Historic, Archive Document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. REPORT OF THE PROGRESS I IT BARBERRY ERADICATION TO DECEMBER 31, 1924 PROJECT reports RUST JW ESI I OAT I PITS (Dr. H. B. Humphrey , Pathologist in Charge) REPORT OP PROGRESS IE BARBERRY ERADICATION TO DECEMBER 31. 1924 Dr. ?. E. Eempton, Associate Pathologist in Charge, and. L. D. Hutton, Associate Pathologist. INTRODUCT ION The barberry eradication campaign, as a means of controlling stem-rust epi- demics, was started by the Office of Cereal Investigations, Bureau of Plant Indus- try, United States Department of Agriculture, in 1918. It is conducted in cooper- ation with the following no rth -centra 1 , grain-growing States: Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Wisconsin and Wyoming. By removing the barberries from this area it is hoped to eliminate entirely the snail local epidemics which are directly traceable to common barberries, and to remove the many sources of inoculum of the large epi- demics which frequently cause immense small-grain losses. Similar barberry eradication campaigns have been carried on by many European countries in the last two hundred years. The most notable of these is the cam- paign begun in 1903 in. Denmark where stem rust had previously done serious dam- age. Practically no stem-rust attacks have occurred in that country since the re- moval of the offending barberries. Eradication campaigns in other countries have not been entirely successful because careful surveys were not made and the laws were not rigidly enforced, but in many local areas beneficial results have fol- lowed immediately upon the removal of the common barberries. ORGANIZATION Some preliminary publicity and organization of the campaign was done in the spring of 1918, with a portion of the special appropriation for "Stimulating Agri- culture." The first direct Eederal appropriation, $150,000, became available July 1, 1918. A State leader was appointed to take charge of the work in each of the 13 States. The State leader's duties are to supervise the work in the State, following the general plans outlined by the Office of Cereal Investigations. He must make contacts with State officials who cooperate in the work, direct the various phases of the campaign within the State, hire field assistants, arrange for transportation of men and chemicals, plan and supervise the surveys, and com- pile reports of the work. Annual appropriations averaging $254,387*85 and total- ing $1,780, 715 > have been made. State cooperation in cash and services equivalent to a total of about $464,000 has helped to make the work more effective. PUBLICITY AND EDUCATION Publicity has been carried on in each State under the direction of the State leader or a specially trained assistant , in cooperation with the Conference for the Prevention of Grain Rust. Besides an attempt to spread barberry eradication publicity generally throughout each State, efforts have been made to thoroughly familiarize every citizen of each county with the purpose of this canp>aign just previous to the original survey in that county. After the survey in a county is completed the public has been informed of the results. Publicity through schools has been especially emphasised during 192-4. The cooperation of Smith-Hughes instructors and city and county superintendents of schools has made it possible to train many of the school children to identify the common barberry and the stages of stem rust. Sixteen sets of a lantern-slide series, "T{ill the Common Barberry," and a number of prints of the motion picture films "The Barbarous Barberry" and "The Battle Against Black Stem Rust" have been circulated so that people could1 learn to know the characteristics of the common barberry and see the damage that it does by spreading stem rust to small -grain crops. Demonstrations and portable window displays have