Historic, Archive Document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. aQL561 -N7H45 1991 United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service February 1992 '■ ' CL ! ' CSC ^ Heliothis/Helico verpa Workshop: Revised National Suppression Action Plan ARS-Wide Working Conference San Antonio, Texas September 16-19, 1991 Faust, Robert M. and James R. Coppedge, eds . 1992. Heliothis/Helicoverpa Workshop: Revised National Suppression Action Plan. ARS-Wide Working Conference, San Antonio, Texas, September 16-19, 1991. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 74 pp . This report is reproduced as supplied in camera-ready form by the editors . It has been edited for content only. While supplies last, it is available in limited quantities from: Robert M. Faust Room 336, Bldg. 005, BARC-West 10300 Baltimore Ave. Beltsville, MD 20705 Table of Contents Preface . i Executive Summary . ii ARS Mission and Needs for Environmentally Compatible Insect Management . iii Objectives and Charge to the Workshop . iv Historical Perspectives of National Heliothis Suppression Plan . . vi Action Area 1 - Host Plant Resistance . 1 5-Year Plan . 5 Action Area 2 - Chemical Control and Application Technology . 8 5-Year Plan . 12 Action Area 3 - Ecology and Population Dynamics . 16 5-Year Plan . 21 Action Area 4 - Behavior Modifying Chemicals . 27 5-Year Plan . 32 Action Area 5 - Biological Control . 39 5-Year Plan . . . 44 Action Area 6 - Genetics, Molecular Biology, and Basic Physiology . 49 5-Year Plan . 56 Appendices A. Committee Memberships . 63 B. Workshop Agenda . 64 C. ARS Scientists Working on Heliothis /He licover pa . 68 D. List of Attendees . 71 Preface This Heliothis/Helicoverpa working conference report and National Action Plan details an updated ARS fundamental and applied Heliothis / Helicoverpa research program in cooperation with universities and other state and federal agencies. A cooperative and cohesive team effort is being structured to help solve specific national problems related to this pest complex. This has required a detailed formulation of a comprehensive action program that clearly defines and states program goals and objectives, identifies each project relevance and role, identifies activities to reach the objectives, establishes time frames needed to reach objectives, and provides a basis for field participation of ARS scientists and cooperators in planning the program. This comprehensive plan should provide (a) focus and programmatic stability, (b) a basis for monitoring and evaluating program progress, (c) a basis for developing budget estimates and allocating resources, (d) responsiveness to the technology and problem-solving needs of state and federal action agencies, (e) identification of technology transfer opportunities and (f) development of team players and teamwork. The action plan contained herein should also provide an important foundation for program strengthening and expansion, coordination, decision-making, and implementation by the ARS National Program Staff. The primary aim of the National Heliothis/Helicoverpa program is to provide the necessary research and team effort that will continue to yield environmentally and publicly acceptable, safe technologies for area-wide management and suppression of this pest complex. The technologies developed will continue to support the implementation of state and federal action and regulatory programs. ARS is supportive of the state and federal goals. The plan is designed to be dynamic yet responsive to the needs and priorities of our stakeholders. Progress in reaching goals will be reviewed on an annual basis. As the program progresses, participants will play a significant role in redefining essential activities when necessary, in eliminating some proposed activities that may result from the inherent uncertainties of research, and in assigning appropriate remaining activities or selecting new activities to achieve goals. This is the dynamic nature of the plan. The National Program Staff expresses its gratitude and appreciation to all working conference attendees for participating in the organization and proceedings of the conference and in formulating this comprehensive action plan. We are especially indebted to the representatives from APHIS, CSRS , universities, state agencies, and the representatives from industry and commodity groups for their valuable interactions and contributions . Robert M. Faust James R. Coppedge National Program Leader National Program Leader Crop Protection Field Crop Entomology r Executive Summary A major goal of the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) is the discovery of new principles and development of safer methods for controlling insects and other pests that infest agricultural commodities. Many major insect pests have already developed resistance to a number of current control methods that rely upon synthetic chemical pesticides, and the safety of these chemicals is increasingly being questioned. Research aimed at developing environmentally compatible and publicly acceptable pest management systems is a high priority for ARS. The Heliothis/Helicoverpa complex has a world-wide distribution and contains some of the most serious pests to agriculture. H. virescens and H. zea are pests on a wide variety of crops including cotton, corn, soybean, lettuce, tomato, tobacco, ornamental, and other economic plants in the U.S. These devastating pests of field crops cost growers about $2 billion annually in yield losses and control costs. Currently, their control is achieved almost entirely through the use of synthetic organic insecticides. The desire to effectively manage Heliothis/Helicoverpa spp. using integrated control strategies that reduce pesticide dependency continues as a primary focus for ARS and others having a vested interest. Research emphasis and priorities established for ARS are: (a) host-plant resistance; (b) improved chemical control and pesticide application technology; (c) understanding the ecology and population dynamics of these pests; (d) behavior-modifying chemicals; (e) biological control; and (f) genetics, molecular biology, and basic physiology. An ARS-wide working conference devoted to Heliothis/Helicoverpa was held on September 16-19, 1991, in San Antonio, Texas. This report of the conference contains an updated nationally coordinated 5-year action plan for Heliothis/Helicoverpa research in ARS. At present, around 18 ARS locations and about 90 ARS scientists are working on some aspect of basic and/or applied research aimed at this pest complex. These efforts involve entomologists, molecular biologists, organic chemists and biochemists, engineers, and insect and plant physiologists, including biocontrol scientists. Funding for this program amounts to some $4.98 million with much of the efforts involving extensive collaboration with federal and state agencies, universities, and industry as outlined in the action plan. The action plan utilizes the adapted Convergence Technique for Agricultural Research (ACTAR) and is organized into a series of arrays to obtain the specified program objectives within the 5-year timeframe. These include lead, safeguard, optimizing, and supplementary array activities and will provide a basis for budget development and monitoring progress of the program. n ARS Mission and Needs for Environmentally Compatible Insect Management The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) is the Department's principal intramural research agency. It has long-standing working relationships with the other research agencies in the Department, the State Agricultural Experiment Stations, and the private research sector. The ARS also works closely with the action agencies in the Department and serves as the research arm for many of them. Interagency programs within the Department are critical in such areas as soil and water conservation, range improvement, control of plant and animal diseases, and food safety. The mission of the ARS is — To plan, develop, and implement research that is designed to produce the new knowledge and technologies required to assure the continuing vitality of the Nation's food and agricultural enterprise. As a Federal research agency, ARS (1) addresses problems that are of legitimate national concern, (2) conducts research that is appropriate for the Federal Government, and (3) exploits the unique capabilities of ARS scientists and the facilities they operate - a combination that forms an integrated and coordinated national resource that is not duplicated by others in the full U.S. agricultural research and development system. During the past few decades the consumer public has insisted on development of safer pest control methods to supplement and offset extensive reliance on synthetic organic chemical pesticides. Progress has been made in such areas as host plant resistance, expanded use of predators, parasites and pathogens, semiochemicals (pheromones, plant attractants, repellents, etc.), insect sterility, biotechnology, cultural control and overall insect pest management. Although good progress has been made at developing biologically-based methods of pest control, synthetic chemical pesticides are still our major means of protecting our food and fiber crops from pests. New, environmentally compatible pest control technologies are slowly replacing synthetic pesticides. This will be an even more critical issue as more registered pesticides are banned. Increased research focus on host-plant resistance, chemical control and application technology, insect ecology and population dynamics, behavior modifying chemicals, biological control, and insect genetics, molecular biology, and basic physiology is needed, and is viewed as one of the high priority areas of research for ARS in addressing agricultural problems caused by Heliothis/Helicoverpa. iii i Objectives and Charge to the Workshop The overall charge of the ARS-wide working conference was to update the USDA-ARS action plan and will encompass fundamental and applied Heliothis/Helicoverpa research in close cooperation with university collaborators and state and federal agencies. The working conference was specifically designed to provide a forum for expressing views, generating ideas, and identifying gaps, needs and areas of cooperation leading to technologies for area-wide management and suppression of Heliothis/Helicoverpa insects. Specific objectives were to: 1. Provide an opportunity for a research update and exchange of research ideas and to facilitate cooperation between groups currently involved in Heliothis/Helicoverpa research. 