Historic, Archive Document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. ANNUAL REPOST OF THE BARBERRY ERADICATION CAMPAIGN, 192?, WITH SUMMARIZED RESULTS FOR 1918-1927, INCLUSIVE INDEX Page Introduction -------------------------------- 1 Necessity for the Barberry Eradication Campaign ------------- 1 Organization of the Barberry Eradication Campaign ------------ 2 Progress during 192? ---------------------------- 3 Investigations ------------------------------ 3 Stem Rust Epidemiology Studies --------------------- 3 Classification of Barberry Species, Varieties and Hybrids ------- 5 Inoculation of Barberry Species, Varieties and Hybrids with Stem Rust Studies in Connection with the Problem of Chemical Eradication ----- 6 Surveys - -------------------------------- 6 Eirst Survey V Second Survey ----------------------------- 3 Re survey -------------------------------- Eradication 9 Escaped Barberries and Seedlings -------------------- 9 Publicity and Education - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 10 Summarized Results ----------------------------- 12 Summary for 1927 ----------------------------- 12 Summary of Results from 1918 to 1927, Inclusive ------------- 13 Tables 1- First Survey, Properties, Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1927 ----------- l4 2- Eirst Survey, Bushes and Seedlings, Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1927 ------ 15 3. First Survey, Properties, April 1, 1918, to Dec. 31, 1927 - 4. First Survey, Bushes and Seedlings, April 1, 1918, to Dec. 31, 1927 - - 17 5. Second Survey, Properties, Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1927 ---------- 13 6. Second Survey, Bushes and Seedlings, Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1927 ----- 19 7. Second Survey, Properties, Jan. 1, 1922, to Dec. 31, 1927 ------- 20 8. Second Survey, Bushes and Seedlings, Jan. 1, 1922, to Dec. 31, 1927 - - 21 9- Resurvey, Properties, Jan. 1 to Dec- 31, 1927 ------------- 22 10. Resurvey, Sprouting Bushes and Seedlings, Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1927 - - - 23 11. Resurvey, Properties, April 1, 1918 to Dec. 31, 1927 --------- 24 12- Resurvey, Sprouting Bushes A Seedlings, April 1, 1918, to Dec. 31, 1927 25 13. Chemical Treatment, 1927 - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - -- -- -- - 2o 14. Chemical Treatment, Sept. 1, 1921, to Dec. 31, 1927 ---------- 27 15. Chemicals, Quantities Used, Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1927 ---------- 16. Chemicals, Quantities Used, Sept. 1, 1921, to Dec. 31, 1927 ------ 29 17. Grand Summary, Original Bushes, Sprouting Bushes, A Seedlings, 1918 to 1927 30 18. Grand Summary by Years, Original Bushes, Sprouting Bushes, 6c Seedlings, 1918 to 1927 31 f i « annual report of the barberry eradication campaign, 1921, WITH SUMMARI ZED RESULTS FOR 1 31 S- 192?, INCLUSIVE By Lynn D. Hutton. Associate Pathologist in Charge, and John W. Baringer, Associate Pathologist, and State Leader of Barberry Eradication in Ohio INTRODUCTION The common barberry is slowly but surely losing its hold in the barberry- eradication area- This area comprises the 13 north-central States of Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. A campaign for the systematic eradication of all rust-spreading barberries from these 13 States was started in April, 1918, as a cooperative project between the U. S. Department of Agri- culture and the Agricultural Colleges and State Departments of Agriculture of these States. The Conference for the Prevention of Grain Rust, composed of agricultural, business, and educational leaders, has cooperated very closely. Local civic organizations have aided materially in furthering the campaign in their communities. Property owners willingly have reported known locations of harmful bushes and have helped to eradicate them. The idea of barberry eradication as a means of reducing stem-rust losses is not a new one. Campaigns to eradicate rust-spreading barberries have been carried on by many European countries in the last 200 years. As a result of these campaigns in Europe, positive local control has been effected, and, where eradication has been thorough, as in Denmark, control of stem rust has resulted. Laws were passed in Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts be- fore 1775 prohibiting the growing of common barberries. Stem rust was not con- trolled in these States because the laws v ere not rigidly enforced, but in localities where complete eradication was accomplished, beneficial results fol- lowed immediately upon removal of the barberries. Local attempts at eradica- tion in other States had resulted, in decreased rest losses, but the widespread influence of adjacent barberries reduced the effectiveness of local eradication. Necessity for the Bar berry Eradication Campaign As early as 1S91 severe local attacks