Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. PSe Mew ISHgMIy rtviM* Rapfta< SQperM- Production Research Report No. 167^ .! oi a CO C4^ :r- Agricultural Research Service UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ACKNOWLEDGMENT A large program such as this could not have been accomplished without the assistance of many entomologists. Acknowledgment is made particularly to the staff of the USD A European Parasite Laboratory at Sevres, France, for providing nearly all the introduced parasites. A number of staff members of the USDA Beneficial Insects Research Lab- oratory at Newark, Del., and at its former location in Moorestown, N.J., participated in the work reported here; M. H. Brunson, L. W. Coles, D. W. Jones (deceased), and L. B. Parker furnished the leadership, which resulted in the continuity of the program; E. L. Plasket maintained our extensive record files while at Moorestown. In addition, the technical assistance of S. E. Barth, R. J. Berardy, R. G. Bingham, C. W. Collins, J. R. Coulson, J. J. Drea, R. W. Fuester, T. B. Keepfer, C. Kiem (deceased), B. Puttier, F. A. Streams, J. A. Stewart, and B. R. Witmer is especially appreciated. The two authors have been involved in this program since 1965; R. J. Dysart in Europe during 1965- 71 and since then at Moorestown, N.J., and Newark, Del., and W. H. Day at Moorestown and Newark. We are particularly indebted to the following State and Federal coopera- tors for making parasite releases and recoveries and for providing information, not otherwise available to us, about biocontrol work performed in their respec- tive areas: ALABAMA, M. H. Bass; ARKANSAS, F. D. Miner; CONNECTI- CUT, J. F. Anderson; DELAWARE, P. P. Burbutis; GEORGIA, R. A. White; ILLINOIS, E. J. Armbrust, C. E. White; INDIANA, M. C. Wilson; IOWA, J. R. DeWitt; KANSAS, E. L. Eshbaugh; KENTUCKY, B. C. Pass; MAINE, G. W. Simpson; MARYLAND, C. C. Blickenstaff, J. L. Huggans, J. W. Neal, R. F. W. Schroder, A. L. Steinhauer; MASSACHUSETTS, G. L. Jensen, M. C. Miller; MICHIGAN, T. L. Burger, F. W. Stehr; MINNESOTA, H. C. Chiang; MISSISSIPPI, H. N. Pitre; MISSOURI, B. Puttier; NE- BRASKA, G. R. Manglitz; NEW HAMPSHIRE, A. H. Mason, D. W. Sutherland; NEW JERSEY, W. Metterhouse; NEW YORK, G. G. Gyrisco, D. J. Horn, R. L. Richardson, R. Van Driesche; NORTH CAROLINA, W. V. Campbell; OHIO, J. K. Flessel, H. D. Niemczyk; OKLAHOMA, R. C. Ber- beret; PENNSYLVANIA, A. A. Hower, Z. Smilowitz; SOUTH CAROLINA, C. A. Thomas; SOUTH DAKOTA, R. Rezek, R. J. Walstrom; TENNESSEE, S. E. Bennett (deceased), N. L. Woodiel; TEXAS, L. R. Green, G. Latham, J. G. Thomas; VERMONT, G. B. MacCollom; VIRGINIA, R. D. Hendrick, D. P. Innes, R. L. Pienkowski; WEST VIRGINIA, J. D. Hacker, J. E. Weaver; WISCONSIN, J. W. Apple, M. S. Conrad; CANADA (ONTARIO), J. Abu, C. R. Ellis, J. C. Guppy, J. S. Kelleher, C. C. Loan; (QUEBEC), G. Mailloux, J. G. Pilon. I CONTENTS Page Purpose and scope 1 Descriptions of parasites 2 Established species 2 Patasson luna (Girault) (Mymaridae) 2 Bathyplectes ayiurus (Thomson) (Ichneumonidae) 2 Bathyplecies curculionis (Thomson) (Ichneumonidae) 2 Bathyplectes stenostigma (Thomson) (Ichneumonidae) 3 Tetrastichus incertus (Ratzeburg) (Eulophidae) 3 Microctonus colesi Drea (Braconidae) 4 Microctonus aethiopoides Loan (Braconidae) 4 Species released but not recovered 5 Peridesmia discus (Walker) (Pteromalidae) 5 Trichomalus imps (Walker) (Pteromalidae) 5 Dibrachoides dynastes (Foerster) (Pteromalidae) 5 Necremnus leucarthros (Nees) (Eulophidae) 5 Campogaster exigua (Meigen) (Tachinidae) 5 Microctonus stelleri Loan (Braconidae) 6 Other parasitic organisms 6 Primary parasites 6 Secondary parasites 6 Methods for release and recovery 7 Making parasite releases 7 Sampling for recovery 7 Timing of collections 8 Rearing cages 8 A record of parasite liberations and recoveries 9 Table 1. — Species released and recovered in Eastern North America, 1957-75 9 Table 2. — Species released in Eastern North America but not recovered, 1957-75 36 Appendix 39 Table 3. — Partial list of species released in the Western States and their origin, 1957-75 39 Maps 43 Washington, D.C. Issued August 1976 Release and Recovery of Introduced Parasites of the Alfalfa Weevil in Eastern North America By Richard J. Dysart and William H. Day, research entomologists, Beneficial Insects Research Laboratory, Northeastern Region, Agricultural Research Service The alfalfa weevil {Hyper a postica (Gyllenhal)), an introduced pest of European or Eurasian origin, was first detected in Utah in 1904. In 1951, a new invasion of this insect was discovered in Maryland, and this eastern population, hereinafter called “the eastern strain,'’ has gradually moved into all alfalfa-growing areas of Eastern North America. As a result of both infestations, the alfalfa weevil is now in all the 48 contiguous States and in 4 Canadian Provinces. It is considered to be the most important single pest of alfalfa in North America. PURPOSE AND SCOPE In 1957, personnel of the Beneficial Insects Research Laboratory at Moorestown, N.J. (now at Newark, Del.) began inoculative releases of imported parasites against the eastern strain of the alfalfa weevil. The objective of this biological control work is to distribute and establish the exotic natural enemies throughout the range of the eastern strain and thus reduce the weevil population to the approximate level that occurs in Europe. In cooperation with research workers in many States, thousands of releases and re- coveries have been made of 13 parasite species in this massive and continuing program. This publication has three sections. In the first is a brief account of each parasite or predator of the alfalfa weevil that has been established, lib- erated, or is known to occur in Eastern North America. These descriptions are arranged accord- ing to the host stage attacked. In the second are suggested methods for parasite releases and re- covery attempts. In the third are listed all releases and recoveries ^ of introduced parasites on the 1 In this report, “recovery” of a parasite species means that it has been collected in the field or reared or dissected from host material obtained from the release site or else- where at least 1 year after the release. Survival in the field for this length of time usually indicates that the species has become permanently established in a given area. eastern strain of the alfalfa v/eevil from 1957 through 1975. In that respect this report is a revision of and a supplement to a previous pub- lication.^ This report provides a detailed record of libera- tions and recoveries so that biocontrol workers will be able to relate colonization efforts in their particular States with those in the surrounding areas. We hope that the release data summarized here will encourage entomologists to search for parasite species that may be successfully estab- lished in their areas but that have not yet been recovered. The geographical region of North America covered in this publication is east of longitude 100° W. The 100th meridian was selected because it approximates the point where the eastern and western strains of the weevil converged in 1971. Although the colonization of parasites on the western strain of the alfalfa weevil is beyond the scope of this report, we have listed in the appendix all western releases since 1957 where the parasites were supplied by the U.S. Departmient of Agid- culture. 2 Brunson, M. H., and Coles, L. W. the introduc- tion, RELEASE, AND RECOVERY OF PARASITES OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL IN EASTERN UNITED STATES. U.S. Dept. Agr. Prod. Res. Rpt. 101, 12 pp. 1968. 1 2 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT 167, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE DESCRIPTIONS OF PARASITES Established Species All seven of the introduced and established natural enemies of the alfalfa weevil in Eastern North America are internal hymenopterous para- sites of the egg, larva, or adult stage of the weevil. A brief account is given of the colonization, re- covery, biology, and habits of each species. Unless otherwise noted, life-cycle data refer to the Middle Atlantic States. Parasitism figures cited are yearly averages for several locations and fields and are percentages of the total, not the peak, host popula- tion. Patasson luna (Girault) (Mymaridae) This species previously was placed in the genera Mymar and Anaphoidea and occasionally has been confused with Anaphes pratensis Foerster. P. luna was imported from Italy and released in Utah in 1911-13 and 1925-28. Material from France was also released in California in 1933-34. In all these introductions, P. luna apparently was mixed with A. pratensis. The latter was first recovered in 1926 in Utah, but P. luna was never recovered in the Western States until recently.^ In 1928, A. pratensis was shipped from Utah to Indiana for release against Hypera nigrirostris (F.), and P. luna might have been included in that material. Although there is no record of a release of P. luna in Eastern North America, in 1958 it was reared from alfalfa weevil eggs col- lected in Dutchess County, N.Y., by G. 0. Poinar of Cornell University. Since then P. luna has been found at about 50 localities in the East (map 1) and is certainly more widely established than is now known. The adult P. luna wasp is 1 mm long. The female deposits one to two eggs inside a weevil egg and may attack several eggs in a cluster within an alfalfa stem. There are several generations each year, and the parasite passes the winter inside the host egg. P. luna may have other hosts besides the alfalfa weevil. The data available suggest that parasitism by this species averages from 0 to 10 percent in overwintering eggs of the alfalfa weevil. 