2. Develop an up-to-date comprehensive and nationally coordinated action plan for Heliothis/Helicoverpa research in ARS . 3. Provide an opportunity for input into the development of the ARS Heliothis/Helicoverpa research program by action and state agencies . 4. Identify technology gaps in the ARS Heliothis/Helicoverpa research program. 5. Establish priorities for Heliothis/Helicoverpa research. The comprehensive action plan is divided into six major action areas, each of which describe activities to be carried out over a 5-year time frame. These activities are comprised of up to four arrays as outlined by the adapted Convergence Technigue for Agricultural Research (ACTAR)- ; 1. Lead array (LEAD) -- the main effort and includes activities considered most plausible for successful achievement of a phase of work. 2. Safeguard array (SAFEGD) — includes activities which are the most likely substitute technical approaches to the activities in the lead array; activities in this array constitute the essential protection of the outcome of the program against the inherent uncertainties of activities in the lead array. 3. Optimizing array (OPTIM) — are activities which could enhance or optimize the potential of activities in the lead array to achieve the intermediate objective of the phase of work. iv 4. Supplementary array (SUPPL) — activities for which the probability of a positive contribution to the phase of work or objective is unknown; the results, however, could bring about major changes in the lead array. Some of these activities may be "high risk" or "far out" applied research and some may be long range or fundamental research. At least some of these activities are essential to protect the lead array from uncertainties of outcome and to encourage unusual technical approaches. — ^Shea, K. R. and N. D. Bayley. 1976. A new approach for planning and coordination of a large project. Office of the Secretary, USDA, Washington, DC. v Historical Perspectives of National Heliothis Suppression Plan Julius J. Menn USDA, ARS, Plant Sciences Institute Beltsville, Maryland 20705 It has been recognized by the entomological community that control of the Heliothis /Helicoverpa complex is likely the most complex insect management problem encountered in the field to date. The multi-host range, long-distance migration potential, high fecundity, and adaptation to chemical insecticides are some of the factors contributing to the difficult economic management of this insect complex. In 1985, E. B. Knipling, then Associate Deputy Administrator, National Program Staff, appointed a coordinating leadership team consisting of Julius J. Menn, Edgar G. King, and Charlie E. Rogers to develop a unified National Heliothis Suppression Program (NHSP). An exhaustive analysis of ARS resources, in 1985/1986, revealed that there were 53 scientist years (SY's) in 25 research units, in 17 locations, in 12 states, and in Behoust, France, engaged in various aspects of Heliothis research. Distribution of the research effort by control approach in percent showed: 26% in biology; 24% in IPM; 17% in host plant resistance; 13% in genetics; 9% in behavior; 7% in chemical control and 2% in cultural methods. A comprehensive plan was developed in consultation with all scientists involved in these efforts. Research was divided into short- and long-range research leading to suppression tests on a wide area and directed to potential technology transfer to user groups. All inputs were analyzed by use of the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) . Based on this information, research was divided into short term (< 5 years) and long term (> 5 years) activities. In the short term, resources have been earmarked for research on: biological-, chemical-, microbial-, genetic-control, and host plant resistance (HPR) . In the long term, research was targeted towards development of behavioral and non-classical biological control methods including: .In vitro mass rearing technology for Heliothis /Helicoverpa parasites, semiochemicals and attractants, fundamentals of pheromone production and release in the insect and disruption of reproduction, behavioral confusion and development of hybrid sterility technology. vi A comprehensive proposed action plan was submitted to E. B. Knipling in January 1987 with recommendations including reallocation of Heliothis research resources into six action areas: 1) Heliothis movement and monitorinq 2) Genetic control 3) Chemical and microbiological control 4) Augmentation of predators and parasites 5) Semiochemicals 6) Decision-making technology With the reassignment of Julius Menn to the Plant Sciences Institute at BARC, the NHSP assignment was transferred to the Field Crop Entomology, NPL position. D. D. Hardee assumed that responsibility in April 1988, during his tenure on NPS. References : King, E. G. and C. E. Rogers. 1987. ARS National Heliothis suppression program (ARS-NHSP). To: Action Area Coordinators. Jan. 22, 1987. Menn, J. J., E. G. King, and R. J. Coleman. 1989. Future control strategies for Heliothis in cotton. In: Pest Management in Cotton. Green, M. , B. Lyon, D. J. de (Eds.) pp. 101-121, SCI, Ellis Horwood Ltd. Chichester, England. 1 Action Area 1 - Host Plant Resistance Introduction Numerous agricultural leaders over the past 25 years have emphasized the need for nonchemical control of insect pests. However, Headley (1979) predicted that chemical control would have a major role in pest management in value crops until 1992 and then the trend for nonchemical control methods would increase. Headley also predicted that resistant cultivars would have a major role in controlling pests in crops from 1979 and that after 1992 the demand for their use would sharply increase . Plant resistance has been defined as "the heritable qualities of the plant that influence the ultimate degree of damage done by the insect." There are three mechanisms of resistance that may impact the damage done by the pest insect: nonpreference, antibiosis, and tolerance. These mechanisms may operate independently or together in a cultivar to lessen insect damage and/or populations. The resistant cultivar may be used as the sole method of control to limit insect damage on the farm or as a foundation to other components of integrated pest management. Plant resistance to insects, integrated with other biological strategies, should be one of the principle means of nonchemical control of Helicoverpa and/or Heliothis spp. In fact, most likely, plant resistance as well as other components of integrated pest management will be required to be used together before a significant impact can be made on these pest insect populations. Major Accomplishments A number of resistant cultivars have been developed and recently released: cotton; nectariless germplasm, MD 51 ne (Stoneville) ; 12 germplasm lines (Mississippi State) ; corn; 6 inbreds, 2 populations (Tifton) ; soybeans; Lamar cultivar and 1 advanced breeding line, D75-1069 (Stoneville); tobacco; advanced breeding line, 1-514 (Oxford, Athens ) . New sources of crop germplasm resistant to Helicoverpa and/or Heliothis continue to be identified and/or factors or chemicals have been introduced into existing germplasms (Ames, Columbia, Mississippi State, Stoneville, Tifton, College Station, Albany, Oxford, Athens) . Biological factors adversely affecting insect growth and development have been described in corn (Tifton, Columbia, Ames); cotton (Mississippi State, College Station, Stoneville); soybean (Stoneville); tobacco (Oxford, Athens), and tomato (Albany). Mechanisms of resistance and at least some of the basis of resistance, including the genetics and biochemistry, have been described and/or found: corn (Tifton, Ames, Columbia); tobacco (Oxford); cotton (Mississippi State, Stoneville, College Station) ; potato (Albany) ; soybean (Stoneville). 2 New and novel approaches are now being developed at College Station and Mississippi State that include the use of transgenic plant development and testing. New and/or modified technology for use in plant resistance studies or for developing new plant resistance cultivars and/or germplasms continue to be reported, such as those for chemical or genetic assays. (Cotton: Mississippi State, Stoneville, College Station; Corn: Tifton; Soybeans: Stoneville; Tobacco: Oxford; Potato: Albany) Basic studies have shown compatibility of corn plant resistance and an insect pathogen, a predator, an insecticide, and inherited sterility as components of integrated pest management (Tifton) . Significance Technological developments made by plant resistance scientists now enable them to more effectively identify new resistant germplasm; identify chemicals and genes conferring resistance; and to insert foreign genes (Bt) into domestic plants. Cottons containing the Bt gene are projected to be available by 1995. Experimental resistant corn and cotton have shown population reduction by as much as 50-65%/generation. Sufficient germplasm of all crops is available to reduce losses by Heliothis/Helicoverpa spp. by as much as 5-10%. New technology and the combination of plant resistance and other components of integrated pest management should reduce losses by Heliothis/Helicoverpa spp. by as much as 50%. Cooperators/Co-investigators Researchers involved with the direction of ARS research on Heliothis and/or Helicoverpa studies have involved themselves, in some cases, more closely with industry such as hybrid corn seed companies, cotton seed companies, tobacco companies, and those biotech companies developing transgenic plants and/or those involved in transfer of genes through RFLP analysis. Lead ARS Scientists Code Name SY Location JAE J. A. Eash 0.5 Albany, CA CAE C. A. Elliger 0.5 Albany, CA ACW A. C. Waiss 0.5 Albany, CA RLW R. L. Wilson CN O Ames, I A RFS R. F. Severson 0.1 Athens, GA MES M. E. Snook 0.1 Athens, GA DWA D. W. Altman 0.7 College Station, TX BDB B. D. Barry 0.1 Columbia, MO LLD L. L. Darrah 0.1 Columbia, MO JNJ J. N. Jenkins 0.6 Mississippi State, WLP W. L. Parrott 0.9 Mississippi State, DMJ D. M. Jackson 0.6 Oxford, NC LL L. Lambert 0.1 Stoneville, MS WRM W. R. Meredith 0.1 Stoneville, MS MS MS 3 REL R. E. Lynch 0.1 Tifton, GA NWW N. W. Widstrom 0.4 Tifton, GA BRW B. R. Wiseman 0.5 Tifton, GA The scientists involved in Heliothis and/or