Historic, Archive Document
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[sou
A-u-O* ited States ' ' » oartment of
Pg4^0 — " iculture
Forest Service
Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station
Fort Collins, Colorado 80526
General Technical Report RM-GTR-290
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Literature on Wildlife Research in the Madrean Archipelago: 1800s— 1994
Michael L. Morrison, Paul R. Krausman, Maite Sureda, and Lisa M. Fox
leceivedby: J$ O Indexing Branch
Morrison, Michael L., Krausman, Paul R., Sureda, Maite and Fox, Lisa M. 1997. Literature on wildlife research in the Madrean Archipelago: 1800s- 1994. General Technical Report RM-GTR-290. Fort Collins, CO: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 54 p.
Abstract: A literature search was accomplished on faunal studies conducted from the 1880s to 1994 in southeastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, northeastern Sonora, and northwestern Chihuahua. The search was conducted at the Science and Engineering Library at the University of Arizona, Tucson using Quick Search, a computer retrieval system. Abstracts or comments for publications are presented for birds (514), mammals (82), and amphibians and reptiles (21). Information is presented for taxonomic affiliation, geographic distribution, natural history and ecology, conservation and management, and ongoing studies.
Keywords: amphibians, Arizona, avifauna, Chihuahua, literature search, mammals,
Mexico, New Mexico, reptiles, Sonora.
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Cover art by Joyce Patterson
USDA Forest Service
General Technical Report RM-GTR-290
March 1997
Literature on Wildlife Research in the Madrean Archipelago: 1800s - 1994
Michael L. Morrison, Paul R. Krausman, Maite Sureda, and Lisa M. Fox
Wildlife and Fisheries Science Program School of Renewable Natural Resources University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona
SPONSOR:
USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station1
' Headquarters is in Fort Collins, Colorado
Contents
Page
INTRODUCTION 1
METHODS 2
AVIFAUNA 2
TAXONOMIC AFFILIATION 2
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION 2
NATURAL HISTORY AND ECOLOGY 3
CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT 3
ONGOING STUDIES 3
MAMMALS 4
TAXONOMIC AFFILIATION 4
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION 4
NATURAL HISTORY AND ECOLOGY 5
CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT 5
AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 5
CONCLUSIONS 5
SELECTED REFERENCES AND ABSTRACTS FROM
BORDERLANDS STUDIES 6
AVIFAUNA (ARRANGED CHRONOLOGICALLY) 6
Geographic Distribution 6
Regional 6
Statewide 8
Species -Specific 9
Natural History and Ecology 11
General 11
Breeding 24
Conservation and Management 27
Grazing 27
Fire 28
Exotics 30
Riparian Systems -Water Issues 30
Cowbird Parasitism 30
Thick-billed Parrot 31
Gallinaceous Birds 32
Doves and Pigeons 33
Raptors 33
Other Topics 34
MAMMALS (ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY) 36
Lagomorpha 36
Rodentia 36
Carnivora 43
Artiodactyla 43
Exotic Species 49
AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 50
RECENT RELATED CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS 54
iii
Literature on Wildlife Research in the Madrean Archipelago: 1800s-1994
Michael L. Morrison, Paul R. Krausman, Maite Sureda, and Lisa M. Fox
INTRODUCTION
Federal and state land management agencies, in cooperation with local landowners, have initiated an ecosystem program, the Borderlands Ecosystem Management Program, on approximately 400,000 ha in the San Bernardino- Animas area of south- eastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico. The project area is a unique, relatively unfragmented, landscape containing an unbroken series of natural communities ranging from desert grasslands to mixed conifer forests. This area has been selected by the Coronado National Forest to implement and demonstrate ecosystem manage- ment strategies. Much of the information gained from this project can be extended to management of the larger Madrean Archipelago biogeographi- cal region.
The Madrean Archipelago, a region having exceptional biodiversity and great biogeographic interest, is that portion of the Basin and Range Physiographic Province south of the Rocky Moun- tains and north of the Sierra Madre Occidental in southeastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, northeastern Sonora, and northwestern Chihua- hua. Lowlands of this region support Sonoran Desert and thornscrub vegetation to the west, Chihuahuan Desert to the east, and desert grass- lands occupy much of the center of the region. Depending on elevation, isolated mountain ranges support oak (Quercus spp.) and pine (Pinus spp.) - oak woodlands, pine forests, and, on the highest ranges, spruce (Picea spp.) -fir (Abies spp.) forests. The flora of this region is a diverse mixture of endemic, Rocky Mountain, and Madrean species, and is one of the most floristically diverse areas in North America. Individual mountain ranges may support up to 1,000 different native species.
The Borderlands Ecosystem Management Program area is under multiple ownership and
administration. Fifty-three percent of the land is privately owned, 23 percent is administered by the states of Arizona and New Mexico, 17 percent is administered by the Coronado National Forest, and 7 percent is administered by the Bureau of Land Management. As a result, this partnership program represents a joint effort in ecosystem management among private land owners and state and federal entities.
An important component of this program is to gather technical information on wildlife resources in the borderlands area, relate this information to soil, water, and vegetation resources, and use this information as the basis for formulating and designing a field experiment to evaluate wildlife responses to different management treatments. The proposed field experiment is conceptually a replicated study performed on important vegeta- tion-soil associations representative of the project area. The experiment would answer questions concerning the influence of a wide range of man- agement activities including fire, grazing, herbi- cides, supplemental fertilizers (carbon additions), mechanical treatments, and climate changes (water additions) on ecosystem responses. The treatments examined by this study would be replicated on several areas representing the most important vegetation-soil associations on the project area. Soil, plant, water, and wildlife responses to treat- ment would be coordinated and studied simulta- neously on all study sites, or on satellite areas where special study design configurations are required to more adequately evaluate a resource response.
The above approach, while appealing, requires careful development of a research plan that inte- grates the many environmental factors that influ- ence wildlife. The goal of this cooperative agree- ment is to identify and prioritize current wildlife research issues and develop an integrated plan for
1
conducting wildlife research in the borderlands. This integration will be coordinated with similar efforts developed for vegetation, watershed, soils, and related resources.
METHODS
We conducted a literature search on faunal studies performed in southeastern Arizona, south- western New Mexico, northeastern Sonora, and northwestern Chihuahua. The search at the Sci- ence and Engineering Library at the University of Arizona was accomplished using a computer retrieval system called QuickSearch, which ac- cesses numerous databases. We used 11 databases when conducting our search: BIOSIS PREVIEWS; Life Sciences Collection; Enviroline; Pollution Abstracts; CAB Abstracts (formerly Common- wealth Agricultural Bureaux); Environmental Bibliography; NTIS (National Technical Informa- tion Service); PASCAL; Zoological Record Online; CA Search (Chemical Abstracts Search); and SciSearch. These databases contained literature current through approximately 1994.
BIOSIS PREVIEWS consists of research con- ducted froml969 in the biological and biomedical sciences. Life Sciences Collection includes abstracts from worldwide research literature from 1978 in biology, medicine, biochemistry, ecology, microbi- ology, agriculture, and veterinary sciences. Enviroline incorporates the world's environmental related information from 1971 in areas such as management, planning, technology, science, geology, biology, and law. Pollution Abstracts contains references from 1970 on environmentally related technical literature on pollution, its sources, and its controls. CAB Abstracts consist of information on agriculture from 1984. Environ- mental Bibliography involves periodicals on human and animal ecology, air, energy, land resources, water resources, and health and nutri- tion from 1973. The NTIS incorporates summaries from 1964 on United States government-sponsored research development and engineering. PASCAL contains physics, chemistry, life sciences, applied sciences and technology, earth sciences, and information sciences from 1973. Zoological Record Online provides coverage from 1978 of the world's zoological literature with particular emphasis on
systematic /taxonomic information. The CA Search includes applied chemistry, biochemistry and biology, and organic and inorganic chemistry from 1967. SciSearch is a multidisciplinary index to the literature of science, technology, and biomedicine covering 1974.
AVIFAUNA
TAXONOMIC AFFILIATION
Approximately half of the species-specific papers were concentrated on 4 taxonomic groups: hawks-owls (53 papers), gallinaieous birds (49), sparrows and sparrow-like birds such as finches and grosbeaks (41), and flycatchers (30). Hum- mingbirds (25), doves-pigeons (25), and corvids (17) were groups that also had high concentrations of species-specific papers. Minimal work has been conducted on warblers and vireos (11 total), which is surprising considering conservationist concern over the apparent declines of these species in North America.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
We found approximately 100 papers primarily concerned with the geographic distribution of birds in Arizona. Of these, about 20 covered the general statewide distribution of birds, which included reference to the borderlands, 40 pertained to distribution in the borderlands, and 40 con- cerned the distribution of specific species in the borderlands.
Workers began reporting bird distribution in the 1880s, although accounts were brief and scarce; until 1920, less than 25 papers had been published on bird distribution in the region. Likewise, only about 15 papers were published during the 1930s and 1940s. A substantial increase in publications about distribution occurred in the 1950s and 1960s with over 30 papers published. Phillips et al. (1964) published their renowned "The birds of Arizona" during this period. The general distribution of most birds is now known due to the extensive survey work done from the 1940s through 1970s. Work declined after the 1970s, and post-1980s had the lowest publication of distribution papers.
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Key regional publications include Brandt (1951) "Arizona and its bird life," and Friedmann et al. (1950) and Miller (1957) both titled "Distributional check-list of the birds of Mexico." Some species lists, such as Osgood (1903) "A list of birds ob- served in Cochise County, Arizona" and Smith (1908) "Some data and records from the Whetstone Mountains, Arizona" can be used as qualitative comparisons with more recent survey data.
Important statewide works include Phillips et al. (1964) "The birds of Arizona," Bailey (1928) "Birds of New Mexico," and Swarth (1914) "A distributional list of the birds of Arizona." There have been no state or region-wide summaries published since Phillips et al. (1964). However, the Arizona Department of Game and Fish has orga- nized a large volunteer effort designed to catalog the breeding distribution of all birds in the state. Scheduled for completion by 2002, this effort should provide an excellent, albeit cursory, update on the distribution of breeding birds. No similar effort has been initiated in New Mexico.
The literature contains numerous first-sighting observations, various extraliminal occurrences, and a few notes on birds of recent management concern (e.g., becard [Pachyramphus aglaiae], trogon [Trogon elegans]). Major species (or groups of species) receiving attention were cowbirds (Molothrus spp.), thick-billed parrots (Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha), gallinaceous birds, especially the masked bobwhite (Colinus virginianus ridgwayi), doves and pigeons, and raptors.
NATURAL HISTORY AND ECOLOGY
Slightly over 300 papers have been published on avian natural history in the borderlands; about 75 of these primarily concern breeding biology. Approximately 30 of these publications relate to general natural history studies through the 1950s. The record reveals extensive interest in describing nest locations and egg description during the early 1900s; a notable paper is Marshall's (1957) "Birds of pine-oak woodland in southern Arizona and adjacent Mexico." A substantial increase in publi- cation began in the 1960s and continues to date. Most recent studies can be classified as ecological in nature, rather than descriptive as typified earlier work. Many papers have been published on
raptors (>50), sparrows (40), gallinaceous birds (25), flycatchers (20), and hummingbirds (20).
CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT
Little was written about conservation and management before 1920. Interest began to rise in the 1920s and 1930s with publications concentrat- ing on the status of quail and doves, and the cowbird's impact on other species. There was a large increase in publications during the 1960s and 1970s primarily due to interest in fire cycles and gallinaceous birds and to changes in riparian areas. The publication rate has continued to rise with special interest in grazing, fire, and parrots.
Much of the recent interest in grazing and fire can be attributed to publications by C. and J. Bock based on their work concerning National Audubon's Research Ranch Sanctuary near Elgin, Arizona. Although the general ecological literature contains many publications on grazing, fire, and riparian issues, there are few studies specifically aimed at these topics and their impact on birds. There are no papers on fragmentation, corridors, the role of exotic animals, disease, human distur- bance, and the direct impact on birds.
Species-specific studies of rare and other species of high interest (primarily game birds) predomi- nate, although most publications are restatements of problems or plans to conduct research or man- agement. This is especially evident with the parrot, Mearn's quail (Cyrtonyx montezumae) , and the masked bobwhite.
ONGOING STUDIES
There is an effort by many public and private agencies to determine the reasons for the apparent decline of neotropical migrant birds, and to estab- lish baseline data on abundances for future deter- minations of number trends. The multiagency organization, Arizona Partners in Flight (PIF), has compiled the only current list of projects currently underway in the state. We reviewed the 1995 list (available from S. Sferra, Nongame Branch, Ari- zona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix) for projects currently conducted in the borderlands region. The projects are divided into research (6),
3
monitoring (14), and management (2) topics by PIF. The monitoring studies included several major bird-counting efforts on the Coronado National Forest; 3 concerned the southwestern willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii), recently listed under Endangered Species Act. No studies were being conducted on the effects of grazing, exotic species (plants or animals), fire, or fragmen- tation on birds.
A compilation of ongoing studies has not been completed for New Mexico. However, S. Williams, New Mexico Department of Game and Fish has initiated numerous studies in southwestern New Mexico (S. Williams, pers. commun.), These stud- ies include general breeding bird surveys, and specific studies on elegant trogons, whiskered screech owls (Otus trichopsis), grasshopper spar- rows (Ammodramus savannarum) , and various hummingbirds.
The Arizona Breeding Bird Atlas will soon provide site-specific data on breeding birds and establish a computerized database on statewide distribution and abundance. The overall purpose of the project (similar projects are being conducted nationwide) is to identify the distribution and relative abundance of breeding birds in Arizona, and to document future range changes. This information will provide direction for further habitat assessments for selected priority species and will increase our knowledge of breeding', distribution, and areas of significant concentration.
MAMMALS TAXONOMIC AFFILIATION
Eighty-two research papers addressed mamma- lian fauna in the borderlands including a general treatise by Mearns (1907). Of the other 81, 3 were about lagomorphs, 33 were about rodents, 6 were about carnivores, and 39 were about ungulates.
The subject of all lagomorph papers was the black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus calif ornicus). One compared densities between rangelands in fair and good condition, 1 covered the contribution of shrub pruning to litter input, and 1 discussed diets.
Rodent papers concerned the genera Chaetodipus, Dipodomys, Microdipodops, Neotoma, Onychomys,
Perognathus, Peromyscus, Reithrodontomys, Sigmodon, and Spermophilus. Four papers ad- dressed bird species simultaneously, 9 addressed ants simultaneously, and 8 addressed interactions among rodent species. Of the 33 rodent papers (including those that addressed other species simultaneously), 18 involved habitat use, trophic relationships, and foraging strategies (topics with considerable overlap). Five concerned spatial distribution including 1 specifically on home range size. Four were management oriented. Two in- volved reproductive biology. Each of the following were addressed by 1 paper: activity patterns, den sites, paleoecology, population dynamics, and methodology (measurement of granivory).
Four of the carnivore papers were exclusively about coyotes (Canis latrans): 1 on the incidence of leptospirosis, 1 on the activity patterns of differ- ent-age pups, 1 on diet, and 1 on the response to liquid bait devices. The fifth carnivore paper was on the effects of predator (i.e., coyote, bobcat [Felis rufus], red-tailed hawk [Buteo jamaicensis], great- horned owl [Bubo virginianus]) exclusion on rodent abundance. The sixth paper reviewed the status of the jaguar (Felis onca) in the southwest.
Of the 39 papers written on ungulates, topics included the use of sacaton grasslands by javelina (Tayassu tajacu), habitat use of sympatric popula- tions of bighorn (Ovis canadensis) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), and disease of Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia), and bighorn. The remaining 33 papers were about bighorn sheep: 5 on general management strategy; 4 on the status of a herd; 3 on post-release study results; 3 on habitat characteristics; 3 on conservation; 2 each on social structure, fire, attitudes, extinction probabili- ties, disease and parasites, and recreational use of bighorn; and 1 each on reproductive strategy, movement patterns, and habitat use.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
Recent mammalian study in the Southwest has largely ignored the topic of geographic distribu- tion. Of the 82 mammalian papers, only 4 con- cerned distribution to a considerable degree, and only 2 (Brown and Henry 1981, Mearns 1907) covered distribution as the primary topic. Brown and Henry (1981) discussed distribution of Coues
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deer (Odocoileus virginianus couesi), and Mearns (1907) provided historical reference for current benchmark distribution data. Two bighorn studies (Krausman et al. 1979, Watts 1979) focused on the status of a herd and addressed the distribution of the respective herd.
Papers are exclusively from studies in Arizona and New Mexico. For general distribution data, the best sources are books such as Mammals of Arizona (Hoffmeister 1986), Mammals of New Mexico (Findley 1975), Mammals of Chihuahua (Anderson 1972), and Leopold's (1959) midlife of Mexico.
NATURAL HISTORY AND ECOLOGY
Of the 82 mammalian papers, 43 were primarily ecological and 18 dealt with natural history. The most comprehensive natural history report was by Mearns (1907). Species receiving the most atten- tion in more recent times include the rock squirrel (Spermophilus spp.) coyote, and bighorn. Included among the natural history literature are 5 papers about social structure and reproductive traits (4 on bighorns) and 5 papers about movement patterns (4 on bighorns). Diet and the presence of a disease account for 3 papers each.
Ecologically oriented papers were most preva- lent for rodents. A broad scope of rodent ecology has been examined, especially from research sites in southeastern Arizona. There is an emphasis on the interaction of rodents and other species, niche segregation, foraging strategies, and granivory and its affects on the plant community.
CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT
Management literature was most predominant for ungulates. The ungulate literature is composed primarily of bighorn papers, and bighorn manage- ment is the most common topic. Bighorn manage- ment is the primary theme of 21 papers including 5 status reports for individual populations. The broadest scope of management concern is in Neal (1974) "Desert bighorn sheep in Arizona — in the year 2000."
Some papers are not included among the 11 management papers but are related to manage- ment. For example, Bavin's (1980) "Post-release
study of desert bighorn sheep in the Big Hatchet Mountains, New Mexico" was classified as a natural history paper because it focused on move- ment patterns; however, it also documented a management activity.
The 6 papers on carnivores were readily appli- cable to management, and 1 of the jackrabbit papers offered management implications. Manage- ment papers from the rodent literature included 2 on livestock impacts (Bock et al. 1984, Heske and Campbell 1991), 1 on the response to burning (Bock and Bock 1978), and 1 on farming impacts (Mellink 1985). The rodent literature seemed to be the most abstract.
AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES
Only 22 papers addressed reptiles and amphib- ians in the borderlands. Life history and habitat papers dominated (10), while 12 papers covered new species, species descriptions, venom charac- teristics, parasites and disease, predation, coexist- ence, hybridization, and changes related to habitat. There was no single arena that authors concen- trated on, and many of the published papers were notes.
CONCLUSIONS
The history of faunal research in the border- lands is similar to many wild animal studies. Early (late 1800s to 1960s) work concentrated on deter- mining what species occurred in the borderlands. The majority of current work concerns various aspects of ecology without particular emphasis in any specific topic. An exception is work in estab- lishing monitoring programs for tracking changes in bird abundance over time. Ecological papers on mammals have emphasized the interaction be- tween rodents and other species, niche segrega- tion, foraging strategies, and the effects of grainivory on the plant community. If an area of emphasis does exist for birds, it is the study of rare and endangered species. Funding available through Arizona Game and Fish Department's Heritage program has stimulated work in this area. Bighorn sheep, coyotes, and rock squirrels have received the most attention in mammalia
natural history papers. Management papers for mammals have focused on the states and propaga- tion of bighorn sheep.
Concomitant with the general rise of the envi- ronment movement during the 1970s was an increase in conservation-related studies in the borderlands. Although some early discussion included the apparent negative impacts of live- stock grazing on wildlife, little quantitative work was conducted before the 1980s. Likewise, al- though studies on fire began earlier than those on grazing, little work was conducted before the 1980s. Outside of the literature on ungulates and the general treatise of Mearns (1907), no papers were found that were published before 1973. The literature on ungulates includes several from the 1950s and 1960s on bighorns. Ungulate papers have retained a steady presence in the literature throughout the latter half of the 20th century. The rest of the mammal literature reflects an increase in research beginning in the mid-1980s and con- tinuing to the present, with a proliferation of rodent work.
There is an dichotomy within the mammalian literature between the rodent and ungulate mate- rial. Most rodent papers have been published in Ecology, Journal of Mammalogy, or other similar journals. Reflecting the preponderance of bighorn literature in the ungulate material, the most preva- lent forum for publication has been the Desert Bighorn Council Transactions.
Efforts were initiated in the early 1990s to develop statistically valid data bases about the distribution and abundance of birds throughout the region. Several major monitoring studies were initiated on the Coronado National Forest, and the statewide breeding bird atlas includes the border- lands. State and federal agencies hope that these monitoring projects will allow quantitative evalua- tion of bird number changes in the future. In addition, several monitoring efforts were initiated on rare and endangered species, including the Mexican spotted owl (Strix occidentalis lucida), southwestern willow flycatcher, elegant trogon, and buff-breasted flycatcher (Empidonax fulvifrons).
However, no detailed analyses are being con- ducted on the influence of specific, human-in- duced environmental modifications on birds, mammals, or reptiles and amphibians. For ex- ample, although our review found an increasing
interest in the effects of fire, grazing, and other environmental perturbations on birds since the 1980s, no studies have been initiated during the 1990s.
Thus, the influence of changes in numerous aspects of the environment on fauna need study. The USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, are instituting studies to develop methods of restoring ecosys- tems to conditions that existed during the early 1800s. As such, studies are needed to evaluate the response of animals to varying successional pat- terns. In addition, renewed efforts are needed to determine the impacts of fire, grazing, exotic plants, and animals (including feral), and other impacts on animals at varying spatial scales. No work has been conducted on the influence of vegetation size, habitat fragmentation, or the usefulness of corridors linking disjunct habitats. The influence of human disturbance on animals, especially rare and endangered species, needs to be researched. These subjects should receive more attention as ecosystem management evolves and policy-makers are faced with decisions requiring indicators of ecosystem health. The recent work by De Bano et. al (1995) is a positive beginning to- ward providing this important information.
SELECTED REFERENCES AND ABSTRACTS FROM BORDERLANDS STUDIES
AVIFAUNA
(ARRANGED CHRONOLOGICALLY) Geographic Distribution
Regional
1880s
Baird, S. F. 1859. Birds of the boundary. Report on the United States and Mexican boundary survey by W. H. Emory, Washington, D.C. 20(2):l-32.
Brewster, W. 1885. Additional notes on some birds collected in Arizona and the adjoining province of Sonora, Mexico, by Mr. F. Stephens in 1884, with a description of a new species of Ortyx. Auk 2:196-200.
Stephens, F. 1885. Notes on an ornithological trip in Arizona and Sonora. Auk 2:225-231.
6
COMMENT: Running account of the birds observed on a trip from Tucson to the Gulf of California.
Allen, J. A. 1893. List of mammals and birds collected in northeastern Sonora and northwest- ern Chihuahua, Mexico on the Lumholtz ar- chaeological expedition, 1890-92. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 5(3):27-42.
1900-1920
Osgood, W. H. 1903. A list of birds observed in Cochise County, Arizona. Condor 5:128-131.
COMMENT: Annotated list of 72 species; provides abundance and residency status for a site near Willcox in 1894-95.
. 1903. A list of birds observed in Cochise
County, Arizona. Condor 5:149-151. Annotated list of 51 species.
Swarth, H. S. 1904. Birds of the Huachuca Moun- tains, Arizona. Pac. Coast Avi. 4:1-70.
Willard, F. C. 1905. On bicycle and afoot in the Santa Catalina Mountains. Condor 18:156-160.
COMMENT: A running account of birds observed in May 1904.
Smith, A. P. 1908. Some data and records from the Whetstone Mountains, Arizona. Condor 10:75-78.
COMMENT: Brief accounts of birds observed in the summer months.
Swarth, H. S. 1908. Some fall migration notes from Arizona. Condor 10:107-116.
COMMENT: Annotated list of 109 species of birds observed in the Rincon and Huachuca Moun- tains, Arizona.
Gilman, M. F. 1909. Some owls along the Gila river in Arizona. Condor 11:145-150.
COMMENT: Observations on Bubo virginianus, Aluco pratincola, Otus trichopsis {-Otus asio), Speotyto cunicularia, Glaucidium phalaenoides, and Micropallas whitneyi.
Still, D. A. 1919. Observations taken at Madera Canyon, in the Santa Rita Mountain, between June 1st and June 14th, 1919. Ool. 36:191.
1921-1940
Kimball, H. H. 1921. Notes from southern Arizona.
Condor 23:57-58. COMMENT: Accounts of birds observed at Tucson,
the Chiricahua Mountains, Willcox, and Yuma. Bailey, F. M. 1922. An Arizona feeding table. Auk
39:474-481.
COMMENT: Birds observed during the winter of 1920-21 at the foot of the Santa Rita Mountains.
. 1923. Birds recorded from the Santa Rita
Mountains in southern Arizona. Pac. Coast Avi. 15:1-60.
. 1923. Notable migrants not seen at our
Arizona bird table. Auk 40:393-409. . 1924. An Arizona valley bottom. Auk
41:423-432.
COMMENT: Birds observed in the Santa Cruz
Valley near Continental, Arizona. Swarth, H. S. 1929. The faunal areas of southern
Arizona: a study in animal distribution. Proc.
Calif. Acad. Sci. 4th ser. 18:267-383. COMMENT: Accounts of 164 species and subspe- cies of birds. Van Rossem, A. J. 1930. Report on a collection of
land birds from Sonora, Mexico. Trans. San
Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 6:237-304. COMMENT: Includes comments on Arizona
specimens.
Walsh, L. L. 1933. Notes from southern Arizona.
Auk 50:124. COMMENT: Trogon ambiguus, Crotophaga
sulcirostris, Dendroica vixens are recorded.
1941-1960
Anderson, A. H. 1947. Birds notes from southeast- ern Arizona. Condor 49:89-90. COMMENT: Accounts of 9 species; Wood Duck is
new to the state list. Friedmann, H., L. Griscom, and R. T. Moore. 1950.
