Historic, Archive Document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. { o , ite ¥ if =. = F ) ae Nees [ —> S , » . } \ a3} | \ he - { } f \ . Ee ; ' - “ i } : \ pa = : ‘J ye fae 2 rh ade my = \d * ih Pa nf m,t v 1 \ d E 4 x . . > ca CHRONOLOGICAL OUTLINE SUMMARY OF DEVELOPMENTS IN WHITE PINE BLISTER HUST CONTROL IN THE UNITED STATES 1808 = 1852 Compiled by ©. Ge Perry, Control Specialist United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Researeh Administration Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine Northeastern Region = Greenfield, Massachusetts June 50, 1953 84437] | ole FOREWORD This statement summarises in outline form, the annual developments in the control of the white pine blister rust in the United States, from the time of the discovery of the diseases in this country in 1906 through the calendar year 1962. fhe material is presented in six categories, namely, Discovery and Spread of the Disease, Laws and Regulations, Prosedural Developments, Aecomplishments (Statistical) and Bibliography. In general, the developments in each region are presented separately im each eategory. The repert has been designed as a permanent record of the activities of federal, state, and losal agencies, and pine owners under the leadership and direetion of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. 1 / i 7 i i ~. = | Fe a a P t { t a t ‘ 1 ' i GENERAL OUTLINE BY CATEGORIES Discovery and Spread of the Disease Laws and Regulations Procedural Developments General Policy, Organization and Finances Investigations _ Researeh on the Fungus Field Studies and Surveys Informational and Training Field Methods Aecomplishments Regular Control Work Special Control Work Eradication of Ribes nigrum Nursery Sanitation “Canker Removal Status of Control in Net Control Area Bibliography ‘(All Regions combined) 27-67 58-64 65-79 80-91 92-102 103-111 112 113 LI4 LL5-116 LLP e132 MAP SHOWING RANGE OF WHITE PINE IN THE UNITED STATES he te. Ini Foc SG oa eae , = sie . , oil = ' . . STEPS OF PROGRESS CA ae eon h Sa 3S aa ya IN WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST CONTROL my Se am Os) IN THE UNITED STATES «+. - O : j. 1906 = 1952 Continued progress . om the completion of 1951 pre-maimtenance worle ———=——-' and the beginning ; of maintenanes work : | on ee _ COOPERATIVE REGULAR AND LEA ACT PROGRAMS Belcan ee meccene!, iotate) end lose egensine | EMERGENCY UNEMPLOYMENT RELIEF PROGRAM | Ribes eradication with 1936 Bees en relief iabor = co — — Pee 193k .: | LOCAL. COOPERATIVE CONTROL PROGRAM Ribes eradication in cooperation with states, tone, A926 private owners, timber associations; and federal lend-owniug agencies 1921. ; ca we EXPERIMENTAL AND INVESTIGATIONAL | j Development of sontrel preeedures; surveye to determine epread: L916 eradication of Ribes sigrwm 0 RCFE SERENE | EXPLORATORY STAGE Searching for end destroying infected imported white pines in: nureerigs and plantations; surveys to determine extent amd spread of the disease oh 2906 |. | ome tales wssady Poca al Leah 7 ' $ Roan ae 4 : ae Cee. 4 # OVERY AND SPREAD OF THE DISEASE | | 4 y iy 1 : ; Sq WT: Cra OPE ee eee o Se i eRe eae PC The ’ ob DISCOVERY AND & SFREAD | C® THE DISEASE NORTHEASTERN | REGION 1908 Infection found on cultivated ribes at Genewa, New York; all ribes in infested plot destroyed. 1909 Infection discovered en imported white pine at Lake Clear, New York; Wilton, Cennectient s poner Messachusette; and Lewistown Soto, Pennsylvania. Note: Herbariun specimen of iufeated pine eallected by iu @ nursery mear Philedelohia, Pennaylwania in Studies at Kittery Point, Maine indicste intreductia: en European black surrants (Ribes nj erum , Le) in 1897. e disease a th 19101926 » Infested pines in stock imported fron German and Freneh nurseries found = nurseries end im plentations in New England, New York, Pennsylvania and Onteria. More than S00 importations of infected aLock planted in the region pricr te promulgation 6f quarantine in 1922. Pirst infeetions lesated on native eee pine in Massachusette and New Hampshire in 19150 © 1916 Conditions favorable for the spread of the disease. Found on native white pines in sight New Hampshire towne; in Vermont; im Berkshire and Essex Coun- tics in Magsachusetts; York County, Maines and Warren and Essex Counties, New York. Disease generally distributed on ribee in New England end New York. 1919 4 peak year for the spread of the rust to pine. | 1920 The disease generally distributed on pine and ribes hosts throughout New Eng= dand and New York. ae k ' i i i : My Rust 4! dtecovered on ative: ce in Pennsylvania. | he erie 4926-1827 Very wet years regulted iaite of infection. Ia 1927, survey: conducted, wi th the aid of school ote Peansylvaiia Maeclosed the presence ‘of the disease on ribes 4n 37 counties. =~ 1934 ‘First infected netive pine found in New Jersey. ele SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN BEGIGN —6Agsil Infection found on imported white pine in Clarke County, Virginia. 1931 a 7 Infesetion discovered on ribes and pine in Maryland; on ribes in Virginia and West Virginia. — | 1988 Canker of 1922 origin located on mative pine in Virginia. 1997 Infeetion found on Ribes nigrum in Delaware. 194) Infection located on ribes in North Carolina and NOSCOEICOs Greatest single yaar spread in the region. 1946 Infection found on pine in Grayson County, Virginia end Ashe County, North Carolina, a new southernmost limit of infection om pine in the regiono 1947 Infection discovered on pime in Tennessee. Five now centers of pine infection loeated, the largest being a 30-acre tract in Bland County, Virginia. _ sss Infestion found on pine in Merser County, West Virginie. In Tennessee, the first infection on ribes was located in the Cumberland Mountain Range in Morgan County. 1949 % the eud of 1949, the met had been found in 63 of | the 1? white pine sounties in the region amd in all the white pine estates except Kentucky and South Carolina. Infection on ribes discovered in Union County, Georgia. Blister Rust comvinued iss mareh South, being found for the first time on white pine ue Buncombe, Hay= wood and ESAT Counties, North Carolina. 1980 No long distance spread from pine to ribes noted. Tafeotien Seo for the - first time on white pine in Amhsrst County, Virginia. efx NORTH CENTRAL REGION 1910 Infeetion found om white pines imported from Franee and Germany im nuseeries in Lake and Summit. Counties, Ohio and Gibson County, indiana. 1915 | Infection located on imported pine in Polk County, Wisconsin. Stock had be “imperted from Germany by an EMSS nursery whieh had distributed it to neighboring states. . 101s Infection found on imported pise in Chisago, Hennepin, Lake and Washington Counties in Minnesota. Spread ef the disease te native pines and ribes noted. aaee Infection discovered on imported en ia Gakland County, Michigan end on Pinus ftexilis in Iowa. asia Disease dexaveea to be Serevaing in several states from original infected plan- tations to native jiu especially in Wisconsin and Minnesota. 1927 Disease gonerally distributed en Ribes peak in Lewer Miehigan.. On 21 permanent plots in Minnesota, 9.8 persent ef the the pines. found infectad. 1528 First infection located on native pine in Miohigen (Indian River). | | 1929 | Rust’ found on Rites nigrum in Iowa. Rust reported en ribes in Ohio end ae pine in Iewa, 1882 By the end of 1952 the disease was prevalent throughout the Lake States. | i 1934 Meny new pine infection eenters found in tho Lake aecees new pine and ribes infection also lesated in Ohie and Iowa. =9= 413956 Infection diseovered on ribes in Indiana and Illinois. 1937 | Infeetion on pine had been found in all important white pine growing counties of the Lake States with damage stage reached in seme northern sections. 1938 Rust detected on ribes in 56 new counties; considerable spread southward. | 1958 Infection on either pine or ribes had been observed throughout all important white pine sections of ths region. Found on Ribes nigrum in 10 new counties in Towa and 12 in Ohio. Pine infections also located in two new counties in Ohio. 1940 ‘Infection intensified in the northern part of the region. 1944 Rust continued to intensify and spreads; pine infection found for the first time in five Iow. counties, marking a distinct southern extension. 1946 First pine infection reported in Illinois. 1947 Infection on netural white pine discovered in Indiana, thus completing ¢ the record of pine infeotion in the seven states in the region. Infected pines found in one new aeunty, in Michigan, five counties in Wigconsin, two in Indiana, five in Illinois and ome county in Ohio. Ribes infeetion re- ported in 5e*counties in Southern Area, chiefly in HEE and 4 remaining sounties in Mishigane . . Rust had reached severe damage Step io sen horeee iienortine rot ime tensification etage in northern part of the Lake States and northeastern Iowa, and at lsast the introduetory stage in the southern half of the region. | | 1948 | Rust located initially on pine in one county each in Minnesota and Wisconsin. - 1949 Rust dissovered on pine in ene gemeter 4n ERE Emo aunties in Minnesota and in four counties in Wisconsine alQe= 1950 Rust detected initially on pine in one additional eoumty in Michigan. A eool, wet growing season favored the epread of the rusts Rust discovered on pine in ancther county in Michigan. 1932 Ruet found initially on pine in one county each in Iowa, Michigan and Minnesota. To date, of the 622 escunties in the region, the rust had been le- eated im 192 counties on white pine. indicating that those years wers heavy wave years ling pines evident in unprotected areag. cll- NORTHWES STERN REGI ON * 1921 fhe introduetien of blister.rust in western North America is traceable to in-= fested stock imported from France and planted at Point Grey near Vancouver, British Columbia, from which the disease spread by natural means into the northwestern United States. One infested pins feund in a nursery in Skagit County, Washington. Infection abundant on European black currants im western — Washington. 1923 Infested ribes. found east of the dry belt in eastern British a and in Okanogan and Ferry Counties, Washington. First pine infection oocurred in Idaho (discovered in 1928). Aser First ribes infest ion found vdeyoeasdedeteen Washington. Rust spread to northwestern Montana. Very favorable year for spread of the rust. 3928 | Pirst pine infection (1923 origin) leeated in the Inland Empire at Newman Lake, Wash. ; Pine infeotion (1923 origin) found at four different locations in north Idaho and numerous infected Ribes petiolare in northern Idaho. 4350 Large center of pine infection observed ngar Longmire , Mount etater National Parito : A932 Forty-five new pine infection senters found in nonenenn Tésho and two a5 easter Washington. 41933 Favorable year for spread of infection. A954 Infection widespread throughout the Inland Eapire. Many centers of 1923 and 1927 infestion discovered as @ result of the mumerous workers in the Meld. *Desigaation changed to Northwestern Projeet in 1951 alg 1937. One of the most serious blister rust wave years in the Inland Empire. feug distance spread from pine. to ribes introduced the disease into all parts of the region, reaching almost to Yellowstome National Park, Where tag rust was already established, considerable intensification eventually eaused great demage Go young. white pine up to polo size. i341 The severest wave of blister rust infection in the Northwest. ths rust literally expleded under favorable weather conditions with many instanees of more than 50 pereent of the pine becoming infected. Conditions were also favorable for long distanes spread from ribes to pine with spreads of a mile or more. 1944 Rust on ribes found initially in Yellewstone National Park. First dissevery of rust on Pinus flexilis in its natural habitat and also first pine infection east of the Continental Divide at Two Medicine Lake, Glacier National Park, Montana. 1946 Infected ribes located 6 miles west of Jackson, Wyoming. 1987 Infested Ribes petiolare were found in the wieinity of Vietor, Idaho, 150 miles = ML ef previously reported infestion in Idaho. 1549 ‘Rust was discovered on white pine for the firet time in Park County, Montana, just @ miles north of Yellowstone National Park. Infested ribes were found in Freemont County, Wyoming, near Lander, am extension of 100 miles oast and 50 miles south of previously located. infection Wear Jaan: gon, Wyoming. Infeeted ribes were lesated for the first time east of Yellow- stone Park. pe Significant damage in mature white nee appeared in Upper St. Joe River draimege. Blister rust was found on white pins for the first time im Yellowstone National Parkes Infected ribes observed for the first time in Gaseade County, Montana, extonding © known limits of the disesae eastward. ; ; ; 1961, Rust was found en white pine in Carnelian Creek, Yellowstone National Park. eet cetie iecated for the Piret time in Berets and Wheatland ee pene w niecceart of infected ribes extended Growl limits of the disease to the eastern: berder. of Montana and eoutheastera boundary of Wyoming. — This represents an eastern spread of 200 miles in oe end southeastward ef 2 miles to eee Wyemtags : . aa : i elas PACIFIC COAST REGION® 1925 Infested ribes discovered in Northwestern Oregone 1928 First infeoted western white pine found in Oregon at Mt. Hood. | 1929 Infection on Ribes bracteosum located 50 miles north of the Oregon-California line in Curry County, Oregon. 1936 Rust reported on woth hosts im California. First infection found en sugar pine in Oregon. L937 Favorable year for aeciospore dissemination and long distance spread on ribes in Coast Range. 1938 Moisture and wind conditions favorable for long-distance spread of the rust in the Sierra-Nevada. High intensification of the rust on ribes in northern California. 2944 Rust widespread on ribes in northern California. 1946 Rust discovered on sugar pines in Tahoe and Eldorado National Forests in California. LOE7 ‘Increased infeotion found on sugar pine on the Eldorado National Forest in California. 1961 Rust losated on sugar pine on Stanislaus National Forest in Stanisleus County. 1952 Rust intensification on young sugar pines in northern California outside of eoutrol areas causing severe damage. Segoe a ehanged to Pacific Coast Project in 1951 al5= AND REGULATIONS =lBm FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS , igl2 Federal Plant Quarantine Act effective August 20 provided authority for regulating the foreign importation and interetate movenent of plants. Quarantine No. 1 under the Act relating to white pine blister rust was promulgated on September 16, 1912. LOLT Federal. embargo placed on the movement of white pines amd ribes from the eagstern United States to points west of the Great Plains, to prevent the westward extension of the disease through the shipment of infected host plants. sicussentine No, 26, June 1, 1917) 1926 Enbergo on the movement of white pines to points west of the Great Plains Lifted after it became evident that the disease was established in the western white pine forests as a result of the intredustion of the diseased pines into Vancouver, British Columbia, from France in 1910 1933 Under Domestic Plant Quarantine No. 63 provision wag made for the shipnent of white pines grown from seed under ribee-free conditions. (Effective Jenuary 1, 1933) L946 Denestic Plant Quarantine No. 63 amended to pemit the movement throughout the United States of ribee (other than Ribes nigrum um) exeept into protected pine (eontrol) areas. Previgion made for the issuance of control-areae permits by States. ett) i STATE LAWS AND REGULATIONS Notes Prior to the enactment of legislation with speeifie reference to blieter rust control, preliminary work in the affected states was conducted under the authority of general plant pest control laws, principally in eonnection wath nursery inspection activities. HORTHEAS TERN REGION IGLT Maines Commissioner of Agriculture authorized to designate control areas and promulgate quarantines. Infected white pines and ribes declared a publie nuisanee and destruction authorized. Right of entry on private property and cooperation with the federal government authorized. Prevision — made to compensate for uninfected host plants destroyed. (Revised statutes of Maine, 1944, Chapter 32, Sections 53-58 incl.) New Hampshire; State Forester authorized to designate control areas, within whieh destruction of ribes and infected pines authorized. Right of entry provided. Towns required to perform control work to the extent of expendi- ture of $400 upom order ef the Governor. Compensation provided for unine feeted hosts removed. (Revised statutes of 1949) Massachusetts: State Nursery Inspector (Direotor, Division