Historic, Archive Document

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Lumber Grade Yields

1 from

[Paper Birch and Balsam Poplar ie : in the

Susitna River Valley, Alaska

LELAND F. HANKS AND CARL W. SWANSON

CORAL AGRICULE

U. S. Forest Service Research Paper PNW—51

Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station Institute of Northern Forestry

U.S. Department of Agriculture

Juneau, Alaska

The Authors

LELAND F. HANKS received his - bachelor of science degree in forest management and his master of science degree in forest mensuration from lowa State University. During the summer of 1961, he worked for the Forest Service in Washington, D.C., and accepted a position with the Central States Forest Experiment Station in 1962. He is now a forest products technologist with the Northeastern Station’s Hardwood Log & Tree Grade Project at Columbus, Ohio.

Foreword

Susitna River Valley paper birch stands are of continuing interest to forest manage because they believe them to be a useful and usable timber resource. The forest industt has shown recurring rather than continuing interest. A number of factors are responsibl One remedial factor is the acquisition and dissemination of more specific information f¢ paper birch and associated commercial species. More reliable estimates of the volume an quality in standing trees and the lumber yield, including quality, from these, trees W immediate objectives. This report is focused primarily on the latter. t

We asked for and received the support of a variety of individuals and organizat Our appreciation is acknowledged. Because of necessity, we drew from Forest Se

_ bachelor of science degree in forestry _

CARL W. SWANSON received his

from the University of Washington, He served 15 years in management and ; staff positions in National Forest administration in the Intermountain _ Region. For 2 years he served as staff utilization and marketing forester, ; office of State and Private Forestry, in 4 the Forest Service’s Alaska Regional _ Office. He is now branch chief for silviculture, plans, insect and disease control, Division of Timber Management, Alaska Regional Office. 4

units outside of Alaska those men with the special competence required. It was their con .

tribution that made the study successful. Thus, we are especially appreciative to Rosy e1 D. Carpenter, hardwood specialist from the Northeastern Forest Experiment Statior

and Hiram Hallock and Arno Wollin, sawmilling and lumber grading specialists fromm (

Forest Products Laboratory.

COVER PHOTO: Some good-quality paper birch logs from

the Susitna River Valley, Alaska.

Richard M,. Hurd, Director Institute of Northern Forestry

Comtemts

Lumber Drying and Grading .................. 3 MO gaG racine a sega see cls) celiac au onatelyacale souseran 3 FUE SWIMS ior eiers eee ciotelia seas iere's ocvsie aiedeare Smee apetsbirchiner nga niusere ty clea a sole Rice, sees, oes als 4 Balsarmmphoplatag teyescoelsusuers socteens aye oho bay lenede Be les 5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ............... 6

on PRINCE WILLIAM g SOUND oe i Ss ral => oe 4$EWARD Ey

ALASKA

Figure 1, The Susitna

River Valley, 50 MILES

KEY MAP

tains a considerable acreage of hardwoods. Paper birch (Betula papyrifera) and its varieties -are the most common tree species; but balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera), quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), and white spruce (Picea glauca) also are major stand components in | some areas. This valley is a logical site for establishing a hardwood industry since it is traversed _by the Alaska Railroad and is close to the port cities of Anchorage and Seward.

The earliest plans to use this hardwood resource were made in 1916 by Robert Dollar, who

-made an initial survey of the Goose Bay area of the Knik stand for the steamship company

that he headed. The plan was to develop cargo for the Orient, but World War I stopped that _ enterprise.

More recently, both the Knik and Talkeetna birch stands have been under sporadic scrutiny by a succession of entrepreneurs. Many have been impressed by the birch stands, but most have concluded that, because of high operational cost, the time was not ripe for commercial use of the resource.

The Alaska Hardwoods Company has been operating a sawmill in Wasilla since 1960 | (fig. 2). Most of the mill’s output of paper birch and balsam poplar has been marketed locally, although some lumber has been shipped to California and the Pacific Northwest. _If these and other outside markets are to be developed fully, basic operating and economic _ information must be obtained.

| In 1964, through the cooperative efforts of several agencies, a study was conducted with _ the Alaska Hardwoods Company to determine the lumber grade recovery from paper birch and balsam poplar logs for each of the three U.S. Forest Service log grades.'

Pertinent information contained in the Alaska Forest Survey report? has been included in this paper. This information, together with the lumber grade yields, should be valuable to anyone interested in the commercial aspects of Alaska’s hardwoods.