been used in all of the States to emphasize the necessity of removing barberries. Circular letters have been sent to at least half of the rural property owners in many of the States, numerous newspaper articles have been published in each State. These show the purpose and summarized results of barberry eradication and tell especially of the removal of large bushes and hedges which have been shewn to have caused serious local stem- rust losses. The Conference for the Prevention of G-rain Rust, composed of representatives of agricultural and allied interests, has cooperated in every way to make the pub- licity campaign more effective. Over one million, copies of the circular "Parmer Brown Beats the Rust" were distributed to the farmers of the small-grain growing States. Special statements to business men, charts ofor use in schools and window displays have been effectively distributed. During the past year the Conference lias distributed thousands of samples of common barberry twigs for use in identify- ing the bush. The United States Department of Agriculture and the Conference for the Prevention of Crain Rust have distributed a total of approximately five million bulletins and circulars relating to the barberry eradication campaign. State circulars and bulletins have received a very wide distribution within each of the States. The State leaders also have published reports and articles in cooperation with the State Experiment Stations, Extension Services, and allied Agricultural College departments. SURVEYS Original Survey The original survey is’ the first complete survey of every city and village property and farm in a county. The thirteen States in the eradication area con- tain 97b counties. Original survey appears to be necessary in an area equivalent to about S95 counties. The original survey in cities and villages was largely com- pleted in the first two years of the campaign. Rural survey was begun in 1919* In cities, survey was done on foot. Rural farm-to-farm survey made it necessary to procure other means of transportation so that every farm might be visited and the barberries economically found and eradicated. In order that tools and chem- icals for eradication might be transported also , fifty -two light trucks were pur- chased. for use where there was a long seasonal period of survey. Additional cars were rented during the summer months when weather conditions and available trained field men made it possible economically to increase the field force. Rented auto- mobiles also have been used in areas where the surveys are nearly completed. - 2 - Since April, 1918 , practically all city and village properties and all rural properties in 786 counties have been covered by the original survey. The first survey has been completed in Indiana, Iowa, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wisconsin and Wyoming, and practically completed in Colorado, Minnesota and Nebraska. There still remain 59 counties to be surveyed in Illinois, 22 or more in Michigan, 20 in Ohio and 10 or more in Montana. To December 31, 1924, a total of 6,358,3^3 bar- berry bushes has been found on 68,465 properties. Of these, 63,026 properties have beep entirely cleared of 5,458,159 bushes. During the year 1924, 295,814 bushes were found and 388,632 were destroyed. Second Survey Local stem-rust epidemics of 1922 and 1023 ih counties which had been covered by an original survey, made it apparent that some barberries had been missed in some of the counties previously surveyed. Especially did the necessity of a sec- ond survey become apparent during 1023 when many local stem- rust epidemics were traced directly to the offending barberry bushes. With information gained in pre- vious surveys, the methods of farm-to-farm survey during 1923 and 1924 have been made more efficient to prevent, as far as possible, any bushes being missed. On second survey