Schleg. Faun. Jap., tab. xxxii.—Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 198.—Bonap. Consp.
Gen. Av., tom. i. p. 305, Accentor, sp. 7.
——— modularis rubidus, Sieb., Temm. et Schleg. Faun. Jap., p. 69.
——— (Tharrhaleus) rubidus, Gray, Hand-list of Birds, Parca w2o te
Tue islands of Japan stand at the eastern extremity of Asia, as the British Islands do at the western ; for
Asia and Europe may be regarded as a continuous mass of land, stretching across the temperate region of
the Old World ; but why the avifaunas of those opposite regions should closely assimilate, is a problem
which naturalists have not been able to solve. In some instances the British and Japanese species are
identical, such as the Hawfinch (Coccothraustes vulgaris) and the Tree-creeper (Certhia familiaris) ;
while the Hedge Accentor (Aeccentor moduluris) and the Robin (Zrythacus rubecula), and many others, are
represented by closely allied but distinct species. At the same time, there are many birds, and very fine
ones, too, which are peculiar to Japan.
The bird here figured is closely allied to the Common Hedge Accentor (4ccentor modularis) of Britain,
and, judging from its structure and coloration and from what we know of the situations to which it resorts,
takes the place in northern Japan of our well-known species; indeed, at a first glance, the two birds might
be considered identical; but on comparing the examples shot at Hakodadi, by Mr. Henry Whitely, with
British-killed specimens, certain marked differences are observable, which induces the ornithologist to regard
them as distinct, the redder hue of the upper surface of the Japanese bird, its shorter tail, and the deep
grey of its breast being the main points by which it is distinguished from its British ally. While speaking of
these differences I must remark that, upon comparing the figure of the bird published in the ‘ Fauna Japonica,’
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I find it to differ somewhat from the one here given; and if the drawing in that work is correct, there must -
_ be two species in Japan, in which case the bird I have represented will require a distinctive specific appel-
lation. I hesitate, however, to propose one at present, thinking it probable that the figure in the ‘ Fauna
Japonica’ may have been taken from an imperfect specimen, there being no indication of longitudinal striz
on the flanks, while in the specimens in my collection, procured by Mr. Whitely, they are as conspicuous as in
our own Accentor modularis. 1 must not omit to mention that Schlegel has remarked on the absence of the
strie from his bird, respecting which he says :—
“Japan is inhabited by an Accentor which resembles the ordmary species .4. modularis so closely that. it
would seem to be merely a local race of the European bird. ‘The only differences I have been able to detect
between them are that the Japanese bird has a shorter tail and certain modifications in its colouring: namely,
the brown of the back and wings has a purple tint, and the head and neck, which are of a dusky reddish-
brown, approaching a deep grey, are destitute of spots ; all the under surface, too, is of a nearly uniform
tint, and does not present the longitudinal streaks which ornament the flanks of the European species. In
every other respect they are alike.”
Mr. Henry Whitely, in his ‘ Notes on the Birds collected by him in Northern Japan,’ says :—
‘Two specimens only of this rare bird were obtained by me at Hakodadi,—the first on the 28th of
October, 1865, from a native birdcatcher, of whom I had endeavoured to purchase it some time before
when it was alive; but the price asked, two boos (4s.), was too much. The man told me it was the first
he had ever obtained. The second, a male, was shot on the 14th of November, in the same year, on a
bramble-bush, near the pine-wood at the foot of Hakodadi Head. In its habits it is evidently very shy and
retiring, and it was only by patiently watching the bramble-bush that I was at last able to get a clear shot
Alte ihe”
The general tint of the entire plumage of the upper surface rusty-red, with a dark brown centre to each
feather; the tips of the wing-coverts and some of the innermost secondaries somewhat paler; the head,
also, is somewhat lighter than the back; wings and tail dark brown, margined with rusty ; chin, throat,
breast, and upper part of the abdomen dark reddish grey ; posterior part of the flanks rusty, with an obscure
streak of dark brown down the centre of each feather; vent and under tail-coverts pale rusty ; bill brownish
black ; irides light hazel ; legs, toes, and claws pale brown.
The figures are of the natural size.
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Red-backed Acecentor.
Accentor erythropygius, Swinh. Proc. of Zool. Soc., 1870, pp. 124, 447, pl. ix.
alpinus, Schrenck, Vog. des, Amur-L. p. 355 ?
Ir will be seen that in this work neither the subgeneric term Spermolegus, proposed for the Accentor
montanellus, nor Tharrhaleus, for our common Hedge-Sparrow, has been employed, but that all the birds of this
; group have been retained in the genus Accentor, of which the A. alpinus is the type ; it is more immediately
to this latter section that the very fine bird here represented belongs.
Of the history of the Red-backed Accentor I know nothing more than has been placed on record by
Mr. Swinhoe in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,’ and in some MS. notes with which
he has favoured me since the former account was published :—
“On a journey from Mongolia to Peking, in the Prefecture of Seuen-hwafoo, a tract of country enclosed
by two portions of the Great Wall, we halted on the 26th of September, 1868, at a place called Kemeih, and
. climbed up the sides of a high mountain, on the top of which stood a monastery. We were in pursuit of the
—
Rock-Partridge (Caccabis chukar), when a party of red-tailed birds whisked past us and, perching near, kept
flying from rock to rock, uttermg loud cries. We secured one, and then continued our chase after the Par-
tridges. A few days later I saw another small flock of the same species among the rocks of the fine mountain-
pass that leads through the Nankow Gate to the Peking plain. The bird proved to be an Accentor of the
A. alpinus form, most nearly allied to the Accentor nipalensis of Hodgson; but from this the handsome
A. erythropygius may be at once distinguished by the chestnut colouring of its rump, upper tail-coverts, and
tail, by its greyer head and neck, and by the markings of the flanks and belly. -Accentor altaicus and
A. alpinus are also members of the same group of mottled-throated ecentors.”
«Pere David,” says Mr. Swinhoe, in the MS. notes above acknowledged, “ does not include this species in
his ‘ Catalogue of the Birds of Peking ; ’
parts of Eastern Siberia ; but Middendorff found a bird which, from his description, is evidently this species
(though identified by him with 4. alpinus), in Amoorland, and saw the young in July, flying about in parties
on the steepest cliffs of the south shore of the sea of Okhotsk. Von Schrenck also met with it in Amoorland,
but failed to distinguish it from 4. alpinus. It must also breed in the neighbourhood of Lake Baikal; for I
have seen young specimens which M. Jules Verreaux had received thence. | ?
“The general plumage before the first moult is of a mottled yellowish grey; but the bright cinnamon
colouring of the rump and the margins of the tail-feathers mark at once the species, even at this early age.”
The following is Mr. Swinhoe’s description of this fine bird :—
‘Head, neek, and breast smoke-grey; lores, and beneath the eye mottled with white; throat, for nearly
an inch downwards white, crossed with narrow bars of black; lesser and greater wing-coverts and winglet
black, with a large spot of white at the tip of each feather ; secondary quills black, margined for the greater
part of their length with yellowish brown, and broadly tipped with light chestnut, terminating with white ; on
the tertiaries the chestnut brightens and increases in extent, and the terminal white spots are conspicuous ;
primaries blackish brown, edged with light yellowish brown, browner near their bases, and slightly tipped
with white; back light yellowish brown with broad brown centres to the feathers; scapularies brownish
chestnut, with a median streak of blackish brown and a small white tip to each feather ; the yellowish brown
of the back soon brightens mto brownish chestnut, which is rich and conspicuous on the upper tail-coverts, the
longest of which have black centres ; tail brownish black, the external rectrix with the greater part of its
outer web brownish chestnut, and a broad white tip to the inner web; the rest of the rectrices, except the
two centrals, have their outer webs tipped with chestnut, their inner webs with white, and they are narrowly
edged with light yellowish brown ; the two centrals are more broadly edged, and have broad eres marks
on both their outer and inner webs towards the tips ; axillaries dusky, the carpal edge barred with black
and white like the throat ; under surface light yellowish brown ; many of the flank-feathers deep chestnut-
brown, with white margins; and the abdominal feathers have blackish V-shaped bars and white margins ;
ander tail-coverts blackish chestnut, with broad white margins and tips ; bill blackish brown, ochreous yellow
on the sides of the basal half of the lower mandible ; irides chestnut ; legs and toes ochreous ; claws light
and Gustav Radde did not meet with it in his travels in the southern
Se
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brown.”
The figures are of the natural size.
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ACCENTOR NIPALENSIS, Toles.
Nepaul Accentor.
Accentor Nipalensis, Hodgs. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., vol. xii. p. 958.—Ib. in Proc. of Zool. Soc., part xiii. p. 34.—
Gray, Cat. of Spec. and Draw. of Birds presented to Brit. Mus. by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., p. 71.—
Moore in Proc. of Zool Soc. 1854, p. | .—Horsf. Cat. of Birds in Mus. East Ind. Comp., vol. i.
p. 361.—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. i. p. 187, Accentor, sp. 3.—Blyth, Cat. of Birds in Mus.
Asiat. Soc. of Calcutta, p. 130.
Cacharensis, Hodgs. in Proc. of Zool. Soc., part xiii. p. 34.
nepalensis, Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 305.
Tue great Himalayan range is evidently the head-quarters of the Accentors, a tribe of birds represented in
Europe by the 4. a/pinus of the continent, and 4. modularis, the well-known Hedge Accentor of England.
The members of this group have been subjected to three subgeneric divisions; the term Accentor
being retained for the 4. a/pinus, with long wings and a short tail, and which appears to be confined to rocky
and alpine distriets ; while for the British 4. modularis, with shorter wing's, a longer tail, a more graceful form
and more uniform plumage, and which frequents underwood, hedge-rows and humid situations, the term
Tharrhaleus, and for the eastern European species, 4. montanellus, (a form intermediate between the others,)
that of Spermolegus, have been proposed by Dr. Kaup ; but although species of each of these forms are found
in the Himalayas, and there seem to be some good reasons for their separation, I prefer retammg them all
in the genus Accentor. -
The species here figured, which is a native of Nepaul, is the largest and finest species of the genus yet
discovered, and at present is extremely rare in the collections of Europe.
When speaking of the Indian Accentors generally, Mr. Hodgson states that they are found in the central
and northern regions of the hills only, and chiefly in the northern; that they avoid houses and cultivation ;
that they breed on the ground, where they construct a well-compacted saucer-shaped nest of moss; and
that they pass much of their time on the ground, and have an ambulatory structure of the legs and feet.