Helicoverpa research continue to utilize many other ARS scientists listed herein to broaden their research scope and to increase the depth of their work as well as numerous state and commercial scientists. ARS Cooperators Name Location D. W. Ow Albany, CA L. M. Poliak Ames, I A O. T. Chortyk Athens, GA W. S. Schlotzhauer Athens, GA W. W. Cantelo Beltsville, MD F. E. Callahan Mississippi State, MS P. A. Hedin Mississippi State, MS J. C. McCarty Mississippi State, MS V. A. Sisson Oxford, NC J. E. Carpenter Tifton, GA L. D. Chandler Tifton, GA H. R. Gross Tifton, GA J. J. Hamm Tifton, GA c. c. Holbrook Tifton, GA M. G. Stephenson Tifton, GA Non-ARS Scientists Name Ken Ziegler Karl Espelie George Teetes Kenneth Sink Albert Johnson Robert Miller Gary Reed David J. Isenhour Mark Nielson George Wagner John Foster Tom Archer Roy Creech Randy Luttrell Stan Surplick Randy Deaton Harry Collins Keith Jones Dirk Benson W. D. Branch Affiliation Iowa State Univ. Univ. of Georgia Texas A&M Univ. Michigan State Univ. Clemson Univ. Univ. of Tenn. Oregon State Univ. Pioneer Hi-Bred Univ. of Kentucky Univ. of Kentucky Univ. of Nebraska Texas A&M Univ. Miss. State Univ. Miss. State Univ. Miss. State Univ. RJR Tobacco Co. Monsanto Delta Pine Land Seed Co. Delta Pine Land Seed Co. Garst Seed Co. Univ. of Georgia Location Ames, IA Athens, GA College Station, TX E. Lansing, MI Florence, SC Greenville, TN Hermington, OR Johnston, IA Lexington, KY Lexington, KY Lincoln, NE Lubbock, TX Mississippi State, MS Mississippi State, MS Mississippi State, MS North Carolina St. Louis, MO Shaw, MS Shaw, MS Thomasville, GA Tifton, GA 4 Robert McPherson Univ. of Georgia Tifton, GA J. A. Mihm CIMMYT El Batan, Mexico Research Gaps and Bottlenecks 1. Need a better marker selection method for identification of genes to be used in commercial breeding programs. 2. Lack of knowledge in insect and plant behavior and physiology as they relate to plant resistance studies. 3. Strong need for additional research on insect rearing to yield a higher quality of insects for plant resistance research. Research Constraints 1. To provide sufficient data to convince commercial breeders to accept resistant cultivars. 2. Provide additional funds for evaluating germplasm and integrating resistant cultivars into IPM. 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O CD O ^ C 4-* ' O 03 C C — » •— fl3 Q_ CO co co E uj 01 Q) L Ifl 2E 4-* C CD CD < ro — » to •— 03 •— Q. 4-J E •— CD — ' c_ C -c D CD «- P U O) 03 CD >- C CD CD 0) Z3 C LU Z < CO ro 03 O) CD CD 3 O >* CD O O _C l— l— 03 4-> _C Q_ C CD CD TJ D (/) L d 03 n CD - CD -C >> -C 4-» 03 CO CD O •— > Q_ — - — > 0 0 0.4-* — ' C E O CD -C O CD > O O •— * CD ID U D O +-* 03 O C CXL 3 3 O O' 4-» "O — ' CD C/3 C CD C — 03 O CD C/3 •— 03 (D CD E 1— — 'CD CD CD SI JZ CD •- CJ 4-* _C l— 4-» CD T3 CD 4-* CD CH-CD- •— O E H- CD E •- c_ L (D P 4J O CD ■— C C 4-> 4-* CD CD CD O CD 03 — *0 CD Q £3 O ■ — H— CD 3: nj ►— r\j CL • o <- _Q 3E • co «— 8 Action Area 2 - Chemical Control and Application Technology Introduction Suppression of Heliothis/Helicoverpa populations with chemical and biological insecticides remains the major component in crop management systems in most corn, cotton, peanut and soybean production areas. Insecticides are most beneficial when used in conjunction with cultural and biological management techniques. For example, several studies have shown that timely application of insecticides can aid in Heliothis/ Helicoverpa management without severe disruption in beneficial insect populations. However, problems do exist with insecticide-based management programs. Insecticide resistance, lack of adequate insecticide formulations, crop phytotoxicity, and environmental contamination can create difficult management situations, but these problems could be effectively managed with increased knowledge of the systems in which Heliothis/Helicoverpa operate. Additional information is needed to facilitate understanding of the Heliothis/Helicoverpa ecosystem, and to provide technological advances for improved insecticide-based crop management systems. Major Accomplishments Pest control. Determined effects of volumes and rates of various insecticides on Heliothis/Helicoverpa mortality ( Stoneville ) . Demonstrated that pyrethroids mixed with non-EC oil and applied in irrigation water provided longer residual control of H. zea on cotton than did pyrethroids mixed with water (Tifton). Showed that ovicide efficacy is dominated by mortality of neonate larvae rather than mortality of eggs (College Station). Demonstrated that pyrethroids applied in irrigation water provided Heliothis/Helicoverpa control as good as that achieved with ground applications (Tifton) . Observed no differences in control of H. virescens using microencapsulated capsule suspensions of profenofos when compared to an EC formulation of profenofos (College Station). Determined that efficacy of polymeric controlled release formulations of sulprofos on H. virescens was greater than with sulprofos and other polymeric formulations (College Station) . Evaluated and identified new insect growth regulators for H. zea control (Tifton) . Demonstrated defensive role of mycotoxins and other fungal metabolites against H. zea (Peoria) . Demonstrated the ability of H. zea detoxification systems to respond to mycotoxins (Peoria). Insecticide resistance. Determined that no cross resistance to carbamates and organophosphates was present in pyrethroid-resistant H. virescens (Stoneville). Determined that inheritance of pyrethroid resistance in resistant H. virescens strain was co-dominant and indicative of the presence of a major metabolic detoxification mechanism (Stoneville) . Analyzed and 9 developed hypotheses concerning inheritance of resistance to methyl parathion and EPN in H. virescens (Phoenix, Weslaco) . Identified resistance to thiodicarb in H. virescens populations that were resistant to pyrethroids ( Stoneville ) . Confirmed resistance to pyrethroid, carbamate, and organophosphate insecticides (multiple resistance) in H . virescens populations in Louisiana and Mississippi (Stoneville). Determined season-long levels of resistance to pyrethroid, carbamate and organophosphate insecticides in naturally occurring H. virescens populations (Stoneville). Determined that no resistance present to pyrethroids in H. virescens/H. zea populations and no resistance present to methomyl in H. zea populations in south Texas and northeast/northwest Mexico (Weslaco) . Observed variations in H. zea resistance to organophosphates in Cental America, southwestern Chiapas, Mexico, and south Texas (Weslaco) . Application technology. Determined that insecticide droplet size is a factor in the efficacy of ovicides; some formulations are more effective with large droplets, while others more effective with small droplets (College Station) . Determined that efficacy of some pyrethroids was influenced by droplet size; large drops increased efficacy on the leaf (College Station, Stoneville) . Showed that insecticide formulations can cause differences in droplet size distributions which can adversely affect efficacy (College Station). Investigated the use of air-assist atomizers for low volume ground application of insecticides in water and oil diluents (Stoneville). Developed improved drop-on-demand device (Stoneville). Developed new application/measuring systems for conduction of droplet size investigations (College Station, Stoneville, Tifton) . Determined best irrigation nozzle packages for application of insecticides ( insectigat ion) to control H. zea infesting corn (Tifton). Determined effects of equipment, formulation, and operational variables on size of spray droplets produced by aircraft delivery systems (College Station) . Determined effects of aerial application variables on insecticide deposition of spray drops in cotton (College Station) . Significance Information developed by scientists working in chemical control and application technology has increased the efficiency of insecticides recommended for Heliothis/Helicoverpa management, and has established guidelines for selection of proper rates, formulas and spray volumes of these insecticides. Studies have identified mechanisms involved in H. virescens insecticide resistance and have provided baseline information for the establishment of resistance management programs. Additionally, research results have served as guides to industry for the development, selection and proper operation of spray nozzles and associated sprayer components for enhanced insecticide efficacy and reduced environmental contamination. 10 Cooperators/Co-investigators Lead ARS Scientists Code Name SY Location LFB L. F. Bouse CN O College Station IWK I. W. Kirk 1.0 College Station MAL M. A. Latheef 1.0 College Station PFD P. F. Dowd 0.2 Peoria, IL ACB A. C. Bartlett 0.1 Phoenix, AZ TJH T. J. Henneberry 0.1 Phoenix, AZ GWE G. W. Elzen 0.5 Stoneville, MS JEM J. E. Mulrooney 0.5 Stoneville, MS WPS W. P. Scott 0.4 Stoneville, MS ACW A. C. Womac CN O Stoneville, MS LDC L. D. Chandler 0.4 Tifton, GA HRS H. R. Sumner 0.5 Tifton, GA DAW D. A. Wolfenbarger 0.9 Weslaco, TX TX TX ARS Cooperators Name Location S. D. Pair Lane, OK 0. D. Daily New Orleans, LA M. R. McGuire Peoria, IL B. S. Shasha Peoria, IL J . J . Hamm Tifton, GA J. E. Carpenter Tifton, GA J. R. Raulston Weslaco, TX Non-ARS Cooperators Name Affiliation Location Jerry B. Graves Louisiana St. Univ. Baton Rouge, LA W. Harrison Rohm & Haas Camilla, GA William R. Martin, Jr. BIOSYS Gainesville, FL M. Firko APHIS Hyattsville, MD Keith H. Griffith Uniroyal Orlando, FL Leon B. Braxton Dow/Elanco Tallahassee, FL Carroll D. Applewhite FMC Tifton, GA Richard B. Chalfant Univ. of Georgia Tifton, GA Gary A. Herzog Univ. of Georgia Tifton, GA J. Norman Texas A&M Univ. Weslaco, TX D. Riley Texas A&M Univ. Weslaco, TX Alton N. Sparks, Jr. Texas A&M Univ. Weslaco, TX M. Gonzalez Ciba-Geigy Torreon, Mexico E. Martinez CAT IE Managua, Nicaragua E. Salgado INIFAP Tampico, Mexico 11 Research Gaps and Bottlenecks 1. Research to extend field viability of biological insecticides (at least 7 days) and develop improved biological insecticide formulations . 2. Develop strategies for use of Bt's in field situations - develop management strategies to eliminate population fluctuations, study sublethal effects, application strategies, etc. 3. Develop simulated cropping systems to evaluate management strategies . 4. Expand opportunities for research on natural products. 