1U§. Forest Service. Hardwood log grades for standard lumber, Forest Prod, Lab, U.S. Forest Serv. Res. Pap. FPL-63 [Rep. D1737], 52 pp. 1966.

2U.S. Forest Service. Preliminary Forest Survey statistics for the Susitna River Valley of Alaska. Inst. North. Forest., 15 pp. December 1966,

Figure 2. The Alaska

*# Hardwoods Co.,

Wasilla, Alaska.

Figure 3, — Each log was scaled by a hardwood timber-quality specialist,

Log diagrams were also verified and corrected to assure uniformity.

Figure 4,

A sawmill specialist from the Forest Products Laboratory positioned each log on the carriage to assure maximum recovery of high-grade boards,

Figure 5.

To identify

the boards through the kiln-drying and lumber-grading phases of the study, each board was numbered as it left the headsaw,

PDeqcedure

(i) Log Preparation

Logs for the study came from trees on a sale area of Goose Bay, approximately 32 miles from Wasilla. In all, 54 birch and 57 balsam poplar trees were selected. They were chosen so that the full range of tree diameters and butt log grades was represented.

After felling, each tree was bucked to yield logs of the highest grade possible. This resulted in 162 birch and 174 poplar logs that were scaled according to the International 1/4inch and Scribner Decimal-C log rules (fig. 3).

A diagram of each log was made that showed the location and size of all defect indicators present on the log’s surface and ends.

Sawing The balsam poplar logs were sawed into 4/4 lumber, the birch into 4/4 and 5/4 lumber, and some of the birch hearts into 14/4 car stakes. A Forest Products Laboratory sawmill

specialist directed the sawing (fig. 4). Each board was numbered so that it could be related to the tree and log from which it was sawed (fig. 5).

Lumber Drying and Grading

All lumber was kiln-dried on a 5-day drying schedule to between 6 and 9 percent moisture content. Then the Forest Products Laboratory grading specialist graded each board accord- ing to National Hardwood Lumber Association rules.* A board tally was kept that included log number and board grade, thickness, and surface measure.

Bark pocket defect that adversely affected lumber grade was encountered in several of the balsam poplar boards. Bark pockets can be caused by one or more agents, among the more common being sapsuckers and insects. In this case, the defect probably resulted from insect activity. How much timber may be damaged is unknown.

The poplar boards were graded by two systems: (1) by the standard lumber grades, in which bark pockets were considered as defects; and (2) by a second system that ignored the presence of bark pockets. Yields obtained by the latter method should be similar to those where insect damage is not prevalent.

Log Grading

Each log diagram was graded with the Forest Service Standard Grades. Log and board information were placed on IBM punch cards. Dry lumber grade yields and overrun percent- ages were summarized by log grade and scaling diameter.

Yields based on green lumber tally are not presented in this report. However, they may be obtained from the Institute of Northern Forestry.

Logs that did not meet the minimum requirements for grade III were examined to deter- mine if they could be placed in either the Construction or Local Use Class. Specifications for these two classes of logs may be found in “A Guide to Hardwood Log Grading.’”*

3 These rules for measuring and inspecting hardwood and cypress lumber are published biennially by the National Hardwood Lumber Association, Chicago, Ill.

4 Ostrander, M.D., and others, A guide to hardwood log grading (revised). U.S. Forest Serv., Northeast, Forest Exp. Sta., 50 pp., illus. 1965,

Results

Paper Birch

Lumber grade recovery for birch is summarized in tables 1 to 5. Because of the small number of grade I logs, there is little that can be said about these yields. It is possible that, — in most stands, grade I logs do not exist, primarily because the trees do not produce logs that are large enough. Likewise, the yields for grade II logs beyond 15 inches are of little significance.

A lumber-thickness distribution accompanies each yield table.

Lumber grade recoveries from this study were compared with those from a study of paper birch in Minnesota (table 6).

More No. 1 Common lumber was taken from all grades of the Alaska logs. The percentage yield of No. 1 Common and Better for log grades HI and III was nearly equal for the two locations. For these same log grades, considerably more grade 3B lumber was present in the Alaska logs. This was, in part, because they contained more rot than those in the Minnesota study. However, it was noted that the Alaska logs exhibited less sweep.