of stem rust had been known in the north-central grain-growing States but, previous to 1904, there had been no- widespread and destructive epidemic of stem rust. The season of 1904 was char- acterized by an epidemic so severe and so widespread that it was of national importance. In 1911 occurred a general but less severe epidemic. This caused a realization that losses from stem rust, even in ordinary years, were large and important. In 1916 came another extremely destructive epidemic which is estimated to have destroyed over 130,000,000 bushels of wheat in the upper Mississippi Valley, besides causing a great loss in Canada- -1- Grain growing in many sections was becoming unprofitable because of stem rust. In some localities, and even in whole districts, farmers had abandoned wheat growing. Part of these rust losses could be traced directly to the barberry bushes which caused them. Larger epidemics showed evidence of being the re- sult of coalescing local epidemics which were started by barberries. Prom what we now know of the numbers and distribution of barberries it appears that rust losses as a whole increased about in proportion to the increase in the number of barberries in the north-central States. Organization of the E rad i cat ion Campaign The demand for relief from increasing losses from stem rust even in ordi- nary years, and the recurrence of epidemic years, resulted in the legislation against the common barberry and the organization of a campaign to find and destroy it. In 191? North Dakota began the eradication of her common barber- ries. Early in 1913 the present organization, cooperative between the U. 3. Department of Agriculture and the 13 north-central States, was effected. The campaign was made a project of the Office of Cereal Crops and Diseases of the Bureau of Plant Industry, By the spring of 1919 laws or other regulations prohibiting the growing of barberries had become effective in each of these States. A State Leader ?/as put in charge of the work in each State. In connection with the supervision of the campaign he made contacts with all of the cooperat- ing State agencies. Under the general direction of the National Leaders he supervised the following four phases of the campaign: Invest igations , surveys, eradication, and publicity and education. Each Leader directed a corps of field men in carrying out these phases of the campaign. Collaborators, cooper- ators, and agents from the agricultural colleges, extension divisions, and experiment stations aided further in the investigational, survey, publicity, and educational activities. In the nine years of the campaign to December 31, 1926, more than l4,300,- 000 common barberry bushes were eradicated. On that date all but 57 of the 920 counties necessary to survey had been covered by the first, or preliminary survey. However, only 209 counties had been covered by the second or more intensive survey. In addition to the remaining second survey, hundreds of areas of escaped bushes remained to be cleared, and continued resurveys over the entire area were needed to find and eradicate seedlings and sprouting bushes . -2- PROGRESS DURING 192? 7/hile the funds for the campaign became available at the beginning of the fiscal year each July, enough money is set aside each fall to adequately finance spring activities, so that the work done during 192? represents approx- imately the progress that has been made with the appropriation of one fiscal year. This amount includes $375,000 of the Pederal appropriation and approxi- mately $38,000 in aid furnished in cash and services by the States and other cooperative agencies. Again, during 192?, the activities of the campaign were directed along the four major lines (l) investigations, (2) surveys, (3) eradication, and (4) publicity and education. Investigations The activities under the investigational phase of the campaign have in- cluded (l) stem- rust epidemiology studies, (2) classification of Berberis and other closely related genera, (3) the inoculation of barberry species, varie- ties and hybrids with stem rust, and (4) studies in connection with the prob- lem of chemical eradication- Stem Rust Epidemiology Studies Studies of stem-rust epidemiology were continued in 192?, as formerly, under the direction of Dr. E. C. Stakman, University Farm, St. Paul, Minn. These investigations consisted of efforts to determine the sources of stem rust and the time of its first appearance on barberries and on grains and grasses at various latitudes. The degree of prevalence and the relative maturity of the rust on barberries were observed as the season progressed. At the same time, notes were made on the prevalence and severity of stem rust on grains and grasses near barberries in comparison with the amount of stem rust on grains and grasses growing far from the known location of barberries. The