3 P. luna was reared from alfalfa weevil eggs collected in Cache County, Utah, in 1973 (D. W. Davis, Utah State University, pers. commun.). Bathyplectes anurus (Thomson) (Ichneumonidae) This species has also been referred to as P. anura and B. corvina. Specimens from Europe were re- leased beginning in 1960, and the species was first recovered in New Jersey and Pennsylvania in 1964. The bulk of the introduced B. anurus was of French origin, although small numbers came from Sicily and the U.S.S.R. By 1966, field popu- lations of B. anurus had increased sufficiently at certain release sites in New Jersey and Pennsyl- vania to permit collections for recolonization in other States. This work is continuing because the natural dispersion of B. anurus is slow. It is now well established in 17 Eastern States and in On- tario. Releases and recoveries of B. anurus are shown in maps 2 and 3. The adult wasp is 3 mm long and has a black, robust body. There is one generation each year. The peak of parasitism occurs about a week before the peak in weevil larvae. The female parasite deposits an egg in the host larva; early instars are preferred. The egg hatches and the parasite larva feeds on the host, killing it after the weevil completes its cocoon. The parasite then spins a hard, brown, football-shaped cocoon, 2 mm in di- ameter by 3.5 mm long, which bears a raised, white, equatorial band. After formation of the cocoon, the parasite larva enters diapause. The B. anurus larva has the unusual ability of causing its cocoon to ''jump’’ several centi- meters upward, a trait shared by few other ichneu- monid parasites. This mobility increases the sur- vival of B. anurus by enabling many cocoons to escape hyper parasites and unfavorable field con- ditions. The jumping cocoons can be found in plant debris in alfalfa fields. In the fall the parasite larva pupates, becomes an adult, and diapauses within the cocoon until early the following spring. In recent years from 6 to 37 percent of weevil larvae have been parasitized by this species in southeastern Pennsylvania and in central and northern New Jersey. Bathyplectes curculionis (Thomson) (Ichneumonidae) This parasite was successfully introduced from RELEASE AND RECOVERY OF INTRODUCED PARASITES OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL 3 Italy into Utah in 1911-13 and is now widely dis- tributed in the Western States. In the Eastern United States, releases of B. curculionis from Utah were first made in 1953-55, but these efforts were not successful. In 1959, parasite material obtained from southern California was liberated in Delaware, New Jersey, and Virginia, and in 1960 the species was found to be established in these areas. Although the parental stock of the eastern B. curculionis population is predominantly of Italian origin via California, additional intro- ductions have been made from France, Sweden, and the U.S.S.R. Since its establishment in the East, B. curculionis has been widely recolonized by biocontrol workers (map 4), but it has also spread naturally at a phenomenal rate. It seems certain that this parasite accompanied the alfalfa weevil as it spread from the eastern seaboard into the Midwest and into Canada. B. curculionis has been recorded from more than 750 counties in the East (map 5), and it is prob- ably in every area infested by the eastern strain of the weevil. B. curculionis adults closely resemble those of B. anurus, but the female of B. curculionis has a longer ovipositor. There is one full generation in the spring, with a peak 1-2 weeks before the host peak, followed by a partial second generation 1-3 weeks after the host peak. Parasite adults are often collected in the summer and fall, especially in the Midwestern States, and these may be the result of a delayed second generation or a partial third or fourth generation. The female parasite deposits an egg inside the weevil larva, preferring the early instars. The egg may be encapsulated by the host larva’s de- fense reaction, but parasitism is often successful if superparasitism occurs or if the host larva is small when parasitized. Encapsulation of B. cur- culionis eggs by the host often seriously reduces the effectiveness of this parasite. None of the other established parasites are significantly af- fected. The surviving parasite egg hatches, the larva develops, and it eventually kills the host. The parasite larva then constructs its cocoon inside the weevil’s cocoon like B. anurus. The cocoons of B. curculionis and B. anurus are similar in size and shape, but the white equatorial band of the former is not raised, and the cocoon may be either light brown and flexible (nondiapausing) or dark brown and hard (diapausing). The para- site larva overwinters in the cocoon in the surface litter of alfalfa fields. In the past few years from 5 to 25 percent of weevil larvae have been success- fully parasitized by B. curculionis in the Middle Atlantic States. Bathyplectes stenostigrna (Thomson) (Ichneumonidae) This species has been referred to as Bathyplectes sp. “bagged,” because the cocoon resembles a brown paper bag. It has also been referred to as B. contracta. Almost all the B. stenostigrna released in North America were of Swedish origin; a few lots were from France. Liberations began in 1964, and large numbers were released at many localities in 1968 and 1969 (map 6). The species was first recovered in 1970, but it has been difficult to es- tablish and has dispersed little. To date it has been recovered at only seven release sites in the East (map 7). The adult parasite resembles the two previous species of Bathyplectes, except it is predominantly dark brown and the body is less robust. There is one generation per year, with the peak of para- sitism occurring 1-2 weeks after the host larval peak. The female parasite lays an egg in a weevil larva. After hatching, the parasite larva develops, eventually killing the host before the latter spins a cocoon. Thus, the B. stenostigrna cocoon, which is 3.8 mm long with no external white band, is constructed in the soil litter, where the parasite larva spends the winter in diapause. In a field near Hadley, Mass., during 1974 and 6 years after release, B. stenostigrna parasitized over 7 percent of the total population of weevil larvae. Tetrastichus incertus (Ratzeburg) (Eulophidae) A few authors have called this species T. erdoesi. Releases of T. incertus began in 1960, and in 1962 it was found to be established in parts of Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. By 1964, field populations of T. incertus were being used as sources of recolonization in other States. Releases of this species are shown in map 8. The established parasites were from a single locality in southern France; however, from 1967 to 1973, additional small introductions were made from Sweden, Romania, and Yugoslavia to en- large the gene pool. The parasite dispersed very rapidly during the 1960’s, but its movement has 4 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT 167, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE greatly decreased in recent years. It is now present in 16 Eastern States and in Ontario and Quebec (map 9). The adult is 1-1.5 mm long, black, compact rather than narrow and wasplike. There are three to four generations per year, with the largest populations in July-September. The female ovi- posits while astride a weevil larva, laying several eggs inside. From four to seven of the resulting parasite larvae complete development, killing the weevil larva after it has spun its cocoon. The parasites pupate within the empty skin of the host, which turns a mahogany brown and becomes brittle after the death of the host larva. Winter is spent in the prepupal stage within the host ‘‘mummy.’’ During July, August, and September of 1965-69, T. incerius parasitized from 50 to 80 percent of weevil larvae in New Jersey and the surrounding States, but in recent years the species has been mmch less abundant. This is a direct result of the much lower levels of alfalfa weevil larvae, es- pecially during the summer and fall. This in turn is a result of the pressure exerted by this and the other parasite species that are abundant in the Middle Atlantic region. Microctonus colesi Drea (Braconidae) Before it was named in 1968, this species was eferred to as Microctonus sp. “black” or “domestic clack.” It was first found in 1962 in southeastern Pennsylvania, although it had never been released. Since there is no evidence to suggest that M. colesi is native or had gained entrance prior to the alfalfa weevil, it is treated here as an introduced parasite. Probably it entered this country within the weevil. Because M. colesi is parthenogenic, establishment could have resulted from a small number of individuals. M. colesi is now known to be present in 13 Eastern States and appears to be moving slowly westward, considerably behind the weevil. Releases and recoveries of M. colesi are shown in maps 10 and 11. The adult M. colesi is wasplike, 3 mm long, and entirely black. All individuals are female, and there is one generation per year. The period of oviposition roughly coincides with the larval peak of the alfalfa weevil. The egg is laid inside the weevil larva; the larger instars are preferred. After hatching, the first-instar larva enters dia- pause and remains so while the host pupates and becomes an adult. The parasite larva overwinters within the adult weevil. During the following spring the parasite larva matures, kills the weevil, and spins a white cocoon in the soil litter. Since the fertility of weevils containing M. colesi larvae is much reduced in male weevils or eliminated in females, this effect is in addition to the ultimate mortality. From 1969 to 1973, M. colesi parasitized from 1 to 18 percent of the “new” (newly emerged, sexually immature) weevils in the Middle Atlantic region. Microctonus aethiopoides Loan (Braconidae) For many years this parasite has been referred to as M. aethiops; in fact, this name has been used in practically all the North Amierican literature. Recently, however. Loan decided that the name M. aethiops had been misapplied, and he described the parasite discussed here as M. aethiopoides^ This species was first released against the alfalfa weevil in 1957 and was found to be established in 1961 in New Jersey. All introduced parasites were from France. In 1963, field collections were begun in New Jersey for shipment to and release in other States. This recolonization has continued through 13 seasons. As a result of both rebolonization and natural dispersal, M. aethiopoides is now present in 14 Eastern States and in Ontario (maps 12 and 13). The adults are wasplike and 3 mm long; females are red brown and males are black. There are two generations per year. In the spring, about the time of the host larval peak, the female lays a single egg inside many of the “old,” overwintered sex- ually mature weevils. After hatching, the M. aethiopoides larva matures, issues from the dying host, and forms a white, silky cocoon, 4 mm long, in the soil litter. After pupation for 2-3 weeks, the adult parasite emerges from the cocoon. The female parasite oviposits in a “new” sexually im- mature adult weevil, and the resulting parasite larva diapauses and overwinters in the first instar within the weevil adult. Early the next spring the larvae of M. aethiopoides complete their de- velopment, spin cocoons, and transform to adults. M. aethiopoides kills from 70 to 90 percent of the overwintered weevils in the Middle Atlantic ^ Loan, C. C. a review of haliday species of microc- tonus (HYM.: BRACONIDAE, euphorinae). Entomophaga 20; 31-41. 