Historic, Archive Document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. Copy USO V Library HAl ■: 1 03Ul BcsithBora Blvd S#!tevaia, yo 2G705--2351 • ," A , '' >,r. . ;'v * > r\ t o' .,v> ‘ ■ - vV, 1 V V' vV#*> VV j A ■\'vv. -r (See Instructions on reverse of form) orrn AD 421 (4/77) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE RESEARCH WORK UNIT/PROJECT DESCRIPTION - PROGRESS REPORT U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE, STATE AGRICULTURAL. EXPERIMENT STATIONS AND OTHER INSTITUTIONS ACCESSION NO. AGENCY IDENTIFICATION NO. 5. WORK UNIT/PROJECT NO. 6. STATUS 30. ESTIMATED TERMINATION 2. 3. 4. TE R M 1 N ATED DATE 0049691 ARS 1203 30 00 1203-20254-002-01T E 0 31 DEC 85 date (Day, Mo., Yr.) 06 MAR 86 DEVELOPMENT OF SUITABLE INSECTICIDES AND TECHNIQUES FOR AIRCRAFT DISINSECTION }. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION ARS, Livestock Insects Laboratory Agricultural Environmental Quality Institute Rm. 120, bldg. 307, BARC-East 12. INVESTIGATOR NAME(S) Hayes, D. K. 2 Morgan, N. 0. 84. PERIOD COVERED BY THIS REPORT ( Month & year) From: 01 JAN 82 To; 31 DEC 85 15.PROGRESS REPORT During 1982, five new compounds, S-2703, S-3206, S-2852, S-4068 and FCR 1272 were formulated as 30% dust and 2% aerosol and were tested in large scale field tests in Miami and Baltimore in trailer vans. During 1983, cypermethrin, S-3206, S-4068 and FMC 54800 were effective toxicants for _D. variabilis , Popillia japonica, Blattella germanica and Anopheles quadrimaculatus in tests in Miami and Baltimore. Mu sea vitripennis , introduced on two occasions in 1982 in N.J., was not found in 1983 in extensive trapping. During 1984 six insecticides were identified as effective for controlling ticks, flies, cockroaches and Japanese beetles in aircraft disinsection trials. During 1985, aircraft disinsection trials conducted to develop new chemicals for use in aircraft were completed. Based on Log-probit analyses of the data, bendiocarb dust was highly effective against Blattella germanica as was methomyl dust against Popillia j aponica and S-2703f aerosol against Dermacentor variabilis . Glossinia morsitans morsitans , Anopheles quadrimaculatus and NAIDM Mu sea domestica were susceptible to all materials tested against them. 7. PUBLICATIONS HAYES, D.K. 1984. The history and present status of aircraft disinsection. In: Commerce and the Spread of Pests and Disease Vectors, Praeger Pubs, New York. Proc. XV Pacific Science Congress, Symp 7, New Zealand, Feb. 83, pp 23-36. MORGAN, N.O., STRASSER,E.G. and WITHERELL,P. 1983. Candidate pesticides for quarantine use, 1982. Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 8, 78. MORGAN, N.O., CARROLL , J . F . , STRASSER,E.G. and KLAG,N.G. 1984. Candidate pesticide formulations for quarantine use, 1982. Insecticide and Acaricide Tests, 9, p 397, #514. MORGAN, N.O., WITHERELL,P. , STRASSER,E.G. and WOOD, W.S. 1984. Candidate pesticide formulations for quarantine use, 1983. Insecticide and Acaricide Tests, 9, p 399, #515. MORGAN, N.O., SCHMIDTMANN ,E .T. , F0NS,J. and HAYES, D.K. 1985. Aircraft disinsection: An international concern for the protection of man and agriculture. Proc. XVII International . 84. Vet. Parasitol. 18:235-239. SCHMIDTMANN, E.T. , RUSSEK-C0HEN,E . , MORGAN, N. 0. , GERRISH,R.R. , WILSON, D.D. and GAGNE, R.J. 1985. Introduction and survey for exotic Mu sea vitripennis (Diptera:Muscidae) in New Jersey, USA T J. Econ, Entomol. 78:1320-1322. HAYES, D.K. 1985. Input into ’’Recommendations on the Disinsection of Aircraft.” WHO Weekly Epid. Rec. 7:45-47. PPROVED (Signature) 417133 AIRCRAFT DISINSECTION AND OTHER RESEARCH OF INTEREST DURING 1985 Report for the WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION* Livestock Insects Laboratory Agricultural Environmental Quality Institute Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Beltsville, Maryland 20705 U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL LIBRARY $ CATALOGING PREP *Partially supported by Trust Fund Cooperative Agreement No. 58-32U4-3-513 Amendment No. 3, entitled "Research on Aircraft Disinsection" IL OR ■A OH xin 1 AD-33 Bookplate (1-68) NATIONAL * -i » «">»< 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Organizational Information 3 Mission Statement and CRIS Unit Relationships 8 Research Progress - CY 1985 11 Research Plans - CY 1986 and 1987 12 Technology Transfer 15 LIL Publications - CY 1985 16 Supporting Documents Manuscripts - Morgan et al . 19 Foreign Trip Report - Hayes 25 WHO Report - Recommendations 27 Manuscript - Carroll et al. 31 NOT FOR FLTTC'TION AC'TCTTTT' A : T 730V T PR ■- 0 n'l.'T O'- v*-?E •- :;0 /HU v. - - TT* OR xRx- u . v - . i/X- NC LT OF AG*TCuj A Si 3 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Agricultural Research Service Terry B. Kinney, Jr. Administrator Beltsville Agricultural Research Center Waldemar Klassen Director, Beltsville Area Room 227, Bldg. 003 Phone: (301)344-3078 Graham Purchase Essex Finney Special Advisor Acting Asst. Director to Area Director Room 227, Bldg. 003 Rm. 227, Bldg. 003 Raison Assoc. Rm. 230 Rhodes Director , Bldg. 003 r*7 f-f 1 o < o a; o • O a: f-i o Agricultural Environmental Quality Institute • Chemicals Coordination • Analytical Chemistry • Biologically Active Natural Products • Biological Waste Management & Organic Resources • Insect Reproduction • Livestock Insects • Organic Chemical Synthesis • Pesticide Degradation • Soil Nitrogen & Environmental Chemistry • Weed Science Animal Parasitology Institute • Parasite Classification & Distribution National Parasite Collection Index-Catalogue of Medical & Veterinary Zoology • Nonruminant Parasitic Diseases • Poultry Parasitic Diseases • Ruminant Parasitic Diseases Animal Science Institute • Animal Improvement Programs • Avian Physiology • Meat Science Research • Milk Secretion & Mastitis • Nonruminant Animal Nutrition • Reproduction • Ruminant Nutrition Horticultural Science — Institute • Florist & Nursery Crops • Fruit • Horticultural Crops Quality • Instrumentation Research • Vegetable Insect Identification & Beneficial Insect Introduction Institute • Beneficial Insect Introduction • Systematic Entomology Plant Genetics & Germplasm Institute • Economic Botany • Field Crops • Germplasm Resources • Plant Taxonomy • Seed Research • Tobacco Plant Physiology Institute • Agricultural Equipment • Cell Culture & Nitrogen Fixation • Hydrology • Light & Plant Growth • Plant Hormone • Plant Stress • Water Data Plant Protection Institute • Applied Plant Pathology • Bioenvironmental Bee • Insect Pathology • Insect Physiology • Mycology • Nematology • Plant Virology • Soilborne Diseases Livestock Insects Laboratory Agricultural Environmental Quality Institute Bel tsvl I le Area Be I tsvl lie, MO 4 n o. o> c c +- 3 A, T TC J: Li XI ON ‘.' IIHoLL ’ R0 OR i *r\ IL ^ 12 LIVESTOCK INSECTS LABORATORY Annual Research Plans - 1986 Aircraft Disinsection: Work on aerosols as space sprays for aircraft disinsection has been discontinued. LIL will continue to develop methodologies for application of materials to surfaces as a means for managing pest insect populations. not for r ulica': thout huoa rai:V51 of th- ei:: ct< ... : , - OR THE U.S. » i U J - • - /H I C ’ £ ' - - C R AC R 1C UC IU- . v 13 LIVESTOCK INSECTS LABORATORY