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BRITISH

JUNGERMANNIiE:

BEING

A HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION,

WITH

COLORED FIGURES, OF EACH SPECIES OF THE GENUS,

AND

SDicWoptcal %mlm$ of tty $atm

BY WILLIAM JACKSON HOOKER, ESQ ,

FELLOW OF

THE ROYAL, ANTIQUARIAN, AND LINN-fEAN SOCIETIES, AND MEMBER OF THE
WERNERIAN SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH.

LONDON:

PUBLISHED BY LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN;

4

SHERWOOD, NEELY, AND JONES; AND J. HARDING.

1816.

Fou 56T8'

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PHINTED BY

J. KEYMER, YARMOUTH.

TO

DAWSON TURNER, ESQ.,

MASTER OF ARTS,

FELLOW OF THE ROYAL, LINNiEAN, AND ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES,

Sfc., Ifc., Sfc.,

THE FOLLOWING SHEETS ARE DEDICATED,

AS

A TESTIMONY OF ESTEEM AND GRATITUDE,

BY HIS AFFECTIONATE

FRIEND AND SON,

W. J. HOOKER.

♦

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Tab. 2.

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

JUNGERMANNIA HUTCHINSLE.

(TAB. I.)

Jungermannia, surculo repente, ramoso : foliis distichis, approximate, ovate, planis, dent at is,
basi subtus auriculatis, auricula minute, inflate : stipulis rotundato-ovatis, acutb bifidis ; laciniis
subintegerrimis : calycibus axillaribus, obcordatis, triangularibus.

Hab. Glengaviff, near Bantry; along the banks of the first river, as you go from Bantry
above the water-fall; and in gloomy caverns by tlxe side of other mountain rivulets.
Miss Hutchins.

Plant, creeping upon the ground in dense imbricated patches, of a deep almost blackish-green
color, and extending some inches in diameter; producing a few whitish, fibrous radicles from
various, but, principally, from the lower parts of the stem.

Stems scarcely the tenth of a line in diameter, an inch or an inch and a half in length,
filiform, flexuese, furnished here and there with a few rather long, scattered, patent or
horizontal branches, which are again either once or twice beset in the same manner
with shorter ramuli, or, as frequently happens, divided in a dichotomous manner, the
whole of them disposed in the same plane as the stem, whence the plant has a
pinnated appearance. The texture of both stems and branches is by no means brittle,
and rather closely cellular; their color a dark olive green inclining to brown.

The Leaves (f. 3.), which are bifarious and distichous, are rather loosely imbricated,
slightly decurrent at the base, auriculate, about a quarter of a fine in length, ovate,
plane or but slightly convex on the upper surface, its margins furnished with rather

(J, Ilutchinsue.)

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

distantly-placed, spiniform teeth, the largest generally forming the apex of the leaf;
these teeth give the whole plant a most beautiful appearance, and are of such a size as
to be conspicuous, even to the naked eye, when the plant is held against the light :
that part which is in reality a lesser division of the leaf, or lobule, or, as it is called
by Linnffius and in the specific character, auricle (f. 5.), is very minute, scarcely mea-
suring the twentieth part of a line in length, appearing an ovate, inflated appendage,
frequently having a spiniform deflected tooth ; it is attached near the base of the lower
margin of the leaf, or, more correctly speaking, the lobe, to the under surface of which
it is closely appressed. The reticulation of the whole is small and opaque, with areolae
or cellules of a very irregular figure, l^it approaching to quadrate. The color is a
very dark green with an olive tint : when held against the light the auricles appear of
a deeper hue in consequence of their figure: this form, indeed, is not the same
throughout the whole plant; as may be seen in the terminal leaves (f. 6.), which do
not appear to have arrived at their full size ; they differ widely from the rest in
being divided into two lanceolate segments ; the smaller one of which is the expanded
auricle, and scarcely a fourth less than the larger division ; both are spinuloso-dentate.
Exactly similar to these are the

Pericluetial leaves (f. f. 7. 11), of which there are two, embracing with their segments

Stipules ovate, approaching to orbicular, divided nearly half way down from the extremity,
by an acute sinus, into two, equal, slightly-denticulated, sharp segments. There is one
stipule to each pair of leaves, which in color and texture they exactly resemble.

Male Fructification, at present unknown.

Female Iructification, as far as I have hitherto had the opportunity of remarking, always
arising from the axillae of the branches (f. 2.).

Calyx, (f. f. 8. 9. 11.) rather more than half a line in length, obcordate, compressed and
plane on its upper surface, its under side prominent with a longitudinal ridge, so that
a transverse section would present the figure of a triangle: the mouth small, con-
tracted, a little elevated and entire.

the lower part of the calyx.

are probably minute tubercles.

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

( J. Hutchinsice)

Obs. I am happy in being able to devote the first plate of a History of the British Jungermannice
to a perfectly new and distinct species, and still more so in the opportunity it affords me of
dedicating that species, one of the most beautiful with which I am acquainted, to its discoverer.
Miss Hutchins, of Ballylickey, near Bantry ; a lady whose valuable communications on the sub-
ject of marine Botany are already before the public in the Historia Fucorum, as well as in the
British Conferva, and whose zeal and knowledge in the present genus of plants I shall
frequently have occasion to notice in the progress of this little work. To her, through the
kindness of my friend, Mr. Turner, I am indebted for many of the most rare and interesting
species which will here be described.

J. Hutchinsice was originally found, two years since, growing on a spot of ground which
also produced J. trichophytla and Saxifraga Geum. It belongs to a small but very natural
family (including J. dilatata and tamariscifolia) , differing from the rest of the Jungermannice
stipulates in having a lohulus, or what, in compliance with the Linnaean terminology, I am
induced to call auricle, which, in by far the greater number of the leaves, is rolled up into a
small vesiculated appendage, and in having each of the spiral filaments composed of a single
helix attached by its base to the extremity of the segments of the capsule, and enveloped in
an extremely thin pellucid tube. From the two Jungermanniae last mentioned, the present
species abundantly differs in a variety of respects, and may at all times readily be distinguished
by its dark-green color, and still more certainly by the strongly denticulated margins of the
leaves.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1. Fertile plant of J. HUTCH INS I/E, natural size.

2. Portion of the same, magnified 6 .

3. Portion of the Stem and Leaves, seen from the under surface 4

4. Stipule 3

5. Lobule 3

6. Terminal Leaf 4

7. Perichcetial Leaf 4

8. Calyx (upper surface) 4

9. Interior of the Calyx, with the Germen 4

10. Calyptra, with the barren Pistilla and the lower part of the Peduncle .... 3

11. Calyx, with the tivo Perichcetial Leaves, Peduncle, and Capsule; the latter 1

mi the act of bursting and discharging its seeds *

12. Upper part of the Peduncle and Capsule ; the valves expanded and retain- 1 3

ing the spiral filaments

13. Spiral filaments enclosed in their tube 1

14. Seeds 2

15. The same 1

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BRITISH JUNGERMAMIT.

f J. julacea.J

JUNGERMANNIA JULACEA.

(TAB. II.)

Jungermannia, caule erectiusculo, vagh ramoso, filiformi : foliis quadrifariis, ovatis, arctfc
imbricatis, erectis, acute bifidis ; segmentis lanceolatis, acuminatis, subserratis : fructu terminali ;
calycibus oblongis, superne plicatis ; ore ape 1 to, dentato.

Jungermannia julacea. Linn. Sp. PI. n. p. 1601. Syst. Nat. n. p. 706. FI. Lapp. eel.
Smith, p. 342. Schrader, Samml. ii. p. 4. n. 94. Weber, Spicil. p. 151. n. 215.
Huds. Angl. p. 516 Lightf. Scot. ii. p. 785. With. m.p. 863. Linn. Syst. ed. Gmel. ii.
p. 1352. Lamarck, Encycl. Dot. hi. p. 285. Engl. But. t. 1024.

Jungermannia caule filiformi, foliis appressis, inconspicuis. Hall. Helv. hi. p. 63. n. 1882.

Lichenastrum alpinum, Bryi julacei argentei facie. Dill. Muse. t. 73. f. 38.

B. gracilis ; caulibus elongatis : foliis parvis, remotiusculis.

Hab. Welsh mountains, Dillenius and Mr. Griffith. — Ben Lawers and Craigalleach, in
Breadalbane; Ben Nevis, Ben Luyal, and Cairngorum. — (3. On the summit of Ben
Nevis, in wet places at its eastern extremity.

Plant growing in dense patches of considerable extent ; when barren thickly entangled and
matted together.

Stems in a barren state usually procumbent, in fertile specimens erect, from half an inch
to an inch and a half in length, of an equal thickness throughout, of a dirty brown
color, rigid and brittle when dry, irregularly divided, and generally more or less beset
with branches, which are equally uncertain in their number, disposition, and length,
and are suhpatent.

Leaves closely imbricated and appressed, surrounding the stem on four sides (f. 5) and
entirely concealing it, erect, nearly ovate, flat, or but very slightly concave, acutely
cleft to about three-fourths of their length into two equal segments, which are straight,
ovato-lanceolate and acuminated, their margins very obscurely serrated : the terminal
leaves, which usually grow in clusters, differ from the rest in having the segments
more lanceolate and acute, and in being more evidently, though very unequally, serrated.

( J.julacea .)

BRITISH J UNGERM ANNIA5.

The reticulation (f. 7.) is large in proportion to the size of the leaf, and formed by
cellules of a somewhat rounded figure, which are opaque in the centre. The color of
the leaves, when the plant grows in the shady crevices of rocks, is generally a dirty
green approaching to olive, but when it is in a more exposed situation, it is a pale
silvery white, which under the microscope seems to be caused by an extremely minute
granulated substance, probably an exudation from the leaves. This color and appearance
are particularly prevalent in wet spongy places, and my var. /3 (f. 15) possesses them
in a very striking degree.

The pcricluetial leaves (f. f. 8,8) surround the calyx for nearly a third of its height; the
exterior ones differ from those of the stem only in being larger and somewhat plicated:
the interior are quadripartite, much resembling the stein-leaves of J. setiformis.

Male Fructification I have not seen.

Female Fructification terminal upon the stems and branches.

Calyx (f. 9) oblong, longitudinally plicated in the upper part, and toothed or lacerated
at the margin, where it is white and diaphanous, while the rest is of a dirty brow'n
or olive color ; the whole comparatively of a rigid texture, marked throughout with
small oblong reticulations (f. 10).

Calyptra (f. 14) ovate, thin, of a dirty white color, reticulated, tipped with a minute
style, and bearing near its base two or three abortive pistilla : the base itself is firmly
united to the lower part of the calyx, and not separable from it.

Peduncle scarcely a quarter of an inch in length, white, succulent, longitudinally and
transversely striated.

Capsule (f. 9) globose, of a shining brownish black, opening into four equal, ovate valves
(f. f. 11, 12), which, after the discharge of the seeds, become revolute, some of the
filaments still remaining attached to the centre.

Seeds and spiral filaments (f. 13) reddish brown, the former spherical and smooth; the latter
short in proportion to their width, and formed of a double helix.

J ar. (3 (f. 15) grows to the height of nearly two inches, and has its stem and branches
slender in proportion to their length, bearing also more distantly-placed, smaller and
less-appressed leaves than at. The silvery hue is, as I liave before mentioned, very
striking in this variety.

J. julacea, which is altogether an alpine species and a plant of unfrequent occurrence, is, by
i vize, its mode of growth, and its color, readily distinguishable from every other, except
indeed from J. concinnata, to which in all these particulars it is very nearly allied. From this
it differs, as well in the shape of the leaves, as in their disposition, they having the appearance
lj, imbricated on all sides, though in reality they are quadi ifarious, whence arises a
quai rangular form in the stems and branches. These shoots too are of an equal thickness

BRITISH JUNGERMANNLE.

C J. julacea.J

throughout, instead of being evidently incrassated towards the extremities, and the calyces arc
large in proportion to the size of the plant. ; whereas I have never been able, in the specimens
I have examined of J. concinnatci, to satisfy myself of the actual existence of any calyx at all.
Truly, however, and essentially as these two species are distinct, they have been confounded by
the older writers, and, indeed, appear to have been so by almost every author prior to the time
of Lightfoot ; so that I dare not venture to speak with certainty of the greater part of the
above synonyms. That of Dillenius, indeed, admits of no doubt, and his figures are excellent.
The similarity to Bryum argenteum, however, which he dwells upon, and which has given birth
to the name* of the species before us, arising from its color and from its concave closely-
appressed leaves, is more applicable to J. concinnata. Linnaeus’ plant, judging from his descrip-
tion, as well as from the specimens in his herbarium, is the same as ours. Weber seems rather
to refer to J. concinnata, when he says it has leaves “ ita appressa, ut vix ne lente quidem
distingui possint, (quit notA ab omnibus facile distinguitur); " and that the surculi are, when
moist, “ liet'e virides, splendentes,” but in a dry state “ argenteo splendore donati, omninb uti
Bryum argenteum" Yet in another passage he remarks, “ Setas non vidi, verum surculos versus
apices incrassatos, terminates calyculis membranaceis, pellucidis, parvis granulis repletis," which
can only be said of J. julacea, J. concinnata being destitute of calyces. Hudson has done no
more than copied the words of Linnaeus. Lightfoot has well distinguished the two; and we
are indebted to him for first describing J. concinnata. The figure in the Flora Damca, quoted
by Withering, does not represent our plant, though the description of this latter author may

be intended for it, as that of Haller certainly is.

Other writers, besides those above mentioned, have introduced in their works J. julacea:
but these in my opinion all mean J. concinnata. Among them are Doctor Both and Ehrhart,
the latter of whom in particular says the leaves of J. julacea are bifarious +, which is
undoubtedly the case with J. concinnata, but not with this. Their exact situation, however,
is not easily determinable on so diminutive a plant; nor was it till after a careful investigation

that I was able to satisfy myself that they were placed in fours.

Mr Sowerby in his otherwise excellent figure in English Botany, has represented the leave,

as undivided, which i. never the ease in the plant, although, owing to the d^epnes. of t . e
cleft and the brittleness of the texture, it is more easy to separate half a leaf from
than a whole one.

, Bryum argenteum was called by Dillenius “ Bryum pendulum julaceum, argenteum et senceum.”
als bei andern Arten, in die Augen, kann aber dennoch recht gut gesehen werden. Bear. Band. 3, p.

REFERENCES

f J.julacea.J

BRITISH JUNGER MANN IAS.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1. Barren plant of J. julacea, natural size.

2. 2. Female plants, natural size.

3. Var. ft, natural size.

4. Female plant magnified 6

5. Portion of the stem 4

6- Leaf 3

7- Apex of a leaf to shew the cellules 1

8, 8. Exterior and interior perichcelial leaves 3

9. Calyx and capsule 4

10. Portion of the margin of the calyx j

11. Capsule discharging its seeds 4

12. Valve of the capsule 3

13. Seeds and spiral filaments j

14. Calyptra, with a portion of the calyx at its base 4

15. Portion of the stem of Var. (3 5

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIA.

( J. concinnata J

JUNGERMANNIA CONCINNATA.

(TAB. III.)

Jungermannia, caule erecto, ramoso, apice incrassato compressoque : foliis bifariis, arctissime
imbric-atis, compactis, erectis, concavis, ovatis, obtusis, emarginatis : fructu terminali ; calycibus
nullis.

Jungermannia concinnata. Lightf. Scot. n. p. 736. With. hi. p. 863. Engl.Bot.t. 2229.

Jungermannia julacea. FI. Dan. t. 1002. (bene.) Hoffmann, Germ. n. p. 82. Roth,
Germ. in. p. 366. Schrader, Spicil. p. 75. Lamarck, FI. Fr. ed. 2. ii. p. 437-

Hab. Barren spongy places near the summits of the Scotch and Irish mountains, abundant.

Plant growing always in very thickly-matted tufts, often covering a surface of ground of some
feet in diameter ; conspicuous at a considerable distance from its silvery hue.

Stems nearly erect, occasionally procumbent at the base, varying from their most common
height of scarcely half an inch to an inch or more, simple, or bearing here and there
a few, scattered, patent or suberect branches, which, as well as the stems themselves,
are cylindrical and filiform in their lower parts, but towards the apices visibly incras-
sated and compressed: the color of both stems and branches is a dirty brown ; when
dry they are brittle.

Leaves (f. f. 4. 5) erect, bifarious, closely imbricated in two rows, so as entirely to conceal
the stem, resembling (as Lightfoot well remarks), under a highly-magnifying power,
the texture of a braided lock of hair, or that of a plaited-thonged whip : they are
concave, ovate, acutely emarginate at the extremity, with obtuse and entire segments.
The cellules are minute, the interstices wide, forming a pellucid reticulation. The color
is a yellowish green, more or less inclining to brown, having a silvery and glossy
appearance like that of Bryum argenteum, which cannot well be represented in the
drawing, and is particularly conspicuous in the dry specimens. Some plants, indeed,
which grow on much exposed rocks, want this appearance altogether, and are of a
deep purplish brown almost inclining to black : in every state much of the margin of
the leaf, and sometimes the extremity, for one-tliird of the way down, is diaphanous,
whitish, and, as it were, scariose.

(J. concinnata.J T5RITISII JUNGERM ANNI/F..

The periehalial leaves (f. f. 6. 6. 7) are imbricated on all sides j the exterior resemble
the cauline ones, except in being somewhat larger ; the rest giadually grow widei in
proportion to their length, and become less scariose at the margin, firmly embracing
and surrounding each other; the innermost appear to answer the purpose of a calyx,
enclosing the peduncle in the form of a cylindrical tube, which, indeed, is scarcely
distinguishable from a true calyx, except by the longitudinal suture, formed by the
involuted margins (f. 7) ; in color and texture they resemble the other leaves, only
that they are paler and have generally a purple or brownish tinge near the apex.

Male Fructification I have never seen.

Female Fructification terminal on the stems and branches.

Calyx none that I have ever been able to discover.

Calijptra (f. 8) ovate, pellucid, white, surrounded at the base with a few’ barren pistilla,
some of which I have seen attached here and there to various parts of its surface.

Peduncle white, succulent, scarcely a quarter of an inch long, striated longitudinally
and, also, though less evidently, transversely.

Capsule minute, nearly spherical, of a reddish and shining brown color, strongly punctated.
It bursts into four equal, ovate segments, discharging numerous and extremely minute

Seeds and spiral filaments, which I had not an opportunity of representing on the plate,
not having received them till the engraving was finished : they are of a deep fulvous
color ; the former exactly spherical, the latter somewhat longer than those of J. julacea,
and composed of a double helix.

This species grows profusely on the summits of the mountains of the North Highlands of
Scotland, and appears to be equally common on the Continent. In Iceland it is likewise
extiemely abundant, more so than any of the genus, and I suspect is every where more
fiequently met with than J. julacea, which, as already observed under that plant, it greatly
lesembles in many particulars. Its mode of growth is very uniform, and the even tops of all
the shoots is striking, though it occasionally happens that specimens are found, from the centre
ot the thick blunt ends of which are produced small, thin, cylindrical shoots, either simple or
forked, as in Bartramia fontana or Fucus lumbnealis, destined in all probability to supply the

tluwiib ot the following season, and then to grow in every respect similar to the stems they
proceeded from.

to Mi. L.ghtfoot, as has been also observed under the description of J. julacea, that
t t U due ot fust distinguishing the two plants, and accurately defining their characters.
*'as’ 'n^ced, long been well-known on the Continent, though not separated from
\ ’ UU'11 name many of those authors have described it; misled, perhaps, by a

uhait, in his Bcitrdge*, where he says that J. julacea has bifarious leaves. The

* Bcitr. Band. in. p. 80.

BRITISH J UNGERM ANN IiE.

(J. concinnataj

figure in Mora Danica is good, except that the terminal or perichaetial leaves are not repre-
sented as imbricated on all sides, and something like a calyx is there given as rising above
the leaves, which I have never been able to observe in the many specimens that have come
under my observation. Roth also describes a calyx <f in caule vel ramis terminalis, mono-
phyllus, tubulosus, truncatus probably mistaking the inner perichaetial leaf, as I myself did
at first, for a true calyx. I however was afterwards induced to be of a different opinion, and
in various dissections have uniformly found this species to possess, instead of the calyx, an
inner and tubular perichaetial leaf, as above described. If I have not been deceived in my
examination of this species, by the minuteness of the object, the absence of a real calyx in
this plant may be considered as connecting it more closely with the order of Musci, and
especially with the genus Andraa, to two of the species of which (A. rupestris and alpina )
it approaches, also, in habit and ramification.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1. 1, 1. Barren plants of J. concinnata, natural size.

2. Female plant, natural size.

3. Female plant magnified

4. Portion of the stem and leaves

5. Leaf

6. 6. Exterior perichatial leaves

7. Interior perichatial leaf

8. Extremity of a fructified stem, with a portion of the inner perichatial

leaf, calyptra, peduncle, and capsule

6

4

2

3

3

4

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BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

C J ■ juniperina J

JUNGERMANNIA JUNIPERINA

(TAB. IV.)

Jungermannia, surculis erectis, simpliciusculis, rigidis ; foliis imbricatis, lanceolato-falcatis,
bipartitis, secundis. Sw.

Jungermannia juniperina. Swartz, Prod. p. 144. FI. Ind. Occ. p. 1S55.

/3. Jungermannia, caule erecto, flexuoso, subsimplice : foliis quadrifariis, undique imbricatis,
falcato-secundis, lineari-lanceolatis, bipartitis ; segmentis rectis, acuminatis : fructu ter-
minali ; calycibus ovatis, laciniatis, perieheetio obtectis.

Jungermannia adunca. Dickson, Crypt, fasc. hi. p. 12. t. viii./. 8. With. iii. p. 862.

Hab. (3. On shady spots on the Scotch Alps. Mr. Dickson. — On Cairngorum, Ben Nevis,
Ben Lawers, Ben Arthur, and on Ben-y-caillich, in the Isle of Skye. — On mountains
near Bantry, Ireland. Miss Hutchins.

Obs. The variety (3 alone, of this species, having been found in Britain, to that I shall
confine my description.

Plant growing erect in densely-crowded tufts of several inches in diameter.

Stems scarcely so thick as pack-thread, and of rather a bright reddish-brown color, from
two to three and even five inches in length, flexuose, having the apices slightly
incurved, either simple, or now and then producing a solitary short lateral shoot, or,
as is sometimes the case, divided near the extremity into five or six branches of
nearly equal height.

Leaves in four rows, in some specimens thickly imbricated, in others more widely
placed, of a lanceolate figure, falcato-secund, divided for nearly three parts of their
length by an acute sinus, into two equal, entire, acuminated and strait, or at most
but little divaricating, segments : the terminal leaves (f. 4) are more inclining to
ovate, and have always the lower half diaphanous, the upper one being of the same
color as the whole of the other leaves, a yellow brown, pale in general, but deeper ir.

( J . juniper init.J

BRITISH JUNGE11MANNI2E.

more exposed situations. The substance is extremely rigid, composed of distantly-
placed, oblong, opaque cellules, the interstices of which are pellucid.

Peiichcetial leaves numerous, crowded, so united together at their bases as to constitute
a complete calyx: their acuminated segments alone are free, and form a laciniated
margin.

Male Fructification I hare never seen.

Female Fructification terminal.

Calyx (f. 6) about three-quarters of a line long, an ovate, plicate, tubular membrane,
formed, as before observed, by the union of several of the perichaetial leaves, the lower
undivided halves of which grow so entirely joined, that no suture is visible, while the
segments, remaining separate, exhibit the appearance of a quantity of erect lanceolate
laciniae, exactly equal in number to double the quantity of leaves connected.

Calyptra ovate, white, semi-transparent, tipped with a short brown style, and sur-
rounded at the base by numerous greyish abortive pistilla, which are almost linear,
or slightly incrassated towards the base.

Peduncle short, scarcely two lines in length, white, pellucid, cellulose.

Capsule subrotundo-ovate, dark brown, dividing into four equal ovate valves.

Seeds and spiral filaments (f. 7) of a deep fulvous color; the former spherical, the latter
composed of a double helix, slightly attenuated at each extremity.

J. juniperina has no affinity whatever with any British species, but approaches, as well in habit
as in the texture of its leaves, to a Jungermannia not yet described, gathered in New Zealand,
by Mr. Menzies. After a most careful examination of authentic specimens of Mr. Dickson’s
J. adunca, compared with others of J. juniperina , which I have received from Dr. Swartz, I
am not able to find any characters which can induce me to keep them separate. The latter

plant is indeed of a laiger size than the former, and possesses one striking peculiarity, which
is, that, on immersing a dry specimen in water, the absorbent vessels are immediately put
in action, and the remarkable divarication of the segments of the leaves, noticed by Dr. Swartz,
appears almost at the same moment: the latinise of the calyx, too, become reflexed. Our
British variety, on the contrary, recovers extremely slowly in water, and after an immersion,
even of very long duration, the segments of the leaves still remain strait, and those of the
calyx erect. It is singular that the only stations of this plant at present known are the loftiest
of the British Alps and the blue mountains in Jamaica.

Specimens in fructification of my var. f3 are of rare occurrence. I possess them only
through the kindness of Mr. Dickson, who gathered them in Scotland. The figure and
description of the species in the Fasc. Plant. Crypt, are good, except that they represent it as
having undivided leaves. The peculiar structure of the calyx did not escape the observation
o the author of the Flora Indice Occidentalis, who has accurately described the Jamaica variety
m the following words : “ Perianthemum e foliolis externis, confertis, bipartitis, patenti-reflexis :
intimis eiectis, indivisis, carinatis, conniventibus, pallidis, rigidis.”

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

( J.juniperina.J

I have already, in a paper printed in the Transactions of the Linncean Society, v. x. p. 396,
taken the opportunity of remarking, under the description of Andrcea nivalis, the general
resemblance which that plant at first sight bears to the present one. Their places of growth
are the same, as are their falcato-secund leaves and the incurved extremities of the branches,
as well as the color of the whole plant. The Andrcea, however, possesses really entire leaves,
which are furnished with a strong nerve.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1, 1, 1, 1, 1. Barren plants of J. juniperina, natural size.

2. Fertile plant, natural size.

3. Portion of the stem and leaves magnified 3

4. Terminal leaf 3

5. Fructified extremity 4

6. Calyx 3

7. Seeds and spiral filaments 1

'

( J. tl i lu

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

JUNGERMANNIA DILATATA.

( TAB. V. )

Jungermannia, surculo repente, va gb ramoso : foliis distichis, imbricatis, subrotundis, convexi-
usculis, integerrimis ; basi subtus auriculatis ; auricula minute, ventricos£t: stipulis rotundatis,
planis, emarginatis : calycibus terminalibus, obcordatis, tuberculatis, triangularibus.

Jungermannia dilatata. Linn. Sp. PI. u. p. 1600. Syst. Nat. n. p. 70 6. FI. Suec. p. 402.
Gouan, Monsp. p. 452. Pollich, Pal. in. p. 192. Scop. Cam. 11. p. 346. Leers, Herb,
p. 251. Weis, Plant. Crypt, p. 126. Weber, Spic. FI. Goet. p. 146. Willd. Ber. p.341.
Oeder, Enum. PL FI. Dan. p. 42. Allioni, Fed. 11. p. 313. Schrank, Baiersche Flora. 11.
p. 499. Villars. iv. p. 925. Hoffmann, Germ. 11. p. 85. Relhan, Cant. p. 439. Huds.
Angl. p. 514. Lightfoot, Scot. 11. p. 781. Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. Gmel. n. p. 1351.
With. iii. p. 860. Lamarck, FI. Fr. ed. 2. 11. p. 434.

Jungermannia tamarisci/olia. Schreber, Spic. FI. Lips. p. 108. Schrader, Samml. Lief. 2.

p. 6. Schmidel, leones, p. 256. t. 67. Engl. Bot. t. 1086. Roth, Germ. in. p. 408.
Jungermannia cupressiformis . Lamarck, Encycl. in. p. 283.

Lichenastrum imbricutum minus. Raii Syn. p. 111,.

Muscoides minimum foliis alternis, superioribus circinatis, inferioribus cucullatis, fore
pediculo ferme carente. Micheli, Nov. Gen. p. 10. t. 6. f. 6.

Hepaticoides, foliis subrotundis squamatim incumbentibus minor. Vaillant, Bot. Paris,
p. 100. n. 6. t. 19. /. 10.

Lichenastrum imbricatum minus, squamis convexo-concavis. Dill. Muse. p. 497. t. 72 ■ /■ 27-
Jungermannia, foliis imbricatis, alternis, orl'iculatis, setis brevissimis. Hall. Helv. hi. p. 62.

Hae. On‘ the trunks of trees, most abundant, every where. — In fruit, during most of
the winter season.

Plant firmly attached to its place of growth, where it forms dense, compact and circular,
brownish-purple patches, from two to many inches in diameter.

( J. aUttYUbUi/

BJU MSH J UNGERM ANNUS.

Surculi about three-quarters of an inch in length, imbricated one over another, creeping,
flexuose, once or twice irregularly divided into many short, patent blanches, of which
the fertile ones are somewhat incrassatcd upwards, the rest are filiform throughout.

Leaves (f. 6.) bifarious and distichous, alternate, auriculated, distantly placed in the
lower parts of the plant, the rest so closely imbricated as entirely to conceal the upper
side of the surculus, the cauline ones scarcely exceeding the fifth of a line in diameter,
those in the fertile shoots becoming rather larger as they approach the calyx:
they are of an orbicular figure, above slightly convex, varying in color from a deep
purple hue to an olive-green in more sheltered situations, entirely devoid of gloss,
furnished at their base with an auricle (f. 4), which generally inclines more to a
greenish hue, and is in its appearance widely unlike the leaf, in different parts of
the plant putting on a different appearance (f. 3). In the barren branches this
auricle is about one-fourth of the size of the leaf, attached to its lower margin, and
closely appressed to its inner surface, nearly spherical, with an opening beneath,
whence Micheli has aptly applied to it the term “ cucullatus In the fructifying
branches the same formation of the auricle is apparent in the lower parts, but in
proportion as it approaches the extremity, the hollow vesicle gradually unfolds : in
the fourth pair from the calyx the opening appears wider; in the next above them
the margins only are remarkably revolute ; in the succeeding pair the margins are
so far unfolded as to exhibit a lateral tooth, while the uppermost pair, or

Perichcetial leaves (f. 7) have the auricle an oblong, obtuse, leaf-like appendage, the
margins still a little revolute, and the exterior furnished with one or sometimes

two long and sharp teeth ; this auricle is appressed with its inner and convex surface

to the under side of the calyx, while the leaf, which is here more inclining to ovate
than in any other part of the plant, has its lower surface applied to the upper side

of the calyx. The texture of these leaves is exactly similar to that of the rest, com-

posed of "exceedingly minute roundish cellules , scarcely visible but with a high power
of the microscope.

Perigonial leaves, from twenty to thirty or more in number, very closely imbricated,
upon short branches, rather smaller than the cauline ones, and remarkably concave
or ventricose: the auricle is about one-third of the size of the leaf, ovate, concave,
each closely tiled over the one above it.

Stipules (f. 5) somewhat wider than the stem, one to each pair of leaves, ovate, approaching
to round, quite plane, cleft at the extremity with rather a deep and acute notch :
these, likewise, alter their figure as they approach the calyx, becoming larger and
divided into three or four unequal faciniae, of which in the calycine stipule there are
five or six (f. 8) . Their texture resembles that of the leaves ; their color, from being
less exposed to the light and air, partakes less of the purple tint, and generally is of
a dirty green.

Mali; Fructification situated in the axilke of the perigonial leaves, upon the short lateral ramuli.
These perigonial leaves are remarkably closely imbricated, so much so, that the ramulus
seen from above has very much the appearance of that of J. concinnata, and the whole length

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

(J. dilate.

of it is marked with a deep line or furrow. In each axilla are two and sometimes three
anthers *, small, spherical, and when perfect of an olive-green color ; after the discharge of the
pollen, a reticulated, diaphanous cuticle remains, open and lacerated at the top. The filament
is about the length of the anther, white, pellucid, transversely striated. In January, ISOS,

1 gathered specimens of this plant, upon the under sides of the stems and branches of which

were scattered clusters of minute spherical granules (f. f. 9. 10), whitish, but inclining to
flesh-colored, sessile, or on extremely short footstalks. These, however, as I was unable to
perceive any thing resembling the usual reticulated structure ot the anthers of the genus,

I was (even before I became acquainted with the true male organs) rather inclined to suspect
were some adventitious substance, in which opinion I am now more fully confirmed.

Female Fructification terminal upon the branches.

Calyx (f. f. 11. 12. 13- 14. 15) two-thirds of a line long, obovate, approaching to obcordi-
form, plane on its upper surface (f. 11) ; from its under surface there is a projecting
ridge or angle (f. f. 12. 13), widest at its base, which, together with the two angular

sides of the calyx, form a triangle in a transverse section. The whole is externally

beset with numerous minute fleshy tubercles ; the mouth is exceedingly contracted, and
forms a small hollow apiculus, which divides in halves for the emission of the capsule.
The color is usually a deep purplish brown above, below more or less gieen.

Germen (f. 17), when arrived at its full size, of a beautiful green color, surmounted
by a long and slender style (f. 18), dilated at the mouth, streaked longitudinally with
reddish lines, and transversely with greyish ones. At the base of the germen aie
attached a few barren pistilla, of a greyish color, swollen at the base.

Calyptra (f. 16) oblongo-obovate, rather fleshy, whitish, of a compact texture, scarcely
appearing reticulated.

Peduncle white, succulent, cellulose, about half as long again as the calyx.

Capsule (f. 12) spherical, pale yellow brown, bursting into four acute, ovate valves (f. 13).
The seeds being discharged, the naked extremity of the peduncle becomes visible
within the capsule, and forms a greyish, semi-pellucid, orbicular base (f. 19).

Seeds (f. 20) fulvous, spherical, minutely tuberculated, so as to have a spotted appear-
ance. The spiral filaments (f. 12) consisting of a simple helix , enclosed in an
extremely delicate, transparent tube, both adhering by their base to the apices
of the valves of the capsule, where they represent a beautiful tuft or crest on

each (f. f. 13. 14. 19).

, Schmidel was not equally fortunate with myself; being unable to discover, or even to guess correctly a the
situation of, the anthers in this species. “ FlosculUs junior,” he says, “ cahcc et.am jam sans adulto m ejus fundo
" cuare fere videtur, ibi, ante quam etiam calix adolescat, fecundationem eelebran adeo ut aptculus cahcts detn
’ q . , a r nll_ _tvlus est An vero alio mense antea organa mascuhna jam adfuerunt, primordia

iu ,dta0 fccmla.i. jam * loll. Och,..„

feminei floscuh fecundantia? An in apice ramorum, q , o r.o

genituram subministrant ? Siquidem ea in.erdum quasi farinosa vidi per s.ccitatem. Sckrmdel, leones. P. .

BRITISH JUNGEIlMANNIiE.

m

{ J. dilatata. J

This species, to which Linnaeus seems to have assigned the name of dilatata, either from
the circumstance of the greater expansion of the leaves towards the extremity of the fertile
branches, or from the whole plant spreading and extending itself on the trunks of trees, has
many characters in common with J. Tamarind, and is frequently confounded with it, not only
by young botanists, but by authors on the subject. It differs, however, in its place of growth,
which is almost universally upon the stems of trees ; in its more closely imbricated and com-
pact surculi ; in its smaller size ; and in its vague ramification. The auricles are also larger
in proportion to the leaf and more orbicular ; the perichsetial leaves are obtuse at the apices,
never serrated ; and, what will afford a still more certain mark of discrimination than any yet
mentioned, the stipules never have their margins revolute, but constantly plane. The whole
plant, also, entirely wants the gloss which generally appears on the surface of J. Tamarisd.

Micheli, whose figures of J. dilatata and Tamarisd tolerably well express the respective
habit and ramification of each, has fallen into a strange error in attributing to the former of
these plants only two pair of leaves (meaning the pair of leaves and their accompanying
auricles), and he has on that account removed it to a different division from that which
contains J. Tamarisd, which he rightly enough ascertained to have five different leaves, in a
series; that is, the two leaves, two auricles, and a stipule.

Dillenius, Weber, and Weis, have followed the mistake of Micheli ; and, although Schmidel
has given a most excellent and elaborate description of this species in the place above quoted,
yet he has done it under the name of tamarisdfolia, supposing it to be the J. Tamarisd of
Linnaeus, and has remarked that J. dilatata L. “ differt squamft in parte infimit unic&, ut
Dillenius describit et pingit. ” He proceeds, however, to describe the intricate structure of
the foliage in the following words : “ Infra in caule foliola alternant laxius, supernh vero

pressissimh sunt alterna. In superficie postica calix excipitur quatuor, ut videtur, foliolis,
duobus lateralibus, duobus intermediis, singulis, ut videtur, communithr bifidis, vel saltern
ex ovato acutis, post haec deorsiim tria semper foliola inter se alternant, nempe duo lateralia,
unum altero paullo altitis locatum, intermedium tertium; prima paria horum lateralium
acuminata sunt, intermedia etiam, semper vero bifida; ubi vero ad inferiora caulis et quartum
circiter par foliorum pervenitur, obtusiora fiunt lateralia, et convolvuntur versus caulem,
cochleae more, adeo ut orbiculata s. peltata quasi adpareant. Ergo proprifc quinque ordines
sunt foliorum, ut Michelius etiam vult, nempe antich duo ordines, laterales duo, quorum
inferiores cochleatim convolvuntur, mediae inferiores semper bifidae.” This author both figures
and describes the seeds to be of a greenish color. “ Capsula tandem dirimitur, ” he says, “ in
quatuor lacinias sat latas, et in conspectum venit pulvis granulosus, obscure viridis aut luteolus,
criniculis minutis inhterens. ”

For specimens containing the male fructification of J. dilatala I am indebted to the kind-
ness of Mr. Lyeli, who gathered them in the New Forest, Hants, on the 21st of March, 1812,
(too late for me to have them figured in the plate,) and directed my attention to the Anther-
bearing ramuh by the following remark: “ J. dilatata with branches in which the leaves are
so closely imbricated as to conceal their alternate position, and form a strap with a deep
furrow down the middle." The alternate position of the leaves, however, is rendered more
visible in a dry state by their edges turning up a little, and then the similarity of the shoots
to those of J. concinnata is very striking. These branches, after supporting and giving nourish-

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIJE.

Xr

( J. dilalata.)

ment to the anthers, are destined, in all probability, like the fruit-bearing ramuli of many
species of Fucus, to form with their leaves larger ramuli, and such as are produced in other
parts of the plant. This at least is certain, that in those among them in which are found
anthers past perfection and fast approaching a state of decay, the leaves appear in full vigor
and of an equal freshness with the common cauline ones.

The male fructification, it ought to be remarked, may be seen on the same individual as
with the female, though it is by far more abundant on separate plants. So that, in this
instance, as I have also had occasion to observe in some others, the genus is to be considered
both monoecious and dioecious. The greater number of anthers, in the month of March, had
performed their destined functions, in the discharge of the pollen : so, too, had the greater
number of capsules ripened and dispersed their seeds.

Of the synonyms above quoted I dare not venture to speak with confidence of any, except
that of Schmidel. I think, however, I am correct in those of Engl. Botany, Roth, and
Schreher.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1. 1. J. dilatata, natural size.

2. The same magnified

3. Extremity of a fertile shoot, lower surface ....

4. Leaf and auricle ■

5. Stipule

g. Portion of a surculus, with auricles and stipules

7. Perichcetial leaf and auricles

8. Calycine stipule

9. Portion of a surculus, with male fructification (?)

10. Anthers (?)

11. Upper surface of the calyx

12. Under surface of the calyx, with the capsule

13. The same with the capsule expanded

The same in the act of dispersing its saeds . . . .

15. Inside of a portion of the calyx

16. Calyptra and lower part of the peduncle

17. Germen, with its style and a barren pistillum

18. Style

19. Inside of an expanded capsule

20. Seeds

21. Spiral filaments, enclosed in their tubes

6

4

3

... 3

4

3

3

4

3

3

3

3

2

.... 1

2

2

.. .. 1

2

2 and 1
1

BRITISH JUNGERMANNLffi.

(J. Tamarisci. J

JUNGERMANNIA TAMAR ISCI.

(TAB. VI.)

J ungerm anni a, surculo repente, pinnatim ramoso : foliis distichis, imbricatis, ovato-rotundatis,
convexis, integerrimis, auriculatis ; auriculis minutis, obovatis, ventricosis ; stipulis subqua-
drat is, emarginatis, marginibus revolutis : calycibus in ramis lateralibus terminalibus, obovatis,
laevibus, obtuse triangularibus.

Jungermctnnia Tamarisci *. Linn. Sp. PI. n. p. 1600. Syst. Nat. n. p. 706. FI. Lapp,
p. 342. FI. Suec. p. 402. Pollich, Pal. in. p. 194. Leers, Herb. p. 251. Schrank,
Baiersche Flora, ii. p. 499. Weis, Plant. Crypt, p. 128. Weber, Spic. FI. Goet. p. 149.
Willd. Ber. p. 341. Oeder, Enum. PI. FI. Dan. p. 42. Allioni, FI. Ped. n. p. 313.
Villars. iv. p. 925. Hoffmann, Germ. ii. p. 86. Relhan, Cant. p. 439. Huds. Angl.
p. 515. Lightf. Scot. ii. p. 782. Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. Gmel. n. p. 1351. With. iii.
p. 860. Lamarck, FI. Fr. ed. 2. ii. p. 433.

Jungermannia rubiginosa. Neck. Act. Pal. ii. p. 447. t- 1 • /• 3.

Jungermannia dilatata. Roth, Germ. iii. p. 406.

Jungermannia nigricans. Lamarck, Encycl. iii. p. 283.

Hepaticoides, qui Muscus trichomanoides, terrestris, minor, floridus. Vaillant, Bot. Paris,
p. 100. t. 23./. 10.

Muscoides squamosum, saxatile, nigro-purpureum, surculis angustioribus, foliis circinatis,
minoribus. Micheli, Nov. Gen. p. 10. t. 6. /. 5.

Lichenastrum imbricatum, Tamarisci Narbonensis facie. Dill. Muse. t. 72./. 31.

Jungermannia foliis imbricatis rotundis, sfyfernc alternis , convexis, inferne quadrifariis.
Hall. Helv. mi. p. 61.

Hab. On the ground, and creeping over low bushes ; in much exposed, sub-alpine
situations, plentiful.

» Most authors, and even Linmcus himself, in his Flora Suecica, have adopted the name tamariscifolia. Tamarisci,
however, is the one taken up in the Systema Naturce and Species Plantarum, for which reason, as well as because
it appears to me more applicable than tamariscifolia, 1 have thought proper to retain it.

amarisci.J

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

Plant spreading in large patches of great extent, loosely attached to its place of growth.

Surculi from two to four inches in length, laxly imbricated, creeping, flexuose, filiform,
of a deep brown, sometimes a black color, branched in a pinnated or bipinnated
manner with patent or horizontal pinnae, for the most part alternate, and standing two
or three lines from each other, short, but of unequal lengths, and beset with still
shorter patent pinnulse.

Leaves (f. 4) bifarious and distichous : at the base the shoot is generally bare, or, at
most, has the leaves distant and much decayed, while in the other parts they are
densely and alternately imbricated over the whole upper surface of the surculus : they
are about one third of a line long in the larger branches, except at their apices,
where, as well as on the smaller ramuli, they are much smaller, and scarcely exceeding
half that size; in the fertile shoots, on the contrary, they are smaller at the base, and
gradually increase in size towards the extremity ; their shape is ovate, more or less
approaching to round, convex above, the margins a little involute, especially towai’ds
the ends of the leaves, which, indeed, in dried specimens, are generally so much so as
to embrace the under side of the surculus : their color, like that of J. dilatata, varies
from a deep purplish brown to a yellow or dirty green ; above they are glossy : the
cellules, of which the leaf is composed, are small, roundish, forming a most beautiful
minute reticulation. Attached to the lower margin of the leaf is an auricle, appressed
to its inner surface near the point of insertion, scarcely equalling the twentieth of
a line in length, obovate, inflated, having no visible opening below at the base; on
the third or fourth pair from the apex of the fertile shoots, however, an oblong
opening is evident, and in proportion as they are situated nearer the calyx, this
vesiculated appendage becomes more expanded, so that, in the second pair from the
calyx, it is about one fourth of the size of the leaf, oblongo-ovate, obtuse, convex
on its under surface, concave on its upper, the margins revolute.

The perigonial leaves, from six to eight in number, are closely tiled over each other,
of a roundish figure, ventricose ; their auricles, too, are ovate, ventricose, and closely
imbricated.

The perichatial leaves (f. G), of which there is one pair to each calyx, are ovate, acute,
and strongly serrated, having their auricles about one-fourth of their size, oblong,
and acute, with revolute and laciniated margins : they are appressed with their inner
and keeled surface to the side of the calyx.

Stipules (t. 7) one to each pair of leaves, subquadrate, longer than they are broad, and
widei than the stem, to which tb«^ are closely appressed: the margins are revolute,
the apex emarginate, obtusely for the most part, but, as they approach the calyx
(t. 8), they become larger, and mo;e deeply and acutely emarginate, and the extreme
or calycine one is bifid, with long, recurved, laciniated segments.

Male Fructification situated upon lateral ramuli, so short, that, taken with the perigonial
they aic of a roundish figure, inclining to ovate 5 the leaves are, moreover, so
lkably convex 01 rather ventricose, that the margins, where they meet on the upper
e, are defined by a deep longitudinal groove or furrow. In each axilla are two or
Thermal anthers, in every respect resembling those of J. dilatata.

BRITISH JUNGERMANNLE.

( J. Tamarisci .)

Female Fructification always terminal upon short ramuli.

Calyx (f. f. 8. 9. 10) three-fourths of a line long, obovatc, smooth, plane on its upper
surface, below projecting with a blunt longitudinal ridge or angle : the mouth U
formed by a long and acute tubular point, which divides into four equal segments
for the escape of the capsule.

Calyptra (f. 11) obovate, or rather pyriform, yellowish-white, subcarnose, reticulated,
lipped with a long style (f. 12), longitudinally and transversely striated; at the apex
a little dilated.

Peduncle projecting a very short way beyond the calyx, white, succulent, vasculose.

Capsule (f. f. 9- 10) exactly spherical, of a pale reddish-brown or fulvous color, longi-
tudinally furrowed. It divides into four equal, acute, ovate valves. Within, at the
base, is seen the orbicular, semipellucid, greyish extremity of the footstalk, around
which and upon its margin the valves appear to be situated.

Seeds and spiral filaments numerous, fulvous ; the former (f. 14) are spherical, minute,
tuberculated ; the latter (f. 13) composed of a single helix, enveloped in a transparent
tube, as is the case in J. dilatata and J. Ilutchinsiee.

J. Tamarisci is by no means so common a species as the one last described. It inhabits
more exposed situations, and is generally found on the ground, on low bushes, and rocks,
most plentiful in heathy and sub-alpine districts ; where it forms large straggling patches,
conspicuous from their deep reddish-brown or purple color, which, however, it may be
remarked, varies to a green in shady situations ; and the whole of the under side of the plant,
but more especially the auricles and stipules, are generally of a yellowish or brownisli-green.

Under the description of J. dilatata I have mentioned the characters which will most
readily help to distinguish the two species : to these I may add, that the present plant has a
more pinnated ramification, and that its calyx is entirely destitute of tubercles. The fertile
branches are always short; the perichietial leaves acute, strongly serrated, and, even before the
appearance of the calyx, in those ramuli which are destined to produce it, this peculiarity is
evident : in this state, however, the auricles do not seem to be so much laciniatcd (see f. f. O'. 0).
Roth is the first person who has remarked this circumstance, anil it is from his having done
so, as well as from his description of the stipule, t' at I have been induced to refer his J. dilatata
to my Tamarisci. Under the name of J. tamari. ifolia he seems to have described dilatata.
Lamarck, in the Flore Francaisc, says that this spjcies has " La game cylindrique, composee de
feuilles dentelccs,” which is by no means the case; nor have 1 ever seen the capsule, as he
observes, elsewhere, " d’ un noir luisant.”

Dillcnius lias well distinguished the habit of this species. " Tenuiores ac longiores, ” are
his words, “ ac Lichenastrum imbrication minus, squamis convexo-concavis ( J . dilatata) habet
surculos, Tamarisci Narbunensis non absimiles, magis ramosos et. magis libcro.s, a corticibus et
saxis, quibus adnascitur, abscedentes, et plcrumque pendulos, pluribus sibi incumbentibus,
colore in junioribus et non florentibus plantis obscure viridi, in florentibus ut plurimum subfusco,
rubiginoso, et atro-rubente.” I have not observed, however, that the difference in color arises
from the age of the plant, or that it depends upon its barren or fertile state.

J. Tamarisci. J

BRITISH JUNGERMANNLE.

The male fructification of this species, as well as the last, was found by Mr. Lyell, at
the same time and place as is described under J. dilatata. I shall, in a future number, have
occasion to notice the anthers of J. platyphylla, also communicated to me by that gentleman.
Except Micheli, I am not aware that any writer has taken notice of the male organs of these
three species. In his work, the Genera Plantarum, they are figured of the natural size in a very
satisfactoiy manner, but in the magnified representation the author has completely failed, and,
indeed, does not appear to have seen, in any of the species, the filament of the anther.
To those who are acquainted with Micheli's system, it will be needless to mention that this
acute observer mistook the male fructification for the female ; yet the error into which he has
fallen has not prevented him from making many interesting discoveries, relative to the fmctifi-
cation of this genus of plants, and such as seem to have escaped the researches of almost
eveiy subsequent writer upon the subject.

Necker’s J. rubiginosa, upon the authority of a specimen which Mr. Turner has received
from Dr. Esper, is nothing more than our J. Tamarisci.

r

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG,

1. J. Tamarisci, barren plant, natural size.

2. Fertile plant, natural size.

3. The same magnified

4. Portion of a surculus

5. Leaf and auricle of a fertile shoot

6. 6. Perichcetial leaves

7- Stipule

8. Under side of part of a fertile branch

9. Upper side of the same, and capsule

10. Calyx, under side

11. Calyptra $

12. Style ^

13. Spiral fi laments, each in its tube

14. Seeds

6

4

2

2

2

4

4

3

2

1

1

1

9

©

hjQuB. LjdtJxj^fJvf. U.vC %) j)ut

BRITISH J UNGERM ANNIiE.

( J. trichophylla. )

r

JUNGERMANNIA TRICHOPHYLLA.

( TAB. VII. )

Jungermannia, surculo repente, vagb ramoso : foliis undique imbricatis, hie illic fasciculatis,
setaceis, articulatis, patentibus, rectis : fmctu terminali ; calycibus oblongis, ore contracto,
ciliato.

Jungermannia trichophylla. Linn. Sp. PI. n. p. 1601. Syst. Nat. n. p. /0 6. Schrank,
Baiersche Flora, n. p. 500. Schreber, Spic. p. 109. Hoffmann, Germ. ii. p. 32.
Schrader, Spicil. p. 154. Weis, Plant. Crypt, p. 130. Huds. Angl. p. 516. Schmidel,
leones, p. 164. t. 42. Oed. Enum. PL FI. Dan. p. 42. With. iii. p. 864. Roth,
Germ. in. p. 365. (excl. var. 3 .) Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. Gmel. n. p. 1351. Lamarck,
Encycl. in. p. 285. Engl. Bot. t. 2252. Lamarck, FI. Fr. ed. 2. n. p. 437-
Muscus Lichenoides capillaris et veluti ccespitosus. Rupp. Jen. 1. p. 344. n. p. 293. (fide
Dillenii.J

Lichenastrum trichodes, capitulis folliculis, e summitate ramulorum egredientibus, inclusis.
Dill. Giss. p. 212.

Lichenastrum trichodes minimum, in extremitate fiorens. Dill. Muse. t. 73. /. 37-
Jungermannia minima, foliis capillariter multifidis. Hall. Helv. in. p. 63.

Hab. Turfy heaths, near North Brierly, Yorkshire. Mr. Richardson. — On Craigalleach
and Sehechallion, in Breadalbane, Pc'^shire ; and on Ben Luyal, in the North ol
Sutherland. About Bantry, Ireland. Man. Hutchins. — Near Belfast. Mr. Templeton.

Plant growing in loosely-matted tufts, of some inches in diameter.

Root consisting of minute whitish fibres, proceeding here and there from the under side

of the surculus.

Surculi creeping, from half an inch to an inch and a half in length, their thickness
scarcely exceeding that of the human hair, sometimes simple, but mostly once or
twice forked, the shoots beset with short, scattered, patent branches, which are

often again divided.

xhophylla. )

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

Leaves growing in alternate clusters, each at a small distance from the other, so that
the surculus is eveiy where visible : these clusters * are composed of two or more,
frequently three, but occasionally of five, and proceed from every side of the plant,
particularly near the apices, where they form tufts or pencils (f. 3) ; but, when the
plant is closely attached to the ground, the under side is bare of leaves, and, in such
case, those which originate from the other parts of the surculus have a secund appear-
ance: the whole are erecto-patent, setaceous, straight, scarcely the eighth of a line
long, of a yellowish-green + color , paler when dry, generally simple, but occasionally
forked, or even branched (f. f. 5. 5), which is more particularly the case with those

which form the terminal tufts : all of them are divided throughout their whole

length with transverse dissepiments, forming joints, which are a little longer than
they are broad, and perfectly cylindrical ; when diy they are frequently alternately
contracted, in the same manner as the joints of Conferva capillaris of Roth and
Conf. diffusa, and the coloring matter either contracts into a dark green globule, in
the centre of the joint, or is confined to the borders of the dissepiments, at the
same time that the other parts of the leaf are quite pellucid.

Of the perichatial leaves (f. 6), the external are similar to those just described, the

internal nearly ovate, entire at the base and for about a third of their length, thence
cut into many branched capillary segments of various lengths.

Male Fructification situated in the axillae of those leaves which are collected into a tuft at
the extremities of the ramuli (f. 3).

Anthers (f. 7) exceedingly minute, spherical, of an olive-green color, externally marked
with reticulations ; within containing a fine powdery mass, which gives the color to
the otherwise transparent pellicle ; they are supported upon a white, extremely
delicate and pellucid, cylindrical filament, of nearly the length of the globule.

Female Fructification terminal.

Calyx (t. 8) elliptical, inclining to obovate, about a half a line long, plicated, con-
tracted at the mouth, where it is fringed with short cilia, which are sometimes
bifid : its color is paler than that of the leaves, and more inclining to yellow ; it is
somewhat transparent, and its whole substance a tissue of small, oblong, compact
cellules.

Calyptra ovate, very thin and delicate, reticulated, nearly white, tipped with a short
style. Abortive pistilla lineari-lanceolate.

1 eduncle about a quarter of an inch ' nig, pellucid, white, cellulose.

Capsule at first ovate, in maturity tting into four equal, lanceolate segments, of a
dark reddish-brown color, longitupL.lly and transversely furrowed.

Schmidel says that the leaves are not always regularly clustered, for that an intermediate single one is

.. ^ t0 ^ounc* ’ anc* Roth goes farther, and observes of the plant, that, “ variat foliis, licet rarissim^,

soli tarns. Of these I have seen no instances.

"h Roth describes

a variety sent him by Trentepohl of a dark-green color.

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIvE.

C J. trichophylla.J

Seeds and spiral filaments fulvous ; the former nearly spherical and smooth, the latter
composed of a double helix, continuing to adhere to the margins of the valves of .
the capsule (according to Schmidel) in a pectinated manner, as in J. setacea, bieus-
pidata, and others.

Obs. In the middle of summer, or in autumn, if the weather was dry, Schmidel remarked
at the extremity of the branches and in the bosom of the terminal leaves or on the apices,
minute, globular, sessile, semi-transparent bodies, of the color of honey, which in a few days
dissolved and totally disappeared. These, from their being seen at the same time with the
young calyces, he was led to consider as the male fructification, a thing that it is scarcely
necessary to say he would not have done, had he seen the anther® here figured. I entertain
little doubt of what he describes being Gemmce, such as are found in the Marchantice and in
other Jungermannice, also, in which both the male and female fruit are piesent.

Although, from the history of this elegant species of Jungermannia given by Schmidel,
it appears to be widely scattered throughout Europe, being found from the Alps of Lapland
to the Apennines, and covering in Germany whole rocks, yet, in Britain, it seems to be of
rare occurrence, having been entirely overlooked in this country till the time of Hudson,
who first published it in his Flora Anglica, upon the authority of specimens gathered in York-
shire by Mr. Richardson. Since that period, however, it has been met with both in Scotlam
and Ireland ; and from the latter country alone I have received fine specimens in fructifica-
tion, gathered by Miss Hutchins. Roth’s var. 3. of this species I have ventured to make a
synonvm to the following, J. setacea. The leaves described in this place, as well “ y
all preceding writers, as simple and clustered, might, perhaps, with more propriety, both m
this and the following species, be considered as single and cleft to the very base into a number
of segments ; an opinion which is strengthened by the peculiar structure of the penchaetia
leaves ; for these appear to be composed of a number of eauline ones connected below and
havino- as many laeinue as there are leaves united. Dr. Smith has happily remarked that this
species in a dry state, is distinguished from the mosses among which it grows by its mucoi-
like annearance arising from the minute capfflaftj or setaceous leaves: in the form of these
it agrees with no other British species of JungX^nnia, except J. setacea, under the descrip-
tion of which will be found the characters that more particularly distinguish lem.

REFERENCES

, J. trichophylla. ) BRITISH J UNGERMANNIiE.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1. 1. J. trichophylla, natural size.

2. Portion of a female plant, magnified 6

3. Portion of a ramulus, bearing antherce 5

4. Leaves 4

5. 5. Terminal leaves 4

6. Perichcctial leaf 4

7. Anthera j

8. Calyx 4

9. Abortive pistilla 1

10. Capsule discharging its seeds 3

11. Seeds and spiral filaments 1

- 3W85

BRITISH JUNGERMANNliE.

( J- setacea. J

JUNGERMANNIA SETACEA.

(TAB. VIII.)

Jungbrmannia, surculo repente, pinnatim ramoso : foliis undique imbricatis, binis, setaceis,
articulatis, patcntibus, incurvis : fructu tenninali ; calycibus oblongis ; ore aperto, ciliato

Jungermannia setacea. Weber, Spicil. p. 155.

Jungermannia multiflora. Huds. Angl. p. 510. Linn. Mant. p. 310. Pollich, Palat. m.
p. 182. Oed. Enum. PL FI. Dan. p. 41. Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. Gmel. n. p. 145o.
Lamarck, Encycl. Bot. hi. p. 282. With. hi. p. 859.

Jungermannia sertularioides. Linn. Suppl. p. 449. Meth. Muse. p. 116. t.4.f.6. Michaux,
Bor. Am. ii. p. 278.

Jungermannia paueflora. Dickson, Crypt. Fasc. ii. p. 15. t. 5./. 9. Linn. Syst, Nat. ed.
Gmel. u. p. 1349.

Jungermannia trichophylla, var. 3. Roth, Germ. in. p. 366.

Lichenastrum multflorum exile , foliis angustissimis. Dill. Muse. t. 69. f. 4. a. b. ?

Hab. Near Croydon. Mr. Dickson. — Holt Bogs, among Sphagnum capillifolium. Rev.
R. B. Francis. Mountains adjoining Lough Bray, near Dublin. Mr. D. Turner.— Bog,
near Bantry. Miss Hutchins.— Bogs at Westleton, Suffolk.

Plant sometimes forming dense tufts, but frequently growing almost singly in thick beds of
Sphagnum, among which it is not uncommonly met with, drawn up, and affecting the same
mode of growth as the moss. t

Root a few minute, whitish, simple radicle . ■ -pceeding from nearly the whole length of
the under side of the plant, especially n<.,a- its base.

Surculi varying exceedingly in length, from two or three lines to nearly two inches, or
even more, scarcely so thick as the human hair, creeping, generally once or twice
irregularly forked, with segments of uncertain length, and irregularly pinnated with
rather distant, short, patent branches.

Leaves rarely single, generally growing in pairs (f. 6), and sometimes, though seldom,
three together (f. 7), placed at short distances from each other on every side of the
plant, very minute, so that their form is imperceptible to the naked eye, not being
much more than the twentieth of a line long ; under a microscope they are found to

j BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

f be setaceous, patent, incurved, furnished, as in J. trichophylla, with transverse dis-
sepiments, which form joints rather longer than broad, a little swollen in the middle,
and often also divided by longitudinal septa, in a manner similar to that of the
plants forming the division of the Conferva, which Mr. Dillwyn has called - longi-
tudinalithr venosae ” : these dissepiments arc visible also in the younger branches,
but the old ones want them, and have the common cellular appearance of the
genus. The color of the leaves, and, indeed, of the whole plant, is generally a pale
yellowish green, darker, and even of an olive brown, when it grows in very shaded
situations. In drying, the same disposition of the coloring matter appears as in
J. trichophylla, and the leaves become much more incurved.

Perigonial leaves so thickly clustered upon short branches as to form a little spherical
ball, very evident even to the naked eye. The exterior are for the most part simple j
the interior, from a broad and expanded base, become, at the extremity, divided into
a number of narrow laciniae of uncertain lengths 5 all of them incurved and lying
closely imbricated over each other.

Pericheetial leaves (f. f. 8. 8) equalling half the length of the calyx, to which they are
closely appressed ' all of them oblongo-ovate, and divided nearly to theii base into
several narrow, whitish, and sometimes branching, laciniae.

The Male Fructification, which I have received from Mr. Lyell since the engraving of the
plate was completed, differs from that of J. trichophylla in being situated upon extremely
short lateral ramuli. The Anthers arise from the axillae of the perigonial leaves. They are
extremely small, ovate, approaching to round, when perfect of an olive-green color. The
footstalk is about the length of the anther, white, pellucid, having numerous transverse
septa, which are very evident under a high power of the microscope.

Female Fructification lateral, sessile, or supported upon a very short footstalk.

Calyx (f. 9) very small, scarcely exceeding a quarter of a line in length, narrow at its
base, then cylindrical, very pellucid, almost white, of an extremely thin and delicate
texture, marked all over with oblong reticulations, which are large in proportion to
the size of the calyx; the mouth is not at all contracted, but of the same width as
the rest, cut into numerous long erect cilia.

Calyptra (f. 10) ovate, white, thin and delicate, marked with roundish reticulations;
at the . base surrounded by five or six almost linear, greyish, abortive pistilla.

Peduncle' rather more- than a quarter of an inch long, pellucid, delicate, vasculose.

Capsule ovate, deep brown, opening .into four equal, ovato-lanceolate, transversely and
longitudinally furrowed valves. f

Seeds and spiral filaments (f. 12) : h of them in every respect resembling those of

J. trichophylla: many of the la.^'i iontinue to adhere in a similar manner to the
2* wjr margins of the valves of the capsule (f. 11), a circumstance not uncommonly
observable in many species of this genus.

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

( J. setacea. )

Obs. In the month of February I have found Gemmce abundantly scattered among the
terminal leaves, minute, variously shaped, but always more or less angular (f. 5), pellucid,
of a pale greenish color, inclining to brown.

Few Jungermanniae seem to have been less understood by Crypt ogamic Botanists than
the present, which is not surprising, if we consider the great similarity that exists between
it and J. trichophylla , especially in barren specimens. In such case the most obviously
distinguishing characters are its shorter leaves, placed more distantly and in pairs, and
strikingly incurved, so that the plant altogether wants the mucor-like appearance, pointed out
by Dr. Smith as characteristic of the other species ; but most of these circumstances are
liable to some variation in different situations. In fertile specimens, indeed, no difficulty will
be found to occur; the extremely delicate calyx, its lateral situation, and its long laciniae
being remarkable on the slightest examination with the microscope.

The specific name of multiflora was, in all probability, imposed upon this plant by
Hudson, in consequence of the numerous footstalks represented in the Dillenian figure here
quoted, and has in point of priority a right to be retained ; but, as not only that engraving
(although cited by Hudson and Linnaeus), but also the original drawing in Sir Joseph Banks’
library, are extremely unlike our present plant, and especially as this species, in consequence
of the paucity of its flowers, has been thought, by another eminent botanist, deserving of a
name directly the reverse in its meaning, that of J. pauciflora, I have considered it best to do
away an appellation which can only tend to mislead, and to substitute in its room the very
appropriate one adopted by Weber. It is, indeed, merely in compliance with the opinion of
preceding botanists, and contrary to my own, that I here refer to the Dillenian figure, which
appears most like a very common appearance of J. bicuspulata, and was considered by Weber
as so doubtful, that he quotes it under J. setacea with a mark of uncertainty. I was in
hopes of ascertaining the fact by examining the specimen corresponding with the number in
the Dillenian Herbarium, but, to my great disappointment, what is there preserved is an
injured morsel of J. connivens , Dicks., a plant to which neither the figure nor description
bears the smallest resemblance ! It appears to admit of no doubt but that Dr. Roth, who
is in general most accurate, and many other botanists, have confounded this species with
J. trichophylla ; and even the acute Ehrhart, who, by his close attention to the genus Junger-
mannia, has added several new species to the catalogue, and assisted our investigation with
many interesting observations on their structure, at the same time that he seems to have
known the present plant under the name of multiflora, was not conscious of the difference
between it and J. trichophylla. He has consequently fallen into an error in his Beitrdge,
which renders his severe remark on the Swedish botanists in that place the less excusable.

J. trichophylla Linn. Sp. (he says*) J. multiflora Linn. Mant. and J. sertularioides Linn . Sw .
Meth. are all three one and the same plant, whatever may be said against it. But is it not
singular that the Swedes, who would wish to lord it over the whole vegetable kingdom,
and over the botanists of all parts of the world, do not know the plants of their own
country ? ”

Beitrage, n. p. 46.

( J . setacea.)

BRITISH JUNGERMANNHE.

I have quoted under this, rather than under J. tricophylla, J. sertularioides of the Methodus
Muscorum, on account of the lateral calyces, although the author has remarked " a J. setacea
Web. ( multiflora Dill, et Linn.^1 differt foliis capillaceis, sequalibus, articulatis. The leaves,
however, of both the one and other are rather setaceous than capillary. The same observation
is equally applicable to the synonym of Michaux, as, indeed, must be the case with almost
every author, who attempts to describe these minute vegetables within the compass of a few
words or sentences.

The leaves of this Jungermannia, though not in reality verticillate, have the appearance
of being so, from the circumstance of their growing on all sides of the surculus, and the
general resemblance of both J. setacea and J. trichophylla, under the microscope, to Conferva
verticillata is worthy of remark.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1. J. setacea, fertile specimen, natural size.

2, 3. Barren plants, natural size.

4. Portion of a female plant, magnified 6

5. Portion of a ramulus bearing gemma: 5

6. 7. Leaves 4

8. Perichcetial leaves 4

9. Calyx 5

10. Calyptra 3

11. Capsule discharging its seeds, and filaments 2

12. Seeds and spiral filaments 1

ju nsfM //? aw n/<i

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

( J. excisa. )

JUNGERMANNIA EXCISA.

(TAB. IX.)

J ungermannia, caule prostrato, simpliciusculo : foliis patentibus, subquadratis, profunde emar-
ginatis : fructu terminali ; calycibus oblongis, albidis ; ore plicato, dentato.

Jungermannia excisa. Dicks. Crypt. Fasc. in. p. n. t. S. f. 7. With. iii. p. 861. Hoff-
mann, Germ. n. p. 82.

Jungermannnia globulifera. Roth, Germ. m. p. 379 P
/3. CRISPATA j foliis longitudinaliter unduiatis ; segmentis inaequalibus, crispatis.

Hab. In most shady woods. Mr. Dickson. — On Holt and Edgefield Heaths, in wet places,
plentiful. Rev. R. B. Francis. — Abundant upon Moushold Heath, near Norwich, and on
hedge-banks and heathy places, near Yarmouth. — On the highland mountains of Scot-
land.— /3 is not uncommon in similar situations with a.

This minute Plant is found in scattered patches, sometimes covering several inches of surface,
firmly adhering to the soil by means of the numerous, simple, pellucid, fibrous radicles.

The Stems, which are usually dark green, though sometimes inclining to deep brown
or black, vary considerably in their extent, from half a line to five or six times that
length, and are about the tenth of a line in diameter, throughout cylindrical, simple,
or here and there producing a lateral shoot.

Leaves (f. 4, 5) a quarter of a line long, rather closely placed, patent or horizontal,
(erect in var. /3.) subquadrate, approaching to orbicular, slightly concave, semi-
amplexicaul at the base, at the extremity deeply emarginate, with an obtuse sinus,
the segments acute, strait, and equal in size : the color is rather a Jeep green \ the
reticulation small, and formed by cellules of a roundish figure.

The perichcetial leaves (f. 6) differ from the rest only in being most frequently tridentate.
Male Fructification I have not been able to discover.

Female Fructification terminal, most abundant upon such plants as are going into a state
of decay.

( J. excisa.J

BRITISH JUNGERMANNHE.

Calyx (f. f. 3. 7) nearly a line long and three-tenths of a line in diameter, oblong,
cylindrical at the base, above longitudinally plicate; the mouth scarcely at all
contracted. Color a very pale whitish green, diaphanous and scariose at the
extremity: near the middle it is frequently marked with a faint purple ring, which
sometimes, and more especially in alpine regions, is seen to tinge nearly the whole
of the calyx.

Calyptra (f. 10) ovate, pellucid, whitish, reticulated; style short. A few linear-
lanceolate sterile pistilla surround the germen (f. f. 8. 9).

Peduncle a line or a line and a half long, white, succulent, cellulose, terminated by
the ovato-subrotund, deep brown

Capsule, which divides into four equal ovate valves.

Seeds and spiral filaments red brown, the former exactly spherical, the latter composed
of a double helix.

In the var. (3. (f. 11, 12) the leaves are almost constantly erect, more crowded, longitudinally
undulated and plicate, with the segments of unequal size, curled and distorted.

J. excisa, which was first noticed by our excellent cryptogamist, Mr. Dickson, seems to
be by no means of rare occurrence in this countiy, and during the season of fructification is
rendered more conspicuous by the large diaphanous calyx than by the foliage. The purple
tinge is most frequent in exposed situations, but is often altogether wanting. The form and
size of the calyx (in proportion to that of the plant itself), afford the most striking marks
of distinction between this and small specimens of J. ventricosa-, for, in the leaves, I am
unable to point out any marks of separation. From J. incisa, indeed, with which it accords in
size and general habit, the shape of the leaves will furnish a sufficient difference, although
Hoffmann, in his Flora Germanica, seems to have confounded the two : at least he applies
to the stems of this species the words “ apice incrassato” , and in another place he describes
them as “ subcompressce ”, peculiarities which are remarkable in J. incisa, but, not that I have
ever observed, in the present plant. Roth has, with a mark of interrogation, quoted Hoff-
mann’s synonym to his J. byssacea, than which no two plants can be more unlike. The
same author appears to have united with his J. globulifera not only Mr. Dickson’s J. ven-
tricosa, and Sehmidel's J. exsecta, but, judging from some part of his description, the present
is also included in the number. His character of the calyx, which, however, has not appeared
to me, in any part of it, to be constantly obsoletely triangular, in other respects so well
accords with this species, that I shall transcribe his words. “ Calyx pallide viridis, plicatus,
obsolete triangulus, ex oblongo ovatus, ultra lineam, fere sesquilineam longus, apice trun-
catus, albidus, membranaceus, laciniatus, primo intuitu in caespite sessilis, tamen semper
in cauliculis centralibus terminalis, quorum longitudinem non raro superat. ”

REFERENCES

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

( J. excisa.J

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1. Female plant of J. excisa, natural size.

2. Var. f3. natural size.

3. Female plant, magnified q

4. Portion of the stem and leaves 4

5. Leaf 2

6. Perichcetial leaf 4

7. Longitudinal section of the calyx 4

8. Receptacle, with the germen and barren pistilla 3

9. Barren pistillum 1

10. Calyptra 2

11. Var. 1 3 6

12. Leaf of var. (3 2

( J. incisa. )

BRITISH JUNGERMANNGE.

JUNGERMANNIA INCISA.

(TAB. X. )

Jungermannia, caule prostrato, depresso, simpliciusculo ; foliis subquadratis, undulatis, sub-
trifidis, segmentis insequalibus, hie illic denticulatis : fi-uctu terminali ; calycibus obovatis ;
ore contracto, lacerato.

Jungermannia incisa. Schrader, Samml. n. p. 5. Roth, Germ. hi. p. 381.

Jungermannia foliis laceris, multidentatis, sessilibus. Hall. Helv. iii. p. 59. n. 1862.

Hab. Holt Lows and Edgefield Heath. Rev. R. B. Francis. — Herringfleet, near Yarmouth.
Mr. D. Turner. — Rocky places upon Ingleborough, Yorkshire. — Near Bantry, Ireland.
Miss Hutchins. — Lambeg Bog, Ireland. Mr. Templeton. — Found in fructification near
Croydon, Surrey, in July, 1811, by Mr. Dickson.— Bogs, Westleton, Suffolk.— (It delights
chiefly in moist places, and is often found among Sphagna and other mosses.)

Plant forming small, but very dense patches of a pale green color ; the surface appeal ing
exceedingly beautiful from the numerous crisped and dentated leaves, resembling in miniature
a tuft of lettuces. It firmly attaches itself to the ground or moss upon which it grows by
means of its abundant fibrous radicles, which proceed from the whole length of the under
side of the stem, and are much entangled and matted together.

The stems, which are prostrate, about a quarter of an inch long, and cylindrical at
the base, gradually become wider towards the extremity, where they are depressed,
and equal the sixth of a line in diameter ; in general they are quite simple,
though sometimes furnished with a small ramulus : their color is a veiy pale and
pleasant green.

Leaves (f. f. 3. 5. II) at the base of the stem rather distantly placed, the rest more
approximated, at the extremity of the barren plants frequently forming thick tufts
or heads ; they are subquadrate, longitudinally undulated, at the base semi-amplexicaul
and decurrent, the anterior margin a little involute, the apex tri or quadridentate ;
but here and there a lower leaf (f. 6) is seen to be only emarginate: the segments are
of unequal sizes, crisped and distorted ; their margins very frequently dentate with
one or two small teeth. The color of the leaf is an extremely pale green, approaching
that of J. tomentella. The reticulation (f. 14) is pellucid, the cellules opaque, roundish.

( J. incisa.J

BRITISH J UNGERM ANNIiE.

The pericluetial leaves (f. 7) are trifid or quadrifid, the segments more equal in size
than those of the cauline leaves, and more frequently and regularly denticulate.
Male Fructification I have never seen.

Female Fructification terminal upon the stems.

Calyx (f. 8) obovate, about half a line long, and plicate : towards the extremity the
mouth is contracted, small and toothed or lacerated. In color and texture it exactly
resembles the leaves.

Calyplra obovate, whitish, reticulated, terminated by a short tubular style.

Peduncle scarcely measuring twice the length of the calyx, white and cellulose.

Capsule, seeds, and spiral filaments exactly as in J. excisa.

Obs. Upon the terminal leaves of this Jungermannia, towards the latter end of December,
are situated Gemma, (f. f. 10. 11. 12. 13), collected together in a small, pale, yellowish-green,
spherical mass ; but in the middle of January they are, for the most part, dispersed about
tlve plant in the form of a minute powder. Each particle is semi-transparent, and under a
microscope appears somewhat spherical in its outline, but beset with a number of acute,
projecting angles (f. 13).

Haller is the first author who seems to have noticed this species, to which the name of
incisa was applied by Schrader in his Systematische Sammlung Kryptogamischer Gewdchse in
the year 1796. In the British dominions it has for many years been known to Mr. Francis
as an inhabitant of heathy places in the neighborhood of Holt ; and this gentleman has long
preserved among his manuscripts a figure and description of it, under the appellation of
J. depressu. Subsequent to its discovery by Mr. Francis it has been ascertained to be also a native
of Ireland and Yorkshire, and during the last summer, 1811, when the engraving of the plate
was completed, ripe capsules were brought to me by Mr. Dickson, which he had been fortunate
enough to find near Croydon, in Surrey. Jungermannia excisa, as has been already remarked,
bears the greatest affinity with the present plant, but the undulated and almost universally
tridentate leaves, together with the compressed stem, are circumstances which will readily
distinguish J. incisa from that, as well as from every other species of the genus.

Dr. Roth’s description of J. incisa accords so well with our British plant that I feel no
hesitation in adopting his synonym ; but he appears to have fallen into a strange mistake,
when he says, “ Huic (J. incisa J proximo accedit, nisi eadem sit, ‘Jungermannia bicrenata
fronde simplicity pinnatA, foliolis bidentatis ; floralibus plieatis.’ Schmidel, Icon, et Analys.
tab. 64. J. 1. Habitus totius plant a; sane idem cum nostra, quamvis folia constanter bisecta
dicantur, quae in nos trie regionis plantis nunc bi nunc et plerumque trifida observantur ! ”
In another place the same author expresses a doubt whether J. incisa be really distinct from
liis J. globulifera, a species, which, as has been observed elsewhere, appears to me to include
J. excisa, J. ventricosa , and J. cxsecta .

BRITISH J UNGERM ANNIiE.

( J. incisa.J

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1. J. incisa, natural size.

2. Barren plant of the same, magnified 6

3. Female plant 6

4. Portion of stem and leaves 4

4*. Ditto 3

5. Single leaf 3

6. Lower leaf 3

7. 7 ■ Perichcetial leaves 3

8. Longitudinal section of a calyx 3

9. Barren pistilla 1

10. Plant with the gemma 6

11. A leaf with gemma 3

12. Gemma in their most perfect state, before dispersion, collected into a ) 0

spherical mass J

13. Gemma when dispersed 1

.

*

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE

( J. bicuspidata. )

JUNGERMANNIA BICUSPIDATA.

(TAB. XI.)

Jungermannia, surculo procumbente, flexuoso, stellatim ramoso; foli5s subquadratis, incLis,
segmentis acutis : fructu radicali ; calycibus oblongis, plicatis ; ore dentato.

Jungermannia bicuspidata. Linn. Sp. PI. ii. p. 1589. Syst. ISat. n. p. 1 05 . Pollich,
Pal. in. p. 282. Leers, Herb. p. 250. Allioni, FI Ped. n. p. 312. Weis, Plant. Crypt,
p. 117. Weber, Spic. FI. Goet. p. 136. Willd. Ber. p. 341. Oeder, Enum. PI. FI. Dan.
p. 41. Schreber, Spic. FI. Lips. p. 105. Roth, Germ. m. p. 384. (excl. syn. Web.
Michel. Leers, et Dill. t. 31. /. 6.) Hoffmann, Germ. ii. p. 89. Schmidel, leones,
p 244. t. 63. Schmid. Diss. Jung.f. xvi. Relhan, Cant. p. 43S. Hubs. Angl. p. 511.
Lightf. Scot. ii. p. 775. Lamarck, Encycl. Bot. m. p. 280. With. p. 855. (excl. syn.
Engl. Bot.) Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. Gmel. ii. p. 1349. Lamarck, FI. Fr. ed. 2. v. u. p.429.
Engl. Bot. t. 2239. (non t. 281 J
Jungermannia globulifera. Pollich, Pal. in. p. 182 '?

Jungermannia sphcerocephala. Roth, Germ. i. p. 481.

Jungermannia fissa. Scop. Cam. ed. 2. n. 1345. {fide Rothii.)

Jungermannia bicornis. FI. Dan. t. 888. a. {non b.)

Lichenastrum Trichomanis facie, foliolis bifidis, minimum. Rah Syn. p. 113. n. 20.
Jungermannia minima repens, foliis bifidis, vagina fiorum cylmdracea. Micheli, Nov.

Gen. p. 9. t. 6. /. 17- f

Lichenastrum pinnulis acutissime bifidis, minimum. Dill. His t Muse. t. 70 J. .
Jungermannia foliis distichis bicuspidatis, summis ramis globulifens. Hall. Helv. .

Jungermannia foliis bifidis ex medio caule crebro fiorifera. Hall. Helv. in. p. 62. 1S78.

Q. patens j foliorum segmentis patentibus.

Sphagna.

f J. bicuspidata .)

BRITISH J UNGERM ANNIiE.

Plant growing in large tufts, loosely attached to the soil by means of the fibrous roots,
which proceed from every part of the surculi, but especially towards their base.

Surculi filiform, flexuose, an inch or an inch and a half long, divided in a somewhat
stellated manner, so that the branches for the most part unite in the centre of the
plant ; they, however, occasionally throw out other short, scattered, patent ramuli :
all are of a pale green color and semipellucid, the substance delicate, succulent and
composed of large oblong cellules.

J, eaves ( f. 3 ) rather distantly placed, patent, or sometimes erect, scarcely a quarter
of a line in length, oblongo-quadrate, divided for rather more than one third of the
way from the extremity, by an acute sinus, into two lanceolate acute and equal
segments, which are now and then a little incurved, and I have in a few instances
observed them to be recurved : the color exactly resembles that of the stem, a pale
pellucid green ; the cellules are more approaching to round, forming a large and
elegant reticulation, their surface is slightly convex.

The perichatial leaves (f. f. 4. 4) are numerous, and surround the base of the calyx,
growing closely imbricated. The interior are the largest, and generally divided into
two acute segments ; the exterior are frequently trifid, and have their points not
uncommonly recurved : they are of a pale whitish-green color.

Male Fructification at present unknown.

Female Fructification arising from the base of the surculi, where the radicles are the most
numerous.

Calyx (f. 5) situated upon a short proper footstalk, which is covered by the perichsetial
leaves, a line or a line and a half long, oblong, scarcely at all inclining to ovate,
nearly white, scariose, longitudinally plicate ; the mouth irregularly dentated : it is
elegantly reticulated, and has ovate areolae. These calyces remain long after the
decay of the capsule and footstalk, and then become tinged with brown.

Calyptra ovate, a thin, delicate, whitish, reticulated membrane, tipped with a short
style, having at the base numerous lineari-lanceolate, barren pistilla (f. 7), which

I have seen accompanied by what appears to be an abortive germen (f. 6), ovate,

with a contracted base and an acuminated point, throughout of an olive-brown color.

Peduncle three quarters of an inch in length, or sometimes more, white, cellulose,
terminated by the

Capsule (f. 8) which is oblongo-ovate, deep brown, longitudinally and transversely
furrowed.— Shortly after the peduncle has reached its greatest height the four valves
of the capsule separate, and the numerous roundish

Seeds are discharged, together with many of the double spiral filaments (f. 9) : some
of these, indeed, remain attached to the margin of the lanceolate valves in a

pectinated form, pointing, however, obliquely and forming an acute angle with the

valve (v. f. 2) : thus they continue till the margins of the valves become involute,
v Inch soon takes place, if the atmosphere is dry. Both seeds and spiral filaments are of
a reddish-brown or chocolate color. In the winter season (or in the autumn, more
frequently, according to Schmidel), the ends of the surculi of many of the sterile
plants become erect, having leaves very distantly placed, especially towards the

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIyE.

( J- bicuspidata.J

extremity, in which case the apex itself supports a cluster of Gemma; (f. ll) collected
into a spherical mass* of a pale yellow color. These in a few weeks dissolve and
disappear. Under a high magnifying power each particle (f. 12) appears semi-
transparent, very irregular in its figure, and always more or less angular. These
gemmae, which Schmidel has represented less angular than I have ever observed
them to be, are regarded by that author as the male fructification.

My Var. (3 (f. 13) is perhaps scarcely worthy of being noticed as a distinct variety. I found
it lengthened out and much exceeding its usual size among Sphagna. Tire greater
number of leaves had the segments divaricating (f. 14) in a manner that appealed
rather to arise from accident than to be the natural growth of the plant. In specimens
of this kind I remarked gemmae, loosely collected together in the axillae of the terminal
leaves, which precisely corresponded with those just described as forming a globule
at the extremity of the surculus.

Few species of Jungermannia are more generally diffused throughout the temperate parts
of Europe, than the present. It may be seen in almost every wood, as well as on every
moist hedge-bank and damp heath. In the latter situation, especially, its whitish scariose
calyces, which are so plentifully produced, may be found" at almost all seasons of the year.
Its size and color, as well as the situation of the calyces, will prevent its being confounded
with J. byssacea, and there is no other species that I am acquainted with for which it can
at any period of its growth be mistaken. I have had occasion to observe, while describing
another species (J. setaceaj, that the Dillenian figure (Hist. Muse. t. 69. f. 4. a. b.) was pio-
bably intended for this plant, though subsequently taken up by Hudson and Linnaeus as a
new one, under the name of multiflora ; and I am happy to add in confirmation of this
opinion that of Schmidel, who considers it to be the same as a variety which he had discovered
“ in quo surculi satis longi foliis alternis instructi fuerunt, quorum foliorum forma admodum
angusta, et incisurae adeo parum conspicuae, vel adeo propinquae, ut pro indivisis primo intuitu
potuerint haberi: curatissimb vero considerata, et versus inferiora verb bifida folia, et ejusdem
indolis ut heec species habere solet.” It may not be improper here to repeat that neither the
J. multiflora of Linnaeus (J. setacea of this work) nor J. bicuspidata, in the least accord with
the original specimen in the herbarium at Oxford, which is J. conmvens. I he figure, how-

ever, is accurately copied from the Dillenian drawing, in the possession of Sir Joseph Banks.

The following observation from so accurate an investigator as Schmidel is too important
to be omitted, and, as I have not had the opportunity of confirming the existence of what

* Gemmre, collected into a similar mass, and in like manner situated upon the extremity of the surcuh, are
found upon Jungermannia Trichomanis. From this circumstance I imagine Dr. Roth has been led into an error
in quoting as synonyms of this species the figures and descriptions of Micheh, p. 8. t. 5. f. 14. and fl.il. p. -3,.
t. 31. f 6. which evidently belong to J. Trichomanis, though the calyx represented by Micheh bears no

resemblance to that of either of the plants in question.

