Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. ‘Albeni Falls pune This nil produces about 60 anisea board feet ‘of lumber cards year. Idaho-Washington boundary. SUMMARY The forest industries of the Columbia-North Pacific Region have been developing for more than a century. Today, they are a major component of the Region’s economy, and their products are distributed throughout the Nation and the world. The projections indicate the forest economy will continue to be a significant element of the regional economy for many years. The forest industries will necessarily consume increasing amounts of second-growth roundwood during these years. The future levels of timber harvest, which would be required by the projected industrial development, are based on the assumption that forest-land owners, both public and private, would continue to increase their investments in forestry. The mix of forest industries is projected to change over time, resulting in decreasing wood consumption by the lumber industry and increasing wood consumption by veneer, plywood, and pulp and paper industries. Forest industrial employment will decline as worker productivity increases. Payrolls in the forest industries will increase, reflecting gains in productivity and continuing demands for skilled labor. Tt Ty ” ae) r= co +7) i t+}) 2 £ ~ 1) rd =} fe) > SA ASIA aah SUPER cee ns Uae Oe oe ene ie ia tara eee Log production in the Columbia-North Pacific Region continues POWER os RR RO ORO nn Ay a ee eee hE ERESENT PORES TINDUSIRY 20 oi use ch wes ob ee ee ee ie TSS Clg CUSERY: Mei e uh en Al beh |. isl Diener nl. So bisies hie oa tke Mier ly OOdEnausting was. tote ose. wdc ae Oe kek ORE Eee aes TODS UL TNC WISTIN SPS AE ae eRe GES StrvGs eh st Ree ARERDENER Diy earn ee ee BhesmagMclebOandeinGustiyin me sie weenie ohh i hes el eck Re ed. ROTC TS HELO OLE RPORES eee et ee Oe te ee ee, MMR EE eer TRS Forest industry employment has been declining..................... PEAR URURE FOREST ECONOMY, 1965-2020) ©... ek Si he Future national demand for wood products to increase ............... The timber supply situation in the Columbia-North Pacific Region ...... Westen Orccon timbencut to dechinemlighthy:).... 22 ....556.-.654555 Western Washington timber harvest touncrease 0. . 204. hb 8. JON. Eastern Oregonmanvese tO INCkeaSe prs ia. 14 ie elo, pn cic ies ose EASteneW.asiinetOnnWakvest LO MeEneaSe su a.) 6. cise sos cel cte jaro isis cas Idaho and western Montana timber cut to increase .................. Roundwood consumption by lumber and wood products industry (ROLLS Toa ne Ais is obs 6 cuicselote tip nc aeons CER RR Earn es Gena he ane Saw-log consumption to decline 29 percent by 2020 ................. Veneer-log consumption to increase 40 percent by 2020 .............. Roundwood consumption for miscellaneous wood products to TCT. CAS C1 eee Orn Ce ee ee ee eee eee ee THE FUTURE FOREST ECONOMY, 1965-2020 — Continued Foreign log exports to increase to 1980, then decline .......... Available: millswood residuesto: decline’) 5) 35. Pulpwood consumption to increase 1.6 times by 2020.......... Forest industry employment todeclhine = 44-2. 4 ee Forest management employment to increase 1.7 times by 2020 .. Forest related payrolls to increase greatly by 2020" = >) =. + CONCLUSION soos vo cage 2 Re tak og cue payecreue yt ae doa ee ee a ee Table LIST OF TABLES Land area in the Columbia-North Pacific Region and the United States; by major class:of land! .) os a2 hoe a ee Commercial forest land area in the Columbia-North Pacific Region and the United States, by cubic-foot yield class, January Wee NO GSS [cee Ee 2. Sees, aint ins ate as Ae corte ee cee Area of commercial forest land and volume of sawtimber in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by subregion, January 1, 1966 Net annual growth of growing stock and sawtimber on commercial forest land in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by State area. V9G2) 6-23-35 al aie te) eaaee scans one eee ee ee Annual log production by subregion and by owner group in the Columbia-North Pacific Region in 1952, 1956, 1962, and 1964 .... Total output of timber products, by product and by subregion and State, in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, 1965 ...... Number of plants and plant capacity, by manufacturing process, in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by subregion and State, he os ae Ae PMR Free ee ne armed sue OUR oh oe melee Tae i os SEW a Rel aie 8] aaa 84 Page wr eh ley. e Table 14 15 16 1 18 19 20 21 Forest industry employment in the Columbia-North Pacific Region by industry, and by subregion and State, 1965 ............ 19-20 Roundwood consumption by the lumber and wood products industry in the Columbia-North Pacific Region by subregion andestatewho Om wilhyprojectionsito tune year 2020) ok sn. oa. kc Roundwood consumption by the lumber and wood products industry in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by type of use, LOGS Wwitheprojecuions tOrthesyear O20) i Se ee ee Production of mill residue in the Columbia-North Pacific Resiom itel9 os swith projecuions tonne year 2020 se se Wood consumption by the paper and allied products industry in the Columbia-North Pacific Region by subregion and State, IGSpawithapnrofections to the year 2020) 2) ss oe eas 21s cs Forest industry employment in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by subregion and industry group, 1965, with projec- IONSECOREM Cay Cate ODON nie meer ces eres eatin a cee teas wee ase cul st 2 Employment in the lumber and wood products industries in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by subregion and State, 1965, Wile HOleCUOnselOnune seat ODOl som. oe aes ad Uses oe alamens & Employment in the pulp, paper, and allied products industries in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by subregion and State, LOO Wwiltleproje cLiONnS LOMtenveal > O20) 8) 0 te ee Employment in forest management in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by subregion and the United States, 1962, with projections: tonyears! 980) 2000hand: 2020—. 2s. Je a. ee... Income (payrolls) in the lumber and wood products industries in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by subregion, 1962, with Projections toyyearsel ISO, Z2000sand! 20208 . 4. eee! cee Income (payrolls) in the pulp, paper, and allied products industries in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by subregion, LOG withyprojections to years 1980) 2000.and 2020... cee. Income (payrolls) in forest management in the Columbia- North Pacific Region, by subregion and the United States, 19625 with projections to years 1980; 2000! and’ 2020=. 7. Fey S... Commercial forest land area in the Columbia-North Pacific ine cionebyavieldrclassiandcarcas Nanuany in 963 258-6 se eee. ee Percent of commercial forest land area in the Douglas-fir region, by yieldiclass and owner class, January | W963) =: Sse eee eee ee. - Table Dap Mg 24 IS 26 Zoi 28 29 30 31 3)) 33 34 5. Percent of commercial forest land area in the ponderosa pine region, by yield class and owner class, January 1, 1963 ............. Percent of commercial forest land area in the State of Idaho, by yield ;class and: ownemelass, Januanyal 1968S ane). oe) 2 See Percent of commercial forest land area in western Montana, by yield class.and'ownerclass. Sanuaryl) 196Suee aera Se Seeeeeee Area by land class, subregion, and State in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, January b, 1966, 222525 Son ee eee Area of commercial forest land, by forest type and ownership and by subregion and State in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, January hi. 966s 4) ce cos on ce eee se ee eee Area of commercial forest land, by softwood forest type and ownership and by subregion and State in the Columbia-North PaciticsResionyanuanyol. 966) 55) eee eee 48-49 Area of commercial forest land, by ownership, subregion, and State in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, January 1,1966 ........ Area of commercial forest land, by stand-size class and ownership, subregion, and State in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, January Val 966) feo Sh a os ae ee ae eee 52-53 Volume of timber on commercial forest land, by class of timber, softwoods and hardwoods, subregion, and State in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, January 1,1966 ............... 54-55 Volume of sawtimber on commercial forest land, by species group, subregion, and State in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, Janvary' 966) 2. ch9 ces se ee ee ee ee 56-57 Volume of growing stock on commercial forest land, by species group, subregion, and State in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, January le RIGGS: csceosaesate apteacntene ae on een ee oe 58-59 Volume of sawtimber on commercial forest land, by ownership, softwoods and hardwoods, subregion, and State in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, January 1,1966 ............... 60-61 Volume of growing stock on commercial forest land, by ownership, softwoods and hardwoods, subregion, and State in the Columbia-N orth Pacific Region, January 1,1966 ............ 62-63 Total wood fiber consumption in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by State and by industry group, 1965, with projections to'the year-2020 4... S42 RA ae FO AR, Se Ne ene Table 36 37) 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 Total wood fiber consumption in western Washington portion of the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by subregion and type of consumption, 1965, with projections to the year 2020 ............. Total wood fiber consumption in eastern Washington portion of the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by subregion and type of consumption, 1965, with projections to the year 2020 ............. Total wood fiber consumption in western Oregon portion of the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by subregion and type of consumption, 1965, with projections to the year 2020 ............. Total wood fiber consumption in eastern Oregon portion of the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by subregion and type of consumption, 1965, with projections to the year 2020)... .......... Total wood fiber consumption in the Idaho portion of the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by subregion and type of consumption, 11965, with projections to the year 2020 ............. Total wood fiber consumption in western Montana portion of the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by subregion and type of consumption, 1965, with projections to the year 2020 ............. Forest industry employment in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by State and industry group, 1965, with projections to (NS Weer DAW AAG) ah Fes eI a ee AN) SAU eee SO a a ee Pe Forest industry employment in western Washington portion of the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by subregion and industry SEOUD 1965. with projections to the year 2ZO2Z0 =.) ....5..5.... 5." Forest industry employment in eastern Washington portion of the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by subregion and industry croup, |!965, with projections tothe year 2020 22... 2.22... e. Forest industry employment in western Oregon portion of the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by subregion and industry SroOup. 1965, with projections to the year 2020) 55)... ..5.5..5.55-4 Forest industry employment in the eastern Oregon portion of the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by subregion and industry eroup, | 965, with projections to the year 2020)... 8)... 5...2.4.524. Forest industry employment in the Idaho portion of the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by subregion and industry PLOUp, WIGS, wath projections co the year 2020 94... 554.550 5.2-- Page Table Page 48 Forest industry employment in the western Montana portion of the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by subregion and industry eroup, 1965, with’ projections to the year 2070". 50 = eee Ti 49 Population, households, gross national product, and disposable personal income in the United States, 1920-62, with projections to the year: 20000 ee oe one Peg ee ee ee et ee ee 78 50 Summary of total demand for major timber products in the United States, 1952-62, with projections to the year 1985 .......... 79 51 Summary of consumption, net imports, and domestic produc- tion of timber products in the United States, 1952-62, with projections tothe year VOSS" oo 1. - ee i ce eee 80 ' Lal eaeryh “i ah a abe a ee : Mads $4804 hy ay a i ; et a : Pe ul , ; ve a ais yas hill | ii ; f iY f f i | PA , : . = reve LEGEND = C A N A 2 —y eS Ney WMAT GON ons AL Beninnen ——— 2 / % ‘| ; ae te La, eeeeee Subregion boundaries for JA SSeen 3 \ > = . . cont CES ae 2 economic studies ase J YsNOn OmisH i) Everet SUBREGIONS \ Strtemizg pg 1. Clark Fork - Kootenai - 5 \ : Pokons Nee wert) nee 2. Upper Columbia ‘ Ee 3. Yakima | gfe pene 4, Upper Snake Che ee magi yf * gene y i Rx 5. Central Snake Seencis >) e emt (s Panne <= = o ee Zs MISSOULA a 6 iL S ke w XE, _\ frruastot en tee, apams \ LT bees & \ wiseeie geet? | - Lower snake > SS \ a We Tan | 9 Fore O Ne ek 7. Mid Columbia PS) oN ay ¥ wece & . 3 SES lea Giwace , ou ee 8. Lower Columbia & > wh . pe eae eal) WZ 9. Willamette ; | f 3 — (jo) Seren Coastal om s Puget Sound q —Kraconss JEFFERSON * YA ow, > aA (0 we ve i} cr = — LEWIS! ie. Ris psi ater NarPuce O — re Jecatso \ ates, eas WALLA Sa scans Mibty AY we : ) 12. Oregon Closed Basin \\ Le ' | : OF si mat 235) re ; Caan toa ee , \ Acaeee \ j)cLarn Ges fore oO a oe { J Goldendole \L- % ous ia ‘ Pendieton : | > : “ly Rive? cS ey .) \ y "> UMJATILLA\ g ~, 3 A ) = Rist > yz ra é aN ive } S(SHERMAN OD ) BEAVERHEAD ~— ( “ LoGronde ( =z — y = { j / 4 | / o “ / a & OFousi Sore: i. MADISON 2 YELLOWSTONE Lane tn \ i ) : o [aariowat paARK ¥, \ u/e Y mewn ie S y Z reccomsTone é rgiane ‘y cee hints — oa : ) dl ( ee, —ttiom og eo. Ae / = nates = Ss ark @& % | 7 ote mzee Neen ic207S = doves FREMONT | VCR pk \ 2 y | D AS esate | yi =i : = a ak \ im 6 MEE ] g}.Anihony Eugene 2 2 Vet ike @, f Boa ; JEFFERSON sence Gaz Nol = Emenett 2 2) p puTTe / 8 * Qarce =~ ree nnn Tao QS ‘ t ¢ st You x Sil. Holley CAMAS al I ta aw on AOA Folrtield = BINGHAM oe GaieaaeN NOTEPAD Ne tae W ue plocatoo! = i eee vate GOODING LUNG N | are ben nes caaren Gooding 5 we c AR Dita HARN/EY * Shoshone sumuen s \ (ELE? z Americonss Q LAKE MINIDOKA Foye ° f 00 (i _ ‘o Let rg BANNOCK \) Carried cane \y ONEIOR | \eRANKLIN 5| Baie 5 preston —— pox ELOER Kiam oth Foils 2D fo ——— \ if DEL wORTE — ZZ / SisxKirou 4 | O00 | WASHOE | HUMBOLOT | | | | / Figure 1.-Map of Columbia-North Pacific Region by subregion, State, and county. COLUMBIA-NORTH PACIFIC REGION FEBRUARY 1966 25 i) 25 50 75 100 SCALE IN MILES if s2ae 122? 120° ee W652 ae 2° INTRODUCTION This report has been prepared by the Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station as part of the contri- bution by the Forest Service, U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, to comprehensive river basin planning by the Water Resources Council and cooperating agencies. The report contains data on the timber resource and forest industries, and it presents projections of wood consumption and forest-based employment and payrolls in the Columbia-North Pacific Region (C-NP Region) to the year 2020. These projections are based on the local timber supplies and projections of national de- mand for timber products. Current and projected estimates are presented for the 12 individual subregions and for the entire Region. Figure 1 shows the Columbia-North Pacific Region divided into the 12 sub- regions established for economic studies. These subregions conform generally to hydrologic land-use boundaries, except that they are identified by county rather than watershed boundaries. Much of the background for this report has come from four recent studies. The national perspective was supplied by “Timber Trends in the United States” (U.S.D.A. Forest Service 1965).! The regional background and projection meth- odology came, in part, from a report titled **Prospective Economic Developments Based on the Timber Resources of the Pacific Northwest” (Gedney et al. 1966) and prepared by the Forest Service for the Bonneville Power Administration. The ‘Names and dates in parentheses refer to References, p. 39 preparation of two other reports on river basin development, “‘Prospective Timber Supplies and Forest Industrial Develop- ment in the Willamette River Basin” and “Prospective Timber Supplies and Forest Industrial Development in the Puget Sound Basin and Adjacent Waters,’ provided experience and methodology in analyzing the forest economy on the subregional level. These last three reports were pre- pared by the Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. The resource statistics developed for the Columbia-North Pacific Region in _ this report differ from those in the previous reports because new and updated inventory data have become available, new trends in timber demand have become apparent, and revised cutting budgets have been devel- oped by public agencies. In addition, some differences arise from the fact that the boundary definitions of the Region and subregions differ slightly from previous reports. The forest inventory data pre- sented here for Oregon and Washington have been prepared by the Forest Survey Project of the Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. The Forest Survey Project of the Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station has pre- pared the inventory statistics for Idaho, western Montana, and Wyoming. The statis- tics meet the Forest Survey standards of accuracy. Wall, Brian R. Prospective timber supplies and forest industrial development in the Willamette River Basin. 1965. (Unpublished Pacific Northwest Forest & Range Exp. Sta. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv. Admin. Rep., 69 pp., illus.) Wall, Brian R. Prospective timber supplies and forest industrial development in the Willamette River Basin (supplemental projections of forest industry employment and roundwood consumption — 1963-2020). 1966. (Unpublished Pacific Northwest Forest & Range Exp. Sta. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv. Admin. Rep., 9 pp.) THE PRESENT FOREST RESOURGE The Columbia-North Pacific Region has a land area of 169 million acres, 7 percent of the total land area of the United States. It contains 85 million acres of forest land, 11 percent of the Nation’s total, and 70 million acres of commercial forest land, 14 percent of the national total. Of the 15 million acres of noncommercial forest land in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, 5 million acres are of commercial character but in areas reserved for use as National Parks;? wild, wilderness, and primitive 3Does not include changes in National Parks, wilderness areas, etc., created since January 1, 1966. areas; and State, county, and municipal parks. The remaining 10 million acres of noncommercial forest land are unsuitable for raising commercial timber crops be- cause of their low productivity due to factors such as high altitude, low rainfall, and steep terrain (table 1). The forests of the Columbia-North Pacific Region are divided into three broad areas on the basis of differing physio- graphic and climatic conditions: the Doug- las-fir region, the ponderosa pine region, and the northern Rocky Mountain region. The Douglas-fir region of the C-NP Region includes all of western Washington Table 1.—Land area in the Columbia-North Pacific Region and the United States, by major class of land Type of land Columbia-North Pacific Region, January 1, 1966 United States! Thousand Percent of acres U.S. total Thousand acres Commercial forest land 70,248 14 508,845? Noncommercial forest land: Productive reserved 4,603 29 16,008 Unproductive LO 4 234,012 Total 14,814 250,020 Total forest land 85,062 11 758,865 Total nonforest land 84,284 6 1,512,478 Total land area 169,346 fi 2,271,343 1 From “Timber Trends in the United States?’ January 1, 1963 (U.S.D.A. Forest Service 1965). Not included are the approximate 320,000 acres of forest land in Puerto Rico and some parts of interior Alaska for which data are not yet available. and western Oregon. On the west, it is bounded by the Pacific Ocean and on the east by the summit of the Cascade Range. Here, climatic conditions are very favorable to conifer forest growth, and, as a result, the region is characterized by its dense stands of tall trees. Douglas-fir is the dominant tree species except for spruce and hemlock in the more humid areas along the coast and true firs at the higher elevations of the Cascade Range. The ponderosa pine region lies east of the Cascade Range in Washington and Oregon. Here, the climate is much drier than in the Douglas-fir region. There are two timberlines which limit the extent of the forest-land area on the east side. As on the west side, there is a timberline associ- ated with the severe climatic conditions at high elevations. The other timberline is associated with arid conditions, and it can be referred to as the “‘dry”’ timberline. The Cascade Range is an effective barrier to the moisture-laden westerly winds from the Pacific Ocean. As a result, extensive areas of eastern Washington and eastern Oregon have a low precipitation at lower elevations below which forests cease to grow due to the lack of moisture. The timber zone, then, lies between these two timberlines and is generally confined to the more mountainous areas where sufficient mois- ture and suitable climate are available to sustain forest growth. The eastern Oregon and eastern Washing- ton area is generally referred to as the ponderosa pine region because it is charac- terized by extensive stands of ponderosa pine which occur at low elevations above the “dry” timberline. At higher elevations, the pure stands of pine give way to mixed stands of Douglas-fir, western larch, white fir, and lodgepole pine. In the cool moist areas of higher elevations, noble fir, Engel- mann spruce, subalpine fir, western hem- lock, and white pine are found. The third major part of the Columbia- North Pacific Region lies to the east in Idaho, western Montana, and Teton County, Wyoming. Like the ponderosa pine region, this portion has extensive semiarid nonforest areas, especially in southern Idaho which is only 30 percent forested. In the north, there are extensive forested areas stretching west from the Continental Divide in western Montana through north- ern Idaho into eastern Washington. From the standpoint of volume yields, timber quality, and operability, the best timber in the Rocky Mountains is found in northern Idaho and western Montana (Pissot and Hanson 1963). Both northern Idaho and western Mon- tana are 80 percent forested, and have large areas in Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, lodge- pole pine, and fir-spruce type. Northern Idaho, in addition, has a substantial acreage of western white pine type and western Montana a large area of western larch type. Although the northern subregions in this area have a history of severe forest fires which have left substantial areas of non- stocked and poorly stocked lands, un- doubtedly the greatest stocking problem in the forests of this area is overstocking. Both understocked and overstocked condi- tions will reduce yields in the foreseeable future. Softwood species are most common Softwood species types dominate the forests of the Columbia-North Pacific Region, accounting for 92 percent of the commercial forest area (table 26, page 47). The most common softwood species type is Douglas-fir, which covers 26.8 million acres of commercial forest land and is found in every subregion (table 27, page 48). The ponderosa pine type covers the second largest area of commercial forest land in the C-NP Region. Like Douglas-fir, it occurs in every subregion, but its impor- tance is negligible in western Oregon and western Washington. The fir-spruce forest type is composed of several associated forest species: Engel- mann spruce, grand fir, subalpine fir, and other true firs. As a group, these species cover 8.5 million acres of commercial forest land in the region, but they are most significant in the Idaho-western Montana area (table 27, page 48). These species are grouped because they frequently occur in mixture and are utilized similarly for lumber and pulpwood. Lodgepole pine is found in every sub- region of the C-NP Region. It is the predominant species on 7.5 million acres of commercial forest land, but its utilization has been largely limited to the inland area with some lumber, poles, and piling being produced from it. For the future, it offers a vast untapped resource for uses such as pulp production. Hardwood forest types cover only 6 percent of the commercial forest land (4.4 million acres) in the Columbia-North Pacific Region (table 26, page 47). Ninety- two percent of the hardwood area occurs west of the Cascades, where it frequently is found on the better growing sites. In many areas, hardwoods are the first tree species to enter naturally after the forest has been disturbed by fire or logging. About one-half of the hardwoods in western Oregon occur in the five southwestern counties. In the inland portion of the C-NP Region, the hardwoods are generally associated with moist valley bottoms bordering streams. Federal ownership most important The largest public forest holdings in the Columbia-North Pacific Region are in National Forests with 51 percent (36 million acres) of the commercial forest area (table 28, page 51). East of the Cascades, the National Forests are the dominant Ownership, whereas in the subregions west of the Cascades, National Forests represent a smaller proportion of the total. As shown in the following tabulation, the proportion of total commercial forest land area in National Forest ownership ranges from 88 percent in the Upper Snake subregion to 26 percent in the Puget Sound and the Coastal subregions in western Washington and western Oregon: Percent Subregions east of the Cascades: Upper Snake 88 Central Snake 80 Oregon Closed Basin 76 Lower Snake 74 Mid-Columbia 62 Clark Fork-Kootenai-Spokane 59 Upper Columbia 42 Yakima 38 Subregions west of the Cascades: Willamette 40 Lower Columbia 30 Coastal 26 Puget Sound 26 The Bureau of Land Management has commercial forest land in every subregion and holds the fourth largest acreage of commercial forest land in the Columbia- North Pacific Region (table 28, page 51). It is a major timber owner in western Oregon, especially in the Coastal subregion where it has 1.6 million acres of commercial forest land under management. Indian-owned lands, managed by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, account for 3 percent (2.4 million acres) of the com- mercial forest land in the C-NP Region (table 28, page 51). The Indian timber resources in the larger reservations are important to the economies of several subregions even though they lack major importance in the whole Northwest. For example, the Yakima Indian Reservation accounts for about 28 percent of the commercial forest land in the Yakima subregion. The Colville and the Spokane Indian Reservations are important to the forest economy of northeastern Washing- ton in the Upper Columbia subregion where they account for 30 percent of the commercial forest land. Other public agencies own 6 percent of the commercial forest land The other public owners include the States, counties, and municipalities, and as a group they account for 4.4 million acres of commercial forest land in the Columbia- North Pacific Region (table 28, page 51). The State of Washington is the largest owner in this group with 2 million acres of commercial forest land under management, and it ranks fourth in State ownership of commercial forest land in the United States. Thirty-four percent of the commercial forest land is held by private owners Private owners hold 24 million acres or 34 percent of the commercial forest land in the Columbia-North Pacific Region (table 28, page 51). In the Douglas-fir region of western Oregon and western Washington, private ownership accounts for about half of the commercial forest land. Forest industrial owners manage 55 percent of the 13.2 million acres of private commercial forest land. Lumber companies are the most important industrial ownership with 4.6 million acres of commercial forest land, and pulp and paper companies rank second with 2.4 million acres. Farmers own 2.5 million acres of the commercial forest land west of the Cascade Range. Miscellaneous private owners as a group hold 3.4 million acres of commercial forest land. Many of the large owners, such as railroads, actively manage their lands for timber production. However, many of the small miscellaneous private owners in the Douglas-fir region do not actively manage their forest lands because they are not timber oriented. In the ponderosa pine region, including Klamath County,* Oregon, private owners account for 31 percent of the total com- mercial forest land (6.2 million acres). Farmers are the largest private owner group in this region, with 54 percent of the private ownership or 3.4 million acres. The lumber industry owns the next largest area of private commercial forest land (about 2 million acres). The industrial owners in this area own some of the finest stands of ponderosa pine in the Columbia-North Pacific Region (Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station 1965). In all of Idaho, including Oneida, Frank- lin, and Bear Lake Counties,° private owners account for 20 percent of the State’s commercial forest land (3.2 million acres). Industrial and other private owners (excepting farmers) manage about 60 percent of the private commercial forest land, whereas the farmers own the remain- der. Private interests claimed the best timberlands, especially the white pine forests, in northern Idaho, during the late 19th century. Asa result, 81 percent of the private forest land (2.6 million acres) in Idaho is found in the northern part of the State. In western Montana, 27 percent of the commercial forest land (2.8 million acres) is privately owned. Miscellaneous private owners, including large mining interests and railroads, hold 46 percent of the private forest lands (1.3 million acres). The lumber industry is the second largest private owner in western Montana with 37 percent of the private commercial forest lands (1.0 million acres) and farmers are the smallest owner- ship group (471,000 acres). * These ownership statistics concerning the forest resource are available only for larger areas, including Klamath County, Oregon, and Oneida, Franklin, and Bear Lake Counties, Idaho. Although these counties are not included in the C-NP Region, their inclusion does not materially affect the relations developed. > Oneida, Franklin, and Bear Lake Counties are outside the boundaries of the C-NP Region in this study. Columbia-North Pacific forest land has high productive capacity Although the 70.2 million acres of commercial forest land in the Columbia- North Pacific Region represent only 14 percent of the Nation’s commercial forest area, the Region has 43 percent (about 19 million acres) of the Nation’s forest land rated as potentially most productive. These are lands which are capable of yielding 120 or more cubic feet per acre per year (table 2). These high-site lands are mostly found in the Douglas-fir region where the climate is moist and favorable for forest growth. Sixty-one percent of the Douglas-fir region’s forest lands are in this productive class. In general, the eastern portion of the C-NP Region has forest lands with lower potential productivity. Almost all of the Region’s acres classed as least productive, yielding less than SO cubic feet per acre per year, are found here. Idaho’s commercial forest land is generally more productive than that in other areas east of the Cascade Range. Within the C-NP Region there is a wide range of commercial forest land capacities. The high productivity of the forest land in western Washington and western Oregon is shown by the large concentration of timber volume on relatively few acres. The Willam- ette subregion, for example, contains 16 percent of the Region’s sawtimber volume on only 8 percent of the commercial forest area. In contrast, the Clark Fork-Kootenai- Spokane subregion accounts for only 11 percent of the timber volume even though it has 23 percent of the commercial forest area (table 3). Table 2.—Commercial forest land area in the Columbia-North Pacific Region and the United States, by cubic-foot yield class, January 1, 1963 Yield class! Percent 120 cubic feet or more 26 85—120 cubic feet 18 50—85 cubic feet 35 Less than 50 cubic feet 2A All classes 100 Columbia-North Pacific Region? 3 United States? MM acres Percent MM acres LS 8 44 Lis. 23 116 ZS 46 233 BS) 23 116 72 100 509 1’ classification of forest land based on mean annual increment culmination of fully stocked stands of species currently occupying the area. Yields may be substantially higher under intensive management. 2 All of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and western Montana, but does not include Wyoming. Source: Based on “Timber Trends in the United States” but adjusted for January 1, 1968, data for Idaho and western Montana. Table 3.—Area of commercial forest land and volume of sawtimber in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by subregion, January 1, 1966 Average volume per acre Subregion Commercial forest land Volume? M acres Percent = MMcbd. ft, Rercent Bad. if. Clark Fork-Kootenai- Spokane 15,737 23 115,802 11 7,359 Upper Columbia 4,881 7 37,266 3 7,635 Yakima 1,645 ») 29,168 3 17,731 Upper Snake DIDS 3 15,684 2 7,049 Central Snake 3,677 5 34,498 3 9,382 Lower Snake 8,881 13 74,557 7 8,395 Mid-Columbia 5,908 8 61,964 6 10,488 Lower Columbia 3,535 5 96,571 9 27319 Willamette 5,895 8 168,542 16 28,591 Coastal 10,213 15 260,365 25 25,493 Puget Sound 6,071 9 134,589 13 22,169 Oregon Closed Basin 1,580 D 16,709 2 10,575 Total 70,248 100 1,045,715 100 14,886 1 international 1/4-inch rule. In most areas of the Columbia-North Pacific Region, private forest ownerships have a substantial proportion of their lands in high site areas. For example, in the Douglas-fir region, 72 percent of forest industry’s and 63 percent of other private owners forest acres are in the highest capacity class. Nearly half of the private commercial forest land in Idaho and one quarter of that in the ponderosa pine region is capable of yielding at least 85 cubic feet per acre per year. By compari- son, western Montana’s private forest lands have generally low productive capacity (tables 21-24, pages 43-45). The Columbia-North Pacific Region has one-third of the Nation's total timber The Columbia-North Pacific Region con- tains an estimated net volume of 217 billion cubic feet of timber on commercial forest land in trees 5 inches and larger in diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) (table 30, page 54). This is nearly one-third of the Nation’s total timber volume. Live, sound inees account lor 397 spercent sole cic Region’s timber volume (210 billion cubic feet); the remaining 3 percent is in non- growing-stock material, including both sound and rotten cull trees and salvable dead trees. Eighty-one percent of the live, sound volume (171 billion cubic feet) is in sawtimber-size trees; and 19 percent, or 39 billion cubic feet, is in poletimber-size trees. The estimate of sawtimber volume in Washington and Oregon includes trees 11.0 inches d.b.h. and larger. In Idaho and western Montana, trees are generally smaller, and smaller trees are more com- monly utilized. As a consequence, the lower diameter for sawtimber trees is 9.0 inches d.b.h. The volume figures for saw- timber in this report include these two differing minimum standards. The Columbia-North Pacific Region has 1 trillion board feet of sawtimber,® of which 97 percent is in softwood species and 3 percent in hardwoods (table 31, page 56). This Region has about 41 percent of © All board-foot volumes in this report, unless otherwise stated, are expressed in terms of the International 1/4-inch rule. the Nation’s total sawtimber inventory and almost half of the Nation’s softwood saw- timber volume. Public owners account for 71 percent of the sawtimber volume, and the National Forests have over three-fourths of this (table 31). The remaining 29 percent of the total sawtimber inventory is in private ownership, with forest industries owning about two-thirds of it. The following tabu- lation shows the ownership of sawtimber in the Region: Ownership class Volume (MM bd. ft.) National Forest 565 ,823 Other public 176,868 Total public 742,691 Private 303 ,024 Total, all owners 1,045,715 Four species groups make up 79 percent of the total sawtimber volume in the Region. These are Douglas-fir (44 percent), western hemlock (14 percent), the true firs (12 percent), and ponderosa and Jeffrey pines (9 percent) (table 31, page 56). In the Columbia-North Pacific Region, about 41 percent of the sawtimber inven- tory is over 29 inches in diameter at breast height. The largest sawtimber is generally concentrated in western Oregon and western Washington, although the ponder- Osa pine region also has substantial volumes of large timber. Over the years, the average size of the sawtimber inventory has been declining with the continued harvest of the old growth. New manufacturing technology in both primary and secondary manufactur- ing has been developing as the harvest of small-size trees has been increasing. This trend toward smaller log utilization will continue and will tend to reduce the present differences in tree size across the Region. At present, a wide differential in size of trees still exists. For instance, the proportion of the number of trees under 20 inches d.b.h. ranges from 18 percent in western Oregon to 67 percent in western Montana. Columbia-North Pacific Region produces 20 percent of Nation's sawtimber growth In 1962, the net growth of the saw- timber in the Region amounted to 11.4 billion board feet, or 20 percent of the Nation’s sawtimber growth (table 4). Western Washington accounted for 43 percent of the Columbia-North Pacific Region’s net annual growth, reflecting the presence of thrifty second-growth stands, good site, and favorable stocking. The net growth in other areas is lower, partly due to poorer sites and partly to a greater proportion of old-growth stands. In all areas, forest management can increase timber yields through augmented invest- ments in more intensive forest management practices. Log production in the Columbia-North Pacific Region continues upward In 1869, about 218 million board feet of logs were harvested in the Columbia-North Pacific Region. By 1899, 2.5 billion board feet of timber were harvested. Between fs99= and 1929, the Region’s forest economy went through its greatest period of expansion, and the timber cut support- ing the industrial capacity increased about 500 percent to 15 billion board feet. During the Great Depression, the Region’s timber harvest declined with the drop in national demand, but during World War II production increased. In recent years, the timber harvest has continued to increase but at a slower rate. During the period 1952 through 1964, production increased from 18.4 to 21.0 billion board feet (table 5). Table 4.—Net annual growth of growing stock and sawtimber on commercial forest land in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by State area, 1962} Sawtimber Growing stock Per acre Million Board Million Cubic board feet? feet cubic feet feet Western Oregon 2,700 196 595 42 Western Washington 4,920 484 Paist 105 Eastern Oregon 955 84 2719 DS Eastern Washington SOT iY 304 36 Northern Idaho 707 108 169 26 Southern Idaho 505 70 114 15 Western Montana 647 62 160 15 Total 11,431 158? PAT IXS 383 ‘Includes all of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and western Montana and is based on data in “Timber Trends in the United States.” 