Annual Research Plans - 1987 Determine how to treat surfaces, especially of pyramids and octagons, to permit utilization of a single application of a pesticide over a time span of up to 6 weeks . Concentrate on the purification of sufficient materials for sequencing and synthesis of the PANH peptides for structural confirmation and biological studies. Work will continue on isolation, purification and structural determination of the PANHs of Heliothis virescens . Determine the full range of biological activities of the AKH family and synthesize agonists and antagonists. Evaluate our various CR systems in laboratory animals and finally in cattle (ARS , Kerrville, Tx. ) against ticks. In addition, we hope to inject the microcapsules directly into insects and ticks as a novel method to study the effects of prolonged delivery of hormone analogues. Continue pilot test project. This will include work on biological, chemical, and cultural control techniques, monitoring procedures, and development of population models and on use of pyramidal traps. Develop cooperative research projects with foreign scientists on poultry feed-through compounds (PL 480 project with Yugoslavia) and biology and control of Musca vitripennis flies (OICD project with Portugal). Suggest improvements and modifications for subsequent aircraft disinsection by another agency. Improve methods and means for killing ticks affecting man and animals. Determine the feasibility of non-insecticidal materials for controlling ticks affecting man and animals. Determine other potential methods for controlling ticks; i.e., fumigants, attractants, repellent, mechanical barriers, physiological barriers, etc. Continue to conduct series of experiments to define face fly, stable fly and house fly vision in colorimetric terms. Attempt to determine the visual sensitivity curves of the American dog tick and of various tabanid flies (horse flies). Continue research into methods of bioassaying compounds which affect insect vision. NOT FOR PiJLIC •vITK^u-' -- ;-P - n- -t- AG.-.i C JLTURAL H ' 'iV»!0NME'.T TJALITY I' *• t . : ; - A • IuLji. JT A - „■ L'L jt> . ' Fi'DAGriGN 0V : 1 : ;; E2Ji.*0R 32MENI OF L . r'RCl JCT -Y OR THE U. S. DEu ALIMENT CF AGRICULTURE a :-x EOF ■ TTYV’-V 14 Develop new or novel bioassays for evaluation of controlled substances such as marijuana, coca, cacti and derivatives. Develop techniques for evaluation of microencapsulated insect steroids and insect juvenile hormone mimics. Continue to conduct series of experiments to define face fly, stable fly and house fly vision in colorimetric terras. Attempt to determine the visual sensitivity curves of the American dog tick and of various tabanid flies (horse flies). Continue research into methods of bioassaying compounds which affect insect vision. Investigate fly activity as stress in the context of effect on herd/cow social structure, lactation/physiology and behavioral modulation. Investigate 1) how the bacterial flora of calf pens influence house fly and stable fly maggot growth; 2) how calf pens can be managed to adversely affect pest species, emphasizing moisture reduction; 3) competitive interactions between house fly and stable fly maggots and other biota. As required, conduct evaluation of candidate fumigants. HOT FOR Fiji ICATIOB WITHOUT PRIOR ^PROVAL C? THE AG^TC^l'' ' Vj 'SUV vd-JA-Uj. i Y ACFICFF 0 -■* 3.:. • CH SIZV.’I }R FI. Oik; T I ' Iku- ■ • OR Ifc-EU-S. AFN2 OF AGR l C’J*. 15 LIVESTOCK INSECTS LABORATORY Technology Transfer Livestock Insects Laboratory (LIL) will continue to work on developing residuals on surfaces to control pest insects, and on other areas related to interests of WHO. Since LIL performs research in support of the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), technology transfers involving regulatory aspects proceeds in a manner consistent with USDA policy, and LIL will continue to furnish support to this Agency. As key discoveries are made involving both disinsection and disinfection they will be transmitted to APHIS. LIL will facilitate, as appropriate, WHO contacts with Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Department of Defense, of the United States. )T FOR FU1I CATION WITHOUT PRIOR APPROVAL OF THE^ ^ -PJ CULTURAL ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 1M.>~ - s.,. Br:i?iRr,I SERVICE Oil FOE ’ • HOT AGP. AORICL: PBOUOI : : . A JJ RE 3 EAR C i I S ERV I 0 E :? APYSRTI S TNG VVH 1 GH EIC ’ OF IIi£ FROIV.'OT BF PE FOTITo : pRTHEU.S. PE.’ARX3£BS2 OF AGRICULT JRS ! ' “Cl . 16 LIVESTOCK INSECTS LABORATORY Publications List - 1985 Carroll, J. F. Caribbean fruit flies, Anestrepha suspensa (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae reared from eggs to adults on cannibalistic diet. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington. Accepted. Carroll, J. F. and Grasella, J. J. Occurrence of adult American dog ticks, Permacentor variabilis (Say), around small mammal traps and vertebrate carcasses. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington. Accepted. Carroll, J. F. and Nichols, J. D. Parasitization of meadow voles, Microtus penns ylvanicus (Ord), by Ameridan dog ticks, Permacentor variabilis (Say), and adult tick movement during high host density. J. Entomol. Science. Submitted. Carroll, J. F. and Schmidtmann, E. T. American dog tick, Permacentor variabilis (Say), summer activity on equine premises enzootic for Potomac horse fever in South-central Maryland. J. Econ. Entomol. Accepted Crystal, M. M. Artificial feeding of northern fowl mites, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canistrini and Fanzago) (Acari: Macronyssidae) through membranes. J. Parasitol. Submitted. Crystal, M. M. 1985. Hatching of northern fowl mite eggs held at different temperatures and humidities. J. Parasitology (Res. Note). Vol 71(1): 122-124 . Crystal, M. M. Identification of the immature stages and sexes of living northern fowl mites. J. Parasitol. Submitted. Feldmesser, J., Kochansky, J. , Jaffe, H. and Chitwood, P. 1985. Future chemicals for control of nematodes. Proceedings of Agricultural Chemicals of the Future (BARC Symposium No. 8, May 16-19, 1983, James L. Hilton, ed.). Rowman and Allanheld, Pubs. Chapter 25. pp. 327-344. Hayes, P. K. Automatic monitoring of oxygen utilization in insects. Proc. NATO Chronobiology Engineering Workshop, Cardiff, Wales, April 1985. In press. Hayes, P. K. 1985. Biological rhythms and development of agricultural chemicals. Proceedings of Agricultural Chemicals of the Future (BARC Symposium No. 8, May 16-19, 1983, James L. Hilton, ed.). Rowman and Allanheld, Pubs. Chapter 28. pp. 365-371. Hayes, P. K. , Halberg, F. , Cornelissen, G. and Shankaraiah, K. Frequency response of the face fly, Musca autumnalis (Piptera:Muscidae) , to lighting-schedule shifts at varied intervals. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. Accepted. Hayes, P. K. Miller, R. W. and Jaffe, H. Controlled Release Pevices. K A THE ULT'JJAL RE SEA i-' E o: • i Proc. 17 NATO Chronobiology Engineering Workshop, Cardiff, Wales, April 1985. In press. Hayes, D. K. , Shade. L. , Cornelissen, G. , Halberg, E. , Miller, R. W. , and Halberg, F. Growing role of insects in chronobiologic study: infrared synchronization of Mu sea autumnalis mortality on shifted lighting regimens by exposure to placebo or ACTH 1-17. Proc. Inti. Workshop on Chronobiological Technologies, Sept 27-28, 1984, Como, Italy. Accepted for publication. Hayes, D. K. , Shade, L., Cornelissen, G. , Halberg, E. , Miller, R. W. , and Halberg, F. Chronomodulatory infradian synchronization by placebo or ACTH 1-17 of Musca autumnalis mortality on shifted lighting regimens. Proc. Inti. Workshop on Neuroimmunomodulation, Nov. 27-30, 1984, Bethesda, Md. In Press Jaffe, H. 1985 Development of controlled-release systems for insect hormone analogues and their use against arthropod pests of livestock. Proc. 12th Inti. Symp. on Controlled-release of Bioactive Materials, July 1985, Geneva, Switzerland. Accepted. Jaffe, H. , Hayes, D. K. Luthra, R. P., Shukla , P. G. , Amarnath, N. and Chaney, N. A. 1985. Controlled-release microcapsules of insect hormone analogues. Proc. 12th Inti. Symp. on Controlled-release of Bioactive Materials, July 1985, Geneva, Switzerland. Jaffe, H. , Wade, C. W. R. , Hegyeli, A. F. , Rice, R. and Hodge, J. Synthesis and bioevaluation of alkyl 2-cyanoacryloyl glycolates as potential soft tissue adhesives. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Accepted Jaffe, H. , Wade, C. W. R. , Hegyeli, A. F., Rice, R. M. and Hodge, J. Synthesis and bioevaluation of a rapidly biodegradable tissue adhesive: 1 , 2-isopropylidene glyceryl 2-cyanoacrylate. Accepted. Miller, R. W. , and Miller, J. A. 1985. Feed-through chemicals for insect control in animals. In Agricultural Chemicals of the Future (BARC Symposium 8, J. L. Hilton, ed. ) Rowan and Allanheld, Pubs. Chapter 27. Miller, R. W. and Schmidtmann, E. T. Feeding Cyromazine (Larvadex®) to dairy calves for the control of house flies. J. Agric. Entomol. Accepted. Morgan, N. 0. A method for bioassaying insecticidal residues with field collected female tabanidae. J. Agric. Entomol. Accepted. Morgan, Neal 0. 1985. Blattidae. In: Handbook of Insect Rearing I, (Ray F. Moore, ed.) Elsevier Science Pubs., Amsterdam. pp. 321-328. Morgan, Neal 0., Schmidtmann, E. T. , Fons , J. and Hayes, D. K. 1985. 1985. Aircraft Disinsection: An international concern for the protection of man and agriculture. Proceedings XVII International Congress of Entomology, Hamburg, Germany, August 1984. Veterinary Parasitology FOR PULI CAT ION WITHOUT PRIOR A: W.--.P /Au Or THE I CULTURAL ENVIRONMENTAL OUA.. I TV INT7 ; TV TO NO AO AT FT E: THE A rii ' ' TV. TIES . SE»\ v ICE, OR THE U.S. LTSFARTEENr OF A OR I C’P ' ’ 18 Pickens, L. G. and Hayes, D. K. A model which relates captures and populations of face flies to weather in Maryland. Proceedings of the Population Modeling of Arthropods Affecting Animals and Man Workshop, West Lafayette, Indiana, July 1984. Accepted. Pickens, L. G. , Hayes, D. K. , Morgan, N. 0., Schmidtmann, E. T. and Miller, R. W. Pyramid traps for monitoring Musca vi tripennis (Diptera:Muscidae) . J. Med. Entomol. In press. Redfern, R. E. 1985. In Handbook of Naturally Occurring Pesticides, V. 1: Methods, Theory and Practice: Insect Bioassays. Ed. Dr. N. Bhushan Mandava. CRC Press, pp 479-488. Schmidtmann, E. T. Arthropod pests of dairy cattle. 1985. Chapter 13, Veterinary Entomology, Williams, Broce and Hall, eds. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., N. Y. , pp 223-238 (Review). Schmidtmann, E. T. Face fly, Musca autumnalis De Geer, and aggregation behavior in Holstein cows. Intern. J. of Parasitol. In press. Schmidtmann, E. T. 1985. Face flies, Musca autumnalis, and ear flap behavior in Holstein cows. J. Agric. Entomol. 2(1): 69—7 2 . \ Schmidtmann, E. T. and Berkebile, D. R. Relationship between numbers of face flies (Diptera:Muscidae ) , and nearest-neighbor distance among Holstein cows. Environ. Entomol. Accepted. Schmidtmann, E. T. and Redfern, R. E. Physiological condition of face flies, Musca autumnalis De Geer, captured from cattle during the fall months. Canadian Entomologist. Accepted. Schmidtmann, E. T. , Russek Cohen, E. , Morgan, N. 0., Gerrish, R. R. , Wilson, D. D. and Gagne, R. J. Survey for exotic Muscoid fly (Diptera:Muscidae) . Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. Accepted. Schmidtmann, E. T. and Wilson, D.D. 1985. Efficacy of insect suppression treatments. Avian Influenza (AI) eradication task force, Lancaster County, PA, 1983-84. Insecticide and Acaricide Tests Vol. 10, p. 343, #502. Stokes, J. B. , Redfern, R. E. , Warthen Jr., J. D. , and Jacobson, M. Antifeeding potency of neem formulation. Proc. Beltsville Symposium VIII, Agricultural Chemicals of the future, 1983. (Abstract) Weber, J. D. , Carroll, J. and Hayes, D.K. Synthesis of acetals and esters of propargyl, propenyl and propyl alcohols and the bioassay of these and related compounds as fumigants against Caribbean fruit fly larvae. J. Stored Products Res. Accepted. ^?1JLICATION without prior approval 0? AGP! CULTURAL ENVIRONMENTAL QUALI XY INST ITU' ACPI CULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE OR FOP ^ tv PROMOTION OR ADVERTISING WHICH EXl'PE.; L-sV’ - EM'-OE^LiriEUT OP THE PRODUCT BY t:-;:: - •/ OR HIE U. 3. D~FARTLENT OF AGRICULTURE F THE STORED PRODUCTS QUARANTINE USE: INSECTICIDE AND ACARICIDE TESTS Common malaria mosquito: Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say Fall armyworm: Spodoptera f rugiperda (J. E. Smith) German cockroach: Blat tella germanica L. Japanese beetle: Popillia japonica Newnann House fly: Mu sea domes tica L. Tsetse fly: Glossina morsi tans morsitans Westwood American dog tick: Dermacentor variabilis (Say) Neal 0. Morgan, USDA, ARS , Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Livestock Insects Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705 Peter C. Witherell and W. Scott Wood, USDA, APHIS, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Hoboken Methods Development Center, Hoboken, N.J. 07030 CANDIDATE PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS FOR QUARANTINE USE, 1984 and 1985: Each year two series of bioassay tests were conducted by exposing laboratory-reared and field-collected insects to insecticidal formulations in transport trailers (ca. 32 m^ or 74 m^) at Baltimore, MD, and Miami, FL. Insect species included for one or more series of tests were susceptible (NAIDM) M. domestica , resistant (Gainesville multiple resistant) M. domestica , resistant A. quadrimaculatus , (j. morsitans morsitans , B_. germanica , P_. japonica, S_. f rugiperda and _D. variabilis . The Japanese beetles were field-collected in methyl eugenol-bai ted traps. Some American dog ticks were field-collected by dragging white flannel cloth over tick-infested fields and all were caged in 30-ml clear plastic portion cups with tops replaced with double layers of tulle, a nylon mesh screen (1 ram^ openings). Mosquitoes and Japanese beetles were caged in 20-mesh hardware cloth cylinders 20 cm long by 7 cm diam with screened ends. House flies, German cockroaches and fall armyworms were caged in 0.24 liter paper cans with tops replaced by single layers of tulle. Tsetse flies were caged in 55 x 65 x 155 mm boxes made by covering stainless steel wire frames with black tulle. Test species were placed on the floor of each test trailer ca. 10 cm from a side wall near the center and ca. 30 cm from each end. Aerosols were formulated with Freon® 11/12 propellant. Aerosols were released within closed trailers while the applicator walked the length of the trailer. The manually released aerosols were sprayed for the required length of time based on release rate, and accurate doses were obtained by weighing and releasing the materials as necessary to give the required grams of active ingredient for each trailer volume. Dusts were formulated with HiSil® 233 as an inert carrier, preraeasured according to trailer volume and introduced into the trailers with a CO2 pressurized ?gun'. Dusts were administered through an open rear door of each trailer. Following each aerosol or dust treatment the trailer was closed for 10 min, then the rear door was opened, and 20 min later the cages of test insects were removed. Knockdown counts were taken at 30 rain and mortality (dead and moribund) counts were taken at 26 h posttreatment. The average air temperature inside the trailer at treatment was 25 +. 