Historic, archived document
Do not assume content reflects current scientific Knowledge, policies, or practices.
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and Disease Conditions in the United States
1979 E
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Foreword
This document represents the 29th annual report of forest insect and disease conditions in the United States. It was prepared by the Forest Insect and Disease Management Staff, State and Private Forestry, Washington, D.C., to provide land managers and others with informa- tion about the impact, distribution, and trends for major forest insect and disease pests. The report represents the efforts of scores of State, Federal, and industrial foresters, en- tomologists, and plant pathologists, as well as extension agents, farmers, homeowners, and others interested in recognizing and documenting the in- cidence and impact of forest pests. We thank them all. We especially thank John Pronos and Bill Hoffard for their time spent in compiling and editing this report. Detailed informa- tion on any of the pests discussed in this report can be obtained from the appropriate Forest Service Regional Office.
As our country enters the 1980’s, we grow increasingly aware of the ex-
pendability of many of our natural resources. As such, our trees—a renewable natural resource—are more important to America than ever before. But with this understanding has evolved an increased apprecia- tion for the delicateness of the en- vironment. A knowledge of the inci- dence and impact of forest pests is an integral part of the forest manage- ment process—a process that in- volves environmental as well as economic considerations. Toward that end, we hope that Forest Insect and Disease Conditions in the United States, 1979 proves both practical and interesting.
H. Daniel Brown, Staff Pathologist Peter W. Orr, Staff Entomologist
Forest Insect and Disease Management
Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture
P.O. Box 2417
Washington, D.C. 20013
This publication reports information involving pesticides. It does not contain recommendations for their use, nor does it imply the uses discussed here have been registered. All uses of pesticides must be registered by ap- propriate State and/or Federal agencies before they can be recommended.
Caution: Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants, and fish or other wildlife if they are not handled or ap- plied properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow recom- mended practices for the disposal of surplus pesticides and pesticide con- tainers.
The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the U.S. Department of Agriculture of any product of service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable.
Common names of the insects discussed in this report are approved by the Entomological Society of America (ESA) or are widely accepted and commonly used. The ESA-approved common names are indicated in the Insect Index. Scientific names of disease-causing agents are changed as additional studies are made. Recently approved new names are listed with the proviously used names in such cases for the information and conve- nience of the reader.
April 1981
Contents
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Forest Insect and Disease Management Offices
Forest Insect and Disease Management offices are located at the following
addresses:
USDA Forest Service Federal Building Missoula, MT 59807
USDA Forest Service 11177 West 8th Ave. PO Box 25127 Lakewood, CO 80225
USDA Forest Service Federal Building
517 Gold Avenue, SW Albuquerque, NM 87102
USDA Forest Service Federal Building
324 25th Street Ogden, UT 84401
USDA Forest Service 630 Sansome Street San Francisco, CA941 11
USDA Forest Service 319 SW. Pine St.
PO Box 3623 Portland, OR97208
USDA Forest Service 370 Reed Road Broomall, PA 19008
USDA Forest Service 1992 Folwell Avenue St. Paul, MN 55108
USDA Forest Service PO Box 365 Delaware, OH 43015
USDA Forest Service PO Box 365 Asheville, NC 28803
USDA Forest Service 2500 Shreveport Highway Pineville, LA 71360
USDA Forest Service 1720 Peachtree Rd., NW Suite 800
Atlanta, GA 30309
USDA Forest Service Federal Office Building PO Box 1628
Juneau, AK 99802
USDA Forest Service 80 Daniels Street Portsmouth, NH 03801
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, D.C. 20402
National Summary Forest Insect and Disease Conditions, 1979
Eastern Conditions
In 1979, spruce budworm, gypsy moth, and southern pine beetle were the most important forest insect pests in the Eastern United States. Acreage infested by spruce budworm dropped 14 percent from 1978 (7.7 million acres to 6.6 million acres). Neverthe- less, damage was heavier in all States except Maine.
Gypsy moth defoliation dropped substantially from 1978. The 654,000 acres defoliated represent a 49-percent decrease from the 1,271, 990 acres recorded last year. Except for Vermont, defoliation was heavier in New England but dropped in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.
In the South, southern pine beetle populations exploded. Heaviest losses occurred in South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, where 47,300,900 board feet of sawtimber and 517,400 cords of pulp- wood were salvaged. Despite this in- crease in activity, Texas(scene of ex- tensive beetle kills in the past) and Louisiana reported very few infesta- tions.
Other noteworthy insects included forest tent caterpillar( Alabama, Louisiana, Virginia, Maine, and Minnesota), the oak leaftier com- plex, introduced pine sawfly( Blue Ridge Parkway of North Carolina), and cankerworms. Additionally, the balsam woolly adelgid was dis- covered on Mount Rogers in southern Virginia. This pest now infests all natural stands of Fraser fir in the Tennessee- Virginia portion of the tree’s range.
Fusiform rust was the most serious disease of the slash and loblolly pine resource, Millions of acres of pine in the South are infected with stem cankers.
Well-managed integrated control programs for Dutch elm disease
demonstrated that annual elm mor- tality can be significantly reduced. Many areas or communities without control programs sustained heavy damage.
Oak wilt continued to spread into previously uninfected areas of the East. The causal fungus was also im- plicated in the death and decline of live oaks in Texas. The perennial ac- tivity of oak wilt resulted in the con- tinuation of quarantine regulations and the enactment of new ones.
New disease centers of both the European and North American strains of Scleroderris canker were found, but these centers were generally located in counties where the disease was previously reported. Quarantines in NewYork and Ver- mont-remained in effect.
White pine blister rust was the most damaging disease of white pine in the East, but with proper site selec- tion and use of resistant stock, land managers can successfully grow white pine.
Diebacks and declines, mostly from unknown causes, injured various eastern hardwoods, includ- ing ash, oak, maple, paper birch, and walnut.
Mortality caused by pitch canker decreased to moderate levels in many pine plantations. However, there was severe damage reported in Florida seed orchards.
Weather damage caused serious tree losses at many locations in the South. Among the damaging agents were winter drying, snow, ice, drought, tornados, and hurricanes.
The pine wood nematode was found in the United States for the first time. It was generally restricted to ornamental trees, and the damage it may cause in forest trees is unknown, It is thought to be a native pest and not introduced from Japan where it is epidemic in forest stands.
of
Western Conditions
In the West, the mountain pine beetle and the spruce budworm con- tinued as the most significant forest insects.
Mountain pine beetle activity was variable, increasing in some areas and declining in others, The Inter- mountain Region showed some of the most dramatic increases with over 5 million lodgepole pines lost in central Idaho and Wyoming. The beetle con- tinued to be the most destructive in- sect in the Rocky Mountain Region where widespread ponderosa pine mortality occurred along the Col- orado Front Range and in the Black Hills of South Dakota. In the North- ern Region, beetle activity increased in Montana but decreased in north- ern Idaho. Abnormally cold tem- peratures served to reduce the num- ber of successfully attacked trees.
Spruce budworm activity was also mixed. In northern Idaho and western Montana, defoliated acreage dropped 10 percent from 1978, but infestations continued severe on Col- orado’s Front Range. In the South- west, infested acreage increased 70 percent, with heaviest damage on the Grand Canyon National Park and the Kaibab and Carson National Forests. The Intermountain Region saw budworm defoliation increase by a quarter of a million acres with the Salmon, Targhee, and Boise Na- tional Forests among areas hardest hit. In the Pacific Northwest, bud- worm-defoliated acreage doubled to 400,000 acres with damage heavy on the North Cascades, Okanogan Na- tional Forest, and Warm Springs In- dian Reservation.
Western pine beetle caused widely scattered mortality throughout the Southwest and California. In the Pacific Northwest, activity increased in eastern Washington but declined
in Oregon. Losses in the Intermoun- tain Region were minimal.
Douglas-fir tussock moth defolia- tion dropped off sharply in the South- west and also declined in California. In the Rocky Mountains, damage was confined to urban areas of the Front Range. Poplulations were low in Montana and the Pacific North- west.
In Alaska, the spruce beetle dra- matically increased in 1979 to cover about 370,650 acres(an increase of 247,100 acres over 1978). Large aspen tortrix populations remained high for a second consecutive year.
The dwarf mistletoes, as in pre- vious years, caused serious losses to commercial conifers in the West and Alaska. The major impact of this group of diseases is growth reduc- tion. Estimates indicate that over 18 million cubic feet of wood are lost to
rN
dwarf mistletoes each year in the Southwest. Forty-two percent of the host type in Oregon and Washington is infected. Field surveys and com- puter yield programs were used to determine economically feasible management strategies for dwarf mistletoe infected stands. The incor- poration of mistletoe control pro- cedures into silvicultural prescrip- tions is becoming more common. Root diseases accounted for major tree losses in most Western areas. The majority of damage was at- tributed to laminated root rot, an- nosus root rot, armillaria root rot, and black stain root disease. On certain sites more than 25 percent of the trees are infected with annosus root rot. Root disease was often associated with pest management activities and tree wound- ing, and, in general, observations sug- gest that these problems are becoming
more serious.
Needle diseases were more visible in many locations, but in the Pacific Northwest incidence declined. There may be growth losses in situations of extreme or repeated defoliation.
Winter injury was very common throughout the West and was the most spectacular tree damaging agent in the Northwest. The severity of injury was great enough in some Cases to cause mortality; seedlings often suffered the most damage.
Light to moderate damage from damping off fungi, water molds, gray mold, and low temperatures was reported in many tree nurseries.
Other pest problems of local sig- nificance included air pollution, Dutch elm disease, spruce needle rust, comandra blister rust, and ro- dents.
Areas of heaviest mountain pine beetle activity. Scattered damage was also reported from Arizona, New Mexico, and California.
Areas of heaviest western spruce bud- worm infestations.
*
Forest Insect and Disease Conditions
Oscar J. Dooling
Forest Insect and Disease ManagementState and Private Forestry
Missoula, Mont.
Conditions in Brief
In Region 1, the area covered by mountain pine beetle infestations in- creased in Montana but decreased in Idaho. Extremely cold temperatures caused a marked reduction of suc- cessfully attacked trees. Douglas-fir beetle populations increased in both Idaho and Yellowstone National Park, and western balsam bark bee- tles killed trees in the higher eleva- tions of Montana.
Damage by defoliators was mixed in 1979. Total visible acreage defolli- ated by western spruce budworm dropped 10 percent under 1978 figures, but sawflies and larch casebearer severely defoliated several areas in northern Idaho. Douglas-fir tussock moth trapping captured only a few male moths, in-
- dicating that populations will remain endemic for at least another year.
Populations of pine butterfly, gouty pitch midge, and a ponderosa pine needle miner essentially col- lapsed.
Winter damage was widespread in
northern Idaho and western Mon- tana. Snow mold on Douglas-fir was locally prevalent throughout the Region for the first time. A Douglas- fir needle blight occurred in north- western Montana. Lodgepole pine needle cast, although widespread, | was locally severe only in northern Idaho. A closely related needle cast caused severe defoliation of whitebark pine in central Montana.
‘Includes forests in Montana, northern Idaho, North Dakota, and northwestern South Dakota and National Park Service lands in northwestern Wyoming.
by Region
Northern Region (R-1)'
Discoloration caused by Meria nee- dle cast and Dothistroma needle blight declined notably. Gray mold caused damage to western larch in both nursery beds and greenhouses. Rodents girdled about 25 percent of western larch saplings left after thin- ning in northwestern Montana. Ac- tivity of dwarf mistletoes, stem and root decays, stem rusts, and cankers did not fluctuate significantly.
Status of Insects
Mountain pine beetle, Dendroc- tonus ponderosae Hopkins, expanded its infestation area in Montana but decreased in Idaho. In most areas, extremely cold temperatures caused a significant reduction in successfully attacked trees. Size of outbreak areas on the Beaverhead, Gallatin, Flathead, and Kootenai National Forests increased, but remained static on the Lolo National Forest. On the Glacier and Yellowstone Na- tional Parks, significant area expan- sion occurred.
More specific status and 1979 im- pact of mountain pine beetle in the most important outbreak areas follows:
Beaverhead National Forest (Madison Ranger District). Over 119,000 acres of lodgepole and whitebark pine were infested (an in- crease of 39,000 acres over 1978). Beetle populations will increase in 1980.
Gallatin National Forest (Hebgen Lake, Bozeman/ Gallatin, and Gar- diner Ranger Districts). Millions of lodgepole pines were killed over 441,000 acres. Mortality was especially severe in whitebark pine stands at high elevations. The epidemic will expand on most Dis- tricts except for Hebgen Lake where it should remain static. Mortality on the northern portion of the Boze-
man/ Gallatin District will decline due to host depletion.
Flathead National Forest and Glacier National Park. Despite unusually cold temperatures, the massive infestation on the Flathead National Forest and Glacier Na- tional Park expanded. Infestation area increased from about 164,000 to more than 215,000 acres in the park, and from about 109,000 to 123,000 acres on nearby Forest, State, and private lands. The infesta- tion will intensify and spread east- ward in 1980.
Kootenai National Forest. Infesta- tion area in lodgepole and ponderosa pine types increased from nearly 30,000 to 49,000 acres. Nevertheless, outbreak intensity within the out- break area declined 50 percent with 11 trees infested per acre. Increased losses in 1980 are expected.
Lolo National Forest (Plains Ranger District). The infestation in- creased about 27 percent from 11,000 acres in 1978 to 14,000 acres in 1979. Newly attacked trees averaged 30 per acre. Over one-half million trees could be lost in 1 980.
Yellowstone National Park. The size of the Yellowstone infestation in- creased by a factor of 2.5. Several] million lodgepole and whitebark pines were killed on about 431,000 acres. Infestation will increase in 1980.
Lewis and Clark National Forest (and nearby BLM, State, and private lands). Infestations in old growth ponderosa pine type declined from 64,400 to 24,000 acres, but nearly 24,000 trees were killed. Drought in 1979 may increase stand suscep- tibility and result in increased 1980 mortality.
Bureau of Land Management Lands (north of Lewiston, Mont.). An average of one tree per acre was killed in second growth ponderosa
pine stands on 8,600 acres in the Judith Mountains. Groups of faders ranged from 2,000 to 3,000 trees per group. Infestations may increase in 1980.
Blackfoot River Drainage (east of Missoula, Mont.). Several thousand trees were killed on State and private lands.
Bureau of Land Management Lands (south of Lewiston, Idaho). Thousands of trees were killed over 1,700 acres. Nevertheless, infesta- tions are down from 1978. This out- break should remain static in 1980.
Bitterroot National Forest. About one tree per acre was killed over 1,600 acres. Infestations declined in the Idaho primitive area of the Magruder Ranger District. Drought stress may result in increased 1980 losses.
Crow Indian Reservation. Infesta- tion in second-growth ponderosa pine stands declined from about 7,000 to 1,700 acres in this southeastern Montana reservation. Nevertheless, the number of infested trees per acre increased from 7 to 39. Here too, drought is expected to con- tribute to increased 1980 losses.
Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough). Tussock moth populations remain endemic in the Region. Pheromone baited sticky traps at 28 locations captured only a few male moths. Survey results do not indicate an epidemic population next year.
Western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Free. The budworm epidemic declined in northern Idaho and western Montana except for the Lolo National Forest and the western portion of the Helena National Forest. East of the Continental Divide, defoliated areas increased except in the Yellowstone National Park and eastern portion of the Helena National Forest. The area of defoliation visible from the air decreased from 1978 from a total of 2,520,000 to 2,271,000 acres (table 1). Budworm egg mass surveys on the Lolo, Helena, Beaverhead, and Custer National Forests indicate a high overwintering population.
Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins. Populations
6
increased in overmature Douglas-fir stands on the Elk City and Fenn Ranger Districts of the Nezperce Na- tional Forest. In Yellowstone Na- tional Park near Gardiner, Mont., beetles killed several hundred trees that had been top killed and defoli- ated by western spruce budworm the previous 7 to 8 years. In the case of both the National Forest and Na- tional Park, tree mortality is ex- pected to increase in 1980.
Forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria. Aspen stands in the Turtle Mountains of North Dakota have been severly defoliated since 1976. This year, however, only scattered
defoliation occurred, mostly in 30- to 80-acre patches.
Status of Diseases
Dwarf mistletoes, Arceuthobium spp., were again a major problem in the Region during 1979. An esti- mated 93 million cubic feet of annual growth loss was attributed to A. americanum Nutt. on lodgepole pine, A. douglasii Engelm. on Douglas-fir, and A. larieis (Piper) St. John on western lodgepole pine.
Root diseases were significant problems in 1979 and caused ap-
Table 1.— Acres of aerially visible! western spruce budworm defoliation in
the Northern Region in 1978 and 1979
Acres of visible defoliation
Changes in size of infestation area
Unit? 1979 ———------— Acres ------------------- North Idaho Clearwater NF 8,115 0 — 8,115 Idaho Panhandle NF 7,416 0 — 7,416 Nezperce NF 4,590 0 — 4,590 Subtotal 20,121 0 — 20,121 Montana Beaverhead NF 223,720 349 889 + 126.169 Bitterroot NF? 379,112 95 332 — 283,780 Custer NF 3,625 5 373 see ets} Deerlodge NF 382,762 402,638 + 19,876 Flathead IR 50 566 3,523 — 47,043 Flathead NF 19,174 1,803 — 13,368 Gallatin NF 293,265 325,921 + 32,656 Helena NF 57 SnllSil 463,175 —111,976 Kootenai NF 14,604 1,438 — 13,166 Lewis & Clark NF 176,294 211,493 + 35,199 Lolo NF 281,161 SSorsii2 + 54,151 Subtotal 2,395,431 2,195,897 Wyoming Yellowstone NP 104,694 (5.925 — 29,169 Grand Total 2,520,246 DPT) Ae — 248 824
‘Aerially visible defoliation occurs when 25 percent or more of current foliage is destroyed.
2Includes Federal, State, and private land.
3A portion of this Forest is in north Idaho. (About 10,000 acres in northern Idaho were defoliated in 1979 compared to about
35,000 in 1978.)
Other insects (R-1)
Insect
Western larch sawflies Anoplonyx sp. Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig)
Cankerworms Paleacrita vernata (Peck) and Alsophila pometaria (Harris)
Pine butterfly Neophasia menapia (Felder & Felder)
Gouty pitch midge Cecidomyia pinniinopsis OS:
Pine needle sheath- miner Zelleria haimbachi Busck
A budworm Argyrotaenia sp.
Western balsam bark beetle Dryocoetes confusus Swaine
Larch casebearer Coleophora laricella Hubner
Mountain pine cone beetle Conopthorus monticolae Hopkins
Coneworm Dioryctriasp.
Ponderosa pine needle miner Coleotechnites sp.
Host
Western larch
Siberian elm
Ponderosa pine
Ponderosa pine
Ponderosa pine
Mountain hemlock and other conifers
Subalpine fir
Western larch
Western white pine
Ponderosa pine
Ponderosa pine
Location
Northern Idaho Panhandle National Forest land and south of Newport, Wash. Also some activity in Montana
North Dakota
Western Montana
Northern |dano
South of Helena, Mont.
Wallari, |\daho, to Noxon, Mont.
Beaverhead, Gallatin, Flathead, and Lewis and Clark National Forests and Yellowstone National Park
Northern Idaho
Sandpoint, |daho, seed orchard
Seed orchards throughout Region
Western Montana
Remarks
Nearly 14,000 acres infested. Associated with larch casebearer and needle diseases.
Continued to defoliate shelterbelts.
Outbreak that started in early 1970’s has ended. No defoliation was noticeable from the air.
Only scattered injury to new shoots occurred this year.
Light defoliation occurred over about 18,000 acres.
Spread to about 1,500 acres. Caused severe defoliation in saplings and pole-size timber.
Infested area increased from 6,300 to 7,900 acres. Heaviest impact was In high elevation stands.
Many stands were defoliated with most damage near lakes and river drainages.
Destroyed nearly all of the seed crop.
Caused heavy losses in orchards throughout the Region.
No defoliation from this pest occurred this year.
proximately 87 million cubic feet of volume loss. Fungi responsible for damage to commercial conifers in- cluded Phellinus weirii(Must.) Gilbertson, Armillariella mellea (Vahl ex Fr.) Karst., and Phaeolus . schweinitzii( Fr.) Pat.
Needle casts. Lodgepole pine nee- dle cast, Lophodermella concolor (Dearn.) Darker, although locally severe in northern Idaho, was generally of light intensity in lodgepole pine in the remainder of the Region.
Another needle cast, Lophoder- mella arcuata (Darker) Darker, caused severe defoliation of white bark pine on east side forests, par- ticularly in the King’s Hall area of the Lewis and Clark National Forest.
Discoloration of conifers caused by other needle pathogens remained static or declined. Most notable in _ the decline category was Meria nee-
dle cast, Meria laricis Vuill., on western larch and Dothistroma nee- dle blight, Scirrhia pini Funk & A. K. Parker, on ponderosa pine. Douglas-fir needle blight, Riab- docline weirrti, Parker & Reid. A needle pathogen occurred on Douglas-fir in the Libby and Colum- bia Falls areas of northwestern Mon- tana. Symptom development was similar to that of the common Christmas tree blight, which is nor- mally seen in the spring and early summer on the previous year’s nee- dles. In this case, several age classes of needles were affected, and the symptoms were not seen until mid- fall. The pathogen is closely related to the Christmas tree blight fungus, Rhabdocline pseudotsugae Syd. Snow mold, Phacidium infestans Karst., on Douglas-fir was locally prevalent throught the Region for the first time. Initial symptoms were a bright yellowing or browning of older needles in the lower crown in March and April. Affected needles re- mained on trees throughout the sum- mer and turned brown or almost gray with several rows of small, dark brown fruiting bodies. Young trees
In Region |, the dwarf mistletoes reduce growth by nearly 93 million cubic feet each year.
8
with lower branches that had been
covered by snow were most severely affected. Some growth loss, but little mortality, will result from infection.
Winter damage to conifers was widespread in northern Idaho and western Montana. Areas with severe damage included Priest Lake, Bull Lake, Libby, upper Lochsa River, and lower Blackfoot River. Dis- coloration frequency and severity varied by area, microsite, and species. In order of decreasing susceptibility, trees affected were: western hemlock, western white pine, western red cedar, grand fir, pon- derosa pine, and Douglas-fir. Lodgepole pine, subalpine fir, and Engelmann spruce were seldom affected. Small trees in openings were most severely affected.
Injury varied from a loss of a few needles to reddening of the entire crown. Unless other stress factors are imposed, most defoliated trees should recover the following sum- mer.
Nursery diseases. At the Coeur d’Alene nursery, gray mold, Botrytis cinerea Pers, ex. Fr., caused widespread and nearly complete
‘defoliation of 2-0 western larch. In
most instances seedlings were not killed, but put on new foliage and developed normally. Loss estimates were unavailable.
At the Coeur d’Alene nursery greenhouse and in other greenhouse operations in the Region, gray mold could be found causing defoliation, but apparently conditions necessary for serious losses were not reached. The most commonly affected species was western larch but a few 2 to 3 needle pines occasionally had girdled stems.
Animal damage. Rodents girdled sapling-size western larch in thinned and unthinned stands on the Eureka Ranger Dis- trict, Kootenai National Forest, Mont. As many as 25 percent of the residual stems in thinned areas had dead tops.
Winter injury in Montana.
F-702370
Rocky Mountain Region (R-2)'
Lloyd R. Fuller and Bruce B. Hostetler2
Forest Insect and Disease Management
State and Private Forestry Lakewood, Colo.
Conditions in Brief
The mountain pine beetie con- tinued to be the most destructive forest insect pest within the Region and caused substantial ponderosa pine mortality along the Colorado Front Range and in the Black Hillis of South Dakota. Beetle infestations in- creased on the southern portion of the Shoshone National Forest in Wyoming. Some ponderosa pine mortality was also detected on the Bighorn National Forest in Wyom- ing. Programs to suppress mountain pine beetle activity using silvicultural management methods are ongoing in Colorado and South Dakota.
The western spruce budworm con- tinued to be a serious defoliator of Douglas-fir and white fir within the Region. The major infestation occur- red along the Colorado Front Range. Small infestations were detected in the San Juan National Forest, Colo.., and the Shoshone National Forest, Wyo. Repeated defoliation by the budworm was readily evident in many areas.
The jack pine budworm caused moderate to severe defoliation of 2,400 acres of jack pine on the Bessey District of the Nebraska Na- tional Forest. This was the first out- break of the budworm ever reported for this area.
Lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe and comandra rust continued to be the most significant diseases in the lodgepole pine type of the Rocky
‘Includes forests in Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, and central and eastern Wyoming. *The following organizations contributed information for this report: Colorado Department of Health; Colorado State Forest Service, Colorado State University, Kansas State University and Cooperative Extension Service; Nebraska State and Extension Forestry; South Dakota Division of Forestry; and U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.
10
Mountain Region. Annosus root rot of true firs, black stain root disease of pinyon pine, and Armillaria root rot in all major forest types are currently being evaluated to obtain distribu- tion and loss figures for the Region. Diplodia tip blight was reported for the first time on ponderosa pine in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Other diseases observed in the moun- tainous regions were western gall rust, Cryptosphaeria canker of aspen, ink spot disease of aspen, aspen leaf blight, cottonwood leaf rust, Cer- cospora blight of juniper, and Dothistroma needle blight.
The Colorado State Forest Service and Cooperative Extension Service continued their participation in the Federal Dutch Elm Disease Demonstration Project. A fifth com- munity was added to the demonstra- tion program.
Other diseases present in the Great Plains included heartrot of green ash, honeylocust canker, Russian olive canker, Cytospora canker of cotton- wood, a bacterial canker of cotton- wood, hackberry decay, oak wilt, and honeysuckle blight.
In Kansas, the pine wood nematode was observed for the first time. Additional surveys are planned for 1980.
Status of Insects
Mountain pine beetle, Dendroc- tonus ponderosae Hopkins. This bark beetle continued to be the most significant forest insect pest of the region. The epidemic in the northern Black Hills continued to ravage pon- derosa pine through 1979. The southern half of the Bear Lodge Mountains showed a 4:1 increase in tree mortality from 1978 levels, with 5.8 trees per acre infested. Limestone Plateau surveys indicated a decreas- ing population trend. The ratio of 1979 to 1978 infested trees was 0.4:1 with an average of 0.3 infested trees per acre.
On 30,000 acres of State, private, and Federal lands in the area around Lead and Deadwood, S. Dak., tree mortality increased by a ratio of 1.3:1 from 1978 to 1979 with an average of 0.8 infested trees per acre. Throughout most of the southern por- tion of the Black Hills, populations were at endemic levels.
On the Shoshone National Forest in northwestern Wyoming, mountain pine beetle activity increased in the southern part of the Forest southwest of Lander.
Pockets of beetle-infested pon- derosa pine were detected along the
F-702371
Ponderosa pine near Boulder, Colo., defoliated by aneedleminer, Coleotechnites sp. Note intermixed red trees killed by the mountain pine beetle.
eastern slope of the Bighorn Moun- tains.
Of 1,400,000 acres of ponderosa pine type in the Colorado Front Range, an estimated 25 percent showed detectable infestations of mountain pine beetle. Within these infested areas, about 420,000 pines (1.2 per acre) were attacked by the beetle in 1978, with 96,000 of these trees salvaged or chemically treated. In addition to these direct controls, preventive thinnings were made in intensively managed areas to help prevent future epidemics.
Western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Free- man. The budworm defoliated about 930,000 acres of Douglas-fir and white fir in Colorado and continued to be a serious problem on the Front Range. The San Isabel and San Juan National Forests showed areas of light defoliation with moderate to heavy defoliation on the Pike, Arapaho, and Roosevelt National Forests, Front Range populations will remain static in 1980. Insuffi- cient data are available to predict 1980 population trends elsewhere in Colorado.
On the Clarks Fork District of the Shoshone National Forest, light defoliation was reported. Top-kill was evident in pure Douglas-fir
Other insects (R-2)
Insect Host
Zimmerman pine moth Dioryctria Zimmermani (Grote)
Elm leaf beetle Pyrrhalta luteola (Muller)
Ponderosa pine
Siberian and American elms
stands on the Arapaho National Forest in Colorado. Damage from budworm defoliation was negligible in other areas surveyed.
Jack pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus Freeman. Jack pine budworm heavily defoliated about 1,100 acres of jack pine on the Bessey District of the Nebraska National Forest. Light to medium defoliation occurred on the remaining 1,300 acres of jack pine. Egg mass sampling in August indicated a potential for continued high budworm populations in 1980.
Pine tip moths, Rhyacionia bushnelli( Busch), R. frustrana (Comstock), and R. neomexicana (Dyar). Pine tip moths damaged pon- derosa pine in the Black Hills and Shelterbelt plantings throughout the area east of the Missouri River. Nan- tucket pine tip moth populations in Kansas were apparently the lowest in 7 years. Damage to pines in shelter- belts and Christmas trees in Kansas was not severe this year.
Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough). As usual, Douglas-fir tussock moth ac- tivity was confined to urban areas in the Colorado Front Range. Damage to fir in Denver, Boulder, and Col- orado Springs was especially ap- parent.
Location
South Dakota, Northwestern Colorado
South Dakota, Kansas, Colorado
F-702372
Jack pine defoliated by the jack pine bud- worm, Choristoneura pinus, in the Nebraska National Forest.
Status of Diseases
Dwarf mistletoes. A survey to assess incidence, growth loss, and mortality caused by Arceuthobium americanum Nutt. ex Engelm. in lodgepole pine in the Rocky Moun- tain Region was made during
Remarks
Probably widespread throughout eastern half of South Dakota and near Clordon in northwest South Dakota. Aliso found in several northeastern Colorado counties.
Common in shade trees in the lower Black Hills and in urban and shelterbelt trees east of the Missouri River. Populations low in urban Kansas but severe in parts of Denver.
ii
Other insects (R-2) continued
Western tent caterpillar Malacosoma
californicum (Packard)
Pine tortrix Choristoneura lambertiana
ponderosana Obraztsou
Aspen leafminer Phyllocnistis populiella Chambers
Pine engraver beetles (Ips spp.)
Western balsam bark beetle Dryocoetes confusus Swaine
Pine needle miner Coleotechnites sp.
Flatheaded cedar borer Chrysobothris texana L.
European pine sawfly Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffrey)
Linden looper Erannis tiliaria (Harris)
Pinyon needle scale Matsucoccus acalyptus Herbert
Aspen
Ponderosa pine
Aspen
Ponderosa pine
Subalpine fir
Ponderosa pine
Eastern redcedar
Scots pine
Various hardwoods
Pinyon pine
Colorado (Pagosa District of San Juan National Forest)
Colorado (Roosevelt and Pike National Forests)
Black Hills
Keystone, S.Dak.; Nemo
Ranger District, Black Hills
National Forest
Colorado, Wyoming
Boulder, Jefferson, and Larimer counties along the Colorado Front Range
Southwestern Kansas
East central Kansas
Lincoln County, S.Dak.
Rio Grande National Forest. Colo.
Defoliated about 16.000 acres on Federal and private lands. Heavy defoliation expected - in 1980.
Defoliation was most pronounced alcng the north fork of the South Platte River.
Damage occurred throughout north and south Black Hills but was more pronounced in the north. No apparent host mortality.
Killed about 30 percent of residual stand following thinning operation. Mortality also associated with prescribed burns and construction damage.
Damage thruughout these two States but worse on Colorado's western slope.
Caused prominent damage.
Associated with widespread shelterbelt mortality.
Large populations (probably highest levels ever recorded in Kansas) damaged Christmas trees throughout this area.
In combination with another caterpillar, this looper defoliated about 1.000 acres in Newton Hills State Park.
Widespread over about 150 acres near Cottonwood Creek on the Saguache Ranger District.
1977-79. The survey revealed that over 50 percent of the stands were in- fested. Associated merchantable cubic foot volume loss will be developed at a later date. The southernmost known incidence of this disease in the central Rocky Moun- tains is West Pass Creek, north of Cochetopa Pass on the Cebolla Ranger District, Gunnison National Forest.
During 1978-79, presuppression surveys for dwarf mistletoe were con- ducted by the Bureau of Land Management on over 7,000 acres (397 stands) of lodgepole pine type in the vicinity of Independence Moun- tain, northwest of Cowdrey, Colo. Sixty-two representative stands were processed through the Rocky Moun- tain Yield( RMYLD) program to estimate total merchantable yields with and without dwarf mistletoe control treatements. For several stands, one or two intermediate cuts to remove dwarf mistletoe infected trees in the overstory made the difference as to whether or not merchantable sawtimber volume could be produced over the rotation age of these stands.
In 1979, surveys for lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe on the Cebolla and Taylor River Ranger Districts, Gunnison National Forest, were con- tracted. The survey area included 30,000 acres of lodgepole pine type. Tree and dwarf mistletoe data will be summarized, and yield of each stand will be projected using the RMYLD simulation program. Prescriptions for management activity will be developed after analysis of the program statements.
Dwarf mistletoe-infected lodgepole pine residuals were felled in several clearcut units(512 acres) on the Wind River Ranger District, Shoshone National Forest. Similar overstory removal operations are planned on an additional 800 to 900 acres in 1980.
Root diseases. Annosus root rot, Hetero basidion annosum ( Fr.) Bref. ( = Fomes annosus ( Fr.) Cke.) sur- veys were intensified to evaluate oc- currence and impact of this disease of true fir. The fungus was found within most white
fir stands surveyed in southern Col- orado, and was also found in subapline fir located near infected white fir on the San Isabel National Forest. Most trees infected with H. annosum had been attacked by bark beetles (Scolytus ventralis and/or Dryocoetes confusus ). Trees of all ages were killed, with greater mor- tality occurring within cutover stands.
Armillaria root rot, Armil- lariella mellea( Vahl. ex Fr.) Karst., was common on many different conifer hosts within the Rocky Mountain Region. The dis- ease was associated with subalpine fir mortality throughout the range of the host tree in Colorado and Wyom- ing. Certain portions of the Grand Mesa National Forest had extensive subalpine fir mortality. A. mellea
diseased trees were often attacked by
the western balsam bark beetle (Dryocoetes confusus ).
Black stain root disease, Ceratocystis wageneri Goheen and Cobb( = Verticicladiella wagenerii Kendrick) was common on pinyon pine west of the Continental Divide in Colorado. Aerial surveys of the Mesa Verde National Park in the
Black stain root disease.
spring of 1979 revealed fewer re- cently fading trees than in previous years. Many ot the trees killed the previous year had lost their foliage from extensive snow and rainfall. Preliminary evaluations to determine longevity of the fungus in recently killed trees and the role of insects in disease epidemiology were initiated. Black stain disease centers on the San Juan National Forest, Dolores Ranger District, had considerable impact on the McPhee Reservoir Recreation Project. The severity of the disease resulted in the removal of one area from consideration as a recreation complex and the possible redesigning of an alternate area. Rust diseases. Comandra blister rust, Cronartium comandrae Pk. was the second most important disease problem to the management of lodgepole pine within the Region. A roadside survey made within lodgepole pine type on National Forests revealed that 25 percent of the miles traversed were within rust- infested stands. Mortality of young lodgepole pine during a 5-year study in Wyoming was 23.4 percent. Western gall rust, Endocronartium harknessii (J.P. Moore) Y. Hirat.