2 International 1 /4inch rule. Weighted average. 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Production of lumber increased greatly from the mid-1800’s to 1929, declined with the Great Depression, and then recovered by the 1940’s. Since 1950, lumber production has fluctuated between 12 and 15 billion board feet, and in 1965 nearly 15 billion board feet of lumber were produced by 925 sawmills (tables 6 and 7). The Douglas-fir region is the leading lumber producing area in the Columbia- North Pacific Region, with about 8.6 billion board feet of production in 1966. Both lumber production and the number of sawmills have been declining in western Oregon and western Washington. Between 1950 and 1966, lumber production declined 14 percent, and during the 1956-64 period, the number of sawmills declined 38 percent in western Oregon and 37 percent in western Washington. The inland sawmills, east of the Cascade Range, have been increasing their total lumber production. Their share of the C-NP Region’s lumber production has increased from 25 percent in 1950 to 38 percent in 1965. Eastern Washington’s lumber output has been growing more rapidly than most other areas in the Western United States; in 1950 eastern Washington had a lumber production of 668 million board feet, and by 1965 it had increased to 1.2 billion board feet. A recent study of eastern Washington showed that the number of sawmills has been declining there despite increasing lumber production (Wall et al. 1966). In 1953 there were 296 mills and by 1963 the number had dropped to only 77. It is estimated that in 1967 there were only 66 mills remaining in eastern Washington. In general, the smallest sawmills are the ones which have disappeared. Between 1950 and 1962, lumber produc- tion increased 26 percent in eastern Oregon but the number of sawmills dropped from 70 to 30. In the business expansion period 1961 through 1967, the number of saw- mills has increased from 30 to 50 mills and lumber production has been increasing. In Idaho and western Montana, lumber production has been generally increasing since the early 1950’s, and the number of sawmills has been declining. In 1956, Idaho had 311 sawmills in operation, and by 1962 there were only 193 mills remaining. In all of Montana, there were 333 mills operating in 1956, but only 209 remained in 1962 (Wilson 1964a and 1964b). West- ern Montana has had the greatest growth (up 122 percent) in lumber production in the Columbia-North Pacific Region during the 1950-62 period, and production in Idaho increased the smallest amount (i7 percent). The plywood industry The Columbia-North Pacific Region has been the leading plywood supplier in the Nation since Douglas-fir plywood was first shown as a potential product at the Lewis and Clark Exposition in 1905. This indus- try developed in the Puget Sound subregion and was chiefly associated with door manu- facturers in its early stages. New technol- ogy in making plywood aided in making better and more acceptable products, and after World War II, the industry grew rapidly, especially in western Oregon. In 1940, the Columbia-North Pacific Region accounted for 100 percent of the softwood plywood production in the Nation, and in 1965 it accounted for about 87 percent of the Nation’s plywood production (11 billion square feet, 3/8-inch basis) (table 6). The Coastal subregion of Washington and Oregon and the Willamette subregion together have about two-thirds 13 Table 6.—Total output of timber products, by product and by subregion and State, in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, 1965 2 Particle- : Foreign Subregion and State ae we Woodpulp? board A Miseetats gus log (3/4-inch) Procucss exports® M bd. ft. MM sa. ft. Tons MM sa. ft. M cu. ft. M cu. ft. 1. Clark Fork- Kootenai-Spokane: Idaho 685,788 67 - 3 3,288 = Montana 1,254,070 465 270,000 = 3,0047 = Washington 168,403 - 45,232 — 2,138 ~ Total 2,108,261 a2 3153232 3 8,430 - 2. Upper Columbia: Washington 531,116 - 16,507 - 6,740 500 3. Yakima: Washington 260,886 125 - - 3,310 ~ 4. Upper Snake: Idaho 48,131 — — 214 — Wyoming 2,889 = = = 6 a Total 51,020 _ — ~ 220 -- 5. Central Snake: = Idaho 306,286 51 - — 2,158 - Oregon 69,560 18 - - 189 - Total 375,846 69 - - 2,347 - 6. Lower Snake: 2 as Idaho 839,795 148 251,000 - 4,519 _ Oregon 245,283 102 - — 665 = Washington 2,096 - — _ 27 - Total 1,087,174 250 251,000 - SAT 7. Mid-Columbia: Oregon 1,052,479 144 53,948 17 3,366 - Washington 219,499 69 165,070 - 2,785 ~ Total 1,271,978 23 219,018 17/ 6,151 — 8. Lower Columbia: Oregon 329,832 156 132,523 - 2,056 - Washington 949,994 642 1,517,003 3 14,833 12,250 Total 1,279,826 798 1,649,526 3 16,889 12,250 9. Willamette: Oregon 3,165,402 3,873 634,462 132 19,736 7,617 10. Coastal: Oregon 2,775,783 3,679 462,067 133 17,304 25,567 Washington 432,784 254 247,607 ~ 6,758 45,433 Total 3,208,567 31933 709,674 133 24,062 71,000 11. Puget Sound: Washington 1,435,222 1,278 1,595,581 - 22,409 58,800 12. Oregon Closed Basin: Oregon 181,173 10 — _ 492 - Grand total 14,956,471 11,081 5,391,000 288 115,997 150,167 1 Based on “1964-65 Statistical Yearbook” by Western Wood Products Association (1966). 2 Based on 1965 American Plywood Association softwood plywood data and forest industries hardwood plywood data. Estimates of woodpulp production based on preliminary wood consumption data for the West (U.S. Bureau of Census). 4 Based on 1965 U.S. Census of Manufactures data. > Pilings, poles, posts, fuelwood, ties, excelsior, shingles, bolts, etc. Based on 1965 U.S. Department of Commerce data. 71964 data (Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station). 14 of the Region’s plywood capacity. In recent years, Idaho and western Montana’s plywood industry has been growing relative to that in Washington and Oregon. The growth of the plywood industry in Cali- fornia and the Southern States has reduced the Columbia-North Pacific Region’s share of national plywood production. The pulp industry The pulp and paper industry began in the early 1880’s in Oregon and moved to Washington in 1885. The Washington State pulp industry grew most rapidly through the 1920’s because it had the raw materials needed for sulfite pulping. As technology changed, use of a wider range of species became possible through the sulfate pulp- ing process. Washington attracted even more pulp industry development; in 1965 this State ranked second in woodpulp production in the Nation. The major pulp industry growth in Oregon, Idaho, and western Montana has occurred since World War II, especially in the late 1950’s and early 1960’s. In 1947, the Region’s pulp industry produced about 2 million tons of pulp, and in 1965 it produced approxi- mately 5.4 million tons or 16 percent of the Nation’s woodpulp (table 6). In 1965, the Lower Columbia and the Puget Sound subregions together accounted for 60 percent (3.2 million tons) of the pulp production in the Columbia-North Pacific Region. The Coastal subregion and the Willamette subregions are also major pulp producers, with 709,674 tons and 634,462 tons of production, respectively. The Clark Fork-Kootenai-Spokane sub- region and the Lower Snake subregion were the largest pulp producers on the east side of the Cascades with 315,232 tons and 251,000 tons of production, respectively, in 1965. Due to favorable raw material and water supply factors, the subregions in eastern Washington, Idaho, and western Montana offer some of the best chances for new pulpmill installations in the coming decades. The expansion of the pulping activity in the Region has been based in part on the availability of wood residues from othet manufacturing processes. In 1950, round- wood accounted for 81 percent of the total wood fiber consumption by the Region’s pulpmills. By 1965, however, it was esti- mated that 68 percent of all the wood fiber consumed was residue from sawmills, plan- ing mills, and plywood plants. Further expansion based on _ available residue supplies appears to be limited in view of the near-term increasing export of chips to Japan and the long-term leveling off of mill residue production. The particleboard industry During the 1950’s, the particleboard industry was established, based on available supplies of sawmill residues. For this reason, the industry located mostly in Oregon near large raw material supplies. In 1965, only about 51 percent of the in- stalled particleboard capacity was used to produce 288 million square feet (3/4-inch) of particleboard (table 6). Foreign log exports The 1960’s have been marked by a rapid rise in foreign demand for roundwood from the Columbia-North Pacific Region. In 1961, 56 million cubic feet of timber were exported from the Region, and by 1965, log exports had increased 2.7 times to 150 million cubic feet. Since 1965, the export of roundwood from the Region has con- tinued to climb, reaching 171 million cubic feet in 1966 and 262 million cubic feet in 1967. Japan purchases most of this Region’s exported roundwood, although its share of the total Region’s exports has varied over time. In 1961, it took 98 percent of the total volume exported. In 1965, this decreased to 80 percent, with Canada increasing its share from 2 percent to 13 percent. In 1967, Japan (95 percent), Canada (3 percent), and South Korea (2 15 16 Table 7.—Number of plants and plant capacity, by manufacturing process Sawmills1 Veneer only! Daily Number of capacity plants Subregion and State Number of plants Annual capacity (1/8-inch basis) | Bad. ft. Million sq. ft. 1. Clark Fork- Kootenai-Spokane: Idaho 70 3,024,830 = B Montana 126 5,242,050 = = Washington 11 821,000 _ = Total 207 9,087,880 — = 2. Upper Columbia: Washington 48 2,218,500 - - | 3. Yakima: | Washington 9 922,000 1 9 4. Upper Snake: 4 Idaho 31 387,630 = = 1 Wyoming 1 25,000 _ = Total 32 412,630 = — 5. Central Snake: eas ayy Idaho 26 1,272,760 — = Oregon 5 215,000 — — Total Si 1,487,760 = ee | ae 6. Lower Snake: i Idaho S)// 3,601,090 - — Oregon 9 705,000 — = Washington 1 35,000 = — Total 67 4,341,090 - — 7. Mid-Columbia: Oregon 32 3,715,000 2 77 Washington 10 373,000 - - Total 42 4,452,000 2 it 8. Lower Columbia: | Oregon 9 1,420,000 - — Washington 42 3,450,000 6 688 Total Syl 4,870,000 6 688 9. Willamette: Oregon 185 12,265,000 21 3,247 10. Coastal: Oregon 122 11,058,000 iil 2,078 Washington 16 1,335,500 1 175 ; Total 138 12,393,500 1 22258 11. Puget Sound: | Washington 110 6,260,000 3 $21 ; 12. Oregon Closed Basin: Oregon B) 655,000 = = Grand total 925 59,365,360 45 6,795 : “Directory of Forest Products Industry” (Anonymous 1966). 2 «Directory of the Forest Products Industry” (Anonymous 1967). _in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by subregion and State, 1965 ti Particleboard2 3 Plywood! 3 Woodpulp4 Annual Capacity (3/8-inch basis) Daily capacity Number of plants | Million sq. ft. Million sq. ft. Tons 1 8 1 72 a af ae et 6 510 1 ~700 2 ui = 1 137 1 8 7 582 2 837 | ae ae a uw 1 50 fs 23 1 132 i ie | % a fe a & ie ae se 12 48 uu = at a 1 18 = z | z zm 66 = = i be 12 140 1 650 | zt ee: 1 108 ss x | = W 248 i 650 | 1 33 2 146 2 230 | oi ze 1 70 1 500 | 1 33 3 216 730 2 a 2 153 2 565 | 1 4] 7 691 5 4,595 | 1 7 9 844 5] 5,160 6 257 41 3,897 11 2,705 5 260 39 3,724 5 2,970 = ES 6 351 D 750 | 5 260 45 4,075 7 2,720 | ee = 20 1,416 14 4,833 | = a 1 80 zt EA | 14 565 131 11,556 46 17,685 ; Plants under construction are not included. _- “Lockwood’s Directory of Paper and Allied Trades, 1966” (Lockwood Trade Journal Co., Inc. 1966). percent) were the majorimporters of the Region’s roundwood (Hamilton 1968). In 1965, the Coastal subregion of west- ern Oregon and western Washington ranked first in foreign log exports with a total of 71 million cubic feet. The Puget Sound subregion exported the second largest roundwood volume to foreign countries — 59 million cubic feet. These exported volumes were not necessarily harvested in the subregions mentioned above. In 1968, Congress passed a law limiting the foreign export of logs from Federal lands. The law came into being after the projections were made for this study; however, it is expected that the projections will not be significantly affected. Forest industry employ- ment has been declining There has been a long-term downward trend in total forest industry employment due, in part, to increases in productivity. But this influence, which reduces employ- ment, has been somewhat offset by changes in industry mix and the increase in further manufacturing. Employment in logging, sawmills, and planing mills has been declin- ing since 1950 and that in miscellaneous wood manufacturing has been relatively stable. Employment in plywood plants and the pulp, paper, and allied products industry has been increasing over the past 15 years. In 1950, about 169,000 workers were employed by the forest industries of the Columbia-North Pacific Region, and in 1965, the employment level was nearly 3 percent lower at 165,789 workers. Because of the excellent business conditions in 1965 and the intensive use of plant capac- ity, employment levels in that year were above the long-term average. In 1965, the State of Oregon, exclusive of Klamath County, had the largest forest industry employment in the Columbia- North Pacific Region (78,765), Washington was second (66,724), and Idaho was third (12,385). The Willamette subregion had the largest forest industry employment of any 18 subregion — 39,944. The Coastal subregion ranked second with 35,913 workers, and the Puget Sound subregion ranked third with 31,360 workers (table 8). Although the manufacture of lumber provides the most employment for the Region as a whole, it leads the other major forest industries in only Idaho and western Montana. Here, employment in sawmills and planing mills (SIC 242)’ accounted for 7,719 and 4,740 employees, respectively, in 1965. In Washington, the pulp, paper, and allied products industry (SIC 26) was the leading employer with 19,789 workers. Sawmills and planing mills (SIC 2421) in Washington ranked second with 16,421 workers, whereas veneer and plywood plants (SIC 2432) ranked third with 10,480 workers. In all of Oregon, including Klamath County, the veneer and plywood industry (SIC 2432) was the largest single forest industry employer with 27,629 workers in 1965. Sawmills and planing mills (SIC 2421) ranked second with 25,510 employees. The employment data are based on statistics compiled by the respective State employment agencies. 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The basic wood consumption projections were made first on a regional and half-State basis; then they were allocated to sub- regions on the basis of existing industry distribution. However, in some cases, such as in the pulp, paper, and allied products industry, allowance was made for new plant investment at new industrial sites in the various subregions. The timber economy of the Columbia- North Pacific Region has been changing in several ways which differ from those fore- seen several years ago in studies such as “Timber Trends in the United States” (U.S.D.A. Forest Service 1965) and **Prospective Economic Developments Based on the Timber Resources of the Pacific Northwest” (Gedney et al. 1966). For example, the demand for logs for foreign exports is much greater; eastern Oregon’s projected increase in consumption of wood has not materialized; southern plywood production has captured more of the Nation’s plywood market than pro- jected; production of veneer and plywood has turned downward in western Oregon and western Washington although this industry’s output has increased more in the inland portion of the Region than was projected; and public agencies have raised their annual allowable cuts in many areas of the Region. The increasing demand for all forest resources has been rapidly chang- ing the outlook for both public and private Owners concerning their timber production alternatives. Thus, for this study of the Columbia-North Pacific Region, a new look has been taken at the timber economy. As a result, the new projections of wood consumption by the forest industries differ from earlier studies such as the Willamette River Basin Report and the Puget Sound Basin and Adjacent Waters Report.® Bee footnote 2. Future national demand for wood products to increase The principal markets for forest prod- ucts in the Columbia-North Pacific Region are distributed over the whole Nation. It is assumed that the future production of the forest industries of the Pacific Northwest will be strongly influenced by national demand. Also, the increasing worldwide demand for wood products, especially from the Pacific Rim countries, will continue to exert strong pressure to divert raw mate- rials produced in the Pacific Northwest away from the Nation’s marketplace. As a result, more wood will be demanded in future time periods. National trends in quantities of wood products which will be demanded have been projected in the U.S.D.A. Forest Service report (1965). The projections were based on five major factors: population, household formation, gross national product, disposable personal income, and construction activity. Total demand for lumber in the United States is projected to increase 22 percent between 1962 and 1985, even though lumber demand per capita is expected to decline. Plywood and veneer demand should double by 1985, with the South expected to supply an increasing share of the future market. Paper and _ board demand per capita should continue to increase so that total demand will continue to rise throughout the projection period at historic rates. The projections indicate that the demand for minor industrial products will remain about the same, but consump- tion of fuelwood is expected to decline. Although the domestic forests are expected to meet most of the increase in the Nation’s future demand, imports of lumber, veneer logs, and pulpwood are nevertheless expected to increase. DAL The timber supply situa- tion in the Columbia- North Pacific Region The timber supply situation has been studied for each State. The relationship of the forest economy to the physical timber supply is complex, for it involves not only timber demands but the goals of the various forest-land owners. Consideration has been given to trends in log production, land use, forest growth, forest mortality, forest inventory, forest ownership, and anticipated owner goals in projections of the available timber supplies for the future. Many of these timber supply relationships have been derived from earlier studies made by the Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station staff. Some of the projected timber supply data have been prepared especially for this study. The Intermountain Forest and Range Experi- ment Station in Ogden, Utah, has aided in preparing both present forest resource data and estimates of the future timber cut, growth, mortality, and forest inventory relationships for the States of Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming. Projecting the acreage available for future timber production posed complex problems in this study. It was generally assumed that the present trends in forest land loss will continue in the C-NP Region. It was also assumed that the private forest land adjacent to Puget Sound would not have commercial harvests after 1985. On the other hand, it was assumed that logging technology will continue to improve, allow- ing timber harvests on forest land in the Region which cannot be logged by today’s standards due to soil instability or steep- ness. These lands are classed as commercial forest lands in this study because they are capable of producing adequate timber yields. 