6°C. Based on Log-probit analyses of the data, bendiocarb dust was highly effective against B_. germanica as was methomyl dust against _P. j aponica and S-2703f aerosol against _D. variabilis . G_ . morsitans morsitans, A. quadrimaculatus and NAIDM M. domestica were susceptible to all materials tested against them. HOT FOR PULI CAT I ON WITHOUT PRIOR APPR07/ agricultural environmental QUALITY ir AGRICULTURAL research service ' C -v t PR ecu LION or a: vertising c- m ; . i C !TY EtxUuRSLV.EJT cl the product by the ns I OR THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE* THE . THE - . o s/ o 'S’ • I \/ I O CN «s r-» • • I I .-I in V o »s rH v o -s • I v l i 20 <0 cc 0) —4 u 01 CL 00 m O — 4 O fN ^ (N N rl N ✓N >✓ /\ r-> m v c o 3 ■o H O m o o CO %Ti * Cl cu to 00 Species abbreviations: B.g. ~ Blattella ftermanlca; D.v. - Dermacentor varlabllls; C.m.m. - Cloaalna moraitana moraltana; 21 1/ Aircraft Disinsection: An International Concern—' for the Protection of Man and Agriculture 2/ 2/ 3/ 2/ Neal 0. Morgan— , E. T. Schmidtmann— , J. Fons— and D. K. Hayes— For Presentation at: XVII International Congress of Entomology, Hamburg, Germany, August 20-26, 1984 The advent of the Jet-Age has produced a new concern for agriculture and mankind — the rapid introduction of exotic arthropod pests and/or vectors of diseases as hitch-hikers on international commercial or military aircraft flights. The onetime barriers i.e. deserts, high mountains, and oceans that prevented or greatly reduced introduction of such arthropods, are no longer deterrents to those specimens that can travel undetected when accompanying passengers or in cargo. Foreign animal diseases transmitted by arthropods can no longer be regarded as exotic curiosities of purely academic interest. Now the existence of an arthropod-borne disease in any region may be a threat elsewhere, and within one day can be transplanted anywhere on earth that is serviced by aircraft (Hayes 1984). Within the past two years an exotic fly, Musca vitripennis Meigen, was introduced into the United States in cargo via jet aircraft arriving from Europe (Wilson, 1982). The fly is common to north Africa, southern Europe, and western Asia and recently has been reported in Sweden. In India Paraf ilaria bovicola Tubangui , a parasitic nematode of cattle, has been shown to develop to the infective stage in M. vitripennis and causes the cattle disease known as paraf ilariasis or haemorrhagic filariasis ( Sahai and Singh, 1971). The disease is most visible on cattle carcasses that are being prepared for marketing, as infested muscle is discolored like a bruise, the texture is altered, and it must be removed before the carcass is marketable. If that nematode gained entry into North America, in the United States it could be spread by M_. autumnalis De Geer, a cattle pest common to most of the country. The subsequent effect on the cattle industry could be devastating through the loss of trimmed meat. Experimental transmission studies carried out in Sweden demonstrated that M. autumnalis obtained from the United States are capable of serving as biological vectors of P_. bovicola, as is the European face fly (Wilson, 1982). In 1970, another exotic Diptera, Hippobosca longipennis Fabricius, entered the U. S. from Africa as an ectoparasite on cheetahs Acinonyx jubatus , destined for zoological parks in five states. During the following two years the alien flies adapted to the new environments, and were appearing on other animals in the neighborhoods. A successful eradication corapaign eliminated the pest from the U. S. by 1976 (Keh and Hawthorne, 1977). However, in 1983, a re-introduc- tion of H_. longipennis into the U. S. occurred with a shipment of four bat-eared foxes, Otocyon megalotus , from South Africa via jet aircraft. Soon after arrival the animals were observed scratching. The area was fogged with a pyrethrin-base aerosol formulated for fly control. The individual foxes were captured, wormed, and treated with the aerosol to control fleas and lice. During this treatment, one _H. longipennis was collected from a fox. Thereafter the fox pen and surrounding animal holding facilities for lions and chimpanzees as well as the animals were treated with carbaryl (Sevin®) or perraethrin (Ectiban®) and a brief but effective local _H. longipennis eradication program was conducted (Schmidtmann, 1984). These accidental introductions of exotic ectoparasites into new environments via the rapid transportation of jet travel, and the hasty handling NOT F°R FULICATION WITHOUT PRIOR APPROVAL OF THE - ENVIR0NM£Ni'AL QUALITY INSTITUTED THE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE OR FOR ' SE ^SALES i 1 I ON OR ADVEHrr-Tra WH r V. bALES OF THE PR UDUC^n^r^ 0H IMPLIES C&meu.S. DEPARTMENT 0* AGRICULTURE I TUI IS, SERVICE, ' 22 of sensitive wild animals by not subjecting them to any tiring delays and extra handling en route to new habitats can be controlled. Currently, international laws do not restrict international air transportation of carnivorous zoo animals to those that have been certified as free of ectoparasites. The endangered species are especially protected from undue handling and can harbor many ectoparasites that may remain undetected unless a host dies in transit and must be autopsied. If laws are not approved to protect receiving countries from the introduction of undesirable exotic arthropod ectoparasites from infested countries, the onus should be on the shippers to protect the receiving country. Short of that, perhaps the aircraft cargo transporters should be certain the cargo is arthropod-free. This can be easily accomplished by the "blocks away" method (Sullivan et al, 1962) in which aircraft are sprayed with an aerosol insecticide as the aircraft taxies before take-off. That method of aircraft disinsection was successfully demonstrated over 20 years ago as an effective method for treating passenger carriers without alarming the passengers while exposing any transient insects to lethal doses insecticidal aerosols. Since modern jet aircraft use air circulation systems that provide a complete exhange of filtered air every 3-4 minutes, passengers are only briefly exposed to the treatment. Cargo carriers could use insecticidal dusts for longer insecticidal activity, where it would not be necessary to exchange