maximum extent of spread of stem rust from barberries to grain was record- ed and estimates were made of resulting reduction in yields. An attempt was then made to correlate the relation of such local epidemics to the general stem-rust situation within individual States. The contribution of stem rust from various States or parts of States to more widespread interstate epidemics was determined as far as possible. In addition, seasonal collections of samples of rusted barberry leaves and of rusted grain straw were made in many States from Texas north to Canada, and from Ohio west to Montana for the purpose of determining the distribution and prevalence of physiologic forms of stem rust. These data furnished con- siderable information on the phywiologic-f orm population in each area- and on the movement of stem rust from one part of the United States to' another during the growing season. " ’ f -3- Comparison of stem-rust epidemiology data for any given year with sim- ilar data obtained in any previous year or in any group of previous years, has supplied a means of determining the effect which the eradication of bar- berries is having in eliminating severe local epidemics. An idea of the probable effect of the destruction of large numbers of barberries in reducing the frequency and ultimate severity of widespread stem- rust epidemics also can be obtained by such comparison. Dr. Stakman is assisted in this phase of the- work by the stem- rust and eradication personnel of the Office of Cereal Crops and Diseases. Dr. H. B. Humphrey, Senior Pathologist in Charge of Rust Investigations, furnished very valuable aid in gauging the rust situation. The collaborators and cooperators in each of the barberry eradication States, and cooperators in other States and Canada, have supplied comparable data. Each State Leader and his corps of field men furnished specimens of infected barberries and grains and grasses. Specially trained field men inspected and mapped local rust spreads. The estimates furnished by the Office of Mycology and Disease Survey, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, are indispensable in summar- izing the general annual stem- rust situation. The success which has been attained in curbing severe local stem-rust epidemics, that arise from time to time on grains near barberries, by the destruction of such bushes is one of the most reassuring accomplishments of the campaign. Hundreds of cases are on record in the States of the eradica- tion area where stem rust has been found spreading from barberries to grain. These local spreads often have been reported by farmers and studied later by the field agents. Invariably such local spreads have been eliminated and the volume of rust in each community has been reduced, by the destruction of these rust sources. Barberry eradication has more than paid its way, in its entirety, by the control of local epidemics during the past ten years. In 1927, considerable damage from stem rust occurred in some districts of the hard- spring-wheat States. This epidemic caused some doubt as to the effectiveness of the barberry-eradication campaign. In discussing this epi- demic it is essential that everyone should realize that 192? was an abnormal season. Spring grain, especially wheat, matured from 10 to 20 days later than usual, because of late seeding and unfavorable weather conditions. Pre- cipitation was abnormally heavy over much of the area and was distributed gen- erally throughout the growing season. With a delayed crop, a large amount of moisture in the soil, heavy dews, hot weather during the latter part of July, and the pronounced succulency of the grain plants, the season was extremely favorable for a terrific rust epidemic. An outstanding feature of the epidemic was the belated appearance of the rust. This is a most important point. This delayed development of stem rust in large quantities is exactly what one would expect after more than 14,000,000 barberry bushes had been removed. Unfor- tunately, the millions of barberries remaining in May and June, 1927, were infected. The spores produced by these bushes, though less abundant than in former years, because of the number of bushes destroyed, had two weeks longer in which to multiply and spread, due to the late harvest. The complete erad- ication of these remaining barberry bushes will reduce the initial amount of rust in the spring and early summer. The rust will start later, if at all, and in a normal season grains should escape damage. The epidemic of 1927, rather than being a discouraging factor, should give encouragement to those interested in barberry eradication. -4- Classification of Barberry Species , Varieties, and Hybrids A collection of Berberis for experimental purposes is maintained at Bell, Maryland. Additions have been made to the gollection from time to time as rare or new