( J. bicuspidata. )

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

lie saw, I shall offer no apology for transcribing the whole of his remark. “ In varietate hujus
(J, bicuspidata ) mense Novemhri et Decembri reperi capitula pulverulenta, qua;, summfe
aucta, corpuscula oblonga aut obverse ovata tota comprehendit ; quae aliquamdiu in aqufi relicta
figuram mutaverunt in sphaericam, et, ut distinctb vidi, parvas moleculas subrotundas dimi-
serunt, non verb magnli copia. Inter alia unum corpusculum post aliquot confinium explo-
sionem solutum est, et formam quidem retinuit, parvam aliquam moleculam (forth ab alio
corpusculo profectam), ad latus habens; subitb autem hoc majus corpusculum in motum
actum atque in longum protrusum est, ita ut illud ex foco perderem, nec amplius reperirem.”
Schmidel, leones, p. 247.

Haller’s description, n. 1865, does not so well agree with our plant as his n. 1878, but
he tells us that the former is the same as Schmidel's plant, Diss. Jung. f. 16.

Ehrhart’s J. bicuspidata (Crypt. 292) which I have never seen. Dr. Smith assures us, is
a very different plant from the present, and more like that figured in Engl. Bot. t. 281,
which I formerly supposed was only a variety of J. bidentata, but which I am now inclined
to accord with Mr. Francis and Dr. Schrader in considering a distinct species; though very
closely allied to it. It is J. heterophylla of Schrader’s Systematische Sammlung.

J. bicuspidata, J. byssacea, J. connivens, and J. curvifolia form a very natural family,
agreeing in general habit and in their ramification, which has always more or less of a
stellated appearance, in consequence of the fruit originating from the centre of the plant,
and the branches diverging on all sides nearly equally.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1. A single female plant of J. bicuspidata, natural size

2. The same magnified

3. Portion of the stem and leaves

4. 4. Exterior and interior perichtetial leaves

5. Calyx longitudinally dissected

6. Abortive germen

7. Barren pistillum

8. Capsule opening and discharging its seeds

9. Seeds and spiral filaments

10. Gemmiferous plant, natural size

11. Extremity of a surculus of the same, magnified

12. Gemmce

13. 7 ar. portion of

14. Leaf of the same

15. Gemmce of var. /3

6

4

4

3
2
1
2
1

4
1
4
3
1

Tob.XTl.

( J. byssacea.)

BRITISH J UNGER MANN I/E.

JUNGERMANNIA BYSSACEA.

(TAB. XII.)

Jungermannia, surculo procumbente, flexuoso, stellatim ramoso: foliis subquadratis, incisis,
segmentis acutis : fructu terminali ; calycibus oblongis, plicatis, ore dentato.

Jungermannia byssacea. Roth, Cat. Bot. n. p. 158. Roth, Germ. m. p. 387. ( excl .
syn. Hoffmanni.)

Jungermannia bifida. Schmidel, leones, p. 250. t. 64. /. 2. et t. 62. /. 2. 19. et 20.
( planta gemmifera.)

Jungermannia divaricata. Eng. Bot. t. 719.

Hab. First discovered in this country, by the Rev. R. B. Francis, on heathy and exposed
situations in the neighborhood of Holt. — Far from uncommon in similar places in
various parts of Norfolk and Suffolk. — Mr. Dawson Turner finds it growing in great
profusion, but always barren, on the sand-hills at Hemsby, near Yarmouth. — Near
Bantry in Ireland. Miss Hutchins. — About Belfast. Mr. Templeton. — On the Scotch
mountains, by no means of rare occurrence.

Plant most frequently growing in dense tufts or pulvinuli, conspicuous from their dark
green, and frequently almost black color.

The surculi, which may be reckoned among the smallest of any of the genus, are scarcely
so thick as the human hair, and not more than two or three lines in length, throughout
filiform, somewhat rigid, branched, like J. bicuspidata, in a kind of stellated foim; the
branches often again divided, and procumbent, but the fertile ones pointing upwards at
the tips : their color varies from an olive-green to a dark brown ; the latter is the most
usual appearance.

Leaves (f. 4) distantly placed, though occasionally clustered at the extremity of a surculus,
yet in general so small that without great care, even under a microscope, the plant
appears almost leafless : they do not exceed the tenth of a line in length, are

appressed or patent, subcarnose, in figure nearly quadrate, at the base semiamplexicaul,
at the extremity divided for about one third of their way by a rather obtuse sinus ;

f J. byssaceaj

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIjE.

the segments are acute, occasionally a little spreading, which induced Dr. Smith to
adopt, in English Botany, Mr. Francis’ manuscript name of divaricata. The color of the
leaves corresponds with that of the stem, and is equally subject to vary from a
dark ( for I have seldom seen it of a pale ) green to a deep brown : when dry the
leaves are rigid and brittle. The reticulation is small, formed by subquadrate
cellules.

Perichcetial leaves ( f. 5. 5 ) numerous, surrounding the base of the calyx, and closely
imbricated, subquadrate, approaching to round; the exterior ones for the most part
divided by an obtuse sinus into two equal, acute, erect segments ; the interior cut
into three, four, or five unequal ones : they are all of a paler color than the rest of
the leaves, but resemble them in the size and form of the cellules of which they
are composed.

Male fructification, according to Dr. Smith, within the axillae of the terminal tufts of
leaves. Anthers small, spherical, yellow, situated upon short, pellucid footstalks.

Female fructification always terminal upon the stems and branches.

Calyx (f. 6) large in proportion to the size of the plant; about a quarter of a line long,
oblong, plicate : the mouth, which is by no means contracted, is cut into small obtuse
teeth. The whole is extremely delicate, appearing like a thin membrane, though under
a high power of the microscope the reticulation formed by oblong cellules is very
apparent. At the base the calyx has generally a faint tinge of green; the extremity
is white, and diaphanous.

The calyptra is ovate, extremely delicate and pellucid.

Peduncle remarkably slender, a line or a line and a quarter long, white, cellulose,
shining.

Capsule (f. 7) oblongo-ovate, deep red-brown, longitudinally and transversely furrowed.

Seeds and spiral filaments (f. 8) of a reddish-brown, the former perfectly spherical, the
latter composed of a double helix.

Obs. The nearly capillary surculi, in consequence of the minuteness of the leaves, which
are scarcely to be distinguished by the naked eye, are compared by Dr. Roth to Byssus velutina;
whence his specific name.

That the present plant is the J. byssacea of Roth I believe there will be found no reason to
doubt. Authentic specimens in Dr. Smith’s herbarium exactly correspond, and the description in
the Flora Germanica is excellent. This author justly observes that “ siccitate caules ob folia
remota contracta quasi nodulosi, et primo intuitu Corallince officinalis ramulum repraesentant.

I cannot, however, coincide with him in considering it a variety of, nor in supposing it has any
kind of affinity with, Hoffmann’s J. excisa, which, to judge both from the description and remark
at the end of it, is the same species as Mr. Dickson’s plant, of the same name. Dr. Roth farther

( J. byssacea.J

BRITISH JUNGERMANNI7E.

observes that Schmidel’s figure of J. bicuspidata, Diss. Jung. f. 16. accurately expresses the
habit and situation of the leaves of J. bijssacea, and that he should certainly have quoted it as
a synonym, were it not for the gemmiferous globule being there represented as situated
upon the extremity of the naked stem, while in the present species it is immersed in tufts
{to suits) of leaves. To me, however, it appears that Schmidel’s figure just alluded to was
intended for the true bicuspidata, and though I have quoted, doubtingly, fig. 2. t. 62. 20.
of that author’s leones as the gemmiferous plant of J. bijssacea, I have much more reason
to think it was really intended for this species than the figure in his Dissertatio referred
to above. “ Mihi occurrerunt (he says) inter plantulas masculinas et femineas llorentes
hujus Jungermanniee (J. exsecta), minutissimoe plantuke globuliferse alius Jungermannice,
cujus folia brevia, et obtusius bisecta fuerunt ; adjeci igitur ea huic tabula;, sed videntur
pertinere ad Jungermanniam istam minimam quam t. C4. f. 2. pietam exhibeo. ” This reference
to f. 2. t. 64. is a still farther inducement for me to consider the plant just mentioned
as belonging to Roth’s byssacea : for although Sclunidel was of opinion that the one referred
to was probably a variety of his J. bicrenata, (J. inflata. Huds.) and notwithstanding some
of the lower leaves of the figure more nearly resemble those of J. excisa, yet the different
shape of the calyx in the former of these Jungermannisc, and the generally simple mode of
growth of the latter, forbid their being united with it. It is surely not drawn with the
accustomed accuracy and minuteness of the author of the leones Plantarum, and leaves me
so far uncertain as to its identity, that I have not ventured upon the name of bifida, which
Schreber, the editor of the third fasciculus, has, in a note, proposed should be given to it *.

With regard to the situation of the Gemma, upon J. byssacea, it might naturally be
expected, from its close affinity with J. bicuspidata, that they would be found produced in
similar spherical clusters and in the same situation as in that species. Such, too, appeals
to be the case from Schmidel’s figure, so that in all probability what Roth has found in
the clusters of terminal leaves and looked upon as analogous to the gemma; in J. bicuspidata,
are real anthers, such as are noticed by Dr. Smith in English Botany.

Allied as this species certainly is to J. bicuspidata, and slightly as it may appear to be
distinguished from it in the specific character, yet it will be found to differ remarkably
in its minute size, in the remote situation of the leaves, in the shortness of these in p,o-
portion to the diameter of the surculus, in the deeper and browner color of the whole plant,
and more particularly in the calyces being always terminal upon the surculi, and in then-
being surrounded at the base by perichsetial leaves, which are less deeply divided, and which
have segments never, that I have been able to discover, in the least recurved.

In their places of growth a difference maybe remarked; for, while J. bicuspidata affects
moist and shady banks or the boggy parts of heaths, J. byssacea is most commonly met with
on open and exposed situations, in dry foot-paths, and even forming, upon sand-hills, blackish
patches, visible at some distance from the dark green of the surculi and foliage.

* Since the above has been printed I have been favored by Mr. Lyell with
mannia, which agrees in more particulars with the plant figured in Schmidel, t.
J. byssacea, and which I have very great reason to suppose is the same.

a new British species of Junger-
62. 20. f. 2. and t. 64. f. 2. than

REFERENCES

*

( J. byssacea. ) BRITISH JUNGERMANNOE.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1. A tuft of J. byssacea, natural size.

2. A single plant, natural size.

3. The same magnified 6

4. Portion of the surculus and leaves 3

5. 5. PerichcEtial leaves 2

6. Calyx 2

7. Capsule, after the discharge of the seeds 2

8. Seeds and a spiral filament 1

7al> Jt

/// a.y/

Lj J-v^.

BRITISH JUNGERMANNm.

( J. asplenioides. )

JUNGERMANNIA ASPLENIOIDES.

(TAB. XIII.)

Jungermannia, sui'ciilo ascendente, ramoso: foliis obovato- rotundatis, ciliato-dentatis, sub-
recurvis : fructu terminali, lateralique ; calycibus oblongis, compressis, obliquis ; ore truncato,
subciliato.

Jungermannia asplenioides. Linn. Sp. PI. n. p. 1597. Syst. Nat. n. p. 705. Pollich,
Pal. m. p. 174. Scopoli, Cam. ed. 2 da. ii. p. 344. Leers, Herb. p. 249. Schrank,
Baiersche Flora, ii. p.494. Weis, Plant. Crypt, p. 110. Weber, Spic. FI. Goet. p. 132.
Willd. Ber. p. 340. Oeder, Enum. PI. FI. Dan. p. 41. Hedwig, Theoria. t. 16. et 17.
Allioni, FI. Ped. hi. p.311. Villars, Delph. hi. p. 922. Roth, Germ. iii. p. 368. Hoff-
mann, Germ. ii. p. 87. Relh. Cant. p. 437. FI. Dan. t. 1061. Lightf. Scot. ii. p. 77],
With. iii. p. 852. Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. Gmel. ii. p. 1347. Lamarck, Encycl. Bot. iii.
p. 278. Lamarck, FI. Fr. ii. p. 431. Lamarck, Ft. Gall. p. 92. Engl. Bot. t. 1061.

Lichenastrum Trichomanis fade, capitulis e foliorum summitate enascentibus, majus.
Raii Syn. p. 112. n. 16.

Jungermannia major, foliis subrotundis, tenuissime denticulatis. Micheli, Nov. Gen.
p. 7. t. 5./. 1. 2.

Hepatica asplenioides, ramosa, major, florida, muscus Nummularice folio, major. Vail-
lant, Par. p. 99. n. 10.

Lichenastrum Asplenii facie, pinnis laxioribus. Dill. Muse. p. 482. t. 69. f. 5. a. b. c.
( excl . syn. Mich. t. 5./. 3.)

Lichenastrum Asplenii facie, pinnis confertioribus. Dill. Muse. p. 483. t.69.f. 6. a. b. c.
(excl. syn. Vaill. Par, t. 19. f. 7 •)

Jungermannia foliis pinnatis, subrotundis, sparsis, ex apice fiorifera. Hall. Helv. iii.
p. 60. 1869.

*

Hab. Frequent in moist woods and shady hedge-banks, producing fructification in the

south of England very rarely; in the subalpine countries of the north more fre-
quently; and also in Ireland, according to Dr. Stokes.

Plant sometimes growing in dense and nearly erect tufts, but more generally in loose and
straggling patches among Hypna and other mosses.

(J. asplenioid.es.)

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

Surculi either erect or procumbent, throwing out a few fibrous radicles from their base,
and here and there from the whole extent of their lower surface, about the thick-
ness of common packthread, from two to four or five inches in length, flexuose, now
and then beset with simple ramuli, or furnished with young shoots, which, in then-
more advanced period of growth, resemble divisions of the sureulus. The color
varies from a dull green to a reddish brown. In substance the surculi are firm, but
flexible, the cellules very compact.

Leaves from one to two lines in length, alternately placed in two rows on each side of
the sureulus, often closely arranged towards its extremity ; the rest more or less
remote : all of them are horizontal, having the ends slightly recurved, so as to
present a convex upper surface ; their base is semiamplexicaul, the lower margin very
decurrent : in shape the leaves are obovate approaching to round, their margins
either entire (f. 4), slightly dentate (f. 3), or, as is most frequently the case,
dentato-ciliate (f. 5), and this in so striking a manner as to be often visible to the
naked eye. The color is a dull yellowish green. The reticulation small in proportion
to the size of the leaf, formed of roundish cellules.

Perigonial leaves ten or twelve in number (f. f. 3. and 6), closely imbricated on each
side of the sureulus and entirely surrounding it, roundish, concave, ventricose at the
base ; the margins more or less dentato-ciliate, some of them a little recurved.

Periclicetial leaves exactly resembling the cauline ones, only that they have their lateral
margins more recurved and often revolute: they are, too, erect.

Male fructification in the axilke of the perigonial leaves, and sometimes situated, also, in
various parts of the sureulus, but most frequently occupying the extremity. The Anthers
(f. f. 13. 14) are in clusters of from two to four or five: they are ovate, when perfect of
a greyish color. I have seen the apex open, whence the pollen has been discharged, leaving
the cuticle white, pellucid and reticulated. The filament is about half the length of the
anther, white, transparent, transversely striated.

Female fructification terminal upon the surculi and shoots. Occasionally, too, lateral, or,
perhaps, only appearing so in consequence of the production of a shoot immediately beneath
it (f. 2).

Calyx (f. 7) from two to three lines in length, generally leaning on one side, so as to
be somewhat scymitar-shaped. The base is almost cylindrical, the mouth truncate,
very much compressed (except when forced apart by the capsule and peduncle) : the
opening extends a little way down on one side of the calyx, where, as well as on
the whole of the upper margin, it is dentato-ciliate. In color and texture the calyx
exactly resembles the leaves.

Calyptra (f. 8) obovate, or rather pyriform, tipped with a short style, of a delicate
texture, strongly reticulated at the base: it is surrounded by numerous barren pistilla,
each of which is lineari-lanceolate, longitudinally and transversely striated; the
mouth is open and a little expanded.

Peduncle from an inch and a half to two inches long, white, shining, loosely cellulose.
It is inserted into the receptacle by means of a fibrous bulb (f. 10), of an obconical
shape, which is with ease drawn out along with the peduncle. A similar cluster

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

( J. asplenioides. J

of fibres I have remarked upon the peduncles of two or three large exotic species
of the genus.

Capsule ovate, dark purplish-brown, approaching to black, opening with four equal
lanceolate valves, each of which is marked with longitudinal furrows (f. 11).

Seeds spherical, reddish-brown: spiral filaments of the same color, and formed of a
double helix (f. 12).

Almost every author has followed Linnaeus in making the “ Lichenaslrum Asplenii facie,
pinnis confertioribus ” (Hist. Muse. p. 483. 6), a variety of the present plant. Dillenius, who
was induced to describe it as a distinct species only out of deference to preceding botanists,
remarks “ simillima est liaec praecedenti (J. asplen.), nec ab eh distinguitur, nisi quod folia
densihs nascantur et magis imbricatim invicem imponantur, nervum magis protegentia, pin-
narum extremitatibus et margine interiore evidentius crenatis et quasi spinosis.” — These
little differences in the leaves are to be found not only upon plants growing in the same
patch, but are even to be met with on the same individual, so that I have not thought it
proper to retain these even as varieties. The Miclielian synonym Jungermannia major, foliis
brevioribus et obtusioribus non dentatis, and that of Vaillant, Ilepaticoides Polytrichi facie, I
have excluded from the references here made, because, both from the descriptions and figures
of their respective authors, I am led to consider the plant they allude to as J. polyanthos,
rather than J. asplenioides.

This species, though sufficiently well marked to render it needless for me here to point out
its distinguishing characters, is, nevertheless, in general habit, in the strong denticulation
of the leaves, and more particularly in the circumstance of the opening of the calyx not being
confined to its extremity, but continued a little way down on one side, nearly allied to J. spi-
nulosa; and it is not improbable but they may hereafter constitute a distinct genus, apart
from every British species at least, founded upon characters taken fiom the form of the calyx.
To these, in some respects, Swartz’s AVest. Indian Jungerniannice adiantoides and patula, bear
a considerable affinity; but in both of them the calyx is described as formed “ e foliolis con-
niventibus, ” as is the case in J. juniperina of Swartz and of this work, in J emarginata of
Ehrhart, and in J. scalaris ; but not in J. asplenioides.

The situation of the male flowers in the different species of the genus is well worthy of
attention. The present is one of the few species belonging to a division that I am acquainted
with, with simple leaves, in which the perigonial leaves take a different form from the rest,
and/ by their bifarious and closely-imbricated disposition, are rendered conspicuous at first
sight. These, however, according to the observations of Hedwig, fall off when they are no
longer wanted to protect the anthers: “ calvus est in caule locus, ubi flos fuerat; nam teg-
mina antherarum subinde cadunt, vel consumuntur.” The anthers of J. asplenioides have also
been seen by M. L’ Abbe Hauy, in France, as we learn from the Encyclopedic Methodique. The
words of this gentleman are " Cette plante porte sur la partie posterieure de l'extremite des
rameaux, qui ont pris un certain accroissement, de petits boutons ou des points noirs tres-
sensibles, portes par des especcs de pcdicules fort courts ct applatis Ces points sont

( J. asplenioides.)

BRITISH J UNGERM ANNIiE.

ordinairement au nombre de quatre et disposes en croix. ” There can be no doubt that what
the Abbe has here described are male fructifications, yet I have never myself observed the anthers
(petits boutons) to be of a black color, nor that they are “ disposes en croix. ” I have not yet
been fortunate enough to discover the anthers of J. spinulosa, but, judging from the similarity
that exists in the female fructification of the two plants, I am induced to suspect that they
will be found to correspond in the male also.

The barren plants of some of the larger species of Bryum, as B. punctatum, and, more
especially, the trailing surculi of B. cuspidatum, B. ligulatum, and B. rostraturn, may occasion-
ally be confounded with this J ungermannia ; but, besides the different shape of the leaves, the
nerve in those of the mosses will at once afford a distinguishing character. From Hookeria
lucens, with the leaves of which it bears a still greater resemblance, it may always be known
by the bifarious, and never trifarious insertion of its leaves, by their rounder figure, and by
their strong denticulation. The Hookeria, too, has the cellules, of which the leaf is composed,
much larger, and of a more ovate figure than J. asplenioides. Lamarck says of the plant
before us, that it has something the habit of Hypnum adiantoides ( Fissidens Hedw), but is
much larger, and has the leaves of a rounder figure ; an observation that will scarcely be
considered as made with his usual happiness of remark.

The female fructification, which in England is not of frequent occurrence, in France
seems to be still more rare, and the authors of the Flore Francaise observe, that they have
never themselves seen it.

Under this species, Weber, in his Spicilegium Flora; Goettingensis, observes “ Vagina
exterior crenata. Interior ovoidea, in altero latere spinula infra apicem inserta donata." By
“ spinula infra apicem, ” he probably alludes to the style, which, however, I have always
remarked to be exactly terminal.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1. Barren plant of J. asplenioides, natural size.

2. Female plant, natural size.

3. Extremity of the surculus of a male plant, magnified 4

4. Portion of the surculus and leaves 4

5. Leaf, seen from behind 4

6. Perigonial leaf 3

7. Calyx and perichcetial leaves 4

8. Calyptra 3

9. Barren pistillum 2

10. Lower part of the peduncle, shewing the fibrous bulb at its base 2

11. Capsule burst, discharging its seeds and spiral filaments 2

12. Seeds and spiral filaments 1

13. Anthers (the perigonial leaf being removed to exhibit their insertion) . . 2

14. Single anther j

I

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

( J. spinulosct. )

JUNGERMANNIA SPINULOSA.

(TAB. XIV.)

Jungermannia, surculo erecto, ramoso: foliis obovatis, recurvatis, hinc margine apiceque

dentato-spinulosis : fructu laterali, axillarique ; calycibus subrotundis, compressis ; ore truncato
ciliato.

Jungermannia spinulosa. Dicks. Crypt. Fasc. n. p. 14. With. iii. p. 856. Linn. Syst.
Nat. ed. Gmel. 11. p. 1349.

Jungermannia serrata. Roth, Cat. Bot. i. p. 144.

Lichenastrum pinnulis alternis, quasi spinosis. Dill. Muse. p. 489. t. 70. /. 16. (excl.
syn. Micn.J

Lichenastrum ramosius, foliis trifidis. Dill. Muse. p. 489. t. 70. /. 15.

Q. tridenticulata, foliis minoribus, paucioribus, apicibus trispinosis.

Jungermannia tridenticulata. Michaux, Bor. Am. ii. p. 278.

Hab. Wales. Dillenius. — On the Scotch Alps. Mr. Dickson. — Not uncommon in the
mountainous parts of England, Scotland, and Ireland. — /3. Mountains near Ban try.
Miss Hutchins. — Cunnamara. Mr. Mackay. — (The Calyces are, according to Miss
Hutchins, to be found at all seasons of the year.)

This Plant grows in densely-crowded tufts or patches, of several inches in diameter.

Surculi varying in length from two to five inches, erect, flexuose, rarely simple, for
the most part beset with a few scattered, short branches, sub-patent, and again
divided, both the main and secondary branches throwing out annual innovations.
The texture of the surculi is firm and compact; when dry, rigid and brittle; the
color in the younger plants, and in the shoots, a dull yellow-green; in the older ones
it varies from a yellowish to a reddish-brown.

Leaves (f. 4) a line long, distantly placed in the lower parts of the surculi, at the
extremity more generally crowded: in shape t hey are obovate, having, however, as in
J. asplenioides, a very decurrent and semi-amplexicaul base; the extremity is more

( J. spinulosa. ) BRITISH JUNGERMANNLE.

or less bent back, especially in the young shoots, and, in a dry state, so much so
that they often meet behind ; the margins too are revolute : of these the lower or
anterior one is entire; the apex and upper or posterior margin is cut into many
spiniform teeth, which are of unequal sizes, but all very conspicuous to the naked
eye. The color of the leaf is a pale yellow-green, inclining to brown, tinged with
red at the point of insertion: after having been kept some time in the herbarium
the whole plant becomes a pale brown. The texture of the leaves is very compact,
brittle when dry: the reticulated appearance (f. 7) is here very obscure, the cellules
being small, ovate, and distantly placed, requiring a very high power of the micro-
scope to distinguish them accurately.

The perichcetial leaves do not, in the least, differ from the rest.

Male Fructification unknown.

Female Fructification lateral upon the surculi, and frequently arising from the axillae of
the branches. I have never seen it absolutely terminal.

Calyx (f. f. 5. 6) a line or rather more in length, roundish at the base, and swelling
out a little; at the upper end compressed: the mouth is truncate, and dentato-
* spinulose; the opening, as in the last species, extends a little way down on one
side of the calyx.

Barren pistilla (f. 8) eight or ten in number, situated at the bottom of the calyx,
linear, of a greyish color, with longitudinal reddish streaks: the mouth is a little

expanded. I have not seen the fructification, at present, in a more advanced state.

Far. ft. (f. f. 9. 10) which has a most elegant appearance, scarcely exceeds an inch in length.
The leaves are throughout very remotely placed, and at the upper extremity are cut some-
times into two, but more generally into three, large and acute teeth.

It is a little remarkable that J. spinulosa, which is not only an inhabitant of the alpine
regions of Great Britain but of North America, and, as it appears, also, of Surinam *, should
be unnoticed by every author on the Continent of Europe. Widely, however, as the plant itself
is diffused, no part of the fructification had been known in any country, till Miss Hutchins
found specimens in Ireland producing calyces in profusion. The greater part of these were
old, and entirely empty: others had barren pistilla, but none had the fructification farther
advanced. Calyces in the same state I have also found in Scotland.

According to the Dillenian herbarium, the two plants above quoted from the Historia
Muscorum belong undoubtedly to the same species, not affording even sufficient marks to be
considered as varieties of each other. The “ Lichenastrum ramosius, foliis trijidis” might,
indeed, from the description of Dillenius, be supposed to be the same as my Far. jo; but.

* Dr. Roth found his specimens upon some pieces of the bark of Quassia amara.

BRITISH JUNGERMANNLE.

C J. spinulosa.J

although the original specimen at Oxford is much smaller than the representation on the
plate, and in that respect approaches more nearly to my variety, yet the leaves are by no
means generally tri-spinose: on the contrary, by far the greater number arc much dentated,
and the only difference appears to be, that they have their teeth rather smaller and more
numerous than is the case with the common state of the plant.

The present species may be considered as one of the largest and handsomest that the
genus can boast, whether Europaean or exotic. Its affinity with J. asplenioides has been
already noticed.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1. Small specimens of J. spinulosa, natural size.

2. A larger appearance of the plant with calyces, natural size.

3. Extremity of the same, magnified 6

4. Portion of the stem and leaves 4

5. Calyx 4

6. Horizontal section, exhibiting the interior of the calyx 3

7. Portion of the calyx, shewing its texture, which is exactly the same in the leaves 1

8. Barren pistilla 1

9. Var. /3, natural size.

10. Portion of the same, magnified * 4

;&fc=ES-

BRITISH JUNGEIlMANNIiE.

( J . connivens .)

JUNGERMANNIA CONNIVENS.

(TAB. XV.)

J ungekmannia, sui'Culo procumbente, stellatim ramoso; foliis orbicularibus, concavis, apice
lunulari-emarginatis : fructu in ramis propriis, brevissimis, centralibus terminali; calycibus
oblongo-ovatis; ore ciliato.

Jungermannia connivens. Dicks. Crypt. Fasc. iv. p. 19. 1. 11. /. 15.

Hab. In umbrosis liumidis. Mr. Dickson, 1. c. — In boggy places in the neighborhood
of Holt and Edgefield, Norfolk. Rev. R. R. Francis— At Westleton, Suffolk, among
Sphagna and other mosses. — I have also received specimens gathered by Mr. Templeton,
near Belfast, and by Mr. Mackay, from a marsh in Cunnamara. — New Forest, Hants.
Mr. Lyell.

Obs. The fructification is produced in April, and very profusely in May, according to the
observations of Mr. Lyell.

This Plant grows in small and loosely-entangled patches, of a pale yellowish green hue,
throwing out here and there, from the whole length of its under surface.

Roots, which consist of minute, whitish, simple, and pellucid fibres.

Surculi filiform, flexuose, procumbent, varying from half an inch to an inch, or even
to an inch and half in length ; in certain situations, about the twentieth part of a
line in diameter, semi-pellucid, cellulose, of a texture equally delicate with that of the
leaves: the primary ramification, as in the congeners of this species ( J . bicuspidata,
curvifolia, and byssacea), is disposed in a somewhat stellated form, the branches being
often again simply divided by subpatent ramuli, or, as may be seen in f. 3, producing
small innovations.

The Leaves (f. 5), which have a bifarious insertion, are patent or erect, and more or
less distantly placed, extremely minute, measuring from the fifteenth to the tenth of
a line in length, orbicular, but decurrent at the base, above concave, convex below,
cleft at the extremity by an orbicular notch in a very unusual manner, so that the
segments are connivent ; whence t lie name. The substance of the leaf appears
peculiarly succulent and subcarnose, the cellules large, irregularly subquadrate, theii
surfaces slightly prominent. The color is a very pale yellowish green.

( J. connivens. i

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

rJ'he pericluetial leaves (f. 7) vary in number from five to ten, and occupy the short
ramuli that support the fruit to the exclusion of such leaves as are produced on the
rest of the plant, from which they differ materially in shape ; the exterior ones being
bifid or trifid, with lineari- lanceolate and strait segments ; the intermediate ones more
oblong in their figure, with trifid extremities, as in the former; while the interior
are oblong, divided into four or five linear, erect segments, forming what might be
called a palmate leaf. The cellules of all resemble those of the cauline leaves ; the
color is somewhat paler.

Male Fructification at present unknown.

Female Fructification supported upon short branches, evidently destined to this sole
purpose, which are situated at the base of the surculi, and are, consequently, central with
regard to the whole plant.

Calyx (f. 6) large in proportion to the size of the plant. I have observed it to be
nearly a line in length, oblongo-ovate, attenuated at the base, of a whitish color,
semi-transparent, elegantly marked with oblong reticulations, formed by the areolae,
or cellules, which are more compact than is the case in the leaves : the mouth of
the calyx is contracted, and fringed with five or six erect cilia.

Calyptra (f. 8) ovate, whitish, reticulated, tipped with a short style, and surrounded at
the base by a few

Barren pistilla (f. 9) of a greyish color, obscurely marked with longitudinal and trans-
verse lines, of which some of the former are of a red color.

Peduncle rather more than a quarter of an inch in length, white, succulent, vasculose.

Capsule (f. 10) ovate, of a deep brown color, evidently, under the higher powers of a
microscope, longitudinally and transversely furrowed.

Seeds and spiral filaments (f. 11) a rich chocolate brown; the former spherical, the
latter formed of a double helix.

J. connivens , though it does not appear to be a very local species, was entirely unnoticed,
till Mr. Dickson described it in his valuable publication on British Cryptogamic Botany; nor
do I find it has been mentioned by any subsequent author. From Sweden I have received
specimens by the kind communications of Dr. Swartz, under the name J. limosa mss., with
the remark “ rara species in argilla extensa.” Its fructification appears to be extremely rare.
I never saw it, except upon a specimen which I found in a boggy part of Holt Wood, in the
beginning of April, and upon others which I have received from Mr. Lyell in the present
month of May ; indeed, at the moment the description is going to the press.

The deeply emarginate leaf, with its rounded sinus and acute connivent segments, not
unaptly compared to the form of the new moon, will at all times readily distinguish this
species from all the rest of the genus, even if the calyx should not be present, which is
equally unlike that of any other Jungermannia, and is rendered singularly beautiful by the
delicacy of its texture (a peculiarity it has in common with every other part of the plant),
and by the ciliated orifice.

BRITISH JUNGERM ANNI/E. ( J. connivensj

I have had occasion, in another part of this work, to observe that a specimen of J. con-
nwens exists in the Dillenian Herbarium, at Oxford, and is numbered so as to correspond
with f. 4. a. b. t. 69. of the Historia Muscorum, which, however, more nearly resembles
J. bicuspidata, though I have in compliance with preceding botanists quoted it, with a mark
of doubt, under the description of J. setacea (t. vm. of this work).

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1. Fertile plant of J. connivens, natural size.

2. Barren specimen, with leaves more distantly placed than usual.

3. Portion of the same, magnified g

4. Female plant q

5. Smaller portion of a surculus, with leaves 4

6. Calyx, cut open 4

7. Perichcetial leaves 3

8. Calyptra 3

9. Barren pistilla 2

10. Capsule 3

11. Seeds and spiral filaments , 1

Tab. JVC.

lo

V« vV f lit 9

Curv '/ />//!?

C/

/a

y man a /a cnAan/v f ta .

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

( J. curvifolia.J

JUNGERMANNIA CURYIFOLIA.

(TAB. XVI.)

J ungermannia, surculo procumbente, stellatim ramoso: foliis subrotundis, valde concavis,
bifidis ; segmentis acuminatis, incurvatis : fructu in ramis propriis brevissimis centralibus
terminali ; calycibus oblongis, subplicatis ; ore dentato.

Jungermannia curvifolia. Dicks. Crypt. Fasc. n. p. 15. t. 5. f 7 ■ With. hi. p. 864. Linn.
Syst. Nat. ed. Gmel. n. p. 1352. Engl. Bot. t. 1304.

Hab. In alpibus scoticis. Mr. Dickson, 1. c. — Many places in the ascent to Crib-y-
Ddescil, from Llanberris ; and on the summit of Carnedd Llewelyn ; also, near
Llyn Llumbren, Denbighshire. Mr. Griffith, in With. — Usgoed-Eynon Garn, South
Wales. Mr. G. Sowerby. — On decaying wood by a mountain-lake, near Bantry. Miss
Hutchins. — On Ben Lawers, Ben Nevis, and boggy ground at a place called Balloch-
nacreash, in the north-western part of Ross-shire. — Crannies of rocks, Mourne
mountains, Ireland. Mr. Templeton.

Plant forming small and loosely-entangled patches of a few inches in diameter, and of a
deep purple color.

Root consisting of minute, whitish fibres, proceeding here and there from the under
side, and most profusely from the lower part of the plant.

Surculi scarcely more than half or three-quarters of an inch in length, branching out
from a centre in a sort of stellated manner, procumbent, filiform, flexuose ; branches
simple, or, as is more usually the case, once again divided} their diameter about
the twelfth of a line; their color a pale yellow green, purple towards the extremity;
their substance delicate, cellulose, flexible, but more rigid and brittle in a diy
state. ,

The leaves (f. f. 4. 5) seem to be for the most part closely placed : they have a bifarious
insertion, though, from their upright position, they have a secund appearance ; they
are remarkably concave, and measure from the eighth to the fouith of a line in
length ; those at the extremities of the surculus being the smallest ; their shape is
round, approaching, however, to ovate; from the apex they are divided about half
way down the middle by a rather obtuse sinus, of which the segments are acuminate,
and incurved towards the hollow of the leaf, in a very striking manner. The reticu-
lation is large, formed by oblong cellules. The color a pale green, changing, m
those parts which are most exposed, to a fine purple.

( J. curvifolia. )

BRITISH JUNGERMANNLE.

The perichcetial leaves (f. f. 6. 7), six or seven in number, resemble the rest in every
particular, excepting only that their segments are less acuminate and by no means
incurved.

Male Fructification hitherto undiscovered.

Female Fructification arising from the base of the surculi.i — Short ramuli support the

Calyces (f. f. 8. 9) which are oblong or oblongo-ovate, in their color and cellules much
resembling the leaves. Towards the apex they are a little plicate, and at the mouth,
which is somewhat contracted, are seen a few short teeth.

Calyptra (f. 9) ovate, whitish, reticulated. Style short.

Barren pistilla (f. 10) surrounding the base of the calyptra : each is lineari-lanceolate,
longitudinally and transversely striated.

Peduncle half an inch or more in length, of a silvery whiteness, often becoming
spirally twisted.

Capsule ovate, deep brown, opening into four equal, ovate or oblongo-ovate valves.

The seeds and spiral filaments I have but lately had an opportunity of seeing in a
perfect state : they exactly resemble those of J. bi'cuspidata and connivens.

The natural affinity of this plant with the two species just mentioned is very striking,
even to a superficial observer j more particularly to the former of them, from which, however,
it essentially differs in the great length and in the incurved segments of the leaves, as well
as in the erect (and by no means recurved) apices of the perichaetial leaves. The places of
growth, too, of the three plants are widely different ; the present species seeming to be
altogether alpine, and partaking of the rich purple hue which is so common to other plants
of the genus in similarly elevated regions.

We owe our first acquaintance with this Jungermannia, as well as with the one last described,
( J ■ connivens J to the acuteness of Mr. Dickson. The figure given in English Botany does not
exhibit the leaves so much incurved as is the case in my specimens} and, indeed, the whole plant,
in that work, appears to bear a nearer approach to J. bicuspidata than I have ever observed
it to do.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1. A tuft of J. curvifolia, natural size.

2. A single plant of the same.

3. The same magnified

4. Portion of the stem and leaves

5. Single leaf

0. Exterior perichcetial leaf

7- Interior perichcetial leaf

8. Calyx, peduncle, and capsule

9. Calyx opened, shewing the calyptra, Src

10. Barren pistilla

6

4
3

5

3

4
3
2

Tab. XW..

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P'Jrn i la (y/jM). 0UJn

«/?as/-///a /////a

/>

BRITISH J UN GERM ANN I AS.

( J. pumila.J

JUNGERMANNIA PUMILA.

(TAB. XVII.)

Jungermannia, caule ascendente, simpliciusculo : foliis clliptico-ovatis : fructu terminali ;

calycibus oblongo-ovatis, acuminatis ; ore contracto, denticulato.

Jungermannia pumila. With. iii. p. 866. t. 18./. 4. Engl. Bot. 2230.

Lichenastrum Trichomanis facie minus, ab extremitate florens. Dill. Muse. t. 70. /. 10.
A. b. c. ? ( excl, syn.J

p. nigricans ; caulibus ramosis, foliis remotioribus, nigricantibus.

Hab. Cwm Idwell. Mr. Griffith, in With.- — On mountains near Bantry, Ireland. Miss
Hutchins. — Near Belfast. Mr. Templeton.— Both Dr. Stokes and Dr. Taylor find it in
the Dargle, near Dublin.— On rocks at Studley, Yorkshire.— (3. On Craigalleach, in
Breadalbane.

Obs. It produces capsules in May and June.

The Plant grows in small and loosely-entangled patches, here and there sending forth, from
the under side of the stem.

Roots, which are simple, pellucid, and of a whitish color.

Stems about half an inch in length and the tenth of a line in diameter, either wholly
procumbent, or, as is generally the case, ascendant towards the extremity; for the
most part simple, though occasionally divided, and in Var. (3 (f. 8) not unfrequently
throwing out young shoots from their sides.

Leaves about the third of a line in length, rather closely placed, especially in a; their
position varying from horizontal to erect, not only in different individuals but often
on the same plant ; their figure ovate, approaching to elliptical, sometimes nearly
round: in fertile specimens the uppermost are the largest (f. 3) ; in barren ones the
contrary is the case (f. 8) : all of them are somewhat concave, and at the base semi-
amplexicaul ; at the extremity I have, in two or three instances, remarked a slight
and very obtuse notch, but whether it arose from accident or not I am unable to

(J. pumila. )

BRITISH JUNGERMANNOS.

say. The texture of the leaves is thin and delicate; the reticulation small, roundish;
the color a pale yellowish green, changing in different situations to an olive green
and even to a brownish black.

Perichcetial leaves not differing from those of the other parts of the plant, except that
the two uppermost pair are the largest of all, and are more uniformly erect in their
position (f. f. 3. 4. 9).

Male Fructification unknown.

Female Fructification terminal, though it may now and then have the appearance of being
lateral, in consequence of the elongation of a shoot immediately beneath it (see f. 9).

Calyx (f. 4) large in proportion to the size of the plant, somewhat exceeding three
quarters of a line in length, and one quarter of a line in diameter in the widest part.
It is lengthened out at the base, largest in the middle, and acuminated at the
extremity, where it is slightly plicate. The mouth is small, contracted, and beset with
minute teeth of unequal sizes : its substance and color exactly resemble those of the
leaves.

Calijptra (f. 5) ovate, white, strongly and elegantly reticulated, at the apex tipped with
a short tubular style; at the base surrounded by a few barren pistilla.

Peduncle from two to two and a half lines in length, white, glossy, transversely and
longitudinally striated.

Capsule ovate, deep brown, dividing into four equal segments (f. 3).

Seeds brown, spherical, smooth. The spiral filaments, are of the same color, and composed
of a double helix (f. 6).

My Var. /3. might at first sight be taken for a distinct species. A patch of it has a very dark and
almost blackish hue, though, viewed singly, an individual plant, especially when held against
the light, appears of an olive-green color. The leaves are more distantly placed than those of
“ : they are, too, smaller, more inclining to oblong, and universally horizontal. The stems
are slender and more branched, and, as observed above, frequently throw out young lateral
shoots.

This Jungermannia was first discovered in Wales by Mr. Griffith, and by him sent as a new
species to Di. Witheiing, in whose work an imperfect figure and description are given. Without
at all meaning to contradict these gentlemen as to the plant being really a nondescript, I find it
so well accord with the Dillenian plant, figured t. 70. f. 10. a. b. c., that I have thought it right
to refer to that author, though not without a mark of doubt. Linmeus refers to this synonym
his J. lanceolate, fiom which the authentic specimens in the herbarium at Oxford prove it
to ic quite different. These in the calyx, which is most remarkable, exactly correspond with the
presen plant, and the leaves, too, seem to bear an equal resemblance, as far as can be judged
iom the very injured state in which they now are. The figures, however, of Micheli, quoted by
Dillemus, certainly belong to J. lanceolate. 1 y

BRITISH JUNGERMANNLE.

( J. pumila. J

Jungermannia pumila is distinguishable from barren specimens of J. scalaris and J. crenulata
by its more ovate leaves and much smaller size; from J. lanceolata by its leaves being concave,
whereas in the species last mentioned their surface is always plane. The singular form of the
calyx will serve to keep it distinct from every other species.

Although an alpine plant, J. pumila seems not at all particular in its choice of soil. Some
of my Irish specimens are attached to a stiff clay : in Yorkshire I have found it glowing upon
hard lime- stone rock ; and in Scotland I have gathered it from the micaceous schistus of the
Breadalbane mountains.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

fig.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7-

8.

9.

A small patch of J. pumila , natural size.
A single plant of the same, natural size.

The same, magnified

Extremity of a fertile shoot

Calyptra and young capsule

Seeds and spiral filaments

Var. /3, natural size.

The same, magnified

Extremity of a fertile plant of a, with the shoot projecting beyond the calyx

4

3
2

1

4
4

«•

Tab.XVUL.

It

/C/xseo/a/t!

' 9 *> C. cp. t A (- c> pc A r f» f(J Dt/t^

BRITISH jungermannia;.

C J. lanceolata.J

JUNGERMANNIA LANCEOLATA.

(TAB. XVIII.)

Jungermannia, caule procumbente, subsimplice: foliis patentibus, ovato-subrotundis : fructu
terminali ; calycibus oblongis, cylindraceis, subarcuatis, apice depresso, piano ; ore contractor
inciso-dentato.

Jungermcinnia lanceolata. Linn. Sp. PI. n. p. 1597. Syst. Nat. n. p. 705. Pollich, Pal. hi.
p. 179- Leers, Herb. p. 249. Schrank, Baiersche Flora, ii. p. 495. Weis, Plant. Crypt,
p. 114. Willd. Ber. p. 340. CEder, Enum. PI. FI. Dan. p. 41. Allioni, Peel. xi. p. 312.
Schreber, Spic. FI. Lips.p. 103. Schrader, Samml. Lief. n. p. 4. Hoffmann, Germ.n.
p. 88. Roth, Germ. in. p. 373. Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. Gmel. ii. p. 134S. Lamarck,
Encycl. Bot. in. p. 279. With. hi. p. 853. Hvds. Angl. p. 510. Lightf. Scot. ii. p.773.

Lichenastrum, capitulis nudis, Trichomanis facie, foliolis densius congestis, minus. Raii
Syn. p. 112.

Jungermannia palustris, minima, repens; foliis subrolundis, densissimis, Icete virentibus.
Micheli, Nov. Gen. p. 8. t. 5./. 6. et 7.

Hab. Woods and moist shady places in Westmoreland. Hudson. — Moist shady banks.
Withering. — Moist shady places, and on rotten trunks of trees. Lightf oot.

Plant growing in small dense clusters of a pale green color.

Root, a few minute, whitish, simple fibres, proceeding here and there from the under
side of the plant.

Stems about a quarter or half an inch long, cylindrical, procumbent, simple, or now and
then furnished with one or two short lateral shoots.

Leaves (f. f.2. 4. 5) rather closely placed, always patent or horizontal, quite entire, ovate,
having however a broad and semi-amplexicaul base : those at the base and the extremity
of the barren shoots are the smallest (f. 4), the rest are about a quarter of a line in
length: their color is a light, yellowish green, varying in the Lower leaves to a dirty
brown : the reticulation is large, composed of oblong cellules.

Pericluetial leaves (f. 8) larger and more oblong than the rest, at the base concave, and
embracing the lower part of the calyx, their upper part patent.

( J. lanceolata .)

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

Male Fructification (f. 5) composed of anthers (f. 6), situated in clusters of two or three at the
base of the cauline leaves, and most commonly of those that approach the extremity of
the plant. They are quite exposed, as is the case with those of J. pusilla. Each is exactly
spherical, minute, consisting of an exterior reticulated cuticle, and the olivaceous pollen, which
is at length discharged from a ragged aperture at the extremity (f. 7). The footstalk, which
is about the length of the anther, is white, pellucid, and transversely striated.

Female Fructification terminal.

Calyx (f. f. 2. 10) very large, compared with the size of the plant, full a line in length and
one-third of a line in diameter, a little incurved, cylindrical throughout, or slightly
incrassated upward : the apex itself is depressed and flattened, so that the extremity is
nearly a plane surface, as wide as any part of the calyx, and in the centre of it is
situated the minute, contracted, and slightly-toothed mouth. The whole is perfectly
destitute of furrows. Its color and texture are not distinguishable from those of the
leaves, except that the former occasionally vanes to a rich brown, appearing almost as
if it were burnt.

Germen (f. 8) ovate, of a yellowish-green color, terminated by a small hollow style. A few
barren pistilla surround its base.

Obs, The moie forward state of the fructification I have never had an opportunity of seeing.

As well the figures here given, as the description, have been made from German specimens
sent to Mr. Turner by Dr. Schrader and Dr. Mohr; and I am induced to represent the species in
this work, rather with a view of calling the attention of the botanists of my country to what I
conceive to be the true Jungermannia lanceolata of Linnaeus, than from a full conviction of its
eier having been found in Britain. Micheli is the earliest author who has noticed the present
plant, to which Dillenius’ t. 70. f. 10. has been referred by Linnaeus and almost every subsequent
botanist; but I have, under the description of J. pumila, given my reasons for supposing that this
synonym more probably belongs to that species. Haller, in his Hist. Stirp. Helv. t. m. p. 61.
n. 1871, un hisder Jungermannia foliis pinnatis, avails, confertis, ex apice florifera, quotes Linnaeus
as well as the two other authors just alluded to, but in his description he says, - folia paullhm

'Ul9oUi‘vn Ct-mraPT,e C°ngeSta’ Paullfimque incurva”, and in another place “ad Jungermanniam
. 20. Dillemi (J. albicantem ) proximo accedit, sed differt foliis rotundioribus”; so that I am rather
me need ° think that this great botanist has confounded the present species with one that I propose
c.. mg J. obtusifoha which certainly approaches in many particulars to J. albicans. Weis has the
T! Tl!k r eo a?d ‘f iS Unfortunate that neitl^r of them take any notice of the form of the

t heir ' de'erint ^ T PartiCUlar “ ^ ^ S° that 1 can ™th confidence

°* a,m0St eVelTOther aUthor is atleast doubtful. Those given by
Ion, Lightfoot, and Withering, are particularly unsatisfactory; and the Jungermannia figured

( J. lanceolate ,JF

BRITISH J UNGERM ANNIJE.

under the name of lanceolata in English Botany is J. scalaris, a plant which I have observed in
collections not unfrequently mistaken for it; although the species before us abundantly differs,
not only in the absence of stipules, but in the large and naked calyx.

In drying, as is well observed by Dr. Roth, the leaves become crisped ; but they rapidly
recover their original figure on being immersed in water.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

tIG.

1. 1; Fertile plants of J. lanceolata, natural size.

2. A fertile plant, magnified

3. A barren plant, natural size.

4. The same, magnified

5. Extremity of a male plant

6. Anther in a perfect state

7. The same after the discharge of the pollen

8. Perichcetial leaf

9. Cauline leaf

10. Calyx dissected longitudinally

11. Germen *

5

1

1

4

3

3

2

Tab m

Imaavrua/ .

Yfthent/obo^ eAScctifot"*.; lUft'kl) StgM.

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE

(J. exsecta.J

JUNGERMANNIA EXSECTA.

(TAB. XIX.)

Jungermannia, caule prostrato, simpliciusculo : foliis distichis, imbricatis, horizontalibus,
concavis, ovatis, acutisj margine liinc unidentato.

Jungermannia exsecta. Schmidel, leones, p. 241. t. 62. f. 2. Schrader, Syst. Samml.
Lief. ii. p. 98?

Jungermannia globulifera. var. i. Roth, Germ. m. p. 381.

Jungermannia foliis bidentatis, in apice fragifera. Hall. Helv. t. iv. p. 59. (excl. syn.J

Hab. Moist and especially boggy heaths in various parts of Norfolk and Suffolk, as
Holt and Edgefield Heaths (where it was for the first time discovered in England
by Rev. R. B. Francis), and Mousehold Heath in the former county. In Suffolk
Mr. Turner finds it near Yarmouth : it is also abundant on Westleton Heath, near
Dunwich. — Near Bantry. Miss Hutchins.

Plant firmly attached to the earth in small scattered patches, which are frequently disposed in a
somewhat stellated form, and are rendered conspicuous by their yellow hue, or, in the
globuliferous specimens, by the reddish color of the gemma;.

Root consisting of thick tufts of minute, whitish, simple fibres, issuing copiously from
every part of the under side of the shoots, which are often, as Mr. Francis remarks,
affixed to each other by means of these radicles.

Stems prostrate, not much exceeding a quarter of an inch in length, fragile, greenish,
densely cellular, simple, or sometimes, though rarely, producing a small shoot near
the base.'

Leaves (f. f. 4. 5) rather closely imbricated, distichous, patent or horizontal, about the
third of a line long, gradually however becoming smaller towards the base of the plant,
where they closely surround and firmly embrace the stem, so as entirely to conceal it :

( J. exsecta.J

BRITISH JUNGEIlMANNIiE.

tlieir figure is ovate, concave, or rather conduplicate, at tire extremity very acute, and,
what marks the species so decisively, furnished in the middle of the upper margin with
a strong and sharp tooth, pointing a little upwards in a direction oblique with regard to
the apex of the leaf. If Schrader be correct in his species, which I have great reason,
however, to doubt, he finds the leaves to be generally unequally tridentate; while
Schmidel, Mr. Francis, and myself, have observed them to be almost constantly bidentate,
(provided the sharp apex may be allowed the appellation of a tooth,) though occasionally
the lower ones, as may be seen in f. 2, of the plate, are tridentate. The texture of
the leaves is particularly firm ; the cellules very small and numerous, requiring a good
magnifier to distinguish the reticulated appearance formed by their interstices ; but with
the highest power of the lens the cellules will be seen to be of a very irregular figure,
and disposed throughout the substance of the leaf without any sort of order (f. 6). The
color of the leaves is a pale green, very much approaching to yellow.

Male Fructification unknown.

Female Fructification (according to Schmidel, who alone has published an account of it, or
even seen it) terminal, and produced (in Germany) in abundance in the months of May and
June, if the weather' should prove moist ; never on those plants which bear the powdery
globules, but upon such older individuals alone as are fast approaching to a state of decay.
The calyx is described to be of an ovato-oblong figure, cut at the mouth into four obtuse teeth
or lobes, and surrounded at the base by three or four pairs of unequally bifid and closely
imbricated leaves ; the calyptra ovate, tipped with a rather thick vesicular stigma ; the
peduncle white, pellucid, cellulose, about three times as long as the calyx ; the capsule
roundish, approaching to ovate, bursting into four ligulate valves, that are obtuse at their
extremities; the spiral filaments very elastic, composed of a double helix, of a rufo-fuscous
color ; the seeds extremely numerous, minute, and of a paler hue than the filaments.

The Gemma (f. 3) of this species are very abundant and peculiarly conspicuous, no less
from their deep orange color, than from their situation. In the months of December
and January they make their appearance, collected together in small spherical masses
(f. f. 3. 7) about the tenth of a line in diameter, occupying the extreme points of eight
or ten or more of the terminal leaves. The minute particles or gemmae of which these
balls are composed, are in their most perfect state closely united, but on putting them
into water a very slight pressure is sufficient to cause them to separate, and a number
of pellucid angular reddish bodies (f. 8) are observable floating in the liquid. In
February, indeed, these particles disunite of themselves, and lie scattered over the leaves
and stems of the plant in considerable quantity, having much the appearance of the
farina ot some phacnogamous plants.

( J. exsecta. J

BRITISH JUNGERMANNI M .

This singular species of Jungermannia seems to be confined to the two most eastern
counties in the kingdom ; at least I have never heard of its being found in any other places,
excepting, indeed, very lately near Bantry, by Miss Hutchins, of whom it may almost with
truth be said, that she finds every thing. It affects elevated and exposed situations, and is
most frequently met with on those heathy soils which are not far removed from the sea.
My friend, Mr. Francis, has long known it as an inhabitant of his neighborhood, and has
preserved a drawing and description of it in his manuscripts, under the name of J. acuta.
Schmidel discovered it about Bareuth and Erlangen, in 1758 ; but, though he has given an
accurate figure and elaborate history of the barren state of the species, I cannot feel satisfied
that his representation of the fertile plant belongs to the same ; the drawing itself of that part
being unsatisfactory. This suspicion, however, has not kept me from translating in my
description what he says of the fruit. That lie should have fallen into an error of this kind,
supposing him really to have done so, is the less remarkable, when it is recollected that he finds
the fructification not upon young, healthy, and vigorous plants, “sed in vetustis et penb
emortuis,” so that I am very much disposed to think that he may, like Dr. Roth, have
confounded J. exsecta and J. excisa together. Of the Hallerian synonym, I am by no means
certain : the description in some respects is at variance with our plant, yet I am still disposed to
think that this is what the author really intended, from his speaking of the extremity of the
leaves, as “ ruberrimum quasi fragum ferens.” The greater number of synonyms, too, that
are cited by Schmidel, have been here omitted, because it appears to me that they ill accord with
the characters of Jungermannia exsecta, which, if really permanent, as I have every reason to hope
they are, are so striking, and so dissimilar to those of every other species of the genus, that I
feel it would be quite needless to say any thing more respecting them.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1.

o

J. exsecta, natural size.

Q

A

Pn-rtinn rtf thfi dfpm ri.71.fl J.P(11)P.S

4

3

(l

tr

/ •
8.

m

~4y

Tad H

'anj/rtma/? a (a Je/tj/d) m/d

■> $ /7 00 Tl e h ft) u J J <»(- ,1 D ■/ rn / J /F/iyi)}

BRITISH JUNGERMANNRE

( J setiformis. J

JUNGERMANNIA SETIFORMIS.

(TAB. XX.)

Jungermannia, caule erecto, subsimplicc : foliis bifariis, arctb imbricatis, erectis, quadrat is
quadrifidisque j angulis inferioribus margine hie illic spinuloso-dentatis : fructu terminali
lateralique ; calycibus oblongis, plicatis ; ore aperto.

Jungermannia setiformis. Ehrh. Beitr. Band. in. p. 40. Schrad. Syst. Samml. Lief. n.
p. 4. Hoffmann, Germ. n. p. 82. Roth, Germ. in. p. 364. Linn. Syst. Nat. ed.
Gmel. n. p. 1352. Lamarck, FI. Fr. n. p. 437.

Jungermannia concatenata. Linn. Lapp. ed. Smith, p. 343.

(3. alpina ; foliis minoribus ; segmentis integerrimis.

Hab. a. has not hitherto been found in Britain. — /3 grows in great abundance upon the
the summit of Cairn-gorum ; and I have also received it from Mr. Dickson and
Mr. George Donn of Forfar, both of whom gathered it upon the Scotch Alps.

Plant growing in densely matted tufts, of some inches in diameter.

Root scarcely any, except that a few fibres may now and then be seen to proceed from
the lower part of the plant.

Stems from two to three inches in length, filiform, slender, undulated, of a red or reddish-
brown color, and firm texture, erect, simple, or once or twice irregularly dichotomous.

The Leaves (f. f. 4. 7. 8) are bifarious, erect, appressed, and so closely imbricated as to
conceal the stem on every side. They are about a quarter of a line in length, of a
quadrate figure, but rather broader than long, semiamplexicaul, divided from the
extremity to within one-fifth of the base in a (in /3 to within one-third of that
distance) into four equal, lanceolate, erect segments, which are keeled on their inner
surface, and furrowed on the outer ; their margins are recurved, those of a. here and
there beset with unequal, but strong teeth, generally pointing downwards, while in (3 ,
these margins are quite entire, though, in the lower angles of the leaves, in both the
varieties, there are, immediately adjoining the base, two deflected teeth, the lowest of

(J. setiformis.J

BRITISH J UNGERM ANNIiE.

which is the largest. The texture of the leaves is rigid and brittle when dry ; the
cellules, which are of a roundish figure, are distantly placed, yet somewhat regularly,
in longitudinal lines (f. 9). The color is a pale yellowish brown, inclining to olive in
the Scotch variety.

Perichcetial leaves (f. 10) larger than the rest, and proceeding, as it appears to me, from
all sides of the stem : the divisions of these leaves too are more numerous, frequently
six or even seven, their margins more recurved, their teeth larger and more abundant.
In other respects they exactly agree with the cauline ones.

Male Fructification unknown.

Female Fructification both terminal and lateral.

Calyx (f. f. 5. 11) nearly a line in length, oblong, plicate ; the mouth toothed, but not at
all contracted ; the texture thin and rather delicate, much more so than that of the
leaves ; the reticulation small ; the areolce oblong ; the color a pale yellow brown.

Calyptra obovate, reticulated, white ; style rather short, slender, and tubular. The
barren pislilla are numerous, situated at the base of the calyptra : each is linear,
swelling out a little in the middle, its mouth slightly expanded.

The Capsule I have only seen within the calyptra, at which period of its growth it is
exactly spherical, and of a deep olive-green color.

That the two plants here figured belong to one and the same species, I believe there wTill be
found no reason to doubt. My variety /3 differs from a. only in being smaller and of a more
olive-green color, and in having the segments of the leaves entire. The drawing of a I have been
under the necessity of making from foreign specimens: for this, I trust, no apology will be
considered necessary, as I could not otherwise have represented the fructification, which is now
described for the first time, though my description has been taken from the very specimens
gathered in Lapland by Linnaeus, who, in his own account of the plant, leaves the fructification
unnoticed. The Lapland specimens, it may be remarked, as well as the German, and probably
the French ones, too, are found in woods, whereas our British plant inhabits the highest of the
Scotch Alps ; and this difference in the place of growth may perhaps be considered as a cause in
some measure of the different appearances they put on. From Dr. Swartz, also, I have been
favoied with fructified specimens, exactly agreeing with those here figured.

Ehrhart, who first discovered J. setiformis in the Hartz Forest, in Germany, justly remarks
that the leaves are so deeply divided, that each individual may be taken for four separate
leaves: but I cannot agree with that author in thinking that the segments are so strongly
furrowed on the back as to represent in miniature a leaf of Fontinalis antipyretica. He farther
adds, that he knows of no other plant which has such a peculiarity in the leaf.

There is m the general habit of this plant, particularly in the mode of growth, a considerable
affinity with J.julacea. In both the leaves are rigid and brittle, and those, which clothe the stem
of the former, correspond very nearly in figure with the pericheetial ones of the latter. The form
of the calyx is the same in both, as is also that of the capsule.

BRITISH JUNGERM ANNI/E.

( J. setiformis. J

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1. J. setiformis fi, natural size.

2. J. setiformis a, natural size.

3. Portion of the stem of .(3, magnified 6

4. Leaf of the same 4

5. Portion of the fertile stem of a. 5

6. Smaller part of the same 4

7. 8. Leaves 3

9. Apex of a leaf 1

10. Perichcetial leaf 3

11. Calyx, longitudinally dissected 4

12. Calyptra and barren pistilla

13. Capsule in a young state

14. Barren pistillum 1

<0 to

%

Zh/>. jar.

J J C € t, S fj n era Z> ros A X b t"»

BRITISH JUNGERMANNLE

(J. nemorosa )

JUNGERMANNIA NEMOROSA.

(TAB. XXI.)

Jungermannia, caule erecto, subdichotomo : foliis bifariis, inaequalitfer bilobis, dentato-ciliatis ,
lobis conduplicatis ; inferioribus majoribus, obovatis ; superioribus subcordatis, obtusis : fructu
terminalij calycibus oblongis, incurvatis, compressis ; ore truncate, dentato-ciliato.

Jungermannia nemorosa. Linn. Sp. PL n. p. 1598. Pollich, Pal. ui. p. 187. Leeks, Herb,
p. 250. Weber, Spic. FL Goet. p. 140. Oeder, Enum. PL FI. Dan. p. 41. Hedwig,
Theoria. p. 156. t. 17. Allioni, Fl. Ped. n. p. 312. Villars, if. p. 923. Roth,
Germ. hi. p. 389. Schrader, Samml. Lief. 11. p. 5. Hoffmann, Germ. 11. p. 85. Huds.
Angl. p. 512. Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. Gmel. 11. p. 1350. Lamarck, Encycl. m. p. 281.
With. iii. p. 857- Lamarck, Fl. Fr. ed. 2. v. 11. p. 435. Engl. Bot. t. 607. Lamarck,
Fl. Gall. p. 93.

Jungermannia nemorea. Linn. Syst. Nat. 11. p. 70 6. Scopoli, Cam. ed. 2 da. 11. p. 344.

Weis, Plant, Crypt, p. 131.

Jungermannia resupinata Engl. Bot. t. 2437-

Jungermannia nemorosa, foliis acutioribus, auritis, tenuissime denticulatis, fore insidente
pediculo breviori. Micheli, Nov. Gen. p. 7- t. 5. f. 8.

Jungermannia alpina, supina, foliis acutioribus, auritis, tenuissime denticulatis, fore
insidente pediculo breviori. Micheli, Nov. Gen. p. 7.

Lichenastrum auriculatum, pinnis minoribus, crenatis. Dill. Muse. t. 71. f. 18. Rupp.
Jen. p. 402.

Lichenastrum auriculatum, pinnulis rotundis, crispum. Dill. Muse. t. 71. f. 19.
Jungermannia foliis bipartitis, auriculatis, supremis punctiferis. Hall. Helv. in. p. 58.

S. purpurascens ; foliis purpurascentibus.

Jungermannia cochleariformis. With. iii. p. 858.

Jungermannia purpurea. Engl. Bot. t. 1023. (excluding the magnified figure on the left
side of the plate, which belongs to J. albicans.)

Jungermannia alpina, palustris, purpurea, cambrica, foliis rotundioribus auritis, tenuis -
sime denticulatis. Micheli, Nov. Gen. p. 6. t. 5. f. 16.

Lichenastrum auriculatum, Ornithopodii minoris, pinnulis ciliatis. Dill. Hist. Muse,
t. 71. /. 21.

y. recurvifolia } folioruni lobis lobulisque recurvatis.

1. denudata : foliorum lobis lobulisque subintegerrimis.

( J . ncmorosa. J

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIvE.

Hab. In woods, on hedge-banks, and among rocks. — /3, on the Scotch mountains abundant,
chiefly in much exposed and very moist situations.' — Rivulets and bogs on the
mountains of North Wales. Mr. Griffith. — Mountains near Bantry. Miss Hutchins. —
About Keswick. Mr. Lyell. — y was found by the Rev. R. B. Francis, in Wales. —
S grows, intermixed with a, in woods and heathy places. — At Edgefield. Rev. R. B.
Francis. — Woods near Norwich.

Obs. The fructification is observable during the greater part of the summer months,
among the mountains.

Plant growing for the most part in densely-matted tufts, of two or three inches in diameter.

Root , a few minute pellucid fibres, proceeding in bundles from the lower part of the stem.

Stems erect, varying from one to three, or even four inches in length, about the tenth of
a line in diameter, generally of a dirty brown color, but sometimes a yellowish red, and
occasionally in wet situations becoming quite black, twice or thrice divided in an
irregularly dichotomous manner; besides which, they also produce innovations, which
are, like the parent branches, ilexuose and filiform.

Leaves (f. f. 5. 6. 7) bifarious and distichous, rather loosely imbricated, patent, their
margins strongly dentato-ciliate; at the base of the plant they are the smallest, being
there scarcely half a line in length, but they gradually increase in size as they approach
the extremity, where they are nearly one line long; they are semi-amplexicaul,
decurrent, divided to within one third of the base into two unequal conduplicate lobes *,
of which the superficies is parallel with the stem, and, consequently, vertical with
regard to the horizon; the lower one is twice the size of the upper, obovate, more
oi' less acute, slightly convex above, and appressed to the under side of the stem;
the upper lobe or lobulus is subcordate, obtuse, a little convex, with its base embracing
the stem, so as entirely to conceal it in those parts where the leaves are at all
crowded; their texture is delicate; the cellules (f. 5) compact, very minute, roundish;
the color a pale yellow green, more or less inclining to blown ; in /3, a deep purple.

/ eri gonial leaves closely imbiicated, and much resembling the cauline ones, except that
their base is more ventricose, and their apices always recurved.

The perichatial leaves differ from the rest only in being of a larger size, and in having the
margins frequently recurved.

Male Fructification. Anthers (f. f. 9. 10. 11) situated in the axilla; of the perigonial leaves,
ovate or roundish, when perfect of an olive-green color, but appearing, after the discharge of
the pollen, a pellucid, reticulated, extremely delicate membrane. Each is situated on a
transparent, transversely striated footstalk, which scarcely exceeds the anther in length. In

* It was my intention to have adopted the term auricle for the upper and generally lesser division of the leaves, in
this species and its affinities, in compliance with the Linnrean terminology. So little, however, does this part differ, in
one or two of the species, from the lower lobe, that it appears to me I shall render my descriptions more simple and
intelligible, by considering the leaves in question as divided into two lobes, which are either equal in size or unequal.

In the latter case, the larger one may be termed lotus, and the smaller, lobulus, as suggested by Dr. Smith in English
Botany, P- 22., 1. The word auncle, might, I think, with more propriety, be confined to those lesser divisions of
the leaves of Jungermannise, which, in every part of the plant, essentially differ, in figure and size, from the larger
division ; remarkable instances of which may be seen in J. Hutchinsice, J. Tumarisci, and J. dilatata. Yet, even in
the species ot this very natural division of the family, the auricles of the perichaetial and of the young terminal leaves
sometimes form an exception to this rule.

BRITISH J UNGER MANN IT

( J. nemorosa j

Ihe axillte of the perigonial leaves, also, and intermixed with the anthers, are frequently seen
jointed, simple or slightly branched filaments (f. f. 11. 12); but whether they belong to the
fructification, or are to be considered as some parasite (perhaps a Conferva), I am unable
to determine. I have found them on British specimens, as well as on others, which 1 have
received from Sweden. Had 1 not seen, in some of them, small branches, I should have
supposed they had been abortive footstalks ; for their structure, in other respects, seems to be
exactly the same.

Female Fructification terminal upon the stems and branches.

Calyx (f. 4) about a line and a half long ; at. its base narrow and cylindrical, but thence
gradually increasing in width towards the extremity, which is half a line in diameter:
it is remarkably incurved in its early state, but becomes erect when the capsule is
protruded. The mouth is truncate and dentato-ciliate. In color and texture it resembles
the leaves.

Calyptra (f. 13) a white, thin, delicate membrane, of a pyriform figure, marked with
rather large reticulations: the style is short and tubular. Of abortive pistilla (f. It)
there are a few at the base of the calyptra, linear, greyish, longitudinally and
transversely striated, their mouth slightly dilated.

Peduncle short, scarcely exceeding twice the length of the calyx, white, cellulose,
shining.

Capsule oblongo-ovate, deep purplish brown, opening into four equal, lanceolate valves,
which on their outer surface are longitudinally and transversely furrowed.

Seeds and spiral filaments (f. 15) numerous, of a deep fulvous color: the former exactly
spherical ; the latter composed of a double helix, of a greater length than is usual in
the genus.

Gemma (f. 7) are not uncommon on this plant, in the month of July, forming a compact
granulated wart or tubercle, at the extremity of both the lobes of the leaves which are
situated at the apex of the stems : at first, they are green ; in a more advanced period,
brown ; and at length almost black, in which state the particles, of which they are
composed, more readily separate, and are seen, under a high power of the microscope,
to be oblong, pellucid, and by no means angular.

Var. /3 (f. 16) scarcely differs from a, but in the deep purple color of the whole plant. In both
kinds the figure of the leaf is subject to some slight variation, from obovate to rotundo-obovate.
The lobules, in the lower part of the plant, appear occasionally to have the teeth nearly obsolete.
The Var. y has a crisped and inelegant appearance, from the circumstance of t he lobes and
lobules of the leaves being by no means conduplicate, but irregularly bent back, as is
represented at (‘f. f. 1. and &). The color, too, is more inclining to a yellowish-brown.

Var. S. (f. f. 17. 18) approaches, in the figure of its leaves, Jungermannia umbrosa, but may be
distinguished by the greater proportional length and slenderness of the plant, in having its
leaves more distantly placed, and in these being for the most part quite entire at the margins.
The upper leaves, indeed, are slightly dentated. It is an extremely minute variety, scarcely
attaining to half an inch in length, and is always found intermixed with a. The color of the
stem and leaves is a very pale yellowish-green.

(J. nemorosa.)

BRITISH JUNGERMANNLE.

The strongly dentato-ciliated margins of the leaves in J. nemorosa will readily serve to
distinguish it from its associates, and especially from J. undulata and J. umbrosa, to which, in
general habit and mode of growth, it bears considerable affinity. Micheli appears to be the
earliest writer who has noticed this species, and has twice represented it in t. 8, of his Genera
Planlarum. This acute observer has also remarked the Gemmae, which he mistook for seeds,
but his figure of them is by no means accurate. Hedwig has admirably illustrated this part,
though he has likewise fallen into an error in considering it to be the male flower, from which
it differs essentially in form, structure, and situation. Dillenius’, t. 71, f. 18, is very characteristic
of the plant, infinitely more so than his f. 21, of the same plate; which, however, I have
ascertained, by an examination of the original specimens, to be a variety possessing a purplish
tinge. Tab. 71. f. 19, also belongs to the same species.

Dr. Smith and Withering have confounded the purple variety of this species with J. purpurea,
of Weis (Mnium Jungermannia, Linn.), with which it corresponds in color and place of growth,
though in every other respect it is widely different. The three figures above quoted, in
English Botany, unquestionably all belong to the same plant.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9,

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.
19.

J. nemorosa, y ( male plant ), natural size.

Female plant, natural size.

Female plant, magnified,

Upper extremity of a female plant , seen from behind

Leaf

Lower leaf

Leaf with Gemma;

Leaf of J. nemorosa, var. y

10, 11. Anthers and filaments

Branched filament

Calyptra

Abortive pistilla

Seeds and spiral filaments

J. nemorosa, var. (3

J. nemorosa, var. 8, natural size.

J. nemorosa, magnified
J. nemorosa, var. 8. leaf of

6

5

3

5

4 and 1

5

1

1

.... 2

1

1

5

... 6
... 4

BRITISH JUNGERM ANNIA2.

(J. undulata J

J UNGERM ANN 1 A UNDU LATA .

(TAB. XXII.)

.Tungermannia, caule erecto, subdichotomo ; foliis bifariis, inaequalitbr, bilobis, undulatis, inte-
gerrimis; lobis subrotundis, conduplicatis, inferioribus majoribus : fructu terminal; • calycibus
oblongis, ineurvatis, compressis ; ore truncate, integerrimo.

Jungermannia undulata. Linn. Sp. PI. n. p. 1598. Syst. Nat. n.p. 705. Pollich, Pal. in.
p. 186. Weis, Plant. Crypt, p. 120. Weber, Spic. FI. Goet. p. 139. Oeder, Enum.
PI. FI. Dan. p. 41. Schrank, Baiersclie Flora, n. p. 497. Hoffmann, Germ. ii. p. 85.
Roth, Germ. in. p. 389. Lamarck, Encycl. m. p. 281. With. p. 856. Linn. Syst.
Nat. ed. Gmel. n. p. 1350. Huds. Angl. p. 512. Lightf. Scot. ii. p. 776. Lamarck,
Ft. Fr. ed. 2. v. n. p. 435. Lamarck, FI. Gall. p. 93. Engl. Bot. 225. (the fructified
specimens in the figure, appear to belong to J. scalaris).

Hepatica saxatilis, undulata, seminifera. Vaillant, Bot. Par. p. 98. n. 9. t. 19. /. 6?

Lichenastrum pinnis auriculalis majoribus et non crenatis. Dill. Muse. t. 71. f. 17.

Hab. Wet situations in various parts of the kingdom; in the alpine districts most
abundant.

Obs. It produces fructification in May and June. Mr. Lyell finds the male fructification
in July.

Plant growing in large and closely matted tufts of a considerable size.

Root consisting of a few simple, short, pellucid fibres, produced from the lower part of the

Stems, which are from one to three or four inches high, either simple, or once or twice
divided, with nearly erect, dichotomous branches ; their color in the young state a
dirty greert, at a more advanced period almost black ; sometimes also a yellowish-
brown : their texture rigid, brittle when dry.

Leaves (f. f. 5. 8) disposed as in J. nemorosa, in a bifarious and distichous mannei
(f. f. 3. 5) : the lower ones small, most distantly placed ; the upper ones more crowded,
slightly imbricated, from a line to a line and a half long ; all of them patent, but, at
the base, decurrent and seini-amplexicaul, divided into two unequal conduplicate,
vertical lobes, the lower one of which is the largest, and appressed to the hinder part

(J. undulata .)

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

of the stem; the upper one, or lobule*, is smaller by one half: they are both of a
roundish figure, sometimes a little pointed, slightly waved or undulated, the margins
entire, or at most obscurely crenate in a few of the terminal ones. The texture is, for
so large a plant, peculiarly thin and delicate ; the reticulation small, composed of
roundish cellules. The color varies from its most usual appearance of dark and dull green,
with often a purplish tinge, to deep purple, and even almost to black.

The Perigonial Leaves (f. f. 4. 9) are scarcely distinguishable from the common cauline
ones, except that they are more crowded and imbricated; their base, too, is somewhat
ventricose. They are situated at or near the extremity of a stem.

Perichatial Leaves (f. 6) somewhat larger than the rest, which they in other respects
resemble, and are, like them, either entire, or slightly crenate ; but so slightly as to be
visible only with a microscope.

Male Fructification (f. 9) situated in the axil he of the perigonial leaves. Anthers (f. 10)
small, in clusters of from three to five or six, each of them ovate, pellucid, faintly reticulated,
filled with a greenish pollen ; the footstalk somewhat longer than the anther, white, pellucid,
and transversely jointed.

Female Fructification (f. f. 2. 3. 6) terminal upon the stems and larger branches.

Calyx (f. 6) about two lines long ; its base is narrow, attenuated, and cylindrical, thence
it becomes broader, compressed and incurved towards the mouth, which is truncate and
entire. As the fructification advances, the calyx becomes nearly erect. In color it
resembles the leaves. Its substance is less delicate.

Calyptra oblong, somewhat pyriform, with a short tubular style, and a few barren pistilla
at its base.

Peduncle half an inch long, white, shining, cellulose, often having a twisted appearance,
terminated by the ovato-oblong

Capsule of a deep brown or chocolate color, which splits into four equal, nearly lanceolate
valves.

Seeds and Spiral Filaments (f. 7) much resembling those of J. nemorosa ; but the filaments
are scarcely so much lengthened.

Upon the summit of Ben Nevis, in the month of July, I found Gemma (f. f. 12. 14) upon
this species, collected together in ovate masses, one or two of which were situated in the terminal
cluster of leaves : their color was a pale yellow green ; each particle was oblongo-ovate, pellucid
and entirely free from angles.

Vaillants description and figure, above quoted, are so imperfect, that, as Dr. Smith justly
observes, they cannot with certainty be referred to any thing. His account of the gemma;.

* Some of the terminal leaves, as is remarked by DiUenius, have the upper lobe nearly of the same size as the under

one ; but this appears to me to apply only to such as have not reached their full size, and are almost concealed by the
older surrounding ones. }

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

(J. undulata.)

however, which are evidently what he took for the seeds, very exactly correspond with those
of our plant. After speaking of the leaves, he says, “ L’extremit.e de ces feuilles forme des
especes de rosettes, dans le milieu des quelles se voyent. de petits grains jaunatres et transparents,
qui selon toutes les apparences sont les semences de cette plante.” Dillenius has so well described
the structure of the leaves of this species, that I shall here quote his words; “Aquae immersa
obsolete ex fusco viridia folia sunt pcllucida, superiora versus majora, inferiora versus minora,
subrotunda, supra convexa, infra concava, e duabus laminis ad basin unitis et complicatis
composita, lamina minori superiori, seu ipsi pinnae imposita. Ea porro differentia observatur,
quod extrema folia e laciniis penb aequalibus constent. Quoniam folia satis lata sunt, haec
foliorum structura facilb percipitur, neque vero absimile, sequent ium specierum (J. nernoroste
resupinatae et albicantisj, folia similiter formata esse, licet ob exiguitatem non tam facile distin-
guantur. Pinnae per lentem non crenatae apparent.”

The erect mode of growth, much larger size of the plant, and the smallness of the lobes com-
pared with the leaves, are marks by which J. undulata may always be known from J. resupinata ;
while the entire margins of the leaves and mouth of the calyx, as well as the. more delicate
structure and undulated appearance of the former (which is particularly the case when the plant
is dry), will equally distinguish it from J. nemorosa. The gemmae also differ both in color and
situation.

Pollich remarks, that the barren surculi of this plant produce at their apices “globulos
nigricantes, pusillos, sex aut septem, etiam plures, sessiles,” which accord rather with the gemmae
of J. nemorosa than with those that I have seen of J. undulata.

FIG.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.
7-
8.
9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

J. undulata, male plants, natural size.

Female plants, natural size.

Female plant, magnified

Extremity of a male plant

Portion of a stem with its leaves

Extremity of a female plant

Seeds and spiral filaments

Perigonial leaf

Perigonial leaf, with the lobule expanded for the purpose of exhibiting

situation of the anthers

Anthers

Gemmaceous plants of J ■ undulata, natural size.

Gemmaceous plant magnified

Mass of gemma, removed from the plant

Gemmae

6

6

4

5

1

3

the

..} 3
1

6

4

2 and 1

i

Tab .O?

o

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

( J. resupinata. J

JUNGERMANNIA RESUPINATA.

(TAB. XXIII.)

Jungermannia, caule procumbente, simpliciusculo : foliis bifariis, rotundatis, subaequalitbr
bilobis, integerrimis ; lobis eonduplicatis : fmctu terminali; calycibus oblongis, incurvatis,
compressis j ore truncato, minutissimh crenato.

Jungermannia resupinata. Linn. Sp. Pl. n. p. 1598. Syst. Nat. n. p. 70 6. FI. Suec.
p- 400. Pollich, Pal. in. p. 188? Weber, Spic. FI. Goet. p. 141. Leers, Herb,
p. 250. Schrank, Baiersche Flora. 11. p.498. Oeder, Enum. Pl. FI. Dan. p. 41.

Hoffmann, Germ. 11. p. 84. Roth, Germ. 111. p. 391. Huds. Angl. p. 512. Lightf.
Scot. 11. p. 776. Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. Gmel. n. p. 1350. Lamarck, Encycl. Method, in.
p. 281. With. p. 857- Lamarck, FI. Fr. ed. 2. v. 11. p. 435. Lamarck, FI. Gall. p. 93.

Hab. About Edgefield, on a loamy soil, and on the heath at Hempstead-hill, Norfolk.
Rev. R. B. Francis. — Not unfrequent in various parts of Norfolk and Suffolk, in shady
places, under the trailing stems of Erica;.

Obs. It produces capsules in May and June. In the early part of the spring, Mr. Francis
finds plants bearing anthers.

Plant, when fertile, generally found in small and rather dense tufts : barren individuals more
frequently grow distant and straggling.

Root a few whitish, pellucid fibres, proceeding here and there from nearly the whole
length of the under side of the plant.

Stems from half to three-quarters of an inch long, simple, sometimes, though rarely,
once or twice forked, flexuose, procumbent, their apices erect only when in a state of
fructification, or when the shoots are crowded together. Their color is a reddish
brown.

«

Leaves, in fertile plants, rather closely imbricated, especially towards the extremity ; in
barren ones, generally more distantly placed, always bifarious, horizontal, about half a
line long, of a roundish figure (f. f. 5. 6), divided into two nearly equal, conduplicate,
and, with regard to the stem, vertical lobes , which, however, are not so closely folded
as those of J. nemorosa and J. undulata : each of them is convex on its outer surface ;

(J. resupinataj

BRITISH J UNGERM ANN IiE.

on the lower part of the plant the inferior lobe is somewhat larger than the other;
the lest of the leaves have their lobes equal in size, and every where entire, except
that some of the terminal ones, with the assistance of a good microscope, may be
observed to be very minutely, though sharply, crenate ; at the base they are decurrent
and semi-amplexicaul, so that, except where they are distantly placed, the conduplicate
leaves entirely sheath and conceal the stem on both sides. Their color is a yellowish
brown, with but little of a green hue. Their texture less delicate than that of the
leaves of J. undulata ; the cellules are small and roundish.

Perigonial leaves, situated at or near the extremity of a stem, and like the cauline ones,
except in having a ventricose base, and in being generally more crowded.

The Pericliatial leaves differ only in a slight degree from the rest; their lobes are equal in
size, and faintly toothed or crenate (f. 5).

Male Fructification placed in the axillae of the perigonial leaves. Anthers exactly similar to
those of J. nemorosa and undulata, growing in clusters of from five to six or seven in the axilla
of each leaf.

Female Fructification terminal.

Calyx (f. 8) three quarters of a line, or more, in length, at the base narrow and
cylindrical, thence becoming depressed, and at the extremity quite flat : in a young-
state it is much incurved, but, as the fructification advances within, it becomes erect
and much less depressed. The mouth is truncate and minutely crenate.

Calyptra (f. 9) obovate, whitish, pellucid, reticulated, terminated by a short style. At its
base are a few abortive pistilla (f. 10), linear, or a little swelling towards the base,
marked all over with longitudinal and transverse lines : their mouth is a little expanded.

Peduncle scarcely half an inch long, white, pellucid, cellulose.

Capsule ovate, deep brown.

Seeds (f' 10) of a fulvous brown, spherical; spiral filaments (f. 1C) of the same color,
composed of a double helix.

Although the Dillenian figure (t.71. f. 19) has been quoted by almost eveiy writer upon
the subject, as a synonym to this species, yet it is certain that it only represents a small
variety of J. nemorosa. It requires, however, to be remarked, that in the original specimen
there are ™traces of any lateral fructification, as the plate and description would lead us to
imagine. With regard to the other references, which I have been led to retain, I regret to say
uat it is by no means in my power to speak with the certainty I wish. Pollich’s plant is very
doubtful, and I suspect that both this author, and Lightfoot, may have confounded J. resupinata
wi h J undulata. Weber's description accords well with our species, except where he remarks
that the leaves are “ovata, acuminata.- Of the auricles he justly observes that they are

LeeTCZr altem£E’ C°nCaVaSj f°liis non multhm ™es, rotundate -

Leeis has done no more than copy the Linnteau character. Roth, as usual original, says that

BRITISH JUNGERMANNOS.

(J. resupinata.)

the species is distinguished by the auricles being but little less than the leaves, which is certainly
true ; but he unfortunately gives a second character, quite the contrary, the lateral situation of
the calyces , which are undoubtedly terminal. Lamarck’s descriptions are particularly imperfect
and unsatisfactory.

J. resupinata has in many respects a resemblance to J. undulata, but is to be distinguished
from it by its much smaller size, its procumbent mode of growth, and its nearly equal, concave,
conduplicate, but not closely appressed, lobes. The entire margins of its leaves, and their figure,
will always prevent it from being confounded with J. nemorosa and J. umbrosa. J. saxicola,
of Schrader, a plant very abundant on the Continent, but one which has not yet been detected
in Britain, approaches the present, species in color, and in the division of the leaf into two nearly
equal lobes. Of this plant, however, the leaf is concave, and the lobes not conduplicate, but
remarkably involute and pointed.

It has been in another place observed, that the figure in English Botany named
J. resupinata, belongs to J. nemorosa: Dr. Smith, like Roth, probably relying upon Dillenius,
describes the fructification of his species as usually growing from the side of the stem ; but this,
as far as I have had the opportunity of remarking, is always, as above remarked, terminal,
though it is probable that it may occasionally have the appearance of being lateral, when a
young shoot originates immediately beneath it.