Distributional check-list of the birds of Mexico.
Pac. Coast Avi. 29:1-202. COMMENT: Mentions Arizona distribution in
many of the general accounts of species. Brandt, H. 1951. Arizona and its bird life. The Bird
Research Foundation, Cleveland. 725pp. COMMENT: Extensive observations, chiefly of
nesting, of southeastern Arizona birds. Wallmo, C. O. 1951. Range, distribution and
wildlife inventory of species on Fort Huachuca
area. Ariz. Game and Fish Comm. Proj. 46-R-l,
job no. 3:1-30. COMMENT: Includes a report on turkey and
various species of quail. . 1951. General wildlife surveys of the Fort
Huachuca wildlife area. Ariz. Game and Fish
Comm. Proj. 46-R-2, job no. 2:1-10.
7
COMMENT: Data on populations and nesting of
band-tailed pigeons, turkey, and quail. American Museum of Natural History. 1957. The
Southwestern Research Station of the American
Museum of Natural History, Portal, Arizona. COMMENT: Contains a list of 200 species of birds
most from a list compiled by A. R. Phillips. Miller, A. H. 1957. Distributional check-list of the
birds of Mexico. Pac. Coast Avi. 33:1-436. George, W. 1958. Records of eastern birds from the
Chiricahua Mountains of Arizona. Auk 75:357-359. COMMENT: An account of the observation of
birds in the Chiricahua Mountains of Arizona
while based at Silver Spur Ranch. Tanner, J. T. and J. W. Hardy. 1958. Summer birds
of the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona. Amer.
Mus. Novit. 1866:1-11. COMMENT: Accounts of 114 species. Harrison, B. [= W. I.]. 1960. Winter bird-population
study at Ranch pond in arid country. Aud. Field
Notes 14:356. COMMENT: Near Nogales, Arizona.
1961-1980
Elliott, B.G. 1961. An annotated checklist of spring and early summer birds for the northeastern quarter of the Chiricahua Mountains of south- eastern Arizona. Chiricahua National Monu- ment, Willcox, Arizona.
Harrison, B. [= W. I.]. 1961. Winter bird-population study at Ranch pond in arid country. Aud. Field Notes 15:372.
COMMENT: Near Nogales, Arizona.
Tucson Audubon Society. 1964. Birds of southeast- ern Arizona. Tucson Audubon Soc. 32pp.
Lane, J. A. 1965. A birdwatcher's guide to south- eastern Arizona. L. and P. Photography, Santa Ana, Calif. 46pp.
Ligon, J. D., and R. P. Balda. 1968. Recent data on summer birds of the Chiricahua Mountains area, southeastern Arizona. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 15:41-50.
ABSTRACT: There are 167 species listed from 1964 to 1966 breeding seasons. Golden eagles and prairie falcons decreased in numbers; harlequin quail and several species of hummingbirds and cavity-nesters increased in numbers. The eastern bluebird was established as a breeding species (as compared to Tanner and Hardy 1958).
Lammers, G. E. 1970. The Late Conozoic Benson and Curtis Ranch Faunas from the San Pedro Valley, Cochise County, Arizona. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Ariz., Tucson. 193pp.
1980
Mead, J. I., E. L. Roth, T. R. Van Devender, and D. W. Steadman. 1984. The late Wisconsonian vertebrate fauna from Deadman Cave, southern Arizona. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 20: 247-276.
Davis, W. A. 1990. Birds in southeastern Arizona. Third ed. Audubon Society, Tucson.
COMMENT: Updates the accounts of species and provides current suggestions on where to look for popular birds, including Sonora, Mexico.
Statewide
1800s
Rhoads, S. N. 1892. The birds of southeastern Texas and southern Arizona observed during May, June and July, 1891. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.:98-126.
COMMENT: Accounts of 126 species from Ari- zona.
1900-1920
Swarth, H. S. 1914. A distributional list of the birds of Arizona. Pac. Coast Avi. 10:1-133.
COMMENT: Contains 362 species and subspecies, a hypothetical list of 24 species, and a bibliogra- phy up to 1914.
1921-1940
Wyman, L. E., and E. F. Burnell. 1925. Field book
of birds of the southwestern United States.
Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 308pp. Bailey, F. M. 1928. Birds of New Mexico. New
Mex. Dept. Game and Fish. 807pp. COMMENT: Incidental mention of habits and
occurrence of several species of birds m Arizona. McCabe, T. T. 1936. Endemism and the American
Northwest. Wilson Bull. 48:289-302. COMMENT: Most of Arizona is included in the
region of greatest endemism. Phillips, A. R. 1939. The faunal areas of Arizona,
based on bird distribution. M.S. Thesis, Univ.
Ariz., Tucson. 62pp.
8
1941-1960
Pitelka, F. A. 1941. Distribution of birds in relation to major biotic communities. Amer. Midland Nat. 25:113-137.
COMMENT: Some Arizona species are included in the examples.
Smith, G. T. 1941. Birds of the Arizona desert. Doubleshoe Publishing, Scottsdale, Arizona.
O'Connor, J. 1945. Hunting in the southwest. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 279 pp.
COMMENT: Information on habits and distribu- tion of turkey, Gambel's quail, Mearn's quail, white-winged dove in Arizona.
Phillips, A. R. 1946. The birds of Arizona. Ph.D. Thesis, Cornell Univ. Ithica, N. Y., 498 pp.
Poor, H. H. 1946. Western habitats. Aud. Mag. 48:207-211.
COMMENT: A running account of birds from the mountain peaks to the desert in Arizona.
Phillips, A. R. 1947. Records of occurrence of some southwestern birds. Condor 49:121-123.
COMMENT: Some of the records pertain to New Mexico.
Pitelka, F. A. 1948. Notes on the distribution and taxonomy of Mexican game birds. Condor 50:113-123.
COMMENT: Includes measurements of Lophortyx gambelii gambelii from Arizona and mentions that Zenaida asiatica winters in southern Arizona.
Phillips, A. R. 1951. Complexities of migration: a review with original data from Arizona. Wilson Bull. 63:129-136.
1961-1980
Martin, P. S. 1961. Southwestern animal communi- ties in the late Pleistocene. Pages 56-66 in L. M. Shields and J. L. Gardner, eds. Bio-ecology of the arid and semi-arid lands of the Southwest. Symp. N.M. Highlands Univ. Las Vegas, N.M., 1958.
COMMENT: Gives altitudinal records of 85 breed- ing birds of the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona.
Monson, G., and A. R. Phillips. 1964. An anno- tated check list of the species of birds in Ari- zona. Pages 175-248 in C. H. Lowe, ed. The vertebrates of Arizona, Univ. Ariz. Press, Tuc- son.
Lowe, C.H. 1964. The vertebrates of Arizona. Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson.
COMMENT: Annotated descriptions of the distri- bution and habitat affinities of vertebrates throughout Arizona.
MacArthur, R. H. 1964. Environmental factors affecting bird species diversity. Am. Nat. 98:387- 397.
COMMENT: The results were tested on the slopes
of the Chiricahuas and at Tucson but did not
always agree. Phillips, A., J. Marshall, and G. Monson. 1964. The
birds of Arizona. Univ. Ariz. Press, Tucson.
220pp.
COMMENT: The most detailed summary of sight and breeding records for birds in Arizona.
Cook, R. E. 1969. Variation in species density of North American birds. Syst. Zool. 18:63-84.
COMMENT: High density in Arizona.
Species-specific
1800s
Brewster, W. 1881. Notes on some birds from Arizona and New Mexico, with a description of a supposed new Whip-poor-will. Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club 6:65-73.
Price, W. W. 1888. Xantus's Becard (Platypsaris albiventris) in the Huachuca Mountains, south- ern Arizona. Auk 5:425.
Poling, O. C. 1891. Groove-billed Ani (Crotophaga sulcirostris) in Arizona. Auk 8:313-314.
COMMENT: One collected in May 1888 in the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona.
Brewster, W. 1898. Occurrence of the Spotted Screech Owl (Megascops aspersus) in Arizona. Auk 15:186.
COMMENT: In the Huachuca Mountains, Ari- zona.
Lusk, R. D. 1899. New nesting location of Rivoli Hummer (Eugenes fulgens). Osprey 3:140-141.
COMMENT: In the Huachuca Mountains, Ari- zona.
1900-1920
Breninger, G. F. 1901. The Painted Redstart. Con- dor 3:147-148.
COMMENT: Observations in the Santa Rita and Huachuca Mountains.
Loomis, L. M. 1901. An addition to the A.O.U. Check-List. Auk 18:109-110.
9
COMMENT: Dendroica nigrifrons collected in the
Huachuca and Chiricahua Mountains. Breninger, G. F. 1905. The English Sparrow at
Tucson, Arizona. Auk 22:408. COMMENT: The first record at Tucson. Brown, H. 1911. The English Sparrow at Tucson,
Arizona. Auk 28:486-488. COMMENT: Account of its arrival and its habits. Lincoln, F. C. 1927. Status of the Yellow-legs in
Arizona. Condor 29:164-165. COMMENT: Totanus flavipes collected by E. A.
Mearns in 1892 at the San Bernardino Ranch in
southeastern Arizona.
1921-1940
Wetmore, A. 1935. The Thick-billed Parrot in southern Arizona. Condor 37:18-21.
COMMENT: In the Chiricahua, Dragoon, Galiuro, and Graham Mountains; notes on habits.
1941-1960
Blake, E. R. 1942. Mexican Dipper in the Huachuca
Mountains, Arizona. Auk 59:578-579. van Rossem, A. J. 1942. Fuertes Red-tailed Hawk
in northern Mexico and Arizona. Auk 59:450. COMMENT: In the Chiricahua Mountains. Peet, M. M. 1948. The Prothonotary Warbler in
Arizona. Condor 50:134. COMMENT: At Cave Creek in the Chiricahua
Mtns.
Phillips, A. R. 1949. Nesting of the Rose-throated Becard in Arizona. Condor 51:137-139.
COMMENT: In the Santa Cruz River drainage.
Pulich, W. M. 1952. The Arizona Crested Fly- catcher in Nevada. Condor 54:169-170.
COMMENT: Includes notes on Arizona distribu- tion.
Salt, G. W. 1952. The relation of metabolism to climate and distribution in three finches of the genus Carpodacus. Ecol. Monog. 22:121-152.
COMMENT: Includes maps of breeding ranges of C. cassinii and C. mexicanus.
Gibbs, R. H. Jr., and S. P. Gibbs. 1956. Rose- throated Becard nesting in the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona. Wilson Bull. 68:77-78.
Thornburg, F. 1956. Rose-breasted Grosbeak in Arizona. Condor 58:447.
COMMENT: Observed at Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mountains, and at Patagonia.
Binford, L. C. 1958. First record of the Five-striped Sparrow in the United States. Auk 75:103.
COMMENT: At the mouth of Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona.
Levy, S. H. 1958. A new United States nesting area for the Rose-throated Becard. Auk 75:95.
COMMENT: In Guadalupe Canyon, Cochise County, Arizona.
. 1958. A possible United States breeding area
for the Violet-crowned Hummingbird. Auk 75:350.
COMMENT: In Guadalupe Canyon, Cochise County, Arizona.
. 1959. Thick-billed Kingbird in the United
States. Auk 76:92.
COMMENT: In Guadalupe Canyon, Cochise County, Arizona.
Stophlet, J. J. 1959. Nesting concentration of Long- eared Owls in Cochise County, Arizona. Wilson Bull. 71:97-99.
COMMENT: Near Tombstone.
Zimmeran, D. A., and S. H. Levi. 1960. Violet- crowned Hummingbird nesting in Arizona and New Mexico. Auk 77:470-471.
COMMENT: In Guadalupe Canyon, Cochise County, Arizona.
1961-1980
Westcott, P. W. 1964. Invasion of Clark Nutcrack- ers and Pinon Jays into southeastern Arizona. Condor 66:441.
Carter, D. L., and R. H. Wauer. 1965. Black Hawk nesting in Utah. Condor 67:82-83.
COMMENT: Incidental mention of nesting at Patagonia, Arizona.
Ohmart, R. D. 1968. Breeding of Botteri's sparrow Aimophila botterii in Arizona USA. Condor 70:277.
Sheppard, J. M. 1968. Berylline and Violet-crowned Hummingbirds in Arizona. Auk 85:329.
COMMENT: In Ramsey Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, Arizona.
Ohmart, R. D. 1969. Dual breeding ranges in Cassin Sparrow (Aimophila cassinii). Page 105 in C. C. Hoff and M. L. Riedesel, eds. Physiological systems in semiarid environments, Albuquer- que, Univ. NM Press.
Phippips, A. R., S. Speich, and W. Harrison. 1973. Black-capped gnatcatcher: a new breeding bird for the USA with a key to the North American species of Polioptila. Auk 90:257-262.
10
Tomlinson, R. E., S. H. Levy, and J. J. Levy. 1973. New distributional records of breeding Mexican ducks. Condor 75:120-121.
Gregg, G. G. 1977. Robins extending breeding range into Tucson. West. Birds 8:103-104.
Zimmerman, D. A. 1978. A probable Nutting's flycatcher in southwestern New Mexico. West- ern Birds 9:135-136.
Rea, A. M. 1980. Late pleistocene and holocene turkeys in the southwest USA. Nat. Hist. Mus. Contrib. Sci. 330:209-224.
COMMENT: Late Quaternary turkey remains from 17 southwestern sites are analyzed. The living turkey (M. g. merriami Nelson) is a parallel Mesoamerican component that was imported and became feral with the breakdown of south- western cultures that had occurred at least by A.D. 1450.
>1980
Church, J. 1982. Southernmost nesting record for the mountain bluebird. West. Birds 13:35.
Piest, L. A. and L. K. Sowls. 1982. Records of American widgeon breeding in Arizona. West- ern Birds 12:54.
Bowers, R. K., JR, J. B. Dunning, Jr. 1987. Nutting's flycatcher (Myiarchus nuttingi) from Arizona. Am. Birds 41:5-10.
COMMENT: Nutting's flycatcher is a common inhabitant of thorn-shrub and open forest from central Sonora south along the west coast of Mexico and Central America as far as Hondu- ras. Notes careful identification is necessary to confirm presence or absence in Arizona.
Bowers, R. K. Jr. 1988. Three breeding records and recent sightings of northern saw-whet Owls in southeastern Arizona USA. Southwest Nat. 33:376-377.
Hubbard, J.P. and J. W. Shipman. 1994. Couch's kingbird in New Mexico. NM Ornithol. Soc. Bull. 22:8-12.
Natural History and Ecology
General
1800s
Scott, W. E. D. 1885. Winter mountain notes from southern Arizona. Auk 2:172-174.
COMMENT: Running account of the birds ob- served in the Santa Catalina Mountains from November 26-29, 1884.
Poling, O. C. 1890. Notes on Eugenes fulgens. Auk 7:402-403.
COMMENT: In the Huachuca Mountains, Ari- zona.
. 1890. The presence of McCown's and the
Chestnut-collared Longspur in southern Ari- zona, near the Mexican border. Ornith. and Ool. 15(5):71.
COMMENT: At Fort Huachuca during February and March.
Breninger, G. F. 1897. Barn Swallows in southern
Arizona. Osprey 2(9):117. COMMENT: Nesting at Elgin, Santa Cruz County. Willard, F. C. 1898. Quails going to roost. Osprey
2:134.
COMMENT: Scaled Quail near Tombstone. Barrows, W. B. 1899. The English Sparrow (Passer
domesticus) in North America. U.S. Dept. Agric. Div. Econ. Ornith. and Mammal.
Bull. 1:1-405. COMMENT: Present at Camp Huachuca in the
summer of 1886. Breninger, G. F. 1899. Gambel's Quail. Osprev
3:84-85.
COMMENT: Observations in southern Arizona.
Henninger, W. F. 1899. Note on the Spotted Screech Owl (Megascops tnchopsis). Osprey 4:29.
COMMENT: In the Huachuca Mountains, Ari- zona.
Howard, O. W. 1899. Some of the summer fly- catchers of Arizona. Bull. Cooper Ornith. Club 1:103-107.
COMMENT: Observations on the Sulphur-bellied, Olivaceous, and Buff-breasted Flycatchers.
1900-1920
Lusk, R. D. 1901. In the summer home of the Buff- breasted Flycatcher. Condor 3:38-41.
COMMENT: Observations in the Santa Rita and Chiricahua mountains.
Howard, O. W. 1904. The Coues Flycatcher as a guardian of the peace. Condor 6:79-80.
COMMENT: Breeding habits in the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona.
Smith, A. P. 1907. Summer notes from an Arizona camp. Condor 9:196-197.
11
COMMENT: Accounts of 24 species of birds observed at Benson and in the Whetstone Mountains.
Swarth, H. S. 1909. Distribution and molt of the Mearn's Quail. Condor 11:39-43.
Willard, F. C. 1909. Behavior of a young Rivoli Hummingbird. Condor 11:102-103.
COMMENT: In the Huachuca Mountains, Ari- zona.
Gilman, M. F. 1915. A forty acre bird census at
Sacaton, Arizona. Condor 17:86-90. COMMENT: Notes on 21 species, most of them
nesting.
Law, J. E. 1917. Notes on the Arizona Spotted Owl.
Condor 19:69. COMMENT: Specimens from the Chiricahua
Mountains.
Lincoln, F. C. 1917. Some notes of the birds of Rock Canyon, Arizona. Wilson Bull. 29:65-73.
COMMENT: Contains remarks on 66 species and subspecies of birds from the vicinity of the Santa Catalina Mountains.
1921-1940
Bailey, F. M. 1922. Cactus Wrens' nests in southern Arizona. Condor 24:163-168.
COMMENT: An important, detailed account of roosting nests, their sites and construction, at the north base of the Santa Rita Mountains.
. 1923. Fifteen Arizona Verdins' nests. Con- dor 25:20-21.
COMMENT: Account of roosting nests found at the foot of the Santa Rita Mountains.
Ligon, K. S. 1926. Habits of the Spotted Owl (Syrnium occidentale). Auk 43:421-429.
COMMENT: Summarizes published nesting records and discusses egg color.
Law, J. E. 1929. A discussion of faunal influences in southern Arizona. Condor 31:216-220.
COMMENT: Notes difficulty in describing range of birds in southeast Arizona because of abrupt delimitations of faunal associations. Says it is a mistake to assign faunal definitions to any broad section (see also Swarth [1929] "Faunal areas of southern Arizona." Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 4th ser. 18(12):267-383).
Jacot, E. C. 1931. Notes on the Spotted and
Flammulated Screech Owls in Arizona. Condor 33:8-11.
Gorsuch, D. M. 1932. Report of Gambel Quail
investigation. Ariz. Wild Life 4(3):3-7. COMMENT: Important data on behavior. Huey, L. M. 1932. Note on the food of an Arizona
Spotted Owl. Condor 34:100-101. COMMENT: In the Chiricahua Mountains. Taylor, W. P., and C. T. Vorhies. 1933. The Black
Vulture in Arizona. Condor 35:205-206. COMMENT: A summary of observations in the
Santa Cruz valley and westward. Anderson, A. H. 1934. The Turkey Vulture in
southern Arizona. Wilson Bull. 46:264. COMMENT: Notes on abundance. Campbell, B. 1934. Bird notes from southern
Arizona. Condor 36:201-203. Gorsuch, D. M. 1934. Life history of the Gambel
Quail in Arizona. Univ. Ariz. Biol. Sci. Bull. 2:1-89. Phillips, A. R. 1935. Notes from the Santa Catalina
Mountains, Arizona. Condor 37:88-89. Gorsuch, D. M. 1936. Banding records of Gambel
Quail. Condor 38:126. COMMENT: On the Santa Rita Experimental
Range; two of the birds lived to be at least 5.5
years old.
Brandt, H. 1937. Some Arizona bird studies. Auk 54:62-64.
COMMENT: Observations on 6 species in the
Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. Miller, A. H. 1937. Notes on the Saw- whet Owl.
Condor 39:130-131. COMMENT: In the Sierra Ancha and Chiricahua
mountains, Arizona; description of call notes. Vorhies, C. T. 1937. Inter-relationships of range
animals. Trans. 2nd North Am. Wildl. Conf.
March 1-4, 1937:288-294. COMMENT: Discusses food of Roadrunner and
Marsh Hawk in Arizona. Amadon, D., and A. R. Phillips. 1939. Notes on the
Mexican Goshawk. Auk 56:183-184. COMMENT: In the Santa Cruz River bottoms
south of Tucson; description of nest, male
nestling, and food. O'Connor, J. 1939. Game in the desert. Derrydale
Press, New York, N.Y. 298pp. COMMENT: Data on turkey, quail, and dove
habits and habitats. Arnold, L. W. 1940. An ecological study of the
vertebrate animals of the mesquite forest. M. S.
Thesis. Univ. Ariz., Tucson. 79pp.
12
COMMENT: Records 111 species of birds along the Santa Cruz River south of Tucson.
1941-1960
Arnold, L. 1941. The mesquite forest and the Whitewing. Ariz. Wildl. Sportsman 3(11)5-6.
COMMENT: Some early history of the Santa Cruz Valley.
Monson, G. 1942. Notes on some birds of south- eastern Arizona. Condor 44:222-225.
COMMENT: Accounts of 47 species.
Miller, L. 1943. Notes on the Mearns Quail. Con- dor 45:104-109.
COMMENT: Remarks on osteology, breeding in Arizona, and natural enemies.
Neff, J. A. 1944. Seeds of leguves eaten by birds. Condor 46:207.
COMMENT: List of food items of White-winged Dove in Arizona.
. 1947. Habits, food, and economic status of
the Band-tailed Pigeon. North Am. Fauna 58:1- 76.
COMMENT: Contains considerable data on Ari- zona birds.
Peet, M. M. 1947. Violet-crowned Hummingbird in Arizona. Condor 49:89.
COMMENT: From the Chiricahua Mountains.
Dixon, K. L. 1950. Notes on the ecological distribu- tion of Plain and Bridled Titmice in Arizona. Condor 52:140-141.
Brandt, H. 1951. Arizona and its bird life: a
naturalist's adventures with the nesting birds on the deserts, grasslands, foothills, and mountains of southeastern Arizona. Bird Res. Found., Cleveland, Ohio.
Miller, R., and H. E. Winn. 1951. Observations on fish-eating by the Great-tailed grackle in south- eastern Arizona. Wilson Bull. 63:207-208.
Phillips, A. R., and D. Amadon. 1952. Some birds of northwestern Sonora, Mexico. Condor 54:163- 168.
COMMENT: Includes brief comments on some
Arizona specimens. Sutton, G. M. 1953. Gray Hawk. Wilson Bull. 65:5-7. COMMENT: Brief mention of Arizona habitat. Swank, W. G., and S. Gallizioli. 1954. The influence
of hunting and of rainfall upon Gambel's quail
populations. Trans. North Am. Wildl. Conf.
19:283-297.
COMMENT: Winter rainfall limits abundance. Good rains produce spring feed and more quail.
Day, G. I. 1955. Investigations of Whetstone area. Ariz. Game and Fish Dept. Completion Rep. Proj. W-53-R-6, work plan 5, job no. 18:1-9.
Greenwalt, L.A. 1955. Mobility of Gambel's quail (Lophortyx gambeli gambeli) in a desert-grassland- oak woodland in southeastern Arizona. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Ariz., Tucson.
Day, G. I. 1956. Investigation of Canelo-Patagonia Mountains. Ariz. Game and Fish Dept. Comple- tion Rep. Proj. W-53-R-6, work plan 5, job no. 19:1-8.
Marshall, J. T., Jr. 1956. Summer birds of the Rincon Mountains, Saguaro National Monu- ment, Arizona. Condor 58:81-97.
COMMENT: Account of 71 species with an exten- sive discussion of their environmental prefer- ences.
Leopold, A. S., and R. A. McCabe. 1957. Natural history of the Montezuma Quail in Mexico. Condor 59:3-26.
COMMENT: Includes comparisons with Arizona birds.
Marshall, J. T., Jr. 1957. Birds of pine-oak wood- land in southern Arizona and adjacent Mexico. Pac. Coast Avi. 32:1-125.
COMMENT: An extensive account of the vegeta- tion and habitat preferences of the birds.
Senteney, P. 1957. Factors affecting the nesting of Gambel Quail in southern Arizona. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Ariz., Tucson. 42pp.
Anderson, A. H., and A. Anderson. 1959. Life history of the Cactus Wren. Part II: The begin- ning of nesting. Condor 61:186-205.
Knopp, T. B. 1959. Factors affecting the abundance and distribution of Merriam's Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo merriami) in southeastern Arizona. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Ariz., Tucson. 58pp.
Anderson, A. H., and A. Anderson. 1960. Life history of the Cactus Wren. Part III: The nesting cycle. Condor 62:351-369.
Hungerford, C. R. 1960. The factors affecting the breeding of Gambel's Quail {Lophortyx gambelii gambelli Gambel) in Arizona. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Ariz., Tucson. 94pp.
COMMENT: In the Tucson vicinity.
Klopfer, P. H., and R. H. MacArthur. 1960. Niche size and faunal diversity. Amer. Nat. 94:293-300.
13
COMMENT: In Arizona 37.5 per cent of individu- als are nonpasserine.
1961-1980
Dixon, K. L. 1961. Habitat distribution and niche relationships in North American species of Parus. Pages 179-216 in W. F. Blair, ed. Verte- brate speciation, a University of Texas Sympo- sium. Univ. Texas Press, Austin.
COMMENT: All Arizona species of Parus are discussed.
Hardy, J. W. 1961. Studies in behavior and phylog- eny of certain New World Jays (Garrulinae). Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 42:13-149.
COMMENT: Includes important data on Mexican Jays in the Chiricahua Mountains.
Selander, R. K., and D. R. Giller. 1961. Analysis of sympatry of Great-tailed and Boat-tailed Grack- les. Condor 63:29-86.
COMMENT: Map of distribution of Arizona races of Caassidix mexicanus is included.