species, varieties, or hybrids become available. The study, classi- fication, description, and illustration of this collection has been carried on cooperatively by the Office of Horticulture and the Office of Cereal Crops and Diseases by Mr, B. Y. Morrison, Associate Horticulturist. Hollowing is a brief summary of Mr. Morrison's report for 192?: "The work at Bell Station for this year has chiefly concerned itself with the addition of data to those already collected for the proposed monographic survey of the genus Berberis. The plants se- cured from seed in 1925 are now coming into mature character of leaf but few have produced bloom. Those from later seed collections are still in juvenile stages of development. The proposed plan includes a sheet of drawings for every species and as many garden forms as may be desirable, on which will be shown every stage in the plant's life from its germination to its fruiting. There are over one hun- dred such sheets in progress to date. Only about ten are complete at the end of this season. "The only important addition to the collection this year has been Berberis be rgmanniana var. acanthophylla from seed received from G-olden Gate Park, San Erancisco, California. "In propagation, it has been found that the Japanese barberry makes a suitable stock on which to graft a wide range of species- , By this method it will be possible hereafter to supply identical material which will make a larger plant in a short time than any plant raised from a cutting. The experimental supply grafted in the winter of 1926 will go to St. Paul this winter, after being grown in the nursery this summer. " Inoculation of Barberry Species, Varieties, and Hybrids with Stem Rust All species and strains of barberry and Mahonia, not positively known to be either susceptible or resistant to stem rust, are being assembled and tested for susceptibility to the several varieties and physiologic forms of black stem rust. These investigations are being carried on at the University Harm, St. Paul, Minn. The results obtained show which of the numerous species and varie- ties of barberries are immune from stem rust and may safely be planted in the eradication area. This work was started by Dr. E. C. Stakman and Dr. M« H- Levine. Since 1925 it has been carried on by Mr. R. U. Cotter. During 192?, seven additional species and varieties were found to be susceptible to stem rust. Several other species and varieties appeared to be immune but these will be given additional inoculations to positively determine their immunity. The investigation of the correlation between resistance to puncture of barberry leaves and susceptibility to or immunity from stem rust is being continued by Mr. L. V7. Melander, State Leader in Minnesota, and Mr. Cotter at the University Harm, St. Paul, Minn. -5- Studies in Connection with the Problem of Chemical Eradication The chemical studies which were carried on from 1921 to 1925, inclusive, by Dr. ¥. ¥. Robbins, Mr. Mi E. Thompson, and Dr. E. R. Schulz determined definitely that of the more than 4o chemicals tried, salt and kerosene are the most satisfactory for use in killing barberries. This determination was based upon the effectiveness, availability, and cost of the chemicals, ease of handling, danger in application, and danger in killing animals which have access to the treated bushes. However, in the use of these chemicals, other studies have been carried on by the State Leaders in barberry eradication- During 1927 the proper amounts of salt and kerosene to produce killing under varying soil, humidity, and topo- graphic conditions have been studied in each State. A preliminary experiment was started in 1927 in Geauga County, Ohio, for the purpose of securing addi- tional data as to the effectiveness of several different methods of application, and of varying amounts of salt and kerosene. In view of the importance of seedling eradication, an experiment was started in Ohio by Mr. John ¥. Baringer, State Leader in that State, in 1926, and was continued in 1927, to determine the effect on barberry seedlings of a single uniform dosage and repeated annual dosages of kerosene and of a saturated solution of common salt. Somewhat similar experiments were started by Mr. Halter F. Reddy, State Leader in Michigan, in the fall of 1926 and were continued during 1927. These experiments also may show the probable effect of these dosages on ungerminated barberry seeds which are so often found near the base of old barberry bushes- The present indications are that some very valuable information will be obtained from these experiments. Incidentally, considerable data will be obtained on the natural persistence or mortality of seedlings in untreated experimental check plots- Four orders of survey now are in progress in different parts of the bar- berry eradication area. These are (l) first