The male fructification I had no opportunity of seeing, till some time after the plate was
engraved, so that it could not there be inserted.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1. J. resupinata, natural size.

2,2. The same, magnified

3. Portion of the stem and leaves

4. Leaf

5. Perichcetial leaf, with the lobes expanded

6. Cauline leaf, with the lobes expanded

7. View, from behind, of the extremity of a fertile stem

8. Side view of a calyx, longitudinally dissected

9. Calyptra containing the young capsule

10. Barren pistilla

11. Seeds and spiral filaments

9

.

O

BRITISH J UNGER MANNI/E.

( J . umbrosa.J

JUNGERMANNIA UMBROSA.

(TAB. XXIV.)

Jungermannia, caule ercctiuseulo, subramoso : foliis bifariis, insequalithr bilobis ; lobis

conduplicatis, apice serratis, acutis ; inferioribus majoribus, ovatis ; superioribus rotundato-
ovatis : fructu terminali 5 calycibus oblongis, incurvatis, compressis ; ore truncate), integerrimo.

Jungermannia umbrosa. Schrader, Samml. ii. p. 5. Roth, Germ. in. p. 390.

Hab. On Ben Nevis, and in the Den of Rechip, near Dunkeld. — Mountain, near
Powerscourt Waterfall, Ireland. Mr. Maclcay. — Gathered in fructification, in the
months of April and May, npon Boulacross Mountain, in the county of Wicklow,
by Dr. Taylor and Mr. Mackay.

Plant growing in rather small and dense patches, among other Jungermanniae and Mosses.

Root consisting of a number of minute fibrous radicles, principally issuing from the
lower part of the plant.

Stems short, generally not much exceeding half an inch in length, erect or ascendent,
flexuose, of a pale reddish-brown color, simple, or once or twice dichotomous ; but
producing also young lateral shoots, sometimes singly, sometimes two or three together,
from near the extremity (f. 3).

Leaves (f. f. 5. 6) bifarious, distichous, horizontal, rather closely placed, imbricated,
divided into two unequal, conduplicate, appressed, and vertical lobes, of which the
inferior is much the largest, and is half a line long, ovate, acute, recurved, especially
in those that approach the apex of the stem (f. 3), and sharply serrated, though the
serratures are irregular in size and distance, and do not extend more than half way
down the margins from the point: the superior lobe is not so large by two-thirds
as the inferior ; it is of a rotundo-ovate figure, acute, its exterior surface convex,
its apex sharply, but unequally, serrated. The color of the leaves is a pale and bright,
yellow grqen, sometimes inclining to brown, the terminal ones often tipped with a
fine purplish tinge. The texture is rather firm and rigid. The cellules roundish,
minute.

In the perigonial leaves, which I have only hitherto observed to be situated about
the middle of the stem, the lobes are almost equal in size, and not at all serrated.
These are closely imbricated.

The periciuetial leaves resemble the cauline ones in every thing but in having the
inferior lobes more recurved, and the superior about halt their size.

(J. umbrosa.J

BRITISH JUNGERMANNLE.

Male Fructification axillary. Anthers in small clusters of three or four in each perigonial
leaf, ovate, reticulated, situated upon a short, transversely-striated, pellucid footstalk.

Female Fructification terminal upon the stems and branches.

Calyx (f. 5) nearly three quarters of a line long, at the base cylindrical, or, when the
germen has arrived at its full size, ventricose, thence becoming depressed and quite
flat at the mouth, which is truncate and entire. In texture and color the calyx
corresponds with the leaves.

Calyptra (f. 7) obovate, membranous, reticulated, tipped with a short tubular style. At
its base are a few short and nearly linear barren pistilla.

Peduncle about half an inch long, white, succulent, striated transversely and longitudinally.

Capsule (f. S) ovate, brown, opening into four equal, ovato-lanceolate valves.

Seeds and spiral filaments fulvous brown ; the former spherical, the latter composed of a
double helix.

At the time when the plate of J. umhrosa was engraved, my Scotch specimens of this elegant
species of Jungermannia, were the only ones known as British ; but I have since been able
to make considerable additions to my description of the plant, by means of others which I have
lately received from Dr. Taylor and Mr. Mackay, gathered in a fine state, and containing
both male and female fructification. All of them agree well with authentic individuals sent
to Mr. Turner by Dr. Schrader, as well as with the admirable character of it, given by the
latter gentleman in his Syst. Samml. Krypt. Geivdsche.

The plant has a peculiarly handsome appearance, from the recurved leaves at the apices
of the stems and branches, which is more striking in the young shoots. It is distinguished
from its associate, J . nemorosa, by the more narrow lobes of the leaves, their more ovate figure,
and especially by their being truly serrated (by no means dentato-ciliate), and by the entire
mouth of the calyx.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1, 1, 1. J. umhrosa , barren plants, natural size.

2. Fertile plant, natural size.

3. Barren plant, magnified 6

4. Fertile plant g

5. Extremity of a fertile shoot 5

6. Leaf 2

7. Calyptra 1

3. Capsule empty, having discharged its seeds 2

TalUIY

/ awe<

uts/t/elmatz /usr

yHum *Sr'c*'iS -firm

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

(J. albicans ■)

JUNGERMANNIA ALBICANS.

(TAB. XXV.)

Jungermannia, caule erecto, subdiviso : foliis bifariis, insequaliter bilobis; lobis conduplicatis,
medio pellucidis, apice serratis j inferioribus majoribus, subacinaciformibus ; superioribus
oblongo-ovatis, acutis : fructu terminali ■, calycibus obovatis, cylindraceis ; ore contracto,
dentato.

Jungermannia albicans. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1599. Syst. Nat. n. p. 706. FI. Suec. p. 401.
Pollich, Pal. in. p. 189. Weis, Plant. Crypt, p. 122. Weber, Spicil. FI. Goet.
p. 143. Oeder, Enum. Pl. FI. Dan. p. 42. Leers, Herb. p. 250. Allioni, FI. Ped. ii.
p. 313. Scopoli, FI. Cam. n. p. 347. Hoffmann, Germ. ii. p. 84. Roth, Germ. hi.
p. 391. Lightf. Scot. ii. p. 777. Huds. Angl. p. 513. Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. Gmel. ii.
p. 1350. With. p. 857. Lamarck, Encycl. in. p. 2S2. Lamarck, FI. Fr. ed. 2. v. n.
p. 436. Lamarck, FI. Gall. p. 93. Engl. Pot. t. 2240 and t. 1023 (the left hand
figure) .

Jungermannia varia. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1601. Syst. Nat. n. p. 706. Pollich, Pal. m.
p. 199. Schreber, Spic. FI. Lips. p. 104. Oeder, Enum. PI. FI. Dan. p. 42. Roth,
Germ. hi. p. 378. Huds. Angl. p. 516. With. p. 862. Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. Gmel. ii.
p. 1352. Lamarck, Encycl. in. p. 285. Michaux, FI. Bor. Am. ii. p. 279 ?

Lichenastrum Trichomanis facie , capitulis e foliorum summitate enascentibus, minus. Raii
Syn. p. 112.

Lichenastrum foliis variis. Raii Syn. p. 113.

Jungermannia repens, foliis cordatis, carinatis. Micheli, Nov. Gen. p. 8. t. 5. f. 9.

Hepaticoides albescens, foliis pinnatis. Vaillant, Bot. Par. p. 100. t. 19./. 5.

Lichenastrum auriculatum, pinnulis angustis, planis, recurvis. Dill. Muse. t. 71. /• 20.

Lichenastrum foliis variis. Dill. Muse. t. 73. f. 36.

4

/3. procumbens ; caule procumbente, foliis erectiusculis.

Hab. Abundant in England, Scotland, and Ireland, in various situations, though generally
preferring a loamy soil in hedge-banks. — /3 was found in Scotland, by Mr. Dickson,
upon a stiff clayey soil.

(J . albicans.)

BRITISH JUNGERMANNEE.

Obs. Fructification, both male anil female, is produced plentifully in the spring and early
summer months, if the weather prove moist. Gemmiferous plants are equally common
throughout the summer.

Plant, for the most part growing in large ancl densely-crowded tufts, covering a surface of
ground six or seven inches in diameter ; at other times shooting up among Mosses, and
various species of Jungermanniae, in a more loose and straggling manner.

The Roots, in general, originate from the lower part of the plant, and consist of minute
fibrous, pellucid, simple radicles.

Sterns erect, from an inch to an inch and a half or two inches in length, simple, or once
or twice divided in a dichotomous manner, and often producing innovations ; they are
flexuose and filiform, of a pale yellowish-brown color, approaching to a red.

Leaves bifarious and distichous, more or less closely placed, in their lower part amplexicaul
and slightly decurrent, divided from the extremity to within one third of the base,
into two unequally-sized, conduplicate, appressed, vertical lobes, of which the inferior
is the largest, and is half a line or more in length, oblong, acute, plane, and a little
curved on one side, so as to be somewhat scymitar-shaped ; the superior lobe, or lobule,
differs from the one just described, in being only about half its size, and of an oblongo-
ovate figure, acute, and by no means scymitar-shaped : it is closely appressed, in a
diagonal direction, to the inner side of the larger lobe ; both are serrated at the point,
though the lobule is so in a slighter degree than the lobe. The texture of the leaf
is of two kinds, the greater part being composed of ovate cellules, forming a very
evident, though minute, sort of reticulation ; whilst from the central base arises a
pellucid mark, which, branching off at the division of the leaf, forms the letter V (f 9)
and disappears a little below the point of the lobes. In this mark the cellules are
seen to be extremely narrow, cylindrical tubes, very much longer than those of the
circumference of the leaf. The color is sometimes a deep, but more frequently a pale,
yellowish green, with a brownish tinge in those leaves which are nearest the extremity
of the plant, and which thus appear as if scorched with heat. When dry the color is

universally paler, and after having been long kept in the herbarium, becomes almost
white.

Perigonial leaves (f. 10) more crowded than the rest, and situated upon a swollen part
of the stem (f. 6): they resemble the cauline leaves, except in having a ventricose base,
where the anthers are placed, and the apex is not unfrequently much recurved.

The Perichcetial leaves are large, and with their base entirely sheath the lower part of the
calyx; their lobes, too, are Recurved at the apices.

Male Fructieication (f. f. 6. 10. 11) I have seen upon the same plant with the female, as
well as upon different individuals. The anthers are placed in clusters of three or four in the
axdte of each perigonial leaf, and are ovate approaching to round, strongly reticulated in the
older ones, whilst m the younger anthers this appearance is scarcely perceptible : their color is
an olive-green before the emission of the pollen, afterwards white and pellucid. The footstalks
are about the length of the anther, white, jointed.

BRITISH JUNGERMANNL®. (J. albicans.)

Female Fructification terminal.

Calyx a line in length, ovate, rather attenuated at the base, towards the extremity
longitudinally plicate; the mouth contracted and toothed. The reticulation is throughout
formed of minute, somewhat ovate, cellules : the color is a yellowish green.

Calijptra ovate, reticulated, whitish, tipped with a shoit hollow style, and surrounded
at the base by a few short barren pistilla, which are a little swollen below, and arc,
throughout, both longitudinally and transversely marked with darker lines.

Peduncle three quarters of an inch in length, white, pellucid, shining, cellulose.

Capsule ovate, reddish-brown.

Seeds spherical; spiral filaments composed of a double helix: both of a fulvous color.

The Var. grows in distant and smuggling patches; the stems, instead of being erect, as is usual
with the plant, are procumbent, and throw out a few radicles here and there from nearly the
whole length of their under side.

The Leaves are nearlv erect, and the whole plant is of a dull, yellowish-red color.

Gemma: are produce .h upon the extremity of the terminal leaves, there lying in small
scattered clusteis, which are very soon dispersed. Each particle is somewhat spherical,
with many acute projections or angles, of a pale yellow color and semi-transparent.

Of the Jungermanniae exstipulatce, which have their leaves divided into two unequal and
conduplicate lobes, four species* have been already described, according in general habit, as
well as in the peculiar shape of the calyx, which is compressed, incurved, and truncate at the
extremity. There is still another small family of the “ J unger mannire exstipulata:, foliis inaqualiter
bilobis ,” which, though corresponding in many respects with the species just alluded to,
nevertheless are found to differ from them essentially in the figure of the calyx : for in these it
is cylindrical, erect, and plicate, and its mouth is contracted and dentated. Of such, I can
mention, with certainty, one species alone, the subject of the present description, which has
fallen under the observation of preceding writers: but two others, which I have named
j obtusifolia and J. Dicksoni, have lately been added to the British list, and will soon make
their appearance in this work. From them, J. albicans may be readily enough distinguished,
by its much larger size, as well as by two marks still more decisive; one of which is to be found
in the semtures of the leaves; the other in the pellucid, forked nerve, which, originating in the
base of the leaf, occupies the centre of both lobes, and vanishes a little below their points. The
difference in the shape and size of the cellules, which is the cause of this appearance, is, as far as
I have had the opportunity of observing, peculiar to this species of the genus, and, although very
evident, and observable even with the naked eye, it has not, that I am aware, been noticed by
any author, except Weis, who well remarks of the leaves, that “per lentem nervo quasi divisa

sunt et serrulata.”

A celebrated French Botanist, M. Palisot Beauvois, has not only endeavored to controvert the
Hedwigian system with regard to the sexual organs in mosses, but in the order IlepaLcce,

• J. nemorosa, J. unduluta, J. resupinala, and J. umbrosa.

( J . albicans.)

BRITISH J UNGERM ANNIiE.

likewise, opposes the theory of the same eminent Naturalist. Strange, however, as it may appear,
those very organs* (the anthers of Hedwig), which, in the mosses, he considers merely a*
“ simples bourgeons semblables a ceux que l’on trouve dans quelques Liliacees, la Bistorte f” &c.,
and as distinct from the essential organs of fecundation ; in the Jungennanni® he raises to the
rank of fruit and capsules. To these, he alludes, when he says “ Je donnerai sous peu a l’lnstitut
la preuve que les Jungermannes ont un fruit et une capsule bien prononcee, et differente de la
petite fleurette qui se divise cn croix et qui contient une poussiere adherente k des filamens
irri tables J." Proceeding upon these grounds; considering the male fructification as the female,
and the female as the male, he has formed, in his splendid work, the Flora of Oware and Benin,
a new genus of these Jungermannise, called by Micheli “Muscoides§," to which he has applied
the name Carpolepedium, and proposes that it should comprehend, besides some new ex-otic species
and the C. dicliotomum of his work, J. albicans. But, in the character which he has given of the
genus, there is nothing to distinguish it from all the rest of the “ Jungermannice foliis bilobis, con-
duplicatis,” except in that part of it, where he describes what he calls the capsule or fruit (our
anthei); and this, he says, is ovat us aut globosus, brevissime pedunculatus, acumine parvo,
styliformi, acuminatus." This styliform point, however, has no exkis'nce in the anthers of any of
the British species of his genus. With the Carpolepedium dicliotomum I am unacquainted. In its
foliage, according to M. Beauvois’ figure, it bears a considerable resemblance to Jung,
asplenioides, whose anthers are likewise destitute of any point.

The Dillenian plant, t. 73. f. 36. of the Hist. Muse. (J. varia Linn.), differs in no respect from
the species represented att.71. f. 20. of the same work (J. albicans, L.), although every author
has followed Dillenius in keeping them distinct. Nor do any of the descriptions of J. varia of
subsequent Floras so ill accord with our plant, as to induce me to exclude them from the above
synonyms. That of Michaux, however, cannot be quoted without a mark of interrogation, since
he says that the divisions of the leaves are of an equal size.

Micheli’s figure and description are extremely imperfect, and, according to the character that
is given of the leaves, seem rather to belong to J. emarginata, than to albicans; but the calyx i»
widely different. Roth, indeed, . quotes this figure to his J. compacta, a species, which, by means
of authentic specimens, that I have lately received from Dr. Swartz, I am enabled to say is
nothing more than J. resupinata of this Monograph. To that plant, therefore, the following
synonym may be added; Jungermannia compacta, Roth, Germ. hi. p, 375,

1 cannot here omit offering ,t as my opinion, that those who will give themselves the trouble of examining the
Hedwigian Anthers of the Jungermannia, such as are represented in the “ Theoria ” upon J. asplenioides and J. pusilla
and will compare then structure with that of the anthers in mosses, will be led to conclude, that, whatever doubts may
have ansen respect, ng the sexes of these parts, they are, nevertheless, destined in both to perform similar functions In

use of the microscope is often indisn - 11 a ^ 1,1611 deteCtl0n> lndeed> 1 must acknowledge that the

researches, who join M Beauvois T T ^ n,US‘ 031011,3,6 00 mee.ing with disappointments in their

mousses, a l-ermn'r" “hi“ “ * — * “** “ — «*** « 00 P™ .>ph,u„ it ,.n,„

t Prodrome de. et,,,,,!,, ,, riml.e FM, p. ^ * *

5 Containing J. plalyphylla, J. Tamarisci, and J. dilalata.

BRITISH J UNGERM ANN IJE.

(• J . albicant.)

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

via.

1. Male plants of J. albicans, natural size.

2. Female plants, natural size.

3. Sterile plants, v dvral size.

4. (3 of J. albicans, natural size.

5. /3 magnified 6

6. Extremity of a male plant, having young shoots 6

tv

} Leaves 4

9. Leaf with the upper lobe, or lobule, expanded to shew the nerve 4

10. Perigonial leaf 4

11. Young anthers 1

12. An old anther 1

13. Female plant 6

14. Calyx, longitudinally dissected 5

15. Interior view of a perichcetial leaf 4

16. Exterior view of a perichcetial leaf 4

17. Calyptra and barren pistilla 3

18. Barren pistilla 2

19. Barren pistillum *

20. Seeds and spiral filaments 1

* /

r unyetan&w ///</ ('//tetyp/M ■

Mf * k h y ham o 5 1 </i r / e hit tr> ) Pt/m .

BRITISH JUNGERMANNLE.

(J. obtusifoliaj

JUNGERMANNIA OBTUSIFOLIA.

(TAB. XXVI.)

Jungermannia, caule ascendente, simplice : foliis bifariis, inaequaliter bilobis ; lobis conduplicatis,
obtusis, integerrimis ; inferioribus majoribus, subacinaciformibus ; superioribus ovatis: fructu
terminali ; calycibus obovatis, ore contracto dentato.

Jungermcinnia foliis pinnatis, ovatis , confertis, ex apice floriferis. Hall. Helv. iv. p. 61 f
(exclusis synonymisj

Hab. Near Heddon on the Wall, Northumberland. Mr. Thornhill. — Very rare in Ireland,
where Miss Hutchins has discovered it only in one spot, near Bantry.

Obs. It bears fructification in March and April.

Plant growing in densely-matted lufts, two or three inches in diameter, firmly attached to the ,
soil, by means of their numerous, thick

Roots, which consist of simple, pellucid fibres, and issue most copiously from every part
of the

Stems : these are ascending, or, when much crowded, nearly erect, seldom exceeding three
or four lines in length, simple, though there is often an appearance of their being-
branched, from young shoots, which are not unfrequently produced towards the extremity
of the plant : the color is a dirty green, more or less approaching to a pale brown.

Reaves bifarious, distichous, and horizontal, rather closely imbricated, so much so, as
entirely to conceal the stem : they are smallest at the base, larger and more crowded at
the apex, particularly of the sterile plant, from a quarter to half a line long, somewhat
of a roundish figure (supposing the leaf to be expanded, f. 4.), divided about half way
down, from the extremity, into two, unequal, conduplicate, vertical lobes, of which the
inferior is the largest, oblong, and a little curved on one side, so as to be scimitar-
shaped; the superior, or lobule, is ovate, or oblongo- ovate, in the upper ones, and is
closely appressed, in a diagonal direction, to the larger portion of the leaf; both are
remarkably obtuse at their apices and rounded, their margins every where entire, except,
indeed, in a few of the terminal leaves, which, under a high power of the microscope.

fj. obtusifolia.)

BRITISH JUNGERMANNm.

may be seen to be obscurely crenate. The reticulation is small, formed by roundish
cellules of nearly the same size throughout : the color of the leaves a pale green,
becoming still paler after having been kept for some time in the Herbarium.

Perigonial leaves very closely imbricated, and placed at the extremity of the plant, much
inflated at the base; at their apices, both in the lobes and lobules, recurved.

Perichcetial leaves (f. 6) larger than the rest, and more erect, a little waved at their
margins; with their almost cylindrical base, they entirely envelop the lower part of
the calyx.

Male Fructification always, as far as my observation enables me to judge, upon distinct plants
from those which produce the female. The anthers are situated in small clusters in the axillae
of the perigonial leaves, and upon short white footstalks. They resemble, in every respect,
those of J. albicans.

Female Fructification constantly, in reality, terminal, though the shoots or innovations, before
alluded to, as originating not unfrequently from the extremity of the stem, often take their
rise immediately below a calyx, and thence make it seem lateral.

Calyx (f. 5) ovate, or rather obovate, erect, plicate in its upper half; the mouth contracted,
and cut into several small, sharp teeth. In color and texture the calyx resembles the
leaves, except that, in a more advanced state, it is white and scariose at the orifice.

Calyptra obovate, whitish, strongly reticulated, so transparent that the young capsule and
its peduncle may very distinctly be seen within it (f. 7). Style short and tubular.
Barren pistiUa seven or eight in number, linear, faintly striated both longitudinally
and transversely.

Peduncle two or three lines long, white, shining, succulent, cellulose.

Capsule ovate, approaching to round, of a deep reddish-brown color : it divides into
four equal, ovate, and obtuse valves, and discharges its numerous

Seeds and spiral filaments (f. 8) of a fulvous color, the former spherical, the latter
composed of a double helix.

I cannot quote the Hallerian synonym, above alluded to, without entertaining considerable
doubts as to the propriety of my doing so; since the description is of such a nature, that little
can be collected from it to aid our conjectures, and the references given by the author all belong
to quite a different plant. Haller, indeed, observes, that the leaves are “ pauli, m auriculata,”

and further says of his species, “ad Jungermanniam Dill. 20. (J. albicans) proximb accedit, sed
folus differt rotundioribus.”

1 he entire margins of the leaf in J. obtusifolia (or, at most, their being only very slightly
erenated in a few that are situated at the extreme part of the stem), the want of the pellucid
cential mark, and the diminutive size of the whole plant, will always distinguish it from
J. albicans, as will the obtuse and rounded ends of the lobes from J. Dicksoni.

BRITISH JUNGERMANNLE.

(J . obtusifolia.)

We owe the discovery of this plant to Mr. Thornhill, of Gateshead, near Newcastle, who found
it in 1805. Miss Hutchins has since met with it in Ireland, in greater plenty and perfection;
yet, even here, it is confined to one spot. The male and female fructification are neither of them
of rare occurrence, though I was not so fortunate as to be acquainted with the former, before the
engraver had finished the plate. The individuals producing anthers are rendered conspicuous
by their swollen apices. Calyces seem to be abundant throughout the year, and it appears that
they remain upon the plant long after the peduncle and capsule have decayed.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1.

Q

J. obtusifolia, female plants, natural size

6

z.

Q

4

o.

3

4.

c

3

0.

6.

7.

8.

2

1

e/rw/>l mamma- sm/i fr// .

'////

r 5 u b ; // 1? '■> r$ "■> <><?<> (JzAr k)..P^^

BRITISH JUNGERMANNEE.

(J. emarginataj

JUNGERMANNIA EMARGINATA.

(TAB. XXVII.)

Jungermannia, caule erect o, ramoso : foliis bifariis, laxh imbricatis, patent ibus, obcordatis,
emarginatis : fructu terminali ; calycibus ovatis, perichaetio iinmersis.

Jungermannia emarginata. Ehrhart, Beitr. Band. m. p. 80. Schrader, Samml. u. p. 4.
Schrader, Spic. FI. Germ. p. 75. Hoffmann, Germ. ii. p. 82. Roth, Germ. hi. p.367.
Engl. Bot. t. 1022. Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. Gmel. n. p. 1348.

Jungermannia macrorhiza. Dickson, Crypt. Fasc. ii. p. 16. t.b.f. 10. Linn. Syst. Nat.
ed. Gmel. ii. p. 1349. With. iii. p. 854.

Bab. Plentiful in the alpine districts of England, Scotland, and Ireland, delighting in
very wet places; even in the waters of rapid torrents, and in situations where it is
continually exposed to the spray of a water- fall. It bears fructification in the early
months of summer.

Plant growing in large patches, more or less densely crowded.

Roots proceeding almost entirely from the lower and leafless part of the stems, from half
to three-quarters of an inch long, nearly as thick as human hair, rigid, often branched.

Stems from one to three, or even four inches long, filiform, or increasing somewhat in
size towards the extremity, erect, sometimes simple, but more frequently once or twice
bifid, with segments of uncertain length, and, besides, producing innovations, which are
either lateral, or originate, in clusters of three or four, from the bosom of the terminal
leaves : their texture is somewhat ligneous; when dry, very brittle.

Leaves from a quarter to half a line long, at the base of the plant almost always much
decayed, but more perfect, and of a larger size, towards the centre of the stem: they are
bifarious and distichous, loosely imbricated, patent or erecto-patent, nearly obcordate (f.o),
semiamplexicaul at their base; the lateral margins, especially that part of them which
is nearest the stem, much incurved, the apex divided, by a rather deep and acute
notch, into two very obtuse rounded segments: the texture rather firm; the cellules
extremely minute, roundish: the color exceedingly variable in different situations; in
less moist, but more exposed places, it is generally of a deep brownish purple hue;
when found in rivulets, as Dr. Smith well observes, it loses its purple tints and becomes

dark green.

( J . emarginata.J

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

The perigonial leaves differ in no respect from the rest, except in having a ventricose
base.

Perichcetial leaves attached to the exterior surface of the calyx on which they grow, and
surround it on all sides, so as entirely to conceal it : they are erect and smaller than
the cauline leaves, but, in other respects, much resembling them; the inner ones,
however, are less deeply emarginat.e.

Male Fructification situated in the axillse of the perigonial leaves, and mostly near the
extremity of the stem. Anthers (f. f. 6. 7) spherical , reticulated ; before the discharge of the
pollen of a pale dirty-green, afterwards a yellow-brown. The footstalk about the length of the
anther, white and transversely stiiated.

Female Fructification terminal.

Calyx (f. 8) ovate, immersed in the perichsetial leaves, of a thick carnose substance, in
consequence of the united bases of these leaves ; the mouth alone free and membranous,
and, as may be seen by a careful section of the calyx and its covering, cut into six or
eight rather large teeth, two of which, I have, in several instances, observed to arise
from a larger interior appendage, somewhat resembling a leaf, but much narrower,
plane, and scarcely emarginate at the extremity.

Calyptra ovate, whitish, delicate, reticulated, surrounded at the base by a few abortive
pistilla.

Peduncle seldom exceeding half an inch in length, white, shining, transversely and
longitudinally striated, terminated by a roundish

Capsule of a brown color, furrowed on its exterior surface, and opening into four equal
ovate valves.

Seeds (f. 10) spherical, fulvous, accompanied with spiral filaments of the same color,
composed of a double helix.

It is remarked by Dr. Smith, in English Botany, upon the authority of the Linnaean
Herbarium, that this species was first found and named by Dr. Swartz, many years before it was
published by Ehrhart. The same eminent Swedish Naturalist, who has sent me many specimens,
has, farther, looked upon the luxuriant and dark green appearance of this plant as a distinct
variety, and in his manuscript has named it /3 aquatica * Yet, notwithstanding such high
authority, I find intermediate states of the plant so common, and the gradations between them
so imperceptible, arising solely from the greater or less degree of moisture with which they are
supplied, that I am induced rather to include the /3 of Swartz in my general description, than
follow his example in separating it. The name given to this species by our countryman,
Mr. Dickson, who published it as new in his second fasciculus, is so expressive of one of the
most obvious of its characters, that there is much reason to regret the necessity of laying it aside.

* °r' Schrader a,so describes what he considers a singular variety, found by him in the Hercynian Forest, in the
following terms: “ Hujus insignis varietas in Hercynia rivulorum saxis provenit, qua surculis fluitantibus,

ramosioribus, ab unciali ad biuncialem longitudinem protensis, et foliis laxioribus atro viridibus distinguitur ”
Spic. FI. Germ. p. 75.

BRITISH JUNGERM AN N IiE .

(J. emarginata .)

Dr. Schrader mentions having seen capsules occasionally lateral, which Dr. Roth attributes to
innovations of the stem, an opinion in which I am the more inclined to coincide, since I have
at this moment, before me, si specimen from Mr. Lyell, which has young fructification, and,
immediately below the calyx, a cluster of three or four young shoots, arising from the axilla of a
leaf. These would, in the course of a little time, have given such an appearance of a continuation
of the stem, that the fructification might, without a careful inspection, have been supposed to be
lateral. The same author also describes the stems as really simple, and merely taking the
appearance of being branched from their annual innovations, in which he is also probably right.

Besides the singularly large and branching roots, already noticed, of J. emarginata, the shape
of the leaves (which Ehrhart aptly compares to a heart cut out of paper), and the immersed
calyces, afford character's so decisive, that this may be considered as a species the most distinct of
any in the genus. In general habit, indeed, and somewhat in the shape of its leaves, it has an
affinity with J. concinnuta, but so slight a one, that it will be needless for me to enlarge more
upon the subject.

In August, 1808, Mr. Borrer and myself found, upon the summit of Ben Nevis, small specimens
of this plant, whose calyces contained two, and sometimes three, fertile gernrens, and, what was
more remarkable, capsules of veiy diminutive size, situated upon peduncles so short that they
were not equal to the length of the calyx; yet these capsules were fully formed, and some of them
were even discharging their seeds and filaments whilst under the microscope. This appearance i*
represented at f . II.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

vta.

1. Male plant of J. emarginata, natural size.

2. Sterile plant, natural size.

3. Female plant, natural size.

4. The same, magnified

5. Leaf

6. Perfect anther

7. Anther, after it has discharged its pollen

8. Interior of a calyx

9. Calyx and perichcetial leaf

10. Seeds and spiral filaments

11. Receptacle, with the calyx torn away to exhibit the small capsules

6

4

1

1

4

5
1
3

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. •• ,

•* ' n * « ■

. . . » i . , i

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I

/ v/t/wra/ts

* yJ- t> 2 , p v p» Jo) {J><vks)J)un) .

(J. ventricosaj

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIi'E.

JUNGERMANNIA YENTRICOSA.

(TAB. XXVIII.)

Jungermannia, caule prostrato, subramoso: foliis patentibus, subquadratis, obtuse emarginatis,
lateribus incui'vis : fructu tenninali ; calycibus subsphtericis, dennun oblongo-ovatis; ore contracto,
plicato, dentato.

Jungermannia ventricosa. Dicks. Plant. Crypt. Fasc. n. p. 14. With. p. 856. Linn*. Syst.
Nat. ed. Gmel. n. p. 1349.

Jungermannia bidendata. y. globulifera. Weber, Spic. FI. Goet. p. 134.

Jungermannia bidentaia. Schmidel, Diss. Jung. p. 106. f. xiv.

Jungermannia globulifera. Pollich, Pal. in. p. 182 P Timm. Prodr. Flora Megap. n. 865.
(fide Rothii). Both, Germ. in. p. 379.

Jungermannia bicornis. Hoffmann, Germ. ii. p. 89. FI. Dan. t. 888. b. (non. a.J
Minum fissum. Neck. Meth. Muse. p. 237".

Jungermannia minor, repens, foliis subrotundis, bifidis, vagina fiorum cylindracea. Micheli,
Nov. Gen. p. 8. t. 5. f. 13.

Jungermannia minima, repens, foliis bifidis, vagina fiorum ventricosa. Micheli, Nov.
Gen. p. 9. t. 5. f. 15.

Lichenastrum, quod Jungermannia minima, repens, folds bifidis, vagina fiorum ventricosa.
Dill. Muse. t. 70. f. 14.

Jungermannia foliis imbricatis, bicuspidatis, globuliferis. Hall. Helv. in. p. 59.

Hab. In woods. Mr. Dickson. — Not uncommon in various parts of the kingdom. (The
Rev. Mr. Francis has, for many years, noticed it in the neighborhood of his residence,
attached both to a boggy and loamy soil, in Holt wood and Lows, as well as in Edgefield
wood, and on the heath : growing also among Sphagnum.)

Miss Hutchins has, discovered fructification, in the month of November, about Bantry,
where it continues in fruit but for a few days. Dr. Taylor finds it upon Boulacross
mountain, with capsules, in May; and Mr. Mackay, at the same time, near Dublin, with
calyces, in which state, indeed, it is not uncommon, during most of the spring months.
In the early part of summer, principally, the Gemma are produced; though Mr. Lyell
finds them in great perfection in the month of August, and even in the beginning of

September.

(J. ventricosa.)

BRITISH JUNGERM ANNIiE.

Plant growing sometimes in densely-matted patches, at other times singly, creeping among
Sphagnum latifolium and capillifolium, or Dicranurn glaucum.

Root consisting of rather thickly-placed, whitish, simple fibres, shooting out from nearly
the whole length of the under side of the plant.

Stems from half to three quarters of an inch in length, and the tenth of a line in diameter,
procumbent, flexuose, rarely simple, more frequently once or twice branched, with the
branches having the appearance of being again divided, in consequence of the inno-
vations : they are of a green color, sometimes approaching to a brownish-black, and I
have lately received specimens from Mr. Lyell, in which both the stems and roots have
a deep purple tinge.

Leaves rather closely placed, though scarcely imbricated, bifarious, distichous, patent,
or even occasionally deflexo-patent, with the lateral margins always more or less
incurved (f. 4), about a quarter of a line in length, of a subquadrate figure, divided at
the extremity bv a wide and obtuse notch, of which the points or segments are acute,
and, in the extreme leaves, sometimes involute ; the lower ones, it is to be remarked,
are cleft into three (f. 5), or, which is more rare, four teeth (f. 6) or segments, which
are frequently of unequal sizes : the texture is rather delicate, the cellules small,
roundish ; the color a pale green, assuming more or less of a brownish tint, in much
exposed situations.

The perigoninl leaves do not differ from the rest (f. 9).

Perichcetial leaves (f. 7) closely embracing the calyx, cut at their extremity into three,
four, and even five acute, and large, but unequally-sized teeth.

Male Fructification. Anthers (f. f. 9 10. 11) situated, two or three together, in the axilla of the
terminal leaves. Hitherto I have only observed them on distinct individuals from those which
bear female fructification. The form of each anther is ovate, or rotundo-ovate: the older ones
are of a greenish ash-color, and strongly reticulated. The footstalk is about half the length of
the anther, white, and marked with transverse lines.

Female Fructification terminal, though very frequently, as is represented in the plate, it has
the appearance of being lateral (f. 3), from young shoots*, which arise immediately beneath it.

The calyx is remarkable for being in its early state of a spherical figure (f. 3), and I was
unfortunately not acquainted with the fructification in a more advanced period of its
growth, till a long time after the plate was engraved. By specimens, however, which
1 have lately received, I am enabled to add that the calyx, at the time it produces
capsules, is oblongo-ovafe ; at all times plicate towards the extremity. The mouth is
contracted and minutely toothed.

Calyptra. ovate, whitish, tipped with its tubular style.

Barren pistilla (f. f. 14. 15) six or seven in number, linear, of a greyish color, longi-
tudinally marked with reddish lines, their apex a little expanded.

Peduncle from a quarter to half an inch long, white, shining, transversely and
longitudinally striated.

* Probably Micheh was deceived by this circumstance. His figure, however, gives the idea of the calyx being
sessile, in the centre of a plant that is branched in a stellated manner ; which is not the case in any species that I am
acquainted with.

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

rj. ventricosa. J

Capsule ovate, deep brown, furrowed.

Seeds and spiral filaments of a fulvous brown color ; the former exactly spherical, the latter
composed of a double helix.

Obs. The spherical clusters of gemma (f. 12), which form one of the most sti iking
features of this species, are situated at the points of the terminal leaves, both of the
main branches and of the young shoots; they are, when perfect, so compact as to
resemble little pale yellow-green balls; when scattered about, however, they are found
to be composed of extremely minute, angular, pellucid granules (f. 13).

Few Jungermannioe seem to be less understood than the present species, which, indeed, is not
much to be wondered at, when we consider the close affinity it bears with J. cxcisa; from
which it may be distinguished by its larger size, more branched habit, the involute margins of
the leaves, and the abundant and very conspicuous gemmaceous globules. Of this species the
capsules are extremely rare, though calyces are frequently to be met with, which, like the sterile
calyces of J. inflata, fall from the plant with a very slight touch.

Mr. Dickson first discovered this species in Britain, and ascertained it to be the “Jungermannia
minima, repens, fioliis bifidis, vagina fiorum ventricosa of Miclieli; and it appeals to me that
the cc Jungermannia minor, repens, fioliis subrotundis, bifidis, vagina fiorum cylindi acea, of the same
author, may be referred to with equal propriety. With regard to the figures, they cannot
certainly be considered as accurate representations of the plant ; and what Micheli says of
f. 15, applies also, to f. 13, “ Ipsa planta duplh minor est quhm exprimit Icon.” The gemmae are
particularly ill done, and seem to indicate that the clusters are supported by a footstalk. Dillenius
has done no more than copy the Michelian figure and description. Roth, under his J. globulifera,
has, as it appears to me, and as I have already had occasion to mention, described three species;
the' present, J.exsecta, and J. excisa. Pollich’s plant above quoted, ought, perhaps, rather to be
referred to under this species, than under J. bicuspidata, where I have also quoted it, though in
both instances with a mark of interrogation. I have inserted Ti mine’s J. globulifera, as a
synonym solely upon the authority of Roth. The plant of Haller can hardly be doubted,
especially as he quotes f. xxv. of the Diss. Jung, of Schmidel, which I think may with equal
certainty be said to belong to J ventricosa. The excellent writer last mentioned has, never-
theless, confounded it with J. bidentata, and Weber has made it his var. y, of the same species.
Haller and Weber say that they have observed the globules of the gemmae to be confined to one
point of the leaf, whilst Necker very justly remarks, that they are common to both.

( J , ventricosa.J

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

II 6.

1. Male plants of J. ventricosa, natural size.

2. Female plant, natural size.

3. Female plant, magnified

4. Leaves

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

^ Lower leaves

Perichcetial leaf

Portion of a male plant, with gemmce

Perigonial leaf and anthers

Small anther

Anther arrived at its full size

Terminal leaf with gemmaceous balls

Particles of the gemmce

Calyx, longitudinally dissected

Barren pistilla

... 6
4 and 3

. . . 4

. .. 4

. . . 6
. .. 4

... 1
... 1
... 4

. .. 1
... 3

. .. 1

»

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' CtphA 'ozie Ji* "Tujr/urri ^Pc ^) ^.7% //.

BRITISH J UNGER MANN IiE.

(J. Turneri.J

JUNGERMANNIA TURNERI.

(TAB. XXIX.)

J un germ Ann i a, surculo procumbente, flcxuoso, stellatim ramoso: foliis late ovatis, acute
bipartitis; segmentis subconduplicatis, spinuloso-dentatis : fructu terminali; calycibus lineari-
oblongis, longitudinalitfer plicatis; ore denticulato.

Hab. Shady bank of a mountain-rivulet near Bantry. Miss Hutchins. — (It bears fruit most
plentifully about the beginning of March.)

This rare Plant is found growing in small, pale, yellow-green patches, of one or two inches in
diameter.

The Roots, which consist of minute, whitish, simple fibres, descend from the under side of
the plant, in various places, but chiefly from its centre, and immediately below the
insertion of the calyx (f. 8.)

A single individual scarcely exceeds three or four lines in length. The surculi are
procumbent, divided from a centre, with branches extremely slender, filiform, flexuose,
mostly simple, but, sometimes, again irregularly divided. Their color a very light green;
their substance diaphanous, filled with somewhat ovate cellules, placed at a distance from
each other.

Leaves (f. f. 3. 4. 5) arranged at very regular intervals and somewhat closely, in two rows,
patent, about the twentieth of a line in length, or a little less towards the extremity of
the barren Shoots, though the reverse is the case with those leaves that approach the
calyx : each is, at its base, semiamplexicaul, of a lato-ovate figure, divided from the apex,
for about one half of its length, by an acute sinus, into two ovate or lanceolate sharp
and almost conduplicate segments, which, at their margins, are remarkably and elegantly
fringed with rather large spiniform teeth of unequal size. The color of the leaves is an
extremely pale yellow-green; the cellules are ovate, and, as in the surculus, placed
distantly, yet in regular longitudinal series.

fj. Turned .)

BRITISH JUNGERMANNL®.

Perichcctial leaves (f. f. 0. 7) closely imbricated on all sides of the calyx, and differing from
the cauline ones in being of a quadrate figure, frequently broader than they are long, and
in being cleft for only about one third of their length, into three or four ovate, acute,
spinuloso-dentate, erect segments.

Male Fructification unknown.

Female Fructification terminal upon thesurculi.

Calyx lineari- oblong, about one third or even half a line in length, longitudinally, yet
slightly, plicate or obtusely angular; in a young state a little incurved, at a more advanced
period, erect; its color almost white, having, however, generally, a yellowish tinge.
The cellules are oblong, and, as in the rest of the plant, rather distantly placed.

Germen (f. 8) ovate, attenuated at the base, tipped with a short style.

Calyptra (f. 9) ovate, reticulated, brownish-white.

Peduncle a quarter of an inch long, white, succulent, cellulose.

Capsule (f. 10) ovate, brown, splitting into four valves of equal size.

Seeds and spiral filaments (f. 11) fulvous; the former spherical and smooth; the latter
composed of a double helix.

Throughout the progress of this publication, I cannot promise myself a more grateful task, than
that of dedicating a small but most elegant, species of my favorite genus to Dawson Turner, Esq.,
as a memorial of the great and undiminished kindness which I have for many years received from
him. To his friendly advice and instructions the present work is indebted for whatever merits it
may possess. J. Turned has hitherto been found alone in the neighborhood of Bantry, and is one
of the many interesting additions that have been made to the Cryptogainic Flora of the British
Isles, by Miss Hutchins. It is not a little remarkable that this is the second species of
Jungermannia, discovered by this lady, that is distinguished from all the rest of its affinities (which,
in the present instance, I need hardly say, are J. bicuspidata, J. byssacea, Stc.) in having the leaves
dentated in a very conspicuous and strikingly beautiful manner: the former plant of this
description is J. Hutchinsice, represented on the first plate of this Monograph; and I have, on this
account, the greater pleasure in affixing to the species the names of two botanists, who have alike
rendered themselves celebrated by their knowledge and discoveries.

Besides the dentate leaves, there is another peculiarity possessed by the present plant, that I
have not observed in any other of the genus : this is in the large cellules with which the whole of
the foliage and surculi appear to be studded, in the same manner as the leaves of Dicranum
puhinatum and a few other mosses; for, though these are distantly placed, they are, nevertheless,
arranged in longitudinal and parallel lines.

BRITISH J UNGERM ANNIiE.

(J. Turneri.)

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

no.

1. J. Turneri, female plant, natural size.

2. The same magnified 6

3. Portion of the surculus and leaves 4

4. 5. Cauline leaves 3

6. Exterior perichcetial leaf 3

7. Interior perichcetial leaf 3

8. Receptacle of the fructification, with the leaves removed, to exfiibit the •» ^

cellules of a portion of the surculus '

9. Calyptra 3

10. Barren pistilla 2

11. Seeds and spiral filaments 1

X

1%

l

BRITISH J UNGERM ANN I/E.

(J. bidentata J

JUNGERMANNIA BIDENTATA.

(TAB XXX.)

Jungermannia, suvculo procumbente, ramoso : fob is late ovatis, decurrentibus, bifidis ; segmentis
valdfe acutis integerrimis ; stipulis bi- tri- fidis laciniatiscpie : fructu terminali ; calycibus oblongis,
subtriangularibus ; ore laciniato.

Jungermannia bidentata. Linn. Sp. PI. n. p. 1598. Syst. Nat. u. p. <05. Pollich, Pal. hi.
p. 180. Scopoli, Carn.ed. 2. ii. p.349. Leers, Herb. p. 249. (excl. var. fi.J Weis, Plant.
Crypt, p. 115. (excl. var. (3.J Weber, Spic. FI Goet. p. 133. (excl. var. (3. y. S.J Willd.
Ber. p. 340. Oeder, Enum. PI. FI. Dan. p. 41. Allioni, FI. Ped. ii. p. 312. Villars,
Delph. in. p. 924. Schreber, Spic. FI. Lips. p. 104. Hoffmann, Germ. ii. p. 89. Roth,
Germ. in. p. 392. (excl. var. (3 .) Relh. Cunt. p. 438. Huds. Angl.p. 511. Lightf. Scot,
u. p. 773. With. iii. p. 853. (excl. var. 2.) Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. Gmel. ii. p. 1348.
Lamarck, Encycl. Bot. iii. p. 279. Engl. Bot. t. 606.

Lichenastrum trichomanis facie, folio lis bifidis, majus. Raii Syn.p. 113. n 19.
Jungermannia major, repens , foliis bifidis. Micheli, Nov. Gen. p. 8. t. 5./. 12.
Hepaticoides Poly trichi facie, foliis bifidis majoribus. Vaillant, Par.p. 99. n. 3. t. 19. f 8.
Lichenastrum pinnulis acutioribus, concavis, bifidis, majus. Dill. Muse. t. 70. /. 11.^
Jungermannia foliis bifidis, in ramo florifero majoribus. Hall. Helv. in. p. 62. n. 1877-

/3. obtusata; foliis obtuse emarginatis, atro-viridibus ; stipulis multifide divisis.

Hab Very plentiful in moist and shady situations; upon hedge-banks and trees,
particularly an.ong mo,s.-/3 i, found by the Rev. B. B. Bamm in very wet and boggy
parts of Holt Heath.— {a. abounds with calyces during the greater part of the year. Male
fructification has been found by Mr. Lyell and myself in great perfection in the months

of October and November.)

Plant growing in more or less crowded patches of some inches in diameter.

Roots small whitish fibres, proceeding here and there from various parts of the under s.de
of the surculi, generally, however, immediately below a stipule (f. 5).

(3. bidentata.J

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIaE.

Surculi from an inch to an inch and an half long, procumbent, flexuose, branched, with the
blanches often erect towards the extremity, simple, or occasionally producing a short
lateral shoot ; their color varies from a pale, to a deep, and almost black green, in
certain situations ; the texture is rather firm, the cellules compact.

Leaves (f. f. 4. 5) from half to three quarters of a line or even more in length, closely
placed, but scarcely so much so as to be imbricated, in a bifarious manner, plane, or
very slightly waved, horizontal, of a widely ovate* figure at the base, half surrounding
the stem, and having the lower margin very much decurrent; at the extremity they are
divided for about one fourth or one fifth of their length, with a sinus more or less acute,
into two, equal f, sharp, and strait segments, the tips of which resemble minute cilia
or teeth, whence the plant has its name. The color of the leaves is always a singularly
light green, sometimes almost approaching to white; the texture thin; the cellules large,
and forming, with their interstices, a beautiful soil of reticulation.

Peri gonial leaves about ten or twelve in number, either placed quite at the extremity, or
at the middle of a branch, ventricose, crowded, and lying closely imbricated over one
another in two rows, as is the case with those of J. asplenioid.es ; in like manner, also,
their apices are recurved, and divided into two, three, or even four sharp and’ often
unequal segments.

file Periciiceiiat leaves (f. 7) may be said to commence with the second pair of leaves from
the calyx, which, however, scarcely differ from the rest, except in being longer and more
inclined to be erect; the first pair are twice the length of thecauline leaves, quite erect,
and appressed to the calyx, deeply divided into two, equal, lanceolate segments, which
are here and there dentate or ciliate on the margins.

Stipules (f. 6) one to every pair of leaves, appressed to the under side of the surculus
oblong, generally divided into two, and sometimes three, principal segments, which are
variously laciniated.

The Male 1-ructification, which I was not fortunate enough to possess in a good state, till
it was too late to add it to the figure, is readily discovered by the singular disposition of
the perigonial leaves, in the axillae of each of which are situated two or three spherical

or somewhat ovate anthers, terminating short, white, transversely striated footstalks or
filaments.

f em ale Fructification terminal upon the surculi and upon the small lateral shoots.

Cahjx (f 8) about a line long, sometimes slightly incurved in an early state of the
fructification, ovato-oblong, obtusely triangular; the mouth, though slightly contracted,
preiiouslv to the emission of the capsule, is afterwards somewhat expanded, it has a
rather deep incision on one side, and is bordered with numerous lacinhe. The texture
and color of the calyx scarcely differ from those of the leaves.

Calyptra (f. 9) pale brown, thin, reticulated: style short, tubular.

plant

V. eber describes the leaves to be “ ex ovato subquadtata ;” which does

not exactly correspond with those of

our

t According to Dr. Smith's figure and description, in English Bntany, it would appear that the segments are
occasionally o. unequal size : I have never remarked them to be so myself.

BRITISH J UN G E I? MANN 1 JE.

(J. liident ata.J

Peduncle about three quarters of an inch in length, white, succulent, cellulose, a little
waved when it has reached its full height.

Capsule exactly ovate, deep brown, longitudinally and transversely furrowed, splitting, at
maturity, into four equal valves.

Seeds and spiral filaments (f. 10) of a rich, fulvous brown; the former spherical, the latter
composed of a double helix.

/3 I am induced to notice as a distinct variety, because, among the many specimens I have
examined, I have scarcely found any differ at all from the figure here given. It is generally of
a larger size than cc, and simple; the stem and leaves darker; the latter slightlv concave and
obtusely emarginate at the extremity, with the points or segments more or less blunt. The
stipules, too, I have always remarked, are more irregularly divided into more numerous lacini®.

J. bidentata may be reckoned among the most common of the tribe, and I was formerly of opinion
that it might also be considered as one of the most distinct, till my friend, Mr Francis, pointed
out to me the Var. B growing in the vicinity of his residence; and Miss Hutchins kindly
communicated a plant, which, though it has many peculiarities in common with the present
species, yet has marks of discrimination so striking, that I am induced to reserve a more full
description of it for another part of this publication. It will be sufficient in this place to observe,
that it is distinguished from J. bidentata in having the leaves cut into three, more frequently than
into two, segments; and in either case they are very distinctly, but irregularly, toothed. In the
perichcetial leaves this denticulation is still more obvious. The stipules, also, instead of being
variously laciniated, are regularly bifid, with the segments only slightly toothed. The characters,
which distinguish J. bidentata from J. heterophylla, will be enlarged upon in the following-
description; so nearly, however, do the two plants approach, that, by some writers on the subject,
they have been looked upon as mere varieties of each other.; and, indeed, such was formerly my
own opinion.

The agreeable smell that has frequently been noticed as diffused by this plant, appears to be by
no means confined to it alone. Dr. Schrader under his J. graveolens (which appears closely allied
to our J. trichomanis ) remarks “ Odor plant® recentis gravis, Scandici Cerefolio hand dissimilis.”
In J. bidentata I have observed the scent to be more powerful after the plant had been dried for a
few days, and then recovered by an application of moisture.

On this Jungermannia I have more than once had the opportunity of observing that pistilla are
formed before the calyx, and, by examining the terminal clusters of leaves*, they may not

* Such leaves I have generally found to be divided into two, three, or even four segments, at the extremity,
and these varying much in size and direction. Is it not possible that these may unite and form the calyx ? An
incision, more or less deep, is generally seen in one or other of the angles, as if the leaves (supposing such a
change to take place) had not been united quite to their apices. The same appearance, also, may be remarked in
J. heterophylla (see t. 31./. 12.), in J. asplenioides , and J. spinulosa.

(J. bidentata.)

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIAE.

unfrequently be found completely destitute of this part. In J. complanata, also, the calyx is to be
seen in an extremely diminutive state, at the same time when the pistilla are fully formed; and I
have reason to believe that this mode of growth, far from being confined to these two plants, is
not. unfrequent in the genus.

Schmidel's J. bidentata I have elsewhere mentioned as belonging to J. ventricosa.

Schreber is the first person who discovered the stipules on this species. They are sufficiently
large to be distinguished with a small power of the microscope, and are always present, throughout
the whole length of the plant.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

JPIG.

1. J. bidentata (female plant) , natural size.

2. Var. /3, natural size.

3. Female plant , magnified 6

4. Portion of a surculus and leaves 4

5. Leaf, seen from its under surface, with a stipule 3

6. Stipule 2

7. Perichatial leaves 4

8. Calyx 4

9. Calyptra 2

10. Seeds and spiral filaments 1

11. Var. /3, obtusata, magnified 6

12. Stipule of Var. 2

13. 14. Anthers* 1

* These anthers, it ought to be remarked, were taken out of the terminal tufts of leaves of Var.
probably before the formation of the perigonial leaves, which have been described above.

BRITISH JUNGERMANNI.T. ( J heterophylla)

JUNGERMANNIA HETEROPHYLLA.

(TAB. XXXI.)

Jungermannia, surculo procumbente, ramoso: foliis rotundato-ovatis, decurrentibus, apice
rarius acuth, plerumque obtusfe emarginatis, integrisve : stipulis bi- tri- fidis, hie ilbc

sublaciniatis : fructu terminali ; calyeibus ovatis, obtuse triangularibus ; ore laciniato.

Jungermannia heterophylla. Schrader, in Journal fur die Botanik. v. p. 66.

Jungermannia bidentata. (3 . minor, Leeks, Herb. p. 249. ( excl . syn. Halleri. 1865.,) Weis,
Plant. Crypt, p. 116. (excl. syn. Michel, t. 5.f. 13. et Hall. Helv. 1865.) Weber, Spic.
FI. Goet. p. 134. With. hi. p. 853 ?

Jungermannia bicuspidata. Engl. Bot. t. 281. (excl. syn.)

Lichenastrum pinnulis obtusioribus bifidis, minus. Dill. Muse. p. 488. t. 70. f. 12. (excl. syn.
Micheli.)

Hab. First detected in this country, by the Rev. R. B. Francis, growing on decaying stumps
of trees in Edgefield Wood ; also at the foot of alders in Hanworth Meadows, Norfolk,
and in an alder car, at East Sheal, Lincolnshire. I have since found it not rare in similar
situations in various parts of Suffolk, as well as very abundantly upon rocks at 1 unbridge
Wells. — Mr. Lyell has also discovered it in the New Forest, Hampshire, where he has
observed the male fructification to be produced in November. The female is found in
the early spring months.

Plant growing in rather small and loosely-entangled patches, frequently among moss.

The Roots in the present, as well as in the species last described, originate here and there
from nearly, the whole length of the under side of the plant, but mostly in small tufts
immediately below the stipules (f. 5).

Surculi from half to three quarters of an inch in length, procumbent, flexuosc, with
their apices, as well as those of the simple shoots and ramuli, erect, of a pale green
color.

Leaves (f. f. 2. 3. 4. 5.6) scarcely ever exceeding half a line in length, frequently less,
especially at the base, and towards the extremity of the plant j more or less closely

(J. heterophylla.J

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

placed, in different individuals, plane, or veiy slightly concave, bifarious, horizontal, of
an ovate figure approaching to round, at the base semiamplexicaul and decurrent, at
the extremity varying in a very remarkable manner, whence the species has most justly
been named, by the acute Schrader, heterophylla. Scarcely two individuals are found to
correspond exactly, throughout all the leaves, in the figure of this part, though, in
general (f. 2), it may be considered as being, in those placed nearest to the base of the
stem, acutely divided for about one fifth of its length from the apex into two acute
segments, which are divaricate in a slight degree; while those of the middle of the
surculus have it obtusely emarginate, with the segments also obtuse, sometimes truncate,
without any notch ; and, as the leaves approach the extremity of the plant, they are
quite entire, rounded otf, and frequently more ovate than the rest. In other specimens,
however, the leaves are sometimes all emarginate (f. 4), or, here and there, and without
any kind of regularity, intermixed with some that are entire, whilst others are acutely
cleft; and I have lately received from Mr. Ly ell specimens, among which were individuals
having their leaves so nearly entire throughout, that, had it not been for the calyx and
stipules, they might easily have been mistaken for a distinct species. In all, the color is
a pale green, varying, from situation, to a deeper hue: the cellules large and ovate.

Perigonial leaves , as those of J. bideutala, closely imbricated in two rows, at the base
ventricose, the extremity somewhat revolute, emarginate or entire: they are found as
well upon the same plant u ith the female fructification, as upon different individuals,
and often immediately below the perichcelial leaves (f. f. 9. 10. 11) :

These are still more remarkable for their difference of form than the cauline ones: in some
they are altogether entire; in others both bifid and entire; whilst some again are found
which have the third pair from the calyx very obtusely emarginate (f. 11), with blunt
segments; the second pair deeply, but obtusely, emarginate, with acute points, and
these slightly dentated (f. 10); and the first, or calycine pair, varying with two or three
acute, ovate segments, of different sizes, distantly and unequally toothed (f. f. 9.9);
these last are generally erect and appressed to the lower part of the calyx.

Stipules (f. f. J. 8) one to each pair of leaves, appressed to the lower side of the stem,
oblong, bifid or trifid, with the segments more or less divaricating, and here and there
toothed or laciniated.

Male Fructification. Anthers situated in small clusters, exactly resembling those of
J. bidentata.

Female Fructification terminal upon the extremity of the surculi and short branches, as
well as upon some so short, that, without a careful examination, they might be supposed to be
lateral.

Calyx (f. 12) scarcely three quarters of a line long, ovate, with the sides very obtusely
triangular, or even round (supposing a transverse section); the mouth expanded, slit
some way down on one side, and much laciniated.

Calyptra ovate, thin, . and delicate. I have gathered plants which had (probably in
consequence of weakness in the capsule or footstalk) carried up the calyptra entire,
with the fiuit, as in the mosses, and, though not in so perfect a state, in Andrrea (f. 13),.

BRITISH J UNGERM ANN I/E.

(J. heterophylla.)

Capsule ovate, dark blown, dividing into four equal ovato-lanceolate valves, and discharging
the numerous

Seeds and spiral filaments, which are of a fulvous color.

J. heterophylla was well known to Dillenius, who justly says of it in his description, “Pinnuke
breviores et obtusius mintisque profunde ac precedents ( J . bidentata:) et sequentis (J. bicuspidata)
speciei, incisae sunt”. Other authors, however, have considered it as only a variety of J. bidentatu.
It differs from that plant, in the following particulars. Its mode of growth, as far as I have been
able to discover, is always in small and straggling patches, even when growing unmixed with
mosses. Its fructification is far more abundant. Its size is much less. The leaves, though so
variable in figure, are never, that I am aware of, acutely divided into two equal and strait
segments. The stipules are less laciniated. The calyx shorter in proportion to its width,
somewhat less angular, and the mouth more open. Some of the leaves undoubtedly bear a
considerable affinity with those of J. bidentata S>, and it is probable that Mr. Francis is correct in
his opinion, in supposing this variety to belong to the present plant. I have, nevertheless, been
tempted to consider it rather as a varying appearance of the former species, from the circumstances
of the plant being larger even than the a. of J. bidentata, of the leaves being always emarginate,
and of the stipules being so much laciniated.

An examination of authentic specimens of J. heterophylla, which Dr. Schrader communicated to
Mr. Turner, leaves me no doubt as to the identity of our British plant; and that author describes
the same stations for it in Germany as those in which it is found with us; “ad truncos arborum,
imprimis emortuarum ubique fere, baud infrequens occurrit”. The Hallerian synonym, quoted by
Leers and Weis, I have more reason to think belongs to J. ventricosa (under which species I have
placed it) than to the present; and I am inclined to the same opinion with regard to the Michehan
synonym of the latter writer.

REFERENCES

( J.heterophylla .) BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1. J. heterophylla (female plant ) natural size.

2. The same, magnified 6

3. Portion of the surculus and leaves, magnified 5

4. Portion of a surculus and leaves 6

5. Portion of a surculus and leaves, seen from behind 4

6. Leaf 3

7. 8. Stipules 2

9. Inner perichcetial leaves 3

10. Intermediate perichcetial leaves 3

11. Exterior perichcetial leaves 3

12. Calyx 3

13. Capsule with its calyptra 3

14. Seeds and spiral filaments 1

T/tf/AlHL

’/)?*/ ff/l///// COUZ/WiM

Af> 3^' >d co rd, j'o / . # Moo k) J)yM .

BRITISH JUNGERMANNI^E.

(J. cordifolia.J

JUNGERMANNIA CORDIFOLIA.

(TAB. XXXII.)

Jungermannia, caule erecto, flexuoso, dichotomo : fbliis erectis, concavis, cordatis, circumvolutis :
fructu terminali axillarique ; calycibus oblongo-ovatis, subplicatis ; ore minuto, denticulato.

Hab. Highland Mountains of Scotland, in many moist situations. — Mr. Woods finds it in
Ireland; and Mr. Lyell, at Isla and Catlaw, in Angus-sbire. (Calyces were discovered,
with swollen germens, on the thirty-first of August, by Mr. Lyell.)

Plant growing in rather dense tuffs, conspicuous from their black appearance, one or two inches
in diameter.

Root a very few minute, simple fibres, proceeding almost wholly from the base of the plant.

Stems varying from one to two and even three inches in height, flexible, waved, cellular,
always erect and filiform, sometimes simple, but more frequently branched in an
irregularly dichotomous manner; with branches of uncertain length, simple, or at most
producing one or two young lateral shoots; their color a dirty green or brown.

Leaves bifarious, rather distantly placed, from half a line to a line or more in length ; the

lower and the terminal ones generally the smallest: all of them erect, or erecto-patent,

loosely imbricated, cordiform, concave, with their margins embracing the stem so as

entirely to conceal it : their texture is extremely thin, membranous and subdiaphanous ;

the cellules of a roundish figure; their color a very dark olive or almost black green,

*

varying, in some situations, to a deep purple towards the extremity of the plant. The
leaves on the innovations exactly resemble the rest in figure, but are much smaller and
have their margins more involute and more closely embracing the stem ; the apices,
however, are a little patent, so that these young shoots at first sight have somewhat the
appearance of a Sertularia. In drying, the leaves become much crisped, and do not
recover in water without much difficulty.

( J . corilifolia.J

BRITISH JUNGERAIANNIrE.

The Perigonial leaves, which extend from the apex of a stem to nearly half way down its
length, scarcely differ from the rest, except in having their base more concave.

The Perichcetial leaves are also, in every respect, like the cauline ones.

Male Fructification. Anthers situated in the axillae of the perigonial leaves, large in
proportion to the size of the plant, exactly spherical, reticulated, placed upon a short, pellucid,
transversely striated footstalk. On pressing one of these with an instrument, while under the
microscope, an extremely minute pollen, or granulated substance, was dischaiged, each particle
of which was roundish, angular, and semitransparent.

Female Fructification both terminal and arising from the axillae of the branches.

Calyx oblongo-ovate, much lengthened out at the base, the upper part slightly plicate,
the mouth small and very indistinctly toothed.

Germen ovate, dark green.

Barren pistilla eight or ten in number, linear, longitudinally striated.

The present is one of the most distinct of the British Jungermanniae with which I am
acquainted, nor can I mention any to which it bears the smallest affinity, either in the form of its
leaves, or in the singular manner in which they embrace each other with their involute margins.
The color too is very peculiar, being extremely dark, so that, when seen in tufts, it appears
almost black. By immersion in water for a few hours, a deep brownish tinge is imparted
to the liquid.

In the form of the calyx this species approaches J. minuta, but the calyx here is shorter in
proportion to its diameter, and less plicate ; the leaves of the two plants are very unlike, and so
strikingly are those of the present species heart-shaped (when they are expanded, as at f. 6),
and so much do they in their general direction resemble those of Hypnum cordifolium, that I have
thought that the same specific name would also be applicable to the Jungermannia as to
the Hypnum.

Mr. Dickson was probably the first person who gathered this plant; since I find it among a
number of unnamed species that he has been so good as to send me, which were collected many
years ago in the Scotch mountains. Mr. Woods has since gathered it in Ireland, and Mr. Lyell
and myself in Scotland.

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIA2

(J. cordifolia.J

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1. A small cluster of barren plants, natural size.

2. Plants with male fructification, and the female in a young state, natural size.

3. Plant bearing anthers and calyces, magnified 6

4. Male plant 6

5. Perigonial leaves 4

6. A single perigonial leaf expanded, to shew the form of the leaf and the -»

axillary anther J ^

7 . Full-grown anther 2

8. Young anther 2

9. Full-grown anther broken, to exhibit the pollen 2

10. Pollen 1

11. Calyx 5

12. The same, longitudinally dissected 4

13. Pistilla 2

( J. Sphagni.J

BRITISH JDNGERMANNm.

JUNGERMANNIA SPHAGNI.

(TAB. XXXIII.)

Jungermannia, caule procumbente, simpliciusculo : (elongationibus gemmiferis solummodh
stipulate !): foliis orbicularibus : fructu in ramis propriis terminali ; calycibus oblongis, utrinque
attenuatis; ore contracto, denticulato.

Jungermannia Sphagni. Dicks. Crypt. Fasc. 1. p. 6. t. 1. f. 10. Hoffm. Germ. n. p. 88.
Roth, Germ. hi. p. 375. Lamarck, Encycl. hi. p. 280. With. iii. p. 854. Link. Sytt.
Nat. ed. Gmel. n. p. 1348. Engl. Bot. t. 2470.

Hab. Marshy places, particularly among Sphagnum latifolium and capillifolium. — Near
Croydon. Mr. Dickson. — Holt Bogs. Rev. R. B. Francis. — Belton, near Yarmouth.
Mr. Turner. — Near Belfast, Ireland. Mr. Templeton. — Bogs, on mountains, near Bantry.
Miss Hutchins. — New Forest, Hampshire, most abundant ; (bearing gemmae in October
and November, and young fructification towards the end of the latter month.) Mr. Lyell.

This remarkable Plant grows either in loosely entangled patches of some inches in diameter, or

more straggling, when attached to the stems of Sphagnum.

Roots of two kinds (f. 4) : small radicles, such as are common to almost all the species of

the genus, consisting of minute, whitish, simple, and pellucid fibres, proceed tolerably

abundantly from nearly the whole length of the plant : but, among these, at uncertain

distances, descend radicles of a much larger size, and from two to three lines long,

. of a whitish color, rather opaque, though I cannot perceive that they have any of the

cellular texture ; sometimes simple, but more frequently divided by three or four small
<

lateral and descending shoots.

Stems from two to four inches in length, procumbent upon the substance that affords them
nourishment, and consequently erect with regard to the horizon, when they are attached
to the upright plants of Sphagnum (f. f. 2. 3), filiform, flexuose, simple, or only
producing here and there short innovations, which resemble the main stems, and are
of a yellowish-green color, while that of the principal stems is pale yellow-brown.

(]. Sphagni.J

BRITISH JUNGERMANNOE.

The Leaves (f. 4), which are in general about half a line in length, are bifarious, alternate,
for the most part so closely placed that their margins are slightly imbricated over each
other, though, sometimes, as may be seen at f. 3, they are more distant, and have often
a vacant space between each pair : they are patent or erect, rarely horizontal, through-
out of an orbicular figure, on the upper side concave, below convex. The cellules are at
the extremities of the leaf nearly quadrate and regular in figure, giving the edge a
slightly marginated appearance; in other parts they are roundish, and so minute as to
be seen only with a tolerably high magnifier : the color varies from a rich yellow-brown
to a pale yellow-green, having the tips of the leaves, and especially of those that are
nearest the extremity of the stem, not unfrequently tipped with purple.

The Perigonial leaves 1 have not yet seen.

The Perichcetial ones are confined to the short proper footstalk of the fructification, and
are at its base roundish and entire, after which they become emarginate, and, the nearer
they approach the calyx, the more frequently are they divided and laciniated; the
uppermost are the largest, oblongo-ovate, and cut into five or six laciniated or toothed
segments, their substance is more loosely cellular than that of the other leaves, their color
a much paler and more yellow-green.

Stipules are discoverable on this plant, but only on the shoots which produce the gemma;
which are also furnished with leaves of a much smaller size than those of the main stem,
though similar to them in shape. Each stipule is oblong or ligulate, obtuse, entire
except in those that approach the extremity of the shoot, where they are emarginate.

Male Fructification unknown.

Female Fructification situated upon short proper footstalks, which are either lateral
originating from the under side of the plant, or terminal.

The Calyx is about a line and a half long, of an oblong figure, but attenuated at each
extremity, extremely delicate, whitish, semipellucid (so as to shew the young capsule
within), and slightly plicate ; the mouth contracted and a little toothed. The
fructification I have not seen in a more advanced state.

Gemma are found in great abundance and perfection in October and November, always
upon elongations of the extremity of the plant, which are readily distinguishable from
the rest of the stem by their smaller size, by their gradually tapering towards the apex,
by the diminutive leaves, and still more easily by the stipules which are confined to them ;
at least Mr. Lyell and myself have in vain searched for them throughout the rest of the
plant. Both the terminal leaves and stipules are a little emarginate, and bear a few
scattered gemmae, which are supported, in the form of little globules, sometimes single
and sometimes two or three together, on the extremity of the shoot. Each particle
is very minute, roundish, beset with a number of angles, pellucid, and of a pale yellow-
green color.

BRITISH J UNGER MANN HE

( J . Sphagni J

It is to Charles Lyell, Esq., of Bartley Lodge, that the botanical world is indebted for most of
the above interesting particulars relative to the fructification and gemms of Jungermannia
Sphagni. The industry and researches of this gentleman in the tribe of plants which are the
subject of this publication, have been unwearied, and his success (as these pages will amply
testify) has been commensurate with his zeal. Till very lately Mr. Dickson’s original specimen,
from which his figure and description were taken, was the only one that had been found in
fructification; and I exceedingly regret that it has not been in my power to add to the
accompanying plate, figures of the specimens in that state which Mr. Lyell has so liberally
communicated to me. They will, however, appear in a supplementary number, for which they
are reserved.

It is almost needless to point out the discriminating marks of a species so distinct as the
present, and I shall content myself with observing, that the large radicles, and the peculiar form
of the calyx, together with its proper footstalk, are, I believe, confined to this species. The leaves,
also, though they bear no small resemblance, in general outline, to those of a new Jungermannia,
which I propose calling J. Taylori, as well as to some of the leaves of J. anomala, and to those of
J. sealaris, may always be known from those of other Jungermannia;, by the firmness of their
texture, and by the remarkable smallness of the cellules, combined with their general shape.

Although Jungermannia Sphagni , in a barren state, has been found in various parts of
England and Ire1 and, yet the continental botanists seem to be scarcely acquainted with it.
Hoffmann, indeed, Roth and Lamarck, have noticed it in their respective works, but they have
copied, almost verbatim, the description of our English cryptogamist, Mr. Dickson. It is
certainly found in Sweden, whence I have received specimens from Dr. Swartz.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1, 1. J. Sphagni natural size, and magnified 6

2, 2. The same, natural size.

3. J. Sphagni, magnified 6

4. A leaf with a portion of the stem and roots 3

Tab utk

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

(J. anomalaj

JUNGERMANNIA ANOMALA.

(TAB. XXXIV.)

Jungermannia, caule procumbente, simplice: foliis orbicularibus, his rotundato-ovatis, illis
ovato-acuminatis : stipulis late subulatis.

Hab. Holt Lows : Bogs on the south side of Edgefield Hill on the road to Holt; and in
Holt Wood, growing both upon peat-earth and among Sphagna. Rev. R. B. Francis. —
Westleton Bogs, near Halesworth, Suffolk; and boggy places in various parts of the
Highlands of Scotland. — Summit of Devis Mountain, in the county of Antrim; and
in Annahilt Bog in the county of Down. Mr. Templeton. — Near Bajitry, growing
among J. excisa. Miss Hutchins. — In bogs at Kinnordy, Kerrie-muir, and in the
New Forest, Hants. Mr. Lyell. — (At the last-mentioned place Mr. Lyell finds Anthers
in October. The Gemma are in great perfection in November.)

Plant growing in loosely entangled and scattered patches, either attached to the earth, or, more
frequently, to the stems and leaves of Sphagna, among which it is generally found.

Root consisting of numerous, small, whitish, pellucid, simple fibres, which descend from
nearly the whole length of the under side of the plant.

Stems from one to two or even four inches in length, and about a quarter of a line or more
in diameter, procumbent, flexuose, either simple or producing only one or two short
lateral innovations from beneath the leaves : its texture is rather firm : its color varies from
a yellow-green to a dark blown, and in some situations almost to a black; the inno-
vations are of a more delicate texture, and more distinctly cellular, and partake more
of the color of the leaves.

Leaves from half to three-quarters of a line long, more or less distantly placed in a bifarious
manner, varying in their direction from horizontal to patent and (as is frequently the
case) to erect, nor less variable in their shape, which is either orbicular, orbicular
approaching to ovate, or altogether ovate, with acute apices : the orbicular leaves (f. 11)
are in almost every instance concave on the upper surface and convex beneath : those of
the second description (f. 12) are likewise slightly concave, whilst those that are ovate
and acute arc either plane (f. 14) or concave, or have their sides incurved (f. 13).

( J.anomala. ) BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

Orbicular leaves are sometimes found throughout the whole length of an individual p
but it more frequently happens that those at the base of the stem alone are of this shape,
and that thence they become more ovate and acute as they approach the extremity:
at the extreme apex, three or four leaves (before their expansion) often embrace each
other so closely as to form an oblong acute mass, which may, without due examination,
be readily mistaken for a calyx.— It is to be observed that the upper leaves in
gemmiferous plants are often jagged at the point, or cut into two, thiee, or more unequal
teeth. The cellules are throughout remarkably large in proportion to the size of the
leaf, and are conspicuous to the naked eye, when the plant is in a dry state, by a
punctated appearance; they are of a roundish form, except at the bolder, where they
approach more nearly to quadrate (but scarcely in so regular a manner as to cause a
marginated appearance upon the edge), and in the ovate leaves the cellules are of a more
oblong figure. The color is generally a rich but rather pale yellow-brown, the apices of
the leaves often slightly tinged with purple.

Stipules small, subulate; one to each pair of leaves.

The Perigonial Leaves differ in no other respect from the rest, than in having a ventricose
base near the insertion upon the stem, where the

Male Fructification is situated. Anthers small, spherical, reticulated. Footstalk, or Filament,
white, striated transversely.

Female Fructification at present unknown.

Obs. Gemnuc are found on this species throughout the greatest part of the year, but
most plentifully in the autumn. They foim two or three rather compact spherical clusters, of a
pale yellow-green color, at the apex of the terminal leaves, and some below them also bear them
at their points, either in small globules or loosely scattered. Each particle is semipellucid,
and roundish, but angular. It may be well to remark that the leaves, which support them, seem
to be injured, and have their apices as it were corroded and jagged, after the dispersion of the
Gemmae.

J. anomala was first discovered by the Rev. R. B. Francis, who has for many years remarked
it in his immediate neighborhood. I have also received it from other parts of England, as well as
from Scotland and Ireland, but always without any of its parts of fructification, except the
Anthers, which have once been found by Mr. Lyell. Dr. Swartz, too, has sent it to me from
Sweden, gathered along with J. Sphagni.

The most striking features about this plant are the uncertain form of the leaves, varying,
even on the same individual, from orbicular to ovato-acuminate, and the large size of the cellules
in proportion to that of the leaf. In the former particular it has no affinity with any species with
which I am acquainted, and in the latter it bears a resemblance only to J . Taylori, which also has
stipules agreeing very nearly in figure with those of the present species. In both they are

BRITISH J UNGERM ANNIiE.

( J . anomala.)

not discoverable without considerable difficulty, and in J. anomala they altogether escaped my
notice till within these few days. They are most readily seen towards the extremity of the plant,
all the rest of the under side of the stem being so much covered by the roots : though they there
exist also.

The principal difference, therefore, between J. anomala and J. Taylori, consists in the presence
of the ovate and acute leaves of the former, which are wholly wanting in the latter : other marks,
though much less to be depended upon, may be found in the densely-crowded patches in which
I have always seen J. Taylori grow, so that the individuals are forced into a nearly erect
position j and in its color, which, in all the specimens that have fallen under my observation, has
been far deeper, and generally with a purple tinge throughout. The fructification of tins plant,
which alone could remove all doubt respecting the specific difference of these individuals, has,
unfortunately, not yet been discovered.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

TIG.

1. J. anomala, gemmiferous plant, natural size.

2. The same, magnified, 6

3. Barren plant, natural size.

4. Portion of the same, magnified 6

5. J. anomala, with orbicular leaves throughout, and innovations, natural size.

6. The same, magnified 6

7 and 8. The same, with the leaves erect, natural size and magnified 6‘

9. A more common appearance of the plant, natural size.

10. The same, mhgnified 6

11, 12, 13, and 14. Various leaves, magnified 3

Tal tJD

//tsrtf /ft <r /<rtvysr/<(

C ■ ( ' , ('

' ^ the C <i '/ fl (* y /{^ {} -.ff (&J, ratlj -)u >r> .

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIAv.

(J. ItEvigata.)

JUNGERMANNIA LiEVIGATA,

(TAB. XXXV.)

Jungermannia, surculo proeumbente, vagfe bipinnatlm ramoso : foliis bifariis, inaequalitfer
bilobis, spinuloso-dentatis ; lobis superioribus majoribus, rotundato-ovatis ; inferioribus ligulatia,
planis, appressis : stipulis oblongo-quadratis, spinuloso-dentatis.

Jungermannia Icevigata. Schrader, Syst. Samml. n. p. 6. Roth, Germ. m. p. 406.
Lamarck, FI. Fr. ed. 2. t. n. p. 432?

Hab. Upon the earth in a wood on the north side of the banks of Lochness. — Mr. Brodie
has given me specimens found at or near the same place. — Communicated to me
likewise by Mr. J. T. Mackay, whose brother, the late Mr. Mackay of Edinburgh,
gathered it in Scotland. — Near Bantry, in a mountainous situation. Miss Hutchins. —
Upon a rock, on the Castle-Hill, Kinnordy, Kerrie-muir, Mr. Lyell.

Plant growing in loose patches, which lie over each other in an irregularly imbricated manner.

Root consisting of a few, very small, simple fibres, descending, at distant intervals, from
the lower side of the plant.

Stems procumbent, flexuose, from two to three and even four inches long, beset with
manv distichous, nearly horizontal, scattered ramuli, which vary from half an inch to
two inches in length, long and short being intermixed without order ; the smaller ones
simple, the larger again pinnated by a few short and simple shoots, equally irregular in
point of size, number, and position : the whole of the branches are singularly attenuated
at their origin, but then linear, and blunt at their points : their texture is firm : their
color a dirty brown.

Leaves (f. f. 3. 4) in general about half or three-quarters of a line long, those at the base and
extremity of the stems and branches smallest; it not very unfrequently happens that the
even outline of the shoots, which is in general remarkable, is here and there interrupted

(J. laevigata.)

BRITISH J UNGERM ANNLffi.

by smaller leaves, or such as are decayed, as may be seen in f. 1 and 2. They are every
where bifarious, closely imbricated over the upper side of the stem, and placed
alternately, with great regularity and exactness ; divided into two very unequal con-
duplicate lobes, of which the upper one is much the largest, convex on the upper
surface, more or less smooth, and even glossy, of an ovate figure approaching to round,
with its margin sometimes entile, but more frequently spinuloso-dentate, the teeth
being of very unequal sizes, placed at distant but uncertain intervals, and generally
incurved; the inferior division or lobe is scarcely one-third so large as the superior,
to the under side of which it is closely appressed in a direction oblique with regard to
the stem, its form is oblong or ligulate, its margins every where dentato-spinulose, with
the teeth occasionally recurved The cellules are very small, roundish ; the color a dark
olive-green, sometimes inclining to a vcllow-brown.

There is one Stipule (f. 5) to each pair of leaves, oblongo-quadrate, and, equally with the
lesser lobes of the leaf, which it exactly resembles in size and shape, spinuloso-dentate
at the margin, having its teeth in like manner now and then recurved.

Dr. Schrader appears to be the first botanist who detected this species, and published it as
distinct from J. platyphylla, to which I must confess it bears so close an affinity (and especially
to the var. Thuja) in every thing, but the spinuloso-dentate margins of the lesser lobes of the
leaves and of the stipules, that 1 cannot help offering it as my opinion that future discoveries
may prove it to be a variety, though a very strikingly marked one. At the same time I must
observe that, in all the specimens I have examined of J. platyphylla, I have never found the
stipules and smaller lobes of the leaves to be otherwise than quite entire at the margins. The
difference in size and in the smoothness of surface, mentioned by Schrader, will not hold good,
the same being found often to exist in an equal degree in J. platyphylla.

Dr. Roth has done no more than copy the description of Schrader, and add synonyms from
Micheli and Dillenius, which appear to me rather to belong to the J. Thuja of Dickson, so that
no new light is thrown on the matter in his work. Lamarck also describes a plant under the
name,,/. laevigata, in his Flore Francoise, and cites Schrader’s as a synonym; but his words are
at variance with such a reference, so that, though I have thought it best to quote him above, I
have done it with doubt, and I fear it must be admitted, from his description, that his J. Icevigata
is, in reality, a totally different species; “ Les feuilles,” to use his words, “sont nombreuses,
serrees, embriquees, larges, courtes, tics obtuses, presque tronquees, surmontees d’une petite
pointe acer^e, entities sur leurs bords, depourvues de nervures et de stipules, disposees sur deux
rangs d’une maniere peu prononcec.”

1'lie fructification, which I have never yet seen, was also unknown to Schrader and Roth.

BRITISH JUNGERMANNLE.

(J. laevigata.)'

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE-

FIG.

1. J. laevigata, natural size.

2. The same, magnified 6

3. Portion of the stem, with the leaves and stipules, seen from the under side . . 4

4. Leaf 3

5. Stipule 3

z/ffi.u.m

'fyiehptp it c? kiLtn £o t € If * i£ArA)£**)

BRITISH JUNGERMANNLE.

(J. tomentella ,)

JUNGERMANNIA TOMENTELLA.

(TAB. XXXVI.)

Jungermannia, surculo erectiusculo, bipinnato: foliis bifariis, inoequalitfer bilobis; lobis

inferioribus minutis > superioribus bi parti tis; utrisque apice margineque capillaritbr multifidi3;
stipulis subquadratis, laciniatis: fructu axillari; calycibus oblongis, cylindraceis, hirsutis ; ore
aperto.

Jungermannia tomentella. Ehrh. Beitr. Band. it. p. 150. Hoffm. Germ. n. p. 83. Roth,
Germ. n. p. 401. Dicks. Plan*. Crypt. Fasc. n. p. 14. Lamarck, FI. Fr. ed. 2. v. ii. p. 436.
Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. Gmel. hi. p. 1351. Michaux, FI. Bor. Am. ii. p. 279. Lamarck,
FI. Gall. p. 95. Engl. Bot. t. 2242.

Jungermannia ciliaris. Weis, Plant. Crypt, p. 189. Weber, Spic. FI. Goet. p. 150. Huds.
Angl. p. 515. Lamarck, Encycl. Bot. iii. p. 284. With. p. 861.

Muscus palustris, Absinthii folio, insipidus. Tourn. H. PL Par. p. 505.

Muscus filicinus pereleganter crispatus. Pet. Muse. n. 438. (fide Dill.)

Muscus Lichenoides, quasi flicis folia divisionibus suis referens. Ruppii FI. Ien.p. 403.

Lichenastrum filicinum crispum. Raii Syn. p. 111.

Muscus palustris, Absinthii folio. Vaillant, Bot. Par. p. 141. t. 26. /. 11.

Lichenastrum filicinum, pulchrum, villosum. Dill. Muse. t. 73. f. 35.

Jungermannia caule pinnato , foliis crispis capillariter multifidis. Hall. Helv. iii. p. 63. n. 1881.

Hab. Plentiful in moist places in various parts of the south, west, and north of England,
as well as in Scotland and Ireland. — So abundant is it at Allan’s Ford, near Durham, that
Mr. Thornhill informs me he could, in a very short space of time, have loaded a cart with

it. (Mr. Lyell finds it with anthers in October, and Dillenius observes that the capsules

are produced in the month of March.)

Plant growing in densely crowded patches, often covering a space of ground of several feet in
diameter, and rendered very conspicuous at a distance, from its extremely pale-green color.

Root scarcely any, except a few pellucid, short, and simple fibres, which may now and
then be seen towards the base of the plant.

/./. tomentella J

BRITISH J UNGERM ANNIiE.

Stems * from two to three and even four f inches in length, and about the half of a line in
breadth, nearly erect, flexuose; the primary division, which takes place near the base, is
generally dichotomous, the rest of the plant is pinnated with patent, alternate, and
somewhat distant branches, from three to five lines in length, which are, in like
manner, often again beset with still shorter pinnulae. The extreme ones are very
slender and zigzag, somewhat resembling the rachis of an ear of barley. The texture is
every where firm and compact, closely cellular, particularly in the lower part, where it
is of a brownish hue ; the rest is of a yellow-green color.