Anderson, A. H., and A. Anderson. 1962. Life history of the Cactus Wren. Part IV: Develop- ment of nestlings. Condor 64:199-212.
, and . 1962. Life history of the Cactus
Wren. Part V: Fledging to independence. Con- dor 64:199-212.
McGregor, S. E., S. M. Alcorn, and G. Olin. 1962. Pollination and pollinating agents of the saguaro. Ecol. 43:259-267.
COMMENT: Includes birds that visit the saguaro.
Brown, J. L. 1963. Social organization and behavior of the Mexican Jay. Condor 65:126-153.
COMMENT: Observations in the Santa Rita Moun- tains.
Lanyon, W. E. 1963. Experiments on species discrimination in Myiarchus Flycatchers. Amer. Mus. Novit. 2126:1-16.
COMMENT: At Portal, Arizona.
Marshall, J. T., Jr. 1963. Rainy season nesting in Arizona. Pages 620-622 in Proc. 13th Int. Ornith. Cong. Ithaca, 17-24 June.
COMMENT: Discusses nesting of Abert's Towhee.
McGregor, S. E., S. M. Alcorn, and G. Olin. 1963. Life history of the Cactus Wren. Part VI: Com- petition and Survival. Condor 65:29-43
Westcott, P.W. 1963. Winter birds of the
Chiricahua National Monument. Chiricahua National Monument, Willcox, Arizona. Bishop, R. A. 1964. The Mearns Quail (Cyrtonyx
montezumae mearnsi) in southern Arizona. M.S.
Thesis, Univ. Ariz., Tucson. 57pp. COMMENT: In Canelo Hills and Box Canyon,
Santa Rita Mountains. Reynolds, H. G. and R. R. Johnson. 1964. Habitat
relations of vertebrates of the Sierra Ancha
Experimental Forest. U.S. Forest Serv. Res.
Paper RM-4:1-16. COMMENT: Includes a list of 125 species of birds. Anderson, A. H. and A. Anderson. 1965. The
Cactus Wrens on the Santa Rita Experimental
Range, Arizona. Condor 65:344-351. Bishop, R. [A.], and C. R. Hungerford. 1965.
Seasonal food selection of Arizona Mearns'
Quail. J. Wildl. Manage. 29:813-819. Rising, J. D. 1965. Notes on behavioral responses
of the Blue-throated Hummingbird. Condor
67:352-354.
COMMENT: In the Chiricahua Mountains, Ari- zona.
Smith, W. J. 1966. Communication and relation- ships in the genus Tyrannus. Nuttall Ornith. Club Publ. 6:1-250. '
COMMENT: Tyrannus verticalis, T. crassirostris, and T. voctferans were studied in southern Arizona.
Balda, R. P. 1967. Ecological relationships of the breeding-birds of the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Illinois. 240pp.
COMMENT: 103 nesting species in the area are recorded.
Grant, K. A. and V. Grant. 1967. Records of hum- mingbird pollination in the western American flora. III. Arizona records. Aliso 6:107-110.
COMMENT: Lists several species in mountain areas.
Ligon, J. D. 1967. The biology of the Elf Owl, Micrathene ivhitneyi. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Michi- gan. 158pp.
Marshall, J. T., Jr. 1967. Parallel variation in North and Middle American Screech-owls. West. Found. Vert. Zool. Monog. 1:1-72.
COMMENT: An exhaustive study, including Arizona species.
Smith, E. L. 1967. Behavioral adaptations related to water retention in the Black-tailed Gnatcatcher (Polioptila melanura). M.S. Thesis, Univ. Ariz., Tucson. 43pp.
Smith, W. J. 1967. Displays of the Vermilion Fly- catcher (Pyrocephalus rubinus). Condor 69:601-605.
14
COMMENT: Includes observations in southeast- ern and south-central Arizona.
Calder, W. A. 1968. The diurnal activity of the roadrunner, Geococcyx calif vrnianus. Condor 70:84-85.
COMMENT: On the Santa Rita Experimental Range activity decreased at midday.
Grant, K. A., and V. Grant. 1968. Hummingbirds and their flowers. Columbia Univ. Press, New York, N. Y. 115pp. 30 pi.
COMMENT: Includes all Arizona breeding spe- cies.
Ligon, J. D. 1968. Observations on Strickland's Woodpecker, Dendrocopos stricklandi. Condor 70:83-84.
COMMENT: Includes observtions on D. arizonae in Arizona.
. 1968. Sexual differences in foraging behav- ior in two species of Dendrocopos woodpeckers. Auk 85:203-215.
COMMENT: Arizona Woodpeckers were studied in Cave Creek Canyon, Cochise County, Ari- zona.
. 1968. Starvation of spring migrants in the
Chiricahua Mountains Arizona. Condor 70:387-388.
COMMENT: Freezing weather (early May) re- duced the insect population, which apparently caused a decline in small insectivorous birds.
. 1968. The biology of the Elf Owl, Micrathene
whitneyi. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 136:1-70.
COMMENT: Field work chiefly in Cave Creek Canyon, Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona.
Phillips, A. R. 1968. The instability of the distribu- tion of land birds in the southwest. Pages 129- 162 in A. H. Schroeder. Collected papers in honor of Lyndon Lane Hargrave. Papers Archeol. Soc. New Mex.
COMMENT: Criticism of past and present ornitho- logical studies; 85 titles in bibliography.
Robinson, M. D. 1968. Summer aspect of a high coniferous forest in the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona M.S. Thesis, Univ. Ariz., Tucson. 55pp.
Balda, R. P. 1969. Foliage use by birds of the oak- juniper woodland and ponderosa pine forest in southeastern Arizona. Condor: 71:399-412.
COMMENT: Oak-juniper woodland: 36 species of birds, 267 pairs per 100 acres; pine forest: 31 species, 336 pairs per 100 acres.
Lee, D. T., and E. Yensen. 1969. Winter bird- population study: Riparian Woodland: Oak- Juniper Association. Aud. Field Notes 23:538.
COMMENT: In Madera Canyon, Pima and Santa Cruz counties, Arizona.
, and . 1969. Winter bird-population
study: Desert Scrub: Whitehorn Association. Aud. Field Notes 23:543-544.
COMMENT: Near Continental, Arizona.
Ligon, J. D. 1969. Some aspects of temperature relations in small owls. Auk 86:458-472.
COMMENT: Three species of owls from the Chiricahua Mountains were used in the study.
Ohmart, R. D. 1969. Physiological and ethological adaptations of the Rufous-winged Sparrow (Aimophila carpalis) to a desert environment. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Ariz., Tucson. 58pp.
Poore, J. T. 1969. The effects of water deprivation on the hypothalamic-hypophysial neurosecre- tory system of the Black-throated Sparrow, Amphispiza bilineata. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Ariz., Tucson. 19pp.
COMMENT: Birds from Nogales, Arizona, were used.
Westcott, P. W. 1969. Relationships among three species of Jays wintering in southeastern Ari- zona. Condor 71:353-359.
. 1969. Relationships among 3 species of jays
wintering in southeastern Arizona. Condor 71:353-359.
Balda, R. P. 1970. Effects of spring leaf-fall on
composition and density of breeding birds in
tow southern Arizona woodlands. COMMENT: In the Chiricahua Mountains: species
density greater in oak-juniper-pine woodland;
Chiricahua Mountains. Viers, C. E., Jr. 1970. The relationship of calling
behavior of White-winged Doves to population
and production in southern Arizona. Ph.D.
Thesis, Univ. Ariz., Tucson. 47pp. Roth, V. D. 1971. Unusual predatory activities of
mexican jays and brown-headed cowbirds
under conditions of deep snow in southeastern
Arizona. Condor 73:113. Brown, J.L. 1972. Communal feeding of nestlings
in the Mexican jay (Aphelocoma ultramarina):
interflock comparisons. Anim. Behav. 20:395-403. COMMENT: Observations were made on the
individuals that fed the nestlings at 6 nests in 4
color-banded flocks.
15
Tramontane), J.P. 1972. Summer foraging behavior of sympatric Arizona grassland sparrows. Ph.D Thesis, Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Austin, G. T., and E. L. Smith. 1974. Use of bur- rows by brown towhees and black-throated sparrows. Auk 91:167.
Carothers, S.W., R.R. Johnson, and S.W. Aitchison. 1974. Population structure and social organiza- tion in southwestern riparian birds. Am. Zool. 14:97-108.
Banks, R. C. 1975. Plumage variation in the masked bobwhite. Condor 77:486-487.
Mader, W. J. 1975. Biology of the Harris hawk in southern Arizona, USA. Living Bird 14:59-86.
COMMENT: An intensive study was conducted on the Harris' hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus supe- rior) populations in Pima and Pinal Counties, Arizona from 1971-1973.
Pulliam, H. R. 1975. Coexistence of sparrows: a test of community theory. Science 189:474-476.
ABSTRACT: The study, in grasslands of southeast- ern Arizona, supported the predictability of current community theory. For each of the habitats studied, the production of seeds and the abundances of seed-eating winter-resident sparrows was measured. The theory correctly predicted the number of species supported in each habitat. In both cases for which the predic- tion was that only one species could be sup- ported, the theory correctly predicted which species should be present.
Cockrum, E.L., S.M. Russell, and C.H. Lowe. 1976. Survey of the vertebrate fauna of Fort Bowie National Historic Site, Arizona. Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, Technical Report 2, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson.
COMMENT: An intensive field survey of verte- brates conducted during 1975-76.
Mill, G. S. 1976. American kestrel sex ratios and habitat selection. Auk 93:740-748.
ABSTRACT: Differential habitat use by the sexes of wintering kestrels is widespread. Females are more often in open, sparsely-vegetated habitats, and males more often in habitats of denser vegetation. Habitat separation in summer may also be widespread, but perhaps not to the extent as in winter.
Raitt, R.J., and S.L. Pimm. 1976. Dynamics of bird communities in the Chihuahuan Desert. Condor 78:427-442.
Zimmerman, D. A. 1976. Comments on feeding habits and vulture mimicry in the zone-tailed hawk. Condor 78:420-421.
Glinski, R. L., and R. D. Ohmart. 1977. The popu- lation habitat and diet of the black hawk in Arizona and New Mexico. J. Ariz. Acad. Sci. 12:25.
Hoy, M. 1977. A list of birds for Fort Bowie Na- tional Historic Site and Apache Pass, Fort Bowie National Historic Site.
COMMENT: Chiricahua National Monument, Willcox, Arizona.
Pulliam, H. R., and G. S. Mills. 1977. The use of space by wintering sparrows. Ecology 58:1393-1399.
ABSTRACT: Differences in microhabitat utilization by sparrows wintering in southeastern Arizona may be sufficient to explain their coexistence. The species either forage in different macrohabitats or in the same habitat at different distances from tree or shrub cover. Seed size partitioning within habitats is sufficient to explain coexistence only in 1 case where the seed size distribution is bimodal.
Spofford, S. H., and L. H. Fisk. 1977. Additions to the list of nectar feeding birds. West. Birds. 8:109-112.
Brown, D. E., C. L. Cochran, T. E. Waddell. 1978. Using call-counts to predict hunting success for scaled quail. J. Wildl. Manage. 42:281-287.
Pimm, S. L. 1978. An experimental approach to the effects of predictability on community structure. Am. Zool. 18:797-808.
Stacey, P. B., and C. E. Bock. 1978. Social plasticity in the acorn woodpecker. Science 202:1298-1300.
ABSTRACT: Acorn woodpeckers in southeastern Arizona exhibited 2 different types of social organization, one of highly cooperative and resident groups and another of birds that mi- grated and formed only temporary male-female pairs during reproduction. The occurrence of both patterns in the same population indicates a high degree of social flexibility in this species.
Zimmerman, D. A. 1978. A probable nuttings flycatcher Myiarchus nuttingi in southwestern New Mexico. West. Birds 9:135-136.
Brown, D. E. 1979. Factors influencing reproduc- tive success and population densities in montezuma quail Cyrtonyx Montezumae. J. Wildl. Manage. 43:522-526.
16
Dixon, K.L., and D. J. Martin. 1979. Notes on the vocalizations of the Mexican chickadee. Condor 81:421-423.
COMMENT: Vocalizations of Mexican chickadees recorded in the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona, are described with the aid of audiospectrograms.
Winkler, H. 1979. Foraging ecology of Strickland's woodpecker in Arizona. Wilson Bull. 91:244-254.
ABSTRACT: Strickland's Woodpeckers (Picoides stricklandi) were studied in the pre-nesting and early nesting periods in the Chiricahua Moun- tains of Arizona. This woodpecker prefers to feed upon pines in the pre-nesting season, but is less selective during the nesting season. In contrast to earlier reports, an avoidance of, rather than a preference for oaks was found.
Brown, J. L., and E. R. Brown. 1980. Reciprocal aid-giving in a communal bird. Zeitschrift Tierpsychol. 53:313-324.
Caraco, Tv S. Martindale, and T. S. Whittam. 1980. An empirical demonstration of risk-sensitive foraging preferences. Anim. Behav. 28:820-830.
Mills, G. S., J. R. Silliman, K. D. Groschupf, and S. M. Speich. 1980. Life history of the five-striped sparrow. Living Bird 18:95-110.
Pulliam, H. R. 1980. Do chipping sparrows forage optimally? Ardea 68:75-82.
ABSTRACT: The abundances, weights, and han- dling times of all of the common seeds found in an oak woodland on The Research Ranch in southeastern Arizona were estimated to test the hypothesis that chipping sparrows maximize their rate of energy intake while foraging. Chipping sparrows do not maximize their net rate of energy intake while foraging, but they come close to doing so.
Taylor, C. 1980. The coppery-tailed trogon:
Arizona's bird of paradise. Borderland Publica- tions, Portal, Arizona.
COMMENT: Personal observations of the elegant trogon are described.
Trail, P.W. 1980. Ecological correlates of social organization in a communally breeding bird, the acorn woodpecker Melanerpes formicivorus. Behav. Ecol. and Sociobiology 7:83-92.
ABSTRACT: Acorn woodpeckers were studied during 2 summers in the Chiricahua Mountains to determine the ecological reasons for varia- tions in group sizes, acorn caching behavior, and home range.
>1980
Calder, W. A., III. 1981. Diuresis on the desert? Effects of fruit-and nectar-feeding on the house finch and other species. Condor 83:267-268.
Goldsmith, T. G., J. S. Collins, and D. L. Perlman. 1981. A wave length discrimination function for the hummingbird, Archilochus alexandri. J. Comp. Physiol. Neural Behav. Physiol. 143:103-110.
ABSTRACT: Free-flying black-chinned humming- birds (A alexandri) at a site in southeastern Arizona were attracted to artificial feeders displaying narrow spectral bands of light (7 nm half band width). Results are consistent with a growing body of evidence suggesting that the color space of birds may be more than 3-dimen- sional.
Rusterholz, K. A. 1981. Competition and the structure of an avian foraging guild. Am. Nat. 118:173-190.
ABSTRACT: Using data on microhabitat overlap, the intensities of interspecific competition experienced by 7 species of foliage gleaning birds in a southeastern Arizona pine forest were estimated.
Suring, L. H., and C. J. Ault. 1981. Flycatching behaviour by American kestrels. Southwestern Nat. 26:76.
Thiollay, J.M. 1981. Structure and seasonal changes of bird population in a desert scrub of northern Mexico. Pages 143-167 in Barbault, R., and G. Halffter, eds. Ecology of the Chihuahuan Desert. Instituto de Ecologia, Mexico, D.F.
ABSTRACT: The bird populations of the Mapami Biosphere Reserve are summarized in terms of their respective structures and changes within seasons.
Walters, P. M. 1981. Notes on the body weight and molt of the elf owl (Micrathene whitneyi) in southeastern Arizona. North Am. Bird Band. 6:104-105.
Blancher, P. J. 1982. Food supply, predation, and potential for competition between western and cassin's kingbirds. DISS. Abstr. Int. (B) 43(5):1353.
Caraco, T. 1982. Flock size and the organization of behavioral sequences in juncos. Condor 84:101-105.
ABSTRACT: The sequential organization of scan- ning for approaching predators and pecking for
17
food was investigated by analyzing films of yellow-eyed Juncos. For a given group size, the probability that a bird scans after each peck was a constant. However, this probability decreased as flock size increased. Conley, M. R. 1982. Apparent predation on horned lark by loggerhead shrike. Southwest. Nat. 27:367.
Brown, C. R. 1983. Vocalization and behavior of violet-green swallows Tachycineta thalassina in the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona, USA. Wilson Bull. 95:142-145.
Brown, J. L. 1983. Communal harvesting of a transient food resource in the Mexican jay. Wilson Bull. 95:286-287.
Elliott, B.G. 1983. Nocturnal moonlight calling by elegant trogon in Arizona. West. Birds 14:53.
Gaddis, P. K. 1983. Differential usage of song types by plain, bridled and tufted titmice. Ornis. Scand.l4:16-23.
Maurer, B. A. 1983. Overlap and competition in avian guilds. Am. Nat. 121:903-907.
Pulliam, H. R. 1983. Ecological community theory and the coexistence of sparrows. Ecology 64:45-52.
ABSTRACT: Ecological community theory at- tempts to predict the number and relative abundance of coexisting species of consumers based on resource use and availability. The observed patterns of species coexistence appear consistent with the Ecological Community Model based on resource abundance and ag- gressive interference. However, they are also consistent with coexistence based on interspe- cific partitioning by seed size.
Schultz, T.D. 1983. Opportunistic foraging of western kingbirds on aggregations of tiger beetles. Auk 100:496-497.
ABSTRACT: The author observed the kingbirds feeding upon a pondside population of tiger beetles (Cicindela sedecimpunctata) during the peak abundance of the beetles around the pond.
Walters, P.M. 1983. Notes on the mist-netting of seven elf owls (Micrathene whitneyi) and two western screech-owls (Otus kennecotti) on 15 July 1982. North Amer. Bird Band. 8:13.
Blancher, P. J., and R. J. Robertson. 1984. Resource use by sympatric kingbirds. Condor 86:305-313.
ABSTRACT: Resource use by Cassin's kingbirds (Tyrannus vociferans) and western kingbirds (T. verticalis) was studied during the breeding
season in southeastern Arizona. The former nested predominantly in riparian creek habitat while the latter nested in more open desert habitat.
Bowers, R.K., Jr., and J. B. Dunning, Jr. 1984. Nest parasitism by cowbirds on buff -breasted fly- catchers, with comments on nest-site selection. Wilson Bull. 96:718-719.
ABSTRACT: The buff-breasted flycatcher
(Empidonax fulvifrons) is a small flycatcher of the Mexican Highlands that regularly breeds in limited numbers in the mountains of southeast- ern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico. Few details of its life history have been pub- lished. Nest parasitism by cowbirds has not been reported for this species. In the course of a general life history investigation of this fly- catcher, the author established that brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) and probably bronzed cowbirds (M. aeneus) parasit- ize the nest of this species.
Brown, C. R. 1984. Light-breasted purple martins dominate dark-breasted birds in a roost: Impli- cations for female mimicry. Auk 101:162-164.
Clark, W. S. 1984. Agonistic 'whirling' by zone- tailed hawks. Condor 86:488.
Freeman, C. E., W. H. Reid, J. E. Becvar, and R. Scogin. 1984. Similarity and apparent conver- gence in the nectar-sugar composition of some hummingbird-pollinated flowers. Botanical Gazette 145:132-135.
ABSTRACT: The data, primarily from southwest- ern North America, define a range of nectar composition, possibly representing the prefer- ences of hummingbirds. The data support assertations of adaptive convergence in the sugar composition of nectar in hummingbird- pollinated species.
Jennings, M. R. 1984. Predation on sonoran spot- ted whiptails, Cnemidophorus sonorae (teiidae), by the great-tailed grackle, Quiscalus mexicanus (Icteridae). Southwest. Nat. 29:514.
Martindale, S., and D. Lamm. 1984. Sexual dimor- phism and parental role switching in gila wood- peckers. Wilson Bull. 96:116-121.
Parker, R. E., and E. G. Campbell. 1984. Habitat use by wintering birds of prey on southeastern Arizona. West. Birds 15:175-183.
Scott, N. J., Jr., and R. P. Reynolds. 1984. Pheno- typic variation of the Mexican duck Anas platyrhynchos diazi in Mexico. Condor 86:266-274.
18
VanderWall, S.B., and J.A. MacMahon. 1984. Avian distribution patterns along a Sonoran Desert bajada. J. Arid Environ. 7:59-74.
COMMENT: Avian population density, foraging behavior, nest selection, and other aspects of vegetation use are reported from the Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument.
Brown, J. L., and E. R. Brown. 1985. Ecological correlates of group size in a communally breed- ing jay. Condor 87:309-315.
ABSTRACT: Local variation in size of social units was studied in the Gray-breasted (or Mexican) Jay (Aphelocoma ultramarina) throughout its elevation range in the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona. At its lower limit (1,463 m), the ecologi- cal distribution of the species ended where oaks became rare, even though other large trees were present. The upper limit of distribution (2,103 m) coincided with the beginning of the area occupied by Steller's Jays (Cyanocitta stelleri), and not with a decrease in the number of spe- cies of Quercus or the availability of mast.
Clark, R. Gv and R. D. Ohmart. 1985. Spread- winged posture of turkey vultures Cathartes aura single or multiple function. Condor 87:350-355.
ABSTRACT: Turkey vultures appear to spread their wings for at least two reasons: (1) to dry features, and (2) to ameliorate the thermal gradient between themselves and their environment, although the two functions are not mutually exclusive.
Emlen, J. T., and R. R. Ogden. 1985. Nesting doves and thrashers share close quarters. West. Birds 16:98.
Groschupf, K. 1985. Changes in five-striped spar- row song in intra- and intersexual contexts. Wilson Bull. 97:102-106.
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the Five-striped Sparrow (Aimophila quinquestriata) note complex and song type use and delivery within songs and bouts were related to intra- or intersexual contexts.
Hutto, R. L. 1985. Seasonal changes in the habitat distribution of transient insectivorous birds in southeastern Arizona: competition mediated? Auk 102:120-132.
ABSTRACT: The distribution and abundance of 26 migratory insectivorous birds were recorded over an elevational habitat gradient in the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona for the spring and fall migratory season.
Maurer, B. A. 1985. Avian community dynamics in desert grasslands: observational scale and hierarchical structure. Ecol. Monogr. 55:296-312. [see also: Maurer, B. A. 1984. Environmental heterogeneity and avian community structure in southeastern Arizona semidesert shrub-grass- land. Ph.D Thesis, Univ. Ariz., TucsonJ.
ABSTRACT: Peak bird densities and biomass in mesquite savannah communities occurred during May-June. Grassland communities achieved highest bird densities and biomass during July-August. This fluctuation corre- sponds to the nutritional value of forage being produced that in turn effects the insect popula- tion upon which the avian community relies.
Pulliam, H. R. 1985. Foraging efficiency, resource partitioning, and the coexistence of sparrow species. Ecology 66:1829-1836.
ABSTRACT: Large species of sparrows were more efficient than small species at handling large seeds. Large and small sparrows were about equally efficient at handling small seeds. Differ- ent species of sparrows were likely to have broadly overlapping diets whenever seeds were scarce enough for the consumption of seeds by one species to have much impact on the avail- ability of seeds to another species.
Bock, C.E., and D. L. Larson. 1986. Winter habitats of sapsuckers in southeastern Arizona. Condor 88:246-247.
Cully, J.F., Jr. 1986. Mobbing behavior of a pair of elegant trogons. Condor 88:103-104.
Dunning, J. B., Jr., and R. K. Bowers, Jr. 1986. Weights of North American birds, Arizona sparrows. N. Am. Bird Band. 11:59-60.
COMMENT: Tables of weights and measurements of birds banded in Arizona including many southeastern Arizona species.
Edwards, T. C, Jr. 1986. Ecological distribution of the gray-breasted jay, Aphelocoma ultramarina, the role of habitat. Condor 88:456-460.
ABSTRACT: Habitat relationships of
Gray-breasted Jays (Aphelocoma ultramarina) in southwestern New Mexico were investigated to determine what factors might account for the abrupt termination of this species' range. Re- sults indicate that Gray-breasted Jays are tied closely to the densities of mast-producing tree species, and that not all sites seemingly capable of supporting jays are occupied.
19
Gulliam, H. R. 1986. Niche expansion and contrac- tion in a variable environment. Amer. Zool. 26:71-79.
ABSTRACT: When food is abundant, sparrows are found in a great variety of habitats and appear to specialize on particularly profitable types of seeds. However, during periods of food scarcity, each sparrow occupies a very narrow range of habitats but consumes a great variety of seeds within each occupied habitat.
Rosenzweig, M. L. 1986. Hummingbird isolegs in an experimental system. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 19:313-322.
Bock, C. E. 1987. Distribution-abundance relation- ships of some Arizona landbirds: a matter of scale? Ecology 68:124-129.
ABSTRACT: The same species that were most abundant locally in the Huachuca Mountains of southeast Arizona were also most abundant on Christmas Bird Counts across Arizona and throughout the western United States. The positive correlation between distribution and abundance of winter landbirds appears to be an intrinsic property of the species themselves.
Gaddis, P. K. 1987. Social interactions and habitat overlap between plain and bridled titmice. Southwest. Nat. 32:197-202.
Pulliam, H. R., and J. B. Dunning. 1987. The influence of food supply on local density and diversity of sparrows. Ecology 68:1009-1014.
ABSTRACT: Population densities of sparrows in southeastern Arizona grasslands are only limited during infrequent years of very low seed production.
Strahl, S.D., and J. L. Brown. 1987. Geographic variation in social structure and behavior of Aphelocoma ultramarina. Condor 89:422-424.
ABSTRACT: The study of geographic variation in social structure may reveal flexibility of social behavior in a species and suggest correlations with environmental factors. The authors report observations on group size and composition from a population of A. u. couchii inhabiting the Chisos Mountains of Texas and compare them to pub- lished results for A. u. arizonae gathered using similar methods in the Chiricahua Mountains of Arizona. In addition, they describe a vocaliza- tion found in one population but not the other.