1975. RELEASE AND RECOVERY OF INTRODUCED PARASITES OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL 5 States, and the second generation parasitizes an average of 7 to 39 percent of the new weevils. Even though the parasitized new weevils are not killed until the following spring, all the females and many of the males are rendered sterile, so the control impact is even more significant. Many biocontrol workers in the East consider M. aethio- poides the most important single species in the weevil parasite complex. Species Released but not Recovered Five of the species discussed here are small Hymenoptera and one is a tachinid fly. These in- sects were released in Eastern North America during 1957-72 but were never recovered. Pos- sibly a few species are established in certain areas, because many releases have not been followed by surveys adequate for detection. It is hoped that the information provided here, plus the tables and maps, will encourage further searching for these species. Peridesmia discus (Walker) (Pteromalidae) This species, previously called P. phytonomi, was obtained in southern France and was released from 1959 through 1972. More than 45,000 adults were liberated in the East, mainly in the Southern States (map 14). The adult is a black, compact wasp, 2 mm long. The female punctures the alfalfa stem with her ovipositor and lays an egg on the weevil egg mass. The larva feeds externally as a predator on the host eggs. Pupation occurs within the stem cavity. There are several generations per year, but be- cause few weevil eggs are present in the summer and early fall, it is likely that P. discus passes this period in diapause or on an alternate host. The adults can live for many months and are very hardy. In southern France the adults ovi- posit in the field from November through January. Extensive surveys in France indicated that this predator was present in 6 percent of the over- wintering egg masses. Trichomalus inops (Walker) (Pteromalidae) Ten releases were made of this species in the East from 1959 to 1970 (map 15). It was collected in France along with P. discus, but it was much less abundant. Both species are similar in size. appearance, and life cycle as far as is knov/n. In Europe T. inops is also thought to attack the eggs of Apion sp. Dibrachoides dynastes (Foerster) (Pteromalidae) This species has also been referred to as D. druso. From 1959 to 1964, over 13,000 D. dynastes adults of French origin were released at 28 localities in the Eastern States (map 16). The bulk of the released material was reared in the Moorestown laboratory. Although it has never been recovered in the East, in 1967 it was established in San Diego County, Calif., by entomologists of that State. D. dynastes is a parasite of prepupae and pupae of the alfalfa weevil. The adult parasites are 2-3 mm long, with a metallic-green head and thorax. There are two generations per year in southern France, and the parasite apparently overv/inters as an adult. Several eggs are laid on the host pre- pupa or pupa within its cocoon. After hatching, the parasite larvae feed externally on the body of the host. Usually three to five parasites reach maturity. In Europe this species also attacks other species of Hypera. Necremnus leucarthros (Nees) (Eulophidae) This species was released in 1965 at only tv/o localities in New Jersey (map 17). About 300 adults of Italian origin were liberated at each site. Like the preceding species, N. leucarthros is a gregarious ectoparasite of weevil prepupae. The adult parasites are 1.5-2. 3 mm long and metallic green. The males possess branched antennae. In Europe N. leucarthros is widely distributed and attacks several species of Coleoptera, including other Hypera. Campogaster exigua (Meigen) (Tachinidae) During 1957, three small releases of this fly were made in Delaware and New Jersey (map 18). A total of 168 adults from France were liberated. The adults are about 2.5 mm long and dark gray. The female does not lay eggs but deposits a first-instar larva on the thorax of the adult weevil. After penetrating the host, the parasite larva develops and finally forms a brownish pu- parium within the body of the weevil. The number of generations per year is not known; however, in the laboratory one complete generation requires 6 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT 167, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE from 48 to 70 days. In Europe C. exigua also at- tacks several species of Sitona. Microctonus stelleri Loan (Braconidae) Before it was named in 1972, this species was referred to as Microctonus sp. “European black.” From 1968 to 1970, over 4,100 adults obtained in France were released at 23 localities in the Eastern States (map 19). The parasite has one generation per year, and its only known host is the alfalfa weevil. The females of M. stelleri and M. colesi are very simi- lar in size and appearance. However, M. colesi is unisexual (all individuals are female), whereas M. stelleri has both sexes in about equal propor- tion. In the spring the mature parasite larva issues from the overwintered adult weevil and forms a white cocoon about 4 mm long in the ground litter. In about 2 weeks the adult parasite emerges, mates, and oviposits in larvae of the alfalfa weevil. It prefers larger instars. The parasite egg hatches, the first-instar larva enters diapause, and it re- mains so while the host pupates and becomes an adult. The M. stelleri larva overwinters within the adult weevil. Extensive collections in northern France during 1966-70 indicated that about 5.6 percent of the overwintering weevils were para- sitized by M. stelleri. Other Parasitic Organisms Primary Parasites Included here are various natural enemies that have been recorded from the eastern strain of- the alfalfa weevil. These species are native to North America, and most of them attack a variety of other hosts. On the alfalfa weevil their control impact is almost always of minor significance. No doubt additional adventitious parasite species will be discovered. Fidiohia rugosifrons Crawford (Platygasteri- dae). — In 1972, adults of this species were reared from overwintering weevil eggs in Ontario. Curi- ously the parasite has not been recorded from weevil eggs at any other eastern site, although its type locality is in Pennsylvania. Hexamermis arvalis Poinar and Gyrisco (Mermithidae). — This nematode is most often found in fourth-instar weevil larvae, but pupae and adults are also parasitized. A single weevil may contain from one to three nematodes. When mature, these nematodes are often more than 9 cm long. The weevil larvae die soon after issuance of the nematodes. This species has been reported from several other insect families. Several adventitious parasites have been reared from weevil pupae at a few localities in the East: Eriplanusmicator (Gravenhorst) (Ichneumonidae), Helicohia rapax (Walker) (Sarcophagidae), Ito- plectis conquisitor (Say) (Ichneumonidae), Pedio- hius sp. (Eulophidae), and Spilochalcis alhifrons (Walsh) (Chalcididae). The last species is usually a hyperparasite, attacking Bathyplectes cocoons. See discussion of secondary parasites. Hyalomyodes triangulifer (Loew) (Tachini- dae). — This fly is 3.5 mm long and has been reared from adult weevils collected in the field during the fall, winter, and spring. It is widely distributed in the East and parasitizes many species of adult Coleoptera. It has been recorded from the alfalfa weevil from New York to Georgia. After it issues from the dead host, the fly larva forms a small, brown puparium on the soil. The life cycle is prob- ably similar to that of Microctonus aethiopoides. In certain eastern localities H. triangulifer has occasionally been found in as many as 5 percent of the weevils. Leucostoma simplex (Fallen) (Tachinidae). — This fly was reared from an adult weevil collected in Dutchess County, N.Y. L. sirriplex is apparently Holarctic in distribution. In addition, several diseases attack the alfalfa weevil. Microsporidian diseases, caused by species of Nosema and Perezia, are common in laboratory cultures, but they are rarely found in the field. Fungus diseases are also known. Those caused by species of Beauveria and Entomophthora are most frequently observed in nature. Epizootics caused by E. phytonomi Arthur have been reported in Ontario during the past few years. Secondary Parasites Members of this group, commonly known as hyperparasites, are not parasitic on the alfalfa weevil, but they attack the natural enemies of the weevil instead. They are discussed here only because they will be encountered in parasite im- pact studies and may be confused with the pri- RELEASE AND RECOVERY OF INTRODUCED PARASITES OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL 7 mary parasites. Competent identification is, there- fore, necessary in such investigations. Because Bathyplectes spp. spend many months in cocoons exposed on the soil, they are especially vulnerable to attack by secondary parasites. The following nine hymenopterous species have been reared from cocoons of Bathyplectes spp. in Eastern North America. This list does not include a few species that have been reared infrequently from Bathyplectes, and certainly additional hyperpara- sites will be recorded if there are more intensive field investigations. Chalcididae Spilochalcis albifrons (Walsh) Eupelmidae Eupelmella vesicularis (Retzius) Ichneumonidae Gelis sp. Do Mesochorus agilis Cresson Pteromalidae Catolaccus aeneoviridis (Girault) Do Dihrachys cavus (Walker) Do Eupteromalus viridescens (Walsh) Do Sceptrothelys grandiclava (Walker) Do Sceptrothelys intermedia Graham All these species, except M. agilis, lay their eggs inside the Bathyplectes cocoon; M. agilis oviposits in weevil larvae previously parasitized by Bathyplectes. S. albifrons, E. vesicularis, Gelis sp., M. agilis, and C. aeneoviridis are solitary parasites, i.e., only one adult is produced per Bathyplectes cocoon. D. cavus, E. viridescens, S. grandiclava, and S. intermedia are normally gre- garious. Some unusual morphological features should be noted. Adults of Gelis sp. are always female and wingless, and females of E. vesicularis have greatly abbreviated wings. Adults of S. albi- frons have conspicuously enlarged hind femora. The mummies of Tetrastichus incertus remain on the soil for many months and, like cocoons of Bathyplectes, are particularly exposed to attack by hyperparasites. However, no secondaries are known to have been recorded from T. incertus mummies in this country. Similarly no hyperpara- sites have been recorded from cocoons of Microc- tonus, perhaps because they are in the soil litter for only a few weeks. However, the absence of hyperparasite records for these mummies and cocoons may only reflect the limited sampling efforts. On the other hand, we seriously doubt that hyperparasites will be found on the larval stages of Microctonus and Tetrastichus within their hosts, since none have ever been detected in extensive dissections and rearings over a 10-year period at this laboratory. METHODS FOR RELEASE AND RECOVERY Making Parasite Releases Several requisites are critical for the successful establishment of parasites. The alfalfa field se- lected should have at least a moderate population of alfalfa weevils; the stage of the host should be appropriate (e.g., larvae for T. incertus)) and in- secticides should not be applied for at least 4 weeks or 1 year or more when possible. Previously mated females or mixtures of male and female parasites are suitable for release. The carton con- taining the parasites should be placed at the base of the alfalfa plants near the center of the field and opened slightly. If foliage is then arranged over the opening, the