it is hoped to get every bush previously missed. One of the prob- lems of second survey has been the escaped bushes and seedlings not found on the original survey. The problem of seedlings must be contended with continually on second survey and resurveys. Hevisits must be made to all properties where es- caped bushes and fruiting bushes have been found. Areas of escaped bushes or areas in which it is probable that birds, other animal sa or streams have spread the seeds must be gone over carefully so that all new seedlings and missed bushes are eradicated. If maps of these areas have been made they must be checked to make sure the outer boundaries of the areas are included. If no maps have been made this must be done. By this means the expense of subsequent resurveys is re- duced to a minimum and little or no stem- rust inoculum is allowed to spread froip these barberries to the small-grain crop. On the basis of bushes found on the sec- ond survey so far accomplished the original survey was about 92 per cent efficient. Many of the bushes found on second survey are bushes that were cut down but not killed by property owners in the beginning of the campaign. The locations of these cut bushes were not reported and the field men often were unable to find them. Sprouts appeared later and the bush again spread stem-rust inoculum. In the equivalent of 60 counties, 4,s4l bushes were found on 695 properties in second survey in 1924, and 5 ,023 bushes were destroyed on 699 properties. In addi- tion, 8,703 seedlings were found and destroyed on 46 of these properties. From the beginning of the second survey in 1922 .}to December 31, 1924, an area equivalent to over 111 counties has been covered by second survey. A total of 10,- 106 bushes was found on 1,003 properties. Of these, 10,086 bushes have been de- stroyed. All of the 9,579 seedlings found on 54 of these properties were destroyed. The data on properties, bushes and seedlings for the second survey are included in the tables of data for the original survey as the bushes and seedlings found in new locations on second survey are new. Sprouting bushes and seedlings found i:n old locations are given under resurvey. r 4 Barberry bushes usually sprout the year following digging and within i, 7 after chemical treatment, where the chemicals hare not destroyed all stems. n re-ssitates a revisit to every property upon *ich barberries have been previous- ly, d. Kesurveys do not follow the original survey for at leas- two fro,. i- = j- • sons, thus allowing time for any living roots to sprout and for scatter eo ■ seed" ■ germinate. In many instances several resurveys are necessary. During /if 0““ies surveys of 1923 and 1924 it ms necessary to resurvey a large number of p* P on which barberries had been previously located in many of the cities. C°,^“ “ these two activities in this way in those counties, practically eiifflinates tne ex pense of one resurvey. As a rule, resurvey will be combine wi n in those counties where a second survey is necessary. Prom January 1 to December 31, 194*1. a total of 21,°52 sprouting bu-nes were found on 1,960 properties in the equivalent of 203 counties in wmch resurvey ac ities were carried on. Of these sprouting bushes 6,ol6 were dug and lb 3 treated with chemicals, making a total of 21,850 sprouting cashes dest rayed dur g the year. Ifany new seedlings were found on properties from wnich the fruity bushes had been removed three or more years previously, a to-al of lo8,bi2 se lings was found and destroyed on 564 properties. In the entire campaign, 273, bl9 sprouting hushes on 10,925 properties and 2,lS5,2l6 seedlings on 3,394 properties have been found. Oi n-ese, 27 ,j93 P ing hushes and 2,135,216 seedlings have been destroyed. ERADICATION Until the fall of 1922, barberry bushes were either dug or pulled with horses and tractors, and seedlings were pulled by hand or