Valone, T. J., and S. L. Lima. 1987. Carrying food items to cover for consumption: the behavior
often bird species feeding under the risk of predation. Oecologia 71:286-294. Horvath, E. G., and K. A. Sullivan. 1988. Faculta- tive migration in yellow-eyed juncos. Condor 90:482-484.
ABSTRACT: The authors documented winter site fidelity and spring movements between the breeding and wintering grounds in a population of juncos in the Chiricahua Mountains, Cochise County, Arizona.
Medina, A.L. 1988. Diets of scaled quail in south- ern Arizona. J. Wildl. Manage.: 753-757.
ABSTRACT: The authors examined diets of scaled quail (Callipepla squamata) from 1982 to 1984 in southern Arizona. Seeds of forbs and woody plants composed >57% of the volume of quail diets. Forbs were staple foods and composed >39% of diets. Quail were most abundant in areas with low perennial grass cover and high forb cover.
Sullivan, K. A. 1988. Age-specific profitability and prey choice. Anim. Behav. 36:613-615.
ABSTRACT: The author observed free-ranging flocks of juncos foraging on mealworms at six sites in the Chiricahua mountains of Arizona.
Mitchell, W. A. 1989. Informational constraints on optimally foraging hummingbirds. Oikos 55:145-154.
Olin, G., S. M. Alcorn, and J. M. Alcorn. 1989. Dispersal of viable saguaro seeds by white-winged doves Zenaida asiatica. Southwest. Nat. 34:281-284.
Sullivan, K. A. 1989. Ontogeny of time budgets in yellow-eyed juncos: adaptation to ecological constraints. Ecology 69:118-124.
Valone, T. J., and J. S. Brown. 1989. Measuring patch assessment abilities of desert granivores. Ecology 70:1800-1810.
Weathers, W. W., and K. A. Sullivan. 1989. Nest attentiveness and egg temperature in the yellow-eyed junco. Condor 91:628-633.
COMMENT: The junco's nest attentiveness pattern appears to be a compromise between 2 conflict- ing selection pressures; nest predation and egg cooling.
Barrentine, C. D., C. E. Corchran, M. W. Lincoln, L. R. Mewaldt, and P. M. Walters. 1990. Com- parative age and sex ratios in Gambel's white-crowned sparrows in relation to year and latitude. North Am. Bird Band. 15:57-60.
20
Duncan, R. B., and R. Sidner. 1990. Bats in spotted owl pellets in southern Arizona. Great Basin Nat. 50:197-200.
Dunning, J. B., Jr., and R. K. Bowers. 1990. Lethal temperatures in ash-throated flycatcher nests located in metal fence poles. J. Field Ornithol. 61:98-103.
ABSTRACT: Nesting in metal fence poles has allowed the ash-throated flycatcher to expand its breeding range locally into areas where natural cavities are absent; however, breeding pairs using these nest sites appear to suffer low nest success due directly or indirectly to high nest temperatures.
Faaborg, J., and J. C. Bednarz. 1990. Galapagos and Harris' hawks: divergent causes of sociality in two raptors. In P. B. Stacey and W. D. Koenig, eds. Cooperative breeding in birds: long-term studies of ecology and behaviour. Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
Ficken, M.S. 1990. Vocal repertoire of the Mexican chickadee. 1. Calls. J. Field Ornithol. 61:380-387.
. 1990. Vocal repertoire of the Mexican
chickadee. 2. Song and song-like vocalizations. J. Field Ornithol. 61:388-395.
Gumbart, T. C, and K. A. Sullivan. 1990. Predation on yellow-eyed junco nestlings by twin-spotted rattlesnakes. Southwest. Nat. 35:367-368.
Koenig, W.D., and P. B. Stacey. 1990. Acorn wood- peckers; group-living and food storage under contrasting ecological conditions. Pages 413-453 in P. B. Stacey and W. D. Koenig eds. Coopera- tive breeding in birds: long-term studies of ecology and behaviour. Cambridge University Press, New York.
ABSTRACT: Individual colonies of acorn wood- peckers may have chosen group living and mate sharing for different reasons including environ- mental constraints to dispersal (all territories occupied) and benefits to remaining in a high- quality territory.
McKean, L.M. 1990. Differences in the foraging behavior of individual gray-breasted jay flock members. Studies Avian Biol. No. 13:284-287.
Miles, D. B. 1990. The importance and conse- quence of temporal variation in avian foraging behavior. Stud. Avian Biol. No. 13:210-217.
Stromberg, M. R. 1990. Habitat movements and roost characteristics of Montezuma quail in southeastern Arizona USA. Condor 92:229-236.
ABSTRACT: Movements, survivorship, covey size, roosting behavior, and habitat use of Montezuma Quail (Cyrtonyx montezumae), which were marked with radio transmitters and stud- ied in the foothills of the Huachuca Mountains of southeastern Arizona from October 1986 through November 1987. Coveys used small areas (0.09 to 6 ha) and, during midwinter, the same small area would be used for long periods. In late winter and early spring, coveys occupied much larger areas by sequentially spending 3 tolO days on adjacent, nonoverlapping areas as large as 50 ha. When compared to randomly selected points in the oak savanna habitat, quail preferred southeast-facing hillsides in tall grasses for night roosts. Day-use areas were selectively on north-facing hillsides. Areas used by quail during the day were generally on hillsides, about 16 m from the nearest oak tree and had grass cover intermediate between barren areas under oak trees and more dense grass cover farther away from the oaks.
, and P. B. Johnsen. 1990. Hummingbird
sweetness preferences: taste or viscosity? Con- dor 92:606-612.
ABSTRACT: Black-chinned hummingbirds re- sponded to decreased sucrose concentrations by increasing sampling behavior at feeders; at increased sucrose levels, sampling behavior decreased. Chemosensory mechanisms rather than physical measures of viscosity are respon- sible for the sensory evaluation and the subse- quent selection of sucrose nectars.
Strong, T. R., and C. E. Bock. 1990. Bird species distribution patterns in riparian habitats in south-eastern Arizona. Condor 92:866-885. [see also: Strong, T. R. 1987. Riparian bird popula- tions of the Huachuca Mountains and vicinity, southeastern Arizona. Ph.D Thesis, Univ. Colorado, Boulder].
ABSTRACT: Cottonwood vegetation had the greatest bird species richness, and both cotton- wood and sycamore areas had high total bird density during the breeding season. Upland vegetation was more important during winter, and plots in open grassland areas had greater species richness and density. Widespread, abundant species in the Huachuca Mountains were also widespread and abundant in the Western U.S.
21
Dawson, J. W., and R. W. Mannan. 1991. Domi- nance hierarchies and helper contributions in Harris' Hawks. Auk 108:649-660.
ABSTRACT: We examined dominance hierarchies, mating relationships, and helping by individu- ally marked Harris' Hawks (Parabuteo unicinctus) at 64 nests in Arizona (1984-1988).
, and . 1991. The role of territoriality in
the social organization of Harris' Hawks. Auk 108:661-672.
ABSTRACT: We studied territoriality and sociality in a population of Harris' Hawks (Parabuteo unicinctus) in Arizona during breeding and nonbreeding periods from 1984 to 1986. We propose that water, an important resource during the summer, may represent an ecological constraint that favors group living in Harris' Hawks in the Sonoran Desert.
Kuzmann, M. R., and R. R. Johnson. 1991. Unusual behavior in a solitary vireo. Wilson Bull. 103:309-310.
Lamm, D. W. 1991. Lucy's warbler banding in southeastern Arizona. North Am. Bird Band. 16:9-10.
Leary, J., and K. A. Sullivan. 1991. Intruders on yellow-eyed junco territories. Wilson Bull. 103:292-295.
Lima, S. L. 1991. Energy, predators and the behavior of feeding hummingbirds. Evol. Ecol. 5:220-230.
, and T. J. Valone. 1991. Predators and avian
community organization: an experiment in a semi-desert grassland. Oecologia 86:105-112.
ABSTRACT: As cover increases, species with cover-dependent escape tactics also increase, while cover-independent species decrease greatly. Some cover-independent species may actively avoid cover-rich areas.
Sandell, C. I. 1991. Northern harrier attacks Cooper's hawk. N.M. Ornithol. Soc. Bull. 19:9.
Valone, T.J. 1991. Bayesian and prescient assess- ment: foraging with pre-harvest information. Anim. Behav. 41:569-577.
ABSTRACT: Inca doves feeding in artificial re- source patches exploited the patches in a man- ner consistent with prescient foraging when patch quality was temporarily predictable. The same individuals exploited patches in a manner consistent with Bayesian foraging when pre- scient foraging would not be likely because patch quality was temporally unpredictable.
Weathers, W. W., and K. A. Sullivan. 1991. Forag- ing efficiency of parent juncos and their young. Condor 93:346-353.
, and . 1991. Energy expenditure and
juvenile foraging efficiency: A major constraint on passerine reproductive success. In B. D. Bell et al., eds. Acta 20 Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici. Christchurch, vol. 4, New Zealand, Ornithological Congress Trust Board, Wellington.
Young, E. 1991. Annual molts and interruption of the fall migration for molting in lazuli buntings. Condor 93:236-250.
COMMENT: Lazuli Buntings and Passerina amoena interrupt their fall migration in the American Southwest to undergo the major portion of their fall molt.
Bibles, B. D. 1992. Is there competition between exotic and native cavity-nesting birds in the Sonoran Desert: an experiment. Ph.D Thesis, Univ. Ariz., Tucson.
COMMENT: Near Tucson.
Block, W. M., and K. E. Severson. 1992. Habitat associations of birds and herptofauna in south- eastern Arizona. Pages 55-57 in Chiricahua Mountains Research Symp. Proc. Southwest Parks and Monuments Association, Tucson, Arizona.
COMMENT: Evaluation of the habitat associations of birds in the mountains in southeastern Ari- zona.
, J. L. Ganey, K. E. Severson, and M. L.
Morrison. 1992. Use of oaks by neotropical migratory birds in the southwest. Pages 65-70 in P. F. Ffolliott, G. J. Gottfried, D. A. Bennett, V. M. Hernandez, C. A. Ortega-Rubio, and R. H. Hamre, technical coordinators. Ecology and management of oak and associated woodlands: perspectives in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-215.
COMMENT: The types, general distributions, and macrohabitat associations of neotropical migra- tory birds are examined.
Bock, C. E., and M. C. Grant. 1992. Effects of bird predation on grasshopper densities in an Ari- zona grassland. Ecology 73:1706-1717.
COMMENT: Birds clearly limited grasshopper abundance in grasslands, but this had no appre- ciable impact on vegetative cover or grass species composition.
22
, A. Cruz, M. C. Grant, C. S. Aid, and T. R.
Strong. 1992. Field experimental evidence for diffuse competition among southwestern ripar- ian birds. American Naturalist 140:815-828.
ABSTRACT: Open-nesting bird species decreased in abundance and cavity-nesting species in- creased after nest boxes were added in 50 experimental areas as compared to an equal number of control areas. This indicated that community-wide (diffuse) competition is an important factor influencing the distribution and abundance of birds in riparian ecosystems.
Brown, J. L., and E. R. Brown. 1992. A long term study of the Mexican jay in the Chiricahua Mountains. Pages 1-5 in Chiricahua Mountains Research Symp. Proc. Southwest Parks and Monuments Assoc., Tucson, Arizona.
ABSTRACT: The behavior and ecology of the Mexican jay are reported after 25 years of study. Longevity, reproduction, dispersal, mating system, and sociality are described.
Duncan, R. B., and J. D. Taiz. 1992. A preliminary understanding of Mexican spotted owl habitat and distribution in the Chiricahua Mountains and associated sub-Mogollion Mountain Ranges in southeastern Arizona. Pages 58-61 in Chiricahua Mountains Research Symp. Proc. Southwest Parks and Monuments Assoc., Tucson, Arizona.
COMMENT: A review of Mexican spotted owl habitat and distribution in southeastern Ari- zona.
Ganey, J. L., R. B. Duncan, and W. M. Block. 1992. Use of oak and associated woodlands by Mexi- can spotted owls in Arizona. Pages 125-128 in P. F. Ffolliott, G. J. Gottfried, D. A. Bennett, V. M. Hernandez, C. A. Ortega-Rubio, and R. H. Hamre, technical coordinators. Ecology and management of oak and associated woodlands: perspectives in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-218.
ABSTRACT: In Arizona, Mexican spotted owls are year-round residents of the Madrean oak-pine forests, encinal woodlands, and ponderosa pine- gambel oak forests, while some spotted owls winter in pinyon-juniper woodlands.
Hampton, R. R., and D. F. Sherry. 1992. Food storing by Mexican chickadees and bridled titmice. Auk 109:665-666.
Snyder, N. F. R., and H. A. Shyder. 1992. Biology of North American accipters in the Chiricahua Mountains. Pages 91-94 in Chiricahua Moun- tains Research Symp. Proc. Southwest Parks and Monuments Assoc., Tucson, Arizona.
COMMENT: Three species of hawks are discussed in reference to their biology and habitat require- ments.
Valone, T. J. 1992. Information for patch assess- ment: A field investigation with black-chinned hummingbirds. Behav. Ecol. 3:211-222.
ABSTRACT: Hummingbirds apparently combine prior information on the distribution of re- sources within patches with current patch sampling to increase foraging efficiency. Indi- viduals using prior information foraged more efficiently than those that did not.
Williamson, S. L. 1992. The eared trogon in Ari- zona: behavior, ecology, and management. Pages 98-101 in Chiricahua Mountains Research Symp. Proc. Southwest Parks and Monuments Assoc., Tucson, Arizona.
COMMENT: Sighting of the eared trogon in the Miller Peak Wilderness of the Coronado Na- tional Forest is discussed.
Aguilar-Valdez, B. C, R. Miranda-Salazar, and S. G. Salazar-Hernandez. 1993. Fauna silvestre de la unidad forestal no. 6 El Salto, Durango, Mexico. In S. Fernandez, and C. Aguirre compil- ers. Curso sobre manejo integral de fauna silvestre en ecosistemas forestales. Instituto Technologico Forestal no. 1, El Salto, Durango, Mexico.
COMMENT: Lists important wildlife species found in the forests of the Sierra Madre Moun- tains, with brief descriptions of their characteris- tics and habitat requirements.
Ellis, D. H. and S. Brunson. 1993. 'Tool' use by the red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis). J. Raptor Res. 27:128.
Holdermann, D. A. and C. E. Holdermann. 1993. Immature red-tailed hawk captures Montezuma quail. N.M. Ornithol. Soc. Bull. 21:31-33.
Stahlecker, D. W., and T. G. Smith. 1993. A com- parison of home range estimates for a bald eagle wintering in New Mexico. J. Raptor Res. 27:42-45.
Bennett, P. S., and M. R. Kunzmann. 1994. Sup- pression of saguaro cactus flower-bud formation by roosting vultures in Arizona. Southwest. Nat. 39:200-203.
23
COMMENT: Found only localized problems.
Powers, D. R., and T. M. Conley. 1994. Field metabolic rate and food consumption of 2 sympatric hummingbird species in southeastern Arizona. Condor 96:141-150.
ABSTRACT: We compared the field metabolic rate (FMR) and behavior around sugar-water feeders of sympatric territorial and nonterritorial hum- mingbirds in the Chiricahua Mountains of southeastern Arizona during July 1987 and 1989.
Breeding
1800s
Bendire, C. E. 1873. Nest, eggs and breeding habits
of the Vermilion Flycatcher (Pyrocephalus
cephalus rubineus var. Mexicanus). Amer. Nat.
7:170-171. COMMENT: In southern Arizona. . 1878. Breeding habits of Geococcyx
californianus. Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club 3:39. COMMENT: Twenty nests found in southern
Arizona in 1872. Bryant, W. E. 1881. Nest and eggs of the Painted
Flycatcher (Setophaga picta). Bull. Nuttall Ornith.
Club 6:176-177. COMMENT: From the Santa Rita Mountains. Bendire, C. E. 1887. Notes on a collection of birds'
nests and eggs from southern Arizona Territory.
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 10:551-558. COMMENT: Eight species from the vicinity of Fort
Huachuca.
Ridgway, R. 1887. Trogon ambiguus breeding in Arizona. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 10:147.
COMMENT: In the Huachuca Mountains, Ari- zona.
. 1887. The Coppery-tailed Trogon {Trogon
ambiguus) breeding in southern Arizona. Auk 4:161-162.
COMMENT: In the Huachuca Mountains, Ari- zona.
Price, W. W. 1888. Nesting of the Red-faced War- bler (Cardellina rubrifrons) in the Huachuca Mountains, southern Arizona. Auk 5:385-386.
Bendire, C. E. 1890. Notes on Pipilofuscus mesoleucus and Pipilo aberti, their habits, nests and eggs. Auk 7:22-29.
Poling, O. C. 1890. Nesting of the Arizona Jay. Ornith. and Ool. 15:139.
COMMENT: In the Huachuca Mountains, Ari- zona.
. 1890. On the nesting habits and eggs of the
Vermilion Flycatcher. Ornith. and Ool. 15:140. COMMENT: Near Fort Huachuca. Price, W. W. 1895. The nest and eggs of the Olive
Warbler (Dendroica olivacea). Auk 12:17-19. COMMENT: Observations in the Huachuca,
Chiricahua, Graham and White Mountains. Breninger, G. F. 1897. Coues' Flycatcher. Osprey
2:12.
COMMENT: A nest in the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona.
. 1899. A nest of the Blue-throated Hum- mingbird. Osprey 3:86.
COMMENT: In the Huachuca Mountains, Ari- zona.
Willard, F. C. 1899. Notes on Eugenes fulgens.
Osprey 3:65-66. COMMENT: Nesting in the Huachuca Mountains,
Arizona.
1900-1920
Howard, O. W. 1900. Nesting of the Rivoli Hum- mingbird in southern Arizona. Condor 2:101-102.
COMMENT: In the Huachuca Mountains, Ari- zona.
. 1902. Nesting of the Prairie Falcon. Condor
4:57-59.
COMMENT: In the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. Breninger, G. F. 1903. Nests and eggs of Coeligena
clemenciae. Auk 20:435. COMMENT: In the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. Childs, J. L. 1905. Eggs of the Olive Warbler
(Dendroica olivacea). The Warbler, 2nd ser.l:17;
pl.I.
COMMENT: From the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona.
. 1906. Nest and eggs of the Blue-throated
Hummingbird (Coeligena clemenciae). The War- bler 2:65; pl.IV.
COMMENT: From the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona.
Willard, F. C. 1908. An Arizona nest census.
Condor 10:44-45. COMMENT: Brief accounts of the nesting of 14
species of birds at Tombstone.
. 1908. Huachuca notes. Condor 10:206-207.
COMMENT: Elevations of nests of some species of
birds differ on the east and west sides of the range.
24
. 1908. Three vireos: nesting notes from the
Huachuca Mountains. Condor 10:230-234.
. 1909. Nesting of the Arizona Junco. Condor
11:129-131.
COMMENT: In the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona.
. 1909. The Flammulated Screech Owl. Con- dor 11:199-202.
COMMENT: Breeding in the Huachuca Moun- tains, Arizona.
. 1910. Nesting of the Western Evening
Grosbeak (Hesperiphona vespertina montana). Condor 12:60-62.
COMMENT: In the Santa Catalina and Huachuca Mountains, Arizona.
. 1910. The Olive Warbler (Dendroica olivacea)
in southern Arizona. Condor 12:104-107.
COMMENT: Observations on nesting.
. 1911. The Blue-throated Hummingbird.
Condor 13:46-49.
COMMENT: Breeding in Huachuca Mountains, Ariz.
. 1912. Breeding of the Scott Sparrow. Con- dor 14:195-196
COMMENT: In the Huachuca Mountains, Ari- zona.
. 1912. Nesting of the Rocky Mountain
Nuthatch. Condor 14:213-215.
COMMENT: In the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona.
. 1913. Late nesting of certain birds in Ari- zona. Condor 15:227.
COMMENT: Observations on 7 species in the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona.
. 1913. Sharp-shinned Hawk nesting in
Arizona. Condor 15:229.
COMMENT: In the Huachuca Mountains, Ari- zona.
. 1913. Some late nesting notes from the
Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. Condor 15:41.
Gilman, M. F. 1914. Breeding of the Bronzed Cowbird in Arizona. Condor 16:255-259.
Willard, F. C. 1916. The Golden Eagle in Cochise County, Arizona. Ool. 33:3-8.
COMMENT: Notes on nesting, with photographs.
. 1916. Nesting of the Band-tailed Pigeon in
southern Arizona. Condor 18:110-112.
COMMENT: In the Huachuca Mountains, Ari- zona.
. 1918. Evidence that many birds remain
mated for life. Condor 20:167-170. COMMENT: Gives many Arizona examples.
1921-1940
Willard, F. C. 1923. The Buff-breasted Flycatcher in the Huachuchas. Condor 25:189-194.
COMMENT: Nest and eggs collected in May 1907.
. 1923. The Mexican Cliff Swallow in Cochise
County, Arizona. Condor 25:138-139.
COMMENT: Nesting at Fort Huachuca.
. 1923. Some unusual nesting sites of several
Arizona birds. Condor 25:121-125.
Ray, R. C. 1925. Discovery of a nest and eggs of the Blue-throated Hummingbird. Condor 27:49-51.
COMMENT: In the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona.
Kimball, H. H. 1935. Elf Owls. Ool. 52:95-96.
COMMENT: In the Tucson and Chiricahua Moun- tains; sets never contain more than 3 eggs.
Monson, G. 1936. Nesting of the Black Hawk in Arizona. Wilson Bull. 48:313-314.
COMMENT: In Arivaipa Canyon.
Neff, J. A. 1940. Notes on nesting and other habits of the Western White- winged Dove in Arizona. J. Wildl. Manage. 4:279-290.
1941-1960
Allen, A. A. 1944. An Arizona nest of the Coppery- tailed Trogon. Auk 61:640-642.
COMMENT: In the Santa Rita Mountains.
Carr, W. H. 1947. Trailing desert owls. Nat. Hist. 56:468-473.
COMMENT: Notes on nesting of Great Horned Owls in southern Arizona.
Peterson, R. T. 1948. Arizona Junco. Wilson bull. 60:5, with frontispiece of Arizona Junco in color.
COMMENT: Brief notes on habits and relation- ships.
Gross, A. O. 1949. Nesting of the Mexican Jay in the Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona. Condor .51:241-249.
COMMENT: Extensive notes on nest building, incubation, and growth of young.
Wallmo, O. C. 1954. Nesting of Mearns Quail in southeastern Arizona. Condor 56:125-128.
Stophlet, J. J. 1958. Hooded Oriole nesting under eaves of house. Auk 75:221-222.
COMMENT: Near Tombstone, Arizona.
Miller, A. H. 1960. Adaptation of breeding sched- ule to latitude. In Proc. 12th Int. Ornith. Cong. 2:513-522.
COMMENT: Cyrtonyx montezumae and Amphispiza bilineata in Arizona are discussed.
25
Zimmerman, D. A. 1960. Thick-billed Kingbird nesting in New Mexico. Auk 77:92-94.
COMMENT: Three pairs observed in the Arizona portion of Guadalupe Canyon, Cochise County, Arizona.
1961-1980
Ohmart, R. D. 1968. Breeding of Botteri's Sparrow (Aimophila botterii) in Arizona. Condor 70:277.
COMMENT: At Ophir Gulch, Santa Rita Moun- tains, Pima County, Arizona.
Stair, J. L. 1970. Chronology of the nesting season of White-winged Doves Zenaida asiatica mearnsi (Ridgway) in Arizona. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Ariz., Tucson. 69pp.
Johnson, A. R., and J. C. Barlow. 1971. Notes on the nesting of the Black-bellied Tree Duck near Phoenix, Arizona. Southwest. Nat. 15:394-395.
Ligon, J. D. 1971. Notes on the breeding of the sulfur-bellied flycatcher in Arizona. Condor 73:250-252.
Davis, C.A., and G.K. Sintz. 1973. Nesting of mourning doves at San Simon Cienga, south- western New Mexico. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Rep. 265, N.M. State Univ., Las Cruces.
COMMENT: Nesting of mourning doves.
Snyder, N. F., and H. A. Snyder. 1973. Experimen- tal study of feeding rates of nesting Cooper's hawks. Condor 75:461-463.
Ligon, J. D. 1974. Green cones of the pinon pine stimulate late summer breeding in the pinon jay. Nature 250:80-82.
ABSTRACT: Reports field and experimental evidence that in southwestern New Mexico, reproductive activity of Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus is triggered in late summer and autumn by the presence of large quantities of green cones of Pinus edulis. The cones indicate that adequate food, in the form of pinon seeds, will be available to young birds in the winter.
Eberhardt, K. C, and R. W. Skaggs. 1977. Nesting peregrine falcons in the Gila National Forest, New Mexico, 1977: behavior and ecology. Chihuahuan Desert Res. Inst., Contribution 39. 43pp.
ABSTRACT: Three peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) eyries in the Gila National Forest, New Mexico were monitored for a year. Obser- vations were made on 13 individual peregrines including 7 young that fledged from the 2 eyries
occupied by adult pairs. Peregrine prey species should be analyzed for pesticide residues and heavy metals, and trailbikers and low-flying aircraft should be restricted from the nesting area.
Brown, D.E. 1979. Factors influencing reproductive success and population densities in Montezuma quail. J. Wildl. Manage. 43:522-526.
Eltaher, H. 1980. Acceptance and rejection of parasitic eggs by the road-runner female Geococcyx californianus and the gambel's quail female Lophortyx gambeli. J. Coll. Sci. Univ. Riyadh 11:85-94.
>1980
Smith, D. G., A. Devine, and D. Gendron. 1982. An observation of copulation and allopreening of a pair of whiskered owls. J. Field Ornithol. 53:51-52.
Stacey, P.B., and T. C. Edwards Jr. 1983. Possible cases of infanticide by immigrant females in a group-breeding bird. Auk 100:731-733.