The male has the head, nape, sides of the neck and breast olive-brown; down the centre of the throat a
series of white feathers with a black spot at the tip of each, giving it a barred appearance; upper surface
reddish-olive, with a broad streak of black down the centrevof each feather, very conspicuous on the centre
of the back, but less apparent on the rump; upper tail-coverts blackish-brown, broadly margined with
reddish-olive, fading into greyish on the extreme edge ; wing-coverts and spurious wing black, with a small
triangular mark of white at the tip of each feather; primaries and aueDHURI es blackish-brown, narrowly
edged with rufous ; tertiaries similar, but more broadly edged and tipped avn SHON tail brown, with a
large mark at the tip of each feather, which on the three outer ones is white, slightly sae with buff at the
base, and entirely buff on the centre ones; a small mark of buff is also observable ou ue tip of the external
web ; flanks rich chestnut, some of the feathers slightly margined with greyish-white ; under tail-coverts
dark reddish-brown, margined at the base with chestnut, and at the tip with white ; upper mandible black,
with a narrow mark of pale yellow at the base of the tomia; tip of the under mandible pale yellow; sides
and base pale yellow; legs dull flesh-colour.
In another state, which may be that of the female, the head, sides of the neck, breast and upper surface
are olive-brown, with a streak of dark brown down the centre of each feather, showing most conspicuously on
the centre of the back ; the lores and ear-coverts are minutely speckled with greyish-white; the throat-mark
is similar to that of the male, but is not so strongly defined; the wings and tail are also similar, but the
colours are not so bright, blend more into each other, and the chestnut edgings are nearly absent; and the
abdomen is reddish-chestnut.
The figures are of the natural size.
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Hillmunde &
TOR IMMACULATUS, hays
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ACCENTOR IMMACULATUS, Hodgs.
Blue-shouldered Accentor.
Accentor immaculatus, Hodgs. in Proc. of Zool. Soc., part xi. p. 34.—Gray,
and Birds presented to Brit. Mus. by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., p. 71, and App. p. 153.
mollis, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., vol. xiv. p. 581.—Ib. Cat. of Birds in Mus. Asiat. Soc. Caleutta,
p- 131.—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. iii. App. p. 8, App. to p. 187.—Bonap. Consp. Gen.
Av., p. 306.
A CAREFUL examination of the figure of this bird, comprised in Mr. Hodgson’s original and named drawings,
now at the British Museum, as well as of the numerous specimens in the national collection, and in the
Museum of the East India Company, has convinced me that the Accentor mollis of Mr. Blyth is identical
with the 4. «maculatus of Mr. Hodgson ; I am therefore obliged to reduce Mr. Blyth’s name to the rank
of a synonym. Mr. Blyth considers this species to be the beauty of the genus, and I coincide in this opinion,
since it really is one of the most pleasingly coloured members of the genus yet discovered. As regards its
structure and contour, it more nearly assimilates to our Hedge Accentor than to any other ; and if we may judge
from its thick clothing and the silky feel of its plumage, forest lands, thick underwood, and humid places
are the situations it frequents ; but, on this pot, nothing has as yet been recorded. I believe that all the
specimens sent to our museums have been collected in Nepaul, a country the natural productions of which
are rich in the extreme.
Head and back of the neck dark slate-grey, the feathers of the forehead narrowly fringed with silvery-
grey; lores black; wing-coverts pale grey; back chestnut-brown, gradually blending with the grey of the
back of the neck, and becoming of a paler hue on the upper tail-coverts ; spurious wing black ; primaries
brown, narrowly edged with silvery-grey; secondaries and tertiaries more chestnut externally, internally
brown; tail slaty-brown; chin, throat, chest and upper part of the abdomen pale slate-grey ; lower portion
of the flanks, vent, and under tail-coverts dark rusty-red ; bill black; feet fleshy-brown.
In other specimens, supposed to be females, a similar style of colouring prevails, but the tints are more
blended and of a lighter hue. The plant is a species of Gentiana.
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Cat. of Spec. and Draw. of Mamm.
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» ACCENTOR RUBECULOIDES, moore.
Red-breasted Accentor.
Accentor rubeculodes, Moore in Proc. of Zool. Soc. 1854, p- -—Horsf. Cat. of Birds in Mus. East Ind. Comp.,
vol. i. p. 361.
ss
Tuts is another of the many rare species which have been transmitted to this country from Nepaul by
Mr. Hodgson: in applying the term “rare” to this bird, I consider I am justified, when I state that the two
examples in the Museum of the Hon. East India Company are all that we have yet seen. It differs
remarkably in the colouring of its plumage from every other known species, and belongs to that section of
the Accentors to which the term Zharrhaleus has been given by Dr. Kaup, with the Hedge Accentor as the
type. Of its habits and manners nothing is at present known, but I may venture to predicate that whenever
we become acquainted with them, they will yery closely resemble those of its near ally.
The markings of the two Specimens above mentioned are very similar, but the rufous colouring of the
breast is much deeper in one than in the other: this may be due to age, sex, or the seasons at which they
were respectively killed.
Forehead and crown brown; throat and sides of the neck brownish-grey ; lores speckled with greyish-
whites upper surface reddish-brown, with a streak of blackish-brown down the centre of each feather ; wings
brown, margined with reddish-brown, and faintly spotted with greyish-brown at the tips of the coverts, forming
two obscure broken bands across the wing; tail brown with lighter margins; across the breast a broad band
of rusty-red, which colour extends over the flanks; centre of the abdomen buffy-white, the buffy tint
increasing in depth towards the under tail-coverts, which are buff with a dark central streak ; bill blackish-
brown ; feet reddish flesh-colour. |
The figures are of the natural size.
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ACCENTOR STROPHIATUS, dodges.
Banded Accentor.
. Accentor strophiatus, Hodgs. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., vol. xii. p. 959.—Gray, Zool. Misc. (1844) p. 83.—Hodgs.
~ in Proe. of Zool. Soc., part xiii. p. 34.—Gray, Cat. of Spec. and Draw. of Mamm. and Birds presented
to Brit. Mus. by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., p. 72.—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. i. p. 187, Accentor, °
sp. 5. pl. li—Blyth, Cat. of Birds in Mus. Asiat. Soc. of Calcutta, p. 131.—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av.,
p- 305.—Horsf. Cat. of Birds in Mus. East Ind. Comp., vol. i. p. 360.
Tuts species is the commonest of the Indian Accentors, and also one of the most widely diffused ; it is, more-
over, subject to greater variations in the colouring of its plumage than any other, and it has become doubtful
to me whether there be not two species confounded under the term s¢rophiatus, or whether the Nepalese
birds, with a darker style of plumage, and with larger, blacker and more numerous striz on the throat and
abdomen, are not different from the lighter-coloured birds which inhabit the western Sub-Himalayan ranges.
In the absence of any positive information respecting them, I consider these birds to be merely varieties
dependent upon locality, and I would call the attention of Indian ornithologists to the subject. The light-
coloured birds in my collection were procured by Captain Boys.
There appears to be considerable difference in the size of the sexes, some of the specimens being very much
smaller than others ; 1n all probability the smaller birds, which, moreover, have the rufous band of the breast
of a paler hue, are females.
Crown of the head and all the upper surface olive-grey, with a streak of dark or blackish-brown down the
. centre of each feather; over each eye a streak of buffy-white, expanding into a patch of rich buff behind the
] eye, above this buffy-white streak a broader one of brownish-black ; wings brown, margined, and the coverts
tipped, with greyish-buff; lores and ear-coverts dark brown; throat white, speckled with black; across the
breast a large gorget of light rusty-red, which colour extends on to the flanks, but here there is a small
central streak of brown down each feather; centre of the abdomen whitish ; under tail-coverts light brown,
margined with buffy-white ; upper tail-coverts and tail brown ; bill dark brown ; feet fleshy-brown.
In other examples from Nepaul the general tint is much darker; the mark behind the eye and the margins
of the feathers of the upper surface are more rufous ; the throat is broadly striated with brown, and the
under surface is also conspicuously striated in a similar manner. This may be the dress of the female or
young.
The figures represent the lighter-coloured birds of the natural size. The pretty little plant is the Andro-
) sace sarmentosa, Wall.
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ACCENTOR ATROGULARIS, Brandt.
Black-throated Accentor.
Accentor atrogularis, Brandt, Bull. des Acad. des Sci. de St. Pétersb., i. no. 23.-—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds,
vol. i. p. 187, Accentor, sp. 7.—Hutton, Journ. Asiat Soc. Beng., vol. xviii. p. 811.—Blyth, Cat. of
Birds in Mus. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta, p. 131.
———— atrigularis, Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 305, Accentor, sp. 5.
——— Hutton, Moore in Horsf. Cat. of Birds in Mus. East Ind. Comp., vol. i. p. 360.
I wap long suspected that the descriptions of Aecentor atrogularis, given by M. Brandt at St. Petersburg and
Capt. Hutton in India, had reference to one and the same bird, and I therefore delayed figuring it until I was
enabled to form a decided opinion upon the subject; I also questioned whether the bird from the Vienna
Collection, figured by me in my “ Birds of Europe ” under the name of Accentor montanellus, might not be
either a female or young of the same species; some of my specimens from the Himalaya having brown
feathers interspersed here and there over the throat, suggesting that that part is not always black. I am
satisfied that the Siberian and Himalayan birds described by Brandt and Hutton, together with the
Accentor Huttoni of Moore, constitute but one and the same species; and this view of the subject is
confirmed by Sir William Jardine, in a note received from him on the 22nd of December, 1854 :—
“Your specimen of
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SALPORNIS SPILONOTA.
Spotted Creeper.
Certhia spilonota, Frankl. in Proc. of Comm. of Sci. and Corr. of Zool. Soc., pt. 1. p. 121.
Salpornis spilonotus, Blyth, Cat. of Birds in Mus. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta, p. 338.
——— spilonota, Gray, Gen, of Birds, vol. i. pl. xliv, upp. fig —Jerd. Birds of Ind., vol. i. p. 382.—Blanf. in Ibis,
1867, p. 461.
Tue singular bird figured on the accompanying Plate has many characters in common with the Climacteres
of Australia, and is not very far removed from the single member of the genus Zichodroma. Hitherto it has
been ranked among the rarities of Indian ornithology, and its true locality was almost unknown. Franklin’s
solitary specimen was all the material at the disposal of the late D. W. Mitchell for his figure of the species
in Mr. G. R. Gray’s ‘Genera of Birds ;’ but I have been more fortunate, having had several fine examples
lent to me by Mr. W. T. Blanford (from the Rev. S. Fairbank) and by my friends Captains Stackhous,
Pinwill, and Julian. One belonging to the last-named gentleman was collected in Oude; and Captain
Pinwill writes me the following note :—<* I shot a specimen in a grove of mangoe trees. It had the manners
of an ordinary creeper ; it was in a large migrating party of Sitta castaneoventris and Yungipicus Hardwickii,
no doubt at the time moving from the more central jungle into the Oude terai, or low hills.” Fortunately
other interesting notes relating to the habits and economy of this species have appeared in ‘The Ibis’
and elsewhere; and these I take the liberty of transcribing.
Mr. Jerdon states that ‘this bird inhabits the hilly parts of Behar and probably similar regions in Central
India, Bundelkund, &c. It does not appear to have been again discovered since Franklin procured it, now
more than thirty years ago, except by Hodgson, who received it from Behar ; but the exact locality in which
it was obtained is still unknown. It was probably the hilly and jungly tract which extends from Mount
Parisnath, where it is very likely to be found, through Chota Nagporee, towards the source of the Nerbudda.”