of Plant Pest Control and Fairs) and assistants authorized to enter private property and destroy host plants. Compensation provided. Chapter 128 General Laws of Massachusetts 1932, as amended in 1958, 1939, 1941 and 1948) Rhode Island; Rives declared a public nuisance and suppression by the Division of Entomology and Plant Industry authorized. Right of entry granted. Compensation provided for uninfected host plants badass (Chapter 229, General Laws 1938) Conneotiouts Director, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station or agents authorized to destroy infected host plents within designated distriete. Right of entry provided. Penalty for growing Ribes nigrum. (Chapter 145, See. $251, 3253, 3254. Revised statutes of 1949) ON New York: Commissioner, New York Conservation Commission authorized to suppregs and control blister rust. Ribes nigrum deelared a public nuisance, fruiting currant distriets defined, control meagures defiusd for fruiting current districts and outside the same, planting of host plants regulated, authority to eradicate host plents provided, compensation fer host plents destroyed authorized, quarantine authority delegated. (Chapter 283, Laws of 1917 as emended through 1948) ASIs Massachusetts: Quarantine order issued September 16 prehibiting the entry of vibes. Regulation issued forbidding the pianting of ribes in 20 towns designated as demonstration control areas. Restriction applied to addition= al towns (203 by 1941) as control work progressed. == 1328 New Hampshire: Entire state south of sertain northorn towms declared control area. (Order of 1917 supplemented 1918 and 1928) Rhode Islend: Transportation, importation or planting of host plants allew only under permit. Ribes nigrum declared a publie nuisance, possession unlawful and deatruction without compensation Se a Control areas established and possession of ribes tiercin prohibited. (April 1, 1928 as amended Cctober 1, 1936} 2930 Massachusetts; Regulation issued declaring Ribes pAgee eubjece i destruction under authority of the general Lawes 1931 Connecticut: Control areas establishsd around eight murgeries and in eight COWNS o ic us ranti ne Order No. 80 and Eontred Area Orders, 1931 and 1933) 1982 Vermont: Commissioner of Agriculture authorized to designate control areas, destroy host plants and prehibit planting of ribes within prescribed distances. Right of entry provided and compensation for destroyed cultivated plamts. (Title 19, Publie Lews, Revision of 1947) 41333 Pennsylvania: Infected host plants declared a public nuisanse and degtr sdetion by agents of the Department of Forests and Waters authorized. Establishment of fruiting eurrant and gooseberry area and coutrol areas provided, Compenga- tion authorised for uninfected cultivated ribes. destreyed. (Aet ef General Assembly Neo. 44 P. Lo 61 = April 24, 1933) 1936 Pennsyivaniaz Regulation established two control areas, required remove L of ribes, and prohibited replanting. No Ribes nigrum to be grown or planted within one mile of pine-predueing nurseries. (January 15, 1936) 7 1958 New Jersey: Provision made for determination ef dangerous plant diseases, @elaring epidemics, right of entry aad issuance of quarantines. (Title 4 of Revised statutes, Po. Lo 19388 Chapter 7 Articles 1 and 2) State Board of Agriculture regulation establighed eontrel areas within which BlaGInE ef ribes prohibited. (December 21, ope) 1846 . Maine: Quarantine order designated townships within which pessession, sale, transports tion or Zurcher pleating ef ribes prohibited. Ge i948 New York: Fruiting currant districts and blister rust quarantine dis strict established. ORL -LnEs oo ribes in quarantine district. prohibited. = a 9520 ; em Massachusetts: Statutory authority tar conduct of blister rust | ee trensferred from the Direotor, Division of owe Pest ones and Fa State Entomologist in the Department of Agriculture to a new Division Forest Insect and Disease Tnvestigations in the ee Forest, Me oi) SOUTBERN APPALACHTAN REGION 4909 North Carolinas General statute authorised Board of Agriculture to declare plants imfested by dangerous crop peste publie nuisances, and required the eradication of infested plants. Right of entry provided. (Chapter 84, Cone eclidated SC Kes North Carolina, 1919, Artiele 16, Sections 4896-4900, inc.) ASL fonnessees General statute Bacnort ced State Entom elogist and Plant Pathologist ta inspect for infectious diseases and prescribe proatme ae * Stata Board of Entomology authorised to adopt regulations governing insect and plent pests. (Chapter 466, Senate Bill No. 442, Acts of the State of Tennesses for 1905. Also Chapter 61, Acts of 1912) 1912 South Carolinas Law established State Crop Pest Commission with powers te make, promulgate, and enforce regulations necessary to eradicate injurious insects and plant diseases. (State Crop Pest Commission Act of Genoral Assembly) No regulations have been issued relating to white pine blister FUséo c Asie Marylend, Law directed State Horticultural Department to “seek out and suppress all pests and contagious diseasss." Department direeted to treat er eause te be treated any diseases that in their opinion may be eradicated. (Chapter 392 of the Acts of the General pOG ROBEY; OF 1916. Article 24 of the Cede of Publis General Laws, Section 7.) _ 1917 West Wirginias Crop Pest Act provided right of entry. Any plant infested with iagéets or plant disease deciared a publis nuisances. Treatment. by ewner re quired. Prowision for compensation to be paid by seoumty. (Artieie 12, Chape ter 29, Code ef West Virginia, West Virginia Crop Peat Ast of 1917) i926 Virginia: Commissionsr of Agriculture and Inmigratien directed to prepare list of dangerously injurious ineect pests and diecasee and regulations under which State Entomologist shall control them. Right of extry provided. (Chapter 122, Sections 871, 871d, 872 of the Code of Virginia, as smended by Acts. 1918 to 1936, op Ber): 1928. Virginias Commissioner of Agrisultuna. sad ae diated, white pine blister rust as dangerously injurious disease and, therefore, subject to Crop Pest Law. eo and Regulations under Sestion. 871 of Grop Pest Law) ~ . eeotaRe or babae degdcted Noo S. = énd pee sa) 1944 HES Virginies Control areas established Peer eat nueonioeee prohibited. (Notice of Quarantine Noo 6, First revision, by Coane of Agriculture) Deleware Entire state declared a control area. “npeveatioe of ribes. De hibited. Propagation and transportation of ribes prohibited, except under permit in the southern part of the State. Authority given to destroy ribe 1B when in the opinion of the State Plent Pathologist they are a hagard to valuable waite pines. (Rules and Regulations of State Board of Agricult for coe and Beep reson of the white, eee blicter aes i) iO Marylands Blister rust eeneeay areas established. Growing of Rides nigrus prohibited within one mile and any ribes in 1,500 ft. gone surrounding A area. Possession, hgh ara planting, selling or Rataate — ee plants authorized. Infected ribeg declared aie Aut gepeet Coop with the federal goverment and other State departments suthoriseds ; Guise and bation ey. State setae of eee etd & i ageas desiared public ie ties: iy ener tahs portation into and reas forbidden except under’ ‘permit.. Destruction ad under certain conditions. Control area éstablished ee 2 revised by son cantor of Agricul- at a p 4 sti ‘aitea £ , ‘ " a the i her i 4 ny ois See, wre iy en ae ¥ 1 } : if on, ¢ r, 4 ree 7, a | a ibe a Peis oe ahs it AGI) QHD. peueratia, 6 i Shen ayy at) sept bee “p MAT ve ed a We eet At oe aid) Chabad ea (Bs vAls: caste Wht fit Ok OA OS Sa Te Wie, ve Seek ae a rt “thei bahetaz aha beeen OA Ayee va EF ee Lh heat ee tle TL j i ty 1. te | a D tery hee Meco ee +. ‘ B 34 ByAd Mens Se Te Co NUM iM Le te ae (Sy evi ha Py Si hades SI gshe JG ME Alla, AAS TW den: F , Aa is De Bow moowstine o ree Sts Cn jis oa GR CUA Ie worry iss ner 7 , oY; ay ae a” a fp ote Oy” = r eRetereiay? | his } ‘oa < % * 4 a Argh N Oe Mier Gate Set ai . dil Popde i | hi AS he Ge 2a pic ‘ T eon ers : biel « t ae i v5) Waa Baye it neve iy P) bia! Ay 4 nl bs oF , ‘‘s, " : i f + vi 4 p Dare: fa w aR ")) oo > cghhdsliue Dear nant 3 Coke wiysa 6 i ae bast rennet) amie a Dhuly yz nye aed J he Bu tee, Fas wet. iy . Oe seit 2, tse NORTH CENTRAL REGION 1927 Illimois: Right of entry provided. All trees infected with plant disease liable to spread to other plants declared a nuisance. Notice to ower to abate; upon failure to comply, abatement to be made by Department of Agriculture with asseainnt of cost to owner. (The Insect Pest and Plant Digease Act) Indiana: Department of Conservation authorized to declare as an infested area, premises upon which destructive plent disease is found. Omer re- quired to destroy infested products in aceordance with instructions. If owner neglects to conform, department authorized to take necesgary action and assess costs as taxes. Cooperation with federal government authorized. No rules and regulations relating to blister rust issued. Iowas State Entomologist required to list dangerously injurious insect pests and disease, such pests and diseases declared publie nuisances, subject to destruction. Owner required to eradicate infected plants upon notice. Upon failure, authorized agents may destroy plants, cost to be assessed after notice and hearing. Right of entry authorized. (Iowa Crop Pest Act. Chap= ter 68 Laws of the 42nd Assembly. Chapter 201-Bl Code of Iowa, 1927 Sectione 5) Gy) 0 Lai Lite) 1929 Miehigan: Infeeted white pines or ribes declared a public nuisance and sub= ject to destruction. Uninfected plants may also be destroyed. Ribes nigrum deelared a public nuisance; possession prohibited and plants subject to destruction. Commissioner of Agriculture empowered to designate arsas for fruiting ribes and for white pines. Commissioner authorized to require owner to perform sontrol work and upon failure to comply, expense to be charged as a lien. Compensation provided for imfeeted pines and ribes destroyed. eens with federal government authorized. (Ast No. 313. Public Acts ef 1929) ; | ee Fruiting ribes areas and blister rust control areas established. Free moves nent of ribes (except Ribes nigrum) allowed into fruiting ribes areas, but permit required for movement into control areas. (Regulation Neo 608) Minnesota: Infeeted white pinss and ribes declared public nuisance, and subject to destruction by Commissioner of Agriculture or his agents. Unine fected plants may also be destroyed if necessary. Commissioner may desige- nate control areas. Land ownsr within control area to perform control work upon order of the Commissioner. Upon failure to comply,. expense of removal assessed as a lien. Compensation fer uninfected ribeg authorized. Right ef entry provided and cooperation with the federal government authorized. 1385 Wisconsin: Department of Agriculture authori zed to issue regulations needed to prevent dissemination of plant diseases. Right of entry provided. No ore 1935 santa person shall. permit te exist on hie Breniscs, any plant of a Jeg _ 4s a’ éarrier, of a dangerous plant Gi zsases, Entouoleg risk of the Department authorized to: destroy such plants. If omer fails to destroy such plants within 10 daye of noties, sxpense of euch orndicaticn Weiiested as taxes o No provision for compensation for bushes destroyed. (Chapter 93, Section 93.07 (1) and ay sian 94.55 and 94.54 Wiseonsia Statutes. | 1956 Wisconsins Ribes nigru dda, atodee @ host of a tetera te diseases. Such bushes condemned mnod for eradication without compensation. Control areas es~ tablished within which all ribes shali be destroyed without compensation. (General Order No. $B, by State Board of Agriculture) 1939 Yllanoiss Control areas designated. Prohibited planting and possession of ali ribes within suoh areas and within 1,509 fect of pine=preducing “nurseries, also within 900 fect of other aieea, and of ell Ribes nigrum within one mile therecf. All ribes in euch arete considered a potential "menace and destruction ‘authorized. Replanting of ribos prohibited. (Regulations concerning the establishment of blister rust contre] areas) ay 1941 Ohio: Director of Agriculture and his agents authorized to inspect for ine an Pestations | of harmful insects and plant diseases; presoribe and enforce ._ a measures. deemed néeessary to Gradicate outvreaks, Power provided te order owner to destroy plants within 7 days and upom son-complianse, assess cocoate as taxes. No compensation provided. (Plant Pest Law, Sectione 1127, 1130 inel. and 1132 of the Gensral Code) 1942 | wane Chio: Permit required for intrastate shipment of white pines. Ribes nigrum declared public nuisance and possession, trensportation, propagation, or sale of plants of such species prohibited. Direster of Agrieulture or agente euthorized to destroy ribes. Chief of the Division of Plant Industry awthor= /ized to designate State Poerests, State and Munisipal Parks and mative white pine areas as control areas, in which ribes considered potential menace end subject to destruction. (Regulation for Baere eh08 and Control ef the white pine blister rust - first revision) : 1946 Minnesota: Control areas established and planting of ribes therein for _ bidden except upen written consonut of Director of Division of Forsstry. | (Blister Rust Gontrod Order Neo 4) - gag | | az Ribes may be shipped er moved within eontro) areag-only under > (Regulation No. 2) =26- NORTHWESTERN REGION 1926 Montana s ‘Ribes nigrum aremiainad a publie nuisances; possession of such plants unlawful; and state-wide destruction by Horticultural Inspectors ordered. (State Quarantine No. 3A) 1927 Washington: Owner required to prevent infection by all plant diseases. ig digease found, plants to be eradicated. All fumgous diseases declared — injurious pests and spraying speeified as required control measure. Quare antines authorized but revoked upon passage of Federal Plant Quarantine Noo. 63. (Quarantine Laws under Revised Statutes, Sections 2842, 2843.) 1932 Idaho: Owner required on notice by Inspectors of the Department of Agriculture ,§ to eradicate any injurious tree diseases. Upon failure to remeve diseased trees, expense charge as lien. Quarantines promulgated but revoked upon passage of Federal Plant Quarantine Noo. 63. (Idaho Code Annotated - 1932, See= tion 22-1501 to 1506 incl.) : 1935 Montana: Governor empowered to designate areas in which any plant disease inimical te agriculture is present and prohibit shipments of plants therefran. Governor may quarantine any county found infected, preseribe and. enforce rules and aes ae (Chapter 306, Revised Statutes of 1935, Sestious oe and $832 PACIFIC COAST REGION L329 Oregons Department of Agriculture authorized to establish control areas. Department to speeify plants to be eradicated. Ribes nigrum declared to be a public nuisance, possession unlawful, and Department Inspectors authorised to abate the nuisanes. (Chapter 181, General Laws of 1929, as later amended, Sections 35-401-=6) 1930. Oregon: Control areas established. Unlawful to transport host plants into control areas without permission of State Board of Agriculture. Unlawful to grow ribes within areas. (Control Area Orders Nos. 2, 15 and 16 by Oregox Board of Horticulture) 19538 Californias Director of Agriculture may establish quarantine regulations, make and enfores rules. Ribes nigrum and all other ribes, wild and cultivated, when growing in control areas deslared a public nuisence, and Dirsetor and Commissioner may abate menace. Unlawful to grow amy species of ribes in quarantined areas. (Agricultural Code, Chapter 25, Statutes of 1933, Sections 1606, 108, 160) 1946 Californias Quarantined or infected areas prescribed. Mevement of five-leaved pines from quarantined areas prohibited except under permit. Movement of Ribes nigrum within the state prehibited. Movement of ribess; other than Ro nigrum, in certain sentrol areae prohibited. (Quarantine Regulation 3 Waite Pine Blister Rust Interior Quarantine) IZATION AND FINANCES =BR-- GENSRAL POLICY, ORGANIZATION AND FINANCES APPLICABLE TO ALL REGIONS 1921 Federal funds for cooperative ribes cradieation on doliar-for-dollar matehing basis terminated Jums 50 by ruling of the Secretary of Agri- eulture. Subsequent federal funde limited for Leadership, informationa } and service purposes. 193s Unemployment relief programa-Emergency Conservation Work (ECW) and National Reeovery Administration (NRA) inaugurated in all regions. The administration of the federal blister rust control program was trange . _ ferred December 1 from the Bureau of Plant Industry to the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantins (officially effective on July 1, 19354). Federal Plant Quarantine revised te permit shipment of white pines from ths infected states, when grown from seed after compliance with sanita- tion measures involving the destruction of all ribes within 1,500 fest and ail European blesk currents within ons-mile of thé applicant nursery. 