Bowers, R.K., Jr., and J. B. Dunning Jr. 1984. Nest parasitism by cowbirds on buff -breasted fly- catchers, with comments on nest-site selection. Wilson Bull. 96:718-719.
ABSTRACT: The buff -breasted flycatcher
(Empidonax fulvifrons) is a small flycatcher of the Mexican highlands that regularly breeds in limited numbers in the mountains of southeast- ern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico. Few details of its life history have been pub- lished. Nest parasitism by cowbirds has not been reported for this species. In the course of a general life history investigation of this fly- catcher, the author established that brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) and probably bronzed cowbirds (M. aeneus) parasit- ize the nest of this species.
Huels, T.R. 1985. Cave swallow paired with cliff swallows. Condor 87:441-442.
Webb, E. A. 1985. Distribution, habitat, and breed- ing biology of the Botteri's sparrow. M. A. Thesis, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder.
ABSTRACT: Botteri's sparrow are tall-grass spe- cialists that breed in small, isolated colonies in several types of semi-desert grassland and oak woodland in southeastern Arizona. They are most common in relatively undisturbed Sacaton
26
grassland. They nest following the commence- ment of summer rains (July). This is in response to a bloom of grasshoppers, their primary summer food source. The breeding cycle is short with high nestling mortality. Their populations appeared stable. Baltosser, W. H. 1986. Nesting success and produc- tivity of hummingbirds in southwestern New Mexico and southeastern Arizona. Wilson Bull. 98:353-367.
. 1986. Nesting success and productivity of
hummingbirds in southwestern New Mexico and southeastern Arizona USA. Wilson Bull. 98:353-367.
ABSTRACT: Predation was the major source of nest failure for hummingbirds studied in south- western New Mexico and southeastern Arizona, accounting for nearly 80% of all failed nest attempts. Predation on eggs was responsible for just over 70% of all losses attributed to preda- tion; predation on nestlings accounted for <30% of the losses. Nest failures resulting from aban- donment, structural failure, and infertility were low and similar to that found in other studies dealing with altricial young.
Blancher, P.J., and R. J. Robertson. 1987. Effect of food supply on the breeding biology of western kingbirds. Ecology 68:723-732.
ABSTRACT: The author studied the breeding ecology and behavior of Western Kingbirds in relation to abundance of flying insects in an area of sympatry with Cassin's Kingbirds in south- eastern Arizona. Kingbirds did not appear to reduce significantly the local abundance of flying insects, which calls in question the impor- tance of competition for food in determining local habitat separation.
Clark, C. F. 1988. Observations on the nesting success of Bell's vireos in southern Arizona. West. Birds 19:117-120.
Maurer, B. A., E. A. Webb, and R. K. Bowers. 1989. Nest characteristics and nestling development of Cassin's and Botteri's sparrows in southeastern Arizona. Condor 91:736-738.
ABSTRACT: In southeastern Arizona, the Cassin's Sparrow (A. cassinii) and the Botteri's Sparrow (A. botterii) breed together in similar habitats. Nest placement, nest size, clutch size, and nestling development were studied to provide some insight into the ecological adaptations of
each species. This paper compares aspects of the nesting biology of these two species in an area where they occur sympatrically and examines the possible significance that the patterns of inter- specific variation have for the ecological and evolutionary relationships between the species.
Brown, J. L., and E. R. Brown. 1990. Mexican jays: uncooperative breeding. Pages 267-288 in P. B. Stacey and W. D. Koenig eds. Cooperative breed- ing in birds: Long-term studies of ecology and behaviour. Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
Dawson, J. W., and R. W. Mannan. 1991. Domi- nance hierarchies and helper contributions in Harris' hawks. Auk 108:649-660.
ABSTRACT: We examined dominance hierarchies, mating relationships, and helping by individu- ally marked Harris' Hawks (Parabuteo unicinctus) at 64 nests in Arizona (1984-1988).
Mays, N. A., C. M. Vleck, and J. Dawson. 1991. Plasma luteinizing-hormone, steroid-hormones, behavioral role, and nest stage in cooperatively breeding Harris' hawks. Auk 108:619-637.
Weathers, W. W., and K. A. Sullivan. 1991. Growth and energetics of nestling yellow-eyed juncos. Condor 93:138-146.
Sullivan, K. A., and W. W. Weathers. 1992. Brood size and thermal environment influence field metabolism of nestling yellow-eyed juncos. Auk 109:112-118.
Conservation and Management
Grazing
1900-1920
Brown, H. 1900. The conditions governing bird life in Arizona. Auk 17:31-34.
ABSTRACT: This study blames overgrazing for causing widespread faunal changes, which were made much worse by the severe drought of 1892-93. The distribution and nesting habits of several species were changed as a result.
>1980
Brown, R. L. 1982. Effects of livestock grazing on Mearns quail Cyrtonyx montezumae mearnsi in southeastern Arizona. J. Range Manage. 35:727-732.
27
ABSTRACT: Grazing by domestic livestock does not limit production of food supplies for Mearns quail (C. m. mearnsi) in southeastern Arizona. Grazing available forage in excess of 55% by weight can nearly eliminate local quail popula- tions by removing their escape or hiding cover just before the nesting season. This eliminates the breeding population itself. The 46 to 50% level of utilization by weight appears to be marginal for maintaining optimum quail popu- lations.
Bock, C. E., and J. H. Bock. 1984. Effects of long term livestock exclusion in a semiarid grassland. Pages 123-133 in P. G. Rowlands, C. VanRiper III, and M. K. Sogge, eds. First conference proceedings on research in Colorado Plateau National Parks. USDI Natl. Park Serv., Center for Colorado Plateau Studies, Northern Arizona Univ., Flagstaff.
ABSTRACT: Montezuma quail, Cassin's sparrow, Botteri's sparrow, and grasshopper sparrow were common breeding birds on ungrazed areas, whereas scaled quail, horned larks, and lark sparrows were the most abundant nesting species on grazed lands. Canopy cover of perennial grasses was higher on ungrazed areas.
, , W. R. Kenney, and V. M.
Hawthorne. 1984. Responses of birds, rodents, and vegetation to livestock exclosure in a semi- desert grassland site. J. Range Manage. 7:239- 242.
ABSTRACT: A protected, ungrazed upland site supported 45% more grass cover, a comparatively mixed group of grass species, and 4 times as many shrubs as an adjacent grazed site. The grazed area supported a significantly higher number of birds during summer, whereas numbers did not differ between sites during winter.
, and B. Webb. 1984. Birds as grazing indica- tor species in southeastern Arizona. J. Wildl. Manage. 48:1045-1049.
ABSTRACT: Managers of national forests and rangelands are required, through the National Forest Management Act, to identify and monitor wildlife "indicator species," whose populations "are believed to indicate effects of management activities on other species of a major biological community." Horned larks (Eremophila alpestris), Cassin's sparrows (Aimophila cassinii), and grasshopper sparrows (Ammodramus savannarum)
are abundant summer birds in the semidesert grasslands of southeastern Arizona. The authors compared densities and habitats of these species on grazed vs. ungrazed sites.
Anderson, E. W., D. L. Franzen, and J. E. Melland. 1990. Regrazing to benefit watershed-wildlife- livestock. Rangelands 12:105-111.
Allen, L. S. 1992. Livestock-wildlife coordination in the encinal oak woodlands: Coronado National Forest. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM- 218:109-110.
COMMENT: History of livestock management in southeast Arizona is presented. Needs for coordination of management are recommended.
Bock, C. E., and J. H. Bock. 1993. Cover of peren- nial grasses in southeastern Arizona in relation to livestock grazing. Conserv. Biol. 7:371-377.
ABSTRACT: Total grass canopy cover was greater on ungrazed grasslands. Eight bunchgrass species grew taller on ungrazed areas; 2 short stoloniferous species were the only taxa sub- stantially more abundant on grazed areas. Livestock grazing appeared to be an exotic ecological force that was destructive of certain components of the native flora and fauna.
Fire
1941-1960
Marshall, J. T., Jr. 1960. Land use and native birds
of Arizona. Ariz. Acad. Sci. 2:75-77. COMMENT: Advocates controlled burning of
grass and forest litter to improve water capture
and open the forest stands.
1961-1980
Marshall, J. T., Jr. 1963. Fire and birds in the mountains of southern Arizona. Pages 134-142 in Proc. 2nd Ann. Tall Timbers Fire Ecol. Conf.
. 1963. Land use and native birds of Arizona.
Ariz. Cattlelog 19(6):14-15.
COMMENT: Advocates controlled burning to promote grass and water capture.
Bock, C. E., and J. H. Bock. 1978. Response of birds, small mammals, and vegetation to burn- ing of sacaton grassland in southeastern Ari- zona. J. Range Manage. 31:296-300.
ABSTRACT: Fire appeared to benefit indigenous plants and wildlife of sacaton communities, as
28
long as a mosaic of different aged stands were maintained. Burning reduced the height and extent of sacaton itself and stimulated growth of other grasses and forbs. Summer fires created more bare ground and encouraged a greater density and variety of annuals than winter fire. Bird populations were greatly increased as a result of summer fires; however, total small mammal populations were reduced.
>1980
Bock, C. E., and J. H. Bock. 1988. Grassland birds in southeastern Arizona: impacts of fire,grazing, and alien vegetation. In P. Goriop, ed., Ecology and conservation of grassland birds. Tech. Publ. No. 7, Int. Counc. Bird Preservation, Cam- bridge, England.
ABSTRACT: Twenty-five bird species are common in the grasslands of southeastern Arizona. Burning temporarily increases herb growth and seed production, especially in Sacaton grass- land. Doves, quail, and sparrows respond positively to these changes. Lovegrasses (Eragrostis spp.) are native to Africa and have been planted in Arizona in an attempt to reveg- etate degraded rangelands. Compared to ungrazed native grasslands, these plantations are ornithologically sterile, probably because they produce fewer seeds and insects. Dominant birds on ungrazed areas are grassland specialists, while common species on grazed lands are those typical of relatively open and xeric areas. Cassin's and grasshopper sparrows are the most abun- dant upland breeding birds on ungrazed areas; they are uncommon on heavily-grazed pastures. The Botteri's sparrow is a Sacaton specialist.
Horton, S.P., and R.W. Mannan. 1988. Effects of prescribed fire on snags and cavity-nesting birds in southeastern Arizona pine forests. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 16:37-44.
ABSTRACT: This study compared the number and characteristics of dead trees before and after broadcast, understory fires in a ponderosa pine forest. The study described snags used by birds for nesting and compare the availability of similar snags before and after prescribed fires; and compared breeding populations of cavity- nesting birds before and after the fires to iden- tify species that were affected in the first year after treatment.
Aid, C. S. 1990. Changes in breeding bird density after prescribed burning in an Arizona semi- desert grassland. M.A. Thesis, Univ. Colorado, Boulder
Bock, C. E., and J. H. Bock. 1990. Effects of fire on wildlife in southwestern lowland habitats. Pages 50-64 in J. S. Krammes, tech. coord. Effects of fire in management of southwestern natural resources. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM- 191.
ABSTRACT: Prescribed burning can benefit most wildlife in semidesert grasslands especially if used to create fine-scale mosaics of native vegetation including some unburned stands. Fire is likely to negatively affect vegetation and wildlife in Sonoran desert scrub, Chihuahuan Desert grassland, and riparian woodland.
Severson, K.E., and J.N. Rinne. 1990. Increasing habitat diversity in southwestern forests and woodlands via prescribed fire. Pages 94-104 in J. S. Krammes, tech. coord. Effects of fire manage- ment of southwestern natural resources. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-191.
ABSTRACT: Prescribed fire has been used histori- cally as a management tool to create habitat diversity in all upper elevation vegetative types in the region. Research is suggested on the feasibility of using this tool in riparian systems.
Bock, C. E., and J. H. Bock. 1992. Response of birds to wildfire in native versus exotic Arizona grassland. Southwest. Nat. 37:73-81.
ABSTRACT: Measured vegetation cover and bird abundances on 25 native and 25 exotic grassland plots in southeastern Arizona between 1984 and 1990. A wildfire in 1987 completely burned 11 native and 11 exotic plots. The fire reduced grass and shrub cover and increased herb cover for 2 post-fire years in both grassland types. Numbers of fall birds increased dramatically on burned plots in both habitats for 2 years, prob- ably in response to increased seed production and availability. Fire effects were ephemeral in native and exotic habitats for most plants and birds, and there was no evidence that burning facilitated the permanent return of native spe- cies to depauperate plantations of exotic grasses. However, fire may have rendered exotic grass- lands more suitable to certain summer birds by reducing otherwise heavy accumulation of litter.
29
Exotics
>1980
Bock, C. E., J. H. Bock, K. L. Jepson, and J. C.
Ortega. 1986. Ecological effects of planting
African lovegrasses in Arizona. Natl. Geogr.
Res. 2:456-463. COMMENT: Summarizes research conducted
under a NGS grant.
Riparian Systems-Water Issues
1941-1960
Webb, E. L. 1958. Water development evaluation.
Proc. 38th Ann. Conf. West. Assoc. State Game
and Fish Comms.:251-255. COMMENT: Effect on Gambel's Quail populations.
1961-1980
Manes, R. R. 1968. The fatal future. Threatened species doomed. Wildl. Views 15(4):4-9.
COMMENT: Plans of the Corps of Engineers to destroy the habitat along the San Pedro River.
Schimmel, B. [=R.]. 1968. The fatal future. Part TV. The Santa Cruz River. Wildl. Views 15(6):24-27.
COMMENT: Discusses the disaster to wildlife if the streamside vegetation is removed.
Reynolds, H.G. 1972. Wildlife habitat improve- ments in relation to watershed management in the southwest. Ariz. Watershed Symp. 16:10-17.
Ames, C.R. 1977. Wildlife conflicts in riparian management: grazing. Pages 49-51 in R. R. Johnson, D. A. Jones, tech. coord. Importance, preservation, and management of riparian habitat: a symposium. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-43.
COMMENT: Reports that grazing has a negative affect on riparian systems; these systems consti- tute a small but critically important part of the range resource.
Stevens, L.E., B.T. Brown, J.M. Simpson, and R.R. Johnson. 1977. The importance of riparian habitat to migrating birds. Pages 156-164 in R. R. Johnson and D. A. Jones, tech. coord. Impor- tance, preservation, and management of ripar- ian habitat: a symposium. USDA For. Serv., Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-43.
COMMENT: Seven pairs of study sites in riparian and adjacent nonriparian habitats were
censused for spring migrant passerines to determine the importance of each area.
>1980
Shafer, D. M., P. F. Ffolliott, and D. R. Patton. 1982. Management of riparian vegetation for southwestern wildlife. USDA For. Serv., South- west. Reg., Albuquerque, N.M.
ABSTRACT: This paper presents a compilation and review of literature on riparian vegetation and its associated wildlife in the southwest. Emphasis is on the natural and man-made factors that limit or alter the effectiveness of riparian communities for wildlife. Five commu- nities are discussed and specific management recommendations are given.
Bock, C. E. 1984. The importance of sycamores to riparian birds in southeastern Arizona. J. Field Ornithol. 55:97-103.
ABSTRACT: Among the mid-elevation riparian trees, sycamores are of potential value to birds because of their large size and substantial dead wood. They also appear to be one of the most threatened tree species. Prevention of livestock grazing is insufficient to regenerate sycamores.
Cowbird Parasitism
1900-1920
Gilman, M. F. 1909. Red-eyed Cowbird at Sacaton,
Arizona. Condor 11:173. COMMENT: Just beginning to occur in southeast
Arizona.
1921-1940
Friedmann, H. 1933. Further notes on the birds parasitized by the Red-eyed Cowbird. Condor 35:189-191.
COMMENT: Arizona Hooded Orioles at Tomb- stone and Oracle, Arizona are listed as victims.
. 1934. Further additions to the list of birds
victimized by the Cowbird. Wilson Bull. 46:25-36.
COMMENT: Adds Tyrannus vociferans, Pyrocephalus rubinus mexicanus, Toxostoma bendirei, Vireo belli arizonae, and Vireo solitarius plumbeus from Arizona.
. 1934. Further additions to the list of birds
victimized by the Cowbird. Wilson Bull. 46:104- 114.
30
COMMENT: Includes the Pyrrhuloxia, Rufous- winged Sparrow, and Song Sparrow from Arizona.
Phillips, A. R. 1937. Avifauna in Mexico. Pages 69- 74 in H. K. Buechner and J. H. Buechner, eds. The avifauna of northern Latin America. A symposium held at the Smithsonian Institution 13-15 April 1966. Smiths. Inst. Press. Wash. 119 pp.
COMMENT: A brief comment (p. 71) that Cowbird parasitism has caused local disappearances of some species in Arizona.
1941-1960
Friedmann, H. 1943. Further additions to the list of birds known to be parasitized by the Cowbirds. Auk 60:350-356.
COMMENT: Vermilion Flycatcher parasitized by the Dwarf Cowbird at Nogales, Arizona.
1961-1980
Friedmann, H. 1963. Host relations of the parasitic Cowbirds. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 233:1-276.
COMMENT: Contains numerous references to Arizona species of birds parasitized by the Cowbirds.
. 1966. Additional data on the host relations
of the parasitic Cowbirds. Smiths. Misc. Coll. 149:1-12.
COMMENT: Contains several records from Arizona. Johnson, R. R., and B. Roer. 1968. Changing status
of the Bronzed Cowbird in Arizona. Condor
70:183.
COMMENT: Extending breeding and wintering ranges north of Tucson and increasing in num- bers throughout core of range.
>1980
Miles, D. B. 1986. A record of brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) nest parasitism of rufous-crowned sparrows (Aimophila rvtficeps). Southwest. Nat. 31:253-254.
Thick-billed Parrot
1900-1920
Lusk, R. D. 1900. Parrots in the United States.
Condor 2:129. COMMENT: Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha observed
in the Chiricahua Mountains.
Smith, A. P. 1907. The Thick-billed Parrot in Arizona. Condor 9:104.
COMMENT: Observed in the Chiricahua Moun- tains.
Law, J. E. 1918. Report of Thick-billed Parrots in Arizona. Condor 20:100.
1921-1940
Vorhies, C. T. 1934. Arizona records of the Thick- billed Parrot. Condor 36:180-181. COMMENT: In the Chiricahua Mountains.
1960-1980
Monson, G. 1965. A pessimistic view-the Thick- billed Parrot. Aud. Field Notes 19:389.
COMMENT: Brief mention of Arizona occur- rences.
>1980
Clubb, S. L. 1991. Thick-billed parrots. Homecom- ing for a native U.S. parrot. Psitta Scene 3: 7-9.
Johnson, T. and N. Snyder. 1987. A return to the thick-billed parrot. Wildl. Views 30:8-10.
Snyder, N. F. R. and M. P. Wallace. 1987. Reintro- duction of the thick-billed parrot in Arizona. Pages 360-384 in Anon. ed. Proc. Jean Delacour/ IFCB Symp. on breeding birds in captivity. [Publisher & place of publication not given.]
Tashijan Hanson, J., and N. Synder. 1987. Wel- come back!! The thick billed parrot returns to Arizona. West. Tanager 53:1-3.
Snyder, N. F. R. and T. V. Johnson. 1988. Reintro- duction of thick-billed parrot Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha in Arizona. Dodo no. 25:15-24.
Johnson, T. B., N. F. R. Snyder, and M. A. Franks. 1992. Thick-billed parrot reintroduction project progress report of 12-23-91. Am. fed. Avic. Watchbird 19:53-54.
Snyder, N. F. R. and T. B. Johnson. 1992. Reintro- duction of the thick-billed parrot in the Chiricahua Mountains. Pages 87-90 in Chiricahua Mountains Res. Symp. Proc. South- west Parks and Monuments Assoc., Tucson, Arizona.
COMMENT: History of reintroduction attempts of the thick-billed parrot.
31
Gallinaceous Birds
1800s
Allen, J. A. 1886. The Masked Bob-white (Colinus ridgwayi) of Arizona and its allies. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 1(7), art. 16:273-290.
COMMENT: Contains history, bibliography, habits, and distribution.
1900-1920
Brown, H. 1904. Masked Bob-white (Colinus ridgwayi). Auk 21:209-213.
COMMENT: History, distribution, and observa- tions on habits; believes extinct in Arizona.
1921-1940
Weekes, R. W., ed. 1927. What makes Turkeys
wild? Ariz. Wild Life l(4-5):9. COMMENT: Turkeys released in the Chiricahuas
became tame. Vorhies, C. T. 1928. Do southwestern Quail require
water? Amer. Nat. 62:446-452. COMMENT: Evidently they do not. Anonymous, ed. 1938. Masked Bob White released
in forest. Ariz. Wildlife Mag. 7(8):16. COMMENT: In Coronado National Forest grass
area, 66 released.
1941-1960
Griner, L., et al. nd. Investigational report and proposed Quail management plan for Cochise County, Arizona. (An activity of Ariz. Fe. Aid Proj. 9-R) Ariz. Game and Fish Comm. 19 pp.
Scheffler, W. J. 1941. Mearns' Quail numerous in Arizona. Condor 43:208.
Ligon J. S. 1952. The vanishing Masked Bobwhite. Condor 54:48-50.
COMMENT: Brief notes on the attempt to intro- duce the species in Arizona.
Hungerford, C. R. 1955. A preliminary evaluation of Quail malaria in southern Arizona in relation to habitat and quail mortality. Trans. 20th N. A. Wildlife Conf. March 14, 15, and 16, 1955:209- 215.
Swank, W. G., and S. Gallizioli. 1958. The effects of hunting on Gambel Quail populations. Trans. 23rd N. A. Wildl. Conf. March 3, 4, 5, 1958:305- 319.
Towell, W. E. 1958. Report of endangered species of wildlife committee. Pages 35-44 in 48th Conv. Int. Assoc. Game, Fish and Conserv. Comms.
COMMENT: Mearns' Quail habitat improvement required in Arizona, p. 36.
1961-1980
Bishop, R. [A.]. 1964. Population figures of
Arizona's Mearns' Quail. Proc. 3rd Ann. Meet- ing Wildl. Soc. New Mex.-Ariz. Sec. Feb. 7, 8, 1964:58-61.
COMMENT: In the Santa Rita Mountains and Canelo Hills.
Gallizioli, S. 1964. Results of a brief investigation of the Masked Bobwhite in Sonora, Mexico. Ariz. Game and Fish Dept. Spec. Rep. 15 pp.
COMMENT: Includes a summary of efforts to restock this bird in Arizona.
Walker, L. W. 1964. Return of the Masked Bob- white. Ariz.-Son. Desert Museum, Spec. Bull 7pp.
COMMENT: Describes an attempt to re-establish the species in Arizona.
. 1964. Return of the Masked Bobwhite.
Zoonooz 37(1):10-15.
COMMENT: A summary of the preliminary
attempt to establish this species in the vicinity of Tucson, Arizona.
Levy, S. H., J. J. Levy, and R. A. Bishop. 1966. Use of tape recorded female Quail calls during the breeding season. J. Wildl. Manage. 30:426-428.
COMMENT: In southeastern Arizona, male Harle- quin, Gambel's and Scaled Quail responded to the recorded calls.
Gallizioli, S. 1967. Mearns' Quail, Arizona's finest upland game bird. Wildl. Views 14(6):4-7.
, S. Levy, and J. Levy. 1967. Can the Masked
Bobwhite be saved from extinction? Aud. Field Notes 21:571-575.
COMMENT: They are hopeful that it can be re- established in Arizona.
Tomlinson, R. E., and D. E. Brown. 1970. Our Bobwhites come home. Wildl. Views 17(3):4-11.
COMMENT: Report on recent introductions in Arizona.
Ellis, D. H. and J. A. Serafin. 1976. A research program for the endangered masked bobwhite. J. Wild Pheasant Assoc. 2:16-33.
32
Goodwin, J. G., Jr. and C. R. Hungerford. 1977. Habitat use by native Gambel's and scaled quail and released masked bobwhite quail in southern Arizona. USDA For. Serv. Res. Rep. No. RM-197.
ABSTRACT: A program to reintroduce the masked bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus ridgwayi) to its original mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) /grass- land habitat is reported. Conditions have changed since the bird disappeared from the area in 1900, and it is in possible competition with Gambel's quail (Lophortyx gambelii) and scaled quail (Callipepla squamata). Preferred habitats of the 3 species and their use of open water are described; there was some overlap between Gambel and bobwhite habitats. Fre- quency of the most common causes of mortality was also investigated (predators, weather, etc.). Management recommendations for improving bobwhite habitat are outlined and include irrigation and control of grazing by livestock.
Ellis, D. H., S. J. Dobrott, and J. G. Goodwin Jr. 1978. Reintroduction techniques for masked bobwhites. 345-354, illustr. Pages 345-354 in S. A. Temple, ed. Endangered birds: management techniques for preserving threatened species. Univ. Wisconsin Press, Madison.
Finnley, D., ed. 1978. Masked bobwhite recovery plan approved. Endangered Species Tech. Bull. 3:3.
>1980
Stromberg, M. R., C. E. Bock, and J. H. Bock. 1986. Potential role of the Research Ranch in the masked bobwhite recovery program. In M. R. Stromberg, T. Johnson, S. Hoffman, eds. Proc. of a symp. on the biol. and conserv. of the masked bobwhite. Arizona Game and Fish Dep., Phoe- nix, Arizona, and National Audubon Society.
ABSTRACT: Only a small area of the Audubon Research Ranch (near Elgin) might be suitable for the masked bobwhite. If a release does occur, it must be clearly stated as experimental and secondary to the primary release site.
Willging, R.C. 1987. Status, distribution, and habitat use of Gould's turkey in the Peloncillo Mountains, New Mexico. Ph.D. Thesis, N.M. State Univ., Las Cruces.
Dahlquist, F. C, S. D. Schemnitz, and B. K. Flachs. 1990. Distinguishing individual male wild turkeys by analyzing vocalizations using a personal computer. Bioacoustics 2:303-316.
ABSTRACT: The system has proven to be a valu- able tool in determining census data and move- ment information on the male Gould's wild turkey in southwestern New Mexico. Plans for future use are for the differentiation of subspe- cies, identification of individual females, and the analysis of specific turkey cells.