8) Western Oregon timber cut to decline slightly Even though western Oregon has a large part of the Nation’s best forest-growing land, the future timber harvest in western Oregon will not be adequate to maintain the present level of wood consumption if present downward trends in private produc- tion continue and if present allowable cuts on the public lands are adhered to. This situation reflects the history of heavy cutting on private lands, leaving inventories of sawtimber at a low level, thus limiting the economically available supply of private timber. As evidence of this, log production from private lands has a distinct downward trend, even though prices for stumpage have been increasing. It is assumed for the Columbia-North Pacific study that this trend toward lower private production will continue until cut and net growth come more into balance. The tendency toward higher stumpage prices and the expectation of increasing future demand for wood is assumed to be a motivating force in attracting a moderate level of continued reinvestment in private forestry, bringing these lands into a sus- tained level of physical production. This level will be much lower than the private timber harvest in 1965. The public agencies in the Douglas-fir region are now evaluating alternatives in managing their own _ respective forest resources. They are considering their forest production alternatives in relation to projected private timber production and are studying the effect on the economy of alternative courses of cutting action. On the basis of these studies, future policy regarding timber harvests will be formulated. It has been assumed for this study that the public agencies in western Oregon will increase their timber harvests above the 1965 levels as private production declines. The public effort will nearly stabilize the total flow of roundwood during most of the 1970-2020 projection period at a point somewhat below the 1965 harvest. As a result of this assumption, the level of economic activity projected for western Oregon may be regarded as a high projec- tion for it implies rather large investments by the public in forestry activities. Western Washington timber harvest to increase In western Washington, the period of heavy private cutting came earlier than in western Oregon. Lumbermen began cutting the private lands in the mid-1800’s, and the private harvest reached its peak in the 1920’s. Because this is an easily reforested area, most of the private lands regenerated quickly and now have a young, fast-grow- ing inventory. In addition, substantial areas of old growth remain which are still being harvested. The harvest on private lands is once again moving upward stimulated by increasingly higher stumpage prices, new logging technology, and increased market acceptability of smaller timber. An increase in the harvest is projected to continue in the 1965-2020 period. Public owners have been increasing their allowable cuts in the State of Washington. The Department of Natural Resources recently evaluated the potential of their lands and greatly raised their planned harvests based on new inventory data and an accelerated thinning program. The Bureau of Indian Affairs has accelerated the Indian timber harvests for about a 15-year period in western Washington. The Forest Service has been increasing the allowable cut, and it has been assumed for this study that further increases will take place. Eastern Oregon harvest to increase The production of logs in eastern Oregon has been increasing since the 1940’s with most of the increase coming from the National Forests. During the past decade, the harvest from private lands has de- creased. Eastern Oregon is expected to have an increasing demand for raw materials as timber supplies become limited west of the Cascade Range. The prices for east-side timber should rise, and as a result, private land owners will eventually increase their log production. The projected increase in timber consumption in eastern Oregon is based on data in the reports of Gedney et al. (1966) and Gedney (1963). Eastern Washington harvest to increase Eastern Washington’s forest economy has been generally growing since 1932, with more rapid growth in recent years. As in eastern Oregon, the public agencies have been supplying the increased raw material used in the past decade, with private log production data showing a slight downward trend. Log production from public lands is projected to increase in eastern Washington during the 1965-2020 period. The pro- jected growth of eastern Washington’s forest industries will stimulate an increase in private log production. Because of the favorable net growth relationships pro- jected for private lands, it is expected that the inventory can sustain a much higher level of harvesting activity than in the past. 23 Idaho and western Montana timber cut to increase The timber economy of the Idaho and western Montana area will continue to grow during the 1965-2020 projection period, if the demands for timber products in the Nation continue to rise as projected and new logging and wood processing technology enables manufacturers to hold costs at levels allowing them to compete in the Nation’s marketplace. Idaho and western Montana have a large but underutilized forest resource. For many years, the national demand for timber was met by available timber supplies in other areas of the country, and the lower quality timber of the Rocky Mountain area was not used. The increasing demand for timber products has resulted in a trend toward intensive use of all forest lands, including even the less productive segment of the commercial forest land. In the 1960’s, the forest economy in Idaho and western Montana has begun to broaden and develop. It is anticipated that as industrial growth continues, more of the less produc- tive and presently inaccessible commercial forest land in Idaho and western Montana will be included in the timber-producing base. The production levels established for this area are based on the projections made in the U.S.D.A. Forest Service report (1965). The projections for private lands were changed to bring future levels of cut and net growth more in line in order to sustain a vigorous timber inventory. National Forests will account for the largest part of the increase in future timber harvests in Idaho and western Montana, and it is assumed that they will make the large investments in forestry required to produce these projected timber volumes. 24 Roundwood consumption by lumber and wood products industry to decline In 1965, the lumber and wood products industry (SIC 24) and foreign log exports consumed 3.5 billion cubic feet of round- wood in the Columbia-North Pacific Region (table 9). During the 1965-2020 projection period, the roundwood con- sumption by this group of forest-based industries will decline 11 percent, whereas the roundwood consumption by the pulp and paper industry (SIC 26) will increase. It has been assumed in these projections that when raw material is scarce, the forest industry which adds the most value to its wood input during the manufacturing process will be better able to outbid other wood users for the resource. For example, plywood plants and log exporters have increased their shares of total timber harvest at the expense of sawmills in the Douglas-fir region. In the projections in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, it was assumed, based on present trends, that the distribution of timber harvest among its various end uses will continue to change. The degree of change will vary by sub- regions, depending on the availability of timber supply. Table 9.—Roundwood consumption by the lumber and wood products industry in the Columbia-North Pacific Region by subregion and State, 1965, with projections to the year 2020! (In million cubic feet) Subregion and State 1965 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 1. Clark Fork- Kootenai-Spokane: Idaho 117 121 129 139 1si// iS 120 Montana 239 218 215 217 173 180 175 Washington 29 31 36 38 40 40 41 Total 385 370 380 394 350 351 336 2. Upper Columbia: Washington 92 105 #25 135 143 144 150 3. Yakima: Washington 54 62 75 83 91 95 100 4. Upper Snake: Wyoming = -- = = = = = Total 7 i 8 8 8 8 7 5. Central Snake: Idaho 55 58 62 67 67 65 61 Oregon 12 12 13 14 15 15 15 Total 67 70 75 81 82 80 76 6. Lower Snake: Idaho 149 159 171 185 185 180 169 Oregon 46 50 56 60 63 65 66 Washington (?) (?) 1 1 1 1 1 Total 195 209 228 246 249 246 236 7. Mid-Columbia: Oregon 176 Ty 179 181 186 189 193 Washington 43 49 60 65 69 71 76 Total 219 221 239 246 255 260 269 8. Lower Columbia: Oregon 66 50 42 39 40 40 43 Washington 228 214 229 219 241 243 216 Total 294 264 271 258 281 283 259 9. Willamette: Oregon 836 654 580 539 SD 574 606 10. Coastal: Oregon 775 624 559 538 548 540 564 Washington 141 7S 196 179 159 140 106 Total 916 799 755 TT 707 680 670 11. Puget Sound: Washington 406 427 472 450 457 445 385 12. Oregon Closed Basin: Oregon 28 28 29 29 29 29 30 State totals: Idaho 328 345 370 399 397 384 357 Montana 239 218 DiS 217 173 180 175 Oregon 1,939 1,590 1,458 1,416 1,456 1,452 1,517 Washington 993 1,063 1,194 1,170 1,201 Lay) 1,075 Wyoming - — ~ - —- - — Grand total 3,499 3,216 3,237 3,202 3,227 3,195 3,124 1 7 Includes foreign log exports. Less than 500,000 cubic feet. 25 Saw-log consumption to decline 29 percent by 2020 In 1965, sawmills consumed 2.3 billion cubic feet of roundwood. By the year 2020, saw-log consumption in the Colum- bia-North Pacific Region is projected to decline 29 percent to 1.7 billion cubic feet (table 10). This decline takes place despite the projected increase in national demand. The downward projection in the C-NP Region reflects the assumption that many of the lumber industry’s historical prob- lems will continue into the future. The lumber industry is highly competitive; there are good substitutes for lumber, and increased costs of doing business cannot easily be passed on to the consumer. In the Columbia-North Pacific Region, the costs of doing business in the lumber industry have risen, especially in the form of stump- age and labor costs. The price of the end product has been relatively stable tending to squeeze out the profits of the sawmill. In part, this may explain why so many sawmills have been going out of business in the Region. With the projected increased demands for other uses of stumpage by the plywood and the pulp industries, it is expected that the sawmill will be at a relative disadvantage in acquiring raw material, and as a result, its share of the Region’s timber harvest will decline. Veneer-log consumption to increase 40 percent by 2020 Veneer and plywood plants consumed 877 million cubic feet of roundwood in 1965 in the Columbia-North Pacific Region. The growth of the plywood indus- try reflects its favorable competitive posi- tion among building materials and the technological breakthroughs in _ peeling smaller and rougher logs economically. In the long run, it has been assumed that the plywood industry will continue to increase, 26 although not at its historical rate. The total consumption of veneer logs is projected to increase 40 percent to 1.2 billion cubic feet during the 1965-2020 period (table 10). Roundwood consumption for miscellaneous wood products to increase The estimated trend level of roundwood consumption for miscellaneous products in 1965 was 128 million cubic feet. Miscella- neous products include such products as poles, pilings, posts, fuelwood, and shin- gles. This roundwood consumption is projected to increase by 48 million cubic feet to 176 million cubic feet in 2020 (table 10). It is likely that the mix of miscellaneous products will change by 2020, with increasing emphasis on manu- facturing in future time periods. Foreign log exports to increase to 1980, then decline The quantities of timber demanded by foreign countries along the Pacific Rim are expected to increase during the early part of the projection period. Experience has shown that log exporters have been effec- tive in purchasing their timber require- ments from this Region. The export of roundwood is projected to increase 2.2 times to 337 million cubic feet between 1965 and 1980 with most of the increase coming during the 1960’s (table 10). Log exports are expected to decline starting in 1980 because of the increasing demand for roundwood in the United States, the increasing availability of wood from countries such as the Soviet Union, and the increasing domestic production of round- wood in Japan (Crawford 1965). By 2020, log exports are projected to amount to 57 million cubic feet which is 38 percent of the 1965 volume. Table 10.—Roundwood consumption by the lumber and wood products industry in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by type of use, 1965, with projections to the year 2020} (In million cubic feet) Type of use ISG 170 etSs0 | 19907) 2000" | 2010" | 2020 Veneer logs Saw logs 2,343 Miscellaneous wood products 128? 137 Foreign log exports 150 286 Total roundwood 3,499 15957 S26 le Sal 228 SIS el S83 MeS4) Ob 71S. 1663 55) 176 186 186 176 S1/ 295 195 721 Syl Sel SH Sel OD sete) 1 SEIS) 3,824 3For detail by State areas, see tables 35 through 41 in Appendix of Tables. 2The 1965 figure for miscellaneous products is a long-term trend-level point. For this reason, it differs from the 1965 miscellaneous output figure shown in table 6. Available mill wood residue to decline In 1965, sawmills, planing mills, veneer plants, and plywood plants in the Region produced 8.2 million tons of coarse resi- due, 4 million tons of sawdust, and 2.8 million tons of shavings. Calculations of potential mill residue production have been made for the Columbia-North Pacific Region based on the projected output of lumber and veneer. Because the projected decline in lumber production will more than offset the increase in veneer produc- tion, the output of mill residue will also decline. Coarse residue production is projected to decline 11 percent to 7.3 million tons by 2020; sawdust production will drop 29 percent to 2.9 million tons; and shavings production will drop 30 percent to about 2 million tons (table 11). Pulpwood consumption to increase 1.6 times by 2020 In 1965, an estimated 839 million cubic feet of pulpwood was consumed by pulp- mills in the Columbia-North Pacific Region. It was estimated that 68 percent of this total wood fiber consumption (567 million cubic feet) was residue from the lumber and wood products industry. By the year 2020, the total wood consumption by the pulp, paper, and allied products industry is projected to increase 1.6 times to 2.2 billion cubic feet (table 12). The decreasing availability of plant residues will result in an increasing part of pulpwood production coming from round- wood. It is projected that roundwood consumption by pulpmills will increase from 272 million cubic feet in 1965 to 1.4 27 Table 11.—Production of mill residue in the Columbia-North Pacific Region in 1965, with projections to the year 2020! (In thousand tons) Type of residue Coarse S86, 7,110 Sawdust 4,065 3,407 Shavings DEAT DBAS) 1 Assumes no change in utilization of roundwood. billion cubic feet in 2020. Roundwood will then account for 65 percent of the total pulpwood consumption rather than the present 32 percent. Almost every subregion is assumed to share in the expansion of the pulp, paper, and allied products industry, but the Lower Columbia and Puget Sound subregions will remain the most important pulpwood- consuming areas in the Region, with 575 million cubic feet and 546 million cubic feet of wood consumption, respectively, in 2020. Forest industry employment to decline Projections of forest industry employ- ment have been made for the 1965-2020 period for the Columbia-North Pacific Region. The historical relationship between employment and wood input was studied for the period 1950 to 1965 for the major forest industries in each broad region within each State, except for Idaho and western Montana where State data were generally combined. Regressions were developed for SIC 2411, logging; SIC 2421, sawmills and planing mills; SIC 2432, veneer and plywood; and SIC 26, pulp, 28 L965 | 19707) 198071 1990) | =2000 | 2016 6,954 ~6,905"— 7 NSO FD e295 3, 166) 3,052) 31015 2294s 243° 924054 2,032) 22005 leo 52 paper, and allied products. The historic trend in the employment-consumption relationship was projected to 2020 for each forest industry. By use of this and the predicted wood consumption by industry, future forest-based employment was calcu- lated for the various geographic areas of the Columbia-North Pacific Region. In this text and appendix tables, the employment projections have not been rounded so that data for small geographic areas can be added and reconciled with various regional totals. This is not meant to imply that the projections are accurate to the detail shown. Log sizes are changing, worker produc- tivity is increasing, log utilization is improy- ing, and the work week has been getting shorter over time. These various factors are reflected in the trend of the employment- consumption relationship even though each individual factor influences employment differently. Thus, the method of projecting employment implicitly takes into account a number of factors which have been chang- ing and assumes that the same trends will continue. Total forest industry employment in the Columbia-North Pacific Region is projected to decline 37 percent during the 1965-2020 Table 12.—_Wood consumption by the paper and allied products industry in the Columbia-North Pacific Region by subregion and State, 1965, with projections to the year 2020! (In million cubic feet) Subregion and State 1965 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 1. Clark Fork- Kootenai-Spokane: Idaho = = a = = 3 = Montana 52 84 107 130 185 192 200 Washington 7 8 8 9 9 10 2 Total 59 92 VANS) 139 194 202 212 2. Upper Columbia: Washington 3 3 8 11 13 LY) 20 3. Yakima: Washington — —~ — — — — ~ 4. Upper Snake: Idaho - = - = 3 24 35 Wyoming — = — — — = = Total = _ - - te) 24 35 5. Central Snake: Idaho — = 14 36 Si 48 1S Oregon = = = = = ~ == Total _ - 14 36 3)1/ 48 75 6. Lower Snake: Idaho 48 S) 7 58 65 66 74 5 Oregon — — — ~ — — — Washington = — — — — = = Total 48 57 58 65 66 74 aS 7. Mid-Columbia: Oregon 11 15 22 40 48 51 51 Washington a] 29 29 ~ 30 33 33 38 Total 38 44 51 70 81 84 89 8. Lower Columbia: Oregon 20 30 42 Syl 54 5)5) 56 Washington 229 242 326 442 475 508 519 Total 249 Die 368 493 529 563 SS 9. Willamette: Oregon 95 145 203 243 Psy i) 262 267 10. Coastal: Oregon 69 105 148 7 187 191 195 Washington Si) 39 53 72 di 83 85 Total 106 144 201 249 264 274 280 11. Puget Sound: Washington 241 254 342 464 499 534 546 12. Oregon Closed Basin: Oregon — _ _ _ — _ -- Grand total 839 1,011 1,360 1,770 1,952 2,082 2,174 1 Includes hardboard industry data. 29 period to about 104,000 (table 13). This decline will be entirely the result of de- creased employment in the lumber and wood products industry where increasing worker productivity coupled with a declin- ing wood consumption is projected to reduce employment 46 percent during the 1965-2020 period. Total employment in the lumber and wood products industry is predicted to be 73,816 in 2020 compared with 137,318 in 1965. Pulp, paper, and allied products employ- ment is projected to increase 6 percent to 30,189 employees. This increase reflects the rapid growth which is anticipated for the industry. Washington State will be leading in forest employment in 2020 with 46,932 workers; Oregon will drop to second and will have 44,012 employed in the forest industries in 2020. Idaho will have 8,657 forest industry employees in 2020, and western Montana will have 4,404 employ- ees (tables 14 and 15). Forest management employment toincrease 1.7 times by 2020 In 1962, it was estimated that the number of persons employed in forest management in the C-NP Region amounted to 17,500. Forest management employ- ment includes all workers both publicly or privately engaged in the protection and management of forest lands for the produc- tion of timber and related products. It also includes the time worked by part-time employees and forest owners converted to an equivalent full-time basis.? The trend toward more intensive forest management on all forest lands in the Columbia-North Pacific Region will continue to the year 2020. More forest *Based ona concept of forest management developed in “The Economic Importance of Timber in the United States” (Hair 1963). 