parasites will be less likely to disperse widely. After about 5 minutes the con- tainer can be examined, and the number and sex of the parasites that died in transit can be deter- mined. It is imperative that parasites be released in the field as soon as possible after receipt. After a parasite has become well established at a release site, workers in some States have made recolonization releases within their States to accelerate parasite dispersal. Either parasitized hosts are collected and released directly in a dif- ferent county, or the adult parasites are first ob- tained through rearing and then released. In cer- tain States parasite recolonization efforts have been very successful. Sampling for Recovery We have found that the number of parasite species attacking the alfalfa weevil in a given area is frequently much greater than had been sus- pected. Careful surveys are required to determine whether a species has become established at a release site or whether parasites have dispersed from another area. Such surveys are based on (1) field collection of adult parasites, (2) dissection of field-collected hosts, or (3) rearing of parasites from field-collected hosts. Although the first two 8 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT 167, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE methods are extremely useful, they require con- siderable experience on the part of the collector; they will not be discussed here. The rearing method begins by collecting the appropriate host stage in the field at the right time. These hosts are placed in the proper type of cage in the laboratory and are provided with adequate food. This should result in parasite adults, cocoons, or mummies, which can then be identified. Timing of Collections Egg parasites. — All parasite species that feed internally in the egg or externally on the egg mass can be recovered whenever weevil eggs are present in the field, but the most profitable period is prob- ably during the winter. Alfalfa stems containing weevil eggs should be cut in the field and taken to the laboratory for examination. Larval parasites. — To provide estimates on tim- ing that will be usable in different climatic regions, it is necessary to relate these estimates to a com- mon biological reference point. The time of the host larval peak or maximum population density in the spring is used here for this purpose. In order to recover the following parasites, host larvae should be collected throughout the periods indi- cated: Bathyplectes anurus, 14 days prior to the host larval peak; B. curculionisy 14 days prior to and 14 days following the larval peak; B. steno- stigma, from the larval peak to 21 days following the peak; Tetrastichus incertus, from the larval peak through the summer and fall if larvae are present. Pupal parasites. — All species that attack the pupal stage of the alfalfa weevil can be recovered by collecting host cocoons whenever they are most abundant in the field. Depending on locality, this should be about 1-3 weeks after the host larval peak. Adult parasites. — To recover any of the three species of Microctonus, host adults can be col- lected during midwinter or when they first appear in the spring. Probably the most profitable time to recover M. aethiopoides from overwintered host adults is from the host larval peak to 21 days thereafter. Hyalomyodes triangulifer can be re- covered at this time and also later in the season. In addition, certain workers have successfully used topical applications of synthetic hormones. such as epoxyfarnesenic acid compounds, on new weevil adults to force emergence of parasites. Rearing Cages Egg parasites. — Alfalfa stems can be split to locate weevil egg masses. Eggs can be either left in place in short sections of stem or removed and incubated in small vials, capsules, or petri dishes. Moist filter paper or plaster-of-paris will maintain humidity. Recoveries also can be made by in- cubating bulk collections of alfalfa stems in dark- ened emergence chambers and collecting all adult insects attracted to a light source. Larval parasites. — When attempting recovery of parasites, it is best to collect fourth-instar weevil larvae from the field. Such larvae will have been exposed to parasite attack for the longest time and will require a shorter rearing period in the laboratory. They can be reared in any plastic, wood, or cardboard cage if it (1) is ventilated with two screened side openings, (2) is constructed to prevent escape of the hosts and any parasites that emerge, and (3) contains fresh alfalfa bouquets as food. Another useful technique is to place larvae in large paper bags (up to 2,500 larvae per bag) with a quantity of alfalfa foliage. The bags are cut to a height of 25 cm and the tops left open for ventilation. Weevil larvae remain below with the foliage and do not escape from the bag. Small amounts of fresh alfalfa are added twice each day until the weevil larvae begin to spin cocoons. Then the tops of the bags are closed securely, and the bags are stored in a dry, well-ventilated area for several weeks, after which the parasite cocoons can be removed and counted. Pupal parasites. — Species that emerge from the pupal stage can be recovered by collecting intact weevil cocoons from ground litter and the lower foliage in alfalfa fields. The host cocoons should be placed individually in small vials or gelatin capsules. By collecting and isolating weevil cocoons in this manner, investigators will obtain not only pupal parasites but many primary larval parasites and their secondaries as well. However, Bathy- plectes stenostigma cannot be recovered by this method because it normally kills the host larva before the latter spins a cocoon. Adult parasites.-— To rear parasites from the adult weevil, best results are obtained when weevils are fed alfalfa bouquets in a small, venti- RELEASE AND RECOVERY OF INTRODUCED PARASITES OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL 9 lated cage with a false screen bottom of about 16 mesh per inch. The parasite larvae will issue from the weevils, pass through the screen, and pupate on the cage bottom under felt strips placed on absorbent paper. Parasite cocoons or puparia should be removed weekly without tearing the fragile cocoons and held in vials for emergence of adults. Since the larva of Campogaster exigua forms its puparium within the body of the adult weevil, examination of the dead weevils in the cage would be necessary to detect it. Parasites can be identified by sending the adults to the Systematic Entomology Laboratory, ARS, USDA, ARC-West, Beltsville, Md. 20705. A RECORD OF PARASITE LIBERATIONS AND RECOVERIES The seven parasite species presently established in Eastern North America are listed in table 1. Parasite release and recovery information is tabu- lated alphabetically by species. State, and county, and the locality or the name of the nearest town is given. The year of first recovery in a county is shown in the last column. Many of the releases in table 1 are recolonization releases made by various State workers. Where a parasite has been recovered in a particular State, release and re- covery data are presented only on a county basis for that State. It is assumed that biocontrol workers will be able to find specific parasite popu- lations within these counties for purposes of re- colonization. Many individual species have been recovered in counties where the parasite was never released. These records are, of course, the result of natural dispersion. Recoveries in a given field during the same season of release are not included here unless the recovery was made prior to the release. There- fore, the recovery records indicate that a species has survived at least one winter in the field. The six species released in Eastern North America but not recovered are listed in table 2. As is often the case, the reasons for the failure of these parasites to become established are not known. Unfortunately, attempts to recover intro- duced species have varied greatly. In a few in- stances it is still too early to determine whether a species is successfully established or not. The information on parasite liberations and recoveries has been collected from several sources, including release records on file at the Beneficial Insects Research Laboratory, release and re- covery work by our laboratory staff, publications and proceedings of meetings and conferences, and inquiries to individual Federal and State workers. (See cooperators listed under Acknowl- edgment.) Certain release information in tables 1 and 2 differs from that in Production Research Report 101, and the present data should be used. A partial list of parasite releases in the Western States is in table 3 (Appendix). Table 1. — Species released and recovered in Eastern North America^ 1957-75 Species released County Locality Year of release Year of first and State (19—) recovery (19—) Bathyplectes anurns Alabama Limestone Belle Mina Delaware Kent New Castle Sussex Illinois Champaign Urbana Pope Robbs Wabash Kennsburg. 70 67, 70 65, 67, 69 69, 70 69, 70 67 68 75 69 70 See footnotes at end of table. 10 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT 167, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Table 1. — Species released and recovered in Eastern North America^ 1957-75 — Con. Species released County Locality Year of release Year of first and State (19—) recovery (19—) Bathyplectes anurus — Continued Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Missouri Nebraska New Hampshire. Crawford Floyd Harrison Lawrence Tippecanoe Washington Davis do Ringgold Geary Pottawatomie.. Reno Riley Caldwell Christian Fayette Oldham Allegany Baltimore Caroline Carroll Cecil Frederick Harford Howard Kent Prince Georges. Queen Annes. . Somerset Hampshire Berrien Cass Ingham Jackson Monroe Boone Miller Reynolds St. Charles Texas Dawson do Lancaster Lincoln Otoe do Saline Saunders Hillsborough. Bloomfield. Pulaski Diagonal. .. Ogden Flush Hutchinson. Manhattan. Gothenburg. Lexington. _ Lincoln Gothenburg Dunbar Paul Crete Mead 65 67 75 75 75 75 74, 75 74 74, 75 74 71 67 74 67 67, 74 69 69, 70 69 69, 70 69 70 71 65 71 71 72, 74 75 75 72 75 72 75 74, 75 67 71 71 70 71 73 70 75 75 75 75 73 75 73 75 72 75 75 74 70 71 73 See footnotes at end of table. RELEASE AND RECOVERY OF INTRODUCED PARASITES OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL 11 Table 1. — Species released and recovered in Eastern North America^ 1957-75 — Con. Species released County Locality Year of release Year of first and State (19—) recovery (19—) New Jersey Burlington 60,63,66 64 Camden 66 Cumberland 66 75 Gloucester 66 Hunterdon 65 Alercer 65 Middlesex 66 Monmouth 64, 65 69 Ocean 75 Salem 65, 70, 71 72 Somerset 66 69 Sussex 73 Warren 71 72 New York Cajuiga 70 Dutchess 75 Franklin 74 Herkimer 71 72 Orange 73 Tomkins 69 70 Wayne 70 North Carolina Ashe 71 Rowan 71 72 Wake 71 72 Ohio Browm 72 Clark 74 Clinton 74, 75 75 Erie 72 Franklin 65 Henry 75 Mahoning 74 Pickaway 71 Putnam 74, 75 Warren 71, 72, 75 72 Wayne 65,70,71,72 72 Wood 75 Oklahoma Grady 74, 75 75 Kiowa 75 Payne 72, 75 73 Stephens 72 73 Washita 75 Pennsylvania Berks 67 Carbon 73 Chester 64,66,68,70 67 Columbia 73 Cumberland 70 Dauphin 71 Delaware 75 Franklin 75 Fulton 75 See footnotes at end of table. 