Carpenter, J. W., R. R. Gabel, and J. F. Goodwin, Jr. 1991. Captive breeding and reintroduction of the endangered masked bobwhite. Zoo Biol. 10:439-449.
Schemnitz, S. D., D. E. Figert, and R. C. Willging. 1991. Ecology and management of Gould's turkeys in southwestern New Mexico. Pages 72- 83 in W. M. Healy and G. B. Healy, eds. Proc. Nat. wild turkey symp., 6. Nat. Wild Turkey Fed., Edgefield, S. Carolina.
Doves and Pigeons
Neff, J. A. 1940. Range, population, and game status of the Western White-winged Dove in Arizona. J. Wildl. Manage. 4:117-127.
1941-1960
Allen, F. H. 1941. Conservation notes. Auk 58:288. COMMENT: Comments on the "critical" situation
of the White-winged Dove in Arizona. Baker, J. H. 1941. Help for the White-winged Dove.
Aud. Mag. 43:68,71. COMMENT: Remarks on its scarcity in Arizona.
1961-1980
Evans, T. R. 1966. Annual report of the Migratory Birds Committee. 56th Conv. Int. Assoc. Game, Fish and Conservation Comms. 34-43pp.
COMMENT: White-winged Dove breeding popu- lation estimated at 1,250,000 in Arizona, p. 39.
Schimmel, B. [=R.]. 1967. Return of the Bandtails. Wildl. Views 14(5):22-26.
COMMENT: Brief notes on banding, with map of range in Arizona.
Raptors
1921-1940
Griscom, L. 1931. Notes on rare and little known neotropical Pygmy Owls. Proc. New England Zool. Club 12:37-43.
COMMENT: Includes comments on Glaucidium gnoma in Arizona.
33
1961-1980
Hubbard, J. P. 1965. Bad days for the Black Hawk. Aud. Field Notes 19:474.
COMMENT: Comments on the destruction of its cottonwood bosque habitat.
Zimmerman, D. A. 1965. The Gray Hawk in the southwest. Aud. Field Notes 19:475-477.
COMMENT: Comments on habitat destruction.
Hubbard, J. P. 1974. The status of the gray hawk in New Mexico. Auk 91:163-166.
Glinski, R. L. 1977. The gray hawk in Arizona: its population, habitat, breeding ecology, and status. J. Ariz. Acad. Sci. 12:30.
Mader, W. J. 1977. Chemical residues in Arizona Harris hawk eggs. Auk 94:587-588.
COMMENT: Eggshell thinning did not occur and chemical residues were minor.
Snyder, H. and R. L. Glinski. 1978. Black hawks and mining on Eagle Creek, Arizona. Ariz.-Nev. Acad, of Sci. 13:29.
ABSTRACT: Black hawks (Buteogallus anthracinus) occur along select riverine habitats in Arizona and New Mexico and are dependent on perma- nent surface water for successful breeding. Eagle Creek presently sustains a dense nesting population of this rare raptor because the waterflow in much of this drainage is supple- mented by the mining activity of the Phelps- Dodge Copper Company in Morenci, Arizona. Water for mining is pumped from the Black River watershed into a tributary of Eagle Creek and allowed to flow naturally down Eagle Creek to near Morenci, where it then is piped uphill to the mining plant.
>1980
Bednarz, J. C. 1984. The effect of mining and blasting on breeding prairie falcon (Falco mexicanus) occupancy in the Caballo Mountains, New Mexico. Raptor Res. 18:16-19.
Hector, D. P. 1987. The decline of the aplomadao falcon in the United States. Am. Birds 41:381- 384.
Kimsey, B. 1992. Peregrine falcons are now less in
peril. N.M. Wildl. 37:22-24. Bednarz, J. C. and T. J. Hayden. 1994. The effects
of human activities on the productivity of birds
of prey in the Los Medanos area, New Mexico.
Raptor Res. 28:52-53.
Other Topics
1900-1920
Breninger, G. F. 1905. Are the habits of birds
changing? Auk 22:360-363. COMMENT: Unusual nesting sites of several
species in southern Arizona.
1921-1940
Vorhies, C. T. 1934. The White-necked Raven, a change of status? Condor 36:118-119.
COMMENT: The Ravens disappeared when the garbage dumps were removed.
Brooks, A. 1935. Are small birds decreasing? Bird- Lore 37:199-200.
COMMENT: Includes Arizona.
Vorhiew, C. T. 1935. A blot on G. P. A. activities. Ariz. Wild Life 6(9):1.
COMMENT: Condemns a campaign offering bounties on hawks, crows, and roadrunners.
1941-1960
Kimball, T. L. 1949. Southwestern game manage- ment problems. Proc. 29th Ann. Conf. West. Assoc. State Game and Fish Comms. June 14, 15, 16, 1949:57-60.
Hastings, J. R. 1959. Vegetation change and arroyo cutting in southeastern Arizona. Jour. Ariz. Acad. Sci. 1:60-67.
COMMENT: An important paper on early condi- tions that affected animal life.
1961-1980
Levy, S. H. 1964. What has happened to the Mexi- can Duck? Aud. Field Notes 18:558-559.
COMMENT: Its habitat in the San Simon Cienega is threatened.
Kerr, R. M. 1966. Quack comeback. Our Public Lands 16(2):4-5.
COMMENT: The population of the New Mexican Duck is estimated to be about 20 in Arizona.
Martin, S. C. 1966. Will you see any game today? Prog. Agric. Ariz. 18(4):30-31.
COMMENT: Brief account of surveys on the Santa Rita Experimental Range, Arizona.
Erickson, R. C. 1968. A federal research program for endangered wildlife. Trans. 33rd North Am. Wildl. and Nat. Resour. Conf. March 11-13, 1968:418-433.
34
Bristow, B. 1969. The fatal future. Part V. Statewide summary. Wildl. Views 16(5):13-21.
COMMENT: The clearing of phreatophytes endan- gers Arizona wildlife.
Ligon, J. D. 1969. Factors influencing breeding range expansion of the Azure Bluebird. Wilson Bull. 81:104-105.
COMMENT: Scarcity of nest sites important.
Hubbard, J. P. 1977. The status of Cassin's sparrow in New Mexico and adjacent states. Am. Birds 31:933-941.
Zimmerman, D. A. 1978. Eared trogon immigrant or visitor: the story of the appearance of Euptilotis-neoxenus in the mountains of south- ern Arizona USA. Am. Birds 32:135-139.
>1980
Germano, D.J., R. Hungerford, and S. C. Martin. 1983. Responses of selected wildlife species to the removal of mesquite from desert grassland. J. Range Manage. 36:309-311.
ABSTRACT: Activities of selected wildlife species were observed from September 1976 to June 1978 in an undisturbed velvet mesquite (Prosopis juliflora var. velutina) stand, on range cleared of mesquite and in a mesquite stand with spot clearings on the Santa Rita Experimental Range near Tucson, Ariz. More black-tailed jack-rabbits (Lepus californicus), antelope jackrabbits (Lepus alleni), and Gambel's quail (Lophortyx gambelii) were seen in undisturbed mesquite and mes- quite with clearings than on mesquite-free range. Likewise, more bird calls were heard in the undisturbed and partially cleared mesquite than on mesquite-free range. Apparent differ- ences in bird and mammal populations between the undisturbed stand and the partially cleared stand were insignificant and generally small.
Hakes, W. A. 1983. Nest boxes as a coppery-tailed trogon management tool. USDA Gen. Tech. Rep 99-RM:147-150.
O'Brien, G. P. 1983. Power pole damage to acorn woodpeckers in southeastern Arizona. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-99T4-18.
Rea, A. M. 1983. Once a river: bird life and habitat changes on the middle Gila. Univ. Ariz. Press, Tucson.
COMMENT: Discusses the history of the Gila River, concentrating on negative impacts caused
by lowering of the water table and associated riparian vegetation.
Bahre, C.J. 1985. Wildlife in southeastern Arizona between 1859 and 1890. Desert Plants 7:190-194.
COMMENT: Discusses the status of wildlife during the indicated period.
Rosenberg, K. V., S. B. Terrill, and G. H.
Rosenberg. 1987. Value of suburban habitats to desert riparian birds. Wilson Bull. 99:642-654. [Note: not conducted in study region but an appropriate paper.]
ABSTRACT: Bird populations were monitored over 20 consecutive months in suburban Tempe, Arizona. Compared to native riparian habitats (cottonwood-willow and mesquite), the subur- ban plots appeared to support significantly higher total bird densities in every month. Ten native species occurred in significantly higher density on the suburban transects than in outlying riparian habitats in at least one season. Absence of other riparian species from the suburban sites may be attributed either to interference by abundant, urban-adapted spe- cies or an inability to exploit normative tree species. Other suburban sites containing native willows and cottonwoods support populations of several obligate riparian species not found in Tempe. Well-vegetated suburban habitats have much potential in mitigating against the rapid loss of native riparian vegetation in the South- west.
Deecken, T. 1988. Wildlife management. Pages 77- 78 in P. F. Ffolliott, and J. D. Hasbrouck, eds. Oak woodland management: proceedings of the workshop. School of Renewable Nat. Resour., Univ. Ariz.
COMMENT: Wildlife management practices of the USDA Forest Service in the oak woodlands of southeastern Arizona are discussed.
Kerpez, T. A. and N. S. Smith. 1990. Competition between European starlings and native wood- peckers for nest cavities in saguaros. Auk 107:367-375.
ABSTRACT: European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) have recently invaded Arizona and breed in some areas but not in similar areas nearby. In Arizona, European Starlings commonly nest in cavities in saguaro cacti (Carnegiea gigantea) but do not excavate these cavities. We found that European Starlings compete with Gila Wood-
35
peckers but not with Northern Flickers. This competition decreases the number of Gila Woodpeckers that nest in areas where European Starlings nest. Starlings did not use Northern Flicker nest cavities and we found no relation- ship between the number of European Startling nests and the number of Northern Flicker nests.
Taylor, J. P. and R. E. Kirby. 1990. Experimental dispersal of wintering snow and Ross' geese. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 18:312-319.
Ellis, D. H., D. G. Smith, and F. B. P. Trahan. 1994. Should we terminate an "artificial," tree-nesting raptor population in Arizona. J. Raptor Res. 28:56.
MAMMALS
(ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY) Lagomorpha
Daniel, A., J. Holechek, R. Valdez, A. Tembo, L. Saiwana, M. Fusco, and M. Cardenas. 1993.
Jackrabbit densities on fair and good condition Chihuahuan desert range. J. Range Manage. 46:524-528.
ABSTRACT: This study, conducted on the Chihuahuan desert range near Las Cruces in southcentral New Mexico, was to determine the relationship of blacktailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus) densities to good and fair range condition. Jackrabbit densities on the fair condi- tion range were higher than those on the good condition range. This difference is attributed to the fair condition range containing more protec- tive cover and preferred forage than good condition range. Jackrabbits preferred grass- shrub mosaic habitats more than shrubland and grassland habitats. The need for diverse food sources and protective cover were apparently major determinants of habitat selection by jackrabbits. The good condition range contained greater grass cover and less shrub cover than the fair condition range. Results indicated that main- taining Chihuahuan desert ranges in good to excellent condition is the best means of achiev- ing lower abundance of jackrabbit populations.
Fatehi, M., R. D. Pieper, and R. F. Beck. 1988. Seasonal food habits of blacktailed jackrabbits {Lepus californicus) in southern New Mexico. Southwestern Nat. 33:367-370.
Steinberger, Y., and W. G. Whitford. 1983. The contribution of shrub pruning by jackrabbits to litter input in a Chihuahuan desert ecosystem. J. Arid Environ. 6:183-187.
ABSTRACT: Jackrabbits {Lepus californicus) prune stems from creosote bushes {Larrea tridentata) during the dry winter months. They eat the previous season new woody stems and allow the leaves and old wood to fall to the ground. This unconsumed material was 66 kg /ha /year of stem and 35 kg/ha/year of leaves; approxi- mately one-fifth of the quantity of shrub litter input by natural infall. Jackrabbits preferentially pruned stems of shrubs with higher tissue moisture content and tended to prune stems from the same shrubs in successive years.
Rodentia
Bock, C. E., and J. H. Bock. 1978. Response of birds, small mammals, and vegetation to burn- ing sacaton grasslands in southeastern Arizona. J. Range Manage. 31:296-300.
ABSTRACT: We studied the impact of fire on an ungrazed sacaton grassland community at The Research Ranch in southeastern Arizona. Sum- mer fires created more bare ground and encour- aged a greater number and variety of annuals than winter fires. The fires had the effect of reducing total small-mammal populations and greatly increasing bird populations. Raptors and most game birds, particularly mourning doves, were most abundant on one-year-old burns. Seed-eating birds {Fringillidae) preferred burned over unburned areas. Cotton rat {Sigmodon hispidus) populations were greatly reduced by the fires, while populations of seed-eating pocket mice {Perognathus), and kangaroo rats {Dipodomys) increased, especially on the summer burns. Sacaton grasslands recover rapidly even from summer burning, at least in the absence of livestock. Results of this study suggest that fire is beneficial to the indigenous plants and wild- life of sacaton communities, as long as a mosaic of different aged stands is maintained.
, , W. R. Kenney, and V. M.
Hawthorne. 1984. Responses of birds, rodents, and vegetation to livestock exclosure in a semi- desert grassland site. J. Range Manage. 37:239-242.
36
ABSTRACT: Livestock have been excluded from a 3,160-ha range in southeastern Arizona since 1968. In 1981 to 1982, when compared to an adjacent continuously grazed area, a protected upland site supported 45% more grass cover, a comparatively heterogeneous grass community, and 4 times as many shrubs. Grama grasses (Bouteloua spp.) were equally common in and outside the exclosure, while a variety of other species, especially plains lovegrass (Eragrostis intermedia) and Arizona cottontop (Trichachne calif ornicum) , were much more abundant on the protected site. The grazed area supported significantly higher numbers of birds in sum- mer, while densities did not differ in winter. Rodents were significantly more abundant inside the protected area. Grazing appeared to favor birds as a class over rodents.
Bowers, M. A., D. B. Thompson, and J. H. Brown. 1987. Spatial organization of a desert rodent community: food addition and species removal. Oecologia (Berlin) 72:77-82.
ABSTRACT: We examine the patterns of micro- habitat use relative to vegetative cover by 11 rodent species. The results show that: 1) removal of the largest seed-eating species, Diplodomys spectabilis, produced the most pervasive and dramatic shifts in micro-habitat use by the remaining rodent species; 2) adding seeds or removing ants had little affect on the spatial use of micro-habitats by rodents in this community; and 3) nongranivores were just as likely as granivores to shift microhabitat use when other granivores were removed. We believe these results indicate that food and foraging microsites are limited but the relegation of subdominant species to less-preferred micro- habitats by the large Dipodomys spectabilis is the major factor underlying the spatial organization of this community.
, and E. T. Heske. 1990. Temporal changes in
a Chihuahuan Desert rodent community. Oikos 59:290-302.
ABSTRACT: We used time series analysis of 10 years of monthly census data to assess the responses of individual species and an entire community of rodents to a fluctuating desert environment. Autocorrelation analysis revealed different patterns of intra-annual fluctuation among the 11 species. The timing of annual and
the pattern of inter-annual fluctuations also differed among species. However, two results suggest that several species responded similarly to long-term environmental variation: 1) popu- lation densities of 4 species and total rodent biomass and numbers were positively correlated with the densities of annual plants; and 2) many pairs of species exhibited positively correlated population dynamics over the 10 years.
Brown, J. H., and J. C. Munger. 1985. Experimental manipulation of a desert rodent community: food addition and species removal. Ecology 66:1545-1563.
ABSTRACT: Monitoring with live traps revealed that: 1) the addition of seed at the rate of 96 kg.plot-l.yr-1 resulted in an increased density of the largest granivorous rodent species (Dipodomys spectabilis), decreases in the densities of the 2 next-to-largest species (D. merriami and D. ordii), and no detectable changes in the densities of other rodents; 2) the removal of D. spectabilis, as well as other experimentally induced changes in the abundance of this species, resulted in reciprocal shifts in the densities of the 2 congeneric species, D. merriami and D. ordii, and no significant changes in densities of other rodents; and 3) the removal of all 3 Dipodomys species resulted in large in- creases in density of 4 of the 5 species of smaller seed-eating rodents, but had no affect on two species of insectivorous rodents. Taken together, these results indicate that limited food resources and interspecific competition play major roles in regulating the density of rodent populations and determining the organization of desert rodent communities.
, and D. W. Davidson. 1986. Reply to
Galindo. Ecology 67:1423-1425.
, and Z. Zeng. 1989. Comparative population
ecology of eleven species of rodents in the Chihuahuan Desert. Ecology 70:1507-1525.
ABSTRACT: Comparisons of mark-recapture data on life histories and population dynamics of 11 of the commonest species of nocturnal desert rodents inhabiting our experimental study site in the Chihuahuan Desert of extreme southeast- ern Arizona permitted assessment of the role of evolutionary relationships and ecological factors in the coexistence of these species. The species varied greatly in population density, extent of
37
interannual variation in abundance, timing of reproduction, extent to which reproduction was seasonal, rate of disappearance of marked individuals, frequency and distance of lifetime dispersal movements, but perhaps less in death rate and maximum longevity. Most of the species showed positively correlated year-to- year fluctuations in population density, suggest- ing that they responded similarly to interannual variation in precipitation, primary production, and availability of food resources. In contrast, there were positive and negative correlations in seasonal patterns of reproductive activity and population density. Lifetime dispersal move- ments were inversely related to body size, suggesting that energy constraints cause the smallest species to move among rich patches in a coarse-grained manner.
Brown, J. S. 1989. Desert rodent community struc- ture: a test of four mechanisms of coexistence. Ecol. Monogr. 59:1-20.
ABSTRACT: Four mechanisms of coexistence are considered that may contribute to the diversity of desert granivorous rodent communities. In the first, bush/open microhabitat selection, coexistence is possible if there is a trade-off between foraging efficiency in the bush and open microhabitats. In the second, temporal variation in resource abundances, coexistence is possible if there is a trade-off between foraging efficiency and maintenance efficiency. In the third, spatial variation in resource abundance, coexistence is possible if there is a trade-off between foraging efficiency and the cost of travel. The first species forages patches to a lower giving-up density (the density of resource at which a forager ceases foraging), while the second can inexpensively travel between patches with high resource abundances. In the fourth, seasonal rotation in foraging efficiencies, coexistence is possible if there is a trade-off between the costs of foraging during different seasons. The species that is the more efficient forager changes seasonally.
. 1989. Mechanisms underlying the organiza- tion of a desert rodent community. J. Arid Environ. 17:211-218.
Davidson, D. W., R. S. Inouye, and J. H. Brown. 1984. Granivory in a desert ecosystem: experi-
mental evidence for indirect facilitation of ants by rodents. Ecology 65:1780-1786.
ABSTRACT: Two major groups of desert
granivores, ants and rodents, coexist as perma- nent residents of local desert habitats in south- western North America. At our Sonoran Desert study site, both of the major taxa exhibited short-term increase in density when the other taxon was experimentally removed. Over the longer term, density compensation continued at a relatively constant level for rodents in the absence of ants. In contrast, beginning about 2 years after initiation of experiments, ant popula- tions on rodent removal plots showed a gradual but significant decline relative to densities on control plots.
, D. A. Samson, and R. S. Inouye. 1985.
Granivory in the Chihuahuan Desert: inteactions within and between trophic levels. Ecology 66:486-502.
ABSTRACT: We investigated the effects of Chihuahuan Desert granivores on 3 seasonal classes of plant resource species, the effects of these resource classes on one another, and the ways in which interactions through plant re- sources affect the abundances of seed consum- ers. In general, our experiments showed that, despite the climatic variability and unpredictability of desert environments, popu- lations respond to the steady deterministic processes of competition and predation. Never- theless, comparison of the results of similar experimental studies in the Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts demonstrates how climate and seasonality can alter the structure and intensity of interactions in ecosystems.
Frank, D. H., and E. J. Heske. 1992. Seasonal changes in space use patterns in the southern grasshopper mouse, Onychomys torridus torridus. J. Mammal. 73:292-298.
ABSTRACT: Radiotelemetry studies of Onychomys torridus torridus in the Chihuahuan Desert revealed that the home ranges of breeding males were twice as large as those of breeding females. Further, home ranges of females over- lapped only slightly, whereas home ranges of males overlapped extensively with those of both females and other males. Radiotelemetry data collected at the same site during the nonbreeding season showed that home ranges
38
of nonbreeding: 1) adult males were signifi- cantly smaller than those of breeding males; 2) adult females did not differ in size from those of breeding females; 3) males and females did not differ significantly in size. Home-range overlap among neighboring females also was greater during the nonbreeding season, and many individuals of both sexes shared day burrows at this time. In total, these patterns support hy- potheses that males compete among themselves for reproductive females.
Galindo, C. 1986. Do desert rodent populations increase when ants are removed? Ecology 67:1422-1423.
Heske, E. J. and M. Campbell. 1991. Effects of an 11 -year livestock exclosure on rodent and ant numbers in the Chihuahuan Desert, southeast- ern Arizona. Southwestern Nat. 36:89-93.
ABSTRACT: We censused rodents, counted ant colonies, and measured vegetative structure along 11 pairs of transects at a Chihuahuan Desert study site in southeastern Arizona. One member of each pair of transects was inside and 1 was outside of a 20-ha livestock exclosure that had been in place for 11 years. Vegetative structure did not differ between transects ex- posed to or protected from cattle grazing, but significantly more rodents were captured inside and outside of the exclosure, indicating that ants are more resistant than rodents to trampling and potential competition for food with cattle.
, J. H. Brown, and Q. Guo. 1993. Effects of
kangaroo rat exclusion on vegetation structure and plant species diversity in the Chihuahuan Desert. Oecologia 95:520-524.
ABSTRACT: Long-term (1977-90) experimental exclusion of 3 species of kangaroo rats from study plots in the Chihuahuan Desert resulted in significant increases in abundance of a tall annual grass (Aristida adscensionis) and a peren- nial bunch grass (Eragrostis lehmanniana). This change in the vegetative cover affected use of these plots by several other rodent species and by foraging birds. The mechanism producing this change probably involves a combination of decreased soil disturbance and reduced preda- tion on large-sized seeds when kangaroo rats are absent. Species diversity of summer annual dicots was greater on plots where kangaroo rats
were present, as predicted by keystone predator models.
, , and S. Mistry. 1994. Long-term
experimental study of a Chihuahuan Desert Rodent community: 13 years of competition. Ecology 75(2):438-445.
ABSTRACT: An experimental study of competi- tion between kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spp.) and other sympatric desert rodents using exclosures with "semipermeable" fences has been continuously maintained at a site in the northern Chihuahuan Desert since 1977. A new set of experimental manipulations begun in 1988 at the same site repeated this study. The con- tinuous presence of competition between small granivores and kangaroo rats over the 13-yr study despite large, species-specific fluctuations in abundances suggests that competition is pervasive within this community.
Inouye, R. S. 1981. Interactions among unrelated species: granivorous rodents, a parasitic fungus, and a shared prey species. Oecologia 49:425-427.
ABSTRACT: Granivorous rodents and a parasitic fungus in the Sonoran Desert utilize a common prey species, Erodium cicutarium, a desert annual plant. Experimental removal of rodents from field exclosures resulted in significantly higher densities of E. cicutarium. Fungal infection was significantly higher in the absence of rodents, suggesting that, while they do not interact directly, rodents and the fungus affect each other's densities by their use of a common prey species.
MacKay, W. P., and S. A. Elias. 1992. Late quater- nary ant fossils from packrat middens (Hy- menoptera: Formicidae): implications for cli- matic change in the Chihuahuan Desert. Psyche 99:169-184.
ABSTRACT: Packrat (Neotoma spp.) middens in rock-shelters provide important paleoecological records for the desert regions of North America. Specimens of various arthropod species accu- mulate in the middens and are cemented into a black, tarry mass by packrat urine. We collected a variety of ants in packrat middens from the Chihuahuan Desert. Our data suggest a climatic change in the Chihuahuan Desert from mesic to arid during the past 45,000 years. The coniferous forest, oak-juniper wood- land of the early Holocene changed to desert-
39
grassland about 8250 radiocarbon years before present (yr BP), with a corresponding shift in ant species composition. By about 7500 yr BP, the presence of several arid adapted species suggests the establishment of desert environ- ments. After about 2500 yr BP, we see the occurrence of primarily desert adapted ant species in the Chihuahuan Desert, although mesic adapted species continue to occur in moist "islands" within the area.
McAuliffe, J. R. 1990. Paloverdes, pocket mice, and bruchid beetles: interrelationships of seeds, dispersers, and seed predators. Southwestern Nat. 35:329-337.
ABSTRACT: Seed dispersers and seed predators present a diverse array of benefits and risks to ground beneath parent trees. This avoidance may represent a behavioral adaptation in re- sponse to the normal rapid collection and burial of seeds by heteromyids.
M'Closkey, R. T. 1978. Niche separation and assembly in four species of Sonoran Desert rodents. Amer. Nat. 112:683-694.
ABSTRACT: Current ecological theory predicts limits to the closeness of species packing. In- creased competition from more competitors should result in greater average niche separa- tion. This idea was tested for locally sympatric heteromyid rodents in part of the Sonoran Desert of Arizona and the predictions were verified. As a consequence of diffuse competi- tion, niche separation increased with species diversity, and rodent species showed separation on both niche dimensions quantified in this study (seed-size collection and habitat utiliza- tion). However, when local diversity is low (Dipodomys merriami-Perognathus penicillatus), rodents were very similar in their overall utiliza- tion of both dimensions. As diversity increases, first seed-size differences then subsequently seed-size and habitat differences were apparent. Therefore, the pattern of niche separation and diversity demonstrated niche dimensionality in this fauna.
. 1981. The principle of equal opportunity: a
test with desert rodents. Can. J. Zool. 60:1968- 1972.