30 management personnel will be needed as the multiple uses of forest lands are stressed, and it is projected that forest management employment will increase 1.7 times to 46,600 persons by the year 2020 (table 16). Forest related payrolls to increase greatly by 2020 In 1962, worker incomes in all forest related activities amounted to $945 million. Workers in the lumber and wood products industries received 73 percent of the total, those in pulp, paper, and allied products received 18 percent, and forest management employees received 9 percent of the total 1962 payroll in the forest economy. Between 1962 and 2020, total payrolls in the forest economy are projected to increase 1.4 times to a total of about $2.3 billion (1962 dollars). Payrolls are assumed to increase commensurate with worker productivity. Payrolls in the lumber and wood products industries in 2020 will amount to 34 percent of the total or $765 million, whereas the pulp, paper, and allied products payroll will be $537 million or 23 percent. Forest management payrolls are projected to be $975 million in 2020 or 43 percent of the total (tables 17, 18, and 19). Table 13.—Forest industry employment in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by subregion and industry group, 1965, with projections to the year 2020! * (Number of persons) Standard Subregion and industrial 1965 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 industry group classification code 1. Clark Fork- Kootenai-Spokane: Lumber and wood products 24 13,130 12,008 12,362 9,807 8,261 7,667 7,143 Pulp and paper 26 750 856 922 917 1,140 1,153 1,161 Total 13,880 12,864 13,284 10,724 9,401 8,820 8,304 2. Upper Columbia: Lumber and wood products 24 2,805 3,098 3,003 2,702 2,469 2,214 2,055 Pulp and paper 26 83 88 83 80 76 75 719 Total 2,888 3,186 3,086 2,782 2,545 2,289 2,134 3. Yakima: Lumber and wood products 24 1,799 1,999 1,981 1,853 1,741 1,632 1,570 Pulp and paper 26 168 165 254 310 300 291 306 Total 1,967 2,164 2,235 2,163 2,041 1,923 1,876 4. Upper Snake: Lumber and wood products 24 310 320 297 276 240 219 200 Pulp and paper 26 70 86 76 71 227 355 454 Total 380 406 373 347 467 574 654 5. Central Snake: Lumber and wood products 24 3,040 3,304 3,167 2,982 2,707 2,529 2,374 Pulp and paper 26 — — 222 513 479 570 822 Total 3,040 3,304 3,389 3,495 3,186 3,099 3,196 6. Lower Snake: oe Lumber and wood products 24 6,170 5,741 5,094 4,571 3,824 3,301 2,865 Pulp and paper 26 800 928 841 855 7184 809 7152 Total 6,970 6,669 5,935 5,426 4,608 4,110 3,617 7. Mid-Columbia: Lumber and wood products 24 7,251 6,714 6,072 5,499 5,081 4,712 4,427 Pulp and paper 26 660 865 884 1,122 1,142 1,088 1,022 Total 7,911 7,579 6,956 6,621 6,223 5,800 5,449 8. Lower Columbia: Lumber and wood products 24 11,868 9,774 8,560 7,406 7,012 6,167 5,694 Pulp and paper 26 8,463 8,430 9,224 10,350 9,578 8,962 8.172 Total 20,331 18,204 17,784 17,756 16,590 15,129 13,866 9. Willamette: Lumber and wood products 24 34,565 27,720 23,226 20,587 19,527 18,197 17,949 Pulp and paper 26 5,379 6,866 7,607 7,709 7,060 6,345 5,782 Total 39,944 34,586 30,833 28,296 26,587 24,542 23,731 10. Coastal: Lumber and wood products 24 33,660 27,119 22,770 19,918 18,686 16,966 16,505 Pulp and paper 26 2,253 2,505 2,756 2,959 2,728 2,510 2,288 Total 35,913 29,624 25,526 22,877 21,414 19,476 18,793 11. Puget Sound: Lumber and wood products 24 21,515 18,479 16,944 15,150 14,670 13,491 12,601 Pulp and paper 26 9,845 9,442 10,311 11,757 10,896 10,253 9,351 Total 31,360 27,921 ONY PASS 26,907 25,566 23,744 21,952 12. Oregon Closed Basin: Lumber and wood products 24 1,205 1,027 804 662 564 490 433 Pulp and paper 26 — — = — _ _ — Total 1,205 1,027 804 662 564 490 433 Total C-NP Region: Lumber and wood products 24 137,318 117,303 104,280 91,413 84,782 77,585 73,816 Pulp and paper 26 28,471 30,231 33,180 36,643 34,410 32,411 30,189 Total 165,789 147,534 137,460 128,056 119,192 109,996 104,005 1 More detailed employment projections are shown in tables 41 through 47 in the appendix. Data have not been rounded so that summary totals will agree. 31 Table 14.—Employment in the lumber and wood products industries in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by subregion and State, 1965, with projections to the year 2020! (Number of persons) Subregion and State 1965 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 1. Clark Fork- Kootenai-Spokane: Idaho 3,835 3,796 3,488 3,233 2,803 2,536 2,308 Montana 7,615 6,447 7,163 4,996 3,978 3,764 3,538 Washington 1,680 1,765 cA 1,578 1,480 1,367 1,297 Total 13,130 12,008 12,362 9,807 8,261 ~ 7,667 7,143 2. Upper Columbia: Washington 2,805 3,098 3,003 2,702 2,469 2,214 2,055 3. Yakima: Washington 1,799 1,999 1,981 1,853 1,741 1,632 1,570 4. Upper Snake: Idaho : 310 320 297 276 240 219 200 Wyoming (7) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Total 310 320 297 276 240 219 200 5. Central Snake: Idaho 2,484 2,760 2,648 2,519 2,284 2,149 2,031 Oregon 556 544 519 463 423 380 343 Total 3,040 3,304 3,167 2,982 2,707 2,529 2,374 6. Lower Snake: Idaho 4,886 4,510 3,946 3,541 2,880 2,448 2,090 Oregon 1,216 1,162 1,082 971 890 807 733 Washington 68 69 66 59 54 46 42 Total 6,170 5,741 5,094 4,571 3,824 3,301 2,865 7. Mid-Columbia: Oregon 5,943 5,270 4,641 4,170 3,837 3,553 3,319 Washington 1,308 1,444 1,431 1,329 1,244 1,159 1,108 Total 7,251 6,714 6,072 5,499 5,081 4,712 4,427 8. Lower Columbia: Oregon 1,235 874 665 555 505 453 447 Washington 10,633 8,900 7,895 6,851 6,507 5,714 5,247 Total 11,868 9,774 8,560 7,406 7,012 6,167 5,694 9. Willamette: Oregon 34,565 27,720 23,226 20,587 19,527 18,197 17,949 10. Coastal: Oregon 26,533 20,791 16,873 14,576 13,602 12,435 12,194 Washington LBP AT 6,328 5,897 5,342 5,084 4,531 4,311 Total 33,660 27,119 22,770 19,918 18,686 16,966 16,505 11. Puget Sound: Washington 21,515 18,479 16,944 15,150 14,670 13,491 12,601 12. Oregon Closed Basin: Oregon 1,205 1,027 804 662 564 490 433 State total: eT Idaho 11,515 11,386 10,379 9,569 8,207 TPaRY- 6,629 Montana 7,615 6,447 7,163 4,996 3,978 3,764 3,538 Oregon 71,253 57,388 47,810 41,984 39,348 36,315 35,418 Washington 46,935 42,082 38,928 34,864 33,249 30,154 28,231 Wyoming (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Grand total 137,318 117,303 104,280 91,413 84,782 77,585 73,816 Data have not been rounded so that summary totals will agree. Negligible. Table 15.—Employment in the pulp, paper, and allied products industries in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by subregion and State, 1965, Subregion and State 1. Clark Fork- Kootenai-Spokane: Idaho Montana Washington Total N Washington 3. Yakima: Washington 4. Upper Snake: Idaho Wyoming Total n Idaho Oregon Total SS Lower Snake: Idaho Oregon Washington Total 7. Mid-Columbia: Oregon Washington Total 8. Lower Columbia: Oregon Washington Total 9. Willamette: Oregon 10. Coastal: Oregon Washington Total 11. Puget Sound: Washington 12. Oregon Closed Basin: Oregon State total: Idaho Montana Oregon Washington Wyoming Grand total 1Data have not been rounded so that summary totals will agree. Estimated to avoid disclosing figures for individual companies. . Upper Columbia: . Central Snake: (Number of persons) 1965 1970 3002 450 750 832 870° 300 7,512 19,789 28,471 428 428 856 88 1,185 7,245 8,430 6,866 1,299 1,206 2,505 9,442 1,014 428 9,794 18,995 30,231 1980 Sy! 351 922 83 33,180 with projections to the year 2020! 1990 2000 2010 2020 619 298 917 80 855 816 306 1,122 1,330 9,020 10,350 7,709 1,458 1,501 2,959 11,757 36,643 852 288 1,140 76 846 296 1,142 1,218 8,360 9,578 7,060 1,336 1,392 2,728 10,896 1,490 852 10,460 21,608 34,410 3Totals differ slightly from official State figures to avoid disclosing data for individual companies. 873 280 1,153 75 801 287 1,088 1,095 7,867 8,962 6,345 1,200 1,310 2,510 10,253 866 295 1,161 719 30,189 38 Table 16.—Employment in forest management in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, 12. by subregion and the United States, 1962, with projections to years 1980, 2000, and 2020' ? (Number of persons) 1962 1980 2000 2020 Subregion . Clark Fork- Kootenai-Spokane . Upper Columbia . Yakima . Upper Snake . Central Snake . Lower Snake . Mid-Columbia . Lower Columbia . Willamette . Coastal . Puget Sound Oregon Closed Basin Total, Columbia- North Pacific Total, United States 1 Forest management is the protection and management for the production of timber and related products. Sg 436 318 61 402 840 836 1,990 3,085 5,352 2,324 284 17,500 90,800 2,246 622 455 88 a75 1,200 ESS 2,843 4,404 7,646 3) SAL! 405 25,000 129,300 3,340 926 677 130 856 1,786 a8 4,230 6,558 11,376 4,940 603 37,200 191,600 4,185 1,160 848 163 1,072 2.237, pA HS | 3,298 8,216 14,250 6,189 1395 46,600 239,900 Allocation of forest management employment to subregions was based on 1964 timber harvest relationships. 34 Table 17.—Income (payrolls) in the lumber and wood products industries in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by subregion, 1962, with projections to years 1980, 2000, and 2020 (Thousand dollars) Subregion . Clark Fork- Kootenai-Spokane . Upper Columbia . Yakima . Upper Snake . Central Snake . Lower Snake . Mid-Columbia . Lower Columbia . Willamette . Coastal . Puget Sound . Oregon Closed Basin Total 66,273 13,842 8,876 1,613 15,697 31,818 36,143 58,649 172,685 167,740 106,196 6,018 685,550 94,001 22,835 15,064 2,258 24,081 38,735 46,171 65,090 176,611 173,143 128,842 6,114 792,945 77,026 23,021 16,233 2,238 25,240 35,655 47,375 65,379 182,070 174,228 136,783 55259. 790,507 1962 1980 2000 2020 74,059 21,306 16,278 2,074 24,614 29,704 45,899 59,035 186,095 171,124 130,647 4,489 765,324 35 Table 18.—Income (payrolls) in the pulp, paper, and allied products industries in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by subregion, 1962, with projections to years 1980, 2000, and 2020 (Thousand dollars) 1. Clark Fork- Kootenai-Spokane 4,061 9,338 15,981 20,662 2. Upper Columbia 536 841 1,065 1,405 3. Yakima 1,001 Aeewls) 4,205 5,446 4. Upper Snake 452 7169 3,182 8,080 5. Central Snake — 2,248 WTA) 14,629 6. Lower Snake 5,003 8,518 10,990 13,383 7. Mid-Columbia 4,003 8,953 16,009 18,189 8. Lower Columbia 50,764 93,421 134,264 145,437 9. Willamette 33,416 77,043 98,967 102,902 10. Coastal 13,693 Pay NS) 38,241 40,720 11. Puget Sound 58,801 104,430 152,740 166,420 12. Oregon Closed Basin _ -- — — Total 171,730 336,047 482,359 537,203 36 Table 19.—Income (payrolls) in forest management in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by subregion and the United States, 1962, with projections to years 1980, 2000, and 2020! ? (Thousand dollars) 1. Clark Fork- Kootenai-Spokane 7,858 17,502 42,655 87,582 2. Upper Columbia 2,179 4,853 11,828 24,285 3. Yakima e592 3,547 8,645 le 50 4. Upper Snake 306 682 1,662 3,414 5. Central Snake 2,012 4,483 10,925 22,432 6. Lower Snake 4,200 2355) 22,800 46,814 7. Mid-Columbia 4,182 9,316 22 NOS 46,619 8. Lower Columbia 9,949 22,160 54,008 110,892 9. Willamette 15,426 34,361 83,742 171,945 10. Coastal 26,758 59,601 145,255 298,247 11. Puget Sound 11,620 25,883 63,080 129,520 12. Oregon Closed Basin 1,418 Brlioy/ 7,695 15,800 Total Columbia- North Pacific 87,500 194,900 475,000 975 300 Total United States 454,000 1,010,600 2,456,900 5,045,700 1 Forest management is the protection and management of forests for the production of timber and related products. Allocation of forest management employment and payrolls to subregions was based on 1964 timber harvest relationships. Si) CONCLUSION The Columbia-North Pacific Region has a large timber resource and a large forest industry based on that resource. After more than a century, lumber is still the primary forest product of the Region. Manufacturing of pulp, paper, and allied products, veneer and plywood, and board products has been and will continue to be of increasing importance. With the Nation’s population increasing and personal incomes rising, the demand for timber products will increase. However, limited timber supply will be a constraint on the growth of the timber economy in the Columbia-North Pacific Region. The forest industry’s period of most rapid growth in the Columbia-North Pacific Region can probably be regarded as past history. Although continued growth of the forest industry can be expected, it will be at a much slower rate. In those areas with major untapped timber supplies, the indus- try can be expected to grow faster than in the Region as a whole. Generally, this new expansion will occur in subregions east of the Cascade Range. With the shift in the product mix and the leveling off of wood fiber consumption in the future, the characteristics of the industry will continue to change. There will be fewer lumber mills and plywood plants, but the average capacity per mill will increase. Because of the need for better utilization of wood in such a competitive wood market, firms will tend to continue their integration of wood processing facili- ties. The capital supply, the raw material supply, the technical skills required, and the long-range outlook required, suggest a continuing trend toward more mergers and consolidation of forest-land ownership. The forest industry labor force will be shifting from lumber manufacture to plywood manufacture, pulp and paper processing, and secondary manufacturing of wood products. Some labor will become surplus 38 to the forest industries, but the growth of the whole economy envisioned in this study should create job opportunities for displaced forest industry workers in other areas of economic activity. As markets continue to expand within the Columbia-North Pacific Region, new types of industry will be attracted, and the Region will become less dependent on its timber economy. However, due to the nature of the forest industries and their tendency to locate near raw material supplies, many smaller communities scat- tered throughout the Region will continue to be highly dependent on timber-based activities. The projected population increase in the Region and the Nation will act as a constraint on timber supply. People need water, roads, power, industrial sites, recre- ation areas, and home sites; and forested land is frequently required to fulfill these needs. For example, when forests are taken out of production for roads, powerlines, and home sites, this in effect reduces the longrun potential supply of timber, and it is possible that consumers may have to pay higher prices for timber products in the future. Recreation use also removes some forest land from production. In this study, it was assumed that present trends in forest-land loss would continue in the Columbia-North Pacific Region and the projections of wood fiber consumption reflect this limitation. Man is more and more concerned with his environment and how it is affected by industrial activity. Allowance was made for this concern in projections, and it has been assumed that technology of pollution abatement will advance sufficiently to allow the projections of consumption to be realized. Economic activity ought to make man better off; it is hoped that, in some measure, this study of the timber economy will contribute to that end. REFERENCES Anonymous. 1965. Economic survey. 10 pp. Seattle, Wash.: Northwest Pulp & Paper Ass. 1966. Directory of the forest products industry, 1965. 544 pp. Port- land, Oreg.: Miller Freeman Publications. 1967. Directory of the forest products industry, 1966. 563 pp. Port- land, Oreg.: Miller Freeman Publications. Crawford, G. S. 1965. The Japanese lumber market. 47 pp., illus. Vancouver, B.C.: Brit- ish Columbia Research Council. Gedney, Donald R. 1963. Toward complete use of eastern Oregon’s forest resources. Pacific Northwest Forest & Range Exp. Sta. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv. Re- source Bull. PNW-3, 71 pp., illus. , Newport, Carl A., and Hair, Dwight. Prospective economic develop- ments based on the timber re- sources of the Pacific Northwest. 174 pp., illus. Pacific Northwest Economic Base Study for Power Markets, vol. 2, part 6. Forest industries. U.S. Dep. Int., Bonne- ville Power Admin. 1966. Hair, Dwight. 1963. The economic importance of timber in the United States. U.S. Dep. Agr. Misc. Pub. 941, 91 pp., illus. Hamilton, Thomas E. 1968. Production, prices, employment and trade in the Pacific North- west, fourth quarter 1967. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv. Pacific Northwest Forest & Range Exp. Sta., 26 pp., illus. Lockwood Trade Journal Co., Inc. 1966. Lockwood’s directory of the paper and allied trades, 1966. 1,682 pp., illus. Pacific Northwest Forest & Range Experiment Station. 1965. Timber resource statistics for the Pacific Northwest as of January 1, 1963. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv. Resource Bull. PNW-9, 38 pp. Pissot, Henry J., and Hanson, Harold E. 1963. The forest resource of western Montana. Intermountain Forest & Range Exp. Sta. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv. Resource Bull. INT-1, 46 pp., illus. U.S.D.A. Forest Service. 1965. Timber trends in the United States. Forest Resource Rep. 17, 235 pp., illus. Wall, Brian R., Gedney, Donald R., and Forster, Robert B. 1966. Forest industries of eastern Washington. Pacific Northwest Forest & Range Exp. Sta. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv. Resource Bull. PNW-17, 32 pp., illus. Western Wood Products Association. 1966. 1964-65 statistical yearbook, a book of facts on western region woods. 30 pp., illus. 1967. 1966 supplement to 1964-65 statistical yearbook. 9 pp., illus. Wilson, Alvin K. 1962. The timber resources of Idaho. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv. Inter- mountain Forest & Range Exp. Sta., 42 pp., illus. 39 Wilson, Alvin K. 1964b. 40 1964a. Output of timber products in Montana, 1962. Intermountain Forest & Range Exp. Sta. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv. Res. Pap. INT-11, 10 pp., illus. Output of timber products in Idaho, 1962. Intermountain Forest & Range Exp. Sta. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv. Res. Pap. INT-13, 10 pp., illus. APPENDIX OF TABLES GE OOl Sl IC 6 Oe 5 ll sl 61 9C SOLID [Ua WW sOsPIOAY Ol (9) SOLID WW 00! Ev cv el Judd peurjuoW UIOISO AA | 001 v (SC ) 9€ v Sc G | SOLID Judo WW pOURp] "u0ddIO ‘AJUNOD YUE, yy SUIpN[OUT UOZSUTYSeAA PUe UOZIIGO UI sapedseD Jo yseq U0} SUTYSe M PUL UOSIIO UI ddUeyY IpLdsED JO IsoA\ ‘SUIWOAM OpnpoUur ou ss0q "saxoe QOO'OOS URYR sso, Ss "8961 ‘T Arenuey jo sy, € ‘oroe Jod YJMOIS [eNUUL UBDU 1OOJ-dIqnd Oy AjOVded JO SULIO} UI UOT}LOTFISSEIO V : OC OOT S VC IT 8S € Sl I S SOLID JUdIdad WW ,uoIsol suid esolopuog UOTsOY STV YWON-eIQuinjor) £96T ‘[ Cavnuve ‘DadD puD ssvja pjaid Aq ‘UOBAY I1f1IDG YIAON-VIQUINJOD AYJ Ul VAAD PUD] ISAAOL JVIIADUUMOD— "OZ 21 qGVI, XC OOI I S v Sl S 61 91 19 SOLID JuaIdad WW 2UOIsa1 Ilj-se[snoqd SOSSPIO ITV jO9J 1Qno OG UeY} Sso'T 109} dIqnd Sg—0S 1995 919no OZI—S8 sIOW IO 199} 9IQNd QZ] SSP] PITA 42 Table 21.—Percent of commercial forest land area in the Douglas-fir region, by yield class and owner class, January 1, 1963: ? Farmer and miscellaneous private National Forest 3 Yield class Foret industry 120 cubic feet or more 45 66 A2 63 85—120 cubic feet ~ 24 16 16 7 50—85 cubic feet 23 14 9 16 Less than 50 cubic feet 8 4 3 4 Total 100 100 100 100 ‘From Gedney et al. (1966). West of the Cascade Range in Oregon and Washington. A classification in terms of capacity for cubic-foot mean annual growth per acre. 43 Table 22.—Percent of commercial forest land area in the ponderosa pine region, by yield class and owner class, January 1, 1963} National : 3 Yield class Bone 120 cubic feet or more 2 8 85—120 cubic feet 10 18 50—85 cubic feet 64 SZ Less than 50 cubic feet 24 22 Total 100 100 1Erom Gedney et al. (1966). East of the Cascade Range in Washington and Oregon. A classification in terms of capacity for cubic-foot mean annual growth per acre. 44 Forest industry 100 Farmer and miscellaneous private 100 Table 23.