12 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT 167, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Table 1. — Species released and recovered in Eastern North America^ 1957-75 — Con. Species released County Locality Year of release Year of first and State (19—) recovery (19—) Bathyplectes anurus — Continued Pennsylvania — Continued South Carolina Tennessee Texas. Virginia. Huntingdon, _ Lancaster Lebanon Lehigh Monroe Montgomery, _ Northampton, Perry Westmoreland York Greenwood Newberry Cocke Cumberland, , Greene Knox Marshall Monroe Burleson Kaufman do Maverick Wharton do Wilbarger Zavala Accomack Albemarle Alleghany Amelia Amherst Appomattox,, Augusta Bath Bedford Bland Botetourt Brunswick Buchanan Buckingham,, Campbell Caroline Carroll Charles City,, Charlotte Chesterfield Clarke Newport Crossville Greeneville,. Knoxville Cornersville, Vonore Snook Peeltown Rosser Eagle Pass. . lago Lane City,, Vernon Crystal City. 63 68 72 71 71 71, 72 71 67, 71 71 71 71, 72 71 72 71, 72 72 71 71, 72 71, 72 72 71, 72 72 70, 71, 73 72 72 68, 72 72 72, 73 72 71 71 72 72 72 72 72 72 71 72 72 75 64 70 75 73 70 70 75 71 73 72 71 73 75 See footnotes at end of table. RELEASE AND RECOVERY OF INTRODUCED PARASITES OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL Table 1. — Species released and recovered in Eastern North America,^ 1957-75 — Con. Species released County Locality Year of release Year of first and State (19—) recovery (19—) Craig 72 Culpeper. 71, 73 Cumberland- _ 72 Dickenson _ __ __ __ _ -. _ 72 Dinwiddie 71 71 Fairfax .. 72 Fauquier. _ 71 Floyd 72 Fluvanna . . . . . ... . 72 Franklin .. ... 72 Frederick __ _ 72 Giles _ -- - - 72 Gloucester .... 72 Goochland. .. . .. 71 71 Grayson . . . 72 Greene . _ . .. -- .._ 72 Halifax _ -- . 71, 72 Hanover _. ._ _. 70, 71, 72 71 Henrico . . .. -- --- 72 Henry _ ._ 72 Highland 72 Isle of Wight - - _ 72 James City 72 King and Queen 72 King George __ .. _. 72 King William. _ 72 Lancaster 72 Lee ._ - _. 72 Loudoun _ - - - . 72 Louisa _ 71 Lunenburg. _ _ _ 71 Madison. ... 72 Mecklenburg . . ... 72 Middlesex _ 72 Montgomery 67, 72 68 Nansemond ._ ... 71 Nelson _ 72 New Kent __ _ . 71 Newport News .. _ .. 72 Norfolk 72 Northampton ._ 72, 73 Nottoway .. 71 71 Orange __ .. . 71 Page 72 Patrick . .. . 72 Pittsylvania. . ... 72 Powhatan. .. _ 71, 73 71 Prince Edward. . 72 Prince George .. _. __ _. 71 71 Prince William 72 Pulaski _. . 69, 71, 73 70 13 See footnotes at end of table. 14 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT 167, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Table 1. — Species released and recovered in Eastern North America^ 1957-75 — Con. Species released County Locality Year of release Year of first and State (19—) recovery (19—) Bathyplectes anurus — Continued Virginia — Continued Rappahannock 71 Richmond 72 Roanoke 72 Rockbridge 72 Rockingham 72, 73 Russell 72, 73 Scott 72 Shenandoah 72 Smyth 72 Southampton 71, 72, 73 Spotsylvania 71 Stafford 71 Tazewell 72 Warren 72 Washington 72 Westmoreland 72 Wise 72 Wythe 71 West Virginia Berkeley 70, 74 Brooke 75 Grant 74 Hampshire 74 Hancock 75 Hardy 71, 74 72 Jackson 75 Jefferson 71, 74 72 Marshall 75 Mason 70, 71 72 Mineral 74 Monongalia 73 Morgan 74 Ohio 75 Pleasants 75 Preston 70 71 Wood 75 Wisconsin Columbia Leeds 74 Dane Mt. Horeb 71 do Oregon 74 Kenosha Erly 69 Rock Beloit 70 Canada (Ontario) Prince Edward 70 71 Welland 70 Bathyplectes curculionis ^ Bathyplectes stenostigma * Delaware New Castle Newark 69 ^ 70 See footnotes at end of table. RELEASE AND RECOVERY OF INTRODUCED PARASITES OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL 15 Table 1. — Species released and recovered in Eastern North America^ 1957-75 — Con. Species released and State County Locality Year of release (19—) Year of first recovery (19—) Sussex Milton ..69 Illinois _ _ _ . Champaign Urbana __ 69 Indiana . Kosciusko Pierceton ...68 Tippecanoe Lafayette ... 68 Kentucky . Fayette Lexington _ _ . . .. 69 Maryland . Frederick. . . Frederick _ ... 68 Massachusetts . Hampshire. _. Hadley . _ . .. 68 71 Michigan _ _ _ _ _ . . Berrien Three Oaks _. 69 Cass ..... .. Howard T __ 69 .do . . . . Milton T ... 68 do . Pokagon T. . . . __ 69 Kalamazoo Gull Lake. __ 69 New Hampshire . Merrimack - Concord _ _ . __ 68 70 New Jersey Burlington Moorestown . _ .. 67, 68 do . Ran cocas 68 Salem Alloway .. 69 Somerset Griggstown ._ 68 Sussex . . Newton _. 69 Warren Washington _. 68 New York. . _ _ . . Herkimer _ Mohawk __ 70 71 Livingston Dansville .. 73 Madison Sheds __ 68 Tompkins _ _ . Ithaca . _ .. 69, 71 72 do S. Lansing _ .. 72 Ohio _ . Pickaway. S. Bloomfield _ .. 70 Wayne Wooster _. 68, 70 4 72 Wood Bowling Green _. 68 Pennsylvania _ _ _ _ _ _ . . Bradford. . Wysox __ 68 Franklin ... _ Sylvan _. 69 Lancaster. _ . Bowmansville _. 69 do _ _ _ Christiana .. 64 N orthampton Martins Creek 69 Somerset Brotherton 68 Vermont Addison Shoreham 68 Chittenden Shelburne __ 68 Virginia _ _ _ _ . Charlotte Charlotte C.H. ... ._ 69 Montgomery Elliston. _ .. 68 Wisconsin Kenosha Pleasant Prairie 69 Rock Beloit ._ 70 Canada (Ontario) , Prince Edward S. Bay. .... .. 70 471 Microctonus aethiopoides ® Arkansas _ _ . _ _ Craighead Monette . 67 Mississippi Keiser 66 Connecticut _ _ _ . . Tolland _ . 69 Delaware __ _ . Kent _. _. .. _. 67 68 New Castle. _ ... _. 65 67 Sussex _ . _ . . 69 Illinois. _ _ Champaign Homer 68 . _ do _ _ . . . Urbana ._ 70 See footnotes at end of table. 16 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT 167, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Table 1. — Species released and recovered in Eastern North America,^ 1957-75 — Con. Species released County Locality Year of release Year of first and State (19—) recovery (19—) Microctonus aethiopoides Continued Illinois — Continued Clark Casey 66 Coles Lerna 66 Crawford Palestine 67 Cumberland Neoga _ - 66 Gallatin Equality 67 Johnson Vienna 65 Montgomery Taylor Springs 68 Indiana Dubois Dubois 66 Floyd New Albany 65 Harrison Laconia 67 Knox Vincennes 68 La Porte (?) 74 Tippecanoe Klondike 68 do Lafayette 67 Iowa Lee Ft. Madison 75 Kansas Clark Ashland 75 Riley Manhattan 73, 74 Kentucky _ Bourbon N. Middletown __ 71 Fayette Lexington 64,67,69,71 Lincoln Hustonville 68 Maine Cumberland Westbrook 69 Maryland Allegany 70, 71 Baltimore 70, 71 Massachusetts. Michigan. Caroline Cecil Frederick Harford Howard 70 Kent Montgomery 70 Prince Georges 65, 66, 68 Queen Annes Somerset Washington 70 Berkshire Franklin 67 Hampshire 65, Allegan Arenac 73 Barry Benzie Berrien 73 Branch 73 Calhoun Cass 68, Clinton 73, Eaton 68 71 70 70 69 70 72 70 70 70 70 72 70 70 70 70 73 75 73 75 73, 74 74 75 73 70 75 73 See footnotes at end of table. RELEASE AND RECOVERY OF INTRODUCED PARASITES OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL 17 Table 1. — Species released and recovered in Eastern North America,^ 1957-75 — Con. Species released and State County Locality Year of release (19—) Year of first recovery (19—) Hillsdale ... 73 Minnesota. Mississippi Missouri- _ Nebraska.. New Hampshire. New Jersey. Ingham Ionia Isabella Jackson Kalamazoo Kent Lake Lapeer Lenawee Livingston Manistee Mason Mecosta Missaukee Monroe Montcalm Muskegon Newaygo Oceana Osceola Oscoda Ottawa Saginaw St. Clair Sanhac Shiawassee Tuscola Washtenaw Houston Freeburg Oktibbeha Starkville.— Boone Columbia— Cape Girardeau GordonviIle_ Grundy (?) Dawson Gothenburg . Lincoln do Otoe Dunbar Saline Milford Saunders Mead Cheshire Grafton Hillsborough Merrimack Strafford Bergen Burlington 70, 73, 74 73 73 69 69, 73 73 74 73 68, 73 73, 74 72 75 75 70 70 74 73 70, 71, 72 73, 74 73 73 73 74 73 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 73 73 73 73, 74 73, 74 70 73, 74 71 75 70, 73 67 71 72, 73, 74 72 74 74 74 75 75 75 72 75 67 68 66 66 73 73 57, 58, 59, 60, 65 Camden Cumberland. Gloucester— Hunterdon.. 63 60, 65 68 71 61 69 66 65 61 See footnotes at end of table. 18 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT 167, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Table 1. — Species released and recovered in Eastern North America^ 1957-75 — Con. Species released County Locality Year of release Year of first and State (19—) recovery (19—) Microctonus aethiopoides ^ — Continued New Jersey — Continued Mercer 65 67 Middlesex 69 Monmouth 65 65 Morris 69 Ocean 75 Passaic 65 Salem 65 69 Somerset 62 64 Sussex 68 Warren 62, 65, 67 68 New York Allegany 74 Broome 71 Cattaraugus 72, 74 Cayuga 68 70 Chautauqua 72, 74 Chemung 73 Chenango 71 Clinton 70 71 Columbia 70 Cortland 71 73 Delaware 70 Dutchess 70 Erie 74 Franklin 71,74 Fulton 71 Genesee 72, 74 Herkimer 68 70 Jefferson 73 74 Lewis 71 Livingston 71, 72, 74 72 Madison 69 Monroe 74 74 Montgomery 71 Niagara 71, 72, 74 Oneida 74 Onondaga 72 Ontario 71, 73, 74 74 Orange 69 Orleans 74 — Oswego 70 73 Otsego 70 Rensselaer 70 St. Lawrence 72, 74 73 Saratoga 75 Schoharie 70 Schuyler 73 Seneca 71, 72 73 See footnotes at end of table. RELEASE AND RECOVERY OF INTRODUCED PARASITES OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL 19 Table 1. — Species released and recovered in Eastern North America^ 1957-75 — Con. Species released County Locality Year of release Year of first and State (19—) recovery (19—) Steuben 71, 74 71 Tioga 65, 66 70 Tompkins 68, 71 70 Ulster 68 69 Washington 75 Wa\me 73 74 Wyoming 72, 74 Yates 72 73 North Carolina Rowan Salisbury 66 Wake Raleigh 63 Ohio Auglaize 75 Clark 74 75 Clinton 73, 75 74 Coshocton 70 Erie 71 Guernsey 70 Hancock 75 Henry 75 Meigs 65 Putnam 73, 74 75 Sandusky 75 Seneca 75 Shelby 70 Warren 72 Wayne 68, 70, 71, 73 72, 73, 75 Wood 75 75 Wyandot 75 Oklahoma Payne Stillwater 73 Stephens Duncan 73 Pennsylvania Bedford 70 71 Berks 68 Bradford 68 69 Bucks 69 Butler 70 Centre 65 69 Chester 66 68 Columbia 73 Cumberland 65 Dauphin 65 68 Delaware 75 Franklin 70 71 Fulton 75 Huntingdon 75 Jefferson 72 Lancaster 64, 65 68 Lebanon 72 Lehigh 70 Luzerne 73 Monroe 69 Montour 73 Northampton 69 See footnotes at end of table. 