Overrun percentages for the International 1/4-inch and Scribner Decimal-C log rules are shown in tables 7 to 12. The headsaw at the Alaska Hardwoods mill had an 11/32-inch kerf, and for 4/4 lumber the total set was 1-1/2 inches. This is 1/8 inch greater than normal for hardwood circular mills. Because of the excessive total set, yields and overruns were less than would normally be expected. The effect that this factor has upon total recovery is shown below:

Expected recovery

Lumber thickness Standard set 1/8-inch overset (inches) (percent) (percent)

4/4 100 91 asia 100 92 6/4 100 93

7/4 100 94

8/4 100 95

9/4 100 95

14/4 100 96

Results of the recent forest survey indicate that birch sawtimber stands cover 490,700 acres of the 5,366,000-acre Susitna River Valley. About 70 percent of the birch stands contain over 1,500 board feet per acre, according to International 1/4inch log rule. This valley contains slightly over | billion board feet of birch sawtimber, and about three-fourths of this is in trees that are 11 to 15 inches d.b.h.

Net volume of sawtimber in each log grade, expressed as a percentage of total net volume, is shown below:

Grade Percent of total net volume Log grade | 185 Log grade II 13.6 Log grade III 76.7 Other 8.2

The low volume in grade I logs is related to the high proportion of small trees.

Balsam Poplar

Recovery results for poplar based on the standard lumber grades are summarized in tables 13 to 17, and recoveries on a “‘bark pockets no defect” basis are shown in tables 18 to 22. We suggest that the second set of tables be used when yields are predicted for balsam poplar logs that come from areas where bark pockets do not occur.

In table 23 lumber grade yields for balsam poplar are compared with those for cotton- wood. It is evident that the Alaska logs did not produce the amount of high grade lumber found in eastern cottonwood.

Tables 24 to 29 contain overruns by log grade and scaling diameter.

Results of the forest survey show that nearly 1.3 billion board feet of balsam poplar sawtimber grow in the Susitna River Valley. Seventy percent of the 120,400 acres, classed as balsam poplar, has a volume greater than 5,000 board feet. The log grade distribution that follows is more favorable than that for birch.

Grade Percent of total net volume Log grade | 13:8 Log grade || 25.0 Log grade III 56.7 Other 4.5

Summary and Conclusions

Lumber grade yields and overruns by log grade and scaling diameter were determined for 162 paper birch and 174 balsam poplar logs from Alaska. The information obtained will be useful for timber appraisal and, when coupled with the saw-log volume and quality informa- tion contained in the preliminary Susitna Valley Forest Survey report,* could have impli- cations for industrial development.

This study has shown that U.S. Forest Service standard grades for hardwood logs are adaptable to birch and balsam poplar in Alaska. However, additional recovery information is required for grade I birch logs. Grading rules of the National Hardwood Lumber Association also proved to be well suited for use with these species.

Those who desire to pursue further the economic aspects of a hardwood industry in Alaska are directed to a recent report from the University of Alaska’s Institute of Social, Economic, and Government Research.°®

5 See footnote 2.

© Massie, Michael R. C. Marketing hardwoods from Alaska’s Susitna Valley, Univ, Alaska Inst. Soc, Econ, Govern.

Res. SEG Rep. 9. 1966.

6

PAPER BIRCH IN ALASKA

Table 1. — Log grade I

Dry lumber grade yields, by scaling diameter, based on NHLA rules

Scaling Logs Total dry Lumber ae diameter tally

Inches o. Board Percent of total dry tally feet 13 2 119 21.0 5.9 46.2 16.8 0.0 10.1 14 1 60 .O 16.7 53.3 15.0 8.3 6.7 15 1 98 19.4 33.7 29.5 8.2 0 9.2 16 1 152 .0 m0) 40.8 27.0 0 3202

Total tally, board feet

178 78 5

All diameters 4 429

Percentage distribution

10.3 11.7 41.4 18.4 1.0

Distribution of above yields by thickness

Lumber Lumber grade SESS OS Se ee a

Percent within grade

Total tally, board feet

178 78

\ nS PAPER BIRCH IN ALASKA

Table 2. — Log grade II Dry lumber grade yields, by scaling diameter, based on NHLA rules Scaling ious Total dry Lumber grade | diametet tally Fas | Sel | 1€ Inches No. Board Percent of total dry tally feet 10 4 154 3.9 8.4 227, 17.5 3.3 20.8 23.4 11 12 627 8 19.0 Zia 12.8 6.8 30.5 8.6 12 21 1,137 .O 12.0 36.9 17.8 8) 21.5 9.5 13 6 427 5.6 15.2 29.8 2302 .O 17.8 8.4 14 8 603 18.4 10.4 32.5 19.1 2.0 17.6 0) 15 2 133 18.0 23.4 20.3 19.5 3.8 15.0 .O 16 1 70 0 0 24.3 31.4 kes7/ 28.6 m0) ley. 1 41 0 0 39.0 39.0 .O 22.0 .0 Total tally, board feet All 170 428 973 587 102 698 234 diameters 55 3,192

