es ve ¥, CORNET UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN IN I89I BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE i i ari ict ar of a ‘| Boil ON i fe sil Ahead i . Hy Pi i a i NRA nH if yeulvai . ui f i AY Ml ne ie Mie Mo ay mAh y i me i Xe ae Hil i cna aie au 8 Ai Aas Wie ACNE i hh wn An a a 2M i“ Va Hy avi ihe a mH mM ena tn ta au Haat ay Na Male i ini i Ao i TN ‘ i ni ee ni at i ah mh MANOR i i Hei x ae Aa att aN ft ae a Vie ai i Mh } i cheyy Cat ‘ th Hi y Fi \ if IW A Due ih Pa) Mi ctr nh i Dyce i i ihe Pee i ate nos Faye i) th rai tt (iin i ( Sts Mk Re . ; We i y ' Aor Wehr Ka EY : f n i i yi a | i} Mi Pana Pan cera nr Ge ae aD et rain it lied thd iu a We AEN Te ¥ ’ va ul ( para ee eh iN We . ig Mug: i) IP ep i. gone iit HD Arata Nea nel LG) MK } } ey Maegan Aelia aly ie if Ha) ‘ nit ny i Ha fo pene ay ve ' s AN i ity au aes Sh ' Phi 4h ‘ ? : | , ul ay Wh if 4! i Witane i M, i PP eet ih oy, Hi a hy a te ep Ge LUNN (aCe os an i i ah i | a ny in i a ia mere i a Wau) At aN ey a 2 a ue) eel © ee eee Baa i. et rat cle a ae : m ye it ' LU ai + y,! en! te ; ne Pea hut Wain s Nh tai Ae ay f oh FG : eave ines s “oA aah we iS 7), a ee : %: : Ay gs hit ee eM aie ihe 2, ays : 5 ‘ ira 4 1 HK t Duly Deny ee INE TPO Ts ON S* = } ENTOMOLOGY: > ' Being a Tranflation of LINN EUS'S OR DINES. ET GENERAVEN SE C MOR LU Na, he , OR, | * SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT POP VINS CT S: COLLATED WITH Fhe DIFFERENT SYSTEMS. of GEOFFROY, SCHAEFFER and SCOPOLI ; TOGETHER WITH OBSERVATIONS of the TRANSLATOR. * He By THOMAS PATTINSON YEATS,. .—'/' i Ly ON DEON: Printed forR, HORSFIELD, No. 22, Ludgate fireet. a MPCCLXXIII, wy ‘@. ey ee an ee Bon bee Ac. Be “Y OME Friends; for whofe judgment I entertain the higheft deference, hav- ing repeatedly requefted me to add an en+ graving of each G.nus of Infeés to the following Work, I think myfelf under an obligation to inform them of the reafons which prevented my complying with their defire. The extraordinary expence which would haye attended fuch engravings muft neceflarily have enhanced the price of _ the Work, and defeated its principal de- fign, by preventing a number of fuch per- {ons as have moft occafion for it from pur chafing it; this expence would have been fo much the greater, as it would not have fufficed to have figused one infect of each Linnaan Genus, but would have been abs - folutely neceflary to have given one, at ~ Jeatt, of each family or fection of fuch ge= nera as contain infects differing much from one another in their external appearance : add to this, that I could have done little i pay more vines PREFACE. ie ory more than copy the excellent’ figures’ of Geoffroy and Scheffer, the firft of which are to be purchafed at as eafy a rate, per- haps, as I could have afforded them, with the advantage of adding another ufeful work to the purchafer’s library. As this book, however, 1s written in a language not univerfaily underftood, fuch perfons as think new engravings abfolutely necef- fary'to the well underftanding Linnzus’s Syftem, will, { hope, foon have an oppor- tunity of procuring them; for, fenfible that nothing is fo conducive to the per- fection of entomological fcience as the knowledge of the fpecies, I intend coms municating to the Public defcriptions and figures, coloured after nature, of a large number of very rare infe€ts, from different parts of the world, amongft which will be contained fome not met with in any col- leGtion but my own, and not defcribed by any author whatever. In this Work, I fhall endeavour to infert one {pecimen, at leatt, of every Linnezan Genus, with the parts from which the genetical characters are taken, delineated in fuch a manner as . to PREFACE. 9 to obviate every difficulty, making, at the {ame time, fuch alterations in the fyftem of that author, as infects, with characters un= known to him at the time of his framing it, fhall render abfolutely neceffary, With refpect to the following fheets, if, on the one hand, I have not anfwered the expectations of my friends, I flatter myfelf that I have exceeded them on the other, by extending my plan confiderably beyond the original defign ; for I have not only taken all the pais in my power to render the meaning of Linnzus as plain as poflible ; but confidering that it would be an advantage to beginners to be acquainted with the fyftems of fome other authors, each of which has his feparate admirers, and has made confiderable alterations in that of Linnzus, I willingly undertook to collate and compare thofe different Syf tems, and explain the reafons which ins duced their authors to differ from their common Mafter. The moft diftinguifhed among thefe are Geoffroy, Scopoli and Scheffer; the firft of whom, in his H:/- toire V1 PAR EAP ALCOR: totre Abregee des Infecles, publifhed at Paris in 1764, has befides changing the or+ ders, or firft grand divifions, of the Lin« nzan Syftem, formed from the different families of Linnean genera, many new genera, fome of them very judicioufly, others, perhaps, without fufficient grounds. It may, however, be faid, in defence of his frequent divifions of the Linnzan genera, that, as his Syftem was a partia! one, con- fined to the infects of a {mall diftrict, he could not take notice, in his Work, of thofe, (as I may call them) intermediate infe¢ts, which conneé the feveral families, and