Comandra blister rust sporeson lodgepole pine.
Since 1971, a 1,000-ponderosa pine seedling (2-0) sample has been col- lected from the USDA, Forest Ser- vice Bessey Nursery, located in Halsey, Nebr., to determine the levels of infection by western gall rust in nursery stock inspected and cleared for shipment to the National Forests. Evaluation of four 1 ,000- tree samples indicated a very low in- cidence of infected seedlings (0-0.5 percent). Apparently seedlings became infected by spores released from galled windbreak ponderosa pine adjacent to the nursery. An an- nual program to rogue out rust galls and heavily infected trees adjacent to the nursery should keep infection levels of nursery stock at a tolerable level.
Western gall rust continued to be an important disease of ponderosa pine in the Black Hills of South Dakota and the Nebraska National Forest. Severely infected trees were often killed with the aid of bark bee- tles.
Diplodia tip blight, Diplodia pinea (Desm.) Kickx. was found for the first time on ponderosa pine within areas of the eastern and southern Black Hills of South Dakota. Ap- pearance of the disease coincided with weather conditions ideal for in- fection and buildup of the pathogen. This disease was common on orna- mental and windbreak Austrian pine in the eastern portions of South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas. The pathogen was also found occa- sionally on ponderosa pine in these areas.
Vascular wilts. Dutch elm disease, Ceratocystis ulmi(Buism.) C. Mor.. The Colorado State Forest Service and the Cooperative Extension Ser- vice continued participation in the Federal Dutch Elm Disease Demonstration Project. The 1979 project year with four of five Col- orado demonstration communities showing a reduction in the Dutch elm disease infection rate. Of these four communities, three—Eaton, Grand Junction, and La Junta, had signifi- cant reductions, while the fourth— Yuma, showed a slight improvement in an already good program. The fifth community—Canon City, had a
14
sharp rise in its infection rate. Slow tree removal is thought to be the main reason for the rise.
Total large-leaf elm removals ( positive cases plus beetle-com- demned trees) were under 10 percent of the total elm population in all cases and were as low as 1.9 percent in Junta and Yuma. The 22.4-per- cent elm loss in Eaton during 1978 decreased to 6.4 percent in 1979.
Colorado’s Utilization Program in- volving the sawmilling of urban elm trees into useable wood products was not feasible. The main drawbacks were the difficulty of obtaining suit- able logs from elm trees and the failure of the metal detection equip- ment.
Oak wilt, Ceratocystis fagacearum (Bretz) Hunt was found on post oaks near Paola, Kan. (Miami County). This endemic dis- ease was found scattered throughout eastern portions of Nebraska and Kansas near the Missouri River. The disease was most serious when high- value trees were killed in residential areas.
Cytospora canker, Cytospora chrysosperma ( Pers.) F. Cottonwood plantations in eastern Kansas, which displayed heavy cytospora canker infection during previous years, were damaged to a lesser ex- tent this past year. Many infected trees appeared to “outgrow” the dis- ease, The occurrence of more satisfactory growing conditions, especially moisture, may have been important in the apparent recovery of some infected trees.
Abiotic diseases. The Air Pollution Control Division (Colorado Depart- ment of Health) found that ozone levels in the Denver metropolitan area were lower in 1978 than in 1977. Data for 1979 is still being evaluated. There was insufficient monitoring outside the Denver area to determine trends in other parts of Colorado, Foliar symptoms resem- bling oxidant damage were found on ponderosa pine near Denver.
Ponderosa pine exhibiting needle tip dieback and reddening of foliage was found throughout northwestern Nebraska within and adjacent to
Pine Ridge and on the Bessey Dis- trict of the Nebraska National Forest in north central Nebraska. Weather records and general tree symptoms implicated extremely cold winter temperatures or winter drying as possible causes of this damage.
Winter burn occurred throughout South Dakota this year because of the recordbreaking cold winter. Evergreens on the prairie were most seriously affected. Ornamental ar- borvitae plants were burned severely, often enough to cause mortality. A number of native ponderosa pines on marginal sites around the Black Hills also suffered winter burn.
Many native ponderosa pine trees in Rapid City, S. Dak., subdivisions succumbed to construction damage. This was likely caused by the ex- tremely dry spring. Related problems were drain-field flooding of native pines and increased salt damage from private driveways and subdivi- sions.
Pine dieback and mortality, of un- certain cause, have occurred throughout Kansas since pines were introduced and have worsened with the increase in pine plantings. Damage in 1979 was considerable. Scots and Austrian pines in the western half of Kansas were com- monly affected. It is believed the unusually high mortality in 1979 resulted from a combination of winter and drought stress.
Nursery diseases. Mortality of con- tainerized Austrian pine seedlings within the Kansas State and Exten- sion Forestry greenhouse ( Manhat- tan) was reported. Necrosis began on the terminal buds and progressed down the main shoot resulting in seedling death. Major fungal associ- ates included Rhizoctonia sp., Cytospora sp., Verticillium sp., and Genicularia sp. Chemical control procedures using PCNB (pen- tachloronitrobenzene) were initiated.
Cottonwood cuttings grown in root- ing beds at the Kansas State and Ex- tension Forestry Nursery (Manhat- tan) displayed stem cankers and oc- casional mortality. Fungi associated with cankers included Cytospora sp., Alternaria sp., Verticillium sp., Cur- vularia sp., and Phomopsis sp. Soil
fumigation and fungicide control trials were initiated.
Tip dieback of 1-0 Engelmann spruce seedlings at Bessey Nursery, Nebraska, was reported. Necrotic tissues were apparently damaged by extremely cold winter temperatures or spring frosts and then colonized by facultative parasitic fungi such as Phoma sp., Alternaria sp., and Fusicladium sp.
Chlorosis and mortality of 1-0 lodgepole pine seedlings at Bessey Nursery, Neb., were associated with soil nutrient imbalances and infec- tion by Phoma sp. Excessive over- head irrigation, used primarily for wind erosion control, caused ac- cumulation of soil around the base and on the foliage of some seedlings. These conditions were ideal for at- tack and damage by Phoma sp.
Other diseases (R -2)
Disease Host
Ash heart rot Green ash Fomes fraxinophilus (Peck) Sacc.
Aspen leaf blight Aspen
Marssonina populi (Lib.) Magn
Bacterial canker Unidentified bacterium
Cercospora blight Cercospora sequoiae var. juniperi Ell. and Ev.
Cottonwood leaf rust Melampsora medusae Thum.
Cryptosphaeria canker & Aspen
Libertella decay
Cyptosphaeria sp.
Libertellasp.
Cottonwood and willow
Eastern redcedar and Rocky Mountain juniper
Cottonwood
Mt. Sopris Tree Nursery( USDA Forest Service) was fumigated using methyl bromide and chloropicrin at 400 pounds per acre. Fumigation was necessary because of high seed- ling losses caused by weeds and pathogenic fungi. Fumigation was done in the fall prior to spring seed- ing. Fumigation dramatically reduced the counts of fungi and weeds detected. In 1978, two seed sources of ponderosa pine were sown in both fumigated and nonfumigated beds. Seedling survival was 3.6 times greater in fumigated areas at the end of the first growing season.
Four tree nurseries in the Region participated during the past 2 years in an evaluation of the ectomycor- rhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch. The study, coordinated by the Institute of
Location
Great Plains
Paonia Ranger District, Gunnison National Forest
Wilson and Ellis Counties, Kan.
Eastern Nebraska
Central and eastern Kansas
Colorado
Mycorrhizal Research and Develop- ment and FI& DM, includes plans for the outplanting of trees in the spring of 1980. A final report will be availa- ble after evaluation of seedling and mycorrhizal survival at outplanting sites.
Pine wood nematode, Bur- saphelenchus lignicolus Mamiya & Kiyohara. Extensive surveys for the pine wood nematode were conducted by Kansas State Department of Agriculture, in cooperation with the county extension agents and Pitts- burgh State University, throughout all the eastern and southern counties of Kansas, Only four positive cases of nematode-killed pines were found, including three Scots pines in Cherokee County and one Austrian pine in Crawford County. No evi- dence of rapid spread was detected.
Remarks
Widespread occurrence in most stands where green ash is present.
Relatively severe defoliation reported on over 800 acres; occurred just before natural leaf fall.
Trees displayed top dieback with girdling cankers on main stem. Symptom develop- ment very rapid.
Infection at highest level since ‘‘dry” years of 1975 and 1976.
Common within several energy plantations.
Produces elongated narrow bole cankers and sapwood decay.
II
Other diseases (R-2) continued
Disease
Location
Diplodia tip blight Diplodia pinea (Desm.) Kickx.
Dothistroma needle blight Dothistroma pini Hulb.
Ink spot of aspen Ciborinia whetzelii (Seaver) Seaver
Island chlorosis (Cause unknown)
Hackberry decay (Unidentified fungi)
Honeylocust canker Thyronectria austro-americana (Speg.) Seeler
Honeysuckle blight Herpobasidiumsp.
Russian olive canker Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.
Taphrina leaf blister Taphrina sp.
Walnut anthracnose Gnomonia leptostyla (Fr.) Les. & deNot.
Host
Pines
Ponderosa and Austrian pine
Aspen
Hackberry
Hackberry
Honeylocust
Honeysuckle
Russian olive
Hardwoods
Black walnut
Southeastern South Dakota
Eastern Nebraska and Kansas
Colorado and Wyoming
Northeast and western Kansas
Manhattan, Kan.
Ellis County, Kan.
South Dakota
Minnehaha County, S. Dak.
Kansas
Geary County, Kan.
Remarks
Tip mortality.
1979 levels were highest since “dry” years of 1975 and 1976.
Endemic throughout aspen range, severe on Conejos Ranger District, Rio Grande,
National Forest.
Symptoms similar to nutritional imbalance ora virus disease.
Extensive decay in old-growth trees.
Progressive dieback with girdling cankers was common in a windbreak.
Caused damage at South Dakota State Nursery and in nearby shelter-belts. Benomy| used for control.
Caused cankers and dieback, probably distributed through- out Great Plains.
Most common foliar disease of trees in Kansas. Incidence in 1979 less than in 1978.
Disease may limit walnut growth in heavily infected plantations.
Southwestern Region (R-3)'
Jerome S. Beatty and Terrence J. Rogers
Forest Insect and Disease Management
State and Private Forestry Albuquerque, N. Mex.
Conditions in Brief
Tree mortality resulting from bark beetle activity continued in Region 3, but at relatively low levels. Scattered ponderosa pines, singularly and in small groups, were killed by the mountain pine beetle. Mortality by this insect occurred primarily in the northern portions of the Region. Western pine beetle activity, although somewhat lower than last year, continued to cause widely scat- tered pine mortality throughout the ponderosa pine belt in central and southwestern New Mexico. Roundheaded pine beetle activity continued to decrease, with only localized pockets of tree mortality oc- curring on the Lincoln Natiot.al Forest and the Mescalero Apache In- dian Reservation, N. Mex. Engraver beetle populations decreased to near endemic levels. Abundant and well spaced precipitation may have helped reduce tree losses caused by Ips beetles.
Outbreaks of certain defoliating
insects increased in 1979, while others
decreased. Acres defoliated by the western spruce budworm increased from 77,000 acres in 1978 to over 131,000 acres in 1979. Areas where the greatest increases occurred in- cluded the Kaibab National Forest and Grand Canyon National Park in Arizona and the Carson National Forest in New Mexico.
Douglas-fir tussock moth defolia- tion of Douglas-fir and white fir decreased markedly on the Santa Fe and Cibola National forests. Only two of the eight tussock moth infesta- tions reported last year continued
‘Includes forests in Arizona and New Mexico and National Park Service lands in western Texas.
into 1979. Tussock moth populations in Arizona remained at low levels.
Defoliation by the western tent caterpillar continued on the Santa Fe National Forest, N. Mex., for the fourth consecutive year, and caused moderate to heavy defoliation of aspen,
A pandora moth outbreak, occur- ring for the first time in 30 years, defoliated 5,120 acres of ponderosa pine on the North Kaibab Ranger District, Kaibab National Forest. The heaviest defoliation occurred about 2 miles west of Jacob Lake,
- Ariz.
Mortality and growth loss caused by southwestern dwarf mistletoe in ponderosa pine continued to be the two most important effects of forest diseases in the Southwestern Region. Mistletoe surveys were made on ap- proximately 3,100 acres on several National Forests in the Region for in- put into a simulated yield program (RMYLD). Results from surveys and computer runs were used to train Ranger District personnel in the use of the program and to determine management practices for mistletoe- infected stands.
Ponderosa pine defoliated by the pan- dora moth, Coloradia pandora, on the Kaibab National Forest, Ariz.
A control project on the Kaibab National Forest began in 1979. Mistletoe-infected overstory trees on 1,800 acres are to be killed to protect seedlings in plantations installed under the infected trees.
In cooperation with Rocky Moun- tain Forest and Range Experiment Station and Region 3, researchers from the University of Arizona col- lected data on the incidence of and growth loss associated with Douglas- fir dwarf mistletoe.
A root disease complex involving two species of fungi caused mortality in corkbark fir on the Apache- Sitgreaves National Forest.
Ponderosa pine seedlings were killed by charcoal root rot in planta- tions on several Forests. Black stain root disease was confirmed on bee- tle-killed ponderosa pine by researchers from New Mexico State University. The disease was also identified on dead ponderosa pine in Arizona.
Fusarium sp. caused minor losses in 1-0 ponderosa pine at the Albu- querque Tree Nursery. Large amounts of irrigation water, applied to prevent soil crusting, may have
contributed to the development of the disease. Because of a lack of mycor- thizal formation on seedlings at the Nursery, a study installed in cooperation with the Mycorrhizal In- stitute in Athens, Ga., was termi- nated. Popuiations of possible pathogenic soil-inhabiting fungi and nematodes were monitored at the Nursery.
Aspen shoot blight, aggravated by a wet spring, caused premature defoliation in several areas in the Region.
Abnormally cold winter tem- peratures caused widespread winter damage to several species of conifers in northern Arizona and New Mex- ico,
Damage to pine seedlings by gophers and to larger trees by por- cupines was common throughout the Region. Bears girdled and killed corkbark fir on the Apache- Sitgreaves National Forest.
Status of Insects
Mountain pine beetle, Dendroc- tonus ponderosae Hopkins caused widely scattered ponderosa pine mortality throughout northern por- tions of Region 3 (table 2). Tree mor- tality increased in Arizona, but re- mained relatively low in New Mex- ico,
In Arizona, beetles caused in- creased mortality on the Kaibab Plateau (Kaibab National Forest). Groups of dying and dead trees (totaling up to 30) were evident on the eastern portion of the North Kaibab Ranger District. Because of inaccessibility and environmental constraints, salvage logging was not attempted.
On the north rim of the Grand Ca- nyon National Park, beetles killed pine in groups of 50 to 60 near the junction of Imperial and Cape Royal roads. Elsewhere in the park, groups of 2 to S killed trees were widely scat- tered throughout the area. Forest Service entomologists project con- tinued Grand Canyon losses in 1980. Low levels of activity were also reported in Arizona’s Chuska Moun- tains.
Mountain pine beetle activity con-
18
tinued in Northern New Mexico where isolated infestations took their toll of ponderosa pine. Mortality was reported from the El Rito, Penasco, and Tres Piedras Ranger Districts of the Carson National Forest, and the Cuba, Espanola, Las Vegas, and Pecos Ranger Districts of the Santa Fe National Forest. Some low level
activity was also reported on the Navajo Indian Reservation in New Mexico.
Western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeC. This bark beetle caused widely scattered tree mor- tality throughout much of the pon- derosa pine belt in central Arizona and southwestern New Mexico.
Table 2.— Estimated extent (acres) of insect infestations by State and
ownership, Southwestern Region, 1979
Insect
A. Arizona
Western spruce budworm
Pandora moth
Mountain pine beetle
Western pine beetle
Other bark beetles?
(Total)?
Ownership’
Light Medium Heavy Total
34,355 32,180
1,357
5,120 40,320 33,920 = = = 0
23,680
97,920 179,200 eS = = 0 a a3 _ 0
33,120 212,320
38,400
‘Ownership: National Forest System (NFS), Other Federal (OF), State (S), Private (P). 2|ndividual trees or groups of dead trees widely scattered over the acreages shown. 4Other bark beetles include: Spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kby.); Roundheaded pine beetle, Dendroctonus
adjunctus Blandf.; Scolytus spp.; and /ps spp.
Losses remain relatively constant from year to year because natural stress factors (lightning strikes, fire damage, disease, and so on) foster infestations.
In 1979, losses to western pine beetle were heaviest on the Apache- Sitgreaves, Coconino, Kaibab, Ton- to, Gila, and Lincoln National
Forests, and the Fort Apache and Carlos Indian Reservations.
Western spruce budworm, Christoneura occidentalis Free. Areas of visible defoliation increased markedly in Region 3 from an esti- mated 77,000 acres in 1978 to 131,000 acres in 1979( table 3). By severity class, defoliation increased
Table 2 continued. Insect Ownership' Light Medium Heavy Total B. New Mexico Western spruce budworm NFS 12,073 15,451 8,108 35,632 OF 0 0 0 0 S 0 0 0 Q P CHSC) 5; Soil 0 8,864 (Total) 15,606 20,802 8,108 44 496 Western tent caterpillar NFS 7,040 5,120 3,840 16,000 OF 0 0 0 0 S 0 0 0 0 P 0 Qo f 2Eo 1,280 (Total) 7,040 Sali ZO onZ0 17,280 Mountain pine beetle NFS — = — 76,160 OF — = — ) S — = — 0 P — = = 0 (Total)? — — — 76,160 Western pine beetle NFS — = = 42.240 OF — = — 0 S = = = 0 P — = = 2,560 (Total)? a — — 44 800 Other bark beetles? NFS — — — 32,000 OF = — = 0 S — — — 0 P — — —_ 1,920 (Total)? — = == 33,920
UU
‘Ownership: National Forest System (NFS), Other Federal (OF), State (S). Private (P)
2|ndividual trees or groups of dead trees widely scattered over the acreages shown Other bark beetles include: Spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kby.); Roun
adjunctus Blandf.; Scolytus spp.; and /ps spp.
dheaded pine beetle. Dendroctonus
in the light to moderate class but decreased in the heavy class. The Kaibab and Carson National Forests and Grand Canyon National Park showed the greatest increase in defoliation, In all areas, the number of egg masses per square meter of foliage increased, indicating a population increase for 1980.
In the Jemez Mountains of the Santa Fe National Forest, sampling continued on a western spruce bud- worm suppression project. For the third consecutive year, budworm populations remained low in the area treated with carbaryl in 1977. Table 4 shows the population trend of the treated and untreated areas based on the number of larvae per 100 buds and number of egg masses per square meter of foliage.
Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata. In New Mexico, defoliation of Douglas-fir and white fir by Douglas-fir tussock moth drop- ped off sharply. Only two of last year’s eight active tussock moth in- festations on the Cibola and Santa Fe National Forests persisted in 1979. No visible additional defoliation oc- curred in Medio Dia, Cochiti, Nambe, Los Alamos, and Pueblos Canyons( Santa Fe National Forest), however Bear and Trigo Canyons (Cibola National Forest) showed light to moderate defoliation.
New Mexico was the scene of cooperative Federal-State-private suppression projects in which 1 ,400 acres were treated in Bear Canyon and in the Ellena Gallegos Grant. An aerially applied nucleopolyhedrosis virus reduced populations to accep- table levels.
Tussock moth populations re- mained low on the Tonto National Forest (Arizona).
Western tent caterpillar, Malacosoma californicum (Packard), defoliated aspen stands on the Santa Fe National Forest for the fourth consecutive year. Moder- ate to heavy defoliation occurred on the Coyote, Tesuque, and Espanola Ranger Districts. Defoliation was severe in and around the vicinity of Los Alamos and Baundelier National Monument, N. Mex. Scattered patches of defoliation also occurred
19
Table 3. — Acres of visible defoliation by western spruce budworm in R-3 for
the past 3 years
Defoliation 1977 1978 1979
Light 177 ,000 26 000 82 000 Moderate 25,000 30,000 40,000 Heavy 3,000 21,000 9,000 Total 205 000 77,000 131,000
on the Tres Piedras, Questa, Taos, and Penasco Ranger Districts ( Car- son National Forest).
Pandora moth, Coloradia pandora Blake, defoliated 5,120 acres of pon- derosa pine on the North Kaibab Ranger District, Kaibab National Forest. The severest defoliation was about 2 miles west of Jacob Lake, Ariz., where 2,688 acres were heavily defoliated and 2,432 acres were moderately defoliated. Evi- dence of larval feeding was also noted on several thousand additional acres,
While many stands were com- pletely defoliated, most trees were expected to recover. A few low-vigor trees are expected to die from defoliation or from secondary bark beetle attacks.
Status of Diseases
Dwarf mistletoes, 4 rceutho bium spp. Southwestern dwarf mistletoe, A. vaginatum subsp. cryptopodum (Engelm.) Hawks. and Wiens, con- tinued to be the most important dis- ease of ponderosa pine in Region 3. Losses caused by this disease, in terms of both growth and reduction and mortality, have been estimated to exceed 18 million merchantable cubic feet a year in the Southwest. Surveys conducted this year on ap- proximately 3,100 acres of mistletoe- infected ponderosa pine on four Ranger Districts were used as data for the RMYLD simulated yield program. Results of the simulation runs were used by Ranger Districts to plan management activities in badly
Table 4.— Population trend of spruce budworm for treated and untreated areas in project area of the Jemez Mountains, Santa Fe National Forest, N.
Mex.
1977
Prespray
Number of larvae per 100 buds 14.9 Number of
egg masses
per square
meter bell
1978 1979
Postspray Treated Untreated Treated Untreated Treated Untreated Treated Untreated
6.9 0.9 8.7 0.8 8.9
9.9 0.4 10.1 0.6
20
infected stands. Continued emphasis on the use of this program should eventually result in the incorporation of dwarf mistletoe management plans in all silvicultural activities in in- fected stands.
A mistletoe control project to kill infested overstory trees ir plantations was started on the Tusayan Ranger District, Kaibab National Forest, Ariz. The few, badly infected over- story trees were poisoned by a silvicide, creating snag trees for wildlife use. Approximately 30 per- cent of the 1,800 acres have been tre- ated this past year.
Researchers from the University of Arizona discovered a population of fir mistletoe (Arceuthobium abietinum f. sp. abietinum) on white fir in Marshall Gulch, in the Santa Catalina Mountains, Coronado Na- tional Forest, Ariz. This is only the second known location for the mistletoe in southern Arizona (it oc- curs in one small area in the Chiricahua Mountains). The next closest known occurrence is at Grand Canyon National Park, nearly 250 miles north.
A cooperative project was established between Region 3, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experi- ment Station, and the University of Arizona to gather badly needed in- formation on Douglas-fir dwarf mistletoe, Arceutho bium douglasti Engelm. Data on the incidence and growth of mistletoe-infected and uninfected Douglas-fir were taken on 150 plots in the White Mountains of Arizona. The project will continue in 1980 in New Mexico.
Root diseases. A complex of Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. ( =Fomes annosus ( Fr.) Cke ) and Armillariella mellea (Vahl. ex Fr.) Karst. caused mortality in corkbark fir on the Apache-Sitgreaves Na- tional Forest, Ariz. The complex ap- peared to kill trees with basal and root wounds 5 to 10 years after wounding. Both pathogens spread between trees via root contacts.
Seedlings were reported killed by charcoal root rot, Macrophomina phaseoli(Maubl.) Ashby, from the Lincoln National Forest, N. Mex., and the Tonto and Kaibab National
Other insects (R-3)
Insect
Arizona five-spined ips Ips lecontei Sw.
Aspen leaftier Sciaphila duplex (Walsing.)
Cedar bark beetle Phloeosinus sp.
Engraver beetles [ps spp.
Fruit tree leaf roller Archips argyrospilus (Walk.)
Pine seed chalcid Megastigmus albifrons Walk.
Pinyon needle scale Matsucoccus acalyptus Herb.
Ponderosa pine cone beetle Conophihorus ponderosae Hopk.
Ponderosa pine seed moth Laspeyresia piperana (Kear.)
Red turpentine beetie Dendroctonus valens LeC.
Roundheaded pine beetle Dendroctonus adjunctus Blandf.
Scarab beetle (a) Phyllophagasp.
Southwestern pine tip moth Rhyacionia neomexicana (Dyar.)
Host
Ponderosa pine
Aspen
Juniper
Ponderosa pine and spruce
Chokecherry
Ponderosa pine
Pinyon pine
Ponderosa pine
Ponderosa pine
Ponderosa pine
Ponderosa pine
Ponderosa pine
Ponderosa pine
Location
Arizona
Santa Fe National Forest, N. Mex.
Jicarilla Apache Indian Reservation, N. Mex.
Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest, Ariz.
Carson National Forest, N. Mex.
Kaibab and Coconino National Forests, Ariz.
Gila, Lincoln, and Santa Fe National Forests, N. Mex.
New Mexico and Arizona
New Mexico and Arizona
Kaibab National Forest, Ariz. and Carson National Forest, N. Mex.
New Mexico and Arizona
T-Bar Grasslands and Gila National Forest, N. Mex.
Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest, Ariz.
Remarks
Populations decreased for a second year.
30 to 50 acres affected.
Second year of defoliation,
around campground areas.
Second year of defoliation,
around Campground areas.
Scattered.
Throughout both States, with heavy cone losses in localized areas.
Scattered throughout both States.
Scattered.
Scattered, with incidental tree losses.
Infestation reported in 1978 collapsed.
ee Ee ee eo
21
Forests, Ariz. This disease, a serious pathogen of pine species in nurseries, caused only small losses in outplant- ings.
Researchers from New Mexico State University confirmed the pre- sence of black stain root disease, Verticicladiella spp., in beetle-killed ponderosa pine on the Lincoln Na- tional Forest, N. Mex. The fungus was isolated from stain in the roots, from beetle galleries, and from adult insects( Hylurgops spp.). This dis- ease was also found on several dead ponderosa pine on the Prescott Na- tional Forest, Arizona.
Other diseases (R -3) Disease Host
Fir broom rust Melampsorella caryophyllacearum Schroet
Ink spot leaf blight Ciboriniasp.
Aspen
Limb rust Peridermium filamentosum Pk.
Spruce broom rust Chrysomyxa arctostaphy]i Diet.
Indian paint fungus White fir Echinodontium tinctorium (1 4 [ES ) IE. 4 [B.
White heart rot (a) Gambel oak
!nonotus dryophilus Pers. ex Fr. (Polyporus dryophilus)
White heart rot (b)
Phellinus weirianus Murr.
Zi,
White fir and cork fir
Ponderosa pine
Engelmann and blue spruce
Arizona walnut
Aspen diseases. Aspen shoot blight, Napicladium tremulae (Frank) Sacc., caused some defoliation in aspen stands in many areas of Region 3. Larger than average amounts of spring moisture contributed to the seriousness of the disease. Stands on the Carson, Cibola, Gila, and Lin- coln National Forests, N. Mex. as well as the Coronado National Forest, Ariz., suffered some minor growth loss and mortality from the disease.
Final year data were taken ona cooperative study (Region 3, Region 2, and RM Station) evaluating dis-
Location
Coronado National Forest,
Ariz.; Carson and Cibola National Forests, N. Mex.
Arizona and New Mexico
Arizona and New Mexico
Coronado and Tonto
National Forests, Ariz.
Arizona and New Mexico
Arizona and New Mexico
Arizona and New Mexico
eases of aspen in trees remaining after logging. Data were taken on all trees on 11 study plots in New Mex- ico and Colorado. The most common canker found on trees was caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata Ell. & Halst. Abiotic diseases. Special environ- mental conditions during an unusually cold and snowy winter in 1978-79 caused widespread winter damage to several species of conifers in northern Arizona and New Mex- ico, Species affected included pon- derosa pine, pinyon pine, and juniper. Hardest hit were the junipers, which showed some mor-
Remarks
Found throughout mixed conifer forest type. Caused some top-kill and breakage due to bole infections. No estimate of volume lost.
Scattered in aspen stands; >ome defoliation and associated growth loss.
Caused branch and some tree dieback mortality. Important on seed trees and in cone collecting areas.
Common in some areas of mixed conifer. Causes some top-kill and dieback.
Frequent on overmature white
fir. Large but unknown amounts of loss due to cull.
Distributed on all Forests.
Serious decay of walnut in Campgrounds.
tality in certain areas of the Kaibab
and Coconino National Forests, Ariz.
As expected, damage was most severe on trees located on exposed areas and marginal sites. Damage to the pines consisted of dieback of nee- dles and smaller branches, and some mortality in seedlings.
Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station reported that aerial shoots of oak mistletoe (Phoradendron villosum subsp. cor- yae) in the Fort Apache Reservation,
Ariz., were severely damaged by cold.
All plants examined in the vicinity of Whiteriver, Fort Apache, and Cedar Creek had dead shoots. It is not known if the root system of the
mistletoe within the oak branches was
also killed, so observations will be made later to see if the mistletoe resprouts. The desert mistletoe (P. californicum) in the Salt River Can- yon on Highway 60 was similarly damaged. The juniper mistletoe (P. jJuniperinum) occurs in the same area as the oak mistletoe on the Fort Apache Reservation. This mistletoe is known to be quite frost-hardy and it was not affected. The damage was
apparently associated with abnor- mally cold weather in early Decem- ber 1978, when a minimum of -2° F ( -18.9° C) was recorded on Decem- ber 9, at Whiteriver, Ariz.
Because of the large amount of moisture in the previous winter and this spring, drought was nota problem in the Region in 1979; however, lack of moisture during June, July, and August caused mor- tality in some seedling plantations.
Nursery diseases and mycorrhizae, Damping-off, caused by Fusarium spp., was responsible for minor losses in newly emerged ponderosa pine seedlings at the Albuquerque Tree Nursery. Losses occurred during May and June, much earlier than is normally expected, but did not ex- ceed | percent of the seedlings in the section sustaining the heaviest losses. Heavy irrigation, necessary to soften the soil so that seedlings could emerge, probably allowed the fungus to develop.
Soil samples from nursery seed- beds to be sown in the spring of 1979 were tested for population levels of Fusarium spp. and Pythium spp.,
both before and after fumigation. Results obtained from these samples, and from samples taken from areas to be sown in 1980, will be used to monitor the effectiveness of fumiga- tion techniques at the Nursery.
An evaluation of seedlings taken from test beds inoculated with the mycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius ( Pers.) Cooper and Couch indicated that so few roots(less than 1 percent) were infected that the study was terminated. High soil pH was the probable reason for the lack of mycorrhizal formation. This study was part of a nationwide nursery evaluation of P. tinctorius conducted in cooperation with the Mycorrhizal! Institute in Athens, Ga.
Animal damage. Severe bear- caused damage to corkbark fir was observed on the Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest, Ariz. In one stand, 50 percent of the dead firs had been girdled and killed by bears.
Rodents girdled seedlings in several plantations on the Lincoln National Forest, N. Mex., and the Kaibab and Tonto National Forests, Ariz
23
Intermountain Region (R-4)’
Forest Insect and Disease Management Staff
State and Private Forestry Ogden, Utah
Conditions in Brief
Lodgepole pine mortality in- creased dramatically in the Inter- mountain Region where an estimated 5,435,000 trees were lost to mountain pine beetle. Ninety-six percent of these losses occurred on the Targhee National Forest in Idaho and Wyom- ing. This represents a considerable increase over the lodgepole mortality recorded in 1978. Chronic infesta- tions continued to kill lodgepole and ponderosa pine in and adjacent to the village of McCall, Idaho, and south- ward along the north fork of the Payette River to Smiths Ferry, Idaho.
Douglas-fir mortality remained static in the Intermountain Region with an estimated 15,600 trees killed. An increase developed in Grand Teton National Park, Wyo., and decreases were noted on the Boise and Salmon National Forests, Idaho.
Defoliation by western spruce budworm expanded by 244,000 acres in 1979 to 1,272,700 acres ex- clusive of the Idaho Primitive Area. Expansions also occurred on the Salmon, Targhee, and Boise Na- tional Forests, Idaho, and Grand Teton National Park. Decreases were noted on the Bridger-Teton Na- tional Forest, Wyo., and Payette Na- tional Forest, Idaho.
Results of a dwarf mistletoe survey quantified incidence and impact caused by the pathogen on 15 of the 16 National Forests in the Intermoun- tain Region. Winter injury was pro- minent, mainly on seedlings and sap- lings, to both individual trees and forest stands on the Payette, Boise, and Sawtooth National Forests, Idaho.
Includes forests in Utah, Nevada, southern Idaho, western Wyoniing, and eastern California
24
Status of Insects
Mountain pine beetle, Dendroc- tonus ponderosae Hopk. Mountain pine beetle activity increased dra- matically on the Targhee National Forest in Idaho and Wyoming, but decreased in other areas of the Inter- mountains Region. Total tree mor- tality from mountain pine beetle was estimated at 5,435,000.
The Targhee National Forest, which has a history of massive moun- tain pine beetle outbreaks, was once again the scene of heavy buildups along the western slopes of the Teton mountain range from the southern boundary of Yellowstone Park south- ward to the Victor-Jackson Hole Highway. This area was beset with heavy lodgepole mortality from mountain pine beetle 15 years ago. There was also a considerable up- Surge in mountain pine beetle ac- tivity west of Driggs on the Teton Basin Ranger District in forest fringe type. Estimated lodgepole mortality on the Targhee National Forest for 1979 was 5,209,000 trees.
On the Payette National Forest in Idaho, lodgepole pine mortality at- tributed to the mountain pine beetle continued in the Johnson Creek- Hornet Reservoir area. Lodgepole and ponderosa pine stands in and around McCall, Idaho, continued to suffer heavy mortality. Small por- tions of this infestation extended onto the Payette National Forest. On the Boise National Forest, continued tree killing by mountain pine beetle oc- curred north and east of Deadwood Reservoir. Also, considerable mor- tality was recorded along the Dead- wood River northward toward Dead- wood Summit. Another large infesta- tion center which expanded during the 1979 season bordered the primi- tive area along the North Fork of the Boise River in the vicinity of Graham airstrip. An infestation in Clear Creek, southeast of Cascade, Idaho, caused lodgepole mortality on pri- vate, State, and Federal lands where
an estimated 11,000 trees were killed.
Massive infestations of mountain pine beetle on the Twin Falls Dis- trict, Sawtooth National Forest, Idaho, showed a marked decrease in activity. The rapid decline of moun- tain pine beetle in this area started in 1977 and has dropped off to less than 2,000 trees currently infested. The mountain pine beetle caused large- scale lodgepole mortality in Warm Springs Creek and its tributaries west of Ketchum, Idaho. Also, widespread mortality was observed north of Ketchum, Idaho, along the Wood River to Galena Summit. Elsewhere, the mountain pine beetle killed thousands of lodgepole pines along the upper reaches of the south fork of the Boise River.
On the Caribou National Forest, Idaho, and Ashley National Forest, Utah, tree killing was static in some areas and increased in others. On the Ashley National Forest around Greendale Junction, infestations in ponderosa and lodgepole pine con- tinued at a high level.