survey, (2) resurvey, (3) second survey, and (4) combined resurvey and second survey. A first survey is the first property- to-property survey of all of the cities, towns, and villages, and a farm-to-farm survey of all of the rural districts in a given territorial unit. A re survey is a thorough reinspection of all properties on which barberry bushes or seedlings previously were found and destroyed. Its primary purpose is the destruction of all sprouts or seedlings which have appeared since the preceding survey. It also accomplishes the destruction of any bushes which were missed on these properties during the previous survey. Resurveys subse- quent to the first resurvey have the same purpose and are called second resur- vey, third resurvey, etc. -6- A second survey is the second property-hy-property survey of all of the cities, towns, and villages, and the second farm- to- farm survey of all the rural districts in a given territorial unit. A ■ combined second survey and re survey is one in which these two surveys may to carried on together advantageously and economically - Such a combined survey is advantageous under two conditions: (l) The resurvey of a property may indicate the necessity of a second survey of adjoining properties within a sufficiently wide radius to insure the' finding of all barberry tushes which may have escaped from, any original planting. (2) A second survey of a terri- torial unit frequently involves the re inspect ion of properties upon which barberries previously have been found and destroyed. Four methods of survey have been used in the barberry-eradication campaign These are (l) the intensive method, (2) the modified- intensive method, (3) the farmstead method, and (4) the road method. The intensive method is a foot-by-fcot inspection of every property in an entire .civil township or larger territorial unit. This is one of the two 'methods used in the first survey and the second survey, beginning in 1925. The modified- intens ive method is a thorough inspection of all farmsteads (including houseyard, garden, orchard, and barnyard) and windbreaks, nearby fence rows, adjacent woods, and such other nearby places as may be expected to harbor barberries. This method differs from the intensive-survey method in that natural timber, far removed from home sites, is given only a cursory inspection. Whenever barberries are found on this survey a foot-by-foot sur- vey is made in every direction for a distance of two miles from, the last fruit- ing barberries found. This method of survey is most commonly used on second surrey. In the farmstead method. , the farmyards only are carefully inspected. No inspection is made of adjacent groves, orchards, windbreaks, fence rows, etc., unless fruiting barberries are found on the farmstead. This method is the one which commonly was used on the first survey. It is used only to a limited extent on the second survey. In the road method, farmsteads were not inspected unless barberry bushes, or bushes believed to be common barberries, could be seen from the read. This method was used in a few of the States at the beginning of the first survey, but it was discontinued because of its inefficiency. First Survey The greater part of the area which it seemed necessary to cover by first survey was completed before 1925. Until the end of 1924, the farmstead method was used on first survey. Beginning with 192-5 either the intensive or the modified- intens ive method was adopted and continued during the period from 1925 to 1927, inclusive. Naturally the adoption of these more intensive - methods resulted in a decrease in the area covered each year but resulted in an increase in survey efficiency- . ' The first survey is nearing- completion. Approximately 882 of 920 counties necessary to survey were- covered by December '31 ,■ 1927. In 192?, first survey retrained to be done only in Illinois, Michigan, Montana, and Ohio. Some first survey was done in each of these States in 192?. Of the first survey completed in 192?, some was done by the • intensive method. In other places, the modified- intensive method was used. There are a number of local factors to be considered in determining the method of survey to be used in each district. Some of these factors are general barberry population, small-grain' production, sparoity of settlement, humidity, topography, soil type, and timber growth.' Second Survey The second survey is made for che purpose of finding barberries which may have escaped observation on the first survey, bushes which have grown from seeds since the first survey, and to detect new barberries which may have been brought in from States outside of the eradication area. The intensive and modified- intensive methods of survey are in most common use on second survey. The intensive method is recommended but in some counties conditions exist which make the use . of the