Leaves (f. 4) about half a line long, but, what is remarkable, scarcely larger on the main
part of the stem than on the secondary branches; thus appearing as if these stems had
outgrown the leaves, which are in that part also distantly placed : in the rest of the
plant they are more or less closely imbricated over the upper part of the surculi, and
at the extremity they form a thick head or tuft. Each is patent or horizontal with
regard to the stem, divided into two unequal lobes, of which the lower one is the
smallest, plane, conduplicate with the upper one, and appressed to its under surface : the
superior L.be is plane, or very slightly convex, acutely cleft nearly down to the base
into two linear or lanceolate segments, whose apices and margins, as well as those of
the lesser lobe (though not in so great a degree), are divided and subdivided into many
capillary segments of various lengths, and as variously curved, which give a tomentose
appearance to the whole plant, and render the true figure of the leaf very difficult to be
observed. The cellules of the leaf are oblong, rather large in proportion to its size; in
the narrowest part of the branched segments they occupy the whole diameter, thus
haiing a jointed appearance, resembling that of many Confervse, and the curious leaves
of Jungermannia trichophylla and setacea : and, like them too, the joints in drying are
here and there frequently contracted. Their color is almost always a pale green,
resembling that of J. incisa, though sometimes, as Mr. Lyell has observed, varying to a
deeper hue; which happens, probably, whenever the plant grows in less exposed
situations than usual.

In the Perigonial leaves I can distinguish no difference whatever from the rest.

Periehatial leaves (f. 7) wholly wanting, unless the pubescence that arises from the
exterior surface of the calyx may be looked upon as such. This is composed of minute,
capillary, and slightly-branched processes, which, under a high power of the microscope,
are seen to resemble the narrowest of the latinise upon the leaves, and like them have
the jointed appearance of a Conferva.

Stipule one to every pair of leaves, subquadrate; generally about the wirlth of the stem,
cleft at the apex into a number of very narrow, and, frequently, branched segments.

Male Fructification. Anthers situated on the upper surface of the stem, in the axilke of the
leaves, spherical, reticulated, of a greenish hue, and placed at the extremity of a short white
footstalk.

* When the plant is dry, the distantly placed stipules, on the larger part of the stem, become visible, and. give
it the appearance of being jointed.

t Haller desenbes them as reaching to the length of half a foot, in the neighborhood of Berne, in Switzerland.

BRITISH JUNGERMANNEE.

(J. tomentelia.J

Female Iructification in the axillae of the primary divisions of the stem.

Calyx (t. f. 5. G) nearly a line and a half long, oblong, cylindrical, a little increasing in
size towards the mouth, which is expanded and entire; its whole substance firm and
subcarnose ; indeed, as much so as that of the stem, with the nature of which it seems to
agree. It is of a yellowish-brown color, and is, on its exterior surface, beset with those
capillary branched processes, which I have described above as the perichaetial leaves:
these form at the mouth a minute kind of fringe.

Calyptra none, (see f. G.) At least, in the only specimen of the calyx that I had an oppor-
tunity of dissecting, 1 was not able to find any. It may, however, have been an injured
one: yet I am acquainted with two foreign species of this genus that have, like the
present, the perichaetial leaves arising from the calyx, in which I have universally found
that t he calyptra was wanting; a circumstance that tends to confirm my belief that the
germen is here likewise destitute of that part.

Peduncle one or even two inches in length, striated, and often slightly twisted, fixed
into the receptacle by means of a small obconical bulb, and terminated bv the

Capsule, of an ovate shape, and deep purplish brown color ; dividing at maturity into four
equal valves.

The seeds and spiral filaments (f. 8), which I have only seen from an imperfect capsule, are
of a fulvous color ; the former spherical, the latter composed of a double helix.

J. tomentella is readily enough distinguished in its place of growth, from every other
species, no less by its very pale color, than by the extent of ground occupied by its tufts. It
bears considerable affinity with the J. ciliaris of Linnaeus ; but, besides the great difference in
color- (J. ciliaris being always more or less of a rich yellow-brown), our present plant is much
less convex in the upper -u: face of its leaves, which are diiided into far narrower segments, and
the lacinise are considerably longer, and more numerous, as well as greatly more branched, than
is the case with that species, in which, moreover, the stems are almost always procumbent. In
the Banksian Herbarium, as well as in Dr. Smith’s and Mr. Turner’s, are preserved specimens of
a Jungermannia from New Zealand and the Sandwich Isles, so closely allied to this, that I cannot
do otherwise than mention it as a variety, and, indeed, I am unable to point out any difference,
except in the ramification, which in the exotic specimens is simply pinnate, and in that respect
approaches in its mode of branching to Ilypnum Crisla-castrensis , infinitely more so than J. to-
mentella does, as oberved by Weis.

Dillenius justly says, when speaking of the figure of this species in Vaillant, ,f nec ramos
nec folia et eorum villum bene representat indeed, it bears a much nearer resemblance to
J. fucoides of Swartz’s Flora India Occidentalis, than to our species. It was reserved for the
author of the Historia Museorum, to represent with great correctness this interesting plant, and
his description is scarcely le-,s accurate. “ Rami secundarii,” he observes “nervos tenues habent
et foliolis frequentissimis vestiuntur, primarii verb, seu caules, pro plantse ratione crassi sunt,.

fj, tomentella.)

BRITISH J UNGERM ANNI.®.

foliis non teque crebris cincti superne et per margines, infernb autem geniculati sunt, foliis
latiusculis villosis, quibus humi figitur, tecti.” Here Dillenius considers the stipule as a kind of
leaf; but I can by no means agree with him in supposing that, by help of that part, the plant is
affixed to the ground, though it is probable that roots are produced immediately from its base,
by which the plant may be attached to the soil, or to other individuals of its own species.

Ehrhart, in his Bdtrdge, first applied to this species the appropriate name of tomentella, and
described it with his usual perspicuity. Weis, on the contrary, Weber, Hudson, Withering, and
even Lamarck, in his Encyclopedie, have confounded it with the true J. ciliaris.

The older Botanists called this plant Muscus Absinihii folio ; but a more striking comparison
would have been with the leaves of the Ceratophyllum. Tournefort adds, “insipidus,” while
Dillenius remarks, “insipidus non est hie Muscus, sed subacris non tamen amarus.” To me,
however, it appears to be tasteless, or at most to have only a flavor, which it might imbibe
from the earth.

The fructification represented on the plate was drawn from the specimens in the Linneean
Herbarium.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

fto.

1. J. tomentella, natural size.

2. A female plant of the same, natural size.

3. Portion of the stem and. branches, seen from beneath, magnified 6

4. A leaf and stipule 8

5. Calyx and capsule 8

(3. Calyx, longitudinally dissected, with the young capsule, footstalk, and its bulb 3

7. Pericheetial leaves 2

8. Seeds and spiral filaments 1

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BRITISH J UN G E R M ANNI E

fJ. crenulata.)

J UNGERM ANNI A CRENULATA.

(TAB. XXXVII.)

Jungprmannia, caule procumbente, ramoso: foliis rotundatis, marginatis: fructu terminali;
calycibus obovatis, compressis, longitudinalithr quadrangularibus ; ore contracto, dentato.

Jungermannia crenulata. Engl. Bot. t. 14C3.

/3. gracillima; caulibus gracilescentibus j foliis minutis, distantibus.

Jungermannia gracillima. Engl. Bot. t. 223S.

Hab. Bogs at Amberley, Sussex. Mr. W. Borrer, Jan. — On the boggy parts of Holt Heath,
Norfolk, abounding among Conferva Ericetorum. Rev. R. B. Francis — Near Bantry.
Miss Hutchins. — At Howth and Powers-court, Ireland. Dr. Stolces. — Plentiful in the New
Forest, Hants; and at Kinnordy, Kerrie-muir, Scotland. Mr. Lyell. — Epping Forest.
Mr. E. Forster. — Mountains in Scotland. Mr. George Donn. — About Edinburgh.
Mr. Shuter. — On wet parts of bound and Westleton Heaths, Suffolk. — ( The male
fructification has been detected by Mr. Lyell in the month of July. — The female is
found in perfection in the early spring months.) — B is not uncommon, growing with a.
— Mr. Lyell finds it in great plenty in the New Forest; and Mr. Francis upon a loamy
soil in Edgefield Wood, and by the road sides in its vicinity. — (Young fructification is
tolerably plentiful in the months of October and November.)

This Plant* grows in rather densely-matted patches of various, but generally considerable, extent.

Roots simple whitish fibres, which descend here and there from nearly the whole length ot
the under surface of the plant.

Stems from an inch to nearly three-quarters of an inch in length, filiform, somewhat
flexuose, rarely simple, mostly once or twice irregularly divided, with rather slender and
simple branches, which gradually lessen towards the extremity. Innovations also
resembling these, but still more slender, are frequently produced. The texture of all of

* Fertile specimens seem to be the most crowded in their mode of growth, and 1 possess, from Mr. Lyell, a tuft,
which forms almost an entire mass of calyces.

(J. crenulata.)

BRITISH JUNGERMANNI/E.

them is tender, and composed of numerous cellules, which are readily distinguishable with
the microscope. The color is a dull green, at the apices frequently purple.

Leaves (f. 3) by no means closely placed in the barren shoots, but crowded and imbricated
in the fertile ones; in the former they are considerably smallest; in t lie latter the upper
ones, which are the largest of all, are nearly half a line in length in many instances,
erect, gradually lessening as they recede from the calyx; the rest, on the contrary, become
smaller in proportion as they approach the extremity, and are generally patent; all of
them are of a nearly orbicular figure (the lesser ones sometimes inclining to ovate),
concave, with the margins usually plane. Their texture is somewhat carnose; the
cellules are small, roundish, except at. the margin, where they are of a much larger size,
regularly quadrate, forming a curious and very conspicuous border, which is still more
remarkable in a dry state, when it becomes a little recurved, and is distinguishable by
that circumstance, and by a somewhat paler color, even with the naked eye. The extreme
edge of each of the marginal cellules is often swollen, thus forming the segment of a
circle, which, of course, gives the leaf a crenulated appearance; whence the name
adopted by Dr. Smith. This is, however, by no means universally so, nor have I ever
seen the leaf altogether so much crenulated as the figure in English Botany represents it
to be. The border itself is not unfrequently very obscure in the younger leaves, and in
none so evident as in those upon the fertile shoots. The color of the leaves is extremely
variable. I possess specimens, gathered by Mr. Lvell, which are wholly green, but the
most usual hue is a dull olive, with the extremities often, and the terminal leaves
generally, altogether of a rather deep purple.

The Perigonial leaves resemble the rest, except, that they are more crowded and their base is
swollen for the reception of the anthers. They are situated in various parts, but most
frequently about the middle of the stem.

Perichtetiul leaves differ in no respect from the rest that are placed upon the fertile part
of the stem. When the calyx is young they form a sort of cup around its base, and when
that part has reached its full size, they are about half its length or more, and are closely
appressed to each side of it. They sometimes appear to have their origin from the lower
part of the calyx itself, but this is by no means constant: for the calyx and perichaetial
leaves will often be found to have one common point of insertion, at the extremity of
the stem.

Male Fructification situated in the axillfe of the perigonial leaves, in clusters, consisting of
two or three, or more, anthers, each of which is spherical and reticulated, and supported upon
a short, whitish footstalk.

Female Fructification terminal* upon the main stems.

The Calyx (f. 5) is three-quarters of a line or more in length, of an obovate figure,
laterally compressed, and furnished with four longitudinal angles, which, in the full-
grown calyx, are prominent and acute, but in the younger state far less evident and
obtuse; at which time, also, the whole calyx is more spherical, and may readily be

* Unless, indeed, as may happen with almost every species of the genus, the production of a shoot immediately
beneath should give it the appearance of being lateral. This seemingly lateral situation may be more readily
distinguished from a truly lateral one, in consequence of the much larger calycine leaves, on the upper part of
the main stem.

BRITISH JUNG E R M ANN LE.

(J. crenulata J

supposed, by those who have not the opportunity of tracing it to perfection, to belong to
a different species. The mouth is much contracted and sometimes even prominent,
always irregularly toothed. The color and texture correspond with those of the leaves.

Calyptra (f. 8) thin, delicate, of a pale yellowish- brown color, elegantly reticulated, and
terminated by a short style.

Peduncle half an inch or more in length, white, pellucid, cellulose.

Capsule (f. 9) ovate, approaching to spherical, of a deep, shining brown color, longi-
tudinally and transversely furrowed.

Seeds and spiral filaments (f. 10) of a fulvous color; the latter are formed of a double helix,
and adhere, after the discharge of the seeds, to the margins of the valves of the capsule:
the former are spherical.

The var. fi , J.gracillima of Engl. Bot. is smaller in all its parts than a; the stems, too, are more
lengthened and slender, and are furnished with very minute, distantly-placed, and more ovate
leaves, at least on the barren shoots; for the fertile ones differ in no respect from those of a;
like them, too, being very distinctly bordered with large, quadrate cellules, whilst in the rest
this appearauce is far less observable.

The present species, which belongs to that division which may be called “ Exstipulatce, foliis
distichis, integris," is at once to be distinguished from the rest of the same tribe, by its qua-
drangular calyx, and its curiously marginated leaves. In some of these, however, as has been
already remarked, especially of the car. /S, the border is obscure, and they then bear no small
affinity to those of J. scalaris, from which, at the same time, the want of stipules will always keep
the plant distinct, even should the fructification be wanting, which is totally different in the two
species in question. Leaves of the kind just mentioned have some resemblance in figure to those
of J. pumila and J. lanceolata, but, besides that these last are always of a more delicate texture,
their far greater size, in proportion to the diameter of the stem, and their more crowded mode of
growth, will prevent them from being mistaken for those of J. crenulata. As I am not aware that
there is any other species that is at all likely to be confounded with the present, it will be
unnecessary for me to say more on its specific characters. With regard to J. gracillima of English
Botany, the sterile plants have a very peculiar appearance; but the true mark of the species will be
found in the fertile shoots, and I am particularly happy to be able to add, that Mr. Lvell, who
has been at great pains in examining and comparing the two, and long thought them distinct, now
perfectly coincides with me in considering them merely as varieties of each other-. /3 may often
be found with a, as well the intermediate states of the two.

Boggy places in various parts of the united kingdom produce this pr etty plant. Mr. Francis
has for many years remarked it in the neighborhood of his residence ; but Mr. Borrer’s specimens,
found in Sussex, are those that have been first published. These grow to a larger size than the
Norfolk plant. No author but Dr. Smith has noticed the species ; nor, indeed, does it appear to be
an inhabitant of the continent.

REFERENCES

( J . crenulataj

BRITISH J UNGE11M ANNI/E.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1. J. crenulata, natural size.

2. The same, magnified

3. Portion of a sureulus ivith leaves

4. Calyx

5. Section of the. same

6. Barren pistilla

7. German

8. Calyptra

9. Capsule

10. Seeds and spiral filaments

Tab. XY.m

BRITISH jungermannia.

(J. injlata.j

JUNGERMANNIA INFLATA.

(TAB. XXXVIII.)

Jungermannia, caule procumbente, simplice, vel ramoso : foliis subrotundis, eoncavis, acutb
bifidis ; segmentis rectis, obtusis : fructu terminali ; calycibus pyriformibus ; ore contractor dentato,

Jungermannia inflata. Hods. Angl. p. 511.

Jungermannia bicrenata. Schmidel, leones, p. 246. t. 64./. 1. (excl. syn. Dill/

Jungermannia bidentata. var. 2. With. hi. p. 853.

Hab. Moist and frequently boggy places in various parts of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
In Sussex it abounds on the chalky downs. — (Mr. Lyell finds the anthers in July, in the
New Forest, Hants. — Calyces are found during the greater part of the year; but capsules
have been met with only by Miss Hutchins and Dr. Taylor in Ireland during the early
spring months, and by Mr. Lyell in the New Forest, in July, and again on the ninth of
January, 1813.)

Plant growing in very densely-matted patches of considerable extent, conspicuous from their deep
green or almost black color.

Root consisting of numerous, minute, short, whitish and simple fibres, thrown out here and
there from the greater part of the under side of the plant.

Stems from a quarter to half an inch, or rather more, in length, procumbent, slender,
filiform, flexuose, simple, or, as is frequently the case, bearing two or three simple
scattered ramuli, which are either, like the parent stem, procumbent (f. 4), or erect (f. 5),
when the plant grows among grass or moss. The color varies from a pale green to an
olive brown. The texture is rather firm, composed of oblong cellules. Innovations are now
and then found arising from various parts of the stem, which much resemble the
smaller branches.

(J. infiata.J

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIAE.

Leaves (f. 6) more or less closely placed* * * § in a bifarious manner, generally most distant in
the lower part of the plant ; the upper ones somewhat imbricated, horizontal, patent or
even erect, frequently concave, occasionally remarkably so (see f. 7), sometimes also plane
or recurved; they are divided for nearly one half (or rather less) of the way down from
the apex, by an acute sinus, into two obtuse and strait segments. The cellules are small,
roundish. The color varies from a pale yellow-green (if the plant grow in a much
sheltered spot) to an olive-green, or a brownish-black.

Perigonial leaves produced at the extremity of the plant, where they are closely imbricated
and ventricose at the base. In other respects they exactly resemble the rest.

Perichatial leaves remarkable in being smaller than the other leaves, which they otherwise
resemble. Two or three of them closely embrace the base of the calyx.

Male Fructification f. Anthers are found in the axillae of the perigonial leaves, of a spherical
form, of a pale olive-green color, reticulated, supported upon a footstalk, which is transversely
striated, and about equal in length to the anther.

Female Fructification terminal, though occasionally appearing lateral from the peculiar insertion
of an innovation.

Calyx large in proportion to the size of the plant, half or three-quarters of a line long, at
first nearly spherical, at length pyriform or obovate, with a lengthened and tapering base,
above somewhat plicate; its mouth much contracted, and cut into a few obtuse and
unequally-sized teeth.

Pistilla (f. 10) eight or ten in each calyx, short, lanceolate, obtuse, of a greyish color,
longitudinally and transversely striated.

Calyptra ovate, reticulated, whitish, tipped with a short style.

Peduncle from two to three or even four lines in length, cellulose, terminated by the brown,
ovate

Capsule, which is exteriorly slightly furrowed, and opens into four equal, or (according
to Schmidel) three, variously jagged, valves.

Seeds and spiral filaments of a fulvous brown color*; the former spherical; the latter
composed of a double helix, and continuing attached to the margins of the valves in a
pectinated manner, as well as to the centre of the capside in a pencil or tuft§.

As the learned author of the leones has alone been so fortunate as to discover gemma upon this
plant, I shall offer no apology for transcribing his account of them, in order to render my
description the more complete. “ Sunt dein alia; frondes, quas Novembri mense potissimum
deprehendi, ante quam aut flosculi erumpunt, aut pauciores saltern pullulant; quse semper
denso foliorum ordine imbricate; sunt. In his copiosb, ad interioris plerorumque folionun

• Upon the innovations they appear to be always very distantly placed, and smaller than the rest,
f I have only become acquainted with the male fructification since the engraving was completed.

* C rnidel says they are sometimes mixed with white. “ Vasculum recenter ruptum, magnam copiam pulve.is
on me ex fulvo fuse, intensissimi, sphairici, qui coharret fills teneirimis, serpentine ductu crispatis, nigricantibus,

aut mterdum albo mixtis, inordmatlm positis.” leones , p. 249.

§ Schmidel, leones, p. 249. “Si vasculum rumpitur, magno cum impetu ejicitur pulvis . circa centrum vasculi
veto maxima pars filorum s. fumculorum, eo excusso, adhuc restat penicilli divergentis formd, et disco valvularum
cam, pars eorum sparslm adhteret. Tandem omnia dejiciuntur, et sola testa restat valvularum. Postremo pedunculus
marcescit, et declinans procumbit, ex quo calix in medio fovea impressa desedit »

( J . inflat a.)

Ii R IT1 S I I J u X G E R M A N N I .K .

dentis apicem, glomerulus, intense rufus conspicitur, qui initio parvus, senslm major
distinctly granulosus est, granulis subrotumlis conflatus. Haee granula tandem dissol-
vuntur, et per dentem prius defluunt, tandem per superficiem foliorum discumbunt sub
forma punctorum rubicundorum. Urnle hsec granula oriantur, distinguere nonduni
potui. Interdum vesiculae foliorum contigua: et vieinae granulis, vel marginales, ex parte
eodem rubore perfunduntur, qui in granulis conspicitur. Interdum in ipsis frondibus
fiosculiferis, in aliquot foliolis supremis, idem hoc ultimum distinxi

To our countryman, Mr. Hudson, is due the credit of first distinguishing the present, plant,
which has consequently long been published, though no other author since his time seems to have
spoken of it of his own knowledge, except Schmidel, who, in the pliice above quoted, has given a
figure as admirable as is his description. From the former of these, not being myself, at the time
the plate was in hand, acquainted with the perfect capsule, I have copied the representation given
at f. 4. Of the species in question being the inflate of Hudson I can speak with certainty, having had
the opportunity of comparing it with his original specimens, and being also furnished with others,
which Dr. Swartz gathered in England, when in company with its discoverer. In Germany, according
to Schmidel, this plant seems to be not uncommon, and in Sweden it is no less abundant than it is in
Britain. Dr. Swartz informs me that it grows amid the exhalations arising from the copper-mines at
Falilun. “ E collibus excelsis,” he writes upon the cover of one of the numerous specimens that he
has communicated to me, “cuprifodiam Fahlunensem adjacentibus, ubi Flora pauperrima ob exha-
lationes metalli fusi.— Nulla alia sui generis ibi invenitur quhm liaec qua in declivis uliginosis supra
terrain crescit.” In this situation J. injiala seems to flourish, though it is destitute of fructification.

The singular form of the full-grown calyx of this plant, and the obtuse segments of the leaves,
together with the deep olive or almost black color, are marks by which J. injiata may be known
from every other: and after the accurate character given of it by Hudson, and the elaboiate
description and figure by Schmidel, it is not a little remarkable that Roth should suppose it could
possibly be a variety of J. incisa! His words are “Huic (J. incisa-j proxim'e accedit, nisi eadein sit,
J bicrenata, Schm. Habitus totius plantaj sane idem cum nostra, quamvis folia constanter bisecta
dicantur, quae in nostra: regionis plantis nunc bi-nunc et plerumque trifida observantur. FI. Germ.
hi. p. 382. Withering, too, has fallen into an error no less striking, since lie has made it his var. 2
of J. bidentata (our J. heteruphy llaj . To this mistake he was probably led by Schmidel’s quoting
erroneously (though he has done it doubtfully) the Dillenian species, t. 60. f. 12.

Schmidel has noticed more than one fertile germen within the calyx, a peculiarity that is not
confined to this species. I have remarked it in J. emarginata ( see t. xxvii.) and in J. reptans.

The fructification of J. inflate, in a perfect state, seems to be very rare, but the calyces are
extremely abundant; and these, like the sterile calyces of J. ventricosa, are broken off' with the

slightest touch.

* A variety of Jungermannia excise has lately been found by my friend, Mr. Francis, having gemma- so like
those that are here described by Schmidel, that, were it not for the established accuracy of that author, I should
almost be led to suppose that he may have confounded the two. The color of the foliage in both is very srmtlar.

REFERENCES

(J. injlata.) BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1, 2, 3. J. injlata, natural size.

4. Fertile ■plants, magnified, 6

5. Barren plant g

6. 7 ■ Leaves 4

8. Apex of a stem and a calyx 4

9. Section of the calyx 3

10. Barren pistilla j

11. Capsule 2

Tub.XXXL

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BRITISH J UNGERM ANNUv

( J . DonnianaJ

JUNGERMANNIA DONNIANA.

(TAB. XXXIX.)

Jungermannia, caule erecto, subsimplice, filiformi, flexuoso: foliis arete imbricatis, subho-

rizontalibus, oblongo-ovatis, coucavis , apice bidentatis, falcato-secundis.

Hab. Discovered by Mr. George Down, in 1795, upon the highest mountains of Clova,
in Angus-shire, and on Ben Lawers and Ben Nevis ; again found in 1802, on Cairn-
gorum, and in September, 1802, on Ben-na-bord and Ben-Mac-Davie, two moun-
tains North of the Dee.

Plant growing in rather small and loosely-entangled tufts, intermixed with other species of
Jungermannise and Mosses.

Of the roots, I have not been able to find any traces, and, indeed, the lower pait of
the plants (whence, probably, the roots originate) are so much matted together, and
so brittle, that it is scarcely possible to separate an entire individual from the tuft.

Stems from one to two or even nearly three inches in length, and about the thick-
ness of horse-hair, erect, filiform, flexuose, of a rigid, and, in a dry state, fragile
nature, somewhat ligneous, opaque, exhibiting no cellular texture, of a purplish-brown
color, often verging to a black, either simple, or occasionally interrupted by one or
two scattered young shoots, which, except in size, differ in no respect from the

parent stem.

Leaves (f. f. 3. 4. <5) closely imbricated in a bifarious manner over the posterior surface
of the stem, and with great regularity throughout its whole length, about half a line
long, of an oblongo-ovate figure, very concave, having the sides not unfrequent ly
incurved; at the base they are slightly decurrent; at the apex divided by an acute
sinus, which is often concealed by the involute margin of the extremity (see f. 5),
into two small, and rather obtuse teeth; with regard to position, they arc nearly
horizontal, slightly falcate, sometimes distichous, (f. f. 3. 4) but far more generally

(J. Danniana.)

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIyE.

falcato-secund (f. 2). The texture of the leaf is rather firm, brittle when dry: the

cellules are very compact, extremely small, ovate or oblong, and may often be ob-
served to be arranged in longitudinal series ; many of the cellules are opaque, whilst
others are semi-pellucid, as is represented at f. 6. Their color is rather a deep, pur-
plish-brown ; at the base of the plant, of a dirty hue.

Mr. George Donn, of Forfar, communicated specimens of this plant, which he gathered
in 1795, both in the Clova and the Breadalbane mountains, to Dr. Smith, a few years since,'
marked « J. adunca of Dickson (the J. juniperina of Swartz and this work). On its being
ascertained to be a new species, my kind friend, Mr. Lyell, applied to Mr. Donn for other
specimens, which he had been so fortunate as to gather on another of the Scotch mountains,
in 1802, and be has subsequently informed me of two new stations for this plant, detected in
September, 1813. It is a species the most distinct of any I am acquainted with, and, among
the British Jungermanniae, is perfectly “ sui generis;” though, in mode of growth, and in the
disposition of the leaves, some kind of affinity may be observed with J. juniperina. In the
shape of the leaves, as well as in their direction, it bears a nearer approach to a large, and,

I believe, undescribed species found at St. Helena ; but, besides the much smaller size of
the former, the color of the two are totally different. Of our present plant, unfortunately,
no fructification has yet been met with. It appears to be confined to a few of the loftiest of
the highland mountains, and, even in these situations, has only been seen by its discoverer,
whose name it bears, and wlio has contributed so much by his indefatigable industry to the
Flora of the British Isles.

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIJE.

( J . Donniana.)

REFERENCES TO THE FIGURE.

FIG.

1.

Plants of J. Donniana, natural size.

2.

3.

4.

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BRITISH J UNGERM ANN IfE.

(J. platyphilUi.J

JUNGERMANNIA PLATTPHTLLA.

(TAB. XL.)

Jungermannia, surculo procumbente, pinnatim ramoso : foliis bifariis, inaequalitbr bilobis ; lobis
superioribus majoribus, rotundato-ovatis, subintegerrimis ; inferioribus stipulisque ligulatis, planius-
culis, integerrimis : fructu latcrali ; calycibus subovatis, compressis, ore truncate, inciso-serrato,
hlnc longitudinaliter semibifidis.

Jungermannia platypliylla. Linn. Sp. PI. n. p. 1600. Syst. Nat. n. p. 706. Gouan, Monsp.
p. 452. Pollich, Pal. hi. p. 196. Leers, Herb. p. 251. Weis, Plant. Crypt, p. 125.
Wiled. Ber. p. 342. Oeder, Enum. PI. FI. Dan. p. 42. Allioni, FI. Ped. ii. p. 314.
Villars, Delpli. in. p. 926. Roth, Germ. in. p. 405. Hoffmann, Germ, u.p.87- Huds.
Angl. p. 515. Lightf. Scot. n. p.784. Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. Gmel. ii. p. 1351. With. iii.
p.861. Lamarck, FI. Fr. ed. 2. ii. p. 433. Relhan, Cant. p. 439. Engl. Bot. t. 798.
Jungermannia cupressif or mis, (3. Lamarck, Encycl. Method, iii. p. 383.

Muscoides squamosum, majus, atro-virens, foliis subrotundis. Micheli, Nov. Gen. p. 9.
t. 6. f. 3.

Muscoides squamosum medium, rotundifolium, atro-virens. Micheli, Nov. Gen. p. 10.
t. 6. f. 4.

Hepaticoides foliis subrotundis, squamatim incumbentibus, major. Vaillant, Bot. Par.
p. 100. n. 5. t. 19. /. 9.

Jungermannia foliis subrotundis, densissime, et imbricatim dispositis, viridis , minor. Rupp.
Jen. 1. p. 345. n. p.294. (fide Dill.)

Lichenastrum arboris Vita: facie, foliis minus rotundis. Dill. Muse. t. 72. /. 32.
Jungermannia foliis imbricatis, lanceolatis, superne plants alternis, inf erne concavis, quin-
quefariis. Hall. Helv. in. p.6 1. n. 18/2.

/3. (f. 4) major; surculo (ut in a.) vagfe bipinnatlm ramoso; foliis majoribus, lievigatis, flavo-
■virescentibus.

y (f f 2. 3) Thuja ; surculo elongato, simplicity pinnatim ramoso ; foliis lsevigatis, fuscescentibus.
Jungermannia Thuja. D.cks. Plant. Crypt. Fuse. 4. p. 19.

Jungermannia platyphylla, /3. Weis, Plant. Crypt, p. 126. With. iii. p. 861.
Jungermannia cupressiformis , y. Lamarck, Encycl. iii. p. 283.

(J. platyphylla.J

BRITISH JUNGERMANNI/E.

Muscoides squamosum, saxatile, maximum, compressum, ex obscuro virescens, foliis subro-
tundis non nihil denticulatis. Micheli, Nov. Gen. p.9. t. 6. f. 1.

Lichenastrum Arboris Vita: facie, foliis rotundioribus. Dill. Muse. t. 72. f. 33.
Jungermannia, foliis imbricatis, lanceolatis, superne planis, alternis, inferne concavis,
quinquefariis. Hale, llelv. iii. p. 61. n. 1872. var. f3.

Hab. — a is extremely abundant upon old walls, rocks, and even on the trunks of trees,
in various parts of the kingdom ; flourishing within the influence of the smoke of large
towns. — 3 has hitherto been found only in Ireland, by Miss Hutchins, upon stones
by the side of Gougan Barra Lake, among the mountains near Bantry. — y was first
discovered in this country by Mr. Archibald Menzies, in August, 1778, growing upon
trees on the North side of Loch Ness, in Scotland. — It has since been gathered by
Mr. Templeton, on moist rocks, by the side of a waterfall, near Carrifergus, in Ireland.
— (Upon a the female fructification is produced in March and April ; but some of Mr.
Menzies' specimens of the /3, which he has been so good as to furnish me with, con-
tain perfect capsules, gathered in August. — Mr. Lytll has detected the male fructifi-
cation in the month of March.)

This Plant grows in considerable patches, with every individual imbricating each other, as is
the case with J. Hutchhisia ; or, to use the words of Dillenius, ‘ ‘ Magnis caespitibus et
numerosa serie invicem congestis, arboribus et muris adnascitur hie muscus.

The roots are with difficulty discoverable, a few rigid, extremely brittle, and somewhat
ligneous fibres, may now and then be seen to descend from the lower part of the plant.

Stems from one to two and three inches in length (or even five inches, in /3 and y),
scarcely so thick as small packthread, very flexuose, and pinnated often with straggling
branches, in some instances with much greater regularity than in others ; these pinnae
are not unfrequently again divided with short and nearly horizontal simple pinnulie.
Their texture is firm, opaque, and even woody below, but, towards the extremity, the
cellular texture is very visible. The color varies from a deep brown to a yellow, but
dirty green.

Leaves closely imbricated in two rows, so as wholly to conceal the upper side of the stem;
they are unequally two-lobed, having the upper one considerably the largest, and nearly
three quarters of a line (in y more) in length, often largest at the extremity of the
branches, distichous*, alternate, horizontal, ovate, approaching to round, slightly con-
cave above, with the margins, particularly at the apex, incurved, entire, or here and
there very slightly toothed : the lower lobe or lobulus is ligulate, diagonally appressed
to the inferior surface of the upper one, plane, having the margins only recurved
and entire. The color of the leaves is a deep, and sometimes blackish-green, opaque, free
lorn gloss in a; the texture is rather compact; the cellules minute, roundish (f. H).

* Dillenius has been very happy in his description of this species, of the leaves in particular, « foliis crebris"
,-e his words, .mbncadm congestis, alternd serie a dext.ll ad sinistram, a sin, suit ad dextram itnpositis, tenui-

'Z — SC “tUr Virid‘bUS’ “ “ fUSC° ViremibUS> ai)iCibUS “ Minibus deorsum flexis, u,

BRITISH JUNG E R M A N X I IE .

( J . platyphylta.J

Perigonial leaves (f. f. 5. 6. 7) closely imbricated upon short lateral raniuli, so as to form
an ovate compact mass, not much unlike the spicula of a Brlza (f, 6 ; each is
smallei' than one of the common leaves, and divided into nearly equal, very concave,
not appressed, lobes, resembling those of J. resupinata, and having their margins a
little involute, and altogether free from deuticulation.

The Perichcetial leaves scarcely dilfer from those of the stem, except that they are smaller,
and that the lobule is somewhat larger in proportion to the lobe. There are two to
each calyx.

Stipules (f. f. 10. 12) : of these there is one to each pair of leaves, arising from the under
side of the stem, and appressed to it; it is oblongo-ovate or ligulate, much resem-
bling the lobule, and in like manner recurved and entire.

Male Fructification (f. f. 5. 6) situated in the axilla; of the perigonial leaves. There is one

Anther (f. 7) in each of them, which is large, in proportion to the size of the leaf, and

presents an exterior reticulated cuticle, but within is filled with a minute greyish granulated
substance. The footstalk is scarcely more than half the length of the anther, white, trans-
versely striated.

Female Fructification lateral*, arising from the under side of the pinnae.

Calyx (f. f. 14. 15) a line or more in length, ovate, narrow and cylindrical at the base,

but gradually becoming wider, at first compressed and flat, at length, for the emis-

sion of the capsule, erect, and nearly cylindrical. The mouth is tmncate, inciso-serrate,
and cut with a deep notch, on one side, which extends nearly half the length of
the calyx.

Pistilla, eight or ten in number, ovato-lanceolate, of a greyish color, longitudinally and
transversely marked with darker lines: the mouth a little expanded.

Calyptra exactly spherical, contracted at the base, which forms a kind of footstalk ;
it is rather carnose, but elegantly marked with a roundish reticulation, and termi-
nated by a short tubular style.

Peduncle scarcely equal in length to the calyx, whitish, cellulose, tipped with the
perfectly spherical

Capsule, of a pale yellowish-brown color (f. f. 15. 18) : on bursting, which it does from
the apex, the four equal valves extend no more than half the length of the capsule,
and never appear to expand, but, even when old, continue erect. The texture of this
capsule is particularly delicate, and, under a highly magnifying power, exhibits a
reticulated structure, very much like that of the calyptra, but having, on the borders

of the areolae, a granulated appearance (f. 19).

Seeds (f. 20) numerous, by no means perfectly spherical, of a pale olive-brown color.

* Dillenius says it is terminal as well as lateral, which I have not observed to be the case. In other respects,
his description is very characteristic. “ Ab inferiori parte ex ipso nervo vaginae onuntur tenues membranace,

subvirentes, pediculo brevissimo h*rentes, e ramorum extremitatibus e, secundum eorum longitudmem egredien e

urir telntes, in summits, e ab initio index,, dein rectre, mediouW bivalves, non angulos,, in quibus
grana latent atro-viridia, colore, ubi erumpunt, spadiceo, in flores fusco-rufescentes dehiscent*.

(J. platyphylla.J BRITISH JUNGEIIM ANNLE.

Spiral filaments (f. 21) fulvous, apparently enveloped in a delicate, pellucid tube; but
whether Qr not these are affixed to the ends of the valves, or, as I rather suspect,
to various parts of the interior of the capsule, I have been unable to determine.

The variety (3, major, is remarkable for the size of its foliage, which is twice as large as that of a.,
and for its being throughout glossy : the stems are equally irregularly pinnate.

For. y has the stems much elongated and regularly, though distantly, pinnated with short and
horizontal ramuli, that are mostly simple. The leaves gradually, at least in many instances,
become less, as they approach the extremity of the plant, and are glossy, and, in all the
specimens that have come under my observation, of a yellow-brown color. — The two varieties
differ in no other particulars from a; and intermediate states, even of these, shew that the marks
here laid down are by no means strictly to be depended upon.

J. platyphylta, which in Britain is extremely abundant, and is said, by Dillenius, also to be a
native of Virginia and Pensylvania, is subject to considerable variation in appearance, whence some
botanists have been led to form from it two species, which seem, indeed, at first, sight, sufficiently
distinct, yet, on a more minute investigation, it will be readily ascertained in how slight a degree a
character taken from the general habit is to be depended upon. Perhaps even the J. Icevigata of
Schrader and of this work ought to be considered as a fourth variety : but as I have already, under
that species, expressed my doubts, as well as pointed out the only differences that I have been able
to find between them, it w ill be unnecessary for me here to repeat either the one or the other. There
is no other Jungermannia that I am acquainted with, with which there is the least chance of
J. platyphylla being confounded. With regard to its affinity, I am at a loss to say to which of the
families it naturally belongs in the division of “ Stipulates, foliis ineequaliter bilobis, lobis inferioribus
minorihus plants for, while, on the one hand, it resembles J. tomentella and ciliaris in the
structure of its foliage, on the other, it greatly differs from them in its fructification; and in the
short valves of the capsule agrees with a veiy natural family, consisting of J. serpyllifolia,
J. hamatifolia, J. calyptrifolia, and J. minutissima, which in other respects it is, nevertheless,
extremely unlike.

1 have omitted, in the above synonyms, many references to the older botanists, which are
mentioned in Dillenius and Micheli, because, from their short and imperfect characters, it is not
possible to quote them with the least chance of being correct. Micheli’s figures are more to be
t lusted than his descriptions. His representation of the ramuli, containing the male fructification,
is very accurate, as is his description. The anthers, it is well known, he looked upon as the seeds,
and of these he says, that they are found “ non in extern!! foliorum parte, sed recondita in sinu
squamarum cujusdam fruetfis, qui locustarum Graminis amoris formam prae se ferens, per surculos
yel per plantas non floriferas innasci solet.” His figure of the var. Thuja is much larger than I have

BRITISH JUNGERMANNLE.

■

4'

j .t ” . -

(J. platyphylla.)

ever seen the plant, and the representations of a seem to be intermediate between that and y. By
far the most excellent account of this species is given by Dillenius, though I cannot find that the
difference, mentioned by this celebrated author, in the leaves of his fig. 33 exists, even in his own
specimens. Haller is by no means correct in his remark upon Micheli, where he says, “Summos
ramos terminant. compressae gemmae, Brizce locust is similes, quas pro fructibus Michelius habet:
veros tamen juniores ramos esse, ex foliis serrate commissis facile agnoscas:” nor is he less in-
accurate, when, in speaking of the calyces, he describes them as “ rotundi and bivalves". In his
var. (3. (our Thuja ), he falls into the same error as Dillenius, in attributing to it cordate leaves
in opposition to those of cc, which he says are ovato-lanceolate. Lamarck, in the Encyclopedic, had
united this species with his J. cupressiformis* , making our a the /3 of that plant, and our var. Thuja
the y of it. In the Flore Francoise this excellent naturalist has restored the name platyphylla. The
var. Thuja, however, is unnoticed in that work, from which, probably, we may infer that it is not a
native of France.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1. J. platyphylla, natural size.

2, 3. Var. y. natural size.

4. Var. /3. natural size.

5. Portion of the stem and male fructification, magnified 6

6. Male ramulus, seen from beneath 4

7. Perigonial leaf and anther 2

8. 9. Anthers 1

10. Portion of the stem and leaves, seen from beneath 2

1 1 . Leaf 1

12. Stipule 1

13. Perichcetial leaves 2

14. Female branch 6

15. Calyx and capsule * 3

16. Germen 2

17. Pistilla 1

18. Calyptra and capsule 2

19. Apex of a capsule 1

20. Seeds 1

21. Spiral filaments 1

* J. dilatata. auct.

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BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE. (J. stipulacea.J

JUNGERMANNIA STIPULACEA.

_ . b n t: L

(TAB. XLI. )

Jungermannia, caule procumbente, simplice : foliis rotundatis, apice emarginatis, sinu seg-
mentisque acutis, rectis : stipulis magnis, ovatis, acuminatis, prope basin margine utrinque

unidentato : fructu laterali ; calycibus obovatis, apice subplicatis ; ore contracto obtuse dentato.

Hab. Shady rock in Laharn wood, near Bantiy, Ireland. Miss Hutchins. — Found after-
wards at Lough Bray, by Dr. Taylor ; and in Scotland, by Mr. George Bonn.

Plant growing in dense, very compact tufts, or cushion-like patches, resembling those of
J. incisa.

Roots descending in small bundles from the whole length of the under side of the
stems, each bundle originating immediately beneath the stipules : most abundantly
towards the base of the plant. Every individual radicle is simple, whitish, and pellucid.

Stems procumbent, or occasionally nearly erect, scarcely exceeding a quarter of an inch
in length, and not more than the fifteenth of a line in diameter, a little flexuose,
filiform, or slightly tapering from the base towards the extremity, almost always
simple, though I have observed them, in one or two instances, producing young shoots.
Their color is a yellowish-green, inclining below to a brown. The cellules are tolerably
conspicuous under the microscope.

Leaves (f. 6 ) bifarious, smallest at the base, gradually becoming larger towards the
middle, where they are three-tenths of a line long, but thence diminishing to the
apex j they are rather closely placed, and slightly imbricate each other, sometimes
patent or horizontal, but by far more frequently erect, slightly concave on the upper
surface, and convex beneath, a little waved, of a roundish figure, cut at the apex
into a rather deep and acute notch or sinus, of which the segments are likewise
sharp and strait. The texture is thin and somewhat membranous, the cellules small,
roundish. The color a pale green, with more or less of a yellow tinge.

The stipules (f. 8), which are very large, when compared with the size of the p an ,
are ovate, acuminate, plane or but little waved, a little patent or standing out from
the stem: the margin entire, except near the base, where it is furnished with a

single tooth, which is, however, occasionally nearly obsolete. They are of a more
dehcate texture than the leaves, but, in the cellules and color, exactly resemble them.

( .] . stipulacea .)

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE

Perichcetial leaves small: two or three of them surround the base of the calyx. Each
is roundish, and cut into three unequal and acute segments at the extremity.

Male Fructification unknown.

Female Fructification (f. 5) lateral; at least, it is so in the only fertile specimen that
lias come under my notice.

The Calyx (f. f. 9. 10) is ohovate, of the same color and texture as the leaves, slightly
plicate towards the extremity, where it is a little attenuated. The mouth is con-
tracted, plicate, obtusely toothed.

The Calyptra (f. 10) appears to be equal in width, and even to adhere to the sides
of the calyx, of which it is about three-fourths of the length ; the upper part only
is detached, and is membranous, whitish, and reticulated.

Peduncle two or three lines long, white, cellulose.

Capsule ovate, deep brown, striated longitudinally and transversely.

Seeds and spiral filaments (f. 11) reddish-brown; the former spherical, the latter formed
of a double helix.

This little species has been detected both in Ireland and in Scotland. Its minute size
may have caused it to be overlooked in other parts of the kingdom, but this peculiarity,
together with its large stipules, and the prominent situation of these, and their figure, afford
striking characters; though, in the latter particular, it very nearly corresponds with another
new species ( J . Bantricnsis, mss.) which has lately been discovered by Miss Hutchins, and
which has, like the present, emarginate leaves : but it differs in its much greater dimen-

sions, in the less concave, obtusely and slightly emarginate leaves, in the small stipules, and
in the situation of the calyx, rising quite leafless at the base from the upper side of the
stem, as that of J. pusilla does. I must here mention another species, found in Scotland by
Mr. Lyell, which has considerable affinity with the present in the size of the stipules, and
still more so in their form : but, besides that its leaves are twice or thrice as large as those

of J. stipulacea, they afford a more decisive character in their obtuse segments. With the
two plants now mentioned, J. stipulacea will undoubtedly range. They all differ from J. bidentata
and J. heterophylla, in having entire stipules ; while these have them deeply divided.

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

( J. stipulacea.J

4

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1. J. stipulacea, natural size.

2. 3. Lateral views of the same , magnified 6

4. Under side of ditto 6

5. Fructified plant of ditto 6

6. Portion of the stem with its leaves and stipules 4

7. Perichcetial leaf 4

8. Stipules 2

9. Calyx 4

10. Calyx longitudinally opened to shew the Calyptra 4

11. Seeds and spiral filaments 1

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muXJ* n 1 r */o £ ii >» „■ xz r

BRITISH J UNGER MANN I/E.

(J. serpyllifolia.)

JUNGERMANNIA SERPYLLIFOLIA.

(TAB. XLII. )

Jungermannia surculo repente, fili formic flexuoso, rage pinnatlm ramoso : foliis distichis, auri-
cularibus*, (seu sub-bilobis; lobis inaequalibus, superioribus majoribus, rotundatis, basi subtus
ventricosis ; inferioribus minutis, involutis:) stipulis rotundatis, acuth profundeque bifidis : fiuctu
laterali axillarique 5 calycibus late obovatis, pentagonis j ore contractor elevato, subdentato.

Jungermannia serpyllifolia. Dicks. Crypt. Plant. Fuse. 4. p. 19.

Jungermannia minima, foliis auritis, ex rotunditate acuminatis, punctatis ac veluti per-
forate, foribus virescentibus, vagina cordiformi. Micheli, Nov. Gen. p. 9. t. 6.f. 19.

Lichenastrum, quod Jungermannia minima, foliis auritis, ex rotunditate acuminatis, punctaiis
ac veluti perforate, f oribus virescentibus, vagina cordiformi. Dill. Muse. t. 72. f. 30.

. ovata; foliis minoribus, ovatis, sub-acuminatis.

Hab. “ In sylvis inter muscos.” D. Dickson.— Upon the trunks of trees, very abundant,
near Copgrove, Yorkshire.— About Bantry. Miss Hutchins.— Not uncommon in moun-
tain glens, near Belfast. Mr. Templeton.— North Brook, Furzy Lane, New Forest : and
upon rocks at Lowdore and Keswick, and on Castle-hill, Kinnordv, Scotland. Mr. Lyell.—
Powerscourt waterfall, with Calyces, May 23rd. Dr. Taylor.- Mam Turk, Cunnamara,
and mountains near Killarney, Mr. Mackay ; found about the latter place, also,
by Sir Thomas Gage, Bart. — ltocks by the waterfall on the Dee, near Mar Lodge.
Mr. George Donn. — (The male fructification is produced in June; the female, during
the spring months.)— /3. is found upon rocks near Bantry, by Miss Hutchins.

Plant growing in rather large and dense patches ; the different individuals, of which the patches
are composed, imbricating each other in a very compact manner.

Surculi from half to three-quarters of an inch in length, filiform, flexuose, extremely
slender, branched irregularly in a pinnated manner, the various shoots, which are

* I have called the leaf of this species a » folium auriculare,” from the close resemblance it bears to the
shell, Helix auricularis.

( J. serpyllifolia.J

BRITISH JUNGERMANNHE.

as uncertain as possible in number, length, and situation, being all on the same
plane ; these are mostly simple, but sometimes again beset with a tew short, simple
ramuli.

Leaves (f. f. 3. 4) rather closely imbricated (at least in a.) over the whole upper
side of the stem, bifarious, somewhat two-lobed, having the upper lobe by far the
largest, and the sixth, or sometimes even the fourth of a line long, horizontal, ovate,
very slightly convex above, the base beneath ventricose, where the lesser lobe arises,
which, perhaps, might with more propriety, be called a dilated and remarkably in-
voluted portion of the margin : taken altogether, the leaf very correctly resembles a
specimen of the Helix auricularis, by which comparison its figure will be better
understood, than could be the case by means of words. The texture is delicate ; the cellules
large, roundish. The color a pale yellow -green.

Perigonial leaves (which I had not seen till it was too late for them to be represented
on the plate) closely imbricated upon short ramuli, forming ovate compact masses, like
those of J. platyphylla. They are ventricose at the base, but the lobule is less involute
than that of the cauline leaves.

Perichatial leaves (f. f. 6. 12. 13) of quite a different figure from any of the rest, being
much larger, and divided deeply into two oblongo-ovate obtuse and slightly convex
lobes, which closely embrace the calyx : the upper one is about thrice the size of
the lower.

Stipules (f. 5) roundish, plane, cleft above a third of their length into two sharp and
equal segments, whose sinus is rather acute, extending about one-third of the length
of the stipule.

Male Fructification : a single Anther is situated in the axilla of each perigonial leaf. It
is reticulated, spherical, and terminates a short, white, transversely striated footstalk.

Female Fructification lateral and axillary.

Calyx (f. 6) about twice the length of the leaves, widely obovate, at the base cylin-
drical, thence gradually becoming of a larger diameter towards the extremity, furnished
throughout its whole length with five longitudinal sharp angles. The mouth small and
protruding into a short tube.

Calyptra ({. f. 7- 8) extremely thin and delicate, so that the young capsule may be seen
within it. The reticulation is large, and the areolae oblong; the style, with which it
is terminated, is long, tubular, and slightly expanded at the mouth.

Peduncle about twice the length of the calyx, wholly composed of a number of parallel
tubes, all of equal length, which are placed in distinct bundles, so that by the ter-
mination of the several parcels, are formed distinct transverse lines, dividing the footstalk
into several joints. In a dry state, these joints are bent with much regularity to the
right and left alternately, and give the peduncle a zigzag appearance.

Capsule (f. 9) perfectly spherical, white, beautifully marked with large and roundish
reticulations ; so transparent, that the green seeds may be seen through it, and the
extreme edge forms round these a white ring or limbus. It opens into four equal
valves, which, extend only half its length (f. 9), and always preserve their vertical
direction, never becoming reflexed, or even patent.

The spiral filaments (f. f. 9. 10) are composed of a double helix, slightly twisted, en-
closed witliin a large semipellucid tube, much expanded at the mouth. The seeds
(f 11) are few in number, large, oblong, somewhat angular, of a dark green color -

BRITISH jungermannit:.

( J. serpyllifolia. J

The var. (3. ovata differs from a in its smaller size, and in having the leaves more convex
on the upper surface, and of an ovate figure, acuminate at the point : which appears, indeed,
at first sight, more striking than is really the case, from the circumstance of the margins
of the leaves being incurved.

It is not a little remarkable that a species, which does not seem to be confined to a few
parts of the kingdom, should, among British Botanists, have found only one author who has
given a description of it; and, even among foreigners, Micheli alone seems to have been ac-
quainted with it. This excellent observer has displayed singular acuteness in the figure and
description he has given us of this plant, and its diminutive associate J. minutissima. Dillenius,
however, professedly ignorant of the plants themselves, has copied both the representation and
words of Micheli, not without expressing his doubts as to their accuracy, which he certainly
would not have done, had the specimens fallen under his own notice. “ Sed vereor,” is his
remark, " ut valde accurate sint, ob parvitatem suam : capital® videntur Anther® nondum
explicate, in quibus non capio, quid sint pili in summitate. Qu® puncta vocat, pinnuke
procul dubio sunt secundarke.” These “ capital®, or “ Anther®, as Dillemus considered them,
and the “pili in summitate,” are very striking characters in the species, though they are not
confined to it, since we are now acquainted with four species being thus distinguished;
J. hamatifolia, J. calyptri folia, J. minutissima, and the subject of the present description. To
the former of these it is that J. serpyllifolia comes the nearest in its foliage, but the calyces
will be found to differ materially, as will the leaves, though there is certainly a considerable
resemblance between those of the variety described above, and of J. hamatifolia : the latter are,
however, much smaller, still more acuminate and incurved, and have the lobule or expanded
and involuted margin occupying a much greater portion of the lobe. A difference will likewise
be seen in the stipules. Both Miss Hutchins and Mr. Lyell have often found the two species
erowing together; but they have never experienced any difficulty in distinguishing them.

Mr Dickson has quoted, as a synonym to J. serpyllifolia, Dill. Muse. t. 72. f. 28. insteal
of f 30 , which appears to have been done through mistake, the former figure being also referred
to as his J. cinerea; a species which I am disposed to consider only an injured state of

J. dilatata. . , . , •

Various degrees of temperature seem adapted to the present Jungermanma, wh.eh ts not

only found in Italy, ind in the North and South of Great Britain, but also m the st.U eolder

climate of Sweden, as 1 learn by the kind communications of Dr. Swam.

(J. serpyllifolia.J

BRITISH J UNGERM ANNIiE.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

tig.

1. J. serpyllifolia, natural size.

2. The same magnified 6

3. Portion of the stem, its leaves, and stipules 4

4. Simple leaf 3

5. Stipule 3

6. Calyx, perichcetial leaves, and capsule 3

7 • Calyptra, with the young capsule within 2

8. Calyptra burst 2

9. Capsule, seeds, and spiral filaments 2

10. Spiral filament enclosed within its tube 1

11. Seeds 1

12. Perichcetial leaves 2

BRITISH JUNGERMANNLE.

( J ■ calyptri/olia.J

JUNGERMANNIA CALYPTRIFOLIA.

(TAB. XLIII. )

Jungermannia, surculo repente, ramoso: foliis bilobis; lobis insequalibus ; superioribus majoribus,
calyptriformibus ; inferioribus obtuse quadrat is, .circumvolutis : stipulis oblongis semibifidis: fructu
laterali; calyeibus oblongis, sursiun quinquedentato ; apiee depresso, piano; ore contracto.

Hab. On the stems of the Ulex nana, near the ground, in heathy mountainous places in
the neighborhood of Bantry, intermixed with J. Iiamatifolia. Miss Hutchins. — Mr. Lyell
finds it growing intermixed with the same plant upon rocks at Lowdore.

This singular Plant grows in little pale green tufts, scarcely half an inch in diameter.

The roots are distantly scattered about the under side of the stems, and are composed
of extremely minute, whitish, pellucid, simple fibres.

Surculi from one to one and a half, rarely two lines in length, creeping, filiform, flexuose,
once or twice divided with short, procumbent, patent, branches : they are of a pale
green color, and have the cellules very visible under a magnifying power.

The leaves (f. f. 3. 4. 5) are rather closely placed, bifarious, horizontal, patent, or erect,
even on the same individual; at the base of the plant the largest, thence gradually
lessening towards the apex of the branches, unequally two-lobed, having the superior
one the largest (although, from the crowded mode of growth of the plant, the leaf
is not unfrequently forced into such a position, that it may appear to be the inferior
one, as may be seen in f. 2), four-tenths of a line in length, so precisely the shape
of that sort of calyptra in mosses, which Mohr has called “ mitriformis,” that 1 cannot
do better, in the specific character, than designate it by the term " calyptriformis.”
In other words, it may be described as oviform *, its base narrowed, furnished with
a narrow opening, which is about one-half the length of the leaf, its apex lengthened
out, incurved and acute ; the lesser lobe (f. 5) is subquadrate, having the angles obtuse ;
it is appressed to the larger one, half embracing it and concealing the opening (f. f. 3. 4).
The color, throughout, is a pale yellow-green; the texture delicate; the cellules rather

large, roundish.

* The word ovate having been applied to flattened leaves, I trust I shall be excused for adopting a term, by which
1 mean to express that a transverse section would represent a round figure, as :s seen by a similar section of an egg.

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIAS.

(J.

calyptrifolia.J

Periclicetial leaves (f. 9) varying in number from two to four; erect, closely appressed
to tire sides of the calyx, of which they are about one-fourth of the length, nearly
quadrate, their sides incurved, their apex obtusely and widely emarginate.

Stipules (f. 6) small, oblong, plane, appressed to the stem, or a little patent, divided
for about one-third of their length from the extremity, by an acute sinus, into two
equal, strait, and acute segments.

Male Fructification unknown.

Female Fructification lateral.

Calyx (f. 8) large in proportion to the size of the plant, oblong, attenuated at the
base, widening towards the extremity, where there are five projecting patent angles
or teeth, which are very decurrent, extending sometimes one-third, and sometimes
even more, of the length of the calyx: its extremity is depressed, and even flattened}
the mouth much contracted, and a little jagged. In color and texture the calyx exactly
resembles the leaves.

Calyptra (f. f. 10. 11) spherical, narrowed and attenuated at the base, strongly reticulated,
tipped with a tubular style.

Peduncle about twice the length of the capsule, divided by transverse septa into a number
of joints, each of which is composed of many minute capillary tubes; thus giving
the peduncle an appearance which is observable in those marine Conferva which
Mr. Dillwyn has called “ longitudinaliter venosa,” and, in which, he says, “ the filament
is an aggregation of several smaller tubes*”.

Capsule exactly spherical, white, membranous, pellucid, reticulated, dividing, for half
its length only, into four equal, erect, conical segments, which support at their
extremities the

Spiral filaments, in the form of a small tuft or pencil; they are few in number, each
appears (for I have not been able in the dry specimens to satisfy myself on this
point so well as I could wish) to be formed of a double helix, and is enveloped in
a thin, pellucid, membranous tube, open and a little expanded at the mouth. The
seeds are large, of an oblong figure, here and there obtusely angular, of a dark
green color.

Gemma (f. 7) appear to be not uncommon, and are produced upon various parts of the
stem, whence they readily separate, and upon the table of the microscope are seen
floating about in the water, almost the instant the plant is immersed: they are larger
than the seeds above described, nearly orbicular, depressed, composed of a few large'
cellules: the color is pale green.

J. calyptrifolia is one of the most curious species, and the most unlike every other in the Genus,
that have been discovered by the two often-mentioned botanists, Miss Hutchins and Mr. Lyell.
Hitherto it has always been found growing along with J. hamatifolia; but though so evidently

* Dillw. British Conferva, p. 8. and 80.

of the same natural family, agreeing with it in the singular structure of the capsule, seeds,
and filaments, still, the form of the leaves is so different, that no difficulty will be found in
distinguishing the two plants.

Although I have called the little spherical bodies, observable upon the stems. Gemma, 1
Ought to remark, that they are quite of a different nature from those minute particles, (to
which I have given the same name) that are produced upon the extremities of the stems or
leaves of J. bicuspidata, J. exsecta, J. ventricosa, &c. ; these having no apparent internal orga-
nization, while the former are composed of cellules as large as those of the leaf. Similar Gemma
(if such they may be called) are found on J. minutissima and J. hamatifolia , and, probably,
also (though I have not yet been so fortunate as to meet with them) upon J. serpyllifolia.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

fio.

1. J. calyptrifolia, about twice * the natural size.

2. A single plant, magnified

3. Portion of a stem, and a leaf. .

4. A leaf, with the lobule in its natural position

5. The same, with the lobule expanded

6. Stipule

7. Gemma

8. Calyx

9. Periclicetial leaves

10. Calyptra, inclosing its capsule

11. An old Calyptra

12. Capsule with its tubes, which contain the spiral filaments

13. Seeds

6

5

3

3

3

2

3

3

2

2

1

1

* The figure here referred to, is represented larger than nature; because, to have done otherwise, the minuteness
of the plant would have prevented its appearing otherwise than as a small, green, shapeless mass.

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BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

( J. minuta.)

JUNGERMANNIA MINUTA.

(TAB. XLIV.)

Jungermannia, caule erecto, subdichotomo : foliis bifariis, horizontalithr patentibus, subcondu-
plicatis; superioribus aequalitfer, inferioribus inaequalithr, bilobis, omnibus acutiusculis : fructu
terminali; calycibus obvatis, apice parinn plicatis 5 ore contracto, denticulate.

Jungermannia minuta. Crantz, Hist. Groen. cont. p. 285. (fide DicksoniJ. Dicks. Plant.
Crypt. Fuse. 11. p. 13. With. p. 855. Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. Gmel. 11. p. 1349.

Jungermannia rupincola. Schleicher, Plant. Crypt, exsiec.

Lichenastrum, pinnulis minutissimis rotundis. Dill. Muse. t. 69. f. 2.

Hab. “Inter muscos in alpibus scotieis.” Dicks. 1. c. — Upon Cairn-gorum and Ben Nevis.
— About Bantry. Miss Hutchins. — At Catlaw, Isla and the Castle Hill, Kimordy, Angus-
shire. Mr. Lyell. — (The Capsules are formed during the spring and summer months. —
Male fructification has been found by Mr. Lyell in August).

Plant growing in rather small, loosely entangled patches of small extent, and of a brownish-
green color.

Stems nearly erect, filiform, flexuose, from half an inch to an inch and a half in length,
simple, or only once or twice dichotomous, with long undivided branches, upon which
a short lateral innovation is occasionally here and there produced: they are of a close
texture, of a brownish color, rigid and brittle when dry.

Leaves (f. f. 3. 4) about one-fourth of a line long, rather distantly placed, more apart at
the base of the plant, at the extremity collected into a little cluster, hilarious, horizontal,
subquadrate,' having the sides inclining to conduplicate, but not strictly so, and so ap-
pressed in their lower part to the stem, that it is almost entirely concealed; the
upper ones are divided into two equal, rather acute lobes,- but, in proportion as they
recede from the apex, they become more unequal and acute, and the lower ones of
all (f. 4), bear no small resemblance to the leaves of that family to which J. nemorosa
and its congeners belong : here and there a leaf may be found having three lobes or
segments (f. 5), but such is probably the effect of accident. Upon the innovations.

( J. minuta.J

BRITISH JUNGERMANNI/E.

the leaves are more distantly placed, very small, and very unequally lobed. The texture
is rigid, especially in a dry state; the cellules small, roundish. The color a yellow -
green, much inclining to olive or brown.

Peri gonial leaves, more concave than the rest, and even ventricose at the base ; but in other
respects like them : in general, they are only seen near the extremity of the stem.

Perichatial leaves (f. C) large, roundish, divided into two, or, not unfrequently, three,
acute lobes or segments. When only two segments, I have observed a small lobe
towards the base; probably the rudiment of a larger one. Their color is paler than
that of the cauline leaves, and they are of a more delicate texture.

Male Fructification. Anthers, situated in the axillae of the perigonial leaves, two or three
in each, spherical, reticulated: the footstalks short, white, transversely striated.

Female Fructification terminal.

Calyx, at first globose (f. 7), and wholly concealed by the perichaetial leaves; at length
becoming obovate, or even obovato-oblong, three-fourths of a line long, a little plicate
above; the mouth contracted, and fringed with very minute teeth.

Peduncle half an inch long, white, cellulose.

Capsule oblongo-ovate, of a reddish brown color, striated longitudinally and transversely,
and opening into four, equal, lineari -lanceolate valves.

Seeds and spiral filaments fulvous brown, the former of a spherical form, smooth; the
latter composed of two short and closely twisted helices.

Obs. At Isla, on the 21st of July, Mr. I .yell discovered Gemmae upon this species, bearing
a considerable similarity to those of J. infiata, (as represented by Schmidel) and those of J. excisa ;
but far less compact than the latter, and more confined to the terminal leaves than appears
to be the case with the former. They are of a red color, minute, angular, pellucid, presenting
no internal organization, collected into small, though by no means compact balls, at the apex
of each lobe of the leaf.

The Dillenian plants which came from Greenland, and are preserved in the Herbarium at
Oxford, though exactly agreeing with the specimens here figured, as well as with others wdiich
have been given me by Mr. Dickson, are, nevertheless, very unlike the figure and description in the
Historia Muscorum, and, indeed, so much so, that it seems scarcely possible that these latter
could have been made from those individuals. The fructification of J. minuta was entirely unknown,
till detected by Miss Hutchins and Dr. Taylor, in Ireland, and, subsequently, in Scotland, by
Mr. Lyell, who, alone, has found both anthers and capsules.

1 bis is an elegant and extremely well defined species, and has a peculiarly neat appearance,
from the circumstance of the leaves being most regularly disposed, all placed in a nearly horizontal
direction, and, as it were, in a pinnated manner. In color, it nearly approaches some of the
states of J. infiata; and some of the leaves bear a considerable affinity witli that species, but
they have the sides always conduplicate, and the points more acute, The lower leaves, being

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

( J. minulaj

unequally two-lobed, indicate an affinity with the family, “ foliis inaqualit'er bilobis," whilst
the upper ones resemble those in the division, “ foliis aqualiti’r bilobis." So that, in fact, it
holds an intermediate rank : though, perhaps, most nearly allied to the former, by the perichaetial
leaves having a greater number of lobes than the rest, which is never the case with the latter.
By means of an authentic specimen, communicated by Dr. Swartz, I am able to add the synonym
of Schleicher, I he same friend has also sent me specimens which he gathered in Sweden.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1. J. viinuta , natural size.

2. An individual, magnified 6

3. Upper part of the stem and leaves 4

4. Lower leaves 4

5. A trifid leaf *. 4

6. Perichcetial leaf 4

7- A young* calyx 3

8. The same, dissected longitudinally 3

* I was not acquainted with the full-grown calyx, till it was too late to have it inserted in the plate.

Erratum.— -In the description of J, cordifolia, second page, 1, 20, for J. minuta, read J. pumila.

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BRITISH JUNGERMANNEE

( J ■ multifida.J

JUNGERMANNIA MULTI FIDA.

(TAB. XLV.)

Jungermannia, fronde lineari, enervi, carnosa, compressa, pinnatim ramosit : fructu marginali:
calycibus brevissimis ; ore dilatato, fimbriato: calyptrii exsertu, oblongo-cylindrace&, tuberculata.

Jungermannia multifida. Linn. Sp. PI. n. p. 1602. Syst. Nat. n. p. 707. FI. Suec. p. 404.
Leers, Herb. p. 253. Weis, Plant. Crypt, p. 109. Weber, Spic. Ft. Goet. p. 159. Oeder,
Enum. PI. FI. Dan. p. 43. Schreber, Spic. FI. Lips. p. 109. Schmidel, leones, p. 213.
<.55. Roth, Germ. in. p. 412. Hoffmann, Germ. ii. p. 91. Huds. Angl. p. 517. Lamarck,
Encycl. Bot. hi. p. 287. Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. Gmel. n. p. 1353. Lamarck, FI. Fr. ed. 2.
v. ii. p. 426. With. p. 851. Engl. Bot. t. 186.

Lichenastrum Ambrosia > Divisura. Dill. Muse. t. 74. f. 43.

/3. sinuata; frondibus latioribus, ramosis, margine sinuatis.

Jungermannia sinuata. Dicks. PI. Crypt. Fasc. n. p. 16. With. p. 851. Engl. Bot. t. 1476.

TJlva palustris foliis Ivce moschata: instar divisis. Raii Syn. p. 64. n. 10.

Mars'llea terrestris minima, foliis sinuatis, jloribus nigricantibus. Micheli, Nov. Gen. p. 5.
t. 4. f. 3.

Lichenastrum Chamadryos multifidce divisura. Dill. Muse. t. 74. /. 44.

Hab. Moist places upon heaths ; also in marshes, and on the sides of ditches ; abundant in
various parts of Great Britain. — (The fructification is produced in the spring months,
sometimes under water. — Gemmae are found by Mr. Lyell, in November.)

Plant generally growing in thickly-crowded tufts of considerable extent.

Roots, a few small, whitish, simple fibres, descending principally from the lower parts of
the plant.

Fronds from half an inch to an inch and half in length, and half or three-fourths of a
line, or more, in diameter, compressed, erect in general, but sometimes, especially in
the broader varieties, decumbent and imbricating each other, always branched, but ex-
tremely various in their ramification, often being twice or thrice divided in a most irregular
manner, with narrow laciniae in every respect resembling the main part of the frond,
(f. 7) w hile, at other times, which is indeed most common, they are seen to be pinnate

( J. multifidd.J

BRITISH J UNGER MANN IiE.

or bipiniiate (f. f. 1. 3. 5. 6), in which case, the pinnae are distantly placed, alternate,
patent or horizontal, beset with less remote pinnulae, which are again not unfrequently
furnished with other still smaller ones : all these at the apex are obtuse, and somewhat
dilated, rarely emarginate. The substance of the plant is carnose, succulent, externally
appearing reticulated, but within evidently composed of many cellules, which, in the
thicker individuals, cause it to appear opaque when held against the light ; the thinner
ones are more pellucid. The color is a pale green, more or less inclining to yellow, and
even brown, after having been long dried.

Male Fructification (f. 8) situated in prominent tubercles, arising from various parts of the
frond. In each of these, there are four or five Anthers (f. 9) imbedded within the cellular
substance, of a nearly spherical figure, sometimes inclining to ovate, reticulated externally ;
within having a greyish granulated pollen, around which a pellucid border or limbus is often
\isible (f. 10). The footstalks are white, and transversely striated.

Female Fructification (f. f. 6. 7. 1G. 17) always arising from immediately beneath the margin,
never terminal, nor by any means confined to the base of the plant, as some authors have con-
sidered it to be.

Calyx (f. 17) very short, somewhat hemispherical, having, however, its base slightly at-
tenuated, its mouth expanded, and cut into numerous short, but unequal, sharp lacinke,
which give it a beautifully fimbriated appearance. In color it resembles the frond, and
in texture likewise, except that it is thinner, and the cellules, at the extremity of the
laciniae, form a simple series, like the joints of a Conferva.

Pistilla (f. 17) five or six in each calyx, of a pale, greyish color, striated longitudinally
and transversely, their figure ovato-oblong, with the mouth slightly expanded. After
impregnation, one of them rises erect, or at most with a little curve at its base, to the
height of a line, or even more : then becoming the
Calyptra, oblong, of a nearly cylindrical figure, widening, however, a little, but gra-
dually, towards the extremity; its base filling the whole calyx, which is closely ap-
pressed to it : its apex is often terminated by a very short and tubular style, but more
frequently nothing is there observable but the minute tubercles which cover every other
part of the calyptra, and form one of the most striking characters of the species. The
whole is of a yellowish white color, the texture thick, tleshy, cellulose. At the apex, it
bursts with a small and jagged opening, for the emission of the capsule.

Peduncle nearly an inch in length, white, cellnlose, not unfrequently twisted.

Capsule large, oblong, brown, striated longitudinally and transversely, dividing, at length,
into four equal lineari-lanceolate segments or valves, and discharging the
Seeds, which are spherical, and fulvous. The spiral fdaments are of the same color, com-
posed of a single helix (f. 15) tapering at each extremity: these are affixed to the apices
of the valves, and there the greater number of them continue to adhere in the form of
tufts or pencils after the dispersion of the seeds, and till the capside itself is in a state
of decay.

Gemma: (f. f. 18. 19) produced in small loose clusters, beneath an incurved extremity of the
stem, whence they are easily detached, and, under a microscope, appear to be composed
of a nearly spherical, pellucid, white, and extremely thin cuticle, within containing a
mass of a green, minutely granulated substance, which is often collected into three dis-
tinct balls. The individuals, which 1 have hitherto observed to produce these Gemmae,
are such as have neither male nor female fructification.

BRITISH JUNGERM ANNIJE.

( J. multifda.)

Cn the var. /3. the J. sinuata of Engl. Botany, I can perceive no difference, except that the frond
is somewhat wider, and the divisions or lateral segments are frequently, but by no means
constantly, so short that, the margins appear to be here and there sinuate, rather than cut
into segments.

For want, of fructified specimens of the J. palmata of Hoffmann, a plant evidently most nearly
allied to J. multijida, 1 am unable to point out from my own observation any other marks of
distinction by which it may be known from the species here described, than its smaller size, its
more cylindrical shoots, and its disposition to be branched principally at the base of the frond
Other characters, however, will be found in the fructification, as detailed by Hedwig, whose
remarks on the Anthers shall be here transcribed. “ Masculus e contra in distinct'! plantulil apices
processuum occupat, plerumque tunc tumidiores spongiosos, vesiculari ad ambitum habitu. Hujus
de medio transparent circelli lucidi, in quibus continents folliculi masculi pedicellati. Absolute
flore, dehiscit intumescentia, deinde plane cadit, truncates relinquens processus*. And, besides
the difference in the male fructification, in the female the same author represents the calyptra as
having a small brown covering like the calyptra of a moss, which does not exist in our plant,
(see Theoria, tab. 19. f. 96.) J. pinguis is the only other species with which J. multijida is likely
to be confounded; and here it must be observed, that it is only allied to some of the narrowest
and most branched varieties. The former, however, is always more thick and succulent, is plane
on its upper surface, and never presents a reticulated appearance ; its size too is much larger, and
its calyptra, in every instance, free from tubercles.

The three Jungermann iae just enumerated, belong to that division of the genus, the individuals
composing which have been called “ Acaules," and differ from all the rest of that family, in
having no traces of a nerve, or perhaps, more correctly speaking, in being, altogether, composed
of nerve or stem, and destitute of those lateral and more membranous expansions, which have
caused all the rest of the genus to be called, in contradistinction to these, folios#; and which, even
in one species of this very section, have a considerable approach to the appearance of the leaves in
other plants. In J.furcata the frond has this membranous expansion continued uninterruptedly from
the base to the extremity; in J. epiphylla the margin is here and there slightly lobed, whilst, in
J. Blasia ( Blasia pusilla of Authors) the lobes are so deep, and so regular, that this species seems
to hold an intermediate place between the “ Jungermanni # Folios <z and the Rondos*.’’ That the
more membranous part of these species is analogous to the leaves in the others, will he still more
apparent, when it is observed, that neither roots nor male nor female fructification are produced
(as far, at least, as my experience will enable me to speak) upon it. J. epiphylla, in some of its

states, may appear an exception to this remark; but even the older specimens, when held up to

the light, will be seen to have an obscure, though wide, nerve, whence originate, on the upper
surface, both the male and female fructification, and, on the lower surface, the roots. In younger
plants the nerve is very conspicuous, as it is in the innovations. The situation of the spiral filaments,
attached to the ends of the valves of the capsule, is, unfortunately, not confined to J. multijida,
J. palmata, and J. pinguis; for they are so fixed in J.furcata, which, in other parts of its fructi-
fication, differs materially from those species.

» Theoria, p. 87. t. 18. f. 94.

( J. multifida.)

BRITISH JUNGERMANNI/E.

The true calyx does not appear to have been noticed by any author, and, indeed, is not readily
observable, except before the exsertion of the calyptra, which Schmidel has mistaken for it.
Neither do the Gemma;*, figured by this author, (his Anthers, see his leones, t. 55. f. 6 ) accord
in situation with those which have been communicated to me by Mr. Lyell, and which, in all the
specimens, were collected together beneath an incurved extremity of the frond; whilst those of
Schmidel are collected in a mass at the very apex. “ Verno tempore,” he says, <f Martio aut
Aprili, interdhm jam autumno praegresso, antequam ullus calix notabilithr excrevit, certe antequam
ulhts aperitur, in ramulorum extremorum corniculatorum apicibus plurimis adparere solent vesicuke
minutissimae, tota reliquk substantia pellucidiores et in flavum colorem vergentes. Hae vesiculae
post aliquam moram fatiscere, et membranulas exsuccas relinquere videntur, qua; pellicularuiu
albarum forma apicibus ramorum passim inhaerere solent. Vero quidem non absimile videtur, in
his vesiculis succum faecundantem elaborari et contineri, cujus receptacula absolute functione
flaccescunt.” leones, p. 215.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1. J. multifida, natural size.

2. var. /3. sinuata, natural size.

3. 4. J. multifida, with female fructification, natural size.

5. Sterile plant, magnified 6

6. Female plant 5

7. Female plant 5

8. Portion of a male frond 4

9. Anther if erous tubercle, dissected 2

10. Anther 1

11. Calyptra 4

12. Capsule, with its valves expanded 4

13. Calyptra, longitudinally dissected, to shew the young capsule 4

14. Seeds and spiral filaments 4

1 5. The same 1

1C. Calyx and young calyptra 4

17. Calyx torn open to exhibit the pistilla 2

18. Extremity of a gemmiferous frond 4

19. Gemmce 1

* It is possible that these are intended for the Anthers of J. palmata, which Schmidel does not appear to have
been acquainted with as a distinct species ; yet, so acute an observer would hardly have permitted the footstalks
to have escaped his notice. — Hoffmann, in his Flora Germanica, indeed, under J. palmata, says, Hujus loci vet
peculiars species videtur Jung, multijida, Schmidel, leones, t, 55.”

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

( J. pinguis J

JUNGERMANNIA PINGUIS.

(TAB. XLVI.)

Jungermannia, fronde oblongft, decumbente, enervi, carnoslt, supra planiusculfi, subtiis tumidli,
hie illic divisa, margine sinuate : fructu ex inferiore parte prope marginem egrediente ; calycibus
brevissimis j ore dilatato, fimbriato ; calyptra exserta, oblougo-cylindracea, lievi.

Jungermannia pinguis. Linn. Sp. PI. n. p. 1602. Syst. Nat. n. p. 70 6. FI. Suec. p. 403.
Scop. Cam. n. p. 351. Leers, Herb. p. 252. Schrank, Bavar. n. p. 501. Weis, Plant.
Crypt, p. 107. Weber, Spicil. FI. Goet. p. 158. Willd. Ber. p. 343. Oeder, Enum.
PI. FI. Dan. p. 43. Villars, iv. p. 926. Roth, Germ. 111. p. 411. Hoffmann, Germ.
11. p. 91. Schmidel, leones, p. 136. t. 35. Relh. Cant. p. 440. Huds. Angl. p. 517.
Lightf. Scot. 11. p. 7S9. Lamarck, Encycl. Bot. in. p. 286. With. p. 851. Engl.
Bot. hi. t. 185.

Marsilea media pinguis, pallide virens, foribus majoribus nigricantibus, ad foliorum latera
egredientibus. Micheli, Nov. Gen. p. 5. t. 4. f. 2.

Lichenastrum capitulis oblongis, juxta foliorum divisuras enascentibus. Dill. Muse. t. 74.
f. 42. (excl.fig. r. s. k.J

Jungermannia fronde foliosa, lacerd, ex latere florifera. Hall. Helv. m. p. 63. n. 1S84.

jS. angustior; fronde elongata, sublineari, simplice vel subpinnatim raniosa.

Hab. Extremely moist and generally shaded places in marshes ; sometimes also, though
not frequently, growing under the water in shallow rivulets and stagnant pools. — S is
found plentifully at Herringfleet, by Mr. Turner, among Conferva; and other aquatic
plants, in pools of water. — (The fructification, both male and female, seems to be not
uncommon during most- of the summer months.)

Plant usually growing in loose and straggling patches, sometimes, however, compact and clustered.
Roots, a few minute fibres, scattered about various parts of the under side of the plant.

Some specimens I have observed to be quite destitute of them.

Fronds from one to two, and even three inches long in the var. 3, procumbent and often
imbricating each other, sometimes nearly erect, of an oblong figure, narrowest at the

( J. pinguis.J

BRITISH JUNGERMANNOE.

base, where they are one or two lines in diameter, thence gradually widening to the
extremity, which is rounded and obtuse, and three or four lines in width : they are either
simple, or furnished with one or more large divisions or segments, (which, in every re-
spect, resemble the principal part of the frond) and other lesser ones, which give the
appearance of a sinuated margin; the whole, though plane, or even a little concave
above, is below so swollen, that many individuals are half a line, or even a line in thick-
ness, and are always destitute of any nerve: substance carnose, remarkably succulent,
opaque: cellules numerous, small, and not readily discernible: color more or less of a
yellow green.

Male Fructification (f. f. 4. 5. 6) situated in the superior surface of small marginal processes
or receptacles, eight or ten or more of which occupy the upper half of a frond ; each of these
is simple or two-lobed, convex beneath (f. 5), plane above (f. f. 6. 7). In the upper and plane
surface, the substance seems to be of a paler color, and more closely cellular than the rest of
the plant : the anthers are so deeply imbedded, that their apex alone is level with the superficies,
and is visible by means of a little opening. They are spherical, reticulated, greyish, situated
upon a very short footstalk : by the shrinking up of the cuticle, after the discharge of the pollen
from the Anthers, the apertures, which they previously filled, are now nearly empty. The re-
ceptacles themselves, in all probability, after their office is performed, expand into segments of
the frond.

Female Fructification (f. f. 1. 2. 18. 19) originating in various parts of the under side of the
plant, but always near the margin.

Calyx (f. f. 18. 19) nearly hemispherical, much resembling that, of J. multifida, and having
an expanded mouth and fimbriated margin : its substance is cellulose, like that of
the frond.

Pistilla (f. f. 19. 20) seven or eight in number, small, nearly ovate, with a somewhat
dilated mouth, jagged and a little bent back ; they are of a greyish color, marked,
longitudinally and transversely, with darker lines.

Calyptra (f. 10) three, or even four lines long when arrived at its full size, lineari-oblong,
cylindrical, nearly of the same thickness throughout, strait or a little waved and curved
at the base, obtuse at the end, sometimes having a short style. Its texture is succulent,
closely cellulose : its color a very pale greenish yellow, approaching to white.

Peduncle from two to three inches long, whitish, cellulose.

Capsule oblong, red-brown, marked with numerous striae or furrows, which are connected
by transverse ones. It opens into four equal lanceolate valves, which reach to the base
of the capsule, and contain at their apices the

Spiral filaments in the form of tufts or pencils: these are formed of a simple closely-twisted
helix, attenuated at each extremity, of a fulvous color, as are the seeds, which are,
moreover, spherical and smooth*.

1 he var. ft has a singular appearance, at first sight, from the narrowness of the fronds, and more
so, when it is found branched, from the pinnated disposition of the segments. Some of the
smaller individuals are not more than equal to the calyx in size.

! ' ’ llowever, seems to have discovered them to be otherwise. “ Per lentem sumrm' augentem ex croceo

parent, formamque sph*ricam, aliquantum irregulaiem, superficicmque venis rotundis reticulatam offerunt.”

leones, p. 139.

BRITISH JUNGERMANNI/E.

( J. pinguis. J

I have already, under J. multifida, noticed the characters by which that species may be known
From the smaller varieties of J. pinguis, which, indeed, in the general outline of the frond, bears
a still closer resemblance to J. epiphylla .■ the difficulty of distinguishing these two, will, however,
vanish when the greater thinness and far less succulent nature, the larger cellules, more reticulated
appearance, and, above all, the nerve of the latter are taken into consideration. The female
fructification of the two species is also totally different in its situation, and affords most decisive
and never-failing marks of distinction. Dillcnius, who was well acquainted with the two in this
state, has assuredly fallen into an error, in his tab. 64. f. 42. r. s. and k. where he has represented
the antheriferous fronds of J. epiphylla j although he has, in the same plate and figure, at the
letters t. and u. published a very satisfactory likeness of the true male fructification of J. pinguis.

In Schmidel’s plate also of J. pinguis ('leones, tab. 35. f. 1.6. 7), is figured a Jungermannia,
which, not only in the shape of the frond, but also in the tubercles which it bears on its upper
surface, has a close resemblance to the anther-bearing specimens of J. epiphylla ; but the contents
of these tubercles, or acervuli, as they are called, are so different from the anthers of ./. epiphylla,
that it impossible they should be intended for them : their structure, also, is most remarkable,
which tempts me to transcribe Schmidel’s elaborate description of them, causing, at the same time,
no little regret, that it is neither in my power to confirm, by my own observation, so interesting
an account, or even to suggest an opinion, as to their probable use. “ Maio et Junio, ac sequentibus
aestivis mensibus observati cespites in medio disco monstrare solent glomeres seu acervulos, ex
basi rotunda in conicam formam elevatos, modb alternos, modb Conjugatos, ex supina frondis facie
surgentes, totos ex vesiculari laxaque compage conflatos, pro incremento frondis semper sibi
succedentes, quo durante, apex rami erigitur et introrshm complieatur ; eo verb cessante, ampliari
et explanari incipit. Juniores virescunt, in vertice foveolam gerentes : adultiores aut soli, aut cum
to tli frondis substantia, rubescere plei unique incipiunt. Sensim cuticula seu reticulum foveolae
distenditur, ut, contenta in acervulo transpareant. Paullo post liquor comprehensus aut nudus
conspicitur, aut pars ejus in ve^iculas oblongas, numero octo, novem vel decern extuberat, qua;
foveam, coronse instar, ambiunt j mox tamen sponte cadere non tardant. Vesiculas istas a liquore
acervuli proficisei, inde patet, quia semper post vesicularum ortum cavea minus plena reperitur.
Liquor ipse densiusculus, non perlucens, sed laciei coloris est, et comprehenditur cavea uniloculari,
ex rotundo oblonga, in ipsius acervuli gremio exsculptft, cujus orificium propria serie reticuli
circumdatur. Aliquit moill interjects, succus is, aut in rnoleculas minimas divisus, aut in globuli
ovalis reticulati formam conglutinatus, exploditur magis, quam effunditur, vel ad acervuli latera,
vel in frondem ipsam. Non autem diu ita restat, sed non ipse solhm, sed et vcsiculae supra diets
propullulantes intra diei decursum vel intra biduum, ut distincte vidi, sordescunt, diflluunt atque
tandem disparent. Quo facto, cavea vacua aliquandiu restat, et tandem cum ipso acervulo decrepito
aboletur. Eodem temporis spatio versus apices ramorum noduli aut tubercula occurrunt, in
superficie pronsl frondis sita, et supern'e transparent ia, qua; ex omni verisimilitudine vasculorum
primordia sunt, commodissimh tunc fecundanda.” — Then again, after describing the female
fructification, he continues: “ Rebus ita se habentibus, si liquoris, in acervulis content!, natura

et brevis duratio considerate, ex omni veil similitudine acervuli organa masculina, et liquor
eorum, ftecundans dici merentur. Efficacia liquoris istius, eo tempore elfusi, quo flosculi vasculifcri
primis'incunabulis involuti adhuc sunt, tempestive transferri potest ad loca destinata, non obstante
styli brevitate • cbm maxima filorum pars vertici Vasculi inserta reperiatur, cujus rei exempla alia
in po^terum adhuc occurrent. Ex alter* parte Granula, concursu plurium structurarum elaborata
et disseminata, diuque post dispersionem durantia, pro seminibus, et Flosculi Vasculaque pro

C J. pinguis .)