Continued infestations were noted in Alma-Taylor Hollow, Big Lake, Gull Lake, Greendale Junction, and near Browne Lake. These infesta- tions have been chronic on the Ashley National Forest for several years. During the early and mid- fifties, epidemic populations of mountain pine beetle devastated large areas of lodgepole pine in the same area. Caribou National Forest infestations were centered north and south of Rasmussen Ridge and south of Upper Valley to Freeman Pass and in several areas west of Green Basin.
Ponderosa pines killed by the mountain pine beetle appeared in localized areas on the Boise and Payette National Forests, Idaho. A relatively new infestation of moun- tain pine beetle in the ponderosa pine belt on the Escalante Ranger Dis- trict, Dixie National Forest in Utah is causing considerable mortality. Populations in this area are con- sidered epidemic and increasing. As high as 49 killed trees per acre were recorded in one area.
Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk. Overall, Douglas-fir beetle activity has shown a steady decline since 1977. Total tree mortality associated with the beetle was estimated at 15,570 for the Region in 1979. An exception to the decline has occurred on the Boise National Forest in Idaho along the South Fork of the Payette River and Middle Fork of the Boise River. The large number of infestation centers previously recorded on the Salmon National Forest, Idaho, has dropped off dramatically except for areas from Dump Creek on the main Salmon River westward to the mouth of Panther Creek. Heavy group in- festations at the mouth of Deer Creek and eastward along Panther Creek drainage toward Napias Creek showed a decrease in numbers of groups and trees per group. Chronic large-scale group outbreaks in Iron Creek on the Salmon National Forest have virtually disappeared.
In 1978, an upsurge of Douglas-fir beetle activity was noted on the east slopes of the Grand Teton National Park in Wyoming from Phillips Can- yon northward to Moran Bay. Group sizes in 1979 have increased considerably with large-scale tree killing evident in Douglas-fir stands.
Western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeC. Mortality from western pine beetle was minimal in 1979 on both the Boise and Payette National Forests in Idaho, Only twelve mortality centers were ob- served during aerial detection sur- veys with groups averaging less than eight trees each. All mortality was concentrated on the west side of the Boise and Payette National Forests in old growth overstocked stands pre- viously infested with western pine beetle. A few trees were observed killed by the beetle on the Escalante Ranger District, Dixie National Forest, Utah, during ground evalua- tions, These were associated with mountain pine beetle infestations Currently in progress.
Pine engraver beetle, /ps pini (Say). Pine engraver infestations in Boise National Forest ponderosa pine stands showed an overall decline from 1978 levels. Mortality centers
dropped from 290 in 1978 to approx- imately 100 in 1979, On the east side of the Forest, new outbreaks con- tinued to increase over last year’s levels with a serious infestation affecting over 3,000 trees in the Fall Creek drainage near Anderson Ranch Reservoir. Scattered groups of fading ponderosa pine also ap- peared in the South Fork of the Boise River north of Anderson Ranch Reservoir.
On the Payette National Forest in Idaho, /ps infestations continued to decline with only 200 fading trees observed from the air this year. The greatest concentration of fading trees was again observed in the area west of Council along Hornet Ridge.
Fir bark beetle, Pseudohylesinus dispar Blackman. This bark beetle was found killing pole and sawtimber grand fir and subalpine fir on the Payette National Forest in Idaho. At- tacks along the hole were numerous with horizontal egg galleries approx- imately 6 to 8 centimeters in length.
Roundheaded pine beetle, Dendroctonus adjunctus Blandf. A survey of ponderosa pine on the Escalante Ranger District, Dixie Na- tional Forest, Utah, showed roundheaded pine beetle as one of the responsible agents causing mor- tality. Ponderosa from 4 to 30 inches in diameter were killed either by the beetle solely or in association with other bark beetles. Mortality of pon- derosa increased approximately six times the amount recorded in 1977 and 1978. Pole and small sawtimber were the more commonly affected size classes.
Western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus Swaine. Chronic mortality of subalpine fir continues to occur throughout the subalpine fir habitat types in the In- termountain Region. The western balsam bark beetle is associated with much of the mortality; however, root rots are also involved. Subalpine fir on the Ketchum Ranger District, Sawtooth National Forest, Idaho, has shown D. confusus and a root rot, Fibuloporia donkii, associated with the mortality.
Western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman
(tables 5 and 6). Western spruce bud- worm activity in the Intermountain Region remained high in 1979. There was an increase of 244,000 acres defoliated over that of 1978 (1,272,700 as compared to 1,028,- 700). These figures exclude defola- tion in the Idaho Primitive Area. Ex- pansions of defoliation occurred on the Salmon, Targhee, and Boise Na- tional Forests, Idaho, and also Grand Teton National Park in Wyoming. Total acreage of defoliation was less in 1979 on the Bridger-Teton Na- tional Forest in Wyoming and Payette National Forest in Idaho. Two Idaho National Forests, the Challis and the Caribou, also showed evidence of budworm defoliation.
The Salmon National Forest showed the greatest increase in bud- worm activity. In 1978, 183,200 acres were defoliated and by 1979 this figure increased to 344,600 acres, an increase of 88 percent. This upsurge is especially heavy on the North Fork Ranger District.
On the Targhee National Forest, increases were also noted. In 1978, 105,800 acres were defoliated and by 1979 there were 206,700 acres, an increase of 95 percent. This was due to intensification in old areas and new outbreaks located on the East Division as follows— in the north fork of Indian Creek, in Blowout Canyon, and 3 miles east of Victor, Idaho, in Game Creek.
On the Boise National Forest, defoliation increased by 30,000 acres (1978: 228,000; 1979: 258,000). There was a decrease in the number of acres defoliated 1 mile north of Deadwood Reservoir, but this was more than compensated for by new outbreaks and an increase of acreage in already infested areas.
New outbreaks were located 7 miles north of Deadwood Reservoir, along both sides of Canyon Creek from Fox Creek northeast to within 2 miles of Bull Trout Lake, and a few small outbreaks near Monumental Peak and Eureka Point.
On the Grand Teton National Park in Wyoming, there was an increase of 9,300 acres defoliated by the bud- worm. This defoliation was classed as light to moderate and was located
a3)
on the west side of the park around Phelps Lake extending to Jenny Lake; a new area was seen extending along the western side of Jackson Lake. Heavy defoliation continues on Blacktail Butte.
On the Payette National Forest, a decrease in defoliation of 5,000 acres was recorded. There were a few new outbreaks, whereas some older areas decreased in size.
On the Bridger-Teton Na- tional Forest there was a decrease in activity and defoliation even though there were a few new outbreaks southwest and northeast of Phelps Lake; overall the areas of defoliation have consolidated and decreased in intensity.
Defoliation on the Payette and Boise National Forests, which was predominately moderate to heavy in
Western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis, infestation on the Boise National Forest, Idaho.
26
1979, is predicted to be light to moderate in 1980. These predictions are based on egg mass counts made during September 1979 (table 6).
Larch casebearer, Coleophora laricella (Hubner). Defoliation by larch casebearer was detected in the Elkhorn Creek drainage on the Payette National Forest, Idaho, in 1978, this infestation persisted in 1979.
Another larch casebearer infesta- tion of approximately 110 acres was detected in 1979 on the Boise Na- tional Forest, Idaho, in the Van Wyck Creek drainage on the west side of Cascade Reservoir.
Western larch defoliated by the larch casebearer, Coleophora laricella, on the Payette National Forest, Idaho.
Table 5.— Western spruce budworm defoliation in the Intermountain Region, 1979
Forest Light Moderate Heavy Total(1979) Total(1978) Difference Boise 44,800 36,100 66,500 258 000 228 000 + 30,000 Payette 46 400 52,900 176,200 303,900 308 ,900 — 5,000 Targhee 38 900 79,000 88 800 206,700 105,800 + 100,900 Salmon 91,800 99 800 153,000 344 600 183,200 + 161,400 Bridger-Teton 38,300 73,900 34,800 147,000 199 600 — 52,600 Grand Teton 7,100 3,600 1,800 12,500 3,200 + 9300 Totals 267 300 345 300 521,100 p22 LOO 1,028,700 1+ 244 000
‘Primitive Area defoliation not included.
Table 6. — Western spruce budworm egg mass survey in the Intermountain Region, 1978-1979
1978 egg mass counts, 1978 prediction 1979 egg mass counts, 1980 prediction Forest average/cluster (damage category) average/cluster (damage category) Boise-Payette National Forest Unit 60(Cascade) 2a Heavy 4.5 Moderate Bridger-Teton National Forest Unit 3 46.3 (Very)Heavy 21.4 Heavy
Caribou National Forest Unit 6 not done 13.8 Heavy (Alpine Junction) Grand Teton National Park 20.3 Heavy not done
Payette National Forest
Unit 10 (New Meadows) 5.2 Moderate 2.4 Light Unit 20 (Brundage) AS Heavy 4.8 Moderate Unit 30 (Council) 13.6 Heavy 53 Moderate Unit 40 (East McCall) 9.7 Heavy 7.6 Heavy Unit 50 (South Fork) 4.4 Moderate 22 Light Salmon National Forest Unit 04 (Cobalt) 8.5 Heavy 16.1 Heavy Unit 80 (North Fork) 38.2 (Very)Heavy 22.8 Heavy Targhee National Forest Unit 1 (West Division) 230K Heavy 25.8 (Very)Heavy Unit 2 (East Division) 5rd Moderate 6.1 Moderate Unit 5 (Driggs or South Division) 14.6 Heavy ete Heavy
ee eS
27
Ponderosa pine needle miner, Col- eotechnites sp. This needle miner was active on approximately | ,060 acres of the Saimon National Forest, Idaho, in Lick Creek and Powder Gulch drainages of the North Fork Ranger District. Needle miner ac- tivity was also detected on the Boise Nationa] Forest in Idaho on the Em- mett Ranger District in the Second Fork, Fir Gulch, and Pine Creek drainages. This infestation covered approximately 1,600 acres.
Status of Diseases
Dwarf mistletoes, Arceutho bium spp. Surveys were conducted on 182 miles of roadside on the Challis Na- tional Forest in Idaho and on 246 miles of roadside on the Dixie Na- tional Forest in Utah. The objectives were to assess the incidence of and cubic-foot growth reduction caused by lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe (Arceutho bium americanum Nutt. ex Engelm.) and ponderosa pine dwarf mistletoes(A. campylopodum Engelm. and A. vaginatum subsp.
crypto podum (Engelm.) Hawks, and Weins). Incidence of dwarf mistletoe from the roadside surveys conducted in 1978 and 1979 is summarized in table 7.
Growth reduction estimates were made on lodgepole pine stands by running the plot data through the RMYLD yield simulation program. To make the Forest figures compara- ble, the annual cubic-foot reduction was divided by the acres of lodgepole pine type on each Forest(table 8).
Douglas-fir stands were also sur- veyed for dwarf mistletoe (A r- ceutho bium douglasii Engelm.) in anticipation of future analysis with proposed Douglas-fir yield simula- tion models. The survey consisted of both a roadside rating and detailed plot inspections.
Forest Insect and Disease Management funding was provided to three National Forests in 1979 for dwarf mistletoe control projects. About 12,000 acres of regenerated stands were protected from future dwarf mistletoe infections through sanitation and overstory removal
Table 7. — Incidence of lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine, and Douglas-fir dwarf mistletoes on 15 National Forests in the Intermountain Region,
1978-79
Lodgepole pine
National Forest Percent
Species infected
Ashiey 58 Boise Sif Bridger-Teton 67 Caribou 68 Challis 70 Dixie 2__ Fishlake = Manti-LaSal — Payette 50 Salmon 59 Sawtooth fal Targhee 79 Toiyabe 17 Uinta 28 Wasatch 34
‘Category needs further investigation. “Little or none of this species occurs on the Forest
28
Ponderosapine Douglas-fir Percent Percent
21
ie 78 — ln = 21 = 40 10 89 66 24 34 :
3 80
f 49
y 53
= 55 35 25 — S)
projects. These include:
11,050 acres on the Targhee Na-
tional Forest, Idaho
510 acres on the Payette Na- tional Forest, Idaho
400 acres on the Caribou Na- tional Forest, Idaho.
An additional 10.000 acres of older clearcuts were presuppression surveyed on the Targhee National Forest to stratify areas for future dwarf mistletoe control projects.
Douglas-fir mortality survey. A contract survey between Forest In- sect and Disease Management and the University of Idaho was con- ducted in the Featherville, Idaho, area on the Boise and Sawtooth Na- tional Forests. An estimated 10 per- cent of the trees, mostly in discrete centers, had died within the last 5 years. Mortality was previously at- tributed to Douglas-fir beetle. Preliminary survey results suggested that four “systems” of diseases and insects were operating individually or in conjunction in the Douglas-fir mortality areas. Root disease infec- tion appeared to initiate tree decline in all cases. Frequently isolated root disease fungi included Phaeolus (Polyporus) schweinitzii(Fr.) Pat., Poria (Perenniporia) subacida (Peck) Sacc., Jnonotus (Polporus) tomentosus (Fr.) Gilbertson, and several species of Verticicladiella. Insects identified on root-diseased trees included Pseudohylesinus nebulosus (LeConte), Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, Hylastes spp., and Scolytus tsugae (Swaine).
Dutch elm disease, Ceratocystis ulmi(Buism.) C. Mor. No confirmed cases of this disease were reported in Utah or Nevada. In southern Idaho the disease continued to take a toll of elms in communities without control programs. Losses in the city of Boise, Idaho, were held to six trees, mainly because of an aggressive Dutch elm disease control program.
Winter injury. Winter burn was severe on individual seedling and sapling ponderosa pine on the Payette National Forest in Idaho. In- jured trees were generally open- grown or on the south side of stands near roadcuts. Most recovered by the fall of 1979.
Winter drying also affected grand fir saplings in mountain valleys in and around the Boise National Forest in Idaho. The soil was still frozen 6 inches below the surface in early May.
About 1,800 acres of Douglas-fir in and adjacent to the Baldy Moun- tain ski complex on the Sawtooth Na- tional Forest in Idaho were affected by winter injury. Foliage mortality occurred both uniformly on the same sides of all trees in a stand or ina mottled pattern. The affected trees are expected to recover. Both winter burn and drying resulted from the combination of abnormally cold tem- perature and less-than-average in- sulating snowpack that occurred in the area during the winter of 1978.
Table 8. — Incidence of dwarf mistletoe in lodgepole pine and the estimated growth reduction for nine National Forests in the Intermountain Region'
Number of plots Percent of Annual cubic-foot Annual cubic-foot National Forest? established lodgepole pine volume loss due volume loss per
within lodgepole plots with to dwarf acre of lodgepole
pinetype dwarf mistletoe mistletoe pine type
Ashley 31 58 3,304,455 7.6 Boise Ud 57 1,598,052 6.7 Bridger-Teton 30 of 3,491,856 79 Caribou 19 68 2,290,318 1:3 Payette? 6 50 1,460,868 atl Saimon 34 59 4,965,080 Wal Sawtooth‘ Uf 71 379857517 21.6 Targhee 58 79 6,066 900 UP Wasatch 41 34 1,600,066 3.9
‘Based on 1978 roadside survey information and computations from the RMYLD simulation model.
Humboldt, foiyabe, Fishlake, Dixie, Manti-LaSal, and Uinta National Forests have little or no lodgepole pine type. The Challis National Forest was not completed.
*Few plots were established because of relatively little lodgepole pine type.
“From Burley and Twin Falls Districts only.
29
Pacific Southwest Region (R-5)'
Forest Insect and Disease Management Staff
State and Private Forestry
San Francisco, California
and
V. Tanimoto, Hawaii Division of Forestry
Honolulu, Hawaii
Conditions in Brief
In northern California, tree mor- tality resulting from a combination of drought (1975-1977), bark beetles, other insects, and diseases was sub-
stantially less than that in the previous
few years(table 9). Table 10 sum- marizes tree mortality by causal agent.
The rate of decline in activity of the western pine beetle that began in late 1978 accelerated in 1979 so that by year’s end, only scattered pon- derosa pine mortality could be found in areas other than Lassen County and Yosemite National Park. Scat- tered outbreaks of Jeffrey pine beetle and mountain pine beetle caused some concern to resource managers in the eastside pine type of north- eastern California. The continued Statewide mortality of large sugar pine caused by the mountain pine beetle indicated that these trees had not recovered from the drought as have other tree species. Top killing and tree mortality in red and white fir was scattered and widespread. Several diseases and insects, includ- ing the fir engraver and roundheaded and flatheaded borers, were impli- cated, but populations of these in- sects also seemed to be declining by October 1979.
The lodgepole needle miner per- sisted in Yosemite National Park as did the fruit tree leafroller in San Bernardino County. A new infesta- tion of pandora moth caused serious injury to Jeffrey pine in Mono Coun- ty.
‘Includes forests in California and Hawaii.
30
Table 9. — Tree mortality on 6.3 million acres of commercial forest land in the 12 National Forests of northern California - 1975 to 1979 (all causes)
Time Number of trees Board foot volume of (June to June) killed killed trees 1975 to 1976 2.0 million 1.9 billion 1976 to 1977 4.5 million 1.2 billion 1977 to 1978 5.8 million 5.5 billion 1978 to 1979 1.1 million 1.0 billion
There were no dramatic changes in the severity or prevalence of root dis- eases and dwarf mistletoes; however, they continued to be the major dis- ease problems confronting land managers. Visible injury to pines from photochemical air pollution in- creased noticeably in several southern Sierra Nevada locations in 1979, even though measured levels of ozone were not above those recorded in 1978.
Two diseases that are normally of minor or local importance were high- ly visible and widespread in Califor- nia in 1979. These were Cytospora canker on true fir and Elytroderma needle disease on ponderosa and Jeffrey pine.
Fusarium root rot was the most damaging disease in both State and Federal tree nurseries. Various degrees of damage were reported for sugar pine, Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, Jeffrey pine, white fir, and red fir.
In Hawaii, normal rainfall in 1979 broke the severe 3-year drcught and relieved the stress that caused mor- tality in some areas. Several problems still remained — Ohia decline, eucalyptus canker, Eurasian pine aphid, and Koa moth.
Status of Insects - California
Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (McD.). Douglas-fir tussock moth larval populations declined from 1978 population levels
on monitoring plots in El Dorado County. Over 1,000 early warning pheromone traps were deployed in northern and central California in 1979; few adult males were caught, reflecting generally low population levels. One exception was an area along Highway 20 in Nevada County east of Nevada City where larvae and pupae were easily found. Trap catches were relatively high and minor feeding damage to the current year’s growth was evident.
Pandora moth, Coloradia pandora Blake. An outbreak of pandora moth on Jeffrey pine occurred in Mono County in late May. The infestation straddled Highway 395 and encom- passed Lookout Mountain and the Crestview Rest Area. A central area of about 5,000 acres was completely defoliated and nearby pockets of defoliation increased the gross area to about 10,000 acres. Feeding was completed by mid-July and the trees appeared to be refoliating. A nucleopolyhedrosis virus was con- firmed from the larval population. Little defoliation is expected in the area in 1980. The moth has a 2-year life cycle and larvae will be generally absent in 1980. The pandora moth was also reported on ponderosa pine in Calaveras County and on Jeffrey pine in Tuolumne County.
Lodgepole pine needle miner, Co/- eotechnites milleri(Busck). Popula- tions continued to defoliate lodgepole pine on approximately 100,000 forested acres in the Merced and Tuolumne River drainages in
Table 10. — Total tree mortality in northern California, 12.7 million acres of commercial land — June 1978 to June
1979
Insect/Disease
Dwarf mistletoe Arceuthobium sp. Western pine beetle Dendroctonus brevicomis Fir engraver Scolytus ventralis Annosus root rot Heterobasidion annosum Armillaria root rot Armillariella mellea Mountain pine beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae Red turpentine beetle Dendroctonus valens Jeffrey pine beetle Dendroctonus jeffrey California flatheaded borer Melanophila californica Fir flatheaded borer Melanophila drummondi Fir roundheaded borer Tetropium abietis Pine engraver beetles Ips spp.
Other disease Injury
TOTAL
National Forest Non-Federal Total Trees Volume Trees Volume Trees Volume Thousands Thousandcubicfeet Thousands Thousand cubic feet Thousand Thousand cubic feet 233.0 38,200 154.5 8,400 387.5 46,600 290.5 18,300 192.5 7,400 483.0 25,700 105.7 7,800 70.0 1,700 175.7 9,500 We 4,870 11.4 1,020 28.6 5,890 49.8 4,100 33.0 820 82.8 4,920 83.4 15,200 55.3 3,300 138.7 18,500 172.0 19,600 114.0 4,200 286.0 23,800 64.5 24,700 42.7 5,300 107.2 30,000 2.6 132 1.8 40 4.4 172 9.4 2,700 6.2 600 15.6 3,300 50.7 17,000 33.6 3,600 84.3 20,600 2.6 6 1.8 1.3 4.4 7.3 ‘let 10 1.2 2 29 12 ies 6,105 12.0 1,433 29.3 7,538 1,100.4 158,723 730.0 37,816.3 1,830.4 196,539.3
Yosemite National Park. The in- festation spread somewhat to the east and southeast of the previously in- fested area and some tree mortality has again been reported from Lyell Canyon and north of Tuolumne Meadows.
Gypsy moth, Porthetria dispar (L.). Four adult male gypsy moths were caught in pheromone detection traps in 1979. Two moths were trapped in Santa Barbara County and one each in Los Angeles County near El Monte and in Santa Clara County near Coyote.
Silverspotted tiger moth, Halisidota argentata (Pack.). No 1979 tiger moth activity was reported from the
Eden Valley-Elk Creek (Mendocino County) 1977 infestation area. Light activity (numerous larvae, little damage) was reported from Siskiyou County.
Tent caterpillar, Malacosoma sp. No caterpillar activity was reported from the bitterbrush infestation area in Inyo County that was active in the mid-1970’s. Tent caterpillars on live oak were reported from San Diego County (Lyons Valley) and Men- docino County(Round Valley).
Sawflies, Neodiprion spp. Pine sawflies were reported on about 10 acres of ponderosa pine saplings in Shasta County and on sugar pine seedlings in a plantation in Colusa
County. No reports of exceptional white fir sawfly activity were received in 1979.
Fruittree leafroller, Archips argyro Spilus (Walk.). The fruittree leafroller infestation continued in 1979 in the Lake Gregory, Lake Ar- rowhead, Running Springs, and San Sevaine Ridge areas, San Bernar- dino County. Ornamental oaks and citrus trees were damaged near Lake Gregory, and California black oak was defoliated in the Lake Ar- rowhead and San Sevaine areas. In addition, a new area of infestation was reported southwest of the San Gorgonio Wilderness area, also in San Bernardino County. Defoliation
31
levels ranged from light( Valley of Enchantment) to moderate (Running Springs) to heavy( Miller Canyon and Frog Point). In the area sur- veyed, the California oakworm, Phryganidia californica Pack., and a tent caterpillar, Malacosoma sp., were associated with the leafroller.
Jeffrey pine needle miner, Co/- eotechnites sp. Population levels and feeding injury by the Jeffrey pine needle miner in the Green Valley, Big Bear City, Fawnskin, and Lake Erwin areas in San Bernardino County continuted to decline. No new areas of infestation were reported.
Western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeC. Ponderosa pine mortality caused by the western pine beetle was lower than during 1978, but still above normal. In contrast to
Ponderosa pine killed by the western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis, in Yosemite National Park, Calif.
32
last year, pine mortality was con- centrated at higher elevations, and consequently much occurred on Na- tional Forests. Mortality caused by the western pine beetle was generally scattered throughout the Sierra Nevada with the exception of con- centrations of mortality south of Stumpy Meadows Lake, El Dorado County; the State Game Refuge south of Lumberyard, Amador County; Calaveras Big Trees State Park and the adjacent communities of Arnold and Dorrington, Calaveras County; the State Game Refuge south of Dorrington and the Mather Family Camp at Groveland, Tuolumne County; and much of the Stanislaus and Sierra National Forests and Yosemite National Park in Calaveras, Tuolumne, Mariposa, Madera, and Fresno Counties.
In situations where scattered and concentrated ponderosa pine mor- tality occurred, overstocking, dwarf mistletoe, and overmaturity were major factors predisposing trees to at- tack by western pine beetle.
Extensive ground checking in Oc- tober 1979 found very few green ponderosa pine infested with western pine beetle and low numbers of dead trees still containing brood or callow adults. An exception was in Lassen County where considerable infesta- tion remains around the Black Mountain-Patterson Mountain area. Trees that died during the late spring and summer of 1979 showed evi- dence of extensive woodpecker work.
Pine engraver beetles, /ps spp. Damage to pine by engravers was low during 1979, at about the same level of 1978. Precipitation in the
F-702376
Sierra Nevada was about normal from October 1978 through April 1979, which may have contributed to the low levels of damage. Some kill- ing of Coulter pine saplings occurred in southern California near Trabuco Peak in Riverside County.
Mountain pine beetle, Dendroc- tonus ponderosae Hopk. Mountain pine beetle activity in sugar pine throughout northern California con- tinued at about the same high level seen last year. The only reported concentration of sugar pine mortality consisted of 100 trees near Coun- tyline Road between Shasta and Tri- nity Counties. Factors which pre- disposed sugar pine to attack in- cluded overmature old-growth trees, blister rust affecting young trees in drainages, and overstocking.
Ponderosa pine mortality caused by mountain pine beetle was locally important in northeastern California. Areas of concentrated mortality were generally in overstocked pole stands, although trees of all sizes were affected. Some of the larger mortality areas were Blue Mountain, Modoc County (north of Lake Britton), Soldier Mountain, Hat Creek Rim, Shasta County; Lake Davis, Plumas County. One area where large trees were being killed was in Lassen County, generally around Poison Lake.
Lodgepole pine mortality due to the mountain pine beetle was com- mon at higher elevations in the Sierra Nevada during 1979. Lodgepole pine commonly occurs around meadows and wet areas and the mor- tality may be a delayed result of the recent drought. The only concentra- tions of lodgepole pine mortality reported were Buck Mountain, Lassen County; and north of An- telope Lake, Plumas County.
Jeffrey pine beetle, Dendroctonus Jeffreyi Hopk. The Jeffrey pine bee- tle was active throughout the Sierra Nevada and in northeastern Califor- nia. The beetle killed trees at Upper Parker Creek, Modoc County; Lost Creek, Hat Creek Rim, and Thou- sand Lakes Wilderness, Shasta County; Chaos Crags, Raker Peak, and Butte Lake, Lassen Volcanic National Park; north of Antelope
Lake and Squaw Valley Peak, Plumas County; and Portugese Pass, Tulare County. Green trees infested by the Jeffrey pine beetle during 1979 were detected in many of the mortality areas checked. Tree killing of epidemic dimension was evident in the Lost Creek area, Lassen Volcanic National Park.
Fir engraver, Scolytus ventralis LeC. True fir mortality and top kills were scattered throughout the mixed conifer and red fir types in northern California. Group kills of 10 or more trees were relatively uncommon but the total number of trees affected Statewide was quite large. Much of the mortality in young- and old- growth red fir was attributed solely to the fir engraver. The butts of old- growth red fir frequently were in- fested with only the roundheaded fir borer, Tetropium abietis Fall, although in some cases the tops had been attacked by the fir engraver. In some of the fir mortality that showed evidence of 1978 attacks by botn the fir engraver and the roundheaded fir borer, the fir engraver attacks were commonly aborted or showed very low brood survival.
Red turpentine beetle, Dendroc- tonus valens LeC. In contrast to 1977 and 1978, the red turpentine beetle appeared to have assumed a more typical role in the death and decline of pines this year. The red turpentine beetle was rarely found attacking pine in the absence of other beetles and attacks were usually confined to the root collar. The types of attacks seen, combined with a lower occur- rence of attack by the red turpentine beetle may indicate a general in- crease in tree vigor following the drought. Exceptions to this condition were seen in Yosemite Valley, Yosemite National Park, and at Bass Lake, Madera County, where vigorous turpentine beetle activity continued.
Flatheaded and roundheaded borers, Melanophila and Tetropium spp. The California flatheaded borer, M. californica VanDyke, was seen in ponderosa pine mixed with broods of the western pine beetle and mountain pine beetle in several chronic mortality areas of Shasta
County. In contrast to last year, the California flatheaded borer was a relatively minor mortality agent of ponderosa and sugar pine in most of northern California. However, in southern California, at Laguna Mountain, San Diego County, this beetle was found in nearly all dying Jeffrey pine.
The fir flatheaded borer, Melanophila drummondi Kby., was uncommon in true fir but was widespread in Douglas-fir in north- western California. High levels of Douglas-fir mortality involving the fir flatheaded borer have been recognized since 1973 in Siskiyou, Trinity, and Humboldt counties. Other mortality agents, and site and stand conditions that predispose trees to mortality that have been identified in the area in past years include the Douglas-fir bark beetle, Polyporus schweinitzii Fr. root rot, a canker dis- ease, dwarf mistletoe, hardwood competition, advanced tree age, and talus slopes.
The roundheaded fir borer, Tetropium abietis Fall, was com- monly found in dead white and red firs in 1979. In white fir, the roundheaded borer was usually associated with either successful or aborted fir engraver attacks. In the lower boles of larger diameter red fir, the roundheaded fir borer was frequently the only insect infesting the tree.
Cypress bark beetle, Phloeosinus cupressi Hopk. This insect was found on ornamental Monterey cypress in urbar park settings, often in associa- tion with cypress canker and P. cristatus LeC,
Insects in tree improvement areas. The black pineleaf scale, Nuculaspis californica (Cole.), continued to oc- cur in large numbers on the rust resis- tant sugar pine at the Badger Hill Tree Breeding Arboretum. Malathion was applied during the crawler stage, but the scale popula- tion remained high.
Spider mites and grasshoppers continued to plague the efforts of tree breeders at the Chico Tree Im- provement Center. An outbreak of mites during the hot weather of late summer was suppressed by treatment
3
with metasystox-R. When grass- hoppers began to seriously damage grafted sugar and ponderosa pine, noncrop areas around transplant beds were treated with carbaryl bait (5% ai) and the transplant beds were treated with carbaryl plus o11(40% ai). Grasshoppers are expected to re- main a problem in 1980.
Progeny test plantations throughout the State are now sur- veyed as often as possible to keep abreast of any insect and disease problems that may develop. These
Other insects (R-5)
plantations remained free of all but scattered losses in 1979.
Cone and seed insects.Cone crops generally were poor throughout the State with the exception of sugar pine and Jeffrey pine. The sugar pine cone beetle, Conopthorous lam ber- tiana Hopk., was common at scat- tered locations throughout the host range, but did not impede cone col- lection. A coneworm, Dioryctria sp., was infrequently found in sugar pine cones. Seedworms, Laspeyresia sp., were found in Jeffrey pine cones
Insect Host
Pine butterfly Neophasia menapia (Felder & Felder)
Juniper twig girdler Periploca nigra Hodges
Juniper
Ponderosa pine
Location
Nevada County
San Joaquin County
brought to the Placerville Nursery, but the loss per infested cone did not exceed seven seeds(a minor impact).
The fir coneworm, Dioryctria abietivorella(Grote), and the Douglas-fir cone midge, Contarinia oregonensis Foote, continued to cause serious losses in Douglas-fir cones at the Badger Hill Tree Breed- ing Arboretum and the Chico Tree Improvement Center. The fir cone- worm also attacked cones of Afghanistan pine at the latter loca- tion.
Remarks
Adults on cones.
Dioryctriaspp.
A silkworm moth Hyalophorasp.
Ponderosa pine tip moth
Rhyacionia zozana (Kear fott)
Tent caterpillar Malacosomasp.
Bagworm
Spiny-elm caterpillar Nymphalis antiopa (L.)
Pine needle weevil Scythropus sp.
Ponderosa pine, Monterey X Knobcone pine Douglas-fir, Afghanistan pine, ponderosa pine Sugar pine
Douglas-fir
Ponderosa pine
Live Oak
White fir
Elm
Ponderosa pine
Ponderosa pine, Jeffrey pine
34
Calaveras County Seedlings.
Butte County Tree Improvement Center.
Placer County Plantation seedlings.
Placer County
Butte County Tree Improvement Center.
San Diego and Mendocino Counties
Modoc County
San Diego County
El Dorado County Christmas trees.
Modoc County Plantations.
Other insects (R -5) continued
Insect
Twig beetles Pityogenes sp., Pityopthorus sp.
Douglas-fir engraver Scolytus unispinosus LeC.
Gall wasp Anton douglasii (Ashm.)
Grasshoppers Acrididae
Spittle bug Aphrophorasp.
Seed corn maggot Hylemya platura (Meigen)
Giant conifer aphids Cinara spp.
European fruit scale Lecanium corni Bouche
A Margarodid scale Matsucoccus sp.
Pine sawfly Neodiprion fulviceps (Cresson) complex
Pine needle scale Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch)
Unspecified aphids
Wooly pine needle aphid Schizolachus pip- radiatae (Davidson)
Nantucket pine tip moth Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock)
Host
Ponderosa pine
Douglas-fir
Oak
Ponderosa pine, Monterey X knobcone pine
Douglas-fir
Jeffrey pine
Sugar pine, ponderosa pine, white fir
Chinquapin
Ponderosa pine, Jeffrey pine Sugar pine
Ponderosa pine
Ponderosa pine, Jeffrey pine
White fir Douglas-fir
Ponderosa pine, sugar pine
Monterey pine
Location
Modoc County
Trinity and Shasta Counties
Fresno County
Calaveras County
Humboldt County
E| Dorado County
El Dorado, Trinity, Fresno, and Shasta Counties
Siskiyou County
Modoc County Calaveras County
Shasta County
Modoc County
Calaveras County Sonoma County
Siskiyou County
Orange and San Diego Counties
Remarks
Nursery.
Nursery.
Primarily nurseries and plantations.
Causing dieback and death.
Saplings. Christmas trees.
Plantations.
35
Status of Insects - Hawaii
Eurasian pine aphid, Pineus pini Koch. Aphid populations declined sharply on Molokai and Maui, and pine plantations began to recover. A Chamaemyiid predator, Leucopis (Neoleucopis) obscura Hal., was in- troduced from France in 1976 and appeared to be responsible. It also became established on Kauai, but the aphid remained confined to its original urban infestation site and did not spread to pine plantations 23 miles away.
Eucalyptus longhorn beetle. Phorancantha semipunctata Fabr. Beetle activity continued despite im- proved growing conditions, The in- sect had been a significant factor in the mortality of drought-stressed Eucalyptus robusta and E. saligna in
Dying Jeffrey pine on the margin of ex- panding annosus root rot center.
36
older stands planted for watershed improvement, but extensive losses have not occurred in commercial plantations.
Koa moth, Scotorythra paludicola (Butler). The outbreak of 1977 sub- sided, and stands on the infested 19,000 acres were in various stages of recovery. Subsequent mortality rose from 30 to SO percent in young stands, top kill deformed most of the remaining trees, and efforts to pro- duce high-quality native koa were greatly set back.
Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. This termite was responsible for unexpected failures of Norfolk Is- land pine and Australian kauri in ur- ban areas and parks. Lack of exter- nal indicators made detection of weakened trees a major problem.
Status of Diseases - California
Dwarf mistletoes, Arceuthobium spp. The dwarf mistletoes were again very prevalent and damaging to all commercial conifers in California ex- cept incense-cedar. Vegetation management in many recreation areas has been overlooked in the past, and as a result, numerous campgrounds have serious dwarf mistletoe problems in both overstory and understory trees.