5. Expand studies on insect/insecticide genetics for determining mechanisms of resistance. 6. Expand studies on insecticide-plant-insect interactions to include biological insecticides. 7. Studies to integrate insecticide interactions, resistance management, and transgenic plants. 8. Expanded cooperation with formulation chemists at regional labs. 9. Alternatives to pyrethroids. 10. Evaluation of band applications for ways to reduce insecticide rates, etc. in ground application. 11. Earlier involvement of application technology in insecticide evaluation. Bottlenecks: (1) money; (2) personnel; (3) no insects to work on in certain locations during certain years; (4) technology transfer. 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CO 05 CD 05 C CD C H- 4-» O 4-* — CD — CO CO O E — TJ 4-. 3 E 3 L CD - CD O 05 TJ 05 4-» "O L_ — 44 C 44 C C O L. CO O 0) 05 CD — CD X U ~0 E co 05 05 U O C C CD CD O 4-< 4-J 4-* H- CO CO O — 05 — (0 L CO C CO 05 O 05 05 — 05 — 05 CJ L. E C- U JZ O l_ 3 4 (D 05 05 05 4 4 44 "O 44 "O CO CO CD — — 05 — E t- CO TJ CO O O 05 h- C C C 05 CJ TJ O — CD — E -O X C\J CL • O CM CD —i ro CL • Q_ 3 • in cnj -Q -i ro cl • CL «— 3 • in cm GWE, DAW, ACB SAME SAME SAME SAME SUPPL Conduct studies to Initiate studies Continue as in yr 1 Continue as in yr 2 Continue as in yr 3 Continue as in yr 2.1.3c develop insecticide designed to determine and increase emphasis and integrate resistance management effects of various on evaluating new findings into optimal 14 CO C 4) • •--DU JQ — 4-» E o 43 O — •— » O 4-» E ■0—0 43 — • 43 CO Q_ CO t- — 43 O 4-* O 03 — - - * 4-J 43 CL T3 >1-0 <0 — ' C 43 t- 43 — _l X > 43 43 E co w o — D C_ O H- (A 4-* t_ CO O 4-* — » CO «- <33 (0 43 • 3 O O VN C CT) CT) — CD 4-» >w 4-* -C -X O (0 C 4-» * t_ to — CT) O E CD C 43 4-* — 03 CL 03 O L. 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CL 03 I o I < hO I UJ • I -J vt Q CD «- LU • u- ro < • CO vfr X CM i- ro CL • O _J ro CL • O cl m < >j- 3 • LU • to — I >J- Action Area 4 - Behavior Modifying Chemicals Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year c C/5 o c O CO 4-» L> O CO I _ - 0 3 3 4-» 4-» Q_ CL O 4-» CO Q. Q_ O E -O O _C — ' *->*-> Qj 4-» O — C E -I 3 Q ^ “0 “3 C c o > o — 4-» 4-* E O O O Q- ■O T3 O 0) E O CD 4-» H- C/5 >* C/5 Vi D O >. o 4-* •«— C_ C/5 -C — Q- C — • — 01 05 Zj C C V* — O C/5 C/5 ■— — 35 O D D CD > T3 — > — C CD — * O O 4-* c- D O CL ID — CL O — D i- 0) i/l Q.X ro O 0) r Q. -m •— •*-» H- C/5 +■* — o c 0 5 05 — CD O C — » C — 4-» O CD O "O C/5 C — E C O — C_ O O 4-» H (D L Q. E v 0) (/) T) O CD SZ O C U E O-L ID CD C/5 4-» o -- c 4-» CD O C/5 CD — t- E D C_ O O — • QJ — 4—* CD C/5 > CD — E TJ C/5 H CO QC k k a -3^-3 O -O 4-* CD C O •o s: C 4-» co — 2 v* o 3 C/5 >* C +-• - * >* ■M D CD C Vi t- O 41 L U L < *-» Q. 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Action Area 4 - Behavior Modifying Chemicals Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year O 36 73 c /) TJ *-> C 73 TJ — ' C CD D i- O U CL 4-* E 03 <1> •— CO CO O C/3 4-* — ' > C ID <13 — « — ZJ > Q- 4-* 03 CL O — Q 0J 4-* (/) 03 ZJ C O — CL E X O 4-* O — > CD — 4-» 4-* 03 O *-> u o — a» tj c 03 03 03 03 TJ •— a» 03 O 4-» O 73 O — ' 03 CD O (1) ^ E O 03 JZ 71 03 Q_ — C 71 — 03 CD 73 C .C 4-' 03 O C <- C X CL 03 (/) CL _c O ZJ C — O ' 03 — ' O -Q C/3 C/3 C/3 03 TJ JZ C 4—* ZJ C O >s CL 73 E O O — U T) C/3 C C_ TJ 03 03 c oir 3 O 4-* O—O Q-.Q E TJ O 03 C O C CD C TJ 73 03 ZJ 03 03 — • T I_ O •— U- LT3 < • C/3 >J- E O O 4-* (— — ' > H— C CD — 03 2 O 03 JZ T3 O — JZ 03 JZ 03 4-* 4-J •— C/3 O 03 — I- CL 73 — TJ O O 4-* 4-» C •— H- C CD 73 73 03 XX 03 "O 7) r P TJ — 4-» Q_ — — O > 4-» C 03 03 — Q. 03 73 > 4-* 03 03 C 03 O Q. _Q — JZ CD 03 .Q TJ D — E O TJ CD E c/3 D 73 C O O CL TJ — E C 4-* O CD 0J O D X — ' TJ C- 03 03 O > 4-* 4-* 03 CD 03 — ' L 03 D O 03 TJ — > C 4-» 03 CD 4-* — ' — ' O .Q O 03 E H- £_ 73 C- H- O TJ O 03 C M— 73 D 4-* TJ O CL 73 C CL O O ZJ E — ' E O O 03 Q_ O > t- E 03 O O *4- Q H- O O t- 73 X o E C — 03 c 73 — CD E C 03 4-* C — TJ u — 4-» 03 _Q CTJ4- E O C *4- o U ID 03 U TJ 03 C > CD — — O -Q CD X 4-* 4-* 73 — 03—71 C U TJ - C D O CL CL E E o o — 03 03 C -Q m - - X L. 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X 3 73 73 03 03 O C JZ — O O 4-* jQ 4-* E Action Area 4 - Behavior Modifying Chemicals Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year o 37 in Q_ D E — TJ tj — m at 4 — 01 CO C X- > ZJ E 05 *-> CO 3 CO > LU TJ t- A C O CO CD X- 05 C >* CO t— TJ > O C — 4-* D 4-* CO O O C_ Q_ 05 O E x— -Q o h- ra o o — » o (0 TJ c/) C —• CD E C 05 O CO •— C/5 \ CD CO X— 0) O — ' XI 05 4-* CO l- O C/5 — 05 0) 10 — * C TJ 0) 05 •— 3: > O QJ ■— 4-1 4-J CD 4-* O 4-» — C/5 O) — C -D — c _c co o c 0 0 05 O C/5 C U 0) CO — — X- l_ CD — * •4- CD CT> 05 05 Q. CD 05 A tj O XI o 4-> > 05 — E 4-* (0 O -D Q. 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C/5 i C/) C — ' o O CD 05 — CD 4-* O L. 4-* E — 0)00.1 C0~OC/54-* C/)E CH- OO— ^ W *005 — 05— »— D 05 Q. 01 O _C C XI 05 E E — 04-* -COO > 05 L S - * 4-> O — — » EE — — 05 — 05 05 05T3 O •*>- » T3 — Q.C/) C4-» 05— CD 05 S- O O — W 4J O W •* — < >^ O « CO O - DC005 0) — ' CD 05 05 E 4-» — » >Q.l_C - H_ Q5 £_ c/) CD aiaocDOiH-rooiu QCD'4-Q.L-05 U'4-4-»C/) (/) > CD CD O C/) — C/5 O) CD O O CD •— O ( A — >- E _C 05 O- -C o Q_ O o — JD 05 > -o 05 C Q CD ■o c CD 05 > >* O 4-» CD -O CD > C/5 — 05 — C/5 C -Q T3 — — C E 4-» O L- CD O 05 a a 4-» E E 0) O O QUO CD 4-* — > — » C/5 05 Q. _Q 3: D — * 4-» C/) (D v4- C 4-* C CD O (DO 4-» O 05 E — — L-OOU- O C t- CD 05 (/) (D *+- i: x o o 05 C l_ a co o C/5 4-» (5) 05 -O O Q| D C (A CD CL C O A — C/5 4-» 05 O C— D Q-TJ a o D C- (/) Ql < Ul CL LU Q o C 05 O UJ -o o A CD c O "0 05 E > 05 -- (/) O > >» c 05 — A >*-• *4— CD — O 4-» — C E 05 05 TJ x: — o O 05 •* JC Q) 4-» 4-* C O — 05 05 C U) > H— — CD — H— 1— 4-* 05 C/) O U T5 4- 05 0 05 (D-< ^ U 05 T3 s- 4-j — — — 05 C/5 E H— O X 05 05 4-> Q. 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O) -C 4-» — — » — -C UJ O05U-E0lO)4J — »4-»OC0OC-OO — - 05 CD — CD C — » — CD >c_Et-OTJO— » O 05 4-* 05 co O C — 05 — OCOCOQ.05CDXJ3: E 05 Q O «— UJ • LX. sO < • (/) x r\j ^ vO cl • O sJ- -j m Q- • CL vO 3 • (Si vt O O — O E < N- 05 UJ • (Si _J evaluation methods JHT, WJL, RFS SAME WJL SAME SAFEGD Develop methods for Design wind tunnel Select or design Field evaluate Determine optimum Relate number of 4.7.1 using semi ochemi ca l s assay to measure the traps having maximum semi ochemi ca l distribution of parasitoids captured in — C CD O — -Q CA C — ' & O Q. a 3 4-* — o a to 4-* t_ — t_ co o E N CP O — U -C 4-* *-* CP o — 4-» O CA CA CP — a — * o a» 4-* o — ca 4-» C — 3 "O ^ CO — 4-» — O — 4-* Q. — ' C t- D Q) O E E CD — 4-* C_ CA O O) CD — O — 0)0 - - » C V D L (D flj ►h (A (D Q. Q. IX — ' — » O) — 3 c -Q E — CD •*- U) cp cp cp cp - - - > — Z3 CA - L T) (A 4-* O C E •— •— CO to CA > C_ O CD O) O) ax: c o cp — c_ 4-* _Q t— Q_ C CO OP'D 0> O E Oi J- CA CP C CO — ' t- O C U) ■— c > -C CD CD OP C OP a> o cp — » t- 38 CA C o D E O X 4-* CA — o-o — * 4-* — — 0-0 _o — 4-* a» CD — » •— 4-* D CA CP 0) E CD O) x: — c_ c_ 4-* 4-# to CD CA a 4-* 0) c_ 4-> C C CA 3 O — — "O CA 01 CD X — * CD — ' iJ 4J CA OP P— C <- — ' 3= — O OP “5 E a CA 4-* L- CA CD O * CP C OP CD —3 4-* CD — * a — J X 01 L OP E -3 Q Q 4-* C_ — 3 CA O) "O O C — C — O CD c_ 4-» — o — O 4-* CA — — <0 v4— d C— H- O CD cp e a CA -O 1- C D CD O O c o CP x: o) 3 C LU CP C X C l_ < — CD (✓) E CP ( _ - CP UJ < CO CP o o x "O CP U — < CA to cd a —I — ' C CD -J a o t- 3 — 4-* O CA 4-» * 4-* — * C >. P- CD CP CLP X CA O > > “3 0-0— C l. — E O D CP O CP O CA P— ca r c_p C — O C 4-i u_ O (A O - U Q. CD — X OP CA c_ E 4-* CA -3 OP CD CP — C X L QUA 3 - Q CD CA L_ CP a CA >- C- -0-0 to 4-* c E — » CD CP CD — CD X X v4- C_ 4-» 4-* 4-* * O (/) a c x -o CP ca o> u >* — >. E CP O C 4-* O _J H- C — -CO— 4-* -3 — O _Q CP — > — 3 4-* l_ CD ZJ O CP CA c — - - — a) to 0) > L4-H- c L “3 "OCCDC^OtD X ►_ CP > — CD — ' Q_ Q -o CP 4-* U CP O — 1- CP CA r CD 3H- c O O s- — — (A X (D n= Q O — » — * - _Q H- “3 “O o CA CD l_ CD a ca c >* o CP — > 4-* t- CD D CA D a o o 4-< a 4-* CA O C_ CP o 4-» L. H— CJ O CP CD — H- > CP “O "O * CP — — o c c o c — C_ 4-* CP E CD — — C- CP CA O GJ — ' CD — CP H- CD H- o o a CP X f\J p— ^ CL • o >* —I PO CL • Cl ZD • CO ^ 39 Action Area 5 - Biological Control Introduction Helicoverpa zea and Heliothis virescens , as a complex, are the most costly agricultural insect pests in the United States. They attack a wide range of crops and other plants and cause economic losses estimated to exceed $1 billion annually (USDA 1976). Further, the extensive frequent use of conventional pesticides for their control presents serious environmental consequences. The need for effective and environmentally safe control technology is urgent. Recent findings regarding the contamination of ground water with pesticides, together with emerging resistance problems for the limited remaining number of effective pesticides, has greatly intensified this urgency. In field crops, augmentation is an important part of biocontrol of pests. Augmentation of entomophagous insects is considered among, if not the leading, viable alternative to conventional pesticides. However, the lack of critical biological information and methodology are barriers to their use for control of many of our most serious agricultural pests. A major research thrust to include field evaluation is imperative to developing this important technology. Major Accomplishments Demonstrated increases in effectiveness of Bacillus thur inqiensis in field control through development of new isolates, additives, and formulations. (Oxford, NC; Stoneville, MS; Tifton, GA) Broad spectrum nuclear polyhedrosis virus having infectivity to both bollworm and budworm was recently isolated. (Columbia, MO; Fresno, CA; Stoneville, MS; Phoenix, AZ) Increased in vitro production of polyhedral inclusion bodies has been accomplished through development of new lepidopteran cell lines. (Columbia, MO) Cage and field studies demonstrated potential efficacious use of baculovirus in reducing adult bollworm and budworm emergence early-season, providing the basis for a 100 sq mi area pilot test. (Stoneville, MS; Sandoz) Demonstrated increase in infectivity and environmental persistence of baculovirus through the use of various additives or alkaline treatment; demonstrated that an NPV was genetically stable over a 20-yr period by propagation in insects. (Columbia, MO; Tifton, GA) Discovered nonoccluded baculovirus that