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

pro organis femineis optimo jure haberi poterunt. Neque obstaret declarata eorum flexilitas, quae
nil facile aliud nisi parietum teneritatem involved et plantis ex merit fabric^ vesiculari succres-
centibus, vix quidquam officiet. Si igitur Vaseula Antherae polliniferae porro dici volunt, acervuli
aut frustra creati sunt, aut verior usus illis adsignandus est eo, quem diximus. Neque enim per
glomerulos istos, qui nunquam solvuntur, neque per contenta eorum, quae citb contabescunt, planta
propagabitur, sicuti experiments cautissimc captis supra evicimus.” The same author has remarked,
that the calyptra, or, as he considered it, the corolla, instead of opening at the extremity for the
emission of the capsule, is carried up upon it by the elongation of the peduncle. “ Cbm etiam
corolla, ut vidimus, radicata sit, ideb interdhm accidit, subeunte velocius humore aut in frondem,
aut pedunculum egressum parantem, aut ubi frondis margines earn non satis arctb firmant: ut corolla
ex parte radicosa frondis solvatur et cum pedunculo, vaginae instar, attollatur ; eum autem ob pondus
adpensum ita impediat, ut rarb notabilem altitudinem nancisci tunc possit.” leones, p. 139.

Dillenius has quoted doubtfully the Hepalicoides palustris Cichorii crispifoliis, Vaillant, Bot.
Par. p. 100. t. 19. /. 4. as a synonym to the present species. The situation of the fructification,
however, in that plant, and the figure of the capsule, prove that it belongs rather to J. epiphylla,
:is Schmidel suspects, and indeed that it. can be considered only as a variety of it.

Upon the under side of the fronds of some of the plants which grew under water, were
innumerable granules, intermixed with many oblong pellucid bodies, which are represented at
f. 9. and arc, in all probability, some undescribed animalcules.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1. J. pinguis, with female fructification, natural size.

2. Far. /3. natural size.

3. Under side of J. pinguis, natural size.

4. Male plants, natural size.

5. Under side of a male frond

6. Antheriferous receptacle

7. The same

3. Anthers

9. A minute animalcule, which abounds on the plant when it grows in water

10. Calyptrre, entire , and longitudinally dissected

11. Young capsule, taken from the calyptra

12. Full grown capsule

13. 14. Capsules, with the valves expanded

15. An old capsule, from which the filaments have fallen

16. Portion of the valve of a capsule

1/. Seeds and spiral filaments

18. Frond, with young calyces

19. Portion of the same, with the calyx dissected, to shew the situation of the pistilla

20. Pistilla J e

5
4
3
2
1
3
3

3

4

3
1
X

6

4
1

BRITISH J UNGERM ANN IiE.

(J. epiphylla. J

JUNGERMANNIA EPIPHYLLA.

(TAB. XLVII.)

Jungermannia, fronde oblonga, submembranacea, luc illic divisA, obsolete costatA, margine-
integerrimo, vel sublobato sinuatoque : fructu e superiore parte frondiunx prope apicem egre-
dientej calycibus subcylindraceis, plicatis j ore pariim dilatato inciso-dentato ; calyptrA exserta.

Jungermannia epiphylla. Linn. Sp. PI. n. p. 1602. Syst. Nat. n. p. 706. FI. Suec. p. 403.
Leers, Herb. p. 252. Pollich, Palat. hi. p. 200. Scopoli, Cam. n. p. 350. Weis,
Plant. Crypt, p. 106. Weber, Spicil. FI. Goet. p. 157. Willd. Ber. p. 343. Oeder,
Enum. PL FI. Dan. p. 43. FI. Dan. t. 359. Schmidel, Jung. Diss.f. 1 . p 6. Hedwig,
Theoria. p. S3, et seq. t. 21. 22. et 23. Schreber, Spic. FI. Lips. p. 110. Hoffmann,
Germ. ii. p. 92. Roth, Germ. iii. p. 410. Relhan, Cant. p. 440. Huds. Angl. p. 517-
Lightf. Scot. ii. p. 7SS. With. iii. p. 840. Linn. Syst. Nat. ed Gmel. ii. p. 1353.
Lamarck, Encycl. Bot. iii. p. 286. Lamarck, FI. Fr. ed. 2. vol. ii. p. 425. Engl.
Bot. t. 771 .

Lichenastrum capitulis rotundis, e foliorum medio enascentibus. Raii Syn. p. 110. n. 3.
Marsilea major atro-virens, Jioribus albicantibus , e foliorum medio egredientibus. Micheli,
Nov. Gen. Pl. p. 5. t. 4. f. 1.

Hepaticoides, Hepaticce facie. Vaillant, Bot. Par. p. 99. n. 1.

Lichenastrum capitulis rotundis, e foliorum medio enascentibus. Dill. Muse. t. 74./. 41.
Jungermannia fronde foliacea, obtuse lobatd, ex medio floriferd. Hall. Helv. iii. p. 63.
n. 1883.

longifolia; frondibus elongatis, simplicibus, vel innovationibus soluramodb hie illic divisis.
Jungermannia epiphylla ft. longifolia. Lamarck, Encycl. But. iii. p. 286. Lamarck, H.
Fr. ed. 2. v. n. p.425.

Jungermannia endivieefolia. Dicks. Pl. Crypt. Fasc. iv. p. 19.

Hepaticoides palustris Cichorii crispi foliis. Vaill. Bot. Par. p. 100. n. 8. t. 19. f. 4.
y, furcigeraj frondibus apice innovationibus angustis, dichotomy divisis; ramis ultimis furcatis..

( J. epiphylla. )

BRITISH JUNGERMANNOE.

Hab. Moist hedges and shady wet places in various parts of Great Britain, most abundant.
— /3. Wet ditches in Yorkshire. — In a field near the orchard, Ballylickev, near Bantry.
Miss Hutchins. — Bog between Castle Malwood Lodge and the Ringwood road, Hampshire.
Mr. Lyell. — y. Not uncommon in the autumnal and early winter months, in various parts
of Suffolk: in the chasm at Cheddar, Somersetshire} and about Torquay and Dartmouth,
Devonshire. — Miss Hutchins finds it in Ireland, and Mr, Lyell in the New Forest, Hamp-
shire.— (Both male and female fructification are produced in the spring and autumn.)

Plant growing generally in very large patches of some feet in diameter; the individuals imbricating
each other, and matted together by means of their radicles.

Roots issuing from nearly the whole length of the nerve on the under side of the frond,
composed of small dense simple fibres.

Fronds from one to two, and even four inches in length in the var. (3., oblong, or obovato-
oblong, at the base always narrowest, simple, or once or twice divided, without any
regularity, by short lateral segments, their margin waved, entire, or at most only
cut into a few short and very unequal lobes, which are flat or curved ; at the extremity
of such plants as possess young female fructification a terminal lobe is generally bent
down, so as to conceal it (f. f. 1. 5): innovations are sometimes produced, simple and
lateral in a and |3, in y terminal, and divided in a dichotomous manner, twice or thrice,
with the extremities more or less forked: the whole plant has a wide, and (except
when held between the eye and the light) not a very conspicuous nerve. This, in the
younger plants, is most evident, and in the innovations in the var. y (f. 18), is at all
times very distinct. The cellules of the frond are large and ovate: the color a deep green,
much darker about the nerve, where a purple tinge is also not unfrequent.

Male Fructification situated in the upper surface of the frond, and always confined to the
nerve, in which the Anthers are imbedded, a single one beneath a small swelling or tubercle
(f. f. 1.5. 6. 7) ; each is of a roundish figure, and a greyish color, or in a more advanced state
yellow, surrounded by a pellucid limbus. As it is only in a dried specimen that I have yet had
the opportunity of examining the Anthers, I have been unable, satisfactorily, to distinguish
the footstalk, which, in all probability, is extremely short, like that of J. pinguis.

Female Fructification upon the same plants w ith the male, as well as upon different individuals;
like it, too, proceeding from the upper side of the nerve, though a swelling may be observed
beneath, in the young state of it (f. f. 1. 5).

The calyx appears to be formed by the bursting of the frond, which takes place near the
extremity, or sometimes near the middle of the plant: what appears at first but an
irregular laceration in the frond (f. 17), afterwards becomes a tubular, and somewhat
plicated calyx (t. f. 9. 10), varying in length from half a line to a line and a half, having
its mouth a little expanded, and toothed in a very evident but irregular manner: in its
color, and in the form of its cellules, it partakes, as may be supposed, of the nature of
those of the frond.

Calyptra, when young and enveloping the capsule, of an ovate figure, approaching to round,
tipped with a long tubular style, and bearing, on various parts of its surface, abortive
pistilla, which, like the style, are tubular, a little expanded at the mouth, and irregularly
toothed: throughout their whole length, they are marked with reddish lines, and have
also numerous transverse striae. When it has reached its full size, the calyptra is of an
1

BRITISH JUNGERMANNOE.

( J. epiphylla.)

oblong shape, and in length, twice or thrice exceeds that of the calyx. Its texture is
very thick, carnose, and closely cellulose; its color a dirty white (f. f. II. 12).

Peduncle from two to four inches long, whitish, cellulose, tipped with the almost spherical
Capsule (f. f. 13. 14. 15), which is of a pale greyish-brown color, and opens into four
equal ovate valves : these soon become recurved, and exhibit the
Spiral filaments, intermixed with the seeds, attached to the inner base of the capsule, in
the form of a beautiful tuft or pencil (f. 15). The former are extremely long, much
twisted, composed of a double helix, and enclosed within a pellucid, capillary tube. Their
color is a pale reddish-brown; that of the seeds, which are of an irregular but more
or less oblong figure, is an olive-green, inclining to yellow.

The var. /3 longifolia has the frond greatly lengthened out, so as not unfrequently to exceed three
or four inches, whilst its width is scarcely more than as many lines. So crowded is it in its
mode of growth, that it becomes erect in some situations. It is more delicate in its texture
than a, and has its margin more frequently formed into lobes, in the sinuses of which, Mr. Lyell
has remarked dark marks, whence have been produced lateral and undivided innovations, about
half or three quarters of an inch in length, exactly resembling the parent frond.

y furcigera appears to be most abundant in the autumnal months, when the apices of the fronds are
produced in a very remarkable manner ; forming innovations, or, perhaps, more properly speaking,
branched elongations, which are considerably more narrow, and of a paler green than the rest of
the frond, and have the ultimate branches always more or less forked. As I have already
observed, the nerve is here at all times very conspicuous, disappearing only immediately below
the extremities of the divisions. In the month of March, I have lately remarked, on plants of
this description, that the branches become wider, and of a deeper color, and that they gradually
partake more of the usual appearance of the plant : roots descend from their under sides, and
the old fronds seem to be going into a state of decay; so that these curious processes are, in all'
probability, destined by nature as a means of increasing the species, different from any that has
yet been noticed in the other Jungermanniae.

Of the present species, Vaillant was induced to consider, what I have above described as the
elongated variety, a distinct plant ; and our countryman, Mr. Dickson, has followed him in this
particular; an opinion ‘with which I would gladly have coincided, but that, for my own part, I
can neither find in the figure of the one, nor in authentic specimens from the other, any characters
which will lead me to suppose them other than varieties, and I have consequently thought it best,
as Lamarck has already done, to make this appearance the /3 of epiphylla. The crisped habit is by
no means peculiar to it, and seems only to arise from the situation in which it happened to grow ;
for, among small loose stones, I have observed our common J. epiphylla to have an equally curled
or waved frond, in consequence of the unevenness of the surface to which it was attached.

Whatever similarity may exist at first sight between the various species ot those British
J ungermanniue, which have been termed by botanists, “ frondosce it is certain, that no two of

( J . epiphylla. )

BRITISH JUNGERMANNLE.

them accord in the important parts of the fructification. With regard to the individual which is
the subject of the present description, it is without difficulty distinguished from J. pinguis and
J. vmltifida, in having a nerve, which, however obscure in some of the old specimens, may in all
be seen by holding the plant between the eye and the light, and may be traced on the under side
of the plant by the insertion of the roots, since these are confined to the nerve itself. In this
respect, indeed, it resembles J. furcata, J. Blada, and the beautiful J. Lyellii, mss. Yet it is
with the latter alone that it can be confounded, and with it only in a barren state; but this is a
far more delicate plant than epiphtjlla, is furnished with a very distinct, though narrow, nerve,
and has the margin beset with a few scattered teeth.

In the situation of its anthers, J. epiphylla differs from every known species; they being
placed singly, and immersed in small scattered tubercles upon the upper surface of the nerve, as
has been long known by the able descriptions and illustrations, first of Schmidel, and afterwards
of Hedwig. The hitter author in particular has been so fortunate, as not only to have observed in
this species the explosion of the farina from the anther, but to have seen the seeds germinating, and
has thus been able to bring forward the strongest arguments in favor of his own system. Speaking
of the little bodies imbedded in the tubercles, “ Antheras hie esse," he says, “ dubitare nullus
poteram. Quo verb earum confonnationem et structuram eo distinctihs extricarem, auferebam,
consueto mihi more, particulam seetione perpendiculari utrinque secundum longitudinem per
aliquot horum punctulorum ducta. Hanc aquce guttulse in lamellfi vitrei immitto, ut si notatu
digniora adparerent, delineationi conservarem. Lsetus animadverto apparatum, tab. xvm. a.
fig. 3. expression cum suis tribus folliculis, massft levissimb granulosS. onustis. Atque en, singularis
fortunae favor : inter delineandum scaturire de illo follieulo b, per superinductum superficiei
vesiculosum opus cuticuke, incipit massa granulata, eandem in figuram ac ibi delineata habetur.
Persistebat in eft. duorum circiter minutorum intervallo: postmodum verb anteriora versus,

nimirbm a. a. ejusdem figurse inclinare incipiens, brevi distrahebantur partieulae motu vivido.
Testimonio adeoque demhm, contra asexualistas, quam evidentissimo, nequidem his deficere sua
mascula organa.”

With regard to the germination of the seeds of J. epiphylla, the same author remarks,
“ Anno 1?80, mense Aprilis, cum Jungermannife seminulis ovatis, viridibus, extremitate altera
angustiore, dilucidiore, sationis feci aliquod periculum, in testula terra repleta adaptataquc huic
experimento: inspergebam superficiei pulvillum capsularum et felicissimo cum successu. Intu-
mescebant ista seminula post aliquot dies; deinde a dilutiore extremo prodibat radicula simplex,
alba, pellucentissima. Reticulata primi incrementi fabrica, subinde in perfectas plantulas ultrb
expandebantur. Sic et de his certius constat: pulverem capsularum semina esse vera, faeturft.
antherarum vivificata.”

1

BRITISH JUNGERMANNLE.

f J. epiphylla.)

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

PIG.

1. J. epiphylla, with male and young female fructification, natural size.

2. Female plant, with a young calyx, natural size.

3. Female plants, with a calyx fully formed, natural size.

4. Female plants, with perfect capsules, natural size.

5. No. 1. magnified 6

6. Portion of the same, containing the anthers 5

7. Transverse section of the same 3

8. Anthers 1

9. Portion of No. 3. magnified 6

10. Longitudinal section of the same 4

11. Young calyptra 3

12. Abortive pistilla 1

13. Capsule 4

14. Capsule, about to open 3

15. Capsule, with the valves expanded, shewing the insertion of the spiral filaments 4

16. Seeds and spiral filaments 1

17. Portion of a frond, with a young calyx and pistilla 4

18. Portion of the var. * 6

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BRITISH JUNGERMANNI/E.

(J. Dicksoni.J

JUNGERMANNIA DICKSONI.

(TAB. XLVIII. )

Jungermannia, caule ascendente, subsimplice: foliis bifariis, inaecjualiter bilobis ; lobis condupli-
catis, inferioribus majoribus, utrisque anguste ovatis, subintegerrimis, acutis: fructu terminali;
ealycibus ovatis, plieatis; ore contracto, dentato.

Hab. Found many years since in Scotland by Mr. Dickson. — On the C'astle-Hill, Kinnordy,
Kerrie-muir, most abundant, producing anthers and capsules in August. Mr. Lyell. —
Mountains about Dublin. Dr. Taylor.

Plant growing in small and densely-matted tufts.

Roots a few minute, whitish, simple, fibres, proceeding from near the base of the stem.

Stems from a quarter of an inch to almost half an inch in length, filiform, slightly tlexuose,
at the base mostly a little procumbent, in the rest of the plant erect, undivided, or
sometimes, though rarely, bearing a simple branch or innovation : the color partakes of
that of the leaves : the texture is, in the upper part, tender and cellulose, below more
compact ; somewhat brittle when dry.

Leaves (f. f. 4, 5, 6) more or less closely placed in a bifarious manner, patent or horizontal,
towards the apex of the plant frequently secund, about a quarter of a line long, deeply
divided into two unequal conduplicate lobes or segments, of which the inferior is about
twice the size of the superior; but both of the same figure, narrowly ovate, with acute
apices ; their margins are entire, or only slightly, and principally in the upper leaves,
irregularly toothed. Their general color is a yellow-green approaching to olive, in
shady situations of a more uniform green ; the lower leaves mostly incline to a dirty
brown. The cellules are small, roundish, of an equal size throughout.

( J. DicksoniJ

BRITISH JUNGERMANNI.T:.

Perigonial leaves (f. 10) more closely placed than the rest, with which they are intermixed,
and are scarcely different in figure, except in having their base swollen for the reception
of the anthers.

The Perichretial leaves (f. 7) also much resemble the cauline ones : they are erect and
embrace the lower part of the calyx with their segments.

Male Fructification situated in the axillae of the perigonial leaves; in each of which are placed
two or three, nearly spherical, reticulated anthers, each supported by a white transversely
striated footstalk, which is about equal to the anther in length.

Female Fructification terminal.

Calyx (f. 3) half a line long, ovate, longitudinally plicated, the mouth a little contracted
and toothed; in texture it nearly resembles that of the leaves, as does the color also,
except that towards the mouth it becomes white, and, as it were, scariose.

Calyptra (f. f. 3. 9) small, ovate, of a delicate membranaceous texture, reticulated;
style short.

Peduncle two or three lines long, white, succulent, cellulose.

Capsule ovate, approaching to round, both longitudinally and transversely furrowed,
and remarkable for being of a pale, and rather bright red color. The four valves are
ovate, and of an equal size.

Seeds and spiral filaments (f 9) fulvous, approaching to red: the former spherical, the latter
short and composed of a double helix.

There are few naturalists to whom Cryptogamic Botany is more indebted than to Mr. Dickson.
In the genus Jungermannia his numerous additions to the list of the British species are well known.
The present is one ot many collected since the publication of the fourth fasciculus of his Ptantce
Cryptogamicce, in the Highland Mountains of Scotland, which he kindly communicated to me;
and I have great pleasure in distinguishing it by his name. I have already noticed it under the
descriptions of J. albicans and J. obtusifolia, next to which it most naturally ranges, differing
from both in the ovate and sharp segments of the leaves, which are quite destitute of any
appearance of a nerve. The pale red color of the capsule affords a very obvious and striking
mark, when the plant is in a forward state of fructification. The greater part of the annexed
figure was drawn from Mr. Dickson’s original specimens, but the male and female fructification
have been added from others lately gathered by Mr. Lyell. who alone has found the plant in that
state. 1 ought to remark that, in general, the individuals collected bv the latter gentleman
have their leaves more crowded than appears from the plate, though, in other respects, they
exactly agree with Mr. Dickson’s specimens, as do, in every particular, those gathered by
Dr. Taylor.

2

BRITISH JUNGERMANJflJE ( J. Dicksoni. J

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

tig.

1. J. Dicksoni , natural size.

2. The same, a barren and fertile plant, magnified

2*. Male plant

3. Calyx, longitudinally dissected

4. Portion of the stem with leaves

5. The same

6. A single leaf, with the lobes expanded

7. Perichcetial leaf

8. Capsule

9. Seeds and spiral filaments

10. Perichcetial leaf, containing the anthers

11. Anther

12. Anther, after the pollen has been discharged . .

6

C

4

4

3

2

3

A

1

3

1

1

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

( J. Francisci.J

JUNGERMANNIA FRANCISCI.

(TAB. XLIX. )

Jungermannia, surculo erectiusculo, simplice vel ramoso : foliis suberectis, ovatis, concavis, acutfe
emarginatis; stipulis minutis, ovatis, bifidis : fructu in ramis propriis brevibus terminali; calycibus
oblongo-cylindraceis, par inn plicatis ; ore dentato.

Jungermannia bifida. Schmidel, leones, p. 2 44. <.62./. 19.20? (planta gemmiferaj ; et
p. 250. t. 64. /. 2 ? (planta capsulifera.J

Hab. About Holt and Edgefield, Norfolk. Rev. R. B. Francis. — New Forest, Hants.
Mr. Lyell. — About Bantry, Ireland, together with J. Tnrneri. Miss Hutchins. — In moist
places upon the ground near the Decoy, Herringfleet, Suffolk. (It produces fructification,,
both male and female, in the spring and early summer months.)

Plant growing in small and rather densely-crowded patches of a pale green color, with, very
frequently, a tinge of purple.

Root consisting of a few minute, simple fibres, which originate at various distances from the
under side of the plant *.

Surculi seldom exceeding five or six lines in length, slender, filiform, or only a little
incrassated upwards, flexuose, the lower part simple, usually bare of leaves, pellucid,
and of a whitish color, the rest either simple, or once or twice divided with filiform
branches, which are generally erect, but occasionally procumbent, of a pale yellowish-
green color, now and then tinged with purple at their extremities.

Leaves (f. f. 6, 7) small in proportion to the diameter of the stem, growing in a bifarious
manner, alternate, more or less closely placed, usually a little imbricated, either erect, or
erecto-patent, about the sixth of a line in length, ovate, concave, from the apex acutely cleft
for about one fourth of their length, into two equal, and somewhat obtuse, segments.
The substance is, for so small a plant, subcarnose; the cellules roundish; the color a
pale green, inclining to purple in those leaves which are most exposed to the light and air.

* Mr. Lyell discovered a single specimen with a larger solitary radicle, much resembling that of J. Sphugni.

fj. Francisci. J

BRITISH J UNGER MANNIiE.

Perigoriial leaves (f. 2) no otherwise different from the rest, than in being more concave and
more closely appresscd or imbricated one over another, so that the extremities of the
branches, where they are found, are incrassated, which renders them the more readily
discoverable.

Perichcetial leaves (f. f. 3. 9. 10. 11) seven or eight in number, increasing in size from the
base of the fruit-bearing ramulus, where they scarcely exceed the common cauline leaves,
to the insertion of the calyx, where they are twice or thrice their length; imbricated on
every side; their figure oblong, approaching to quadrate, concave, or, perhaps, more
correctly speaking, semieylindrical (f. f. 9. 10) ; at the apex, they have a deep and wide
notch, of which the segments are acute and not unfrequently divaricated, waved, or
even recurved.

Stipules (f. f. 7- 8) small, scarcely more than one third of the size of the leaf, plane, and
either oppressed, or projecting a little from the stem : their form is ovate, and they are
divided at the extremity by an acute sinus into two rather sharp segments, which in length
are about equal to one third of that of the stipule.

Male Fructification situated n the axillae of the perigonial leaves : Anthers (f. 16) generally
found singly, sometimes two together, nearly spherical, of a pale greenish ash color ; in a young
state faintly, at an advanced period more evidently, marked with reticulations : The footstalk

white, semipellucid, transversely striated.

Female Fructific \tion terminal upon the proper footstalks.

Calyx (f. 12) nearly half a line in length, oblong, a little attenuated at the base, and
slightly narrowed upward, where it is longitudinally plicated : the mouth small, and
evidently toothed. In texture it resembles the leaves, as it does in color, though it is
often of a paler tint.

Calyptra (f. 13) ovate, whitish, delicate, furnished with a short style. It opens with a vertical
fi.-sure for the emission of the capsule: its base is surrounded by a few barren pistilla.

Peduncle about four lines long, white, cellulose.

Capsule (f. 14) small, ovate, brown, splitting into four, equal, ovate valves.

Seeds and spiral filaments (f. 15) fulvous; the former spherical; the latter formed of a
double helix, rather closely twisted.

Gemma; (f. 4) are found at the same season of the year with the male and female fructifi-
cation : the surculi, at the naked apex of which they are produced, have their leaves
smaller and more distantly placed, as well as more erect and appressed, than is usual with
the fructiferous individuals. They are collected in minute, rather compact spherical
masses, so that, in this respect, as well as in their situation, they resemble those of
J. bicuspidata and J. Trichomanis. Each particle is pellucid, of a greenish color, and
angular (f. 17).

BRITISH JUNGERMANNI/E. ( J. Franeisci. J

Under my description of J. byssacea, (Tab. xii.) I first noticed this plant, which I had some
reason to think might be the same as that which is figured by Schmidel, in his leones, t. 62. 20.
/. 2. and t. 64. /. 2. But those representations are too imperfect to enable me to decide with any
degree of certainty, and the important distinguishing character, the bifid stipule, seems to have no
existence there. I have, therefore, considered it best to quote the Schmidelian plant with a mark
of doubt, and I gladly take the opportunity of distinguishing the present by She name of its dis-
coverer, my friend, the Rev. R. B. Francis, who has so successfully investigated the vicinity of his
own residence in search of the plants of this genus, and has so kindly and liberally communicated
to me numerous specimens, and much valuable information respecting them.

In habit, J. Franeisci certainly approaches J. byssacea, as well its small varieties of./, bicuspidata ;
but the upright growth of the surculi, and the more concave and less deeply notched leaves are of
themselves sufficient marks of discrimination ; and when the presence of the stipules is taken into
consideration, no difficulty in distinguishing them will be found to occur.

With regard to the stipulated species, among which it ranks, I am unable to mention any to which
it bears such a similarity as to render it necessary for me here to notice the points in which they
differ.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1. ,/. Franeisci, natural size.

2. Ma'e plant, magnified

3. Female plant

4. Gemmiferous plant

5. Barren plant

6. Portion of the stem

7. Fiew of the under side of the stem

8. Stipule

9. 10. 11. Perichcetial leaves

12. Calyx

13. Calyptra

14. Capsule

15. Seeds and spiral filaments

16. Anthers . . .

17. Gemmae

6

6

6

6

4

4

3

3

3

3

3

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BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

( J. decipiens.J

JUNGERMANNIA DECIPIENS.

(TAB. L.)

Jungermannia, surculo erecto, flexuoso, subsimplice : foliis inferioribus minoribus, ovatis, integer-
rimis ; superioribus rotundato-ovatis, seu subquadratis, dente uno alterove, sparso, spiniformi.

Hab. Rocks on heathy places about Bantry. Miss Hutchins.

Plant growing in dense tufts of small size.

Root large, creeping, of a ligneous texture and brown color, throwing out here and there
small opaque fibres.

Stems erect, filiform, flexuose, from half an inch to an inch and a half in height, and
about the thickness of horse-hair, simple or rarely divided at the base : sometimes,
however, two or more arise from the creeping root : they are of a rigid and somewhat
brittle texture ; below of a dark brown color, and opaque ; above of an olive-green, and
evidently cellular.

Leaves alternately and rather distantly disposed in a bifarious manner: those at the base
smallest, most widely placed, not more than a quarter of a line long, ovate and concave,
with entire margins, and either appressed to the stem or erecto-patent : the rest are

considerably larger, though they frequently again diminish in size as they approach the
extremity, and are of a roundish or even a subquadrate figure, patent, and sometimes
recurved, as in J. spinulosa and J. asplenioides ; their base is decurrent ; their margins
furnished with one, or often two or three large, and, at their base, broad, spiniform teeth;
but these are placed in so irregular a manner, and at such uncertain distances, that it is
not possible to find two that precisely agree in this particular. A common appearance of
the lower leaves is given at f. 10 : /. 4 is a portion of the stem, of which one leaf has two,
and the other three, teeth at the apex : /. 5 has an acute tooth at the extremity, and
another lateral one : /. 6 represents two leaves, the one having its margins entire, the
other furnished with an obtuse, lateral tooth, which is not of common occurrence: /. 7
has two divaricating teeth at the apex : /. 8 is cut into two unequal lobes, (which may
probably have been the effect of accident) the one having two terminal teeth, the other.

( J. deeipiens.)

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

one terminal, and a minute lateral one ; whilst, at f. 9, an ovate leaf is tipped with «
single tooth. The texture of the leaves is somewhat rigid, and, like the stem, when dry,
of a brittle nature. The cellules are of a rounded figure, except at the margin, where
their larger and more quadrate shape forms an evident border to the leaf.

No fructification has hitherto been discovered upon the present species by the indefatigable lady
to whom we are solely indebted for our knowledge of it : a circumstance that is the less to be
regretted, since there are sufficient characters in the foliage to distinguish it both from J. asplenioid.es
and J. spinulosa, its nearest affinities. Nor does it, however mutable in the shape of its leaves,
appear to be subject to any variation of a nature to cause it to be confounded with others j for
Miss Hutchins remarks, “ I have watched it very attentively for three years past, and could not
observe any alteration. I at first thought it might be a variety of J. spinulosa, but now I am pretty
sure it is distinct."

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIS.

1. ./. deeipiens, natural size.

2. 2. The same, magnified g

3. Portion of the stem 4

4 — 10. Various figures of leaves from the same individual 4 and 3

JUNGERMANNIA HAMATIFOLTA.

(TAB. LI.)

Jungermannia, surculo repente, filiformi, flexuoso, vage ramoso ; foliis distichis, bilobis ; lobis
inaequalibus, superioribus majoribus, ovatis, acuminatis, apice saepissimb curvatis ; inferioribus
involutis : stipulis ovatis, acute bifidis : fructu laterali ; calycibus obovatis, pentagonis ; ore

contracto, elevato, dentato.

/S. echinata ; foliis elegantissimb echinatis.

Hab. Rocks upon Ingleborough, Yorkshire ; and in the Den of Rechip, near Dunkeld. —
About Bantry, upon the stems of Ulex nana, and in other situations in that neighborhood,
frequently intermixed with J. calyptrifolia. Miss Hutchins. — Mr. Lyell also finds it
growing with the same species near Keswick, Cumberland. — On heath in the county of
Keriy. Dr. Taylor. — /3. was discovered upon the trunks of trees at Torquay, Devonshire;
and has likewise been found at Woodlands, near Dublin, by Dr. Taylor. — (Its fructifi-
cation, both male and female, is produced in the early spring months.)

Plant growing in small, crowded, green patches, appearing to the naked eye like clusters of
minute granules.

Roots very small, whitish fibres, distantly scattered, as in J. serpyllifolia, along the under
side of the stem ; not unfrequently issuing in little bundles from near the base of the
stipules.

Surculi from two or three lines to half an inch in length, extremely slender, filiform,
flexuose, procumbent, lying over each other in an imbricated manner, or creeping in a less
clustered form. Each individual is irregularly once or twice divided in a subdicliotomous
manner, the segments varying much in their length, as well as in their direction. The
texture is delicate, composed of oblong cellules : the color a pale green.

Leaves (f. f. 5. 6- 7) rather closely placed, though seldom so much so as to be imbricated,
bifarious and alternate, erecto-patent with regard to the stem, formed of two unequal
portions, or lobes, of which the upper one is the largest, yet scarcely exceeding the tenth

( J. hamatifolia.J

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIJ?.

of a line in length, very convex on its superior surface, of an ovate figure, acuminate at
the extremity, where it is often curved in various directions, but usually downward : the
margins are either entire (f. 5), or serrated (f. f. 4. 7), a circumstance that varies much
in different individuals, and even on the same shoot, though the former appearance is the
most common : the lower lobe is about half the size of the upper, which it resembles in
shape, and is remarkably involute, having its margins sometimes, though rarely, very
slightly serrated. The substance of the leaves is rather thick and subcarnose for so small
a plant j the cellules small, round, a little prominent. The color pale green.

Perigonial leaves generally to be found at the extremity of a surculus, scarcely differing from
the rest, except in being ventricose at their base, and placed in a more crowded and
somewhat imbricated manner.

rerichcetial leaves (f. f. 3. 4. 9. 10) almost twice the size of the eauline ones; two attached
to each calyx, the base of which they embrace : They are ovate, approaching to round,

nearly plane, divided, for about one half of their length, into two, ovate, but unequal,
upright, acute segments or lobes, of which the margins are sometimes entire, but more
frequently elegantly and very conspicuously serrated (f. f. 9. 10.)

Stipules (f. f. 7. S) small, ovate, acutely cleft for nearly half their length into two sharp,
equal segments, which appear to be always entire at their margins.

MalF. Fructification; a single spherical Anther, situated in the axilla of each perigonial leaf;
it is faintly reticulated, of a pale yellowish ash color : the footstalk is white, pellucid, and
transversely striated.

Female Fructification lateral.

Calyx more than a quarter of a line long, ovate or obovate, often attenuated at the base,
distinctly ribbed with five prominent and acute angles, reaching from the extremity
nearly to the base; these are either entire (as at f. 10), or strongly serrated (as at f. 3).
The mouth is much contracted, and generally also elevated and tubular, cut into many
fine and sharp teeth.

Cermen (f. 11) ovate, contracted at the base ; style rather long, tubular.

Catyptra (f. 12) ovate, whitish, reticulated.

Peduncle scarcely exceeding the length of the calyx more than half a line, divided, by means
of transverse septa, into short joints, which again appear striated longitudinally, in
consequence of the numerous narrow, and tubular cellules of which they are composed.

Capsule exactly spherical, white, pellucid, membranous, reticulated, opening into four equal
segments, or valves, which are only half as long as the capsule, and at their apices
support ihe

Spiral filaments, adhering to them by their bases : each composed of a double helix, slightly
twisted, and enclosed in a pellucid tubular membrane. The seeds, though by no means
exactly spherical, are more so than those of J. catyplrifolia and J. serpyllifolia, and are
of a green color, inclining to olive.

The leaves of r ar. (S present under the microscope a highly-beautiful and singular appearance; for
each cellule, upon their surface and margin, which in the common state of the plant is, at most,
convex or slightly prominent, is here so much so, and so acuminated as to appear altogether
ecliinated ; a peculiarity that is not confined to the eauline leaves, but. extends to the perichsetial
ones, and to the calyx. The cellules of the stems, too, are more than usually convex.

BRITISH JUNGERM ANN I JE.

( J. hamatifolia.)

(The same minute, nearly spherical, reticulated bodies (f. 13), which, under the description of
J. calyptrifolia, I have called Gemma, are also abundant upon the present species, but 1 am
unable to discover how they are attached to it.)

In my remarks on serpyllifolia, I have noticed the affinity which the present plant bears
to the var. ft of that species, and, in addition to the observations I there offered, 1 have only to
add, that this is much smaller in all its parts ; that the size of the lobule, both in the cauline and
perichsetial leaves, bears a much greater proportion to that of the lobe ; that the texture is thicker
and more succulent, the calyx narrower, and the stipules more ovate.

J. hamatifolia is probably not a rare inhabitant of the subalpine parts of the British isles ;
but an experienced botanist, without the assistance of a microscope, would scarcely be able to
distinguish it, in its native place of growth, from J. minutissima, although on a more minute
examination, the leaves will be found to possess a widely different character.

I have to regret that the Anthers, and a more perfect state of the capsule, as well as the
var. ft, were discovered too late to have them inserted in the annexed plate.

A minute, reddish, globular body (f. 6) is not unfrequent in the axillae of the leaves, and
may at first sight be readily mistaken for an Anther ; but it is pellucid, always destitute of a
footstalk, and has rather the appearance of an animal than a vegetable substance.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1.

a

J. hamatifolia, natural size.

6

At.

q

4

o.

5

4.

K

3

D.

6.

7-

Q

Cauline leaf, with an animalcule (?) in its axilla

Under side of a portion of the stem, shewing the stipules

3

5

O.

4

y.

4

10.

2

1 1.
1 o

1

1 At.
1 Q

1

lo.

14.

1

•«*

)

*

'

.

■ ‘

.... ■

y. ■■

■

•

• - f *•:

* .

1

■

.« :

i. ■ • .• .

... •• ■. ' ' •

. . > ■ • *

...... . . . i ■ t :

'

'

i

T<>/> UJ.

/ /// // /////// .

W/t ro le j eu <■» e <? ultan t> . '/a y i) fv.dnj

BRITISH JUNGERMANNI/E.

( J. minutissima. J

JUNGERMANNIA MINUTISSIMA.

(TAB. LII.)

Jungermannia, sui'culo repente, filiformi, flexuoso, vagh ramoso : foliis distiehis, ovato-rotundatis,
suprk valde convexis, hie illic lateralitfer subemarginatis, vix bilobis : stipulis ovato-rotundatis,
bifidis : fructu laterali ; calycibus obovato-rotundatis, pentagonis ; ore contracto, parum dentato.

Jungermannia minutissima. Engl. Bot. t. 1633.

Jungermannia omnium minima, seu vix conspicua, Serpylli ant Herniarite foliis auritis,
Jloribus ex albo virescentibus, vagina cordijormi. Micheli, Nov. Gen. p. 9. t. 6. f 20.
Lichenastrum, quod Jungermannia omnium minima, seu vix conspicua, Serpylli aut
Herniarite foliis auritis, Jloribus ex albo virescentibus, vagina coriliformi. Dill. Muse -
t. 72. /. 29.

Hab. First discovered in this eountry by Mr. Lyell, growing on the bark of holly and ash

trees, near the ground, in the New Forest ; bearing fruit in April and May : afterwards

found by the same gentleman more plentifully near Keswick, Cumberland, and upon fii

trees at Mount Edgecombe, Devonshire —Upon trees at Henfield, Sussex. Mr. William

Borrer. — In the neighbourhood of Bantry, Ireland. Miss Hutchins.— It grows indifferently

upon trees and rocks, and is very common in various parts both of Devonshire and

Cornwall.— About the hike of Killarney, Ireland, upon the trunks of trees. Sir Thomas

Gu<re, Bart. — Woodlands near Dublin. — Dr. Taylor.

© 3

Plant growing in patches, from one to two or three inches in diameter, appearing, at a little
distance, like a green stain, and, even on a nearer approach, it may readily be mistaken or

Lepraria viridis.

The roots proceed from the under side of the stems and branches, generally immediately at
the base of the stipules, and in small, whitish bundles of fibres. <

Surculi creeping over each other in an imbricated manner; each individual is from one to
two or three lines long, remarkably slender, filiform, branched, with the branches
varying in length and direction, simple or again divided. The texture is equally delicate
with that of the leaves, composed of distinct, oblong cellules.

( J. minutissima .) BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

Leaves about the twentieth of a line in length, distantly placed, bifarious, alternate
with regard to the stem, patent or erecto-patent, of a roundish-ovate figure, on the upper
surface very convex, so as to be almost hemispherical, the margin is frequently altogether
entire, sometimes furnished in the lower part with a small, oblique and obtuse notch,
which can scarcely be said to constitute an unequally two-lobed leaf; the rest of the
margin is wholly free from serratures or incision of any kind. The color is a pale
greeii ; the texture thick and succulent ; the cellules small, roundish, and a little
prominent.

Perigonial leaves placed at the extremity of a branch ; eight or ten in number, more closely
placed than the cauline leaves, but in no other respect do I perceive that they differ
from them.

Perichatial leaves (f. f. 2. 4) the tenth of a line long ; one pair originate at the base of the
calyx to which they are appressed ; their figure is widely ovate, concave, divided by a
very obtuse and oblique sinus, into two small, unequal, blunt lobes (f. 4).

Stipules (f. 3) small, ovate, approaching to round, furnished at the apex with a deep and
sharp notch, forming two equal, acute segments.

The Male Fructification I have but lately seen: as in J. hamatifolia, a single, spherical,

reticulated Anther is found in each perigonial leaf; the footstalk is short, white, transversely
striated.

Female Fructification lateral.

Calyx (f. 2) large in proportion to the size of the plant, and thrice the size of the leaf,
obovate, inclining to round, its base slightly attenuated ; five acute, projecting angles
extend from the apex to the base, and these are always entire : the mouth is considerably
contracted, and slightly toothed. In color and texture the calyx exactly resembles the
leaves.

Gcrmen (f. 5) ovate, green : style rather long, tubular.

Calyptra (f. 10) ovate, whitish, membranous, reticulated.

Peduncle but little exceeding the calyx in length, white, cellulose, transversely striated,
forming nearly quadrate joints, which are again striated longitudinally. Here, too, as in
J. serpyllifoUa and its associates, the peduncle, when dry, is bent at the joints in a
zigzag manner.

Capsule (f. 7 ) precisely spherical, pellucid, white, reticulated, opening into four, equal,
acute valves, which are only one half of the length of the capsule (f. 9).

Hie spiral filaments (f. f. 9. 11) are of a brownish color, formed of a double helix loosely
twisted, enclosed within an extremely delicate tube, and attached by their base to the
points of the valves in small pencil-shaped tufts.

The seeds are large, oblong, somewhat angular, of a dark green color,

Gemma (f. 12) spherical, green, reticulated.

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

C J. minutissima. J

Micheli had the honor of first detecting and describing this most diminutive species of the
genus, which Dr. Smith has very aptly named minutissima. Italy and Great Britain are the only
countries yet known to possess it ; though, with us, I think it can hardly be reckoned among the
plantce rariores.

In habit, as well as in the more important parts of fructification, (which are such as to furnish
characters for a distinct genus) J. minutissima precisely accords with J.serpyllifolia, J. calyptrifolia ,
and J. hamatifolia : the leaves, nevertheless, will be found to differ essentially from those of the
individuals now mentioned, in being altogether entire, or at most having so obscure an incision,
that no one would consider the plant as belonging to the division “ foliis incequaliter bilobis." Indeed,
it seems to hold an interemdiate place between that section and the one “foliis integris .”

The stipules, though, on account of their small size, they are with difficulty detected and have
not been noticed by any preceding authors, will, if caution is used, be found to exist throughout
the whole length of the lower part of the surculus.

Dillenius' figure and description of this species, as well as those of J. serpyllifolia , are, as
noticed by that author, copied from Micheli.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

TIG.

1. J. minutissima , natural size.

2. Portion of a fructified stem

3. Under-side of a portion of the stem, with a stipule

4. Perichcetial leaves

5. Germen

6. Style

7. Capsule bursting

8. Seeds

9. Capsule with the seeds discharged

10. Calyplra

11. Spiral filaments

12. Gemmae •'••••

6

4

4

3

1

3

1

2

2

1

1

/'a/) z///

BRITISH JUNGERMANNI^

( J. Mackaii.J

JUNGERMANNIA MACKAII.

(TAB. LIII. )

Jungermannia, surculo repente, vagfe ramoso: foliis distichis, imbricatis, bilobis; lobis inaequalibus ;
superioribus majoribus, rotundatis ; inferioribus minutis, involutis : stipulis magnis, rotundatis,
obcordatis : fructu laterali terminalique ; calycibus obcordatis, depressis, triangularibus ; ore

contracto, elevato, dentato.

Hab. Sent to me, January, 1812, by Mr. Mackay, who observed that he had known the
plant to grow at the Dargle, for several years, and that it is not unfrequently mixed with
J. serpyllifolia. — On wood, stones, and stems of heath, about Ballylicky, near Bantry.
Miss Hutchins. — Lowdore. Mr. Lyell. — 'Upon rocks at Cheddar, Somersetshire, plentiful ;
and on the rocky sides of the chasms and vallies in the neighborhood of Torquay ; and,
indeed, in similar situations throughout the Lime-stone country, in that part of Devon.
It occurs more rarely upon schistus, near the w'ater-fall at the Devil’s Bridge, Lidford. —
Mr. Lyell finds it at Mount Edgecombe. — Sometimes it is attached to trees. — (In February
and March, the fruit, both male and female, is produced in Devonshire.— In Ireland,
Miss Hutchins finds capsules in November.)

Plant growing in dense, blackish-green patches of various dimensions, from one or two inches
to as many feet in diameter.

Roots issuing from the lower surface of the stem, and immediately below the stipules, in
small bundles, which consist of short, pellucid, fibres.

Stems creeping over each other in successive layers, and closely appressed to the surface
upon which they grow : each individual is from half an inch to an inch and a half in
length, slender, filiform, flexuose, once or twice branched in an irregular, though
somewhat pinnated, manner, the branches very variable in length : the substance is rather
opaque; the cellules sufficiently apparent; the color a dirty green, approaching to brown.

Leaves rather closely imbricated in two rows over the whole upper surface of the stem,
horizontal, divided into two very unequally-sized lobes, of which the largest is about four
tenths of a line in length, smaller as they approach the apex of the barren stem, though
the reverse is the case in the fertile ones; of a roundish figure, slightly convex above;,
the lesser one is scarcely one tenth of its size, involute, and ventricose (f. 4) : the texture
is somewhat firm, the reticulation (as in the calyx represented at fig. 9) formed by

( J. Mackaii.J

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIjE.

roundish areolae or cellules, and so regular in size, as to give the leaf an extremely
beautiful appearance under the microscope. When dry, the whole surface appears to be
elegantly punctated, in consequence of the sinking in of the centre of the cellules, and,
when saturated afresh, a dark spot may be seen in each cellule, where the coloring
matter has been precipitated. The general color of the leaves is an olive-green, more or
less dark, frequently approaching to black.

Peri^onial leaves (f. 5) more crowded and closely imbricated than the rest, and the lesser
lobe is of a somewhat larger size ; in which particulars alone they differ.

Perichietial leaves (f. 6) also bear a close resemblance to the cauline ones, but they are
somewhat larger, and are furnished with a lobule nearly equal to one half of the size
of the lobe : the latter is appressed to the superior, as the former is to the inferior, surface,
of the calyx.

Stipules large, roundish, entire, or more frequently very obtusely notched, when they may
truly be called obcordate.

Male Fructification (f. 5).

Anthers (of which one or two are situated in the axilla of each perigonial leaf) ovate
in a younger state, spherical when advanced to their full size, pale grey, reticulated ;
footstalk about half of the length of the Anther, white, transversely striated.

Female Fructification very generally terminal, occasionally lateral.

Calyx (f. 9) about three-fourths of a line long, obcordate, much depressed, especially towards
the extremity ; besides the two angles on the sides, a third and more obtuse one projects
from the under surface, and extends from the base' to the apex, (f 6). The mouth, in
an early state, appears to be confined to a narrow central tubular apiculus, which may at
length be distinctly seen to divide into four acute teeth, and, after the emission of the
capsule, a long but narrow opening is to be observed, reaching nearly the whole width of
the calyx, (f. 9). In color and texture, I can perceive no difference between it and the
leaves.

Germen (f. 7) obovate, pale green, having a long tubular style.

Calyptra of the same form with the Germen, of a very thin membranous texture, diaphanous,
reticulated. It opens with an irregular vertical fissure for the emission of the capsule.

Peduncle very little indeed exceeding the length of the calyx ; sometimes not at all:
white, cellulose, cylindrical, a little thickened towards the summit.

Capsule (f. 9) small, exactly spherical, of a delicate texture, less so indeed than that
of J. serpyllifolia, but more so than those of J. dilatata and Tamarisci; whitish, so
pellucid that a faint tinge of a greenish-brown color is imparted by the seeds within ;
marked with reticulations. The four ovate valves are equal in size, and the divisions
extend to the thickened apex of the peduncle : after the discharge of the seeds they
become recurved.

Seeds of an irregular form, but approaching to spherical, smooth, of a dark olive-green
color. The spiral filaments are brown, formed of a double helix, enclosed within a
pellucid, tubular membrane, which at the mouth is a little expanded, at the base affixed
to the extremity of tiie inside of the valves, where they are persistent in small tufts, even
after the discharge of the seeds.

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

( J. Mackaii.J

It is to my friend, Mr. J. T. Mackay, of the Botanic garden, Dublin, that we owe our first
knowledge of this plant ; and to him I am anxious to dedicate it. Since this discovery, indeed, it
has been found elsewhere in Ireland, as well as in England ; and, in the south-western part of our
island, appears to be an abundant species on shaded and moist limestone rocks. In the numerous
chasms in the ground, especially near the sea, about Torquay and Babbicombe, in Devonshire,
J. Mackaii grows in such profusion, as to form a striking feature in the coloring of the perpendicular
faces of the rocks : though it is in more exposed situations only that the delicate capsules are to
be found, and, even there, not without an accurate examination, on account of their small size.

The present species, although abundantly distinct, as well from J. dilatataasj. serpyllifolia, has,
nevertheless, many characters in common with each. The former it approaches in general habit
(though, perhaps, it has a still greater affinity in external appearance with J. complanata) , and in the
figure of the calyx ; but it differs materially in the conformation of the lesser lobe of the leaf, in the
white and delicate texture of the capsule, in the irregularly shaped greenish seeds, and in the double
spiral filaments : — in all these particulars, and in the shape of the stipules, it so nearly accords
with the latter (J. serpyllifolia), that a similarity in the shape of the calyx might not unreasonably
be expected. But this is far from being the case ; for, in J. Mackaii, the calyx is depressed and has
three angles ; whilst, in J. serpyllifolia, it is by no means flattened and is furnished with five angles.
This affords a character the most decisive in enabling us to distinguish the two plants ; which may
be further known, even upon a more casual inspection, by the much greater size, deeper, almost
blackish-green, as well as the closer texture of the one ( J Mackaii ), when contrasted with the
minuter foliage, more cellulose structure, and very pale green of the other ( J. serpyllifolia) .

These peculiarities of the last mentioned plant are dwelt upon by Dr. Wahlenberg, in his admi-
rable Flora Lapponica (a copy of which I have but lately had the opportunity of seeing) , under his
J. cavifolia ; and it is from his having so done, rather than from his figure (in which no fructification
is represented), or from his specific character, that I am induced to believe it to be the same as our
J. serpyllifolia ; for both will accord equally well with J. Mackaii, as with that species. “ Colore,”
he says, when speaking of J. cavifolia, £‘ lutescente et habitu J. complanata L. convenit, sed
surculi triplo angustiores sunt fere in sequenti (J. trichomane) specie. Mollis est, et e reticulo
grandiori facta.”

( J . Mackaii.)

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIJE.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

PIG.

1. J. Mackaii, natural size.

2. Female plant, magnified 6

3. Male plant 6

4. Leaf and stipule, with a portion of the stem and roots 3

5. Perigonial leaves 3

6. Fertile extremity of a branch, shewing the under side of the calyx and )

perichcetial leaves ) ^

7. Germen .■ 2

8. Calyptra 2

9. Calyx, with a capsule after the discharge of the seeds 2

10. Spiral filaments, enclosed within their pellucid tube 1

11. Seeds „ 1

1 \V

\

I

o

C^7 7 /?(/(! 7*77777 77 77 777 7 7 '/?/??< 7 .

H&j* / 0 /» / t f* tv nr\ '^o & fa &jr / i^fa} A/p

7a&._Ljl

BRITISH JUNGE RM ANN IiE.

C J- Hookeri. )

JUNGERMANNIA HOOKERI.

(TAB. LIV.)

Jungermannia, caule erecto, subramoso: foliis undique imbricatis, ovatis vel oblongo-ovatis, hie
illic lobatis angulatisve: fructu terminali; calyce nullo; calyptiA magna, oblonga, carnosu, laevi.

J. Hookeri. 'Engl. Bot. t. 2555.

Hab. Growing, intermixed with J. multifida, by the side of a ditch, near the private
road from Cadnam to Poultons, in the New Forest. Mr. Lyell. — Since found by the same
gentleman, in August, 1813, in the moss of Kinnordy, Kerriemuir, Scotland. — It pro*
duces fructification, both male and female, in the winter and spring months.

Plant growing in small and scattered patches, generally of a dull green color.

Roots : from a descending main branch (if I may so express myself), which appears to be
altogether a continuation of the stem, and nearly equals it in thickness, arise several
large subcarnose fibres, which shoot out in a horizontal direction : they vary much in
length, generally exceeding a quarter of an inch, and are either simple or branched :
their color is a dirty white, and the cellular structure is the same as that exhibited by
the stem.

Stems varying from one line to half an inch, rarely more, in length, erect, slightly flexuose,
filiform, but not remarkably slender, for the most part simple, though a divided stem is
now and then observable, and a young shoot or innovation occasionally arises from various
parts of the plant. The color is greenish ; the texture closely cellulose.

The leaves in the taller individuals are rather distantly placed, more crowded in the shorter
ones : all of them are patent or erecto-patent, sometimes a little recurved. They are
inserted without order on every side of the stem, and vary in regard to size in all parts of
it, and equally so in figure : a few are rounded in their shape, but the greater number
are either ovate or oblongo-ovate, or, occasionally, ligulate, plane, cut at the margin,
though not deeply, yet in a manner so irregular, that they they will be more easily
understood by a reference to the annexed plate, than by any description I am able to give.
I may observe, however, that, near the extremity of a leaf, two opposite lateral notches

C J. Hoolceri.J

BRITISH J UNGERM ANNIiE.

are frequently seen, which thus form a large terminal lobe : and that, in other leaves,
are formed smaller lobes or projections, as well acute as obtuse, which give to the
margins a very jagged appearance. The substance is rather thin, and delicate, yet of such a
nature as to dry very badly, shrinking considerably, and requiring a great length of lime
to recover after immersion in water : the cellules are moderately large, ovate ; the color
green, varying from a pale to a deeper hue.

The perigonial leaves are generally larger than thd rest, and equally variable in figure with
them, always situated at the extremity of the stem, by no means closely imbricated,
nor have they the base (as is usual in the genus), particularly ventricose, nor the apex
incurved, but rather expanded, so that the Anthers are always exposed.

Perichcetial leaves six or seven in number, and, as far as I have yet had the oppor-
tunity of observing, while enclosing the Germen, closely placed and imbricated, so as
to form a cone (f. 9) ; in this state, too, their figure is very nearly oblongo-ovate, without
any marginal incision or projection, concave. In a more advanced state of the fructifi-
cation, they are not to be distinguished, except by their situation, from the cauline leaves,
which they moreover exactly resemble in color and texture.

Male Fructification in the axillae of the perigonial leaves, where the

Anthers are placed in clusters of five or six together : each is nearly spherical, faintly
reticulated, of a yellowish color, inclining to orange, when arrived at its full size. The
footstalk is short and cellulose.

Female Fructification terminal upon the stems or branches.

Calyx none !

Germen (f. 9) obovate, green, tipped with a tubular style, and surrounded at the base by a
few abortive pistilla, which are linear, or only slightly swollen at the base, and at the
apex, under a high magnifying power, are seen to have an expanded and hollow mouth.

Calyptra quite exposed, so as to resemble, at first sight, a calyx ; as the main branch of
the root below, so does this at the upper extremity, appear to be a continuation of the
stem (f. f. 7. 8). It is of an oblong or linear i-oblong figure; at the extremity, however,
it is generally a little incrassated ; its base is of the same diameter as the stem, with
which it likewise accords in its thick texture, as well as in color, only that it is
somewhat paler. The style, or the rudiment of it, is at all times apparent, and just
within the periclisetial leaves, even during the state of the ripe capsule, a few of the
pistilla may be seen. At the apex, the calyptra opens with a vertical, but irregular
fissure, for the emission of the capsule.

Peduncle about half an inch in length, white, filiform, succulent, terminated by the

Capsule; this is of a lineari-oblong figure, pale brown color, and reticulated structure,
rather delicate, subpellucid. It opens, for the most part, into four equal linear valves,
which often cohere at the extremity, in consequence, as it appears to me, of the
entanglement of the filaments. Sometimes five valves are seen, and more than once
Mr. Lyell has observed an appearance of only two valves, and these were held together
at their apices, so as to form the exact figure of the periphery of an ellipse.

Seeds (f. 12) disposed within the capsule in threes, and enveloped in a transparent pellicle,
through which they are distinctly seen, in an immature state, to be of a green color;
when more advanced (f. 13) they become brown, and the pellucid covering is not
apparent, though they very generally hang together (if I may so express myself) in threes.

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIA.

C J. Hookcri.)

Like the seeds, the spiral filaments are in a young state green, and enclosed in a thin
white membrane (f. 12), which in their perfect state is lost. They are formed of a single
helix, attenuated at each extremity, and, as in most of the frondose species, are attached
to the extremity of the valves in pencil-shaped tufts.

Perhaps, there is not to be found, in the whole genus of Jungermannia, a species more decidedly
marked, both in its fructification and its foliage, than that represented on the annexed plate. It is
one of the many interesting discoveries made by Mr. Lyell, who kindly proposed that it should bear
the name under which it has been already described in English Botany.

The most remarkable feature in this plant, (if I may be allowed such an expression, where
every thing is so strange,) is the absence of a calyx, and the prominent fleshy calyptra, which, by
a casual observer, might be taken for a calyx. The horizontal, thick, and fleshy fibres of the root,
seem rather to belong to some phaenogamous plant, than to the genus Jungermannia, almost all the
species of which are furnished with remarkably slender, simple, and descending radicles. The multifa-
rious insertion of the leaves is of rare occurrence in the present tribe of plants. Indeed, I am only
acquainted with two species of British origin which have this peculiarity in common with it,
J. setacea and trichophylla ; but in every other respect, these plants are widely different; the
individuals now mentioned having setaceous leaves, while those of J. Ilookeri are broad and
subovate, or ligulate, varying most remarkably in size, and in the shape and situation of the lobes
and crenatures, with which the margin is generally furnished. Most of the Jungermannia: are
well known to possess the property of being easily restored to a fresh and vigorous appearance, after
being dried for a considerable length of time : but the present species is a striking exception even to
this rule, since, after ever so long an immersion in water, it very imperfectly recovers its original
state.

In the color of the Anthers, and in their exposed situation, a similarity may be traced between
them and the Anthers of J. pusilla. But the female fructification is totally different, and, in the
form of the capsule and the situation of the spiral filaments, there is a close analogy with
J. pingitis and multifida, between which, and the Jungermannia foliosce, J. Ilookeri may be
considered as holding the middle rank. The cohering of the apices of the valves of the capsule,
which Mr. Lyell has remarked to be an equally common occurrence in the specimens he finds at
Kinnordy, as in those from the New Forest, is not confined to this species : it also happens with
the capsule of J. Lyellii. But in no other individual have I yet observed the seeds to be disposed in
threes, within a pellucid covering ; though, it is not impossible that such a circumstance may
have escaped my notice, through neglect of examining the capsules in an immature state, when
this appearance is most ‘evident.

( J. Hookeri.J

BRITISH JUNGERMANNI^E

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1. J.Hookeri, male plant, natural size.

2. Female plant, - natural size.

3. Male plant, magnified 6

4. Apex of a male plant, with the Anthers 4

5. Perigonial leaf. 2

6. Anthers 1

7. Female plant, calyptra still entire 6

8. Female plant, with capsules 6

9. Extremity of a young female plant, with the germen and abortive pistilla. ... 4

10. Exterior view of a perichcetial leaf. 2

11. Interior view of the same 2

12. Immature seeds and spiral filaments 1

13. Perfect seeds 1

14. Spiral filaments 1

w

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T(r/>. L VI

AWx.e?er'j

/V/////er?/ia/7?}/a /ts/Tafa

6/ {/etzc/er/r, CofijojaV* £r#gfi

—

BRITISH J UNGER MANNIJE.

(J.furcata.)

JUNGERMANNIA FURCATA.

(TAB. LV. LVI.)

Jungermannia, fronde lineari, dichotomy, membranaceS., costata, supra lsevi, subtiis, margineque
plus miniisve pilosS. : fruetu ex inferiore parte cost;e egrediente ; calycibus bilobis, conduplicatis,
margine ciliato 3 calyptrH obovata, hispid^.

Jungermannia furcata. Linn. Sp. PI. 11. p. 1602. Syst. Nat. 11. p. 707. Pollich, Pal.
hi. p. 201. FI. Salisb. p. 231. Schrank, Bavar, 11. p. 500. Weber, Spic. Ft. Goet.
p. 159. Weis, Plant. Crypt, p. 108. Willd. Ber. p. 344. Scop. Cam. 11. p. 352.
Villars, Delph. iv. p. 926. Schreber, Spic. FI. Lips. p. 109. Enum. PI. FI. Dan. p. 43.
Hoffm. Germ. 11. p. 90. Roth, Germ. 111. p. 413. Hedw. Th. t. 19./. 99. 100. et t. 20.
Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. Gmel. 11. p. 1353. Lamarck, Encycl. Method, in. p. 287. Lamarck,
FI. Fr. ed. 2. t. 11. p. 427. Lamarck, FI. Gall. p. 91. Relhan, Cant. p. 441. Huns.
Angl.p. 518. Lightf. Scot. 11. p. 791. With, iii. p. 850. Engl. Bot. t. 1632.
Lichenastrum saxatile erectum, tenuifolium, furcatum. Cat. Giss. p. 213. (fide Dill.J
Muscus squamosus, foliis subrotundis, densissimis, erectus, furcatus. Buxb. En. PI. Hal.
p. 225 ( fide Dill.J

Ulva saxatilis furcata, latiusculis et tenuioribus segmentis. Raii Syn. Stirp. Brit. 111. p. 63.
Hepatica arborea globuligera. Vaill. Bot. Par. p. 98. t. 23./. 11.

Marsilea minima angustifolia, fioribus nigricantibus, ex inferiori foliorum parte e subhirsuta
et turbinata vagina erumpentibus. Micheli, Nov. Gen. p. 5. t. 4./. 4.

Lichenastrum tenuifolium furcatum, thecis globosis pilosis. Dill. Muse. t. 74./. 45.
Jungermannia foliis linearibus dichotomis, inf erne fiorif era. Hall. Helv. in. p. 64.

)3. elongata 5 frondibus majoribus, elongatioribus strlctioribusque.

J.furcata (3. maxima. Weber, Spic. FI. Goet. p. 160.

4

y. aeruginosa, frondibus latioribus, apicibus (in gemmiferis plantis exceptis) dilatatis, obtusissirais.
Riccia fruticulosa. Dicks. Plant. Crypt. Ease. 1. p. 8. (excl. syn. FI. DamcceJ. With. iii.

p. 870. Hull. p. 283.

Jungermannia fruticulosa. Engl. Bot. t. 2514.

Hab. Abundant in every part of the kingdom, growing as well upon the trunks of trees, and
low bushes, as upon stones, rocks, and even on heathy ground. (Producing fructification,,
according to Dr. Taylor, from October till March.)-/3. is not uncommon upon rocks, and

(J. furcata.)

BRITISH JUNGERMANNRE.

on the ground, in subalpine countries. — y. has been found in various parts of Ireland by
Miss Hutchins, Mr. Templeton, Mr. Turner, and Mr. Mackay.— At Kinnordy, Scotland, by
Mr. Lyell, and near Fortar by Mr. George Don ; but no fructification has hitherto been
discovered upon this variety.

Plant growing in large dense patches, closely appressed to the surface, which affords it nourish-
ment.

The Roots consist of simple, white fibres, produced here and there from the lower surface of
the midrib of the frond, and not easily distinguished from the hairs which are intermixed
with them.

Fronds from half to three-quarters of an inch or rather more in length, creeping, horizontal,
lying over each other in an imbricated manner : in width scarcely equalling half a line :
throughout linear thin and submembranaceous, slightly waved, the margins quite entire,
never (except in a very young state) simple, always branched in a somewhat dichotomous
manner, with the ramuli furcate for the most part at the extremity; whence the name :
the apices obtuse : the upper surface is destitute of hairs or covering of any kind ; but the
margin and the surface beneath are beset more or less thickly with rather stout, white,
and simple hairs, which upon the margin have very frequently a ciliated appearance. The
texture is delicate, the cellules roundish ; the color a pale and pleasant green. Throughout
the whole length of the frond and its ramifications a central, slender, but very distinct,
nerve or midrib extends, on the lower surface alone of which are seen a few hairs : there
too it gives rise to innovations, which are to be observed at almost every season of the year,
and in various stages of growth, from the young, ovate, and almost nerveless shoot
(t. lv. f. 17), to the larger, anther-bearing, and branched kinds, which in every respect
resemble the parent, separating from it in a little time, throwing out roots, and becoming
a new anu distinct individual.

Male Fructification abundant on distinct individuals from the female (see tab. lv.), placed
within a peculiar receptacle or perigonium, attached to the underside of the frond ( f. 15, 16), and
always upon the midrib. It has the appearance of being a young shoot or innovation (for in
color and texture I can perceive no difference) rolled up into a spherical figure, and generally
beset externally with bristle-shaped hairs (f. 18). It is sufficiently pellucid to admit of the

Jnthers being obscurely seen within, and on cutting or tearing open a perigonium (f. 19),
they may be distinctly seen to be fixed, in clusters of three or four in each, to the midrib.
Ihey are of an ovate or spherical form (f. 20, 21), faintly reticulated in an early stage of
growth, more remarkably so when arrived at their full size. The footstalk is very short,
white, obscurely striated.

Female Fructification (tab. lvi.) arising from various parts of the lower surface of the
midrib.

Hie Calyx at first resembles a scale (f. 3. 5), appressed to the frond, of a roundish form,
convex on the external surface, at the extremity, and, indeed, not unfrequently along the
whole margin, very beautifully fringed with long whitish cilia or hairs : at a more
advanced period (f. 6) it may be seen to be two-lobed, and when the calyptra is exserted
the calyx is cut into two very deep, subreniform lobes, which are conduplicate, embracing
the base of the calyptra (f. f. 3. 8. and 9). These, I have great reason to believe, shoot
out into innovations, after the decay of the fructification; for their two-lobed figure
gradually disappears, and the calyces are converted into shoots, like that represented at
f. 13. of Tab. lvi.

Pistilla (f. f. 5, 6, 7) rarely more than three or four in each calyx, large, broadly ovate, the
mouth a little expanded and crenate. They are faintly marked longitudinally and
transversely with dusky lines.

Calyptra obovate, carnose, curved at the base, which, as has been already remarked,
■originates in the underside of the frond, erect, at the extremity of a whitish color, beset
on every side with many white, rigid hairs or bristles, which stand out for the most part
in a horizontal direction, and give the calyptra a remarkably hispid or almost echinated
appearance. An irregularly torn but vertical fissure is formed for the emission of the
capsule. — I have not been able to discover any style.

Peduncle about thrice as long as the caiyptra, rather wide in proportion to its length, white,
cellulose, tipped with the ovate, or rotundo-ovate.

Capsule, which is of a deep brown color (f. 16), strongly reticulated, opening into four equal
ovate valves, that soon fall back and become twisted.

Seeds spherical (f. 12), brown or fulvous: the spiral filaments are of the same color,
composed each of a single helix of considerable length, and much attenuated at each
■extremity. Many of them continue to adhere at the apices of the valves of the capsule, as
in J. Hookeri, J. pinguis, 8fC.

Var. /3. (f. 2) scarcely differs from a but in its larger size, and more elongated, as well as straiter,
habit. It is also of a more yellow color than the usual appearance of the plant.

Var, y. (t. lv. f. f. 22, 23) is most remarkable for its color, which is of a fine verdigris green,
especially towards the apices of the frond, which are moreover considerably dilated, and the whole
plant is of a more delicate texture than is the case in a. A further difference may be observed in
the midrib, which in y is frequently forked within the frond, and immediately below the apex,
I am aware that this peculiarity is occasionally seen in a, but it is so much more common m the
wruginose variety, as justly to entitle it to observation. With regard to the color of y I ought
to remark that it is sometimes, but not always, visible in a fresh state, Mr. Turner and
Mr. Mackay having been directed to the habitat by this circumstance: whereas Mr. Lyell
and Mr. Templeton both observe that it becomes seruginose after having been kept for a length
of time in a dried state. In all other respects this var. resembles a, and like it produces
abundant innovations. By these it increases, but not by these alone, for copious terminal
clusters of gemmae have been found upon this variety, first by Mr. Lyell , and afterwards by
Mr Don and Miss Hutchins. In a gemmiferous state the present individual has a new and very
striking character; for the forked ramuli (f. f. 25. 29) have their margins so much recurved as to
make them appear almost cylindrical, and at their apices the gemma? are formed, and adhere,
though slightly, in clusters. These gemma (f. 26) vary much in size, and not a little in form ;
but they all agree in being of the same cellular structure as the plant, and in this respect
resembling the gemmae of J. minutissima. At first they are roundish or ovate, afterwards more
oblong, and when they fall from the frond they may be seen to have marginal hairs Although
I have not had the opportunity of tracing them in a more progressive state, 1 think there cannot
be a doubt that they are destined every one to form perfect plants. Their color is of the same

seruginose green as the frond.

(J. furcata.)

BRITISH JUXGER3IANNI/E.

Jungermannia furcata is one of the most common species of the genus, and, as such, is
familiar to every student of Cryptogamic Botany. The conformation of its various parts, however,
is deserving of the most minute investigation, for I have scarcely met with any species which offers
at the same time so much beauty and singularity of structure united. Hitherto the curious calyx,
the perigonium, and the gemmae, have escaped the notice of writers upon the subject, or have been
but very imperfectly and incorrectly described. Even the illustrious Hedwig has been far from
happy in his account of the antheriferous receptacle, the calyptra, and the seeds, all of which differ
considerably from what I have myself had the opportunity of examining. In another part of this
Monograph I shall have occasion to speak more fully on this subject. Roth is surely incorrect, when
he says “ Calyx ex aversa frondium pagina propullulans, adscendens, conicus, ovatus, hirsutus,
viridis. Corolla calyce brevior, tenuissima and further, “ab omnibus hujus phalangis in eo
recedit haec planta, ut calyx ex adversa frondium pagina adscendat tubulosus, ovatus, corollam
minorem inciudens cum in reliquis calyciformis e frondis substantia per integumentum commune
dilaceratum protrudatur.” The corolla is surely the part that is protruded, and in this particular
accords with all the rest of the Jungermannia frondosa. In its delicate texture, and in the strongly
maiked though slender midrib, J. Jurcata resembles J. Lyellii, from which, and from every other
species in the genus, it is nevertheless abundantly distinct.

There is no reason whatever for considering the var. y. a Riccia. The Riccia fruticulosa of
Flora Danica, I fully agree with Dr. Smith in thinking quite a different plant, and probably (if I
may be allowed to judge from the figure) the Jungermannia palmata of Hoffmann.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATES. (TAB. LV. AND LVI.)

(TAB. LV.)

FIG.

14. J.furcata, with male fructification, natural size.

15. The same, magnified

16. A portion of the stem and innovation, with male fructification,

17. Portion of a gemmiferous plant, seen from the under side

18. Perigonium, with the Anthers included

19. Perigonium torn open ;

20. Anther in a young state

21. Anther fully formed

22. Var. y, natural size.

23. The same, magnified

24. Gemmiferous plant, natural size.

25. The same, magnified 6

26. Gemma j

27- Gemmiferous plants, shewing the under surface, natural size.

28 and 29. The same, magnified 6

(TAB. LVI.)

FIG.

I

1. Jungermannia furcata, female plant, natural size.

2. Var. (3, natural size.

S. Under side of a female plant, with the fructification in various stages of)

forwardness, magnified )

4. Fertile plants, upper side 6

5. Calyces in a young state, and pistilla *. . . 4

6. A calyx more advanced 3

7. Pistillum 1

8. Calyx, corolla, and capsule 3

9. Calyx expanded ; 2

10. Capsule opened 2

1 1 . Valve of the capsule 1

12. Seeds and spiral filaments 1

13. Calyx lengthening into a shoot 3

'

Tab.LVII.

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIJE. . Taylori.J

JUNGERMANNIA TAYLORI.

(TAB. LVII.)

Jungermannia, caule erecto, subsimplice ; foliis bifariis, rotundatis, (siccitate punctatis,) patentibus,
secundisve : stipulis late subulatis : fructu terminali ; calycibus ovatis, apice compressis, truneatis,
bilabiatis.

Hab. Toulagee, a lofty mountain in the county of Wicklow, Ireland. Dr. Taylor. — Found
also in the vicinity of Bantry, by Miss Hutchins. — Two miles from Ambleside, to the north
of the Penrith road ; and on the rock, behind the hill, at Patterdale, near Ullswater,
Cumberland, in great plenty, and in the highest beauty, together with J. radicans and
J. barbata. Mr. Lyell. — Upon Cairn-gorum, and other mountains of the Highlands of
Scotland. — Mr. Don finds it upon the Clova mountains.

Plant growing in rather large patches, as dense as those of Sphagnum latifolium.

Roots issuing in small tufts of simple, whitish fibres, from near the base of the stipules.

Stems erect, from two or three, to four and even five inches in length, filiform, flexuose,
simple, or now and then producing one or two small innovations, which are more
generally found about the extremity of the stem, and especially in the fructified
specimens, than in any other part of the plant, or in its barren state. The substance is
rather firm, at the base even rigid, when dry, and brownish ; towards the apex more
succulent, having the cellules distinctly visible with a lens, and of a green or purplish
tinge.

Leaves about three quarters of a line in length, at least near the middle of the sterile
individuals ; for, as they recede from that part, they gradually become smaller (f. 3).
In the female plants, on the contrary, the largest leaves are those which appioach the
calyx (f. 4). They are every where rather closely and bifariously placed, slightly
imbricating each other, alternate, horizontally patent with regard to the stem, 01, not
unfrequently, erect and secund, as is represented at the base of fig. 4 : their foim is round
or suborbicular, plane or very slightly concave, at the margins entire, sometimes a little
waved, and at the extremity a small portion is generally recurved, as is more distinctly
seen on the underside of the leaves (f. 5) : their base is decurrent and obliquely semi-

( J . Taylori.J

BRITISH JUNGERMANNOE.

amplexicaul. The substance is, in a striking degree, thick and subcarnose, the cellules
large, of a roundish figure, but by no means regularly or closely placed (f. 6) ; when dry,
from the circumstance of the shrinking of the cellules, a curiously punctated appearance
is observable even with the naked eye. The color is of a dingy but yellowish-green at the
base of the plant, gradually assuming a purple tint as the leaves approach the extremity
of the plant, where they are entirely of that color.

Stipules (f. f. 7- 8) though minute, always present, widely subulate, and, like the leaf,
composed of cellules of a roundish form, and large in proportion to the size of the stipule.
Their color is usually pale green.

Perigonial leaves more concave, and for the most part more crowded than the rest; at the
base they are a little swollen, and the margin is there incurved (f. 8).

Of the Perichatial leaves there is one erect pair to the base of each calyx, to which they are
in a slight degree appressed; their margins are frequently a little waved.

Male Fructification (f. 3) generally near the centre, but sometimes at the extremity of the
stem : two or three spherical pedunculated

Anthers (f. 9) are situated in the axilla of each perigonial leaf.

Female Fructification terminal.

Calyx (f. 10) ovate, or oblongo-ovate, by no means plicate, cylindrical, except at the apex,
where it is compressed, truncate, very obsoletely toothed, and divided into two short lips.
In color and texture it closely resembles the leaves, but the cellules are of a more oblong
shape.

Calyptra obovate (f. 10), whitish, somewhat membranaceous, reticulate, tipped with a short
tubular style. A few small barren pistilla surround its base.

Peduncle short, being scarcely three times the length of the calyx, white, cellulose.

Capsule ovate, dark brown, furrowed longitudinally and transversely, splitting into four
equal valves (f. 10).

Seeds spherical, fulvous. Spiral filaments composed of a double helixi short, rather closely
twisted (f. 11).

Obs. Upon the leaves of this species, a very minute, nearly spherical, blackish, tuberculated
Fungus is frequently to be seen, and I have figured it in the annexed plate (see f. f. 3, 4, 12, 13).
Internally, along with a whitish mucilage, it contains a number of oblong pellucid bodies, each
with from two to four ovate brownish seeds. A very similar parasite, if not' the same, is
found also on the leaves of J. scalaris, but I am not aware that they have ever come under the
notice of any writer upon the subject.

I have already mentioned, under my description of J. anomala, the distinguishing marks
between that species and the present, and I have little more to add, but that my own subsequent
observations, as well as those of Mr. Lyell, who has lately had the best opportunity of examining
t le two plants in their native places of growth, have more and more strengthened the opinion that

C J. Taylori .)

BRITISH J UNGERM ANNIA5.

they are truly different. Notwithstanding the unwearied exertions of the able Botanist just
mentioned, the fructification of J , anomala has hitherto eluded his research ; but, whatever be the
fate of that plant, the one here described, and named after my friend Dr. Taylor, of Dublin, will, I
trust, be permitted to hold its place in the list of species, as a memorial of the great assistance which
I have derived from one of the most zealous and acute Cryptogamists of the present day.

Mr. Lyell observes that J. Taylori has an agreeable odor, which resembles that arising from
the flowers of the Heath.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1.

2.

J. Taylori, male and female 'plants, natural size.
Sterile plants, natural size.

6

4

K

5

6.

4

3

/ •
Q

4

o.

Q

*7.

1 A

5

1U.

u

1

11.

2

12.

13.

1

Tab.LVm.

BRITISH JUNGERMANNm.

(J. compressct.J

JUNGERMANNIA COMPRESS A.

(TAB. LVIII. )

Jungermannia, caule erecto, diviso: foliis bifariis, orbicularibus, (summis subreniformibus,)
planis, erectis, appressis : stipulis in innovationibus junioribus, minutissimis, bifidis integrisque;
in caule nullis : fructu terminal! ; calycibus perichsetio immersis, oblongis, carnosis ; ore aperto,
quadridentato.

Hab. Mountain rivulets, near Bantry. Miss Hutchins. — Lough Bray. Dr. Taylor. (It
produces fruit in the month of June.)

Plant growing in dense, purplish tufts, of some inches in diameter.

Roots, scarcely any j a few simple fibres may here and there be seen near the base of the plant.

Stems varying from two to six inches, or more, in length, erect, or only growing in a horizontal
direction, when carried down by the force of a mountain streamlet, filiform, fiexuose,
branched, or at least appealing so, in consequenee of the innovations, which are rather
copiously produced, and are often of such a size as scarcely to be distinguished from the
stem itself: all of a brown or purplish color, and a cellular texture, though, in the older
parts of the plant, the cellules are obscure, and almost obliterated.

Leaves often three-fourths of a line in length, varying in size in different parts of the plant;
but in general largest at the extremity of the stem, both in the fertile, and in the sterile
individuals : they are closely but alternately placed, imbricating each other in a very
regular and beautiful manner, erect, oppressed, and, from their pellucid nature, suffering
the stem to be seen through them, dividing each of them, as it were, 'into two nearly
equal halves (f. 5) ; in figure, they are for the most part orbiculate, except those at the
extremity, which are nearly reniform, all plane, decurrent at the lower margin, and every
where entire. In those individuals, which have been subject to the action of a current of
water, the leaves are at intervals distantly placed, and often decayed (f. 4), and, on the
young innovations, they are much less closely arranged, somewhat concave, and have not
unfrequently an oblique direction (f. 6). The texture of the leaves is semi-pellucid,
peculiarly thin and delicate, so as to be almost membranaceous, but, when dry, somewhat
rigid ; the cellules are roundish, those at the margin of a regularly subquadrate form. The
color is in the lower leaves a pale yellowish green, while those above are of a fine deep purple.

C J. compressa.j

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIAE.

Of the stipules, I have been able to discover none upon the principal stems ; but, on the
young innovations, both Dr. Taylor and myself have seen them of an ovate form,
extremely minute, sometimes entire, sometimes notched or bifid (f. 6). Similar stipules
have, since the publication of J. Sphagni, been discovered upon the gemmiferous shoots of
that species likewise.

The perichcetial leaves are no otherwise different from the rest, than in being somewhat
larger: three or four pair (f. 7) arise from the exterior surface of the calyx, in such a
manner as wholly to cover it.

Male Fructification at present unknown.

Female Fructification terminal.

Calyx * immersed in the pericluetial leaves, oblong or club-shaped, of a very thick and
subcarnose texture every where, except at the margin, where it has a more foliaceous
appearance, and is divided into four large acute and equal-sized teeth or segments (f. 8).

Calyptra ovate, thin, delicate, reticulated, tipped with a small style.

Peduncle four or five times the length of the calyx, white, striated transversely and longi-
tudinally.

Capsule spherical, red-brown, splitting into four equal, ovate valves, and discharging the
seeds and spiral filaments, of which the former are exactly spherical, and, as well as the
latter, of a fulvous color.

Notwithstanding the peculiarity in the general habit of this interesting discovery of Miss Hutchins,
arising from the curious disposition of the leaves and their general texture, it is difficult to fix upon
a satisfactory specific character that will distinguish it from J. Taylori, without the aid of the
fructification, the discovery of which we owe to the Botanist after whom the latter plant is called.
The trivial name has been suggested by mv excellent friend, Mr. Lyell, to whom I communicated
specimens, and whose remarks upon the sterile individuals are so excellent, that my readers will
thank me for transcribing them unaltered and unabridged from his letter. “ A cursory view of a
young innovation made me suspect that Miss Hutchins had got hold of my J. hyalina f, and the
general figure of the plant recalled a specimen of J. scalaris sent me by Mr. Templeton. But
J. compressa is less transparent than J. hyalina, and more so than J. scalaris usually is ; the reti-
culation is smaller than in either ; and the outer row of cellules smallest, which is very uncommon.
— Moreover, it is of upright growth, and sends out no radicles from the stalk, differing in that
respect from the two above-named Jungermannice, and from J. Taylori. The leaves are circular,
imbricating and becoming gradually larger towards the apex of the stalk. They are bifarious, and
the insertion is nearly at right angles to the stalk ; so that, when viewed laterally, they project on

* In the present species, as well as in J. scalaris and J. emarginata, ar.d possibly in all the Jungermannice which
have an immersed calyx, this part has the appearance of being nothing more than the extremity of the stem
incrassated, and hollowed out for the reception of the pistilla ; for the texture of the calices always resembles that of
the stem ; and they are never deciduous, as is the case with the exsertecl calices.

T A new species that will shortly appear in this Monograph.

BRITISH JUNGERM ANNIAS. ( J . compress a. )

both sides of the stalk, (about two-thirds towards the front, and one-third towards the back).
When moist, the leaves are plane, and the insides of the opposite ones touch each other, which
gives the plant a singularly compressed appearance, and makes it refuse to lie in any position but
its side, when examined on the table of the microscope. — In drying, the leaves become somewhat
waved and deflected at the apex.”

It is a curious circumstance, that the stipules should be confined (at least, as far as my own
observations and those of Dr. Taylor have gone) to the younger innovations. Can it be that they
exist upon the stems of the young plants, and upon the young ones only, in the same manner as the
stipules of many phaenogamous plants, and especially of the Salices, which are seen only during an
early stage of the foliation ?

The paucity of radicles is a farther peculiarity which this Jungermannia has in common with
others, which, like it, grow almost wholly in the water, and which have their stems likewise
densely crowded.

J. compressa ought, without doubt, to rank next J. scalaris, J. Taylori, and J. anomala, with
the former of which it agrees in the immersed capsule.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1. J. compressa, female plant, natural size.

2, 3. Sterile plants, natural size.

4. Sterile plants, which have been altered in their appearance by the strength of

the current, natural size.

5. Female plant, magnified

6. Portion of a young innovation, shewing the stipules

7. Extremity of a fertile shoot

8. A calyx, longitudinally dissected, exhibiting the inside of one row of leaves,

with the calyptra and pistilla

9. Seeds and spiral filaments

—

ft;

m

—

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

( J. laxifolia.J

JUNGERMANNIA LAXIFOLIA.

(TAB. LIX.)

Jungermannia, caule erecto, simpliciusculo, fi'iformi: foliis distantibus, quadrifariis, erecto-
patentibus, ovatis, subcarinatis, acutb bifidis ; (perichaetialibus similibus) : fructu terminali ;
calycibus oblongis, subplicatis ; ore contracto, dentato.

Hab. Mountain rivulet, near Bantry. Miss Hutchins .■ — In a stream upon Castle-Kelly
mountain, county of Wicklow. Dr. Taylor. — (The capsules are perfected in April.
Calyces are found during most of the summer months.)

Plant growing in small, but very dense, green tufts or cushion-like patches.

Roots (as in .7. compressa) scarcely any ; the few that do exist, are confined to the lower
part of the stem.

Stems erect, filiform, flexuose, about half an inch long, extremely slender, 'simple, or beset
with one or two innovations, uncertain as to their place and length, but always more
slender than the main stem, and undivided. The substance is tender and flaccid, composed
of large, conspicuous, oblong cellules; the color a pale green, approaching in some
instances to olive.

Leaves (f. 3) distantly and alternately placed, arising from four sides, of large dimen-
sions when compared with the diameter of the stern, becoming, however, gradually
smaller as they recede from the apex : the smallest are seen upon the innovations ; they
are all patent or crecto-patent, ovate, generally slightly carinated, and cleft, for about
one-third of their length, by an acute sinus, into two equal, rather sharp, but altogether
entire segments. Their texture is peculiarly soft (if I may be allowed the expression)
and flaccid ; the reticulation very large, and formed by oblong cellules (f. 4).

Perichcetial leaves larger than the rest, and, what is remarkable, even more distantly placed
than the cauline ones, not unfrequently leaving the whole calyx exposed (f. 2).

Male Fructification unknown.

Female Fructification terminal, or, if apparently lateral, only rendered so by the circumstance
of an innovation being produced immediately beneath it.

BRITISH J UNGERM ANNIiE.

(J. laxifolia.)

Calyx (f. 4) large, oblongo-ovate or obovate, for it generally increases in size upward, very
slightly plicate ; the mouth contracted and toothed. It is of the same color and texture
as the leaves.