dug. Numerous sPr°^,. “ in ing indicated that pulling and digging were not efiective metnods of era . a majority of instances. Although digging is very effective in a loose sandy soil, it is almost impossible to remove barberries wnich are growing m Portions tree roots, or in rock crevices, without leaving some roots. As e^en _ cftr . of roots may sprout, every remaining root fragment is a potent 1 P To increase the efficiency of eradication, experiments with chemi cals were b gun in the fall of 1921. Of over forty chemicals used experimental ^ * ?Sk salt and kerosene are recommended since they are effective cheap and easy to obtain and apply. Sodium arsenite was used for. several months during 1923 ^its use was discontinued because of the danger to . livestock. . of a tive. The disadvantages of its use are that it is hard uo e ^ ir3nediate- group of bushes have been treated and that the treated ^sheS^°n^ed^s™e^ould ly following treatment. It is not advisable to use kerosene f f^r Aero- be killed immediately as infected bushes can spread inoculum 0 . berry sene treatments. During 1924, 13,352 gallons of kerosene were used eradication. Practically all of this quantity was used in Onio, galt is rasha. Barberry bushes die about two weeks after the application 0| * easily applied and can be conveniently transported in the Government -owned trucks There i s^v eiy little danger to livestock in the use of salt if the animals are not allowed to St too freely of it. Poultry are very likely to be killed by e a ^ salt. To prevent this it is advisable to cover the base of all treated bushes wi dirt . - 4 - < / to INVESTIGATIONS Ecological Inv estimations The relation of environment to the distribution of barberry bushes has been studied in the 13 States of the barberry eradication area, and in the New England States, New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Particular attention has been given to areas of escaped barberries throughout these States. Colorimetric analy- ses of soils were made and data compiled on the several floristic and ecologic fac- tors which characterize certain areas of escaped barberry bushes. The size and vigor of the bushes in the States bordering the Great Lakes and in northeastern Iowa indicates that the common barbery has reached its greatest development in those areas. The two chief factors limiting growth seem to be soil reaction and moisture. In the Great Plains portion of the eradication area the bushes do not attain the height of those in the Great Lakes region, as the climate is too dry. Observations indicate that while barberries are tolerant to acid soil conditions, escaped and native barberries are usually distributed only on limestone or neutral soils. A manuscript in preparation will summarize the results. Study of Barberry Species and Hybrids A Berber is garden has been established near Bell, Maryland, in cooperation with the Office of Horticultural Investigations, wherein all known foreign and native species and hybrids of Berberis are being assembled for description and classifica- tion. A sufficient number are being propagated so that the susceptibility of all of these species and hybrids can be determined at St. Paul, Minnesota, under con- trolled conditions. The literature has been searched, herbarium material examined, field observations made and greenhouse specimens studied for evidence of the suscep- tibility of various species. Some of this data has been summarized by E. C. Stakman and M. N. Levine, in "A Partial Report of the Susceptibility and Resistance of Eer- beris and Related Genera to Stem Rust." Cereal Courier 15 : 278-2S7, September 30, 1923* L. W. Melander has added to this information in connection with the prepara- tion of a master's thesis, "Studies of the relation of Berberis species to Pucc inia graminis Pers.,11 unpublished Master's Thesis, University of Minnesota, June, 