Percentage distribution 5,3 13.4 30.5 18.4 3.2 21.9 13,

Lumber

thickness </|/iiras) S| isell | ac | 2c See ese mecca

Inches Percent within grade 3/4 : ; 5 ad

4/4

5/4

6/4 7/4 8/4 9/4

14/4

Total tally, board feet 973 587

U PAPER BIRCH IN ALASKA iy

Table 3. — Log grade III

Dry lumber grade yields, by scaling diameter, based on NHLA rules

Lumber grade

Pras [Se] a6 [ 2c [ 3a | 38 | Stakes |

Total dry tally

Scaling diameter

Inches No. Board Percent of total dry tally feet 8 14 280 0.0 1.1 6.8 20.0 4.6 48.2 I19k3 9 26 680 .O 4.3 14.8 19.3 6.3 34.1 21.2 10 22 634 6 8.4 17.3 29.0 3.0 30.3 11.4 11 13 406 0 Den 21.9 27.1 aii 38.2 7.9 12 2 60 .O 18.3 25.0 10.0 16.7 30.0 .O 13 6 356 .0 8 33.7 31.5 2.8 B1k2 .O 14 6 341 .0 4.7 25.5 34.6 29 34.3 .O 15 2 105 .0 .O 18.1 47.6 8.6 25.7 .O i Total tally, board feet | eee 91 2 862 4 124 560 767 118 987 302 Percentage distribution 0.1 4.3 19.7 26.8 4.1 34.5 10.5

Distribution of above yields by thickness

Lumber Sk NS A NEw sea

Inches Percent within grade

3/4 0.4 OS

4/4 75.0

5/4 19.2

6/4 1.3

7/4 0

8/4 2.6 9/4 14/4

Total tally, board feet 767

118

PAPER BIRCH IN ALASKA

Table 4. — Construction class

Dry lumber grade yields, by scaling diameter, based on NHLA rules

Lumber grade

Scaling Total dry diameter tally

Board | Inches No. File Percent of total dry tally | | 8 1 15 010) 4), 010 00 §00| 2010) ) (eo.0)ie oom mm 9 2 43 0 0 11.6 13.9 0 32.6 41.9 10 2 71 0 4.2 5.6 19.7 Wiles 8.5 50.7 Total tally, board feet | 0 3 9 20 11 32 54 All diameters 5 129

Percentage distribution

0.0 203 7.0 15.5 8.5 24.8 41.9

Distribution of above yields by thickness

Lumber Lumber grade

pees ji j20 [isa [eee

Percent within grade

100.0 80.0 100.0 0

0

Total tally, board feet

9 20

10

PAPER BIRCH IN ALASKA

Table 5. — Local-use class

Dry lumber grade yields, by scaling diameter, based on NHLA rules

Scaling Lumber grade

diameter

Percent of total dry tally

26.1

23.1

30.3

33.3

Total tally, board feet

All 7 60

diameters Percentage distribution

3.3 28.2

Distribution of above yields by thickness

Lumber Lumber grade

thickness 1c 2c

Inches Percent within grade

3/4 ; ; 0.0 0.0 4/4 5/4 8/4

9/4

Total tally, board feet i, 60

at

Table 6. — Lumber grade yields for paper birch in Alaska and Minnesota

Lumber grade

1C 2C

Percent of total dry tally

PAPER BIRCH IN ALASKA

PAPER BIRCH IN MINNESOTA

28.2 2553 12.4 19.3 Zoe) 24.1

7.4 A 23.5

PAPER BIRCH IN ALASKA

e ie Table 7. — Log grade I . Overruns based on dry lumber tally' International 1/4-inch log rule Scribner Decimal-C log rule diameter Scale Overrun

Board Board Board Board Board feet feet feet Percent feet feet Percent

119 170 150 -20.7 140 116 2.6 60 80 58 3.4 70 44

98 AiiS -9.3 110

‘Throughout this study scale deductions for the International 44-inch log rule were obtained by the methods outlined in “Shortcuts for Cruisers and Scalers,’ by L. R. Grosenbaugh, U.S, Forest Serv. South, Forest Exp. Sta. Occas, Pap, 126. 1952. For each log, percent deductions were rounded to the nearest whole percent and board-foot deductions were rounded to the nearest board foot.