—Percent of commercial forest land area in the State of Idaho, by yield class and owner class, January 1, 1968! Farmer and miscellaneous private National Forest 2 Yield class Forcet industry 120 cubic feet or more 15 20 31 13 85—120 cubic feet 23 30 Dil 30 50-85 cubic feet 35 33 38 41 Less than 50 cubic feet Di 17 4 16 Total 100 100 100 100 Source: Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 1 The entire State. A classification in terms of capacity for cubic-foot mean annual growth per acre. Table 24.—Percent of commercial forest land area in western Montana, by yield class and owner class, January 1, 1968 h Farmer and : 1 National Forest : Yield class ; miscellaneous Forest public industry E private 120 cubic feet or more Dy a= 3 1 85—120 cubic feet 16 4 14 6 50—85 cubic feet 39 48 47 46 Less than 50 cubic feet 43 48 36 47 Total 100 100 100 100 Source: Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. ’ A classification in terms of capacity for cubic-foot mean annual growth per acre. 45 Table 25.—Area by land class, subregion, and State in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, January 1, 1966 (In thousand acres) Subregion Total Forest land Total and land Total Commercial Productive- Unproductive | nonforest State areal reserved land 1. Clark Fork- Kootenai-Spokane: Idaho and Montana? 20,870 17,021 14,560 888 s7/3' 3,849 Washington 2,028 12ST IS /4/ 28 Sy. 791 Total 22,898 18,258 15,737 916 1,605 4,640 2. Upper Columbia: Washington 14,638 5,922 4,881 228 813 8,716 3. Yakima: Washington 5,313 1,897 1,645 74 178 3,416 4. Upper Snake: Idaho and Wyoming2 19,417 3,528 225 324 979 15,889 5. Central Snake: Idaho 13,891 4,414 3,004 461 949 9,477 Oregon 8,303 840 673 5 162 7,463 Total 22,194 5,254 3,677 466 1,111 16,940 6. Lower Snake: Idaho 14,701 9,689 7,059 1,242 1,388 5,012 Oregon 3,311 1,923 1,657 80 186 1,388 Washington 2,246 182 165 (3) il7/ 2,064 Total 20,258 11,794 8,881 1S 22 1,591 8,464 7. Mid-Columbia: Oregon 15,533 6,987 5,215 98 1,674 8,546 Washington 2,598 752 693 1 58 1,846 Total 18,131 7,739 5,908 99 B82: 10,392 8. Lower Columbia: Oregon 413 343 336 ~ 7 70 Washington 3,946 3,388 3,199 46 143 558 Total 4,359 Syiol 3,535 46 150 628 9. Willamette: Oregon 8,432 6,201 5,895 186 120 2230 10. Coastal: Oregon 10,019 9,026 8,593 65 368 993 Washington 1,815 1,671 1,620 15 36 144 Total 11,834 10,697 10,213 80 404 15137 11. Puget Sound: Washington 10,096 7,921 6,071 849 1,001 2, Lia 12. Oregon Closed Basin: Oregon 11,776 2,120 1,580 13 $27 9,656 Grand total 169,346 85,062 70,248 4,603 10,211 84,284 1 source: U.S. Bureau of Census. 2 Individual State statistics not available. 3T ess than 500 acres. 46 ‘soxoe OOS UY) ssoT . ‘SUIWIOAK, PUB eULJUOW, OYPP] JO Soye7S oY} OJ eyep 9dA} JsoIOJ OY) UL POpNOUT ore PUL] JSOIOJ [LIOIOWUIOD poyxdOJsSUOU Jo SoIDe QOO'SRO‘T ; “o[qu[feae JOU sonstyeys 9}81¢ [eNPIAIpUT | OLY be9 vOE'T TREE €86 S9E‘L 89107 IIb‘ br 6LS‘v9 O77‘ v7 8709 8b7'OL 1810} pues 6 €€ tv 6 6 SI SVE SLI‘T OzS‘T €9€ LIZ O8s‘T u03210 :UISeG PISO[D UOS2ZIO “ZT SE ly anes a tl pap ROTI REDMON OY oa gS 6 pay emt aaa on 7-nditoor] 6 ip Seen oa an Ta oe Tie 9€ Ov OL 188 psi S90'T 96v'7 vEV'? 0£6‘t elve 859°% 1L0°9 uo}JUTYSeM :punos jo3ng ‘TI 6£E 6LZ 819 671'T tLv 109‘T 6Sv'E SES‘D b66'L L76‘v 987S E17‘ OL [210.L Ov 67 69 Tel LI 8bvl Sv6 SSL £0v‘T OIlT bos 079'T uo .SUTYsSeEM 6672 OSZz 6vS 866 SS EST vise LLO‘b 16S‘9 TI8‘€ T8L‘b €6S‘8 u030IO :]eseoD “OT ZIT 89 Ost Sz9 16 OTL 066'T 600°€ 666'v LUL‘@ B9T‘E S68'S uodaIO :0779WeTTIM "6 8s BE 96 StS SOT €£9 LZS‘T S87 I 908‘% vOl'z Tev'l SES‘E [210 8s BE 96 ZEV oot ZES L671 vL7 TI ILS‘Z L8L‘T ZIV‘T 661‘€ uozZUTYSEM — = _ €6 8 101 vTZ II SEZ LIE 61 9€E u03291O :BIQUIN[OD IIMOT ‘8 x4 6L LOT 97 SI Iv €6S‘T LO O9L‘S Lv9'l 197@‘v 806‘S [2101 S S Or z - (2 Of 1ST 189 Lev 9ST £69 uo}sUTYSeM €Z vL L6 x4 ST 6€ COLT 9I16‘E 6L0‘S O17 T S00‘v SI7‘S u039IO :eIQUIN[OD-PI “L € SI ST 9 S ia TILT EVIL SS8‘8 SILT C9T‘L 1838‘8 [210.L fe} Z 4 (¢) = (¢) zs a9 £91 ZS Ell. SOT uoyBUTYseM € €l €I v I S 69S OLO‘T 6£9'T ELS. v80'l LSO‘r u03210 = = (z) (6 v 9 160‘T 796‘S €SO°L €£60°T 996‘S 6SO0'L oyep] :ayYBUS JOMOT “9 if S 9 9 8 vl L6v O9T‘€ LS9‘E bos ELIE LLO‘E [2101 if S 9 I (¢ € Tvl 77S 799 vol 67S €L9 u0saIO = (z) — S 9 Il SSE 8E9‘7 £667 O9€ by9‘Z vOo‘e oyep] :9yeus [eUuID °S = (z) = 6£ Lv 98 ZEL L00‘@ 6£1°7 TILT vSo'z SUC [SUTWOAM pue hse seyeus Joddy ‘py € € 9 € S 8 l€v 007'T 1€9'T LEv 807 T Sv9'T uojsUTYyseEM sBWITyeA “€ Ov vs v6 77 SI Ov L6V‘T OSS‘E LvL‘v 6ST I 7Z9'E 188‘v uo}3UTYSeM :eIquinjog 1oddy, *Z ra Tei ya ee ae en eT Le ey Ge Ag 0Z v9 ITT IZ TET S6L‘v 9vL‘Ol Ivs‘st 0S6‘v L8L‘OT LEL‘ST [2101 vy 0% v9 8 S €l S9S SES OOT'T L19 09S LLI‘T uozsUTYseEM = (z) = €01 co 611 O£7 PL ITZ‘OL Ibvr‘vl ELE vb LZZ‘Ol 09S‘vI yeueyuoy pue oyep] :oueyOdsg-1eu9}00y “YOY YARD *T 9481S pue uo1ds9IqNns sI9UMO Vv SIOUMO IV sodA} poompsey [e101 OV CALIg OCA anand ayeatig | onqnd IV Irv sedi poomyostmon |S TION (Sa4dD puvsnoy] UJ) 996[ ‘[ Cavnunve ‘u018ayY ILf1IDJ YIAON-VIQUN]JOD AY] Ul 2jD1S pup uoisaaqns Aq pun diyssaumo pun add] ysasof Aq ‘puny ISasof JDIDAQWWOI JO DAAY— "OZ 9]qQDI, onand OPAL oqnd poyxoojsuON 47 48 Table 27.—Area of commercial forest land, by softwood forest type and ownership (In Douglas-fir Hemlock-—Sitka spruce Subregion State owners owners owners 1. Clark Fork- Kootenai-Spokane: Idaho and Montana! 2 3,906 2,546 1,360 243 171 72 1,960 961 999 Washington 437 253 184 41 36 5 233 44 189 Total 4,343 2,799 1,544 284 207 77 25193 - 300s 1,188 2. Upper Columbia: Washington Not 12337) 442 40 23 17, 1,879 1352) 527 3. Yakima: Washington 344 242 102 28 13 15 860 611 249 4. Upper Snake: Idaho and Wyoming! 2 1,035 932 103 ~ - - 2 1 1 5. Central Snake: Idaho? 1,134 1,076 58 = - - 947 707 240 Oregon 88 67 21 ~ ~ —~ 436 327 109 Total 1222 1,143 719 — — - 1,383 1,034 349 6. Lower Snake: Idaho 2,400 2,067 335 1 1 - 599 384 215 Oregon 385 270 115 — — - 602 292 310 Washington 45 36 9 4 4 — 64 27 37 Total 2,830 23S 457 5 5 _ 1,265 703 562 7. Mid-Columbia: Oregon 867 636 231 36 36 - 2,562 - 46803 759 Washington 216 92 124 6 6 (3) 377 96 281 Total 1,083 728 355 42 42 (3) 2.939) esos 1,040 8. Lower Columbia: Oregon 220 11 209 15 _ 15 - = Washington 1,705 758 947 554 246 308 3 3 Total 1,925 169 IESG 569 246 323 3 3 4 9. Willamette: Oregon 4,043 Sl) 117/333) 493 313 180 5 5 5 10. Coastal: Oregon 4,779 33008) lata 826 299 527 142 120 22 Washington 435 105 330 908 297 611 — — = Total 5,214 SES SAXON 1,734 596 1,138 142 120 22 11. Puget Sound: Washington 2,478 955° 1k523 Hit 923 854 (3) (3) 3 12. Oregon Closed Basin: Oregon 510 494 16 ~ - - 594 382 212 Grand total 26,806 17,195 9,611 4,972 2,368 2,604 11,265 7,115 4,150 1 Separate data not available. 71,088,000 acres of nonstocked commercial forest land are included in the forest type data for the States of Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming. 3Less than 500 acres. and by subregion and State in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, January 1, 1966 thousand acres) Lodgepole pine Larch Fir—spruce Other softwoods A A eo owners owners owners owners owners ae +4— — ia—P-— =» See ah ———————— ee ROMA Gl) 3,111 21527 584 2592 1,973 619 1.728 1,373 355 343 168 180 Se MMII TSS 60 198 G7 37 30 6). 44 OB PSUS SST 20131299. 121587 712) 21659 2010 649-1790) 1417°«<373°«343«=«d@3)S«CLO I ss 370 Gs. 9293. eI «82 «9294 235° 59 ek ee 9°! 's TAGS) AMesG For la 0s gs) 37 SR me 33 7597 5 ST 809306 ys 1 10 oO Meer co age. a355 0" 5 7 ie Wea 595) 52) as) ee = . ie 39°37 me es Te 6s SOK Se hee ee ee ey ua) TAS RAAT Ss S06) 649 = 57 eS Pape 1934 1484 1.440044 9179 «19S GO.Ss«,821 1,503 318 316 229 «© 87 ECMO) esol 134-899 07 (169° 9133 36=i(C“i39,s:«s3B tt (tt tC = Vege See Ue eee = ABO 108 5G) 0S3) 7 we Ge See Sen sees. selene 7358) 262 96" 2173 1,768) 405 1316229) 87 ee G14. 57471) 40 «191 «17 20762? 679 «83. 44 C10 = ae eee is De ROO GI Oke le 2 Se Toe 7601-57900 42 | 205 183, 22° «823 719, «04~=SC aS Geis Se ip nolo Wee ghee 79,” 0037 g 42 yk ee ieee ds aS. Ga) Se 1 a Oe ee Pines = 43 «349 1 ie ee esoR ss0 68, ye eee Petes § 96 16) 204 (5 = 557 398 159 . 10 5 4 7 eee I eile the Se poy te vr ee ee es mE. «106, «= SS SC eo a 159 10 3 7 5 See [ope OMENS EE) Chee SO. G5) 540 ee Wipe => | ey me 188 SARS A fe = 9? 8139 8 9, Wisvmmos4n 123 7,516 6488 1,028 3,651 2783 868 8,452 6,972 1.480 760 456 304 0 I a a a a Ee eee eee eee — a sa i vl nd —_ : - -_ 2 yh ae — ars es i. on a0 | Mh ri + ; ‘| ; — vite mas : - tiie: i 7 bo sn j . Table 28.—Area of commercial forest land, by ownership, subregion, and State in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, January 1, 1966 (In thousand acres) Federal Subregion State, and Bureau county, Private State of Land and Management municipal 1. Clark Fork- Kootenai-Spokane: Idaho and Montana! 14,560 9,433 8,803 254 373 3 794 4,3332 Washington P77 496 486 - = 10 64 617 Total IS S7/8)7} 9,929 9,289 254 373 13 858 4,950 2. Upper Columbia: Washington 4,881 S27 2,062 193 957 5 405 15259 3. Yakima: Washington 1,645 1,082 622 5 455 (4) 126 437 4. Upper Snake: Idaho and Wyoming! DIDS 2,014 1957, 47 10 - 40 171 5. Central Snake: Idaho 3,004 2,465 2,423 42 - - 179 3603 Oregon 673 $28 504 24 - ~ 1 144 Total 3,677 21993 2,927 66 - - 180 504 6. Lower Snake: Idaho 7,059 5,627 5,414 186 20 7 339 1,093 Oregon 1,657 1,076 1,065 9 2 - 8 573 Washington 165 110 109 1 - - 3 52 Total SSeS Gis 886,580. Re MOCge 22 NSS.” Te 7. Mid-Columbia: Oregon 5,215 3,964 3,550 91 323 — 41 1,210 Washington 693 178 128 9 41 ~ 78 437 Total 5,908 4,142 3,678 100 364 9 1,647 8. Lower Columbia: Oregon 336 12 — 12 - — 7 317 Washington SII 1,071 1,065 2 1 3 341 1,787 Total 3.535 1,083 1,065 14 1 3 348 2,104 9. Willamette: Oregon 5,895 Ws }7/i 2,382 589 - ~ 197 PrP 10. Coastal: Oregon 8,593 4,153 PEI H | 1,626 ~ - 629 3,811 Washington 1,620 303 138 ~ 165 ~ 201 ANG Total 10,213 4,456 2,665 1,626 165 -- 830 4,927 11. Puget Sound: Washington 6,071 1,697 1557 9 69 62 961 3,413 12. Oregon Closed Basin: Oregon 1,580 21S 12193 22 - - 2 363 Grand total Di0246 mA GID ents O8S en S11 D416) OOM aaion © 24/2202 3 1 Individual State statistics not available. 2 Includes Coeur d’Alene Indian Reservation (22,000 acres). Contains a negligible amount of county and municipal land. 4 Less than 500 acres. Sit 52 All size classes Subregion and State 1. Clark Fork- Kootenai-Spokane: Idaho and Montana! 14,560 10,227 43332 8,998 6,060 2,938 Washington slay) 560 617 497 294 203 Total 1557/37 10,787 4,950 9,495 6,354 3,141 2. Upper Columbia: Washington 4,881 3,622 1259 3,430 2,806 624 3. Yakima: — > Washington 1,645 1,208 437 12523 1,134 388 4. Upper Snake: Idaho and Wyoming! 2225 2,054 al 1,847 ev 136 [ 5. Central Snake: Idaho 3,004 2,644 360 2,687 2,365 322 Oregon 673 529 144 505 430 75 Total 3,677 83 I17/33 504 3,192 DTS 35cm fF 6. Lower Snake: Idaho A059 5,966 1,093 4,789 3,95 874 Oregon Goi 1,084 573 15325 879 446 Washington 165 113 a2 138 91 47 Total 8,881 PANGS 1,718 6,252 4,885 1,360 ff 7. Mid-Columbia: Oregon 5225 4,005 1,210 3,604 2,819 785 Washington 693 256 437 493 218 280 Total 5,908 4,261 1,647 4,097 3,032 1,065 8. Lower Columbia: Oregon 336 19 Sli 144 — 144 Washington 3,199 1,412 1,787 1,985 1,036 949 Total S815) 1,431 2,104 2,129 1,036 1,0935 | 9. Willamette: Oregon 5,895 3,168 MefiPall S12 2,443 1,303 |: 10. Coastal: Oregon 8,593 4,782 Sy f08 bal 5,425 3,568 1,857 Washington 1,620 504 1,116 789 281 508 Total 10,213 5,286 4,927 6,214 3,849 2,365 11. Puget Sound: Washington 6,071 2,658 3,413 3,269 1,806 1,463 12. Oregon Closed Basin: Oregon 1,580 eral 363 Piss 882 273 eee ———————— a Grand total 70,248 46,028 24,220 46,355 32,733 13,622 - Individual State statistics not available. 2 Includes Coeur d’Alene Indian Reservation. 3 Tess than 500 acres. , subregion, and State in the Columbia-Narth Pacific Region, January 1, 1966 ( thousand acres) Saplings and seedlings Nonstocked Private | 3,653 —«-2,778 875 1,400 1,017 383 509 372 137 | 413 131 282 203 115 88 64 20 44 j 4,066 2,909 Inia 1,603 1,132 471 573 392 181 ia 972 501 471 385 261 124 94 54 40 90 56 34 26 15 11 6 3 3 = | 261 235 26 104 96 8 13 12 1 ; 65 54 11 213 188 25 39 37 2 Jie 137 73 64 25 21 4 6 5 I | 202 127 75 238 209 29 45 42 3 Hetil ~~ 1,085 26 654 536 118 505 430 75 | 305 185 120 14 7 7 13 13 (3) 3 24 20 4 I = I 2 2 (3) 1,440 ‘1,290 150 669 543 126 520 445 75 | 71,113 809 304 401 303 98 97 74 23 ae 171 33 138 19 5 14 10 5 5 1,284 842 442 420 308 112 107 79 28 | 84 19 65 108 = 108 = - = | 390 152 238 728 186 542 96 38 58 474 171 303 836 186 650 96 38 58 | 586 326 260 1,377 331 1,046 180 68 112 | 759 415 344 1,860 549 1,311 549 250 299 | 388 116 272 374 78 296 69 29 40 1,147 531 616 2,234 627 1,607 618 YS) 339 | 1,883 540 1,343 843 Dil 571 76 40 36 | 265 BTS 40 118 Ul 4] 42 33 9 | 12,670 eS 3 4,917 8,853 4,057 4,796 230 1,485 885 54 | Table 30.—Volume of timber on commercial forest land, by class of timber, softwoods and | (In million Growing-stock Total all timber All Soft- Hard- All Soft- Hard- All Soft- Hard- species | woods | woods | species | woods | woods | species | woods | woods Subregion and State 1. Clark Fork- Kootenai-Spokane: Idaho and Montana 28,5891 28,4811 108! 28,589 28,481 108 19,071 19,013 58 Washington 1,924 1,899 25 1,808 1,783 25 1,118 1 6 Total 30513" 30380 133 30,397 30,264 133 20,189 20,125 64 2. Upper Columbia: Washington 9,870 9,773 97 9,296 9,227 69 6,624 6,595 29 3. Yakima: Washington 6,339 6,314 25 6,203 6,178 25 5,329 5,319 10 4. Upper Snake: Idaho and Wyoming 4,350! 4,284 661 4,350 4,284 66 2,747 2,726 21 5. Central Snake: Idaho 5,599! 5.5931 61 5,599 5,593 6 4,527 4,525 2 Oregon 1,542 1,538 4 1,516 LES 12 4 1,261 1,258 3 Total 7,141 7,131 10 TEMS 7,105 10 5,788 5,783 5 6. Lower Snake: Idaho 14,7701 14,747! 231 14,770 14,747 23 1O3358eeetOsS82 6 Oregon 3,744 34123 Dil 3,696 3,677 19 PTG2 2,754 8 Washington 407 407 (3) 400 400 _ 302 302 - Total 18,921 18,877 44 18,866 18,824 42 13,402 13,388 14 7. Mid-Columbia: Oregon 122593) Weli2e525 68 12-23'89 el22206 32 9,719 9,708 11 Washington INS 23 LeSi2 11 1,504 1,495 9 1258 1,250 | Total 14,116 14,037 719 13/427 “1387701 41 10,972 10,958 14 8. Lower Columbia: i i LT TTT i ails. . = Oregon 722 $13 209 1 $12 200 445 340 105 Washington 17,262 16,224 1,038 SOUS sis O05 913 14,133 13,662 471 Total 17,984 16,737 1,247 UGGS = USSG eS’ 14,578 14,002 576 9. Willamette: Oregon 29,825 27,959 1,866 28-125, 272020) e105 25,795 24,808 987 10. Coastal: Oregon 39,046 34,722 4,324 Si I28 355386" S142 33,468 31,159 2,309 Washington 8,129 7,405 724 7,681 6,981 700 6,366 6,020 346 Total AT ATS: P4227 5,048 44,809 40,367 4,442 39,834 37,179 2,655 11. Puget Sound: Washington 2712349) 259 2,230 26,463 24,375 2,088 22,717 21,608 Taam ee 12. Oregon Closed Basin: Oregon 3,300 3729 9 3,187 3,180 7 2,794 25493 1 Grand total 216,883 206,029 10,854 209,783 200,042 9,741 170,769 165,284 5,485 i eo ee I a 1 Does not include estimates of cull and salvable dead tree volume. 2Data not available. 3 Less than 300,000 cubic feet. hardwoods, subregion, and State in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, January 1, 1966 cubic feet) Rough (sound Rotten cull Salvable dead Poletimber cull)trees trees trees All Soft- Hard- All Soft- Hard- All Soft- Hard- All Soft- species | woods | woods | species | woods | woods | species | woods | woods | species | woods 9,518 9,468 50 (2) (7) (2) (7) @) ©) (2) (2) () 690 671 19 7 7 (3) 65 65 (3) 44 44 = 10,208 10,139 69 7 7 (3) 65 65 (3) 44 44 = PIGT2 2,632 40 221 199 22 96 91 5 257 256 1 874 859 15 6 6 (3) 17 17 (3) 113 113 (3) 1,603 1,558 45 @) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) @) (2) 1,072 1,068 4 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 255 254 1 10 10 (3) 1 i (3) 15 15 is —3278 1,322 5 10 10 (3) 1 1 (3) 15 15 m2 4,432 4,415 17 = a = = = a ae = 23 934 923 11 15 13 2 9 9 (3) 24 24 = 98 98 (3) 1 1 (3) 5 5 (3) 1 1 (3) 5,464 5,436 28 16 14 2 14 14 = 25 25 = D519 2,498 21 149 113 36 39 39 (3) 167 167 (3) 251 245 6 2 1 1 10 9 i 7 7 = P70) 2,743 27 151 114 37 49 48 1 174 174 (3) 267 172 95 9 a 9 = = - 1 1 £ iss 1,343 442 174 85 89 22 21 1 LN TS 35 2,052. -:1,515 537 183 85 98 22 21 1 he) ae 35 B530 -2,212 718 248 102 146 79 16 3 773 761 12 3,660 2,227 1,433 675 143 532 115 93 22 128) ed O0 28 1,315 961 354 40 18 2D 46 46 S 362 360 2 OT S50) 3,188 - 91,787 715 161 554 161 139 22 1,490 1,460 30 3,746 2,767 979 161 41 120 87 77 10 638 626 12 393 387 6 38 36 2 13 13 = 62 62 (3) 39,014 34,758 4,256 1,756 775 981 604 562 42 4,740 4,650 90 2 a ee er ae a ee ye Rm RT ore Te EN re a 1 ee aS Ey Le ev ere 55 Table 31.—Volume of sawtimber on commercial forest land, by species (Million board feet, Total Ponderosa Subregion and State Douglas- | True i and All Soft- Hard- firs . Jeffrey species woods woods pines 1. Clark Fork- Kootenai-Spokane: Idaho and Montana 109,741 109,449 292 295126 125351 Sset96, 117994 7,700 - Washington 6,061 6,032 29 1,428 684 274 1,017 539 - Total 115,802 115,481 321 S154 913.035 57470) AS0rt 8,239 - 2. Upper Columbia: Washington 37,266 37,101 165 13,920 5513 810 10,614 432 ~ 3. Yakima: Washington 29,168 29,118 50 9,044 5,804 960 7,396 648 ~ 4. Upper Snake: Idaho and Wyoming 15,684 155579 105 7,461 1326 35720 46 — — 5. Central Snake: Idaho DILZSS DIEZAS 10 10,027 3,990 1,220 8,694 - ~ Oregon 1213 7,194 19 1,407 1,285 129 3,283 ~ ~ Total 34,498 34,469 29 11,434 S275= 1349 hE o77 + - 6. Lower Snake: Idaho 58,223 58,193 30 16,300 13,654 3,062 4,319 4,669 = Oregon 14,860 14,820 40 3,677 3,167 601 4,057 9 - Washington 1,474 1,474 (1) 424 319 12 487 - ~ Total 74,557 74,487 70 ZOV40£ 17140" 43:675 8,863 4,678 - 7. Mid-Columbia: Oregon 55,396 55,340 56 12,785 8,548 1,643 24,215 311 - Washington 6,568 6,562 6 2,629 870 26 2,658 29 - Total 61,964 61,902 62 15,414 9,418 1,669 26,873 340 - 8. Lower Columbia: Oregon 2,441 1,858 $83 1,615 - - ~ ~ ~ Washington 94,130 91,389 2,741 515635. 9125500 56 37 646 _ Total 96,571 93,247 3,324 535250) 125500 56 Si, 646 — 9. Willamette: Oregon 168,542 163,088 5,454 118,187 9,563 287 B27 1,690 285 10. Coastal: Oregon 222,866 209,947 12;919 4£47;030 13,815 426 3,585 1,614 4,480 Washington 37,499 35,760 1,739 4,980 St27 53 ~ 195 - Total 260,365 245,707 14,658 152,010 17,342 459 3,585 1,809 4,480 11. Puget Sound: Washington 134,589 129,041 5,548 30,744 27,965 48 10 596 - 12. Oregon Closed Basin: Oregon 16,709 16,706 3 122 2,659 838 12,780 WW 38 Grand total 1,045,715 1,015,926 29,789 463,144 125,540 19,341 95,519 19,159 4,803 1T ess than 500,000 board feet. 56 group, subregion, and State in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, January I, 1966 International 1/4-inch rule) : Engelmann Other Western Sitka Western Incense- Redwood or other hard- larch spruce spruce hemlock cedar scaanis 19,357 = = $0133126 51048 =AKOSit 196 = = a 96 928 = = 426 408 328 = = 13 = = _ 16 20,285 = eT PISt552 408 5,376 SS Aoi 209 = = = 112 4,023 = = 2,369 624 448 = 348 157 = ss Ls 8 1,792 = = 850 1,799 151 a 674 49 ee 1 = oa = = = 2728 os z - 298 105 = wt = as 212 = - 2,923 = = = 209 10 2 7 as = 7162 = ue 392 = = = 2 18 ss = Ss 1 974 3s a: 3,245 = ay = 211 28 = = = 1 2,810 se = 7,348 264 4,521 Veena 30 oe = es = 2,110 a 23 1,154 = = x 45 40 bs = = — 130 = ss 102 = = 2 = (1) = 2 _ (1) 5,050 = = 8,604 264 4,521 esol 70 = = = az 2,591 ce = 1,739 1,114 199 6h @ 64 10 il 23 9 3 241 = = 716 2 31 — — (1) 1 5 _ (1) 2,832 a = 1,815 1,116 230 6 ep ang4 10 12 28 9 3 = = us S 101 142 = = - 478 = 105 = 55 = 213 187 20,169 4,878 6 © 11007 14 kG 2 955 51 55 = 213 187 20,270 5,020 6 1,007 114 ~=2,099 — 1,060 51 110 = 323 243 230439 945571 518 sero 266 2,625 554 1,508 501 = 267 5,601 90 DROSS 31021) 9 368746) 141059 11130 46227 31025 99490. «21064 = = 2,478 = 20,436 3,963 es 148 1 1,694 e 44 = = 267 8,079 90 AD SPI GL9 SAS 874.0 407 114w ToD si025Gwiss4 064 = bs 1,734 98 53,948 9,668 94930 500 = 3,733 tet201 113 z us = = = es 152 40 3 = = = = 35,121 267 10,349 33,781 PAAStS3S S6s9L9E Aol ~s23582 1625) 1165390) 33609 9553125925853 58 Table 32.