Annosus root disease, Herero basi- dion annosum (Fr.) Bref. (=Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke.) was again the most serious and common root pathogen affecting all conifer species on land managed for recreation or for timber production. More than one-third of the requests for pest evaluations on National Forest land
j ae Gay, malian! AI Say
rin We
throughout the Pacific Southwest Region involved tree mortality caused by F. annosus. Although this root disease can be found in all California forest types, it was specifically identified and diagnosed as a problem on more than 23,000 acres during 1979.
White pine blister rust, Cronartium ribicola Fisch. and Waldh. The spring examination at a rust-resistant sugar pine test site near Happy Camp (Siskiyou County) confirmed that a substantial proportion of previously resistant pines had become infected for the first time in 15 years. These infections suggested that a new or previously unknown race of the rust may have overcome the single-gene dominant resistance of the host. Much of the rust at the test site origi- nated in 1976; it remains to be seen whether subsequent years’ infections will be more or less damaging to the pines.
Dutch elm disease, Ceratocystis uimi(Buism.) C. Mor. The Califor- nia Department of Food and Agriculture completed another year of surveys and aggressive sanitation to control Dutch elm disease. The disease was reported for the first time in Alameda County, bringing the total number of affected counties in the San Francisco Bay Area to eight. In 1979, 172 diseased trees were removed from these eight counties. The annual loss of elms within dis- ease sites( 1,000 foot radius around a diseased tree) is about | percent or less, and many of these sites have been free of disease for 3 years or more.
Cytospora canker, Cytospora abietis Sacc. There were unusually high occurrences of branch flagging on red and white fir in much of north- ern California during 1979. The flag- ging was caused by C. abietis, a canker-inducing fungus that typically intensifies within the State following periods of drought. This cankering complicated the recognition and salvage marking of high risk firs
already impacted by moisture stress, the fir engraver (Scolytus ventralis), dwarf mistletoe, and true mistletoe.
Elytroderma needle disease, Elytroderma deformans (Weir) Dark. The incidence of this needle cast was higher than normal in localized areas scattered throughout most of the range of ponderosa and Jeffrey pine. Favorable environmen- tal conditions in the fall of 1978, especially available moisture, proba- bly accounted for the increased in- fection. Although the disease was highly visible, it did not cause unusually serious damage or tree mortality.
Air pollution (Ozone). The Forest Service monitored ozone concenira- tions from June through October at four sites in the southern Sierra Nevada. Federal and State standards were exceeded at all locations during the summer, and daily maxima were often in the range of 10 to 14 parts per hundred million ozone, sufficient to cause observed symptoms on pon- derosa and Jeffrey pines.
Twenty-seven air pollution trend plots scattered throughout the southern Sierra were evaluated for ozone injury in 1979 and compared to the level of injury in the same plots in 1977. Nineteen of these plots showed increased levels of ozone inj- ury, six showed no change, and two had less injury. Very dramatic in- creases in injury at certain sites seemed partly due to abnormally poor needle retention. Many pines showing symptoms of ozone injury retained only 2 years of needles and had lost all foliage produced during the drought years of 1976 and 1977. Future recovery from drought stress in the form of increased needle reten- tion may show a relative reduction in the amount of air pollution injury to pines in the next few years.
Nursery diseases, Fusarium ox- ysporum. (Schl.) em. Snyd. & Hans. was the most serious disease in the Federal (F) and State(S) bare-root nurseries in 1979. At the Placerville
Nursery(F), where preventative treatments were the same for both years, sugar pine mortality was 12 percent in 1979 compared to7 per- cent in 1978. Mortality increased in Douglas-fir as well— 2.8 percent in 1979 compared to 0.8 percent in 1978. Ponderosa and Jeffrey pine losses decreased in 1979.
At Magalia(S), Fusarium ox- ysporum killed 50 percent of the 1-0 sugar pine, 50 percent of the 1-0 white fir, and 35 percent of the 1-0 red fir. Pythium spp. killed about 3 percent of the ponderosa and Jeffrey pines.
Fusarium oxysporum-caused mor- tality was insignificant at Ben Lo- mond (S) and Humboldt(F) Nurs- eries. At Lomond, F. oxysporum killed 1 percent of the Douglas-fir and Scots pine, and | to2 percent of the 1-0 white fir. At Humboldt, F. oxysporum killed scattered in- dividual seedlings or small clusters of 5 to 15 trees, but the losses were minimal.
Diapothe lokoyae Funk ( =Phomopsis :okoyae Hahn) caused some scattered losses of 2-0 Douglas- fir at Humboldt Nursery.
At the Chico Tree Improvement Center (F), water molds killed 20 percent of the ponderosa pine and 50 percent of the potted sugar pine stock.
Status of Diseases - Hawaii
Ohia forest decline. Rapid expan- sion of the decline appeared to have slowed, while the cause of the condi- tion continued to elude investigators. The Ohia borer, Plagithmysus bilineatus Sharp, and the root rot fungus, Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands, were discounted as primary causes of the decline.
Eucalyptus canker, Diaporthe cubensis Bruner. This disease is known to occur only in windward Kauai, but it does pose a threat to the extensive plantations of Eucal yptus saligna established since 1962.
Sif,
Pacific Northwest Region (R-6)!
Forest Insect and Disease Management Staff
State and Private Forestry Portland, Oregon
Conditions in Brief
In 1979, losses from bark beetles decreased in Oregon and Washington to about 1,423,150 acres. Although defoliation by spruce budworm continues, there appeared to be no substantial increase in com- mercial forest losses.
Western spruce budworm defolia- tion in Washington and Oregon doubled from 0.2 million acres reported in 1978 to 0.4 million acres in 1979. The amount of defoliation on the North Cascades National Park, Okanogan National Forest, and adjacent State and private lands increased. The budworm infestation on the Warm Springs Indian Reser- vation in Oregon increased in size and intensity. A suppression project for control of western spruce bud- worm populations was carried out on 34,440 acres on the Warm Springs Indian Reservation in Oregon.
No visible Douglas-fir tussock moth defoliation was reported this year. Lower level populations were observed on the Winema National Forest in Oregon and the Wenatchee and Colville National Forests in Washington.
Mountain pine beetle continues to be the most destructive forest insect in the Pacific Northwest. Acres of in- festation decreased in Oregon to 1,225,710 acres. In Washington, a slight decrease was also observed.
Elsewhere in the Pacific Northwest Region, mountain pine beetle caused heavy losses in lodgepole pine on the Deschutes, Fremont, and Winema National Forests and adjacent State and private lands in Oregon and on the Colville National Forest in Washington. In ponderosa pine type, tree mortality was observed on the
Includes forests in Oregon and Washington
38
Deschutes, Fremont, Ochoco, and Winema National Forests in Oregon and on the Okanogan, Wenatchee, and Colville National Forests, Col- ville Indian Reservation, and State and private lands north of Spokane, Wash. Mountain pine beetle losses in western white pine stands increased in Washington and decreased in Oregon in 1979. In Oregon, tree mor- tality was observed on the Mt. Hood, Umpqua, Deschutes, and Willamette National Forests. In Washington, tree-killing occurred on the Wenatchee, Colville, Okanogan, and Olympic National Forests, Olympic National Park, North Casade Na- tional Park, and Yakima Indian Reservation.
Scattered sugar pines were killed on the Deschutes, Willamette, Rogue River, Umpqua, and Winema Na- tional Forests and surrounding lands in Oregon. An estimated 99,800 board feet were killed by mountain pine beetles on 710 acres, a sharp decline in the losses observed in 1978.
Douglas-fir beetle activity decreased in Oregon and Washington to about 37,480 acres. Most of the tree killing occurred on the Umatilla and Wallowa-Whitman National Forests in Oregon and on the Umatilla, Okanogan, and Col- ville National Forests in Washington. A noted increase in activity occurred in the spruce budworm-defoliated stands in northeast Washington. Western pine beetle-caused tree mortality decreased sharply in Oregon but almost doubled in Washington. Major losses occurred on the Winema, Fremont, and Malheur National Forests in Oregon and the Yakima Indian Reservation in Washington.
Pine engraver beetle activity decreased to about 21,690 acres. The sharp decline in tree mortality is at- tributed to increased precipitation in the Pacific Northwest in 1978.
Winter weather injured trees in much of western Oregon and Washington. The incidence of foliage
diseases was much lower in 1979 than in 1978. Root diseases in- creased perhaps because of certain forest management activities. Wounds created during harvesting contributed to stem decay losses.
Status of Insects
Western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Free. Defoliation observed in the Pacific Northwest increased over the acreage reported in 1978. The outbreaks in the Okanogan Valley in northeast Washington continued to increase in intensity and size. The outbreak in the Methow Valley of Okanogan County and the outbreaks on the Wenatchee National Forests con- tinued to decline since these areas were sprayed in 1977. Extent of bud- worm defoliation for 1979 is sum- marized in table 11.
Acres of defoliation on the Warm Springs Indian Reservation more than doubled this year. The Bureau of Indian Affairs, in cooperation with the U.S. Forest Service, treated 34,440 acres with carbaryl plus oil at the rate of 1 pound ai per acre during June and July. The treatment area included 5,850 acres of defoliation not visible from the air. Budworm mortality was 96 percent on treated plots in the 14-day period following treatment.
Egg mass surveys were made in the Okanogan Valley and on the Warm Springs Indian Reservation in 1979. The Okanogan survey was restricted to those areas where the biological data could aid in the selection of areas for direct operational control or used for research study in 1980. Results of these surveys indicate western spruce budworm populations in Conconully and Mt. Hull east of Oroville, Wash., are suitably high to warrant control or to meet research needs. Results of egg mass evalua- tions on the Warm Springs Indian Reservation indicate budworm populations may remain low follow- ing treatment in early summer.
Table 11. — Summary of western spruce budworm defoliation '
Area
Washington
Commercial forest lands Okanogan National Forest Wenatchee National Forest Other Federal State and Private
Dedicated lands
Total Washington
Oregon
Commercial Forest lands Other Federal
Total Oregon
TOTAL REGION
‘These acreages are based on aerial survey.
Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata McD. No visible defoliation caused by this insect was detected in Oregon or Washington in 1979. Individual larvae were recovered from defoliator monitoring plots on the Winema National Forest in eastern Oregon and the Colville and Wenatchee National Forest in north-central Washington. Low-level populations continued for the ninth consecutive year at Mare’s Egg Spring on the northwest side of upper K lamath Lake on the Winema National Forest.
Sawfly, Neodiprion sp. This insect continued to cause light defoliation of lodgepole pine on 450 acres on the Winema National Forest in Oregon. Infestations reported on the Descnutes and Umpqua National Forests in 1978 collapsed in 1979.
Larch casebearer, Coleophora laricella(Hbn.). Populations of larch casebearer continue to defoliate
Acres
157,960 64,550 8 860 84,760
61,940
378,070
28,590
28,590
406 660
western larch stands in eastern Washington and Oregon. No formal aerial survey was made to determine the extent or intensity of defoliation in 1979; however, field observations in- dicate that defoliation was generally at a higher level than in 1978.
Both native and introduced parasites continue to increase in numbers. A gathis pumila continues to show a slow increase in numbers with very little spread from the original release sites. Chr ysocharis laricinellae, on the other hand, is showing good population increases and spread throughout the casebearer infestation. C. laricinellae was found this last sum- mer to be well distributed in the Washington Cascade population. At 4 of 5 plots sampled, C. /aricinellae was found. Rates of parasitization ranged from 37 percent to less than | percent. Other introduced parasites, if established, are not numerous
enough to be found in sampling. Populations of native parasites con- tinued to increase.
Mountain pine beetle, Dendroc- tonus ponderosae Hopk.The moun- tain pine beetle continues as the most destructive tree killer in the Pacific Northwest. The largest outbreak is on the Malheur, Umatilla, and Wallowa-Whitman National Forests and adjacent State and private lands in northeastern Oregon. Mountain pine beetles in this area are attacking lodgepole pine and old-growth and second-growth ponderosa pine. Losses in lodgepole pine stands in 1979 are estimated at 64.1 million board feet on 418,000 acres. The mountain pine beetle is still expand- ing into the remaining unmanaged stands of mature lodgepole pine, the greatest losses occurring on the Dale and Ukiah Ranger Districts on the Umatilla National Forest. Tree mor- tality in the older outbreak areas is continuing to decline since most Suitable host material has been killed, Losses in mature and im- mature ponderosa pine stands decreased within the outbreak area in 1979, Estimated losses of 64.9 million board feet of wood on 315,000 acres occurred this year. Greatest losses were observed in un- managed second-growth ponderosa pine stands west of Ukiah, Oreg.
Western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeC. Western pine beetle losses in mature ponderosa pine in- creased in eastern Washington but decreased in Oregon in 1979. Ap- proximately 9.5 million board feet of ponderosa pine mortality was ob- served on 110,800 acres in the Pacific Northwest Region. In Oregon, most of the losses occurred on the Deschutes, Fremont, Winema, Umatilla, Wallowa-Whitman, Ochoco, and Malheur National Forests; Warm Springs Indian Reser- vation; and adjacent State and pri- vate lands. In Washington, the ma- jority of the losses were on the Okanogan and Wenatchee Nationa! Forests, and Yakima and Colville In- dian Reservations, and adjacent State and private lands.
Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk. Douglas-fir
39
beetle activity declined in Oregon and Washington. The insect-killed trees totaled an estimated 8.9 million board feet on 37,480 acres. The majority of the losses, 5.6 million board feet, occurred on the Umatilla and Wallowa-Whitman National Forests, and adjacent State and pri- vate lands in eastern Oregon and Washington. Elsewhere, scattered tree mortality was observed on the Mt. Hood, Umpqua, and Willamette National Forests in western Oregon. In Washington, losses were reported on the Okanogan, Colville, Gifford Pinchot, Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie, and Olympic National Forests; the Olym- pic National Park; and State and pri- vate land in southwest Washington.
Ground surveys of the older out- break areas on the Okanogan Na- tional Forest and North Cascades National Park indicate an increase in bark beetle attacks. This increase in beetle activity is attributed to poor tree vigor in stands that have sus- tained several years of continuous budworm defoliation. A quantitative estimate of these losses has not been made.
Pine engraver beetles, /ps spp. Tree mortality caused by these beetles decreased by about 94 percent in 1979. The return to normal moisture conditions is believed to have made the trees less attractive for attack. Damage occurred on approximately 21,690 acres in Oregon and Washington. Heaviest damage was reported on the Fremont, Malheur, Ochoco, Wallowa-Whitman, and Umatilla National Forests and adja- cent State and private lands in Oregon, and on the Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests in Washington.
Fir engraver, Scolytus ventralis Lec. Populations of this beetle decreased sharply in Oregon and in- creased slightly in Washington. Losses in true fir stands are esti- mated at 3.8 million board feet on 25,710 acres. Most damage occurred in unmanaged stands on the Fre- mont, Mt. Hood, Winema, Wallowa- Whitman, and Umatilla National Forests in Oregon and Okanogan, Wenatchee, and Colville National Forests in Washington.
40
Table 12. — Bark beetle epidemic infestations in Oregon and Washington
(R-6), 1979°
Insect Species
Oregon
Douglas-fir beetle (east-side Douglas-fir)
Douglas-fir beetle (west-side Douglas-fir)
Douglas-fir engraver
Engelmann spruce beetle
Fir engraver
Flatheaded woodborer
Mountain pine beetle (Ponderosa pine}
Mountain pine beetle (Sugar pine)
Mountain pine beetle (White pine)
Mountain pine beetle (Lodgepole pine)
Mountain pine beetle (Whitebark pine)
Western pine beetle
Totai Oregon
Washington
Douglas-fir beetle (east-side Douglas-fir)
Douglas-fir beetle (west-side Douglas-fir)
Engelmann spruce beetle
Fir engraver
Flatheaded woodborer
Mountain pine beetle (Ponderosa pine)
Mountain pine beetle (Western white pine)
Mountain pine beetle (Lodgepole pine)
Mountain pine beetle (Whitebark pine)
Western pine beetle
Total Washington
Regional Totals
‘Excluding pine engraver
Number
277
Acres
18,070 3,810 30
90 14,740 990 362,770 710 9.640 726,850
870 89,240
1.227.810
14,250 1,350 600 10.970 50 37,810 60,830 26,050
180 21,560
173,650
1,401 460
Number of trees
1,020
5
25
7,363
115
380 402 125
9,085 1,339,705
630 10,524
ep S ae
6,434 235 555
5,982
20 18,799 45.121 43,445
65 2,457
123,113
1,875,232
infested volume (MBF)
66,792.4
99.8
2,441.4
92,993.5
44.4 8,189.0
177 ,985.3
3,530.8 180.8 138.8
15785
12 994.4 20,470.1 3,042.0
46 1,351.2
31,285.4
209,270.7
Other insects (R -6)
Insect
Host
Location
Various hardwoods
Seattle, Wash., and
Remarks
APHIS treated 400 acres
Gypsy moth Lymantria dispar (L.)
Flatheaded borers Melanophila spp.
Balsam woolly adelgid Adelges piceae (Ratzeburg)
Western conifer seed bug Leptoglossus occidentalis (Heidemann)
Fir coneworm Dioryctria abietivorella (Grote)
Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine
True fir
Western white pine
Western white pine
Portland, Oreg.
and Oregon
Status of Diseases
Dwarf mistletoes, Arceutho bium spp. Douglas-fir dwarf mistletoe, A. douglasti Engelm., was the most serious pest of this tree species in Oregon and Washington. Forty-two percent of the host type in eastern Oregon and Washington is infected. Infected stands can be treated by clearcutting, removing infected residuals, sanitation thinning, and manipulating species.
Ponderosa pine dwarf mistletoe, Arceutho bium campylopodum Engelm., occurs on approximately 30 percent of the ponderosa pine type in the Pacific Northwest. The impact of this pest is slowly declining as more stands are coming under intensive management.
Root diseases. Black stain root dis- ease, caused by Ceratocystis wageneri Goheen and Cobb ( =Ver- ticicladiella wagenerii Kendrick) was found on numerous dead and dying ponderosa and lodgepole pines in Deschutes County. This repre- sented the first report of this disease on these two species in Oregon. Black stain was also found on Douglas-fir
in several new locations in Oregon and Washington.
A major concern some Oregon and Washington forest pathologists have is an apparent increase in root dis- ease incidence. Some of the increase can be attributed to better detection and awareness of root diseases by foresters, thereby discovering long- standing infection centers. This does not, however, explain all of the in- crease. Root diseases appear to be increasing as a result of forest management activities. Based upon surveys made in western Oregon, an estimated 5 percent of the Douglas- fir type is out of production because of laminated root rot( Phellinus weirti( Murr.) Gilb.). Locally, this can be much higher. A Forest Service evaluation of western hemlock showed that 26 percent of the trees in thinned stands contained Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. ( =Fomes annosus ( Fr.) Cke.). Thir- teen percent were infected in unthin- ned stands. Volume lost because of decay amounted to 2.2 percent in thinned and 3.4 percent in unthinned stands. Stand age ranged from 40 to 120 years. The root disease problem
Southwestern Oregon
Western Washington
Dorena Seed Orchard
Dorena Seed Orchard
in eradication program in Seattle. Males trapped in Portland.
Losses to this pest decreased in 1979.
Damage observed on 2,450 acres in Washington and 360 acres in Oregon.
Populations heavy.
Populations heavy.
in true fir stands is beginning to look serious. Root rots caused by P. weirii, H. annosum, and Armillariella mellea (Vahl ex Fr.) Karst are all being found in true fir types. They are frequently found together. Most of the serious root rot infections in true firs appeared to be occurring in areas that have had repeated partial cuts.
Stem decays. A Forest Service survey of advanced white fir regeneration was made over eastern Oregon and Washington in 1979. Twenty-three stands were examined. Data from 13 stands showed 52 per- cent of the trees left after thinning were wounded. Decay was associ- ated with 51 percent of the wounds. In wounded trees, 2.4 percent of the cubic foot volume was lost to decay. Much of the Hetero basdion an- nosum (Fr.) Bref. (=Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke.) decay in western hemlock stands was associated with stem wounds,
Dutch elm disease, Ceratocystis ulmi (Buism.) C. Mor., was not reported in any additional Washington counties. Walla Walla remained the only county to have the
41
Severe damage caused by armillaria root rot.
disease. There were no new findings reported in Oregon.
Foliage diseases. In general, the in- cidence of foliage diseases was con- siderably lower in 1979 than in 1978. Maple leaf blight was much less evi- dent in 1979. Elytroderma needle blight, caused by Elytroderma defor- mans (Weir) Darker, of ponderosa pine did increase in intensity in local areas in Crook County, Oreg., and Ferry County, Wash.-Swiss needlecast, caused by Phaeocryp- topus gaumanni( Rohde) Petr., in-
42
creased on Douglas-fir Christmas trees in Thurston and Mason Coun- ties in Washington. Some Swiss needlecast was found on forest trees, but damage was negligible. Larch needlecasts, which had been pre- valent in northeast Washington in 1978, were much less evident in 1979:
Winter injury. Winter drying of conifers was the most spectacular damaging agent in western Oregon and Washington in 1979. Portions of the east side were also affected.
F-702382
Strong winds lasting for several days, accompanied by cold temperatures and lack of snow caused many trees to lose moisture faster than it could be replaced. Affected trees suffered foliage burning and some top and branch dieback. Forest nurseries were particularly hard hit. Douglas- fir suffered the most damage. Red belt, caused by a similar phenomenon, was observed in- Okanogan County, Wash. Many trees in the Portland area were severely damaged by a January ice storm.
Southern Region (R-8) and Southeastern Area!
Paul A. Mistretta, Robert L. Anderson, and William H. Hoffard Forest Insect and Disease Management
State and Private Forestry Atlanta, Ga.
Conditions in Brief
During 1979, southern pine beetle reemerged as a major killer of trees in the Southeastern Area. Extensive losses occurred in South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. Severe late summer losses were also reported in North Carolina. Total salvage in these States will exceed 47,300,000 board feet of sawtimber plus 517,400 cords of pulpwood.
Reflecting the increase, southern pine beetle activity on National Forest lands in the these States was ex- ceedingly high (9,300,000 board feet and 46,000 cords of the above volumes).
Despite this increase in beetle ac- tivity, Texas (scene of extensive bee- tle kills in the past) and Louisiana have had light beetle activity.
Introduced pine sawfly popula- tions have increased dramatically in North Carolina and Virginia and are expected to persist at high levels.
Several geometrid hardwood defoliators were unusually active this year. Spring and fall cankerworms, linden looper, and eastern and forest tent caterpillars caused defoliation at epidemic levels.
Light or scattered damage was ex- perienced as a result of the activities of the pine spittlebug, pine tip moth, the redheaded pine sawfly, the Virginia pine sawfly, walkingsticks, and weevils.
Cyclic activity by cicadas was high in many hardwood areas. Impact of these insects, however, is negligible.
During 1979, the balsam woolly adelgid appeared in two Fraser fir
‘Includes forests in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia.
areas previously thought free of this insect. All natural stands of Fraser fir in the Tennessee to Virginia range of this species are now known to be in- fested.
While final data are not available, estimated losses to coneworms in seed orchards appear to exceed the $4.5 million damage incurred in 1978.
Fusiform rust continued to be a major problem in the Southeast. Re- cent estimates indicated that on about 3.8 million acres, at least half the trees had stem or potential stem
cankers(branch cankers less than 15
inches from bole). At the same time, it was estimated that 13.8 million acres of susceptible forest type had 10 percent or more infected or poten- tially infected stems.
A newly reported root disease complex affecting sand pine was in- vestigated in Florida. A loss of $250,000 in a single Florida seed orchard, plus several known disease- centers in outplanted sand pine, indi- cated a great potential for damage to this pine resource. A statewide Survey is being made in Florida.
Live oak decline was scrutinized throughout the range of live oak. Six more Texas counties were added to the long list of affected counties in the United States. The oak wilt fungus was implicated as the cause of this problem. Further investigation is underway.
A tip blight problem was reported by several nurseries in the area. Ter- minal dieback and multiple termina! shoots, combined with loss of growth, were the only observable damage. Tentatively, the causal agent was determined to be a species of Phomopsis.
Pitch canker, while declining asa problem in plantations, is becoming a major pest in seed orchards, affecting both trees and seed.
Weather damage accounted for major losses during 1979. Snow, ice, drought, winter drying, tornados, and especially hurricanes caused serious forest tree loss in Alabama,
Mississippi, Georgia, South Carolina, and Tennessee.
Decays and root rots continued to cause serious loss throughout the area.
The pine wood nematode was reported in northern Arkansas and Louisiana. The extent of mortality was not determined, but frequent reports indicated that it may be a serious problem, at least in urban environments. In addition, an un- determined species of nematode was reported associated with southern pine beetle in Alabama.
Status of Insects
Southern pine beetle, Dendroc- tonus frontalis Zimm., activity in- creased dramatically in South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi during 1979.
In August, survey crews in Georgia reported 11,037 southern pine beetle spots, containing an estimated 148,825 cords of dead wood. By Oc tober, 243,444 cords of wood had been salvaged statewide. This total represents only about half of the esti- mated volume killed during the cur- rent outbreak in Georgia. Heaviest beetle activity occurred in the north- central counties and 24 counties were declared a disaster area by the governor.
The Oconee National Forest in Georgia showed some of the heaviest southern pine beetle activity in years. Between July 1 and September 30, the Oconee had salvaged 1,076,000 board feet of sawtimber and 19,027 cords of pulpwood.
In South Carolina, 1,051,000 board feet and 20,538 cords were salvaged on private land during the July-September quarter. South Carolina incurred these losses in the northwestern third of the State. In addition, the Sumter National Forest in South Carolina reported similar intense beetle activity, with | million board feet and 26,650 cords salvaged in fiscal year 1979.
43
Alabama suffered serious losses to its pine resource. In all, 9,500 spots were reported during the second survey, run between August 20 and October 16, 1979. This survey, which included 47 counties, led to the detection of about 750,000 affected trees. Salvage estimates from the State are 23 million board feet, plus 304,000 cords. Value killed since July has been estimated at $15.9 million, with only $5.3 million recovered in salvage. Salvage esti- mates from the Alabama National Forests are 5,100,000 board feet and 10,000 cords of pine.
Mississippi also suffered serious damage caused by southern pine beetle. About 14 million board feet and 25,000 cords of pine have been infested. Surveys revealed about 6,000 spots containing a total of 346,000 trees. A net loss value of $2 million has been predicted in Mississippi after salvage operations are completed. National Forests in Mississippi have salvaged 7,200,000 board feet of pine.
North Carolina showed a surge of southern pine beetle activity in the late summer and fall of 1979. Five counties in the Piedmont area of the State qualify as “outbreak areas’’ (in excess of one multiple tree spot per 1,000 acres of host type). At the time of this writing, State entomologists are surveying and evaluating these and 10 other counties.
Table 13 shows host type acres in- fested southwide by southern pine beetle. This information is the sum of the total host type acreage within each outbreak county and has been apportioned into broad ownership classes.
Introduced pine sawfly. Infestation by the introduced pine sawfly (Diprion similis Hartig), first reported in 1978, has increased dra- matically in both intensity and range. The insect (previously confined to the upper Midwest and Northeast) was possibly introduced on nursery stock. The sawfly attacks all ages of white pine and now scattered infesta- tions occur over a large area of the Southern Appalachians, from Grayson County, Va., south to McDowell County, N. C., plus an
44
LA
Counties suffering epidemic levels of southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis) activity.
Table 13. — Acres of host type in southern pine beetle outbreak counties,
apportioned byownership class, 1979
All National Other Industrial Other State ownership Forest public private private Alabama 4,716,700 192,410 73,030 918,070 SDOS2nO Georgia 2,824,375 167 698 140,605 602 474 1,913,598 Mississippi 1,324 200 61,620 54,610 170,370 1,037,600 North Carolina 386 349 0 896 35,647 349 806 South Carolina 3,389 ,702 241 869 95,787 824 314 2,227,732 Total 663,597 364 928 ZOOULOhO 9,062 006
12,641 406
isolated occurrence in Rockingham County, Va. Lack of natural parasites and rapid reproduction (three complete generations a year) account for the insect’s success. Severe defoliation and some mor- tality have occurred in the Linville Falls-Crossnore, N. C. area. Cocoon and parasite surveys indicate that the pest population will continue to in- tensity and spread.
Parasites effective in keeping the sawfly in check in its northern range are absent or very rare in the North Carolina infestation. In response to this situation, the Forest Service has
initiated a pilot project to rear and release parasites obtained from Wisconsin into the infested areas in North Carolina.
Additional work on impact assess- ment, pheromone development, and biology have been initiated in cooperation with the Southeastern Forest Experiment Station.
Balsam woolly adelgid. Surveys in June and September showed that the balsam woolly adelgid (A delges piceae Ratz.) has become established in two fir stands on Mount Rogers, Va. This is the first confirmed report of the insect in this area, but analysis
Introduced pine sawfly larva, Diprion similis,
of compression wood in disks taken from aphid-infested trees showed that the infestations have been established since about 1964. The host trees on Mount Rogers appear to be a hybrid Fraser fir and further verification has been proposed. All natural stands of Fraser fir from the Great Smokies National Park to Mount Rogers, Va., are now infested.
Hardwood defoliators. Geometrid defoliators, including fall canker- worm (A/sophila pometaria Harr.), spring cankerworm (Paleacrita ver- nata Peck), and linden looper( Eran- nis tiliaria Harr.), caused defoliation of oaks in a three-State area. Scat- tered areas of defoliation ranging from 2 to 700 acres in size were detected from central Kentucky, south through Tennessee and into northern Alabama. Approximately 225,000 acres of hardwood forest were affected.
Confirmed distribution of the introduced pine sawfly in the southern Appalachians.
Fraser fir killed by the balsam woolly
adelgid, Adelges piceae, in North Carolina.
Other insects (R-8 & Southeastern Area)
Insect
Black turpentine beetle. Dendroctonus terebrans (Olivier)
Ips engraver beetles, [ps species
Hickory bark beetle, Scolytus quadrispinosus (Say)
Host
Southern pines
Southern pines
Hickories
Location
Georgia, Virginia, North Carolina,and Tennessee
Richmond, Willis, Floyd, and Westmoreland Counties, Va.; widespread in North Carolina and Tennessee
Southwest Virginia
Remarks
9,000 cords salvaged in Georgia (with /ps-infested timber). High activity in late summer in Virginia.
Low levels of infestation — usually associated with weakened timber.
Associatec with dying trees on Bryd Center State Park.
46
Other insects (R-8 & Southeastern Area) continued
Insect
Bagworm, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (Haworth)
Oak leaf tier, Croesia semipurpurana (Kearfott)
Fall webworm Hy phantria cunea (Drury)
Eastern tent caterpillar Malacosoma americanum (F.)
Forest tent caterpillar Malacosoma disstria (Hubner)
Gypsy moth Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus)
Loblolly pine sawfly Neodiprion taeda linearis Ross.
Redheaded pine sawfly Neodiprion lecontei (Fitch)
Host
Arborvitae, white pine,
red cedar, and loblolly
pine
Various hardwoods
Various hardwoods
Cherry and plum
Various hardwoods
Various hardwoods
Southern pines
Southern pines
Location
Essex, Westmoreland, Isle of Wright, and Northum- berland Counties, Va.; Adair County, Ky.; many scattered counties in Tennessee
Southwest Virginia
Eastern Virginia; Tennessee; Franklin County, Ky.
Central Piedmont of Virginia; north-central Flordia; statewide in Kentucky
Virginia
Kentucky
Alabama and Louisiana
Avery County, N.C.; Loudoun
County, Va.; Sevier and Wilson Counties, Tenn.
Calhoun and Ouachita Counties, Ark.
Kentucky and Tennessee
Remarks
Populations generally greater than 1978 in the midsouth. Serious damage (dieback of white pine terminals) in both plantations and shade trees.
Lowest populations in the last 10 years.
Extremely heavy and visible defoliation in high-use scenic areas.
Unusually heavy in Virginia and Florida; widespread In Kentucky.
20,000 acres defoliated in Great Dismal Swamp, Va.
Light to heavy defoliation in Floyd and Estill Counties, Ky.
50,000 acres in Alabama and 400,000 acres in Louisiana were partially to completely defoliated this summer. This is the 16th consecutive year for defoliation in the gum- tupelo swamps, without economic effect.
Aerial Spray operations were carried out in North Carolina and Virginia by APHIS in response to information from male trapping programs.
Low level damage to plantation pines.
Caused scattered damage of various levels throughout these two States.
47
Other insects (R-8 & Southeastern Area) continued
Insect
Host
Location
Remarks
Virginia pine sawfly Neodiprion pratti pratti (Dyar)
Spring cankerworm Paleacrita vernata (Peck)
Nantucket pine tip moth
Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock)
Variable oak leaf caterpillar Heterocampa manteo (Doubleday)
Elm leaf beetle Pyrrhalta luteola (Muller)
Locust leaf miner Odontata dorsalis (Thunberg)
Walkingstick Diapheromera femorata (Say)
Pine leaf chermid
Pineus pinifoliae (Fitch)
48
Various pines
Post oak
Shortlead and loblolly pine
Various pines
Various hardwoods
Oaks Oaks
Chinese elm
Black locust
Various hardwoods
White pine and red spruce
Various locations in Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky, and Tennessee
South and central Texas
North Louisiana
Augusta County, Va.;
Rockingham and Pasquotask
Counties, N.C.; Chester, Madison, and Henderson Counties, Tenn.; scattered in Kentucky
Carolina County, Va.; Humphreys, Stewart, Wilson, and Cumberland Counties, Tenn.
Northern half of Louisiana.
Angelina, Houston, St. Augustine, Newton, and Nacogdoches Counties, Tex.
Accomack County, Va.; Davidson, Dickson, Robertson, Smith, Wayne, and Van Buren Counties, Tenn.
Arkansas,
Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and Texas
Northeastern Virginia, central and extreme eastern Tennessee, central Mississippi
Shenandoah National Park in Va.; Ouachita National Forest, Ark.
Macon and Jackson Counties, N.C.
Damage ranged from light to severe for areas in the mid- south.
Epidemic on 27 million acres.
Heavy damage in several plantations.
Damage mostly light and scattered.
Caused up to 80 percent defoliation in Virginia; generally lighter in Tennessee.
Moderate defoliation.
Epidemic level.
Moderate defoliation reported.
Defoliation severe in urban areas.
Damage generally static to decreasing in Virginia; severe in central and east Tennessee, increasing in central Mississippi.
Caused extensive heavy defoliation.
Caused severe shoot dieback. Also caused minor yellowing and foliage drooping of white pine in additional south- western North Carolina counties.
Other insects (R-8 & Southeastern Area) continued
Insect Host
Location
Pine spittlebug Aphrophora parallela (Say)
Pine bark aphid Pineus strobi
(Htg.)
Periodical cicada Magicicada septendecim (Linnaeus)
Weevils Pines
(Curculionidae)
Previous high populations of the fall cankerworm in northern Georgia and western North Carolina have declined to low levels over most to the pest’s earlier range. A 500-acre area near Fontana Lake, N. C., is the last remaining area of heavy defolia- tion caused by this insect.