20 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT 167, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Table 1. — Species released and recovered in Eastern North America,^ 1957-75 — Con. Species released County Locality Year of release Year of first and State (19—) recovery (19—) Microctonus aethiopoides ® — Continued Pennsylvania — Continued Rhode Island Tennessee Texas. __ Vermont Virginia. Northumberland 73 Perry 75 Washington 70, 71 Westmoreland 70 71 York 73 Washington 73 Cumberland Crossville 71 Knox Knoxville 66, 67, 68 Marshall Lewisburg 66 Burleson College Station 72 Addison 65, 66, 67 70 Bennington 73 Chittenden 68 69 Grand Isle 68 69 Washington 71 Windham 73 Accomack 72 Albemarle 72 Alleghany 72 Amelia 71, 73 Amherst 72 Appomattox 72 Augusta 72 Bath 72 Bedford 72,73 Bland 72 Botetourt 71 Brunswick 71 Buchanan 72 Buckingham 72 Campbell 72 Caroline 72 Carroll 72 Charles City 72 Charlotte 71 Chesterfield 72 Clarke 72 75 Craig 72 Culpeper 71, 73 Cumberland 72 Dickenson 72 Dinwiddie 71 Fairfax 72 Fauquier 71 Floyd 72 Fluvanna 72 See footnotes at end of table. RELEASE AND RECOVERY OF INTRODUCED PARASITES OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL 21 Table 1. — Species released and recovered in Eastern North America,^ 1957-75 — Con. Species released County Locality Year of release Year of first and State (19—) recovery (19—) Franklin Frederick Giles Gloucester Goochland Grayson Greene Halifax Hanover Henrico Henry Highland Isle of Wight James City King and Queen. King George King William Lancaster Lee Loudoun Louisa Lunenburg Madison Mecklenburg Middlesex Montgomery Nansemond Nelson New Kent Newport News_. Norfolk Northampton. Nottoway Orange Page Patrick Pittsylvania Powhatan Prince Edward. . Prince George... Prince William.. Pulaski Rappahannock.. Richmond Roanoke Rockbridge Rockingham Russell Scott Shenandoah 72 72 72 72 71 72 72 72 67, 69, 71, 68 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 71 71 72 72 72 65, 67, 72 73 71 72 71 71 72 72 72,73 71 71 72 72 72 71, 73 71 72 71 72 69, 71, 73 72 71 72 72 72 72,73 72,73 72 72 See footnotes at end of table. 22 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT 167, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Table 1. — Species released and recovered in Eastern North America^ 1957-75 — Con. Species released County Locality Year of release Year of first and State (19—) recovery (19—) Microctonus aethiopoides ® — Continued Virginia — Continued Smyth Southampton Spotsylvania Stafford Tazewell Warren Washington Westmoreland Wise Wythe West Virginia Berkeley Marshall Monongalia Preston Wisconsin Columbia Arlington.. Dane Mt. Horeb Kenosha Erly Rock Beloit Sauk Sauk City. Canada (Ontario) Brant Dundas Durham Elgin Frontenac Glengarry Grenville Haldimand Halton Hastings Kent Lambton Lanark Leeds Lincoln Middlesex Norfolk Oxford Peel Perth Prince Edward Welland Wellington York 72 71, 72, 73 71 71 72 72 72 72 72 71 73 73 71, 72, 73 73 71 69 70 72 71 71 71 70, 71 71 71 71 70, 71 71 71 70 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 70 71 71 71 73 72 71 72 71 72 72 Microctonus colesi ® Connecticut Tolland. _ Windham 67 67 See footnotes at end of table. RELEASE AND RECOVERY OF INTRODUCED PARASITES OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL 23 Table 1. — Species released and recovered in Eastern North America^ 1957-75 — Con. Species released County Locality Year of release Year of first and State (19—) recovery (19—) Delaware _ - .. Kent New Castle. Sussex Illinois. _ . .. Champaign. . . . . Ivesdale .. .... 67 do .. .. . . Urbana . . ... .... 69, 70 Cumberland Roslyn. .... 68 De Witt Clinton .... 68 Douglas Camargo .... 67 . do Hindsboro. .... 68 Madison.. . . .. _ Alhambra .... 68 Washington . New Minden. _. .... 67 Indiana . . . . Boone ... . . Thorntown .... 67 Montgomery . .. Waynetovm.. _ . .... 67 Kentucky. .. , .. Fayette . . . . . Lexington .. .... 70 62 62 70 Maryland. Massachusetts Michigan New Jersey. New York. Allegany Anne Arundel Baltimore Carroll Cecil Dorchester Frederick Garrett Harford Howard Montgomery Prince Georges Queen Annes Washington Berkshire Berrien Three Oaks. Cass Howard T.- Jackson Springport.. Burlington Cumberland Gloucester Hunterdon Mercer Monmouth Morris Ocean Salem Somerset Sussex Warren Cayuga Columbia Dutchess Fulton Livingston Madison Orange Rensselaer 68 70 71 71 67 62 71 67 71 69 66 66 66 71 67 70 69 69 69 63 66 70 67 67 64 69 75 69 63 69 63 71 70 70 72 73 72 73 72 See footnotes at end of table. 24 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT 167, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Table 1. — Species released and recovered in Eastern North America^ 1957-75 — Con. Species released County Locality Year of release Year of first and State (19—) recovery (19—) Microctonus colesi ® — Continued New York — Continued North Carolina Ohio Pennsylvania Schuyler Tompkins Ulster Rowan Wake Belmont Brown Clark Clinton Delaware Erie Franklin Guernsey Hancock Logan Meigs Ottawa Putnam Seneca Shelby Union Warren Washington Wayne Wood Bedford Berks Bradford Bucks Butler Centre Chester Clarion Cumberland Dauphin Franklin Huntingdon Jefferson Lancaster Lebanon Luzerne Mercer Monroe Montour Northampton N orthumberland Pike Snyder 72 74 74 70 70 70 73, 74 70 70 70 72, 7a^, 75 75 73 71 72 70 67 70 75 73 71 74 72 75 71 71 71 67 72 63 71 70 62 71 71 71 71 72 71 65 71 73 71 70 71 70 71 73 71 See footnotes at end of table. RELEASE AND RECOVERY OF INTRODUCED PARASITES OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL 25 Table 1. — Species released and recovered in Eastern North America^ 1957-75 — Con. Species released and State County Locality Year of release (19—) Year of first recovery (19—) Somerset - 69 LTnion Washington Westmoreland - _ Y ork Rhode Island Washington Vermont Bennington Virginia Accomack Albemarle Alleghany / Amelia Amherst Appomattox Augusta Bath Bedford Bland Buchanan Buckingham Campbell Caroline Carroll Charles City Charlotte Chesterfield Clarke Craig Culpeper Cumberland Dickenson Dinwiddie Fairfax Floyd Fluvanna Franklin Frederick Giles Gloucester Grayson Greene Halifax Hanover Henrico Henry Highland Isle of Wight James City King and Queen. King George King William Lancaster Lee 71 72 71 71 73 72 72 72 72 73 72 72 72 73 72 72, 73 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 73 72 72 70 72 73 72 72 71 71 72 72 72 72 72 70 72 72 72 72 72 71, 72 71 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 See footnotes at end of table. 26 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT 167, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Table 1. — Species released and recovered in Eastern North America^ 1957-75 — Con. Species released and State County Locality Year of release (19—) Year of first recovery (19—) Microctonus colesi ® — Continued Virginia — Continued Loudoun ... 72 Madison. ... 72 Mecklenburg _ _. ... 72 Middlesex. . ...72 Montgomery .. ... 72 68 West Virginia. Wisconsin Canada (Ontario) Patasson luna Delaware Illinois Nelson Newport News. Norfolk Northampton.. Nottoway Page Patrick Pittsylvania Powhatan Prince Edward. Prince William. Pulaski Richmond Roanoke Rockbridge Rockingham Russell Scott Shenandoah Smyth Southampton. _ Tazewell Warren Washington Westmoreland. Wise Berkeley Greenbrier Hardy Jefferson Mason Monongalia Preston Putnam Kenosha do Prince Edward. 72 72 72 72, 73 70 72 72 72 73 72 72 73 72 72 72 72, 73 72, 73 72 72 72 72, 73 72 72 72 72 72 73 73 72 72 70 72 72 70 72 Erly 69 Pleasant Prairie 69 South Bay 70 Kent New Castle. Crawford Hardin 73 60 67 70 See footnotes at end of table. RELEASE AND RECOVERY OF INTRODUCED PARASITES OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL 27 Table 1. — Species released and recovered in Eastern North America^ 1957-75 — Con. Species released County Locality Year of release Year of first and State (19—) recovery (19—) Indiana Maryland Massachusetts New Jersey New York Ohio Pennsylvania Virginia West Virginia Canada (Ontario) Canada (Quebec) Harrison Cecil Howard Prince Georges. Berkshire Hampshire Burlington Warren Cayuga Dutchess Livingston Tompkins Clinton Columbiana Erie Franklin Lawrence Mahoning Meigs Wayne Chester Fulton Lancaster Philadelphia, Charlotte Greenbrier Hardy Mason Preston Carleton Elgin Essex Haldimand Hal ton Kent Lambton Lincoln Middlesex Oxford Perth Prince Edward. Waterloo Welland Wellington Missisquoi 72 64 65 62 63 64 61 62 71 58 73 71 73 66 69 73 66 66 66 69 62 75 64 64 73 71 71 71 68 70 73 69 73 73 73 73 73 73 73 73 72 73 73 71 69 Tetrastichus incerius Connecticut Tolland Delaware Kent New Castle. Sussex 64 64 62 70 See footnotes at end of table. 28 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT 167, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Table 1. — Species released and recovered in Eastern North America^ 1957-75 — Con. Species released County Locality Year of release Year of first and State (19—) recovery (19— j Tetrastichus incertus — Continued Illinois. Indiana Kansas Kentucky Bond _ Donnellson 66 Champaign _ _ , , St. Joseph , , 67 do - , Urbana, , 70 Christian . , Sicily 67 Coles Fox Ridge State Park 65 De Witt Kenney 68 Edwards, _ _ , . , Albion 65, 66 Effingham _ - _ Watson 65 Fayette Vandalia 66 Fulton _ _ Duncan Mills 67 Gallatin _ , Equality 66 Hardin Cave in Rock 64 Jackson Carbondale _ 64 do _ _ . , Grimsby 66 Jasper . , Ste. Marie 65 Jefferson _ Texico 65 Johnson _ - , , Vienna 64 Logan Mt. Pulaski 67 McLean Le Roy 67 Macon _ . - ,, Boody 67 Madison, Alhambra 66 Mason ., , Havana 67 Massac . , Mermet 64 Menard, Atterberry _ 67 Piatt Lodge _ 67 Pike -, , New Hartford 67 Pope Eddyville 64 Pulaski Mounds 64 Randolph ., , Sparta , , 66 St. Clair , _ . . , Fayetteville 66 Saline Galatia 65 Sangamon Mechanicsburg 67 Scott Winchester 67 Vermilion , East Lynn 67 White . , Brownsville , , , 66 Boone . Dove , , 67 . _ do _ _ Jamestown 67 Harrison Corydon, 65, 66 Jackson, . , Brownstown 66 Johnson , .. Samaria , , 66 La Porte , Wanatah 68 Montgomery ., , Shannondale , 67 . _ do , , Smartsburg , 67 Ripley Ballstown 66 do. Osgood 66 Riley Manhattan 73 Christian Gracey, , , 71 Fayette , , , , . , Lexington 71 See footnotes at end of table. RELEASE AND RECOVERY OF INTRODUCED PARASITES OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL 29 Table 1. — Species released and recovered in Eastern North America^ 1957-75 — Con. Species released County Locality Year of release Year of first and State (19—) recovery (19—) Maine Maryland Massachusetts, Michigan Missouri Nebraska Lincoln (?) 64 Montgomery ^65 Pulaski (?) 64 Todd (?) 64 Cumberland 69 73 Allegany 74 Anne Arundel 64 Baltimore 64 Carroll 64 Cecil 62 Frederick 65 Garrett 74 Harford 63 Howard 64 Kent 65 Montgomery 64 Prince Georges 65 65 Queen Annes 65 Washington 65 Berkshire 67 65 Bristol 64 66 Essex 66 Franklin 62 65 Hampden 65 Hampshire 62, 67 65 Middlesex 67 Norfolk 66 Plymouth 66 Worcester 65 Branch 68 Calhoun 68 Cass 68, 69 Eaton 68 72 Hillsdale 68 Ingham 69 70 Jackson 68, 69 Kalamazoo 68 72 Lenawee 68 Monroe 68, 69 St, Joseph 68 73 Van Buren 68 73 Washtenaw 68 Cape Girardeau Gordon ville 65 Carter Fremont 65 New Madrid Sikeston 65 Pemiscot Steele 65 Reynolds Garwood 65 do (?) 64 Stoddard (?) 64 Texas Cabool 71 Dawson Gothenburg 73 See footnotes at end of table. 