and filter the air so frequently. During the first H_. longipennis eradication, in California the carbaryl dust was applied to multi-hectare pens containing several cheetahs. People with backpack, motorpowered spray/dusters were able to walk through the pens to within 3-4 meters of the cheetahs, blow clouds of insecticidal dust directly at them, and the animals showed little reaction to the intrusion. Therefore, after the crating and loading of the caged animals into an aircraft and the cargo doors have been closed, the space containing the animals could be disinsected without adding substantially to the discomfort of the caged passengers. The disinsection of all ectoparasites may not be possible as many species have not been tested for resistance or susceptibility to the insecticides currently approved for use in aircraft. One function of the Livestock Insects Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA is to evaluate new insecticides as aerosols and dusts against a variety of insects. Among the insects used are resistant and susceptible strains of M. domestica, M. autumnalis , Blat tella germanica Linnaeus, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, Spodoptera f rugiperda (J.E. Smith), Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say, Heliothus virescens (Fabricius), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille), Dermacentor variabilis (Say), and Glossina morsitans (Westwood). Although standard methods for evaluating new insecticides or formulations against those species involve exposing caged specimens to ultra low volume ULV treatments in a wind tunnel (Morgan and Retzer, 1981) and field applications in simulated aircraft (65 to 100 cubic meter cargo containers and trailers), most species have been tested in aircraft by the "blocks away" method. By that method caged insects are placed in the overhead luggage compartment, on, and beneath seats in the passenger compartments while the aircraft is parked. Cages of control specimens are sealed in a plastic bag and placed in the galley for the duration of a "blocks away" test. As soon as the aircraft is secured and ready to taxi into a take off attidude, a cabin attendant walks the length of the passenger compartment while releasing a premeasured dose of insecticide from an aerosol can. Usually the treatment goes unnoticed as the passengers are more concerned with seat belts and the people about them. Only after an unusual smelling formulation has been sprayed about the passengers have they commented of the treatment. During the past five years of wind tunnel and subsequent field trials in NOT FOR PULI CAT I ON WITHOUT PRIOR APPROVAL OF THE AGRICULTURAL ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY INSTITUTE OF THE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE OR FOR USE IN SALES PR ON. Of ION OR ADVERTISING WHICH EXPRESSES OR IMPLIES ENDORSEMENT OF THE PRODUCT BY THE INSTITUTE, SERVICE, OR THE U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE . 23 simulated aircraft, several new insecticides have shown promise for aircraft disinsection. Permethrin®, Cypermethrin® , Fenpropathrin®, Fenvalerate® and Baythroid® have given greater than 90% kill to all test species when applied as aerosols and/or dusts at the rate of 1.4g active ingredient/ lOOm^. All five materials have been formulated for marketing as control agents for other insect /commodi ty groups. For aircraft disinsection trials the materials are prepared as 2-3% aerosols and/or 30% dusts and the application rates are adjusted by using preweighted dust samples and weighing aerosol cans before and after application to obtain the required dosage. Residues of those insecticides as collected on wood and carpet squares placed on the floors of simulated aircraft for trials have given 100% control of Popillia j aponica Newman over two weeks post-treatment. In some ways _P. j aponica is a highly formidable but seasonal adversary for attempts at aircraft disinsection. The beetle has little if any concern for people or zoo animals. However, hordes of them are attracted to cargo carriers at selected airports, especially of the eastern U.S. They are active during late June and July and will fly over extensive paved areas attracted to the over-sized cargo carrying jet aircraft. Thousands of beetles have been observed on and in jet-powered cargo carriers, especially when cargo doors are open. On transcontinental flights the aircraft cruises above 35,000 ft. where the air temperature is subfreezing. Although the cargo holds have been disinsected, the beetles survive the flights somewhere on the aircraft. Wheelwells and non-cargo holding spaces are considered as beetle hideaways and methods for disinsecting them are being studied. Currently, only Sumithrin® (d-phenothrin) has been accepted for aircraft disinsection. Not all countries and airlines encourage the practice of aircraft disinsection. In 1976, some 360 zoos, wild animal parks, animal exhibitors, and animal importers were questioned to survey the introduction, and distribution of H_. longipennis within the U.S., and to elicit reactions to the problem of the introduction of an undesirable alien species of Diptera to their facilities. In summary, 18 exhibitors had received carnivores from Africa since 1970. The concern for alien ectoparasites being introduced on new carnivores arriving from another continent was unanimous, but the treatment of import arrivals ranged from doing nothing until a problem appeared to isolation for several months while animals receive complete physical examinations and have adapted to the new surroundings and diet. All exhibitors expressed the need for stricter controls at the ports of entry to include a quarantine of all foreign animal imports until they are certified as free of diseases and parasites. Some people requested strict inspection and treatment of animals at the exporting site, retreatment by aircraft disinsection en route, and repeated treatment on arrival at the destination. The authorities at the San Diego Zoo, San Diego, California, remove and burn all bedding from the shipping crates which are then cleaned and dusted with an appropriate insecticide. Aircraft disinsection is another means for interrupting the dissemination of pathogens carried by arthropods from areas where the diseases are endemic to disease-free areas. In 1974, Miller, Downing and Morgan demonstrated the ability of Stomoxys calci trans (Linnaeus) and M. domestica to harbor hog cholera virus for at least 72 hours. M. autumnalis harbored large quantities of the virus through 168 hours. Those data indicate that such common species can become vectors of hog cholera and could be important means for translocating the disease when the conditions are favorable. Flies are commonly found on transcontinental or transoceanic passenger flights. The potential vectors of economic agricultural diseases and animal ectoparasites may travel, unrestricted, between infested and disease-free areas. NOT FOR PULI CATION WITHOUT PRIOR APPROVAL 0? THE AGRICULTURAL ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY INSTITUTE OF THE AGP I CULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE OR FOP " -E 111 SALES FRO i ION OR ADVERTISING 'MUCH EXPRESSES 0^ IMPLIES ENDORSEMENT OF THE PRODUCT BY THE INSTITUTE,’ SERVICE OR THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE , ' . 