reduces vigor of M. croceipes (Tifton) ; demonstrated that a venom from an ectoparasite arrested molting in Heliothis /Helicoverpa and numerous other lepidopteran species (Columbia) ; developed genetic information for parasite population survey and for detecting resistance (Columbia). First PCR studies show that a molecular genetic difference can be found between male and female Microplit is croceipes (Fargo, ND; Columbia, MO). A dominant black-body 40 mutant marker of M. croceipes is available for parasite population studies. (Columbia, MO) Evaluation of new Bt strains, formulations, and application methods on tobacco. Field evaluations (1988-91) of an NPV-autodissemination technique for suppression of H. virescens in tobacco and H. zea in sweet corn; low levels (significant) of control were demonstrated in both cropping systems. (Oxford, NC) Developed efficient methodology for mass producing Archvtas marmoratus on greater wax moth (Tifton, GA) ; mechanized mass production procedures have been developed for Heliothis virescens and its sterile hybrid backcross, and for Helicoverpa zea (Mississippi State, MS); these are used for in vivo production of Microplitis croceipes and commercial level production of NPV. (Mississippi State) Improved culture media for egg hatch and viability of Trichoqramma and Chrysoperla ; in vitro culture of E. bryani is promising for large-scale production (Kentucky, Weslaco, TX) ; a cell line already mass-produced for baculovirus production can be used to support growth and development of M. croceipes embryos in vitro (Gainesville, FL; Beltsville, MD); an artificial oviposition substrate was developed for M. croceipes (Gainesville, FL) ; molting of M. croceipes larvae is independent of host hormones, but is dependent on a minimum critical parasitoid larval size (Gainesville, FL) ; M. croceipes growth iji vitro is dramatically improved by the presence of teratocytes. (Gainesville, FL; Lexington, KY) Field application of Steinernema sp. resulted in high mortality of Helicoverpa (Weslaco, TX). Developed a species- and instar-specific ELISA for remains of H. zea fifth instars in predators stomachs (this has been tested with spiders, stink bugs, and polistine wasps); adapted a new immunoassay format, Immunodat, for predator stomach analysis which may be used in foreign exploration for predators (Columbia, MO). Demonstrated virulence of entomopathogenic fungi (e.g., Nomuraea rilevi ) in Heliothis /Helicoverpa due to complex profile of chit in-degrading enzymes (Columbia, MO). Insecticides applied to parasitized budworm larvae and to adult M. croceipes showed that parasitoids tolerated certain compounds more than others (Columbia, MO; Stoneville, MS). Females of M. croceipes respond to volatile cues from host plants in combination with a non-volatile host recognition kairomone (Gainesville, FL; Tifton, GA) ; elucidated semiochemical mediated foraging behavior in M. croceipes and Cotesia marqiniventris (Gainesville, FL; Tifton, GA) ; experience and learning were found to play a key role in host foraging in both species (Gainesville, FL; Tifton, GA) . Established mechanized production procedures with current equipment to produce H. virescens , H. zea. and Heliothis backcross to evaluate proposed biological control concepts (Mississippi State, MS). Mass rearing of the predator Geocoris punct ipes has been enabled by development of a low cost artificial medium and rearing method. This is being utilized by APHIS-S&T toward allowing augmentative releases of 41 Geocoris (Phoenix, AZ). Progress is being made in improving mass propagation technology for Chrysoperla (Weslaco, TX) . Use of an imported eriophyid mite for the control of Geranium dissectum, a major host of first generation Heliothis/Helicoverpa spp. (Stoneville, MS) . Insecticides applied to Heliothis virescens that were parasitized by M. croceipes and to adult wasps show that certain compounds favor survival of the parasitoid. This information would be important in integrating biological control into pest management strategies (Stoneville, MS). Significance Mass rearing technology for Heliothis/Helicoverpa spp. is advanced and mechanized to the degree that large programs can rely on consistent production of high numbers. (Need to give potential numbers). This enables large-scale production of NPV, sterile hybrid backcross insects, and parasitoids. Augmentation/suppression programs are being conducted to evaluate feasibility and efficacy. Cooperators /Co-investigators Lead ARS Scientists Code Name SY Location TAC T. A. Coudron 0.2 Columbia, MO MHG M. H. Greenstone 0.8 Columbia, MO CM I C. M. Ignoffo 0.8 Columbia, MO AHM A. H. McIntosh 0.9 Columbia, MO WCR W. C. Rice 1.0 Columbia, MO WWMS W. W. M. Steiner 0.6 Columbia, MO PW P. V. Vail 0.3 Fresno, CA SMF S. M. Ferkovich 1.0 Gainesville, FL PDG P. D. Greany 0.5 Gainesville, FL HO H. Oberlander 0.1 Gainesville, FL JHT J. H. Tumlinson 0.2 Gainesville, FL JLR J. L. Roberson 0.3 Mississippi State, ACC A. C. Cohen 0.4 Phoenix, AZ MRB M. R. Bell 1.0 Stoneville, MS GWE G. W. Elzen 0.5 Stoneville, MS DDH D. D. Hardee 0.3 Stoneville, MS JEP J. E. Powell 1.0 Stoneville, MS JEC J. E. Carpenter 0.2 Tifton, GA LDC L. D. Chandler 0.2 Tifton, GA HRG H. R. Gross 0.6 Tifton, GA JJH J. J. Hamm 0.5 Tifton, GA WJL W. J. Lewis 0.5 Tifton, GA EGK E. G. King 0.1 Weslaco, TX WCN W. C. Nettles 0.1 Weslaco, TX DAN D. A. Nordlund 0.1 Weslaco, TX JRR J. R. Raulston 0.3 Weslaco, TX 42 ARS Cooperators Name Location W. S. Schlotzhauer Athens, GA R. F. Severson Athens, GA T. J. Kelly Beltsville, MD D. E. Lynn Beltsville, MD E. P. Masler Beltsville, MD G. N. El-Sayed Columbia, MO R. L. Roehrdanz Fargo, ND V. A. Sisson Oxford, NC T. J. Henneberry Phoenix, AZ E. Cabanillas (Res. Assoc.) Weslaco, TX R. R. Martec Weslaco, TX Z. N. Xie (Ciba-Geigy) Weslaco, TX Z. X. Wu (Ciba-Geigy) Weslaco, TX K. R. Hopper Montpellier , F: Non-ARS Cooperators Name Affiliation Location Peter Adler Clemson Univ. Clemson, SC — CIBA-GEIGY Fargo, ND Stefan Weiss GIBCO Grand Island, NY — Bactec Corp. Houston, TX Grayson C. Brown Univ. of Kentucky Lexington, KY Douglas L. Dahlman Univ. of Kentucky Lexington, KY Davy Jones Univ. of Kentucky Lexington, KY Gerald L. Nordin Univ. of Kentucky Lexington, KY Lee Townsend Univ. of Kentucky Lexington, KY Douglas W. Johnson Univ. of Kentucky Princeton, KY — Sandoz Crop Prot. Inc. Sacramento, CA. — Mycogen Corp. San Diego, CA A. Bratti Univ. of Bologna Italy P. Fanti Univ. of Bologna Italy E. Mellini Univ. of Bologna Italy Roger A. Farrow CSIRO Canberra, Australia Stephen D. Trowell CSIRO Canberra, Australia P. Porcheron Univ. Pierre & Paris, France Marie Curie Research Gaps and Bottlenecks 1. Need increased persistence of microbials. 2. Lack of knowledge on efficiency of native and released beneficials. 3. Research on antogonistic organisms against natural enemies. 4. Lack of screening biological activity of natural substances produced by entomopathogens and other natural enemies. More emphasis needed on mass rearing and production (Increased numbers, quality, etc.) when preparing for large area-wide programs, including hosts/parasites/predators/pathogens. 5. 43 6. Increased research effort on monitoring impact and establishment of released insects. 7. Increased emphasis on technology transfer and acceptance by general public . 8. Lack of knowledge on genetic variation in adaptability. 9. Lack of network of exchange of active materials in biological control . 10. Ultimate goal is area-wide suppression; area-wide basis is a gap. Constraints 1. Money. 2. Research Associate program for 2 years (50 for 2 years; instead of 100 for 1 year), and avoid recency requirement. 3. Knowledge of systematics in biocontrol agents and hosts. 4. Coordination (lack of) foreign and domestic research on Heliothis/Helicoverpa. LEAD Develop technology Identify indigenous. Continue as in yr 1; Identify most Continue yr 3 Organize and develop 5.1 for managing exotic, or genetically application, formu- efficacious strategies techniques into pilot 0 4-» - 4-» «J 3 CO CO C_ 0 0 0 4-» C — Q. CO O) C v*— Qj H— O O -M o E 0 0 CO l— CO *U 0 4-» O •*- (fl 3 O — >4-* O' •*-* 4-* (0 — - — C - - ' CO C 0 O) O — 4-* _C E C t- _Q U O 0 •— 0 0 3 0 O) •M E -Q “O -M CD (/) E O O C 0 O l— l— C— CO *-* O Q. Q_ O E 2 44 >* - » 3 O) > CD O O CO — C — ' _C 4-* O 0 CO C C XI CO (/)(/) 0 CO r (D C CD 4-* CO O E M- 0 O C 3 0 t_ O CT> TJ Q. O 4-* O CO O 0 •— X H- 3 C _C 4-* — '4-* CD LU 0 O O 4-* CO CO O' h- O 4-> E E 4-» 00H-C-C0OH-0 Q c_ 0 Q. 0 ~0 O — E CT) >. 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O CO >* TJ CD 0/ CO 03 CO > (0 CH- c O CD — O 0) c- O C 03 Q- — — X O E TJ E 4J x — C_ — 4-» TJ 0/ > CD Q- C- 4-» — CL O CD 0) 4-* O -J TJ TJ O E QJ C CD O > CD L O P OJ 4-J o — c O CO H- _Q 0) _J PO CL • CL »— ZD • C/3 L/3 LEAD Develop technology Develop plans for field Conduct field studies Repeat yr 2 or Implement management Repeat yr 5.2 for managing evaluation of native and with treatments redesign if no scheme with reduced Heliothis/Hel i cover pa imported species of determined yr 1, differences seen; pesticide use 46 in E 4-» >* 4-* D <0 — o — » CD > C D 1- •— CD L- H- Q_ "D CD C CD XJ LU C 2: X cd < H- co — o c — CD t- xj » <- O) C OKU O CD O *D c- —• C. Q. cn o n3 C C 4-» CJ — _C <0 o t- o CO CD CO 4-» LU C o CD i_ • CD -Q 4-» CD CD — * 4-» 4-» . 4-4 l_ CJ) 3 O O O > O O C— C- -C L- Q. O CD E 4-* CD CD 1- » "O > CO CO o C CD CD XJ LU LU 2: < cn c o O 4-* O X) — ■ l— (D L CJ) ■«. >. 