Scale deductions for the Scribner Decimal-C log rule were computed to the nearest board foot in ac- cordance with “The National Forest Log Scaling Handbook.” These volumes, however, were not rounded to the nearest 10.

12

PAPER BIRCH IN ALASKA Si Table 8. — Log grade II 7 Overruns based on dry lumber tally @

International 1/4-inch log rule

Scribner Decimal-C log rule

Scaling

diameter Overrun Overrun Board Board Board Board Board

Inches No. fant feet feet Percent feet feet Percent 10 4 154 160 153 0.7 120 ds 36.3 11 12 627 705 679 7.7 550 524 19.7 12 21 Val si 1,420 1,306 -12.9 1,230 1,088 4.5 13 6 427 510 485 -12.0 440 415 se) 14 8 603 795 US -18.2 690 614 -1.8 15 2 133 190 140 -5.0 180 111 19.8 16 1 70 130 87 -19.5 120 63 dale 17 1 41 125 71 -42.3 120 53 -22.6 Total 55 3,192 4,035 3,658 -12.7 3,450 2,981 Hal

PAPER BIRCH IN ALASKA Ss Table 9. — Log grade III ig

Overruns based on dry lumber tally

Scaling diameter

Board Board Board p Board feet feet feet ercent feet

280 270 258 8.5 205 36.6

Inches Percent

680 735 695 -2.2 631 78 634 805 741 -14. 580 93 406 525 485 -16. 387 4.9

60 115 78 - 49 22.4

2,862 3,705 -14. 3,210

13

PAPER BIRCH IN ALASKA

Table 10. — Construction class Overruns based on dry lumber tally

International 1/4-inch log rule Scribner Decimal-C log rule diameter Overrun

Board Board Board Board

feet feet Percent feet feet Percent

Inches

15 15 0.0 10 10 50.0 50 50 -14. 50 50 -14.0

70 70 : 60 60 18.3

PAPER BIRCH IN ALASKA

Table 11. — Local-use class Overruns based on dry lumber tally

international 1/4-inch log rule Scribner Decimai-C log rule Overrun Overrun ees [wet

Scaling diameter

Board Board Board Board Board Inches No. Feat Tae fest Percent feet eet Percent

9 1 23 20 20 15.0 20 20 15.0 10 1 39 45 43 -9.3 30 28 39.3 11 2 66 90 Uy -14.3 70 53 24.5 13 1 75 100 84 -10.7 80 58 29.3 14 1 10 100 67 -85.1 90 60 -83.3 Total 6 213 355 291 -26.8 290 219 -2.7

14

y, PAPER BIRCH IN ALASKA op

Table 12. — All logs Overruns based on dry lumber tally

International 1/4-inch log rule Scribner Decimal-C log rule

Scaling diameter

Board Board Board

Inches feet feet Percent Percent

285 273 8.1 DHS 37,2 805 765 -2.5 701 6.4

1,080 1,007 : 781

1,320 1,241 =e 1,060 964

1,535 1,384 =1/3: 1,330 Veli

1,38 1,194 : 1,130 952

1,485 1,301 -22. 1,310 1,102 495 423 -20. 470 371 310 260 : 280

125 71 = 120

Total 162 =A: 7,550

15

BALSAM POPLAR IN ALASKA

Table 13. — Log grade I

Scaling diameter

Inches ‘ Percent of total dry tally 13 : ! 9.3 64.3 14 : ; 24.9 33.0 15 : : 30.6 20.8 16 ; 3 24.7 45.9 17 : : 33:3 26.4 38.8 30.4 38.3 20.5 37.4 29.4 2ie2 Ziel

Total tally, board feet

All 1,121 1,011 diameters Percentage distribution

33.3 30.0

Lumber thickness

Inches Percent within grade 3/4 4 E 1.0 0.0

4/4 5/4 8/4 9/4

Total tally, board feet 1,121 1,011

16

—</) BALSAM POPLAR IN ALASKA Vo

Table 14. — Log grade II

Dry lumber grade yields, by scaling diameter, based on NHLA rules

Scaling Lars Total Lumber grade dene yes No.