—Volume of growing stock on commercial forest land, by species group, (Million Ponderosa and Jeffrey pines Total [eb decal 1 al Douglas- All Soft- Hard- fir species woods woods Subregion and State 1. Clark Fork- Kootenai-Spokane: Idaho and Montana 28,589 28,481 108 7,166 3,663 4,724 2,243 Washington 1,808 1,783 25 431 195 Dil 248 Total 30,397 30,264 133 7591 3,858 4,981 2,491 2. Upper Columbia: Washington 9,296 9,227 69 3,339 1,174 822 2,037 86 — | 3. Yakima: Washington 6,203 6,178 25 1,788 1 Syil7/ 307 sity) 149 — a 4. Upper Snake: Idaho and Wyoming 4,350 4,284 66 155i 441 1,671 8 — — 5. Central Snake: Idaho 5,599 5,593 6 1,939 998 549 1,481 = = Oregon 1,516 1S 72 4 314 305 79 605 1 = Total TAU) 7,105 10 D253 1,303 628 2,086 1 = ) 6. Lower Snake: Idaho 14,770 14,747 23 3,767 3,497 1,989 769 974 — Oregon 3,696 3,677 19 752 892 440 877 2 = Washington 400 400 (4) 105 105 18 110 ~ —_ Total 18,866 18,824 42 4,624 4,494 2,447 1,756 976 = 7. Mid-Columbia: Oregon 12,238 12,206 32 2,532 DDS 1,259 4,506 61 — Washington 1,504 1,495 9 613 273 13 $04 6 — Total 13,742 13,701 41 3,145 D525 1272 5,010 67 - 8. Lower Columbia: | Oregon (hy SILA 200 441 ~ - - ~ - Washington 15,918 15,005 913 8,109 2,339 26 9 116 ~ Total 16,630 USES M7 ibs} 8,550 2,339 26 9 116 -- 9. Willamette: Oregon 28,725 27,020 1,705 18,611 De il7? 127 56 292 50 10. Coastal: Oregon 37,128 33,386 3,742 22,166 2,610 240 669 279 754 Washington 7,681 6,981 700 1,068 618 8 ~ 50 _ Total 44,809 40,367 4,442 23,234 3,228 248 669 329 754 11. Puget Sound: Washington 26,463 24,375 2,088 6,283 5,350 37 1 139 _ 12. Oregon Closed Basin: Oregon 3,187 3,180 7 28 599 338 2,144 13 7 Grand total 209,783 200,042 9,741 81,009 28,940 12,904 17,584 4,026 811 1T ess than 500,000 cubic feet. | | subregion, and State in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, January 1, 1966 cubic feet) Engelmann or other spruce Incense- cedar Western Western Sitka Redwood hemlock larch spruce 3,910 £ eet 2.615 = 1048 2 hg7 58 Be a a 50 254 = = 107 94 74 2 B 10 a Z 2 15 4,164 = =F (2722 OAING 22 ems GH, 68 = a a 65 842 = = 578 131 114 = 104 49 3 c z 17 363 - 2 179 347 36 s 175 24 bu 1 E: = A. = = 524 zs = # 83 66 = = = s 36 = = 546 = = A 44 6 = a = = 149 Es S 58 = = Z 1 4 = a Se wih) 185 = = 604 2 = xe 45 10 = zi Sere) 622 is ee Ae543 95 1,091 at 400 10 = ce: = 13 421 m = 280 Z iH = 13 12 3 a :! 4 30 8 a 32 = E = el is 4 ee) 1,073 = =a ge Ie855 95. 1,091 a 413 22 3 z = 17 499 = 2 384 198 30 16 469 6 9 6 7 4 53 a zs 26 1 6 as a = 1 8 ee mG) 552 = = 410 199 36 16 469 6 10 14 7 s = sa a 21 50 = = a 180 2 18 = 10 = 37 40 3359 eT IS 1 181 23 639) § 1G), | 238 18 10 a 37 40 138 0MNS28 I 181 23 819 251 18 13 = 57 102 3,855 851 103 791 40 725.4 348 0.472) 190 e 39 1,111 20 AGS I GED 743 Gt me Me27) 2870) 304 9115 = = 390 = 4.085 735 a 27 iz 657 a 43 i = 39 1,501 20 pA Gy GES 770 ie) oe OS. oe OS zs = 253 19 9,390 1,968 2 935 Suma oa? 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(z) 16801 880°C SLE “bT €£9b°97 UOPSUTYSE AA :punos josng “TT (z) (z) por LI (z) (z) 68S‘7I (z) (z) 9SL‘vI (Gam LOE ‘Or 608 ‘vr [e10.L, (2) (z) L67'S (z) (z) 889'°T (z) (z) 969 OOL 186°9 189°L UOPSUTYSE A 6£6'T 87701 LOTTI ¢So'T 978°6 106‘0I 8bL TIEEL 090°bT CrL‘€ 98EEE SZI‘LE CoQ) [eyseoD ‘OT SII‘ pr7'9 6SEL pv7 EER‘E LLO‘Y OE €v6°9I 687°LT SOL‘T 0Z0‘LZ GAG uosaIO [OJJOWRTIN “6 916 v7L‘9 Ov9L IST 9IS‘T L99‘T 9V EECA €7ZE‘L Ell‘ LIS‘ST 0€9°9T [ROL 6CL 9779 ¢L6°9 SET 78h 079'T 9V LEGEE SCOuL €16 S00‘ST 8I6‘ST uoySUTYSe L8T 8Lb $99 €1 VE Lv = = = 002 71S TIL u0z2I0 :BIQUINJOD IOMOT °*g 1Z CLYv‘7 9607 8 PIL T CCL‘T (al TIS‘6 v7S‘6 Iv IOL‘€ET CVL‘EL [10], v €EL LEL v (UGS 9ZE if Orr Ivv 6 C6r'T vOSs‘T uo,SUTYSeM [bis CvL T 6SL‘T v 76ET 96E'T II TLO‘6 €80°6 ZE 907‘ZI SET TI u0saI19, ‘eIQuIN[OD-PIN ‘L Spoom ~preH SpOOM soroods SpOOM SpOOmM soroods SpOOmM Spoom sotoods SpOoMm Spoom soroods JOS IV ~prey “WJOS IV -preH “WOS ITV ~preH WJOS ITV oyqnd 19410 jSo10 J TeUOEN sdtysiouMo [[V (1aaf n1qna uo uz) panuljuoy—996[ ‘[ Aavnuve ‘u018ay I1f19IDg YIAON-DIQUINJOD AY] Ul ajDIS puv ‘UO18AAGNS ‘SpoOMpaADYy puDd spoomyfos ‘diyssaumo Aq ‘puvd] JSALOL JVIIIWUIWOI UO YIOJS BUIMOAS JO AUIN]JOY —"PE 2]qQVI, 9781S pue uoTsoIqns OPAL 63 Table 35.—Total wood fiber consumption in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by State and by industry group, 1965, with projections to the year 2020 (In million cubic feet) 1965 1970 1980 State and industry group Eastern Washington: Lumber and wood products 218 247 Dor, B22 344 351 368 Woodpulp 3)// 40 45 50 5 60 70 Total DSS) 287 342 7 399 411 438 Western Washington: Lumber and wood products WS 816 897 848 857 828 707 Woodpulp 507 535 V2 978 1,051 1S 1,150 Total PREZ 1,351 1,618 1,826 1,908 15958 1,857 Eastern Oregon: Lumber and wood products 238 245 263 Dia 281 286 290 Woodpulp 7 10 IS) 31 38 41 41 Total 245 AS 278 303 319 327 331 Idaho: Lumber and wood products 328 345 370 399 3)7/ 384 357 Woodpulp 48 7) 72 101 ts 146 185 Total 376 402 442 500 le 530 542 Montana: Lumber and wood products 239 218 INS) Divs s/s 180 175 Woodpulp Sy) 84 116 130 185 192 200 Total 291 302 331 347 B58 3712 375 Western Oregon: Lumber and wood products 1,701 1,345 1195 1,144 lives 1,166 1227 Woodpulp 188 285 400 480 508 518 528 Total 1,889 1,630 IF 95 1,624 1,683 1,684 1,755 All C-NP Regions: Lumber and wood products 3,499 3,216 3,081 3202 3, DOA 3,195 3,124 Woodpulp 839 1,011 1,369 1770 1,952 2,082 2,174 Total 4,338 4,227 4,606 4,972 S179 a2 5,298 64 Table 36.—Total wood fiber consumption in western Washington portion of the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by subregion and type of consumption, 1965, with projections to the year 2020 (In million cubic feet) Subregion and type of consumption 2020 Lower Columbia (8): Saw logs 154 127, 118 104 123 124 102 Veneer logs 47 47 62 67 78 86 90 Miscellaneous wood products 5) 16 20 23 Ps: 23, 20 Pulpwood 229 242 326 442 475 508 SY) Foreign log exports 12 24 29 25 17 10 4 Total 457 456 5) 661 716 751 UES Coastal (10): Saw logs 70 58 3 48 56 SM A7 Veneer logs 18 19 24 Dy 31 34 35) Miscellaneous wood products q 8 9 11 11 11 9 Pulpwood 37 39 33 1D TY 83 85 Foreign log exports 46 90 110 93 61 38 IS Total 178 214 249 251 236 73} 191 Puget Sound (11): Saw logs 232 19] 178 158 185 188 1536) Veneer logs 93 94 12 135 156 7 V9 Miscellaneous wood products aD 25 30 36 36 36 31 Pulpwood 241 254 342 464 499 534 546 Foreign log exports 59 117 142 121 80 50 20 Total 647 681 814 914 956 DIY 931 Western Washington: Saw logs 456 376 349 310 364 369 304 Veneer logs 158 160 208 229 265 291 304 Miscellaneous wood products 44 49 59 70 70 70 60 Pulpwood 507 535 7A 978 LOSI 1s 0) Foreign log exports 117 33 281 239 158 98 39 Total 1282 1,351 1,618 1,826 1,908 153 1,857 65 Table 37.—Total wood fiber consumption in eastern Washington portion of the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by subregion and type of consumption, 1965, with projections to the year 2020 (In million cubic feet) Subregion and type of consumption 1965 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Clark Fork- Kootenai-Spokane (1): Saw logs 2 29 34 36 38 38 39 Veneer logs — — — — — - Miscellaneous wood products 2 Be 2 2 2 DA 2 Pulpwood 7 8 8 9 9 10 13 Total 36 39 4. 47 49 50 53 Upper Columbia (2): Saw logs 85 90 108 15 94 119 123 Veneer logs — 8 10 i} 15 18 20 Miscellaneous wood products q 7 7 S| 7 hi 7 Pulpwood 3 3 8 11 13 17 20 Foreign log exports @) ©) (@) ey (oy) (2) (1) Total 95 108 133 146 156 161 170 Yakima (3): Saw logs 42 to 53 56 60 59 60 Veneer logs 9 15 19 24 28 33 37 Miscellaneous wood products 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 Pulpwood — — — — — — — Total 54 62 15 83 91 95 100 Lower Snake (6): Saw logs (1) (1) 1 1 1 1 1 Veneer logs ~ ~ = - — - — Miscellaneous wood products @) @) @) G) 2) er C) Pulpwood ~ - _ = - = = Total -- — 1 1 1 1 1 Mid-Columbia (7): Saw logs 35 ei 45 48 50 49 50 Veneer logs 5 9 1. 14 16 19 23 Miscellaneous wood products 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Pulpwood 27 29 29 30 33 33 38 Total 70 78 89 95 102 104 114 Eastern Washington: Saw logs 189 200 241 256 270 266 Z13 Veneer logs 14 32 41 51 59 70 80 Miscellaneous wood products 15 15 15 15 15 ley 15 Pulpwood a7 40 45 50 55 60 70 Foreign log exports (1) EN (4) eC) GC (1) Total 255 287 342 S72 398 411 438 1 Less than 500,000 cubic feet. 66 Table 38.—Total wood fiber consumption in the western Oregon portion of the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by subregion and type of consumption, 1965, with projections to the year 2020 (In million cubic feet) 1965 1970 1980 1990 Subregion and type of consumption Mid-Columbia (7): Saw logs 23 16 13 11 10 10 12 Veneer logs = = — ae = = — Miscellaneous wood products 1 1 1 1 Z 2 2 Pulpwood 4 5 a 9 10 10 10 Foreign log exports _ — — — — — — Total 28 22 21 21 22 22 24 Lower Columbia (8): Saw logs Sil 3i// 28 25 24 24 26 Veneer logs 183 11 1 11 2 12 3 Miscellaneous wood products 2 2: 3 3 4 4 4 Pulpwood 20 30 42 51 54 5D 56 Foreign log exports ~ ~ - - — _ ~ Total 86 80 84 90 94 95 99 Willamette (9): Saw logs 492 350 D2. 242 230 230 253 Veneer logs 316 269 269 269 302 304 314 Miscellaneous wood products 20 Dy 26 Sil 35 35 35 Pulpwood 95 145 203 243 25 262 267 Foreign log exports 8 13 13 13 8 5) 4 Total 931 799 783 798 832 836 873 Coastal (10): Saw logs 432 307 238 D2 202 202 22 Veneer logs 301 256 256 256 286 289 298 Miscellaneous wood products 17 i) 22 DT 31 Sil 3 Pulpwood 69 105 148 a7 187 19] 195 Foreign log exports 25 42 43 43 29 18 14 Total 844 129, 707 TLS 135 731 759 Western Oregon: Saw logs 998 710 Dail 490 466 466 512 Veneer logs 630 536 536 536 600 605 625 Miscellaneous wood products 40 44 a2 62 fe: J2. 1) Pulpwood 188 285 400 480 508 518 528 Foreign log exports 35 55 56 56 S57) 23 18 Total 1,889 1,630 1,595 1,624 1,683 1,684 ES 67 Table 39.—Total wood fiber consumption in the eastern Oregon portion of the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by subregion and type of consumption, 1965, with projections to the year 2020 (In million cubic feet) Subregion and type of consumption 1965 1970 1980 1990 2000 2020 Central Snake (5): Saw logs 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 Veneer logs 1 2 3 o 5 5 5 Miscellaneous wood products @ (*) OT. =@) G) (*) G) Pulpwood = = = = = = = Total 12 12 13 14 15 15 15 Lower Snake (6): Sawlogs _ 37 37 Si) Bi) Sy 37 By | Veneer logs 8 12 18 DG 25 2 28 Miscellaneous wood products 1 ] ] 1 1 1 1 Pulpwood = = = = = — — Total 46 50 56 60 63 65 66 Mid-Columbia (7): Saw logs 137 136 136 136 136 136 136 Veneer logs 12 16 26 30 Soygume | OC 40 Miscellaneous wood products 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Pulpwood 7 10 15 31 38 4] 41 Total 159 165 180 200 DAD 218 220 Oregon Closed Basin (12): Saw logs Dy Dil Di Di ai Di py Veneer logs 1 1 2 2 Z 2 3 Miscellaneous wood products Or, On Of © - eeme Pulpwood - _ — - - ~ = Total 28 28 29 29 29 25 30 Eastern Oregon: Saw logs 212 210 210 210 210 210 210 Veneer logs 22 31 49 58 67 oe 76 Miscellaneous wood products 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Pulpwood 7 10 15 Si 38 41 41 Total 245 255 278 303 319 327 331 1 Less than 500,000 cubic feet. 68 Table 40.—Total wood fiber consumption in the Idaho portion of the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by subregion and type of consumption, 1965, with projections to the year 2020 (In million cubic feet) Subregion and type of consumption 2000 2010 2020 Clark Fork- Kootenai-Spokane (1): Saw logs 107 106 111 119 115 107 95 Veneer logs 5 10 13 11) 17 19 20 Miscellaneous wood products 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Pulpwood — — — = — = — Total 117 121 129 139 137 131 120 Upper Snake (4): Saw logs ih i 8 8 8 8 i Veneer logs — — = — — — Miscellaneous wood products Or MAC) meee ie Chet aym Eh ete Pulpwood = = = — 12 24 35 Total / 7 8 8 20 32 42 Central Snake (5): Saw logs 48 47 49 33 51 48 43 Veneer logs + 8 10 11 13 14 15 Miscellaneous wood products 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Pulpwood = = 14 36 3i/ 48 75 Total 55 58 76 103 104 113 136 Lower Snake (6): Saw logs 131 130 136 146 141 131 17/ Veneer logs 11 22. 28 32 37 42 45 Miscellaneous wood products Tl U Hf 7 7 7 7 Pulpwood 48 57 58 65 66 74 75 Total 197 216 229 250 251 254 244 Idaho: Saw logs 293 290 304 326 315 294 262 Veneer logs 20 40 51 58 67 AS 80 Miscellaneous wood products 15 iS 15 15 iS) 15 15 Pulpwood 48 57 W2 101 ES 146 185 Total 376 402 442 500 512 530 542 1 Less than 500,000 cubic feet. 69 Table 41.—Total wood fiber consumption in western Montana portion of the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by subregion and type of consumption, 1965, with projections to the year 2020 (In million cubic feet) 1965 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Subregion and type of consumption Western Montana, Clark Fork- Kootenai-Spokane (1): Saw logs 195 Tf 164 161 109 110 102 Veneer logs 34 3)i/ 41 46 54 60 63 Miscellaneous wood products 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Pulpwood a2 84 107 130 185 192 200 Total 291 302 Sn: 347 358 S72 31 70 Table 42.—Forest industry employment in the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by State and industry group, 1965, with projections to the year 2020! State and industry group Eastern Washington: Lumber and wood products Pulp and paper Total Eastern Oregon: Lumber and wood products Pulp and paper Total Western Washington: Lumber and wood products Pulp and paper Total Western Oregon: Lumber and wood products Pulp and paper Total Idaho: Lumber and wood products Pulp and paper Total Western Montana: Lumber and wood products Pulp and paper Total Total C-NP Regions: Lumber and wood products Pulp and paper Total - Data have not been rounded. Standard industrial classification code 24 26 24 26 24 26 24 26 24 26 24 26 24 26 7,660 1S S791 8,335 230 8,565 39,275 18,658 375933 62,918 7,282 70,200 HE SIUS 870 12,385 7,615 300 7,915 137,318 28,471 165,789 8,375 1,102 9,477 7,606 294 7,900 33,707 17,893 51,600 49,782 9,500 59,282 11,386 1,014 12,400 6,447 428 6,875 117,303 30,231 147,534 (Number of persons) 1965 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 8,192 1,039 9,231 6,763 366 75129 30,736 195539 50,275 41,047 10,526 515573 10,379 1,139 11,518 7,163 571 7,734 104,280 33,180 137,460 7,521 994 8,515 6,034 646 6,680 27,343 22,278 49,621 355950 10,667 46,617 9,569 1,439 11,008 4,996 619 5,615 91,413 36,643 6,988 960 7,948 33912 691 6,203 26,261 20,648 46,909 33,836 9,769 43,605 8,207 1,490 9,697 3,978 852 4,830 84,782 34,410 6,418 933 4394 5,046 661 5,707 23,736 19,430 43,166 31,269 8,780 40,049 1,392. 1,734 9,086 3,764 873 4,637 77,585 32,411 6,072 982 7,054 4,648 594 5,242 22,159 17,719 39,878 30,770 8,000 38,770 6,629 2,028 8,657 3,538 866 4,404 73,816 30,189 128,056 119,192 109,996 104,005 71 Table 43.— Forest industry employment in western Washington portion of the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by subregion and industry group, 1965, with projections to the year 2020! (Number of persons) Standard industrial classification code Subregion and industry group 2020 Lower Columbia (8): Logging 2411 3,560 3,296 3,080 2,783 2,499 1,958 1,921 Sawmills 2421 3,868 2,678 1,823 1,266 1-229 1,060 767 Veneer, plywood 2432 2,395 PMV? 2,178 1,988 1,965 1,882 1,745 All other 24 810 814 814 814 814 814 814 Pulp, paper 26 1355) MEDAS 7,911 9,020 8,360 7,867 7,174 Total USS8 WEst4s 15,5806) 1S871 T4867) SSS 2 Coastal (10): Logging 2411 2,909 2,694 Mei T] 2,274 2,043 1,601 1,570 Sawmills 2421 1,336 926 630 438 425 366 265 Veneer, plywood 2432 HESS 1-S35 LST! e257 1,243 1,191 1,103 All other 24 1,367 Wasi 373 1L3i7/3 ies y/3) 12373 1,373 Pulp, paper 26 1,258 1,206 LES 1,501 1,392 1,310 1,194 Total 8,385 7,534 7,214 6,843 6,476 5,841 5,505 Puget Sound (11): Logging 2411 4.501 4,167 3,895 3,518 3,160 2,476 2,430 Sawmills 2421 6,478 4,485 3,052 7121 2,058 1,776 1,284 Veneer, plywood 2432 6,142 5,414 §,584 5,098 5,039 4,826 4,474 All other 24 4,394 4,413 4,413 4,413 4,413 4,413 4.413 Pulp, paper 26 9,845 9442 10:30) IST “105896 403538 9,351 Total 31,360 27,921 27,255 26,907 25,566 23,744 28-932 Western Washington: Logging 2411 10,970 10,157 9,492 8,575 7,702 6,035 5,921 Sawmills 2421 11,682 8,089 5,505 3,825 3712 3,202 2,316 Veneer, plywood 2432 10,052 8,861 9,139 8,343 8,247 7,899 7,322 All other 24 6,571 6,600 6,600 6,600 6,600 6,600 6,600 Pulp, paper 26 18,658 17,893 19:;539 22,278 20:648 19.430) 177 Total 57,933, 51,600 50,275 49,621 46,909 43,166 39,878 Data have not been rounded. 9/93 Table 44.—Forest industry employment in eastern Washington portion of the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by subregion and industry group, 1965, Subregion and industry group Clark Fork- Kootenai-Spokane (1): Logging Sawmills Veneer, plywood All other Pulp, paper Total Upper Columbia (2): Logging Sawmills Veneer, plywood All other Pulp, paper Total Yakima (3): Logging Sawmills Veneer, plywood All other Pulp, paper Total Lower Snake (6): Logging Sawmills Veneer, plywood All other Pulp, paper Total Mid-Columbia (7): Logging Sawmills Veneer, plywood All other Pulp, paper Total Eastern Washington: Logging Sawmills Veneer, plywood All other Pulp, paper Total - Data have not been rounded. (Number of persons) Standard industrial classification code with projections to the year 2020! 2020 ik3 Table 45.—Forest industry employment in western Oregon portion of the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by subregion and industry group, 1965, with projections to the year 2020} (Number of persons) Standard | | | Soe te industrial | 1965 | 1970 | 1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 industry group classification code | Mid-Columbia (7): Logging 2411 86 75 60 51 44 39 36 Sawmills 2421 406 229 130 88 65 $2 $1 Veneer, plywood 2432 - - - _ _ = — All other 24 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 Pulp, paper 26 150 167 170 155 140 126 Total 585 547 450 402 357 324 306 Lower Columbia (8): Logging 2411 190 166 133 113 98 86 81 Sawmills 2421 604 343 194 132 97 77 77 Veneer, plywood 2432 418 342 315 287 287 267 266 All other 24 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 Pulp, paper 26 908 1,185 1,313 1,330 1,218 1,095 998 Total 2.143 2,059 1,978 1,885 1,723 1,548 1,445 Willamette (9): Logging 2411 5.626 4.906 3,929 3,352 2.888 2,557 2.384 Sawmills 2421 9.443 5,945 3,369 2.285 1,687 1,346 1,332 Veneer, plywood 2432 14.446 11,791 10,850 9.872 9.874 9,216 9.155 All other 24 5.050 5,078 5.078 5,078 5,078 5,078 5,078 Pulp, paper 26 5,379 6.866 7.607 7.709 7,060 6,345 5,782 Total 39,944 34,586 30,833 28,296 26,587 24,542 23,731 Coastal (10): Logging 2411 5.847 5,100 4.085 3,484 3,003 2.658 2,479 Sawmills 2421 Tiel 4.916 2,785 1,890 1,395 1,113 1,102 Veneer, plywood 2432 11,847 9.669 8,897 8,096 8,098 7.558 7,507 All other 24 1,100 1,106 1,106 1,106 1,106 1,106 1,106 Pulp, paper 26 995 1,299 1,439 1,458 1,336 1,200 1,094 Total 27,528 22,090 18,312 16,034 14,938 13,635 13,288 Western Oregon: Logging 2411 11,749 10,247 8,207 7,000 6,033 5,340 4.980 Sawmills 2421 18,192 11,433 6,478 4,395 3,244 2,588 2,562 Veneer, plywood 2432 26,711 21,802 20,062 18,255 18,259 17,041 16,928 All other 24 6,266 6,300 6,300 6,300 6,300 6,300 6,300 Pulp, paper 26 7,282 9.500 10,526 10,667 9.769 8,780 8,000 Total 70,200 59,282 51,573 46,617 43,605 40,049 38,770 Data have not been rounded. 74 Table 46.—Forest industry employment in the eastern Oregon portion of the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by subregion and industry group, 1965, with projections to the year 2020' (Number of persons) Standard industrial classification code Subregion and industry group Aa Central Snake (5): Logging 2411 37 S| 36 36 35 33 31 Sawmills 2421 334 281 2S 169 140 119 102 Veneer, plywood 2432 163 206 250 238 228 208 190 All other 24 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 Pulp, paper 26 — — — — ~ - - Total 556 544 519 463 423 380 343 Lower Snake (6): Logging 2411 297 293 290 285 279 268 254 Sawmills 2421 688 578 438 349 288 244 210 Veneer, plywood 2432 231 291 354 337 323 295 269 All other 24 - ~ - - - - - Pulp, paper 26 - — — ~— — — — Total 1,216 1,162 1,082 971 890 807 733 Mid-Columbia (7): Logging 2411 899 887 876 863 843 810 768 Sawmills 2421 2,958 2,484 1,883 1,501 1,240 1,050 903 Veneer, plywood 2432 358 451 548 235 501 458 417 All other 24 1,143 1,051 1,051 1,051 1,051 1,051 1,051 Pulp, paper 26 230 294 366 646 691 661 594 Total 5,588 5,167 4,724 4,584 4,326 4,030 3,133 Oregon Closed Basin (12): Logging 2411 82 81 80 79 77 74 70 Sawmills 2421 1,092 917 695 554 458 387 334 Veneer, plywood 2432 — — = = = = — All other 24 31 29 29 29 29 29 29 Pulp, paper 26 - — — _ — — — Total 1,205 1,027 804 662 564 490 433 Eastern Oregon: Logging 2411 1,315 1,298 1,282 1,263 1,234 1,185 1123 Sawmills 2421 5,072 4,260 3,229 2.513 2,126 1,800 1,549 Veneer, plywood 2432 752 948 P1522 1,098 1,052 961 876 All other 24 1,196 1,100 1,100 1,100 1,100 1,100 1,100 Pulp, paper 26 230 294 366 646 691 661 594 Total 8,565 7,900 TAZ 6,680 6,203 5,707 5,242 Data have not been rounded. 