Seed and cone insects. Southern seed orchard managers in the Coastal States from Virginia to Georgia reported heavy cone losses in early spring from attacks by the webbing coneworm, Dioryctria dis- clusa (Heinrich). On Georgia Kraft’s Briar Patch Orchard near Greensboro, Ga., Barber and DeBarr(unpublished data) found losses of 25 percent on untreated trees.
Southwide in 1978, coneworm damage (all Dioryctria species) caused an estimated loss of 8,430 bushels of cones, valued at $4.5 million. Data for fiscal year 1979 is not available at this time; however, the loss is expected to be higher than 1978. During 1979, an average of 2 to 10 percent of the loblolly and shortleaf pine cones in Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas were damaged.
Various pines
White pine
Various hardwoods
Remarks
Northern and eastern Virginia; statewide in North Carolina
Eastern Kentucky and Wythe
County, Va.
the Piedmont of North Carolina
Accomock and Augusta Counties, Va.; Putnam
County, Ga. (Oconee National Forest)
White pine cone beetle, Con- ophthorus coniperda (Schwartz) killed an estimated 51 percent of the white pine cone crop on the North Carolina Division of Forestry’s Ed- wards Seed Orchard, Morganton, N. C. This loss represents 497 bushels of cones.
Status of Diseases
Root diseases. Annosus root dis- ease, caused by Heterobasidion an- nosum (Fr.) Bref. (= Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke.), caused an estimated 3 percent loss of the slash and loblolly pine resource. Most of this loss occur- red on high hazard sites where thin- ning had been done. Control measures are available that could reduce losses in these areas.
Littleleaf disease (Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands) was the most se- rious disease problem of old growth shortleaf pine. Gradual growth reduction eventually resulting in pre- mature death caused severe economic loss on several thousand acres in Georgia, South Carolina, and Alabama. During 1979, an
The Piedmont of Virginia, northwest Georgia, and
Infestations very heavy in parts of Virginia, but impact of this insect is negligible.
Light in Kentucky, but severe in three Virginia locations.
Widespread damage; severe on part of the Chattahoochee National Forest.
Mostly secondary except for light damage on white pine in Virginia.
association between littleleaf disease centers and early southern pine bee- tle attacks was reported. The exact impact of this association was not determined.
The exact cause of resin-soaked root disease of sand pine has not been determined. Root disease fungi found associated with this problem include Armillariella (Clitocybe) tabescens (Fr.) Singer, Phaeolus (Polyporus) schweinitzii( Fr.) Pat., Inonotus circinatus (Fr.) Gilbn., (Polyporus tomentosus var. Cir- cenatus (Fr.) Sart. & Maire), and Verticicladiella procera Kend.
This disease is present throughout most of the natural and commercial ranges of sand pine in Florida and also has the potential to cause damage in Georgia and South Carolina. A survey to determine the distribution of and volume loss caused by the problem was begun, and results should be available in 1980.
Fusiform rust, caused by Cronar- tium quercuum ( Berk.) Miy. ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme, continued to be the most serious disease of slash and loblolly pines. The disease was most severe in a wide land corridor from central Louisiana to South
49
Resin-soaked wood caused by sand pine root rot.
PP
Natural range of sand pine.
Crh Pes
we I aay
Distribution of slash pine plantations with 51 to 100 percent of the stems infected by
C. quercuum f. sp. fusiforme.
Carolina. This intensity distribution was verified in 1979 using Renewa- ble Resources Inventory data in Georgia, Florida, North Carolina, and South Carolina.
Annual losses attributed to
fusiform rust were estimated at 562 million board feet of sawtimber and 194 million cubic feet of growing stock. A survey using Renewable Resources Inventory data showed there were about 3.8 million acres in
the Southeastern Area that have at least 50 percent of the trees with stem or potential stem cankers( branch canker within 15 inches of the stem). The acreage with at least 10 percent of the slash and loblolly pine affected with stem or potential stem cankers was estimated to be 13.8 million (ta- ble 14).
Fusiform rust is expected to be a serious problem for many years. But, through an integrated approach of breeding for resistance, site and species selection, and close monitor- ing of plantations, the losses can be reduced substantially.
Brown spot disease of longleaf pine, incited by Scirrhia acicola (Dearn. ) Sigg., caused light damage throughout the range of its host. There were only a few instances of heavy damage reported. Losses as a result of delayed break from the grass stage had not been quantified.
Wilt diseases, Oak wilt, Ceratocystis fagacearum (Bretz) Hunt, continued to be a disease of major concern to forest managers in Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, and South Carolina. Although there was no significant spread of the disease in these States, several new pockets of wilt were diagnosed. Moderate losses con- tinued to occur, resulting in the maintenance of quarantine restric- tions. The export of white, northern red, southern red, and cherrybark oaks was severely curtailed.
The oak wilt fungus was recently isolated from wilting live oaks in Bandera, Blanco, Gillespie, Kerr, McLennan, and Midland Counties in Texas. These trees were showing symptoms of a disease syndrome known as live oak decline. In addi- tion to live oak, similar symptoms have been described on dying or declining post, water, southern red, and laurel oaks. Another fungus, Cephalosporium diospryi Crandall is still considered to be a major pathogen in the syndrome, and at least 10 other genera of fungi have been isolated from diseased roots. It is expected that this situation will have a negative effect on intra-na- tional sales of oak nursery stock from Texas nurseries.
51
Distribution of loblolly pine plantations with 51 to 100 percent of the stems in- fected by C. quercuumf. sp. fusiforme.
Table 14. — State acreages of slash and loblolly pines with at least 10 percent of the trees having main stem or potential main stem fusiform infections
Ownership
National Other
State Forest Federal State Private
Alabama 61,900 20,100 20.100 1 938,900 Arkansas 6,500 1,200 850 50,400 Florida 47 000 28,400 22 500 1,020,200 Georgia 78,500 71,600 14,800 3,871,700 Louisiana 61 300 15,700 31 400 1 461,700 Mississippi 86,500 6,700 6,800 1,585,200 North Carolina 28,700 9,600 9,700 1 296 300 South Carolina 82,200 32,000 47,900 1,322,000 Texas 36 ,500 1,300 1 400 461 800 Virginia — — — 6,016
Total 489,100 186,600 155,450 13,014,216
52
Texas counties with reported occur- rence of live oak decline as of 1979.
Pitch canker, incited by Fusarium moniliforme var, subglutinans Wr. & Reink, continued to cause serious losses in southern pine management. The fungus induces canker formation on a wide variety of commercial pine hosts including slash, longleaf, shortleaf, loblolly, Virginia, eastern white, Scots, sand, tablemountain, pitch, and Monterey pines. During 1979, pitch canker activity was seen in Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Loui- siana. Although disease-caused mor- tality decreased to moderate levels in plantation pines, observations in northern Florida seed orchards revealed severe damage to trees. Conditions still prevailed throughout the pine range that would permit further severe damage.
Area of increased pitch canker activity.
ees
Creo ON aegrngncee
\)_ #%
33
Other diseases (R-8)
Disease
ANTHRACNOSE, BLIGHT, DECLINE, OR WILT
Dutch elm disease Ceratocystis ulmi (Buism.) C. Mor.
Mimosa wilt Fusarium oxysporum (Schl.) em. Snyd. & Hans.
Oak anthracnose Gnomonia quercina Kleb.
Oak decline caused by drought, insects, and a variety of disease organisms.
Sycamore anthracnose, Gnomonia platani Edg.
Walnut anthracnose Gnomonia leptostyla (Fr.) Ces. & de Not.
White pine root decline Verticicladiella procera Kend.
ROT OR CANKER
Root rot Armillariella (Armillaria) mellea (Fr.) Karst. Armillariella (Clitocybe) tabescens (Fr.) Singer Phaeolus (Polyporus) schweinitzii (Fr.) Pat. Phytophthora sp.
54
Elm
Mimosa
Red and white oaks
Oak
American sycamore
Black walnut
Eastern white pine
All species
Location
Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia
Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Louisiana, Alabama, and Mississippi
North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia
Georgia, South Carolina, Tennessee, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas
Throughout range of sycamore
Throughout walnut range
Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia
Throughout Southeast
Remarks
Mortality varies from 0 to 80 percent depending on the length of time since the first infection occurred in an area.
Has killed many trees. Resistant trees are taking the place of nonresistant trees through planting.
Defoliation was light to moderate.
Scattered throughout these States, especially severe in Appalachian Mountain area.
Severe defoliation with branch dieback. Mortality occurred only in stressed trees.
Moderate to complete defoliation. Seemed to be more severe on stress sites.
Scattered dying of white pine, primarily on wet sites. One 1/2-acre kill of 30-year-old white pine was reported in North Carolina.
Annual losses are estimated at 1 to 2% with arange of 0 to 80% in individual stands.
Other diseases (R -8) continued
Disease
Root rot Ganoderma tsugae Murr.
Decay, primarily fungi in the Polyporaceae
Butternut canker SiroCcoccus sp.
Fusarium canker Fusarium solani (Mart.) App. & Wr. em. Snyd. and Hans.
Hy poxylon canker Hypoxylon atropunctatum (Schw. ex Fr.) Cke.
Comandra rust
Cronartium comandrae Pk.
Eastern gall rust Cronartium quercuum (Berk.) Miy. ex.
Shirai f. sp. quercuum
Sweet fern blister rust Cronartium comptoniae Arth.
White pine blister rust Cronartium ribicola Fisch.
Chestnut blight Endothia parasitica (Murr.) P. J. and H. W. And.
Black knot Dibotryon morbosum (Schw.) Th. and Syd.
Host
Loblolly pine
Oak
Hardwoods
Butternut
Yellow poplar, black wainut, & sweetgum
Red oak group
Loblolly pine
Virginia pine
Virginia and lobiolly pine
Eastern white pine
American chestnut
Black cherry
Location
Alabama
Florida
General throughout Southeast
Kentucky to Virginia
Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee
Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee
Eastern Tennessee
North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia
Virginia Oklahoma
North Carolina and Virginia
Throughout chestnut range
Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee
Remarks
Serious damage in aseed orchard.
Asscciated with new housing disturbance.
Causing substantial losses. Especially severe where hardwoods have been burned.
Most of the sapling and larger trees are dead or infected. Nut production seems reduced on infected trees.
Caused up to 90% losses in grafted seed orchards.
Scattered mortality of weakened trees.
Found over a 10-county area — damage still light.
Light damage.
Especially severe in droughty areas. Urban problem.
Low throughout known range. 1979 survey showed infection remains low in parts of Virginia even though ribes eradication had been stopped.
Almost complete mortality of older trees. The hypovirulent strains give hope that the disease may be controlled.
Light to severe losses reported. May limit species development in some locations.
35
Other diseases (R-8) continued
Disease
LEAF OR NEEDLE DISEASES
Actinopelte leaf spot Actinopelte dryina (Sacc.) Hoehn.
Melampsora rust Melampsora medusae Thum.
Oak leaf blister Taphrina caerulescens (Mont. & Desm.) Tul.
Pine needle rust Coleosporium sp.
Powdery mildew Microsphaera alni DC. ex Wint.
Tar spot Rhytisma acerinum Pers. ex Fr.
ABIOTIC
Drought
Hurricane
Ice
56
Host
Red oaks
Poplars
Red oaks
Hard pines
Oak, catalpa, and poplar
Maple
Maple, oak, black gum,
poplar, and American chestnut
All species
Loblolly & hardwoods
Location
North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia
Throughout poplar range
Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee
Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Kentucky, and Tennessee
Florida, Georgia, and Tennessee
Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina
Kentucky and Tennessee
Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, and Louisiana
Georgia; South Carolina; Tennessee; Zuitman County, Miss.; and North and Central Louisiana
Remarks
Especially severe on pin oaks.
Caused premature defoliation of the species.
Scattered throughout range, but not severe enough to cause defoliation.
Little damage, but widespread.
No damage.
No damage to host.
Caused wilting and leaf fall and death of severely stressed trees.
Forest timber damage estimate is $335 million in Alabama from Hurricane Frederic. Less severe damage in Florida (David), Mississippi (Frederic), and Louisiana (Bob).
Several thousand acres were damaged. In some cases the damage was severe enough to warrant salvage operations. Decay may follow in hard- woods. Moderate seed orchard damage.
Other diseases (R -8) continued
Disease Host Location Remarks Pollution Bromine All species Rockwood, Tenn. Moderate to severe damage
around bromine spill.
Ozone Eastern white pine North Carolina, South Scattered browning of Carolina, and Virginia about 10% of trees. Salt Hardwoods South Carolina and Foliage necrosis; roadside. Tennessee Alabama After Hurricane Frederic. Snow Maple, ash, locust, Tennessee Limb breakage. boxelder,hackberry, sycamore, and beech Tornado All species Tennessee Salvaged 1,423,000 board feet at the Chuck Swain State Forest and Wildlife Management Area. Winter drying Loblolly pine Tennessee Foliage necrosis with no mortality. OTHER PROBLEMS Eucalyptus leaf and Eucalyptus Southern Florida Leaf damage under field condi- stem diseases tions was very light. One Gloeosporiumsp. 50-acre stand was heavily Cylindrocladium damaged by stem cankers. scoparium Morg., Cankers caused little Alternaria sp., damage elsewhere. Pestalotiasp.., Diaporthe sp. Nematode Loblolly pine Alabama Unknown species reported Bursaphelenchus sp. associated with trees killed by southern pine beetle. Slime flux Oak Northern Georgia, About 0.1 percent of the oaks Erwinia nimipressuralis Kentucky, North seem to be affected; usually Cart. Carolina, South associated with decay or an Carolina, Tennessee, injury. and Virginia NURSERY DISEASES Fusiform rust Slash pine Florida Single nursery with unusually
Cronartium quercuum (Berk.) Miy. ex Shirai f.sp. fusiforme
high (25% +) infection.
i
Other diseases (R -8) continued
Disease
Leaf rust Melampsorasp.
Root rot Cylindroclandium floridanum Sobers
Root rot Cylindrocladium scoparium Morgan
Root rot Pythium sp., Fusariumsp., Rhizoctonia sp.
Root rot (Cause unknown)
Tip blight Diplodia sp. Phomopsis sp.
Host
Cottonwood
White pine
Eucalyptus
Sweetgum
Southern yellow pines
Southern yellow pines
Loblolly and slash pines
58
Location
Louisiana
North Carolina
Florida
North Carolina
Arkansas, Louisiana, Alabama, and Mississippi
Alabama
Florida, Texas,
Arkansas, and Mississippi
Remarks
Late season problem in one nursery; no real damage.
Continued low-level loss.
Loss of 200,000 seedlings. Second crop of 250,000 seedlings treated with fungicide successfully.
Very low level.
Present in several nurseries at low levels.
Infection rate varies from 10 to 90%, depending on location within nursery, in each of two State nurseries.
Caused widespread seedling dieback in several nurseries.
Eastern Region (R-9) and Northeastern Area’
Kathryn Robbins
Forest Insect and Disease Management
State and Private Forestry Broomall, Pa.
Conditions in Brief
Defoliation of spruce and fir by spruce budworm in New England and the Lake States totaled 6.6 million acres in 1979, with the vast majority occurring in Maine. Damage was heavier than in 1978 in all States but Maine, and populations are expected to remain high throughout the area in 1989.
Approximately 654,000 acres were defoliated in 1979 by the gypsy moth, which is considerably less than the 1,271,990 acres defoliated in 1978. Except for Vermont, defoliation was heavier in New England this year, but less in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.
Defoliation of various hardwoods by the forest tent caterpillar was generally light except in two large outbreaks— one in Maine (80,000 acres) and one in Minnesota (10,000 acres).
Many oaks throughout the Region were defoliated by numerous insects besides the gypsy moth and forest tent caterpillar, especially those in- sects in the leaf tier and roller com- plex.
The North American strain of Scleroderris canker continued to cause mortality in young pine planta- tions in the Lake States, New York, Vermont, and one plantation in Maine. The more damaging Euro- pean strain was still confined to northern New York, Vermont, and one plantation in New Hampshire.
Well-managed control programs were generally helpful in reducing the rate of spread of Dutch elm dis- ease in 1979, although some
‘Includes forests in Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, lowa, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota. Missouri, New Hampshire, Maine, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pen- nsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.
localities showed much greater mortality this year.
There was adequate rainfall dur- ing the year’s growing season in most of the Region, but the effects of the 1976-77 drought were still seen. Rel- ated stress-induced dieback and mortality affected several hardwood species such as oak and maple.
Mortality in forest nurseries throughout the Region this year was attributed to a variety of causes in- cluding root rots, foliar diseases, nematodes, and cutworms.
A new cause of pine mortality, the
- pine wood nematode, was first found
in this country in an Austrian pine in Missouri in February 1979. Most of the subsequent cases involved Scots pine. Whether the nematode will re- main a pest of ornamentals, or become an epidemic problem in forest stands as it has in Japan, re- mains to be seen.
Status of Insects
Spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), was the most damaging insect in the Region in
Balsam fir defoliated by the spruce bud- worm near Shoepack Lake, Mich.
1979. Eighty-nine percent of the acreage defoliated was in Maine, the State with the only spray project (ta- ble 15). Approximately 2.7 million acres were treated with carbaryl, acephate, trichlorfon and Bacillus thuringiensis. Acceptable foliage protection was obtained with all the materials. The other States confined their control programs to salvage and presalvage of declining stands. Defoliation in New Hampshire was greater than last year and shifted southward and eastward. Popula- tions intensified in New Hampshire and Vermont over the past few years and are predicted to remain high in both States in 1980.
There were two separate infesta- tions in Wisconsin. In the north- eastern part of the State, 140,000 acres were defoliated in 1979. Heavy balsam mortality has occurred on . 10,000 acres since 1974. Only 1,300 acres were defoliated in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan while a small infestation (160 acres) was also found in the Lower Peninsula. In Minnesota, spruce budworm popula- tions increased somewhat in 1979.
59
Gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar Table 15. — Northeastern Area spruce budworm defoliation — 1979 (L.), continued to spread and cause extensive dofoliation. Although con-
siderably more acres were defoliated Bt gba gine ee ee
in most of the New England States
this year, the areawide total was only II mtr sss rt) ces MICS == <> as a
about half of last year’s, mainly Maine af = = 5,900,000
because of the marked decrease in Michigan 73,590 147,632 37,600 258 822
Pennsylvania (table 16). Minnesota a aa = 150,000 Over 100,000 acres were treated New Hampshire = = ~ 70,000
with a variety of chemicalsincluding | Vermont — 90,923 11,000 101,923
carbaryl, diflubenzuron, and Wisconsin — ~ — 141,300
trichlorfon and biological control Total 73.590 238 555 48.600 6.622.045
agents (insect parasites and Bacillus thuringiensis, the gypsy moth virus, and the pheromone disparlure). Some of these treatments successfully reduced populations, but the effects of others were inconclusive because of natural population collapses. Male moths were trapped in Maryland, Minnesota, Ohio, West Virginia, and Wisconsin; however, no defoliation was observed in these areas.
Forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hbn., is endemic throughout the Northeast and generally caused little defoliation except in three States. An unexpected outbreak in Maine resulted in medium to heavy defoliation on 50,000 to 80,000 acres. For the third year, the forest tent caterpillar caused heavy defolia- tion in northern Minnesota, but refoliation followed with little noticeable damage to the trees. In northwestern Wisconsin, there was scattered light to heavy defoliation of aspen on 80,500 acres.
Oak defoliators along with the gyp- sy moth and forest tent caterpillar, caused widespread defoliation of oaks throughout the Northeastern Region. The major insects involved were Croesia semipurpurana (Kft.}, Archips spp., Pseudexentera sp., and Phigalea titea(Cram.). The States that reported the most damage were Pennsylvania, Maine, Massachuset- ts, and West Virginia.
Jack pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus Freeman, is a major defoliator of jack pine and was active this year in the Lake States. A building population was detected in both the Upper Peninsula and Lower Penin- sula of Michigan. Approximately 12,000 acres of light to moderate defoliation occurred in the Lower Gypsy moth defoliated areas.
60
Table 16. — Northeastern Area gypsy moth defoliation — 1979
State 0-30%
Connecticut 6,784 Delaware 10 Maine 4,290 Massachusetts 125,805 Michigan — New Hampshire 2,960 New Jersey 56,035 New York 76,450 Pennsylvania _ Rhode Island 105 Vermont VOU 7 Total 282,556
31-60%
61-100% Total 1978 Total 468 7 486 3,835 2,130 23,180 4,120 26,310 226 260 63,042 100 100 — 1,120 5,980 4S) 62,755 193,700 204 330 5953379 162,275 500,046 eal 8,552 452,892 550 655 — 10,925 28 667 43,000 161,445 656,865 1,271,990
Jack pine budworm infestations.
Other insects (R -9)
Insect
Birch leaf miner Fenusa pusilla (Lepeletier)
Bronze birch borer Agrilus anxius Gory
Host
Birches
Birches
Location
Michigan, Rhode Island,
northern Wisconsin, and Vermont
Areawide
Peninsula. In northwestern Wiscon- sin, heavy to severe defoliation oc- curred on 15,000 acres with light to moderate defoliation on another 15,000 acres. This outbreak is ex- pected to increase and spread east- ward next year. Populations declined this year in Minnesota and are ex- pected to do so again in 1980. Moderate to heavy damage occurred on 15,500 acres this year.
Status of Diseases
White pine blister rust, caused by the fungus Cronartium ribicola Fischer, was the most damaging dis- ease of white pine in the North- eastern Region. However, with proper site selection and the use of rust resistant planting stock, white pine can be grown successfully. In 1979, 12,000 rust resistant seedlings were planted on two National Forests in the Lake States and at least twice that number are scheduled to be planted in 1980.
Vascular wilts. Dutch elm disease, caused by Ceratocystis ulmi(Buism.) C. Mor., is present throughout most of the Northeastern Region and, in 1979, continued to kill elms where they still existed. Integrated control programs, which may include sur- veys, Sanitation, root graft control, chemical injection, and pruning of affected limbs, enabled communities to reduce their annual elm mortality. In communities without such programs and in the forest where
Remarks
Moderate to heavy defoliation in the Lake States and Rhode Island, but light in Vermont.
Damage especially heavy in northwestern Wisconsin and southern Indiana.
61
Other insects (R -9) continued
Insect
Cherry scallop shell moth Hydria prunivorata
Eastern tent caterpillar Malacosoma americana (F.)
European pine sawfly Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy)
Fall cankerworm Alsophila pometaria (Harris)
Fall webworm Hyphantria cunea (Drury)
Green fruitworm Lithoplane antennata (Walker)
Greenstriped mapleworm Anisota rubicunda (F.)
Horned oak gall Callirhytis cornigera
Introduced pine sawfly Diprion similis (Hartig)
Larch casebearer
Coleophora laricella (Hubner)
62
Host
Black and choke cherries
Cherries
Austrian, red, and Scots pines
Northern hardwoods
Various hardwoods
Maple, ash, elm, and hackberry
Silver and red maples
Pin oak
White and Scots pine
Larch
Location
New York and Pennsylvania
Areawide
Indiana, Michigan, New Jersey, and Wisconsin
Connecticut, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Rhode Island, West Virginia, and Vermont
Areawide
Indiana
Maine and Missouri
Illinois and West Virginia
Michigan, Wisconsin, and Vermont
New York and Vermont
Remarks
Defoliated 25,000 acres in New York and 2,000 acres in Pennsylvania.
Populations were very high in several States (Connecticut, Indiana, Missouri, New Jersey, and West Virginia) and may continue to be high in 1980 before reaching the decline phase of its 8-12 year cycle.
Defoliation was heavy in local areas in several States and is expected to be heavier in 1980.
Populations were generally lower than last year with scattered light defoliation occurring.
Defoliation was much less than last year in New England, but remained fairly heavy in Maryland, West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, and Missouri.
200,000 acres were defoliated in bottomlands and along river banks. Populations are expected to remain high next year.
50,000 acres in Missouri and 8,000-10,000 acres in Maine were defoliated.
Usually a problem of ornamentals, this pest was causing twig death and tree mortality in forest stands in three different areas.
Scattered light defoliation; mainly on ornamentals.
Light to moderate defoliation in northwest New York and light defoliation in Vermont.
Other insects (R-9) continued
Insect
Larch sawfly Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig)
Linden looper Erannis tiliaria (Harris)
Locust leaf miner Odontata (Xenochalepus) dorsalis (Thunberg)
Orange striped oakworm Anisota senatoria J. E. Smith
Pine engraver Ips pini (Say)
Pine root collar weevil Hylobius radicis Buchanan
Pine tussock moth Dasychira pinicola (Dyar)
Red pine scale Matsucoccus resinosae Bean & Godwin
Saddled prominent Heterocampa guttivitta (Walker)
Spittlebugs Aphrophora spp.
Host
Larch
Various hardwoods, esp. oaks
Black locust
Oaks
Red and jack pine
Scots and red pines
Jack and red pines
Red pine
Northern hardwoods
Red, Scots, and white pines
Location
Wisconsin
Indiana, Missouri, and Ohio
Southern Indiana, eastern lowa, Maryland, Ohio, southern Pennsylvania, and West Virginia
Indiana and southeastern New Jersey
Maryland, Michigan, and Vermont
Indiana and Michigan
Minnesota and Wisconsin
Connecticut, northern New Jersey, and southeastern New York
Maine, northeastern New York, and Vermont.
Michigan, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin
Remarks
Populations and acres defoliated decreased. Only scattered stands were affected.
Heavy defoliation occurred over wide areas. Reduced populations are expected in Missouri next year.
Moderate to heavy defoliation, with some tree mortality occurring in Maryland; populations were generally heavier than last year.
Heavy defoliation in a few isolated areas.
Continues to cause damage, especially in drought- stressed trees and where suitable slash permits population buildups.
Damage heavy in some young Scots pine plantations.
Defoliation of 400 acres in Minnesota and 600 acres in Wisconsin, but expected to increase in 1980; Minnesota will spray for control.
Continues to cause mortality and to spread at about 3 miles per year.
39,340 acres defoliated in
Vermont; moderate defoliation
in northeastern New York; little defoliation in Maine. Increased populations expected next year in all three States.
Local problems in some plantations.
Other insects (R-9) continued
Insect Host
Location
Spring cankerworm Paleacrita vernata (Peck)
Post-oak locust Denarotettix gquercus Packard
White pine weevil Pissodes strobi (Peck)
Yellow-headed spruce sawfly Pikonema alaskensis (Rohwer)
Zimmerman pine moth Dioryctria zZimmermani (Grote)
controls were not practical, damage remained heavy in 1979, especially in West Virginia and Pennsylvania.
Six Minnesota cities that partici- pated in a Federal Dutch elm disease demonstration control program suc- cessfully reduced the incidence of disease in 1979 below the 1978 level. Disease in 1979 averaged 21 percent less than that in 1978. Wisconsin’s 18 cities in the program were not as suc- cessful. Only eight of the cities reduced the level of disease inci- dence. In these cities the average in- cidence was reduced from 9 percent in 1978 to6.5 percent in 1979. In the other 10 cities the average rate of in- fection rose from 10 percent to 15.6 percent. Some wood utilization programs took place in Wisconsin and Minnesota during 1979, and there will be a major utilization thrust in 1980 involving all par- ticipating communities from both States.
Oak wilt, caused by the fungus Ceratocystis fagacearum (Bretz) Hunt is present throughout the Mid- west from Pennsylvania to lowa and
64
Various hardwoods
Oaks, dogwood, and red maple
White pine
White spruce
Red pine
Missouri, Ohio, and Vermont
Areawide
Minnesota
Michigan and Wisconsin
from central Wisconsin to Tennessee. In 1979, it continued to spread into previously uninfected areas, Regula- tions restricting the movement of oak wilt-infected logs from the United States to Europe are being developed by the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) and the European Common Market. These regulations could have a serious impact on the export of oak. Scleroderris canker is caused by two strains of the fungus Grem- meniella abietina (Lagerberg) Morelet. One strain, called the North American strain, primarily causes mortality of trees less than 5 feet tall and is most significant in reforesta- tion plantations and nurseries. A se- cond strain, called the European strain, can kill trees of any age. In 1979 the disease continued to cause damage to red, jack, and Scots pines. New infection centers of both strains were found this year but all were lo- cated in counties where scleroderris had been previously reported, except for Carlton County, Minn. In June 1979, six pine species in an experi-
Missouri and Wisconsin
Remarks
Heavy defoliation of oaks in east-central Missouri and Ohio; very light defoliation in Vermont.
Heavier and more widespread defoliation than last year.
Continues to be a problem on white pine throughout the area.
Populations decreased, but are present in 88% of planta- tions; tree mortality is about 4%.
In Wisconsin, heavy damage to terminal shoots for past several years has caused stagnation of height growth.
F-702386 Gremmeniella (scleroderris) canker on red pine.
mental planting near Cloquet, Minn., were found to be heavily infected with scleroderris cankers. The source of inoculum for these infections by the North American strain of the fungus is not known. In Vermont, 70 plantations (600 acres) were infected by the European strain, while in New York the fungus was found on about 50,000 acres. Quarantines of affected counties in these two States remained in effect. Only one planta- tion in New Hampshire (European strain) and one in Maine (North American strain) were infected. However, there are several planta- tions in Quebec, Canada, just north of the Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont borders that were infected with the European strain.
Beech bark disease results from the combined effects of a scale insect, Cryptococcus fagisuga Lind., and a fungus, Nectria coccinea Var. Faginata Loh., Wats. & Ay. The dis- ease is present throughout New Eng- land and New York, and in 1979 it was spreading west and south into Pennsylvania and New Jersey. A se- cond wave of the disease is killing beech regeneration in areas pre- viously infected.
Diebacks and declines were ob- served this year in many States on several species of hardwoods. Ash dieback was reported in Indiana, Ohio, New York, and Vermont, while in southern Wisconsin many ashes experienced unexplained pre- mature leaf fall. Stress-induced dieback and mortality of oaks in II- linois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, and Wisconsin often were associated with drought, Armillaria root rot, and two-lined chestnut borers. In Indiana alone, an estimated 321,778 board feet of affected oaks were lost. Maple decline occurred in the western Up- per Peninsula of Michigan, northern Wisconsin, southern Minnesota, and the sugar bushes of Vermont. Dieback of paper birch in Minnesota and yellow birch in Vermont and the western Upper Peninsula of Michigan was prevalent this year. Damage to walnut was associated with winter injury in Wisconsin and cankers of unknown cause in Iowa.
Decline of dogwoods, characterized by sparse foliage, wilted and stunted leaves, and dead branches, occurred over extensive areas in northern New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania. Pine wood nematode, Bur- saphelenchus lignicolus Mamiya & Kiyohara, causes a wilting disease of pines and was found for the first time in the United States ( Missouri) in February 1979 ina recently killed Austrian pine. Since then, killing of Scots, mugho, loblolly, shortleaf, and
wa ay
Dod
CR
Scleroderris canker distribution by counties.
Pine wood nematode distribution.
Swiss stone pines by this nematode has been confirmed. Thus far most reported cases of the nematode in- volved ornamentals, especially Scots pine. The pine wood nematode is believed to be native to the United States and not introduced from Japan where it causes extensive mor- tality. Past pine mortality caused by this pest in the United States may have been incorrectly attributed to stress, bark beetle attack, and blue stain fungi.
65
Other diseases (R-9)
Disease
Air pollution
Annosus root rot Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref.
Anthracnose Gnomonia spp.
Armillaria root rot Armillariella mellea (Vahl ex Fr.) Karst
Balsam fir needle rust Uredinopsis mirabilis (Pk.) Magn.
Beech bark disease Nectria coccinea var. faginata Loh., Wats. & Ay. (fungus) Cryptococcus fagisuga Lind. (vector)
Butternut canker
Sirococcus Clavigignenti-
juglandacearum (Nair, Kostichka, Kuntz)
Cenangium twig blight Cenangiumsp.
Diplodia tip blight Diplodia pinea (Desm.) Kickx.
Hypoxylon canker Hy poxylon mammatum (Whal.) Mill.
66
Host
White pine
Conifers
Sycamore, ash, and oak
Conifers and hardwoods
Balsam fir
Beech
Butternut
White pine
Red, jack, Austrian, and Scots pine
Aspen
Location
Minnesota, Missouri, and West Virginia
Areawide
Indiana, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia
Areawide
Vermont
New England, New York, northern New Jersey, and northeastern Pennsylvania
Illinois, Indiana, lowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin
West Virginia
Indiana, Michigan, New Jersey, and Wisconsin
Throughout aspen range
Remarks
Other species also damaged, but white pine is generally the most sensitive.
Damage is light except ina few plantations.
Spring weather conducive to infection led to heavy defoliation this year in many areas.
Continued to be a widespread problem, particularly on stressed trees. In Vermont, it was prevalent on declining sugar maples and red spruce.
Infection sufficiently heavy to make many trees unmerchantable as Christmas trees.
Continued to spread west and south. Asecond wave of the disease was spreading through New York and killing beech regenerated following the first wave.
Found in areas throughout the host range. In southwestern Wisconsin, 80% of the butternuts were cankered and 32% were dead.
Several thousand acres of white pine regeneration damage.
Found killing current year’s growth and occasionally entire branches, in forest stands, ornamentals, and nurseries.
Continues to cause mortality, especially damaging in young aspen stands.
Other diseases (R-9) continued
Disease
Larch decline (Unknown cause)
Leaf bronzing of aspen (Unknown cause)
Leaf spot Phyllosticta minima (B.& C.)E.& E.
Lophodermium needlecast Lophodermium pinastri (Schrad. ex Hook) Chev.
Marssonina leaf spot Marssonina populi (Lib.) Magn.
Oak wilt Ceratocystis fagacearum (Bretz) Hunt
Russian olive dieback Botryodiplodia theobramae (B. & C.) Cke.
Sirococcus shoot blight Sirococcus strobilinus Preuss.
Sugar maple defoliation (Unknown cause)
White pine root decline Verticicladiella procera (Kend.)
Host
Larch
Trembling and Bigtooth aspen; some poplar hybrids
Red maple
Scots and red pine
Trembling aspen
Oak
Russian olive
Red and jack pines
Sugar maple
White pine
Location
Vermont
lowa, Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin
Pennsylvania
West Virginia and Vermont
Maine
Throughout most of the
oak range in Area
Indiana
Lake States
Pennsylvania
Indiana, Maryiand, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia
Remarks
Mortality first noticed 10 years ago in small scattered centers and incidence has increased over the years. Populations of eastern larch beetle are now heavy in decline areas.
Symptoms observed for only the past 6 or 7 years. Present in 20 to 30 locations in Wisconsin and fewer areas in the other States. A virus or bacterium may be involved.
Severe damage in south central Pennsylvania, where 90% of leaf surface often is affected.
Caused defoliation in several plantations.
Drastic increase in defolia- tion caused by this disease.
Continued to spread at arate similar to previous years.
Heavy damage to a windbreak and nursery.
Most damage on red pine planted under an overstory of infected red pine. Found on jack pine seedlings ina Michigan nursery.
Total defoliation of Sugar maple on 155,400 acres. Problem first noted this year in which leaves curl, dry up, and drop prematurely.
Several new infection centers were found this year.