In a letter to the Editor of ‘The Ibis,’ dated ‘ Geological Survey Office, Calcutta, July 17, 1867,”
Mr. W. T. Blanford says :—
“JT think all who have paid attention to the ornithology of India will be interested in hearing of the
rediscovery of Franklin’s long-lost Certhia spilonota (Salpornis spilonota, Gray). I have collected birds
during the past year around Nagpoor, and in the country to the south, about Chanda and Siroucha; and
amongst other rarities I had the good fortune to obtain eight or nine specimens of Sa/porns, most of them
in good condition. They agree perfectly with the somewhat meagre original description given by Major
Franklin in the ‘ Proceedings ’ of the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Zoological Society
for 1831, p. 121, and with Mr. Blyth’s fuller account in ‘The Ibis’ for 1865, p. 48. My first specimen was
killed about twenty miles south of Chanda; but the birds there appeared to be very rare. It was much
less so, though still very far indeed from common, in the great forests upon the Pranhita and Godavery
rivers, about Sironcha. This is five hundred miles south of Franklin’s supposed original locality, and still
further from Behar, whence Mr. Hodgson is said to have obtained specimens. It is very probable that the
neighbourhood of the Godavery is the principal locality of this bird, and that the specimens obtained to the
northward were stragglers. It is curious that Mr. Jerdon did not meet with it in Bustar, which is not very
far from Siroucha, and is a portion of the same great forest-tract, which, indeed, stretches from the Godavery
to Midnapoor, and is the largest extent of ‘jungle’ in India.
“< Salpornis is not very wary. It has much the appearance of a Sitta, clinging to the largest trees, running
round and round their trunks in all directions, and searching for insects. I found Coleoptera in their
stomachs. In April the sexes were paired, and evidently breeding ; but I had not the good fortune to obtain
any of their eggs.”
Stripe over the eye greyish white ; upper surface dull black, streaked on the head and spoued all over the
body with greyish white; wings dark grey, crossed by broad bars of dul black ane greyish white ; Bre
centre tail-feathers grey, with spots of black along their edges; the remainder greyish brown, crossed yee
well-defined bars of white; chin and throat whitish ; chest, flanks, abdomen, and under tanlscovents brownish
grey, barred with dull black and grey ; bill horny brown, lightest on the base of the under mandible, where
it appears to have been flesh-coloured ; feet apparently light STO
The figures represent the bird in two positions, of the size of life.
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CERTHIA NIPALENSIS, Modes.
Nepaulese Creeper.
Certhia Nipalensis, Hodgs.—Blyth, Mon. of Indian Certhiade.—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. ii. Appendix,
p. 7.—Blyth, Cat. of Birds in Mus. Asiat. Soe. Calcutta, p. 188.
Certhia discolor, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., vol. xiv. p. 580?—Ib. Cat. of Birds in Mus. Asiat. Soc. Beng.,
p. 188?
Mr. Buiyrn has published several short notices of a Creeper which he considers to be distinct from
both the C. Mpalensis and C. Himalayana; and which he says is “distinguished by having the entire
under parts uniform dingy brown, or very much sullied albescent; whereas in the preceding species the
under parts are pure white tinged with ferruginous on the sides of the breast, and the flanks as well
as the lower tail-coverts are deep ferruginous. Upon a first view it might be thought that the under parts
of C. discolor are merely dirty, but the colour is not to be washed out, and five specimens before me
are all quite similar; while in the three Nepaul specimens of the other (C. Mpalensis), the white is
alike pure, and the flanks deep ferruginous.” I have had an opportunity of making a careful comparison
of the bird, to which Mr. Blyth has assigned the appellation of dscolor, with the true C. Mipalensis of
Mr. Hodgson: in size, and in the general markings of their upper surface they are precisely similar ; on
the other hand, as Mr. Blyth states, the whole of the under surface of his C. discolor is of a sordid greyish
brown. I do not wish to detract from the value of Mr. Blyth’s opinion, which future research may prove to
be well-founded ; but I have thought it better to figure both on one plate, rather than give separate repre-
sentations of birds in which so slight a difference is found to exist. Mr. Blyth states im one of his papers,
that the @. discolor is common at Darjeeling, and in another that it replaces C. Mpalenses in Sikim.
As will be seen on reference to the accompanying Plate, this is in every respect a typical Certhia. No
account, so far as I am aware, has yet been given of its habits, actions or economy; but we may reasonably
suppose they are very similar to those of the other members of the genus.
General plumage dark brown with areddish tinge; the feathers of the crown with a reddish brown stripe
down the centre; over each eye a broad buffy stripe; ear-coverts and upper part of the back dark brown,
edged with black and with a mark of buff down the centre; wing-coverts tipped with sandy buff; primaries
and secondaries crossed by a band of buff, the former also margined with buff, and the latter with a narrow
line down the centre and a spot at the tip of the same colour; throat and abdomen white; flanks, upper
and under tail-coverts rufous; tail reddish brown; irides dark brown; bill and feet pale brown.
The figures are of the natural size; the upper one being a representation of the C. Mpalensis, and the
lower of the bird which Mr. Blyth names C. discolor.
Haimnnde & Waltow fi Tif
een meaty,
S Gould. and HC hachder deb a With.
CERTHIA HIMALAYANA, Fig.
Himalayan Creeper.
Certhia Himalayana, Vig. in Proc. of Comm. Sci. of Zool. Soc., Part I. p. 174.—Blyth, Cat. of Birds in Mus. Asiat.
Soc. Calcutta, p. 118.—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. i. p. 143.
Certhia Asiatica, Swains. Anim. in Menag., p. 353.
Tux describing and figuring of additional species of certain well-known European genera is not the least
interesting portion of a work on the Birds of Asia; indeed when we remember that the two continents are
inseparably connected, we may without any degree of surprise expect to find additional species of such
forms to exist in countries further eastward, and in the present instance, among many others, we have a
case in point. The Common Creeper of our own island is a bird familiar to every observer of nature, and
here we have a species inhabiting the temperate and higher regions of India closely allied to it, but
which may be distinguished at a glance by the numerous narrow bars on the wing and tail-feathers, and by
‘its somewhat larger size.
The Certhia Himalayana was first described by the late Mr. Vigors, from specimens forming part of my
early collections from the Himalayas; over the greater portion of which, judging from the numerous
examples which have from time to time been sent from thence, it appears to be dispersed : Capt. Boys
collected many examples, but unfortunately does not say where they were obtained ; Mr. Blyth states that
it is found in Deyra Doon ; and the late Hon. F. J. Shore procured it at Chum-coa Gurree.
As is the case with the Common Creeper, the sexes assimilate so closely in their plumage that it is
impossible to distinguish the one from the other. Both Mr. Shore and Capt. Boys state that it feeds on
insects, but neither of those gentlemen has given any account of its habits and actions ; without taking any
undue liberty with nature’s laws, I may assert that it procures its food from the interstices of the bark of the
holes and branches of the trees precisely after the manner of our own species.
General plumage very dark brown, with a few paler stripes down the crown ; the remainder of the feathers
of the upper surface with an oblong mark of pale brown or reddish white ; primaries and secondaries crossed
near their base by an oblique, broad band of buff, and near the tip by another of pale brown, and with a
small spot of the same hue at the tip; scapularies and tail-feathers pale greyish brown crossed by
numerous narrow bars of dark brown; over each eye a narrow line of whitish; throat whitish gradually
deepening into pale brown on the under surface; eye dark brown; bill brown, with the exception of the
basal three-fourths of the under mandible, which are yellowish brown; legs light brown.
The Plate represents the two sexes of the natural size.
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PHYLLOPNEUSTE TRISTIS.
Phylloscopus tristis, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., vol. xii. p. 996, and vol. xvi. p. 591; Ann. Nat. Hist., vol. xiii.
p-178; Cat. of Birds in Mus. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta, p. 185.—Horsf. and Moore, Cat. of Birds in Mus.
East-Ind. Comp., vol. i. p. 336.—Adams in Proc. Zool. Soc., part xxvi. 1858, p. 493, and part xxvii.
1859, p. 182.—Jerd. Birds of India, vol. ii. p. 190.
Regulus tristis, Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. i. p. 175, Regulus, sp. 8.
Abrornis tristis, Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., tom. i. p. 290, Abrornis, sp. 5.
Sylvia trochilis, Jerd. Madras Journ. of Lit. and Sci., vol. xi. p. 6.
Au, or nearly all, the members of the genus Phyllopneuste inhabiting India differ from those frequenting
Europe and Northern Africa. The present bird, of which four examples are now before me, possesses
specific characters which, if closely attended to, will materially assist ornithologists in their investigation of
this intricate group of little birds, to which so many trivial names have been applied —Willow-Wrens, Leaf-
Wrens, Tree-Wrens, &c.
The Phyllopneuste tristis is termediate in size between the Chiff-chaff and Willow-Wren of our island,
and differs from both in the brown colouring of the upper surface and the scarcely less deep brown of its
ear-coverts, sides of the neck, and flanks; this brown colour also pervades the eye-streak ; and there is in
fact no trace of yellow over any portion of the body, except on the under surface of the shoulders and on
the tips of the axillaries, where, as will be seen on reference to the accompanying Plate, it is perceptible
even when the wing is closed.
Since my drawing was made I have observed that Mr. Blyth considers this bird and the Sylva brevirostris
of Strickland, which is a native of the country around Smyrna, to be identical ; but on comparison of specimens
from Smyrna, I find that they do not agree with the Indian one, and, with all due deference to Mr. Blyth’s
opinion, I believe that he is in this instance mistaken, and that his name of P. ¢ristis should be retained for
the Indian bird.
Mr. Blyth says this species is “common in swampy places wherever there is Jungle, and diffused
generally over India.” He “also found it abundant in a mango-tope, near Hooghly, where there was no
marshy ground in the immediate vicinity.” |
Mr. Jerdon obtained a specimen in Southern India, “in a wooded valley along the edge of the Northern
range of Ghauts. It is lively and active in its habits, occasionally flying from among the reeds, on which
it was perched, and alighting on a stone in the water, whence it made short sallies after insects in the air,
or seizing one in the sand of the rivulet.”
Dr. Adams states that it is common in the Deccan, Scinde, and North-west Bengal, and_tolerably
abundant on the lesser ranges in the jungles, and in all wooded situations in Cashmere.
The following is Mr. Jerdon’s accurate description of this species :—
“« Above uniform dull brown ; below albescent ; with a faint ruddy tinge on the pale supercilia; the sides
of the neck, of the breast, and flanks, axillaries, and fore part of the wing beneath, pure light yellow ; irides
brown; bill blackish yellow beneath and at the gape ; legs brownish black.”
The figures are of the natural size.
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REGULUS HIMALAYENSIS, Buyin.
Himalayan Golderest.
Regulus cristatus, Blyth, Cat. of Birds in Mus. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta, p. 186.—v. Pelz. Ibis, 1868, p. 308.