Inches Board feet Percent of total dry tally 10 1 40 0.0 15.0 0.0 75.0 0.0 10.0 11 5 320 .O 0) 14.1 41.9 AZ 32.8 12 4 260 .0 6.5 ge 43.1 10.4 26.9 13 8 616 8 225] 10.6 38.3 5e2 43.0 14 6 506 1.0 Teh 17.8 42.7 9.1 21.7 15 10 1,071 Vel) 5.0 Zale 39:3 7.2 24.9 16 6 778 0 2m 19.0 54.3 8.4 16.2 17 4 559 2.9 8.8 40.0 25.4 3.4 19.5 18 8 1,238 .0 1.8 24.0 42.9 8.0 23.3 19 3 577 5.0 4.9 24.6 40.2 (eu 14.2 20 1 200 .0 35 39.5 22.5 8.0 26.5 22 1 215 11.6 4.2 48.4 13.0 3.7 UGE Total tally, board feet Pee = Aen 100 260 1,460 2,550 489 1,521

Percentage distribution 1.6 4.1 22.9 40.0 7.6 23.8

Lumber thickness

Inches Percent within grade 3/4 y l Us2 0.8

4/4 : 92.5 88.7 5/4 ; b 5.3

8/4 : : : 2.7

9/4 ; f ; 2:5

Total tally, board feet 1,460 2,550

ING

\ a BALSAM POPLAR IN ALASKA \

Table 15. — Log grade III

Dry lumber grade yields, by scaling diameter, based on NHLA rules |

Scaling ous Total Lumber grade Inches No Board feet Percent of total dry tally

8 5 112 0.0 0.0 0.0 51.8 225 S}5)5//

.O

3.0 40.4

9

265

10 11 469 .O 0 7.5 47.3 6.0 39.2 11 13 554 0 .0 a) 32.5 13.9 52.7 12 8 276 0 0 4.3 24.6 15.2 55.9

6.2 35.1

°

562

6 33.9

655

358 WAS) 49.8

16 3 306 0 , 19.0 54.2 10.1 16.7

266 40.6

49.9

Total tally, board feet

All 0 0 210 1,565 598 1,568 diameters 77 3,941

118

Percentage distribution 5.3 39.7

Distribution of above yields by thickness

Lumber Lumber grade thickness. [fas | eSatie))| ee a eee Saal ea

Percent within grade 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0

Inches 3/4

4/4 90.0

5/4 5u7/,

6/4 5)

8/4 2.4

9/4

Total tally, board feet 210 1,565

18

ses / | BALSAM POPLAR IN ALASKA i

Table 16. — Construction class

Dry lumber grade yields, by scaling diameter, based on NHLA rules

Lumber grade

eee See

Scaling diameter

Board Inches No fe Percent of total dry tally 8 3 92 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.0 4.3 82.7 9 3 92 0 0 0 42.4 12.0 45.6 10 2 93 0 0 7.5 51.6 .O 40.9 14 1 63 .O .O 25.4 38.1 .O 36.5 Total tally, board feet All 0 @) 23 123 15 179 diameters 9 340

Percentage distribution

0 0 6.8 36.2 4.4 52.6

Lumber Lumber grade

thickness

Inches Percent within grade 3/4 } ! 0.0 0.0 4/4 5/4 8/4

9/4

Total tally, board feet 23 123

19

BALSAM POPLAR IN ALASKA

Table 17. — Local-use class

Dry lumber grade yields, by scaling diameter, based on NHLA rules

Scaling Lumber grade |

diameter

Inches ; Percent of total dry tally

Total tally, board feet

All 0 28 diameters Percentage distribution

0 13.0 17.6

Distribution of above yields by thickness

Lumber thickne

Inches Percent within grade 3/4 i , 0.0 0.0 4/4 5/4 6/4 8/4

9/4

Total tally, board feet 0 28

20

) BALSAM POPLAR IN ALASKA 9

Table 18. — Log grade I

é Lumber grade Scaling

Inches : Board feet Percent of total dry tally 13 129 9.3 64.3

14 221 5 24.9 33.0 72 : : 30.6 20.8 45.9

21.0

Total tally, board feet

All 1,145 958 diameters

Percentage distribution 34.0 28.5

Lumber thickness

Inches Percent within grade 3/4 3 : 1.0 0.0 4/4 s 95.8 5/4 : Se.