Edward H. Holsten, Andris Eglitis, and Thomas A. Laurent
Forest Insect and Disease Management
State and Private Forestry Juneau, Alaska
Conditions in Brief
Bark beetle activity continued to cause the most insect damage to forested areas in Alaska during 1979. Infestations covered 370,650 acres of white spruce, an increase of 247,100 acres over the area infested in 1978. White spruce mortality oc- curred on 31,115 acres of the Chugach National Forest; a 50- percent increase over 1978 infested areas. Approximately 8,710 acres of white spruce were infested by /ps in interior Alaska. Eastern larch bee- tle infestations decreased for the third consecutive year. Only 16,000 acres of scattered larch mortality were detected in 1979.
For the second year, large aspen tortrix populations remained high in south-central Alaska. In 1979 near Willow, Alaska, 26,771 acres of defoliated aspen were observed. The spruce budmoth(Zeiraphera sp.) defoliated 2,805 acres of white spruce northwest of Dillingham. Spruce budworm( Choristoneura sp.) was again collected in large numbers in localized areas around Anchorage.
In southeast Alaska, populations of the hemlock sawfly and western black-headed budworm remained at endemic levels during 1979. A third defoliator of western hemlock, the saddleback looper, continued to in- crease in numbers, particularly south of Frederick Sound. Cedar mortality was observed in small patches throughout the Stikine ( Petersburg) Area, the northern part of the Ketchikan Area, and Peril Strait on Chicagof Island.
‘Includes forests in Alaska
68
Alaska Region (R-10)'
Hemlock dwarf mistletoe, Sirococ- cus shoot blight and needle rust of
white spruce continued to be the most
damaging tree diseases in Alaska.
Table 17 summarizes the major forest insect and disease infestations in Alaska by ownership and pest.
Status of Insects Spruce beetle, Dendroctonus
rufipennis (Kby). Alaska spruce bee- tle populations dramatically in-
creased in 1979. Infestations covered approximately 370,650 acres, an in- crease of 247,100 acres over the area infested in 1978. White spruce mor- tality occurred on 31,115 acres of the Chugach National Forest; an in- crease of 15,792 acres( 50 percent) over the area infested in 1978. The Summit Lake infestation has in- creased from 800 acres in 1978 to 6,437 acres in 1979. Likewise, the Resurrection Creek infestation on the Kenai Peninsula (a high-value
Table 17. — Forest insect and disease infestations in Alaska by ownership and
pest — 1979
National Pest Forest
State Other and Federal Native private
Spruce beetle Dendroctonus rufipennis
Eastern larch — beetle D. simplex
Engravers = Ips spp.
Cottonwood leaf _ beetle Chrysomela scripta
Willow leaf — miner Rhynchaenus rufipes
Large aspen = tortrix Choristoneura conflictana
Spruce budworm — Choristoneura
spp.
270,388
15,992 —= =
MUS =
— — 100
2,338 1,008 — 9,007 = 21,417
— — 100
recreation area) has increased to 15,384 acres; an increase of 2,883 acres over 1978 levels.
Elsewhere on the Kenai Peninsula, spruce beetle activity is increasing. A total of 30,000 acres of white spruce is infested throughout the Kenai Na- tional Moose Range. The Barabara Lake infestation has increased by 3,195 acres over 1978 area(7,413 acres). Three new infestations total- ing more than 2,807 acres were detected near Homer at the southern end of the Kenai Peninsula.
In 1978, approximately 64,246 acres of white spruce mortal- ity occurred on the west side of
Table 17 continued.
Cook Inlet. In 1979, infestations covered 318,064 acres throughout this area of which 28,574 acres were moderate to heavily infested; the re- mainder being very light (1.2 infested trees per acre). The areas of heaviest infestation occurred north of Tuxed- ni Bay and lower Beluga Lake. This increased spruce beetle activity is probably a result of expanding pockets and emigrating beetles from the Tyonek outbreak of the late 1960’s and early 1970's. Salvage operations are continued on these affected State lands. As of October 1979, a total of 63.4 million board feet of white spruce was harvested on
National Pest Forest
Spruce budmoth == Zeiraphera sp.
Western black- — headed budworm Acleris gloverana
Hardwood = defoliation (Causes unknown)
Spruce needle rust — Chrysomyxa ledicola
Hemlock dwarf 30 958 mistletoe Arceuthobium
tsugae Total insect 31,115
Total disease 30,958
State total - insect and disease - 582,559
State Other and Federal Native private Se ee ls Acres ---------—-—--~~—-~~-~~_~_
— — 2,805 = = 247 27,606 — pool 13,343 13,343 40,030 81,209 66,673 306 888 13,343 13,343 40,030
the Westside Salvage Timber Sale. Approximately 80 percent of this volume was beetle-killed timber.
Throughout interior Alaska, spruce beetle activity was detected on 3,850 acres. The largest infesta- tion(778 acres) was located approx- imately 10 miles northeast of Little Russian Mission along the Kuskok- wim River. The 2,325-acre infesta- tion aerially detected in 1978, 18 miles south of Devil’s Elbow on the Kuskokwim River declined. No visi- ble beetle activity was observed in 1979:
Spruce beetle infestations in 1979, by ownership, are as follows: Na- tional Forest land - 31,115 acres; State, private, and Cook Inlet Region, Inc. holdings or selections - 330,388 acres; and other Federal lands(e.g., Kenai National Moose Range and National Monuments) - 26,321 acres.
Eastern larch beetle, Dendroctonus simplex (LeC.). Eastern larch beetle infestations have decreased in the in- terior from 35,590 acres in 1978 to 15,992 acres in 1979. The largest concentrations of larch beetle activity (10,680 acres) occurred southeast of Fairbanks along the Tanana and Teklanika Rivers. Approximately 3,583 acres of infested larch occur- red near Anvik along the Yukon River, the same area infested in 1978. Along the McKinley River, just outside the Mount McKinley Na- tional Park boundary, 1,500 acres of new larch beetle infestations were aerially detected. It appears that most of the susceptible tamarack was infested in the last 4 years and larch beetle activity has essentially run its course.
Engravers, /ps pertubatus (Eichh.). For the third consecutive year, engraver infestations increased in in- terior Alaska. Approximately 8,710 acres of white spruce were infested in 1979: an incease of 6,733 acres(77 percent) over the area infested in 1978. The largest infestation, ap- proximately 5,115 acres, was located along the Chandalar River southwest of Venetie. This outbreak undoub- tedly originated from the large quan- tity of white spruce slash left after road construction. Approximately
69
741 acres of scattered /ps kill were also aerially detected 10 miles north- west of Kiana along the Kobuk River.
Cottonwood leaf beetle, Chrysomela scripta F. Leaf beetle populations were low in southeast Alaska. No visible defoliation was detected from the air, however, several homeowners in the Men- denhall Valley north of Juneau reported moderate defoliation of or- namental cottonwoods.
Cedar mortality. Small patches of dying Alaska yellow cedar and western red cedar were readily ob- served throughout the central third of southeast Alaska. While growing site, root disease, and possiby Phloeosinus bark beetles are suspected as interacting causes of cedar mortality, the problem will be evaluated in greater depth during 1980. Currently, the most severely affected areas are the Stikine Area, the northern part of the Ketchikan Area, and Peril Strait in the Chatham Area.
Willow leaf miner, Rihynchaenus rufipes (LeC.). In 1979, aerial sur- veys detected 3,894 acres of defoli- ated willow along the Innoko River, due east of Anvik. Ground inspec- tion of the affected area showed that a small weevil was responsible for the defoliation. The weevil was iden- tified as R. rufipes, a new State record for Alaska. This species oc- curs from Newfoundland to Aklavid, Northwest Territory (now to northern Alaska). Larvae mine leaves of willow, elm, alder, apple, cherry, and birch.
Spruce budmoth, Zeiraphera sp. In 1979, aerial surveys detected 2,805 acres of heavy white spruce defolia- tion approximately 81 miles north- west of Dillingham between Lake Kulik and Grant Lake. A ground check of the affected area revealed an undetermined species of Zeiraphera. Allthe white spruce new growth and portions of the old growth were defoliated in all age classes.
Spruce budworm, Choristoneura sp. Similar to last year, ground sur-
veys detected visible budworm damage to white spruce in many resi- dential and park areas of Anchorage. The results of pheromone trapping indicated spruce budworm distribu- tion as far north as Fairbanks. However, no visible signs of defolia- tion were observed outside of Anchorage.
Spruce budworm life history studies were undertaken throughout the 1979 field season. Preliminary results indicated a species complex; 5 percent of the population being C. biennis Free. and the remainder possibly being C. fumiferana Free. Efforts will be continued to delineate the budworm species and the impact of this defoliator complex.
Large aspen tortrix, Choristoneura conflictana(WIlk.). For the second year, tortrix populations remained high. In 1979, surveys detected almost total defoliation of quaking aspen of 26,771 acres; an increase of 5,651 acres(21 percent) over the area defoliated in 1978. The ma- jority of the infestation is still located
Willows defoliated by willow leaf miner.
70
F-702380
approximately 8 miles west-south- west of Willow. An additional area of light to moderate defoliation was ob- served west of the confluence of the Yentna and Susitna Rivers. Tortrix populations increased in both the Anchorage Bowl and interior aspen forests. However, defoliation still re- mains light in these areas. Surveys near Willow in the spring and fall of 1979 indicated that 16 percent of the aspen died and 16 percent were top- killed as a result of 3 to 4 consecutive years of 90 percent-plus defoliation.
Leaf rollers, Epinotia solandriana L. Populations of this defoliator decreased to endemic levels. No visi- ble defoliation was detected during 1979 aerial surveys in comparison to the 14,749 acres detected in 1978.
Aspen blotch miner, Lithocolletis ontario (Free.). Populations of aspen blotch miners dramatically decreased from the 516,436 acres aerially detected in 1977 and 1978. No visible defoliation was detected during 1979 aerial surveys.
Western black-headed budworm, Acleris gloverana(Weshm), Black- headed budworm populations con- tinued to remain at endemic levels throughout southeast Alaska in 1979. Defoliation was visible from the air in only one location — Hecata Island (located west of Prince of Wales Is- land; south of Kosciusko Island). Ap- proximately 247 acres of western hemlock were moderately defoliated in two patches bordering Cone Bay on the west side of the island. Despite considerable browning of the upper crowns, little top-kill or whole-tree mortality is expected to result from this year’s defoliation. Larval counts taken during the annual permanent plot defoliator survey showed that budworm populations were lower than in 1978, but larvae were col- lected in more locations. Populations at Calder Bay were comparable to 1978 levels, but declined considera- bly in Tuxekan (northern Prince of Wales Island). The western black- headed budworm is expected to re- main at endemic levels in 1980, with possible localized buildups in the northwest corner of Prince of Wales Island and Kosciusko Island.
Hemlock sawfly, Neodiprion tsugae (Midd.). Hemlock sawfly populations remained endemic in 1979, with no defoliation visible from the air. A slight upward population trend was observed, as larvae were collected from nearly one-third of the 84 sampling points throughout southeast Alaska’s hemlock forests. Larval counts, although low, were the highest since 1975, and may in- crease further in 1980.
Saddleback looper, Ectro pis cre- puscularia (Denis & Schiff.). For the second consecutive year, saddleback looper populations increased, attain- ing their highest levels in 10 years. Larvae were collected in nearly half the 84 permanent sampling locations, including three plots north of Fre- derick Sound. This defoliator still re- mains endemic; however, popula- tions may continue to increase, representing a potential threat to western hemlock in the southeast.
Other loopers. Other geometrid lar- vae associated with western hemlock in 1979 included the green-striped forest looper (Melanolophia imitata (Walker)), the Columbia brindle looper (Anthelia hyperborea), and Hydriomena irata. All three defolia- tors were found in low numbers dur- ing the larval survey, but were widely distributed. The green-striped and Columbia brindle loopers were col- lected mostly south of Frederick Sound, while Hydriomena occurred from Lynn Canal south throughout the north half of Prince of Wales Is- land, In general, these looper populations are expected to remain endemic,
Hardwood defoliation, Hardwood defoliation from unknown causes covered approximately 39,437 acres. The majority of the defoliation was scattered throughout Alaska’s in- terior hardwood forests. Moderately to heavily defoliated balsam poplars (approximately 12,029 acres) were detected from Kashwitna Lake south to the confluence of the Yentna and Susitna Rivers. An additional 9,654 acres of defoliated willow and poplar were detected along the Yukon River near the village of Beaver. Likewise, 4,645 acres of defoliated willow and poplar were observed west and
northwest of Fort Yukon along the Yukon and Porcupine Rivers.
If this defoliation continues next year, ground evaluations will be un- dertaken to determine the causal agent(s).
Status of Diseases
Hemlock dwarf mistletoe, 4 r- ceutho bium tsugense (Rosend.) G. N. Jones, remained the most damag- ing tree disease in southeast Alaska. A high percentage of old growth stands between Haines and Ketchikan were infected.
Spruce needle rust, Chrysomyxa ledicola Lagh. Approximately 66,717 acres of needle rust were detected in 1979. The severe 1978 outbreak located northwest and east of Ruby declined by more than 50 percent. The scattered rust damage located in 1978 along the upper Por- cupine River was not detected in NSS).
A substantial increase in needle rust was observed on the Kenai Peninsula. In 1979, 40,403 acres of rust-infected white spruce were detected versus 618 acres in 1978. Up to 90 percent of the current year’s needles on all age classes of white spruce were infected. The largest area of infection extended from Clam Gulch south to the village of Ninilchik. Two consecutive warm and wet summers undoubtedly con- tributed to this increase in needle rust activity. If the 1980 summer weather patterns follow those of 1978 and 1979, there may be a serious effect on the following year’s growth.
Likewise, spruce needle rust was prevalent throughout southwest Alaska. Infected trees were highly visible from King Salmon to the Lake Clark region,
Sirococcus shoot blight, Sirococcus stro bilinus Preuss., was found throughout southeast Alaska with epicenters located in western hemlock reproduction at Thomas Bay and Y akutat.
Flood damage. Flooding killed white spruce on 4,670 acres along the Yukon River south of Anvik and on 1,500 acres along the Chichitnak River south of the Taylor Mountains.
71
c ——
er
L-
Forest Insect and Disease Management Publications
Northern Region (R-1)
Bennett, D.D.
1979. Pilot survey to measure annual mortality caused by mountain pine beetle in lodgepole pine on the Beaverhead, Gallatin, and Flathead Forests in 1978. Report 79-12.
Bennette, D.D., and W. E. Bousfield.
1979. A pilot survey to measure annual mortality by
mountain pine beetle. Report 79-20. Bousfield, W.E.
1979. R-1 forest insect and disease damage survey
system. Report 79-2 Bousfield, W.E.
1979. Progress report on spruce budworm damage in
Idaho and Montana, 1978. Report 79-11. Bousfield, W.E., and G.C. Franc.
1979. Remeasurement of western spruce budworm damage areas on the Clearwater National Forest, Idaho, 1978. Report 79-8.
Carlson, C.E., C.C. Gordon, and C.J. Gilligan.
1979. The relationship of fluoride to visible growth/ health characteristics of Pinus monticola, Pinus contorta, andPseudotsuga menziesii. Fluoride 12/1:9-17.
Dewey, J.E., and M.J. Jenkins.
1979. An evaluation of cone and seed insects in selected seed production areas in Region | (Progress report). Report 79-16.
Dooling, O.J.
1979. Evaluation of a proposed dwarf mistletoe management project on the Sula Ranger District, Bitterroot National Forest. Report 79-17.
Dooling, OJ.
1979. Dwarf mistletoe loss assessment in east side
Northern Region National Forest. Report 79-13. Flavell, Thomas H.
1979. Reevaluation of larch casebearer parasites in casebearer-infested stands of Region 1. Report 79-3.
Gibson, K.E., and D.D. Bennett.
1979. Overwintering survival of mountain pine beetle larvae and resultant effects on beetle populations in the Northern Region in 1979. Report 79-15.
Gibson, K.E., and M.M. McGregor.
1979. Potential for mountain pine beetle infestation on the Tally Lake Ranger District, Flathead National Forest, Montana. Report 79-5.
Gibson, K.E.,M.M. McGregor, and D.D. Bennett.
1979. An evaluation of a developing mountain pine beetle infestation in Centennial Valley, Montana, 1979. Report 79-19.
Gibson, K.E., H.E. Meyer, and D.D. Bennett.
1979. Mountain pine beetle infestation potential for the Plains Ranger District, Lolo National Forest. Report 79-9.
Hard, J.S.
1979. A reevaluation of 1978 Bacillus thuringiensis applications for cankerworm control in Siberian elm shelterbelts. Report 79-18.
Hard, John, Richard Frye, Donald Carey, and Mary Ellen Dix.
1979. An evaluation of day and night aerial B.t. ap- plications for cankerworm control in Siberian elm shelterbelts. Not numbered.
Hard, John S., and John Rice.
1979. Preliminary results of seedling damage survey in young plantations on selected forests in Region 1. Report 79-10.
McGregor, M.D.
1979. A demonstration of lodgepole pine management to prevent mountain pine beetle outbreaks— Yaak and Thompson River drainages. Progress report. Report 79-14.
McGregor, M.D., D.D. Bennett, and H.E. Meyer.
1979. Evaluation of mountain pine beetle infestation, Hebten Lake Ranger District, Gallatin National Forest, Montana, 1978. Report 79-6.
McGregor, M.D., and K.E. Gibson.
1979. Evaluation of the mountain pine beetle infesta- tion, Blackfeet Indian Reservation and East Side Glacier National Park, Montana 1979. Report 79-21.
McGregor, M.D., K.E. Gibson, and D.D. Bennett.
1979. Bark beetle conditions, Northern Region, 1978. Report 79-4.
Robinson, Laird A., Jerald E. Dewey, and Clinton E. Carlson.
1979. Forest insect and disease conditions in the
Northern Region, 1978. Report R1-79-17. Walsh, Natalie, and Gael Bissell.
1979. Impact of copper smelter emissions on two subalpine ecosystems near Anaconda, Montana. Report 79-7.
13
Rocky Mountain Region (R-2)
Gillman, L:S.
1979. Wild Mushrooms - enjoy them in your National Forests and National Grasslands of the Rocky Mountain Region. Publication 1-22-5-79. 29 p.
Hildebrand, D.M.
1979. Mycorrhizal inoculation of container-grown Engelmann spruce and lodgepole pine. Technical Report R2-18. 24 p.
James, R.L.
1979. An evaluation of Diplodia pinea on Austrian pine seedlings at Bessey Nursery, Nebraska. Biological Evaluation R2-79-1.5 p.
James, R.L.
1979. Lodgepole pine seedling chlorosis and mortality at Bessey Nursery, Nebraska. Biological Evaluation R2-79-2.10 p.
James, R.L.
1979. Leafspot of silver maple seedlings at Bessey Nursery, Nebraska. Biological Evaluation R2-79-3. 6 p.
James, R.L.
1979. Jack pine decline in the Nebraska National Forest: distribution, insect and fungal associates. Biological Evaluation R2-79-4. 19 p.
James, R.L.
1979. Fungi associated with mortality of containerized Austrian pine seedlings at the Kansas State and Ex- tension Forestry Greenhouse. Biological Evaluation R2-79-7. 11 p.
James. R.L.
1979. An evaluation of Engelmann spruce seedling tip dieback at Bessey Nursery, Nebraska. Biological Evaluation R2-79-9.5 p.
James, R.L.
1979. Winter damage to ponderosa pine in Nebraska.
Biological Evaluation R2-79-13.9 p. James, R.L.
1979. Fomes annosus on white fir in Colorado. Plant
Disease Reporter 63: 129-130. James, R.L. and L.S. Gillman.
1979. Fomes annosus on white fir in Colorado. Tech- nical Report R2-17.9 p.
James, R.L., D.W. Johnson and W.G. Telfer.
1979. Diplodia tip blight of ponderosa pine in the Black Hills, South Dakota. Biological Evaluation R2-79-8. 10 p.
James, R.L. and J.P. Linnane.
1979. Forest Insect and Disease Management Annual
Report. Rocky Mountain Region, 1978.51 p. Johnson, D.W. 1979. Dwarf mistletoe surveys, Bureau of Land
74
Management, Craig District, Kremmling Resource Area, Colorado. Biological Evaluation R2-79-5. 10p.
Johnson, D.W.
1979. Examination of Bessey Nursery stock for western gall rust, Nebraska. Biological Evaluation R2-79-6. 2 p.
Johnson, D.W.
1979. Growth and fate of comandra rust cankers on young lodgepole pine. Technical Report R2-19. 10p.
Johnson, D.W.
1979. Growth and development of comandra rust cankers on young lodepole pine. Plant Disease Reporter. 63:916-918.
Johnson, D.W., F.G. Hawksworth and D. B. Drum-
1979. 1978 dwarf mistletoe loss assessment survey. Bighorn and Shoshone National Forests, Wyoming. 79-3. 8p.
Johnson, D.W. and J.E. Kuntz.
1979. Eutypella canker of maple: ascospore discharge
and dissemination. Phytopathology 69: 130-135. Johnson, D.W. and J.E. Kuntz.
1979. Eutypella parasitica: ascospore germination and mycelial growth. Canadian Journal of Botany 57:624-628.
Lessard, G.D.
1979. Mountain pine beetle, Project +632, Progress Report, Black Hills National Forest. Biological Evaluation R2-79-11.9 p.
Lessard, G.D.
1979. Mountain pine beetle, Bear Lodge Mountains, Black Hills National Forest. Biological Evaluation R2-79-12.7 p.
Lessard, G.D.
1979. Mountain pine beetle evaluation, South Dakota State Cooperative Area - 1979, Progress Report +1. Biological Evaluation R2-79-15. 9 p.
Linnane, J.P.
1979. Western tent caterpillar, Pagosa Ranger Dis- trict, San Juan National Forest. Biological Evalua- tion R2-79-10. 9 p.
Linnane, J.P.
1979. Western spruce budworm results of an egg mass survey on the Pike and San Isabel. and Arapaho and Roosevelt National Forests in 1979. Biological Evaluation R2-79-14. 16 p.
Stevens, R.E., C.K. Lister, and J.P. Linnane.
1979. Outbreak of a twig beetle, Pityophthorus opaculus LeConte, in Colorado, Coleopterists Bulletin 33(3):268.
Southwestern Region (R-3)
Hofacker, T. H., D.G. Holland, and T. Smith.
1979. 1978 Cooperative Douglas-fir tussock moth NPV pilot control project. County of Los Alamos, New Mexico. R-3 79-6.
Parker DAL.
1979. Integrated pest management guide: Arizona five-spined ips, /ps lecontei Swaine, in ponderosa pine. R-3 79-79.
Parker, D.L., and R.E. Stevens.
1979. Mountain pine beetle infestation characteristics in ponderosa pine, Kaibab Plateau, Arizona, 1975-1977. Research Note RM-367.
Ragenovich, I.R. 1979. Western tent caterpillar in aspen. R-3 79-9.
Intermountain Region (R-4)
Barry, W.B.,G.P. Markin, J.A.E. Knopf, and J. Wong.
1979. Demonstration of the Marsh Turbo Thrush to deliver pesticides to coniferous forests. Donnelly, Idaho.
Beveridge, Ron, and Max M. Ollieu.
1979. Impact of defoliation by western spruce bud- worm. Boise and Payette National Forests, other Federal, State and private lands.
Hoffman, J.T.
1979. Biological evaluation of the Old Smokey
Campground, Payette National Forest. Hoffman, J.T., and L. Hobbs.
1979. Dwarf mistletoe loss assessment survey in
Region 4, 1978. R-4-79-4. Hoffman, J.T., and G.M. Filip.
1979. Biological Evaluation of root rot of spruce,
Peterson Grove, Dixie National Forest. Hoffman, J.T., and R.E. Wood.
1979. Biological evaluation of Macrophomina phaseoli at the Lucky Peak Nursery, Boise National Forest.
Hoffman, J.T., and A.C. Tegethoff.
1979. 1978 Dwarf mistletoe presuppression survey on
the Payette National Forest. Knopf, Jerry A.E.
1979. Calf Pen and Paradise Flat timber sales, /ps
management, Council Ranger District. Knopf, Jerry A.E.
1979. Protection from /ps buildup for Little Beaver
S&S timber sale, Idaho City Ranger District. Knopf, Jerry A.E.
1979. Ips management, Summit Gulch timber sale,
Council Ranger District. Knopf, Jerry A.E.
1979. Bark beetle and disease management, proposed Rainbow Helicopter timber sale, Krassel Ranger District.
Knopf, Jerry A.E.
1979. Beetle evaluation, timber trespass. North Fork
Ranger District, Salmon National Forest.
Knopf, Jerry A.E.
1979. Ips management, Calf Pen timber sale, Council
Ranger District. Knopf, Jerry A.E.
1979. Beetle evaluation, illegal felling of ponderosa pine adjacent to the Dave Jerome Ranch. Emmett Ranger District.
Knopf, Jerry A.E.
1979. Pre-sale /ps evaluation, Cow Camp timber sale.
Emmett Ranger District. Knopf, Jerry A.E.
1979. Ips management, early entry into Dry Buck
thinning sale. Mountain Home Ranger District. Knopf, Jerry A.E., G.P. Markin, P.J. Shea, and W.M. Ciesla.
1979. Western spruce budworm population densities and defoliation | year after insecticide treatment of small blocks. New Meadows Ranger District.
Knopf, Jerry A.E., R.L. Beveridge, and A.C. Valcarce.
1979. Biological evaluation, western spruce bud-
worm, Boise and Payette National Forests. Ollieu, M.M.
1979. Insect and disease evaluation, Bryce Canyon
National Park. Ollieu, M.M.
1979. FI&DM recommendations - proposed Stewart
Creek timber sale. Fairfield Ranger District. Oliieu, M.M.
1979. FI&DM review of Dixie National Forest
developed sites. Ollieu, M.M.
1979. Bark beetle buildups in Council area, Payette
National Forest. Ollieu, M.M.
1979. FI&DM input in proposed Fleck Summit timber
sale. Fairfield Ranger District. Ollieu, M.M.
1979. FI&DM input, Barker Gulch timber sale. Fair-
field Ranger District.
a |
n
Ollieu, M.M.
1979. Forest entomology input into Little Salmon Planning Unit, Bureau of Land Management. New Meadows, Idaho.
Thier, Ralph T., and Ronald L. Beveridge.
1979. Biological evaluation, bark beetle infestation.
Escalante Ranger District. Valcarce, A.C.
1979. Evaluation of Town Creek thinning, pine
engraver beetle, Boise National Forest. Valcarce, A.C.
1979. Pine engraver beetle management. Gill Springs
timber sale, Emmett Ranger District. Valcarce, A.C.
1979. Ips and gall rust management. Jakie Creek and
Poverty Burn plantings. Krassel Ranger District. Valcarce, A.C.
1979. FI&DM input, proposed Saddle and Bird tim-
ber sales. New Meadows Ranger District. Valcarce, A.C.
1979. FI& DM input, proposed Abbott Gulch timber
sale, Fairfield Ranger District. Valcarce, A.C.
1979. Pine engraver beetle management, proposed Dutch Ceek timber sale. New Meadows Ranger District.
Valcarce, A.C.
1979. Ips management, West Fork Face sale. New
Meadows Ranger District. Valcarce. A.C.
1979. Mountain pine beetle control recommendations,
individual trees. Caribou National Forest. Valcarce, A.C.
1979, Pine engraver beetle management, Woodard
Gulch sale, Emmett Ranger District. Valcarce, A.C.
1979. Biological control - larch casebearer. 1978.
Release of Agathis pumila in R-4. Valcarce, A.C.
1979. Ips management. Second Fork precommercial
thinning. Emmett Ranger District. Valcarce, A.C.
1979. Bark beetle management. Proposed Johnson ‘Copter timber sale. Mountain Home Ranger Dis- trict.
Valcarce, A.C.
1979. Ips management. Seid Creek timber sale.
Weiser Ranger District Valcarce, A.C., and Hoffman, J.T.
1979. Biological evaluation, mountain pine beetle, dwarf mistletoe and broom rust on the Twin Falls Ranger District.
Pacific Southwest Region (R-5)
Arciero, M., P. Svihra, and J. Pronos.
1979. Federal Dutch elm disease control program in California — 1979 progress report.
Byler, J.W., F.W. Cobb, Jr., and D.L. Rowney.
1979. An evaluation of black stain root disease on the Georgetown Divide, El Dorado County, California. Report 79-2. 15 p.
Byler, J.W., and J.R. Parmeter, Jr.
1979. An evaluation of white pine blister rust in the
Sierra Nevada. Report 79-3. 19 p. California Forest Pest Control Action Council.
1979. Forest pest conditions in California — 1979. A joint publication of the California Forest Pest Con- trol Action Council; USDA, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, Forest Insect and Disease Management; and the California Department of Forestry. Sacramento, California. 20 p.
Caylor, J.A.
1979. High altitude reconnaissance photography— a novel data source facilitates salvage of drought rel- ated tree mortality in northern California. Western Society of Naturalists, 60th Annual Meeting, California Polytechnic University, San Luis Obispo, 26 December 1979 (Abstr.).
Caylor, J.A. and J.R. Pierce. 1979. U-2 optical bar photography — training notes.
76
Dahlsten, D.L., N.X. Norick, J.M. Wenz, and C.B. Williams, Jr. 1979. Evaluation of sparse Douglas-fir tussock moth populations. California Agriculture 33: 26-27. Dale, J.W. 1979. Biological evaluation of Douglas-fir cone midge damage at Badger Hill Breeding Arboretum. Dale, J.W. 1979. Update— proposed Sugarleaf salvage of trees killed by bark beetles, Bald Rock (RARE II Area No. 5169) and Middle Fork of the Feather River (RARE II Area No. 5167), Plumas National Forest. Hart, D.R. 1979. Biological evaluation — Timbered Sale, Modoc National Forest. Pierce, J.R. 1979. Biological evaluation on Indian Ridge, Trabuco Ranger District, Cleveland National Forest. Pierce, J.R. 1979. Insect evaluation on Eagle Lake Ranger Dis- trict, Lassen National Forest. Picrcempie 1979. Insect evaluation— Little Horse Peak Timber Sale, Klamath National Forest. PiercehRe 1979. Insect evaluation, Plumas National Forest.
Pierce, J.R.
1979. Insect evaluation, La Porte Ranger District, Plumas National Forest.
Pierce, J.R.,J.W. Dale, and D.E. Schultz.
1979. Cooperative Forest Service — California Department of Forestry aerial survey of current tree mortality in the Sierra Nevada.
Pronos. J., and J.W. Dale.
1979. Biological evaluation on Hume Lake Ranger
District, Sequoia National Forest. Pronos, J., and D.E. Schultz.
1979. Biological evaluation of Mammoth and Mono
Lake Ranger Districts. Inyo National Forest. — Pronos, J.,and D.R. Vogler.
1979. Annual evaluation of air pollution i injury in the
southern Sierra Nevada. Roettgering, B.H., and J. Pronos.
1979. Biological evaluation on Pineridge Ranger Dis-
trict. Sierra National Forest. Roettgering B.H., and M.D. Srago.
1979. Polk Springs biological evaluation update
(RARE II Area No. 5097). Schultz, D.E., and J.W. Byler.
1979. A biological evaluation of mortality on Mad
River Ranger District, Six Rivers National Forest. Schultz, D.E., and J.W. Dale. 1979. Biological evaluation of infestation of black pine-
leaf needle scale at Badgert Hill Breeding VAOOD IN
Schultz, D.E., and J. Pronos.
1979. Examination of tree improvement program pro-
geny outplanting sites, Stanislaus National Forest. Smith, R.S., Jr.
1979. Biological evaluation of tree mortality in Big Canyon and West Break Sale Areas, Shasta-Trinity National Forest.
Smith, R.S., Jr.
1979. Evaluation of the Sweet Pea Sale, Sierra Na-
tional Forest. Smith, R.S., Jr.
1979. Tree hazard evaluation, Shasta-Trinity Na-
tional Forest. Smith, R.S., Jr.
1979. Tree hazard evaluation of Tannery Gulch
Recreation Area, Shasta-Trinity National Forest.
Smith, R.S.,Jr., and J.R. Pierce.
1979. Evaluation of mortality of true fir in a salvage
sale area on the Sierra National Forest. Srago, M.D.
1979. Biological evaluation of Burgess and Harvey
Timber Sales, Lassen National Forest. Srago, M.D.
1979. Bioiogical evaluation eAInaan Ridge, Cleve-
land National Forest. . Srago, M.D.
1979. Biological evaluation of the proposed Laguna
Mountain entrance site. Srago, M.D. 1979. Biological evaluation of seedling losses caused by water mold fungi at Placerville Nursery. Srago, M.D. 1979. Fomes annosus in the Ice Cave Timber Sale. Srago, M.D. 1979. Persistent diseases at Placerville Nursery. Srago, M.D.
1979. Update on salt damage to roadside vegetation,
Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit. Vogler, D.R.
1979. Examination of ozone injury to pines near South
Lake Tahoe, Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit. Wenz, J.M.
1979. Tent caterpillar on bitterbrush, Mono Lake Ranger District, Inyo National Forest. —
Williams, C.B., Jr.,J.M. Wenz, D.L. Dahlsten, and N.X. Norick.
1979. Relation of forest site and stand characteristics to Douglas-fir tussock moth( Lep. Lymantriidae) outbreaks in California. Bull. De La Societe En- tomologique Suisse 52:297-307.
Wood, R.E., and D.E. Schultz.
1979. Dwarf mistletoe control in the Big Bear North
Shore Recreation Area. Wood, R.E., and D.E. Schultz.
1979. Fomes annosus in Big Bear Lake North Shore Development Area.
Wood, R.E., M.J. Schuft, and D.E. Schultz.
1979. An evaluation of tree mortality in Laguna Mountain Recreation Area. Cleveland National Forest. Report No. 79-1. 22 p.
Pacific Northwest Region (R-6)
Anderson, Ullrich, Roth, Filip.
1979. October. Genetic identification of clones of 4r- millaria mellea in coniferous forests in Washington. Phytopathology.
Bridgewater, David R.
1979. Biological evaluation mountain pine beetle,
Lemolo Lake Area, Umpqua National Forest.
Bridgewater, David R. 1979. Biological evaluation mountain pine beetle, Diamond Lake, Umpqua National Forest. Bridgewater, David R. 1979. Biological evaluation larch looper, Colville Na- tional Forest, October 1978.
lh
Bridgewater, D.R., T.F. Gregg, and J.S. Hadfield.
1979. Forest insect and disease conditions in the Pacific Northwest 1978.
Dolph, Robert E.
1979. Mountain pine beetle - lodgepole pine on Republic and Kettle Falls Ranger Districts, Colville National Forest.
Dolph, Robert E.
1979, Mountain pine beetle - lodgepole pine at Sheep Bridge Campground, Bend Ranger District, Deschutes National Forest.
Dolph, Robert E.
1979. Bark beetle evaluation on the Lakeview, Bly and Paisley Ranger Districts, Fremont National Forest.
Dolph, Robert E.
1979. Bark beetle evaluation in a fire area on the Snow
Mountain Ranger District, Ochoco National Forest. Dolph, Robert E.
1979. Bark beetle evaluation in a fire area on the
Bend Ranger District, Deschutes National Forest. Dolph, Robert E.
1979. Western pine beetle evaluation on the Klamath
Falls Ranger District, Winema National Forest. Filip, Gregory M.