Calyptra (f. 5) ovate, membranous, whitish, reticulated j style short. Barren pistilla small,
situated at the base of the calyptra.

Peduncle scarcely more than twice the length of the calyx, white, cylindrical, succulent,
cellulose.

Capsule exactly spherical, opening into four equal ovate valves, which are longitudinally and
transversely furrowed.

Seeds (f. 7) spherical, and, together with the spiral filaments, of a fulvous brown; these
latter formed of a double closely-twisted helix.

J. laxifolia belongs to that division of Jungermannia, which have their leaves placed in a
quadrifarious manner, and of which so few species have hitherto been detected. With J.julacea it
will be seen to have many points in common, but will be found to differ materially, not only in the
greater size and larger cellules of the leaves, but also in the form and disposition of the perichaetial
ones, in the texture of the foliage, and in the color: in these last particulars approaching
J. bicuspidata, a species from which it otherwise is abundantly distinct.

Hitherto this elegant little species has been found only in Ireland ; a country no less fertile in
rare and singular plants, than fortunate in Botanists both able and willing to detect and investigate
them.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1. J. laxifolia, natural size.

2. Fertile plants, magnified 6

3. Portion of the stem, and leaves 4

4. Calyx and perichcetial leaves 3

5. Calyptra 3

6- Barren pistilla 1

7- Seeds and spiral filaments 1

Tab. LX.

*

BRITISH J UNGER MANN I AS.

(J. viticulosa.)

JUNGERMANNIA VITICULOSA.

(TAB. LX.)

Jungermannia, surculo procumbente, ramoso : foliis bifariis, subimbricatis, horizontalibus, planis,
ovatis, integris: stipulis late ovatis, dentato-laciniatis : fructu lateral!; calycibus subterraneis,
oblongis, earnosis ; ore squamis foliaceis fimbriato.

Jungermannia viticulosa. Linn. Sp. PI. n. p. 1597- Sijsi. Nat. n. p. 705. Neck. Meth.
Muse. p. 134. Schrank, Bavar. II. p. 494. Leers, Herb. p. 249. Allioni, FI. Fed.
ii. p. 311. Weis, Plant. Crypt, p. 112.' Weber, Spic. FI. Goet. p. 132. Hoffmann,
Germ. n. p. 88. Roth, Germ. iii. p. 371. Oeder, Enum. PI. FI. Dan. p. 41. Huds.
Angl. p. 509. Lightf. Scot. p. 772. Relhan, Cant. p. 439. Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. Gmel.
ii. p. 1348. With. iii. p. 855. Lamarck, Encycl. hi. p. 279. Lamarck, FI. Fr. ed. 2.
t. ii. p. 430. Lamarck, FI. Gall. p. 92. Michaux, FI. Bor. Am. ii. p. 311. Engl.
Bot. t. 2513 (bona.)

Lichenastrum capitulis nudis, Trichomanis facie, foliolis densius congestis, majus. Raii

Syn. p. 111.

Jungermannia lerrestris, viticulis longis, foliis perexiguis, densissimis, ex rotunditate
acuminatis. Micheli, Nov. Gen. p. 8. t. 5. /. 4. (figura bona.)

Jungermannia, foliis pinnatis, subrotundis, ex caule florifera. Hall. Helv. iii. p. 60.

Hab In subalpine countries, far from uncommon ; in various parts of England, Scotland,
and Ireland, growing, as well upon the ground, as upon mosses and other Jungermannia
(It bears fructification in the spring months.)

Plant growing in loosely- mat ted patches of various sizes, rendered conspicuous by their yellowish
brown color.

Root a few whitish, simple fibres, proceeding in small clusters, the whole length of the stem,

from beneath the stipules. .

Surculi varying in length from one to three inches, filiform, slightly flexuose, simple, or, as
generally happens, divided by innovations of various lengths, that are patent, and resemble
the parent stems in every thing excepting size. All are procumbent : their texture is firm,
rather rigid when dry ; the cellules very compact : the color a dirty reddish brown.

Leaves about half a line long, smaller towards the extremity and at the base alte.na e y,
but rather closely and very regularly, arranged in a bifarious manner, horizontal, plane.

(J. viticulosa.j

BRITISH JUNGERMANNOE.

slightly convex on the upper surface, of an exactly ovate figure, widest at the base, where
they are a little decurrent; their margins always destitute of every kind of incision, and
serrature. The substance is somewhat firm ; the cellules minute and roundish; the color a
yellow brown, or only green when growing in a very shaded situation.

Stipules (f. f. 3. 5) small, widely ovate, approaching to round ; the margin more or less
toothed and laciniated; the apex usually furnished with a long point.

Perichcetial leaves none ; at least., there are none that differ in the slightest degree, either
in shape or direction, from the rest.

Male Fructification hitherto unknown.

Female Fructification originating from the under side of the stem, and beneath the stipule.

Calyx: this, in a young state (f. f. 6. 7 ■ 8), is cup-shaped, and situated upon a short curved
footstalk ; its margin scaly or slightly foliaceous ; its base very thick and earnose ; within
are the pistilla (f. 7) : in proportion as it advances to its full size, the thick base descends,
and at length forms a hollow oblong pouch or sack, nearly a line long (f. 10) ; the
point of attachment of which w ith the stem is seen to be at the margin : the mouth is
a little expanded, and the scales there situated are, before the exsertion of the peduncle,
incurved : this calyx is imbedded in the earth among the mosses and Jungermannise to
which the plant may happen to be attached ; it is smooth, or presents only short, minute,
and irregular strife on its outer surface; its color is a dirty white.

Pistilla (f. f. 7- 9) seven or eight in number, lanceolate; the mouth a little expanded.

Calyptra (f. 11) whitish, thin, membranaceous, reticulated; when it has reached its full
size, about three-fourths of the length of the calyx, to the inside of which it is closely
appressed, if not attached ; for I cannot separate the one from the other without injury:
the apex is crowned with a short style.

Peduncle about an inch or an inch and a half long, white, cylindrical, cellulose, tipped with
the brown oblongo-ovate

Capsule, which opens into four narrow strait valves, divided by a number of transverse and
longitudinal furrows, and the interstices again marked by dark lines running in similar
directions (f. 13).

Seeds and spiral filaments (f. 14) fulvous: the former spherical; the latter formed of a
double helix, rather closely twisted.

Almost all the above synonyms 1 have quoted in compliance with the opinion of preceding
Botanical authors, rather than from any conviction of the propriety of so doing: so vague and
unsatisfactory are the descriptions with which they are accompanied. Two alone can be depended
upon with any degree of certainty; the Michelian figure, and tiiat of English Botany. From the
circumstance of Lin nans' having referred to the really excellent figure of Micheli, there is reason to
believe that he intended the same plant ; yet, how strange it is, that he should have described it in
the Species Plantarum “ foholis subulatis !" This, we are informed*, the illustrious author had

* See Dr. Smith in English Bolany, p. 251S.

BRITISH J UNGER MANN I/E. (J. viticulosa.)

erased in his own copy, but in the Systema Natures he has fallen [into an error equally great, in
describing the species “foliis planis nudis linearibus." In the character given by Necker, there is
nothing to distinguish J. viticulosa from many other species; and Pollich appears rather to have
had some slight variety of J. asplenioid.es in view, when he says, “ Folia disticha, fere orbicularia,
margine modi') integerrima sunt, modb etiam leviter denticulata apparent.” Weis, too, describes the
leaves “margine ciliato;” whilst Weber says, that they are to be distinguished from those of
J. asplenioides by their being entire.

No author whatever appears to have been acquainted with the fructification of this singular
species; the honor of discovering it was reserved for Miss Hutchins and Mr. Lyell; the former of
whom has alone detected perfect capsules. The stipules too, which are far from being inconspi-
cuous, have escaped the notice of every writer upon the subject, but Dr. Smith.

The curious structure and situation of the calyx are peculiarities which J. viticulosa has in
common with a species, in other respects widely different, brought by Mr. Menzies from New
Zealand, as well as with one of our own country, J. Trichomanis, to which indeed it is in other
respects likewise closely allied. The differences to be observed are, the pale color, the very cellular
texture, the convex leaves, the simply emarginate stipules, and the linear or cylindrical figure of
the capsule of J. Trichomanis, which species moreover has the valves of the capsule twisted in a
very remarkable manner. All of these characters, as may be seen by the above description, are
inapplicable to our J. viticulosa.

Dillenius was ignorant of this species. His figure quoted for it in Hist. Muse, is J.polyanthos,
which he has represented twice.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1. J. viticulosa, natural size.

2. The same, magnified

3. Portion of the stem, with leaves and stipules, seen on the under side

4. Leaf

5. Stipules

6. Under side of a fertile shoot, with the young calyces

7. Calyx, with a portion cut away to exhibit the pistilla

8. A young calyx, entire

9. Pistilla

10. Perfectly formed calyx

11. The same, longitudinally dissected to shew the calyptra and the peduncle

12. Portion of the calyx, shewing its internal structure

13. Portion of the valve of a capsule

14. Seeds and spiral filaments

6

5

4
3

5
3
3
1
3
2
1
1
1

/

■

.

a;- : ■-

.

-

■ ’

i«; ", , v .. A. !

■ ■'V

Tab.LXI.

BRITISH J UNGERM ANNIiE.

( J . scalaris )

JUNGERMANNIA SCALARIS.

(TAB. LXI. )

Jungermannia, caule repente, simplice: foliis rotundatis, concavis, integris emarginatisque j
stipulis late subulatis : fructu terminali ; calyce perichaetio immerso.

Jungermannia scalaris. Schrader, Samml. "11. p. 4. Hoffmann, Germ. n. p. 89? Roth,
Germ. iii. p. 374?

Jungermannia lanceolata. Engl. Bot. t. 6 05.

Hab. Abundant, upon a loamy soil, in woods, barren wastes, and hedge-banks.

Pi. ant growing in patches, covering a considerable surface of ground ; the individuals generally
densely crowded.

Root consisting of small, whitish bundles of fibres, originating from the lower surface of
the stem, and near the base of the stipules.

Stems from a quarter to half an inch, or sometimes more, in length, simple, or rarely
producing innovations, filiform, rather wide in proportion to their length, flexuose, distinctly
cellular, of a pale green color.

Leaves more or less closely placed in a distichous manner, patent and horizontal, (f. f. 4. 10)
or erect (f. 7) : they vary in length from a quarter to half a line, the smaller ones being
found in general near the base, and at the extremity: they are of a roundish figure,
concave above, at the base semi-amplexicaul, for the most part having the margin entire :
but, in some individuals, the whole (f. 8), in others, a few only, placed here and there,,
without any kind of regularity, >re emarginate at their apices. Their color accords with
that of the stem : the cellules are small, roundish, sometimes obtusely quadrangular at
the margin, but not strikingly larger than in the disk of the leaf.

Stipules (f. f. 9. 12) small, of a widely subulate shape, agreeing in color and texture with

the leaves.

Perigonial leaves (f. 5) scarcely differing from the rest, except in having a swollen base,
anti the lower margin a little incurved on the upper side of the stem.

( J . scalaris. I

BRITISH JUNGERMANNI^.

Perichcetial leaves larger than the cauline, emarginate and waved, united together for one-
third of their length from the base, so as to form a hollowed receptacle, which may almost
be considered an exterior calyx (f. f. 10. 11. 13. 14).

Male Fructification.

Anthers (f. 6) of a spherical shape, reticulated, pedicellate : two or three are placed in the
axilla of each perigonial leaf.

Female Fructification always terminal.

Calyx (f. f. 13. 14) ovate, closely attached, by its external surface, to the interior surface of
the tube or hollowed receptacle, formed by the perichmtial leaves, the extremity alone or
mouth being free; this is cut into four large and equal-sized teeth or wide segments,
which scarcely rise above the pericheetium. The texture is more delicate than the leaves:
the color a pale and dirty brown.

German ovate (f. 13), dark green, surmounted by a short, tubular style.

Calyplra ovate, membranous, reticulated.

Peduncle from a quarter to half an inch, or upwards, in length, white, pellucid, striated
both transversely and longitudinally.

Capsule between roundish and ovate, dark brown, deeply furrowed longitudinally from the
apex to the base, and these furrows connected by transverse ones : it opens into four equal
ovate valves.

Seeds and spiral filaments (f. 16) of a dark brown or chocolate color: the former spherical;
the latter composed of a double helix.

Obs. Xo Gemma, that I am aware of, have yet been found on this species; but its leaves, like
those of J. Taylori, produce a minute, black, hispid, nearly spherical fungus, attached usually
to the upper surface of the leaf, and sometimes to the margin. This, when broken, gives
out a semi-transparent pulpy substance, among which I can discover no traces whatever of
seeds or granules. (See f. f. 4. 10. 17. 18. 19.)

The present species, although among the most common that this country affords, appears
nevertheless to be little known, and is no where, that I can find, described with the accuracy
which the curious structure of the calyx richly deserves. It has, indeed, a considerable affinity in
the form of its leaves in general, to J. Taylori, as well as to J. pumila, J. spluerocarpa , J. hyalina
J- lanceolala’ J- crenulata. From the first of these, it may be known by its much smaller size’
and more compactly cellular texture; from the rest, by the presence of the stipules; and, from
the whole, by the immersed calyx, in which particular it approaches J. emarginata, J.juniperina
and a few more, which are, in other respects, abundantly distinct.

Schmidel l appears to be the earliest author who has described a Jungermannia under the name
o sea a, IS ut 1 have little hesitation in pronouncing his plant, as well from the figure, as from
ns own account of it, to be no more than the gemmiferous state of J. Trichomanis, as is, indeed
the case with the J. scalaris of most other authors. Specimens, however, from Schrader himself’

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

( J. scalaris.)

preserved in Mr. Turner’s Herbarium, prove the J. scalaris of his Syst. Samml. to be the same as the
one here represented, but still I dare not venture to quote Hoffmann and Roth’s plants without
considerable doubt. It seems possible that the former may be our J. Trichomanis, but there is no
mention made of the fructification ; and the calyx of J. scalaris ,' as described by Dr. Roth, appears
rather to accord with J. crenulaia, which that writer probably confounded with it. No author,
whatever, has remarked the stipules.

J. scalaris is represented in English Botany under the name of lanceolata; but the unmagni-
fied figures are taken from unusually luxuriant specimens, and are much larger than any individuals
that have fallen under my own observation.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG,

1. J. scalaris, male plant, natural size.

2. Female plant, natural size.

3. Barren shoot.

4. Male plant, magnified

5. Perigonial leaf and Anthers

6. Anther

7. Barren shoot, with erect leaves

8. Far. with emarginale leaves

9. View of the under side of the stem, shewing the stipules

10. Female plant

11. Calyx and perichcetium

12. Stipule

13. 14. Calyx and perichcetium longitudinally opened

15. Capsule, after the discharge of the seeds

16. Seeds and spiral filaments

17. Leaf, with its parasitic Fungus

18. The Fungus detached from the leaf

19. The same, burst

6

3

1

6

6

6

6

5

1

3

3
1

4
1
8

Tad. LX/ I.

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

( J . polyanthos. )

JUNGERMANNIA POLYANTHOS.

(TAB. LXII. )

Jungermannia,’ surculo procumbente, subramoso: foliis bifariis, subimbricatis, horizontalibus,
planis, rotundato-quadratis, integris emarginatisque j stipulis oblongis, bifidis: fructu in ramis
propriis, ex parte inferiore caulis egredientibus, laterali; calycibus calyptrti dimidio brevioribus,
bilabiatis, laciniatis.

Jungermannia polyanthos. Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 1597. Syst. Nat. n. p. 705. Schrank, Bavar.
n. p. 459. Pollich, Palat. in. p. 178. Weis, Plant. Crypt, p. 113. Leers, Herb,
p. 249. Villars. hi. p. 493. Hoffmann, Germ. ii. p. 88. Roth, Germ. hi. p-372.
Order, Enum. PI. FL Dan. p. 41. Huds. Jngl. p. 510. Lightf. Scot. u. p. 773.
With. iii. p. 855. Lamarck, Encycl. Bot. hi. p. 279. Lamarck, H. Fr. ed. 2. ii.
p. 431. Lamarck, FI. Gall. p. 92. Engl. Bot. t. 2479. Linn. Syst. Nat. ed Gmel. ii.
p. 1348.

Jungermannia viticulosa. /3. Weber, Spic. FI. Goet. p. 133.

Jungermannia aquatica. Schranck, Bavar. ii. p. 496. Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. Gmel. ii.

p. 1349.

Jungermannia fragilis. Roth, Germ. m. p. 370. Ehrh. Crypt. Exsic. n. 48.
Jungermannia pallescens. Schrader, Syst. Samml. ii. p. 7. Hoffmann, Germ. ii. p. 87-
Roth, Germ. hi. p. 394.

Lichenastrum trichomanoides aquaticum odoratum fontis S. Winifrida. Raii Syn. p. 112.
Hepaticoides polytrichi facie. Muscus trichomanoides, foliis rotundioribus.jpallidis , squa-
matim conjunctim sibi incumbentibus. Vaillant, Bot. Par. tab. xix. /. 7-
Jungermannia1 major, foliis brevioribus. et obtusioribus, non dentatis. Mich. Nov. Gen. p. 8.

t. 5. /. 3.
Lichenastrum
Lichenastrum
Lichenastrum

Trichomanis facie, polyanthemum, breve et repens. Dill. Muse. t.JO.f.9.
Trichomanis facie, e basi et medio florens. Dill. Muse. t. 69. J. i-
trichomanoides aquaticum odoratum fontis S. Winifridce. Dill. Muse. t. 69;

/• 8-

Jungermannia foliis pinnatis, ovatis, ex cauleforifera.

Hall. Helv. hi. p • 60.

H„ Moist ao<] very wet places in various parts of Great Britain (It b particularly
"bu„rfupo„ rocks ,„dPsto„e. in dear auti tapid s. rcurlC, produc.ug frucircat.ou,

both male and female, in April and May).

(J. polyanihos .)

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

Plant generally growing in rather loose and straggling patches, easily detached from its native soil.

Roots more or less abundant upon different individuals, issuing in small tufts from the under
side of the

Stems, which are. either wholly procumbent, or at the apices only inclined to be ascendant,
filiform, Hexuose, from one to two inches, or more, in length, simple, or once or twice
irregularly branched; frequently, also, producing innovations, which, at an advanced
period, are scarcely to be distinguished from the branches themselves.

Leaves rather closely, but still alternately, placed in two rows, somewhat imbricating each
other with their margins, horizontal in their direction, about half a line in length, but
decreasing in size from the middle towards the base, as well as towards the extremity; of
a nearly quadrate figure, with the angles obtuse ; their surface is plane, or but slightly
convex; the base decurrent at the lower margin; the extremity entire in most instances,
though often emarginate, especially upon the innovations, the notch varying from obtuse
to acute. Once or twice I have observed a leaf to have two of these notches, thus forming
a trifid leaf, which, indeed, may have arisen from an accident. The texture is delicate ;
the cellules of a roundish form : the color, for the most part, a pale green, varying
in intensity, in sheltered and exposed situations.

Stipules (f. 5) of a narrow lanceolate form, divided nearly down to the base, into two entire,
subulate, strait segments. Under a microscope they exhibit the common reticulated
appearance of the leaves, which they further resemble in their color.

Perigonial leaves mostly situated at the extremity of the plant, eight or ten, or more, in
number, resembling the cauline ones in every thing, except in having their base swollen
for the reception of the Anthers (f. 8).

PenchcElial leaves (f. f. 9. 10) very small, ovate, obtuse, unequally serrated at their
margins : a few of these, rather resembling scales than leaves, surround the base of the
calyx, and are only seen upon the proper calycine stalk.

Male Fructification in the axillae of the perigonial leaves.

The Anthers are spherical, reticulated, of a pale greenish or olive color , situated upon short
whitish footstalks.

Female Fructification upon short proper footstalks, resembling small ramuli, which originate
f,om the under sille of the P^t, and, from a bent or curved base, become erect.

Calyx very short, scarcely half so long as the calyptra; at the base cylindrical, compressed
towards the extremity, widely ovate, truncate, split into two lips, each of which is
variously cut and laciniated at the margin: the clefts, it may be observed, are unequal •
that on one side extending to about three-fourths of the length of the calyx, while the
opposite one is scarcely half so deep (f. f. 9. lo).

Calyptra (f. 9) exserted, twice the length of the calyx, oblongo-obovate, white, membrana-
ceous, semi-pellucid, reticulated, tipped at the extremity with the short tubular style

1 eauncle scarcely an inch in length, white, cellular.

Capsule ovate, approaching to orbicular,
transverse furrows.

of a brown color, marked with longitudinal and

Seeds (f. 11) spherical: both they and the spiral filaments,
double helix, are of a fulvous color.

which are composed of a

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

( J. polyanthos.J

When found in a state of fructification, there are, perhaps, few individuals of the genus that
may be so readily distinguished as the present j its exserted corolla, and its truncate and bilabiate
calyx, affording characters no less decisive than remarkable. The leaves, also, seem very constantly
to retain their subquadrate form ; and, though they may in some instances be as much emarginate
as those of J. lieterophylla, yet still their general figure, and their being so much more frequently
entire, furnish sufficient marks of discrimination. In addition to this, it may be further
remarked, that the stipules, which in J. lieterophylla are much laciniated, are in J. polyanthos
always entire.

The Michelian figure above referred to is a tolerably accurate represention of our plant,
indeed much more so, as it appears to me, than that cited by Dillenius (t. 5. f.5), which I have
consequently omitted. The author last mentioned, if I may be allowed to judge from his own
specimens, has described this species no less than three separate times in his Species Muscorum. Of
these, his t. 69. f. 7. has always, though incorrectly, been regarded as J. viticulosa. The figure
of Vaillant, bad as it is, bears a greater resemblance to the plant in question, than to J. asplenioides,
under which species it has, in the writings of most Cryptogamists, found a place. Weis and Pollich,
and even Linnseus himself, have been singularly unsuccessful in their description of this species ;
nor does the fructification appear to be any where described with accuracy, till Schmidel published
his valuable “ Dissertations ," whence Roth seems to have drawn his characters. Schraders
J. pallescens, specimens of which have been communicated by the author himself to Mr. Turner,
proves to be in no respect different from J. polyanthos.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1. J. polyanthos, male and female, natural size. ^

3. Portion of the stem with its leaves, seen from beneath, in order to shew its j 4

stipules.

4. Leaf 2

5. Stipule 4

gt Perigonial leaf, with its Anthers

7. 8. Anthers 4

9. Calyx and, corolla 4

10. Calyx j

11. Seeds and spiral filaments

'

/

/ ///{// //t/

//y/’lmaw A

<4' ) e Z> «? h y d? ( t n «? • ''y^.

■ u c a / u X h v «a

•.«— - -

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

C J. hyalina.)

JUNGERMANNIA HYALINA.

(TAB. LXIII. )

Jungermannia, caule ascendentc, flexuoso, dichotomo: foliis erecto-patentibus, rotundatis,
subundulatis : fructu terminali; calycibus ovatis, angulatis ; ore contracto, quadridentato.

Jungermannia hyalina. Lyell, m.s.s.

Hab. Boggy places in the New Forest, Hants.) and among the rocks immediately above
Stock-gill Force, a waterfall near Ambleside. Mr. Lyell. — Sefing mountain, near Dublin.
Dr. Taylor. — (It bears fruit in the early spring months.)

Plant forming broad tufts of a deep green:— if unexamined, it might be easily passed by as
J. undulata in a dwarf state, though its shining and glassy appearance is likely to attract the eye
of the Botanist, who is at all conversant with the genus.

Roots dense, simple, pellucid fibres, proceeding generally from the whole length of the
under side of the stem, which latter, as well as the roots, is of a deep purple.

Stem either wholly procumbent, or, as is much more frequent, ascendant in the greater part
of its length, simple, or much branched with innovations, so as to look dichotomous.
Leaves (f. 8) bifarious, rather distantly placed, erect or erecto-patent, loosely imbricated,
round, embracing the stem, and in places often concealing it} their texture extremely
thin, membranous, shining and subdiaphanous ; the cellules round, the marginal row
being largest} color a deep bright green.

Perigonial leaves (f. 3) situated near the extremity of the stem, undulated liKe the rest, and
differing in no respect, but in having a swollen or ventricose base.

The PerichcEtial leaves (f. 9), which sometimes extend far below the apex of the stem, enlarge
upwards from their base, so as to be broadly ovate, and are also undulated.

Male Fructification (f. 3) in the axillae of the perigonial leaves.

Anthers spherical, of a pale, olive-brown color, reticulated, placed upon a short white

footstalk.

Female Fructification (f. f. 6. 7-9) terminal upon the stems.

Calyx (f. 9) ovate, broad at the base, bluntly angular, the mouth contracted, cut into

four teeth.

( J. hyalina.)

BRITISH JUNGERMANNm

Calyptra (f. 10) ovate, membranaceous, reticulated, tipped with a short hollow style.

Peduncle a quarter or half an inch long, white, striated.

Capsule (f. f. 6. 11) ovate, broad, approaching to round, of a deep brown color, furrowed
both longitudinally and transversely.

Seeds and spiral filaments (f. 12) chocolate colored j the former spherical, the latter composed
of a double helix.

Obs. The texture of the leaves in J. hyalina is exactly similar to that in J. cordifolia, and their
position and habit often bear great resemblance to those of that plant, but their figure never
approaches to cordate. In general shape and position, they are by far more like the leaves of
J. scalaris, as well in its plane as waved state j but in their texture nothing can be more different.
The fruit is, strictly speaking, terminal, as in J. pumila, a near, though diminutive, relation
of our plant, as the bend in the stem, whenever the fruit appears lateral, indicates that it is
seated between an older and a younger shoot ; but calyces so placed, and also terminal ones, are
observable nearly of the same age on the same plant. Lyell’s M. S.

To the above excellent character and description of J. hyalina, for both of which I am indebted
to my friend, Mr. Lyell, by whom they were made from fresh specimens, it is needless for me to
add any thing, except my hearty concurrence in his opinion, that the plant is decidedly distinct
from the species just mentioned, as well as from every other in the genus.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

K

Male plant, natural size.

2.

Female plants, natural size.

3.

Male plant, magnified

4.

Anther

5.

6. 7. Female plants, magnified , .

8.

Leaves

9.

Calyx, with peruhatial leaf... ..

10.

Calyptra

11.

Capsule, not yet open .

12.

Seeds and spiral filaments . .

.

Tab. mm.

i

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIA.

(J. cuneifolia.J.

JUNGERMANNIA CUNEIFOLIA.

(TAB. LXIV.)

Jungermannia, caule repente, simplice: foliis subdistantibus, cuneiformibus, integerrimis, vel
apice obtusissimb emarginatis : stipulis minutis, ovatis, acutis, bifidis.

Hab. Found growing parasitically upon Jungermannia Tamarisci, near Ban try, by
Miss Hutchins.

Plant so minute as to resemble the filaments of a Conferva, rather than the stems of a Junger-
mannia 5 growing loosely clustered.

Roots consisting of a few small fibres, which proceed in tufts from the under side of the
stem, and always at the base of a stipule.

Stems extremely slender, filiform, rarely exceeding half an inch in length, generally much
smaller, and, as far as I have had the opportunity of observing, undivided, of a brownish
color ; when dry exceedingly fragile ; cellules small and oblong.

Leaves (f. f. 4. 5. 6), throughout the whole length of the plant rather distantly placed,
scarcely the eighth of a line long, patent or erect, of an exactly cuneiform figure j the
base decurrent ; the apex entire, or cut into a wide, but very shallow notch ; the margin
every where destitute of teeth or serratures. The cellules are roundish ■ the texture , when
dry, brittle : the color, in all the specimens that I have seen, a dull reddish olive or

s

brown.

Stipules (f. f. 5. 7) one to each pair of leaves, rather, closely oppressed to the under side
of the stem,, small, of an ovate form, divided for more than half its length, by an acute
sinus, into two sharp segments. Its color and texture the same as in the leaves.

( J. cuneifolia .)

BRITISH JT7NGERMANNIJE.

Of the present curious little plant no fructification has at present been found ; nor indeed is it
at all necessary for the distinguishing of the species, the leaves and stipules affording abundant cha-
racters by which it may be known from every other in the genus. Neither is it an easy task to
determine to which it is most naturally allied. In the narrowed base of the leaves it has an affinity
with J. spinulosa : in size, color, and texture, with J. byssacea : but the stipules require that it
should be arranged in quite a different family, where there is none for which it can be mistaken.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1.

J. cuneifolia, natural size, growing upon J. Tamarisci.

2.

Detached individuals, natural size.

3.

Stems, magnified

4.

Portion of a stem, and leaves

5.

The same, shewing the under side, with the stipules and roots .

6.

Stem and leaves

7.

Stipules

r

■lab. LXV.

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIA5.

( J. ciliaris.)

JUNGERMANNIA CILIARIS.

(TAB. LXV. )

J unger mann i a , caule procumbente, pinnatim ramoso: foliis bifariam imbricatis, valde convexis,
inaequalithr bilobis ; lobis lobulisque bipartite, longfe tenuiterque ciliatis : stipulis subquadratis,
inaequaliter lobatis, longissimh ciliatis : fructu laterali ; calycibus obovatis ; ore contracto, dentato.

Jungermannia ciliaris. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1C01. Syst. Nat. n. p. 70 6. FI. Suec. p. 402.
FI. Lapp. p. 342. Pollich, Pal. hi. p. 197. Leers, Herb. p. 251. Ehrh. Beitr.
ii. p. 149. Oeder, Enum. PL FI. Dan. p. 42. Willd. Berol. p. 342. Hoffm. Germ.
ii. p. 84. Roth, Germ. in. p. 400. Dicks. PL Crypt. Fasc. ii. p. 14. Weber and
Mohr, Crypt, p. 413. (fide Wahl.) Wahl. Lapp. p. 385. Engl. Bot. t. 2241.

Jungermannia puleherrima. Weber, Spic. FI. Goet. p. 151. Swartz, in Amcen. Acad.
x. p. 116. Swartz, in Act. Nov. Ups. iv. p. 244. Hoffm. Germ. ir. p. 83. Lamarck,
Encycl. Method, hi. p. 285. Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. Gmel. n. p. 1352. With. iii. p. 861.
Dicks. PL Crypt. Fasc. i. p. 7.

Jungermannia Leersii. Roth, Germ. in. p. 402.

Lichenastrum scorpioides, pulchrum , villosum. Dill. Muse. t. 69. f. 3.

Hab. Among rocks and in heathy places, especially in subalpine countries, abundant.

Plant growing in densely-matted, purplish-brown patches, of considerable size.

Stems, varying. from one to two or three inches in length, procumbent, or rarely (and only,
I believe, when growing among tall mosses) suberect, flexuose, filiform, about as thick as
horse-hair, furnished, at rather distant intervals, with short, obtuse, patent, alternate
pinna;, which are frequently simple, but at other times beset with one or two small
pinnulae. The color is a yellow-brown, varying to green in the younger shoots ; the
substance fragile when dry.

Leaves (f. 4) more or less densely-crowded, imbricating each other in a bifarious manner over
the upper surface of the stem ; about half a line long, and not sensibly, smaller towards the
apices of the stem and pinna; than in the other parts of the plant. They are of a roundish.

( J. ciliaris.J

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

or subquadrate figure, distinctly divided into two, unequally-sized, conduplicate lobes ; of
which the upper one is the largest, very convex on its upper surface, and cleft, for about
half its length, into two, rather acute segments ; the lesser lobe, which is nearly plane,
and not more than one third of the size of the other, is in like manner divided into two
lanceolate and acute segments : the whole are elegantly bordered with long, capillary,
flexuose cilia, which I have, in two or three instances, observed to be forked, and which
are, throughout their whole length (f. 5), jointed in the same manner as the filaments of
a Conferva. The cellules of the leaves are roundish and closely placed. The color is, in
sheltered places only, a brownish-green 5 in exposed situations a purplish-brown, generally
deeper towards the extremities.

Stipules (f. 6) of a widely quadrate figure, broader than the stem, to which they are
appressed ; at the end unequally lobed, and there, as well as along the whole margin,
bordered with closely-placed, long cilia, narrower than those of the leaves, to which, in
other respects, they are similar.

Perichatial leaves (f. f. 7- 8); of these two or three are placed at the base of each calyx, and
closely appressed to it. They are widely ovate, cut into two or three unequal segments,
and ciliated along their borders.

Male Fkuctification at present unknown.

Female Fructification lateral upon the pinnulas, near the middle of which they are usually
situated.

Calyx of a more thin and delicate texture than the leaves, of an obovate form, having the
mouth small, much contracted, and beset with small unequal teeth (f. 9).

Germen (f 9) ovate, style long.

Pistilla (f. 10) numerous, surrounding the base of the germen, lineari-lanceolate, expanded
at the mouth, of a pale greyish color, streaked longitudinally and transversely with darker
lines, and having also a few reddish streaks.

The capsule and spiral filaments I have not had the opportunity of seeing myself, and there-
fore have copied the description of them from Hoffmann, who describes the former as being
ovate, approaching to round, of a deep brown color, and the latter, as well as the seeds , of
a subfuscous color.

1 he present very elegant species, which is not only common in this country, and upon the
continent of Europe, but has even been brought from Greenland, according to Dillenius, is likewise
lound at Kamtchatka by Dr. Tilesius, and has been by him communicated, with some other well-
known European species of Jungermanniae, from that country, to Mr. Dawson Turner. Yet,
abundant and general as it is, it was unknown to the botanical world till Dillenius figured and
described it in his Historia Muscorum. The name of ciliaris was adopted by Linnteus, who, from
ing a "long refeience to Vaillant and Dillenius, has led subsequent authors into an error, and has
been the means, if not of causing Weber, Weis, Hudson, Lamarck, and Withering, to mistake
./ tomentella tor J. ciliaris, at least of leading them to confound the two species ; for the descriptions
of many of the above authors will apply equally to either.

(J. cilia? is. )

BRITISH J UNGERM ANNLE.

The J. pulcherrima of Weber is precisely the same as the Linnaean ciliaris; and Mr. Dickson,
who published it as a distinct species in the first Fasciculus of his Plantie Cryptogamicce, was
afterwards aware of the mistake, and corrected it in the second part of the same work. Nor is
the J. Leersii of Roth to be considered otherwise than as a synonvm to the present plant; for the
jointed cilia, which the author dwells so much upon, are no less distinctly apparent in J. ciliaris,
and even in J. tomentella ; and Hoffmann’s figure of J. ciliaris, which is referred to as J. Leersii, is
an admirable representation of the true ciliaris.

I have already, under my description of J. tnmentella, pointed out the characters which
distinguish that species from the present. The subject of the following plate, J. Woodsii, which
at first sight bears a considerable resemblance to it, is remarkably different in having the margins of
the leaves laciniated, not ciliated ; in its bifid stipules; and in the large and distantly-placed cellules
of the leaves. Between the three species, there is a considerable natural affinity, and, in all of
them, the upper lobe of the leaf is more or less bifid : but the true figure of the leaves and stipules
of J. ciliaris is admirably described by Wahlenberg, in the following passage, which I am
induced to quote, hoping it may tend to remove future doubts upon the subject: “ Foliorum lobus
supremus seu dorsalis caeteris major est et magis integer; inferiores tarn longb fimbriati ut fere
multipartiti, segre a stipulis discernendi. Stipuli ferh dimidiam longitudinem foliorum aequant,
oblongae, multifido-fimbriatas : fimbriis longis articulatis.”

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1. J. ciliaris, sterile shoots, natural size.

2. Fertile plants of the same, natural size.

3. Portion of a fertile plant, magnified

4. Under side of a portion of the stem, with its leaves and stipule

5. Portion of a leaf, to shew the cellules and jointed appearance of the cilia ....

6. Stipule

7. Exterior perichcetial leaf

8. Interior perichcetial leaf

9. Calyx, cut open

10. Pistillum

.

■ -

|

.

.

'

... : ' . .

T

•

■ . ■

• ■

fab. LX VI.

BRITISH JUNGERMANNHE.

( J. Woodsii .}

JUNGERMANNIA WOODSII.

(TAB. LX VI.)

Jungermannia, caule procumbente, bi-tripinnato : foliis bifariam imbricatis, valdh convexis,
inaequalitbr bilobis ; lobis superioribus bipartitis , spinuloso-dentatis ; inferioribus minutissimis,
oblongis : stipulis magnis, ovatis, bipartitis, spinuloso-dentatis ; basi utrinque calcaratis.

Hab. On the ascent of Mangerton from Cwra na Cappal, Ireland. Mr. Joseph. Woods.—
Since found at. the Devil’s Punch Bowl, upon the same mountain} and in very great
abundance at Brandon, by Dr. Taylor.

Plant growing in large and rather densely-crowded patches.

Stems procumbent, from three to five, and even six inches, in length, considerably stouter
in the larger plants than horse-hair, flexuose, filiform, once or twice dichotomous, beset
throughout their whole length with rather distantly-placed, patent or recurved, acuminated
pinnae, which vary from an inch to an inch and a half, or more, in length, anti are either
"j simple, or again furnished with shorter pinnulae. T he color is a dirty brown : the texture

compact, when dry very brittle.

Leaves (f. f. 4. 5) rather closely placed, from a quarter to half a line in length : in the
extreme ramuli the largest are at the apex, in the rest they become gradually smaller
towards the apices; every where they are imbricated over the upper surface of the stem
and branches, and have a bifarious direction : their form is round or subquadrate, and
composed of two very unequal conduplicate lobes, of which the upper one is the largest,
convex above, divided, for about half its length, by an acute sinus, into two, ovate
segments, which are beset at their margins with variously-sized, but generally large,
spiniform teeth: the inferior lobe is exceedingly minute and oblong, with its margin
nearly entire. The cellules of the leaf are of a roundish form, very distantly placed,
resembling those of J. Turneri. The color is a purplish brown, paler, and of a more
dirty hue in the lower leaves.

( J. Woods'll.)

BRITISH JUNGERMANNI2E

Stipules very large, considerably broader than the stem, widely ovate, cleft into two
spinuloso-dentate segments, and, at the angles of the base, furnished with a reflexed
tooth or spur (f. 6).

No Fructification, either Male or Female, has yet been discovered.

The truly magnificent species represented in the annexed plate, was detected in Ireland, in the
year 1809, by my friend, Mr. Joseph Woods, to whose name I am desirous of dedicating it. It
has since been found by Dr. Taylor, in the same country, and may possibly have been overlooked
by other naturalists, for a variety of J. ciliaris, from which it differs in the size and ramification,
as well as in the border of the leaves and stipules, in the extremely minute lobule of the former of
these, and in the large size and very deep sinus of the latter. A farther and equally important mark
of discrimination will be seen in the structure of the leaves ; for the cellules in J. ciliaris are so
closely situated, and the interstices consequently so narrow, that a beautifully reticulated appearance
is afforded by them ; whereas those of J. Woodsii are widely placed, and at very unequal intervals,
in the same manner as those of J. juniperina, J. Taylori, J. Turneri, and a few others.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1. J. Woodsii, natural size.

2. Extremity of the same, magnified

3. Portion of a stem, with its leaves, seen on the upper side 4

4. Under side of a portion of the stem, with its leaves and stipules 3

5. Portion of the leaf, to exhibit the cellules 1

6. Stipule j

BRITISH J UNGERM ANN I-iE.

C ./. planijolia.)

JUNGERMANNIA PLANIFOLIA.

(TAB. LX VII.)

Jungermannia, caule erecto, subsimplice: foliis quadrifariam imbricatis, compresso-planis ;

inferioribus majoribus, ovatis ; superioribus cordatis ; omnibus elegantissime dentato-ciliatis.

Hab. Upon Ben na Bord; and upon Ben Mae Davie, a mountain to the north of the Dee.
Mr. George Dunn , 1812. — Summit of Brandon. Dr. Taylor, 1813.

Plant growing in rather closely-crowded patches of a remarkably dingy brown color; always
intermixed with mosses and other Jungermanniae.

Roots, a few short brownish fibres, issuing principally from the lower part of the plant.

Stems erect, from two to three inches long, and about the thickness of packthread, flexuose,
filiform, for the most part simple, but now and then forked : their color dark brown : their
texture compact, rigid, and brittle.

Leaves (f. 2) truly quadrifarious in their insertion, and imbricated on both sides of the stem ;
those at the back of it the largest, a line in length, plane, distichous, vertical, of a
widely ovate figure ; the superior leaves scarcely half so large as the rest, and obliquely
appressed to them 5 their form nearly cordate : the whole are beautifully dentato-ciliate
at their margins, of a rather dark brown color, sometimes inclining to purple towards
the extremity. The cellules (f. 5) are very minute, but somewhat distantly placed, and
frequently of a paler color than the interstices : the texture thin, membranaceous; when
dry, brittle, like the stem.

Fructification totally unknown.

*

( J. planifolia.)

BRITISH JUNGERMANNLE.

The remarkable insertion and direction of the leaves so well distinguish the present from every
known British species of Jungermannia, that it would be superfluous to say any thing more upon
the subject, were it not for the great similarity which it bears at first sight to J. nemorosa. My
acute friend. Dr. Taylor, first pointed out to me the real structure of the leaves, and ascertained
them to be totally different from those of the species that belong to the section of the genus, “ foliis
inaqualiter bilobis," the apparent lobe and lobule being in reality distinct leaves, as well in regard
to their insertion, as to their figure ; and in both respects bearing no inconsiderable resemblance to
the Hookeria quadrifaria of Dr. Smith.

Mr. Donn first discovered this species, intermixed with J. Donniana.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1. J ■ planifolia, natural size.

2. Portion of the same, magnified

3. Posterior view of a portion of the stem and leaves

4. Anterior view of a portion of the stem and leaves

5. Portion of the leaf

Tab. IJLVIII.

/■•?•/*/<? ///?/<■? .

fr’evroi, * f>vry>t,rec* U'jbtfJ i<:,4(,

BRITISH JUNGERMANNI/E.

fj. coeMeariformis.J

JUNGERMANNIA COCHLEARIFORMIS.

(TAB. LXVIII.)

J ungermannia, caule procumbente, subsimplice : foliis arcth imbricatis, convexis, ovato-rotundatis ;
apice bifidis serratisque; basi subtus auriculata; auricula magnd, oblongti, ovata, inflata.

Jungermannia cochleariformis. Weis, PI. Crypt, p. 123. Weber, Spic. FI. Goet. p. 145.
Roth, Germ. hi. p. 399. Swartz, in Act. Nov. Ups. iv. p. 241. Linn. Syst. Nat.
ed Gmel. n. p. 1350. Engl Bot. t. 2500.

Jungermannia purpurea. Scopoli, Cam. n. p. 347. Lightf. Scot. n. p. 773.

Mnium Jungermannia. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1579. Syst. Nat. n. p. 701. Hubs. Angl. p. 47 3.

Lichenastrum Trichomanis facie, prcelongum foliis concavis unam partem spectanlibus.
Raii Syn. p. 112.

Lichenastrum alpinum purpureum, foliis auritis cochleariformibus. Dill. Muse. t. G9.

f. 1. C.D.E.

Jungermannia folds amplexicaulibus subrotundis. Hall. Helv. u i. p. 58?

Hab. Mountainous bogs in Ireland, and the north of Scotland, not uncommon. — It is
particularly abundant about Cape Wrath, in the north-western extremity of the county of
Sutherland, mixed with Arbutus alpina.

Plant growing in large, but loosely-entangled patches of many inches in diameter.

Stems, in their natural state, procumbent, but, when the plants grow thickly crowded or
intermingled with tall mosses, not unfrequently erect : in length, they vary from four to
six inches, and are about as thick as common packthread, iiexuose, simple, or here and
there beset vvith a small undivided innovation, which, for the most part, occurs towards
the extremity. The color is a yellowish brown; the texture rigid, anti brittle when dry.

Leaves very closely placed, and imbricated alternately, and with much regularity oier the
whole upper surface of the stem, so that they altogether conceal it: they are remarkably
convex, distichous, with their apices incurved and looking one tvay (f. 3 ) , as do the
whole of the leaves occasionally in the fresh plant, and always in the diied ones, in which
state the points of the leaves meet each other, and cover the auricles : the figure of the
leaves is round, or approaching to ovate; at the upper margin, near its insertion upon the

(J, cochlearijorniis.j BRITISH JUNGERM ANNI.ZE.

stem, furnished with one or two rather large and spiniform processes or teeth, and, at
the extremity, divided by an acute sinus into two serrated lobes. At the lower base of
the leaf, and on the under side of the stem, is the auricle, an ovate, inflated, pouchlike
appendage, about one-fourth of the size of the leaf, which it exactly resembles in texture ;
both having extremely minute, yet distantly-placed, cellules (f. 5). The color of the
leaves is a fine purple towards the extremity of the plant, but becoming browner as it
approaches the base; that of the auricles a greenish brown.

The Fructification is altogether unknown to me.

The Lin nocan Mnium Jungermannia is, in all probability, the same as the plant here represented,
which has, nevertheless, no affinity with the plant referred to in Micheli's Nova Genera Plantarum,
by the illustrious Swede, under that species ; that, as I have already had occasion to observe, being
nothing more than a purple variety of J. nemorosa. Ray’s plant is surely the same as ours ; and
Dillenius’ figure is too accurate to be mistaken, although I did not observe the species in his
herbarium at Oxford. The Hallerian synonym I can quote but doubtfully; but Weis, who first
adopted the name of “ cochleariformis," has described the species with considerable accuracy.
Neither this, however, nor any other author, seems to have been acquainted with the fructification;
unless, indeed, Weber may be supposed to have been so, who still merely says of the plant,
that “ Maii mense profert vaginas terminales, surculis concolores, cylindricas.”

Dr. Smith has made a remark upon J. cochleariformis, which I have not been able to verify
by my own observation, that “ the younger plants have flatter leaves, and are without the auricles.”
On the contrary, in all the specimens that have fallen under my observation, the leaves have been
very convex, and the auricles sufficiently conspicuous.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

fig.

1. J. cochleariformis, natural size,

2. Portion, magnified g

3. Under side of a, portion of the stem and leaves 4

4. Leaf and auricle 3

&. Portion of a leaf 1

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

( J. pusilla J

JUNGERMANNIA PUSILLA.

(TAB. LXIX. )

Jungermannia, caule procumbente, subsimplici : foliis horizontalibus, quadratis, undulatis, obtusfc
crenutis : fructu terminali ; calycibus campanulatis.

Jungermannia pusilla. Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 1602. Syst. Nat. n. p. 707. Ft. Suec. p. 404.
Weis, Crypt, p. 117- Weber, Spicil. FI. Goet. p. 161. Pollich, Palat. hi. p. 203.
Oeder, Enum. Pl. Ft. Dan. p. 43. Hedwig, Th. p. 86. t. 18. /. 89—92. Schmidel,
leones, p. 82. t. 22. Lamarck, Encycl. Bot. hi. p. 284. Hoffmann, Germ. ii. p. 90.
Roth, Germ. in. p. 383. Schrader, Spicil. p. 107- Lamarck, FI. Fr. ed. 2. ii.
p. 429. Relhan, Cant. p. 440. Huds. Angl. p. 518. Engl. Bot. xxv. t. 1175.
FI. Gall. p. 92. Weber et Mohr, FI. Crypt. Germ. p. 429. Schwaegr. Hist. Muse. Hepat.
Prodr. p. 29.

Jungermannia angulosa. Dicks. Plant. Crypt. Fasc. i. p. 7- With. ed. 4. in. p. 855.

Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. Gmel. n. p. 1348. Lamarck, Encycl. hi. p. 2S0.

Jungermannia pygmeea. Wulf. in Schr. Berl. Naturf. 8. i. p. 151, 152. (fide Mohrii.J
Lichenastrum minimum, capitulis nigris, lucidis. Raii Syn. p. 310.

Jungermannia foliis latiusculis obtusis undulatis, et veluti angulosis. Miciieli, Aon. Gen.
Pl. p. 7- t ■ 5. /. 10.

Lichenastrum pinnulis obtuse trifidis, nervo geniculato. Dill. Muse. 1.71./. 22. c. d. e.
Lichenastrum exiguum , capitulis nigris lucidis, e cotylis parvis nascentibus. Dill. Muse.

t. 74. /. 46.

Hab. Moist, shady banks, especially on a clayey soil, where it is not of unfrequent
occurrence; bearing its fructification from October to the end of the spring.

The Plant grows either in detached individuals, or thickly matted together so as to form patches
of many inches in diameter, and firmly adhering to the ground by its

Roots, which are long, dense, simple, issuing from the whole length of the under side of
the stem, and of a remarkably deep purple color.

(3. pusilla.J

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

Stems wholly procumbent, lying flat upon the ground, varying from one to three, or
sometimes four lines, in length ; the diameter thick in proportion to the size of the
plant, cylindrical, or somewhat compressed, waved, simple (f. 6), beset with a single
ramulus (f. 7), or, more rarely, divided once or twice in a dichotomous manner.

Leaves varying in number, according to the size of the individual, about half a line long,
closely placed, obliquely decurrent, hoiizontal, of a squarish figure, much waved, but
scarcely plicate, the extremity cut into two, three, or four irregular and obtuse notches,
forming segments, which are sometimes blunt and sometimes acute. Their color is a
pale green, with more or less of a yellowish brown tinge as they approach the base of
the stem ; sometimes, according to Schmidel, partaking of a reddish hue. The cellules
are roundish, approaching to ovate (f. 4).

There are neither perigonial nor periclicetial leaves* to this species.

The Male Fructification (f. f, 3. 4) is scattered about the upper surface of the stem, and quite
exposed, both upon sterile and upon capsuliferous plants : Each

Anther is of a spherical form, reticulated, of a yellow color, terminating a white, pellucid,
footstalk, which scarcely exceeds it in length (f. 5).

Female Fructification originating from the centre, or towards the extremity of the plant; but
I have never observed it to be exactly terminal, although Dr. Roth considers that, to be its true
situation, and is of opinion that, when it is lateral, it arises from an “ innovatio caulis.”

Calyx produced singly, or two or three together, large, three-fourths of a line in length,
sometimes nearly equalling the whole size of the plant, campanulate, having a cleft in
the margin (f. 10), and the border variously crenate and waved. At the base are five
minute subulate stipuliform processes, which have been hitherto unobserved by botanists,
but which I find very constant in all the individuals I have examined. Sometimes the
calyx is cut into three or four unequal segments, as is represented at figure 9. In the
reticulation it resembles the leaves, as well as in texture, except that it is somewhat more
delicate. Its color is, moreover, paler, and not unfrequently, according to the acute
Schmidel, of a reddish or pinky cast.

Germen of an obovate form : two or three are sometimes contained in the same calvx
(f. f. 9. 10. and 7).

Calyptra whitish, delicate, reticulated, terminated by a short style.

Peduncle scarcely twice the length of the calyx, of a silvery white, succulent, cellulose,

sometimes a little twisted (f. 10).

Capsule exactly spherical, of a reddish brown color, and of a thin, delicate, semipellucid
nature, reticulated, having deep brown dots along the margins of the reticulations (f. 11);
departing from the essential character of the genus, inasmuch, as it bursts in a most

irregular manner f, to permit the discharge of the seeds, as may be seen at figures 10
6. and 7.

* \ et Roth says of the fructification, that it is “ cincta Iasi foliis quatuor taxis.”
t Schmidel, I ought in justice to observe, expressly says, “ valvse recent!' r dehiscentes oblong^ ovattn et acuta;
sunt dm autem hanc formam non retinent, sed ob teneritatem ab apice marcescere et per particulas cadere incipient •”

“ !S f' l represents the four entire valves: yet, in the specimens which have come under my own observation,
the capsules have, as shewn in the plate, burst irregularly. ’

BRITISH JUNGERMANNI/E.

( J. pusilla.J

Seeds spherical, numerous, of a rich brown color, rough, and with prominent points or
tubercles. The spiral filaments are short, composed of a double helix. A few of them
remain, Schmidel says, after the dispersion of the seeds, attached to the bottom of the
capsule in the form of a tuft or pencil.

What the “semina” maybe, “in racemos disposita per ramulorum longitudinem,” figured
and described by Micheli on this species, I am at a loss to determine. The conjecture of Schmidel
is probably just, that they are some parasitic fungus, and of Mohr, that they may be some species
either of Monilia or Botrys. The curious bodies, which Schmidel himself has taken for the male
fructification of this species, have unhappily, altogether, escaped my notice ; but his description is
worthy of attention, and I shall offer no apology for the length of the following extract, though I
cannot help expressing my regret at being unable to throw any additional light upon the subject:
“ Inter supremam pinnam,” he says, “ aut earn qua: incompleta est, aliquot aciculse occurrere
solent absque involucro, sed plerumque aliqufi calicis specie instructi sunt. Ex medio enim caule,
minutae, tenerrim®, vesiculares et Isetfe virides surgunt laeinul®, qus globulorum latera modo
muniunt, modb cingunt, et plerumque cum globulis ipsis rurshs evanescunt, uno alterove forte
diutihs restante. Superficies globulorum externa tuberculis incerti numeri, decern aut pluribus,
aliquanthm pellucidis insqualis est, et paries totus ex vesiculis minutissimis rotundis conflatur,
quas lens summit augens demiim detegit. Discissi globuli vesiculas succum crocei colons satis
copiosum includentes promunt, neque solid! quid, seminis alicujus genium aut formam monstrans
possident, adeoque eo respectu satis declarant, quod organi masculini et Antherarum vices expleant.
It will, however, at once be seen that these supposed “Organi masculini are very different ftom
the Anthers in the annexed plate, which, in every respect, resemble those in other species of the
genus, and differ in nothing from what are represented by Hedwig, except in color; and this,
probably, varies in different stages of their existence.

With regard to the affinities of this species, I know of none to which it is at all naturally allied;
and, indeed, its extremely delicate capsule, and the manner in which it bursts, are almost sufficient
to afford characters for its separation from the rest of the genus, did not the habit of the plant
forbid it. In the calyx, two remarkable peculiarities may be observed, in the widely-expanded
mouth, and the stipulaceous processes, or the bracte®, as they might be called, at the base. The
situation, too, of the fructification is very curious, unaccompanied by perigomal or penehastial
leaves; and the whole plant diffuses an agreeable odor, not unlike that of the sweet sedge.
Acorns Calamus.

The crisped leaves' of this plant suggested to Schmidel the idea that it resembled a lettuce;
for he says “ gregafiim nascitur et propihs inspecta minutos lactuc® c®spites imitator, quibus
etiam Michelius adsimilavit;" and Roth, considering that this appearance was peculiar to the
voune plants, observes, “ Planta pusilla, in juniore ffitate caespitem minutulum, lcetb vindem,
crispum et, ut bene monet Michelius, lactuc® ccespiti temulum representat; provectiore tetate sese

magis extendunt frondes et evolvuntur.”

(J. pusilla.)

BRITISH JUNGERMANNI/E.

In my Tout in Iceland, ed. 2, i. p. 161 > l have mentioned having found this plant in a most
flourishing state, although always exposed to the vapor of boiling water. Indeed, it was the only
spot in that island where I recollect to have seen it ; nor does it appear, from Wahlenberg s
Flora Lapponica, that it is at all a native of that country. In the warmer parts of France and
Switzerland, and in the north of Italy, it is far more common than in England.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1, 2. Male and female plants, natural size.

3. Male plant, magnified 6

4. Portion of a male plant, with its anthers 2

5. Anther 1

6. Female plant, with one calyx 6

7- Female plant, with two calyces 6

8. Calyx 3

9. Calyx, cut into segments 3

10. Calyx, with capsule bursting 3

11. Portion of the capsule 1

12. Seeds and spiral filaments 1

\

/«/>. /~TX

■+*>■**•

BRITISH JUNGERMANNL3E

( J. barlata.J

JUNGERMANNIA BARBATA.

(TAB. LXX. )

Jungermannia, caule procumbente, simpliciusculo: foliis rotundato-quadratis, 3 vel 4-fidis;
stipulis lanceolatis, acute bifidis, margine laciniatis: fructu terminali ; calycibus ovatis, ore
contracto, dentato.

Jungermannia barbata. Schreber, Spicil. Ft. Lips. p. 107. Schmidel, leones, p. 187.
Dissert, de Jung. Char. p. 20. Schrader, Samml. ii. p. 5. Spicil. FI. Germ. p. 74.
Hoffm. Germ. ii. p. 89. Roth, Germ. m. p. 382. Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. Gmel. ii.
p. 1360. Lamarck, FI. Fr. ed. 2. ii. p. 29. Ft. Gall. p. 92.

Jungermannia quinquedentata. Huds. Angl. p. 511. Linn. Sp. PL ii. p. 1598. Syst.
Nat. ii. p. 705. Schrank, Bavar. n. p. 496. Pollich, Pal. hi. p. 185. Enum. PI.
FI. Dan. p. 41. Leers, Herb. p. 250. Villars, Delph. in. p. 924. Weber, Spicil.
FI. Goet. p. 137. Roth, Germ. hi. p. 383. With. ed. 4. in. p. 853. Linn. Syst.
Nat. ed. Gmel. n. p. 1349. Lightf. Scot. n. p. 775. Lamarck, Encycl. Bot. m.
p. 280. Engl. Bot. t. 2517- Weber et Mohr, FI. Crypt. Germ. p. 430. Schwaegr,
Hist. Muse. Hepat. Prodr. p. 29. Wahl. FI. Lapp. p. 395.

Jungermannia Flbrkii. Weber et Mohr, FI. Crypt. Germ. p. 410. Waiil. FI. Lapp, p.389.
Est, fide Mohrii,

Jungermannia dichotoma. Schleich. Cent. 2. n. 57; et
Jungermannia gracilis. Ej. Cent. 3. n. 60.

Jungermannia tridentata. Scop. Cam.

Jungermannia quadridenta. Wulf. in Schr. Berl. Nalurf. 8. 1. p. 154.

Lichenastrum Trichomanis facie, foliolis multifidis, capitulis e sumniis ramulis nascentibus.
Raii Syn. p. 113.

Jungermannia alpina, foliis subrotundis, latiusculis, angulosis. Micheli, Nov. Gen. p. 8.
t. 5. /. 11.

Lichenastrum pinnulis obtuse trifidis, nervo geniculato. Dill. Muse. t. 71. /. 22.
Lichenastrum multifidum majus, ab extremitate fiorens. Dill. Muse. t. 71. /. 23.

/3. minor; caule supernb elongato, adscendcnte : foliis inferioribus patulis ; superioribus arctissimt
imbricatis, gemmiferis.

( J. barbala.J

BRITISH JUNGERMANNI/E.

Hab. Subalpine countries upon rocks, in woods and heathy places, abundant, bar. (3
was discovered by the Rev. R. B. Francis, growing among Dicranum glaucum, in Bolt wood,
and has since been found by Miss Hutchins so imbedded among mosses and tufts of
J. nemorosa, that only the tops of the shoots appear. Dr. Taylor likewise finds it near
Dublin, and Mr. Lyell at Kinnordy. — (The male fructification exists throughout the year:
the female, which is far less common, is produced in the spring months).

Plant growing in more or less densely-crowded patches, and of various dimensions.

Roots abundant, and often clothing the whole under side of the stem, consisting of minute,
simple, brownish fibres.

Stems from one to two, or three inches long, never, I believe, really branched, but here and
there producing simple innovations, which have sometimes the appearance of divided stems ;
flexuose, filiform, cellulose, of a greenish color, inclining to brown in older specimens.

Leaves varying much in the closeness of their position : sometimes they are densely
imbricated; at other times, distantly placed; half a line long, distichous, alternate,
patent or erect, of a subquadrate figure, slightly decurrent at the base, at the extremity
divided into generally three, but sometimes only two, or often four, large, triangular
teeth; not always, indeed, of equal sizes, for the inferior one (which is nearest the base
of the plant) is usually the smallest, and frequently incurved, or even conduplicate, while
the rest are expanded : they are entire, mostly acute and diaphanous at the apex (f. 9) ;
sometimes acuminate, or even spiniform, and sometimes, especially in the var. (3, obtuse.
Besides these large teeth or segments, there is a very minute one situated at the base of
the upper margin of the leaf, near its insertion on the stem (f. f. 10. 11. 13). The color,
too, is remarkably variable, depending much on the more or less exposed place of growth
of the individuals. Most usually it is a pale, sometimes a bluish, green. In var. (3, brownish.
The cellules (f. 11) are somewhat of a roundish form.

Of the stipules there is one to each pair of leaves, which varies considerably in size upon
different specimens. It is always of a widely lanceolate figure, divided for more than
three-fourths of the way into two narrow acuminate segments, which, on their margins,
are again cut into variously-sized teeth or laciniae. In texture and color it resembles
the leaves.

The perigonial leaves (f. f. 4. 6) are crowded together at the extremity of a stem, and
scarcely differ from the common cauline ones, except in being more convex, and in
having a swollen or ventricose base.

Of the perichcetial ones, three or four surround the base of the calyx : their figure is
subrotund, concave in the inside, at the apex quadrifid, with the segments very sharp;
near the base, on one side, is a small spiniform tooth (f. 13).

Male Fructification in the axillae of the perigonial leaves :

Anthers of an ovato-spherical form, of a greyish color, slightly reticulate. Footstalk short,
whitish, cellulose.

Female f ructification terminal, but frequen fly appearing lateral from the “ innovatio caulis”
just beyond it.

The calyx, before it has acquired the length of the perichaetial leaves, is nearly sphterical,
then ovate, or rather obovate (f. 8), plicated upward; the mouth contracted, and
sharply, but irregularly, toothed.

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

( J. barbata.)

Caiyptra ovate, delicate, reticulated, and tipped with a short tubular style.

Pistilla numerous, lanceolate, a little swollen at the base, and slightly expanded at the mouth.

Peduncle from three-fourths of an inch to one inch in length, white, succulent, cellulose.

Capsule dark brown, ovate, approaching to spherical, opening into four, or sometimes,
according to Schmidel, three valves.

Seeds and spiral filaments deep fulvous brown : the former spherical ; the latter formed of
a double Helix.

Gemmae are produced both on the common appearance of the plant, and more abundantly on the
var. (3. On the former, I have always observed them to be collected into small spherules (f. 16) :
in the latter, to be loosely scattered at the apices of the leaves. In both, they are of a roundish
figure, beset with sharp angles, of a greenish brown color, semipellucid.

My var. (3 (f. 18) is considerably smaller than %, rarely exceeding an inch in length, notwithstanding
that the upper half is usually lengthened and ascendant. This part is covered with leaves so
closely imbricated on each side of the stem, and appressed to it, as to conceal it altogether, and
make it bear no inconsiderable resemblance to the shoots of J. consinnata : while the lower
leaves are patent, as in the common state of the plant. The leaves, however, throughout,
are more concave, and the color much browner. The uppermost leaves are notched, forming
three, and sometimes only two, small teeth (f. f. 19- 20). On these the Gemmce are situated.
The leaves below them are frequently antheriferous. So small are the stipules, that they are
with difficulty discoverable; and they will be found to be rather ovate than lanceolate, whilst the
margins are nearly intire. Unfortunately, no Female Fructification has been yet met with,
by which it might be ascertained how far I have done right in making the present plant a variety
of J. barbata, for it differs in many particulars ; and I am not aware, that the common appearance
of this species has ever been found in our flat parts of England ; it being confined, as I have
reason to think, to somewhat mountainous districts.

Notwithstanding that the figure 23, t. 71, of Dillenius has been generally quoted as the
J. tribolata, it is really intended, as well as figure 22 of the same plate, for the plant here
described, if any dependence can be put in the specimens corresponding with those numbers in the
Herbarium at Oxford. Micheli’s representation of this species is particularly unsatisfactory : that
of Schimdel, in his hones, as well as his elaborate description, are truly from the hands of a
master, although he has fallen into the same error in common with the other botanists who have
described this plant, all of whom, with the exception of Dillenius, have omitted to notice the
stipules. I am much surprised that they should have escaped the acute researches of Wahlenberg
and Mohr. These naturalists have, it is true, discovered them on what I consider to be the same
species, the J.Fldrkii; for nothing can better correspond with our present species than the
description of it in the Flora Cryplogamica Germania;: “ Foliis inaequaliter tridentatis, cseteriim
integerrimis : amphigastriis (our stipulesj 2-partitis, laciniis subpinnatifidis.” Yet, although
Wahlenberg refers to Mohr’s description, he has represented the plant as having simple stipules.

(J. barbata.)

BRITISH JUNGERMANNLE.

and one to each leaf, which is quite at variance with all we yet know respecting the stipules of
Jungermanniae. Dr. Smith, too, has described the stipules as entire.

J. barbata is abundantly distinguished from every other species of the genus, by the shape of
its leaves, its stipules, and its calyx, when taken in conjunction with the other parts of the plant. Its
nearest affinity is, perhaps, with J. stipulacea and J Bantriensis mss.; but these have only two teeth
or segments to the leaves, and the stipules are undivided. In regard to the name, I have preferred
that of Schreber, notwithstanding that J. quinquedentata is the oldest, and has been sanctioned by
the authority of Linnaeus. This latter is extremely inapplicable, and can only tend to mislead the
student; for, I believe that, except by accident or injury, five segments are never seen to exist
on the leaves of this species.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

fig.

1.

Male plant, natural size.

2.

Female plant, ditto.

S.

Sterile plant, ditto.

4.

Male plant, magnified

5.

Perigonial leaf

6.

Anther

7.

Sterile plant

8.

Female plant

9.

Portion of a stem and leaves

10.

The same , seen on the under side

11.

12.

Stipule

13.

Perichcetial leaf . . . .

14.

Section of a calyx, with its pistilla

15.

Seeds and spiral filaments . .

16.

Gemmiferous apex of a stem . .

17.

Gemmce

18.

Var. j3, natural size.

19.

Individual of the same, magnified

20.

Apex of the same

21.

Stipule of the same

22.

Its gemmce

BRITISH J UNGERM ANNIiE.

( J. orcadensis. J

JUNGERMANNIA ORCADENSIS.

(TAB. LXXI. )

Jungermannia, caule erecto, simplici : foliis arctb imbricatis, erectis vel patentibus, cordato-
ovatis, apice emarginatis, marginibus recurvis.

Hab. Upon the Wart hill, the highest mountain of Hoy, in the Orkneys; found near its
summit, in 1808. — Ambleside, in Cumberland; and at Catlaw, Kinnordy, Scotland.
Mr. Lijell. — Summit of Brandon. Dr. Taylor.

Plant either growing in loosely-matted patches of a few inches in diameter, or, more frequently,
scattered among mosses and other Jungermannite.

Roots consisting of dense, but short, simple, semipellucid fibres, which clothe the under
surface of the plant.

Stems from one to two inches in length, erect, filiform, flexuose, simple, or only producing
one or two innovations, and those generally towards the extremity of the plant.

Leaves closely placed and subimbricated, scarcely half a line long, of a widely ovate figure,
approaching to cordate, patent, or erect and secund, at the base semiamplexicaul and
decurrent ; at the extremity, furnished with a rather deep and obtuse notch. The margins
on each side of the leaf are recurved (f. 7) throughout the whole plant. The texture is
compactly cellular ; the cellules roundish. The color a brownish green.

No Fructification, either Male or Female, has yet been discovered; but

Gemma are found by Mr. Lyell on his Kinnordy specimens, situated on the points of the
terminal leaves. They are collected into compact balls or spherules, and each granule, of
which they are composed, is pellucid, of a yellowish green color, remarkably angular
(f. f. 7. 8).

( J . orcadensis )

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

Specimens of this plant, which I have lately gathered in various parts of the mountains of
Savoy and Switzerland, agree in every respect with those of our own country: so that, although I
have never yet had the good fortune to meet with its fructification, I venture to describe it as a new
species, thinking myself fully justified in so doing by the constancy of the characters here laid
down. At first sight, J. orcadensis might be mistaken for a variety of J. barbata ; but it will soon
be seen, that, in the present species, the stipules are wholly wanting, and that the leaves are never
trifid. From J. ventricosa it differs in its larger size, in the small obtuse notch of the leaves, and
in its erect mode of growth ; and from that, and every species to which it is in other respects at all
allied, by the curiously recurved margins of its leaves.

I have taken its name from the country in which it was first found.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

fig.

1, 2. J. orcadensis, natural size.

3. Gemmiferous plant, magnified

4. Sterile plant, with innovations

5. Portion of the stem and leaves

6. Leaf

7. Leaf, with clusters of Gemmce

8. Gemmce

Zab. LXXL

r///s ////// a s///r, .

^ r/eut'ocjctcrft! <z/j>ejc e»s, H»»K) S^rute.

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

(J. albescens.)

JUNGERMANNIA ALBESCENS

(TAB. LXXII. )

Jungermannia, caule repente, ramoso: foliis distantibus, alternis, valcle concavis, propremodhm
hemisphericis, emarginatis ; stipulis ovato-lanceolatis, obtusis.

Hab. Near the summit of Ben Nevis, Scotland.

Plant growing in large, loosely-matted patches.

Stems half or three-fourths of an inch in length, creeping, waved, filiform, branched twice
or thrice in a dichotomous manner, and attached to the ground by

Radicles, short, simple, and snbpellucid, which descend in tufts from the under side of the
plant, and particularly near the stipules.

Leaves rather distantly and alternately placed, very small, of a nearly hemispherical figure,
their base semiamplexicaul, their apex furnished with a single obtuse notch, having its
segments somewhat connivent. The texture is remarkably succulent ; the cellules large
and prominent, like those of J. minutissima, and its affinities. The color a pale green,
becoming almost white when dry, which has induced me to adopt the name of albescens.

The stipules are distantly placed : one between each pair of leaves. It is nearly of the width
of the stem ; of an ovato-lanceolate figure, quite entire.

The only British specimens I possess of this plant, are destitute of fructification ; and,
unfortunately, those which I found in such profusion, bearing calyces and capsules upon some of
the loftiest of the Swiss Alps, are not arrived in this country; so that, however unwillingly, I must
defer my figures and description of the rest of the plant, till the appearance of a supplementary
number. Enough, however, is known of the species, to enable me to say, that I consider it one
of the most decidedly marked in the genus, and that it will rank near J. Francisci, from which the
much more concave leaves and entire stipules will always distinguish it.

(J. albescens.) BRITISH JUNGERMANNIJE.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1. J. albescens, natural size.

2. The same, magnified 6

3. Portion of the stem, upper side 4

4. The same, seen beneath 4

5. Leaf I

6. Stipule 1

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BRITISH JUNGERMANNI/E.

{ J. pubescens. )

JUNGERMANNIA PUBESCENS.

(TAB. LXXIII. )

Jungermannia, fronde lineari, dichotomy, membranacea, costata, undique pubescente.

Jungermannia pubescens. Schrank, Salisb. p. 231. Schrad. Samml. n. p. 7- Spic. FI.
Germ. p. 75. Lam. FI. Fr. ed. 2. n. p. 427. ,Lam. FI. Gall. p. 91. Roth, Germ. hi.
p. 414. VVfrer et Mohr, FI. Crijpt. Germ. p. 435.

Jungermannia tomentosa. Hoffm. Germ. n. p. 91.

Jungermannia furcata. Leers, Herb. p. 253. Teesdale, in Linn. Trans, n. p. 120.

Hab. In Ireland and Scotland, common on wet rocks : in the alpine parts of England, in
similar situations, it is also not rare.

Plant covering rocks, sometimes to a considerable extent, with pale, glaucous-green patches.

Fronds an inch, or an inch and a half in length, horizontally creeping and imbricating each
other very closely. Their width is scarcely more than half a line. They are branched in
a dichotomous manner twice or thrice ; the apices always obtuse, the edges waved, but
entire; the center furnished with a strong nerve or rib; and the whole superficies, both
above and below, and at the margin, covered with numerous short, white, pellucid,
simple, jointless hairs, which give the plant a pubescent appearance. I he texture is
delicate, the cellules small and roundish, but indistinct on account of the pubescence.
The color is a pale green, rendered still paler by the white hairs.

Male Fructification most abundant on the under side of the plant, and always attached to the
mid rib. The

Anthers are two or three in number, inclosed in a young “ innovatio frondis, , spherical, of
a pale brownish green color, terminating a short white footstalk. 1 he innovations, on
the decay of the anthers, appear to shoot out into perfect fronds, which, probably, are
detached from the parent plant, and become new ones.

No Female Fructification has been discovered in this, nor, as far as I can learn, in any
other country.

(J. pubescens.J

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

I am far from considering it as certain that the above characters are sufficient to distinguish
this plant specifically from J. furcata; since I can discover no difference but in the hairs, which in
J. pubescens cover the whole plant, whilst in J. furcata they are either confined to the margin, or,
at most, to that and the under side. Yet this difference appears to be very constant, and I have
followed Mohr and Schrader in keeping the two separate.

REFERENCES to the plate.

FIG.

1. J. pubescens, natural size.

2. The same, magnified 6

3. Portion seen on the under side, with the Anther-bearing innovations 3

4. Section of an Anther, bearing innovation 2

5. Anther 1

€. Hairs 1

'/aO /.XU y

/// //<// //tie/ //////? Y Y/x//</ .

flpioz,# Sp htftrcce* rP $

BRITISH JUNGERMANNLE

( J. sphcerocarpaj

JUNGERMANNIA SPKLEROCARPA.

(TAB. LXXIV. )

J ungerm anni a, caule adscendente, simplice: foliis orbiculatis: calycibus oblongo-obovatis,
cylindraceis, quadrifidis (capsule sphaericA)

Hab. Cadnam bog. Mr.Lyell. — In the neighborhood of Dublin. Dr. Taylor. — (It bears
fruit early in spring.)

Plants growing in rather dense tufts of a pale green color.

Stems scarcely exceeding half an inch in length, ascending, filiform, waved, and, as far as I
have yet seen, altogether simple; here and there, from their under side, throwing out
small, simple, whitish, fibrous radicles.

Leaves rather distantly and bifariously placed ; in the barren shoots, smallest at the base,
and at the extremity; in the fertile ones, largest towards the calyx; of an exactly
orbiculate figure, a little concave and decurrent, mostly horizontally patent ; but
sometimes towards the apex of the plant erect. Their color a pale green. Their texture
delicate : reticulations small, roundish.

Perichcetial leaves generally more ovate, and always larger than the rest ; otherwise the same.
Fructification: Male, unknown.

Fructification : Female always terminal.

Calyx oblong, inclining to obovate, having no angles, cut at the extremity into four large,
acute teeth or segments. Color and texture nearly the^ame as those of the leaves.

Germen ovate; style rather long, tubular.

Calyptra ovate, reticulated.

Peduncle twice or thrice the length of the calyx, white, pellucid, cellulose.

Capsule exactly spherical, brown, shining, splitting into four equal, widely ovate segments.

Seeds and spiral f laments deep fulvous brown ; the former spherical, the latter short, and
formed of a double helix.

( J. sphcerocarpa.)

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

Much as this species is allied in general habit, and in the foliage, to J. scalaris and J. crenulata,
yet it may be at once distinguished when in fructification, from the former, by the exserted calyx,
and from the latter, by this part being entirely free from angles, and by the four large teeth
at its extremity. In the remarkably spherical shape of the capsule, it differs from both; and
equally from J. pumila, which is moreover a much smaller plant, and has the calyx acuminate,
plicate, and toothed, not quadrifid.

We are indebted to Mr. Lyell for our first knowledge of this plant, which Dr. Taylor soon
after discovered in Ireland.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

TIG.

1. J. sphcerocarpa , natural size.

2. Fertile plants, magnified. 6

3. A sterile plant 6

4. A portion of the stem and leaves 3

5. Calyx with the capsule unopened 4

6. Section of the calyx, shewing the Germen 5

7- Capsule bursting and discharging its seeds 3

8. Seeds and spiral filaments 1

BRITISH JUNGERMANNLE.

f,J. reptans. j

JUNGERMANNIA REPTANS.

(TAB. LXXV. )

Jungermannia, caule repente, stellatim ramoso: foliis supernh imbrieatis, subquadratis, incurvis,
acute quadridentatis : stipulis lato-quadratis, quadridentatis : fruetu radicali; calycibus oblongis,
plicatiSj ore dentato.

Jungermannia reptans. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1599. Syst. Nat. n. p. 706. Schrader, Samml. n.
p. 6. Weis, Plant. Crypt, p. 119. Weber, Spic. FI. Goet. p. 144. With. ed. 3. iii.
p. 859. Hoffm. Germ. ii. p. 86. Roth, Germ. iii. p. 39S. Scfirank, Bavar. ii. p.498.
Schreber, Spic. FI. Lips. p. 106. Leers, Herb. p. 251. Enum. PI. FI. Dan. p. 42.
Huds. Angl. p. 513. Lightf. Scot. ii. p. 779. Schmidel, leones, p. 259. t. 6S. Schmid.
Diss.f. 8 — 13. Linn. Syst. Nat. ed Gmel. ii. p. 1350. Lam. Encycl. Method, in. p. 282.
Engl. Bot. t. 608, Lam. FI. Fr. ed. 2. u. p. 433. Wahl. Lapp. p. 386. Weber et
Mohr, FI. Crypt. Germ. p. 411.

Jungermannia minima, ramosa, polyanthos, foliis imbrieatis, trifidis. Hall. Helv. iii.
p. 62. n. 1879.

Jungermannia foliis latiusculis oblusis, undulatis et veluli angulosis. Miciieli, Nov. Gen.
p. 10. t. 6. f. 2.

Lichenastrum Trichomanis facie, foliolis multifidis, capitulis ex imis cauliculis nascentibus.
Raii Syn. p. 113. n. 22.

Lichenastrum ‘multifidum exiguum, ad basin fiorens, per siccitatem imbricatum. Dill. Muse,
t. 71. /• 24.

(5. pinnata: ubique duplo major; ramis bipinnatis.

Hab. Abundant in woods, on banks and shady places, in various parts of the kingdom.
j3 on the borders of Lough Bray, plentiful. Mr. Turner. — Found near Bantry, and in
other parts of Ireland, by Miss Hutchins, Dr. Taylor, and Dr. Stolces.

( J. reptans.J

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

Plants covering the soil in dense tufts, or, as frequently happens, growing more loose and
straggling among mosses and other Jungermannia;.

Roots most numerous at the base of the plant, but also proceeding here and there from
beneath the stipules on the under side of the shoots, in small tufts, composed of whitish,
simple, pellucid fibres.

Stems creeping, horizontal, from half an inch to an inch and a half long, flexuose, filiform, of
a greenish, or, in older specimens, of a yellowish color ; cellulose, irregularly branched,
growing in a soit of stellated manner, as in J. bicuspidata, J. byssacea, &c.; the
branches beset with patent or horizontal simple pinnae : sometimes the extremities of
the shoots are of the same width as the rest, and obtuse j at other times, they are
attenuated to a considerable length. From the under side of the stems, at uncertain
distances, descend flagella, resembling, in a great measure, those of J. trilobata , and,
like them, covered with foliaceous scales.

Leaves imbricated on the upper surface of the stems and branches, closely so for the most
part; but, on the innovations and attenuated extremities of the branches, distant and
very small: the rest are larger; all of them patent or horizontal, yet pointing a little in
the direction of the end of the branch, of a nearly quadrate figure, convex, and having
the apices incurved, and divided into four, or sometimes three, and occasionally five,
acute teeth. Their color is a pale green, their reticulation small, the areola: distantly
placed, in lines, and at tolerably equal distances, as in J. Turneri.

Perigonial leaves generally at the extremity of an " innovatio caulis ,” more convex than
the rest, and more closely imbricated (f. f. 2. 3).

Perichatial leaves, six or eight at the base of each calyx ; the exterior ones the smallest,
all of them ovate, convex, and, at the apex, cut into three or four small teeth : the
texture of these is somewhat membranaceous; the color nearly white (f. f. 9. 10).

Stipules about twice the width of the stem (f. 7), of a somewhat quadrate figure, very
convex, deeply cut into four acute segments. In texture they resemble the leaves.

Male Fructification situated in the axillae of the perigonial leaves, one or two in each, spherical,
reticulated; filament short, white, slender.

Female Fructification terminal on short proper footstalks, which originate at the base of the
branches, and from their under side.

Calyx submembranaceous, nearly white, oblong, approaching to ovate, cylindrical at the
base, at the apex somewhat plicate, the mouth crenato-dentate.

Calyptra obovate, whitish, reticulated, tipped with a short style.

Peduncle about three-fourths of an inch long, white, rather flexuose, pellucid, cellulose.

Capsule oblongo-ovate, deep brown, splitting into four equal, lanceolate valves;

Seeds and spiral filaments fulvous brown; the former spherical, the latter composed of a
double helix.

fne var. /3 differs in being more regularly pinnate, and of a much larger size : but the leaves,

trough more closely imbricated, agree, as well as the stipules, in every essential particular with

those of a.

i

BRITISH JUNGERMANNI2E. (J. reptans.j

The species here figured and described, which scarcely yields in beauty to any one of the
genus, may be considered as one of the most universally dispersed throughout Europe. In habit,
it is closely allied to J. trilobata, having, like that plant, its leaves imbricated on the upper surface,
large dentate stipules, flagella beset with leaf-like scales, and a whitish membranaceous calyx,
proceeding from the under side of the stems. The var. /3, though differing at first sight so
materially from a, is distinguishable only by its great size and bipinnate ramification. The
extremities of the uppermost pinnae, indeed, are almost always obtuse ; those of the lower ones
attenuated. This var. is rarely found in fructification. Miss Hutchins alone having been so fortunate
as to meet with it in that state.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1. Male plant, natural size.

2. Portion of the same, magnified

3. Perigonial leaf and Anther

4. Anther

5. Female plant, natural size.

6. The same, magnified

7. Portion of the stem with leaves and stipules, seen from below

8. Calyx cut open, to shew the calyptra

9. Exterior perichcetial leaf

10. Interior perichcetial leaf

1 1 . Seeds

12. Var. /3. natural size.

6

2

1

«

3

4
4
4
1

i

-

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE

J. trilobata.

JUNGERMANNIA TRILOBATA.

(TAB. LXXVI.)

Jungermannia, caule repente, flexuoso, subramoso : foliis supernb imbricatis, ovatis, convexis,
obtuse tridentatis: stipulis lato-subquadratis, crenatis : fructu e parte inferiore caulis egrediente;
calycibus oblongis, subacuminatis, ore lateraliter fisso.

Jungermannia trilnbata. Linn. Sp. PI. ii. p. 1599. FI. Suec. p. 401. Weis, Plant. Crypt,
p. US. Weber, Spic. FI. Goet. p. 143. Schrank, Bavar. ii. p. 497. Villars,
Delph. hi. p. 9*24. Leers, Herb. p. 250. Enum. PL FI. Dan. p. 42. Huds. Angl.
p. 513. Roth, Germ. hi. p. 396. Linn. Syst. Nat. ed Gmel. ii. p. 1349. With.
ed. 3. in. p. 859. Lam. Encycl. Meth. hi. p. 281. Lamarck, FI. Fr. ed. 2. n. p.432.
Weber et Mohr, Crypt. Germ. p. 409.

Jungermannia radicans. Hoffm. Germ. n. p. 87. Engl. Bol. t. 2232.

Muscoides terrestre repens, ex obscuro virescens, foliis superioribus et inferioribus ad extremi-
tatcm dentatis. Mich. Nov. Gen. p. 10. t. 6. f. 2.

Jungermannia caulibus convexis, foliis descendentibus , imbricatis , tridentatis. Hall. Helv . hi.
p. 59. n. 1866.

/3. minor; omnibus partibus duplo minoribus.

Jungermannia triangularis. Schleicher, Cent. 2.

y. minima; foliis valde minutis, indistinctis, distantibus, ssepe bidentatis integrisque.

Hab. Subalpine parts of Great Britain, Scotland, and Ireland. — 3 is found in more elevated
situations, among rocks; and y has been discovered in Ireland by Miss Hutchins.

Plant growing in large and generally dense patches, sometimes being more than a foot in diameter,
throwing out a few fibrous radicles, which are often forked, from the lower surface of the

stem (f. 16).

Stems from three to five inches in length, creeping horizontally upon the ground, and
imbricating each other; sometimes simple, and beset here and there with innovations,
at other times once or twice branched in a dichotomous manner, flexuose, rather rigid,
of a brownish color. Flagella abundant, about an inch long, tapering, descending
from the under side of the stem, where they have their origin, each at the base of a

J. trilobata.

BRITISH JUNGERMANNI/E.

stipule : they are beset with minute foliaceous scales, jagged at the extremity, which
«eem to be the rudiments of leaves and stipules : immediately at the base, however,
these are imbricated all round.

Leaves more or less closely placed, and imbricated on the upper side of the stem, horizontal,
distichous, attenuated, of an ovate figure, cut at the end into three obtuse teeth. They
are of a firm texture, composed of small roundish reticulations : the surface is a little
shining, of an olive green color, varying with more or less of a brown tint, in proportion
as they are more or less exposed to the sun (f. f. 6. 9).

Perigontal leaves situated upon short, proper branches, or innovations (f. 6), closely imbri-
cated, so as wholly to conceal the stem and stipules,- their form is narrow and ovate,
with a remarkably ventricose base ; the end, as in the cauline leaves, cut into three, and
sometimes four, obtuse and usually unequally-sized teeth.

Perichatial leaves embracing the base of the calyx, composed of small ovate membranaceous
scales, jagged at the extremity.

Stipules, one to each pair of leaves, widely subquadrate, notched.

Male Fructification situated in the axillae of the perigonial leaves (f. f. 6. 11).

Anther spherical, reticulated, terminating a small white filament.

Female Fructification standing on short, proper footstalks, arising from within the stipules,
from the under side of the plant, curved upwards.