24 Countries may refuse acceptance of livestock that have not been certified as disease-free, domestic and wild ungulates are quarantined at the ports of entry to the U. S. , but there are no international laws that protect importing countries from invasions by ectoparasites on carnivores nor free-flying hitchhiking insect vectors of animal diseases that may arrive from disease endemic areas. It may be difficult to enforce aircraft disinsection for passenger aircraft flying between disease-free areas, to promote an international awareness of potential arthropod disease dispersal by common species, i.e. M. domes tica , or to establish a single method for aircraft disinsection that would be acceptable by all companies. Yet, the need for international acceptance of the principles and usage of aircraft disinsection, especially by countries where diseases and ectoparasites of economic importance to man and agriculture are prevalent, is apparent. Shippers should be concerned with the quality and condition of the product shipped. Buyers should refuse infested and/or infected products. Aircraft disinsection at the point of origin could be an inexpensive method for preventing the need for an expensive pest eradication by the receiving country. REFERENCES CITED Hayes, D. K. 1984. The history and present status of aircraft disinsection, pp. 23-36. In M. Laird (ed). Commerce and the spread of pests and disease vectors, Praeger Pubs., New York. Keh, B. and R. M. Hawthorne. 1977. The introduction and eradication of an exotic ectoparasitic fly, Hippobosca longipennis (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) , in Calfornia. J. Zoo Animal Med. 8: 19-23. Miller, L. D. , D. R. Downing, and N. 0. Morgan. 1974. Transmission of hog cholera virus by flies: Recovery of virus from flies following exposure to infective blood. Proc. U. S. Animal Health Assoc. October. Morgan, N. 0. and H. J. Retzer. 1981. Aerosol wind tunnel for vector insecticide evaluation. J. Econ. Entomol. 74 (4): 389-392. Sahai, B. N. and S. P. Singh. 1971. A preliminary note on the development of Paraf ilaria bovicola in the Musca vi tripennis . Research Note, Indian J. Animal Health, December: 243-245. Schmidtmann, E. T. 1984. Personal communication. Sullivan, W. N. , J. Keiding, and J. W. Wright. 1962. Studies on aircraft disinsection at "blocks away." Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org. 27: 263-273. Wilson, D. D. 1984. Personal communication, U.S. Dept. Agric. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Footnotes 1 / This paper reports the results of research only. Mention of a pesticide in this paper does not constitute a recommendation for use by the USDA nor does it imply registration under FIFRA as amended. If Livestock Insects Laboratory, AEQI , Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland 20705 _3/ Hoboken Methods Development Center, PPQ, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030 ZlF°f. !™TI0N >«™0UT PRIOR APPR01 * ^ AL environmental QUALITY V’ RAL R£SRARCH SERVICE or fop •• 0R ADVERTISING WHICH EXFRpV* W.^MENT OF THE PRODUCT SY T«c S’;-' OR THE U.S. DEPARTMENT op agriculture* ' THE 7E OF THE ALES IMPLIES SERVICE, ' 25 FOREIGN TRIP REPORT for Agricultural Research Service 1 . Travelers, title, laboratory, center or field affiliation, location and and NRP: Dora K. Hayes, Chief, LIL (Research Chemist) USDA, ARS ,NER, BARC, AEQI Livestock Insects Laboratory Beltsville, Maryland 20705 Telephone: 301-344-2474 NRP-20254 2. Country or countries visited and period of travel: Geneva Switzerland November 18-24, 1984 3. Purpose of trip: To attend an Informal Consultation convened by the World Health Organization (WHO) on "Disinsection of vessels and Aircraft", one purpose of which was to revise recommendations for disinsecting of aircraft. At present these recommendations are contained in Annex VI of the International Health Regulations (1969) second annotated edition 1974, and additional recommendations on d-phenothrin are contained in the Wkly. Epid. Rec. No. 21 p. 182 (27 May 1977) and Wkly Epid. Rec. No. 49 p. 382 (7 Dec. 1979). 4. Abstract: Eleven temporary advisors from 10 countries, one representative of the International Civil Aviation Organization and 10 representatives of the World Health Organization participated in the informal consultation. The recommendations made by the group concerning aircraft disinsection are as follows : (1) Maintain the recommendations on the procedure for "blocks away" spraying. (2) Maintain the recommendation on the procedure for on the ground disinsection. (3) Add a recommendation for residual disinsection using a 2% permethrin spray. (4) Add a permethrin aerosol (2% in propellents (Freons) 11 and 12 in 1:1 ratio) to the insecticides recommended for use in aircraft disinsection. The recommendations will be presented to the next appropriate general session of the WHO for approval. 0R ™i:ICATI<>N without PRIOR APPROVAL OF the agricultural environmental quality institute ~f the AwimCULTURAL research SERVICE UR for in rROVOi lON OR ADVERTISING which EXPRESSES 0- ENDORSEMENT OP THE PRODUCT BY THE INSTITUTE SERVICE OR THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ’ ’ 26 5. Background : Worldwide aircraft disinsection has not been carried out consistently, and when conducted, the procedures often have been incompletely followed. This consultation was called in order to examine the problem of transport of arthropod vectors of human disease and of rodents in aircraft, vessels and land vehicles. A background agenda and annotated agenda are attached (Enel. 1). 6. Personnel Contacted: A list of participants is attached (Enel. 2). 7. Activities of the Consultation: Dr. Hayes prepared an overview of aircraft disinsection and a revision of the recommendations referred to under the above abstract (4). She presented the material, led the initial discussion and the writing group which edited the recommendations, and prepared a new version which she presented to the consultation. The edited recommendations were approved as summarized under the above abstract (4). 8. Results: A draft report, "Report of a WHO Informal Consultation on Disinsecting of Vessels and Aircraft" including as an appendix the revision of recommendations for aircraft disinsection, was prepared for approval by the World Health Organization. Although the final edited version is not available, the draft that was prepared by the participants is attached (Enel. 3). A working paper by P. S. Dale on "Residual Formulations for Aircraft Disinsection" is also attached (Enel. 4). 