1924. Having once determined the susceptibility or immunity of all species and hybrids of Berberis , these important data can be used in regulating their transportation and sale. Native species of barberry also are being studied in their natural habitat and effective methods of eradication of susceptible species determined. A species which appears to be Berberis canadensis Miller was found along the Tippecanoe River in Carroll, White and Pulaski counties, Indiana. In 1924 a small area was found along Wild Cat River in Tippecanoe County, Indiana, and another area along the banks of Spring Lake near the Illinois River in Tazewell County, Illinois. Previously this species was not known to be growing in the eradication area. Its occurrence had been reported in the Appalachian region of Virginia, West Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia and in the Ozarks of Missouri. Berberis canadensis Miller is naturally susceptible and spreads stem rust to grains and grasses. In certain localities it is a great menace to small-grain growing and should be eradicated. Limited experi- ments show that bushes of this species may be eradicated by the application of salt or kerosene . Effect of Chemicals on the Soil Chemical studies and observations have been made of the soil-sterili2ing effects of salt, kerosene, and sodium arsenite used in killing barberries. The results are summarized in Department publications, "Chemical Eradication of the Common Barberry," U. S. Dept. Agr. Circ. 332, by Noel F. Thompson (in press), and "Some Effects of Sodium Arsenite Mien Used to Kill Common Barberry," U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 131b, by E. R. Schulz and Noel F. Thompson (in press). In the treatment of barberries either 10 pounds of salt or a gallon of kerosene, applied to about one square foot area of soil, will kill all surface vegetation in that area. On fairly level land the sterile area ordinarily will not be larger than the area treated, that is, the sterile area resulting from the treatment will not be more than was previously occupied! '.by the barberry. Mien salt is applied to barberries in the north-central part of the United States where the annual rain- fall is 30 inches or more, the ground will be more or less covered by vegetation during the second summer after treatment and, by the third year, little differ- ence between treated and untreated ground can be noticed. As a result of irri- gation or cultivation, the time during which the ground remains sterile is les- sened. In the more arid parts of the country sterility lasts longer. The soil will not remain sterile quite as long after a kerosene treatment as after salt. Soil treated with sodium arsenite shows rapid leaching where rainfall is abundant. Relation of Seasonal Storage of Reserve Food to Successful Eradication Investigations of the seasonal change of the storage products of barberries have been in progress since September, 1922. This work has been completed and a manuscript is being prepared for publication. The substances studied are sugar, starch, hemicellulose , nitrogen, ether extract, moisture and ash. The chemicals used in killing barberries are effective at imractically any season of the year and there is no apparent correlation between the amount of the storage products present and the rapidity of killing the bush. There may be a relation between the storage products present and the success of digging. Additional investiga- tions are in progress upon the effect of cutting off all stems of a barberry and keeping the crown in darkness and upon the action of salt in killing barberry bushes . Stem-Rust Investigations The barberry eradication field forces carry out a portion of the stem-rust studies in cooperation with epidemiology forces of the stern-rust project of the Office of Cereal Investigations. This work is conducted in the 13 eradication