“Regulus Himalayensis, Blyth,” Jerd. Birds of India, vol. ii. part 1. p. 206.
Tar the avifauna of India should be destitute of a member of the genus Regulus could not have been even
suspected, since the form occurs in Asia Minor on the west, and in Amoorland and Japan on the east. It
is strictly a northern genus, no species being found to the southward of the equator. In the New World two
species occur, one, 2. satrapa, in North America, and the other, R. (Reguloides) calendula, in Mexico. In
the Old World we find R. tgnicapillus, R. cristatus, and R. Maderensis, the two former of which are spread
over Europe and North Africa, while the third appears to be confined to the island of Madeira. The five
birds above mentioned are regarded as true and distinct species by every ornithologist, while that repre-
sented on the opposite Plate (22. Himalayensis) and the R. Japonicus of Bonaparte are considered to be of
questionable specific value. Now, as I have before me specimens of R. cristatus collected in England and
France, of /. Japonicus from the island whence it derives its name, and a fine male specimen from the
Himalayas, I will point out the differences, slight or otherwise, which I find to exist among these distantly
located examples. As is the case with many other nearly allied species of Europe and Japan, the Reguli
inhabiting those countries very closely assimilate, while they differ from the bird found in the Himalayas, the
latter being considerably larger in size, having longer wings, and the centre of the crest of a paler hue, or not
so intensely orange as in either of its congeners ; in every other part of their plumage all three are very
similar. After this brief notice of the little difference which really exists between R. cristatus, Rh. Japonicus,
and R. Himalayensis, ornithologists must form their own opinion as to whether they are really three distinct,
or only one and the same species. Those who take the latter view will hold that the A. crstatus ranges
over the greater part of the Old World, from Ireland to Japan; and this may be the true state of the case:
whether it be or be not, it becomes my duty to give a place to the Himalayan Goldcrest in ‘The Birds of
Asia.” I close these remarks with stating my belief that rf a number of European, Himalayan, and
Japanese specimens were mingled together, a competent ornithologist would have no difficulty in deciding
to which country each belonged. The admeasurements of birds cannot be depended upon ; but I repeat that
I find the Himalayan bird to be larger than that of Japan, which, again, somewhat exceeds the size of the
favourite little Goldcrest of Europe.
Of the R. Himalayensis very little is known; Mr. Jerdon merely mentions that it is “‘ very like the
Regulus cristatus, but larger, and the flame-coloured interior of the crest more developed.
“The Himalayan Fire-crested Wren has only been found in the N. W. Himalayas, and, even there, appa-
rently not very common.”
Von Pelzeln in his paper on ‘‘ Birds from Thibet and the Himalayas,” after mentioning that Dr. Stoliczka
met with the bird at Kotegurh in winter, remarks, “‘ most careful comparison has convinced me of the
specific identity of the European and Asiatic birds.”
General colour olive-green, becoming somewhat yellow on the rump, and more grey on the under surface ;
lores grey; superciliary stripe brown, above which is a streak of black; centre of the crown yellowish
orange, bordered externally with paler yellow; lesser and greater wing-coverts yellowish white, forming
two bands across the wing ; primaries dark brown, margined externally with olive, and with a black spot
at the base of the sixth, seventh, and eighth; bill black; feet brownish flesh-colour.
Total length 3% inches, bill +, wing 24, tail 144, tarsi 2.
The figures are somewhat less than the natural size.
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MOTACILLA MADERASPATENSIS, Ge.
Great Pied Wagtail.
Motacilla Maderaspatensis, Gmel. Edit. Linn. Syst. Nat., tom. i. p. 961.—Lath. Ind. Orn., tom. ii. p. 502.—Jerd.
. in Madras Journ. of Lit. and Sci., vol. xi. p. 10.—Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds, vol. i. p. 203,
Motacilla, sp. 5.
Maderas, Steph. Cont. of Shaw’s Gen. Zool., vol. x. p. 548.
variegata, Steph. Cont. of Shaw’s Gen. Zool., vol. xiii. p. 234.—Sykes, im Proc. of Comm. of Sci. and
Corr. of Zool. Soc., part ii. p. 91.
picata, Frankl. in Proc. of Comm. of Sci. and Corr. of Zool. Soc., part i. p. 119.
Maderaspatana, Blyth, Cat. of Birds in Mus. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta, p. 1387.—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av.,
p. 251, Motacilla, sp. 6.—Blyth, Mem. on Fam. Motacillidee, p. 2.
Pied Wagitail, Lath. Gen. Hist., vol. vi. p. 320. pl. civ.
Mhamoola, of the Hindoos.
Tue elegant contour and graceful actions of the Pied Wagtail, so commonly distributed over every part of
the British Islands, cannot but be familiar to every one who has paid the slightest attention to our native
birds; all, however, are not aware that this semi-domesticated favourite is only one of the many species of
the genus Motacilla which are dispersed over the whole of the northern portion of the Old World, or that
there exist in India several species very similar in general appearance, and whose habits and economy
precisely resemble those of our own pretty favourite. The subject of the present memoir and of the accom-
panying Plate, which is the largest species of the entire genus, is a native of India, to which country it
appears to be strictly confined. With the exception of Lower Bengal, where Mr. Blyth states it is not
found, it is distributed over the whole of the Indian peninsula, from the base of the Himalaya Mountains to
Travancore; and Mr. Layard also includes it in his ‘‘ List of the Birds of Ceylon.” Colonel Sykes com-
prises it in the ‘‘ List of the Birds of the Dukhun.” Major Franklin obtained specimens on the banks of the
Ganges and in the mountain chain of Upper Hindostan; and Mr. Blyth has seen examples from Darjeling
and from the district of Rajmahl.
With respect to its habits, Captain Boys states that it ‘is very nimble on its legs, and runs with great
facility, constantly jerking its tail, and, like the other members of the genus, making occasional jumps after
flies and other sects. It is not so common as the other Indian species, and differs much in weight,
according to the season, but generally averages between nine and ten drachms.” Mr. Jerdon mentions that
it is found throughout the peninsula, but only in the neighbourhood of rivers. I find a figure and descrip-
tion of this species among the Drawings and MS. notes of the late Hon. F. J. Shore, who states that he
shot both sexes together at Hutwas near Aurungabad, on the 23rd of January 1836, while they were
engaged in picking up insects by the side of a stream ; that he also found the bird in the Sagur and Dumoh
districts ; that it is only seen during the cold weather, and removes, like the other Wagtails, on the
approach of the hot season. ;
The plumage of the sexes varies only in the colour of the upper surface of the female being brown
instead of black; and we learn from Mr. Blyth’s memoir on the Motacilhde that the winter dress merely
differs from that of summer in the feathers immediately below the eye, and those of the chin and throat
being white instead of black. The conspicuous white superciliary stripe at once distinguishes this bird
from all the other members of the genus. |
Head, neck, cheeks, chin, throat, back wings and eight middle tail-feathers black ; a conspicuous stripe,
commencing at the nostrils and passing over each eye, the margins of the secondaries, greater wing-coverts
and lateral tail-coverts, breast, abdomen and under tail-coverts white; two outer tail-feathers on each side
white, margined internally, for nearly their whole length, with black ; irides dark brown; bill and legs
black. 3
The Plate represents the two sexes of the natural size.
Ludirrarde, & Walion, Lr.
MOTACILLA DUKHUNENSIS, Sykes
del. et bith.
Tecchder,
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MOTACILLA DUKHUNENSIS, Sykes.
Deccan Wagtail.
Motacilla Dukhunensis, Sykes in Proc. of Comm. of Sci. and Corr. of Zool. Soc., part u. p. 91.—Blyth, Cat. of
Birds in Mus. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta, p. 137 2—Adams in Proce. of Zool. Soc., part xxvi. p. 486?
———— alba, Burgess, MSS.
Dhobin of the Hindoos, Jerdon.
Tur Wagtail represented in the accompanying Plate is very common in the Deccan and in the western
parts of the peninsula of India. It is certainly the bird described under the name of Dukhunensis by Col.
Sykes, and is moreover identical with the specimens brought to this country by Captain Burgess, on which
point Tam able to speak with certainty, as I possess several of the examples, both in summer and winter
plumage, which were procured by that gentleman, who, in some MS. notes kindly presented to me by him,
in furtherance of the present work, says, ‘‘ Since 1847 I have seen plenty of the Pied Wagtail (Motacilla
alba)—not the Pied Wagtail of England, but that which apparently is only found on the Continent. They
appear to arrive in the cold season, as I never observed them during the monsoon.” It is not, however,
the bird referred to by Mr. Blyth, in his paper on the Motacillida, under the name of Dukhunensis,
imasmuch as he describes the bird as having the neck black all round in the summer dress; his description,
in fact, has reference, not to this species, but to a very different one, to which I have given the name of
personata, and of which I have never seen examples, either from the Deccan, or from any other of the
western parts of India. It may be the bird referred to by Dr. Adams as an inhabitant of Cashmere ; but
of this I have no positive evidence, not having seen his specimens; and, in all probability, is the one
mentioned by Mr. Blyth under the name of MZ. aléa as inhabiting Western Asia. The M. Dukhunensis and
M. alba are indeed most nearly allied, and by some persons may be considered as mere local varieties ; still
there are differences by which they may readily be distinguished. The Indian bird is rather larger in
size, and has much more white on the secondaries and greater wing-coverts than its European prototype,
which differences are so constant that the practised ornithologist can at once distinguish them. Whether
distinct or not, a bird so common, and playing so conspicuous a part in the Fauna of Western India,
must have a place in a work on the ‘ Birds of Asia.’
In the summer, the forehead, the sides of the head and the sides of the neck are white ; the occiput and
back of the neck, chin, throat and breast are deep velvety black ; all the upper surface grey, deepening into
black on the apical portions of the tail-coverts; wings ashy brown, the coverts and secondaries margined
with white; two outer tail-feathers white, margined on the basal half of their internal webs with black ;
remainder of the tail-feathers black ; under surface white, washed with grey on the flanks; irides brown ;
bill and feet blackish brown.
In the winter the black of the throat is reduced to a crescentic mark across the breast, the points ex-
tending upwards towards the ear-coverts.
The principal figures in the accompanying Plate, which are a trifle smaller than life, represent the full
summer dress ; the upper figure that of winter.
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MOTACILLA PERSONATA, Gowda.
Masked Waetail.
Motacilla Dukhunensis, Blyth, on the Family Motacillide, p. 3.
_ Tue drawing on the accompanying Plate represents a very distinct species of Wagtail, whose native country
- I believe to be Bengal and the central and northern parts of Hindostan ; its range may also extend to Ceylon,
but of this I have no positive evidence. I have never seen it from the Deccan or the western parts of the
Indian peninsula, its place there being apparently supplied by the Motacilla Maderaspatana and M. Dukhunensis.