Calyx nearly two lines in length, oblong, narrower upward, the mouth slit down on one
side, destitute of teeth : its texture membranaceous and reticulated under a highly
magnifying power; its color nearly white.

Calyptra oblongo-obovate, tipped with a short style, splitting vertically for the emission of
the capsule (f. 14).

Peduncle from an inch and a half to two inches long, somewhat flexuose, pellucid, white,
cellulose.

Capsule ovate, dark shining brown.

Seeds and spiral filaments brown : the latter composed of a double helix ; the former spherical.

The var. /3 and y differ principally from a in size : the /3 being intermediate, about half the usual
size of a, yet, in other respects, resembling it. Its fructification, as I have lately ascertained
by a great profusion of specimens gathered in Switzerland, is precisely the same, y has more
distantly-placed leaves, and these so small, that they are scarcely visible to the naked eye. Of
the teeth, there are frequently only two, and sometimes none.

Jungermannia trilobata, although no uncommon inhabitant of various alpine countries in
Europe, still does not appear to have been described by any author in perfect fructification. Roth’s
character of this state of the plant so ill accords with our own, that I cannot help suspecting that
he must either have mistaken J. quinquedentata for it, or else have confounded the two. In this
country, I am not aware that even calyces have been found, and I have been obliged myself to
have recourse to German individuals for the whole of the drawing of the fructification.

BRITISH JUNGERMANNLE

J. trilobata.

Dillenius has no where noticed this plant; nor does his Herbarium, at Oxford, possess a
specimen. The Dillenian synonym of most authors belongs to J. quinquedenlata. Micheli’s figure
is too accurate to be mistaken.

The affinity of this plant with J. replans, I have already noticed under that species: but it is
not of such a nature as to render it necessary for me to point out how they differ specifically.

Dr. Mohr’s remark in his excellent Cryptogamic Flora of Germany, on this Jungermannia, is
too excellent to be omitted : “ Variat eximih magnitudine, foliis laxioribus, densioribus, brevioribus,
longioribus he adds, that, “ in omni ferh globi terrarum regione provenire videtur.”

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

tig.

1. J. trilobata, natural size, female plant.

2. Male plant, ditto.

3. Var. (Z, ditto.

4. Var. y, ditto.

5. Female plant, magnified

6. Under portion of a male plant, shewing also the stipules . . . .

7. Var.

8. Portion of a flagellum

9. Leaf and stipule

10. Stipule

11. Perigonial leaf

12. Anther

13. Calyx and perichcelial leaves

14. Corolla

15. Seeds and spiral fi laments

16. Roots

6

4

4

3
2
1

4
1
3
2
1
1

BRITISH J UNGERM ANNIiE.

( J . Lyellii.)

JUNGERMANNIA LYELLII.

(TAB. LXXVII.)

Jungermannia, fronde oblonga, subramosfi., tenera, costath, margine subintegerrimo : fructu e
superiore parte frondium ; calyce duplice; exteriore perbrevi, margine laciniato-dentato ; interiore
longh exserto, cylindraceo, subplicato ; calyptra calycem subexcedente.

Hab. Bogs in the New Forest, Hampshire, and at Drumby Airy, a waterfall on the
Noran, Angusshire. Mr. Lyell. — Bogs among Sphagnum latifolium and Hookeria lueens,
near Bantry, Ireland. Miss Hutchins. — From some indifferent specimens, gathered at
Tunbridge High Rock, Mr. Foster's Habitat , in the “Tunbridge List of Plants," it is,
probablj', the “New Marchantia,” mentioned in that work. — (Bears fruit in May.)

Plant growing in small loosely-matted patches.

Roots not very numerous, simple, pellucid, almost colorless, proceeding from the nerve on
the underside of the plant.

Frond generally about an inch long, sometimes twice, or even, though very rarely, three
times that length, horizontally appressed to the earth, or to the substances on which it
grows ; of an oblong shape, being two or three lines in diameter, and nearly linear
throughout, simple, or throwing out one or two lateral short branches (f. 7), or forked at
the extremity (f. f. 1. 19); the margin waved, frequently entire, now and then beset with
a few distant, unequally-sized teeth ; in the centre of the frond, and running the whole
length of it, is seen a very distinct nerve, rather prominent on both sides ; the interior
substance of this is hard and rigid (f. 4), and quite unlike that of the rest of the plant,
of which the texture is remarkably thin and delicate, much more so than in J. epiphylla,
and apprortching nearer to that of J.furcata. The reticulation is small, and the areola:
roundish : the color a pale but pleasant green.

Innovations (f. 20) are not unfrequent on this plant, arising from the underside of the nerve,
as in J.furcata. In these, at first, nearly the whole breadth of the young shoot is occupied
by the nerve, but they gradually bear a nearer resemblance to the parent plant, become
furnished with roots, and are detached from the old frond. Sometimes these innovations
are simple (f. 21), sometimes forked or branched, as is represented at f. 22.

Male Fructification (f. f. 1 to 4) situated upon the nerve on the upper side of the frond,
generally near the middle or base, and always on distinct plants from those which produce the

capsules.

(J. Lyellii.J

BRITISH J UNGER MANN I iE.

Perigonial scales (f. 2) numerous, crowded, sometimes forming a beautiful fringe on each
side the nerve (f. 4), at other times altogether concealing it (f. f. 2. 3) ; they are, each of
them, of an ovate or roundish figure (f. 5), much laciniated and toothed, concave on the
underside. Among these scales

The Anthers are dispersed (f. f. 3. 4), each of them (f. f. 5, 6) roundish-ovate, yellow-
brown, supported upon a very short white footstalk.

Female Fructification placed always on the nerve, on the upper surface of the frond, and
generally near the centre.

Calyx double: the exterior (f. f. 8. 10) the shortest, and very much cut and laciniated at
the margin ; its texture nearly resembles that, of the frond, or, if any thing, is rather
more delicate: the reticulation, too (f. 11), is composed of more oblong areolce : the
interior (f. f. 9. 15. 12) is still more delicate (f. 14), of a paler color, thrice or four
times the length of the outer one, subcylindrical, a little plicate and toothed at the
mouth, at length torn on one side by the bursting forth of the capsule (f. 18).

Germcn at first ovate (f. 15), tipped with a short, obtuse style; afterwards lengthened out,
so as to equal and often exceed the inner calyx.

Calyptra (f. 18) cylindrical, of a rather thick subcarnose substance (f. 13), white, with very
minute oblong reticulations. Near its base are a few abortive pistilla.

Peduncle nearly an inch long, white, succulent, semipellucid, a little flexuose.

Capsule oblongo-ovate, splitting into four, or sometimes only three, valves, and these are not
unfrequently united at their apices, as is the case with J. Hookeri and some other species.
Color rather a pale brown or chocolate.

Seeds numerous, minute, sphaerical, fulvous. Spiral filaments of the same color, very long,
formed of a double helix, closely twisted. — Whether these are attached, as in J. epiphylla,
to the base of the capsule, or at the extremity, as in J. pinguis and J. furcata, I am
unable to determine, for want of specimens in a sufficiently good state of preservation.

I have observed no Gemma; on any specimens that I have yet met with.

To none can this species be with more propriety dedicated than to its discoverer, Charles
Lyell, Esq., a gentleman to whose unwearied researches almost every page of this work bears
unequivocal testimony, and to whom I am happy in being able thus publicly to express my
gratitude and esteem ; while every one who is acquainted with him, will agree with me in saying,

“ E a me suoi merti
"E 1’ ingegno non stanco

“Tra piante e carmi e studj, e il cuor si franco,

“ Costumi ornati, e il viver dolce e cheto,

“ Anche son noth’’

It was in the neighbourhood of his seat, Bartley Lodge, in the New Forest, Hampshire, that my
valued friend first met with this highly curious plant, which he has since found in boggy places
on his estate at Kinnordy, in Angusshire. It grows likewise in Ireland, and I have the same
species given me by Mr. Dickson, who says it was gathered in the East Indies. The following,
J. hibernica, although so nearly allied to this, I believe to be perfectly distinct. It accords in

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

(3. Lyellii.)

general habit, in texture of the frond, in the double calyx, and in the male fructification arising
from beneath the perigonial scales ; but it is removed from it by the different substance of the
nerve, by the more deeply-divided outer calyx, by the shortness of the Corolla, and by the differently-
shaped, and distantly-placed, perigonial scales. I have received several Jungermanniae, both from
the East and West Indies, which agree in general habit with both these, and which will probably
be found to have the same fructification.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1. J. Lyellii, male fructification, natural size.

2. Portion of the same, magnified

3. Smaller portion

4. Part of the frond, with a portion of the internal substance of the nerve ... .

5. Perigonial scale and Anther

C. Anther

7. Young female frond, natural size.

8. Young calyces, magnified

9. Calyces, more advanced

10. Exterior calyx laid open

IX, Portion of ditto, to shew the reticulation

12. Inner calyx laid open, to shew the corolla

13. Transverse portion of the corolla

14. Portion of the inner calyx *

15. Calyces, cut open to shew the germen

16. Capsule bursting

17. Seeds and spiral filaments

18. Cluster of female plants, magnified

19. The same, natural size.

20. Single frond, with innovations, natural size.

21. Portion of ditto, magnified

22. Innovation

6

4

4

2

1

4

4

3

2

3
2
2

4
3
1
6

6

4

V

*

-

f -Hi- ■ fili-m .i .?i ' •

• $ twit' ■ 'i-1-q mtt itfrgsd*

*

BRITISH J UNGERM ANNIAS.

(J. hibernica.J

JUNGERMANNIA HIBERNICA.

(TAB. LXXVIII.)

Jungermannia, fronde oblonga, dichotomy tener&, costata, margine integerrimo : fructu e superiore
parte frondium ; calyce duplici; exteriore perbrevi, laciniato; interiore longb exserto, ovato-
cylindraceo, subplicato ; calyptrff calyce interiore multo breviore.

Hab. Among Sphagnum cuspidatum and Jungermannia emarginata, on the shores of Lough
Bray, a very elevated situation, near Dublin. Dr. Taylor. Catlaw, near Kinnordy,
Angusshire. Mr. Lyell.—( It produces ripe capsules about the middle of April.)

Plant growing intermixed with various Mosses and other Jungermannise, in small, loosely-
entangled, imbricated patches.

Roots few, and principally proceeding from the lower parts of the frond, small, fibrous,
pellucid, simple.

Frond from two to four inches long, procumbent, oblong, about two, or, towards the
extremity, where it is always the broadest, even three lines in diameter, once, twice, or
even thrice branched, the fertile plants the most so, and always in a dichotomous
manner : the branches sometimes very patent : the whole plant is more or less waved or
undulated, but especially at the margins, which are quite entire, never producing teeth,
as in J. Lyellii. Like that plant, the substance is very delicate, pellucid, reticulated ;
but the nerve scarcely differs from the rest of the frond, except in its thickness, and in
the more compact situation of the cellules, never having its internal substance so hard, I
might almost say, ligneous, as in the last-mentioned species. The color is a pale green,

at the base yellowish brown.

I have seen no innovations on this species.

The Male Fructification (f. f. 2 to 4) is produced upon the nerve on the upper side of the frond,
as far as I am able to discover, always on distinct individuals from the female.

Perigonial scales few, distantly placed, arising from the top of the nerve, and closely
appressed to it, but having an oblique direction, alternately pointing to the right and
left (f. 3), and extending nearly the whole length of the plant; each of them is of an
ovate figure, convex on its upper surface, at the margins slightly and irregularly toothed.

(f. f. 4. 5. 6)

(J. hibemica.J

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE

One or two Anthers are situated upon the nerve, and are entirely concealed by the perigonial
scales. They are (f. 7) nearly spherical, of an olive-green or brownish color, placed on a
very short, pellucid footstalk.

Female Fructification arising from the upper side of the nerve of the frond, near the middle or
upper extremity.

Calyx double : the exterior one short, and cut nearly down to the base into lanceolate
divisions or lacinise, which themselves are toothed or laciniated at their margins (f. 9) :
the texture is altogether that of the frond, whilst the inner calyx is, on the contrary, more
delicate, of a paler color, thrice the length of the outer, obovate, approaching to
cylindrical, at the mouth cut down on one side, and slightly toothed. Such are the
characters of the full-grown interior calyx, which are quite different from its young state:
this, even after the perfection of the Germen, is shorter than the exterior one, cup-
shaped, and slightly toothed or notched at the margin (f. 9).

Germen ovate, dark green, tipped with a rather large, hollow style, and surrounded at its
base by several linear-lanceolate, abortive pistilla (f. 9).

Corolla white, between membranous and carnose, ovate, never exceeding half the length of
the inner calyx.

Peduncle an inch or more in length, white, succulent, flexuose, and cellular.

Capsule oblongo-ovate, opening into four, or sometimes only three, valves, which are often
united at their apices by the twisting together of the filaments.

Seeds fulvous brown ; filaments of the same color, closely and spirally twisted in a double
helix, and apparently attached to various parts of the inner valves of the capsule.

Gemma none, that I have yet seen.

I exceedingly lament, that the perfect fructification of this species was not discovered till after
the annexed plate was finished by the engraver. By means of it, I am the more confirmed in the
distinct nature of the species, though, even from the less complete specimens, there appeared to
be sufficient characters to enable a botanist to distinguish it from J. Lyellii. It is altogether a
larger and more branched plant; divided always in a dichotomous manner; and furnished with a
nerve, not essentially differing in substance from the rest of the frond. I have noticed, under
J. Lyellii, how the calyx and the corolla differ in the two species: an equally remarkable difference,
and, as far as my observation has gone, an equally constant one, exists in the perigonial scales. In
J. Lyellii they are rounded, deeply cut at their margins, thickly clothing the sides, and frequently
the top of the nerve, and not closely appressed to it. In J. hibernica, on the contrary, they are
distantly ranged, and point obliquely and alternately to the different sides of the nerve. The latter
appears also to be an alpine plant, having hitherto been found only in very elevated situations. In
the supplement of this work will be given figures of the perfect capsules.

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIJE.

(J. hibernica.J

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1. J. hibernica, young female plant , natural size.

2. Male plant, ditto.

3. Male plant, magnified <5

4. Portion of the male frond 4

5. Perigonial scale, upper side 2

6. Perigonial scale, lower side 2

7. Anthers 1

8. Female plant, with young fructification 6

9. Calyces, interior and exterior, cut open to shew the Germen and barren pistilla.

.

I

Tab. LKXIX.

BRITISH J UNGERM ANNI/E.

( J . TrichomanisJ

JUNGERMANNIA TRICHOMANIS.

(TAB. LXXIX.)

Jungermannia, surculo repente, subsimplice ; foliis bifariis, imbricatis, horizontalibus, convexis,
ovatis, integris emarginatisque; stipulis rotundatis, lunulari-emarginatis: fruclu laterali; calycibus
subterraneis, oblongis, carnosis, hirsutis ; ore crenaio.

Jungermannia Trichomanis. Dicks. Plant. Crypt. Fuse. hi. t. 8. /. 5. Schrader, Samml.
Lief. ii. p. 7. Scop. Cam. n. p. 769. Timm. Prudr. FI. Megap. n. 871. Weber, Spic.
FI. Goet. p. J48. Oeder, Enum. PL FI. Dan. p. 43. Roth, Germ. p. 395. Lightf.
Scot. ii. p. 769. Swartz, in Act. Nov. Ups. iv. p. 243. Engl. Bot. t. 1875. Mohr,
FI. Crypt. Germ. p. 405. Wahl. Lapp. p. 387. Sprengel, in Welter. Annal. p. 24. t. 4. f. 8.
Schwaegr. Muse. Hepat. Prodr. p. 16.

Jpngermar.nia scalaris. Schmid. Diss. de Jung. p. 20. /. 17. and 18. (Gemma.) Lam.

FI. Fr. ed. 2. ii. p. 428. FI. Gall. Syn. p. 92. Encycl. Bot. Suppl. m. p. 163. With.

Bot. in. P.80'2. Schreb. Spic. FI. Lips. p. 103.

Jungermannia fissa. Scopoli, Cam. 11 p. 348. Lightf. Scot. 11. p. 770. Enum. PI. FI.

Dan. p. 43. Swartz, in Act. Nov. Ups. iv. p. 244. Villars, Delph. iv. p. 424.

Lamarck, FI. Fr. ed. 2. 11. p. 429. FI. Gall. Syn. p. 92. Encycl. Bot. Suppl. in. p. 163.

Jungermannia sphcerocephala. With. Bot. ed. 3. in. p. 854. Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. Gmel. n.
p. 1349. Relh. Cant. p. 438.

Mnium Trichomanis. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1579. Syst. Nat. 11. p. 701.

Mnium fissum. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1579. Syst. Nat. 11. p. 701.

Jungermannia, foliis integerrimis, planis, ovatis, distichis , extremo caule setifero. Hall.
Helv. hi. p. 57.

Jungermannia , foliis bidentatis in apice fragifera. Hall. Helv. m. p. 59.

Mnium Trichomanis facie, foliolis bifidis. Dill. Hist. Muse. t.3l.f. 6.

Mnium Trichomanis facie , foliis integris. Dill. Hist. Muse. t. 31 5.

Jungermannia ierrestris repens, foliis ex rotunditate acuminatis, bifidis, apertura pene visibili.
Micheli, Nov. Gen. PI. p. 8. t. 5./. 14.

Hab. In moist places on the ground, on heaths, in woods, and in marshes, in various
parts of England, Scotland, and Ireland.— (It produces capsules during most of the
summer months, if the weather be moist, and Gemma; early in the spring.)

Plant growing in large, dense, or scattered patches, frequently covering a considerable surface of
ground.

(J. Trichomanis .)

BRITISH J UN GE R MANN I iE.

Roots (f. 5) descending from the under part of the stem, most abundantly near the base, in
small, fibrous bundles, that are placed close by the stipules.

Stems from one to two inches long, slender, flexuose, procumbent, simple, or producing,
here and there, young shoots or innovations, which exactly resemble the parent plant :
their texture is delicate : the cellules large, oblong: the color a pale green.

Leaves rather closely arranged, and imbricated over the upper surface of the stem, so as
altogether to conceal it ; usually small at the base and at the extremity of the plant,
largest in the middle, where they are not unfrequently half a line long; their direction is
horizontal ; their figure widely ovate, above convex ; many of them are entire, whilst
others are cleft with a wide and obtuse notch at the apex (f. 5) ; the margins are every-
where free from serratures. The cellules are large and roundish, and give the leaves a
punctated appearance when the plant is dry: the texture delicate : the color a pale, and
oftentimes a glaucous green.

Stipules : (f. f. 5. 6.) Of these one is placed between each pair of leaves. Their figure is
roundish, and they are furnished with a deep, and somewhat lunular incision or notch at
the apex, resembling, in some degree, that of J. connivens. In color and texture the
stipules resemble the leaves.

Male Fructification unknown.

Female Fructification lateral, and issuing from the under side of the stem.

Calyx (f. 9) attached by one side of its mouth to a short footstalk, in such a manner as that
the rest is pendent, and deeply imbedded in the soil. It is a line or more in length,
oblong, obtuse at the base, of a carnose substance, though, when viewed under a high
magnifying power, evidently cellular : its exterior is covered with rather long but not
thickly-placed hairs (f. 9), pointing upwards.

Germen (f. 7) ovate, tipped with a thick style, and bearing upon various parts of its surface
barren pistilla, which are of an oblong form (f. S), transversely and longitudinally striated.

Corolla (f. 10), when arrived at its full size, occupying the whole width of the calyx, and
reaching to about half its length; its form is ovate; its texture delicate and membranous.

Footstalk about an inch or an inch and half long, slender, whitish, cellulose ; at its base inserted
into its receptacle by means of a small bulb (f. 11).

Capsule (f. 12) linear-oblong, having the four linear valves, of which it is composed, very
curiously and spirally twisted (f. 13). They unfold in some degree, but never become
strait in expanding, and, after the discharge of the seeds, again become twisted and
reflexed. Their texture is extremely beautiful. Under a high power of the microscope,
longitudinal brown furrows are seen, having intermediate narrow ones (f. 14), and these
are connected by transverse lines.

Seeds small, numerous, of a roundish form, and of a brownish color, as are the spiral

filaments, which are, moreover, long, slender, and very closely twisted, formed of a
double helix.

Gemma (f. 16) abundant upon those plants which have their apices lengthened out into
almost leafless portions of the stem, at the point of which they are collected together in
small spherical clusters, resembling those of J. bicuspidala and Sphagni. Each particle
is roundish, angular, pellucid, pale green.

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

( J . Trichomanis.J

Numerous as are the above synonyms, I am very far from sure that I have brought together
all that really belong to this species, one of the most decidedly marked in the whole Genus, yet
one which appears to have been less understood than almost any other. Wherever Dillenius has
committed errors, they have been copied and multiplied by succeeding writers, and we stand but
little chance of having them corrected, without recourse to the original specimens of this author,
which, fortunately for science, are still in existence. By an examination of these specimens, it is
clear that Dillenius figures 5 and 6, of tab. 31, are slight, and by no means unfrequent varieties of
the same plant ; and these have been quoted under no less than six different names ! It would be
neither a pleasing nor a useful task, to point out the errors of the older authors in their accounts of
this species. Our countryman, Dickson, first well established it under the name of J. Trichomanis,
and has given a tolerably good figure of it. The magnified representation of the leaf, indeed, is in-
accurate, but altogether it does not merit the appellation which Mohr has applied to it, of “ pessima
The part of the Flora Cryptogamica Germanica, of the last-mentioned author, containing the
Jungermanr.iae, I have but lately received, and I am greatly disappointed in the assistance I had
hoped to have derived from it. In his character of the species, which forms the subject of the
present description, he has left unnoticed every thing that concerns the fructification; in his
diagnosis he has compared it with J. pallescens fj. polyamhos, Linn.J, with which it has little in
common; he has referred to Dillenius' (though doubtingly), tab. 69. f. 2. (our J. minuta) , as a
variety; and he has brought Dickson’s J. serpyllifoiia to it as a synonym, than which nothing can
be more unlike in all the essential characters.

Wahlenberg, with great propriety, observes, in his valuable Flora Lapponica, "Stipularum
forma omninb ut in J. cavifolia (our J. serpyllifoiia) Ehrh. sed folia diversissima, revera ovat.i et
semper duplo majora, eximife hyalina et glaucescentia; qua not& habituali facilb a plerisque affinibus
discernitur. Defectus strum® foliorum certissimum characterem prsebet. Capsulse insignithr
oblongata.” p. 387. He is equally correct, when he says that the figure in English Botany "stipulas
bicuspidatas exhibet.”

1 have already had occasion to notice, under J. viticulosa, the peculiarities which this species
has in common with that; and, at the same time, I pointed out the characters that distinguished
them, which, indeed, are sufficiently apparent, even to those who are not very conversant with the
Genus. The hairy calyx, and twisted capsule, are very remarkable, and circumstances which I
believe are confined to the present plant. Anthers are at present unknown. The heads of Gemm®
are born on elongated, nearly leafless portions of the stem, exactly as in J. bicuspidata, and, like
that plant, too, the texture of the leaves and stipules is very delicate.

( J . Tricliomanis.J

BRITISH J UNGERM ANNI/E.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1. Female plants, natural size.

2. Gemmiferous plant, ditto.

3. Female plants, magnified 6

4. Gemmiferous plant 6

5. Portion of the stem and leaves, seen from the underside, shewing the roots )

and stipules | ^

6. Stipule 3

7* Calyx dissected, shewing the germen and barren pistilla 3

8. Barren pistillum 1

9. Calyx, exterior of 3

10. The same dissected, to shew the full-grown corolla occupying the whole )

width of the calyx, and the receptacle of the peduncle ) ^

11. Base of the peduncle, with its bulb 3

12. Capsule about to burst 2

13. A valve, after the capsule has burst 2

14. Portion of a valve, shewing Us structure 1

15. Seeds and spiral filaments j

16. Gemmce j

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

( J . capitata.J

JUNGERMANNIA CAPITATA.

(TAB. LXXX.)

Jungermannia, caule prostrato, simplicinsculo j foliis rotundato-quadratis, inferioribus bifidis,
reliquis tri-quadrifidis : fructu terminal! ; calycibus oblongo-ovatis, subplicatisj ore contracto,
dentato.

Hab. Cadnam Bog, New Forest, Hants, and Lyndhurst Race-course, in the same county.
Mr. Lyell. — On a rock in a dry mountainous situation near Bantry, Ireland. Miss Hutchins.

Plant growing in very small pale-green patches, on a turfy soil, and having much the general
appearance of small tufts of J. incisa.

Roots rather numerous, proceeding from nearly the whole length of the underside of the
stem, pellucid, simple, fibrous.

Stems a quarter of an inch or rarely half an inch long, rather stout in proportion to their
length, almost always simple (in one or two instances, only, I have observed a solitary
lateral shoot, f. 1) : the color greenish, sometimes, but especially towards the base, dingy
brown : the texture remarkably fragile.

Leaves rather closely ranged in two rows, sometimes patent or nearly horizontal, at other
times, and generally (f. 3) nearly erect, of a roundish figure, approaching to quadrate ;
those at the base smallest and simply bifid, whilst the rest gradually increase in size as they
approach the extremity, and are both trifid and quadrifid ; the segments unequal, a little
waved and acute. At the very apex, particularly of the sterile shoots, the leaves are
collected into a head or cluster, whence the specific name. Their texture is delicate, and
the cellules large in proportion to the size of the plant, of a roundish shape, or often, as
Mr. Lyell remarks, truly hexangular. Their color is rather a pale yellow-green.

Perichatial leaves large, with four or five, very unequal, incurved segments (f. f. 7. 8).

Male Fructification unknown.

Female Fructification terminal.

Calyx large for so small a plant, oblongo-ovate, greenish, a little diaphanous towards the
extremity, and plicate j at the mouth somewhat contracted, and very unequally toothed.

Peduncle a quarter of a line long, white, cellulose, a little waved.

£■

. Si - , '

' -

( J . capitata.J

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

Capsule orate, dark brown, splitting into four equal valves.

Seeds and spiral filaments fulvous, the latter composed of a double helix, attenuated at each
extremity.

It is not easy, in a specific character, to define the differences which will keep this plant
separate from J. excisa. In the fructification, and in the form and size of many of the leaves, they
seem perfectly to accord ; but in all the specimens I have examined, both from Ireland and the
New Forest, the upper leaves of J. capitata are collected into a tuft or head, which gives the plant
a very remarkable appearance : these terminal leaves, too, and most of those not inserted near the
base of the plant, are either trifid or quadrifid, and the segments are very irregular but, what is
more striking, the texture of the leaves is delicate, fragile, and composed of cellules as large as
those of J. bicuspidata. In this particular it differs essentially from J. incisa, which has similar
tufts of leaves at the extremity of the shoots j but they are never, in our plant, toothed or jagged
at the margins of the segments.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1. Sterile plants of J. capitata, natural size.

2. Female plant, natural size.

3. Sterile plant, magnified 6

4. Cauline leaves 3

5. Cauline leaf, shewing the cellules 3

6. Terminal leaves 3

7. Ferichcetial leaf 3

8. Perichcetial leaf, with pistilla appearing before the formation of the calyx . ... 3

7a/1. ZJ7.77Y7.

//a//// a <w//^z/7z zut/a .

R.hdui& C q /» /?/<$ n<3 6 *3 /!*) Df/ tp ,

/ ■

BRITISH JUNGERMANNI/E.

( J. complanata.)

JUNGERMANNIA COMPLANATA.

(TAB. LXXXI.)

Jungermannia, surculo repente, vagb ramoso : foliis distichis, supernh imbricatis, imequalitbr
lobatis; superioribus majoribus, orbiculatis; inferioribus ovatis, appressis, planis : stipulis nullis :
fructu terminali ; calycibus oblongis, compressis, truncatis.

a. major ; foliis planiusculis, pallidb viridibus.

Jungermannia complanata. Linn. Syst. Nat. n. p. 706. Sp. PI. p. 1133. FI. Suec. p. 922.
Timm. Prodr. FI. Megap. n. 86S. FI. Dan. t. 1062. Crantz, Inst. p. 64. Scop. Cam.
ii. p. 345. Neck. Meth. p. 142. Weis, Crypt, p. 124. Weber, Spic. FI. Goet. p. 146.
Villars, Delph. iv. p. 925. Lam. Diet. in. p. 282. Hues. Angl. ed. 2. ii. p. 514.
With. Bot. ed. 5. in. p. 1073. Lightf. Scot. p. 780. Hull, Br. Ft. p. 280. Relh.
Cant. p. 418. Sibth. Ox. p. 311. Gouan. Monsp. p. 452. Curt. Lond. ed. 1. Hook.
in Curt. Lond. ed. 2. Ehrh. Crypt, fasc. 97- Web. et Mohr, Crypt. Germ. p. 416.
Wahl. Lapp. p. 390. Engl. Bot. t. 2499. Lam. Ft. Fr. ed. 3. ii. p. 434. Lam. Syn.
Ft. Gall. p. 93. Hoffm. Germ. n. p. 85. Roth, Germ. in. p. 403.

Lichen parvus in corticibus arborum hutnidis repens, foliolis subrotundis, squamatim incum-
bentibus. Raii Syn. ii. p. 41. Hist. p. 48.

Jungermannia foliis subrotundis, densissime et imbricatim dispositis, viridis major. Rupp.
Jen. i. p. 345. ii. p. 294.

Lichenastrum petalodes squamosum, majus. Cat. Giss. p. 213. App. p. 84. t. l.f. D. E. F. Ic. FI.
Lichenastrum imbricatum majus. Cat. Gis. Suppl. p. 172. 174. t. 16.

Jungermannia foliis circinnatis auritis imbricatim dispositis ex viridi Jlavescentibus. Mich.
Nov. Gen. PL p. 7. t. 5. /• 21.

Lichenastrum imbricatum, majus, squamis compressis et planis. Dill. Muse. p. 496. t. 72./. 26.
Jungermannia foliis rotundatis, alterne imbricatis, caule piano multifloro, setts brevtssimts.
Hall. Helv. in. w. 1860.

Hepaticoides foliis et surculis Thuya instar compressis major. Vaill. Bot. Par. 1. 19. /. 9.

/3. minor; foliis convexioribus, fusco-lutescentibus.

Hab. Abundant on the trunks of trees, and there rendered conspicuous by its pale-green
color; bearing fructification all the year.— /3 was found in Ireland, near Bantry, by
Miss Hutchins.

(J. complanata.J

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

Plants densely imbricated, so as to form wide but compressed tufts, or cushion-like patches.

Roots proceeding rarely from the lower side of the stem, more frequently from the leaves,
always in small pencil-like tufts, consisting of pellucid, simple fibres (f. 3).

Stems, or Surculi, from an inch and a half to two inches or more in length, creeping,
fiexuose, variously branched, the branches again divided in a pinnated manner, and here
and there producing innovations. Color green.

Leaves closely imbricated over the upper surface of the stem, and in a bifarious manner,
unequally two-lobed, the superior lobe much the largest, orbicular, nearly flat upon the
upper side (in (3 convex) ; the inferior lobe ovate, appressed, flat, and often shooting
forth roots. The color is a very pale yellow-green; in /3 alone yellow-brown. The
substance is delicate and flaccid; the reticulation small and obscure (f. 18).

Perigonial leaves (f. 5) similar to the rest, but more ventricose at the base, where the
Anthers are situated.

Perichcetial leaves also but little differing from the cauline ones, except in having the two
lobes more equal in size (f. f. 8. 9).

Stipules none.

Male Fructification situated in the axillae of young lateral shoots (f. f. 2. 4).

Anthers two or three in the axilla of each leaf, globose, reticulated, yellowish, supported
on cellular, whitish, short footstalks (f. f. 6. 7)>

Female Fructification terminal upon the branches, and on the lateral shoots (f. 2).

Calyx oblong, from a cylindrical base becoming wider, compressed, and at the extremity
quite flat, incurved before the putting forth of the capsule; the apex truncate, nearly
entire, or only a little cleft on one side. (In a very young state (f. 9) the calyx is shorter
and wider than that just described (f. f. 11. 12), but still very much compressed.)

Pistilla five to seven in each calyx, oblong, slightly swelling towards the base, at the
mouth expanded and toothed, or radiated (f. 12), of a pale and almost white color, faintly
striated transversely and longitudinally.

Calyptra pyriform, whitish, pellucid, reticulated, tipped with a short style.

Peduncle not more than twice the length of the calyx, white, succulent, cellulose.

Capsule ovate, pale brown, transversely and longitudinally furrowed (f. 13).

Seeds rather large, spheerical, brown, as well as the spiral filaments, which are formed of a
double helix.

Gemma are attached to the margins of the leaves in the spring months (f. f. 9. 15), and are
of various sizes, of a roundish or ovate figure (f. 16), compressed, evidently reticulated,
so as to resemble in texture the leaves.

Jungermannia complanata is a species but little subject to variation, nor have I seen any
appearance of it sufficiently unlike the common to be worth mentioning, except the small brown
one found on rocks in Ireland, by Miss Hutchins, and described above, and represented at f. 17.

Although, in general habit, evidently allied to that beautiful family to which J. Tamarisci,
J. dilatata, J. platyphylla , &c„ belong, the plant before us is, nevertheless, abundantly distinguished
from them by a total want of stipules ; of which part Dr. Roth has, notwithstanding, maintained

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

( J . complanata.)

the presence, and has given a particular description of them : his words on the subject are,
“ Quamvis Pollich, Scopoli, et Weber stipularum praesentiam negent, tamen revera adsunt, at segrius
et caule luci obverso sub lente bene augente rith tanttim distinguendae. Ad latera scilicet caulis
nervi intra folia densissimb imbricata egrediuntur in averse paging foliisque adprimuntur, structura
et figura cum illis exaetb convenientes, licet duplo minores from all which, it appears that he has
taken the smaller lobe of the leaf for stipules.

The circumstance of roots proceeding from the leaves is highly curious, and Wahlenberg,
I believe, was the first to observe it. We know that the leaves of some mosses ( Hookera
lucens for example) have the property of throwing out roots, but in them it takes place at the
margin of the leaves ; here from the surface or pagina, and generally from that part which forms
the fold between the smaller and the larger lobe. I have reason to think that J. dilatata and
J. Tamarisci possess the same property, and that the small spherules I have figured on the stems
and leaves of the former of these species (tab. 5), are the young roots ; and the more so, since I
have seen the following remark of Wahlenberg. Alluding to the leaves of J. complanata, he says,
“In ejus pagina inferiore versus oram inferiorem papilla protuberat, primum viridis, dein fuscescens
et radicans.”

Nor are the Gemmae less worthy of observation. They have the most complete analogy with
the Gemmae of the Marchanlia, and with those of J. f areata ; being, like them, evidently cellular j
and they are seen to increase in size before they are detached from the plant. Totally different are
they in their nature from the Gemmae of J. bicuspidata, J. ventricosa, &c.

In point of calyces, J. complanata resembles J. undulata, which, notwithstanding the different
mode of growth and habit, as it appears at first sight, ought, perhaps, to rank in the same family
with that species. There is this striking difference between them, that, in the family in question,
the lobules cover the upper or anterior surface of the stem, in J. complanata the lower. Such is
the case, too, in J. cochleariformis, where the lobule is, however, formed into a kind of sack.

( J . complanata.J BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

FIG.

1. J. complanata, natural size.

2. Portion of the same, magnified 6

3. Stem and leaves seen from beneath, to shew the lobules and roots 4

4. Antlieriferous shoot 5

5. Perigonial leaf, with its anther 3

6. Anther 3

7. The same 1

8. Perichatial leaf 3

9. Perichatial leaf with gemmce, and containing a young calyx 3

10. Young calyx, with pistilla 2

11. Calyx, shewing its reticulations 1

12. Pistillum 1

13. Segment of the capsule i

14. Seeds and spiral filaments 1

15. Young female shoot, having gemma on its leaves 6

16. Gemma j

17. Var. f3, natural size.

Ihb.LXXXIV

BRITISH JUNGERMANNEE.

(J. Blasia. J

JUNGERMANNIA BLASIA.

(TAB. LXXXII. LXXXIII. LXXXIV.)

Jungermannia, fronde oblonga, ramos&, costat&, infra squamis dentatis sparsis instruct^; margine
lobato ■, fructu e superiore parte costae egredientej calyce calyptraque intrafrondosis.

Blasia pusilla. Linn. FI. Suec. ed. 1. p. 933. ed.2. p.405. Sp. PL p. 1605. Syst. Nat. p. 707.
Timm. Prodr. FI. Megap. n. 886. Crantz. Inst. p. 61. t. 1. Ludw. dejin. PI. p. 293.
Weber, Spic. FI. Goet. p. 169. Hoffm. Germ. ii. p. 94. t. 3. Huns. Angl. p. 519.
With. Bot. Jrr. ed. 4. hi. p. 868. Hull. Brit. Bot. p. 283. Lightf. Scot. p. 1112.
(Ed. FI. Dan. t. 45. Engl. Bot. t. 1328. Sturm, Deutsch. FI. Ic. Mohr, FI. Crypt.
Germ. p. 437. Schmid. Diss. de Blasia, cum Ic. Hedw. Theor. PI. Crypt, p. 112.
t. 28./. 156 to 164. Lamarck, Diet. i. p. 429. Illustr. t. 877 ■ Lam. FI. Fr. ed. 3. ii, p,418.
Lam. FI. Gall. Syn. p. 90. Wahl. Lapp. p. 899. Schwaegr, Muse. Hep. Prodr. p. 36.
Blasia pusilla, Liclienis pyxidati facie. Mich. Nov. Gen. PI. p. 14. t. 7.

Mnium Liclienis facie. Dill. Hist. Muse. p. 237. /. 31.

Blasia fronde lobata, lobis subrotundis, nervis setiferis. Hall. Helv. t. 3. p. 57.

Hab. By no means uncommon in the alpine and mountainous parts of England, Scotland,
and Ireland : generally preferring moist heaths, or sandy ground, which is occasionally
inundated. — (It bears capsules in the spring months : Gemma are found throughout the
whole year.)

Plant growing in patches of various dimensions ; the individuals separate, or, as is frequently the
case, imbricating one another, like the fronds of J. pinguis and J. epiphylla.

Roots more or less numerous, and crowded on different plants, and even on different parts of
the same plant, yet frequently extending the whole length of the underside of the nerve,
from which alone they originate : they are simple, fibrous, pellucid, whitish.

Frond lying horizontally upon the ground, yet with the apices often erect, from a quarter of
an inch to an inch in length, varying remarkably in figure, for the most part oblong, some-
times simple, or with a single lateral short branch (tab. 84. f. f. 6. 7. and tab. 83. f. f. 2. 12) ;
sometimes more divided, and in a dichotomous manner (tab. 82. f. 2) •, at other times the
ramification seems to be almost palmate (tab. 84. f. 1), having the ends forked: it is to

fj. Blasia.J

BRITISH J UNGERM ANNIiE.

be observed, that the extremities of the plant, and of the branch itself, are always wider
than their base j their width, in the first case, being two or even three lines ; in the
other, seldom exceeding a line and a half. It is of more rare occurrence that the frond,
from a common centre, is branched in a stellated sort of manner: such an appearance is
represented at tab. 84. f. 9, where the apices have also a slight disposition to be forked.

The substance of the frond is between carnose and membranaceous, thinnest at the margin,
where it is often slightly waved, and cut into deep and obtuse lobes of various sizes, but
all of them large, at first sight giving the appearance of closely set, pinnated leaves j but
the divisions never reach so far down as the nerve. These lobes are, moreover, often
incurved, and particularly so towards the extremity of the plant (tab. 82. f. 2). The
whole is cellulose, and the cells tolerably large, presenting, on the exterior surface, a
beautifully reticulated appearance, with ovate areolae (tab. 83. f. f. 3. 4).

Throughout the centre of the frond, and following the divisions of the branches to their
very extremity, runs a very evident and broad nerve, most prominent on the underside,
and marked on the upper side with numerous lines, as if the epidermis lay in plaits or
folds (tab. 82. f. f. 1. 2, &c.). Sometimes it happens that the nerve is forked within the
extremity of a simple branch, where probably the frond is about to be extended in a
dichotomous manner, as I have already noticed in J. furcata (tab. 82. f. 1).

The color of the whole plant is a pale-green, but that of the nerve usually paler than the
frond ; except when the plant is dry : the base is often yellow-brown, as if in a state of
decay.

On the underside of this species, always upon the nerve, and closely appressed to it, are
scattered, apparently at unequal distances, small stipulaceous scales, of an oval form,
flatfish (tab. 82. f. f. 10. 11), and deeply, though unequally, spinoso-dentate. These
scales must be carefully distinguished from the gemmaceous buds or tufts, found not only
on the upper, but likewise on the underside of the plant: but they are not confined to
the nerve, nor are they ever single or appressed to the frond.

Male Fructification, as far as I have yet observed, upon different individuals from the Female,
(tab. 82. f. 3.)

Anthers two or three in the same frond, constantly imbedded in the nerve; covered,
however, only with a very thin cuticle, and always visible, not only by the different color,
but also by a slight swelling of the nerve where they are situated (tab. 82. f. 3). Their
figure is elliptical, or nearly ovate : their color pale greyish. I have not been able to
perceive any point of attachment to the cell of the frond, in which they are imbedded.
It requires a highly-magnifying power to discover the reticulated appearance of the anther
(tab. 82. f. 9). Within they are filled with an extremely minute, granulated substance.

Female Fructification arising from the upper side of the frond, and towards the extremity.

The earliest state that 1 have observed of it is represented at tab. 82. f. f. 5. 6. and tab. S4. f. 4.
In the first of these plates are figured young pistiUa quite exposed, scattered at various
distances upon the nerve, each of which is nearly linear, but a little swelling at the base,
and slightly expanded at the apex, of a greyish color, and striated longitudinally with
pale-red, and marked also with a few transverse lines. Another state of the early
fructification is given at tab. 84. f. 4, where the pistilla are represented, equally free from
any calyx or external covering, collected into small clusters, as they are within a
perichaetium in every other Jungerraannia that we are acquainted with (J. Hookeri alone

BRITISH JUNGERMANNI/E.

('J. BlasiaJ

excepted) . These, too, are upon the nerve. In the midst of one of these clusters, I
found a single pistillum swollen into a germen (tab. 84. f. 5) of an ovato-laneeolate form,
and of a greyish-brown color, and tipped with a rather large and perforated style.

It might be expected that, in a similar situation, the germen would be seen in a more
advanced state; but this I could never observe to be the case: on the contrary, the
progress of the fructification seems to be altogether internal. I have not been able to find
an external germen more swollen than that above described; but in innumerable instances,
on dissecting fronds, such as are figured at tab. 83. f. 12,* having an oval inflation on
the frond, with a slight depression and scar, or umbilicus, in the centre, I have never
failed to see the germen in different states of advancement towards maturity ; and this
will be better understood, by a reference to tab. 83. f. f. 3. 4. The upper individual, at
f. 12, being dissected longitudinally, and exposed to the microscope, shewed an oblong
hollow beneath the inflation above mentioned (tab. 83. f. 3) ; and within it was a calyx
extending from the umbilical mark or cicatrice down to the lower extremity of the hollow

or receptacle.

This calyx is of an oblongo-lanceolate and acuminate figure, closed at the top, bladder-like,
whitish, membranous, scarcely reticulated, semitransparent, so that within is seen the

Germen, already so much swollen as to be of a pyriform figure, tipped with a short, curved
style, and of an olive-green color : at the base it is inserted into the receptacle by means
of a small bulb. In its progress towards maturity, its increasing size causes the calyx to
burst, and portions of it remain attached to the umbilicus (tab. 83. f. 4), and at the
bottom of the germen on the receptacle (tab. 83. f. 7). The Germen is now become of
an oblongo-ovate figure, and the reticulated appearance of the outer covering or calyptra
is very striking. Advancing still more, the fructification bursts open the upper surface
of the frond, in a very irregular manner, always above the inflation, and nearly at the
apex of the frond (tab. 32. f. 2).

Calyptra, even when about to burst, scarcely exserted above the aperture of the frond,
sometimes not at all so, in which case the opening is formed by the capsule.

Peduncle white, succulent, from half an inch to an inch long, erect, but waved, striated.

and somewhat twisted. ,

Capsule ovato-globose, whitish at the base, tbe rest pale olive-brown. It opens into four
equal, ovate valves, whose texture is, under the microscope, beautifully reticulated, and
the borders of the areolae have a dotted appearance (tab. 83. f. 10).

Seeds : these, if removed from the fully formed germen or young capsule, are roundish, ot
an olive-green color, enveloped in a pellucid membrane, and lying together f m threes;
though sometimes only two, and rarely four are found in a cluster (tab. 83. f. f. 5. C). n
this state of the fructification, too, the filaments are most evidently likewise surrounded
by a pellucid tube. The ripe seeds fall from the capsule singly (tab. 83. f. 11), but are
still within a membrane, and do not differ from the young seeds, except in being of a
darker color. I can perceive no tubular membrane about the fully formed spiral filaments,
which are rather long, closely twisted, and formed of a double helix.

* And the same appearance
there exserted.

represented highly magnified, on the fronds, at tab. 83. f. 2, although the capsules

•f Such is the case too in J. Hookeri.

( J. Blasia.J

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIAE.

The Gemmce of this plant are of two kinds, and highly curious from their situation, which
is perfectly different from that in every other species of the genus yet known, and
deserving of very particular description.

I shall first notice those bodies which by most botanists are looked upon as the seeds, whilst
their receptacle has been considered the capsule, upon the shape of which, principally,
the character of the genus Blasia has been established ! This receptacle is found plentifully
in the spring and summer months ; one, or rarely two, upon each segment of a frond,
always towards the extremity, and always upon the nerve. This, in an early stage, forms
a swelling of an ovate figure, or even ventricose; at the upper extremity furnished with a
beak, at first short, acuminate, and closed (tab. 82. f. f. 4. 10), at length becoming
lengthened out, cylindrical and hollow throughout (tab. 82. f. f. 1. 14). A section of
this (tab. 82. f. 14) discovers numerous sphaerieal small bodies, enveloped in a perfectly
transparent gelatinous mass, and apparently floating in it. Each of these is cellular,
reticulated, the cells of very unequal sizes (tab. 82. f. 16), furnished with a minute
radicle, even before they are discharged from the receptacle. This discharge takes place
through the tube, and does so the more readily in dry weather, when the fronds collapse,
and force the gemmae towards the mouth, where they are often collected into a capitulum
by means of the gelatine.

On the dispersion of these Gemma, they fall not only on the ground in great number, but
on the fronds themselves, where they, sooner or later, according to the fineness of the
season, develop themselves, becoming tufts of small green scales, scattered over the apices
of the frond, where they are retained by means of the incurved margins (tab. 84. f. f. 1. 2. 4).
Their appearance is totally unlike the perfect plant; being of an ovate figure, dentato-
spinose, three or four collected together, and resting on their base, which, however, does
not seem to have any point of attachment to the frond ; for they are removed by the
slightest touch. These, it may be supposed, are expanded in an advanced state of their
growth; the scales taking a different form, and the teeth becoming dilated into lobes*. The
similarity between these scales and those of the underside of the frond is verv considerable;
but their difference has been already explained.

The second kind of Gemmce is situated on the under side of the frond, but never on the nerve.
These appear in the form of small, roundish, dark-green dots, within the substance of
the plant ; but evidently nearer the lower epidermis than the upper, though visible on
both sides, on account of their deep color. As they grow older, they become prominent,
and form tubercles (tab. 82. f. f. 4. 6. and tab. 84. f. 2) on the under side of the frond ;
yet always continue covered with a slight pellicle, out of which, if the swelling be
opened with the point of a knife, the gemmae readily fall, and are then seen to be spherical
masses, of a substance between granular and pulpy, almost black, compact, but quite
free from any membranaceous covering like the true anthers ; nor are they at all cellular,
like the gemmae just described.

Although, for want of a better term, 1 have applied the name of Gemmce to these bodies,

I am far from supposing that these apparently unorganized granules have the same

* That these young fronds should be so unlike the old ones is not so remarkable, when we consider the different
appearance of many seedling cryptogamous plants from perfect ones, particularly the Ferns.

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

( J . Blasia. J

functions assigned to them as those contained in the receptacles, to which the same
appellation is here given, and which, I think, are clearly ascertained to become new
plants, like the receptacular gemmae of the Marchantice, and like those gemmte that I
have described on J. complanata, J. calyptrifolia, J. furcata, and others ; whilst bodies,
analogous to the gemmae in question, may be found in what I have in this work called
Gemma of J. bicuspidala, J. nemorosa, &c. (See, upon this subject, a remark under
J. calyptrifolia.)

Having now devoted three entire plates, and an equally unusual portion of letter-press, for the
description and illustration of the present species, little remains for me to add in the diagnosis,
which can tend to a more complete knowledge of the plant; since it is my wish simply to state
facts as I have seen them, and to avoid every discussion respecting the offices of the respective parts
of the fructification. I feel sensibly, that the further I advance in my acquaintance with these
curious little vegetables, the greater are the difficulties which arise in the determination of the
sexual organs; and I will, for the present, beg to declare myself neither the partizan of the
Hedwigian system, which, ingenious as it is, appears to be fraught with many difficulties, nor of
that of Richard, one of the most learned botanists of the present age; whose theory of “Agames,”
as he calls the Cryptogamia of Linnaeus, I am far from understanding as I would wish to do, although
I see sufficient to be convinced that it is highly worthy of attentive consideration. I shall content
myself with remarking, what I think no one will deny, that, if what, in conformity with the language
of Hedwig, have here been called capsules and anthers in J. epipliylla, be really such, those bodies
which are so denominated in the present species, are, with equal propriety, worthy of that
denomiation ; since the closest analogy, in structure and situation, exists between them.

Declining then, as I do, bringing forward any arguments on the theory of the fructification
in this species, it will not be necessary to enter much at large into a critical examination of the
labors of Hedwig and Schmidel, in their Dissertations on the genus Blasia, which are professedly
written with a view to ascertain what is the male, and what the female, fructification of the plant in
question. Their speculations, indeed, are now completely overturned, by the discovery of what
they themselves would undoubtedly acknowledge to be the true capsules.

I cannot, however, omit adding a few words on the genus Blasia , which must, in future, be
erased from the Flora. It was established by Micheli, who says of it, “Hanc novam plantam jure
quidem optimo Blasiam denominavimus, a Pat. D. Blasio Biagi Congregationis Vallis-Umbrosae
Monacho, Botanico non gregario, ac in Etruscis itineribus nostris ad indagandas plants, nepe
sedulo comite.” The character he has defined to be “Plant* genus, flore monopetalo, campamformi,
tubulate, elephantinam proboscidem quadamtenus *mulante, sed sterili, et calyce carente. Fructus
verb sunt capsul* secus foliorurn margines, in quibus decern, ut plunmum minima rotunda
nidulantur semina.” A figure* is likewise added a, tab. 7, but a very inferior one, compared
with that given by Dillenius, in his incomparable Histona Mascorum. This latter admiiably
represents, though of the natural size, the tubular receptacles, the marginal gemmae, and the

« This figure, though tolerably good for the time in which it was published, is yet far from conveying a correct
idea of the PLt. The lobes of the frond are not expressed ; the marginal gemmae are inaccurate; and the receptacles
of the gemma are too large, and the mouth too much expanded.

( J . Blasia.J

BRITISH JUNGERMANNEE.

tufts at the extremity of the frond. The author, however, makes it a Mnium, “ Mnium Liclienis
fade," from the supposition that the capitula, at the extremity of the tubular receptacle, had their
origin there; whereas it is only in a certain state of the plant that these gemmiferous receptacles
put on the appearance of the granular heads of a Mnium. Nor is the description, partly made by
Dillenius himself, and partly by Mr. William Harrison, who first found the plant in England, near
Manchester, as far as it goes, at all less worthy of praise than the figure.

Linnteus described our plant under the name of Blasia pusillti, in his Flora Suedca, it having
been found in ditches near Fahlun ; and Oeder has figured it in the Flora Danica ; but neither of
these authors have entered into any satisfactory description of it. The former seems to consider
the gemmae, within the tubular receptacles, as seeds; since he says, "Semina matura e suo eyatho
fere cylindrico defluunt, tam parva ut eorum figura nudis oculis distingui nequeat;” yet, in the
Systema Nalura, his character of the genus is,

Masc.? Cal. cylindricus granis repletus.

Fem.? Cal. nudus. Fructu subrotundo, foliis immerso, polyspermo.

So that Sir James Smith is not correct, when he says that the black sessile warts, scattered over the
frond, are universally allowed to be male flowers. He has equally overlooked the passage in Micheli,
" Fructus sunt capsulae secus foliorum margines.”

It is to the admirable Dissertation of Schmidel, above quoted, that we must look for a
complete description of this curious plant, from its earliest stage of growth, to its arrival at
maturity, together with its mode of increase by gemmae; for heretofore no one has ever discovered
the anthers any more than the capsules. Besides saying all that can be said concerning the two
different kinds of gemmae, the author, in the thirteenth section, describes what he considers a third
organ of propagation peculiar to this plant; but this, from all I can understand of the description,
appears to be nothing more than a repetition of the mode of increase by the gemmte, which have
fallen from the tubular receptacles, and are dispersed alike upon individuals, furnished with
receptacles themselves, and upon such as have them not. Nor do the figures he has given of these
parts induce me to think otherwise upon the point ; although I must confess, that, with regard to
most of the magnified figures on the plate, they do not seem to me to deserve that praise which
has been so universally bestowed upon them, and which those of the natural size doubtless merit.

At the conclusion of his elaborate history, Schmidel sums up his account of the genus in
these words: "Blasia est Algje genus pro flore masculino gerens Anlheras solitaries, per frondis
substantiam sparsas, sessiles, subglobulosas : pro femineo fere Calycem monophylltim, inverse ovatum
(extrorsum) tubulatum, tubo subcylindraceo truncato ; absque Corolla ; et ex fundo Calicis Semina
nuda, libera, plurima, subrotunda, compressiuscula exeludens.”

Hedwig comes next to be considered; who, having, as may be expected, added little that is
new to what has been observed by the last-mentioned author, assures us, that what he has offered to
the reader is done chiefly with a view to confirm and illustrate the discoveries of the incomparable
Schmidel. He therefore, likewise, looks upon the marginal gemirne as anthers, and the receptacular
ones as seeds, saying of the former, what I have not myself been able to verify, that the folliculus
of the anther " extrinsecus fibrillosus * est, evidenti judicio communicationis cum plantulie vasculis.”

* Let me add, however, in confirmation of Hedwig’s assertion, a communication made to me by Mr. Lyell. "In
two specimens, these tubercles are rough and unpolished, as if they had burst, and when I threw a ray of sun-shine
on them, seemed covered (not thickly) with very short, white filaments.” Lett. Dec. 1812.

BRITISH JUNGERltfANNIJE.

(J. Blasia. J

Of the tubular receptacles of the gemmae (which, by the bye, are extremely ill clone in the
Theoria, where they have the appearance of being of a different texture and color from the rest of
the plant), Hedwig remarks, “parum de truncelli extreinitate, elevation fructus rudimento superius
insidet exiguus tenerrimus stylus fusci coloris ab omnibus disquisitoribus praetervisus : neque
mirum, cum admodum fugax sit.” Yet neither does the figure alluded to exhibit any appearance
of the supposed style being of a different color from the rest of the receptacle, nor does it ever
appear so in reality. The same author aptly compares this style-like body, in a more advanced
state, to the calyx of Anihoceros; and, with regard to Schmidel’s third, mode of fructification, 1 am
happy to say he entertains the same opinion with myself. I must not omit to notice, that it is to
Hedwig we owe our first acquaintance with the roots, or root-like appendages, that are found on
the receptacular gemmae ; although, in the Theoria, they are figured with these appendages too
large, and too much attenuated.

In the Species Muscorum (p. 343), the following character of the genus Blasia is given :

Perigonium nullum (nisi cuticulam dicas). Calyptra brevis, integra elevata cum sporangia
cordato-acuminato, univalvi, per apicem maturitate pervium emittente sporas nudas.

Spermatocystidia orbicularia, complanata, solitaria, latitantia singula in foveola, epidermide
tectfL

Flores diclini.

Schreber, in his Genera Plantarum, has added nothing of any moment to what preceding
authors had done. Hoffmann’s description of Blasia pusilla ( FI. Germ. v. 2), seems to be compiled
wholly from Hedwig and Schmidel. The same may be said of Roth s account of the genus :
nor does the excellent Mohr give any new observations in his Cryptogamic Flora of Germany.
Schwagrichen’s character is a very imperfect one. “ Theca univalvis. Seminum elateres nulli.
Calyptra a vaginulfi. secedens, dimidiata.”

YVahlenberg alone has ventured to doubt if the real seeds were known, and has, consequently,
altered the generic character, which stands thus in his admirable Flora Lapponica :

'‘Flores dioici 1

Mas r Sacculus in substantia frondis occultus, rostello elevato eminens, apice dehiscens et
granula masculina emittens.

Fem. ignoti ? ”

And he adds to this a remark so valuable, that I cannot forbear quoting the whole of it. “Granula
ilia, qute emittunt rostella, mihi tarn similia videntur polline sic dicto masculino in Jungermannns,
vel etiam propagulis cyathorum apud Marchanliam, ut non possum quin dubitem ea esse vere
semina. Semper pellucida sunt, quasi e pluribus granulis partialibus composita. Conformatio
conceptaculi quoque Cyathis Marchantise sat analoga, sed toto caelo a capsulis veris Marchantiarum
et Anthocerotis recedens. In Marchantid pilosd sic dicti flores masculini desiderantur, cur heic
femineos pressius reperire volumus ? ”

It would not have been in my power to have confirmed the opinion held out in the above,
remark, and to have illustrated my figures and descriptions of this plant with the perfect fruit, had
it not been for the kind assistance of my botanical friends. Mr. Dickson first put into my hands
capsuliferous specimens of the Blasia, which he gathered on the shores of Loch Tay, in
Invernesshire, and supposed to be a new Jungermannia. These, however, I should not perhaps
have readily ascertained to be the Blasia, had I not received other specimens about the same time,
but without capsules, from Dr. Swartz, when I was instantly struck with the marginal gemmae
in both. Mr. Lyell discovered the plant at Kinnordy ; and, with his accustomed zeal and industry.

( J . Blasia.J

BRITISH JUNGERMANNItE.

watched its progress so unremittingly, that I had at length the satisfaction of receiving from him
specimens in the state represented at tab. 83. f. f. 3. 4. 7- 12 ; and had soon after, from Ambleside,
the still greater pleasure of having forwarded to me, by the same friend, an individual with the
capsule burst from the frond. With equal ardor Dr. Taylor commenced his researches in the
neighborhood of Dublin, where he had the good fortune to find capsules fully ripe, and discharging
their seed, on the mountains at Lough Bray, on the 31st of March, 1814. These he communicated
to me, with the remark, that he believes the capsules to be of very short duration ; “for that it was
not till after repeated visits to the same spot, and a most laborious search each time upon his
hands and knees, that he was at length able to discover them. The weather was remarkably warm,
succeeding a shower of rain.”

I have myself seen the plant in the same habitat, and likewise in various parts of England
and Scotland, though it is chiefly confined to hilly or mountainous districts. In Switzerland it is
very abundant; yet it was only on the Grimsel, in the autumn of 1814, that I ever saw the capsules
exserted upon growing plants.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

(TAB. LXXXII.)

fig.

1. Two fronds of Jungermannia Blasia ; the one producing marginal gemma: f

and young tufts , the other having the receptacular gemma magnified . . £

2. Plant much branched, with receptacular and marginal gemma

3. Portion of a frond, bearing anthers

4. Portion of a frond, with young receptacles for the gemma, the mouth not )

being yet opened y

5. 6. Portions of a frond, bearing pistilla scattered on the nerve, and shewing )

the marginal gemma prominent beneath )

7. Anther

8. Ditto

9. Portion of the cuticle

10. Portion of a frond, seen from beneath , shewing the scales

1 1 . Another portion of the same, with a young tuft

12. Gemma, removed from the substance of the frond

13. One of the same, broken

14. Receptacle of gemma, dissected

15. Extremity of ditto, with the gemma terminal

16. Gemma

17. Stipulaceous scale

6

6

6

4

4

3
2

1

4
3
2

1

3

2

1

1

BRITISH JUNGERMANNIiE.

( J . BlasiaJ

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

(TAB. LXXXIII.)

PIG.

1. Jungermannia Blasia, two specimens , with perfect capsules, natural size.

2. The same, magnified 6

3. Section of a young female frond, shewing the situation of the calyx and germen 3

4. The same more advanced ; the calyx being burst 3

5. Seeds and spiral filaments, removed from the germen, f. 4 2

6. The same 1

7. Germen, enveloped in the calyptra, and having a portion of the calyx at the base 2

8. Capsule, unopened 2

9. The same, with the valves burst 2

10. Portion of the valve of the capsule 1

11. Seeds and spiral filaments, from a ripe capsule 1

12. Young female fronds, natural size.

REFERENCES TO THE PLATE.

(TAB. LXXXIV.)

PIG.

1. Large branched specimen of J. Blasia, natural size.

2/ Portion of a frond, with tufts, magnified 3

3. Tuft, magnified < 1

4. Portion of a frond, ivith tufts and clusters of pistilla 3

5. Young germen and pistilla *

6. Sterile frond, natural size.

7. 8. Fronds, bearing receptacular gemma, natural size.

9. Stellated frond, natural size.

<*

INTRODUCTION.

o a work, professing to give a description of the various species of Jungermannia} yet
ascertained to be natives of the British isles, it appears desirable, if not indispensable, to
prefix, by way of introduction, a short historical account of the genus itself, accompanied
with some remarks upon its structure and peculiarities, and a few observations on those
families which are most nearly connected with it.

SECTION I.

History of the Family.

The earlier botanists, who have taken notice of the plants belonging to this genus,
have almost universally designated them by the appellations either of Musci or Lichenes.
By the latter term, Fabius Columna has described the first Jungermannia that we find
any where upon record; his “ Lichen alter minor caule calceato," being very obviously, both
from the description and figure, intended for our J. epiphylla* ; to which Dillenius and
other subsecpient writers have referred it.

It was not till the beginning of the last century, that the name of Jungermannia was
first adopted ; a name given by Ruppiusf, to perpetuate the memory of Louis Jungermann,
a German botanist, who was born in 1572, and died in 1653, after having published a
catalogue of the plants of the neighborhood of Altorf, and a work entitled Cornucopia Flore
Giessensis. He likewise gave considerable assistance to Besler, in his Hortus Eystettensis.
In the Flora Jenensis, however, we find no particulars relative to the characters of this
new genus ; nor do we, till Dillenius, imperfectly indeed, described the fruit of it in the
Eph. Nat. cur. Cent, v., vi., and in the Appendix, p. 52, and again in his Flor. Giss., where
he attributes to this tribe of plants, which he calls Lichenastrum, “Capitula monococca
(quibus et pediculis brevioribus a Lichene differt), aut nuda, aut folliculo inclusa, aut
petalodes quid habentia, florem nempc monopetalum quadrifidum imitantia, quae etiam loco
apicum fcecundationem conciliarent plantae, licet semina desiderentur.” p. 84. He farther
speaks, in the Supplement of the same work, of a double covering to the young capsule,
evidently alluding to the calyx and corolla, as they have since been termed.

* In his “
4to. p. 330.

Minus cognitarum rariorumpie nostro calo orientium Stirpium Sic,

f Flora Jenensis.

Rom®, anno 1616,

INTRODUCTION.

Vaillant has described these plants under the name of Hepalica and Hepaticoides, but
has added little to what Dillenius had done, except noticing, in many instances, the vaginae,
and the quadrifid capsules.

Our countryman, Ray, is more .particular in this respect. “Lichenastrum*,” he says,
“est Musci genus fertile, vel, si placet, floribus insigne, cujus capitula longiusculis pediculis
innascentia per maturitatem in quatuor plerumque aequales partes, cruciformem florem
referentes, ad basin usque dividuntur, et farinam einittunt tenuissimain, apicum in floribus
perfectioribus pollini respondentem, licet hie usus nec reliquis Muscis denegari queat,
cum capitulorum pulvis similem prorsus figuram et structuram obtineat, si armato oculo
examinetur. Ceterum simplicia et nuda sunt capitula, singula nempe singulis pediculis
plus minusve longis insidentia, e vagina nunc simplici, nunc bivalvi, nunc in plures partes
per summitatem divisa egredientibus, quibus a Lichene clarissime distinguitur hoc genus.”
This, however, includes our genus Anthoceros, which forms his first division: “Lichen-
astrum capitulis bifariam se aperientibus.” His second comprises our J unger mannicc ;
“Lichenastrum capitulis in quatuor segmenta florida, tanquam totidem petala se aperi-
entibus:” and this is subdivided into “Foliis varie et minus determinate divisis,” our
Jungermamia f rondos# ; and “Foliis figur® magis determinat®,” comprising the J unger-
mannia foliace a.

Micheli, with his accustomed talent for discrimination, has divided the genus Junger-
rnannia into three ; but has taken characters from the habit of the plant, rather than from
the fructification, which unfortunately will not bear him out. Ilis first genus, Marsilea,
(our J unger mannia j rondos#) “est plant® genus flore monopetalo, campaniformi, patente,
in quatuor profundas partes dissecto, ac veluti quatuor petalis constare videtur, sed sterili,
filamentis aut potius, cum clarissimo Columna, staminibus tenuissimis, et pulverulentis
nunc in medio, nunc ad extremum donato. Idem calyce caret, et pediculo insidet, ac e
vagina tubulata egreditur. Capsul® autem seininales perexigu® in plantis plerumque non
floriferis, in nonnullis speciebus per totam foliorum superficiem, in aliis vero per eorum
extremitatem occurrunt in quarum sinum unicum et rotundum habetur semen:” and this
though it may at first sight appear the most natural of the three, yet is most variable
in point of its fructification in the different species of which it is composed. With him
the second genus, Jungermamia , is “a Marsilea diversum, foliis in surculis bino ordine
Trichomanis et Polygonati more quodamtenus dispositis. Semina in externa plantarum
parte extant;” and his third, “ Muscoides ,” he says, “est plant® genus ab Jungermannia
discrepans surculis tribus, quatuor vel quinque foliorum ordinibus vestitis : inferiores vero
ordines superioribus sunt valde minores. Semina non in externa foliorum parte sed
recondito in sinu squamarum cujusdam fructus, qui locustarum Graminis arnoris formam
pr® se ferens, per surculos vel per plantas non floriferas innasci solet.” Thus, in Junger-
manma, this author has taken the gemm®, and in Muscoides and Marsilea, the anthers, for
the seeds ; and has made the character depend, in a great measure, upon their respective
situations. The capsule he considers a monopetalous, campanulate, sterile or male flower

* Raii Syn. Stirp. Brit, ed. 3. p, 109.

M:

INTRODUCTION.

A slight alteration only is made by Haller, who, in his Enumeratio Stirp. Helv., retains
the genera established by Micheli, omitting, however, the seeds in their characters, and
adding to Marsilea the peculiarity of the filaments being rolled in, and adhering, like a
sponge, to the middle of the flower (capsule), which, indeed, is by no means the case
with any of the family, except J. epiphylla.

Dillenius next comes again to be considered, in his Historic, Muscorum, where he has
given a more enlarged character to his Liche nostrum ; ' and, after saying that the name is
derived from the resemblance of its flowers to those of a Lichen, adds that it is, “Musci
genus flore antlieraceo nudo, ab initio globoso, dein in quatuor lacinias ad basim usque
diviso, tetrapetaloide, florcm Galii referente, farinam spargente teneram masculinam, et
pediculo tenero pellucido, singulo singulo insidente, e theca seu calyce nunc simplici et
integro, nunc quasi bivalvi, nunc in plures lacinias per summitatem diviso egrediente ;
quibus notis a Lichene clarissime distinguitur hoc genus. Fseminina semina me adhuc
latent in plerisque omnibus speciebus.” He has, however, excluded J. Trichomanis, of
which he does not appear to have known the fructification, and has made it a Milium,
from the powdery capitula which he saw at the termination of the branches.

Linnaeus, at length, in the last edition of the Systema Natura, firmly established the
genus Jungermannia, and attributed to it the following character :

“Masc. pedunculatus, nudus. Anthcra quadrivalvis.

Fem. sessilis nudus, seminibus subrotundis.”

About twenty-five years subsequently, in 1760, the accurate Schmidcl produced his
Dissertatio de Jungermannia charactere, in which, alter an elaborate history, he determined
upon the following character. “ Jungermanniam,” he says, “vocamus Alg® genus, in
cujus

Masculino Flore varii situs, vel in eadem vel in distincta planta aut ramo,

Cal. nullus.

Cor. nulla.

Stam. Anther® nud®, vesiculares vel farinos®, absque fibs.

Feminino Flore :

Cal. multiformis, monophyllus aut bilobus.

Cor. monopetala, limbo varie secto, frequenter bilabiato.

Pist. Germen ovatum vel subrotundum, corolla tectum ; Stylus coroll® im-
positus, rectus ; Stigma simplicissimum.

Per. Vasculum pedunculo recto, ultra calicem et corollam elevatum, subro-
tundum, vel oblongum, uniloculare, filamentis repletum, quadrivalve, valvis
patentibus.

Sem. Plurima, minuta, subrotunda.”

Haller, in his Stirpes Helvetica, has altered the character which he had previously
given in his Enumeratio, taking advantage of the labors of Micheli, Linn®us, and
Schmidel ; making no mention, however, of either male or female fructification, but very
properly including in the genus those Jungermannia which Linnsus and Schmidel had
made Mnia; and observing, “Plurim® Jungermanni®, forte et oranes, pr®terea passim

INTRODUCTION.

farinosos globules gerunt, vel sessiles, vel pediculatos, quarum istos Linnaeus Mniis
accenset. Cum tamen veram vaginam cavam, vcrumque florem quadrifidum, non capsulam
calyptratam gerant, melius utique cum Jungermannia manent.” [Hall. Helv. hi. p. 57.)
Yet, on the other hand, he takes in Riccia Jiuitam, whose fructification, however, it should
lie acknowledged, is to this day unknown.

Hedwig has studied, with his accustomed accuracy, this genus, confirmed many of
the observations of Schmidel, and made known other new and important facts relating to
the organs of fructification : among them is that alluding to the vegetation of the seeds
of Jungermanniae, which completely controverts the opinion of those botanists who have
supposed the capsules to contain the farina peculiar to the male flowers.

The generic character, given in the Appendix to the Species Muscorum of this author,
stands thus :

“Jungermannia. Perigonium monophyllum vel nullum. Calyptra fissa persistens.
Sporangium quadrivalve, sporarum fila linearia, torta.

Spermatocystidia ovata vel globosa, cingulo pellucido simplici vel articulato vel nullo
munita, solitaria vel gregaria, sessilia vel pedunculata, superficiei trunci superiori
vel inferiori adnata, vel substantia; iminersa,^nuda vel folio perigoniali cincta.

Perigonia feminea vari;e figurae, compresso-truncata transversa et incurva, vel com-
presso-cristata margine deutato, vel campanulato-undulata. In speciebus perigonio
destitutis, perigonii vices gerit calyptra fissa:” and he adds, that, by characters
taken from the perigonia and the spermatocystidia, the Jungermannias may perhaps
be divided into many genera.

The author that next merits our consideration is Sclireber, who, having industriously
selected the most striking characters from the writings of preceding botanists, has thus
defined the genus :

Masculi Flores sessiles in caule, foliis, frondibus glomerati.

Cal. vix ullus.

Cor. nulla.

Stam. Filamenta vix ulla. Jntherae ovata;, uniloculares, apice dehiscentes.

Feminei Flores in eadem vel distincta planta.

Cal. Perianthium e rectum, tubulosum, truncatum, crenatum s-laciniatum.

Cor. Calyptra sessilis, perianthio minor, subglobosa, undique clausa, mem-
branacea, ten era, stylo coronata, tandem apice rumpens.

Pist. Germen oblongum, calyptra obvolutum, sessile; Stylus brevis, rectus,
per verticem calyptrae transiens ; Stigma simplex.

Peric. Capsula setae longae tenerrimae insidens, globosa, uniloeularis, tandem
longitudinaliter dehiscens in Valvulas quatuor, aequales, patentes, persistentes.

Sem. plurima, globosa, adh®rentia //& tortis, elasticis, valvulis in fundo, apice,
disco vel margine adfixis.

He likewise alludes to the Jungermanniae acaules, which, he says, have their anthers
buried in the substance of the frond, and want a perianthium to the female flowers ; on
which account he doubts if they ought not rather to be considered a distinct genus.

INTRODUCTION.

Roth has scarcely made a less excellent use of the labors of others, and has drawn
up a concise account of the different parts of the fructification, summing up the whole in
the following words :

“ Caps, subrotunda, set® nudaj insidens, unilocularis, apice dehiscens : valvulis
quatuor patentibus. Masculi floris perianthium nullum.”

After the valuable discoveries of Schmidel and lledwig, and the satisfactory reasons
they had assigned for what they supposed to be the male and female fructification, it is
rather surprising to find an able naturalist of ourjiay, M. Palisot de Beauvois, controverting
their system, and establishing a theory of his own ; according to which, he considers the
anthers to be the female fructification, and the capsules the male; and forms characters
almost wholly from the former, which differ so little in all the species that I have had the
opportunity of examining. Thus, having restored the Michelian genus, Muscoides, in his
Flore d’Oware et de Benin, but changed its name to that of Carpolopedium, he gives the
following character :

“Flores Masculi ; In ramulis distinctis ; pedunculati, globosi aut ovati, quadrifidi :
Lacin'ufi sequales, intus filamentosie ; filamentis elaslicis, articulatis, pulverulentis,
aliorum vegetabilium stamina aemulantibus ; pedunoulus albus, mollis, membra-
naceus, pellucidus ; vagina oblonga, seu pericluetio sessili, monophyllo, calyciformi
infra cinctus.

“Flores Fjeminei ; In ramis distinctis: Fructus ovatus, aut globosus, brevissirne
pedunculatus, acumine parvo, styliformi acuminatus, solitarius, sub squamis bifarie
imbricatis : Ramuli medio plerumque crassiores, supra infraque attenuati, foliis
distichis instructi.”

Hence it appears, as well from the above character of his genus, as from the species
that the author enumerates as belonging to it, that he has attributed to the female (his
male) fructification of J. albicans, J. platyphylla, J. dilatata, &c., distinguishing marks
which they really have in common with all the rest of the species ; except, indeed, when
he says that their elastic filaments are “ articulata ,” which does not hold good in any
species. And in describing the male fructification (our female), his character would be
such as to include, I think I may say, all the J unger mannuefoliosa, were it not that he
states the “ fructus ” to be “ acumine parvo styliformi acuminatus,” a peculiarity which I
cannot find to exist in any species, and certainly not in any of those he points out as
belonging to this genus ; not even his own Carpolopedium dichotomum, with specimens of
which he himself obligingly favored me.

The genus . Marsilea , likewise, he has adopted under the name Rhyzophyllum, and
proposes treating of it in a part of his Aetheogamie, which is, I believe, not yet published.
A short notice of it, however, is given in the Flore d'Oware et de Benin already mentioned,
where he thus speaks of it, and of his Conianthos ( Jungermannia , Mich.). “Nous ne
pouvons non plus nous dissimuler que, dans le Rhyzophyllum ( Marsilea , Mich.) les fleurs
femelles ou semences sont eparses sous l’epiderme, tantot a l’extremite des lobes des
feuilles, tantot danstoute leur longeur; que, dans le Conianthos (. Jungermannia , Mich.) ces
memes fleurs ou semences sont nues et rassemblees en boule au sommet de quelques

c

INTRODUCTION.

ig§

A

9‘

&

rameaux, ou des feuilles, dans quelques especes; et que, dans le Carpolopedium ( Muscoides ,
Mich.) ces inemes graines ou fruits sont solitaires, caches sous des Readies imbriquees et
distinctes des feuilles.”

In the first and last genera here mentioned, M. Palisot de Beauvois decidedly speaks
of true anthers ; but in his Conianthos he deduces characters of equal importance from the
gemm®, which he supposes to be capsules (our anthers), and wholly passes over the true
anthers, which are precisely of the same nature as those of Carpolopedium and Rhyzo-
pliyllum, and are to be found with equal facility as they are in those species.

The character given by Mohr, in his FL Crypt. Germ., is, perhaps, the best that has
yet been assigned to the genus : “Plant® Cryptogam®. Ord. vi. Calyptrat®. B. Deoper-
culat®. Sporangium quadrivalve (ex anomalia interdum 8-valve.”)

Wahlenberg is almost equally happy in his definition. “Musci Hepatici. Capsula
sine operculo, longitudinaliter dehiscens, interne tantum calyptrata.

Fructificationes dioic®, rarius monoic® : steriles pulverace® in apice ramulorum
vel foliorum.

Fructus Calyx: Perichatium sacculiforme membranaceum vel carnosum.

Germen calytra tectum, styligerum, in pericli®tio sessile.

Capsula in pedunculo subito elongando et caduco, univalvis, laciniis quatuor
dehiscens. Seminula inter fila spiralia elastica.”

And, lastly, Schwaegrichen gives the following character to his genus Jungermannia,
in his Prodromus Hist, Muse. Hepat. “ Theca quadrivalvis, nuda, seta, imposita. Seminum
elateres lineares.”

SECTION II.

On the different Parts of a Jungermannia.

I. ON THE ROOTS, STEM, LEAVES, AND STIPULES.

W e shall begin with speaking of the

ROOTS,

Roots. Since they are the parts of a plant, by which it is principally nourished and supported.
These are of two kinds: such as are composed of minute, simple, or rarely forked*, fibres;
and such as seem to be a continuation of the stem itself, equalling it in thickness, and.
like it, frequently branched.

* As in J, trilolata (tab. 76).

INTRODUCTION.

And first, of the more common fibrous radicles, of which it is rare that any individual Fibrous
of the genus is entirely deprived. It is true that, in plants which are upright in their Uools'
growth and very densely crowded together, such as J. Taylori and .7. compressa, they
are discoverable only by means of a very careful examination. In some specimens
of J. pinguis (tab. 46) alone, I have been unable to discover any vestige of roots ; but
these were floating on the water. For the most part they have their origin on the
underside of the stem or frond, in those species which are destitute of leaves, and always,
in these, originate upon the nerve, if the plant have a distinct nerve. If otherwise, as
is the case in J. epiphylla and J. pinguis, they grow indifferently from various parts of
the lower surface.

The highest powers of a microscope have enabled me to discover no peculiarity Structure,
of structure in these fibres. They seem to be tubular throughout, never exhibiting any
appearance of joints or constrictions, filiform, smooth, semitransparent, and of a very
delicate membranaceous texture. In general they are colorless, or only tinged with
light brown, which they might be supposed to derive from the soil on which they grow.

J. pusi/la (tab. 69) is remarkable for the deep purple hue of its roots ; and those of J. excisa,

J. hyalina, and J. ventricosa, not unfrequently partake the same tint.

Upon the stipulaceous species of Jungermannne, the roots generally grow in bundles, Insertion,
originating immediately beneath the stipules. In the exstipulated, they are thrown out
indifferently, and in a more scattered manner from any, or every part of the stems and
branches; even from those branches proper to the fructification, as in J. trilobata (tab. 76),

J. setacea (tab. 8), &c. Even the calyx of J. Trichomanis (tab. 79), from its upper part,
sends forth a few radicles ; but the hairs which invest this calyx must not be mistaken for
roots ; since their direction is upwards, whereas that of the roots is always descending.

I have said that the origin of the roots, in most instances, is on the stem. As in the
Mosses, so in the Jungermanniae, an instance occurs of these roots proceeding from the
leaves, as may be seen in J. complanata (tab. 81).

In J. platyphylla ( Suppl . tab. 3) an example is found of the fibres being united in
close fascicles, so as to appear like one thickened root. What I have described as such,

I am now inclined to consider fiagella, of a similar nature to those that are seen on
J. trilobata (tab. 76) ; and, indeed, I have observed some appearance of foliaceous scales
upon two or three individuals.

Mr. Lyell has directed my attention to a singular inflation at the lower extremity of
many of the radicles in J. anomala, twice or thrice the diameter of the radicle itself, and
which 1 am disposed to look upon as a disease in that part.

Roots of the larger kind, hinted at in the beginning of this section, occur rarely. Radices pri-
We have instances in J. Francisci (tab. 49), J. asplenioides (tab. 13), J. decipiens (tab. 50), mord,ll's
J. Hookeri (tab. 54), and in J. emarginata (tab. 27). In the second, third, and fourth of
these species, these roots creep horizontally ; in the rest they descend, and are sometimes
branched, often themselves sending forth fibrous radicles. In all these there is no difference
in structure from the stems ; but their color is paler, generally whitish, and they are very

succulent.

Stems.

Form and
Ramification.

Innovations.

A >V

. #

INTRODUCTION .

*

These seem to answer to the “ Radices primaria ,” which Hedwig describes in
the Mosses, and the “ primordiales" of B ridel : whilst the fibrous ones are the “Radices
succedanece ” of the same author. The former are thus defined by him : “Quoad originem,
radices sunt vel primordiales, qute a seminis in plantulam cxplicatione pra;sentes fuerunt,
vel succedanece., quas caulis parte sua inferiore diversis temporibus emisit. Radix autem
primordialis, prsesertlm si unica et crassiuscula sit, non raro in ipsum caulem ita con-
tinuatur, ut vix dignoscere queas ubi hie incipiat, ilia dcsinat.” ( Brid . Muse. Hist. i. p. 6.)

All the species that I have yet observed to possess “ Radices primordiales ,” are nearly
erect in their mode of growth, and are found growing in earth, where these roots penetrate
to various depths, or creep horizontally just beneath the surface. In those species which
are prostrate in their places of growth, the fibrous roots alone are found ; and, by means
of these, they are more or less firmly attached to soil of various kinds, to rocks, trunks of
trees, and decayed wood, or to Mosses, and even other Jungermannias. J . platyphylla,
and, probably, all the individuals that are so densely imbricated, send forth roots, which
strike into the leaves of their own stems over which they happen to lie, and from them
appear to draw nourishment (See Suppl. tab. 3).

STEMS.

The stems of Jungermanniae may likewise be separated into two kinds; such as are
furnished with leaves (the Jungermannicc folioscz of Authors), and the Jungermannia
frondosce. J. pusilla (tab. 69) and J. B/asia (tab. 82, 83, 84) seem to be intermediate;
but, in general, the character is very clearly impressed upon the plants, and they may
be distinguished by their first aspect.

The first are by far the most numerous in point of species, and are, for the most part,
cylindrical, or tapering gradually towards the extremity : in J. incisa (tab. 10) they are
depressed: erect in their growth in J. Hookeri (tab. 54), J. asplenioides (tab. 13), &c. ;
and procumbent in J ■ bicuspidata (tab. 11), J. byssacea (tab. 12), and many others : simple
in J. lunceolata (tab. 18), J. excisa (tab. 9), J ■ exsecta (tab. 19) : slightly branched in J.pumila
(tab. 17), J. pusil/a (tab. 69) : very much branched in J dilatata (tab. 5), J. Mackaii
(tab. 53), and J. serpyllifolia (tab. 42).

In general the branches are irregularly scattered; but in J. reptans (tab. 75), J . Woodsii
(tab. 66), and J. Tamarisci (tab. 6), they are pinnate or bipinnate: sometimes the stems are
dichotomous, as in J. spinulosa (tab. 14).

Besides those branches, which, if I may so express myself, unfold themselves with
the regular growth of the plant, innovations are very frequent upon the stems of Junger-
mannicz folioscz ; and it is probable, that almost every species, at some or other period of
its existence, produces them. Instances may be seen in J ■ hyalina (tab. 63), J. compressa
(tab. 58), J. crenulata (tab. 37), & c. These must be carefully attended to; or, otherwise,
from the shooting forth of an innovation immediately beneath a calyx, the fructification
will appear lateral, which is, in reality, terminal.

What I have said of the stems of the Foliaceous Jungermannicz, applies equally to the
species frondoscz, except that, in them, the stems, or nerves as they are called in these, are

Nerve.

INTRODUCTION.

lately cylindrical. In J. pubescens (tab. 73) and J. fur cat a, (tab. 55) they appear to be
so; but, in J. Blasia, J. pinguis, and J. multifida, they are much depressed. They are
prostrate or procumbent in J. Lyellii (tab. 77), J. hibernica (tab. 78), and most of this
family . erect in J. multifida (tab. 45) ; in which species likewise occur examples of vague
and regularly pinnatifid ramification. In J. furcata (tab. 55) the branches are dichotomous.

In the same plant, too, and in J . Jjyellii (tab. 77) and J. epiphylla (tab. 47), innovations
are very common.

The principal difference between the Jungermannia, frondosce and the J mgermannia Jungermannia
foliosce, consists in the stems of the latter being provided with processes, which, from frondoss and
their similarity to the leaves in the phaenogamous plants, are distinguished by the same °
name, whilst, in the former, the stems are either wholly naked, or are furnished with
marginal expansions throughout their entire length, which, though of the same nature as
the leaves, and though lobed, and even pinnatifid, as in J. Blasia (tab. 82), are never so
deeply cut as to entitle them to that appellation. Among these may be reckoned J. epiphylla,

J. Lyellii, J. hibernica, J. furcate, and J. pubescens ; and, of the naked-stemmed species,

J. pinguis and J. multifida are the only ones with which I am acquainted.

The structure of the stems is very simple, and altogether cellular. The cellules structure of
small, separated by thin pellucid membranes ; their figure oblong ; and their substance the Stems'
filled with a colorless fluid, mixed with extremely minute granules, of a green olive or
purple color, when the plant is in vigor, which consequently gives the same tinge to the
whole of the stems. When these are of a dirty brown color, it arises, probably, from an
injured and decayed state of the outer cellules ; and the stem then becomes brittle : it is
otherwise pliable, and, in the younger plants, even flaccid.