8/4

9/4

Total tally, board feet 1,145 958

21

———

BALSAM POPLAR IN ALASKA

Table 19. — Log grade II

Dry lumber grade yields, by scaling diameter, graded bark pockets no defect

Scaling Total Lumber grade | Inches No. Board feet Percent of total dry tally 10 1 40 i 0.0 75.0

5 ! : 15.6 50.3 4 : : 13.1 43.1 8 A : 24.1 37.8 20.0 41.4 33.0 30.1 23.1 50.2 40.1 33.8 37.2 34.9 24.6 43.7 43.5 37.0

43.3 21.4

Total tally, board feet

All 1,872 2,453 diameters ———— Percentage distribution

29'3 38.5

Distribution of above yields by thickness Lumber Lumber grade thickness [Fas St sen eee. ee

Inches Percent within grade 3/4 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.8 1.4 0.3

4/4

5/4

8/4

9/4

Total tally, board feet 1,872 2,453

22

BALSAM POPLAR IN ALASKA |

Table 20. — Log grade III

Dry lumber grade yields, by scaling diameter, graded bark pockets no defect Scaling Logs Total Lumber grade tla én) lly RSs CoS ate Cs es ES

Inches oO. Board feet Percent of total dry tally 8 112 0.0 51.8

12.5

be) 265

4.9 38.5 10.9

10

469 U8) 47.3 6.0

11 554

3.6 36.8

12 276 6.5 33:3

13 562

35.4

14 655 35.6

15 358 40.2

16

306 52.9

17 266 40.6

18 118 49.9

Total tally, board feet

All 7 4 303 1,583 560 1,484 diameters Ud 3,941 SSS

Percentage distribution 7.7 40.2

Distribution of above yields by thickness

Lumber Lumber grade

cis (UES ea Ce ae oe ee

Inches Percent within grade 3/4 " i 0.0 0.0

4/4 ! , 91.4 90.0

5/4 : : 8.6 5.6

6/4 8/4

9/4

Total tally, board feet 303 1,583

23

a BALSAM POPLAR IN ALASKA

Table 21. — Construction class

Dry lumber grade yields, by scaling diameter, graded bark pockets no defect

Lumber grade Scaling diameter

Inches

25.4 38.1

Total tally, board feet

All 23 123 diameters

Percentage distribution

6.8 36.2

Lumber thickness

Inches Percent within grade 3/4 i ! 0.0 0.0 4/4 F 4 91.9 5/4 ‘ 5 : .0 8/4 : ‘ s 8.1 9/4 5 : : .O

Total tally, board feet 23 123

24

Scaling diameter

All diameters

Lumber thickness

Inches

3/4 4/4 5/4 6/4 8/4

9/4

) BALSAM POPLAR IN ALASKA 9

Table 22. — Local-use class

Percent of total dry tally

0.0 0.0

Total tally, board feet 0 28

Percentage distribution 0 13.0

Percent within grade

0.0 0.0

.0

Total tally, board feet 0) 28

25

26

Table 23

Log grades

Lumber grade

Percent of total dry tally

BALSAM POPLAR IN ALASKA

5.4 10.3 33.3 30.0 7.4 13.6 1.6 4.1 22.9 40.0 7.6 23.8 .0 .0 513 397 15.2 39.8

BALSAM POPLAR IN ALASKA (BARK POCKETS NO DEFECT)

13:3 8.3 34.0 28.5 7) 10.2 352 3.9 2953 38.5 6.6 18.5 al ue Wel 40.2 14.2 37.6

EASTERN COTTONWOOD

34.4 6.4 31.1 23.7 Ties Tie 8.0 3.9 39:9 40.3 = = 3 1.0 30.5 59.2 =m ==

. — Lumber grade yields for balsam poplar in Alaska and eastern cottonwood

4.4 7.9

8.0

BALSAM POPLAR IN ALASKA Table 24. — Log grade I Overruns based on dry lumber tally

Scribner Decimal-C log rule

| Seating [aS Lasers ¢

Inches : Board feet Board feet Board feet Percent Board feet Boardfeet Percent 13 129 185 161 -19.9 150 121 6.6

14 221 235 219 : 200 180 22.8

18 72. 135 111 =30: 120 92 “21:7 16 260 -16. 240 17 740 -14. 660 18 830 = is! 780

19 450 =O) 420

1,240 “11. 1,170

290 = 280 4,365 : 4,020

BALSAM POPLAR IN ALASKA ee Table 25. — Log grade II EO Overruns based on dry lumber tally

Bb

International 1/4-inch log rule Scribner Decimal-C log rule

Pee ee ae

Scaling diameter

Overrun

Inches No. Board feet Board feet Boardfeet Percent Board feet Boardfeet Percent

10 40 65 57 -29.8 60 48 -16.7

11 5 320 355 337 -5.0 280 260 23.1 12 4 260 265 261 -.4 230 226 15.0 13 8 616 725 681 9.5 600 552 11.6 14 6 506 610 543 -6.8 530 459 10.2 15 10 11,071 1,325 LVS = lez 1,200 1,067 4 16 6 778 885 828 -6.0 800 726 Uo? 17 4 559 685 641 -12.8 620 568 -1.6 18 8 1,238 1,510 1,419 -12.8 1,410 1,302 -4.9 19 3 O/T) 780 626 -7.8 720 548 5.3