In its full summer dress the Motacilla personata has the throat, chest, ear-coverts, sides and back of
the neck jet-black, while the back is clear ash-grey, and both the greater and lesser wing-coverts are so
broadly margined with white as to give that part of the wing the appearance of being wholly of that hue;
as winter approaches the black of the throat becomes speckled with white, and when the change has been
completed, a crescentic mark of black across the chest almost alone remains.
In its summer dress it is at once distinguished from its congeners by the black colouring of the sides of
the neck, and by the forehead and space surrounding the eye being alone white, whence the specific name of
personata, or masked.
I have but little doubt of this being the bird which Mr. Blyth, in his paper on the Motacillide, has con-
sidered to be identical with the JZ. Dukhunensis of Sykes, inasmuch as he describes it to have “the neck
black all round ;” and it may be the bird which Mr. Jerdon states “is very common over most of the
table-land [of the Indian peninsula] during the cold weather only, migrating to the north at the com-
mencement of the hot season. It frequents rivers, open fields, gardens, villages, stable-yards, &c., and
occasionally even enters houses, feeding on a great variety of insects.”
In summer the forehead and a space surrounding each eye is pure white; the chin, throat, breast, sides of
the neck, occiput and back-of the neck black; all the upper surface and scapularies grey, deepening into
black on the apical portion of the upper tail-coverts ; wings dark brown, the coverts and secondaries broadly
margined with white, and the primaries very narrowly edged with white; two outer tail-feathers on each
side white, margined on the basal portion of their inner webs with black; the remainder black, with the
exception of the margins of the external webs of two centre ones, which in fresh-moulted feathers are white ;
under surface white, washed with grey on the flanks; irides brown; bill and feet blackish brown.
As winter approaches the black of the throat becomes mottled with white, and when the change is perfected,
a crescentic mark of black across the chest probably alone remains.
The accompanying Plate gives a correct representation of both these states; the upper figure that of the
full summer dress, the lower the bird undergoing the change. 3
The figures are of the size of life.
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BUDYTES CITREOLOIDES, Hodes.
Yellow-headed Wagtail.
Budytes citreoloides, Hodgs. in Gray’s Zool. Misc., 1844, p. 83.
calcaratus, Hodgs. Asiat. Res., vol. xix. p. 190 ?—Gray, Cat. of Spec. and Draw. of Mamm. and Birds
presented to Brit. Mus. by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., p. 76 ?
citreola, Jerd. Madras Journ. of Lit. and Sci., vol. xi. p. 9.—Sykes in Proc. of Comm. of Sci. and Corr. of
Zool. Soc., part ii. p. 90.—Blyth, Journ. of Asiat. Soc. Beng., vol. xvi. p. 429.—Id. Cat. of Birds in
Mus. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta, p-138.—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., p. 280, Budytes, sp. 6.—Horsf. and Moore,
Cat. of. Birds in Mus. East-Ind. Comp. vol. ii. p. 352.—Jerd. Birds of India, vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 225, and
vol. i. pt. ii. p. 873.—Adams in Proc. of Zool. Soc., pt. xxvi. 1858, p. 486.
Motacilla citreola, Gould, Birds of Europe, vol. ii. pl. 144.
Zurcha, Cabul (Blyth).
Dr. von Mippenporr has ventured an opinion that the bird I have figured on the 144th Plate of my
‘Birds of Europe’ as the female of Budytes citreola is different from that described by Pallas under the
name of Motacilla citreola. 1 regret to say that, as there are no Russian specimens in this country, I am —
unable to institute a comparison and determine whether this be really the case or not. Mr. Jerdon, in his
recently published ‘ Birds of India,’ has treated the Indian bird as identical with the Siberian, but, in a note
at the end of the concluding volume, says, the former, “ writes Mr. Blyth, is distinct from Budytes citreola
vera, and will stand as B. citreoloides, Hodgs.” If this be the true state of the case, I was in error in
employing the specific term citreola for the birds represented in the ‘ Birds of Europe,’ my figures having
been taken from Indian examples.
The Plate which I now publish contains a correct representation of two fully adult birds, in summer
plumage, which were killed on the peninsula of India, and for which I have retained Mr. Hodgson’s name
of B. cetreoloides. 1 may remark that all the specimens from India with bright yellow heads do not at
the same time possess such jet-black backs as shown in the lower figure in my Plate: this latter hue
seems to be seasonal, and is doubtless characteristic of the male in the nuptial dress ; for I have specimens
with rich-yellow heads in which the back is grey, while in others it is partly grey and partly black. Little
has been recorded respecting the habits and economy of this beautiful bird. Col. Sykes informs us that it
has the habits, manners, aspect, and size of B. melanocephala, and that, like that species, it is solitary, and
only found in the vicinity of rivers; but he never saw the two birds in company. Larve of insects and
greenish mud were found in the stomachs of those he examined. He believes that this species, together
with B. melanocephala and B. Beema, all possessing the long hind claw, do not habitually perch, but, like
other birds furnished with a similar claw, nocturnate on the ground. |
b)
“This migratory species,” says Mr. Jerdon, ‘‘ which is remarkable for the great length of its hind claw,
is found over all parts of India, during the cold weather. It is not very abundant, and is never found in
dry places, like the Budytes veredis, but on the banks of rivers and lakes, and more particularly in swampy
ground or in inundated rice-fields, apparently affecting concealment more than the other species of this
group. It has been seen in its breeding-plumage at Mussooree, and is then a very beautiful bird.”
Dr. Leith Adams observes that this bird is common in the Deccan, Punjab, and Scinde, and is equally
numerous in marshes and wet situations in the Valley of Cashmere, and in all similar places in Ladakh.
In the full breeding-plumage, the head, neck, breast, and under surface is rich yellow, with a wash of
olivaceous on the flanks ; back jet-black ; wings dull black ; the primaries edged with grey, and the began
margined with white ; wing-coverts black, broadly tipped with white, forming two Dats ACTOS the wing ;
under. tail-coverts yellowish white; tail black, with the outermost feathers on cach! side white, excepting
a portion of their inner web and the extreme base of the outer ; bill and feet black ; irides brown. .
The female has the head, and those parts which are black in the male, of a dark grey hue, a stripe of
yellow over the eye, and the white margins to the wing-feathers less defined. ; |
Young birds have the upper surface brownish grey; under suniace dingy white, with a tinge of yellow in
some specimens, and a gorget of dusky spots; less white on the wing ; and a streak above the eye, forehead,
chin, and ear-coverts yellow. oe
The Plate represents the two sexes, of the size of life.
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Indian 'Tree-Pipit.
Anthus agihs, Sykes in Proc. of Comm. of Sci. and Corr. of Zool. Soc., pt. ii. p. 91.—Horsf. and Moore, Cat. of
Birds in Mus. East-Ind. Comp., vol. i. p. 354.—Adams in Proc. Zool. Soc., part xxvi. 1858, p. 485.
—Swinh. in ‘Ibis,’ vol. v. p. 310, and in Proc. Zool. Soc., 1863, pp. 273, 334.
maculatus, Hodgs. in Gray’s Zool. Misc., 1844, p. 83.—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., tom. i. p. 248, Anthus, sp. 17.
Dendronanthus maculatus, Blyth, Cat. of Birds in Mus. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta, p. 135.
Anthus brevirostris, Hodgs. in Gray’s Zool. Misc., 1844, p. 83.
arboreus, Jerd. Madras Journ. of Lit. and Sci., vol. xi. p. 11.—Gray, List. of Spec. and Draw. of Mamm.
and Birds presented to Brit. Mus. by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., p. 76.
trivialis, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., vol. xvi. p. 482.—(Horsfield & Moore.)
Pipastes agihs, Jerd. Birds of India, vol. ii. pt. i. p. 228. .
Musarichi, Hindoos, Jerdon.
Khorasam churi of some falconers, Jerdon.
Liku-jita, Telegus, (2. e. Blind bird) Jerdon.
x
Tue present bird and the Tree-Pipit of England (the Anthus arboreus of authors) are so very similar that
it requires the discriminating eye of the ornithologist to distinguish one from the other ; some persons, and
among them Mr. Swinhoe, consider that it can scarcely be regarded as more than a race of the European
bird, while Mr. Jerdon and Mr. Blyth treat it as a separate species. The differences are certainly very
trivial, but they are as constant as those which are found between many other European and Indian birds
which were formerly believed to be identical, but which are now admitted to be distinct. The Indian bird
is always rather larger than its European ally, and moreover differs from it in having the back of a greener
hue, and less strongly striated with dark brown, while the throat is decidedly of a deeper fulvous, and the
markings of the breast more conspicuous.
The Pipastes agilis enjoys a very extensive range in the eastern parts of the Old World, being very
generally distributed over the peninsula of India, China, Formosa, and, according to Mr. Swinhoe, Japan.
As is the case with our own Tree-Pipit, but little difference occurs in the colouring of the two sexes. Of
the nidification scarcely anything appears to be known.
Mr. Blyth informs us that “this bird abounds in Bengal during the cold season, and, it would seem, in
suitable localities throughout the country, frequenting groves and gardens, with a disposition to be social, if
not gregarious, and, where an extent of thin tree-jungle harbours them, in considerable numbers. I have
noticed that, towards evening, they commonly fly to and fro over their haunts in scattered parties, now
perhaps two or three, then several, and then perchance a solitary bird, each frequently uttering a slight chirp,
and often several descending to alight for a while near together on the same tree; this restlessness they will
continue to evince till it is getting dark ; and it would scarcely be guessed what bird it was, till one had been
brought down. I never heard this species sing. Its flesh is used as a restorative to the Bhyree (falco pere-
grinus), and is said to be very delicate.”
“The Indian Tree-Pipit,” says Mr. Jerdon, “1s very similar to, but appears to differ slightly from, its
European congener. It is found over all India in the cold season; for it is a winter visitant only, arriving
early in October, and departing about the end of April. It frequents gardens, groves, and thin tree-jungle,
and occasionally grain-fields, the beds of woody streams, the edges of tanks, and other moist places. It
usually feeds on the ground, upon various insects and seeds, but upon being disturbed flies up at once to the
‘t now and then, however, feeds on trees, hopping about the upper branches and occasionally
It is said by the natives to kill many mosquitoes; hence some of its
he table at Calcutta and elsewhere in Bengal, and sold as
nearest tree ;
snapping at an insect on the wing.
native names. It is taken in great numbers for t
Ortolan.”
Dr. Leith Adams states that this species 1s common around Poonah, in the Deccan, and the Northern
Punjab; that it is gregarious during winter in the latter country, and less abundant on the lower Himalayan
range.
Saeaking of the P. agilis as observed by him in China, Mr. Swinhoe says, “ This Tree-Pipit stays the
winter in the south of China, and summers in the north, Amoorland, and Japan.” In his Notes on For-
he remarks that it “is abundant in winter in all the groves and copses, feeding about
It leaves for the north in spring, few, if any, remaining to breed. ‘The
age they might almost be mis-
mosan Ornithology,
under the shadow of the trees.
younger birds are greener on the back, and distinctly spotted ; in this plum
In the adults the upper parts become more sombre, and the spots
taken for the European A. arboreus.