4 by 1934 Largesseale Public Works Administration (PIA) and ECN projects in progress. PWA, projects discontinued and WPA projects initiated. Collaberation with National Youth Administration (NYA) in the employment ef youths. 1936 All scoperative agreements with the states rewised, vesting. reaponsibility in the Bureau of. Entomology and Plant Quarantine for the coordination and proscoution of control activities. | 2937 . New Memorandum of Understanding between the U. S. Forest Service and the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, assigned the responsibility _ for the management ef control operations te the Forest Serwise and the responsibility for the overall planning, peda! and technical direction of the work ‘to the Bureau. ae Federal Piant Quarantine modified, placing the responsibility for serti- fication on state agencies. — wBQ9e zse0 Holding program conducted in all regione in cooperation with the States and logal cooperabars o . 941 Beginning of World War II. Holding programs continued. Passage of Lea Act effective July 1 permitted breader partiolpation in eontrol work on state and private lends by providing federal funds to supplement etate, county, city, tewm and private menieg. Bureau ree sponsible for leadership, coordination and technical direstion of all work. 1942 Emergeney unemployment relief orerrane terminated. | 1985 Anetra Coe week established by federal statute. | 1946 Substantial increase in federal fend permitted much needed eipeneian of operations. Use of gonerwos system in ribes eradication work initiated. "Safety and Health” Manual issued. ey, ft | 1947 Drastis reduetion in Lea Aet funda: for work on state and private lands after July 1. . 1950 Preliminary actions toward the complete reorganization of the adminis-= tration of the project on a new regiomal basis. 1962 On July 1, the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine was eaoeeutiea to conduct its control, regulatory and field administrative (business) activities through five regional offices with a Director in charge in each. The blister rust control program was reorganized to funetion in three of the new regions, namely; Region I-Northeastern, with headquarters in Greenfield, Massachusetts; Region V, with headquarters im Minneapolis, Minnesota 3 oad Region IV, with neadeuaecens in Berkeley, California. “Sie. NORTHEASTERN REGION 1909-1922 State Nursery Inspectors and State Forestry officials arene and destroy all specimens of imported white pine stock. a Federal Quarantine (No. 26) regulating importation ef ribes and white me pines promulgated (November 1VlZ)o ; ee . "4913-1916 = eae Intensive effort by State offieials in col aboratien with the fureauleae Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, to eradicate the di a by cutting out eankers and through the destruction of imported white in nurseries, plantations and ornamental trees. Inrected ribes eradicate in commerical nurseries and all ribee from a few infected pine plantations and surrounding protection zones. Work reached a peak in 1915 when all — imported white pines in several nurseries were destroyed. In New tom a 1,200,000 trees were destroyed and 300,000 in Massachusetts. es Efforts at eradication of the disease were abandoned in 1915 in favor of @ program of control through the eradication of ribeg, the disesea hav spread to native white pine and ribes. “igie Federal funds provided ror field investigatione te the Bureau of Plant Industry. . . : 9 | Funds far sayin control work dgoneaniates by the et gover and by the states of Massachusetts ‘and New York. Ribes eradicated from barrier gone along Massachusettsclew York boundary and from am immune zone surrounding western border of infected area Columbia County, lew York. Also, between New York and Ontario, Cans _Extengive scouting for infection | on native pines and Sa in New En and New York. ; rr a at 1917 Work in barrier gone to prevent spread of the disease Aisoontinueds possibility of elimination abandoned. Beginning of World Ves To First regional anineathe ef State cooperators, fede and others at Amherst, Massachusetts (J that disease too Panic sen for outer B2= i917 cont'd | | : Cenferense of the Committee on the Suppression of Pine Blister Rust in Nerth America, hold in Pittsburgh, Penusylvania, Nov. 12-13. Dollar-fer-doliar cooperation in ribes eradication initiated between federal goverment and the states for experimental control wark. State ¢ ap ae ‘ tions were as follews: Massachusetts = $50,000; New York - $46, 293; Bempehire = $28,000 for 3-year period; Connectieut - $5,000 for 1917 $7,500 for each of following two fiscal yeare; Maine = &5 000. Sma _ amounts made available in Rhode Island and Vermont. _ Gonnectiout legislation autherized Director of Agricultural Experinent Station to destroy host plants to control the disease. Massachusetts lsgisiation authorized control work under the direction of the State Nursery Inspector. New Hampshire legislation autiorized Foreet Commissioner to establish control areas. Piret individual eooperation in eontrol work by five owners eradicating Pibes on their individual properties in New Hampshire. ‘European black currant deslared a “public nuisance” in New York. Local pe ee areas cere aned in New England States and New York. Sys tematio oo of ribes eradication work started. Federal taeveetion of control work inaugurated. di Wp 2918 State Nursery Inspector in New Hampshire promulgated quarantine forbidding entry ef pines and eultivated ribes and Ge intrastate ehipment of ribese _ . _ State Nursery Inspector in Mas sachusette prohibited entry af rides except under permite dace Demonstration area for ribes eradication established in Thetford, Vermont. First town cooperation in New Hampshire; 43 towns appropriated for contrel work. Lesal sontrol policy atarted in New York. Definite federal poliey ef lesal control, ins luding inspection, established in ecoperation with state peo hel re ada vaiie of Committee on Suppression: ef White Pine Blister taet in \ Herth America, convened at Boston, Massachusetts (Now. 11-12). Conforess 4th present from i2 states, Washington, Do Co and Canada. " Acute labor shortage due to World War Ie i } Yh SS et Northeastern - fcacecd) headquarters eatablisne a at cenbridge, 5 ineraased town and private cooperation. 2 ae = _ Field record system revised and simplific Federal CVA CUE ooo area establis ‘ned at Wolfeboro, We. Be First test of inspection or aureery stock shipped by express at _ Springs Mass. to determine practicability of quarantine epncue cents } ne worlte 1920" Transit imepection of express and frei gnt organized to enfores fedora) quarantine. iS 121 noe a Vigerous enforeenent of federal quarantine extended te inoiude parcel pe Blister rust pensounet assisted cu BIS iad ae eT a pas first costs of “aes in ial? qo22C = Bight-year program instituted om basis of federal,. ere cn pei owner eoeperation, State and District Leaders appointed as rederal a Federal responsibility under cooperative agrocments restricted te dev apis ef control methods, field investigations and SUrVOYS » informa tic service, projest Goorin ten and inspection of control work to 4 effective resulte. State cooperators responsible for supervisi district leaders. Extension Serviee added as eosperating agency in cational work. | | re oD “J ‘ i ie = (3 oF vaay Participa tion by towns and individusis greatly dacroneed, Pp 4 largest share of cooperative funds. Town SES initiated in & towns appropriated; also in Connes' cicute, | a rs 1923, -3he $925 Cons’ AROSE TEE Sree oe on State bldeter rust control policy devel oped in Maine. Werk plan prepared for eight-year control program in Massachusetts. Pirst rework in the region performed on £1,875 acres at cost ef 16g per BBP 1964 First @eontrol work on Ue S. Forest Service lands en the White Mountain National Forest. Firet nursery sanitation work at Clearfield, Pennsylvania. Rhode Island legislation to sontrel importation of ribes and pine under permit sys ten. Control work organized in Pennsyivanis. Pirst town appropriation in Vemont (Thetford-§100) | 1925 Town funds for eontrol work in New Hanpshire tumed over to'the State for use where needed within town limites. Federal “Specialists” positions eliminated. 1926 Regional Conference at ali ficid Been held at Atbany, 3 New York. - (Des. 9-10) Average initial erasidatien cost of 16.62 per Duberaeteeheds-' i927 ‘Deg truction of Eieewen black Beers authorized in Massachusetts. 1928 First eontrel work. performed _ Now. Jersey. Berauve for Ro nigrum in Vermont, ‘aesachusette, Rhode Island and New York. First eontrol work in Pennaylvanis. on Stmte lands. 2 | _4sae. | Contre] work initiated on een Wational Park in Made end on the Allegheny National Forest im Pennsylvania. — Connecticut legislated against the Buropeaw black currant. oSh = k923 Conv'd Compulsery appropriation ef teow funds fer contre] work prowided for in New Hampshire legislation. | First county appropriation for control -worlk (New Yorks). Mew te" Tee esses in New York autaoriging purchase and rehabilitation ef abandened farm lands best fitt sed fer rorest growen sede provisien for protective MEASUPES. Bradieation of European black 2k: esata in Rhode Island. 1980 Compulsory appropriation law im New Hampshire enforced in 40 towns Eradication of Surepear black currants initiated in Connecticut. Beginning of the depression periods | i9dh Special Eurepean black currant eradication program started in Vassachueette. First eontrol work in Now York under Hewitt Reforestation Laws Centrol peliey in Malina regiees to permit use of tow funds for hire of lecal erews rather than oe use town feremen to work with individual poce Faro Rework program in the region expanded. A932 © Low point in depression reached; drastic ‘cuts in teen approoriations; ras lief Jaber used for the first time. Lowest eoverage (544, 620) aoe gince the experimental Spence es Stumpage price of pine dropped to a low of $2 and $3 per Me Enforcement of New Hampshire conse appropriation ae deferred bee> cause of the depression. a 21938, Unenploguent relief programe aan and WRA) inaugurated with a mls ef 114 | Givilian Conservation Corps (CGC) camps and 3,294 men; NRA pregram not or= ganized until late in the season (Sontenbas Large pentie manpang pEagase atarted,: using ece, and NBA ‘labors Eradication of ae Eurepean black eurrant completed in Rhode Island. ¥6 wie ato) 1935 Cont'd Sharp rise in the number of ribee (9 te 23) and cost (247 te -aere ag emergency relisf dabor (especially CCC erewe} worked high ribes populations » 1954 Large seale PWA ieAdact inaugurated; continued work on CCC from 125 eampe with 2,483 men; and began Emergency Relief Administration (ERA) program. “Alletime lew for town appropriations (13 fér $4 574) 4255 GCC force inersased while NRA and ERA personnel decreased, WPA sontrol pro- . gram initiated in July. A total of 6,206 neraons employ red of combined projects. Area worked exceeded the million sore (1,125,198) mark. Business functions of the region praneracrea from Washington, Do. ©. to Cembridge, Massachugetta.., Town appropriations increased ia substantial amounts. Ribes nigrum eradication eompleted in Connecticut. | 1936 All-time peak employment (8,728 workers) through expanded WPA program, and continuation of ECW. In addition, emall projects in cooperation with the Agricultural Resettlement Administration (ARA), Soil Conservation Service ' (SCS) and National Youth Administration. All-time produetion record of 1,784,578 seres, ineluding peaks in both initial and rework. Large mapping project started. State WPA project in Connecticut. New low in regular cooperative program funds. 2937 Drastic reduction ce man days for ribes eradigation (CCoC-40% and WEA=79%), resulted in 60% drop in coverage. State and local WPA projects in Commeetieut aed New York. 1938 New England hurrieane of September 21, resulted in 60 pereent or more bicwe- down of 2.6 billion bd. ft. of timber on 600,000 areas. About 80 percent white pine, chiefly in older stands. Controi, problem greatly changed as a result of the disturbance of forest floor and canopy. Good seed crop be- liswed to imsure reproduction. Blister rust eontrol workers assisted federal agency-(New England Timber Salvage. Administration = NETSA) in - mapping of hurricane areas especially. in New Hampshire, by means of auto= giroa. Beestaed by the Bureau of Entonclogy and Plant Qua rants ue » ~ 6 cS 1947 Contd Marking instructions for eutting timber on National Forest lands in U. S. Forest Service Region One inelude provisions for reducing ribes problems. 1948 Report issued on "Development of a blister rust control policy for the Nation- al Forests in the Inland Empire" -( 240.) The adoption of the 48-hour week proved highly advantageous to the project. Idaho State biennial appropriation increased from $30,000 to $40,000. i949 Forest Service committed to the policy of managing stands to grow all white pine possible in units protected from blister rust. Analysis of all pine units in region begun to determine priorities. 1950 Idaho State biennial appropriation increased from $40,000 to $50,000. Private agencies give better attention to coordination of management and protection measures related to the growing of white pine. 1951 Regionalization of Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine. Administrative functions moved to Berkeley, California. Northwest Region became Nortih= western Project. ; Major findings resulting from unit ae outlined a tentative 5-year BRC progrem set up for the Forest Service. Private operators in Taane express a high degree of responsibility in forest management by favoring use of 10 percent of slash fund as an operator's fund to combat insects and diseases. 1952 Idaho State biennial appropriation insreased from $50,000 to $60,000. The Clearwater and Potlatch and Priest Lake Timber Protective Associations increased assessment for blister rust control from 2 cents to 3 sents per acre starting with fiscal year 1953. The total emount of these annual contributions from the Associations is about $25,000. =852 DAPTOTM RAACR PRATAR PACIFIC COAST REGION BS are ee ery emerie ee 1925 Cultivated black currant eradieation started in Oregon. Blaok currant quarantine law enacted in Oregon. 1924 Cooperative agreements signed between Bureau of Plant Industry ana Oregon State Board of Horticulture, State Board of Forestry and State Agricul- tural College; and California State Department of Agriculture and State Beard of Forestrye Black currant eradication started in California. Headquarters estabde- lished at Sacramento, California. “ooh 3686 Black currant eradication pregrem completed in Onecenees 926 Federal Plant Quarentine No. 635 ana Oregon State Quarantine No. 18 pro- mulgated to restrict movement of host plants. 1927 Black currant quarantine law enacted in California. University of California added as a cooperating agency. 1930 Black currant eradication program completed in California. 1953 Program changed from experimental to practical eontrol. Start of control work under the unemployment relief programs with CCC and NRA leber. California headquarters moved to Oalcland from Sacramento. 1934 NIRA camps operated with PWA funds. 1935 Work started on BRA funds with WPA camps. Technical staff inereased. Oakland office designated as regional headquarters for Pacifie Coast Region. 2562 1956 | Program in the Western United States divided into two regions = Nerthe | western and Pacific Coast. | WPA regulations restricted employment to the use of 90% relief labor in | blister rust control camps. 1937 BRA restrietions tightened: 95% relief labor and 120 hours a month. Smallest number ef camps any year sinse 1932. 1938 | Two camps operated on regular Bureau funds in addition to CCC and WPA camps. No lessening of ERA restrictions. 1939 Entire Bureau operation in Califomia shifted to Sierra National Forest. Highest expenditures, more camps and more workers than any year. 4940 }} Mt. Hood unit abandoned. 1941 Program curtailed due to closing of Bureau ERA projects and end of cCC aid. State of California appropriated $50,000 for the program for the fiscal | years 1942 and 1943. State of Oregon passed enabling act aiding the program. 1942 Holding progrem adopted for duration of the war, due to war-time restrictions and regulations on mileage and food rationing. Three California lumber companies became participating cooperators. 21943 Warctime restrictions on rationing with labor ceiling. Increase in wages by ever-time pay for common labor. High scheol boys the chief source of laber. State of California Eaproprseess $100, 000 for control work for fiscal years 1944 and 1945, 1944 Work curtailed by war restrictions, high wages and short season. 