9. Recommendations : The draft recommendations for aircraft disinsection are summarized in the abstract of this report and are detailed in the draft recommendations attached to the draft report, "Report of a WHO Informal Consultation on Disinsecting of Vessels and Aircraft" (Enel. 3). A large number of working papers were provided to participants by the WHO and copies of these can be made available by requesting them from Dr. Hayes . NOT FOR PU. A Gi\i. C ‘-i— _ w agri cults PRO-'.; 0 1 iCF ENDGRSEME OR THE U. S I CAT I ON WITHOUT PRIOR APPROVAL OF THE AL ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY INS 1 1 YTF 'F THE * — -/im I SING WHICH EXPRESSES CO. Y OF THE PRODUCT BY THE INSTITUTE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE IMPLIES SERVICE, I ' I 27 February - fevrier 1985 RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE DISINSECTING OF AIRCRAFT RECOMMANDATIONS POUR LA DESINSECTISATION DES AERONEFS nilHUUI tmun AT^hUVA^ 0? THT7 agricultural environmental quality ihstitu toe Agri cultural research service or for uve in sales ^ 0a A?i-EST*SING WHICH EXPRESSES OH I VELIOS T OF THE PRODUC T B 7 TH E INSTI Ti ; TE C^RV TP v OR THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE* ’ ’ Reprinted from WHO II kly l.pulrm. /<« .. No. 7. 1985. pp. 45-47 I ire a part du Rc/cvc rpu/rni hchti. de I’OMS. N° 7. 1985. pp. 45-47. 28 NOT FOR PUlI CATION rViTHOUT PRIOR A ’-’PRO' ' • agricultural env ironmen tal quality ins: AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE OR FOR *t ••• PROMOTION OR ADVERTISING VHICH ENDORSEMENT OF THE PRODUCT BY TrIE* INST ITU OR THE U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OF THE guts of the N SALES OR IE PLIES E, SERVICE, RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE DISINSECTING OF AIRCRAFT' Based on the seventh, eleventh and twentieth reports of the WHO Expert Committee on Insecticides and the ninth report of the WHO Expert Committee on Vector Biology and Control Specifications for aerosols2 * fa) Aerosols should conform lo the required standards. (hi The insecticidal formulation and its dispenser should be regarded as a single unit required to produce the aerosol. >d\ hv Air (1C At) unpublished document 92S-1 - AN 905). Sec eleventh report of the Expert Committee on Insecticides. Annex 3. l est Pro- | ccdurcs for Aerosol Dispensers (WHO Technical Report Series. No 2(36. 1961. P 22) * WHO/EQP/6: WHO/EQ P/7: WHO/EQP/8 RECOMMENDATIONS POUR LA DESINSECTISATION DES AERONEFS' fondees sur les septieme, onzieme et vingtieme rapports du Comite OMS d’experts des Insecticides, et sur le neuvieme rapport du Comite OMS d’experts de la Biologie et de la Lutte antivectorielle Normes pour les aerosols2 a) Les aerosols doivent salisfairc aux normes formulees. h) La production d'un aerosol fait intervenir 2 elements qu'il faut considerer comme un ensemble: la preparation insecticide et le dilfuscur. c) Le poids netet la composition de la preparation, le debit et la datede fabrication doivent etre mdiques sur chaque emballage. Sonnes generates : Les diffuseurs devront etre d’un type non rechar- geable. a utiliser en une ou plusicurs fois, d’une capacite maximum de 490 cm’ et munis d’unc soupape protegee contre tout risque d’ouvcrture accidentellc. I Is devront salisfairc aux dispositions des regiemcnis natio- nau.x et de l'Organisation de I’Aviation civile intcrnationale (OACI) con- cernant le transport aerien d'articlcs dangereux.1 S’il en est place a bord une quantile sufftsante pour plusicurs sections de vol, il faudra appliquer les instructions techniques de LOACl relatives a la securite du transport aerien d'articles dangereux.4 Refroidie a — 5 *C, la preparation insecticide devra restcr exempte de depot ou de matiere solide en suspension. II est indispensable que faerosol emis soit ininflammable, qu'il ne presente aucun risque de toxicite pour l'homme et qu'il ne soit pas nocif pour les materiaux de construction des aeronefs. Aucun craquelage de la matiere plastiquc a base de methacrylate de methvle polymerise (Perspex. Plexi- glas) et de polycarbonate (Lexan) ne devra se produire.-5 Diffuseurs: La publication de TOMS intitulee Materiel de lutte contre les vecteurs (ed. 1974)6 donne des normes et des methodes d’epreuve detaillces applicables aux diffuseurs d’aerosols a utiliser en une ou plu- sieurs fois pour la desinsectisation des aeronefs. Debit: Le difluseur emettra la preparation insecticide sous forme d’aerosol a raison d’environ L0 g ± 0,2 g par seconde. Soumis aux essais prevus par 1’OMS,5 le difluseur devra produire un aerosol satisfaisant aux normes physiques suivantes: 1 Ccs recommandations eiaient autrefois publiees en annexe au Reglcment samtaire interna- tional. Ellcs ne figuraient pas dans la demiere edition, car il ciait nccessairc dc les revoir a la lumierc des realisations techniques reccntcs. Voir onzieme rapport du Comitc d’experts des Insecticides, section 2.3. Normes pour les aeosols (OMS. Sene tie Rapports techniques. N° 206. 1961. p. 1 I). ' Annexe 18 dc la convention de I'avianon civile Internationale sur la seeunte des transpons acncns de marchandtses dangercuses. 4 Instructions techniques pour la securite des transpons aericns de marchandtses dangercuses (document non public de I'OACl 9284 - AN/905). ' Voir onzieme rappon du Comite d'Expens des Insecticides, annexe 3. Methodes d'epreuxe pour aerosols et pour diffuseurs d'aerosols (OMS. Shrie de Rapports techniques. N° 206. 1961. P- 24) * OMS EQP'6. OMS/EQP/7; OMS/EQP/8 o J- ! OR I' HR U. -Or5 i-p... i'HODUCT HY Y?iS IN’ 3'. ;H2JARri!£NT CP AGRICULTURE 'LIES GHR7ICE, 29 (a) Noi more than 20% by weight of the aerosol shall consist of droplets of diameter greater than 30 p. (b) Not more than 1% by weight of the aerosol shall consist of droplets of diameter greater than 50 p. Biological performance : The insecticidal action of an aerosol produced from its dispenser shall not be inferior to that of the standard reference aerosol (SRA) produced from its dispenser when tested by the bioassay method.1 This bioassay method shall lake into account the possibility of resistance developing to the insecticides being used. Standard reference aerosol The SRA shall have the following formulation: Percentage by weight Pyrethrum extract (25% pyrethrins) 1.6 DDT technical 3.0 Xylene 7.5 Odourless petroleum distillate 2.9 Dichlorodifluoromcthanc 42.5 Trichlorofluoromcthane 42.5 The net weight of the formulation must be indicated on each container. Alternative aerosol formulations Alternative aerosol formulations may be used provided the insecticidal action of a candidate aerosol produced from its dis- penser shall not be inferior to that of the standard reference aerosol (SRA) produced from its dispenser when tested by the bioassav method and it fulfills the general requirements above. The following aerosol formulations have been found biologi- cally effective and safe and have been shown to be acceptable to passengers and crew in the required concentrations: Resmethrin. bioresmclhrin or d-phenothrin without added solvents 2% Propellant: Freon 1 I + Freon 12(1:1) 98% The addition of0.067% petroleum distillate to the d-phenothrin based aerosol has been approved by WFIO. The following compound has also been found biologically effec- tive and safe for use in aircraft disinsection: Permethrin (25/75 cis:trans ratio) 2% Propellant: Freon II + Freon 12 (1:1) 98% Disinsecting procedures 1 . Disinsecting before take-off. "blocks away" disinsecting : This procedure may be followed wherever planes originate from or land en route in areas of risk. fa) Disinsecting of the passenger cabin and all other accessible interior spaces of the aircraft, except the flight deck, shall be done after the doors have been locked following embarka- tion and before take-off. Hand-operated aerosol dispensers shall be used. The dispensers shall be serially