States and in other principal grain-growing States from the field headquarters at St. Paul, Minnesota. Special epidemiology field men cooperate with the State leaders and their assistants. These investigations include (l) overwintering studies, (2) the finding, tracing and mapping of local or more widespread epi- demics and the determining of possible sources of inoculum, (3) the relation of weather conditions to the spread of rust, and (4) estimates of severity of epi- demics and the losses produced. SUMMARIZED RESULTS Summary for 1924 During the calendar year 1924 approximately 124 counties were covered in original survey, approximately 60 counties were surveyed a second time, and the equivalent of 203 counties was covered in resurvey. Original bushes numbering 295 ,8l4 were found on 5 >250 properties, and 328,632 bushes were destroyed on 6,335 properties. These totals include 4,S4l bushes found on 695 properties in second survey. In resurvey, 21,852 sprouting bushes were found and 21,850 were eradicated. Seedlings numbering 847,771 were found in original survey, second survey and resurvey. A summary of the data is contained in tables 1, 2, 5> 6, 9, 10, 13 and 15. Summary of Results for Seven Years In the seven years of the campaign, from April 1, 1918 , to December 31 > 1924, the equivalent of approximately 796 counties has been covered in the original farm-to-farm survey. The original survey of practically all cities in the entire 13 States has been completed. Of the counties already covered by the original survey approximately 111 have been surveyed a second time. In continuing the re- survey it has been necessary to revisit the properties in approximately all counties covered by the original survey to June 30, 1923* Original bushes num- bering 6,358,343 have been located on 68,465 properties. Of these, 5>813>192 bushes have been destroyed on 67,510 properties. In resurvey, 273>6l9 sprouting bushes were found on 10,925 properties and 272,593 sprouting bushes were destroyed from 10,902 properties. In all surveys, 4,607,142 seedlings were found, 4,548,- 956 were destroyed. These numbers include 10,106 bushes and 9 » 5 79 seedlings found and 10,086 bushes and 9 >579 seedlings destroyed on second survey. This makes a grand total of 11,239>104 bushes, sprouting bushes and seedlings found and 10,634,741 bushes, sprouting bushes and seedlings destroyed in all airveys in the entire campaign. 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CO VO ft o -0 v O CP 1 — 1 ft ft I — I VO ft CPVO O rH to O CO •d *h a| as o v: p a aS 0 *H -H Clj ,d 1 I H cj ^ O O rH fi a -H O H H H 2 aS aS fi h as 44 c3 o aS Li o bf) m d to ^ h © aj d d d +3 o co HO d o p n o n o o © to o •iH ft VO CP o o ft VO ft ft Ip VO -at ft ft CO VO CO VO j? IP ft p o ft OLbOCOH (liOHOCPNPO -at H Ipft Dt IP rH VO rH rH ft IP I 1 o rH CP CO ft Gt VO I 1 Oat O O OldO O H o o O O CP ft ft ft ft rH LP ft CM ft VO ft vo o o ft ft ft ft CO vo ft ft rp co co op ft. ft ftdt cp rH ft o ft-at oat co ft ft ft IP CP IP. CO ft ft cm ip-=r cp as ft ftrHCviftft co iH LP aS 4-3 o E4 aS -a S ^ s O W Killed with drip oil. Killed with carbon bisulphide. CHEMICALS, QUANTITIES USED, 1924 1 — 1 d 0 EH a C/3 fcuD pi •H 0 • d r—J <4 Qt rH c d p d ci> 0 — p CO Pi d P 0 g 0 •rH M Hh> CO C/3 d O •H Ph 0 Oh pi 0 •rH pi rH Pi 'd d £ a u 0 i >a rH Ph CO d Pi Pi -P (D 0 0 r-Q rH Eh Ph 1 — 1 d eg P 0 <■1 0 pi w P K CO pi fH !>* • •rH R P P CO ‘‘d Ph d 0 -P 0) 0 O C/3 C/3 p pi p d 2 C/3 0 p c/3 B •H a Ph 0 • 1 — i p l*R P R d 0 pi Pi 0 CO O -I •H O Ph e 0 pi 1 1 0 d -p R 0 0 P 03 <1 -• 0) • •H • - P 4-"> •H CO H-> • d R> CO=f- 0 -P 00 O C/3 0 CO Pi d Pi -H 0 p -P Ph - C/3 O *' 1 1 Pi P O M CO 0 £> Pi O 0 O • -P Ph O P d 0 d -p .