67 <= 1945 Wartime limitations continued. Delinquent youth and Mexican Nationals used for the first time to supplement labor. Fire-fighting ae regular work as much as 50 pereent for some camps. California inereased the State appropriation to $150,000 for fiseal years 1946 and 1947. 1946 Resuption of 18 year minimum age for employees. Post-war labor supply becomes nearly normal. 1947 The State of California assumed a key role in contributing financially to the control preblem on state and privately-owned lands with an appropriation of $125,000. 1949 Use of contract procedure and the one-man system further extended. Adoption of the concept of local control leads to reappraisal of pine areas based om new economic formulas worked out by Dr. Henry J. Vaux, University of California School of Forestry. Oueshalf the ribes eradication work contracted to private parties at a saving of 25 percent in cost over hired labor. Reorientation of sontrol work continued, based om coneept of leeal control and the applieation of sconomie criteria to the selection of sugar pins stands o Bureau collaborated ts in the economics study of sugar pine management. Califomia continued its key role in the control program through the eontri- bution of $168,437. Private egencies contributed $2,000. L951 The Bureau regionalized its activities under a single administrative head in the western states as Region IV with headquarters in Berkeley, Califomia. The Blister Rust Control Project was modified and continued to share office space with the regional staff. 1952 | _ The BRC eiieck moved to new quarters in Oakland, Celifornia along with the Regional Office. ba 2 A | : aa TIONS = RESEARCH ON THE FUNGUS 3% INVESTIGATIONS =RESEARCH ON TEE FUNGUS NORTHEASTERN REGION Note: Bracketed numeral refers to ths Bibliographical Sestion. 1909-1916 Preliminary research wes in progress, first involving an exhaustive review ef European literature, then leboratory exploration into the life history or the causal fungus and finally, the beginning of large seals investigations under field conditions. 1917 Studies at Kittery Point, Maine indicated the possibility of over-wintering of the fungus on ribes through uredo pustules on stems. Aecial development algo noted on pine slash the spring follewing logging. 1916 Investigations carried om at Bloek Island, Rhode Islands; Kittery Point, Maines North Conway, New Hampshire (York); Lewis, New York (Pennington); to study longevity and distance of the spread of spores. Results indicated relatively shortcolived character of sporidia, also effect on limitation of spread by such fastors as the composition, height and density of vegetation between ribes and pine. Over-wintering on dead ribes leaves also demonstrated. Studies initiated involving the inogulation of white pine with sporidia of the blister rust fungus. Report published in 1927 = (102). . 1919 Investigations continued by Drs. York and Pennington with special emphasis on the determination of distance of distribution of the different forms of Spores of the causal fungus. Conslusion reached that width of ribes-free gone should be, under average conditions, 200-300 yards. Emphasis given to the danger of spread from European black eurrants as ree sult of Richards’ study at Temple, New Uampshire shewing spread of over a mile fran Ribee nigrum. 1920 Blister rust situation in several Eurepean countries studied; repert published 4n 1924 o (88). 1922 — Study initiated in New York to determine rust-spreading potential of mitie vated red currants; report published in 1541 = (211, 212, 213). 1925 Research on the longevity of teliospores and accompanying uredespores; report ee in 1925 < (92). 602 1923 Cont'd Investigation of the influence of physical factors on the viability of spor= idiaz report published in 2226) = (99). 1925 Report on conditions antecedent to infection = (91). 1927 Research initiated on the production and germinetion ef sporidia; repert published in 1935 = (159). 1928 Research initiated om eanker development on young pines; report published in 1939 = (197). 1929 Report on comparison of European with North American conditions - (117). 21935 Report on the production and germination of sporidia = (159). | 1958 Report on the progress of infection in planted white ate = (169). 1936 Report on the relation of stomata to infection = (183). | reso Report om the relative susceptibility of five-needled pineg in the. East to blister rust attack = (203). 1942 Report on the relation of certain meteorological factors to infection - (215). 1944 Report on the distribution of blister rust sankers ‘aceratee te needle-bearing wood at the time of infection = (227). =6le NORTH CENTRAL REGION 1933 Report on “Field Inesulations of Pinus strobus with sporidia of Cromartium ribieola in Minnesota"= (145). 1943 Report of “Study of blister rust infeetion on Pinus peuce, Po. koraiensis, Po strobug, and P, monticola at the Cloquet Forest Exp. Sta. Minnesota” = (221). @62- NORTEWESTERN REGION 1926 Report of "Studies of white pine blister rust in the West" = (96). 1928 Report on “The inoculation of Pacific Northwestern Ribes with Gronaceium ribleola and Co osgidentale® = (106). 1932 “Preliminary report on the relative susceptibility of sugar pine and westera white pine to blister rust” = (137). 1933 Report on “Mode of entrance and periods in the life cysle of Cronartiun ribicola on Pinus menticola" = (142). Report, on “Resistance of the current seagon"s shoots of Pinus menticola to infection by Cronartium ribicola” = (143). Report on “Method of determining the age of blister rust infections on western white pine" = (144). Report on "tuberoulina naselnnae in western North America” - (146). Repert on "Comparison of Pyenial stage of Cronartium ribieola on Pinus lambertiana and P. montieola” = (147). 19354 Report on “Seasonal development of Ribee in relation to the spread of Cronartium ribicola in Pacific Northwest” = (152). Report on “Growth and injurious effects of Cronartium ribiecola cankers on P. monticola” <= (153). Report on “Survival of blister rust mycelium in western white pine “ = (154). Repert on “Damage to Pinus monticola by Cronartiun ribieola at Garibaldi, Bo Cc." 2 (155). 1935 Report on "Dates of production of the different spore stages of Cronartium ribicola in the Pacific Northwest” = (165). 1938 Report on "Annual grewth rate ‘of Cronartium ribicola canke re on branches of Pinus mentiesle in Northern Idaho” = (178). =852 1958 Cont'd Report on “Blister rust damage to merchantable westem white pine “™ - (179). Report of “Initial tests of the distance of spread to and intensity of ine feetion on Pinus monticola by Cronartium ribieola from Ribee lacustre and R. viscosissimum™ = (180). Report on "Susceptibility of ribes to Cronartium ribicola” = (185). Report on “Susceptibility of needles of different ages on Pinus monticola seed- lings to Cronartium ribicola infection" - (198). 1940 e Report on “Needle-bearing internodes on western white pine reproduction in relation to blister rust infeetion" = (200). Report on “Mycelial extent beyond blister rust cankers on Pinus monticola” = (202). ae Report on “Time growth of Cronartium ribicola cankers om Pinus monticola at Rhededendron, Oregon" = (204). 1942 Report on “Seeondary fungi asseciated with white pine blister rust eankers" = (214). 1945 Report on "Susceptibility of white bark pine to blister rust in the Pacific Northwest” = (219). 64 PACIFIC COAST REGION 1921 Report of “Investigations to Determine the Identity of a Cronartium on Ribes in California® = (68). 1929 Laboratory investigations instituted at Berkeley, California. 1933 Report on “Susceptibility to Blister Rust ef the Two Principal eae Associates of Sugar Pine” = (148). 1935 Report on "Susceptibility of Principal Ribes of Southern Oregon to White Pine Blister Rust" = (162). Report on “Chemical Contrel of Harmful Fungi During Stratification and Germination of Seede of R. roezli™ = (170). 194é newert en n "Susceptibility tO White Pine Blister Rust of Ribes cereum and Some Other Ribes Associated With Sugar Pine in California” = (228). 1949 a Report on "Effective Control of Ribes With 2,4 eet ‘eae ibid : oe -y ae » SAT : in - ps; } ; & ; | ; | P | I ' ‘ ~ i r | i = - ‘= Pritt ; . > es = “ = - s c iG . EQORTADITARVUT (= -66= INVESTIGATIONS-FIELD STUDIES AND SURVEYS NORTHEASTERN REGION isig Experimental canker removal work initiated by Martin at Ipswich and Lenox, Massachusetts. 1917 Census of cultivated ribes made in Massachusetts and infeoted European black currants destroyed. 1918 Canker removal work perfermed in Newburyport, Massachusetts. First experimental work in the chemical eradication of ribes undertaken by Regan in Barre and Petersham, Hassachusetts. isis Infection study made on a 4leaere pins lot (Elliot) at Littleton, New Hamp- shire. Of the 3,014 pines (avg. 6.2" dbh) 55.4 pereent were infested. Study made by Detwiler ef spread of infection from Ribes ni gru m to adjacent white pine Pony gae at Wilton, N. H. 1920 Qn strip lines radiating from the Elliot Lot at Littleton, New Hampshire, in« cluding adjacent plots, comprising a total area of 185 acres, 26.5 percent of the pines were infected. On the strip lines alone, totalling 67.5 miles, 10 psreent oe the pines were infected. Studies made o Young on tho relation of blister ruet damage ‘to forest management. Studies initiated on the ecology of ribes and its aoe to the control of the diseases report published in 1922 = (72). Studies started by Darrow to find substitutes for cultivated eres. especially red currants for jelly-making. Suecessful demonstration in Massachusetts by Regan of the eradication of ribes with fuel oil and dip oil. | Study by Endersbee on spread of infection to pine from a single Ribes eynos= bati (200°LS) at Cabot, Vermont showed 65 percent of the infected pines were within radius of 200° of bush. Maximum spread 500 feet. 1921 Investigations of infection senditions at Kittery Point, Maine, demonstrated =67= 1921 Cont'd heavy damage, relatively short distance of epread and the effectiveness of the eradication of ribes in the control of eae digeases repert published in 1924 = (86). Demage studies at Littleton, New Hampshire and Brunswick, Maine. Experiment conducted in selective eradication at North Hudson, New York. Practicability of tree surgery in the removal of eankers to save ornamental pines, demonstrated in report of eanker removal experiments (69). Development and distribution for trial of the high=bush oranberry (Viburnum ener as a substitute for red eurrants. Study by Endersbee at Alfred, Maine showed no pine infection originating after skunk eurrants eradicated in 1917, but in comparable unprotected area at Springvale, Maine over 50 percent of the pinegwere infected during previous 7 yearse L922 Study by Fivag in Warren County, N. Y. revealed that 20 percent of the pines were infected om a rod wide atrip, 12 miles leng. 1923 Completed pine survey for eastern Connecticut and Rhode Island showed 98 percent of the area navn ety. protested, due to the saercsty, or Fibese Study of the caology of ribes started by York and ooo in New York. 1924 Study initiated on damage to uneven aged pinss in pasture type at Waterford, Vermont, and the following year in an adjacent 60 year old pine stand. The latter sarc 76 percent of ths pines infected and 65 pereent had fatal sten eankers. Report published in 1953 - (240) 0 A study of infection by Roop in a plantation (Crene Plot) in Ipawish, Massac. ehusetts, showed that 75 percent of the pines were infested. — Cartographical survey of white pine started in the Northeastern States. 1927 Studies initiated to determine longevity and germination of seeds of ribes, particularly Ro rotundifolivm. Report published in 1931 - (132), shewed - that seeds remain viable in the duff for years, and that disturbances of the duff by animals, logging, fire, and. uproot Ang. ef trees by wind favor the germination of such dormant peeas. White pine forest survey (Sirtarranniee im the Nertheasterm States com-= leted. Resulte showed a pene area of 8,221, 167 QCFEB oe 3 -68< 1927 Cent'd Report by Richards on the susceptibility of different aged pine needles to blister rust and relation between the number of infections om pines and the persistence of their needles. Blister Rust News: 11:241-247. 1980 | Report by Littlefield on experiments made with regard to sprouting in two species of wild ribes (R. rotundifelium and R. syaosbati). Blister Rust News 14 (3) 90A-104. : ms 1932 Field tests started on the susceptibility of the Viking eurrant; report pub= Lighed im 1936 = (168). 1934 Plot and strip line studies made to determine infection conditiong in pres teeted and umprotested areas. In protested areas on 72.6 aerss in 26 towns in New Hampshire, New Yerk, Vermont and Pennsylvania, 22.4 peresnt of the 19,835 pines were infected. Only 2.2 pereent of the blister rust cenkers originated after initiel control work had been performed. Im additional studies on 13 miles of rod-wide strip lines in New Hampshire and New York, 55 percent of the 16,808 pines were infected. Only 1.8 percent of those pines became in- fested subsequent to control work. In unprotected areas on $1.2 acres in 35 towns, 49.9 pereent of the 17,569 pines were infected. Most of the eankers wers of recent origin, 39.8 percent of them having originated during 1930 ane 1931, indicating the danger of delaying protective work. 1835 Dre P. Lo Rusden designated in charge of Field Investigations in the Northe eastern States. 1937 Effectiveness of control plot studies made in Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Rhode Island and New York on sites containing pines chiefly under 20 feet in height. In protected areas on an aggregate of 87:5 acres; 17.5 percent of the 66,351 pines were infected with 15,548 cankerg but only 10 percent of these originated after protective work. In plots on unprotected areas come prising 68$ acres, 23.7 percent of the 52,6355 pines were infected. Fifty= seven pereent of the eankers on the unprotected areas had developed within the seven previous years. 1940-1945 Blister rust demage studies made in areas of merchantable-size pine in Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont and New York. In the 117.5 acres in the studies, 45.4 percent of all the pines were dead or would die as a result of stem cankers. These diseased trees contained 46.1 percent of the total volume. In addition, about 10 percent of the total number of pines were infested only with branch cankers which might eventually kill the trees. #69e 1947 Infection plot-survey started to procure data throughout the Northeastern States from small (one-tenth acre) random samples in pine reproduction (1<10 ft. height class). 1929 Survey conducted by the State Department of Agriculture in New Jersey to deq termine infection and ribes conditions in eight selected townships. 1950 First progress report (Rusden) on infection plot study showed 4.5 pereent infection. Survey made to determine acreage, volume and values ef the white pine in the Northeastern States in the region, placed the estimated current and poteniaey maturity value at $154 million. 1982 Report issued (Rusden end Perry) on ribes regeneration on 1938 hurricanes Sees areas, stressed the importance of the removal of established bushes efore disturbances oceur, and the important role of skunk eae in the peiiaten ef liveestem. Second and final report on demage to mature pines at Waterferd, Vermont, showed that 73 percent of the crop trees had been killed. The dead trees alone, plus less in inerement, represented 49 percent of the stand volume. eC Seat 25 percent of the volume was in living pines with stem cankers = 255) 6 Second progress report (Perry) on infection plot study showed substantially the same degree of infection (4.4 percent) as in the first report. =70e SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN REGION 1917 Seouting for infection in Georgia, Marylend, North Cerolina, South Carolina, Virginia and West Virginia. No rust found. 1918 Scouting fer infection in Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, Virginia and West Virginia. No rust found. 1929 Seouting for Nifostion and general white pine reconnaissance in Kentucky and Tenmnesses. No rust found. 1928 General reconnaiseanse on the George Washington National Forest in Virginia and on the Forest Service Nursery at Parsons, West Virginia. 1950 Pine distribution survey made throughout the South by Cope. 1932 General ribes reconnaissance in Maryland, North Carolina, Virginia and West Virginia. 1936 fennessee system of survey initiated. Ribes regeneration study plots established in Maryland, Virginia and Wes Virginia. 