LEAVES.

The leaves of Jungermanniae vary remarkably in their insertion, direction, and figure, Leave*,
and generally afford excellent specific marks of discrimination among the species.

No instance whatever is known of the leaves of these plants being situated on foot- insertion ami
stalks : they are always sessile, and not even contracted at the base ; but, in many instances, base‘
as, for example, in J. asplenioides (tab. 13) and J. spinulosa (tab. 14), they are decurrent.

In almost all the species with bifarious leaves, they have an oblique insertion ; that is to
say, one angle of the base rs fixed in the back of the plant, whilst the opposite one is seen
before it: thus the leaf is obliquely semiamplexicaul. In the species with multifarious
leaves, such as J. Hookeii, J. setiformis (tab. 20), &c., the base half embraces the stem
transversely. In J. pusilla (tab. 69) the leaves have their base running parallel with the
stem.

In all the plants with bifarious leaves, either the superior or the inferior surface of the Imbrication,
stem is more or less concealed by the imbrication of the leaves; and these two kinds
of imbrication afford excellent characters for subdividing the genus. Thus, in J. hyalina
(tab. 63) and J. Sphagni (tab. 33) the imbrication is inferior; whilst in J. Mackaii (tab. 53),

J. HutchinsicE (tab. 1), J. Trichomanis (tab. 79), and J. dilatata (tab. 5), it is superior

x>

Direction.

Kona.

P '*?

INTRODUCTION.

The bifarious insertion of the leaves is by far the most common, as in J. curvifolia
(tab. 16), J- scalaris (tab. 61), & c. J.julacea (tab. 2), J- laxifolia (tab. 59), and J.juniperina
(tab. 4), have them quadrifarious ; and in J. Hookeri, (tab. 54) J- trichophylla (tab. 7) and
J. setacea (tab. 8), they are multifarious; that is to say, they grow indiscriminately from all
sides of the stem.

The direction of the leaves is liable to considerable variation, even in the same species.
In those with leaves disposed in multifarious directions, they generally point upwards,
towards the extremity of the stem, whether that be erect, as in J. Hookeri, or prostrate, as
in J. setacea (tab. 8). Such likewise is their direction in some species with bifarious leaves,
of which we have examples in J ■ emarginata (tab. 27) and J ■ concinnata (tab. 3) : but for
the most part, the species of this section are endowed with leaves which are indifferently
patent or erect ; instances of which are seen in J- anomala (tab. 34), J. Sphagni (tab. 33),
J. Taylori (tab. 57), &c. In J. juniperina (tab. 4) they are remarkable for pointing all one
way.

In every British species of the genus, the leaves are alternate and distinct. In two
foreign species, from New Zealand, I have seen them opposite, united, and perfoliate.

In describing the forms of the leaves, I must beg that the terms made use of may be
understood with a certain degree of latitude ; not only because some variation takes place
in the leaves themselves, upon the same individual species, but because the terms in use
for phaenogamous plants are not strictly applicable to those of this family. When mention
is made of an ovate or of an orbicular leaf, the expression is so far incorrect, that,
having a broad transverse base, in general, the circumference will not form more than
three-fourths of an ovate or orbicular figure. I allude to these forms more particularly,
because they, and their various modifications, are the most frequent to which the leaves are
subject.

They are ovate in J. viticulosa (tab. 60), J ■ Trichomanis (tab. 79), and in the upper
leaves of J. anomala (tab. 34) : obovate in J ■ spinulosa (tab. 14) : orbicular in J. Sphagni
(tab. 33) : subquadrate in J • polyanthos (tab. 62) and J ■ pusilla (tab. 69) : acinaciform in
J. albicans (tab. 15) : ligulate upon J. Hookeri (tab. 54) : cuneiform upon J. cuneifolia
(tab. 64) : and ovate and orbicular leaves are frequently found on the same plant, as in
J. anomala (tab. 34). In all, they are plane or convex.

In very many species they are more or less divided at or near the extremity. Slightly
notched in J. emarginata (tab. 27) and in J. concinnata (tab. 3) : deeply so in J. excisa (tab. 9),
J. venlricosa (tab. 28), J. bicuspidata (tab. 11), J. bident ala (tab. 30) : bifid in J.julacea
(tab. 2) : deeply so in J. juniperina (tab. 4) : trifid in J. trilobata (tab. 76), J. reptans
(tab. 75), J. incisa (tab. 10), and J. capitata (tab. 80) : quadrifid in J. set for mis (tab. 20).
In all these the segments are equal in size, and either expanded, as in most species ;
involute, as in J. curvifolia (tab. 16) ; or connivent, as in J. connivens (tab. 15).

A considerable variety is to be observed in the apices of the leaves, which are rounded
and obtuse in a great number of species : acute in J. Dicksoni (tab. 48) and many others :
acuminafe in J. juniperina (tab. 4) and J. curvifolia (tab. 16) : very sharp, and almost

, ‘ ^

i*' • jf *

INTRODUCTION.

cuspidate and diaphanous in some states of J. barbata (tab. 70): but none of the genus
have ever, that I am aware of, a liair-like termination, which is so common among the
leaves of the Mosses.

There are many species whose leaves are cleft into two segments of (generally) Division,
unequal sizes ; and these segments are conduplicate, or more or less folded and appressed
to each other. I say generally, because, in J resupinata (tab. 23), we have an example of
nearly, and sometimes quite, equal conduplicate segments. In the rest they differ in size,
and somewhat in figure. The division is slight in J. exsecta (tab. 19) and J. miriuta
(tab. 44) : in some others, such as J. complunata (tab. 81), J. Mackaii (tab. 53), J. hamati-
folia (tab. 51), and J. minutissima (tab. 52), the leaf might rather be described as having
a small lateral appendage, which is usually involute, than as being divided into two
segments ; but a regular gradation from J. minutissima , through J. serpyllifolia, J. Mackaii,
and J . complanata, to those which are strikingly two-lobed, is so imperceptible, that it is
not possible to draw a line of distinction.

In other species the lobes are deeply divided, particularly in J. umbrosa (tab. 24),

J. platyphylla (tab. 40), J. undulata (tab. 22), J. nemorosa (tab. 21), and J. planifolia
(tab. 67). In this last species, many of the leaves are divided down to the very stem; in so
much that I have been led to describe the two lobes as distinct leaves, which, in fact, they
are, in some parts of the plant, whilst, in others, subsequent examinations have enabled me
to discover these lobes united, and resembling so nearly those of J. nemorosa (tab. 21),
that I should be tempted to regard it as a variety of that plant, did not my friend.

Dr. Taylor, who has gathered it on its native mountains, hold quite a different opinion.

In every instance, the larger segment or lobe is plane, or more or less concave;
remarkably so in J. minutissima (tab. 52) : in J. calyptnfolia (tab. 43), calyptriform. The
smaller one is more variable, being plane in J. platyphylla (tab. 40), J. nemorosa, &c. :
involute in J. Mackaii, J. complanata, J. serpyllifolia, and J. calyptrifolia : saccate in
J. cochleariformis (tab. 68), J. Hutchinsia (tab. 1), J ■ dilatata (tab. 5), and J. Tamarisci
(tab. 6).

The larger lohe is sometimes again divided, as in J. Woodsii (tab. 66) and J. ciliaris
(tab. 65) : in J. cochleariformis it is notched at the apex. The smaller one is, I believe, in
every instance entire.

In all the kind of leaves the margins are for the most part entire : serrated in Margin*.
J. albicans (tab. 15) and J. umbrosa (tab. 24) : dentate in J. asplenioides (tab. 13): spinoso-
dentate in J. spinulosa (tab. 14), J. Hutchinsia, and J. Woodsii: beautifully ciliated in
J. ciliaris (tab. 65) : and finely laciniate in J. tomentella (tab. 36).

If the structure of the stems be simple, so likewise is that of the leaves ; for it is the Structure,
same in both: a tissue of cellules, of a roundish or ovate figure, sometimes, from the
closeness with which they are placed, appearing hexagonal. I cannot satisfy myself that
there really exist any pores in these cellules, though I have thought I saw traces of them
in those of J. juniperina. They are filled with a pellucid liquor, and colored granules,
green in the greater number of species ; brown in J. juniperina ; and purple in some of the
varieties of J . nemorosa, J . cochleariformis, and J. compressa.

INTRODUCTION.

Cellule*.

Surface.

N'erre.

Perigonial

leaves.

Perichaetial

leaves.

Sometimes the relative size of the cellules will afford, in the absence of the fructi -
fication, tolerably good specific marks of discrimination. Thus, in J. Taylori they are
very large ; in J. scalaris much smaller ; and in J. Sphagni minute ; yet the form of the
leaves, in all three, is nearly the same. When the leaves of the Jungermanniae have been
dried, and are recovered by immersion in water, the cellules are dark in the centre, and
have a pellucid border around them ; a circumstance which arises from the collapsion of
the juices, and accumulation of the granules, in the middle of the cell. Just the same
takes place in the Conferva, between the structure of which, and that of the Jungermanniae,
there seems to be a close analogy.

The leaves of all the species are destitute of every kind of hairiness or scabrosity.
In one of the frondose species, J. pubescens (tab. 73), the surface of the plant, both above
and below, is covered with white, pellucid hairs.

In a variety of J. hamatifolia, I have seen the cellules very prominent and pointed,
so as to give the appearance of a curiously tuberoulated leaf (See SnppL tab. 3). In all
the other species the surface is smooth; and even shining in J. Sphagni, J. hyalina, and
J ■ lavigata.

Nor is there any thing which precisely accords with the nerve of Mosses in the leaves
of these plants. The appearance of a nerve in J. albicans (tab. 15), is only caused by
the different form of the cellules, narrower and longer than the rest: but they are not
prominent on either surface, like the nerves of Mosses. J. prostrata, of Swartz’s
FI. Ind. Occ., has a nerve resembling that of J. albicans.

The perigonial leaves, or those which contain the anthers, in general differ but little
from the rest, except in being more closely imbricated, and in having a swelling at the
base where the anthers are lodged, as in J. asplenioides (tab. 13). Frequently these are
wanting. In some of the frondose species, as J. Lyellii (tab. 77) and J. hibernica (tab. 78),
the perigonium is a scale resembling a stipule in the foliaceous species; and, in J.f areata
(tab. 55) and J. pubescens (tab. 73), the anthers are inclosed within an innovation of the
frond, which is rolled up into a ball.

The perichatial leaves, or those which surround the calyx, differ in general much more
from the cauline ones. Even in the bifarious species they frequently grow from all sides
of the stem, as in J. capitata (tab. 80) and J- emarginata (tab. 27). They are wholly
wanting in J. Trichomanis (tab. 79): and, in J. obtusifolia (tab. 26), J. nemorosa (tab. 21), &c.,
they scarcely differ from the rest. In J. Hooketi (tab. 54) and J. concinnata (tab. 3) they
are very concave, and entirely embrace the young fructification, seeming to answer the
purpose of a calyx. In J. juniperina (tab. 4), J. emarginata (tab. 27), and J. scalaris,
(tab. 6), they are united at their lateral margins, and appear almost converted into a calyx.
In many species they are more cleft than the cauline leaves ; as for example, in J. Turneri
(tab. 29) and J. excisa (tab. 9). In J. connivens (tab. 15) and J. seiacea (tab. 8) they are
palmate. In J. polyanthos (tab. 62), J. Sphagni ( Suppl . tab. 33), J. reptans (tab. 75), and
J. tnlobata (tab. 76), they resemble small scales: and in J. dilatata, J. Tamarisci, J. Mackaii,

J. serpyllifotia, J.. hamatifolia, and J. minutissima (tab. 5, 6, 53, 42, 51, 52), the lobes of these
are large and expanded, which, in the rest of the leaves, are small and involute, or saccate.

INTRODUCTION.

STIPULES.

Besides the leaves just described, the stems of many species of Jungermannne are Stipules,
furnished with small scales or foliaceous processes, which, by most authors, are denominated
stipules. These, in every instance, are produced on the lower side of the plant, whether
the leaves are imbricated on the superior or inferior surface. Where they exist at all
they are generally found throughout the whole length of the plant, placed at equal
distances, one between each pair of leaves : yet in J- compressa and J. Sphagni they appear
only on the younger shoots; and in J ■ scalaris, J ■ Taylori, and J ■ anomala, they are with
difficulty to be discovered. They are widely subulate in the three last-mentioned species :
ovate and entire in J. albescens (tab. 72) : of the same shape, and toothed or laciniate in
J- B/asia, J. stipulacea (tab. 41), and J ■ viticulosa: ligulate in J Imvigata and J. platyphylla:
bifid and entire in J ■ Francisci (tab. 49), J- cuneifolia, J ■ polyanthos, J. minutissima, J . hamu-
tifolia, &c. : bifid and laciniate in J. Woodsii, J ■ barbata, J. heterophylla (tab. 31), and
J. bidentata : four or five toothed or lobed, with the lobes entire in J. reptans (tab. 75)
and J- trilobata (tab. 76) : lobed and ciliated in J. ci/iaris: quadrate and finely laciniate in
J. tomentella (tab. 36). Their margins are mostly plane, but recurved in J. platyphylla
and J. Tamarisci.

II. ON THE ORGANS OF REPRODUCTION.

A. On the Parts of the Fructification.

ANTHERS.

Under the denomination of the anthers of Jungermanniae Hedwig has described two Anthers,
kinds of organs, whose structure is extremely different. The one I shall have occasion
presently to speak of ; that which consists simply of pellucid granules, without any visible
internal organization, and which I have, I fear, incorrectly, in the course of my descrip-
tions, described by the name of gemma: the other is what I look upon to be the true
anthers, at least as much so as the anthers of Mosses, with the structure of which there
seems to be the greatest affinity, and especially with those of the genus Sphagnum. Like
them they are nearly spherical in all the species, except in J. Blasia (tab. 82), where
they are ovate or elliptical, externally composed of an extremely thin, pellucid, diaphanous,
reticulated membrane; which reticulation is caused, in all probability, by cellules, of which
it is the boundary. Within it is filled with a fluid and mixed with a very minute granulated
substance, generally of an olivaceous or greyish color, but yellow in J. pusilla (tab. 69),
and orange in J. Hookeri (tab. 54) : this, when the anther has arrived at a state of maturity,
escapes through an irregularly shaped opening, which bursts at the extremity ; and then
the cuticle turns brown and decays.

The anther terminates, in the greater number of species, a short filament, or white,
pellucid, delicate, cellulose footstalk. In J. pinguis this footstalk is scarcely discernible, and

E

INTRODUCTION.

iff*

: f

Jik ' ’. '

Calyx.

Mouth.

Substance.

in J. epiphylla and J. Blasia I cannot find that it exists at all : the anthers appear not only
sessile, but imbedded, in the latter species, in the substance of the nerve; and, in the
former, in a lateral process or peculiar receptacle, evincing an approximation to the genus
Marchantia. The footstalk is found in all the foliaceous species of J ungermanniae.

In the frondose species, the anther is, as just observed, sometimes buried in the nerve;
sometimes it is affixed to the upper surface, as in J ■ Lyel/ii (tab. 77) and J kibernica
(tab. 78), and sometimes to the lower surface, as in J. furcata and J. pubescens: in either
case it is covered by a proper perigonial scale.

In most instances the anthers are, in the foliaceous species, concealed by closely-imbri-
cated perigonial leaves ; each leaf inclosing an indefinite number, from one to five or six :
sometimes they are to be seen on the old branches; sometimes, as in J ■ platyphylla (tab. 40)
and many others only upon the innovations, which, after the decay of the anthers, become
perfect branches. They are on some individuals, as J • Hoolceri (tab. 54), in the axillae of
leaves that are not closely imbricated, and they are then exposed to view ; but not so much
so as in J. lanceolata (tab. 18) and J. pusilla (tab. 69), where they are placed on the stem,
without any covering or protection whatever. Frequently they are found on the same
plants which bear the female fructification ; but more usually on distinct individuals.

CALYX.

As in the phamogamous plants, so in this genus, species are to be met with that are
quite destitute of a perichatium or calyx , as I have hitherto called it ; of such, examples
are seen in J. concinnata (tab. 3) and J. Hookeri (tab. 54). In J. compressa (tab. 58),
J.juniperina (tab. 4), and J. scalaris (tab. 61), the pcrichEetial leaves, by their union, seem
to perform the office of the calyx in affording protection to the germen within. This
part, in the greater number of species, is single ; very small and by no means concealing
the calyptra in J- furcata (tab. 57) (where it is like a scale), in J. epiphylla (tab. 47),
J. multiftda (tab. 45), and J . pinguis (tab. 46), where it is cup-shaped. In J. polyanthos
(tab. 62) it is half the length of the calyptra ; whilst, in almost every other of the genus,
it is much shorter. Its most common figure is tubular, with the mouth, however, smaller
than the diameter at the middle, as in J. excisa, J. setiformis, &c. In J. lanceolata (tab. 18)
the apex is depressed : acuminate in J. pumila : in most a little plicate. In J. asplenioides
(tab. 13), J. nemorosa, J. complanata, and several others, it is compressed, and, before
the exsertion of the capsule, is curved at the apex and always a little slit down on one
side: angular in J. crenulata (tab. 37), J. hyalina (tab. 63), J. Mackaii (tab. 53), J.minu-
tissima, and in J. hamat folia ; in which latter the angles are often serrato-dentate : campa-
nulate in J. pusilla (tab. 69) .

The mouth is generally roundish, toothed in many species, four cleft in J. spharocarpa;
beautifully ciliate in J ■ connivens and J. trichophylla ; truncate and flattened in J. undulata
and J. asplenioides.

The substance is, in almost all the species, very nearly the same with that of the
leaves ; membranaceous in J. Blasia, approaching to carnose in J. tomentella, exceedingly
so in J. Trichomanis and J. viticulosa : it is smooth on the surface in every species, except
J. dilatata, in which it is tuberculated.

INTRODUCTION.

In regard to situation , the calyx is either terminal, as in J. asplenioides, J. exisa, &c. : Situation,
lateral as in J.hamati folia, J calyptri folia, J viticulosa, and J Trichomanis: placed upon
short lateral branches, as in J- Tamarisci, J albescens ( Suppl . tab. 3), and J. Sphagni
( Suppl . tab. 4) ; or upon short branches at the base of the shoots, as in J ■ bicuspiclata
(tab. 11) and J connivens. Lateral, upon the superior surface of the stem in Jpusilla:
arising from the lower side of the stem in J. Sphagni and J ■ trilobata.

The insertion of the calyx is in every instance, among the British species at least, Insertion,
upon its base, so that it becomes erect, except in J. Trichomanis (tab. 79) and J. viticulosa
(tab. 60), where the calyx is affixed to the stem by the side of the mouth ; and the calyx
itself is thus pendent and buried in the earth. I have seen a similar instance in a species
brought by Mr. Menzies from New Zealand, where, however, it is terminal upon an
upright growing plant, and, consequently, never buried in the soil, like our species.

Among the frondose Jungermanni®, we find two species which possess the peculiarity Double Caly
of having a double calyx, J. Lyel/ii (tab. 77) and J. hibernica (tab. 78) ; of these, the
outer is small and laciniated , the inner much larger, and ovate or oblong : in one, it
exceeds the length of the calyptra ; in the other it is shorter. A still more remarkable
circumstance takes place in J . Blasia, where the calyx is imbedded within the substance
of the frond (tab. 83). In J. epiphylla it originates on the upper surface ; in J. pinguis
and J. multijida (tab. 45) at the side; and in J.furcata from the underside of the nerve.

PISTILLA.

Of these there are from three to eight or ten which are immediately surrounded by Pistllla*
the calyx, or, in the absence of that, by the perichietial leaves. Their form is linear, and
approaching to lanceolate in some species; but short and ovate in J. pinguis, J.Jurcata,
and J. multijida: their mouth is always slightly expanded. Their structure likewise
appears to be cellular : their color is whitish or pale grey with a few reddish longitudinal
striae. One, or rarely two, of these pistilla is made fertile ; and then the lower part swells,
and becomes the germen, of an olive green color, whilst the upper remains as the style,
varying in length in different species. Of this germen, the exterior part (which seems to
have some affinity with the arillus of the Carices) constitutes what is called the

CALYPTRA:

this consequently takes the form of the full-grown germen: it is membranaceous in Calyptra.
the greater number of species ; subcarnose in J. epiphylla, J. pinguis, J. multijida, and
J.Jurcata ; but, smooth in all, except the two last, of which, in J. multijida, it is tuber-
culated, and in J.furcata hispid. When the germen is sufficiently large: the interior part,
now become the capsule , bursts with an irregular vertical opening at or near the summit,
and the capsule elevated upon its white, cellulose

PEDUNCLE,

is protruded to various lengths, according to the species; being very long in J. epiphylla Peduncle,
and J. pinguis; short in J.furcata, J.platyphylla, J.junipenna , &c. In J heterophylla it

INTRODUCTION.

Capsule.

Texture.

Structure

Spiral

Filaments.

not unfrequently happens that an unevenly torn portion of the calyptra is carried up with
the capsule, as is the case in the genus Sphagnum among the Mosses.

CAPSULE.

If a young capsule, before it has burst the calyptra, be examined, it will be found to be
of an ovate figure, exhibiting no appearance of sutures. Within is seen a pulpy substance,
consisting of a cellular tissue, filled with a pellucid liquor, and numerous granules, of a
dark or olive- green color, varying in size; and the whole traversed by twisted brown lines,
formed by the spiral filaments.

When the capsule is protruded beyond the calyptra, the external part of it becomes
hardened and the color generally deeper, brown, and glossy ; the sutures of the valves,
too, are visible. The cellular substance, and the liquor within, are then absorbed, and
nothing is seen but the granules become seeds, and the spiral filaments traversing them.

The texture of the capsule is corneous, in the greater number of species ; almost
membranaceous and pale brown in J. platyphylla , ./. Mackaii, J. pusilla, and J. epiphylla;
quite membranaceous, white, and transparent in J. serpyllifolia, J. hamatifolia, J. calyptri-
fo/ia, and J. minutissima. In the four last-mentioned species, the capsule opens into
four valves or segments, which do not reach more than half way down the capsule ; in
J. pusilla it bursts irregularly into valves of various sizes; but in all the rest into four equal
valves, extending to the very base. Sometimes as in J. Lyellii, J. Hookeri, J.juniperina ,
and, probably, some others, five valves are seen; and sometimes only three: but this may
arise from accidental causes. In all those which are divided down to the base, the valves
become quite expanded : in those species whose filaments are attached to the apices of the
valves, they are sometimes prevented from doing so by the entanglement of these filaments.

The structure of the ripe valves of the capsule has something remarkable about it ;
yet nothing, I think, but what might arise from a cellular formation, and the cellules
becoming hardened. They appear to be striated longitudinally, with stria; placed at
tolerably regular distances, and connected by more or less closely placed, transverse
ones. These lines may be the divisions of the cellules. Externally they form grooves or
furrows on the surface of the capsule. Such, at least, is the case in the greater number
of species. In J. minutissima, and the curious little family to which it belongs, the capsule
is irregularly reticulated, like the anthers.

The spiral filaments that are found in the capsules of this genus, and some of the
neighboring ones, are deserving of minute attention. How they are attached in many
instances, I am wholly at a loss to discover ; for, in general, after the bursting of the
capsule they lie quite loose among the seeds. In J.furcata, J. epiphylla, and J. Hookeri,
they are formed of a simple helix, and remain, after the discharge of the seeds, attached
to the extremity of the valves of the capsule. In J. serpyllifolia, and its congeners, the
point of attachment is the same ; but the helix is double and enveloped by a thin, pellucid,
tubular membrane. A similar membrane envelops the long filaments of J. epiphylla, which
are attached, after the dispersion of the seeds, to the central base of the capsule, where
they form a beautiful tuft or pencil. It is possible that this membrane may exist in all the

INTRODUCTION.

species, in a young state of the capsule, at which period I have sometimes seen it in those
in which I have looked for it in vain when the capsule has been ripe.

The substance of the spiral filaments is, as far as their extreme minuteness will allow Substance,
me to judge, nearly the same as that of the capsule itself ; their color brownish or fulvous
and opaque; they are narrowed at each end, and compressed: they are short in J.pusilla;
very long in J. epiphylla. In all cases they have a strong elastic force ; becoming more
closely twisted and contracting with heat and dryness, and expanding with moisture. On
the bursting of a capsule, they are instantly, from their exposure to the dry air, put in
action, and, by their elastic impulse, discharge the seeds with a sudden motion to a
considerable distance ; whence they have merited the name given them by the Germans
of seed-dispersers.

SEEDS.

The seeds themselves are, for the most part, spherical, numerous, minute, brown, Seeds,
and opaque; smooth in the greater number of species; rough in J.pusilla: large, and
comparatively few in number, in the capsules of J. minutissima, and of an oblong shape,
and a green color. Hedwig has seen the seeds of J. epiphylla vegetate ; and his account
will be found under my description of that species.

B. Of the Gemma:.

Besides the means of increase by seed, some of the Jungermanni®, like most other Gemma,
cryptogamous plants, possess the property of propagating their kind by gemmae ; in the
same way as many species of Allium, Polygonum viviparum , &c., among the pliamogamous
plants. Of these I have treated as much as was in my power under the description of
those species which I have found to be furnished with them, so that I have but few words
to say upon the subject here.

Hitherto 1 have found true gemma only upon a few species. In J. minutissima, J. ser-
pyllifolia, J. hamatifolia, and J. calyptrifolia, they appear to be produced upon the stems.

In J. complanata upon the margins of the leaves. In J.furcata upon the extremity of the
frond ; and in J. Blasia within proper tubular receptacles. In all they precisely resemble
in structure the leaves or the frond of the individuals which produce them. In the four-
first, as well as in the last-mentioned species, they are spherical. In J. complanata and
J.furcata more or less oblong. Those of J.furcata may without much difficulty be
observed in their progress towards perfect fronds : and those of J. Blasia, even before their
escape from the receptacles, are endowed with roots, and their developement into perfect
plants has been detected by the acuteness of Schmidel and Hedwig.

I lament that I have called by the same name bodies of a much more simple and less
organized structure, which are found on the leaves of J. incisa, J. ventricosa, J. orcadensis,

J nemorosa , &c., and on the ends of the branches in J. Sphagni, ( Suppl . tab. 2), J. Tricho -
munis and J. bicuspidata, &c., in all of which they are collected into more or less compact
spherical heads. Each is an ovate or angular, pellucid, greenish granule or vesicle.

F

INTRODUCTION.

Frequently, on their falling away from the leaves, as in J. excisa ( Suppl . tab. 2) and some
others, the leaves appear injured and jagged, as if the cellules had been torn off ; and it
is not improbable but that, in certain states of the plant, this may really be the case ; so
that each of these particles may be looked upon as a cellule. Their color, when first
formed, too, is generally green, turning to brown in an older state, as in J. nemorosa, and
to a fine red in J. exsecta.

SECTION III.

On Jungermannia as a Genus, and on the Arrangement of
the British Species.

As far as my experience enables me to offer an opinion, from my acquaintance with
the British and many foreign species, the plants that at present form the genus J unger-
mannia, however numerous, cannot be divided into other genera by means of characters
taken merely from the fructification. In this respect, those which seem most allied in habit,
often differ essentially ; so that, with regard to the Jungermannia frondosa, for example,
which at first sight appear to demand a separation, unless there are made almost as many
genera as species, I do not know any character which they have in common, by which
they might be discriminated from the Jungermannia foliosa.

Jungermannia nemorosa, resupinata, umbrosa, and undulata, have a peculiar habit about
them, and have, moreover, a remarkably compressed calyx, truncate at the mouth ; and
we may think here to have discovered a character by means of which they may be removed
from the rest of the genus : but an examination of other species will convince us of the
inadequacy of this character ; since J. asplenioides and J. complaiiata, two plants very
different in other respects, have a calyx of the same shape.

A still stronger peculiarity of habit seems to unite J. serpyllifolia, J. hamatifolia,
J- calyptrifolia, and J. minutissima, in which also the singular structure of the capsule, and
especially its short valves, seems to claim for them the privilege of being considered a
distinct genus ; yet there are two species, J. Mackaii and J. platyphylla, which connect
them by an easy gradation with J. dilatata and J. Tamarisci.

The following character of the genus I would propose as liable to fewer objections
than any that has yet been given.

CLASS AND ORDER.

Cryptogamia, Hepatic®. Schreb.

(NATURAL ORDER.

Hepatic®. Juss. Be Catid. Plant® Cryptogam®, Calyptrat®, Deoperculat®. Mohr.)

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Receptacidum fructus commune nullum.

Cal. Perichatium monophyllum tubulosum, rarius nullum.

INTRODUCTION.

Calyptra germen tegens, apice ad capsulam emittendam verticaliter rumpens, styligera.

Capsula pedunculata, ovata vel sphasrica, in valvas quatuor, plus minusve longas,
longitudinaliter fissa ; rarissime enormiter disrupta.

Columella nulla.

Semina filis spiralibus elasticis immixta.

Char. Essentialis. Receptaculum fructus commune nullum. Perianthium monophyllum,

tubulosum. Capsula pedunculo calyce longiori insidens, quadrivalvis.

This distinguishes it at once from Marchantia, by the absence of the common
receptacle for the fructification : from Anthoceros, by the four-valved capsule, and the
want of a columella : from Targionia, by the monophyllous calyx : and from Riccia and
Spharocarpus, by the long footstalks of the capsules. Indeed, were it not for the
anomalous capsule of J pusilla, the Linnaean character, “ capsula quadrivalvis," would, I
think, be admirably characteristic of the whole genus.

I shall now offer an Analytical Table of the species described in the present work,
arranged, in some degree, according to a method employed by Lamarck and De Candolle
in their Flore Frarifaise, with alterations principally suggested by my valued friend,
Mr. Lyell ; and I shall then proceed to give full and amended characters of them, with
additional notes and synonyms, which will conclude this Introduction, already, perhaps,
carried to too great a length.

. .

.

' .. . .

;

;

.

JUNGERMANNIARUM BRITANNICARUM

CL AVIS ANALYTICA.

JUNGERMANNLE,

i.

B.

f Frondos^b
l Folios^e .

(FRONDOStE.)

^ Nervo praeditae

Nervo obsoleto

( Nervo prredite.)

Frondibus pubescentibus

Frondibus laevibus

CalyptrS. inferiore*, hispid^

Calyptra superiore, laevi

Calyce duplice

Calyce simplice

Calyptra calycem interiorem excedente

Calyptra calyce interiore multo breviore

Frondis margine subintegro

Frondis margine insignitbr lobato

( Nervo obsoleto.)

Fronde valdfe ramose, compress^, calyptr& tuberculata . .
Fronde simpliciusculll, subtbs tumidity calyptrit glabril . .

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

2.

7.

J. pubescens.

3.

J.furcata.

4.

5.

6.

J. Lyellii.

J. hibernica.
J. epiphylla.
J. Blasia.

J. multijida.
J. pinguis.

* By calyptra inferior, I mean that it originates on the underside of the stem, as calyptra superior does on the upper,

G

2

CLAVIS ANALYT1CA.

(FOLIOS-®.)

C.

H

Foliis multifariam insertis

.... 1.

D

Foliis quadrifariis

Foliis absque ordine undique dispositis

( Foliis quadrifariis.)

Calyce foliis perichsetialibus immerso

2’ Calyce exserto

Calyce ovato, ore contracto ( foliis teneris )

3’ Calyce oblongo, ore aperto (foliis rigidis)

2.

4.

J. juniperina.
3.

J. laxifolia,

J. julacea.

( Foliis absque ordine dispositis.)

Foliis subovatis, calyce nullo

4.

Foliis setaceis

Foliis fasciculatis, calyce dentato

5.

Foliis bi-tri-nis, calyce ciliato

J. Hookeri.

5.

J. trichophylla.
J. setacea.

(Foliis bifariis.)

^ ( Foliis indivisis 1.

t Foliis divisis E.

( Foliis indivisis.)

Foliis serrato-dentatis 2.

Foliis integerrimis 4.

Foliis rotundatis J- asplenioides.

2.

Foliis pills minusve ovatis 3.

__ Foliis obovatis, omnibus spinuloso-dentatis J. spinulosa.

Foliis ovatis, hie illlc integerrimis J. decipiens.

^ Foliis rotundatis 5.

Foliis plus minhsve ovatis 11.

* By this I mean, that the leaves are inserted on two opposite sides of the stem, whatever their direction may be.

CLAVIS ANALYTICA.

3

Calyce lateral! finferiore)

Calyce terminali

Calyce compresso, angulato

Calyce terete

Calyce foliis perichsetialihus immerso

Calyce exserto

8 Calyce supernb q ladrangulato, foliis undulatis, immarginatis

Calyce per totam longitudinem quadrangulato, foliis concaviusculis, mar-
ginatis

Calyce apice depresso

Calyce plus miniisve acuminato

^ Calycis ore dentato

Calycis ore quadrifido

^ Foliis amplexicaulibus

Foliis falcatis, liberis

J. Sphagni*.

6.

7.

9.

J. compressa *.

8.

J. hyalina.

J. crenulala.

J. lanceolata.

10.

J. pumila.

J. spharocarpa.

J. cordifolia.

J. Donniana.

( Exstip fol. bif. divisis.)

E.

Foliorum segmentis pluribus qu'am duobus
Foliorum segmentis duobus

1.

4.

( Foliorum segmentis pluribus quam duobus.)

1.

Foliis quadripartitis
Foliis trifidis

2.

Calyce campanulato .
Calyce oblongo-ovato

3.

Foliorum segmentis (nunc 2.) integris
Foliorum segmentis denticulatis . . . ,

J. setiformis.

2.

J. pusilla f.
3.

J. capitataX-
J. incisa.

( Foliorum segmentis duobus.)

Foliorum segmentis aequalibus (explanatis) 5.

Foliorum segmentis inaequalibus (conduplicatis) F.

( Foliorum segm. 2. aquatibus, explanatis.)

Foliorum marginibus revolutis J- Orcadensis.

Foliorum marginibus non revolutis 6.

* J. Sphagni and J. comprtssa, if the young shoots alone are examined, will be seen to possess small stipules;
but, as I never could find them on the older stems, I have thought it best to place them in the division Exstipulatce.
p This species has the leaves very indistinctly divided ; yet, I think, it cannot enter into any other family than
the present.

j j, capitata has the leaves sometimes, though rarely, bifid, and it might be looked for in the following tribe.

4

CLAVIS ANALYTICA.

Caule erecto .

Caule procumbente

Calyce foliis perichaetialibus immerso (fol . subpatentibus)
Calyce nullo (Jol. arete imbricatis)

g Caule simplice vel simplicity ramoso

Caule vel surculo substellatlm ramoso

Foliorum segmentis obtusis, calyce pyriformi

Foliorum segmentis acutis, calyce ovato vel oblongo . . . ,

^ Foliis emarginatis, sinu obtuso ....
Foliis emarginatis, sinu obtusiusculo

^ Foliis serratis

Foliis integerrimis

12.

Foliorum segmentis rectis .
Foliorum segmentis curvatis

Calyce terminali

Calyce subradicali

Foliorum segmentis brevibus, conniventibus
Foliorum segmentis longis, incurvatis

(Foliorum segm. 2. inaqual. condupl.)

p (Segmentis inferioribus minoribus i.

( Segmentis superioribus minoribus G.

Segmentis inferioribus inflatis

Segmentis inferioribus planis appressis

( Segmentis inferioribus majoribus.)

q (Calyce compresso l.

i Calyce terete . 5.

Foliis dentatis

Foliis integerrimis

2 Foliorum lobis ad basin usque partitis
Foliorum lobis evidentissiinfe unitis . . .

Foliorum lobis obovatis, ciliato-dentatis

Foliorum lobis ovatis, acutis, serratis

Caule erecto, foliorum lobis inferioribus multi) minoribus
Caule procumbente, foliorum lobis subsequalibus

5.

Foliorum lobis arctfc conduplicatis
Foliorum lobis lateralitfer incurvis

( Calyce terete.)

7.

8.

J. emarginata,
J. concinnata.

9.

11.

J. inflata.

10.

J. ventricosa.
J. excisa.

J. Turneri.

12.

13.

14.

J. byssacea.

J. bicuspidata.
J. connivens.

J. curvifolia.

J. cochleariformis.
J. complanata.

2.

4.

J. planifolia.
3.

J. nemorosa.
J. umbrosa.

J. undulata.
J. resupinala.

6.

3.

CL A. VIS ANALYT1CA.

5

^ Foliis nervosis

Foliis enervibus

Foliorum lobis obtusis

Foliorum lobis acutis

g Foliorum lobis subsequalibus

Foliorum lobis superioribus (seu anticis) minutissimis

J. albicans.

7.

J. oltusifolia.
J. Dicksoni.

J. minuta.

J. exsecta.

(Stipulata *.)

Foliis indivisis f . 1 .

Foliis divisis I.

Stipulis integris

Stipulis plils minusve laeiniatis, emarginatis vel bifidis

Calyce foliis perichastialibus immerso

Calyce exserto

Calyce inferiore, dimidiato, foliis subquadratis

Calyce terminali, terete, foliis rotundatis vel ovatis

Foliis omnibus rotundatis

4,

Foliis hie illic ovatis

Foliis cuneiformibus (stipulis bifidis)

Foliis pltts minusve ovatis (stipulis lanceolatis vel emarginalis)

Foliis omnibus integris, stipulis laeiniatis ( cellulis minutis)

Foliis, hie illic, stipulisque emarginatis (• cellulis majusculis)

2.

5.

J. scalaris.

3.

J. polyanthos.

4.

J. Taylori.

J. anomala.

J. cuneifolia.

6.

J. viliculosa.

J. Trichomanis,

(Foliis divisis.)

Segmentis aaqualibus

Seginentis imequalibus ....

( Segmentis aqualibus.)

Foliis bifidis

Foliis trifidis

Stipulis integris

o

Stipulis bifidis

Stipulis integerrimis, foliis valde concavis, segmentis obtusis

3‘ Stipulis dentatis, foliis planiusculis, segmentis acutis

Stipularum segmentis integerrimis, calyce terete

Stipularum segmentis laeiniatis, calyce triangulari

Foliis omnibus acutfe bidentatis

5' Foliis plerumque obtusfe bidentatis integrisque 1

2.

6.

3.

4.

J. albescens.

J. stipulacea.

J. Francisci.

5.

J. bidentata.

J. heterophylla.

* See note under J. Sphagni and J. compressa, in the division Exstipulata;.

+ J.minutissima , according to many of its leaves, might be supposed to belong to this division, but I have
placed it in the Jung, stip.fol. div. segm. inwqual. inf. involutis, for reasons there given. ,

H

6

CLAVIS ANALYTICA.

(Foiiis trifidis.)

Foliis supra concaviusculis, fructu terminali

Foiiis suprb convexis, fructu laterali

Foliis subquadratis acutb tri-quadri-fklis

' Foliis ovatis, obtusfe bi-tri-dentatis

J. larbala.

7 .

J. reptans
J. trilobata.

K.

( Foliorum segmentis incequatibus.)
Foliorum lobis inferioribus superioribus appressis
Foliorum lobis inferioribus involutis

1.

8.

Foliorum lobis inferioribus inflatis

Foliorum lobis inferioribus p'laniusculis

( Segmentis inferioribus inflatis.)

Foliis spinuloso-dentatis

Foliis integerrimis

Stipularum margine piano

Stipularum margine recurvo

( Segmentis inferioribus planiusculis.)

Foliorum lobis multifidb divisis

4,

Foliorum lobis integris

Foliis plants

Foliis supra valde convexis

6.

Foliorum lobis stipulisque spinuloso-dentatis
Foliorum lobis stipulisque ciliatis

7.

Stipularum segmentis integerrimis . . .
Stipularum segmentis spinuloso-dentatis

( Segmentis inferioribus involutis. )

^ Stipuli3 integerrimis . . . ,

O 4 B %

Stipulis acutb emarginatis

Foliis rotundatis . .
Foliis ovatis, acutis

^ Foliis convexiusculis .
Foliis hemisphaericis .

^ Foliis convexis

Foliis calyptriformibus.

2.

4.

J. Hutchinsice.
3.

J. dilatata.

J. Tamarisci.

5.

7.

J. tomenlella.

6.

J. Woodsii.

J. ciliaris.

J. plalyphylla.
J. Icevigata.

J. MaelcaiL

9.

10.

11.

J. serpyllifolia.
J. minulissima *,

J. hamatifolia.
J. calyptrifotia-.

* J. minutissima is, perhaps, an exception to this character, yet there is often a minute lobe, which, if not
sensibly involute, is certainly not appressed to the larger one, and the affinity of the species has been a further
inducement with me to place it here.

JUNGERMANNIARUM BRITANNICARUM

SYNOPSIS.

A. FOLIOS E.

t STIPULE NULLED
a. Foliis multifariam insertis.

j trichvpliylla, caule repente, vage raraoso: foliis undique imbricatis, hie illic fasciculatis,
setaceis, articulatis, patentibus, reotis: fructu terminali; calycibus oblongis; ore
contracto, ciliato. (Tab. vii.)

J. trichophylla. Wahl. Lapp. p. 385. Mohr, FI. Crypt. Germ. p. 411.

This species is not uncommon in alpine countries, creeping over decaying leaves and
Mosses. Mr. Turner has received specimens from Kamtcliatka, which were gathered by
Dr. Tilesius. Wahlenberg says that it is common throughout all Lapland, not only in the
forests, but upon the loftiest alps ; but he and Mohr appear to me to have fallen into an
error in attributing to it stipules. “ Stipuloe,” the former observes, " ad latus inferius
surculorum adsunt, foliis paullo breviores et minus patentes, de csetero iis simillimffi."
Lapp. p. 385.

4

J. setacea, caule repente, subpinnatim ramoso : foliis undique imbricatis, binis, setaceis,
articulatis, patentibus, incurvis : fructu ramis propriis brevibus terminali ; cal’ycibu*
oblongis; ore aperto, ciliato. (Tab. viii. and Suppl. I ab. i.)

J. setacea. Engl. Bot. t. 2482.

In this division I have brought J.Sphagni and J. ampressa, upon which stipules are found only on the young shoots.

8

SYNOPSIS.

Dr. Taylor finds this species in Ireland with calyces, of which the perichaetial leaves
vary somewhat from our figure, tab. vin.: and I have consequently figured them in the
supplementary plate, where it will be seen that they are divided into three or four large
and broad, unequal, slightly toothed segments. Dr. Mohr has the subjoined observation in
his FI. Crypt. Germ., immediately following his division of Hypnum, “ foliis diversimode
vergentibus, binerviis v. subcnerviis.” p. 349. ” Hujus subdivisionis videtur, Jung, setacea,

Web. Spic., ex ipsius herb., frucfu vero carens. Folia non gemina, quod auctor habet, sed
laxius disposita, subpatentia, subulata, enervia omnino visa, integerrima. Jungermanniu
nullo modo est. Vix unquam teneriorem speciem vidimus.” Weber's words are certainly
at variance with this description, and are such as I think no one would hesitate in applying
to our Jungermanma : “ Surculi sunt tenuissimi, repentes, semiunciales, unciales, into

interdum longiores, ex albo virescentes. Folia alterna, gemina, setacea, brevia, non nisi
lente accurate perspicienda.” Web. Spic. p. 156.

3. J. julacea, cattle erectiusculo, vage ramoso, filiformi: foliis quadrifariis, ovatis, arete

imbricatis, ercctis, acute bitidis, segmentis lanccolatis, acuminatis, subserratis ; peri-
chaetialibus quadripartitis : fructu terminali; calycibus oblongis, superne plicatis;
ore aperto, dentato. (Tab. ii.)

J. concinnata. Wahl. Lapp. p. 384. ( excl . syn. Lightfootii.)

From the description, no less than from the reference to the figure of J. julacea, in
English Botany, there is no doubt but Dr. Wahlenberg has quite mistaken the J. concinnata
of Lightfoof, calling it J. julacea, and vice versa the true J. julacea, J. concinnata : but
why he has arranged our plant among the stipulated Jungermanniae 1 cannot conceive.
Indeed, in order to do this, he has been under the necessity of forming a division, which
he defines, “ Stipulis magnitudine et figurh ferb foliorum : ” this contains, besides our
J. julacea, J. setiformis and J. tricliophylla ; on none of which have I ever seen any thing
which can be looked upon as stipules. Even in the arctic regions, this species is confined
to the highest mountains. “ Habitat,” says Wahlenberg, " in teriA nudk limos& irrigate
juxta nivem perennem summarum alpium passim.”

4. J. laxifolia, cattle erccto, simpliciusculo, filiformi: foliis distantibus, quadrifariis, erecto-

patentibus, ovatis, subcarinatis, acute bitidis ; (perichsetialibus similibus :) fructu
terminali ; calycibus oblongis, subplicatis ; ore coutracto, dentato. (Tab. lix.)

5. J.juniperina cattle erecto, flexuoso, subsimplicc : foliis quadrifariis, lalcato-secundis,

lineari-lanceolatis, bipartitis; segmentis rectis, acuminatis : fructu terminali; caly-
cibus ovatis, foliosis, (Tab. iv.)

I have gathered specimens of this species with male fructification, which is axillary.
Perigonial leaves large, swollen at the base. Anthers spherical, (v. Suppl. Tab. i.)

6- J. Hookeri, cattle erecto, subramoso : foliis undique imbricatis, ovatis v. oblongo-ovatis,
hie illic lobatis angulatisve : fructu terminali ; calyce nullo ; calyptra magna,
oblonga, carnosa, la;vi. (Tab. liv.)

SYNOPSIS.

9

b. Foliis bifariis.
x Foliis indivisis.

7. J. asplenioides, caule ascendente, ramoso : foliis obovato-rotundatis, ciliato-dentatis,

subrecurvis ; fructu terminali, lateralique; calycibus oblongis, compressis, obliquis;
ore truncato, subciliato. (Tab. xiv.)

J. asplenioides. Wahl. Lapp. p. 395. Mohr, FI. Crypt. Germ. p. 420.

The male fructification of this species I found in woods at Berry Pomeroy Castle,
Devonshire, in great abundance in March and April.

8. J spimtlosa, caule erecto, ramoso : foliis obovatis, recurvatis, bine margine apieeque

dentato-spinulosis : fructu laterali, axillarique ; calycibus subrotundis, compressis ;
ore truncato, ciliato. (Tab. xiv.)

In Devonshire, particularly in the mountainous parts, J. spinulosa is plentiful ; but
in the plains of England, I know of only one habitat, near Rufus’ stone in the New Forest,
Hants., where it was gathered by Mr. Lyell. At Powerscourt waterfall, near Dublin,
Dr. Taylor finds it with calyces, but never with capsules j and Mr. Lyell in the same state,
on rocks above the summit of Stock-gill Force, Cumberland.

Another var., which may be called y foliis minutis apice bidentatis, has been found by
Mr. Lyell, at Keswick, and by the late Miss Hutchins and Mr. Mackay, in Ireland.

9. J. decipiens, caule erecto, flexuoso, subsimplice : foliis inferioribus minoribus, ovatis,

integerrimis ; superioribus rotundato-ovatis seu subquadratis, dente uno alterove
sparso, spiuiformi. (Tab. l.)

10. J. Donuiana, caule erecto, subsimplice, filiformi, flexuoso : foliis arete imbricatis,

subhorizontalibus, oblongo-ovatis, concavis, apice bidentatis, falcato-secundis. —
(Tab. xxxix.)

11. J. pumila, caule ascendente, simpliciusculo : foliis elliptico-ovatis : fructu terminali;

calycibus oblongo-ovatis, acuminatis ; ore contracto, denticulato. (Tab. xvii.)

Mr. Lyell finds this at Kinnordy, Kerriemuir, Scotland; producing calyces in August.

*

12. J. lanceolata, caule procumbente, subsimplice: foliis patentibus, ovato-subrotundis :

fructu terminali ; calycibus oblongis, cylindraceis ; apice depresso, piano ; ore con-
tracto, inciso-dentato. (Tab. xviii.)

13. J. cordifolia, caule erecto, flexuoso, dichotomo : foliis erectis, concavis, cordatis, cir-

cumvolutis : fructu terminali axillarique ; calycibus oblongo-ovatis, subplicatis ; ore
minuto, denticulato. (Tab. xxxii.)

i

10

SYNOPSIS.

14. J. Sphagni, caule procumbentc, simpliciusculo ; (elongationibus geimniferis solummodo

stipulatis!) ; foliis orbicularibus : fructu in ramis propriis terminali; calycibus
oblongis, utrinque attenuatis ; ore contracto, denticulato. (Tab. xxxiii. and
Suppl. Tab. ii.)

J. Sphagni. Wahl. Lapp. p. 394. Mohr, FI. Crypt. Germ. p. 420.

Mr. Lyell found gemmae in August at Stock-gill Force, near Ambleside, and I met
with them abundantly in April, on mountains bordering on Dartmoor, Devonshire. The
fructification I have been obliged to figure in the Supplement, where, at tab. ii. fig. 1. is a
gemmiferous plant, magn. 6 ; f. 2, extremity of the same, magn. 4; f. 3, gemma, magn. 2 j
f. 4, the same, magn. 1 ; f. 5, portion of a stem with the female fructification, magn. 6; f. 6,
proper stalk to the fructification, with the perichcetial leaves and calyx, magn. 4; f. 7, outer
perichretial leaf-, f. f. 8, 9, inner ditto, magn. 3 ; f. 10, a spiral filament, and f. 11, the
seeds, both magn. 1.

Wahlenberg quotes, under J. Sphagni, the J. scalaris of Schmidel's Diss. Jung., in
which he is probably correct; for the gemmae of that figure correspond sufficiently well
with our plant. The Swedish author, however, appears to me to have confounded
with this the J. Taylori of this work, with which a part of his description aptly agrees,
" valde mollis vel spongiosa, e reticulo laxiore facta,” which is by no means the case with
J. Sphagni.

15. J.crenulata, caule procumbente, ramoso: foliis rotundatis, marginatis : fructu ter-

minal! ; calycibus obovatis, coinpressis, longitudinaliter quadraiigularibus ; ore con-
tracto, dentato. (Tab. xxxvii.)

This is plentiful on Burgh Common, near Yarmouth ; and Mr. Lyell finds a small but
elegant state of the plant at Kinnordy, bearing calyces in August. The male fructification
resembles that of J. scalaris. It is figured in Suppl. tab. i.

16. J. spharocarpa, caule ascendente, siinplice : foliis orbiculatis : fructu terminali ; caly-

cibus oblongo-ovatis, cylindraceis, quadrifidis (capsula sphaerica). (Tab. lxxiv.)

17. J.hyalina, caule ascendente, flexuoso, dicliotomo : foliis rotundatis, subundulatis :

Iructu terminali ; calycibus ovatis, angulatis ; ore contracto, quadridentato.

(Tab. lxiii.)

18. J. compressa, caule erecto, diviso : foliis orbicularibus, summis reuiformibus, appressis,

(stipulis in innovationibus solummodo :) fructu terminali ; calycibus foliis immersis,
oblongis, carnosis ; ore aperto, quadridentato. (Tab. lviii.)

Plentiful in Switzerland, particularly in the valley of Guttanen, near the Grimsel.

x x Foliis emarginatis vel bifidis, segmentis ccqualibus.

19. J. emarginata, caule erecto ramoso : foliis laxe imbricatis, patentibus, obcordatis, emar-

ginatis : fructu terminali ; calycibus ovatis, dentatis, foliis immersis. (Tab. xxvii.)

J. emarginata. Wahl. Lapp. p. 392. Mohr, Crypt. Germ. p. 421.

SYNOPSIS

II

20. J. concmnata, caule ereeto, ramoso : foliis arctissime imbricatis, erectis, concavis,

ovatis, obtusis, emarginatis : fructu terminali ; calycibus nullis. (Tab. iii.)

J.julacea. Wahl. Lapp. p. 392. Mohr, Crypt. Germ. p. 421.

21. J. orcadensis, caule ereeto, simplice : foliis arete imbricatis, erectis v. patentibus,

cordato-ovatis, marginibus recurvis. (Tab. lxxi.)

This I have found abundantly in Switzerland, but always barren.

22. J. inflata, caule procumbente, simplice vel ramoso : foliis subrotundis, concavis, acute

bifidis ; segmentis rectis, obtusis : fructu terminali ; calycibus pyriformibus ; ore
contracto, dentato. (Tab. xxxviii.)

J. inflata. Wahl. Lapp. p. 393.

Abundant in fruit about Torquay, and Dartmouth, Devonshire, in the month of April.

23. J. excisa, caule prostrato, simpliciusculo : foliis patentibus, subquadratis, profunde

emarginatis -. fructu terminali ; calycibus oblongis ; ore plicato, dentato. (Tab. ix.)

J. excisa. Engl. Bot. t. 2496.

J. Funckii. Mohr, Crypt. Germ. p. 492. Wahl. Lapp. p. 393. Schwaegr. Prodr.
Muse. Hep. p. 27. cum Ic.

Mr. Francis finds this plant, in December, with gemmae of a brownish color, angular,
scattered in small loose clusters at the edges of the leaves, and likewise with calyces
shorter and broader than in the specimen figured at tab. ix., and I have consequently
thought them deserving of a place in a supplementary plate. (See Suppl. t. n., where
at f. 1, is o gemmiferous plant, magn. 6 ; f. 2, two leaves of the same, shewing the erose
margins of the leaves, whence the gemma have fallen, magn. 6 ; f. 3, particles of gemma,
magn. 1 ; f. f. 4, 5, calycine plants, magn. 6, in which the calyces are shorter than is usual
in this species j f. 6, leaf of the same, magn. 4.)

24. J. ventricosa, caule prostrato, subramoso : foliis patentibus, subquadratis, obtuse emar-

ginatis, latcribus incurvis : fructu terminali ; calycibus oblongis ; ore contracto,
plicato, dentato. (Tab. xxviii.)

J. ventricosa. Engl. Bot. t. 2568.

25. J. Turner caule procumbente, flexuoso, setellatim ramoso: foliis late ovatis, acute

bipartitis ; segmentis subconduplicatis, spinuloso-dentatis : fructu terminali ; caly-
cibus lineari-oblongis, longitudinaliter plicatis ; ore quoque plicato. (Tab. xxix.)

26. J. bicuspidata, caule procumbente, stellatim ramoso : foliis subquadratis, acute bifidis;

segmentis acutis, rectis, integerrimis : fructu terminali ; calycibus oblongis, plicatis ;
ore dentato. (Tab. xi.)

J. bicuspidata. Mohr, Crypt. Germ. p. 424. Wahl, Lapp. p. 594.

12

SYNOPSIS.

The anthers of this species I have figured in the Suppl. tab. iv.: they are axillary,
two or three together in a swollen perigonial leaf, and spherical: footstalk short, white.

27. J.byssacea, caule procumbente, stellatim ramoso: foliis subquadratis, obtuse bifidis,

segmentis acutis : fructu terminali ; calycibus oblongis, plicatis ; ore dentato.
(Tab. xii.)

J. bicuspidata. var. Wahl, Lapp. p. 394.

Both Mohr and Wahlenberg consider this as merely a variety of J. bicuspidata, in
which opinion they may possibly be correct; though the reticulation is strikingly different,
which did not escape the observation of the last-mentioned author.

28. J. connivens , surculo procumbente, stellatim ramoso : foliis orbicularibus, concavis,

apice lunulari-emarginatis : fructu in ramis propriis, brevissimis, centralibus termi-
liali ; calycibus oblongo-ovatis ; ore ciliato. (Tab. xv.)

J. connivens. Wa.hu FI. Lapp. p. 393.

29. J. curvifolia, surculo procumbente, stellatim ramoso : foliis subrotundis, valde concavis,

bifidis; segmentis acuminatis, incurvatis: fructu in ramis propriis, brevissimis, cen-
tralibus terminali ; calycibus oblongis, subplicatis ; ore dentato. (Tab. xvi.)

J. curvifolia. Mohr, Crypt. Germ. p. 423.

J. birostrata. Schleich. Cent. 3. n. 59.

Having, since the publication of tab. xvi., received more perfect calyces of this
species from Ireland, I have figured one in the first supplementary plate, where it will be
seen that the perichaetial leaves are serrated.

xxx Foliis tri-quadri-Jidis, segmentis cequalibus.

30. J. c apitata, caule prostrato, simpliciusculo : foliis rotundato-quadratis, inferioribus

bifidis, reliquis tri-quadri-fidis : fructu terminali : calycibus oblongo-ovatis, sub-
plicatis ; ore contracto, dentato. (Tab. lxxx.)

31. J. incisa, caule prostrato, depresso, simpliciusculo : foliis subquadratis, undulatis, sub-

trifidis, segmentis inaequalibus, hie illic denticulatis : fructu terminali ; calycibus
obovatis. (Tab. x.)

32. J . pusilla, caule procumbente, subsimplice : foliis horizontalibus, quadratis, undulatis,

obtuse bi-tri-crenatis : fructu terminali ; calycibus campanulatis. (Tab. lxix.)

J. pusilla. Mohr, Crypt. Germ. p. 429.

SYNOPSIS.

13

33. J. setiformis, caule erecto, subsimplice : foliis bifariis, arete imbricatis, erectis, qua-

drats, quadrifidis ; angulis inferioribus marline liic illic spinuloso-dentatis : fructu
fructu terminali lateralique ; calycibus oblongis, plicatis ; ore aperlo. (Tab. xx.)

J. setiformis. Mohr, Crypt. Germ. p. 415. Wahl. Lapp. p. 385.

This plant seems peculiar to northern latitudes. It has never been found in the Alps,
or anv part of the south of Europe; nor, iri the British dominions, any where but in
Scotland. I have seen specimens fiom Kamtehatka ; and Wahlenberg says, “ in saxis siccis
Lapponiae totius tarn sylvaticae ae alpinse ubique:” but this author never appears to have
met with the fructification. Mohr says of it, “ Fructificatio speciei nullo quoque botani-
coruin usque nunc observata, singula adest in exemplo J. concat. Thunbergiano.”

x x x x Foliis bifid is j seymentis ineequalibus, conduplicatis.

34. J. nemorosa, caule erecto, subdichotomo: foliis inajqualiter bilobis, semibifidis, dentato-

ciliatis ; lobis conduplicatis ; inferioribus majoribus, obovatis ; superioribus subcor-
datis, obtusis : fructu terminali ; calycibus oblongis, incurvatis, compressis ; ore
truncaio, dentato-ciliato. (Tab. xxi.)

J. nemorosa. Mohr, Crypt. Germ. p. 427.

35. J. planifolia, caule erecto, subsimplice : foliis inaequaliter bilobis, ad basin usque

bipartitis, dentato-ciliatis ; lobis conduplicatis ; inferioribus majoribus, ovatis ;
superioribus cordatis, obtusis. (Tab. lxvii.)

Specimens of this plant, which I have lately had the opportunity of examining, have
satisfied me that it ought to enter into this division; and, indeed, the difference between it
and J. nemorosa is so slight, that I am almost inclined to consider it a variety, though a
very remarkable one, of that species.

36. J. umbrosci, caule erectiusculo, subramoso : foliis inaequaliter bilobis ; lobis condupli-

catis, apice serratis, acutis ; inferioribus majoribus ovatis ; superioribus rotundato
-ovatis : fructu terminali ; calycibus oblongis, incurvatis, compressis ; ore truncato,
integerrimo. (Tab. xxiv.)

Dr. Mohr considers this species as a variety of J. resupinata, but to me it appears much
more allied to J. nemorosa , from which it is scarcely to be distinguished, but by its smaller
size and, serrated, not dentato-ciliate, leaves. Gemmae are not rare on this species in the
summer months. They are of an ovate and somewhat angular figure, collected into an
oblong brown mass, at the ends of the terminal leaves. (See Suppl. Tab. in.)

37. J. unduluta, caule erecto, subdichotomo ; foliis inaequaliter bilobis, undulatis, integer-

rimis; lobis sub-rotundatis, conduplicatis; inferioribus majoribus: fructu terminali;
calycibus oblongis, incurvatis, compressis; ore truncato, integerrimo. (Tab. xxii.)

J. undulata. Mohb, Crypt. Germ. p. 426. Wahl. Lapp. p. 391.

K

14

SYNOPSIS.

38. .7. resupinata, caule procumbente, siinpliciusculo : foliis rotundatis, subaequaliter bilobis.

integerrimis ; lobis conduplicatis ; fructu terminali : calycibus oblongis, incurvatis,
compressis j ore truncate, denticulate. ( Fab. xxiii.)

J. resupinata. Mohr, Crypt. Germ. p. 427. Wahl. Lapp. p. 591.

J. compacta. Roth, FI. Germ. p. 403.

The last synonym I am enabled to subjoin through the kindness of my friend,
Dr. Swartz, who sent me authentic specimens received by him from Germany. It is,
perhaps, not an uncommon species in this country, Mr. Lyell having found it both in
Sussex and in the north of Scotland.

39. J. albicans, caule erecto, subdiviso : foliis inaequaliter bilobis ; lobis conduplicatis,

medio pellucidis, apice serratis ; inferioribus majoribus, subacinaciformibus ;
superioribus oblongo-ovatis, acutis : fructu terminali ; calycibus obovatis, cylin-
draceis ; ore contracto, dentato. (Tab. xxv.)

J. albicans. Mohr, Crypt. Germ. p. 428.

40. J. obtusifolia, caule ascendente, simplice : foliis inaequaliter bilobis : lobis conduplicatis,

obtusis, integerrimis ; inferioribus majoribus, subacinaciformibus ; superioribus
ovatis: fructu terminali ; calycibus obovatis ; ore contracto, dentato. (Tab. xxvi.)

41. J. Dicksoni, caule ascendente, subsimplice : foliis inaequaliter bilobis ; lobis condu-

plicatis ; inferioribus majoribus ; utrisque anguste ovatis, subintegerrimis, acutis :
fructu terminali ; calycibus ovatis, plicatis ; ore contracto, dentato. (Tab. xlviii.)

J. taxifolia. Wahl. Lapp. p. 390. tab. xxv.f. 2. a. c ?

I quote this synonym with a note of doubt, solely because the author says, ” folia
obtusiuscula,” which is not the case in J. Dicksoni.

42. J. minuta, caule erecto, subdichotomo : foliis liorizontaliter patentibus, subcondupli-

catis; superioribus aequaliter, inferioribus inaequaliter bilobis; omnibus acutiusculis :
fructu terminali ; calycibus obovatis, apice parum plicatis : ore contracto, denti-
culate. (Tab. xliv.)

J. minuta. Wahl. Lapp. p. 393.

J. bicornis. Mohr, Crypt. Germ. p. 423.

43. J. exsecta, caule prostrate, siinpliciusculo : foliis inaequaliter bilobis; lobis subcondu-

plicatis ; inferioribus majoribus, ovatis, acutis, concavis, apice saepe bidentatis ;
superioribus minutis, denti-formibus. (Tab. xix.)

J. exsecta. Mohr, Crypt. Germ. p. 428.

Mr. Lyell has gathered, in the New Forest, Hants, individuals of this plant with young
and very imperfectly formed calyces. They are terminal, or, from the shooting forth of
an innovation, lateral, obovate, with the unexpanded mouth lateral and toothed. The peri-

SYNOPSIS.

15

chaetial leaves are large, at the extremity trifid and quadrifid, having the segments jagged
or laciniate. (See Suppl. tab. i. f. 1, J. exsecta, magn. 6; f. 2, young calyx and perichcetial
leaves, magn. 4 ; f. 3, calyx removed, magn. 2 j f. 4, perichcetial leaf, magn. 2.)

44. J . cochleariformis, caule procumbente, subsimplice : foliis superne imbricatis, insequa-

litbr bilobis, eonduplicatis ; lobis superioribus majoribus, convexis, apice bifidis
serratisque ; inferioribus saccatis. (Tab. lxviii.)

In the north and north-western parts of Ireland, I have gathered it even more
abundantly than in Scotland, but always without fructification.

45. J. complanata, surculo repente, vage ramoso : foliis disticliis, supernfe imbricatis,

inaiqualitfer bilobis ; lobis superioribus majoribus, orbiculatis ; inferioribus ovatis,
appressis, planis : fructu terminali ; calycibus oblongis, compressis, truncatis.
(Tab. lxxxi.)

ft STIPULAT/E.

a Foliis integris v. rarius hie illlc emarginatis.

46. J . anomala, caule procumbente, simplice: foliis orbicularibus ; his rotundato- ovatis,

illis ovato-acuminatis ; stipulis latd subulatis. (Tab. xxiv.)

47. J. Taylor i, caule erecto, subsimplice : foliis omnibus rotundatis ; stipulis latfe subu-

latis : fructu terminali ; calycibus ovatis, apice compressis, truncatis, bilabiatis.
(Tab. lvii.)

48. J. scalaris, caule repente, simplice : foliis rotundatis, concavis, integris emarginatisque ;

stipulis late subulatis : fructu terminali ; calyce foliis immerso. (Tab. lxi.)

J. scalaris, Mohr, Crypt. Germ. p. 419.

Mohr is quite mistaken in supposing our J. pumila to be the same as J. scalaris.
Their calyces are totally different.

49. J. polyanthos, caule procumbente, subramoso : foliis liorizontalibus, rotundato-qua-

dratis, planis, integris emarginatisque ; stipulis oblongis, bifidis : fructu in ramis
propriis ex parte caulis inferiore egredientibus, laterali ; calycibus calyptra dimidio
brevioribus, bilabiatis, laciniatis. (Tab. lxii.)

J. polyanthos. Mohr, Crypt. Germ. p. 418.

50. J. cuneifolia, caule repente, simplice : foliis remotiusculis, cuneiformibus, integerrimis,

vel apice obtusissimfe emarginatis ; stipulis minutis, ovatis, bifidis. (Tab. lxiv.)

10

SYNOPSIS.

51. J. viticulosa, caule procumbente, rarnoso : foliis horizontalibus, planis, ovatis, intcgris ,

stipulis lath ovatis, dentato-laciniatis : fructu laterali ; calycibus subterraneis, ob-
longis, carnosis; ore squamis foliaceis fimbriato. (Tab. lx.)

J. viticulosa. Mohr, Crypt. Germ. p. 417 ?

The imperfect description that Mohr has given of this species will not allow me to
quote him with certainty under our plant.

52. J. Trichomanis, caule repente, subsimplice : foliis horizontalibus, convexis, ovatis,

integris, emarginatisque ; stipulis rotundatis, lunulari-emarginatis : fructu laterali ;
calycibus subterraneis, oblongis, carnosis, hirsutis ; ore crenato. (Tab. i.xxix.)

b Foliis bi- seu tri-fidis, segmentis aequalibus.

53. J. bidentata, caule procumbente, ramoso : foliis lath ovatis, decurrentibus, apice bifidis,

segmentis valdfe acutis, integerrimis ; stipulis bi-tri-fidis laciniatisque : fructu ter-
minali; calycibus oblongis, subtriangularibus ; ore laciniato. (Tab. xxx.)

J. bidentata. Mohr, Crypt. Germ. p. 408.

In the supplementary plate, tab. in., I have figured a variety of J. bidentata , as I havte
now reason to think it is, which is hinted at under the account of J. stipulacea , with the
mss. name of J. Bantriensis. The leaves precisely accord with those of my var. (3. ; but
the stipules are much less divided, and the capsule, which is short and broad, and scarcely
at all triangular, rises from the bare stem, unprotected by any perichaetial leaves. It was
found by the late Miss Hutchins, near Bantry. (At f. I, is a portion of the stem, with the
calyx, magn. 6 ; f. 2, a portion of the stem, shewing the stipules, magn. 6 ; and f. f. 3, 3, 3,
stipules .)

54. J. heterophylla, caule repente, ramoso : foliis rotundato-ovatis, decurrentibus ; apice

rarius acutfc, plerumque obtusfe emarginatis integrisve ; stipulis bi-tri-fidis, hie
illic sublaciniatis : fructu terminali ; calycibus ovatis, obtusb triangularibus ; ore
laciniato. (Tab. xxxi.)

J. heterophylla. Mohr, Crypt. Germ. p. 40 7.

55. J. stipulacea, caule procumbente, simplice : foliis rotundatis, apice acutfc emarginatis,

segmentis acutis, rectis ; stipulis magnis, ovatis, acuminatis, prope basin margine
utrinque uni-dentato : fructu laterali ; calycibus obovatis, apice subplicatis ; ore
contracto, obtusfe dentato. (Tab. xli.)

56. J. Francisci, caule erectiusculo, simplice vel ramoso : foliis ovatis, concavis, acutfe

emarginatis ; stipulis minutis, ovatis, bifidis : fructu in ramis propriis terminali ;
calycibus oblongo-cylindraceis, parum plicatis ; ore dentato. (Tab. xlix.)

SYNOPSIS.

17

57. J. barbata, caulc procumbente, simpliciusculo : foliis rotundato-quadratis, tri-quadri-

fidis ; stipulis lanceolatis, acute bifidis, margine laciniatis: fructu terminali ; caly-
cibus ovatis ; ore contracto, dentato. (Tab. lxx.)

58. J. albescens, caule repente, ramoso : foliis valde concavis, propemodum hemisphaericis,

emarginatis ; stipulis ovato-lanceolatis, obtusis : fructu in ramis brcvibus terminali ;
calycibus oblongo-ovatis ; ore dentato. (Tab. lxxii. and Suppl. Tab. iv.)

I am happy to be able to offer a figure of the fructification of this species in the
supplementary plate above quoted. The calyces are oblongo-ovatc, with a contracted
mouth, and dentate j situated upon short, lateral branches, and surrounded at the base
with perichcetial leaves, which scarcely differ from the rest but in being larger. The
capsule is ovate, splitting into four equal valves. Seeds and spiral filaments deep brown.
The plant is extremely common on the more elevated Alps of Switzerland, and I met with it,
bearing capsules, as well upon the Grimsel as upon the Susten, near the limits of perpetual
snow. It is from the last-mentioned spot that the specimen here figured was gathered.
(Fig. 1, J. albescens, magn. 6 ; f. 2, portion of the stem, shewing the stipules, magn. 4 ;
f. 3, seeds and spiral filaments, magn. 1.)

59. J. reptans, caule repente, stellatim ramoso : foliis superne imbricatis, subquadratis,

incurvis, acute quadridentatis ; stipulis lato-quadratis, quadridentatis : fructu radi-
cali; calycibus oblongis, plicatis ; ore dentato. (Tab. lxxv.)

60. J. trilobata, caule repente, flexuoso, ramoso: foliis superne imbricatis, ovatis, con-

vexis, obtuse tridentatis ; stipulis lato-subquadratis, crenatis : fructu e parte caulis
inferiore egrediente ; calycibus oblongis, subacumiuatis ; ore lateraliter fisso. —
(Tab. lxxvi.)

c. Foliis bifidis ; segmentis inaequalibus, conduplicatis.
x Segmentis inferioribus, seu minoribus, plants.

61. J. platyphylla, caule procumbente, pinnatim ramoso : foliis intsqualiter bilobis ; lobis

superioribus rotundato-ovatis, subintegcrrimis ; inferioribus stipulisque ligulatis,
integerrimis : fructu laterali ; calycibus ovatis, compressis, ore truncato, inciso-
serrato, hinc longitudinaliter fissis. (Tab. xl. and Suppl. Tab. iii., where the roots
are represented fastigiate, as described at I ab. xl.)

J. platyphylla. Mohk, Crypt. Germ. p. 397. Wahl. Lapp. p. 388.

62. J. laevigata, caule procumbente, vage bipinnatim ramoso : foliis inaequaliter bilobis,

spinuloso-dentatis ; lobis superioribus rotundato-ovatis ; inferioribus ligulatis ; sti-
pulis oblongo-quadratis, spinuloso-dentatis. (Tab. xxxv.)

J. laevigata. Mohr, Crypt. Germ. p. 398.

h

L*

SYNOPSIS.

63. J. ci/iaris, caule procumbente, pinnatim ramoso : foliis valdb convexis, inaequalitfer

bilobis ; lobis lobulisque ovatis, bipartitis, longb tenuitbrque ciliatis ; stipulis sub-
quadratis, apice quadri-quinque-lobis, longissim^ ciliatis : fructu laterali ; caly-
cibus obovatis ; ore contracto, dentato. (Tab. lxv.)

64. J. Woodsii, caule procumbente, bi-tri-pinnato : foliis valdb convexis, imequalitbr bilobis;

lobis superioribus bipartitis, spinuloso-dentatis ; inferioribus minutissimis, oblongis,
subintegerrimis; stipulis magnis, ovatis, bipartitis, spinuloso-dentatis; basi utnnque
calcaratis. (Tab.lxvi.)

65. J. tomentella, caule erectiusculo, bipinnato : foliis planiusculis, inaequalitbr bilobis,

capillari-multifidis ; lobis superioribus bipartitis ; inferioribus minutis ; stipulis sub-
quadratis, laciniatis : fructu axillari ; calycibus oblongis, cylindraceis, hirsutis ;
ore aperto. (Tab. xxxvi.)

J. tomentella. Mohr, Crypt. Germ. p. 414.

x x Segmentis inferioribus, seu minoribus, involutis.

66. J. Mackaii, caule repente, vagb ramoso : foliis inajqualitbr bilobis; lobis superioribus

rotundatis ; inferioribus minutis, involutis ; stipulis magnis, rotundatis, obcordatis ;
fructu laterali terminalique ; calycibus obcordatis, depressis, triangularibus ; ore
contracto, elevato, dentato. (Tab. liii.)

67. J. serpylli folia, caule repente, vagb pinnatim ramoso: foliis inaequalitbr bilobis ; lobis

superioribus rotundatis ; inferioribus minutis, involutis ; stipulis rotundatis, acute
bifidis : fructu laterali ; calycibus late obovatis, pentagons ; ore contracto, elevato,
subdentato. (Tab. xlii.)

J. cavifolia. Ehrhr. Beitr. 4. p. 45. Wahl. Lapp. p. 386.

68. J. hamatifolia, caule repente, vagb ramoso ; foliis inaequalitfer bilobis ; lobis superi-

oribus ovatis, acuminatis, apice saepissimb curvatis ; inferioribus involutis ; stipulis
ovatis, acutb bifidis : fructu laterali ; calycibus obovatis, pentagonis ; ore contracto,
elevato, dentato. (Tab. li.)

A leaf of var. /3„ alluded to in the description, is represented in Suppl. tab. in.

69. J. minutissima, caule repente, vagfe ramoso: foliis imequaliter bilobis; lobis superi-

oribus hemisphaericis ; inferioribus minutis, ferb obsoletis: stipulis ovato-rotundatis,
nfidis : fructu laterali ; calycibus obovato-rotundatis, pentagonis ; ore contracto'
parum dentato. (Tab. lii.)

70. J. calyptrifolia, caule repente, ramoso : foliis inaequalitbr bilobis ; lobis superioribus

majonbus, calyptnformibus ; inferioribus obtuse quadratis, circumvolutis : fructu

auai, caljcibus oblongis, apice depresso, piano, quinquedentato ; ore minuto
contracto. (Tab. xliii.) ’

SYNOPSIS.

19

xxx Segmentis inferioribus, seu minoribus, saccaiis.

71. J. Hutchinsia, caule repente, ramoso: foliis inaequaliter bilobis ; lobis superioribus

ovatis, spinuloso-serratis ; inferioribus minutis, saccatis, basi srepissimfe unidentatis;
stipulis rotundato-ovatis, subserratis, acute bifidis : fructu laterali ; calycibus obcor-
datis, triangularibus. (Tab. i.)

Mr. Mackay has found this species in the south of Ireland, SirT. Gage upon mountains
about Killarney, and Mr. Lyell upon rocks, near Lowdore, Cumberland.

72. J. dilatata, caule repente, vagb ramoso : foliis inaequaliter bilobis ; lobis superioribus

subrotundis ; inferioribus rotundatis, saccatis ; stipulis rotundatis, planis, emargi-
natis : fructu terminali ; calycibus obcordatis, tuberculatis, triangularibus. (Tab. v.)

J. dilatata. Mohh, Crypt. Germ. p. 402. Wahl. Lapp.p. 388.

73. J. Tamarisci, caule repente, pinnatim ramoso: foliis inaequaliter bilobis; lobis

superioribus ovato-rotundatis ; inferioribus minutis, obovatis, saccatis ; stipulis sub-
quadratis, emarginatis, marginibus revolutis : fructu in ramis brevibus terminali;
calycibus obovatis, laevibus, triangularibus. (Tab. vi.)

J. tamariscifolia. Mohk, Crypt. Germ. p. 398. Wahl. Lapp. p. 387.

B. FRONDOS^E.

a. Enerves.

74. J. pinguis, fronde oblonga, decumbente, enervi, carnosa, supra planiuscula, subtu*

tumida, vage ramosci, margine sinuata : fructu ex inferiore parte prope marginem
egrediente ; calycibus brevissimis ; ore dilatato, fimbriato ; calyptra exserta, ob-
longo-cylindracea, laevi. (Tab. xlvi.)

J. pinguis. Mohb, Crypt. Germ. p. 432.

75. J. midtifida, fronde lineari, enervi, carnosa, compressa, pinnatim ramos& : fructu

marginal! ; calycibus brevissimis ; ore dilatato, fimbriato : calyptra exserta, oblongo-
cylindracea, tuberculata. (Tab. xlv.)

J. multifida. Mohr, Crypt. Germ. p. 433.

J.palmata. Hedw. Th. ed. 2. p. 159. t. 20./. 7. Hoffm. Germ. p. 90. Mohr, Crypt.
Germ. p. 433. Roth, Germ. in. p. 415.

After a careful examination of numberless specimens, upon their native mountains, of
what foreign authors have called by the name of J. palmata, I can see no reason whatever
for separating it from J. multifida, nor even for considering it a variety of that plant.

20

SYNOPSIS.

When J. multifida grows on decaying trunks of trees, and is smaller than usual, it is
J. palmata : in such a state Dr. Taylor lately found it in the neighborhood of Dublin, and
sent it me under that name.

I know not what were Dr. Mohr’s ideas of J. palmata as a species, when he says that
Schmidel’s figure (in his leones), t. 55, f. f. 16, xvii., belongs to it, and all the rest of the
plate to J. multifida.

b. Frondes nervo praeditae.
x Calyce simplice.

76. J. Blasia, fronde oblonga, submembranacea, dicliotoma, costata, infra sparsim squa-

mosa; squamis dentatis : fructu e costae parte superiore egrediente; calyce calyp-
traque intrafrondosis. (Tab. lxxxii. lxxxiii. lxxxiv.)

77. J. epiphylla, fronde oblonga, submembranacea, vage divisa, obsolete costata., margine

integerrimo, vel sublobato sinuatoque : fructu e superiore parte frondium propo
apicera egrediente ; calycibus subcylindraceis, plicatis ; ore parum dilatato, inciso-
dentato ; calyptra exserta, laevi. (Tab. xlvii.)

J. epiphylla. Mohr, Crypt. Germ. p. 431. Wahl. Lapp. p. 397-

78. J . f areata, fronde lineari, dichotoma, membranacea, costata, supra l<Bvi, subtus mar-

gineque plus minusve pilosa : fructu ex inferiore parte costae egrediente ; calycibus
bilobis, conduplicatis, margine ciliato ; calyptra obovata, hispida. (Tab. lv. lvi.)

J.furcata. Mohr, Crypt. Germ. p. 396. Wahl. Lapp. p. 596.

79. J. pubescens, fronde lineari, dicliotoma, membranacea, costata, undique pubescente.

(Tab. lxxui.)

x x Calyce duplice.

80. J. Lyellii, fronde oblonga, subramosa, tenera, costata, margine subintegerrimo : fructu

e superiore parte frondium ; calyce duplice ; exteriore perbrevi, margine laciniato-
dentato ; interiore longh exserto, cylindraceo, subplicato ; calyptra ealyeem suh-
excedente. (Tab. lxxvii.)

81. J. hibernica, fronde oblonga, dicliotoma, tenera, costata, margine integerrimo : fructu

e superiore parte frondium ; calyce duplice ; exteriore perbrevi, laciniato ; interiore
longe exserto, ovato-cylindraceo, subplicato ; calyptra calyce interiore multo bre-
viore. (Tab. lxxviii. and Suppl. Tab. iv. f. 1, J. hibernica, nat. size ; f. 2, portion
of ditto, magn. 6 ; f. 3, calyces dissected, magn. 4 ; f. 4, capsule, magn. 3 ; f. 5, cap-
sule, magn. 3 ; f. 6, seeds and spiral filaments.)

■

"

INDEX

OF

THE SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Those in italics are the Synonyms. The first column refers to the pages of the Synopsis, at the end of the Introduction ;
the second to the Plate and accompany ing Description, in the body of the work.

Blasia pusilla

J. adunca. Dicks

J. albescens

J. albicans

J. angulosa. Dicks

J. anomala

J. aqualica. Schrank

J. asplenioide3

J. barbata

J. bicornis. FI. Dan

J. bicornis. Hoffm

J. bicrenata. Schmid

J. bicuspidata

J. bicuspidata. Sm

J. bidentata

J. bidentata. var. 2. With

J. bidentata. Schmid

J. bidentata. (3. minor. Leers

J. bidentata. y. globulifera. Weber.

J. bifida. Schmid

J. bifida. Schmid

J. birostrata. . . .,

J. Blasia

J. byssacea

J. calyptrifolia

J. capitata

J. cavifolia • •

J. ciliaris

J. ciliaris. Weis

J. cochleariformis

17

14

15

9

17

14

11

16

12

20

82— S4
4
72
25

69
34
62
13

70
11
28
38
11
31

30
38
28

31
28
12
49

82—84

12

18

12

18

18

15

12

43

80

65

36

68

J. comp acta

J. complanata

J. conapressa

J. concatenata. Linn. . . . ,

J. concinnata

J. concinnata

J. connivens

J. cordifolia

J. crenulata

J. cuneifolia

J. cupressiformis. Lam. .
J. cupressiformis. (3. Lam.

J. curvifolia

J. decipiens

J. dicholoma. Schleich.

J. Dicksoni

J. dilatata

J. dilatata. Roth

J. divaricata. Sm

J. Donniana

J. emarginata

J. epipbylla

J. excisa

J. exsecta.

J.fissa. Scop

J.fissa. Scop

J. Flbrkii. Weber. Mohr.

J.fragilis. Roth

J. Francisci

J. Funckii

14

15

81

10

58

20

11

3

8

12

15

9

32

10

37

15

64

6

40

12

16

9

50

70

14

48

19

5

6

12

9

39

10

28

20

47

11

9

14

19

11

79

70

62

16

49

11

INDEX.

J. furcata

J.furcata. Leers

J. globulifera. var. 1. Roth

J. globulifera. Poll

J. globulifera. Poll

J. globulifera. Roth

J. gracilis. Schl

J. hamatifolia

J. heterophylla

J. hibernica .

J. Hookeri

J. Hutchinsi*

J. hyalina

J. incisa

J. inflata

J. julacea

J.julacea. FI. Dan

J. juniperina

J. laevigata

J. lanceolata

J. lanceolata. Sm

J. laxifolia

J. Leersii. Roth

J. Lyellii

J. Mackaii

J. macrorhiza. Dicks

J. minuta

J. minutissima

J. multifida

J. multiflora. Huds

J. nemorea. Linn

J. nemorosa

J. nigricans. Lam.

J. obtusifolia

J. Orcadensis

J. pallescens. Schrad

J. palmata

J. pauciflora. Dicks

J. pinguis

J. planifolia

J. platyphylla

J. polyanthos

J. pubescens

J. pulcherrima. Weber

J. putnila

J ■ purpurea. Scop .........

20

55, 56

J. pusilla.

12

73

J. pygnuea. Wolf

19

J. quadridentata. Wolf

28

J. quinquedentata. Huds

11

J. radicans. Hoffm

9

J. reptans

17

70

J. resupinata.

14

18

51

J. resupinata. Sm

16

31

J. rubiginosa. Neck

20

78

J. rupincola. Schleich

8

54

J. scalaris

15

19

1

J. scalaris. Schm

10

63

J. serpyllifolia

18

12

10

J. serrata. Roth

11

38

J. sertularioides. Linn

8

2

J. setacea

7

3

J. setiformis

13

S

4

J. Sphagni

10

17

35

J. sphaerocarpa

10

9

18

J. sphcErocephala. Roth

61

J. sphcErocephala. Weber

8

59

J. spinulosa

9

65

J. stipulacea

16

20

77

J. Tamarisci

19

18

53

J. tamariscifolia. Schreb

27

J. taxifolia

14

14

44

J. Taylori

15

18

52

J. tomentella

18

19

45

J. tomentosa. Hoffm

8

J. triangularis. Schl

21

J. Trichomanis

16

13

21

J. trichophylla

9

6

J. trichophylla. var. 3. Roth

14

26

J. tridentata. Scop

11

71

J. trilobata

17

62

J. Turneri

11

19

J. umbrosa.

13

8

J. undulata

13

19

47

J. varia. Linn

13

67

J. ventricosa

11

17

40

J. viticulosa

16

15

62

J. viticulosa (3. Weber

20

73

J. Woodsii

18

65

Mnium fis sum. Linn

9

17

Mnium Jungermannia. Linn

68

Mnium Trichomanis. Linn

69

69

70
70
76

75

23
21

6

44

61

79

42

14

8

8

20

33

74

11

79

14

41

6

5

57

36

73

76
79

7

8
70
76
29

24
22

25
28

9

62

66

79

68

79

I

s

7*