20 22

27

Table 26. — Log grade III Overruns based on dry lumber tally

a International 1/4-inch log rule Scribner Decimal-C log rule | ota

& BALSAM POPLAR IN ALASKA AS

Scaling Logs dry oan a i

diameter tally Overrun |

Gross Net

Inches No. ae me pails Percent eae gees Percent |

8 5 112 125 125 -10.4 80 80 40.0 9 9 265 345 335 -20.9 300 291 -8.9

16 dit 469 570 523 -10.3 490 446 5.2 | 11 13 554 685 637 -13.0 520 481 1552 12 8 276 445 406 -32.0 390 341 -19.1 13 10 562 795 745 -24.6 670 624 -9.9 14 10 655 990 904 -27.5 870 780 -16.0 15 4 358 440 425 -15.8 420 406 -11.8 16 3 306 420 373 -18.0 380 320 -4.4 U7 3 266 340 336 -20.8 320 316 -15.8 18 1 118 170 151 -21.9 160 134 -11.9 Total Ud 3,941 5,325 4,960 -20.5 4,600 4,219 -6.6

ry BALSAM POPLAR IN ALASKA Table 27. — Construction class

Overruns based on dry lumber tally

diameter Overrun

Board Board feet feet

Board Board Board

Percent feet feet feet

Percent

92 100 100 -8.0 70 70 31.4 92 125 125 - 90 90 2.2 93 95 95 =2. 90 90 3:3

63 80 80 Sills 70 70

28

BALSAM POPLAR IN ALASKA

Table 28. — Local-use class Overruns based on dry lumber tally

Scribner Decimal-C log rule

Scaling diameter Overrun

Board feet Board feet Board feet Percent Board feet Board feet Percent

15 15 15 0.0 10 10 50.0 74 85 85 -12.9 80 80 96 170 167 -42.5

31 45 40 -22.5

315 307 -29.6

BALSAM POPLAR IN ALASKA os Table 29. — All logs Vg Overruns based on dry lumber tally : International 1/4-inch log rule Scalin Total ee ears diameter rags a

)

Inches No. Board feet Board feet Board feet Percent Board feet Board feet Percent 8 9 219 240 240 -8.8 160 160 36.9 9 15 431 555 545 -20.9 470 461 -6.5

10 14 602 730 675 -10.8 640 584 3.1 11 22 970 1,210 1,141 -15.0 950 888 9.2 12 13 567 755 707 -19.8 660 602 -5.8 13 20 1,307 1,705 1,587 -17.6 1,420 1,297 8 14 19 1,445 1,915 1,746 -17,2 1,670 1,489 -3.0 15 15 1,501 1,900 1,749 -14.2 1,740 1,565 -4.1 16 11 1,278 1,565 1,433 -10.8 1,420 1,253 2.0 17 11 1,371 1,765 1,614 -15.1 1,600 1,422 -3.6 18 13 2,020 2,510 2,336 -13.5 2,350 2,134 =O:3 19 5 933 1,230 1,018 -8.3 1,140 902 3.4 20 1 200 290 246 -18.7 280 228 -12.3 21 4 980 1,240 1,101 -11.0 1,170 1,017 -3.6 22 1 215 260 208 3.4 250 187 15.0 26 1 203 290 238 -14.7 280 216 -6.0 Total 174 14,242 18,160 16,584 -14.1 16,200 14,405 -1.1

Acknowledéments

State of Alaska, Department of Economic Development and Planning — for financial support.

State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources — for personnel and equipment.

Alaska Hardwoods Co., James Hurley, General Manager.

Bureau of Land Management, U. S. Department of the Interior — for personnel and equipment.

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Headquarters for the PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION is in Portland, Oregon. The area of research encompasses Alaska, Washington, and Oregon, with some projects including California, the West- ern States, or the Nation. Project headquarters are at:

College, Alaska

Juneau, Alaska

Seattle, Washington

Olympia, Washington

Wenatchee, Washington

Portland, Oregon

Bend, Oregon

La Grande, Oregon

Corvallis, Oregon

Roseburg, Oregon