1958 Grid system type of survey started in Georgia and North Carolina. Survey made of Washington, D. C. fer white pine and ribes. { : 1940 ; Grid system started in Virginia and West Virginia. Uniform system of establishing ribes regeneration study plots inaugurated. Report by Yost on spread of infection in uipretested white oe areas in Garrett County, Maryland. _ Report by Yost om the susceptibility of southern gooseberry (Re eurvatum) te et Fuste eTle 1942 Report by Yost on the eomparigon of blister rust infeotien en pine in seven protected and ten unprotected areas in Garrett County, Marylend. Z a -» 1945 Report by Weleh on the infecting power of eultivated ribes as observed in Posahontas County, West Virginia. 1944 Report by Welch on infection and damage from blister rust caused by one Ribes bush in Pocahontas County, West, Virginia. 1945 Resurvey of white pine lands in Kentucky and South Carolina started. 1946 Completed all white pine surveys in Georgia. Initial study made on Ashe County, North Carolina white pine infeotion aneee Report by Yost on observations of blister rust infection on white pine fron fixed amounts ef Ribes live stem. Report by Hepting and Yost on the development of white pine blister rust in an unprotected area in North Carolina. _ 1987 Report by Weleh om further observations of the epread of blister rust from one Ribes bush to white pine in Pocahontas County, Vest Virginia. Three test plots for the use of 2,4-D on decapitated Ribes rotundifolium and Ro synosbati established. Both apesies appeared resistant to the chemieal. Study initiated on large maintenance area to determine the best type of organization and long-range progralte Tests with 2,4=-D and Geon X=S1 case dere tony effective results on Re Synosbaes but high resistance shown by R. rotundifolium. Disease survey in the region started. First survey rum in West Virginia showed 40 pereent infection on unprotested areas and less than 5 percent on pretected. 1948 . ie Report by Yost on the time required for blister rust to kill white pine trees ef different sizes. Arrangements acts to test es Canadian black evrrants for resistence te rusto : 722 1948 Cent’d | All white pine surveys completed in southwestern Virginia, Kentucky and South | Carolina. Letter two states plaeed om permanent maintenance. | Surveys and post-checks in eastern Tennessee revealed numerous large Ribes | misgouriensis bushes. Some contained over 1500 feet ef live sven. | Further teete made on the effectiveness of 2,4-D spray on R. eynosbati and R. | rotundifolium. 1949 Twenty-two resistant white pine grafts obtained from Dr. A. Jo Riker, feere sity of Wiseonsin, were planted for observation. | Seventeen Canadian black currants were planted in a leesation near heavily in- fected native ribes. No infection noted. _ Observations on 1948 applications of 2,4-D indicated limited effectiveness om | Ribes rotundifolium, Ro eynosbati and R. missouriensis. | Pests of the use of one-man system for the eradication of ribes indicates | practically no advantage over other methods in this region. 1950 Thirty-four resistant white pine grafts received fron Dr. Riker, planted in areas of heavy infection in Pocahontas and Tucker Counties, West Virginia. Tests conducted to determine the effectiveness of a combination of 2,4-D, 2@,4,5-T in oil as basal and foliage sprays. | Survey made to determine acreage, volume, and value of waite pine in the Southern Appalachian States. Estimated current and potential value was 179 million dollars. | Conference and field study with Forest Service officials regarding standards | for areas protected. New minimum standards established. 4 | 32 . NORTH CENTRAL REGION Oy 1922 Experimental pine and ribes plots for developing sontrol measures established at Eau Galle, Wisconsin by Ninman.. 1927 In 21 permanent plots in Minnesota, 9.5 percent of the pines were found in-= fected. Studies also in Minnesota indicated that rework is necessary about five years after initial work and that eontrol work in 1919 was effective. Cartographical survey (Hirt) showed’ 700,000 acres of white pine in Minnesota. 1928 © = Survey by school pupils in Michigan revealed infection on ribes in 14 counties. 1932 | Chemical ribes eradication experiments started in Wisconsin with sodiun chlorate and similar ehemicals. Results showed methed too expensive to be practical. 1933 Surveys te obtain a better picture of the sentyel progrem pant tarde during the winter months. 1935 Dr. Eo Ej Honey assigned to investigative work; pine infection and ri bes ree generation plots established througheut the region. 1936 Value of the white pine in the region estimated at $63 million. 19358 Pre-@radication gureeya nearly sompleted except in Northeastern Minneota. 1939 Post-cheek survey started on areas worked four or more years ago. ae Value of the white pine in the region estimated at nearly $104 million. | 1941 A & etudy- ef 24 protected pine plots by Dr. Honey showed ey insignificant pine infeetion originating 3 to 9 years after working. a Study of ribes found on initial and secend workings show number ef bushes on second workings (Technical on and wea on one quarts ay wm No i, Pus | Pinus peuce found much more susceptible than P. strebus at Clequet Expe Station, Minnesota. (Technical Memorandum Noo 2, Honey, Nelson, ae Agee Report of study of regeneration of Ribes eynosbati from seed after ribes eradication. Great inerease of seedlings on burned area. (Teshnical Memorandum Neo 3, Putnam). Rust development particularly rapid, damage severe in northeastern Minnesota. (Technical Memorandum No. 4, Putnam). White pine timber production in lake States 70 percent of national production in period 1864 to 1942. Peak in Michigans 1879 to 1889; in Wiseonsins i1889= 1899; in Minnesota: 1899, (Technical Memorandum No. 5, Putnam). 1945 Report on white pine in Wiseonsin in 1897. as compared with that in 1944. (Technical Memorandum Noe 6, Putnam) o 1946 Ribes regenerate very slowly 6 years after eradication in a young, wgrazed hardwood type, Wisconsin. (Teshnical Memorandum No. 7, Putnam). 1947 Ribes eradication economieally justified even in a heavily infected stand, if pines continue to come up from seed. (Technical Memorandum Ne. 8, Honey, Putnam). Estimated value of white pine in the region placed at $120 million. 4948 Steps of Progress in control program, 1910 % 1948, outlined. (Technical Menorandum Ne. 9, Kroeber). Blister Rust. Control costs te put Wiseonsin white pine on maintenance basis, averaging $1.50 per thoueand board feet, pecnomtce 1 y) dustrried. {Technical Memorandum No. 10, Putnam). 1950 Present and celta white pine timber values, North Central Region placed at $587,000,000 total; $453, 400, 000 in control areas. (Technical Memorandum No. li, Putuam). 1962 Dr. Melander aseisted in outling chemical treatments to kill ribes. Mr. Bergeson etarted program of spraying upright-growing ribes each month of the year with various formulations of 2,4,S-T in oi] in Illinois. e762 NORTHWESTERN REGION 1923 Ribes=to-pine spread plot eatablished at Cheeyke, B. C. (Long distance spread wag noted on this plot.) Eeology studies and experiments in ehomieal eradication etarted. Control reconnaissance (pine and ribes survey) atarted on the National Forests. oe ; Reconnaissance extended to state andi privately-owned ences nes . Ribes eradication methods project started. 1926 Ribes ecology plots established to etucy ecrminsitay and growth. : 1927 Experimental ribes eradication moved from Kanikeu to Coeur d’Alene Netter Forest, Idaho. Five-camp project. wep Esology studies showed rites seed longevity and ribes seedling survival. Pre-eradication survey started on Momt Rainier. i929 Effectiveness of control studies initiated. Several types of chemical sprays given large-scale field trials to determine effectiveness. 1930 Duff mantle studies made in connection with ribes seed storage and survival. 1932 ERY of "Experimental Ribes Eradication, Stanislaus National Forest, California,” 130). Report of “Chemical Eradication of Ribes," (133). Report on "Spread and Development of Whi te Pine Blister Rust in the Inland Em- pire,” (134). 4982 Oblique aerial photographs of control. areas sesured to eid 4m surveyse e762 1934 Surveys started in Colorado and Wycming. _ large-seale disease survey project organized and carried out during fall. Results showed an average of 4.5 percent of white pine trees infected with blister rust. L987 Plots established to test ribes live-stem standards. “193e Effect of silvisultural practices on ribes demonstrated. Report on "Probable Damage by Blister Rust in Some se rosentatine Stands of Young Western White Pine,” (181). ) 1939 Study inaugurated to test reliability of checking results. 1940 Checker-flanker method tried experimentally end beeame an important method in eheeking probable maintenanee areas. Plots set up te study the effect of variable light, temperature and moisture _ gondii ti ons eu the germination, growth, and development of ribes and pine. Report on “Blister Rust Contrel in the Menagement of Western White Pine” = (201). Report on "Chemical and Mechanical Methods of Ribes Eredisation in White Ping Area of the Western States" = (206). 1945 Plet studies show that a very few ribes ean cause considerable infection. 1944 (283). on "Self inoompatabi lity im several especies of ribes in western states" = — (2321 LS45 Powsr gpreying tests on eusover’ lande showed gubstantial labor savings possibie. Use of 2,4-D tested. ' Report on “The Seasonal Develspmont end the Dofoliating Effect of Cromartium Fibdicola on Le ight infested Ribes reszli and R. novadense” = (233). (Te 1946 Turbine blower equipment tested. ise? Use of 2,4,5-T tested. Study started by the Forest Service te develop a policy for the managenent of white pine under the handicap of blister rust. Survey conducted in Rocky Mountain Nationa Park, Colorado, and blister rust control work Boom enoee for the Longs Peak-Estes Cone area. LS46 Study by the Forest Service, credited past blister rust control with protecting § billion board feet of white pine at $3.20 per M, and estimated an additional 6.9 billion board feet could be added to the future cut in the next 120 years at a cost of $3.00 per M for blister rust control and mama genent. White pine stoeking diseass survey started, to determine the white pine stock= ing and the danage from blister rust in repraduotioa and pole size stands in the inland Empirs. Results showed en average of 23 percent damage to white pine stocking o 1549 ey Projeet started fer the propagation of white pine resistant to blister rust. Donald N. Matthews and S. Blair Hutchison complete work on “Development of a Blister Rust Control Folisy fer National ‘erests in the Inland impire® and copies distributed. Field teste run te determine the practicability of the helicopter as a means oF dastroying ribes by aerial sprays. The Buffale turbine blower mounted on a turntable shows possibilities es a rapié means of treatment of readsides where ribeg are numerous. Initial start made with ehsmicals to explore possibilities of destroying cenkers Demege to mature white pine beging to appoar in upper St. Jes National Forest. Largs, effectiveness-of-contrel plot estavlished to study degree of pretestion aaa peas oe maintenaneée areas, and spread ef rust inte theses areas from adjacent areas with moderate te heavy ribes pooulations. 78 PACIFIC COAST REGION 1925 Reconnaissance on federal and privately-owned lands in Oregon. Experimental ribes eradication etarted on Rogue River National Forest in Ore gon» 1926 Control reconnaissance started in California. Experimental ribes eradication commenced on Stanislaus National Forest in California. sae Pre-eradication survey peered on Plumas National Forest, California. ie ; Pre-eradication survey continued on Plumas National Forest in California. Experimental ribes eradieation on Plumas National Forest. 1930 Control reconnaissance on Eldorado National Forest, California. Experimental ribes eradication on Mt. Hood, Oregon and Stanislaus National Forest in California. 41952 Extensive reconnaissance in southem Oregon. Intensive reconnaissance on Klamath National Forest, California. Experimental Fibes eradication on Stanislaus National Forest, Californias 1932 Sugar pine survey started in California. Intensive reconnaissance on Stanislaus and Eldorado National Forests, California. Experimental ribes eradication work sonoluded on Stanislaus National Forest. 1934 Large reconnaissance program started with firet intensive reconnaissance in Ore gone =79= 1938 Report on "Spread of EEGs Rust to Sugar Pine in Oregon and Californie” = (186). - 1946 Experimental use of contract labor in ribes eradication work. Testing of chemical 2,4-D on a large seale field basi. 1947 Work started on the economic and pine management studies by the California Forest and Range Experiment Station in collaboration with Region 5 of the U. So Forest Service, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, the lumber industry, and the Califemia State Division of Forestry. Experimental trials of the one-man system of ribes eradication begun. 1948 Experimental spraying from the air using a helicopter. Report on “Some Economic Aspects of Growing Sugar Pine in California" published = (241). | 1949 Field surveys made on 64,800 acreg based on studies on the appraisal of cut-over sugar pine lands. 4950 Pine appraisal surveys using the prineiple of the sppltqatie ef esononic — criteria were conducted on 146,744 aeres. 1952 Testing of the Henry J. Vaux economic formula for evaluating and rating pins stands for sole teon and inclusion within control units indicate satisfactory results. Pine appraisal surveys based on the Henry J. Vaux economic formula conducted on 76,200 acres. 1952 Results of 25 years study by C. Ro Quick on “Eeology end Control. of the Sierra Gooseberry", forming the basis of present stendards of control, compiled as Bureau Meo Noo 9381S. Pine appraisal surveys were made on 119,015 acrese Bile 798° Sst 38 58 wes 000°0Z 298° Sz Z00°STT PIStg Uy I pegonsasuy SUCSIEg ON °@TQBLTeAw ps00el ONe« °seZEMTZSe WO peseq UOTJel [welgue) YAION sox BAeq cdtyszeumo eutd zo edfa eua uodn quepuedep °YAOA YOUS LOZ PesU UT woOTAZeTABA pus Zupdeex-ps0oe2r UT AQTUIOTTUN JO YoOVT 04 enp o_xetdwoouy prose TLO°ORT 28S SHE 709° 2 €66° ST t6 té6s° STs TTS" 5 882.895 pegrun ce wes : Wea aes a ais ams 4R8S60D OTF TOed 3 sea as iE ea sea ess Usleq Seay gto 000" s¢ 000°08 00S 00s°T os 000°00T 000°2 Telgueg YQZs0N 009°6 T#O°9S 882 ess L g0e’oL Let usyzyoureddy °o¢ Ti9"est —-T98"s02 9te’9 oes’ at ee ee2"2489 = 89k" TT Uso9 8 BOY9 LON STTBO SMOTAIOQUY POOV[d pexvstrard | SYTVL eouepuegay pesseappy uOTZey Gh-MOT (Od T[VTQFuL shetdstq sued] oFpey ssuy{eey LOCUM JOQCUNN JOQUTN LOQUAN AJequmyy JIOQUNnN @S6T = 226 eSULLIAILOV GOLAUGS GNV ‘IVNOILVANOANI HO AUVANNS ‘IVEANGD =§Ze INFORMATIONAL AND TRAINING NORTHEASTERN REGION gig Manual of Control Preeedures prepared (Filler) and isaved to the field men. 1922 Training Sehool for leadership personnel held at Littleton, New Hampshire and Warrensburg, New York. 2928 First radio talk on blister rust (Wheeler) from Station WBZ sorinekiotee Massachusetts on July 3. Readgide demonstrations originated in New York. Manual of Instructions prepared (Newman) for use in New Hempshire. 1924 | Manual - “Facts that a blister Bas inspector should know" prepared (Perry) fer use in Massachusetts. 4925 First motion pleture (silent) exclusively on blister rust. , Prepared nde the title “The Pines." Instructional leaflet = "How to ‘stop the spread of white pine blister rust", igsued by The N. Y. Cons. Com. 1926 | | Portable 3-winged panel exhibit developed (Boore) in Massachusetts. Instructional leaflet = "Rules and regulations governing white pine blister rust control work prepared (York) and issued by the N. Y. State Cons. Como "Foreman’s Manual" prepared (Perry) for use in Massachusetts and later adapted for use as a regional manual. 1928 _ Permanent roadside display panels developed (Doore) in Massachusstts. Descriptive guide to demonstration areas prepared in each state. | 1938 Sets of window exhibit panels designed (Perry) and distributed to state and district leaders. =83< (1938 Cont'd Memorandum of instructions (Riley) issued to CCC and WPA supervisory personnel in Connecticut. i940 Field work started on April 19 at Plymouth, Massachusetts on “shooting” scenes for new blister rust film in sound and color. Scenario by Martin and Perry. Film completed and released February 1942. 1945 Job Instruction Training (J.I.T.) courses given by Clave to leader personnel in the Northeastern States. "Job Break-Down" sheets prepared fer teaching identification of ribes, eradicating ribes, working in erew FCCC Nonetty merk= ing and following the line, and safety. 