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CO _Q CD Ot jQ X CM »— ro Q- • O LTl _i ro CL • a_ ro 3 • C ✓) LO 49 Action Area 6 - Genetics, Molecular Biology, and Basic Physiology Introduction The tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens ) and the corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea) are pests on a wide variety of crops including cotton, corn, soybean, lettuce, tomato, tobacco, and other economic and ornamental plants. Currently, their control is achieved almost entirely through the use of synthetic organic insecticides. The desire to effectively manage Heliothis /Helicoverpa spp. using integrated control strategies that reduce pesticide dependency continues as a primary thrust of ARS scientists. Insect genetics, molecular biology, and basic physiology can provide major contributions to the discovery, development, and refinement of alternative management approaches for Heliothis /Helicoverpa spp. These contributions will be maximized if future investigations involving genetics, molecular biology, and physiology emphasize the following research areas: (1) the elucidation of the mechanism responsible for backcross sterility in H. virescens and the transfer of backcross sterility to H. zea, (2) the evaluation of backcross sterility as a control concept for H. virescens in the Mississippi delta area, (3) the crossbreeding of Helicoverpa spp. to develop backcross sterility in H. zea, (4) the potential use of inherited sterility as a control strategy for H. zea and H. virescens , (5) the development of genetic sexing systems for H. zea and H. virescens to eliminate the production of females, and (6) the elucidation of physiological and biochemical basis of development, diapause and reproduction in Heliothis /Helicoverpa. Major Accomplishments Studies in genetics, molecular biology, basic physiology, and developments in support science and technology have resulted in significant accomplishments which should enhance future success in developing control strategies for Heliothis /Helicoverpa spp. These recent accomplishments are listed by location. Catalogue of Noctuidae of the world; revision of Heliothis virescens species group and higher classification of Helicoverpa . (Beltsville, MD) Improved methods and techniques for releasing Heliothis backcross insects in area-wide release programs; determined that the attractancy of H. virescens backcross females to wild males was not adversely affected by continuous colonization in the laboratory. (Stoneville, MS) Established mechanized production procedures to produce H. virescens , H. zea. and Heliothis backcross to evaluate proposed biological control concepts. (Mississippi State, MS) Developed a multiple-technique approach for fingerprinting genetic structures of suspected migrants from Mexico and from U.S. resident populations of H. virescens and H. zea . This includes use of (1) isoenzymes, (2) mitochondrial DNA RFLP, (3) genomic DNA RFLP, and (4) polymorphism in DNA sequences amplified by PCR (Polymerase Chain 50 Reaction) . Identified significant allele frequency differences of ADK, CK and PGM loci among populations of H. zea. Cloned two EcoRI fragments of mitochondria of H. virescens . Restriction digests of individual moths probed with mtDNA showed polymorphism in feral populations. Preliminary data suggest differences among geographical populations. Restriction analysis of PCR amplified DNAs showed extensive polymorphism in populations. Studies on limited samples showed interpopulational differences. (Fargo, ND) Demonstrated the presence of Rickettsia-like Organisms (RLOs) in the testes of Heliothis virescens and FI and early backcross generations (BC1, BC2 ) derived from the interspecific hybridization of H. virescens X H. subf lexa. These bacteria-like organisms were also present in testes of Helicoverpa zea and FI males derived from the cross H. zea X H. assulta . Determined that wild-type populations of H. virescens and H. zea have microorganisms within the testes similar to those of laboratory-reared moths except that they are enclosed by a bacterial-like cell wall. Discovered that Virus-like Particles (VLPs) are present in spermatocyst cell nuclei of all species of Heliothis and Helicoverpa examined to date (H. virescens , H. subf lexa, Helicoverpa zea, H. assulta, H. punctiqera, H. armiqera) , as well as in FI and backcross testes resulting from crosses between some of the above species. The particles are more abundant in older males (6 day adults), and appear in native moths as well as in laboratory reared ones and are found among species of wide geographical distribution (Korea, Pakistan, Australia). (Fargo, ND) Identified the surface lipids of diapausing H. virescens pupae. Discovered that these lipids were composed of equal amounts of long-chain fatty aldehydes and the corresponding fatty alcohols, and lesser amounts of wax esters. The was esters consisted of long-chain alcohols esterified to saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. (Fargo, ND) Discovered novel very long-chain methyl-branched alcohols and their acetate esters in the internal lipids of developing H. virescens pupae. These compounds are essentially absent at the beginning and end of the pupal stage. They reach a maximum level just prior to the midpoint of the pupal stage and at this time are the lipids most actively synthesized. (Fargo, ND) Investigated molecular aspects of sperm development in Heliothis virescens X H. subf lexa backcross hybrids. Cloned portions of the H. virescens mitochondrial genome, discovered that four transcripts in backcross hybrid testes are not polyadenylated. Isolated and characterized mitochondrial chaperonin (hsp60) polypeptides; cloned and sequenced a gene encoding a sperm-specific isoform which exists as a unique net charge and/or molecular weight variant in all insect species screened. (Gainesville, FL) Purified and characterized hemolymph storage proteins from H. virescens , cloned and sequenced their cognate cNDAs . Discovered that the gene for 51 one of these polypeptides, "p82" , is also expressed in cells of the testis sheath; also that the p82 polypeptide is transported into differentiating spermatids and sequestered within their mitochondrial derivatives. (Gainesville, FL) Discovered that the p82 storage protein and lipophorin are hemolymph riboflavin-binding proteins and determined various kinetic properties of flavin binding. Developed a flavin affinity matrix for the purification of this class of polypeptides and determined that several groups of insects express homologous polypeptides. Also discovered that testes and malpighian tubules contain large reserves of unbound riboflavin, and further, that these pools are neither dependent upon dietary flavin nor are metabolically interconnected with that in the hemolymph. (Gainesville, FL) Demonstrated the effects of substerilizing doses of radiation and inherited sterility on Helicoverpa zea reproduction. Inherited deleterious effects resulting from irradiation of males and females were expressed for several generations. Laboratory and field studies on reproduction and survival indicated that the use of substerilizing doses of radiation and the resulting inherited sterility has a greater potential as a selective management strategy for H. zea than does the conventional 100% sterilizing dosage. (Tifton, GA) Demonstrated the effects of substerilizing doses of radiation and inherited sterility on H. zea behavior. Studies revealed that irradiated (10 krad) and nonirradiated, laboratory-reared males released in the field or in field cages were not significantly different in their nocturnal behavior and mating propensity of females that had been mated with irradiated (10 krad) and nonirradiated males was not significantly different. (Tifton, GA) Conducted a pilot test designed to study the efficacy of using inherited sterility for suppressing seasonal population increases of H. zea. Although data from this study have not been fully analyzed, preliminary results revealed a positive correlation between the distance from the release site of irradiated (10 krad) males and the number of wild males captured. Also, seasonal population curves of wild males captured and wild males estimated from mark-recapture data revealed that seasonal increases of wild H. zea males were reduced where irradiated males were released. (Tifton, GA) Significance Improved methods and techniques in Heliothis rearing and release technology will provide significant savings in the conduct of area-wide release programs to control Heliothis /Helicoverpa species. Pilot test studies demonstrated the potential of inherited sterility to suppress seasonal population increases of Helicoverpa zea. The discovery of Rickettsia-like organisms (RLOs) and Virus-like particles (VLPs) in the testes of backcross sterile males, and the characterization of mitocondrial chapronin polypeptides and hemolymph riboflavin binding storage proteins (both of which express in testis) should now enable scientists to identify the mechanism of backcross sterility. The 52 development of baseline genetic information on mtDNA RFLP , allozymes and PCR amplification profiles in H. zea and H. virescens should aid in determining the origin of migrant moths and their contribution to population dynamics in U.S. agricultural habitats. Cooperators /Co- investigators Lead ARS Scientists Code Name RWP R. W. Poole JSB J. S. Buckner MED M. E. Degrugillier CMK C. M. Krueger SKN S. K. Narang DRN D. R. Nelson SGM S. G. Miller HO H. Oberlander JLR J. L. Roberson MLL M. L. Laster JEC J. E. Carpenter LDC L. D. Chandler HRG H. R. Gross BRW B. R. Wiseman ARS Cooperators Name D. L. Silhacek A. Handler D. D. Hardee G. G. Hartley SY Location 0.3 Beltsville, MD 0.3 Fargo, ND 1.0 Fargo, ND 1.0 Fargo, ND 0.3 Fargo, ND 0.3 Fargo, ND 1.0 Gainesville, FL 0.1 Gainesville, FL 0.5 Mississippi State 1.0 Stoneville, MS 0.3 Tifton, GA 0.1 Tifton, GA 0.1 Tifton, GA 0.1 Tifton, GA Location Gainesville, FL Gainesville, FL Stoneville, MS Stoneville, MS Non-ARS Cooperators Name Affiliation Location Charles Mitter Univ. of Maryland Baltimore, MD S. Conant Univ. of Hawaii Honolulu, HI John C. Schneider Miss. St. Univ. Mississippi St., MS Peter P. Sikorowski Miss. St. Univ. Mississippi St., MS Gary J. Blomquist Univ. of Nevada Reno, NV R. Feyereisen Univ. of Arizona Tucson, AZ S. Sutrisno Center of the Application of Isotopes and Radiation Indonesia R. E. Teakle Dept, of Primary Industry Indooroopilly , Queensland, Austral J. H. Brettel Cotton Research Inst. Kadoma, Zimbabwe G. Fitt CSIRO Narrabri, N.S.W. Australia B. Napompeth Kasetsart Univ. Thailand 53 Research Gaps and Bottlenecks Gaps 1. Molecular basis of insecticide resistance: This knowledge is needed for use of insecticide resistance gene as a selectable marker in high priority research including monitoring of feral populations for insecticide resistance, development of genetic sexing procedures and germline transformation methods. Bottleneck: None identified. 