75 Table 47.—Forest industry employment in the Idaho portion of the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by subregion and industry group, 1965, with projections to the year 2020} (Number of persons) Standard | Subregion and industrial = 200 2 | 202 “-irge ris aarti 1965 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 | 2020 code | | | Clark Fork- Kootenai-Spokane (1): Logging 2411 843 839 818 766 653 604 556 Sawmills 2421 2.434 2.186 1,811 1,582 1,242 993 793 Veneer, plywood 2432 299 $71 659 685 708 739 759 All other 24 259 200 200 200 200 200 200 Pulp, paper 26 = _ — ee = = = Total 3,835 3,796 3,488 3,233 2,803 2,536 2,308 Upper Snake (4): Logging 2411 73 73 71 66 56 52 48 Sawmills 2421 203 182 151 132 104 83 66 Veneer, plywood 2432 34 65 75 78 80 84 86 All other 24 _ _ - _ - ~_ — Pulp, paper 26 70 86 76 71 227 355 454 Total 380 406 373 347 467 574 654 Central Snake (5): Logging 2411 342 340 332 311 265 245 226 Sawmills 2421 1.615 1,450 1.201 1,050 824 658 526 Veneer, plywood 2432 494 944 1,089 1,132 1,169 1,220 1,253 All other 24 33 26 26 26 26 26 26 Pulp, paper 26 - ~ 222 513 479 570 822 Total 2.484 2.760 2.870 3,032 2,763 2,719 2.853 Lower Snake (6): Logging 2411 1,316 1,309 1,278 1,196 1,020 943 868 Sawmills 2421 3,467 3.114 2.579 REISS 1,769 1,414 1,130 Veneer, plywood 2432 7 13 15 16 17 17 18 All other 24 96 74 74 74 74 74 74 Pulp, paper 26 800 928 841 855 784 809 752 Total 5.686 5.438 4.787 4.396 3,664 3,257 2,842 Idaho: Logging 2411 2,574 2.561 2,499 22359 1,994 1,844 1,698 Sawmills 2421 7,719 6,932 $,742 5,019 3,939 3,148 2 SAS Veneer, plywood 2432 834 1,593 1,838 1,911 1,974 2,060 2,116 All other 24 388 300 300 300 300 300 300 Pulp, paper 26 870 1,014 1,139 1,439 1,490 1,734 2,028 Total 12,385 12,400 11,518 11,008 9,697 9.086 8,657 1 Data have not been rounded. 76 Table 48.—Forest industry employment in the western Montana portion of the Columbia-North Pacific Region, by subregion and industry group, 1965, with projections to the year 2020 (Number of persons) Standard Subregion and industrial 020 industry use classification code Clark Fork- Kootenai-Spokane (1): Logging 2411 1,488 1,425 2,986 1,379 1,236 1,136 1,058 Sawmills 2421 4,740 3,543 2,643 2,051 1,103 937 768 Veneer, plywood 2432 1,296 1,179 1,234 1,266 1,339 1,391 1,412 All other 24 91 300 300 300 300 300 300 Pulp, paper 26 300 428 S71 619 852 873 866 Total 7,915 6,875 7,734 5,615 4,830 4,637 4,404 77 Table 49.—Population, households, gross national product, and disposable personal income in the United States, 1920-62, with projections to the year 2000! Disposable personal income Gross national Year Population | Households Persons Pet product (1961 dollars) household (1961 : dollars) ot capita Million Billion Billion persons Million Number —dollars_ = dollars-_-——Dolars 1920 106.5 24.4 4.36 143.0 = ~ 1930 1232 2939 4.12 190.3 140.6 1,141 1940 1321 34.9 a9 268.8 170.2 1,288 1950 15233 43.0 3.54 366.5 PIN) 1,685 1960 180.7 53.0 3.41 Shite 39550 1,968 1962 186.7 54.7 3.41 546.0 379.0 2,030 1970 208.0 62.5 3:33 710.0 500.0 2,400 STS 223.0 — ~ 84.0 — - 1980 241.0 (355 3.28 990.0 690.0 2,860 1985 260.0 —~ - 1,175.0 - — 1990 280.0 86.2 S25 1,380.0 960.0 3,430 2000 325.0 101.0 522 1,920.00 1,340.0 4,120 Sources: POPULATION: 1920-40, U.S. Bur. Census, “Historical Statistics of the United States,’ 1960. 1950-62, “Estimates of the Population of the United States, January 1, 1950, to March 1, 1964.” 1 Based on tables 1 and 2, pp. 6 and 8, “Timber Trends in the United States” (U.S.D.A. 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We 8. oh. 82 Subregion name CENTRAL SNAKE LOWER SNAKE MID-COLUMBIA LOWER COLUMBIA WILLAMETTE Idaho Montana Ada Adams Boise Canyon Elmore Gem Owyhee Payette Valley Washington Clearwater Custer Idaho Latah Lemhi Lewis Nez Perce Oregon Baker Malheur Union Wallowa Crook Deschutes Gilliam Grant Hood River Jefferson Morrow Sherman Umatilla Wasco Wheeler Columbia Benton Clackamas Lane Linn Marion Multnomah Polk Washington Yamhill Washington Asotin Garfield Whitman Columbia Klickitat Walla Walla Clark Cowlitz Lewis Skamania Wahkiakum Wyoming Subregion name 10. COASTAL 11. PUGET SOUND 12. OREGON CLOSED BASIN Idaho Montana Oregon Clatsop Coos Curry Douglas Jackson Josephine Lincoln Tillamook Harney Lake Washington Wyoming Grays Harbor Pacific Clallam Island Jefferson King Kitsap Mason Pierce San Juan Skagit Snohomish Thurston Whatcom 83 DEFINITION OF TERMS Commercial forest land.—Forest land which is producing, or is capable of produc- ing, crops of industrial wood and is not withdrawn from timber utilization by statute or administrative regulation. In- cludes areas suitable for management to grow crops of industrial wood generally capable of producing in excess of 20 cubic feet per acre of annual growth. Includes both accessible and prospectively accessible areas and both operable and prospectively operable areas. Commercial species.—Tree species pres- ently or prospectively suitable for indus- trial wood products; excludes so-called weed species such as willow and dogwood. Cull trees.—Live trees that do not con- tain at least one merchantable 12-foot saw log, now or prospectively, because of de- fect, rot, or species (also see “Rotten cull trees’’). Diameter classes.—A classification of trees based on diameter of the tree outside bark, measured at breast height. Two-inch diameter classes, in which the even inch is the approximate midpoint, are used. Diameter at breast height (d.b.h.).— Diameter of a tree measured at breast height (4-1/2 feet above the ground). Farm.—A place operated as a unit of 10 or more acres from which sale of agricul- tural products totals $50 or more annually, or a place operated as a unit of less than 10 acres from which the sale of agricultural products totaled $250 or more during the previous year. Forest industry lands.—Lands owned by companies or individuals operating wood- using plants. Forest land.—Land at least 10 percent stocked by forest trees of any size, or formerly having such tree cover and not currently developed for nonforest use. Includes chaparral areas in the West and afforested areas. The minimum area for Classification of forest land is 1 acre. Roadside, streamside, and shelterbelt strips of timber must have a crown width of at 84 least 120 feet to qualify as forest land. Unimproved roads and trails, streams, and clearings in forest areas are classed as forest if less than 120 feet in width. Forest management.—The protection and management of forest lands for the production of timber and related products. Forest trees._Woody plants having a well-developed stem and usually more than 12 feet in height, including both growing stock and cull trees. Forest type.—A classification of forest land based upon the species presently forming a plurality of stocking. Growing-stock trees.—Live sawtimber trees, poletimber trees, saplings and seed- lings meeting specific standards of quality and vigor; excludes cull trees. Hardwoods.—Dicotyledonous trees, us- ually broad-leaved and deciduous. Harvesting.—The cutting and transporta- tion of logs and related forest products to local points of delivery. Indian lands.—Tribal lands held in fee but administered by the Federal Govern- ment and Indian trust allotments. Land area.—Includes dry land and land temporarily or partially covered by water, such as marshes, swamps, and river flood plains; streams, sloughs, and canals less than one-eighth mile wide; and lakes, reservoirs, and ponds less than 40 acres in area. Mill residue (plant residue).—Wood materials from primary manufacturing plants that are not used for some product. Miscellaneous private lands.—Privately owned lands other than forest industry or farmer owned. Mortality.—_The volume of sound wood in live sawtimber and poletimber trees dying from natural causes during a specific period. National Forest land.—Federal lands which have been designated by Executive Order or statute as National Forests or purchase units, and other lands under the administration of the Forest Service, including experimental areas and Bank- head-Jones Title III lands. Net annual growth.—The annual change in volume of sound wood in live sawtimber and poletimber trees resulting from natural causes; i.e., increases in volume in absence of mortality and cutting, minus mortality, plus growth on mortality, and growth on one-half the cut during a specified year. Net volume.—The gross volume of a tree less deductions for rot, sweep, or other defects affecting use. Noncommercial forest land.—Unpro- ductive forest land incapable of yielding crops of industrial wood because of adverse site conditions, and productive forest land withdrawn from commercial timber use through statute or administrative regu- lation. Nonforest land.—Land that has never supported forests, and lands formerly forested, where use of timber is precluded by development for nonforest use such as crops, improved pasture, residential areas, and city parks. Also includes improved roads and adjoining rights-of-way, power- line clearings, and certain areas of water Classified by the Bureau of Census as land. In forested areas, unimproved roads, streams, canals, and nonforest strips must be more than 120 feet wide and clearings in forest areas must be more than | acre in size to qualify as nonforest land. Nonstocked area._Commercial forest land less than 10 percent stocked with growing-stock trees. Ownership.—The property owned by one owner, regardless of the number of parcels that may comprise it, in a specific area such as a State or the United States as a whole. Other public lands.—Federal lands ad- ministered by the Bureau of Land Manage- ment, Bureau of Indian Affairs, and miscel- laneous Federal agencies; and lands owned by States, counties, and local public agencies, or lands leased by these govern- mental units for more than 50 years. National Forests are excluded. Poletimber trees.—Live trees 5.0 to 10.9 inches in diameter at breast height. Productive-reserved forest land.—Pro- ductive public forest land withdrawn from timber utilization through statute or administrative regulation. Projected demand.—The estimated quan- tity of a roundwood product, or products, that would be demanded at specified times in the future under explicit assumptions as to (1) the growth of the population and national products, (2) trends in the use of materials, and (3) trends in prices of timber products relative to substitute materials. Projected employment.—The estimated volume of employment that would be associated with meeting projected demands for a timber product or products at speci- fied times in the future under explicit assumptions as to (1) changes in produc- tivity, i.e., output per employee, and (2) changes in secondary manufacturing activities. Roundwood (roundwood _products).— Logs, bolts, or other round sections cut from trees. Rotten cull trees._Live trees of com- mercial species that do not contain at least one minimum saw log, now or prospec- tively, primarily because of rot. Rough trees (sound cull trees).—Live trees, 5.0 inches or larger in diameter at breast height, that do not contain at least one minimum saw log, now or prospec- tively, and have less than 25 percent of their volume in usable form primarily because of roughness, poor form, or non- commercial species. Salvable dead trees.—Standing or down dead trees, that are considered currently or potentially merchantable by regional stand- ards. Saplings.—Live trees of commercial spe- cies 1.0 to 5.0 inches in diameter at breast height and of good form and vigor. Saw log.—A log meeting minimum approved log-grade specifications, or for species for which approved log grades are lacking; at least 12 feet long if conifer or 8 feet long if hardwood, with a minimum d.i.b. of 6 inches, and with deduction for defect no greater than two-thirds the gross volume. Sawtimber stands.—Stands at least 10 percent stocked with growing-stock trees, with half or more of this stocking in sawtimber and poletimber trees and with sawtimber at least equal to poletimber stocking. Sawtimber trees.—Live trees containing at least one minimum saw log. Softwoods must be at least 9.0 inches in diameter at breast height, except in California, Oregon, Washington, and coastal Alaska where the minimum diameter is 11.0 inches. Hard- woods must be at least 11.0 inches in diameter in all States. Seedlings.—Established live trees of com- mercial species less than 1.0 inch in diam- eter at breast height and of good form and vigor. Softwoods.—Coniferous trees, usually evergreen, having needles or scalelike leaves. Stand-size class.—A classification of for- est land based on the predominant size of timber present; that is, sawtimber, pole- timber, or saplings and seedlings. State, county, and municipal lands.— Lands owned by States, counties, and local public agencies, or lands leased by these government units for 50 years or more. Standard Industrial Classification (SIC). —A classification of establishments by type of activity in which engaged. An “establishment” is an economic unit which produces goods or services. Stocking._A measure of the degree which area is occupied or utilized by trees of specified classes, including (1) all live trees, (2) growing-stock trees, and (3) desirable trees. Classification of forest land and forest types is based on stocking of all live trees. Stocking of growing-stock trees is used to determine stand size and age class. Stocking standards.—The minimum num- ber of well-spaced trees required to fully utilize the area by specified forest types and sites. Timber cut from sawtimber.—The net board-foot volume of live sawtimber trees cut for forest products during a specified period, including both roundwood prod- ucts and logging residues. 86 Timber products.—Roundwood products and byproducts of primary wood manu- facturing plants. Includes saw logs, veneer logs and bolts, cooperage logs and bolts, pulpwood, fuelwood, piling, poles, posts, hewn ties, mine timbers, and other round, split, or hewn products. Timber products industries.—Industries included in Major Group 24, Lumber and Wood Products, Except Furniture, and Major Group 26, Paper and Allied Prod- ucts, described in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual. The major industries are: Logging.—Logging camps and logging contractors primarily engaged in cut- ting timber and in producing rough, round primary forest or wood raw materials. Sawmills and planing mills.—Establish- ments primarily engaged in sawing rough lumber and timber from logs and bolts, or resawing cants and flitches into lumber, including box lumber, and softwood cut stock; plan- ing mills combined with sawmills; and separately operated planing mills which are engaged primarily in pro- ducing surfaced lumber and standard workings or patterns lumber. Veneer and plywood plants.—Establish- ments primarily engaged in producing commercial veneer, either face or technical, and those primarily engaged in manufacturing commercial ply- wood, including nonwood backed or faced veneer and nonwood faced plywood, from veneer produced in the same establishment or from purchased veneer. Paper and allied products.—Establish- ments primarily engaged in the manu- facturing of pulps from wood and other cellulose fibers and rags; the manufacture of paper and paperboard; and the manufacture of paper and paperboard into converted products such as paper coated off the paper machine, paper bags, paper boxes, and envelopes. Miscellaneous wood manufacturing.— Employment reported for several other SIC divisions within Major Group 24 were combined as miscel- laneous wood manufacturing. The group includes hardwood dimension mills, shingle mills, millwork plants, prefabricated structures, wooden containers, and wood preserving. Industries in this group are either secondary manufacturers or they process a small amount of the total log harvest. They employ a relatively small proportion of the total number of workers. Wood is consumed by firms in Major Group 25, Furniture and Fixtures, but these industries were not studied because the quantities of wood processed, often in combination with other materials, and number of workers employed in the Pacific Northwest are small. Unproductive forest land.—Forest land incapable of yielding crops of industrial wood because of adverse site conditions. Includes sterile or poorly drained forest land, subalpine forests, and steep rocky areas where topographic conditions are likely to prevent management for timber production. Volume of growing stock.—The cubic- foot volume of sound wood in the bole of noncull sawtimber and poletimber trees of commercial species from a 1-foot stump to a minimum 4.0-inch top outside bark or to the point where the central stem breaks into limbs. Volume of sawtimber.—Net volume of the saw-log portion of live sawtimber trees in board feet. 87 ea i" Veer 4 ila u var i poo Errata Wall, Brian R. 1969. Projected developments of the timber economy of the Columbia- North Pacific Region. U.S.D.A. Forest Service Res. Pap. PNW-84, 87 pp. Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. The following tables should be changed to reflect a correction in projected logging employment for the year 1980 in western Montana. New Data Table 13, page 31 (Year 1980) (No. of persons) Subregion 1 -- Lumber and wood products LORS Subregion 1 -- Total eS WSS: Total C-NP Region: Lumber and wood products OZ s 729 Total C-NP Region: Total 35).902 (Year 1980) Table 14, page 32 (No. of persons) Subregion 1 -- Montana DI O2 Subregion 1 -- Total LOS Sst State Total -- Montana 5) OILY Grand Total O27 29 | (Year 1980) Table 17, page 35 (Thousand dollars) Subregion 1 82207 Total Tew ot (Year 1980) Table 42, page 71 (No. of persons) Western Montana: Lumber and wood products OZ Western Montana: Total (Sy dks} Total C-NP Regions: Lumber and wood products LOZ 7.29 Total C-NP Regions: Total 135,909 (Year 1980) Table 48, page 77 (No. of persons) Subregion 1, Logging 1,435 Subregion 1, Total Geiss U. §. DEPT. oF AGRICULTURE vuLIUAE NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL LisRany SEP 16 4970 CURRENT SERIAL REcOROG SO On OC FOs de FO oe Oo CO OO 6 Oo Se ed dc fall ve Cawsey Le) 184 1a eo. 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(ey) oe, (Oa, ey my ie “2 = © « 2 ad a see ee 1A eat ‘ ; - ; a oS . ar : 7 ay / i | a ; Headquarters for the PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION is in Portland, Oregon. The Station’s mission is to provide the scientific knowledge, technology, and alternatives for management, use, and protection of forest, range, and related environments for present and future generations. The area of research encom- passes Alaska, Washington, and Oregon, with some projects including California, Hawaii, -the Western States, or the Nation. Project headquarters are at: College, Alaska Portland, Oregon _ Juneau, Alaska Roseburg, Oregon | Bend, Oregon > Olympia, Washington Corvallis, Oregon Seattle, Washington La Grande, Oregon Wenatchee, Washington : eB + TT = = hegi- >. b aN ° ae is dedicated to the prit 3 tir management of the | Nation’s forest resources for:sustained | Sad of wood, water, forage, wildlife, and d- recreation. Through forestry research, cooperation with ne States at private forest owners, and management of the Nat yrests and Na strives — as directe