-9 0 co S 3 p 0 <1 C/3 0 >. >s O CO •rH -P O P3 0 pi d pi O pH -P 0 d i co hr ED O PH Pi -P •H & rH O r'L Pi >r -P W $-i H P, d 0 0 d d Ph fl -p Pi C & d d Ph O r o> P O Pt O pi" (OOVDO di IT\0 o CM OJ H PT CO H i— l CM 60. Pt rr^ O r— OJ-OOrHOO'UDO cSlTnOO C\J rH i? OJH i 1 GO Pi" CVI OOOprOOOOOvOOOO 00 rH 00 O0-OOOOOOOOOOO 0J Or—OOOOOOOOOOO 00 ooooooooooooo OOOr-i cm co ro r — O 00 lo lo O CO O O^C^O O 1^1 r— VO G-cOcnCOWMChHCriK) LOCO CO CM CM Pi" LT H GO LRVQ 00 Pt 00 r' O CO rH co rH ro ooaiJ-HdLwoiomooo COOVOMCOj-ONOOlfM^ I — O 00 VO LX) CO GO t — GO CTiH O r-~ oo uo oo t°>HN O) OH H 00 CVJ 000"OrHrH0000000 CO CO 00 L0\ pI- pb r — co rH LO VD CO CO o o co j- o o LoinO c\i ininO ir^oo noo c\j Old go oj ^ VO H-t — O OH Ou) J- o VO ro o O rH O O O 3d- O O'N LO CM LOPd- 0— CM ■H Pi 00 < 1 CM CO VO GO LO rO CO I — 1 rH CO o Pi" 00 0 — 00 r— 00 o CO LO 00 VO CO oo ITn I"- r — CO o CO Jp o ro 00 ro CM • . d d d Pi 0 C/3 Pi -p d -p -p •H rH 1 — 1 •H d 0 0 d 0 0 C/3 ED d pi d O Pi ED a d w M _ v c- * PI -P CD m p >a o pp> -p - CO M rH 5? 03 O - Pd rH CO I — i Cd *rH H^> cd P <3 MO cd EH 1 — 1 cd ■P 0 00 EH sd 0 b 1 — 1 fcuO rH • •rH 0 «=*! cd C3 >: — ' pp Pt cd EU Ti 00 0 td CD • FU pd |Z) id C/3 03 0 O •rH •H Oj id -p Eq Eh CD cd P 0 •pH PH O 0 u CD /-s 1 1 03 cd >3. id -p Eh 0 0 Eh r — 1 EH CD 1 — 1 PJ eg U c5 * . cd Nw/ H pf ^ CM EU Pd 03 0 EH rH Pd 1 1 CO Id po • 1 EU P b co tI CO -rl Pd CD CD -p I — 1 D -pO 4-3 O co tcQ -p u CD CD Pc Ed O P o Ph cd p O pd" O CM rH O O M3 O O LO O O CM CO rH -5 |OH rH COCO -=t ^ CM o rH CO OptOOrH PO^OOOUPPO CM H O p ^ ° rH CO -=J- O o o rH ^ OOOCMOOOOOOOOO CO CO NO CM o o— O O 03 cm o O r — no o o o C— • * pf NO M3 CO O CM Pt 03 LO NO O I — O O NO CMOOr — r—iOOO • • * * 03 NO O O CM CM co DO O O O O M3 OOOOCMOOO LO N— M3 CO o Pd" OO HM) O CM LO O O pf O U3-P- Pf rH CO NOM3 l''-pf CM O M3 Pf i — I LC3 LC3 CM CO MD Pf rHCOCOrH NO CO Pd- OOPf CM rpcpco CM O LO 03 NO NO CM rH no NO lo no rH OOCMLOCMM3COCMOtoOOO pf o NOM3 CM CM LOM3 O cm ininO X) O Pino CO I OC°lrHrH03rH NO M3 tOH3D H co LOPd- LC3 CM Pd" CM LOPf CM CM rH CM CM ° 8 O NO OOOOON0OOOM3OOO lo, co On in M3 CO O CO VO O LO COM3 CM M3 LO rH o to 03 03 NO o=r CM i — 1 M3 pf M3 LO Q M3 M3 LO Pi- co 03 03 LO I — O pf M3 03 N— NO CO M3 r — CM pf CO rH rH O 0 0 0 O O O O 03 03 1 — f LO. LO O O co pd- CM LO CO O O 03 CO 03 CO O- O LO 1 1 I i I - M3 O O 03 CO 0 O- LO co O CO LSI 0 0 LO LO CO N3pd- CM 1 — 1 M3 M3 3- CM EO r— CO CM O N3 1 1 0 rH M3 co CM CM CO 03 NO pf N3 « — 1 M3 03 cd cd id O 03 id H-3 cd -p -p •H t5 •rH cd cd 0 cd dd 0 0 03 y) 1 1 cd 0 Ed 03 03 M ki id id cd Eh b cd •rH CD cd cd cd cd 0 •H -p O •H •rH cd Pd Ed +3 Eh M O p-? O O 1 1 1 — 1 Tl 0 Ed Ed P=> •rH 03 0 EH O 1 — 1 g 0 •H •rH 0 0 •- •H >: O 1 — 1 1 — ! hH s £3 O m 03 O LO 03 ro rH cc3 P3 o 10 gallons drip oil used. .3 gallon carbon bisulphide used. 1919 gallons kerosene furnished by the State included. sr OJ ctj l co oj I — I P cj SJ P -H d © k>2> o P 4-> CD CD d ■d 0 d JZj d" 0 cj 00 p ao -H P rH CD. Pi CD id - O i — 1 CD P p Kj ' ' c a p CD CD — ! p p •h e CD i — i CD CD Tt O © CD a) p co to o tJ 44 d sd cj CO p I — 1 d w av 0 CD rH p t-XJ CD 1 — 1 EC *h sd p •H P 44 nj P O ' P sd CD1 Sh ED >s CO *H O Cj CD P co" i" CD P 4^ OD CD Cj U) CD P O b P CD p | p rl P 0 £C t •rH £h | p p •H 1 0 cj 1 ,| O jh'i CO *H O ' P Sh p hi pi CD Cj <1 oi P Eh 00 PH £ a> § >, Sh (D Sh P « pj 44 p CD CD Sh CD 1 >, CO P ■a p O P p P CD P CD Cj p (D P P CO l — Cl O sd 4 >s *H rQ b CD •r- •* !>.. Pi -H Sh P! 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( — ! « — 1 d * O pi Q P 1 O 1 — i 1 C'l H H b CD 0 £H O *H ih d '.d P o p oj p p O 44 •H p P O O 0Q sd •H CD fcoD a sd O -H s § •rH Jb is &£ vo LC0 Oj m St OJ St o- o vo Ht o EH St St O P- tH " -st ao m KjVO 00 - - o t) CD p o d p . 4-3 p CD 0 © Kj 1 d CJj LTj •v CD CD OJ ED ED O- sd id 00 •H •H 1 — 1 1 — 1 d d © © CD © CD CD d d Oj p p 1 — ! cj Cj VD 0^ CD Kj © © h- c~j p 00 CD CD P P p p ED ED p f—i r-H OJ •H •H CJj p 4-3 1 — 1 P p •> 0 0 Kj p p rH Pi p 60 CD CD Lfj CD CD © © p p r^~i CD CD P P rp p rO 60