1946 Field work started August 19 at Littleton, New Hampshire on new series of six blister rust control films in sound and color. Seenarios by Newton and Perry. Films for the Northeastern Region released in 1948. General Film ; “Blister Rust = Enemy of the Pines" Regional Film: “Our White Pine Heritage” "Safety and Health Manual" prepared (Rusden) for use in all regions. Conference on mapping held at Bridgton, Maine, for the purpose of developing standardized regional procedures for mapping on aerial photographs. Mapping manual developed and issued. 1950 Illustrated supplement to the Northeastern Field Manual entitled “So You Are Going to Work on Blister Rust" prepared (Miller) and issued as a regional traine ing manual. First television program involving blister rust, by District Leader Woolschlager of New York. 842 SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN REGION 1939 Survey Manual prepared. 4940 Cheeking Manual prepared. 1941 Series of technical papers started by Pierce. "see Plans made for field work on new motion picture film. Survey manual revieed to inelude current procedures and survey by ths Ct sys temo Training school heid for field supervisers to secure application ef uniform metheds of establishing grid-control, mapping and ehecking. New blister rust control manual prepared and issued to the field personnel. 1947 Memorandum on Dummore white pine infection area issued (Welch). Photography for new motion picture film completed. Plans started to organize, develop and conduct more intensive informational work 1948 Ceoperators in Virginia provided with maps Be ribes distribution to be used ae planting guides. New motion picture film (color and sound) releaseds titled “Return of the Pines” ssenario by Newten and Bali. . Marked increased in informational activities. During the year the motion pistures were shown to more than 10,000 persons. 1949 Cooperators in North Carolina provided with maps showing ribes distribution to be used as planting gaides. The motion pietures seem to be developing into a very effective media for pointing out the potential hagard of blister rust to white pine. Films viewed by more than 18,000 persons. =852 E969 Cont'd A large sign prepared cooperatively by the lest Virginia Conservation Commission, U. S. Forest Service and Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, was placed along the road at an infected area on the Monongahela National Forest to bring the severe damage by blister rust to the attention of passersby. 1950 A portable, mechanical blister rust exhibit designed by blister rust personne) wag built by the U.S.D.A. Office of Exhibits for use in the Region. =§6e NORTH CENTRAL REGION 1982 Two areas demonstrating rust on pines frem black eurrents established in Upper) Wiehigan; six demonstration areag in Minnesota. Informational leaflet prepared for Junior Forest Rangers by Chambers end Koubae an . Regional Blister Rust Contrel Menusl prepared. | 2954 Schoole for instructing CCC workerg held in Mishigen, Wisconsin, Mirmesotas 4,000 Wisconsin blotters showlng life eyele distributed. Metion pieture prepared in Wiseonsin to show ribes eradication aad mapping methods o 1939 Training schools held for WPA, CCC, and other workers. Signs ereseted at. strategie points inviting public to see eradication work. Lectures and demonstratione presemted to school and eollege elasses. Diemond-ghaped posters placed on protected areas in Wisconsin. LS36é Wissongin Department of Agriculture released two blister rust contre! reels, ene showing ribes eradication and one mapping. iisnominee Indiene supplied one white pine leg = 20 feet long, 4 feet 9 inches in diameter, for permanent exhibit at Wisconsin State Fair grounds, Milwaukees Federal WPA Art Project, Milwaukee made 6 paintings each 2 feet by 25 feet te illustrate ribes eradication, mapping and blister rust damage. Question and answer bulletin prepared by Chambere and Kouba, Wisconsin. 1839 Wiseensin Department of Agriculture published Bulletin 204, “White Pine Blister Rust im Wisconsin.” (194) : : Cirevlar “Keys to the Species of Ribes Oeeurring im the Great Lakes Region" jasued. (195) Movable exhibits and panele prepared in Minnesota. 287e= 1940 Kodachrome motion picture completed in Wisconsin. 1941 Manual for Blister Rust Control in Ohio (Dowd) issued by Ohio Agrisultural _ Experiment Station. 1947 Regional White pine Blister Rust Control field manual issued. | 1948 New Motion Picture film (color and sound) released; titled “Pavl Bunyan Had a Son"; scenario by Newton and Kroeber. 199 Copies of the two films distributed to states, libraries. Nearly 300 showings made to over 50,000 persons. . 1950 Nearly 500 showings of the two blister ruet films. oes) PD NORTHWESTERN REGION L928 Edusational progrem for removal ef cultivated black surrants carried on in publie ssheols. 1924 Educational program expanded in all states. 1926 Western news letter started as a means of educating blister rust workers on eurrent asvelopments. Colered slides used in educational work. see First aunval blister rust exhibit at the Spokane Sportsmen's Fair. Exhibics presented in later years at various county fairs in Nerthwest. PEED) Largeescale training program developed to train overhead for ccc GaMps o 1984 Training programs inereased to train overhead and workers for CCC and NIRA camps. Edueational program developed for CCC camps. : 1956 Started. educational trips inte BRC operations for civic organizations and eoopsrators. 1937 “Ribes Eradication Manual for use in the Inland Empire” issued. 1938 First western blister rust film produced entitled "The Story of White Pine Blis- ter Rust"; scenario by EB. Lo Joyo 1941 intensive gafety and ascident prevention programs started. 1944 First training manuale issued, and systematiged training programs for laborers initiated. 1947 First pewerespraying sehool held. =89= 1947 Contd Comprehensive training charts and manuals developed a the region. tee . New motion picture film (coler and sound) released; titled "A Destructive Invader"; scenario by Newton. 1949 The Forest Service and the Bureau cooperated to present o blister rust exhibit at the Sportsmen's Fair in Spokane, an event which was again resumed after a lapse of several years. 1933 Bradieatien i anual of Instructions adapted te West Coast field conditions published fore perational use. First checking manual issued. 1934 “Blister Rust Cheeking Manual” revised and enlarged. 1955 "Grewleaders Handbook” published for use in training field men. I "A Training Course for Blister Rust Contre] Workers” published as training aid for Civilian Conservation Corps workers. 1936 Preparation of Seouting Manual for Sugar Pine Region. 1937 Manual for “Pirst Aid Instructions for Blister Rust Control Camps” published for field use. 1959 "Camp Senitation end Safety Manual for Blister Rust Cemps in California and Oregon” published. 1240 Motion pieture in color for informational and training purposes prepared leeally by project personnel. 1941 A portable, permanent diorama blister rust exhibit prepared by the U.S.Do.Ao Office of Exhibite was showm at 11 county fairs. 1943 Joo instruction Training (JoIo?f.) eourses given to permanent staff during winter seagone 1946 Disease Survey Manual completed for Califormia end Oregon. 1948 Blister rust motion pisture film (color ‘and sound) released; titled "King of the Softwoeds” especially prepared for the Paeifie Ceast sugar pine area. =9lo 1951 Publication of brochure “Blister Rust = Scourge of Sugar Pines" for general distribution. 1952 Permanent display panels prepared for five national parks in California and Oregon. 19535 Permanent display in portable cabinet form prepared. ~J$o FIELD METHODS NORTHEASTERN REGION 1917 Demonstration control areas established in the New England States and New York, to develop crew procedures. In New York alone, 130,352 acres were cleared of ribes. 1918 Advance scouting eradication method initiated in New Hampshire. Various ribes uprooting tools devised and tested, including pronged pick and hooks. Methods to mark crew strip boundaries developed. These ineluded bark blazes, broken twigs, old me gasine paper, red eleth, red tin tags, and the first use ef “dropped paper". Fisid study (Filler) made of control procedures as basis for issuance of field manual. Improved field proceedures demonstrated in New Hampshire. | isi9 Protection gone widths reduced from 1500 ft. to 900 ft. Federal checking ersw organized. | 1920 Efficiency of ribes eradication demonstrated by mumerous checks by crews and federal inspectors. 1925 Systematic checking of control work by crews and trained state and federal inspecters developed. 1925 Crew methods and effectiveness of eontrol studied in Connecticut. 1927 Protection gone width around nurseries inereased to 1500 ft. with the removal .of Eurepean black currants for one mile. 1928 Use of sodium chlorate tested on Ribes glandulosum in Massachusetts. G4e 1984 Firet use (in New York) of borax as a ribicide - 90 pereent kill obtained on several hundred bushes treated. Required only % as much time as hamd pulling. 1937 First use of autogiro for mapping pine in Pennsylvania aud Maryland 781,000 aeres examined. ; 1938 Autogiro used: in mapping hurricane blow-dowms in New Hampshire. Standard of 25 feet of live ster per acre adopted as requisite fer approval ribes eradication work. 19389 ‘New Permanent Map and Record Systen (CO-105) devised. 1940 Pine Protection Standards adopted. 1941 First uee of Maintenance eleesifieation to designate areas waere eontrol has been established. . 1942 Measured General Checking procedure adopted. Eradication standard of “not moré than 20 feet of live-stem per acre” adopted. 1923 First use of salt and borax to kill decapitated large-sized ribes or those growing in loeations where manual removal is costly and ineffective. 1944 Initial tests in the use of aerial photographa for control area mapping. 1946 Increased use of emaller ribes eradication erews, 4-3= and 2-man “crews” replacing S=men units. Mapping procedures revised and standardised to provide for mapping directly on 4° © to © the - mile seale aerial photographie enlargements. . L947 Initial tests in the use of 2,4-D and Aumate oa decapitated crowns preved effective on most species of ribes. “2952 1948 Greatér use of scouts and small erews and improved procedures posuited in a 83 percent increased output per man day. Tests of several one-man “crew” mothods shows that this size unit has ad= vantages where ribes population is light to mediun. . 1949 Extensive tests of “drag-line” method gives good results in areas where ribes are abundant and generally distributed. fests with the use of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T on Ribes anericanum and Ro glandulosum showed good results. Standards established for use in determining when areas are ready for the maine tenance classification. Qualifying standards: an awerage ribes population ef less than four per acre as revealed by surrent working. 1950 Speeial test of the use of a helicopter for mapping indicated possibilities for speeding up mapping and redusing costs. New type of drag-line developed involving 18 gauge, 16 strand, copper wire covered with orange colored plastic cord, substituted for Venetian window cord. 1982 . Application of an aqueous solution of 2,4,5-T to ribes in full leaf, adopted ag standard practice for the eradication of large concentrations of skunk currants and American black eurrants. Airplane used in New York for control area examination specifically for de- termining the loeation and extent of scattered pins areas. Experiments conducted to develep methods of sampling (checking 5 percent = 10 percent of an area) to determine need for ribes eradication in maintenance areas. aSGo SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN REGION 1936 Grid syetem type of survey started. | 1937 Mapping pine from an autogiro tried experimentally in Maryland. 4839 Systematic strip eheecking inaugurated. 1941 Salt and borax issued for use in ribes eradication. 1944 Extensive use made of aerial survey maps on survey in Virginia and North Carolina. 1945 Pielé forms revised. 1946 Began using aluminum location markers to designate grid lines and corners. Revised field forms placed in use. Crew size redused, three-man crew made standard. 1947 Started use of small aluminum tage to mark strip lines on read traverse survey in West Vineinine 1848 The ené-man ersw system (drag-lins} tried out on 800 acres. Not too effective because of heavy brush and rock outcrops, but under certain eondigiens the system may be used to advantage. 1949 Further tests of use of one-man erew eysten for éradication of ribes indicated practically no advantage over other methods in ake region, therefore ite use abandoned. NORTH CENTRAL REGION 1933 Minimum size and stocking standards established for protecting pine. Full 900 foot protection zones used. 1934 Value of screening recognized and protection zone widths in dense swamps ree duced. 1938 Control zone widths further modified to take advantage of screening by dense er ewehe 1945 Survey work facilitated by increased use of aerial photographs. Salt-borax used for the first time to kill ribes lodged in recky situations. 1945, 2,4-D tried in chemical eradication experiments. 1946 Experiments with 2,4-D continued; chemical kills Rites americanum but results on ether ribes not too promising. 1947 Improvements made in survey techniques using improved aerial photographs. Chemical eradication used to supplement hand-pulling ribes om areas supporting Ribes americanum. 2,4-D algo used to treat decapitated bushes, in place of salv-beOrexe 1948 Results of 1947 treatments with 2 »4eD effectively demonstrated that such treatment on Ri} pasricganum was more effective than hand-pulling. Large seale experiments with the use of 2,4,5-T were undertaken to test effectiveness especially on species of ribes other than black eurrants. Initial results were promising. increasing use of smaller crew units (3 or 4 nen) proved to be more effective and ef ficient. One-man drag line system was tried out fer the first time. Cenelusiong was that Bas 1948 Cont'd the syetem works well where ribeg are of medium size on upland types where brush ig not too dense, The most efreotive line was found to be S=ply braided cord used in making Seine nets. 1949 jew seout method tried in situations where ribes are normally ecares or not generally distributed. The seout looks for new cankers and vhen founa, he works the surroundings to leosate the causal ribes. hit Experimental work showed that both Ribes emericanum and R. hudsonianum san be readily killed with a comparatively weak aquaous solution of 2,4=D, but it is not en effective chemical against other species of ribes. Tests with 2,4,5=-T in kerosene or fuel oil proved effestive as a basal spray for several species of gooseberries, Ribes americanum and Ro lacustre. 1981 Planes for the chemical eradication of ribes insluded ths extension of the eradigation season through basal spraying of ribes in the dormant season % with 2,4,5-T in ofl. 1952 Emphasis given te shemical eradication of ribes especially im the dormant season on upright ribes growing on uplend areas. Findings indicate that such ribes ean be effectively and econemically killed by basal treatment with 2,4,0°T in fuel oil. Contract ribes eradication started. Stecked quadrat survey method replaced white pine count. (2S= NORTHWESTERN REGION serimental manual ribes eradication started om privately-owned lends neer 1925 1925 =e chlorats showed promise as a ribieide. . ‘Firat 8 orgunized checking of ribes eradication work. 4 Bs? 1926 i = 3927 ) ’ _ paper ag marker for crew lanes, end trench picks beeane | 2 - el 1928 5, nm work started experimental ly. x ae eee) vere (B) uphill and downhill work, (C) one One-man method of ‘hop-up work developed. i929 on methods project cenducted at Morrow Bay, California. a) Power spraying method improved and empleyed on 2 thad of F vibes eradication in ia ie bi Fy 7 bt _ § ‘ , 7 B a - 3 we : “180e Bulldezer used for the first time as & method of brush Clearing aad ribes sradieation in stream bottoms. 1952 Bulléeger method Improved by the invention ef the tooth blade. Cblique aerial photographs introduced as aid te pre-éradieation surveys. Eroaceast spraying methods, ineluding ground drench, employed in gtream typec 1933. | comgeamsnseent Presanteday oheeing matheds ani proseduree fer recording ané mappizg data develeved. : Fires modern “Ribes Eradication” ead "Checking" manuals prepared. Large areas of brushy etreem bottom slashed, burmed, aud cosvertsd into hay meacews on Sto Jo@ aréao Rises decapitation methods developed. Bulideger areas sonwerved inte exesllent hay meadows on the Kamiksaw area. fhe “elaw mattoek” rikes toel invensed by a WPA worker, seleeted as standard) rites removal tool. | 1962 Control burning undertaken as an integrated silvicultural amd bl ister rust ecatrol measure fer growing white vine. Ammonium sulfamate used ee a ribisids. 