30 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT 167, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Table 1. — Species released and recovered in Eastern North America^ 1957-75 — Con. Species released County Locality Year of release Year of first and State (19—) recovery (19—) Tetrastichus incertus — Continued New Hampshire Cheshire 65 Grafton 68 Hillsborough 70 Merrimack 67 68 Strafford 67 68 Sullivan 67 New Jersey Burlington 61, 63, 64, 63 65, 68 Camden 63, 64 64 Cumberland 64, 65 69 Gloucester 63 64 Hunterdon 62, 63 64 Mercer 62,63,64,65 63 Middlesex 63, 64, 65 64 Monmouth 62, 63, 64, 65 64 Morris 62, 63 63 Ocean 75 Salem 63, 64, 65 64 Somerset 62, 63, 64 64 Sussex 63 63 Warren 60,61,62,63 62 New York Albany 65 Allegany 66 Broome 64 Cattaraugus 66 Cayuga 65, 68 67 Chautauqua 66 Chenango 65 Clinton 68 Columbia 63 65 Cortland 65 Delaware 64 Dutchess 65 Erie 67 Essex 68 Franklin 68 Fulton 66 Genesee 67 Greene 65 Herkimer 67 Jefferson 67 Lewis 67 Livingston 66 Madison 66 Monroe 67 Montgomery 65 66 Niagara 67 Oneida 65 67 Onondaga 65 66 Ontario 70 See footnotes at end of table. RELEASE AND RECOVERY OF INTRODUCED PARASITES OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL 31 Table 1. — Species released and recovered in Eastern North America^ 1957-75 — Con. Species released County Locality Year of release Year of first and State (19—) recovery (19—) Orange 63 Orleans 67 Oswego 67 Otsego 65 Rensselaer 65 St. Lawrence 69 Saratoga 66 Schenectady 65 68 Schoharie 67 Schuyler 65 Seneca 66 Steuben 65 Sullivan 64 Tioga 64, 65 65 Tompkins 65 66 Ulster 68 64 Warren 66 Washington 65 Wayne 67 Wyoming 66 Yates 66 North Carolina Ashe 72 Buncombe 74 Haywood 73 Orange 61 Rowan 71 72 Wake 61, 65, 71 72 Ohio Allen 72 Ashland 67 Ashtabula 71 Brown 71, 72 Butler 65,70 Carroll 66 71 Clark 65 Columbiana 66 70 Coshocton 71 Crawford 71, 72 Darke 72 Defiance 72 Erie 72 Fairfield 73 Fayette 72 Franklin 65, 73 Greene 72 Guernsey 71 Harrison 66 Huron 67, 72 Jefferson 71 Knox 63 Lorain 67 Lucas 72 Mahoning 65 70 See footnotes at end of table. PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT 167, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Table 1. — Species released and recovered in Eastern North America,^ 1957-75 — Con. Species released and State County Locality Year of release (19— j Year of first recovery (19—) Tetrastichus incertus — Continued Ohio — Continued Medina _ _ _ Meigs ___ 65, 67 72 71 Mercer ___ 72 Muskingum _ ___ 63 Ottawa ___ 72 Oklahoma Pennsylvania . Paulding Pickaway Preble Putnam Van Wert Warren Washington Wayne Wood Stephens Duncan. Adams Bedford Berks Blair Bradford Bucks Butler Cambria Centre Chester Clarion Clearfield Clinton Crawford Cumberland Dauphin Delaware Erie Franklin Fulton Huntingdon Jefferson Lancaster Lebanon Lehigh Lycoming Mercer Mifflin Monroe Montgomery Montour Northampton N orthumberland 72 65, 70 72 72, 73 72 72, 73 65, 70 71 72 71 70 61 61 62 62 64 65 63 65 69 63 70 65 63 62 73 64 64 67 70 64 64 64 64 64 64 70 62 70 64 65 67 64 64 63 69 64 70 See footnotes at end of table. RELEASE AND RECOVERY OF INTRODUCED PARASITES OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL 33 Table 1. — Species released and recovered in Eastern North America^ 1957-75 — Con. Species released County Locality Year of release Year of first and State (19—) recovery (19—) South Carolina. Tennessee Texas. Vermont Virginia. Perry Philadelphia __ Potter Schuylkill Snyder Somerset Sullivan Susquehanna^. Tioga Union Washington__. Westmoreland York Newberry Blount Greene Knox Madison Marshall Monroe Burleson Kaufman Maverick Wharton do Wilbarger Zavala Addison Chittenden Franklin Grand Isle Windham Accomack Albemarle Alleghany Amelia Amherst Appomattox __ Augusta Bath Bedford Bland Botetourt Brunswick Buchanan Buckingham __ Campbell Caroline Carroll Charles City__ Charlotte Chesterfield. __ Newberry Maryville. __ Greeneville. . Knoxville (?) Cornersville. Vonore Snook Rosser Eagle Pass.. Cottondale. . lago Vernon Crystal City. 71 63 71 71 63 71 71 71, 72 71, 72 71, 72 71 72 71, 72 71, 72 67, 68 66 65 72 72 72 69, 71, 73 72 72 72 72 72, 73 72 71 71 72 72 72 72 72 72 71 72 64 64 65 64 70 69 65 64 64 70 67 70 63 70 70 71 70 67 70 68 69 66 See footnotes at end of table. 34 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT 167, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Table 1. — Species released and recovered in Eastern North America^ 1957-75 — Con. Species released County Locality Year of release Year of first and State (19—) recovery (19—) Tetrastichus incertus — Continued Virginia — Continued Clarke Craig Culpeper Cumberland Dickenson Dinwiddie Fairfax Fauquier Floyd Fluvanna Franklin Frederick Giles Gloucester Goochland Grayson Greene Halifax Hanover Henrico Henry Highland Isle of Wight James City King and Queen. King George King William Lancaster Lee Loudoun Louisa Lunenburg Madison Mecklenburg Middlesex Montgomery Nansemond Nelson New Kent Newport News.. Norfolk Northampton. Nottoway Orange Page Patrick Pittsylvania Powhatan 72 64.72 71.73 72 72 71 71 72 71 72 72 64,72 72 72 66 72 67, 71 71 72 72 71, 72 72 67, 71, 72 68 72 61,72 72 67 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 71 71 72 72 72 61, 72 66 71 72 69, 71 71 72 72 72,73 71 71 71 72 72 72 70, 71, 73 71 See footnotes at end of table. RELEASE AND RECOVERY OF INTRODUCED PARASITES OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL 35 Table 1. — Species released and recovered in Eastern North America^ 1957-75 — Con. Species released and State County Locality Year of release (19—) Year of first recovery (19—) Prince Edward . . . ... 72 West Virginia. Wisconsin. Canada (Ontario). Prince George. . Prince William. Pulaski Rappahannock. Richmond Roanoke Rockbridge Rockingham. _. Russell Scott Shenandoah Smyth Southampton. . Spotsylvania. -- Stafford Tazewell Warren Washington Westmoreland. Wise Wythe Berkeley Greenbrier Hardy Jefferson Mason Mineral Monroe Preston Roane Columbia do Iowa Kenosha do Marquette Richland Brant Bruce Carleton Dufferin Elgin Frontenac Grenville Haldimand Halton Hastings Kent Lambton Lincoln Middlesex Norfolk 71 72 71, 73 71 72 72 72 72, 73 72, 73 72 72 72 71, 72, 73 71 71 72 72 72 72 72 71 71 67 65 71 71 70 71 65 72 65 61 70 Arlington Lodi (?) Erly Pleasant Prairie (?) Gotham 64 72 73 73 69 69 73 73 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 72 71 70 71 72 72 72 72 71 72 72 72 See footnotes at end of table. 36 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT 167, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Table 1. — Species released and recovered in Eastern North America,^ 1957-75 — Con. Species released County Locality Year of release Year of first and State (19—) recovery (19—) Tetrastichus incertus — Continued Canada (Ontario) — Continued N orthumberland Peel Prince Edward 70 Waterloo 70 Welland 70 Wellington Wentworth Canada (Quebec) Missisquoi 72 73 72 71 71 71 69 1 East of longitude 100° W. 2 Release and recovery counties for B. curculionis are shown on maps 4 and 5. This species is now so widely distributed that it is unnecessary to tabulate release and recovery data. 3 Because recoveries of B. stenostigma have been infrequent to date, place localities are shown for all releases, ^ Permanent establishment at this locality is in doubt. Subsequent recovery attempts have been negative. ® List includes only releases against alfalfa weevil. During 1948-57, several releases of M. aethiopoides were made against Sitona spp. in Manitoba, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, and Washington, but no recoveries are known. ® M. colesi was not purposely introduced, but it is probably of foreign origin. See discussion on page 4. Table 2. — Species released in Eastern North America ^ hut not recovered, 1957-75 Species released and State County Locality Year of release (19—) Campogaster exigua ^ Delaware _ New Castle St. Georges .... 57 New Jersey _ _ _ _ Burlington _ -. . Moorestown. .... 57 do_ Mount Holly _ . .... 57 Dihrachoides dynastes ® Georgia _ _ _ _ Clarke. ______ ... Athens . . .... 62 Illinois _ _ Hardin _ _ . Cave in Rock _ _ .... 64 Johnson Vienna . . . .___ 64 Williamson . . Creal Springs 64 Maryland Howard _ _ _ . .. . Clarksville .... 60 Massachusetts Franklin . _ Leverett _ . . ... 62 Hampshire. Amherst 64 _ . do . Leverett ... 62 Missouri Reynolds _ . . _ . (?) 64 Stoddard .... (?) 64 New Jersey . Burlington Moorestown _ _ ... 64 do Mount Holly ... 59, 60, 63 do . Ran cocas ___ 59, 60 Hunterdon _ Flemington _ _ ... 62 ...do _ .. . Ringoes. . ... 60 See footnotes at end of table. RELEASE AND RECOVERY OF INTRODUCED PARASITES OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL 37 Table 2. — Species released in Eastern North America ^ hut not recovered, 1957-75 — Continued Species released and State County Locality Year of release (19—) Mercer . .. . .. Pennington . .... 62 Somerset. . _ Belle-Mead .... 62 Warren _ . - _ Blairstown 60, 61, 62 do Johnsonburg. .... 61 New York Tioga . _ Nichols . .. 64 North Carolina Wake . Raleigh .... 63 Pennsylvania _ _ _ . Centre State College .... 61 Lancaster . Christiana .... 64 Virginia Craig Newcastle 61 Franklin . Wirtz .... 61 West Virginia _ _ _ _ . Greenbrier . (?) 61 Monongalia . (?) 61 Monroe . . (?) 61 Microctonus stelleri Delaware _ . New Castle . .. _. . Newark .... 69 Sussex Overbrook. .... 69 Illinois _ _ . _ . Champaign Urbana . . . . . 69 Douglas . . . Kemp 68 Wayne ... Fairfield 68 Kentucky. _ _ _ _ Ballard Kevil .... 69 Fayette Lexington 69 Maryland _ _ Frederick . Frederick 68 Massachusetts . Hampshire . _. Northampton 68 Michigan _ Berrien . . . . Three Oaks 69 Cass Howard T. .... 68 do Pokagon . . . .... 69 New Jersey. Burlington . Rancocas .... 60 Salem . . . . Alloway .... 69 Sussex Hamburg 68 New York . . . Ulster New Paltz 68 Pennsylvania . . . Franklin Sylvan 69 Northampton _ Martins Creek. . .... 69 York Dillsburg . _ .... 68 Vermont. _ . _ Addison Shoreham . . 68 Virginia ......... - Augusta Steeles Tavern 68 Charlotte .... Charlotte C.H 69 Wisconsin ... - Rock Beloit .... 70 Necremnus leucarthros New Jersey .... . Burlington Deacons. 65 Mercer . . . Pennington 65 Peridesmia discus Alabama - Morgan Decatur .... 70 Arkansas . . _ . . - Craighead Monette 67 Mississippi Blytheville 67 do Keiser 66 do _ . . Yarbro .. . 67 Delaware. . _ . .. .. . Kent. . ... Dover ... ... 59, 60 do Smyrna.. ... 59 New Castle _. Middletown. .. ... 59 Georgia. ... . Clarke Athens ... 71 Fulton . . .. Roswell ... 71, 72 Oconee . . . .. Bogart ... 72 See footnotes at end of table. 38 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT 167, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Table 2.Species released in Eastern North America ^ hut not recovered, 1957-75 — Continued Species released County and State Locality Year of release (19—) Peridesmia discus — Continued Illinois- - ., Hardin _ , . , , Cave in Rock 70 Kentucky _ _ . Fayette,, Lexington , 72 Maryland _ _ . Howard Clarksville,,, 60 New Jersey __ Burlington, Columbus ,, , 59 do ,, , ,, . . , , Medford 59 do , _ ,, Mount Holly , , 60 North Carolina, Rowan Salisbury 66 Wake, , Raleigh , ,, , ---- 66, 67 do , Wake Forest,, 67 Oklahoma __ Stephens , _ Duncan, 72 Pennsylvania, _ Chester,, Oxford 61 South Carolina ., Greenwood,, . , Ninety Six,, , 72 Oconee Clemson, ,, , , 72 Tennessee , , ,,. Cumberland , . . - , Crossville , , , _ , 72 Knox , , , , , . Knoxville _ , ,_ 67 Marshall,, . , _ Lewisburg , 66 Maury _, Spring Hill 66 Sullivan Blountville , ,, 72 Texas , , , , , . . Burleson,, , , Snook , ,--- 71, 72 Kaufman Rosser 72 Maverick,, ,_ . Eagle Pass, 72 do Quemado 71 Wharton, , Boling 71 , do .,, , lago 72 Wilbarger Vernon , 72 Zavala _ , , . . , Crystal City ,,, 71, 72 Virginia , , ,,. Accomack , Onancock,, ,--- 59 Charlotte , ., , Red Oak, , ,. 