modified- intensive method the more preferable. The second survey of cities and to-, 7ns is carried on simultaneously with the second rural survey. ■ Wherever second survey is in progress the probable extent and efficiency of the first survey is considered. Special attention is given to the extent and number of infested properties found on the first survey, the time of intro- duction of barberries, the local stem- rust history, and the existing ecological .factors which influence the natural spread and growth of barberry bushes, sprouts, and seedlings. Progress on second survey necessarily is much slower thah that of first survey in the same counties. However, 'the results obtained by the more, inten- sive survey completely justify the additional expenditure of money. , During 192?, approximately 22. -5 couritf.es were covered in second survey. A total of 235; counties has been surveyed a second time during the entire campaign. A total of 107,093 original bushes and seedlings was found on 1,030 properties on second survey in 192?. Since the beginning of the second survey in 1922, a total of 472, 140 original bushes and seedlings has been found on 4,537 proper- ties. Resurvey Approximately 43 counties were covered by the resurvey in 192?. Resurveys are carried on only when it is apparent that a county will not be covered by the next •complete Survey soon enough to prevent sprouting bushes and seedling,' bushes from bearing seeds. As a rule, re surveys follow the preceding surveys in about four years. Additional resurveys follow after about five years- In 192?, a total of 5,899 sprouting bushes and 2o,6?2 seedlings "were found on 466 properties- on the resurvey. Sprouting bushes totaling 6,203 and'26,69? seed- lings were destroyed on 469 properties. -8- Eradication It has been- shown conclusively during the past five years that Doth salt and kerosene ere very effective as killing agents for barberry bushes- The relatively few bushes not killed by the treatments of salt or kerosene were f O'and to have been improperly treated or were treated with too small a quantity :of the chemical. Since the use of chemicals was started in 1921 there has been a noticeable decrease in the number of sprouting bushes found each year. In 1923, before the results of chemical eradication were included, 106,700 sprout- ing bushes were found- The comparable figure for each following year has been materially less, although equally as many previously-destroyed bushes were inspected on resurvey. In 1927 only 5,299 sprouting bushes were found. In the calendar year 1927, 793.56 tons of salt and 1,254.5 gallons of kero- sene were applied to 1,630,922 original bushes, sprouting bushes, and seedlings on 1,529 properties- A total of 74,424 original bushes, sprouting bushes, and seedlings was dug or pulled from 1,007 properties in the course of all surveys during the year. The total number eradicated by both. methods in 1927 was 1,705,346 original bushes, sprouting bushes, and seedlings. Escaped Barberries and Seedlings One of the biggest problems of the campaign is the thorough clean-up of numerous areas of escaped bushes and seedlings which have been found. A mid- sized common barberry produces approximately 23,000 seeds each year. A large proportion of these seeds are viable. Seeds from the thousands of old f mak- ing barberries have been scattered by birds to adjacent groves and orchards, fence rows, brushy pastures, thickets, stream tanks, and woodlands of every type. Bushes have been found growing in the crevices of precipitous cliffs, in abandoned stone quarries, in dense thickets of wild currants, gooseberries, and plums, under tangled arbors of clematis, wild grapes, and poison ivy, among second growth timber, and in marshes and swamps. There seems to be no situation except deep water where barberries will not grow. Because of the difficulty of eradication under these conditions, the clean-up of the areas of escaped bushes is extremely slow. An effort was made in 1927 to find and destroy every escaped barberry in the areas being surveyed. Eoot-by-foot surveys were carried on in all such areas of escaped bushes- The survey in each area is extended at least two miles beyond the limits of the last fruiting escaped bush in order to insure that the outer edges of the area have been found - Seedlings continue to appear every spring near the locations of bushes previously destroyed indicating that barberry seeds lying on the ground retain their viability as long as 5 years. With the knowledge obtained through pre- vious years of experience, surveys are being made of areas of escaped bushes and seedlings every 5 years so that these surveys will find and destroy the bushes before they have begun to produce fruit. By this method of preventing bushes from fruiting, it will be possible to check the further spread of bar- berries and eventually to kill all bushes that may be produced from seeds now lying on the ground. -9- One of the outstanding areas of escaped hushes found since the beginning of the campaign was surveyed in Geauga County, Ohio, in 1$2?. 