1979. Root disease evaluation, Tieton Ranger Dis- trict, Wenatchee National Forest and Sisters Ranger District, Deschutes National Forest, June.
Filip, Gregory M.
1979. Root disease evaluation, Sisters Ranger Dis-
trict, Deschutes National Forest, June. Filip, Gregory M.
1979. Location, extent, and cause of tree mortality in a mixed-conifer forest on the Kettle Falls Ranger District, Colville National Forest, Washington, February.
Filip, Gregory M.
1979. Plantation evaluation for root disease, Pack- wood Ranger District, Cifford Pinchot National Forest, June.
Filip, Gregory M.
1979. Root disease evaluation, Fremont National
Forest, August. Filip, Gregory M.
1979. Seed production and evaluation plantation site evaluation, Tieton Ranger District, Wenatchee Na- tional Forest, September.
Filip, Gregory M.
1979. Annual progress report: effect of precommercial thinning in Armillaria-infected Douglas-fir planta- tions on the Blue River Ranger District, Willamette National Forest, September.
Filip, Gregory M.
1979. Progress report effect of precommercial thin- ning in Armillaris-infected ponderosa pine planta- tions on the Sisters Ranger District, Deschutes Na- tional Forest, September.
78
Filip, Gregory M.
1979. Evaluation, Rogue River National Forest,
November 1978. Filip, Gregory M.
1979. Hazard tree evaluation, Mt. Hood National
Forest, October 1978. Filip, Gregory M.
1979. Dorena Tree Improvement Center, Umpqua National Forest, October 1978.
Filip, Gregory M., and David R. Bridgwater.
1979. Colville Ranger District campground evalua- tion, Colville National Forest, October 1978.
Filip, Gregory M., and Stanley W. Meso.
1979. Seed production site evaluation, Randle and Mt. Adams Ranger District, Gifford Pinchot Na- tional Forest, December 1978.
Filip, Gregory M., and Paul E. Aho.
1979. Incidence of wounding and associated stain and decay in advanced white fir regeneration on the Fremont National Forest, November 1978.
Filip, Gregory M., James S. Hadfield, and Craig L. Schmitt.
1979. March. Branch mortality of true firs in west- central Oregon associated with dwarf mistletoe and canker fungi. Plant Disease Reporter.
Filip, Gregory M., and Craig L. Schmitt
1979. June. Susceptibility of native conifers to lami- nated root rot east of the Cascade Range in Oregon and Washington. Forest Science.
Filip, Gregory M.
1979. July. Root disease in Douglas-fir plantations is associated with infected stumps. Plant Disease Reporter.
Goheen, Donald J.
1979. Root disease evaluation on the Medford Dis-
trict, Bureau of Land Management, March 20-22. Goheen, Donald J.
1979. Root disease evaluation of Two-Dog Creek and Dome Creek Units, Rigdon Ranger District, Willamette National Forest.
Goheen, Donald J.
1979. Root disease-mistletoe evaluation of the Diorite Timber Sale, Clackamas District, Mt. Hood Na- tional Forest.
Gregg, J., J. Wortendyre, D. Twardus, and J. Wear.
1979. 1976 Western spruce budworm loss assessment survey, north-central Washington.
Hadfield, JamesS.
1979. March 23. Dwarf mistletoe evaluation - Baker River District, Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest.
Hadfield, JamesS.
1979. May 8. Nursery disease evaluations - Medford
Forest Nursery, Rogue River National Forest. Hadfield, James S.
1979. May 22. Nursery disease evaluations - Medford
Forest Nursery, Rogue River National Forest.
Hadfield, James S. 1979. May 22. Plantation damage evaluation - Lowell District, Willamette National Forest.
Hadfield, James S. 1979. June 7. Hazard tree evaluations - Olympic Na- tional Park. Hadfield, James S. 1979. July 26. Dwarf mistletoe evaluations - Colville National Forest.
Hadfield, James S. 1979. August 21. Hazard tree evaluations - Whitman Mission National Historic Site.
Hadfield, James S. 1979. August 27. Dwarf mistletoe evaluation - Long Creek District, Malheur National Forest.
Hadfield, James S. 1979. September 24. Laminated root-rot evaluation - Quilcene District, Olympic National Forest.
Harvey, Robert D., Jr.
1979. Rate of increase of blue stained volume in mountain pine beetle-killed lodgepole pine in Northeastern Oregon, USA. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 9( 3):323-326.
Harvey, Robert D., Jr.
1979. Fungi isolated from within Oregon and
Washington spruce seed. Office Report, 6 pp. Lane, B.B., and D. J. Goheen.
1979. Incidence of root disease in bark beetle-infested Eastern Oregon and Washington true firs. Plant Dis- ease Reporter 63:262-266.
McComb, David.
1979. Evaluation of western spruce budworm. Fall 1978. Okanogan National Forest and North Cascades National Park.
Pettinger, Leon F. and R.L. Johnsey.
1979. Results of surveys in Northeast Washington dur- ing 1977 and 1978 for introduced exotic and native hymenopterous parasites of the larch casebearer.
Southern Region (R-8)
Affeltranger, C.E. 1979. Control of fusiform rust in a slash pine outplant- ing with a systemic fungicide. Report No. 79-2-9. Affeltranger, C.E. 1979. Volume loss caused by fusiform rust in slash pine plantations in Central Louisiana - final report. Report No. 79-2-10.
Affeltranger, C.E.
1979. Sampling theory and procedures for nursery pest problems. | p.
Anderson, Robert L., Tom Gentry, and Kris Johnson.
1979. Distribution, incidence and damage caused by the pitch canker fungus on slash and long leaf pine, Apalachicola National Forest, Florida - 1978. Report 79-1-1.
Anderson, Robert L., William Hoffard, and Vickie Fisher
1979. Potential walnut problem - Edwards State Nurs-
ery. Report No. 79-1-3. Anderson, Robert L.
1979. Letter to Ralph C. Winkworth concerning foliage blight and root rot at Edwards Nursery. Report 79-1-15.
Anderson, Robert L., and Patrick J. Barry.
1979. Evaluation of potential insect and disease
_ problems at the Cradle of Forestry Demonstration Nursery, Brevard, NC, 1979. Report No. 79-1-26.
Anderson, Robert L., Patrick J. Barry and William H. Hoffard.
1979. Evaluation of disease and insect problems in eucalyptus experimental and field plantings. Report No. 79-1-32.
Anderson, Robert L.
1979. Oak decline on the Wayah Ranger District, Nantahala National Forest, NC, 1979. Report No. 79-1-37.
Anderson, Robert L.
1979. Selected publications on decay in eastern hard-
woods. Report No. 79-1-38. Anderson, R. L., and S. A. Alexander.
1979. ‘How to Identify and Control White Pine Root Decline.”
Anderson, R.L., and P.J. Barry
1979. Identify bud blast and twig blight of rhodo- dendron.
Anderson, R.L., and C.E. Cordell.
1979. Recognize and quantify ecto-mycorrhizae on conifers.
Anderson, R.L..
1979. Mycorrhizae: descriptions, benefits, and ap-
plications in forest tree nurseries. 5 p. Anderson, R.L., and D.G. Mosher.
1979. Lakeshore effects on nectria canker of yellow
birch. Journal of Forestry. 77:412-413. Barber, Larry R., and Donna Leonard.
1979. Spray evaluation of two International Paper Company seed orchards. December 1978 - January 1979. Report No. 79-1-11.
Barber, Larry R..
1979. Male peach tree borer pheromone trap catches at two locations, Asheville and Murphy, NC - 1978. Report No. 79-1-14.
Barber, Larry R.
1979. Evaluation of two carbofuran soil incorporating
systems. Report No. 79-1-17.
79
Barry, Patrick J.
1979. Jumping Branch Fire, Andrew Pickens Ranger District, Francis Marion and Sumter National Forests, insect and disease evaluation. Report No. 79-1-2.
Barber, Larry R., Donna Leonard, Don Roberts, and Harvey Barron.
1979. An evaluation of white pine cone beetle cone losses on the Edwards Seed Orchard, Morganton, NC. Report No, 79-1-36.
Barry, Patrick J., and William H. Hoffard.
1979. Biological evaluation of the introduced pine sawfly outbreak in the Linville Falls area of the Blue Ridge Parkway, North Carolina. Report No. 79-1-9.
Barry, Patrick J.,and Ted Oprean.
1979. Evaluation of balsam wooly aphid on Roan
Mountain, Toecane Ranger District, Pisgah Na- tional Forest, NC. Report No. 79-1-12. Bassett, R.F. | ;
1979. Report of aerial detection survey: U.S. Depart- ment of the Interior, National Park Service, Chickamagua and Chattanooga National Military Park. Report No. 79-3-4.
Bassett, R.F., and R. Ruiddiehoover.
1979. Report of aerial detection survey: Long Cane Ranger District, Sumter National Forest, South Carolina. Report No. 79-3-9.
Bassett, R.F., M. Farley, and B. Lake.
1979. Report of aerial detection survey: Tyger Ranger District and Enoree Ranger District, Sumter National Forest, South Carolina. Report No. 79-3-10.
Bassett, R.F., and J. Blair.
1979. Report of aerial detection survey: Andrew Pickens Ranger District, Sumter National Forest, S.C.. Report No. 79-3-11.
Bassett, R.F., and H. West.
1979. Report of aerial detection survey: Edgefield Ranger District, Sumter National Forest, S.C. Report No. 79-3-12.
Bassett, R.F.,S. Ford, and G. Forte.
1979. Report of aerial detection survey: Francis
Marion National Forest, S.C. Report No. 79-3-15. Bassett, R.F., and D. Stevens.
1979. Report of aerial detection survey: Talladega Ranger District, Talladega National Forest, Alabama. Report No. 79-3-26.
Bassett, R.F., T. Pettifield, and K. Barker.
1979. Report of aerial detection survey: Shoal Creek Ranger District, Talladega National Forest, Alabama. Report No. 79-3-27.
Bassett, R.F., and D. Wallace.
1979. Report of aerial detection survey. Oakmulgee Ranger District, Talladega National Forest, Alabama. Report No. 79-3-28.
Bassett, R.F., T.P. Russell, and J.L. Wehry.
1979. Report of aerial detection survey: Black War-
rior and Bankhead Ranger Districts of the W. B.
80
Bankhead National Forest, Alabama. Report No. 79-3-30. Bassett, R.F., T.P. Russell, and G.A. Autry.
1979. Report of aerial detection survey: forest insect and disease activity Choctaw Ranger District and Tiak Ranger District, Ouachita National Forest, Oklahoma. Report No. 79-3-31.
Bassett, R.F., R.Allen and J. Carter.
1979. Report of aerial detection survey of forest insect and disease activity, Andrew Pickens Ranger Dis- trict, Sumter National Forest, S.C. Report No. 79-3-39.
Bowling, Kim D., Vicki Fisher, Robert L. Anderson, and Joel D. Artman.
1979. White pine blister rust evaluation - Shenandoah National Park. Report No. 79-1-46.
Carothers, W.A., R.F. Bassett, and B.I. Hammond.
1979. Report of aerial detection survey: Oconee Na- tional Forest, Piedmont National Wildlife Refuge, and Hitchiti Experimental Forest, Ga. Report No. 79-3-2.
Carothers, W.A., and B.I. Hammond.
1979. Report of aerial detection survey. cottonwood plantations along the Mississippi River, Mississippi, Louisiana and Arkansas. Report No. 79-3-5.
Carothers, W.A., B.I. Hammond, F. Oliveria, and M.L. Garrett.
1979. Report of aerial detection survey: cottonwood plantations along the Mississippi River; Mississippi, Louisiana and Arkansas. Report No. 79-3-6.
Carothers, W.A., R.F. Bassett, C.W. Dull, R. Filar, R. Franklin, and D. Mettheaure.
1979. Report of aerial detection survey. Oconee Na- tional Forest, Hitchiti Experimental Forest and Piedmont National Wildlife Refuge, Georgia. Report No. 79-3-7.
Carothers, W.A., J. Beck, and J. Cole.
1979. Report of aerial detection survey: William B. Bankhead National Forest, Alabama. Report No. 79-3-8.
Carothers, W.A., C. Tolley, and J. Ghent.
1979. Report of aerial detection survey: Linville Gorge Wilderness Area ( Pisgah National Forest), and surrounding National Forest, State, and private lands, N.C. Report No. 79-3-13.
Carothers, W.A., and B.F. Hammond.
1979. Report of aerial detection survey. Oconee Na- tional Forest, Hitchiti Experimental Forest, Pied- mont National Wildlife Refuge, Georgia. Report No. 79-3-16.
Carothers, W.A., and B.I. Hammond.
1979. Report of aerial detection survey: Delta Na-
tional Forest, Mississippi. Report No. 79-3-34. Carothers, W.A., and B.I. Hammond.
1979. Aerial detection survey of forest insect and dis- ease activity, Tombigbee National Forest (T om- bigbee Ranger District, Trace and Grenada Units). Report No. 79-3-35.
Carothers, W.A., T.F. Buckner, T.P. Russell, D. Parks, and M. Haralson.
1979. Aerial detection survey of forest insect and dis- ease activity, Chatahoochee River National Recrea- tion Area. Report No. 79-3-36.
Cordell, C.E. 1979. Effective soil fumigation. 8 p. Cordell, C.E.
1979. Integrated control for nursery pest management. Y)
Cordell, C.E., and D.H. Marx.
1979. National pisolithus tinctorius ectomycorrhizae nursery evaluation results— 1978. 6 p.
Cordell, C.E., R.L. Anderson, and D.H. Marx.
1979. National pisolithus tinctorius ectomycorrhizae nursery evaluation. USDA, For. Serv. Tech. Publ. SA-TP6: 97-103.
Clerke, W.H., and J.D. Ward.
1979. Estimating tree mortality over extensive areas. In Symposium on Evaluating Control Tactics for the Southern Pine Beetle Proceedings. USDA, For.
2 Setvetech Bul, lol3:75-85:
Dull, C.W., B.1. Hammond, and K. Wooster.
1979. Report of aerial detection survey: Oconee Na- tional Forest, Hitchiti Experimental Forest, Georgia. Report No. 79-3-1.
Dull, C.W., and R.F. Bassett.
1979. Report of aerial detection survey. Copiah,
_ Jasper, Newton, Rankin, Scott, Sampson, and Smith Counties, Mississippi. NETO No. 79-3-3. Dull, C.W.
1979. Report of aerial detection survey : detection of forest insect activity on the Shenandoah National Park, Va. Report No. 79-3-22.
Dull, C.W., C. Morris, and J. Pugh.
1979. Report of aerial detection survey in Northern Virginia. Report No., 79-3-23.
Dull, C.W., J. Roberts, C. Morris, D. Collins, G. Oakleaf, and K. Swisher.
1979. Results of detection surveys for forest insect and disease activity on the George Washington National Forest, Virginia and West Virginia. Report No. 79-3-24.
Dull, C.W., T.P. Russell, B. Scott, M. Blackburn, and D. Spiller.
1979. Report of aerial detection survey: Jefferson Na-
tional Forest, Virginia. Report No. 79-3-25. Dull, C.W., and W.H. Clerke.
1979. Development of Loran-C Navigation System applications for southern pine beetle survey flightline navigation, ground crew navigation, and spot position determination. 9/1/78 - 1/31/79.
Ghent, John H.
1979. Evaluation of southern pine beetle status on the Chickamagua and Chattanooga National Military Park. Report No. 79-1-8.
Ghent, John H.
1979. An evaluation of Ips status on the Okefenokee
National Wildlife Refuge. Report No. 79-1-13.
Ghent, John H., and William H. Hoffard.
1979. 1979 Status of the fall cankerworm on the Cum- berland Gap National Historical Park. Report No. 79-1-16.
Ghent, John H., and Charles Dull.
1979. Evaluation of the linden looper and spring cankerworm outbreak on Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky. Report No. 79-1-28.
Ghent, John H., and H. Allen Thomas,
1979. The distribution of the introduced sawfly along
the Blue Ridge Parkway. Report No. 79-1 -29. Ghent, John H.
1979. Status of southern pine beetle on the Congaree
Swamp National Monument. Report No. 79-1-30. Ghent, John H., and J.D. Ward.
1979. Determination of annual timber mortality; im-
pact of the southern pine beetle. 7/1/78 -2/1/79. Hammond, B.I., T.P. Russell, and J.L. Wehry.
1979. Report of aerial detection survey: U.S. Depart- ment of the Interior, National Park Service, Chickamagua and Chattanooga National Military Park, Georgia, and Tennessee. Report No. 79-3-17.
Hammond, B.1., T.P. Russell, and J.L. Wehry. 1979. Report of aerial detection survey: Osceola Na- tional Forest, Florida. Report No. 79-3-19. Hammond, B.I., T.P. Russell, and J.L. Wehry. 1979. Report of aerial detection survey. Ocala Na- _ tional Forest, Florida. Report No. 79-3-20. Hammond, B.I., T.P. Russell, and J.L. Wehry.
1979. Report of aerial detection survey: Apalachicola National Forest, Apalachicola and Wakulla Ranger Districts, Florida. Report No. 79-3-21.
Hammond, B.I., D. Barnes, R. Birch, and T.P. Russell. 1979. Report of aerial detection survey: Long Cane Ranger District and Edgefield Ranger District,
Sumter National Forest, S.C. Report No. 79-3-29. Hammond, B.I.,S. Myers,.and R. Blackburn.
1979, Report of aerial detection survey: Enoree and Tyger Ranger Districts, Sumter National Forest, SC. Report No. 79-3-33.
Hammond, B.I., and W.A. Carothers.
1979. Aerial detection survey of forest insect and di- ease activity, Bienville National Forest, Mississippi. Report No. 79-3-37. ©
Hammond, B.I., T.P. Russell, and W. A. Carothers.
1979. Report of aerial detection survey of forest insect and disease activity, Uwharrie National Forest, N.C. Report No. 79-3-38.
Hoffard, William H., William P. Carothers, and John H. Ghent.
1979. Evaluation survey of southern pine beetle in- festations on the Oconee National Forest, Georgia. Report No. 79-1-18.
Hoffard, William H. 1979. Pine leaf chermid. Report No. 79-1-23. Hoffard, William H., Robert L. Anderson, and Ted Oprean. 1979. Evaluation of park beetles and annosus root rot
8]
on the Wolf Creek Dam Plantation, Lake Cumber- land, KY. Report No. 79-1-24.
Hoffard, William H., Robert L. Anderson, and William H. Sites.
1979. How to collect and prepare forest insects, dis- ease organisms, and plant specimens for identifica- tion. Report No. 79-1-25.
Hoffard, William H., and John H. Ghent.
1979. Biological evaluation of southern pine beetle in- festations on the Francis Marion-Sumter National Forests, South Carolina. Report No. 79-1-42.
Hoffard, William H., and R.L. Anderson 1979. Identify and control tree cricket damage. Hubbard, Susan D.
1979. Resistance screening center test #105-78.
Report No. 79-1-4. Hubbard, Susan D.
1979. Resistance screening test #104-78. Report No.
79-1-5. Hubbard, Susan D
1979. Resistance screening center test #103-78.
Report No. 79-1-6. Hubbard, Susan D.
1979. Resistance screening center test #1-7-78.
Report No. 79-1-7. Hubbard, Susan D.
1979. Screening center tests #109-78 and #110-78.
Report No, 79-1-10. Hubbard Susan D.
1979. Resistance screening center test #101-78.
Report No. 79-1-21. Hubbard, Susan D.
1979. Resistance screening center test #102-78.
Report No. 79-1-22. Hubbard, Susan D.
1979. Resistance screening center test #106-78.
Report No. 79-1-27. Hubbard, Susan D.
1979. Little chance of pines becoming infected with fusiform rust fungus in screening process except when passed under dilution spray - developmental activity 203-77. Report No. 79-1-31.
Hubbard, Susan D.
1979. Resistance screening center test #108-78.
Report No. 79-1-33. Hubbard, Susan D.
1979. Resistance screening center test #101-79.
Report No. 79-1-34. Hubbard, Susan D.
1979. Resistance screening center test #102-79.
Report No. 79-1-35. Hubbard, Susan D.
1979. Resistance screening center test #111-78.
Report No. 79-1-39. Hubbard, Susan D.
1979. Resistance screening center test #112-78.
Report No. 79-1-40.
82
Hubbard, Susan D.
1979. Resistance screening center test #1 13-78.
Report No. 79-1-41. Hubbard, Susan D.
1979. Resistance screening center test #103-79.
Report No. 79-1-43. Hubbard, Susan D.
1979. Resistance screening center test #204-79.
Report No. 79-1-44. Hubbard, Susan D.
1979. Developmental test 205-78. Report No. 79-1-45.
Lewis, R., Jr., and F.L. Oliveria.
1979. Live oak decline in Texas. Journal Ar- boriculture 5:241-244.
Loomis, R.
1979. Insect and disease coordination in forest management. In Proceedings of National Silvicultural Workshop, Charleston, SC. USDA, For. Serv. WO unnumbered. p. 80-86.
Overgaard, N.A., and G.D. Hertel.
1979. Use of insecticides in southern seed orchards
during 1978. Report No. 79-2-3. Overgaard, N.A., and H.N. Wallace.
1979. Spray assessment of insecticide applications at International Paper Company orchards. Report No. 79-1-4.
Overgaard, N.A., and L.R. Barber.
1979. An evaluation of insect damage in Southern Federal seed orchards( 1978) (Stuart-LA, Eram- bert-MS, Ouachita-AR, Beech Creek-NC, Francis Marion-SC, and Ocala-FL). Report No. 79-2-14.
Matthews, F.R., and R.L. Anderson.
1979. Save your fusiform rust infected pines by
removing cankers. Miller, Ralph E.
1979. Loblolly pine die-off status report. Report No. 79-2-8.
Miller, P., and J. Wehry.
1979. Report of aerial detection survey of forest insect and disease activity, St. Francis National Forest, Arkansas. Report No, 79-3-40.
Mistretta, P.A., J.D. Ward, W.A. Carothers, C.W. Dull, and R.F. Bassett.
1979. An evaluation of aerial photography as a method of detection of pitch canker. Report No. 79-3-14.
Mistretta, P.A.
1979. Problem analysis: live oak decline. Report No.
79-3-18. Mistretta, P.A.
1979. Processing pest samples and diagnostic
laboratory procedures. 4 p. Russell, T.P., and B.I. Hammond.
1979. Report of aerial detection survey of forest insect and disease activity, Croatan National Forest, NC. Report No. 79-3-41.
Sites, William H.
1979. Visit to the Kincaid Recreation Area. Report
No. 79-1-19. Sites, William H.
1979. Preventative measures to protect historic struc- tures. A case history of the Hensley Settlement. Report No. 79-1-20.
Smith, J.D.
1979. Biological evaluation of the SPB on the Tom- bigbee National Forest in Mississippi. Report No. 79-2-1.
Smith, J.D.
1979. Biological evaluation of the SPB on the Bien-
ville National Forest. Report No. 79-2-2. Smith, J.D.
1979. Biological evaluation of SPB on the Bankhead National Forest, National Forests in Alabama. Report No. 79-2-6.
Smith, J.D., and George Ryan.
1979. A test of the Kroll and Reeves Regression Model for predicting numbers of SPB infestations in Alabama and Louisiana. Report No. 79-2-11.
Smith, J.D., and D.B. Twardus.
1979. Evaluation of a SPB control tactic: a case study. In Symposium on Evaluating Control Tactics for the Southern Pine Beetle Proceedings. USDA For. Serv. Tech. Bul. 1613:106-111.
Stein, C.R., and F.L. Oliveria.
1979. Status of poplar tentmaker in the Lower
Mississippi River Delta. Report No. 79-2-7. Stein, C.R.
1979. Biological evaluation of the SPB on the Tom- bigbee National Forest in Mississippi. Report No. 79-2-12.
Stein, C.R. 1979. Biological evaluation of the SPB on the Bien-
ville National Forest in Mississippi. Report No. 79-2-13.
Stein, C.R., R.F. Bassett, V. Ellison, M. Smith, W. Jackson, and S. Martinet.
1979. Report of aerial detection survey of forest insect and disease activity, Angelina National Forest, Sam Houston National Forest, Sabine National Forest, and Davey Crockett National Forest, Texas. Report No. 79-3-42.
Swain, K.M.
1979. Minimizing timber damage from hurricanes.
Southern Lumberman 239 (2968): 107-109. Swain, K.M., and W. Fox.
1979. Control of the SPB on national forests. /n Sym- posium on Evaluating Control Tactics for the Southern Pine Beetle Proceedings. U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture Forest Service Technical Bulletin 1613: 1-4.
Toko, H.V., and A.E. Landgraf.
1979. Southern pine beetle outbreaks look serious. Forest Farmer 39 2):10-11, 29-30.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1979. Canker of Virginia pine in nurseries. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.
1979. Fusiform rust of southern pines.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1979. Introduced pine sawfly in the South. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.
1979. Live oak decline and mortality.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.
1979. Pitch canker of pines.
U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1979. Resin soaked root disease of sand pine. Wehry, R.L., J.F. Bassett, and T.P. Russell.
1979. Report of aerial detection survey: Francis Marion National Forest, South Carolina. Report No. 79-3-32.
Eastern Region (R-9)
Acciavatti, R.E., J.-M. Schmid, and D.B. Cahill.
1979. Spruce beetle survey procedures for assessing current, potential, and past Engelmann spruce mor- tality in the central and southern Rocky Mountains. In USDA, Forest Service, Forest Insect and Disease Survey Methods Manual. 8 p.
Acciavatti, R.E., J.R. Terry, and D.R. Bridgewater.
1979. The effectiveness of carbaryl in reducing gypsy moth populations and host damage in eastern Pen- nsylvania. NA-FR-12.
Allison, J.R., and G.F. Gregory.
1979. How to save Dutch elm diseased trees by prun-
ing. NA-GR-9. Ford, Robert P.
1979. Loss assessment of white spruce defoliated by
yellowheaded spruce sawfly on the Black Ranger
District, Chippewa National Forest. NA-FB/M-3,4 p.
Forest Insect and Disease Management.
1979. A guide to common insects and diseases of forest trees in the Northeastern United States. NA- FR-4, 127 p.
Furniss, M.M., B.H. Baker, R.A.Werner, and L.C_.Yarger.
1979. Characterizations of spruce beetle ( Coleop- tera) infestation in felled white spruce in Alaska, Canada,. Entomophaga 111:1355-1360.
Gregory, G.F.,and J.R. Allison.
1979. The comparative effectiveness of pruning versus pruning plus inspection of truck and/or link for ther- py of Dutch elm disease in American elms. Journal of Arboriculture 5( 1): 1-4.
Hastings, A.R., and M.R. Marsh.
1979. Pilot test of the western spruce budworm survey system in the Lake States, first progress report. Report S-5-78, 7 p.
83
LaMadeleine, L.A.
1979. Evaluation of red pine plantation failures on the Superior National Forest, 1978. Report NA-FR-9, 4 p.
LaMadeleine, L.A.
1979. Evaluation of 3-0 and 4-0 red pine in Eveleth
Nursery, Minnesota, 1979. Report NA-TP-2, 4 p. LaMadeleine, L.A.
1979. Estimating color and grade in black cherry and northern red oak veneer by electrical resistance to a pulsed current. Plywood & Panel Magazine. 3 p.
Lewis, F.B., M.L. McManus, and N.F. Schneeberger.
1979. Guidelines to the use of Gypchek to control the gypsy moth. Research Paper NE-441, 9 p.
Lewis, F.B., R.C. Reardon, A.S. Munson, H.B. Hub- bard, N.F. Schneeberger, and W.B. White.
1979. Observations on the use of Gypchek. Research Paper NE-447, 8 p.
Miller-Weeks, Margret, and James R. O’Brien.
1979. Detection survey and evaluation of mortality due to scleroderris canker in New York in 1978. FI&DM Office Report, 4 p.
Munson, A., and R. Reardon.
Effectiveness of three formulations of Dimilin in sup-
pressing the gypsy moth. Report AN-FR-6.7 p. O’Brien, James T., and Douglas Stark.
1979. Scleroderris canker found in Maine. Plant Dis-
ease Reporter 63(3):194. Robbins, K., and L.A. LaMadeleine.
1979. Soil-borne pathogen survey of two nurseries in
Michigan. Report NA-FB/U-3, 4 p. Robbins, K., and L. LaMadeleine.
1979. Incidence of eutypella canker on sugar maple on the Argonne Experimental Forest, Rhinelander, Wisconsin, 1978. USDA For. Serv., Northeast Area, S& PF, Broomall, PA. Report NA-FB/ M-2, 4 p.
Robbins, K., M. Ostry, and A. Prey.
1979. Pest alert on leaf bronzing of aspen. USDA For.
Serv., NCFES, and WI DNR. NA-FB/U-4. Robbins, Kathryn, and Allen Prey.
1979. Pest alert on armillaria root and butt rot. USDA
For. Serv. and WI DNR. NA-FB/U-6. Robbins, K athryn.
1979. Pest alert on pine wood nematode. USDA For. Serv., Northeast Area, S& PF, Broomall, PA. NA- FB/U-7.
Robbins, K.
1979. How to identify and minimize damage caused by eutypella canker of maple. USDA For. Serv., Northeast Area, S& PF, Broomall, PA. NA-FR-10.
Walters, J.W., and M.R. Nash.
1979. Evaluation of oak wilt on Necedah National Wildlife Refuge, Wisconsin. USDA For. Serv., Northeast Area, S& PF, Broomall, PA. Rep. NA- FR-8, 15 p.
Whyte, G. Lynne.
1979. Spruce budworm damage in spruce plantations on the Nicolet National Forest, 1978. USDA For. Serv., Northeast Area, S&PF, Broomall, PA. NA- FR-11,7 p.
Whyte, G. Lynne.
1979. Pest alert on jack pine budworm. USDA For. Serv., Northeast Area, S& PF, Broomall, PA. NA- FB/ U-4.
U.S. Department of Agriculture.
1979. Gypsy moth news. USDA, Forest Service, NA, - S& PF and NA-FR-S, 15 p.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.
1979. Draft environmental statement for cooperative gypsy moth suppression and regulatory programs, 1980 activities. USDA, Forest Service and APHIS, 73 p.
Alaska Region (R-10)
Holsten, E.H.
1979 (Nov.). Large aspen tortrix, Willow, Alaska.
Biological Evaluation R10-79-3. 9 p. Holsten, E. H., and K.P. Zogas.
1979 ( Nov. ). Spruce beetle-Summit Lake, Dry Gulch,
Cooper Landing. Biological Evaluation R10- 79-4.18 p. Holsten, E.H., and R.L. Wolfe.
1979 (Jan.). Spruce beetle risk rating system for white spruce on the Kenai Peninsula, Chugach National Forest. Technical Report R10-1.21 p.
Holsten, E.H., and K.P. Zogas.
1979 ( Oct.). Screening of synthetic lepidopteran pheromones, South-central Alaska. Technical Report R10-2. 11 p.
Holsten, E.H. 1979 (Oct.). Supplement spruce beetle risk rating
84
system for white spruce on the Kenai Peninsula, Chugach National Forest. Technical Report R10-3. 10 p. HolstenyEsHe KP: oe and R.L. Wolfe. 1979(Jan. ). Resurrection Creek spruce beetle infesta- tion: a three-year interim report. Misc. Report. 19 p.
Holsten, E.H. 1979 (June). Birch leaf rollers. Leaflet No. 64. 9 p.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Alaska Region. 1979 (Aug.). Forest Insect and Disease Conditions i in Alaska in 1978. Report No. 62. 35 p.
Wilson L.W., and Robert D. Averill. 1979. Redheaded pine sawfly. Forest Insect and Dis- ease Leaflet.
Index-Insects
Page AGClEnISselOVEnANadWalSs)i 5.15 26.086 5-4 fae oe ce 69, 71 NOUS 95 SE a BS REO ST ee 35 ACEI SCSDUGCACR UINAUZA) 4 non -hes cates iay at see cose dah 41, 44, 46 PAC GLISEDUIIUGH (INACZA) Wares ee) Sacer e- > he ee ee 37 A\URUIDIS. CA QESILSS \GKOV Cir See lees Ea noice, Pe See ee re SP 61 Alsophilaipometania (Ham) 0 0. «4. ) he se 7, 45, 62 VANISOLGMUOIGUNAGIIR ten ce 6 kt be eo ek es 62 ANISOLGRSCHALOTIA ME a SIMIC: ee eee ht be ee cee 63 ANAGTDIGISTE Ss. hg CIPLC RT ee ant aa 7 NHIZED [DIDO AOD ADELE 3 Se arp er en are 71 ANTADID. CLOUGH. os 5, pes Cooper 35 AY DIORODOOAL.S Veck.a 65-6 Se aao eee ee ae ere 355 8) ALchips aneyrospilus (Walks) «0s 2.0.5 ...52.+-52-- Pa sayik NRCLIDS, SDs oS GS SS Os AR a ee 60 AGC OPROlGPAICICIIGN(SAY) = tect es cae toe so er es 49 APRA DUDE! SOS «tsa car NS CR OR et Reo Pe 7 NTI ZONAMIVC “SPINCGeIPSters oes nace cae ee se es see 21 FASMEMEOLO(CHEMINCI earns ons ars can os aces 4 a's Se ces il NSDENULC ATIMING Ione ra eat AIR ee ete de eee ee 12 ANS OEM SETS: Sage 3 oe ae etl ae ne a 21 PASI TIOCONUIKE eR yet seek ok vcs Se awe we hes 2 Be AOWOMMnereeee Senne: a hes Nees Oe kee es we 34, 47 Balsam woolly adelgid* ........ 1, 20, 30, 41, 43, 44, 46 Barkebeetle mets: ae. on eee eee 14, 17, 18, 19, 65, 68 Pence el annie lec stores ok cs ee Re gc a lees wo 61 Bldckepinelealascale= aa.5 ..cn occas es ee ee eee 33 PCketunpentinesDechle ssh a aces oss eee ee es 46 Biko nZegoinehubOneitsn.. sits ato ie es be be Se wee 61 Caltionmastatheaded borer* 2.2. 5.23 ee eee ee 31 WANORMIAOAKWORMS sac fos 68 56h Pens cose ute nes 32 aT TESGOMNIG CI recs of 2 ee wk le 62 SANK CIV OM awe se Stas eos aye ew ee 1,7, 43 @ccidomyraypintinopsis (OS)... h.c eee ce ee ete ct 7 Wedambankencetle st. haan nc ae ea eae eee 21 Chernyescallopyshell-moth ©...) eee ens 62 RGEISI ONC ALDUCTINISs Rictne ia fceeintut ys ue es es 70 Choristoneura conflictana (Walk.) ..............-. 68, 70 Choristoneura fumfulana (Clemens) .............. SY), 1 Choristoneura lambertiana ponderosana OB. .......... 12 Choristoneura occidentalis Free. ..... ils ID, AS, AO, Bs Shonistoncura pinus FICE. 2). 2 oe. ses ee bee 11, 60 MAB ARISIOMCUNGESD pe a Ee eis 8 Ons ree yO 68, 70 lay SODGIITISMEXaNG Visit 0D. nce Ss hg ee ee 12 @hrysocharis laricinellae (Ratz.) ..................- 357) UNOURMIG SCTIPIA’ (E.)ic. 5060 ease eee ow nw see es es 68, 70 IETODS, . hint eek is Sie 8 hence Rae oe eae ene 43 SORPEPR CHEST Drape ect ay Som pe a ys a res cee cs ae ay a 35 Galcophora laricella (Hibn:))..-:7.........-. ip ZO 5962
*Indicates ESA-approved common name.