In summer a rufous tinge diffuses itself over the entire bird, but more especially over the lores,
, and under surface, leaving, however, the centre of the belly nearly white.”
In winter the upper surface is of a greenish olive, with strongly marked streaks of blackish brown on the
head, and slight streaks of the same hue on the feather
with fulvous; the feathers of the sides
brown in the centre;
Go
o F
mS
so
oc
—] Pr
Oo wo
s of the back; under surface white, faintly tinged
of the neck, the breast, and flanks with an oblong spot of blackish
d with yellowish white, and the
ined with olive ; central tail-feathers olive-brown,
ippe
wing-coverts brownish black, the middle ones t
greater broadly edged with olive
s brown, marg
; primarie
ive; the inner web brown at the base and along
external web of the outer feather on each side pale ol
three-fourths of the margin, the remainder white; the
5)
ive margins
th ol
i
termediate feathers brown, w
f the
In
b; bill
inner we
Ip 0
irides dark brown ; legs pale fleshy brown.
the one next the outermost on each side with an oblong spot of white at the t
The Plate represents the two sexes, of the natural size.
blackish brown above, flesh-colour beneath ;
es
i
qj
1
EN FO ENO PPTL OTR POD [
Wd “SONTASHO S OUALNV
a ani gm re ny ee |
ANTHUS CERVINUS.
Red-throated Pipit.
Motacilla cervina, Pall. Zoog. Ross.-Asiat., tom, i. Dp: alt.
Alauda Ceecilu, Aud. Hist. de ’Egypte, Ois. tab. v. fie. 6.
Anthus rufogularis, Brehm, Lehrb., vol. ii. p. 963.—Id. Vog. Deutschl., p. 320.
——— Cecil, Blyth, Cat. of Birds in Mus. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta, p. 324.
cervinus, Keys. et Blas. Wirb. Eur., p. 172.—Midd. Sib. Reise,
Consp. Gen. Av., tom. i. p. 248, Anthus,
vol. ii. p. 165, pl. xiv. figs. 1-3.—Bonap.
sp. 4.—Cab. Mus. Hein., Theil i. p. 14.—Swinh. Proc. of Zool.
Soc., 1863, pp. 273, 334.—Id. Ibis, 1863, p. 311.—Sperl. Ibis, 1864, p. 279.—Trist. Proc. of Zool. Soc.,
1864, p. 435.—Id. Ibis, 1866, p. 290.—Bree, Hist. of Eur. Birds not obs. in Brit. Isl., vol. ii. p. 155,
and fig.
pratensis rufigularis, Schleg. Rev. Crit. des Ois. d’Eur., Pp. XXXVi.
ConsIDERABLE confusion exists respecting the synonymy, the correct specific appellation, and the specific
value of this pretty Pipit, some ornithologists believing it to be merely a variety of Anthus pratensis.
With regard to the synonymy, Professor Newton, in a letter to me, says, ‘* The right name to be used for
this species is a point on which I cannot exactly satisfy myself. Brehm’s rufogularis appeared in his ‘ Lehr-
buch’ (vol. ii. p. 963) in 1824, while Pallas’s cereing was only published in 1831 (Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat., vol. i.
p- O11), though it had been in type since 1811. But I suspect the Anthus Cecilii of Audouin to be the same
species; and if so, [ imagine that name will have unquestionable priority. I have not, however, been able
to refer to the letterpress of the ‘ Description de l’Egypte’ to see if the bird is therein properly described.”
Professor Newton, however, in his interesting account of his discovery of the breeding bird, published in
Dr. Bree’s ‘ History of the Birds of Europe not found in the British Isles’ (vol. ii. p. 155), uses Pallas’s
name of cervina ; and so also do Bonaparte, Dr. Blasius, Dr. Bree, Mr. G. R. Gray, and Dr. Cabanis; while
Dr. Schlegel and others either regard the bird as identical with 4. pratensis, as a variety of that species, or
adopt Pastor Brehm’s name of rufogularis. With regard to its specific distinctness, I have no more doubt
than, from the paragraph hereafter quoted, will be found to exist in the mind of Professor Newton.
I cannot agree with Dr. Bree that it “ belongs to the Rock-Pipit branch of the family, its claws being much
curved,” and that ‘there has been much confusion about the bird in consequence of this fact being over-
looked ;” in point of fact, it is as slender in form, and as delicate in the structure of its legs and hind toe as
our own Titlark, and, moreover, has the hinder claw of the same lengthened and slender form as in that bird.
With regard to the parts of the Old World inhabited by this species, the testimony. of those who have ob-
served it in a state of nature gives Eastern Europe in winter, and Lapland, Finmark, Northern Russia, and
Siberia as the countries frequented by it in summer, in all of which it probably breeds. That it also frequents
the Crimea at the same season is certain, since the specimens from which my figures were taken were
obtained there at that period of the year. Dr. Jerdon considers the Indian bird of this form, to which
Mr. Hodgson assigned the specific term rosaceus, to be identical with 4. cerwnus; but I have never seen an
individual of the latter from any part of India, and have no doubt that Mr. Hodgson was correct in charac-
terizing the Indian bird as distinct.
The recorded information respecting the history of this species is but scanty, little having been written on the
subject except by Professor Newton ; I shall therefore take the liberty of extracting the greater part of his notes
from Dr. Bree’s work above quoted.
Dr. Bree, after remarking that the bird is found plentifully in Egypt, Nubia, Greeee, Turkey, and Barbary
during the winter, says, ‘I have been favoured with the following imteresting account of its duscovery in East
Finmark by Alfred Newton, Esq.” :—‘On the 22nd of June, 1859, a few days after our arrival at Ww ads6,
Mr. W. H. Simpson and I, in the course of a bird’s-nesting walk to the nonieast of the town, to the distance
perhaps of a couple of English miles, came upon a bog, the appearance of which held out greater promise to
our ornithological appetites than we had hitherto met with in Norway. We had crossed the meadows a
the houses, where Temminck’s Stint and the Shore-Lark were trilling out their glad notes, and were traversing
a low ridge of barren moor, when the solicitude of a pair of Golden Plovers plainly told us that their eggs or
young were near us... . A little while after, as J mas cautiously picking my way over the treacherous
ground, I saw a Pipit dart out from beneath my feet, and alight again ules by, in . manner that I TER SILT could
only be that of a sitting hen. I had but to step off the grass-grown hillock on which I was standing, to see ne
eat ensconced in alittle nook, half covered by herbage. But the appearance of the eggs took me by surprise ;
for they were unlike any I knew—of a brown colour, indeed, but a a brown so warm that I cou only liken it
to that of old mahogany-wood, and compare them, in my mind, with those of the Lapland Bunting. ee
there was the bird, running about so close to me that, with my glass, I could see her almost as well as if she had
been in my hand. I replaced the eggs without disturbing the nest, and, carefully marking the spot, we
retired. In half an hour or so we returned, going softly to the place, and Mr. Simpson, reaching his arm over
the protecting hassock of grass, dexterously secured the bird in bis hand as she was taking flight. I then
at. once knew, from her pale fawn-coloured throat, that the nest we had found belonged to a species which, up
to that time, I believed had been known in Europe only as an accidental visitant—the Motacilla cervina of
Pallas, the Anthus rufogularis of Brehm.
“Tn a week’s time we were quartered at Nyborg, a small settlement at the head of the Waranger Fjord.
Here willows and birches grew with far greater luxuriance, even at the water’s edge, than lower down the
inlet. Some even attained to nearly twice the height of a man, and formed thickets which, the intervening
spaces being exceedingly boggy, were not easily explored. In this secluded spot we found our red-throated
friend not unplentiful. We could scarcely go out of the house without seemg one ; and in the immediate
neighbourhood we procured several more identified nests, making a total of five, and a fine series of nine
birds, all of course in their breeding-plumage. We had also abundant opportunities of watching their habits,
and, above all, of contrasting them with those of the Titlark (A. pratensis), which was not uncommon in the
district, and to which this species has been so unjustly annexed as a variety. The two birds had, according
to our observation, an entirely different range, 4. pratensis haunting a station less wooded (saving the expres-
sion) than that of 4. cervinus, which latter we found at times feeding on the sea-shore, a habit we did not
notice the former to indulge in. No one with ears, either, could for a moment be in doubt about their respec-
tive notes. It is true that the full song of 4. cervinus did not differ so strikingly from the more feeble
performance of A. pratensis as does, for instance, the joyous burst of 4. arboreus ; but it bad an unmistakable
resemblance to the louder and perhaps harsher strains of 4. odscurus, and in all cases was sufficiently charae-
teristic for one to be quite certain as to the nature of the performer, even when the individual was not in
sight. Ina word, none of our party had any hesitation as to regarding 4. cervinus as a perfectly good species.
«A young bird was obtained at Mortensnes, between Wads6 and Nyborg, on the 16th of July; and as it
was attended by its parents (both of which were well seen by Mr. Wolley and myself), it could ouly have
just left the nest; it appeared to differ from the young of the Titlark merely in being of a ruddier com-
plexion. . . . I have already mentioned what the eggs looked like; and it would be difficult, in words, to
convey a better idea of them. All the nests I saw were simply built of dry bents, without any liming of fea-
thers or hair.
‘IT may, however, add that it was only in this restricted locality, in Kast Finmark—between Wads6 and
Nyborg—that we saw this bird, and I believe Mr. Wolley never met with it elsewhere. ... At Stockholm, I
saw, in the possession of Conservator Meves, the ingenious discoverer of the cause of the bleating noise made
by the Common Snipe, a living Red-throated Pipit, which had been taken in a garden near that town, where,
I believe, it not unfrequently occurs in its autumnal migration.”
Middendorff, who considers 4. rufogularis and A. cervinus to be identical, says of the latter, «This bird
was found in both north and south Siberia. I shot a female in the Stanowoj mountains, on the 26th of May,
consequently not on the passage. ‘The rust-yellow of the Siberian specimen has a somewhat violet tint, very
similar to the colour on the breast of the Turtle Dove; it covers the cheeks near the eyes, the breast,
flanks, neck, and upper part of the breast. It is only found in this plumage from May to July.”
The Rev. H. B. Tristram obtained a single specimen only on the coast of the plain of Sharon in winter
—that is, in the month of February.
Mr. Swinhoe states that it is “a winter bird in South China and Formosa, which passes the summer in
Kamtschatka and the northern regions. Flocks pass over Amoy as late as the first week in May. Before
leaving China the bird undergoes an entire moult, when the eyebrows, throat, and breast show a pale
vinaceous mixed with more or less ochreous, but unspotted. As the nuptial season comes on, the silvery
tinge intensifies into a uniform dusky vinaceous, which encroaches further on the lower parts. I have a fine
series, showing every gradation between the pale-spotted winter and the fine nuptial dress.”