72 Montgomery, Blacksburg 72 Rockbridge Steeles Tavern 72 Trichomalus inops Alabama ., Morgan , ,, . , Decatur 70 Arkansas , , , . . Mississippi Keiser 67 Delaware . Kent , Dover , 59, 60 do _ Smyrna 59 New Castle . , Middletown, 59 Illinois , , . Hardin _ Cave in Rock, 70 New Jersey . Burlington, . , Columbus 59 do , Mount Holly 60 Virginia , ,, , . - Accomack , , _ , . - ,_ Onancock-, 59 1 East of longitude 100° W. 2 List includes only releases against alfalfa weevil. During 1948-57, several releases of C. exigua were made against Sitona spp. in Manitoba, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, and Wash- ington, but no recoveries are known. ® Although D. dynastes has never been recovered in the East, it is known to be established in California. APPENDIX Table 3. — Partial list of species released in the Western States ^ and their origin, 1957-75 [Includes only parasite material supplied through USDA sources] Species released, State, and county Locality Year of release (19—) Origin Bathyplectes anurus California _ _ _ __ _ Alameda _ _ _ Albany... . ... 67 NJ. Glenn. Orland ... ... 67 N.J. Riverside. _ Lakeview. ... 67 NJ. Colorado _ _ _ _ . Garfield . . . New Castle. . ... 75 Pa. Larimer . . Ft. Collins .. ... 75 Pa. Mesa... ... Fruita.. .. .. ... 75 Pa. - do. _ _ . Palisade. ... 71,73,74,75 N.J., Pa. Idaho. __ _ _ _ - Latah. Moscow. ... 69 N J., Pa. Montana.. . _ _ Ravalli (?) 71 Pa. Nevada - Churchill . _ . . Fallon .. ... 71 Pa. Washoe . Reno ... 71 Pa. New Mexico . . _ . . - Valencia. . Los Lunas . ... 75 Pa. Oklahoma. . __ - Texas Guymon . . . ... 74 Pa. Oregon. Benton _ _ Corvallis . . . ... 74, 75 Pa. Grant Dayville. .. . . ... 72 N.J., Pa. Linn. _ Corvallis. . . . ... 72 N.J., Pa. South Dakota . . . Lawrence. _ _ . Spearfish ^ ... 71, 72 N J., Pa. Utah . Cache _ . Logan . . ... 72 N.J., Pa. Washington ... . Clallam (?) 71 Pa. Wyoming . . . Fremont _ . Riverton ... 71 Pa. Platte _ . _ . Wheatland ... 73 N.J. Bathyplectes stenostigma California _ Alameda . . Albany . ... 69 Sweden. Colorado. . _ . . Mesa.. Collbran ^ _ ... 69 Do. do _ . . . . Fruita ^ ... 69 Do. Utah . Cache . . . N orth Logan .. 69 Do. Dihrachoides dynastes Colorado. ... . Mesa . _ (?) 64 France. Microctonus aethiopoides Arizona __ . _ . Maricopa.. _ . . Phoenix . . ... 65 N.J. do _ . _ .. Tempe ... 65 N.J. Yuma _ . Yuma ... . .. ... 65 N.J. California _ _ _ ... . Riverside _ _ . . Crestmore . .. . ... 68 N.J. Siskiyou.. (?) 66 N.J. Colorado. . . _ _ . Mesa . __ Clifton . . .. ... 65 N.J. ..do Collbran . . . ... 73 N.J. do ._ . Grand Junction. . .. 67, 69 N.J. do _ _ _ . . Palisade . . . .. 72 N.J. Montezuma. . . Dolores .. 73 N.J. do. . .. Lewis. .. . .. .. 73 N.J. See footnotes at end of table. 40 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT 167, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Table 3. — Partial list of species released in the Western States ^ and their origin, 1 957-75 — Continued Species released, Year of State, and county Locality release Origin (19-) Microctonus aethiopoides — Continued Idaho . Bingham Aberdeen .. 66 N.J. Latah _ . . . Juliaetta .. 69 N.J. do _ Moscow .. 66 N.J. Twin Falls . Twin Falls .. 66 N.J. Montana. . Ravalli _ (?) 71 Pa. Nevada _ . . Washoe Reno .. 71 N.J. New Mexico . Valencia _ Belen _ . ... 75 Pa. Oregon . _ _ . Benton Corvallis .. 72, 73, 74 N.J., Pa. Linn do .. 73 N.J. South Dakota _ . . Lawrence Spearfish. .. 69, 71, 72 N.J. Utah . _ Cache Logan ... 67, 72 N.J. do North Logan ._ 69 N.J. Wyoming . Fremont Morton .. 71 N.J. do Riverton . .. 71 N.J. Platte Wheatland ... 72 N.J. Microctonus colesi California _ _ _ . Alameda Albany . . 69 N.J. Riverside La Sierra . ... 68 N.J. Siskiyou Dorris ... 67 N.J. do Yreka ... 70 N.J., Pa. Colorado. . Mesa Grand Junction .. 69 N.J. Idaho _ _ . - Latah Juliaetta ... 69 N.J. Microctonus stelleri Colorado . Mesa . . . Clifton ... 66 France. do Palisade ... 69 Do. Peridesmia discus Arizona - Maricopa Tempe ... 67 Do. California - Monterey _ Gonzales ... 72 Do. Nevada . Churchill Fallon ... 72 Do. Oregon . Linn Corvallis ... 72 Do. Tetra^tichus incertus Arizona . Maricopa _ . . Phoenix . ._ 66 N.J. do Tempe .. 65, 66 N.J. Yuma Yuma.. _. 65, 66 N.J. California . Monterey (?) 63 France. Riverside . Hemet .. 65 N.J., Pa. do. . . Lakeview . ... 64 France, N.J., Pa. do . . La Sierra. ... 65 N.J., Pa. - do __ . . Riverside ... . .. 64, 65 France, N.J., Pa. do (?) 66 N.J. San Diego _ San Pasqual _ .. 64, 65 France, N.J., Pa. do . (?) 66 N.J. Siskiyou. (?) 63, 66 France, N.J. See footnotes at end of table. RELEASE AND RECOVERY OF INTRODUCED PARASITES OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL 41 Table 3. — Partial list of species released in the Western States ^ and their origin, 1 957-75 — Continued Species released, State, and county Locality Year of release (19—) Origin Colorado. . . - Delta (?) 64 N.J. Garfield New Castle . ... 64 N.J. do Rifle ... 64 N.J. Larimer Ft. Collins ... 65 N.J., Pa. do Kelim ... 66 N.J., Pa. do Timnath ... 65 N.J., Pa. Mesa - De Beque ... 64 N.J. do Fruita ... 65, 71 N.J., Pa. do Grand Junction ... 69 N.J. do_ Loma 65 N.J., Pa. do Palisade . . ... 64 N.J. Montrose. (?) 64 N.J. Weld - Berthoud ... 66 N.J., Pa. do Gil crest ... 65 N.J., Pa. do Greeley ... 65 N.J., Pa. do Johnstown ... 66 N.J., Pa. Idaho Bingham Aberdeen .. 65, 69 N.J., Pa. Canyon . _ Caldwell .. 64 N.J., Pa. Caribou . . Grace . . ... 65 N.J., Pa. Latah Juliaetta 69 N.J. do Moscow __ 64, 66 N.J., Pa. Twin Falls Twin Falls .. 65 N.J., Pa. Nevada Washoe Reno _ . _ .. 71 France. Oregon Linn Corvallis . .. 73 N.J., Sweden. South Dakota Lawrence Spearfish .. 69 N.J., Pa. Utah Cache Logan .. 67 N.J. Salt Lake Draper _. 67 N.J. do . . Salt Lake City . . _. 67 N.J. Washington Whitman Pullman __ 64 N.J. Wyoming Platte Wheatland. .. 73 N.J., Sweden. 1 West of longitude 100° W. 2 Recovered during 1973. 3 Recovered during 1971 and 1975. Note. — Many other parasite colonies have been liberated in the West. Since California has had an active parasite introduction program against Hypera postica and H. hrunneipennis for many years, the California reports and publications should be consulted for a complete record. U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE; 1976 O ^213-422 RELEASE AND RECOVERY OF INTRODUCED PARASITES OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL 43 PATASSON LUNA RECOVERIES (TABLE 1) 500 MILES ALBERS EQUAL AREA PROJECTION Scale 1:5,000,000 r. o- 44 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT 167, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE BATHYPLECTES ANURUS RELEASES (TABLE 1) ' 'yXjxxX , . — . H 0 ALBERS EQUAL AREA PROJECTIOM Scale 15,000.000 500 MILES RELEASE AND RECOVERY OF INTRODUCED PARASITES OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL 45 BATHYPLECTES ANURUS RECOVERIES (TABLE II ALBERS EQUAL AREA PROJECTION Scale 1;5.000.000 46 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT 167, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE BATHYPLECTES CURCULIONIS RELEASES 5 r\ A \ Mi \ fVw \ tr \ \ y -M W-ffru 0 ALBERS EQUAL AREA PROJECTION Scale 1:5,000,000 500 MILES RELEASE AND RECOVERY OF INTRODUCED PARASITES OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL 47 BATHYPLECTES CURCULIONIS RECOVERIES 500 MILES ALBERS EQUAL AREA PROJECTION Scale 1:5,000,000 y Y ■ ' . 48 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT 167, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE BATHYPLECTES STENOSTIGMA RELEASES (TABLE 1) ALBERS EQUAL AREA PROJECTION Scale 1:5,000,000 RELEASE AND RECOVERY OF INTRODUCED PARASITES OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL 49 BATHYPLECTES STENOSTIGMA RECOVERIES (TABLE II rpTTV/ 1 U ' \ I > 1 ^T- r- — ' ■ \ tE^r- i 1 rL n \ : VVRi,.r r-rn"T^ ■r+^ i i M 1 “I 1 ' t4 1 ! Jji \pv-ij- 100 200 300 400 0 ALBERS EQUAL AREA PROJECTION Scale 1:5,000,000 500 MILES 50 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT 167, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE TETRASTICHUS INCERTUS MAPS RELEASES (TABLE 1) 1 1 Ml rr r V X~T~ 1 ' il’ “ 1 :zL 0 100 200 300 400 500 MILES ALBERS EQUAL AREA PROJECTION Scale 1:5.000.000 RELEASE AND RECOVERY OF INTRODUCED PARASITES OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL 51 TETRASTICHUS INCERTUS RECOVERIES (TABLE 1) 500 MILES Vc ALBERS EQUAL AREA PROJECTION 52 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT 167, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE MICROCTONUS COLESI RELEASES (TABLE 1) M T 1 j — f tfi — V fr r 100 200 300 400 0 ALBERS EQUAL AREA PROJECTION Scale 1:5,000,000 500 MILES RELEASE AND RECOVERY OF INTRODUCED PARASITES OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL 53 MICROCTONUS COLESI RECOVERIES (TABLE 1) 500 MILES ALBERS EQUAL AREA PROJECTION Scale 1:5,000,000 54 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT 167, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE MICROCTONUS AETHIOPOIDES MAP 12 RELEASES (TABLE 1) ALBERS EQUAL AREA PROJECTION Scale 1:5,000,000 RELEASE AND RECOVERY OF INTRODUCED PARASITES OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL 55 MICROCTONUS AETHIOPOIDES MAP 13 RECOVERIES (TABLE 1) "M 1 i r ^ r u_ 1 1^- — 1 N H , 1 lh x p 0 ALBERS EQUAL AREA PROJECTION Scale 1:5,000.000 500 MILES “TT^ 56 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT 167, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE PERIDESMIA DISCUS MAP 14 RELEASES (TABLE 2) ALBERS EQUAL AREA PROJECTION Scale 1:5,000,000 f RELEASE AND RECOVERY OF INTRODUCED PARASITES OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL 57 TRICHOMALUS INOPS MAP 15 RELEASES (TABLE 2) I rj 1 1 1 h 1 p 1 I H 'iriT Ipl- ILI^- f I- 0 ALBERS EQUAL AREA PROJECTION Scale 1:5,000.000 500 MILES 58 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT 167, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE DIBRACHOIDES DYNASTES MAP 16 RELEASES (TABLE 2) 500 MILES ALBERS EQUAL AREA PROJECTION Scale 1:5,000,000 ^ ! TIT .i i \ 'i — 1 RELEASE AND RECOVERY OF INTRODUCED PARASITES OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL 59 NECREMNUS LEUCARTHROS RELEASES (TABLE 2) 0 ALBERS EQUAL AREA PROJECTION Scale 1:5,000,000 500 MILES 60 PRODUCTION RESEARCH REPORT 167, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE CAMPOGASTER EXIGUA RELEASES (TABLE 2) ■'tr i ■ \ T\ 1 ■ iVa_)t / n-v k} > — fjp 1 1 ri=r 1 yrLr\ j L, '~^h) — \ H-J— 1 \ f— 1 1 rT^A I L Ti 1 y \i__ i-LAp 0 100 200 300 400 500 MILES ALBERS EQUAL AREA PROJECTION Scale 1:5,000,000 RELEASE AND RECOVERY OF INTRODUCED PARASITES OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL 61 MICROCTONUS STELLERI RELEASES (TABLE 2) 500 MILES ■ 1 rA \ \ X ) \Vti ALBERS EQUAL AREA PROJECTION U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAU RESEARCH SERVICE HYATTSVIUUE, MARYLAND 20782 POSTAGE AND FEES PAID U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AGR 101 OFFICIAL BUSINESS PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE, $300