numbered. The serial number(s) of the dispensers used for the disin- secting of the aircraft shall be entered on the Health Pan of the Aircraft General Declaration. Upon arrival at destina- tion. the empty dispenserfs) shall serve, together with the entries on the Health Part of the Aircraft General Declara- tion. as evidence of disinsecting. All possible sheltering places for insects inside the aircraft shall be treated, including cupboards, chests, toilets and compartments used for clothes, luggage and freight. Foodstuffs and utensils inside the aircraft should be protected from contamination by insecticidal spray. fbl The flight deck should be treated at a suitable time prior to expected occupancy by the flight crew, the door of this compartment then being closed and kept closed, except when opened momentarily to permit the passage of the crew members, until the "blocks away" treatment and the lake- oil of the aircraft are completed. The ventilation system must be closed during the spraying and for a period of not less than 5 minutes following spraying. fcj If it is deemed necessary by an appropriate individual, all parts of the aircraf t accessible from the outside only and in 1 See eleventh report of the I \|vn Committee on InsectienJcs. Anne* 2. tentative Method lor the ilioav.s.'i> ol Candidate Aerosols lor \i reraft Disinsection (It IIO ti\h ‘lit ill Krr>”' Srrif\_ No ’(to. 1‘Mil. p ltd a) 20% p/p au plus dc Facrosol scront constilucs par des gouttclciics d'un diametre superieur a 30 p; b) 1% p/p au plus de ('aerosol sera constituc par des gouticlettes d'un diametre superieur a 50 p. Efficacilc biologiquc'. Evaluee par la methode d’essai biologiquc,1 Feffi- cacite insecticide dc Facrosol emis par son diffuseur nc sera pas inferieurc a cellc dc Facrosol standard dc reference (ASR) emis par son diffuseur. Cette methode d’essai biologiquc tiendra compte de la possibility dc I'apparition d’une resistance aux insecticides utilises. Aerosol standard de reference (ASR) La composition de l’ASR csl la suivantc: Pourcentagc p/p Extrait de pyrethre (a 25% dc pvreihrincs) 1.6 DDT technique 3.0 Xylene 7.5 Dislillat dc pctrole dcsodorisc 2.9 Dichlorodifluoromcthanc 42.5 Trichlorofluoromcthane 42.5 Lc poids net de la preparation devra etre indique sur chaque diffu- scur. A lit res preparations d" aerosols On peut utiliser d’autres preparations d’acrosols a condition que Faction insecticide du produit emis par son diffuseur ne soit pas inferieurc a celle de Facrosol standard de reference (ASR) emis par son dilTuseur ei eprouve par la methode d’essai biologique et que le produit reponde aux normes generates indiquecs ci-dessus. II a etc rcconnu que les preparations d’aerosols suivantes etaient bio- logiquement cfficaccs. ne presentaient pas dc danger et etaient acccp- tablcs pour les passagers et les membres de Fcquipage aux concentrations necessaircs: Rcsmetrinc. bioresmctrinc ou d-phcnotrinc sans addition de solvants 2% Gaz vccteur: Freon 1 1 + Freon 12(1:1) °S% L’addition de 0.067% dc dislillat de petrole a Facrosol a base de d-phenotrine a etc approuvee par I’OMS. II a etc constate que lc compose suivant pouvait etre cgalemcnt utilise vec efficacitc et sans danger pour la desinsectisation des aeronefs: Pcrmcthrine (rapport cis:trans 25/75) 2% Gaz vccteur: Freon 1 1 + Freon 12 (1:1) °S% Procedures de desinsectisation 1. Desinsectisation avant le dccoUage: desinsectisation « calcs cnie- \ees» : Cette procedure peut etre appliquee chaque fois qu'un avion pro- vient d’une zone a risque ou y fait eseale. a) La desinsectisation de la cabine des passagers et de tous les autres espaces intericurs acccssibles a l’aeronef, a Fexception du posie de pilotage, doit etre effcctuec apres lc verrouillage des portes qui suit i’embarquement et avant lc decollage. On emploiera des diffuseurs d’aerosols a manoeuvre manuelle. Chaque diffuseur portera un nurncro d'idenlification. On inscrira dans la panic relative aux questions sanitaires de la Declaration generale d’aeronef le ou les numcros du ou des diffuseurs utilises pour la desinsectisation de l’acronef. Lc ou les diffuseurs vides, lors de Farrivee a destination, serviront. cn correlation avee les indications ponces dans la panie relative aux questions sanitaires de la Declaration generale d’acronef, a prouver que la desinsectisation a ete effectuee. Tous les emplacements susccptiblcs d’abriter dcs inscctes a I’inteneur de Facroncf devront etre traites, y compris les placards, les coffres. les toilettes, les vestiaires, les soutes a bagages et a fret. Les denrees alimentaires et les ustensilcs dc cuisine silues a I’interieur de Facronef seront proteges de toute contamination par I’insecucide diffuse. b) Le poste de pilotage devra etre traite en temps opportun. avant I'heure d’embarquement prevue dc Fcquipage. l-a pone sera ensuite fermec et. lant que le traitement «cales enlevccs» n'aura pas etc e fleet ue el que le decollage ne sera pas termine. el le sera maintenue fermee. sauf momentanement pour Id rer passage aux membres de Fcquipage. Le reseau de ventilation devra rosier forme duran; la diffusion el pendant une periodc de 5 minutes au moms apres la fin dc celle-ci. ci Si une personne avant autorite a cel elfet le considere necesvairc. toutes les parties dc I’aeronef qui ne sont accessibles quo de ■ Voir oii/icmo rapfxin Uu C'omnc J i'V|vrls vtos Insocucidci. iinnoxc 2. MciIi.hJc provivoirr vIVnn.ii t'iologii|uo dcs aerosols proposes pour la tlesmseelisalion vies aeronefs [(IMS v--,,- Kiii>i>3 — — — — — 100% 39 --- -C 2H5 -CH3 -C3H7 B 32 (19) — 59% 40 --- -c 2H5 -ch3 -CH(CH3) , B 68-70 (760) — 50% 41 --- -c 2H5 "CH3 -CH2-CH— CH2 a — — - II 92% 42 — -c 2H5 -C„3 -CH(CH3) 3 C 29 (27) --- 90% 43 ___ - (CH,) 3- ~C3H7 B 45 (23) --- 99% 44 — - - (CH,) -CH(CH3) 2 B 38 (23) --- 99% 45 --- -(CH^- -C3H7 B 55-59 (20) --- 100% 46 — - ( CH 2 ) 4~ -CH(CH3) 3 B 50-52 --- 99% 47 --- - (ch2)4- -CH2-CH=CH 2 A 71-73 (30) — 100% 48 — -(CH2)4- -C(CH3) 3 B 50-60 (19) --- 90% a.-d. Same as footnotes in Table 1. Table 3. Ethers and esters related to the alcohols, acetals and Petals evaluated in this study. Compound Fumigant Class3 Method of Synthes is13 Puri tyc 49 Allyl formate V --- --- 50 Allyl acetate IV — — 51 Allyl methacroy late III See Text^ --- 52 Allyl crotonate III See Text^ --- 53 Propargyl formate — 80% 54 methyl propiolate V — +20% ethanol 55 Ethyl propiolate V — --- 56 Propargyl methacroylate III See Textd 97% 57 propargyl 3-methy lcrotona te IV See Text^ — 58 Allyl ethyl ether I --- --- 55 ethyl propargyl ether II See Texte 90% 60 3-butyn-2-one VI — + 10% glyme 61 3, 4-dihydropyran I — — 62 ethyl vinyl ether I — — a . See explanation in text. b. Where method not listed, compound was purchased. c. Purity by gc, impurity is starting alcohol except where noted. d. For method of synthesis, see Esters in the experimental. e. Heilbron et al. (1946). NOT FOR PUL I CAT I ON WITHOUT PRIOR APPROVAL OF THE AGRICULTURAL ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ILL T ; TUTS OF THE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE CR FCR u: SALES PROMOTION OR ADVERTISING WHICH EXPRESSES OF. IMPLIES ENDORSEMENT OF THE PRODUCT BY THE INSTITUTE, SERVICE, PR THE U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NATIONAL AGRICULTJRAL JBRARY 0222 5607