The male has the head, neck, back, rump, and upper tail-coverts olive, with a broad stripe of dark brown
down the centre of each feather, even on those of the rump; wing-coverts dark brown, tipped with creamy
white; primaries brown, with paler edges; tertiaries very dark brown, bordered with light greyish brown ;
tail brown, the two centre feathers edged with tawny, and the outer one white, with a streak of brown down
the margin of the inner web ; the next with a triangular spot of white at the tip; throat, cheeks, and breast
rufous, with a gorget formed by longitudinal streaks of brown across the latter; abdomen and under tail-
coverts pale fawn-colour, streaked on the flanks with dark brown.
In the female the rufous colouring is confined to the throat and cheeks, and the breast is more thickly
streaked with dark brown ; in other respects the plumage resembles that of the male.
The figures are of the natural size. The plant 1s the Primula Scotica.
|
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oS ss ss _ E es
LY 8 Vp LYLE I Pe PPL
LE Z
"SMOIGNI SHAWOUCIN OW Il
ergata:
LIMONIDROMUS INDICUS.
Variegated Wagtail.
Motacilla indica, Gmel. Edit. Linn. Syst. Nat., tom. i.
Gen. of Birds, vol. i. p. 203.
Nemoricola indica,
p- 962.—Lath. Gen. Hist., vol. vi. p. 334.—Gray and Mitch.
—Layard in Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 2nd ser. vol. xii. p. 268.
Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., vol. xvi. p. 429.—Id. Cat. of Birds in Mus. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta,
p. 136.—Id. Fam. Motacillide, p. 4.—Jerd. in Madras Journ. of Lit. and Sci., vol. xiii. p. 132.— Bonap.
Consp. Gen. Av., tom. i. p. 251.—-Horsf. and Moore, Cat. of Birds in Mus. East Ind. Comp., vol. i.
p: 353. ;
Motacilla variegata, Vieill. Ency. Méth., Orn., p. 408.—Jerd. in Madras Journ. of Lit. and Sci., v
Nget Rahat of the Arracanese (Blyth).
Gomarita (“ Dungspreader ”), Ceylon, Layard.
Rode- Rode, Malay (Blyth).
ol. xi. p. 10.
Ir has always appeared to me that a close affinity exists between the Yellow Wagtails, forming the genus
Budytes, and the Titlarks, genus Anthus; and this impression is strengthened by the existence of the
bird forming the subject of the present memoir, the affinity of which, it must however be admitted, leans to
the side of Budytes rather than to that of dnthus. I have been constrained to propose a new generic name
for this singular little bird, that of Nemoricola (assigned to it by Mr. Blyth) having been previously employed
by Mr. Hodgson for a very different group of birds.
Of this form only one species has yet been discovered. That it ranges rather widely over India and the
islands, is evident from the following notes by Mr. Blyth and Mr. Layard. Mr. Blyth states that the sexes
are alike in colouring, in which respect it offers an alliance to the Pipits, and differs from the Yellow
Wagtails.
‘This species,” says Mr. Blyth, ‘“‘appears to be common along the whole eastern coast of the Bay of
Bengal, from Arakan to the Malayan Peninsula and also Sumatra, where it was observed by the late
Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles. In Lower Bengal it is not rare; but it would seem to be scarce in the
Peninsula of India, where Mr. Jerdon had never personally met with it at the time he wrote his excellent and
useful Catalogue of the birds of that part of the country. In the vicinity of Calcutta I have procured it at
all seasons: it inhabits groves and gardens, mango-topes, and the neighbourhood of bambo-clumps, feeding
on the ground, and perching much like the Tree Pipits. I do not remember to have seen it from the
Himalayas, nor from any part of the Upper Provinces of Hindustan; and I am not aware that it has any
proper song.”
“In Ceylon,” says Mr. Layard, ‘this elegant little bird is met with in shady places where cattle have
been. It scratches among the ordure, in search of the larve of insects; hence its native name. It is
migratory in its habits.”
The following is Mr. Blyth’s description of this species :—
«« Above, greenish olive-brown ; below, white or yellowish white, tinged with brown on the flanks ; a whitish
supercilium, and a black gorget across the upper part of the breast, giving out a mesial black line below; a
second and imperfect black gorget on the lower part of the breast, united laterally upwards with the first,
and in front not continued to the middle so as to meet the mesial line given off by the first ; wings blackish,
marked with two broad whitish bands formed by the tips of the coverts, a third at the base of the primaries,
and a fourth near the tips of the secondaries and continued along the edge of the longest tertiary ; medial
tail-feathers brown, the next dusky, the outermost white, with generally a brown outer margin and black
base extending nearly half the length of the inner web, and the penultimate with white only on its terminal
half; bill dusky above, the lower mandible whitish; legs whitish, tinged with purplish brown; the toes
darker.
‘‘ Sexes alike, and no seasonal difference of colouring.”
The figures are of the natural size.
a ar a NR RE A PA ENTS
iit
MACULATU
A
\
URU
~4-
oe
ENILC
mp.
#
Walter
mld and HC Richter, del et lth,
0
IG
ENICURUS MACULATUS, rigors
Lunated Forktail.
Encurus maculatus, Vig. in Proc. of Comm. of Sci. and Corr. of Zool. Soc., part i. 1830-1831, p. 9.—Gould, Cent.
of Birds, pl. 27.—Hodgs. in Gray’s Zool. Mise. 1844, p. 83.—Gray, Cat. of Spec. and Draw. of Mamm.
and Birds, pres. to Brit. Mus. by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., p. 76.—Jameson, in Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist.,
vol. vil. p. 363.—Gray, Gen. of Birds, vol. i. p. 204, Enicurus, sp. 2.—Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng.,
vol. 2 p. 156.—Id. Cat. of Birds in Mus. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta, p. 159.—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av.
tom. 1. p. 251, Hnicurus, sp. 2.—Horsf. and Moore, Cat. of Birds in Mus. East Ind. Comp., vol. i. p. 346.
—Adams, in Proc. of Zool. Soc., part xxvi. 1858, p. 489, and part xxvii. 1859, p. 179.—Jerdon, Birds of
India, vol. ii. pt. i. p. 212. 7
fuliginosus, Hodgs. in Asiat. Res., vol. xix. 190, young.
Khanjan, in the N.W. Himalayas. Oong-sam ching-pho of the Lepchins. Chubia leka of the Bhotans.
cd
Tue figures in the accompanying Plate were taken from specimens precisely like the bird which formed the
subject of one of the illustrations in my ‘Century of Birds from the Himalaya Mountains ;’ I deem it
necessary to state this because I believe that another, but very nearly allied, species from the same range of hills
has hitherto been confounded with it. The bird referred to is the one characterized by me in the ‘ Pro-
ceedings of the Zoological Society’ for 1865, under the name of Enicurus guttatus, a representation of
which will be found on the succeeding Plate. Where the two birds inosculate in the great Himalayan range
has not yet been ascertained; but I believe that both are found in Nepaul, and that from thence the range
ot E. maculatus extends as far to the westward as the country of Afghanistan, while the E. guttatus frequents
Sikhim, Bhotan, and probably proceeds even still further to the eastward.
The birds constituting the genus Enicurus must form a conspicuous feature in the landscape among the
rocky gullies of the elevated regions they inhabit. |
Dr. Leith Adams remarks that the Z. maculatus is “common on the mountain-streams southwards of
the valley of Cashmere. Among the tangled jungles by the sides of the mountain-torrents this beautiful
creature sports from rock to rock ; it‘ flutters like a huge butterfly, intently searching after its winged prey,
now and then uttering a harsh scream as it runs along the water’s edge with its tail expanded like a fan.”
«This beautiful Wagtail,” says Mr. Jerdon, ‘‘ may be said to be one of the adjuncts of Himalayan scenery ;
if you come suddenly on a mountain-stream crossing the road or path, and still more certainly if there be a
waterfall, you are sure to see one of these birds, either on the road or in a rock in the stream. If on the
former, it will at times fly before you to the next stream that crosses the path, and repeat the movement
for a dozen times in succession ; but more. commonly as you approach it flies rapidly into the jungle and
disappears up the stream, but, owing to the density of the jungle, does not go far. I cannot say that I have
seen it perch, but on one or two occasions thought I did. In the larger streams it may be seen running on
the shingle at the edge of the river, but still more frequently on rocks, especially on those in rapids that are
washed over by the spray. There it picks up the various small insects and their larvee which constitute it
chief food.
“In general it is a solitary bird ; occasionally two or three may be seen near each other, but in that case
one usually drives away the rest. The nest is made of roots, fibres, and a little moss; the eggs, which are
three or four in number, are of a greenish white, with a few rusty-brown spots.” |
The adults of both sexes differ but little in size and colouring; the dress of the young during the first
autumn is very dissimilar, the head and back being olive brown and the throat and breast light olivaceous
brown, with a stripe of grey down each feather; and present no appearance of the black, studded with white,
which characterizes the older birds, and which, when once acquired, is not again changed.
The adult birds have the forehead and frontal half of the crown, greater wing-coverts, lower half of the
back, rump, upper tail-coverts, abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts pure white ; hinder half of the
crown, sides of the head and neck, throat, and breast black; a few of the feathers on the lower edge of’
the latter with a lunate mark of white at the tip; upper half of the back black, lunated with white, the
lunations increasing into large spots and forming a conspicuous mark on od side of the nape ; spurious
wing and secondaries black, with the exception of an oblique line of white on the tips of the latter ;
primaries dark brown ; lateral tail-feathers and the tips of the inner ones white, the basal portion of the
latter being black ; irides dark brown ; bill black ; legs and feet fleshy white. .
The Plate represents the two sexes of the size of life, and with a reduced figure of a young bird.
Kucter delet lith,
¥
of;
I
dar H.C
JU.
y
GC
J
ENICURUS GUTTATUS, Gow.
Spotted Forktail.
Enicurus guttatus, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 664.
4
In my account of Enicurus maculatus 1 have stated that two species of this genus had been confounded, but
I ought, perhaps, to have said that one had been characterized, instead of two. In the ‘ Proceedings of the
Zoological Society’ above referred to I have pointed out the principal differences by which these two nearly
allied birds may be distinguished; and as they cannot be more clearly defined, it will be as well to
reproduce the paragraph here. | .
‘This species must not be confounded with the Lnicurus maculatus, to which it is very nearly allied; for
it differs from that bird in having a much shorter and smaller tail, in having a round spot instead of a
crescentic mark of white at the tip of each of the feathers of the mantle, in the white mark on the forehead
being of lesser size, in having the crown suffused with brown, and in the absence of any white markings
on the lower part of the chest. ee
“The E. guttatus may be regarded as the eastern representative of the ZZ. maculatus of the great
Himalayan range.”
Three skins of each species are now before me, and nothing can be more apparent than the distinctions
above pointed out, and which will readily be perceived on a comparison of the figures of the two species.
In none of the specimens of Z. guttatus is there any appearance of the lunate markings seen in £. maculatus,
each spot being perfectly round and about the size of a number six shot. A few lunate white marks appear
on the lower edge of the black feathers of the breast of . maculatus; but there are no corresponding. marks
on the same part in EL. guttatus. ‘That these round-spotted birds cannot be immature examples of £.
maculatus is certain, since the hue of the black portions of their plumage is still more intense.