ABSTRACT: A basic assumption of the theory of niche overlap and limiting similarity is that the use of limited resources by coexisting species is
proportional to resource availability. I provide a test of this assumption with desert rodents using microhabitat structure as a resource. Utilized and available microhabitat frequencies were compared in 4 desert rodent species. Some rodent species departed significantly in utilized microhabitats from that expected on the basis of availability. However, cumulative utilization frequencies for all other rodent species corre- sponded closely to the frequency of available microhabitats. Therefore, the assumption of constant ratios of utilization/ availability of resources (microhabitats) was not falsified for the entire guild, although individual rodent species used some microhabitats disproportion- ately.
Mellink, E. 1985. Agricultural disturbance and rodents: three farming systems in the Sonoran Desert. J. Arid Environ. 1985:207-222.
ABSTRACT: Rodent data were obtained from 3 agroecosystems and their 'natural' equivalents in the Sonoran Desert. These data were treated by use of Brillion's diversity index, and the Shannon- Weaver index was computed using biomass. The values obtained were analyzed using 3 habitat diversity indexes, Sorensen's similarity coefficient, and by mapping the trapping stations on vegetation maps. The key factor in high abundance and diversity of ro- dents in 2 of the agroecosystems, was the pres- ence of colonizing plant species in disturbed areas.
Moorhead, D. L., F. M. Fisher, and W. G. Whitford. 1988. Cover of spring annuals on nitrogen-rich kangaroo rat mounds in a Chihuahuan Desert grassland. Am. Midland Nat. 120:443-447.
ABSTRACT: Species composition and cover of spring annual plant communities on banner- tailed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis) mounds in a northern Chihuahuan Desert grassland differed from those on intermound areas. After seasons of adequate precipitation, cover of annual plants was greater on mounds than on adjacent areas; dominant species on mounds were those known to increase with nitrogen fertilization. Soil nitrogen content was consistently higher in mound soils than in intermound soils; however, plant cover on mounds was not different from intermound
40
areas following periods of limited precipitation despite differences in nitrogen levels. Patterns of species composition and cover of annual plants on kangaroo rat mounds are attributed to differential species responses to water and nutrient availabilities.
Moroka, N., R. F. Beck, and R. D. Pieper. 1982. Impact of burrowing activity of the bannertail kangaroo rat on southern New Mexico desert rangelands. J. Range Manage. 35:707-710.
ABSTRACT: The impact of burrowing activity of the bannertail kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis) on southern New Mexico desert rangelands was investigated. The study was conducted on black grama (Bouteloua eriopoda), dropseed (Sporobolus spp.), and mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) grassland vegetation types. Mound density was highest in the black grama type, somewhat intermediate in the dropseed type, and lowest in the mesquite-grassland type. The surface area occupied by mounds averaged 2% over all vegetation types in the study area. Plant cover was generally greater off mounds than on mounds. Annual plant cover was greater on mounds than off mounds, suggesting that activities of bannertail kangaroo rats pro- mote the presence of annuals.
Ortega, J. C. 1987. Den site selection by the rock squirrel (Spermophilus variegatus) in southeastern Arizona. J. Mammal. 68:792-798.
ABSTRACT: Physical and vegetational characteris- tics of rock squirrel {Spermophilus variegatus) den sites were investigated during 1983, 1984, and 1985 at the National Audubon Society's Appleton-Whittell Biological Research Sanctu- ary in southeastern Arizona. Relative to habitat availability, rock squirrel den sites occurred in greater than expected frequencies in oak sa- vanna and riparian habitats. A comparison between 56 den sites and 40 control locations in rock squirrel-occupied habitat revealed signifi- cant differences (P < 0.002) for 12 (52.2%) of 23 physical and vegetational variables. Compared to control locations, dens were located 1) on steeper slopes, 2) in shadier sites, 3) closer to oaks, Quercus spp., 4) closer to washes, 5) associated with prominent potential lookout points, 6) in areas with less ground cover, and 7) associated to a lesser degree with more north- erly facing slopes. Discriminant function analy-
sis correctly classified 81.3% of den locations and control sites using only 2 variables; percent shade and angle of slope.
. 1990. Home-range size of adult rock squir- rels (Spermophilus variegatus) in southeastern Arizona. J. Mammal. 71:171-176.
ABSTRACT: Home-range sizes of adult rock squirrels (Spermophilus variegatus) were studied in southeastern Arizona. Twenty-eight adult rock squirrels were radiocollared for various periods from 28 May 1986 to 7 November 1986 and from 15 May 1987 to 19 June 1987. Home- range size was determined by the 95% mini- mum-convex-polygon method. Data were analyzed monthly and according to reproduc- tive condition. Ranges of adult males were largest during the breeding season (May and June) and generally decreased in size during the remainder of the year. Home-range size of adult females did not vary significantly according to month when all individuals were considered. Also, there was considerable intra- and inter- sexual overlap of home ranges.
. 1990. Reproductive biology of the rock
squirrel (Spermophilus variegatus) in southeastern Arizona. J. Mammal. 71:448-457.
ABSTRACT: Rock squirrels (Spermophilus variegatus) were studied in an oak (Quercus spp.) savanna in southeastern Arizona. The mating period lasted approximately 9 weeks, and the timing of the mating period was associ- ated closely with heavy summer rains, as juve- niles first emerged shortly after the beginning of the rains and the concomitant increase in pro- duction of vegetation. Compared to many other ground-dwelling squirrels, rock squirrels in southeastern Arizona had a long breeding season. This seemed to be associated with the extent of the summer rainy season and the absence of a relatively early, cold winter, which limits above ground activity of many North American ground squirrels during autumn and winter.
Parmenter, R. R., J. A. MacMahon, and S. B. VanderWall. 1984. The measurement of granivory by desert rodents, birds and ants: a comparison of an energetics approach and a seed-dish technique. J. Arid Environ. 1984:75-92.
ABSTRACT: The relative importance of granivo- rous rodents, birds and ants in 4 North Ameri-
41
can ecosystems was examined. The following conclusions were made:
1) Rodents were more important energetically than birds on the Sonoran, Mojave and Inter- mountain Basin study sites, but birds were of equal or greater importance as rodents on the Chihuahuan study sites. 2) Birds removed far fewer seeds from seed-dishes than predicted from their PDEBs. 3) Rodents, birds, and ants removed more millet and used more seed- dishes containing millet than those containing the native-seed mix. (4) Seed-dish data should be interpreted with caution, due to differential responses by rodents, birds, and ants. (5) An energetics approach to desert granivory can provide reliable information about granivore impacts on seed reserves, but requires large data sets and biologically realistic estimators to produce accurate, high-precision results.
Price, M. V., and N. M. Waser. 1985. Microhabitat use by heteromyid rodents: effects of artificial seed patches. Ecology 66:211-219.
ABSTRACT: We describe studies showing that: 1) microhabitat distinguished by heteromyids in nature differ in seed abundance, soil particle size, and soil density, all of which are features that have been shown to influence heteromyid foraging efficiency; 2) 4 coexisting species differ in their preferences for artificial seed patches in a large laboratory foraging arena, and differ- ences in the properties of preferred and nonpreferred patches correspond qualitatively to differences in the attributes of preferred and nonpreferred microhabitats in nature; and 3) microhabitat use in nature, as measured by livetrapping, can undergo rapid shifts that track the location of preferred artificial seed patches placed either in open spaces or under vegeta- tion. These results suggest that divergent micro- habitat specializations of coexisting heteromyids are in part functions of divergent preferences for the particular combinations of seeds and soils found in various microhabitats.
Reichman, O. J., and K. M. Van De Graaff. 1973. Seasonal activity and reproduction patterns of five species of Sonoran Desert rodents. Am. Midland Nat. 90:118-126.
ABSTRACT: Activity patterns of 5 species of Sonoran Desert rodents (Dipodomys merriami, Perognathus amplus, P. intermedins, P. baileyi and
Peromyscus eremicus) were closely related to temperature fluctuations, the heaviest species being most affected by high temperatures. There was a direct correlation between low ambient temperature, body weight, and inactivity, with the lightest rodent, P. amplus, being the least active in the winter. D. merriami had 2 reproduc- tive peaks (June and October) during the year. The 3 species of Perognathus reproduced only in the early summer. Young Peromyscus eremicus were consistently trapped through the summer and autumn.
Thompson, D. B., J. H. Brown, and W. D. Spencer. 1991. Indirect facilitation of granivorous birds by desert rodents: experimental evidence from foraging patterns. Ecology 72:852-863.
ABSTRACT: To quantify the response of birds to experimental manipulations of seed availability and densities of granivorous rodents and ants, we counted granivorous birds and measured diurnal and nocturnal seed removal on 24 plots during winter months in the Chihuahuan Desert. Removal of single, widely spaced millet seeds provided a reliable measure of bird and rodent foraging activity. Avian foraging activity increased in response to supplemental seeds, but decreased in response to long-term removal of all rodents and all ants. Although birds potentially compete for seeds with rodents and ants, these results suggest that, in the long term, indirect facilitation dominates the interactions among all 3 taxa. The positive effect of the other granivores on birds may be mediated through changes in habitat structure (e.g., reduction in the density of annual plants). The increase of avian foraging in response to seed addition and the high spatial and temporal variance in the patterns of seed removal by birds indicated that in desert habitats granivorous birds use their mobility to find and exploit high concentrations of seeds.
Valone, T. J., and J. S. Brown. 1989. Measuring patch assessment abilities of desert granivores. Ecology 70:1800-1810.
ABSTRACT: We developed 2 criteria for measur- ing patch assessment ability. First, we examined the ability of foragers to equalize benefits and costs at manipulated resource patches. Second, we compared patch utilization patterns of 4 possible foraging strategies (prescient, fixed
42
time, Bayesian, and rate assessor) with actual foraging patterns. Experiments with several desert rodent and avian species suggested that Merriam's kangaroo rat may obtain the best estimate of patch quality, followed by the round-tail ground squirrel and Arizona pocket mouse. Kangaroo rats exhibited a prescient and Bayesian strategy. Pocket mice and ground squirrels exhibited a fixed-time and Bayesian strategy. Gambel's Quail appeared to be the least sophisticated forager and exhibited only a fixed-time strategy.
The fixed-time strategy was observed most frequently in the low variance environment where patch differences were relatively minor. In general, increased patch variation led to poor patch estimates but allowed employment of sophisticated foraging strategies. Avian group foragers did not obtain better estimates of patch quality than solitary foragers.
, J. H. Brown, and E. J. Heske. 1994. Interac- tions between rodents and ants in the Chihuahuan Desert: an update. Ecology 75:252-255.
Zeng, Z., and J. H. Brown. 1987. Population ecol- ogy of a desert rodent: Dipodomys merriami in the Chihuahuan Desert. Ecology 68:1328-1340.
ABSTRACT: We show that the extremely flexible life history and other facultative behaviors of the kangaroo rat, Dipodomys merriami, facilitate adult survival and enable this small mammal to maintain remarkably stable populations despite wide, unpredictable fluctuations in its desert environment. Mark-recapture methods pro- vided data on population density, growth, reproduction, dispersal, and survival for a population of D. merriami in the Chihuahuan Desert of southeastern Arizona from 1978 to 1984. Population density showed both annual and interannual fluctuations, but varied only from about 3 to 15 individuals/ha.
Carnivora
Bock, C. E., and J. H. Bock. 1994. Effects of preda- tor exclusion on rodent abundance in an Ari- zona semidesert grassland. Southwestern Nat. 39:208-210.
Brown, D. E. 1983. On the status of the jaguar in the Southwest. Southwest. Nat. 28:459-479.
ABSTRACT: Historical records of jaguars (Felis onca) in Arizona and New Mexico show that the jaguar ranged widely throughout a variety of habitats from Sonoran desertscrub upward through subalpine conifer forest. The last record of a jaguar killed in New Mexico and Arizona was 1905 and 1971, respectively. The jaguar was eliminated from the Southwest by control measures concurrent with settlement and the development of the livestock industry.
Drewek, J. Jr., T. H. Noon, R. J. Trautman, and E. J. Bicknell. 1981. Serologic evidence of leptospirosis in a southern Arizona coyote population. J. Wildl. Dis. 17:33-37.
ABSTRACT: Histologic examination of kidney tissue from a morbid coyote (Canis latrans) suggested a leptospiral infection. Sera from 9 wild coyotes captured subsequently in the same general area were tested by therapid plate agglutination method. Four of 9 sera contained antibodies to Leptospira canicola, while 1 serum also contained antibodies for L. icterohaemorrhagiae. Epidemiology and morbidity are discussed.
Ortega, J. C. 1987. Coyote food habits in southeast- ern Arizona. Southwestern Nat. 32:152-155.
. 1988. Activity patterns of different-aged
coyote (Canis latrans) pups in southeastern Arizona. J. Mammal. 69:831-835.
Stolzenburg, H. W., and V. W. Howard, Jr. 1989. Activation of liquid bait devices by coyotes in southern New Mexico. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 17:306-312.
Artiodactyla
Allen, R. W. 1955. Parasites of mountain sheep in New Mexico, with new host records. J. Parasitol. 41:583-587.
ABSTRACT: Historical accounts of parasites in bighorn sheep are discussed. A post-mortem study of 9 bighorn sheep found 9 different species of parasites, with pinworms being most prevalent. Each animal harbored 1 or more species of parasites.
, and C. B. Kennedy. 1952. Parasites in a
bighorn sheep in New Mexico. Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. 19:39.
ABSTRACT: An adult male bighorn sheep was examined 1 h after death for internal and exter-
43
nal parasites. The ram was heavily infested with the winter tick (Dermacentor albipictus). Other parasites found included the spinose ear tick (Otobius megnini), Cystericercus tenuicollis, and the nematodes Nematodirus spathiger, Trichuris spp., and Skrjabinema spp.
Bavin, B. 1980. Post-release study of desert big- horn sheep in the Big Hatchet Mountains, New Mexico. Desert Bighorn Counc. Trans. 24:12-14.
ABSTRACT: The post-release movements of 14 bighorn sheep held for 4 months in a 44-acre enclosure were documented. Soon after the release, the herd was joined by 4 rams from the indigenous population. Ewes returned to the area of the release for lambing. Introducing sheep in an uninhabited portion of the range caused an expansion in home range of some indigenous rams.
Bock, C. Ev and J. H. Bock. 1979. Relationship of the collared peccary to Sacaton grassland. J. Wildl. Manage. 43:813-816.
Brown, D. E. 1972. The status of desert bighorn sheep on the Papago Indian Reservation. Desert Bighorn Counc. Trans. 16:30-35.
ABSTRACT: There are less than 50 bighorn sheep on the Papago Indian Reservation. Bighorn sheep habitat is available but lack of water, because of depletion by man, has led to the concentration and reduction of sheep, which may lead to their extermination.
, and R. S. Henry. 1981. On relict occur- rences of white-tailed deer within the Sonoran Desert in Arizona. Southwestern Nat. 26:147- 152.
ABSTRACT: Extirpations of local populations of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus couesi) within the Sonoran Desert in Arizona are dis- cussed. Seasonal drought is thought to exclude this animal from western Arizona. The recent elimination of isolated populations at the west- ern periphery of the species range is thought to be due to an increase in the incidence and variability of spring drought since 1950. Ob- served survival rates of white-tailed deer fawns correlated significantly with spring (June) and autumn (November) drought indices.
Elenowitz, A. S. 1982. Preliminary results of a desert bighorn transplant in the Peloncill Moun- tains, New Mexico. Desert Bighorn Counc. Trans. 26:8-11.
ABSTRACT: Twelve ewes from Arizona and 10 rams from a captive population at the Red Rock Wildlife Experimental Area, New Mexico were captured and released into a 40-acre holding paddock in the Peloncillo Mountains. The ewes were held for 7 months and the rams for 2 before their release. An additional 6 rams were free-released following the paddock release. Post-release mortality, behavior, and move- ments of the bighorn sheep are detailed.
Etchberger, R. G, P. R. Krausman, and R.
Mazaika. 1989. Mountain sheep habitat charac- teristics in the Pusch Ridge Wilderness, Arizona. J. Wildl. Manage. 53:902-907.
ABSTRACT: Mountain sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) in the Pusch Ridge Wilderness (PRW), Santa Catalina Mountains, Coronado National Forest, Arizona, have abandoned 206 km2. We used univariate analyses to quantify differences of physiographic and vegetation variables between abandoned habitat and habitat cur- rently used by mountain sheep. A discriminant function model characterized differences be- tween the 2 areas. Habitat still used by moun- tain sheep has less human disturbance, is more open, and has more side oats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula) , red brome (Bromus rubens), brittle bush (Encelia farinosa) , and forb cover, but less ground cover, bush muhly (Muhlenbergia porterii), and turpentine bush (Haplopappus laricifolius) than habitat abandoned by mountain sheep. Fire is important for maintaining high habitat visibility. Human disturbances should be minimized in mountain sheep habitat.
, , and . 1990. Effects of fire on
desert bighorn sheep habitat. Pages 53-57 in P. R. Krausman and N. S. Smith, eds. Managing wildlife in the Southwest symposium Arizona Chap. The Wildl. Soc, Phoenix.
ABSTRACT: We examined the effects of a natural fire on vegetation in desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) habitat in the Pusch Ridge Wilderness (PRW), Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona. We sampled vegetation seasonally on burned and unburned areas. All vegetation except succulents were burned by the fire. Most vegetation recovered to pre-burn levels within 6 months. Forbs showed the greatest effects from fire. Thermal cover was reduced. Fire is impor- tant for this population because it reduces tall
44
vegetation that can obstruct vision by sheep. Fire could be an important tool for restoring abandoned desert bighorn sheep habitat in PRW.
Gionfriddo, J. P., and P. R. Krausman. 1986. Sum- mer habitat use by mountain sheep. J. Wildl. Manage. 50:331-336
ABSTRACT: Summer habitat use by mountain sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) was examined in the Pusch Ridge Wilderness (PRW), Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona, during 1982 and 1983. Diurnal sheep activity was concentrated in areas <50 m of escape terrain. Sheep selected nonprecipitous open oak (Quercus spp.) wood- land associations. Slopes of 59-79% and eleva- tions of 1,098-1,341 m were selected on upper slopes of drainages or on the tops of ridges or mountains. Ewe-juvenile groups selected more precipitous areas than ram groups and mixed groups. Groups with lambs used steeper and lower areas 7that groups without lambs.
Gordon, S. P. 1953. Age classification, sex ratio and reproduction of bighorn sheep. New Mexico Dep. Game and Fish, Fed. Aid Proj. W-68-R-1.
ABSTRACT: In the Big Hatchet Mountains, New Mexico, lambing season ran from late October to May.
Gross, J. E. 1960. Investigation of seasonal sheep and deer habitat factors. New Mexico Dep. Game and Fish, Fed. Aid Proj. W-100-R-1.
ABSTRACT: The Big Hatchet Mountains big game range may be classified as a multiple use habi- tat. The area is used by wild populations of mule deer, bighorn sheep, and javelina, and by domestic populations of cattle, horses, and pigs.
The relationship that occurs between sheep, vegetative succulence, and moisture conditions during various seasons of the year furnished important data concerning water development. The satisfying of water requirements through metabolism or vegetative succulence depends directly upon forb and browse growth. During periods when summer and winter rains are inadequate or do not occur, such as in 1954 and 1956, moisture storage in the soil is low and forb growth is retarded. Succulence and metabolized water may then be inadequate, and if sufficient free water is not available, a physiological water shortage occurs. The first factor to be compro- mised is reproduction. This shortage of early
spring moisture occurred in 1954 and 1956 when the apparent lamb crop failures were noted. When summer rains failed as they did in 1956, the breeding activities may also be affected.
Harris, L. K., and W. W. Shaw. 1993. Conserving mountain sheep habitat near an urban environ- ment. Desert Bighorn Counc. Trans. 37:16-19.
ABSTRACT: We documented the attitudes and beliefs regarding mountain sheep management options of homeowners adjacent to the Pusch Ridge Wilderness (PRW) near Tucson, Arizona. Homeowners within 1.6 km of the PRW prima- rily enjoyed passive recreational use of the wilderness (i.e., viewing the wilderness), and were aware that mountain sheep lived in the area. They supported management options including: 1) the elimination of dogs within PRW; 2) planned burns to improve mountain sheep habitat; and, 3) closing all or parts of PRW to protect the long term viability (>100 years) of the sheep population.
, P. R. Krausman, and W. W. Shaw. 1995.
Human attitudes and mountain sheep in a wilderness setting. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 23:66-72
ABSTRACT: We studied human attitudes related to conserving mountain sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) that inhabit the Pusch Ridge Wilder- ness, in Santa Catalina Mountains adjacent to Tucson, Arizona. We interviewed 403 visitors (94% response) that used the wilderness for recreation from May 1990- April 1991. Visitors were primarily male (57%), young (83% were 20-49 years old), well educated (66% had at least a college degree), and 92% were Caucasian. Most respondents (83%) had previously visited the wilderness, and the recreational experience it provided was important to them. Hiking was the primary purpose of the respondents recre- ational outing, and watching animals enhanced their experience; 79% watched wildlife (exclud- ing birds) and 26% were birdwatching. Only 15% observed mountain sheep in the wilder- ness, but 93% were aware that sheep were in the area. Most respondents (67%) favored restricting dogs completely from the wilderness. Almost half (46%) favored planned burnings to improve mountain sheep habitat, and most (59%) visitors were willing to give up activities to protect the sheep population from human pressure. Future management likely can successfully include
45
enhanced dog control, prescribed burns, and selected area closures.
Jacobsen, R. D., and L. O. Wilson. 1972. Habitat of the Mexican bighorn sheep in the Big Hatchet Mountains of New Mexico. Desert Bighorn Counc. Trans. 16:36-46.
ABSTRACT: Three vegetative types occur in the Big Hatchet Mountains: creosote-mesquite, desert shrub, and pinyon-juniper. The major plant species in each vegetative type are listed. The availability of water, cover, and living space for bighorn sheep are discussed. Potential limiting factors include competition for forage by livestock and deer, drought, lack of cover, disease, parasites, insects, and predation.
Krausman, P. R., W. W. Shaw, and J. L. Stair. 1979. Bighorn sheep in the Pusch Ridge Wilderness Area, Arizona. Desert Bighorn Counc. Trans. 23:40-46.
ABSTRACT: Bighorn sheep distribution in the Santa Catalina Mountains has declined since 1936 due to roads, trails, and human activity. The population is now restricted to the northwest and southwest portions of the range. From annual aerial surveys and ground counts, the popula- tion, estimated at 70 to 100 individuals, appar- ently is stable and healthy. Between 1962 and 1978, 72 permits were issued for hunting bighorn sheep in the Santa Catalina Mountains and 22 mature rams were shot. Body measurements and exami- nations of 12 harvested rams indicate that these sheep are heavier than other rams in Arizona. The mean field-dressed weight is 68 kg. Long- term effects of man on this sheep population are unclear. Tucson lies at the base of the Santa Catalina Mountains and photographers, hikers, birdwatchers, hunters, and other recreationists frequently use the Pusch Ridge Wilderness Area.
. 1993. The exit of the last wild mountain
sheep. Pages 242-250 in G. P. Nabhan, Counting sheep. Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson.
COMMENT: The conflict between humans and mountain sheep in the Pusch Ridge Wilderness is explored.
, W. W. Shaw, R. C. Etchberger, and L. K.
Harris. 1995. The decline of bighorn sheep in the Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona. Pages 245- 250 in De Bano, L. F., P. F. Ffolliott, A. Ortega- Rubio, G. J. Gottfried, R. H. Homre, and C. B. Edminster, tech. cords. Biodiversity and manage-
ment of the Madrean Archipelago: the sky islands of southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-GTR-264. Fort Collins, Colo. U. S. Dep. Agric. For. Serv.
ABSTRACT: Desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) are an important component of the biodiversity in the Pusch Ridge Wilderness (PRW), Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona. The population has decreased from approximately <200 in 1926 to <20 in 1994, and their distribu- tion is limited to <50 km2 in the PRW. The population decline has been attributed to hu- man activities including the development of roads and trails, housing and resorts, hiking, dogs, and fire suppression. Fire suppression effectively has altered vegetation so parts of the PRW are not suitable for bighorn sheep. Human encroachment into the remaining areas has been too severe for the population to increase. Dis- ease, predation, and hunting may have contrib- uted to the recent decline, but their influence has not been evaluated. Before any reintroduc- tion efforts, managers should understand the factors that have caused the decline. The public is supportive of management options including those that restrict the use of areas and prohibit dogs from bighorn sheep habitat. However, human intrusion into bighorn habitat may be too severe for recovery efforts to be successful.
, G. Long, and L. Tarango. 1996. Desert
bighorn sheep and fire, Santa Catalina Moun- tains, Arizona. In P. F. Ffolliott and B. Hamre, eds. Effects of fire on the Madrean Province ecosystems. USDA For. Serv. In Press.
ABSTRACT: We studied the influence fire had on visibility for desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) in Pusch Ridge Wilderness, Arizona. We mapped fires that occurred from 1956 to 1987 and randomly selected burned and unburned sites for visibility measurements. Over time visi- bility decreased when the areas were not burned. Increased vegetation in areas that were not burned may be detrimental to desert bighorn sheep habitat. Land managers should allow wildfires to burn in and adjacent to desert bighorn sheep habitat if fire enhances visibility for the species.
. 1996. The effects of scale on desert bighorn
sheep. In J. A. Bissonette, ed. A primer on landscape ecology. Springer- Verlag, New York, NY. In Press.
46
COMMENT: The sheep population in Pusch Ridge Wilderness are used as a model to demonstrate the influence of single population management in a "metapopulation" system.
_ , R. C. Etchberger, and R. M. Lee. 1996.
Mountain sheep population persistence in Arizona. The Southwest. Nat. In Press.
ABSTRACT: We used data for mountain sheep (Ovis canadensis) in Arizona to examine the theory that populations with <50 individuals will become extinct.