2 . Quick and effective method for distinguishing eggs and larvae of Heliothis virescens from those of Helicoverpa zea: Currently, it is not possible to identify pest species (from eggs and larvae) responsible for fresh infestations in the field. This knowledge is necessary for rapid field identification of pest species, so that appropriate control measures can be applied. (SM] Bottleneck: None predicted 3. Automation of sexing (by genetic and molecular methods): The purpose is to develop methods for accurate and rapid sexing of pupae or adults (or of earlier developmental stages). This research is an important requirement for developing technology for mass propagation, processing and distribution of Heliothis and Helivoverpa species. It would enhance the effectiveness of backcross sterility and inherited sterility as a component of Area Wide Integrated Pest Management Strategies. Genetic and molecular approaches to sexing would involve cloning, characterization and in situ localization of sex-specific genes, and establishment of linkage groups and genetic maps of markers - mutants, allozymes and polymorphic DNA sequences. Bottleneck: Lack of germ-line transformation method for Heliothis and Helicoverpa. 4. Quality control of mass-reared insects: Genetic (and other) methods are needed for assessment of quality of mass-reared and genetically altered moths (with inherited or backcross sterility) to assure their interacting and competing with wild moths. The quality assessment may include information on pheromone production, post-treatment sterility, longevity, mating performance, mating preference, flight and genetic variability. Bottleneck: None identified. 5 . Rapid methods for estimating the spread of backcross sterility factors (distinguishing backcross sterile insects and their progeny from native insects) into the native population. Bottleneck: None identified. 6 . Methods (genetic engineering) for achieving inherited sterility or other deleterious effects without the use of irradiation: This research is needed to avoid the damaging effects of irradiation affecting quality of sterile insects. Non-radiation sterility methods will enhance the effectiveness of genetic control as a component of the Area Wide Integrated Pest Management Strategies. 54 Bottleneck: Germ-line transformation method for Heliothis/Helicoverpa. 7 . Improved methods for synchronous rearing of Heliothis and Helicoverpa species: There is a need to develop improved rearing techniques for the purpose of providing sufficient numbers of insects synchronized to the same stage(s) of development. Availability of synchronized larvae and pupae of the same physiological age is important for successfully conducting: a) tests of plant germplasm for insect resistance; b) comparative studies on hormonal regulation of key physiological and biochemical processes responsible for: 1) storage and excretion of toxic nitrogenous waste products ; 2) synthesis and deposition of cuticular lipids; 3) synthesis of novel methyl-branched alcohols in pupae. Bottlenecks : None Research Constraints Scientists in the Genetics, Molecular Biology, and Basic Physiology Action Area are involved in a diverse group of research projects and therefore, confronted with a variety of constraints to achieving research goals. Although insufficient funds and/or manpower are a common constraint for many research projects, other more specific constraints are as follows: Rearing Heliothis/Helicoverpa spp. : Automated equipment and facilities are limited and rearing costs are high. Pilot Study on BCS: The pilot study will be conducted over a 9 mi. x 9 mi. area in the Mississippi Delta. Due to the high costs of rearing and labor, appropriations do not permit replication of the release area within years. Also, adverse weather conditions during the release could seriously affect moth emergence. Development of Helicoverpa BCS: The critical need is to import foreign Helicoverpa species into the Stoneville Research Quarantine Facility to conduct crossing trials and search for hybrid sterility. These exotic species must be obtained through foreign exploration or through foreign cooperators. Foreign cooperators have not been a good source, and it is difficult to find a qualified person and support for conducting foreign explorations. Expenses for one exploration, including salary, is approximately $8,000. Genetic Structure of Heliothis/Helicoverpa Populations: Though circumstantial evidence overwhelmingly support the mass migration of Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea, there are not suitable markers which would allow distinction between migrant and local populations. Attempts by investigators to identify the major origination habitats (source populations and cropping systems) of immigrants have been only partially successful. In addition, an estimation of the levels of migration by indirect methods is difficult to interpret. Attempts to determine the origin of migrants using trajectory analysis, have been 55 only partially successful. The impact of immigrant populations on pest dynamics of local populations remains unknown. Microbial Mechanism of BCS: Definitive proof of the role of microbials in backcross sterility would involve mimicking the effect in backcross males (i.e., destruction of the eupyrene sperm mitochondrial derivative) . Techniques will have to be developed to transfer these microorganisms inter specifically (egg injection, incorporation into tests in culture, etc.). Transfer of BCS to Helicoverpa: Although researchers in our laboratory have found that male sterility is due to abnormal sperm production and transfer, the nature of causative factors remains unknown. Nothing is known on the mechanism of backcross sterility in Heliothis virescens . Currently, it is not possible to induce backcross sterility in Helicoverpa zea. Strain-specific RLO Variants: Screenings of field populations would require the establishment of an extensive collaborative network. Action Area 6 - Genetics, Molecular Biology, and Basic Physiology 56 U) CL c O <* — — » u 03 E c_ TJ c > 03 C 03 L. QJ 4-* Q. 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Committee Memberships HELIOTHIS /HELICOVERPA WORKSHOP CHAIRMAN - D. D. Hardee, Stoneville, MS COORDINATOR OF WORKING PLAN - J. E. Powell, Brookings, SD J. R. Coppedge, NPL Beltsville, MD R. M. Faust, NPL Beltsville, MD Steering Committee D. D. Hardee Stoneville, MS A. C. Bartlett Phoenix, AZ P. D. Lingren College Station, H. Ober lander Gainesville, FL R. S. Soper, NPL Beltsville, MD H. M. Gross J. E. Powell Tifton, GA Brookings, SD T. J. Henneberry Phoenix, AZ Co-Coordinators Action Area 1 - Host Plant Resistance W. L. Parrott B. R. Wiseman Mississippi State, MS Tifton, GA Action Area 2 - Chemical Control and Application Technology L. D. Chandler I. W. Kirk Tifton, GA College Station, TX Action Area 3 - Ecology and Population Dynamics J. R. Raulston T. L. Wagner Weslaco, TX Mississippi State, MS Action Area 4 - Behavior Modifying Chemicals E. R. Mitchell T. N. Shaver Gainesville, FL College Station, TX Action Area 5 - Biological Control M. R. Bell S. M. Ferkovich Stoneville, MS Gainesville, FL Action Area 6 - Genetics, Molecular Biology, and Basic Physiology J. E. Carpenter S. K. Narang Tifton, GA Fargo, ND Registration and Local Arrangements Committee J. R. Coppedge Beltsville, MD J. D. Lopez College Station, TX TX P. D. Lingren College Station, TX J. R. Raulston Weslaco, TX 64 Appendix B. Workshop Agenda Heliothis /Helicoverpa Workshop Revise and Update National Plan St. Anthony Hotel 300 E. Travis San Antonio, Texas September 16-19, 1991 Monday, September 16 1:00 - 7:00 p.m. Registration - Anacacho Foyer 7:30 - 9:00 p.m. Steering Committee, National Program Staff, Co-Coordinators - LaFitte Room Tuesday, September 7:00 - 12:00 Noon 8:30 a .m. 8: 35 a.m. 8: 40 a.m. 8:55 a.m. 9:05 a.m. 9:20 a.m. 9:35 a.m. 9:50 a.m. 10:00 a.m. 17 Registration - Anacacho Foyer Opening Session - Anacacho Moderator - D. Hardee Introductory Comments - D. Hardee Welcome - Earl King Objectives and Charge to Workshop - J. Coppedge and R. Faust Historical Perspective of National Heliothis Suppression Plan - J. Menn Comments from Industry - D. Allemann Comments from Consultants - R. Green Comments from National Cotton Council - A. Jordan Discussion Break - Balcony 65 Action Area 1 - Host Plant Resistance Moderator - W. Parrott 10: 30 a.m. HPR in Corn - B. Wiseman 10:50 a.m. HPR in Soybean - L. Lambert 11:10 a.m. HPR in Cotton - W. Meredith 11:30 a.m. HPR and Transgenic Plants - J. Jenkins 11:50 a.m. Discussion 12:00 Noon Lunch Action Area 2 - Chemical Control and Application Technology Moderator - I. Kirk 1:30 p.m. History of Heliothis/Helicoverpa Control - J. Phillips 1:50 p.m. Influence of Regulatory Agencies - P. Martin 2:05 p.m. Chemigation - L. Chandler 2:20 p.m. Application Technology - F. Bouse 2:35 p.m. Status of Resistance - G. Elzen 2:50 p.m. Discussion 3:00 p.m. Break - Balcony Action Area 3 - Ecoloav and Population Dynamics Moderator - J. Raulston 3:30 p.m. Biology and Ecology: Know and Don't Know - J. Graves 3:45 p.m. Movement - W. Wolf 4:00 p.m. Dynamics of Source Populations - J. Raulston 4:15 p.m. Modeling: Know and Don't Know - T. Wagner 4:30 p.m. Genetic Fingerprinting - S. Narang 4:40 p.m. Experiences in Genetic Marking - A. Bartlett 4: 50 p.m. Discussion 5:00 p.m. Adjourn 66 Wednesday, September 18 - Anacacho Action Area 4 - Behavior Modifvina Chemicals Moderator - E. Mitchell 8:30 a . m. Pheromones - J. Tumlinson 8:45 a .m. Plant Chemicals - T. Shaver and R. Teranishi 9:05 a.m. Area-Wide Suppression with Attracticides - P. Lingren 9:20 a.m. Traps - J. Lopez 9:35 a.m. Kairomones - J. Lewis 9:50 a.m. Discussion 10:00 a.m. Break - Balcony Action Area 5 - Biological Control Moderator - S. Ferkovich 10:30 a.m. Pilot Tests for 1992 - D. Hardee 10: 40 a.m. Area-Wide Use of NPV - R. Bell 11:00 a.m. Mass-Rearing - J. Roberson 11:20 a.m. Nematodes - E. Cabanillas 11:35 a.m. In-Vitro Rearing of Parasites - W. Nettles 11: 50 a.m. Discussion 12:00 Noon Lunch Action Area 6 - Genetics, Molecular Bioloqv, and Basic Phvsioloqv 1:20 p.m. Moderator - S. Naranq Taxonomy - R. Poole 1:30 p.m. Basic Physiology - D. Nelson 1:40 p.m. Molecular Biology - S. Miller 1:55 p.m. Control of Sex Pheromone Production - A. Raina 2:10 p.m. Inherited Sterility - J. Carpenter 2:25 p.m. Backcross Sterility - M. Laster A. Raina 67 2:40 p.m. Backcross Sterility and Microbes: Molecular Approach - M. Degrugillier 2:50 p.m. Discussion 3:00 p.m. Break - Balcony Moderator - D. Hardee 3:30 p.m. General Discussion, Instructions for Breakout Sessions 5:00 p.m. Adjourn 6:00 p.m. Attitude Adjustment 7:30 p.m. Dinner - Georgian Moderator - Ed King Keynote Speaker - Ms. Gen Long, Vice-President for Communications, American Ag Women, and Member, Users Advisory Board, Mission, Texas Thursday, September 19 8:30 a . m. Breakout Sessions