Forehead white; crown of the head black, suffused with brown, remainder of the head, neck, throat, and
breast deep black ; down the sides of the neck a series of silky white feathers narrowly bordered with black 5
upper half of the back black, with a round spot of white at the tip of each feather; lower half of the back
and upper tail-coverts white; wings black, the tips of the greater coverts and the bases of the secondaries
white, forming a band across the wing, the innermost secondaries are also tipped with white; primaries
dark brown; two lateral tail-feathers white, the remainder black, tipped with white; lower half of the
abdomen and under tail-coverts white; bill black; tarsi and toes fleshy-white. .
The figures are of the natural size. The plant is one of the varieties of Pteris quadriaurita.
Gould.
CHUNENSIS ,
VICUIRU'S
oe
XE
AnH. C Richiter, del, et lith,
J.
ENICURUS CHINENSIS, Gould.
Chinese Forktail.
Enicurus sinensis, Gould in Proc. of Zool. Soc. 1865, p- 665.
I apmir that I have but slender grounds for describing the large Enicurus from China as distinct from
the L. Leschenault: of Java. “In size they are very similar, but all the Chinese examples that have come
under my notice have only the forehead white, while in the skins from Java the entire crown is of this
colour, and, in some instances, the silky white feathers extend almost to the nape and approach to lengthened
plumes ; in other respects the specimens from those distant localities are as similar in colour as they are
in size: however the case may be, I deem it desirable to give a name to the Chinese bird and to figure it ;
time and a greater amount of materials than we at present possess will alone enable the ornithologist satis-
factorily to determine whether the continental and insular birds be the same or not.
The £. Chinensis and E. Leschenaulti, whether two or one and the same bird, are the largest species of the
genus yet discovered. It is interesting to observe how closely similar in structure and style of colouring
are the whole of the members of this well-marked form; certain modifications of structure occur it is true
in the little #. Scoudert, but, on comparison, a general sameness will be found to pervade the whole.
It may not be out of place to insert here Dr. Horsfield’s notes on the Javan bird; for any information,
however scanty, is worthy of record respecting the species of so singular a form as Enicurus.
‘This bird is exclusively found near small rivulets; in the beds of these, particularly where they abound
with rocks and gravel, it is seen running along with alacrity, moving its tail incessantly, and picking up
worms and insects. It is very locally distributed, and uniformly deserts the neighbourhood of populous
villages. The southern coast of Java abounds in small streams, descending rapidly from the southern hills
and shaded by luxuriant shrubs. Here I first discovered this bird, in the district of Pajittan, in the year
1809; I afterwards met with it again, along this coast, in the district of Karang-ballong and in the
provinces south of Kediri. Among more central regions it frequents the banks of an elevated lake near
the declivites of the mountain Prahu, where I found it more numerous than in any other part of Java. In
the extensive forests of Pugar and Blambangan I never noticed it, although I devoted a considerable time
to their examination.”
Chinese examples of this bird are contained in the collection at the British Museum and in my own;
judging from which I do not perceive any difference in the size or markings of the two sexes.
Forehead to the middle of the crown, lower part of the back, rump, upper tail-coverts, tips of the greater
wing-coverts, bases of the secondaries, two outer tail-feathers, the tips of all the others, the under coverts
of the shoulder, the abdomen, and under tail-coverts pure white; primaries blackish brown; the remainder
of the plumage deep black ; bill black ; feet fleshy white.
The figures are of the size of life.
Po”
2 aes Te
Walter, /mp.
Vigors.
SCOULERI,
ENICURUS
J Gould and HC Richter delet lith,
ENICURUS SCOULERI, Vigors.
Scouler’s Forktail.
Enicurus Scouleri, Vig. in Proc. of Comm. of Sci. and Corr. of Zool. Soc., part i. 1830-1831, p. 174.—Gould,
Cent. of Birds, pl. 28.—Gray, Gen. of Birds, vol. i. p- 204, Enicurus, sp. 8.—Gray, Cat. of Spec. and
Draw. of Mamm. and Birds pres. to Brit. Mus. by B. H. Hodgson, Ksq., p. 76.—Jameson in Calcutta
Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. vii. p. 363.—Blyth, Journ. of Asiat. Soc. Beng., vol. xvi. p. 157.—Id. Cat. of
Birds in Mus. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta, p. 159.—Bonap. Consp. Gen. Av., tom. i. p-. 251, Enicurus, sp. 8.
—Horsf. and Moore, Cat. of Birds in Mus. East. Ind. Comp., vol. i. p. 347.—Adams, in Proc. Zool. Soc.,
part xxvi. 1858, p. 489, and part xxvii. 1859, p. 179.—Jerd. Birds of India, vol. ii. pt. i. p. 214.
Scoulert v. heterurus, Hodgs. in Gray’s Zool. Misc. 1844, p. 83.
—-—— nigrifrons, Hodgs., G. R. Gray, in Proc. of Zool. Soc. part xxvii. 1859, p. 102, young ?—Jerd. Birds of
India, vol. ii. part i. p. 215, young ?
Oong-sumbrek-pho of the Lepchins.
Tue southern side of the great Himalayan range is believed to be exclusively the habitat of the Eneurus
Scoulert, the smallest species of a genus all the members of which are lovers of the beds of streams, turbulent
waters, and cataracts, over which their delicately-formed feet enable them to trip with the utmost facility,
and where, in the midst of a chaotic mass of stones, drift, and gravel, apparently unfitted for any bird’s
existence, they obtain their food.
“This little Enicurus,” says Mr. Jerdon, “appears to be found throughout the whole extent of the Hima-
layas, but to be more numerous in their eastern portion; for Jameson says that it is rare in the north-west,
and Adams, who observed it in Cashmere, states that it is not nearly so common as E. maculatus. About
Darjeeling it is far from rare, but it does not ascend the streams so high as the spotted Forktail, being
most abundant between 2000 and 5000 feet of elevation. It does not affect the smaller brooks, but
chiefly good-sized rapid streams, and it may often be seen seated on a rock in the midst of a boiling torrent
which is now and then partially submerged by a wave; and it feeds almost exclusively on rocks that are so
washed over, following the retreating wave or climbing up a slippery rock with great ease. It often contends
with the plumbeous water Redstart (Ruticilla fuliginosa) for a choice piece of rock, but is generally vanquished
by its more spirited antagonist. It feeds on various water-insects, chiefly on the larvae of Neuroptere, that
frequent the wet rocks and the edges of rapids.
‘A nest brought to me as of this species was found on a ledge of rock near a stream; it contained three
eges very similar to, but smaller than, those of /. maculatus.”
The late Captam Boys, who met with the bird at Hawalbaugh in December, notes that it “ frequents the
sides of mountain-streams, and seems to delight in being washed by the spray of the torrent; it may be
seen almost immersed in water, or at least so covered that I have lost sight of it for seconds together.
Food, insects.”
In his notes on ‘The Birds of Cashmere and Ladakh,’ Dr. Leith Adams states that the 2. Scouleri is
‘‘ often seen on the Chenab river near Kishtewar.”
I suspect that the bird characterized in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ for 1859 by Mr. G.
R. Gray as Enicurus nigrifrons, Hodgs., is merely an immature example of the present species—an opinion
to which Mr. Jerdon appears to incline; for, although he has described it separately, he remarks that the
brown mottling of the breast “is rather a mark of nonage.”
Band across the forehead pure white; head, neck, throat, and upper part of the back deep black; a few
of the black feathers on the lower part of the breast tipped with white; wings black, the greater coverts
largely tipped with white, forming a conspicuous band across the wing; shafts of all but the first two pri-
maries white at the base ; outer margins of the secondaries very narrowly edged with white; lower part of
the back and upper-tail coverts white, the former crossed by an indistinct band of black; centre of the
abdomen and under tail-coverts white ; flanks mottled with slaty black; outer tail-feather white, two central
tail-feathers black with white bases, the intermediate feathers white, tipped with black, the extent of the
black increasing as the feathers approach the central ones; irides brown; bill black; legs and feet delicate
fleshy white. )
The immature bird has the forehead black and the throat white, mottled with brownish black ; in other
respects it is similar to the adult.
The Plate represents the two sexes and the supposed young (E. ngrifrons, Hodgs.) of the natural size.
CLEP TERE EI eS EAE aN
py TICIXVA VUdkWOOONV IAN
ee
MELANOCORYPHA MAXIMA, Goud,
Long-billed Calandre.
Melanocorypha maxima, Gould.—Blyth in Ibis, 1867, p. 46, note.
Ix a small collection of birds submitted to my inspection by Mr. Ward, of Vere Street, London, I found a
single specimen of this large and strange species.of Lark. The collection was said to have been formed in
Afghanistan, but the precise locality was not ascertained. At first sight it appeared to me to differ so much
from all the Larks previously described as to warrant its being regarded as the type of a new genus ; but on
carefully comparing it with the Common Calandre and the three or four allied species, I came to the
conclusion that, notwithstanding the more prolonged form of its bill, it really belongs to the same genus,
every part of its structure, with the exception of the bill, as well as the colouring and markings of its
plumage, bemg precisely similar. Mr. Blyth, to whom I submitted it, coincided in this view, and,
writing on the Melanocoryphe, in his “‘ Commentary on Dr. Jerdon’s Birds of India,” published in the ¢ Ibis’
for 1867, states that the Asiatic species of the genus “are four in number:—l. MM. tatarica (Pallas). 2.
M. mongolicus (Pallas); Radde, Reisen, &c., taf. ili. fig. 1; Alauda sinensis, Waterhouse, P. Z. S. 1839,
p- 60. 3. ML. calandra (L.) ; Alauda torquata, Gmelin. 4. JM. torquata, nobis.” To these Mr. Blyth adds
ina note:—* A large species with a remarkably slender bill Mr. Gould designates MZ. maxima.”
Head, neck, all the upper surface and wings dark brown, each feather conspicuously bordered with lighter
brown; primaries dark brown, the outer one margined externally to near the tip with white, the remainder
with brownish white; the outer tail-feather on each side white, except on the basal portion of the inner
web, where it is light brown; the remaining tail-feathers dark brown (except the two central which are
light brown), margined externally and tipped with white, the extent of which decreases as the feathers
approach the centre; stripe over the eye dull white, continued in a browner tint behind the ear-coverts to
the sides of the neck, where it unites with the dull fawn-colour of the flanks; line from the nostrils to the
eye and the ear-coverts brown, the feathers of the latter with darker centres ; from the angle of the mouth
within the brown a small moustache-like streak of greyish white; on each side of the neck, in front of the
shoulder, a few dark-brown feathers, bordered with sandy buff, show somewhat conspicuously, but not so
much so as in Melanocorypha calandra; throat and under surface very pale brown or creamy white; Dill
bluish flesh-colour, passing into pale buff on the basal portion of the lower mandible; legs and feet light
brown, very stout and strong; nails black, that of the hinder toe unusually stout and straight.
The figures are of the natural size.
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