Larsen, P. A. 1971. Bighorn sheep management in New Mexico. Trans. North Am. Wild Sheep Conf. 1:16-21.
ABSTRACT: The 2 populations of bighorn sheep in New Mexico total 200-275 animals. The history and status of herds in the San Andres and Big Hatchet Mountains are discussed. The New Mexico Game and Fish Department's bighorn sheep management program is summa- rized. This includes plans for the development of a sheep rearing facility and future reintroduc- tions into the Guadalupe Mountains. Early sightings (1540-1946) of bighorn sheep in the state are referenced.
Lee, L. 1960. The possible impact of Barbary sheep in New Mexico. Desert Bighorn Counc. Trans. 4:15-16.
ABSTRACT: A warning is raised about possible diseases and parasites that may be transmitted by Barbary sheep to native ungulates.
Lenarz, M. S. 1978. Intra-specific variation in the social structure of Ovis canadensis. M.S. thesis, New Mexico State Univ., Las Cruces. 34pp.
ABSTRACT: Two hypotheses were tested with respect to the influence of forage availability on the social structure and reproductive strategy of bighorn sheep in the Big Hatchet Mountains. The hypotheses are: 1) the periodicity and predictability of forage production is related to the reproductive strategy, and 2) temporal variation in forage availability is related to social structure. Breeding in the population was nonseasonal, differing from the hypothesis prediction. The social structure in the Big Hatchet Mountains also differed from that of bighorn sheep populations in temperate-alpine areas. These differences reflect the reproductive strategy and not the temporal variation in forage availability. The populations' reproduc-
tive strategy may be a response to a low popula- tion density and relatively abundant high- quality forage. Differences in the social structure may be the result of ecological variables, with the ecological strategies being the proximate selective force.
Lenarz, M. S. 1979. Social structure and reproduc- tive strategy in desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana). J. Mammal. 60:671-678.
ABSTRACT: Hypotheses have been made that predictable, periodic plant productivity set birth seasons for bighorn sheep and shortened birth and rutting seasons. The hypothesis relating timing and duration of breeding seasons to periodicity and predictability of forage produc- tion is not supported. Eighty percent of the lambs were bom outside the predicted lambing season during periods when precipitation was low and forage production was unpredictable. The absence of seasonal breeding may imply a "gambling" strategy where young are produced throughout the year and only those born during periods of forage production survive. In the Big Hatchet Mountains, the association of rams with ewe groups is not limited to predicted mid- winter rut. Because of the low density of this population and the nonseasonal breeding behavior of some ewes, rams would increase their fitness by accompanying ewe groups for longer periods. Segregation of ewe and ram groups from January to June coincided with a period when most births occurred, which maxi- mized individual fitness by reducing energetic requirements of ewes and minimizing the potential of intraspecific competition.
Lenarz, M. S , and W. Conley. 1982. Reproductive gambling in bighorn sheep (Ovis): a simulation. J. Theor. Biol. 98:1-7.
ABSTRACT: Bighorn sheep in deserts, which live in an unpredictable environment, have been hypothesized to use reproductive gambling, by which they increase fertility by continuous breeding. Seasonal and gambling strategies were simulated with survival schedules gener- ated as a function of precipitation. The seasonal strategy had a higher finite rate of increase even though annual per capita fertility was increased under the gambling strategy. Unless the sur- vival of lambs born outside the optimum period is substantially increased, reproductive gam- bling is not an ecologically stable strategy.
47
Levy, S. H. 1963. Bighorns and Papagos. Desert Bighorn Counc. Trans. 7:114-119.
ABSTRACT: The Papago Indian Reservation occupies 3 million acres in southcentral Arizona and is the second largest Indian reservation in the United States. Bighorn sheep occur in most of the major mountain ranges but are not man- aged and face an uncertain future unless a management program is established.
Mazaika, Rv P. R. Krausman, and R. C.
Etchberger. 1992. Forge availability for moun- tain sheep in Pusch Ridge Wilderness, Arizona. Southwest. Nat. 37:372-378.
ABSTRACT: We estimated seasonal forage avail- ability and quality for mountain sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) in Pusch Ridge Wilderness (PRW), Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona. We measured available forage in PRW with a double sampling technique and measured consumption of forage by 2 captive mountain sheep. Mountain sheep were not limited by forage quantity or quality in PRW in 1987 to 1988. Forage availability was greater for April to September than for October to March. Habitat management or mountain sheep in PRW should concentrate on factors other than the availability or quality of forage.
Mearns, E. A. 1907. Mammals of the Mexican boundary of the United States, Part I. U.S. National Museum Bull. 56:1-530.
ABSTRACT: Distributions and descriptions are provided for bighorn sheep (O. c. mexicanus). A new species is suggested; the Gaillard bighorn (O. c. gaillardi). A description of the type and comparisons are made with O. C. mexicanus.
Monson, G. 1966. The place of refuges in desert bighorn management. Desert Bighorn Counc. Trans. 10:21-23.
ABSTRACT: Refuges are important for preserving bighorn sheep habitat. Competing uses can be strictly controlled and special efforts made for increasing the carrying capacity of bighorn sheep habitat. Research is encouraged on ref- uges. Refuges are also a reservoir for restocking depleted ranges. Other benefits include many recreational activities.
Neal, K. S. 1974. Desert bighorn sheep in Ari- zona— in the year 2050. Desert Bighorn Counc. Trans. 18:28.
ABSTRACT: Problems confronting bighorn sheep in Arizona are discussed; problems include politics, technology, and population growth.
Powell, L. E. 1967. Public domain and Arizona bighorn sheep. Desert Bighorn Counc. Trans. 11:13-15.
ABSTRACT: The 1964 Classification and Multiple Use Act changed the direction of the Bureau of Land Management from that of disposal of the public domain to retention and management. The Bureau has recommended retention of mountainous regions of western Arizona known to contain bighorn sheep. Increased manage- ment of those mountain ranges and of sheep in general is contemplated. The paper is a general discussion of the Bureau's objectives as they related to sheep management in Arizona.
Purdy, K. G. 1981. Recreational use of desert bighorn sheep habitat in Pusch Ridge Wilder- ness. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Ariz., Tucson.
ABSTRACT: This study examines the recreational uses and users of natural bighorn sheep habitat in Pusch Ridge Wilderness. The majority of visitors, using lower canyon sites, present little threat to the bighorn sheep. Back country visitors, their activities, and lengths of stay pose a great threat to bighorn sheep. The presence of dogs with back country visitors are an addi- tional threat. A list of recommendations are made for the management of Pusch Ridge with regard to recreational use.
, and W. W. Shaw. 1981. An analysis of
recreational use patterns in desert bighorn habitat: the Pusch Ridge Wilderness case. Desert Bighorn Counc. Trans. 25:1-5.
ABSTRACT: The article reports on the results of a study designed to examine recreational uses of bighorn sheep habitat in a wilderness area. Objectives of the study were to determine numbers and activities of recreators in the wilderness area, preferences and perceptions of the wilderness areas by users, degree of interac- tion between recreators and bighorn sheep, and to evaluate recreational impacts on sheep. Data were collected using trail counters, unmanned survey stations, questionnaires, telephone surveys, and direct observation. Back country users appear to pose the greatest threats to sheep. A number of recommendations are made
48
to help mitigate the impacts of human-sheep conflicts.
Watts, T. J. 1979. Detrimental movement patterns in a remnant population of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana). M.S. Thesis, New Mexico State Univ., Las Cruces. 185pp.
ABSTRACT: High lamb mortality was attributed to bighorn sheep movements 4 km south of the Big Hatchet Mountains to Cairn Hills. Move- ments occurred due to mineral craving, espe- cially for sodium. A model that related in- creased forage potassium levels in emergent vegetation to increased loss of fecal sodium, and thus a sodium craving, was used to explain the temporal periodicity of bighorn sheep movements to Cairn Hills and mineral lick use. The majority of the movements occurred during the primary growing season, July through October. Sheep at the Big Hatchet Mountains were independent of free water sources year-round. An adaptation to surviving in a historically waterless habitat may be increased seasonal use of cactus. There was an approximate 50% decline in the population during the project, to 10 adults and 3 lambs by June 1978.
. 1979. Status of the Big Hatchet desert sheep
population, New Mexico. Desert Bighorn Counc. Trans. 23:92-94.
ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to deter- mine the status of the population. In the late 1950s the population declined from approxi- mately 125 to 150 individuals to approximately 20 to 25 animals and remains in fluctuation around this low number. Herd distribution was reduced from its former range. During the decline, population size was reduced 40% and adult mortality nearly reached 50%. Excessive lamb mortality was directly related to abnormal movement patterns across creosote-bush flats. This was probably in response to a craving for supplemental sodium. This remnant population is describe by aperiodic estrous, an extended breeding period, regular movement across flat' country, and an apparent independence from free-standing water. Prickly pear, a possible alternate water source, comprised 53% of the June diet.
, and W. Conley. 1981. Extinction probabili- ties in a remnant population of Ovis canadensis mexicana. Acta Theriol. 26:393-405.
ABSTRACT: The population of bighorn sheep in the Big Hatchet Mountains had a 50% decline in its adult component between 1976 and 1978 (from 22 to 13). Computer simulations were conducted and determined the probability of extinction of the 1978 population to be 12%. The observed decline increased the extinction rate from 0% to 12% and decreased the potential population size after 18 years by 42%. Using computer simulations, hypothetical reductions in the population and hypothetical supplemen- tal introductions to the population were tested to determine their affects on the probabilities for survival or extinction of the population.
Wilbanks, J. M. 1959. Patrol and protection prob- lems. Desert Bighorn Counc. Trans. 3:34-36.
ABSTRACT: Violations involved with bighorn sheep management are discussed; they are poaching, shooting illegal rams, and smuggling shot sheep into the United States from Mexico.
Exotic Species
Allen, R. W. 1960. Diseases and parasites of Bar- bary and bighorn sheep in the southwest. Desert Bighorn Counc. Trans. 4:17-22.
ABSTRACT: Barbary sheep were collected along the Canadian River, New Mexico in 1955, and bighorn sheep were collected in the Big Hatchet Mountains, on the San Andres Refuge, and in the Sandia Mountains, New Mexico in 1954, 1951, and 1959, respectively. Bighorn sheep were collected on the Kofa Game Range, Ari- zona in 1953 and 1954. Bighorn sheep from the Kofa Game Range showed the only evidence of gross pathology. Ear ticks were found only on sheep from the San Andres Refuge and the Big Hatchet Mountains. Blood parasites were not found. All sheep, with the exception of 1 ram from the Kofa Game Range, had worm para- sites. The most harmful parasite found was the large stomach worm in Barbary sheep and bighorn sheep from the Big Hatchet Mountains. Pinworms were the most prevalent parasites. Lungworms were only found in bighorn sheep from the Sandia Mountains. Sheep from the Big Hatchet Mountains were parasitized primarily by nematodes. Sheep from the Kofa Game
49
Range were infected with tapeworms but had no nematodes except pinworms. Hansen, R. M. 1976. Foods of free-roaming horses in southern New Mexico. J. Range Manage. 29:347.
ABSTRACT: Seasonal foods of free-roaming wild horses were determined in southern New Mexico by microhistological analyses of fecal samples. The most important forages consumed annually by wild horses were Russianthistle (29%), dropseed (21%), mesquite (16%), and Junegrass (12%). Seasonal differences in the percentages of the diets were found for mes- quite, Junegrass, and saltbush.
AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES
Bowker, R. W. and B. K. Sullivan. 1991. Bufo punctatus and Bufo retiformis (red-spotted toad, Sonoran green toad), natural hybridization. Herp. Rev. 22:54.
Case, T. J. 1990. Patterns of coexistence in sexual and asexual species of Cnemidophorus lizards. Oecologia 83:220-227.
ABSTRACT: The lizard genus Cnemidophorus (family Teiidae) contains sexual as well as parthenogenetic species. The theoretical two- fold fitness advantage of asexuality does not translate into any obvious distributional or numerical superiority of the parthenogenic species in the southwestern U.S. and northern Mexico where their ranges overlap. I tested the prediction that the genetically diverse sexual species should have a higher between-indi- vidual niche width than a similar sympatric asexual species by studying prey in the stomach contents of sympatric and allopatric populations of C. tigris (sexual) and C. sonorae (asexual) in southern Arizona. The expectation proved true for niche breadths based on prey length and prey taxa categories. The within-individual component of niche breadth was not different between species.
Duncan, R. B. 1992. Lampropeltis pyromelana (Sonoran Mountain king-snake) predation. Herp. Rev. 23:81
Germano, D. J. 1992. Longevity and age-size relationships of populations of desert tortoises. Copeia 1992(2):367-374.
ABSTRACT: Based on minimum estimates of longevity of desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) that died in the field, few individuals live past 50 years. Approximately 29% of tortoises from the Sonoran Desert, 11% of tortoises from the eastern Mojave Desert, and approximately 5% of tortoises from the western Mojave Desert were estimated to be over 25 years. The greatest estimate of longevity for any individual was 48 to 53 years and came from the eastern Mojave Desert. The oldest individual from the western Mojave Desert was estimated to be 32 years, and the oldest individual from the Sonoran Desert was estimated to be 35 years. Comparisons of carapace length to age showed the highest rates of growth (0 to 25 years) for tortoises from the western Mojave Desert and Sinaloan habitats. Of the 4 major regions within the range of the desert tortoise, rates of growth were lowest in the eastern Mojave and Sonoran deserts.
, and C. R. Hungerford. 1981. Reptile popu- lation changes with manipulation of Sonoran Desert shrub. Great Basin Nat. 41:129-138.
ABSTRACT: The diversity and abundance of reptiles were studied in 3 vegetation types on the Santa Rita Experimental Range, Arizona. Total reptile sightings were greatest in undis- turbed mesquite and mesquite with irregularly shaped clearings. No zebra-tailed lizards (Callisaurus draconoides) or desert spiny lizards (Sceloporus magister) were seen, and significantly fewer western whiptails (Cnemidophorus tigris) were in the mesquite-free area. Only the Sonora spotted whiptail {Cnemidophorus sonorae) was significantly more abundant in the mesquite- free area than in the undisturbed mesquite. In an effort to increase grass production for cattle in mesquite grasslands, it is preferable to clear irregularly shaped areas rather than to attempt total mesquite removal, if reptiles are to be considered.
Glenn, J. L. and R. C. Straight. 1990. Venom char- acteristics as an indicator of hybridization between Crotalus viridis viridis and Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus in New Mexico.Toxicon 28:857-862.
ABSTRACT: One hundred and thirteen venoms from 46 populations of Crotalus viridis viridis were screened by immunodiffusion for protein toxins antigenically similar to the phospholipase
50
A2 (PLA) toxin 'Mojave toxin', using a polyclonal antibody to it's basic PLA subunit.
Goldberg, S. R., C. R. Bursey, and N. Zucker. 1993. Gastrointestinal helminths of the tree lizard, Urosaurus ornatus (Phrynosomatidae).
ABSTRACT: The gastrointestinal tracts of 205 Urosaurus ornatus were examined for helminths: 117 from Aguirre Spring, New Mexico; 73 from Doha Ana Mountains, New Mexico, and 15 from southern Arizona. Spauligodon giganticus was the most prevalent helminth (prevalence 24.8%, mean intensity 5.6) and occurred in all 3 samples. The Aguirre Spring sample had signifi- cantly higher prevalences of S. giganticus (38.5%) than the other 2 samples. In addition, third-stage larvae of Physaloptera spp. (preva- lence 4.2%, mean intensity 3.5) and Oochoristica spp. (prevalence 4.2%, mean intensity 1.6) and tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides spp. (prevalence 3.2%, mean intensity 103.8) were recovered from the New Mexico samples. The finding of Mesocestoides spp. within skeletal muscle in 1 specimen is noteworthy because it demonstrates that this parasite can migrate out of the body cavity. All findings represent new host records.
Gonzalez-Romero, A., A. Ortega, and R. Barbault. 1989. Habitat partitioning and spatial organiza- tion in a lizard community of the Sonoran desert, Mexico. Amphibia-Reptilia 10:1-11.
ABSTRACT: The spatial structure of a desert lizard community located in the state of Sonora, N.E. Mexico, was studied in October 1982 and June 1983. The community is composed of 17 species, and we analyzed the habitat partitioning and microhabitat utilization of 12 species recorded along 2 transects. We found that habitat and microhabitat selection plays a determining role in organizing this lizard community and its ecological meaning is discussed.
Iverson, J. B. 1989. The Arizona mud turtle,
Kinosternon flavescens arizonense (Kinosternidae), in Arizona and Sonora. Southwestern Nat. 34:356-368.
ABSTRACT: Fieldwork in Arizona and Sonora in 1981, 1982, and 1984 revealed 44 new localities for the Arizona mud turtle (Kinosternon flavescens arizonense), verified the presence of the turtle at or near 16 of the previously known 21 localities, demonstrated the microsympatry of this turtle with the Alamos mud turtle
(Kinosternon alamosae), and provided the first information on habitat, growth, and reproduc- tion. Multivariate statistical analysis confirmed the distinctiveness of the taxon and revealed very little microgeographic variation among river basin populations. Despite its relatively small range in Arizona and Sonora the species is not considered threatened.
, E. L. Barthelmess, G. R. Smith, and C. E.
deRivera. 1991. Growth and reproduction in the mud turtle Kinosternon hirtipes in Chihuahua, Mexico. J.Herp. 25:64-72.
ABSTRACT: Growth and reproductive data from a single population of Kinosternon hirtipes in Chihuahua, Mexico are reported. Males grow faster and are larger than females by age 5 or younger. Females mature in 6 to 8 years at 95 to 100 mm carapace length. Ovulation occurs from at least early May to late September. Given the lengthy reproductive season, evidence from multiple sets of corpora lutea and enlarged ovarian follicles suggests an annual production of 4 clutches. Egg width and mass correlate positively with body length and mass, and negatively with clutch size when the effects of carapace length are removed. Clutch size based on corpora lutea averages 3 eggs (range 1 to 6). Clutch size correlates positively with body length and mass. Relative clutch mass (clutch mass/body mass minus clutch mass) averages 7.1% and is independent of body size. Compari- sons are made with other kinosternine turtles.
Jennings, M. R. 1984. Predation on Sonoran spot- ted whiptails, Cnemidophorus sonorae (Teiidae), by the great-tailed grackle, Quiscalus mexicanus (Icteridae). Southwestern Nat. 29:514.
Mahrt, J. L. 1987. Lizard malaria in Arizona: island biogeography of Plasmodium chiricahuae and Sceloporus jarrovi. Southwestern Nat. 32:347-350.
ABSTRACT: Plasmodium chiricahuae gametocytes, which infect the lizard Sceloporus jarrovi, were compared from 5 montane islands in southern Arizona. The biogeography of S. jarrovi in its most northern distribution is clearly that of disjunct populations on montane islands. There were no significant differences in gametocyte size in lizards between the islands. Differences in lizards within areas were highly significant. The time (estimated at 8,000 to 12,000 years) since isolation of this host-parasite system may
51
have been insufficient to demonstrate change in evolutionary patterns. Alternatively, differences in gametocyte size may not be a sensitive enough measure of coevolution.
MacKay, W. P., S. J. Loring, T. M. Frost, and W. G. Whitford. 1990. Population dynamics of a playa community in the Chihuahuan Desert. South- western Nat. 35:393-402.
ABSTRACT: Population responses of desert playa organisms were examined following 2 separate rain storms (spring and late summer-fall) that flooded a playa and stock tank located in south- ern New Mexico. Tadpoles of 2 species of anurans, the spadefoot toad (Scaphiopus multiplacatus) and the true toad (Bufo cognatus) occurred in the playa following spring flooding. Tadpoles of Bufo cognatus were not collected after the late summer rain. Tadpoles, particu- larly spadefoot toads, preyed on other tadpoles and fairy shrimp (Anostraca). Apparently, both biotic and abiotic factors were important in the population dynamics of playa organisms. Biotic interactions appeared more important during the second flood when the population densities of most species were higher.
McCloskey, R. T., R. J. Deslippe, and C. P. Szpak. 1990. Tree lizard distribution and mating sys- tem: the influence of habitat and food resources. Can. J. Zool. 68:2083-2089.
ABSTRACT: We examined the distribution of an insectivorous iguanid lizard (Iguanidae: Urosaurus ornatus, tree lizard) in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona in 1984, 1986, and 1987. In dry washes, tree lizards occupied mesquite (Prosopis jul flora) trees, whereas in flatland habitat they lived in mesquite trees and other sites (dead mesquite and saguaro cactus, Carnegeia gigantea). Lizards were more abundant in dry washes than flatland habitat. The lizard mating system was variable and a greater proportion of males were polygynous in wash (33 to 67%) compared with flatland (7 to 33%) habitat. In the flatland, home ranges in which females ovipos- ited could be distinguished from vacant sites by soil hardness, shrub cover, and the presence of wood rat (Neotoma albigula) nests. Arthropod abundance did not differ between female home ranges and nearest vacant site nor between habitats and among male territories. Therefore, food resource distribution does not appear to be
a determinant of either female distribution or territory quality in male tree lizards. , C. P. Szpak, and R. J. Deslippe. 1990. Ex- perimental assessment of factors affecting the distribution of adult female tree lizards. Oikos 59:183-188.
ABSTRACT: In the Sonoran Desert of southeastern Arizona, we conducted transplant experiments with adult female tree lizards (Urosaurus ornatus) to test the hypothesis that the presence of conspecific females plays a role in their settlement and home range use. The selection or use of home ranges by adult female tree lizards is not determined simply by the presence of other females. Cuing on conspecific females, even if present, is not sufficient for transplanted females to establish residence at unfamiliar sites.
Mendelson, J. R. Ill and W. B. Jennings. 1992. Shifts in the relative abundance of snakes in a desert grassland. J. Herpetol. 26:38-45.
ABSTRACT: Distribution, diversity, and relative abundance of snake species on roads through desert grasslands in Arizona and New Mexico were compared to data in a previously pub- lished survey conducted about 30 years ago. We found a significant shift in the relative abun- dance of snake species: Thamnophis marcianus and Crotalus atrox have increased in relative abundance and C. scutulatus has decreased. These changes are correlated with succession of local Semidesert Grasslands to Chihuahuan Desertscrub. Analysis of distributions of Crotalus revealed that C. atrox was more com- mon than C. scutulatus in scrub habitat while C. scutulatus was more common in the remaining grasslands.
Platz, J. E. and J. S. Frost. 1984. Rana yavapaiensis, a new species of leopard frog {Rana pipiens com- plex). Copeia 1984(4):940-948.
ABSTRACT: Rana yavapaiensis, a distinctive new species of the R. pipiens complex, occupies lower elevation aquatic habitats in the western third and southern half of Arizona and adjacent Sonora, Mexico. It is similar to but distinguish- able from R. chiricahuensis and R. magnaocularis. The new species is sympatric over part of its range with R. chiricahuensis. Where they occur together the production of Fl hybrids was low and presumed backcross individuals were not detected. Comparisons of preserved specimens
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of the new species with type specimens of both R. onca and R. fisheri indicate that R. yavapaiensis is distinct from each of these as well. Sullivan, B. K. 1985. Sexual selection and mating system variation in anuran amphibians of the Arizona-Sonoran Desert. Great Basin Nat. 45:688-696.
ABSTRACT: Mating system variation in anuran amphibians of the Arizona-Sonoran Desert was reviewed. Male density and breeding period duration were negatively correlated in 7 bufonids and pelobatids. Variation in male mating behavior and ability of females to freely select their mates unhindered by active-search- ing males also was related directly to male density. These observations support hypotheses relating ecological factors to mating system organization. It is suggested that male calling behavior, and anuran lek mating systems in general, may be significantly influenced by predation on vocalizing males.
Tanner, W. W. 1985. Snakes of western Chihua- hua. Great Basin Nat. 45:615-676.
, 1987. Lizards and turtles of western
Chihuahua. Great Basin Nat. 47:383-421.
Woodward, B. D. 1987. Clutch parameters and pond use in some Chihuahuan Desert anurans. Southwestern Nat. 32:13-19.
ABSTRACT: Clutch parameters of anurans breed- ing in temporary and permanent ponds in the Chihuahuan Desert differ and appear to reflect the selective regime within each pond type. Permanent ponds contain many predators and the tadpoles appear to be good at avoiding predators. Females using these ponds produce large clutches containing many small eggs. Temporary ponds appear to be areas of intense larval competition and females using these ponds produce small clutches composed of few relatively large eggs. Strong, divergent selection pressures in temporary and permanent ponds appear to be responsible for determining the breeding pond type each species uses in the Chihuahuan Desert.
Wygoda, M. L. and C. M. Chmura. 1990. Effects of shell closure on water loss in the Sonoran mud turtle, Kinosternon sonoriense. Southwestern Nat. 35:228-229.
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RECENT RELATED CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
De Bano, L. F., P. F. Ffolliott, A. Ortega-Rubio, G. J. Gottfried, R. H. Hamre, and C. B. Edminster, tech. coords. 1995. Biodiversity and management of the madrean archipelago: the sky islands of southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico. General Technical Report. RM-GTR-264. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agricul- ture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 669 p.
ABSTRACT: This conference brought together scientists and managers from government, universities, and private organizations to exam- ine the biological diversity and management challenges of the unique sky island ecosystems of the mountains of the southwestern United states and northwestern Mexico. Session topics included: floristic resources, plant ecology, vertebrates, invertebrates, hydrology and ripar- ian systems, aquatic resources, fire, conservation and management, human uses through time, and visions for the future.
•fc U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1997- 574-557/65028
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank Leonard De Bano and William M. Block, USDA Forest Service, and the School of Renewable Natural Resources, University of Arizona for supporting this project. The effort of Sue Klein, who typed numerous drafts, is also appreciated.
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in its programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs and marital or familial status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact the USDA Office of Communications at (202) 720-2791 (voice) or (800) 855-1 234 (TDD).
To file a complaint, write the Secretary of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 20250, or call (800) 245-6340 (voice) or (800) 855-1234 (TDD). USDA is an equal employment opportunity employer.
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