1985 xmate replaced Atlacide in atreem types spraying: J ? 2,2-D replacsd Aumate in treatment of Ribes petiolere. elDle 1947 HicFog gun proved practical with hormone sprays. Power spraying started in upland areas. First contracts awarded for ribes eradication. 1948 2,4,0-T employed on expanded scale in upland spraying with Hi-Fog guns and power units and replaced 2,4-D in other chemical work. One-man ribes eradication method aging dragline tac universally in the region. - 1950 Power spraying methods on cutover lands prove highly effeetive. 4961 Bacal stem treatment determined to be effective at any tine Guring the field SSGASORo 1952 The development of light portable power spray units expanded the possibilities of Bone spraying into renote ATSASo A eritieal analysis of all phases of field activities led to an increase in production and better efficiency, by placing proper emphasis applicable to methods and procedures. 2102-2 PACIFIC COAST REGION: 1933 Change from experimental to practical control of blister rust in California. 1944 Reproduction of ehecking maps simplified by use ef overlays combined with the Directo process of printing. 1945 | t ; Promising results of 2,4-D as a ribiceide opened up the field for use of power-spraying equipment. 1946 Clagsification adopted for sugar pine lands aecording to expected yield by means of method based om site, quality and stocking. 1947 Use of chemicals in ribes eradication adopted as Stanaare field method on areas of heavy bush SEES LATE 1948 One-man crew system of ribes eradication adopted as standard practices ida Results of disease surveys indicated that the width of protective strips ceuld be decreased. This eliminated the necessity for control work on large acreages non-productive of sugar pine,.and made practical the pro= teotion of small pine stands heretofore exeluded. Control standards for ribes eradication redefined in terms of three degrees of rust hagard. i 1980 Successful application of decapitation and pasa! stem methods of ribes eradication on an operational basis. 1952 The Mt. Whitmey Camp, at an elevation of 10,500 feet above sea level, on the Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park area was moved in by airplane. Personnel were flown in ower the Divide and equipment and supplies were successfully dropped by parachute. =103-= ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN RIBES ERADICATION ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN REGULAR RIBES ERADICATION NORTHEASTERN REGION Calendar Year 1918 1919 1920 ig2i Period Totals 19z2 1925 1924 1925 1926 Period Total: 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 Period Total: i932 1933 1934 1935 1936 Period Total; 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 Period Totals 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 Period Total: 2,680,798 1918-1952 Acres Ribes 137 ,458 2,436,037 252,043 4,877,825 270,318 4,327,876 320,361 5,752,865 980,180 15,094,603 399,892 4,865,873 758,275 8,024,991 853,174 9,601,645 725,978 7 405 ,747 694,056 8,909 ,542 3,431,374 38,807 ,798 796,025 8,096,571 803 ,297 6,740,562 839,139 7,743,340 633, 850 8,217 ,087 578,292 7,196,098 3,650,602 37,993,639 544,620 4,813,417 552,855 12,763,539 813,073 23,157,628 1,125,289 28,884,421 1,784,378 55,742 674 4,820,215 125,359,679 717 ,522 17 ,439,376 744,792 13,878,310 701,141 13,556,085 701 ,838 10,983,619 575,572 5,732,116 3,440,065 61,588 ,506 486,614 3,169,027 368,354 2,574,503 414 ,100 2,491,162 497 ,247 2,147,268 862,483 4,989,209 | 15,572,168 Man Days 51,207 43,595 29 ,271 29,027 133,100 30,257 60,277 53,102 45,376 46,417 228 p229 48,631 50,421 55,951 49 ,895 49,950 264 , 848 39,087 152,726 219,413 355 ,687 527,312 1,294,195 212 ,862 205,046 160,390 139,239 78 609 796,145 32,561 27,419 29,423 32 , 607 64 922 185,921 elO5~- Calendar Year Aeres Ribes . Man Days 1947 968,351 4,087,895 55,778 1948 968,163 5,562,122 4) ,861 1949 1,010,688 - 5,918,825 . $4,831 1950 955 , 309 : 4,004 , 864 82,265 - 1951 % 991,285 __ 95131 ,253 35,706 Period Total: 4,893,796 18,674,659 — 198,441 1952% 1,007,286 5,948,185 54,623 * Ineludes former Southern Appalachian Region =106= SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN REGION 1928-1950 Calendar Year Aeres Number Number and Period Worked of Ribes Man Days 1922-1926 None performed oo No individual ) yearly figures ) 2,864,913 10,279,651 82,326 available here. : 1932-1936 ) 1937 1,248,773 5,216,119 48,812 1938 735,008 4,750,971 40,828 1939 491,106 3,230,851 34,218 1940 655,921 3,106,985 28,663 1941 615 ,872 2,090,146 24,923 Period Total: 3,746,580 18,395 ,O72 177 ,444 1942 197,541 906,407 9,238 1943 562,627 817,615 10,192 1944 43,531 912,662 11,595 1945 41,528 1,389,317 12,487 1946 36 182 1,196,492 12,108 Period Totals 880,409 5,222,493 55,599 1947 31,936 578,106 13,067 1948 45 ,415 S67 ,336 8,291 1949 128 ,682 662 ,226 9,813 1950 119,520 492,532 ___ 8,384 Period Total: 325 ,453 2,200,200 39,5655 Calendar 1918 1919 1920 1921 . Period Total: 1922 19235 1924 1925 1926 Period Total: 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 Period Total: 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 Period Total: 1937 1938 1359 1940 1941 Period Totals: 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 Period Totals Aeres _Worked 1,200 2 420 1,633,605 311,922 354,988 366,019 339,509 289,756 1,662,194 254,881 109,219 122 ,014 153,160 299 ,856 919,150 olOVe NORTH CENTRAL REGION 1917-1952 Ribes Bushes _ Destroyed _ 90,000 166,304 900,335 496 ,866 1,643,505 631,862 204,043 5,240 741,145 42,226 160,536 190,117 577 ,593 838,647 eS 1,809,119 2,829,609 9,228,876 40,074,440 39,224,673 56,746,738 148,104,336 15,808,034 18,700,421 17,823,664 16,592,751 10,899 ,469 79,824 ,339 ©, 858, 141 25757 VIS 3,043,608 4,890,501 16,991,153 63 1,805 76 370 1,114 3,073 3,296 “7,908 6,824 36,386 144,832 181,382 186,831 556 , 264 75,947 84,555 83,292 68,888 54,686 367,368 25,693 15,490 19,441 23,299 39 , 98S 123,912 Calendar Year 1947 1948 1949 1950 1982 Period Total: 1952 Acres Worked 179,201 125 ,304 137 ,634 131,925 128 ,486 702 ,550 130,177 “108= Ribes Bushes Destroyed 3,748,277 1,937,763 2,849 , 840 1,496,466 1,362,615 11,594 ,961 1,352,914 8-Hour Man Daye Used 27,767 18,928 21,602 16 ,646 16,342 101,285 14,805 =109~ . NORTHWESTERN. REGION 1923-1952 Calendar Year Acres | Ribes Man-Days 1923-1931 109,190 23,769,000 76,600 1932 115,550 16,322 ,000 51,000 1933 223,960 40,167,000 195,500 1934 671,400 113,913 ,000 475 ,500 1935 280,100 53,748 ,000 239 ,060 1936 331,470 | 56,253 ,000 _ 221,700 1932-1936 1,622,480 279 ,403 ,000 1,182,760 1937 | 131,450 27 ,087 ,000 120,900 1938 172,910 38,374,000 196,500 1939 104,870 28,377,000 158,300 - 1940 117 ,600 19,834,000 144,150 194i 71,220 8,770,000 78,260 1937-1942 598,050 ; 122 ,442 ,000 698,110 1942 49,910 § 656,000 53,990 1943 56,750 : 3,791,000 47,100 1944 37 ,470 2,647 ,000 49,530 1945 51,280 — 6,403 ,000 65,920 1946 56,370 4,609 ,000 64,490 1942-1946 231,760 28,106 ,000 281,030 1947 81,240 3,485,000 58,710 1948 52 ,600 3,494 ,000 47,260 1949 52,950 2,646,000 46 ,820 1950 61,910 3,378,000 46,970 1951 46,330 | 2,440,000 46,770 1947-1951 295,030 | 15 »445 ,000 245 ,530 1952 54,400 3,418,000 55,230 el1102 PACIFIC COAST REGION 1925-1952 Calendar Year Gross Acres Ribes Man Days 1925 1,874 70,346 agg 1926 3,134 183,296 1,218 Total: 5,008 253 , 642 2,107 1927 4,102 235 ,543 1,173 1928 8,550 268,202 1,197 1929 3,594 463 ,784 1,863 1930 5,502 194,902 598 1931 17,340 340,005 1,694 Total: 39,088 1,602 ,436 6,525 1932 9,350 116,132 646 1933 44,923 5,946,468 30,077 1934 213,463 20,383,707 67,285 1935 92,937 15,013,182 43,431 1956 190,522 27 6675 865 90,690 Total: 550,995 69,135,353 232,129. 1937 61,890 9,526,570 52,670 1938 109,553 23,093 ,653 119,268 1939 201,071 19,339,389 135,119 1940 156,728 18,702,711 142,279 1921 05.976 7,058 078 39 604 Total: §93,218 77,720,899 488,930 1942 67 ,369 6,706,707 40,452 1943, 64,594 6,873,048 50,115 1944 53,788 7,897,032 53,156 1945 62,546 5,955,519 51,624 1946 _89,500 9465 ,528 15 S71 Total: 337,597 36,397 ,834 270,918 1947 116 ,242 10,326,675 78,816 1948 111,186 10,118,412 67,114 1949 125 ,494 8,969,132 54,712 1950 121,203 9,076,239 48,114 1951 86,570 7,686,000 35,292 Total: 560,495 46,176,468 284 ,048 1952 114,486 5 554,000 32,891 alll= UNITED STATES 1918 = 1952 Period Gross Acres Worked Noo Ribes Destroyed Man Daye Used 1918 = 1921 1,005 ,035 16,738,108 141,049 1922 = 1926 3,444,782 39,802 ,585 227 339 1927 = 1931 § 828,253 60,074,194 $45,901 1932 = 1936 11,492,208 632,282,019 3,347,664 1987 = 1941 10,040,907 369,971,516 2,527,997 1942 = 1946 4,999,714 96,688,648 917,380 1947 = 1951 6,777 ,324 93,889,278 868,859 1952 1,306,349 13,673,099 137,549 : Total . 1918 = 1952 42,894,572 1,313 ,119,247 8,513,738 oliZe ACCOMPLISEMENTS IN THE ERADICATION OF RIBES NIGRUM Region Nor theas tern So. Appalachian North Central ‘Northwestern Paeifis Coast United States x No record kept. Number Properties Inspected 1,705 433 71 4,593,163 56,094 % 6,155,261 Plantings Number Found 46,897 17 36,895 8,647 r $0,946 Number Ribes nigrum plants Destroyed 105,376 3998 292 ,461 99,900 60, 528 969 , S62 L116, 750 7,000 155,089 alls= ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN NURSERY SANITATION — 1922 - 1962 Nunber Number Nurseriss Proteetsa Number Number Total : initially Nurseries Aeres Ribes Man Days Region Protected Still Active Worked | Destroyed Used Northeastern 138 54 239,821 §32,975 18,794 So. Appalachian 45 6 95,716 49 ,0€0 1,689 North Central 90 43 35,997 5,575,567 33,582 Worthwostern 8 1 13 , 100 1,674,000 10,400 Pacific Coast 5 @ 6 457 30,719 1,086 United States 281 86 446,171 5,862,321 65 ,545 -1l4= ACCOMPLISSUENTS IN CANKER R&MOVAL 1916 = 1962 Nunber Number Number Pines Number Total Pines Fatvally-Infected From Which Cankers Man Daye Exaninaed - Pines Cut Down Cankers Removed Removed sed 8,175,360 287 442 396,926 947,387 37,487 625,122 11,058 : 54,597 | 197,831. 4,213 1,668 ,529 12,149 , 146,052% 222,788 6,155 : seat ee sa t | oe ae 698,404 17,468 52,846 441,842 5,168 ees 528,107 -@08,420 1,809,626 52,043 ~) >) et om —- SEATUS OF «RPP r Th AEP AAAIOAT. &Dop * GONTROL IN NET CONTROL AREA ) 7 - - i: >. : a : ied — F = _ Tr al n ‘ - 7 4 By me ia Pho oe a: wEP hy - ~ Sq fe 56 : ; an 7 a » 2 £3, © a -] » aaa 1S ie skal sara bes a a 1 ar Saat ee caked bosia a pete aa ce sae. 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The following is a partial list only, consisting principally of contributions to the literature by persons employed by or associated with the control projeot in the United States. 1906 Stewart, Fo. C. An outbreak of the Eur opsan eurrant rust (Cronartium ribicola) No Yo State Agro Exp. Sta. Tech. Bul, 2: 61-74 1909 Spaulding, Perley European currant rust on white pine in America. U. So Dept. Agro Bur. Plant Industry Cir. 38 1911 The blister rust of white pine. Uo So Dept. Agro Bur. Plant Indus. Bul. 206: 1-88 1912 Fernald, H. T. The white pine blister rust. State Nursery Inspn. Bul. 1 Mass. Bd. of Agr. Hawes, A. F. Suppression of white pine blister rust disease. 4th Ann. Rpt. Vt. State Forester 21-23 Spaulding, Perley Notes on Cronartium ribicola. Seienee 35: 1462147 Peridermium strobi Kleban in America. Selence 35: 146-147 Notes on Cronartium ribicola Phytopathology 2: 47 and Field, Ethel GC. Two dangerous imported plant diseases. Farmers’ Bul. 489 U. S. Dept. Agro 3 1916 Spaulding, Perley The present statue of the white pine blister seh U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Plant Indus. Cir. 129; 9-20 Stewart, F. C. and Rankin, W. Ho Cromartium ribieole and the prescription of Ribes nigrum. Phytopathology 35: 73 igi4 Spaulding, Perley New facts concerning the white pine blister rust. U. S. Depto Agro Bul. 116 ; Neteg on the white pine blister rust. Phytopathology 42 41-42 Stewart, F. GC. and Rankin, W. Ho Dose Cronartium ribicele over-winter on the eurrants No Yo State Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. S74 elle 1916 Fernald, Ho T.. The white pine blister rust. State Nursery Inspn. Bul. 2 Mags. Bd. of Agr. Howitt, Jo. Bo and MeCubbin, W. A. An outbreak of white pine blister rust in Ontario. : Phytopathology 6: 182-185 Paul, Bo He The pine blister. a N, Ye Conserv. Com. Bul. 15 > Spaulding, Perley The white pine blister rust. U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bul. 742 The recent outbreaks of the white pine blister rust. Seience 45: 437-438 Foresters have a vital interest in the white pine blister FUSTo : Pree. Soc. Amer. Foresters 1] 340-47 isi? Colley, Ro Ho D&scovery of internal telia produced by a species of Cronartviund) Jour. Agr. Research 8: 329-332 Diagnosing white pine blister rust from its mycéliumo Jour. Agr. Research ll: 281-286 Pyenial sears, an important diagnostic character for the white pine blister rust. : . Phytopathology 73 77 - FF Gravatt, Go F. and Marshall, Ro Po Arthropods end Gasteropods as carriers of Cronartium ribicola in greenhouses. Phytopathology 7: 368-373 MeCubbin, Wo A. White pine blister met in Ontario. Exp. Farme Rpts. Div. Bot. 1915/16: 1099-1105 Dees Cronartium ribieola winter on the currant? Phytopathology 7: 17-31 | Contributions to eur knowledge of the mnie pine blister rusti Phytopathology 7: 96-100 | and Pesey, Go Be Development of biister rust ascia om white 7 pines after they had been cut down. Phytopathology 7: 3591-392 ; Metealf, Haven The eontrol of the white pine blister rust. aes Wash. Acad. Sel. 7: 313-314 | Pierce, Ro. G Early discovery of white pine blister rust in the United States > Phytopathology 7: 224=225 Posey, G. Bo, Gravatt, Go F. and Colley, Re Ho. Uredinia of Cronartium ribisola on Ribes stems. Selence 46; 314-315 ) “ Spaulding, Perley Ewidence of ths overvintering of Gronartium ribicole. Fy bone tboroey, 73 58 and Gravatt, G. Fo. Ineeuletions on Ribes with Cronartium ribicola. 7 Seienee 46: 243-244 Stewart, V. 8B. HED perennation of Cronartium ribicola on currant. Phytopathology 7 s 449-450 | i = Washburn, F. Lo Work on pine blister rust in Minnesota in 1917. | Minn. State Ent. Cir. 45 : Ancnymeus The white pine blister rust. Cir. 9 New Hampshire Forestry Dept. (37) (38) (39) (40) (41) (42) (48) (44) as) (46) (47) (48) (50) (51) (52) (53) (54) (55) (56) (57) (49) alee - 1918 Clinton, G Po. Artificial infeotion of Ribes species and white pine with Cronartium ribicola. Amer. Plant Pest Com. Bul. 2 ed. 2 14-15 Colley, Ro Ho Parasitism, morphology, and eytology of ao ribieola. Jour. Agr. Research 15: 619-659 Detwiler, S. Bo. Status of white pine blister rust centro) in 1918. Amer. Plant Pest Com. Bul. 2 ed. 2: 4-11 Dodsdall, Louise Overwintering of aeciospores of Cronartium ribicola. Phytopathology 8: 619 Duff, G. Ho Some factors affecting mAabitity of .the urediniospores of Cronartium ribicola. Phytopathology 8: 289=292 Gravatt, G. Fo. and Posey, G B. Gipsy-moth larvae as agents in the dissem- ination of the white pine blister rust. : Jour. Agr. Research 12: 459-462 'MeCubbin, W. Ao Dispersal distance of urediniospores of Cronartium ribicola as indicated by their rate of fall in still air. Phytopathology 8: 35-36 Metealf, Haven The problem of the imported plant disease as illustrated by the white pine blister rust. . Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Memo 1: 327-3335 Reynolds, Ho. A. White pine blister rust. Com. on the Suppression of the Pine Blister Rust in No. Amer. Spaulding, Perley Results of scientific eo eee one on white pine blister rusto Come Suppression Pine Blister Rust in No. ameros 37-38 Some biological aspects of the spread of the white ee blister rust. Jour. Wash. Aeade Sei. 8s 40-41 Stone, Ro Eo Incubation period of Cronartium ribicola on the white pine. Phytopathology &: 438-440 ‘Wheeler, Wilfrid and Reynolds, Ho. A. White pine blister rust control. Bul. 2 Amo Plant Pest Com. York, He Ho and Spaulding, Perley The overwintering of Cronartium ribicolea on Ribes. Phytopathology 8: 617-619 1919 Clinton, G. P. Infeestion experiments of Pinus strobus with Cronartium ribicola. Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 214; 428-459 and MeCormick, Florence A. Artificial infection of pines with Cronartium ribicola Amer. Piant Pest Com. Bul. 43 12 Detwiler, Se Bo. White pine blister rust control in 1919. Amer. Plant Pest Com. Bul. 4: 1-10 Gilbert, A. Wo. and Reynolds, H. A. White pine blister rust control. Bul. 4 Am. Plant Pest Com. Martin, do Fo Protect white pins fram blister rust. . Misel. Pub, 22 U. S. Depts Agro Revieed 1928, 1931, 1937 Regan, W. So The destruction of Ribes by chemical means. Amer. Plant Pest Com. Bul 4: 12 sneil, We Ho Observations on the relation of insects to the ) dissemination of Cronartium ribieola. Phytopathology 9s 451-464 =léle i919 Cont'd Spaulding, perien Scientific research and field 1 investigations in 1918 iz the U. So Dept. or Agri Amere Plant Pest Com. Bulo 2: li-l3 Taylor, Minnie W The overwintering of Cronartium ribicola on Ribes. Phytopathology 9: 575 Wheeler, Wilfrid The white pine blister rust © what it is © where it Zrows - how it spreads = what to do about it. Leaflet - Mass. Dept. of Agr. 1920 Detwiler, S. B. Results of white pine blister rust control in 1919. Phytopathology 10: 177=180 Gilbert, A. Wo and Reynolds, Ho. A. White pine blister rust control. Amo Plant Pest Como Bul. 6 Martin, Jo Fo, Stene, Ao Eo and Sheals, R. Ase How to distinguish and combat the white pine blister rust. - Bul. 2 Ent. Dept. Raode Island State Bd. of Nee Rhodes, Ao S. Studies on the rate of Erowen and behavior of the blister rust on white pine in 1918. Phytopathology 10: 518-6527 © Snell, W. Ho Observations on the distance of spread of aeciospores and urediniospores of Cronartium ribicola.. Phytopathology 10: 358-3564 Spaulding, Perley Seientifie research in 1919 sondusted by the Office of Investigations in Forest Pathology. Amer, Plant Pest Com. Bul. 4: 10-11 Yerk, Ho Ho Late seasonal SERIES a aeeia of exons rb eum ribicola. Phytopathology 202 Lil Pets 1921. Bethel, BE. and Posey, Go Boe Investigations x determine the dente of a Cromartium on Ribes in California. Phytopathology lls: 46 Martin, Jo Fo, Gravatt, G Fe and Posey, G. B. Treatment of ornamental white pines infected with blister rust U. S. Dept. Agr. Cir. 177 Pennington, Lo He, Snell, We Ho, York, Ho. He and aca ancaes Perley inves= tigations of Gronartdim ribicola in 1920. Phytopathology ll: 170-172 1922 Anonymous White pine blister rust in Western United States. U. S. Dept. Agro Dept. Cir. 226 . Cooper, W. So The ecological life history of certain species or ribes | and its application to the sontrol of the white pine blister rust. Ecology 3: 7-16 Ten Davidson, A. To» White pine blister rugt in British Columbia. | | Rpt. Proc. Weat. White Pine Conf. | Filley, W. O. and Hisesk, Ho Wo. Control of white ine blister rust in Conneetieut. | Bul. 237 Com. Agr. BApe Sta. - ) | 2122 1922- Cont'd Pennington, L. Ho. The effect of Cronartium ribicola upon Ribes. Phytopathology 12: 45 Spaulding, Perley Viability of telia of Cronartium ribicola in early winter. Phytopathology 12: 221-224 . Investigations of the white pine blister rust. Ue. Se Devt. AEF o Bul. 957 : Taylor, Minnie W. Potential sporidia production per unit in Sceneresui ribicole Phytopathology 12: 298-300 York, Ho. He and Snell, Wo Ho Experiments in the infection of Pinus strobus with Cronartium ribicola. Phytopathology 12: 148-150 1923 (80) Colley, Ro. Ho and Tayler, Minnie W. Studies of aecial stages of Cronartium ribicola and Cronartium occidentale. Phytopathology 15: 46°47 (81) Perry, GC. G. White pine and blister rust. Parks and Recreation 6: 521-528 1924 (82) Berger, Alvin A taxonomic review of currants and goossuertiea. Tesch. Bul. 109 N. Yo State Agr. Exp. Sta. (83) Clinton, G. P. and McCormick, F. A. Rust infection on leaves in Stns dishes. , Comn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 260 (84) Detwiler, S. B. Saving the white pine < How science overcomes the blister rust. Am. Review of Reviews - April (85) Moir, W. S. White pine blister rust in western Europe's > Uo. S. Dept. Agro Dept. Bul. 11286: ledl {86) Posey, Ge B. and Ford, E. R. Survey of blister rust infection on pines at Kittery Point, Maine, and the effect of ribes eradication in controlling the disease. Jour. Agro Research 283 1253-12588 4925 (37) Anonymous How to stop the spread of white pine blister rust. - Leaflet No Yo State Cons. Com. (83) Colley, R. He A biometric comparison of the urediniospores of Cronartiun | ribicola. Jour. Agr. Research $0: 283-291 (89) Pennington, Lo Ho Relation of weather conditions to the spread of waite pine | blister rust in the Pacific Northwest. } Jour, Agr. Research 30: 593-607 (90) Snell, W. Ho and Gravatt, A. Rathbun Inesulation of Pinus strobus trees with sporidia of Cronartiun ribicola. Phytopathology 15: 584-590 (91) Spaulding, Perley and Gravatt, A. Rathbun Conditions antecedent to the ine fection of white pines by Cromartium ribleole in the Northeasts rn United States. Phytopathology 15: 573-583 (92) _ feaveviey ef the teliospores and accompanying uredesporses of Cronartium ribicola in 1923, Jour. Agr. Researsh 312 901-916 Spaulding, Perley A partial explanation of the relative susceptibility ef the white pines te the white pins blister rust. _ Phytopathology 15: §91-597 3 M 1926 Anonymous Black currant is nurse of blister rust. Separate = Yearbook of Agriculture U. S. Dept. Agr. Boyes, Jo So Observations on white pine blister rust in Great Britain and Denmark | Me Jour. Forestry 24: 893-896 Lachnund, Ho. G. Studies of white pine blister rust in. the West. _ Jour. Forestry 24: 874-884 MeCubbin, W. A. White pine blister rust. Gen. Bul. 426 Penno Dept. Agro f Spaulding, Perle The white pine blister rust in Germany. JOUP. Foreatry 243 645-652 5 Spaulding, Perley and Gravatt, Annie Rathbun The influence of physical factors on the viability of sporidia of Cronartium ribicola. Jour. Agr. Researeh 33: 397-433 1927 é Anonymeus White pine blister rust control. Penn» Dept. Agro Allen, Ro Ho. and Perry, ©. C. # Destroy black currants. Dept. Pub. 132 Mass. Dapt. Agre Yerk, He Ho, Snell, W. Ho and Gravatt, Annie Rathbun The results of inocu- lating Pinus strobus with the sporidia of Cronartium ribicole. Jour. Agr. Research 34: 497-510 ) Colley, Re Ho, Hartley, Carl and Taylor, Minnie W. A morphological and biometric comparison of Cronartium ribicola and Cronartivm occidentale Jour. Agro Research 543 511-5351 in the aecial stage. 1928 Bedwell, Jo. Lo The control of white ae blister rust in the Uso Univ. of Wash. Forestry Club Quar. 6 Detwiler, S. Bo. Black currant spreads white ‘ehar blister rust. Uo. Se Dept. Agr. Misel. Pub. 27 Hahn, Go Go The inoculation of Pacific Nerthwesterm Ribes wi th Cronartium ribicola and C. oecidentale. Jour. Agr. Research 37: 665-683 Hubert, Eo. Eo. Relation of forest management to the control of the white pine blister rust. Jour. Forestry 26: 892-898 Hurfoerd, Ao Wo The black currant menace. Bul. 3 Bur. Ent. and Plant Pest Con. Rhode Island State Dept. Agro. Martin, J. Fo. Protest white pine from blicter rust. — Misel. Pub. 22 U. S. Dept. Agr. Revised 1931, 1937 ie Protect western white pine and sugar pine from bite ter FUS Ge Misel. Pub. 23 Jo S. Dept. Agra MeCubbin, Wo. A. White pines and the bliacer rust. Genl. Bul. 457 Penn. Dept. AGPe - Snell, We Ho Blister rust in the Adirondacks. Jour. Forestry 26: 472-486 1929 Darrow, Go Mo and Detwiler, S. Bo. Curran’ s and gooseberries = their culture and relation to white pine blister rust. Farmers ° Bul. 1698 VU. So Depto ABs ; . Fivaz, Ae Eo ‘Offerd, H. R. el2deo 1929 Cent’d Hahn, Go G. Preliminary report of a variety of red currant resistant Weymouth pine rust. Reprint = Transactions and Proesedings Bot. Sos. of Edinburgh 33: 157-146 Perry, C. C. Cost of blister rust control work. A “earrying charge" in the production of white pine. Jour. Forestry 27: 50-54 Snell, W. Ho Some observations upon the white pine blister rust in few York. Phytopathology 19: 269-283 Spaulding, Perley White pine blister BOSE & comparison of European with North American sonditions U. S. Dept. Agr. Teeh. Bul. 87 co) 1930 Clepper, H. Eo White pine blister rust in Pennsylvania. Research Cir. 2 Penn. Dept. Forests and Waters Hahn, G Go A physiological method of distinguishing Cronartium ribicola and C. occidentale in the uredinial stages. Jour. Agro Research 40: 105-120 McCallum, A. W. White pine blister rust. Cir. 48 Div. of Botany-Dept. of Agr. Dominion of Canada MeIntyre, H. Lo and Strait, H. G. History and contrel of white pine blister rust in New York State. Bul. 18 No. Y. State Cons. Dept. Rex, Eo. Go White pine blister rust in New Jersey. Cir. 170 New Jersey Dept. Agro Riley, J. Ee Jro Nursery sanitation gones = white pine blister rust. _ Cir. 70 Conn. Agro Exp. Stao Riley, J. B. dro White pine blister rust contre] in Cau Oke I Bul. 314 Conn. Agro Exp. Sta. — Burepean black currants outlawed. Cir. 69 Conn. Agro Exp. Sta. Wyeoff, S. No Blister rust control in the Inland Empire. Timberman 31: 162-166 Ritter, Le Bo. White pine blister rust. Comm. of Forestry and Fire Protection = Minnesota 1951 Anonymous Blister rust control is effective with the public’s cooperation. Separate 1182 from Yearbook of Agriculture, U. S. Dept. Agro Blister rust control is aided by power devices for spraying host plants. Separate 1181 from Yearbook of Agriculture, U. So Dept. Agro Benedict, W. V. and Harris, T. Ho Experimental ribes sradication, Stanislaus National Forest. Jour. Forestry 29: 709=720 Detwiler, S. Bo. The white pine blister rust situation. dour. Forestry 24: 181-185 Longevity and germination of sseds of Ribes particularly R. rotundifolium under laboratory and natural eonditions. i Uo So Dept o Agro Tech. Bul. 261s 1-40 ; The chemical eradieation of Rives. Ue S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bul. 240 =l252 1931 Cont'd Putmem, H» Ne Spread and deve lopment of white pine blister rust in the Ine= land Empire. suet Seience (Spokane) 53 53-58 Snell, W. Ho The Kelm Mountain blister rust infestation. Phytopathology 212 919-921 Forest damage and the white pine blister PUSto Jour. Forestry 29: 68-78 eee 1952 Lacshmund, Ho Go and Hansbrough, J. Ro. Preliminary report on the relative susceptibility of sugar pine and western white pine to blister rust. Jour. Forestry 50: 687-691 Riley, Jo Eo Jro amc Miller, Alton The white pins eas and their enemies. State Forester of Connecticut . | 1935 Detwiler, S. Bo. General aspects of the white pine situation. Jour. Forestry 51: 514-521 Filler, Eo. C. Blister rust damage to northern white pine at Waterford, Vto Jour. Agr. Research 473 297-3813 Pracker, S. Bo and Shealgs, R. Ao The protection of forest nurseries fron white pine blister rust infection. Jour. Hoon. Ento 2638 641-648 c lachmund, Ho. G. Mode of entrance and periods in the life eycle of Gronartiun ribicola on Pinus monticola. Jour. Agr. Research 472 791-805 Lachmund, Ho. G Resistance of the current season's shoots of aes Mena to infection by Cronartium ribicola ae ' Phytopathology 23: 917-922 Method of determining age of blister rust infeetions on western white pine. : Jouro Agre Research 462 675-693 . Lindgren, Ro. M. and Chapman, A. D. Field inoculations: of Pinus strobus with sporidia of Cronartium ribieole in Minnesota o Phytopathology 23s 105=107 Mielke, Jo Lo Tuberculina maxima ian western North Knahioas: Phytopathology 263 299-505 Comparison of pyonial stage ef Cronartium ribicola on Pinus lambertiana and P. montieola. Phytopathology 23: 204=205 | ae: Mielke, Jo Le and Hansbrough, Jo. Ro Suseeptibility to blister rust of the two principal Ribes associates of sugar pine. ._— Jour. Forestry 31: 29-33 a Neff, P. Shall we protect western white pine from blister rust? our Forestry 31: 286-294 a Piergon, Ro Ko Fusion of pyeniespores with Filamentous hyphoe in the ea of white pine blister rust. Nature 1312 728-729 1956 : Anonymous Necessity for protesting white pine... Mi Report of Com. of New England See. See. Ao Foresters Lacks aumd, Ho G. Seasonal developm Cronartiua Fibisela in Pacific No Jour, Agro Research 49; 93-114 Growth end injurious effecte of Cronartium ribicola eankers om Pinus monticola. g Jour. Agro Research 483 475-508 ' (154) ___ «Survival of blister rust mycelium in westem white pine. x Jour. Agro. Researeh 482 1043-1047 (185) Damage to Pinus monticole by Cronartium ribicola at q Garibaldi, Bo Go a (153) y Jour. Agro Researeh 49: 239=249 (186) Paek, Go. Lo White pine blister rust. The Charles Lathrop Pack Forestry Foundation (157) Ritter, Lo. B. The blister rust control campaign. Minnesota Conservationist, an June 1335 a (158) Hahn, G G. Famine of Viking, a Norwegian red currant to Cromartiun i” ribicela end C. oscidentale under gresmhouse conditions. . Uo. Se Dept. Agro Cir. 630 . (i859) Hirt, Ro R. Observations on the produstion and gemination of sporidia of q Cronartium ribicola. No Yo State Col. Forestry Tech. Pubo 463 1-25 (160) Hubert, E. B. Observations on Tuberculine maxima, a parasite ef Cronartiun ea. ribicola. ‘ - Phytopathology 25: 263-261 (161) Hubert, BE. E. Some agencies attacking blister rust on white ping. Dae Jour. Forestry 35: 603-606 (162) Kimmey, Jo. Wo. Susceptibility of prinedpal Ribes of southern Oregon to white ,. pine blister rust. . ‘ Jour. Forestry 333 52-66 _ (163) Koeh, B. Can the cost of blister rust control be justified? a Jour. Ferestry 29: 721-7238 (164) Mielke, J. Lo. Redents as a factor in reducing aecial sporulation of Cron- Psi: artium ribieola. rae: Jour. Forestry 333 994-1003 (265) Mielke, J. Le and Kimmey, J. W. Dates of production of the different spore ee etages of Cronartivm ribioole in the Pacific Northwest. ., Phytopathology 25: 1104=1108 (166) Mott, P. Bo. White pine blister rust and its eontrol in Now Jersey. ee Cir. 250 Ne Jo Dept. of Agro 1936 — (167) Fraeker, So Bo Progressive intensification of uncontrolled plant disease a outbreaks o a Jour. Econ. Ent. 29: 925-940 (168) Hahn, G. G. Immunity of Viking red currant from white pine blister rust under Pi field eonditions. Phytopathology 263 860-875 Hirt, Ro Ro The progress of blister rust in plented northem white pine. . Jour. Forsstry 34s 896-511 170) Quiek, Co. Re Ghemieal Control of Harmful Fungi During Stratification and Germination of Seeds of Ribes Roegzli. Phytopathology 26: 694-697 ‘Snell, Wo. Ho The relation of the age of needles of Pinus strobus to infection ie by Gronartium ribicole. Ary Piiemtoreny 268 1O7e TORO f, pene : i ; = - P, . on) (178) (179) (180) (1¢1) (182) (183) (184) (185) (186) (187) (188) (189) (190) (192) to and intensity of infection on Pinus monticola by Cronartium ribi- ‘Hahn, G. G Biister rust susceptibility studies of natura lly pollinated Le 2 1987, Aeree, Ro Jo and Gosa, Wo Ho A mieroehemical colorimetric po prosedure for differentiating the telia of Cromartium ribieola end C. oseidentale. Jouro Agro ReGORren 583 3472552 Hirt, Re Ro The possibility of Ribes infeetion by aeciospores of Cronartium ' ribicola at temperatures above 19°C. Phytopathology 27: 104-106 Mielke, Jo Lo An example of the ability of Ribes lacustre to intensify Cronartium ribicola on Pinus monticole, Jour. Agr. Research 552 873-882 Childs, T. Wo. and Lachmund, Ho. G. Susceptibility to Cronartium ribieola of — the four principal Ribes species found within the commercial range of Pinus montiecola. Jour. Agr. Research 552 873-892 Offerd, He Ro and D’urbval, Ro Po The use of chemicals in brush burning. Jour. Forestry 35: 942-947 oe ns Mandenberg, EB. Co History of blister rust control in Michigan. Papers of the Mich. Acad. Seilence, Arts and Letters 23: 511-318 . 1936 Buchanan, T. S. Annval growth rate of Cromartium ribicola cankers in branches of Pinus monticola in northern Idaho. Phytopathology 263 634-641 an ee ee piliigitermriagic else £55) merchantable western white pine. Jour. Forestry 363: 320-3523 and Kimmey, Jo. Wo Initial tests of the distance of spread cola from Ribes leeustre and Ro vigeosissimum. Jouro Agro Research 5629-50 Childs, T. W. and Kimmey, Jo Wo Studies on probable damage by blister rust in some representative stands of young western white pine. Jour. Agr. Research 57: 557-568 seedlings of the immune Viking currant. Jour. Forestry 363 737-747 Hirt, Ro Ro Relation of atomata to infection of Pinus strobus by Cronartium ribicola. Phytopathology 28: 180=190 Martin, Jo Fo. Some aspects of white pine blister rust control. Jour. Forestry 36: 986=996 Kimmey, Jo Wo Susceptibility of ribes to Cronartium ribicola in the West. Jour. Forestry 368 312-520 Mielke, Jo Lo Spread of blister rust to sugar pine in Oregon and Califomia. Jour. Forestry 363: 695-701 Perry, C. C. White pine blister rust. Tree Pest Leaflet 26 N. E. Seet. Soe. Amer. Foresters Reprinted 1951 Pierson, Ro Ko and Buchanan, T. So Susceptibility of needles of different ages on Pinus monticola seedlings to Cronartium ribisola infection. Phytopathology 2 283 835-839 Age susceptibility of Ribes pe tiolare leaves to infection by aeciospores and urediospores of Cronartium ribicolea. — Phytopathology 28: 709-715 z Swanson, Herman E. Land Clearing by Power Methods. September 1988. Jouraal of Wildlife Mamacement. 1939 Martin, Jo Po Eradication of the ou sultivated black ourrant in white pine regiens. U. Se Dept. Agr. Leaflet 175 ol128- 4989 Contd Fracker, So Bo. Status of white pine blister rust control on damuary 1, 1959. U. Se Dept. oe Bo Bo & Po Qo B-471 Anderson, 0. ©.