Page Golcotechnitesmiullerm(Busck)) 335-4. 4 ee eee 30 GOlCOICCHNIUES SPiOs oss es ea OES Ss Bie LORI 3 2 Coloradiajpandora Blake e252 see ele ee 20, 30 Columbiaibrndledooperss 25.6. acre cee ae ee 71 Cone wOnMSir sae eS Re eet ee 7, 34, 43, 49 Conophthorus'coniperda (Schw:)\. sa eee en 49 Conophthorus lambertiana Hopk. .................. 34 Gonophithorustmonticolacwiopkaee ssn one eee ao ee 7 Conophihorus ponderosaeHopk: 222.2242. 51a eee 21 ContariniavoregonensissROOIG ee he sons eae oe 34 Goptoiermes\jormosanus Shitakt (- 4-8 seo 44: sete oe 36 Cottonwoodtleatébectles tae ee ra 68, 70 Croesiaisemipurpurana(NEat)) hae see a ee oe 47, 60 Gry piococcusifagisugaueindan ss acne fede ets eee 65 GUT CUNIOTNA AE ER nn ee ee 49 Cuewornmnsharers Seer eee eee hyena wm nee 59 Gypressybarksbectle teres ees ee ee ee ee 33 Dasychiraypinicolai(Dyan)rsa sees sae eee ee ee 63 Dendroctonusiadjunctus Blandi ....05.+.-...-..: Die 2s Dendroctonus brevicomis LeC. ........ 185252513239 Dendroctonusijrontalis*Zimmbn ss se ee 43 Dendroctonusyefireymadopke sensei (ee oo SEBS Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk. ............. Bile 333}, 3h) Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk. . 5, 6, 10, 18, 24, 25, 39 Dendroctonusmupipennis | (INDY5)) ees ee ace ee 68 Dendrocionusssimplex Wee@. ane aes oe eee 68, 69 Dendroctonusiterebransa Oliv) .. .ae es oe ee eo oe 46 Dendrocionus: valensMke@ae sane eae 2 eS DendrotenixiquercussPackard® 222) ne 64 Diapheromerajemorata (Say) 2 oe: soe eo 48 Dionyctriavabietivorella (Grote) 34+. se eee 11, 64 Diony CirlardisclusaslicinnC hy rss Se eee 49 DIOL GLIGISPD see ne Gs Ne Oe ee 7, 34, 49 Dionyctriazimmermany (Grote). 255-4225) eee ee 34, 41 Diprionysimiliss antlers = 4 ee 44, 45, 62 Douglasstinbectlesee e544 se 535 5 Cig Sy CAND Douglas tirmconemid Sewer oe ene eer sore 34 Doulas timeneraversma ee ee act es ee 38, 40 Douglas-fir tussock moth* .. 2, 5, 6, 11, 17, 19, 30, 38, 39 Diy OCOCLES | GONJUSUS SWanae no) e ae se = Te Va eeos JEON OAD UGRED.[DEGUIG? 23 do 6 500 Us Shen Osea none 68, 69 Eastenmptenticatenpillans se nem ee ay soc. 43, 47, 62 Ectropis crepuscularia (Denis. & Schiff.)...........-. 71 Elnpleatabectlese meristem ca 11, 48 Englenannisprice beetle’. a. 44. oo -te. a= ee = 2 ie 40 IBMUAWETS ono oe oC mes ovis oS ON Oe Smo 68, 69 STAVE WES: oo ae eo © dole MeN Poe alee ee 21 Epinotiarsolandniang We fase eee ee: 3s el (3 JETS tora! (laletae)) oe oo coe eile alee oreo 12: 45363 Eucalyptusionshorm beetle’). 2. . 02. --.-32-- 2c == 36
85
Page Page
Burasian' pine jadel eid 25.7.4 ts 5 ee 36 Locustleatminér® e-. ssc a Se. 2 eee 48, 63 European fruit lecaniim™:. 920.25 ee ae eee 35 Lodgepole pine needleminer’ «. 22. 4-5 27442 4a ee 30 European pine Sawnly> . 3. os ear a e eee 12162 Lymaninia dispar'( >), 2939 2 eee 41, 47, 60 Fallitcankerwonm*s ris soe eee 43, 45, 49, 62 Magicicada septendecum(“.) 32---- eee 49 Balliwebworn tse Sc ee eee 62 Malacosoma americanum (Fab.) ............. 34, 47, 62 Fenusa pusillai(iepa aca eee eee 61 Malacosoma californicum (Pack) ................ 129 Fin; bark- beetlestin eats ce ors ae eee 25 Malacosomadissiia bn) =e 6, 47, 60 BincOne wri €..0h< 2 seen eee one ee 34, 41 Malacosoma: Sp 23:56 28 5 Act ee ee 31 Bipeneraver ssc 26a: Sen ee 30, 31, 33, 40, 41 Margotadid:scale;.o. ) tic. So ee ee eee 35 Fir roundheaded: borer 32 5.47 oa eee 31 Matsucoccusacalyptus Heth: 2252 pee eee 1208 Flatheaded: cedar borers -72 54306 ane eee 12 Matsucoccus resinosae Bean and Godwin ............ 63 Blatheadeéd fin borers 2s. eee eee 50551 MatsucOGGus. Sp: » s6c2202 3850 eee 5235 FRoresticntcaterpillarsa se ee 1, 6, 43, 47, 59, 60 Megastiomus albifrons Walk. 53) 2). eee 21 ornuesan sublemaneantenmitess so | aoe ee 36 Melanolophia.imitata: (Walk.):....>. 2 =. 2-4 ee 71 Pruittree leatrollens 4a eee ee Oo Melanophila californica Van Dyke .........-.-.--- Biles Gall wasp 32% -Ri cs a sens, Se Enea oer 35 Melanophila drummondi Kby. .................+-. 317.33 Giant:conniferaphids:5.20%.. 45.564. -ee see ae 35 Melanophila:spps 232 260s 62526 eee 33, 41 Goutyspichimidse woe: © 6 5 tet te eee oe Mountainipine bectle> = eae 1, 2,5, 10s Grasshoppers.) 35s: 6 On So ee ee ee 35 19, 24, 30, 31, 33, 38, 39, 40 Green inntwonns 5/4523 Sos ee eee eae ae 62 Mountain pine cone beetle —. <- 2225-55 eee 7,24 Green-striped forest loopen ean ao eee eee TA Nantucket pine tipmmoth™e. 3) Sone. eee 11, 35, 48 Greensiiped maplewonmn= eh. ae ee ee 62 Neodiprion fulviceps (Pitch): ©. 2.2.22 392 oe eee 35 Gypsy:moth?s ae 2 nese tute oe 1. 31, 41, 47,59; 60; 61 Neodiprion leconiet (Fitch)” 2. S25. =- 34.255 eee 47 Halisidotatargentaia Lacks er. oe ees oe 31 Neediprion pratt prattt (Dyat) (5525-550 48 Hemlockisa wil yieviieo ms. eo oe Ba eee te ae 68, 71 Neodiprion: sertijer:(Geott:)) 22 2 5 =e eee 12, 62 Heterocampa: cuttevitia’ Walket) 3.5 32s eee 63 N@Odiprion. SPs wees cs he eee Se ee 31 Heterocampaimanico: (DbDIGY) he ese eee ee 48 Neodiprion taedae linearis ROSS”: - 5: 5.5.55 -5e- eee 47 Rlickonysbarkibectle tay. a wets ae a eee ee 46 Neodiprionitsugae (Midd) ~ 2 255 ..4-5- 42-2 eee 71 Hormed-oakipallis oc teonA ar eet enced con ape 62 Neophasia menapia (F.6.E) 320---- --2 52 - oe 7, 34 Evalophorasp pee Hekate Ae eee 34 Nuculaspis californica (Cole:) .4.--445- --3- ee 33 TA AGIA PUNY OT GIG) pen Ne Reet ee Ps 62 Nymphalis antiopa (lz) 2. 2465... 26..2 355 eee 34 NAV ORIOINCH AIAG) 8 Fe Beh Ne eae es Me A ee 7A! QOak-leattier® -.. ocycece ed kas Ql oe eee 47 Livlobins radieispBuchs ys eee ve a 63 Odantata dorsalis, (Thunb!) = = 2455 6. a ee ee 48, 63 Hiyphantriaicunca (Ditty) cs sate eee 47, 62 Orangestripedioak worm 2. 3. .-.5 > 49-0 2esc eee 63 Infroduced pine Sawily--)2-e4r 9.cese a es 1, 43, 44, 62 Orgyia pseudotsugata (McD.) .......... 6, 11.19.3038 Ipsiensraven Dectle s.r ie gpa ae es Set nae 46 Paleacrita vernata (Beck) 3-555 - eee 17, 45, 48, 64 DPS ICLEONLCILS Wis DE Eh as Sas ea a ee 7A | Pandoraimotie 225 ese oe ee ee 17, £8, 205-235450 ips periubatus (Bichh)) pies oa ee ae ee ee 69 Periodical cicada® .... 5:2... )a.04 cohou eee eee 49 IPS) PIN (Say) ete te ty sy ees ater ei, ees 251,03 Periploca nigra Hodges .:.. . 2.3: .2 s4a355 ee 34 IPS“SOD ora) te op Na [PAGE Aaa Ble Sy AU GT Phigalea:titea (Cram.) 22.2 42 oo = 44 60 Jack. pine DUGWOLME 8 222 o4- e LOSI GO NG! Phlocosinus. bark beetle... 2... . 34536 eee 70 Jelitey mine bectle= ee ene areata eee 30; 31,53 Phlocosinus cristatus (.). - <4 =2ee ee eee 33 Jetiney pinemcedle miners... 32 Phlocosinus cupressi Hopk. 25-2. .- =-- 2 eee 33 juniper twice oudler 2... 28 521 te eI ee ie oe 34 Phloeosinus Sp .ss ho5. 83 8sme os 62 ee 21 Konrath se 5 sete pes conts Ws? eth arco ee age aaa a 36 Phorancantha semipunctata Fab. ...............+..+-- 36 Hanchbeetle yy 6.21.5 wteter eshte ee ea ee neg 69 Phryganidia californica Pack. ~ 35... 0 ee 32 archicascbealeit: dy. ase vGae Agere aie Sil 2O Phyllocnistis populiella Chamb. ~.. -- 3-2) = > 12 Marchy Saws fees erste pains Ne ees Bee pes. a eae 63 Phyllophaga SPs. a6 4508 oe oe nic = i ee 21 Barceraspen fOnmnnxa ie ae 5 Sa ee eee 68, 70 Pikonemaalaskensis (Rohwer) 22. .-265552-- eee 64 Laspeyresia pipcrana (Kear) re %. ci... eee cee 21, 34 Pine: bark aphids is. 2). c:32 <0. 2 2 pee ee 49 Beafroblenin =. % 3 2.act eters Se Be se ey ee ea 71 Pine: butterfly *® os cess. oe eee 5, 7, 34, 43 Lecaniin comma Bouchey 2h ee eee ee ea 35 Ping enpravers a= oe 12; 25;:31, 325365-417.65 LeplOclOssus OCCIGERIMN Si Ee) Pe re ae 4] Pine leaf chermid ¢ 2.4.0.2 donc eee See 48 Linden ‘loopert<s¢ 42 ae eee os eee ee 12, 43, 45, 63 Pine néedle miner =... . .... 222 esse ae ea eee 12 Euihocolleis ontario: (Eree;) Aue) 55 ee 71 Pine néedleiscalé: 2222 fences Co ere ee eee 35 Lithophane antennata (Walk.)) .).\..2 a0! anecis ee = 62 Pine needle sheathminer: 2.2 4..04¢- 554+ eee 1 Leblollypine: Sawily? 2.) 2.1455 «) ie eee ie ee 47 Pine needle weevils 5 oo ivan con tee eee 34 Pine:root collar weevil®.. 1.205. 2 bonsai ae ee 63
*Indicates ESA-approved common name Pine sawfly same Yer jbr ouey acetic, et beeen hen e Done aoe ean arene jl 35 = Sie 45
86
Page Binesscedicnaleiderras vac ao se eieciths teehee eo ee 3] inCESPitele DU Game wer errors r ete myale Ai le els o25) 8 43, 49 27 GD) TNO TS 28, 5 aie ee ere Ae ne 11, 43 PINE UOTE 6 @ Shi Se ee eee ee a A 12 PACRESSOCKGMOL Sees 5 Sei ane ici ae ISS oe eed Ses 60 PAPICIESA MERA ACC Smeets, hope he re oie os eee Ses ein Se Sige 36 PICUSSPITOLUGC. OILCH) a9 cere Ass sig odie hte Se eae A 48 EAE CUSESILODIG (EAUS >) ie es joh5) av ee io. ee. sustes oe eho sss Sew sls 49 Rinvonenecdlescaleties) so ska eres gas ee ie Ge oe es 72) ESNOMESSILODE CLEC K relates ere we Siew oe 8b SRS EET 64 ASO CHESES PPE ES ITE ee A De ee A co ene TA Slee 35 AIO DUINOLUSES DMO Mya on SN Se aa RR SSSR EVES ets 35 Bonderosaipineconeibectie® 4. kines eine See 21 Pondekosawpine needle miner. 22. 425.2624..25 >- S528 ROnderosaipine SCeG MOUs snc ae ac. 4 cic soe eee es 21 PORGCEOSAMINe uiIpsMOLN ke eae ee See e PERG ee Se 34 OMMESEIE GES DAs (les) is sectors a 1a Sas os cals Seis eS 31 OSHO AKG OCUS terre ee reece sacs Ae Soe Suc eS I ee 64 Eresupnora enichsonit (Halt... <3 05s bee se bos 163 PP CUAOCKCINCHAESD Sy Perak ee has Sah oe De ee ESS 60 ESCUAOILYICSINUS GISPar BACK es cis se ee ee es iavrinaia inteoltas(Muller)) 2.2% 2: s=25 2. eo ss Ses 11, 48 FRCCEDIR CHSC al Cpe ee ings Sis Ns RRS co ates oe 85 BE 63 Redminpentincibcener ef tn te oe cs. 21; 31, 33 Rredheadcaspine SaWwilye Basore ss <hr tae ee ee 43, 47 Rinvacionia@busnnellr (BUSCK) OG (hc 6s oc cs ee ee 11 kiyacionia jrusirana (Comst:)" . 2-2-2 ....2..... 11, 35, 48 Rhyacionia neomexicana (Dyar) ................. Wie Ai RV AGIONME ZOXOHUE (IIb) he av BoP Pais sw ke Es 34 RCV CHACHUSURMIPESA (le) vo.) ek es ee ee es Ble 68, 70 oundheadedstite DOLE is se es oo yee ns ee el wes 30533 ROnNGHeACCELPINe DeCHIe® 826 cos. ceces sees E225 Saddle backs ppeherce ciate a ec tsk bee Ses 68, 71 Sade pronmilanimt= Fe a ae ee cee koe) es oe 63 SEROUS: co Ecc: Gg RS ne Sol SCAGDS DSSS <0 Se ae ce nn 21 Schizolachus pipradiate (Davidson) .................. 35 BEOLYIUSUAANISPINOSUS Say . 2. <2 2.52.5 222s ese eens 46 MEORUIMESIEMISPINOSUSSECC:. fist). wiayd Saas siete ses Se oo Ss 35 MEGIVIUN VCH GHS AEC oo. ee ees ee ee 31, 33, 41
*Indicates ESA-approved common name.
Scotonyihra)paludicola (Butler)\ 2.2.2... 2. es 36 sepapniladuplex (Walsind) im. = se 2 2k 2s wise sos sole 21 SEV LLO DUSESD Seer ee roe hao ae epee Weta aka ot 34 SECUICORMEIM AS LOLs et Me ee A as are eS tee 35 Silverspotted tieersémoth®). 2 ws cis 2 aes boo oes See 3] Southermypineibectlesaet ps soe ss Sie one 1, 43, 44, 49 Southwestempine up »moth*® 4.2 ..-2 5.02 2s. 2), 43 Spiny-climcatenplll ate cee ee een hE sien) sc eran ee 34 Spistle hu persicae Breese 6. oir eae oie aches 35, 63 S Prine CaNKerw Orme eye. eis es e.tok ae ee ic 43, 45, 48, 64 Spruce Declles ear Canrae cers 2 a nn ences CL SD OS sOO Spruce budmoth* ss. 2 fs. . 1, 20, 59, 60, 68, 69, 70 Sueampine cone Dectle Son eer eiacccine ls ee ee 34 Tentyeaterpillarse4e aos ers Se Se oes Bes Soe 315325534 ietropimibabietis Falla yon oo 5 nes ne oe Sle Be! TCE OPLUINGS PP ee eens Be hs Grist ON Ge me ors Se we Siete 33 Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (Haw.) ............... 47 ALWISTDECHICS amet pre tne NE MIE as 2 ysu- oeclrc Hn Sycev cs plese als 35 dWwolinedichestnul|DOreren thee xe iS) 0 Oe eee 65 NVatiablejoakcleaf-caterpillarsimriss jeece- 2 se ene 48 WiT PIT ayPINe SAW Yeates outs, ee UASizesercven sneer ero 43, 48 Wallan 2 SGC kcaian, oie Caren SE ie oes ei waa? 43, 48 WebbinexcOne WOM teres hecho) a Wa ear 49 NANTES 2 td hcl HAE eta a ea 43, 49, 70 Western balsam bark beetle* ............ SIZES 25 Western blackheaded budworm* ................. 695i NestemmlcontionmsSceds DU Saat tienes sac cee See 4] WestenmilarchiSawilicsig secu foe snes tcs «uty tie csee we sea serene 7 Wester pine beetle = 1517; 185 195 25:.30; 311, 36, 39; 40 Westem'spruce budworm*—. ..4......- Be oly Oy WOR AL TIVE
18, 19, 24, 25, 26, 27, 36, 68 Westemnitenticaterpillanty ha ccie a -scnscicstetoeiene: L219 Whitespinetcone beetles sarc eens ota cicr iere at 39, 49 WiTte NINE WEE VANS arte retese I cree e teas ealecoire cestee Ned one 64 WillowAleateminecnan sti ty eac ch reed aetna neigee 68, 70 Woolyapinemecdicaphid ware et nein eee 35 Wellowheadedispruiceisawhy,” fur era tee ee 64 LCI AD RCTS Pier, Aes oo sic Veeco gaa ster eS 68, 69, 70 Le larrarnGimbachia Busey sonia neon tee ee I Ziminennany pine moO see en ccna eee 11, 64
87
Index — Diseases
Page Actinopeltednyina (Sacc>) Moehhnn 32.95 5-75 4042 5 oe a 56 AXCtinopeltedleatispOtwaen = cance eek et cick hs oneeer ee 56 Aifepollutontyan cvccre ces Sows aisle fol DNA 39] 5i1.06 VALCENANIAsS aur sain oe Bais i Sicussne ects Ss is eregs Hay as 7 AMIN ANE ATINAG Cat isto esos cacmen econ co euene mee 29 8.8 AMNOSUSTOOUTOL Ranson soe oe eee 13, 31, 36, 49, 66 /NTILNTRRCORNS®. s lsshe Fees On ee ee eee 54, 66 Arceuthobium abietinum f. sp. GONGOLOFISS EL AWKSGG WIENS). Sock: a sees ae ea nes 20 Arceuthobium americanum INUtterexelin Selita eee aloe ke Gs cane Secreto 6, 11528 Arceuthobium campylopodum Engelm. ............ 28, 41 Arceuthobium douglasii Engelm. ........... 6, 20, 28, 41
AT GCUINODIUTMSPPs anne oo one c= = 6.205 285312 36,41 Arceuthobium tsugensis (Rosend.) G.
N. Jones Arceuthobium vaginatum subsp.
cryptopodum (Engelm.) Hawks. &
VWAGTINS oS 6 go Soe ee eee oe 20, 28
NemmillartanOo totes sete. hetaae eho nue one oss 13, 54, 66 Armillariella mellea (Vahl. ex Fr.) Karst. ....... 8, 13, 14 Armillariella tabescens (Fr.) Singer .............. 49, 54 /ANGID LIVSRIEEROTE 5 Sis cia Rome ne Oe er Pe 15 ANSTOST NEUE [DING DES Dae Ae ale cs chee Rorenee cee eee cnt eee 5), UY FASDEMESHOOEDITGH ES. e Siscs seaiclee ae wet 2s ams Gree 22 BAG Len alec ane terete tao cade Sue? Monomers © ra Wh 15 Balsamienmmnecdiewust ~ sees. cc 55 soc eee ls soe stew ae 66 Ree CHbDankediS@aSera re cen NG Aye sly Sueneneencccnealhs os 65, 66 SACKS O tele eck 6 hoo cus es oe aide ee ant aus 8 See FeHN TS 5) Blackestainmootdisease: =... <2 .-06:e5e.-+0 55. 2}. 7/5 Gl Bs Otiy HSIGINCHEASPETS.. CX ET. <6. Ses bias Ga wk omen 8 Bomynsiheobromace (B & C.) CKe. 22. cnckn en nee 16, 67 Brownespounecdieiblight ......... 264404: secs eeen- 51 Bursaphelenchus lignicolus Mamiya & Kiyokara ... 15, 65 EXESOPICICHCRUSES Dis ere eee Ae HALON et GS eg Si ER hensM aC alt Clin == ye ite asl eee ee es 55, 66 COLD UTD, SO COR RE PE Pe oe re a 66 SenansiumegwiPcblieht: Qe. ste owe 6 oe toh ae 66 Gephalosporium diospyni Crandall .........:...:.... Sl Ceratocystis fagacearum (Bretz) Hunt ..... 14, 51, 64, 66 @cratocystis fimbriata Ell. & Halst. ..........2:26-<: Die Ceratocystis ulmi (Buism.) C. Mor. . 14, 28, 37, 41, 54, 61 Ceratocystis wageneri Goheen & Cobb ........... il Becosporasequoiae EB. SOR. 505. .nuae ais eck 15 lite OAMBOOUMOLS 2 5 teenie aio to cond owas RSA STA 7/ CHOSEN: LOCATE aederee a aan, Eee oe Pe ee ee 55) Ginysomyxa arciostaphyli Diet. -..... 5.2.0.6.) ... 65 Np Shaysomyxaiedicola Iaphh.. 25.22.4055 66.5 80cm Tal Ciborinia whetzelli (Seaver) Seaver .............. LOS 22 Bie COSPORUUTIUES Deepa crn sis ike ce a Pact Pot. Se ale ite BE 56
Page Comandraiblistemnmistar nace so ale LOD Cottonwoodileatblightahe seas Ae 15 CronantiumicOmandrae PECK as Wine he rs Pe 13 GronariiumcompioniaesAtths ase soni ae ee 5 Cronartium fusiforme Hedg. & Hunt ............. 49, 57 GronartiummibicolayFischegy 2) Aenea B/D Ol Giypiococcus fagisuga Winds =. ao ae eee ee 65, 66 Cry ptosphacniaicankens {ener Sees ene ee 15 Cryptosphaeria\(iibertella) Spp oe. = nee ee eee 15 GuTVUlaniQusP werrrctan trace ees en OR is SN ta tee Tee 14 Gylindrocladium floridanum Sobers) 5... 22. : -<5. 2.2: 58 Gylindrocladiumirootrote an ane seme eee as cee O)/5 ke) Cylindrocladium scoparium Morg ............... SDS Gy lOSPOTGabICtiSIS ACC sero ee ee Si Gylosporagcamke te res nosey on eas oor ths syeae 14, 30, 37 Gyiosporaychrnysospennia (Pets) yEX -- sean ae ee 14 CViOSPORGES PDN oe es OE 14 DD ainpin oo fie ree atte teat oa pected Tee A a 2 Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins ................ 28 Diaporihecubensisebrunens +e aoe ae 37 Dianporihclokeyac enka ese ae) ae OL ELT, Dibrotryon morbosum (Schw.) Th. & Syd. ........... SS) Diplodiaspincay(Desmis) Kackxem ni see 14, 16, 66 Dip OGiGhS Dies ete eee ee A nee cee ee 58 Diplodiagtipiblichtawerrs cree 14, 16, 58, 66 Dothisiromameedle blisht sess es] tee D5 Onell Motusiromarypinilul Deere eee eee 16 Dowelasstimdwantemistletoes ase ee aes oe ee 17 Dougtasshinneedleiblightanecee ae core ee 5,8 rougher eon aoe arg see RT ee eee 56 DN OCOCLESICONJUSUS aera) Acie er 13 Dutchyelmydiscasem aia eee 35) (lie 283 44 Dwarf mistletoes ..... 25 Op ADs Paes 235 OU Sil, O40 Echinodontium tinctorium (E. & E.)E. & E. .......... 22, Elytrodermaideformans (Weir) Dark.) 52.20 2 ee ee 37 Elytroderma necdleiblight seers... soetece soe 30, 37, 42 Endocronartium harknessti (J.P. Mon) Y. Hirat ........ 13 Endothia parasitica (Murr.) P.J. & H.W. And. ........ 3) ET Willa mnimuipnessurauisi Cattaneo 57 Bucalyptusicanken= 3 po rec cnras se ses oe eae 30537 Eucalyptus leatidiscaseat ayaa eit one ee ae >i Burasianypinesapnidi es. cs. soa ac shee ce ee 30 irbroominust peer eee ce ae cee cee ce ree E RiGodudamace graces. cs sei y re a oasis noe es 71 Romesynaxinophilus) (Pks))Saccs 5254454446 sea 15 RUS amc ante 5, a eeeneavcr eel MS oa loatien ol. tateeeakatowole 55 Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans Wr. & Reink ... 52 Fusarium oxysporum (Schl.) ex Snyd. & Hans ..... 37, 54 Fusarium solani (Mart.) Ap. & Wr. ex Snyd. & Hans _ .. 55 / OPEL TLE OFS 9) Ds io OPANS oe) OR ee oe eee 723, 30358
Fusticladium Sps\.n3 fo hos seek Se ee Oe 14 USiOrN FUSES Weca =) cst ae eee eee 49, 57 Ganoderma tsugae Must 2 5222 Sa ee ee 5 GENICHIGTIGSD = onc a oY Meee orn eee eS 14 GlLOCOSPOTLUTESPPs Ai 5 Se See a oe 58 Gnomonia leptostyla (Fr.) Ces. & de Not. ......... 16, 54 Gnomonia platant EGgee sek soe ee ee 54 Gnomonia:quercina Kieb. ee see ee ee 54 GNOMOTUASPDs Se nes eo ee 66 Graymold) i ec.xe. 32 oe en ee ee 238 Gremmeniella abietnia (Lagerb.) Morlet ............. 64 Flackbémy deCay- = 3. seen a Se eee 16 Hemlock dwarf mistletoe 22 32-2 eee ee 71 Herpobasidium:Sp cc SAO ee ee 16 Heterobasidium annosum (Fr.) Bref .... 13, 20, 31, 36, 41,
49, 66 Honey locust canker + 2.2.4 2056 ioe oe ee eee 16 Honeysuckle sblight 2c Se Wee cee ee 16 Munbicane? a3 ac2 5825 tae Cea oe ee ee 56 Hylastes\Spp:t ..3,..4G5, cee Cee ee ee ee 28 Hypoxylon atropunctatum (Schw. ex Fr.) Cke. ......... 55 Hypoxylon-cankers 422. Ba ee es ee ee 55, 66 Hypoxylon mammatum (Whal.) Mill. .............--. 66 cela: Ta re eta Meter eM Pore NU A Puli Pa ot rpc 56 Indian; paint funous 3). aes eee Japs Inksspotleak Dh ohit. fs cece sees as oneeey eee eee 22 Ink: spotiofAspen enc set a8 cee eet one eee 16 lnonotus circinatus, (Et) iGilbs=. re eee eee 49 Inonotus (Polporus) tomatosus (Fr.) Gilbertson ........ 28 Bland! chlorosisiccs:) Aus aoe a ee ee eee 16 arch decline 257 ia ate ee ee ee 67 PCatiDFONnZing? Wir acon ican ee 67 CAR TUSE 35S 30h ee SR ine Ce ee 58 | B77 PS 00) Bg beter et ee aoe ae Dee epee Eat ate eSATA 67 ieibertellaidecay i255 a hace Ss ete nd ee ee 15 Liberte spice c Sn52 032 Sk Bae SEO Oe 15 Pim Must scree si ie BN eh he eR 22 Bittleleatidisease: i a5 a5 ess apspee che eee ee ee 49 Kodcepolespine needlecasts 43-4 - 6 ae oe eee 5) Lophodermella actuata (Dark.) Dark. ............... 8 Lophodermella concolor (Dearn.) Dark. ............. 8 Eophodermnummncedlecast 1/252) 4-32 eae eee 67 Lophodermium pinastri (Schrad. ex Hook.) Chev. ...... 67 Macrophomina phaseoli (Mauab.) Ashby ............ 28 Marssonina leaf:spot. i x preecc eee oe a ee ee 67 Marssonina populi (Lib.) Magn. ................ 15, 67 Melampsora medusae Thim. ................... 15, 56 Melampsora 1usts.. .2 4522342 se Bee ee eee 56 MCIAMDSOTQ) SP. 65. 22a pie SS ee 58 Melampsorella caryophyllacearum Schroet. ........... 22 Meria laricis, Voll 3 na is Reet ee 8 Microsphacraainty DE ex. Wit, ee ee eee 56 Mimosa: walt) (3355.03 6 u2.te oa hes eee ee eee 54 MY COTTHN ZOE) 4 od cigs a ie Ra ee 23 Napicladium tremulae (Frank) Sacc. ................ 22 Nectria coccinea var: faginata Loh., Wats. & Ay. .5, 6, 66 Needle diseasesuts. 9: ceri Le a anon eee re > Nentatodets fey he tet ON BeAr ee eee a7 INNISERY GIS ASE fcceaye oo cr aed eh ay ene 8, 14, 23, 37
90
Page Oak: anthracnose. «ogc. < sae Ske s 52 oe eee 54 Oak decline... eset ee es Sah eee 54 Oak: leaf blister 2:22 22:5 65255 ee 56 Oakswilt 5 Saabs heise ee eee 6, 14, 51, 64, 67 Ohiaidechine: =) 2a. 5. ae ee ee 30, 37 Peridermium filamentosum Peck 2-2) ---- ee eee 22 Pestalotia: Spi) sve nk oc tee ee ee Syd! Phacidium infestans Katst= =.=. -- .25- eee eee 8 Phacolus'schweinitzi (FE) Pat 2 eee 8, 28, 49, 54 Phaeocryptopus gaumanni (Rohde) Petr. ............. 42 Phellinus weir (Mure) Gib =. eee 8, 22, 41 Phoma Spp ose 22 05-0 4 BRET eee 15 Phomopsis:’Sps— 2223 oe. eee 14, 58 Phoradendron‘californicum === .5 =. 0 eee eee 23 Phoradendron juniperinum’ 222) 2359-2 eee 23 Phoradendron villosum (Nutt.) Nutt. ................ 23 Phthium root rot: «2.3. ..5.5. ee eee 58 Phyllosticta minima (BL & ©.) EV & EE. ee 67 Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands ................. 37, 49 Phytophthora‘root Tot; - 22222. --. 52 ee eee 54 Phytophthora spp. 2.88255. 20 eee 54 Pine ‘needle rust: .”; . 225 32: Fate oo eee 56 Pine wood)nematode: S22... eee 115265 Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Cokler & Couch .......... 15 Pitchcanker 3. oO ee eee tieS2 Plagithmysus bilineatus'Shatp© =~. - - 4.5 eee 37 Poria-sybacida (Pk) Sacer eee 28 Powdery mildew «2.6.2... 6c. ote ee eee 56 Pseudolylesinus nebulosus (LeConte) ................ 28 Pythium’ root rot: 2 222 0'.2 2S ee ee 23, 58 Pythium Spps- 225.0282 ee eee ee 25-8 Rhabdocline pseudotsugae Syd) ==.) ) eee 8 Rhabdocline weirrii Parker & Reid ...............-. 8 Rhizoctonia spp. 2i e600 52s oe oe eee 14, 58 Rhytismaiacerinum Pets: ex En’ =. 5.2 495-6 56 ROOUTIONS 72.6 a. oe eee ee 2, 6, 135-205 30554555556 Russian olive:dieback == 723.225 eee 16, 67 Salt damage -...s).5.,c0 dal oes Se eee 57 Scurrhia‘acicola (Deam.,) Sige: . 22-5 ae ee ee 51 Scirrhia pint Funk & A] Ke Parker 22. oa. eee 8 Scleroders canker 2.0.52. sno eee ee 1, 64 Scolytus tsugae (Swain)'+....°- =../2 3 eee 28 Scolytus ventralis: Lec 2). 2 Ps 4 ae OS oe eee 13 Sirococcus clavigighentijuglandacearum (Nair, -Kostichkas& Kuntz). -.4242 5-2 66 Sirococcus:shoot blight: ]..% 42> = 4-2 eee 67, 71 SUOCOCCUS*SP skies Oe ee Oe ee eee 5D Sirococcus ‘sirobilinus ‘Preusss- 4-2 2 eee 67, 71 Shime Mux ¢2iie-32 2 2 ee ee 57 Snow mold. «.2862k.< s7R RAS eee 8, 56 Spruce broom 1st: = .:...240 522-22 eee 22 Spruce needle rust. «2224-2. 222 Se. eee Fa Sugar maple defoliation’ 42.:. 22.22 22.2. ee eee 67 Sycamore anthracnose - .:; /o..e2.. Ae ee 54 Taphrina caerulescens (Mont. & Desm.) Tul. ......... 56 Taphrina leaf blister... 5...) PS 2 ee eee 56 Tarspob™. 40) ets ieee eee oot ae 56 Thyronectria austro-americana (Speg.) Seeler ......... 16 Tip blight’ .cc2s..c0choeo eas Sh eo 58
Page Page
TROSREVCIGY acu. dS Cla too ee oe ene >i We athena amas Came nnterarr tar nas ysis ice sic a Srscai cranes Ne te! Uredinopsis mirabilis (Pk.) Magn. .................. 66 WESTORIgS allGnUS Ummame tat ten rte str nr errs dilly: Ee ey: 13 NEXUS UNE ct Ean ViT LC SUM eee cern ce caida aes at ehiefrs Vere nea asl Scov 8 14, 61 Waliiteshcantho trae sors sre ree ets ck eae onc ioe 22 Verticicladiella procera Kend. ............ 22, 49, 54, 67 WinitespineblistemmuStierec ces se. oe Se oe NOs San Olt CTCL AIIGUN SD) OE eee, OE OSC ee eee 28 Wihitespime rootdechines ene ees cn oe wearer 54, 67 QREOUTATE S08 SES Oe te Pe SR eae ear 14 Wintemdamace sr er ners 4 ee ee ny ene De Ts pe Sy! NWalirutzanthnracnOsen sige seeks cscs eco ncts riod ces se 16, 54 WiTlteTeti Un vaerere eee ere 2 hey ane Pie hes oes nae
91