Action Area 1 - Bowie Action Area 2 - Alamo Action Area 3 - LaSalle 10:00 a.m. Break - Outside Bowie 10:30 a.m. Breakout Sessions Action Area 4 - Alamo Action Area 5 - LaSalle Action Area 6 - Bowie 12:00 Noon Adjourn 1:30 p.m. Working Session for Steering Committee, National Program Leaders, Co-Coordinators - Prepare National Plant (LaFitte) Appendix C ARS Scientists Working on Heliothis/Helicoverpa ARS Area & Location Beltsville Area Beltsville, MD Hidsouth Area Mississippi State, Stoneville, MS Midwest Area Ames, IA Peoria, IL Columbia, MO Northern Plains Area Scientist Action Areas Poole, R. W. 6 Raina, A. K. 4 MS Jenkins, J. N. 1 Olsen, R. L. 3 Parrott, W. L. 1 Roberson, J. L. 5 & 6 Wagner, T. L. 3 Willers, J. L. 3 Bell, M. R. 5 Elzen, G. W. 2 & 5 Hardee, D. D. 5 Hendricks, D. E. 3 & 4 Lambert, L. 1 Laster, M. L. 6 Meredith, W. R. 1 Mulrooney, J. E. 2 Powell, J. E. 5 Scott, W. P. 2 Womac, A. R. 2 Wilson, R. L. 1 Dowd, P. F. 2 Barry, B. D. 1 Coudron, T. A. 5 Darrah, L. L. 1 Greenstone, M. H. 3 & 5 Ignoffo, C. M. 5 McIntosh, A. H. 5 Rice, W. C. 5 Steiner, W. W. M. 5 Buckner, J. S. 6 Degrugillier , M. E. 6 Krueger, C. M. 6 Narang, S. K. 3 & 6 Nelson, D. R. 6 Total SY 0.3 1.0 0.1 0.2 0.9 0.8 0.3 0.4 1.0 1.0 0.3 1.0 0.1 1.0 0.1 0.5 1.0 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.6 0.3 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.3 Fargo, ND 69 Pacific West Area Phoenix, AZ Albany, CA Fresno, CA South Atlantic Area Gainesville, FL Athens, GA Tifton, GA Bartlett, A. C. Cohen, A. C. Henneberry, T. J. Eash, J. A. Elliger, C. Kint, S. Light, D. M. Teranishi, R. Waiss, A. C. Vail, P. V. Doolittle, R. W. Ferkovich, S. M. Greany, P. D. Heath, R. R. Mayer, M. S. McLaughlin, J. R. Miller, S. G. Mitchell, E. R. Oberlander, H. Tea, P. E. A. Tingle, F. C. Tumlinson, J. H. Schlotzhauer , W. S. Severson, R. F. Snook, M. E. Carpenter, J. E. Chandler, L. D. Gross, H. R. Hamm, J. J. Lewis , W. J. Lynch, R. E. Sumner, H. R. Widstrom, N. W. Wiseman, B. R. Jackson, D. M. 2 & 3 0.3 5 0.4 2 0.1 1 0.5 1 0.5 4 0.5 4 0.5 3 & 4 0.2 1 0.5 5 0.3 4 0.1 5 1.0 5 0.5 4 0.2 4 0.1 4 0.3 6 1.0 4 0.3 5 & 6 0.2 4 0.8 4 0.8 4 & 5 0.4 4 0.1 1 Si 4 0.7 1 S< 4 0.2 5 Sc 6 0.5 2,5,6 0.6 4, 5, 6 0.8 5 0.5 4 Sc 5 0.8 1 0.1 2 0.5 1 0.4 1 Si 6 0.5 1 Si 4 1.0 Oxford, NC 70 Southern Plains Area Lane, OK Weslaco, TX Pair, S. D. King, K. G. Nettles, W. C. Nordlund, D. A. Raulston, J. R. Wolf enbarger , D. A. 3 & 4 0.3 1 0.7 3 & 4 1.0 2 0.2 2 1.0 2 1.0 3 & 4 1.0 3 & 4 1.0 3 & 4 1.0 3 & 4 1.0 3 1.0 5 0.1 5 0.1 5 0.1 3, 4, 5 0.7 2 & 4 1.0 College Station, TX Altman, D. W. Beerwinkle, K. R. Bouse, L. F. Kirk, I. W. Latheef, M. A. Lingren, P. D. Lopez, J. D. Shaver, T. N. Westbrook, J. K. Wolf, W. W. Grand Totals: 85 Scientists; 17 Locations; 44.7 SY's. 71 Appendix D. List of Attendees HELIOTHIS /HELICOVERPA WORKSHOP San Antonio, Texas September 16-19, 1991 Don Allemann Ciba-Geigy P. O. Box 11422 Greensboro, NC 27409 Enrique Cabanillas USDA, ARS 2413 E. Hwy 83 Weslaco, TX 78596 Al Cohen USDA, ARS 2000 E. Allen Road Tucson, AZ 85719 Dean Barry USDA, ARS Univ. of Missiouri Columbia, MO 65211 Steve Calhoun Dept, of Agronomy Louisiana State Univ. Baton Rouge, LA 70803 James Coppedge USDA, ARS, NPA Bldg 005, BARC-West Beltsville, MD 20705 Allen Bartlett USDA, ARS 4135 E. Broadway Phoeniz, AZ 85040 Jim Carpenter USDA, ARS P. O. Box 748 Tifton, GA 31793 Tom Coudron USDA, ARS Res. Park, Route K P. 0. Box 7629 Columbia, MO 65205 Ken Beerwinkle USDA, ARS Route 5, Box 808 College Station, TX 77840 Ray Carruthers USDA, ARS Tower Road, Cornell Univ. Ithaca, NY 14853 Mo Degrugiller USDA, ARS P. O. Box 5674 Columbia, MO 65205 Marion Bell USDA, ARS P. O. Box 346 Stoneville, MS 38776 Frank Carter National Cotton Council P. O. Box 12285 Memphis, TN 38182 Bill Denton 938 E. Cromwell Ave. Fresno, CA 93710 Fred Bouse USDA, ARS Route 5, Box 810 College Station, TX 77840 Bob Cartwright Oklahoma State Univ. WWAREC Box 128 Lane, OK 74555 Galal El-Sayer USDA, ARS Bldg. 467, BARC-East Beltsville, MD 20705 Keith Branly Pacific Biocontrol 719 2nd St . , No. 12 Davis, CA 95616 Jim Cate USDA, CSRS Room 330, Aerospace Bldg. Washington, DC Joe Ellington Plant Path. & Weed Science Dept. NM State University Las Cruces, NM 88003 Jim Brazzel USDA, APHIS, S&T Moore Air Base Route 3, Box 1000 Edinburg, TX 78539 Larry Chandler USDA, ARS P. O. Box 748 Tifton, GA 31793 Gary Elzen USDA, ARS, SIML P. O. Box 346 Stoneville, MS 38776 James Buckner USDA, ARS 1605 W College St. P. 0. Box 5674 Fargo, ND 58105 R. Dean Christie MOBAY Corp. 28003 Rocky Hollow San Antonio, TX 78258 Ritchie Eyster USDA, ARS Route 5, Box 808 College Station, TX 77840 72 R. M. Faust USDA, ARS, NPA Bldg. 005, BARC-West Beltsville, MD 20705 Harry Gross USDA, ARS P. O. Box 748 Tifton, GA 31793 J. Shane Jackson USDA, ARS Route 5, Box 808 College Station, TX 77840 Steve Ferkovich USDA, ARS 1700 SW 23rd Drive P. O. Box 14565 John Hamm USDA, ARS P. O. Box 748 Stoneville, MS 38776 Mike Jackson USDA, ARS P. O. Box 1555 Oxford, NC 27565 John Fortino Mobay 6077 Barton Point Dr. Auston, TX 78733 D. D. Hardee USDA, ARS, SI ML P. O. Box 346 Stoneville, MS 38776 Johnie Jenkins USDA, ARS, CSRL P. 0. Box 5367 Miss. State, MS 39762 Ed Gage FMC Corp. P. O. Box 380622 San Antonio, TX 78280 Aubrey Harris Delta Brach Expt. Stn. P. O. Box 197 Stoneville, MS 38776 Andy Jordan National Cotton Council P. O. Box 12285 Memphis, TN 38182 Jim Gaggero Pacific Biocontrol 719 2nd St . , No. 12 Davis, CA 95616 Don Hendricks USDA, ARS, SI ML P. O. Box 346 Stoneville, MS 38776 Armon Keaster 1-87 AGRIC University of Missouri Columbia, MO 65211 Jerry Graves Dept, of Entomology Louisiana State Univ. Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Tom Henneberry USDA, ARS 4135 E. Broadway Road Phoenix, AZ 85040 Earl King USDA, ARS 7607 Eastmark Dr., Ste 230 College Station, TX 77840 Patrick Greany 1700 SW 23rd Drive P. O. Box 14565 Gainesville, FL 32605 Gary Herzog Dept, of Entomology Univ. of Minnesota St. Paul, MN 55108 Ed King USDA, ARS, SARL 2301 S. International Weslaco, TX 78596 Reed Green P. 0. Box 590 Ag Services of Texas Wharton, TX 77488 Marvin Hielman UAP Seed Co. 2514 82nd St., Suite H Lubbock, TX 79423 Buddy Kirk USDA, ARS Route 5, Box 808 College Station, TX 77840 Matt Greenstone USDA, ARS Research Park, Route K P. 0. Box 7629 Columbia, MO 65205 Tom Holt Sandoz Crop Protection 1906 Exeter Rd., Suite Germantown, TN 38138 109 Phil Kirsch Biocontrol Limited 719 2nd St. , Suite 12 David, CA 95616 Bill Grefenstette USDA, APHIS 6505 Belcrest Rd. Hyattsville, MD 20782 Joe Hope Rhone-Poulenc P. O. Box 12014 Res. Triangle Park, NC 27709 Amy Korman Mississippi State Univ. Drawer EM Miss. State, MS 39762 73 Bill Lambert University of Georgia P. O. Box 1209 Tifton, GA 31793 Sid Mayer USDA, ARS 1700 SW 23rd Drive P. O. Box 14565 Gainesville, FL 32604 Bill Nettles USDA, ARS 2413 E. Hwy . 83 Weslaco, TX 78596 Lavone Lambert USDA, ARS P. O. Box 346 Stoneville, MS 38776 Arthur McIntosh USDA, ARS P. O. Box 7629 Columbia, MO 65205 Sam Pair USDA, ARS P. O. Box 159 Lane, OK 74555 Marion Laster USDA, ARS P. 0. Box 346 Stoneville, MS 38776 John McLaughlin USDA, ARS 1700 SW 23rd Drive P. O. Box 14565 Gainesville, FL 32604 Bill Parrott USDA, ARS P. O. Box 5367 Miss. State, MS 39762 Ab Latheef USDA, ARS Route 5, Box 808 College Station, TX 77840 Julius Menn USDA, ARS NAL Bldg., BARC-West Beltsville, MD 20705 Delvar Peterson USDA, ARS Route 5, Box 808 College Station, TX 77840 Joe Lewis USDA, ARS P. O. Box 748 Tifton, GA 31793 Bill Meredith USDA, ARS P. O. Box 386 Stoneville, MS 38776 Jake Phillips Department of Entomology University of Arkansas Fayetteville, AR 72701 Doug Light USDA, ARS 800 Buchanan Street Albany, CA 94710 Stephen Miller USDA, ARS 1700 SW 23rd Drive P. O. Box 14565 Gainesville, FL 32604 Robert Poole USDA, ARS Bldg 046, BARC-West Beltsville, MD 20705 Bill Lingren Treci Inc. P. O. Box 6278 Salinas, CA Tom Miller Dept, of Entomology University of California Riverside, CA 92521 Tom Popham USDA, ARS 1301 N. Wester St. Stillwater, OK 74075 Pete Lingren USDA, ARS Route 5, Box 808 College Station, TX 77840 Everett Mitchell USDA, ARS 1700 SW 23rd Drive P. O. Box 14565 Gainesville, FL 32604 Janine Powell USDA, ARS RR 3 Brookings, SD 57006 Ms. Gen Long 128 Rio Grande Dr. Mission, TX 78572 Joe Mulrooney USDA, ARS P. 0. Box 350 Stoneville, MS 38776 Bert Quisumbing Hereon Environ. Co. Aberdeen Road Emigsville, PA 17318 Juan Lopez USDA, ARS Route 5, Box 808 College Station, TX 77840 Karl Narang USDA, ARS P. O. Box 5674 Fargo, ND 58105 Ashok Raina USDA, ARS Bldg. 467, BARC-East Beltsville, MD 20705 Paul Martin Texas Dept, of Agric. P. O. Box 12847 Austin, TX 78711 Dennis Nelson USDA, ARS P. O. Box 5674 Fargo, ND 58105 Jim Raulston USDA, ARS 2413 E. Hwy 83 Weslaco, TX 78596 74 Jon Roberson USDA, ARS P. O. Box 5367 Miss. State, MS 39762 Ben Rogers ICI Americas Inc. 1200 S. 47th St. Richmond, CA 94804 Paul Schleider USDA, ARS Route 5, Box 808 College Station, TX 77840 Ray Severson USDA, ARS P. O. Box 5677 Athens, GA 30613 Ted Shaver USDA, ARS Route 5, Box 808 College Station, TX 77840 Bill Showers USDA, ARS Ankeny Res. Farm, Box 45B Ankeny, IA 50021 John Simonette Pacific Biocontrol 719 2nd St. , No. 12 Davis, CA 95616 Jim Smith USDA, ARS P. O. Box 5367 Miss. State, MS 39762 Gordon Snodgrass USDA, ARS P. O. Box 346 Stoneville, MS 38776 Bill Steiner USDA, ARS Research Park, Route K P. O. Box 7629 Columbia, MO 65205 Roy Teranishi USDA, ARS 800 Buchanan St. Albany, CA 94710 Don Thomson USDA, ARS 1700 SW 23rd Drive P. O. Box 14565 Gainesville, FL 32604 Fred Tingle USDA, ARS 1700 SW 23rd Drive P. O. Box 14565 Gainesville, FL 32604 Jim Tumlinson USDA, ARS 1700 SW 23rd Drive P. O. Box 14565 Gainesville, FL 32604 Pat Vail USDA, ARS 2021 S. Peach Avenue Fresno, CA 93727 Terry Wagner USDA, ARS P. O. Box 5367 Miss. State, MS 39762 Tony Waiss USDA, ARS 800 Buchanan Street Albany, CA 94710 Mike Wallace Texas Pest Mngmt. Assoc. 8000 Centre Park Drive Austin, TX 78754 Ken Ward USDA, ARS P. O. Box 346 Stoneville, MS 38776 John Westbrook USDA, ARS Route 5, Box 808 College Station, TX 77840 Jeff Willers USDA, ARS P. O. Box 5367 Miss. State, MS 39762 Dick Wilson USDA, ARS P. O. Box 748 Tifton, GA 31793 Bill Wiseman USDA, ARS P. O. Box 748 Tifton, GA 31793 Wayne Wolf USDA, ARS Route 5, Box 808 College Station, TX 77840 Dan Wolfenbarger USDA, ARS P. O. Box 267 2413 E. Hwy 83 Weslaco, TX 78596 David Zimmer USDA, ARS P. O. Box 5677 Athens, GA 30613 -£U.S. Government Printing Office : 1992 - 311-368/60070