'This particular area is only 6o acres in sice, but in 192? approximately 35,000 large oar jerries and 800,000 seedlings were found and destroyed in it. In 192?, a total of 1,675,2-39 escaped bushes and seedlings was found as compared with ?,4l6 planted bushes. During the entire campaign 13, 203,538 escaped bushes and seedlings have been found. A majority of the areas in Which escaped bushes and seedlings have been found still have some bushes and seed- lings- in. them -and must have at least one, and, in many cases, a numoer of addi- tional surveys' before they will be entirely cleared of barberries. Publ i c i t y and Educ a t i c n The job of telling, the barberry and stem- rust story to the more than 32, 000,000 people in the eradication area is' twofold in nature. Some informa- ticn-- must: accompany, the surveys to acquaint the public with the purpose and progress of the campaign. This is the publicity phase. Its purpose is to reach the public quickly .and -to secure immediate • support and cooperation for the work. Materials designed to teach the public how to identify both the common barberry and stem rust are part of all publicity. Items of local in- terest are given local.' emphasis. Intensive use is made of news articles, lan- tern-slide seri.es, e:d.i.bits, demonstrations, window displays, and roadside signs- Talks by 'leaders and specially trained field men are 'made at 'local gatherings. • Many of these talks are supplemented with lantern-slide series' ' and small demonstrations'- Area and State problems and progress also are shown by news articles, motion pictures, bulletins, circulars, posters, colored plates, and circular letters. In 1927, every effort was made to improve the quality of publicity .disseminated- Demonstrations were analysed and improved- Newspaper articles were more carefully written, and better illustrated. Bulletins, cir- culars, and colored plates were more judiciously distributed. As a result, the total amount of publicity accomplished during the year was slightly less than in some previous years but its effectiveness was considerably increased- As a result, more complete public cooperation was obtained. The educational phase is designed to teach the children of the present and future generations how to recognize the common barberry so that they can carry-on the work through a real knowledge of the cause of black stem rust and the damage that it does. This educational phase is being carried on through ^ the schools and through children's organizations. The closest cooperation has been given by State superintendents of public instruction in most of the States- County superintendents of schools and local teachers are aiding in most of the counties. State universities, colleges, normal schools, and teachers' colleges are aiding .by teaching their students', some of whom will be the teachers of to- morrow, to properly present this important "scientific subject. Teachers in all of the schools are being furnished lesson plans, Federal • and State bulletins and circulars, specimens of the common barberry and rusted straw, and such other materials as will aid them in teaching their pupils the story of stem rust and the . common barberry. -10- ' The students are learning the real so-urce of black' stem rust and the characteristics of the common barberry- With this knowledge they will be able, in the future, not only to recognize and destroy common barberries but to prevent the re-establishment : of these plants in their communities- The educational phase also has some immediate results. Numbers of barberry plant- ings have been found and reported by school teachers and school children. Some of these plantings are so situated that they would not have been found for years .by the field agents, and would have produced millions of seeds before being destroyed on the regular surveys- ,. ■ Much of the credit for the effectiveness of the publicity end educational activities in 192? is due to the cooperative agency. The Conference for the Prevention of Grain Rust, which has its headquarters at Minneapolis, Minn. Through the efforts' of its secretary, Mr.’ Donald G. Fletcher, this organiza- tion furnished nearly all of the colored materials used in the publicity and educational work this year. The Conference has supplied much of the demonstra- tion material, such as window display sets and special fair-demonstration at- tractions. ■ Through the efforts of Mr. Fletcher, each State Leader has been furnished with newspaper cuts with which to illustrate news articles about the various phases of the campaign, and with microscope slides to be used in con- nection with the study of stom rust and the common barberry in high schools and colleges. In 192?, the U. 3. Department of Agriculture distributed 29^,407 copies of bulletins, circulars, posters, lesson plans, circular letters, return post cards, and other pieces of printed matter in furthering the publicity and educational- activities. The Conference for the Prevention of Grain Rust print- ed and distributed 632,201 pieces and the cooperating States 75,6?0 pieces- A total of 1,003,278 pieces was distributed in furthering the campaign in 192? • Following is a summary of the publicity and educational materials fur- nished and distributed by the U. S. .Department of Agriculture, The Conference for the Prevention cf Grain Rust, and the 13 cooperating States from the be- ginning of the campaign to December 31, 1927. -11- Publicity and educational matter furnished and distributed by the TJ. S. Department of Agriculture, The Conference for the Prevention of Crain Rust, and the 13 cooperating States in furthering the barberry-eradication campaign. For the period from April 1, 1918, to December 31, 192V, inclusive Kind of Material U.S.D.A. Conference States Totals Bulletins and Circulars 1 , 733 , 000 l,l6?, 670 511 , 370 3,4i2,o4o Posters 350,255 189,205 539,460 Colored Plates 20,000 5?5, 817 595,817 Loss Statements 273,648 273 , 648 Lessen. Plans 67,000 67,000 Circular Letters 166,500 150,695 317,195 Return Cards . 33,000 310,200 343 , 200 Mimeographed Circulars . 3,000 3,000 Mimeographed feadio Talks 16,000 16,000 Barberry Specimen Envoi one s±V 150,186 150,186 Hang- Me -Up Cards 15,000 15,000 Cross Word Puzzle 3,000 3,000 Dodgers 72,350 72,350 Straw Sample Cards 25,000 25,000 Calendar Cards 60 , 000 60,000 Reprints of Newspaper Articles 23,350 23,350 Official Personnel Lists, etc. 48,500 48,500 Miscellaneous 154,520 154,520 Totals 2,423,755 3,179, l4i 511 , 370 6,119,266 i-/ Barberry Specimens for Specimen Envelopes furnished by TJ. S. D. A. SUMMARIZED RESULTS Summary for 192? During the calendar year 192? approximately 19 counties were covered in first survey and approximately 25.5 counties were given a second survey. In resurvey, about 43 counties were covered. Original bushes numbering 207,446 were found on 1,952 properties and 223,- S59 original bushes were destroyed on 2,127 properties. These totals include 39,83? original bushes found, on 1,030 properties in second survey. In resurvey 5,299 sprouting bushes were found and 6,203 were eradicated. Seedlings total- ing 1,475,209 were found and 1,475,284 were destroyed in the first survey, second survey, and resurveys. -12- • During the calendar year a grand total of 1,683,554 original bushes, sprouting bushes, and seedlings were found and 1,705,346 original bushes, sprouting bushes, and seedlings were destroyed in all surveys- Summary of Results from 1913 to 1927, Inclusive In the 10 years of the campaign from April 1, ISIS, to December 31, 1927, an area equivalent to appro ri mat el y 382 counties has been covered in the first survey of cities, towns, and farmsteads. Approximat ely 53 counties remain to be done. The first survey of nearly all cities in the entire 13 States has been completed. Of the counties already covered by first survey, approximately 235 have been surveyed a second time. These comprise about one-fourrh of the total number of counties. In conducting the re survey it has been necessary to revisit the properties in approximately all counties covered by the first or second surveys to June 3C, 1925. Original bushes numbering 6,912,869 have been located on 76,957 proper- ties in all thre.e surveys. Of these, 6,910,453 bushes have been destroyed on 76,813 properties. In resurvev 312,703 sprouting bushes were found on 13,917 properties. In all surveys, 8,846,836 seedlings were found and 8,843,550 were destroyed. These numbers include 138, Gol bushes and 284,079 seedlings found, and 188,055 bushes and 234,079 seedlings destroyed, on second survey. This makes a grand total of l6,0?2,40S original hushes, sprouting bushes, and seedlings found, and l6 , 066 , 444 original bushes, sprouting bushes, and seedlings destroyed, in all three surveys during the entire campaign. Credit is hereby gladly given to State Leaders, collaborators, and agents who have supplied data, to Mr. H. S. Clark, who has compiled, summarized, and tabulated them, and to others who have aided in the preparation of this report -13- FIRST SURVEY, PROPERTIES, January 1 to o oj OL rH CO u 0 -§ 0) o a O Tj G G -P p co o CD i> R P CVJ OL CD P 1 — 1 G P CD c\S - fe P 1 — 1 c/s P ro CD P p R o a> W R p P S CD CD G O >S CD CD Gj & r G CD CO o R oD -p f-t P cl •rH 1 — 1 R : — 1 d >s rG 0 P o CD aS ’ 1 — 1 0 P Pi P I?, r£ aS o l — 2, G • rH o r| p >. as us CD CD >5 -H o -P & P G £ cti CD op Ph CD P O CD CD G •H r— ! Pc -P 0i g o «H 0 o p. 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