prove them to belong to the fame genus, fuch infects being frequently exotic. Scopoli, in his Hztomologia Carniolicad, publifhed at Vienna in 1763, has made few alterations in the Linnaan Syftem ; but thofe feem every one to be well founded, and his fpecific characters equal thofe of Linnzus. Scheffer, in his E/ementa Entomologia, printed at Ratifbon, in 1766, has followed Geoffroy with very few and inconfiderable variations; but his figures convey POM PIA: vii convey a pretty good idea of his genera, though they cannot be pronounced fuperior tothofeof thatauthor. I fhould have been glad to have given fome account of the Syftem of Poda, a Jefuit, a work much praifed by Scopoli, which alone is fuffi- cient to convey an advantageous idea of if, but have not been able to procure it, nor learn how or in what he differs from Linneus. The Reader will find, that I have not only explained the circumftances from which the above-mentioned Authors have taken their claflical and generical diftinc- tions, but likewife the more minute ones, which induced them. to form their genera into fections or families. By thefe means the beginner, inftead of contenting himfelf with attending to a few of the more ftriking characters, will be led to the confideration of every part of the in- {eat ; and as the beft method of becoming acquainted with thofe characters 1s the ‘comparing of infects known to belong toa certain particular genus, with the defcrip- tion given of that genus, I have taken care (when Vib PAROEAPIATCHET when I could learn it) to apply to each could it moft familiar Englifh name, by which any fpecics belonging to itis known. If this Effay fhall conduce to the render- ing fo rational an entertainment as the contemplation and ftudy of the works of Nature more univerfal, or more pleafing, I fhall think my trouble more than re- paid, and with it no other fuccefs than that its defects may induce fome more able Entomologift to favour the Public with one more perfect. CORRECTIONS and ADDITIONS. Page 25, J. 1, inflead of Chermées and Coccus, read, the Chermes of Linnaeus. Page 26, 1. 6, for ghnus read gerus, Page 27, 1.22, for Anrborsy read Authors, Page 4b, 1. 17, ter Crioceris, read Crioceris, Page 49, 1. 35 for in general, read for the moft part. Page 9g, |. 13, after the word crotchet add, and a fetaceous, lateral, articulated finger ; being Gc. Page 111, }. 35 for containing, read confifing. Page 112, 1. 31, tor beliform, read cheliform. Page 122, |. 18, after the word they, add fo. Page 123, 1.3, 4) omit the words dike Chermes. Page 127, 1. 5, for genericaily, read gencrally, Page 136, 1. 3, 4, for fomewbat refembling, read and fomewhat refemble. Page 154, 1. 14, for darva, read Jarve Id.}. 22, for Phryganea, read Phrygania. Page 165, 1. 5, omit the word and, Page 183, J, 3, add atter the word of generical, or, Id. 1. 9, for names, read name. Page 208, ]. antipenult. for their, read the. Page 209, for midfiley read middie. Page 213, 1. 16, for Voluncella, read Volucellds Line 24, id, id. Page 229, 1}. penult, for chryfalis, tead chryfalrdse Page 244, |. 3, for larva, read larve Lo 3, Eye tS Linneus Syft. Nat. Vol. I. P: 2, P. beeen Properties peculiar to Insecrs, and the Characters by which they are diftinguifhed from the other Clafica of the Animal Kingdom. ®W NSECTS are fmall animals, having many feet, and breathing through pores arranged along their fides. Their fkin (with which they are covered as with 4 eoat of mail) is of a hard or boney con- fiftence. They are furnithed with moveable antenne, growing from the head, and A which. ¢ CHARACTERS, te. which feem to be endued with an exqui- fite fenfe of feeling. The dody of thefe animals is compofed of a head, a trunk, an abdomen, and limbs. The dead is for the moft part diftiné from the ¢runk, being attached to that part by a kind of articulation or joint. It is furnithed with eyes, antenne, and, in gene-~ ral, with a mouth, but wants brains, nofirils, and ears, The eyes are moftly two in number, without eyelids. They are either fimple or compound, confifting of one or more lenfes, and are the organs of vifion in thefe as well as other animals. Moft infects have two antenne, which are compofed of an indefinite number of | articulations ; their ufe is as yet wholly un- known. They vary much in form, and are either Y Selaceous, OM NS ECTS, & Setaceous, growing gradually taper to- wards their point or extre- mity. Filjform, refembling a thread, being throughout of equal thick- nefs, Moniliform, confifting of a feries of knobs, like a necklace of beads; Clavated, formed like a club, encreafing in thicknefs from the bafe to the point. | Capitated, encreafing in thicknefs to- wards their extremity, as the clubbed antennz, from which . they are diftinguifhed by the form of their laft or exterior articulation; which is larger and rounder than the others; forming a kind of capitulum, or bead, Az Fifile, id C-HCVA-R ‘A € T’E-R S, eke. Fifile, which are like the laft-men- tioned, but have the Zead iplit or divided longitudinally into different plates or lamine. Peétinated, which have lateral appen- dices, refembling the teeth of a comb, or _ Bearded, refembling a feather. They are termed /hort (dreviores) when fhorter than the body, midling (mediocres ) when of equal length with the body, and long (longiores) when fonger than that part. The palp:z, by fome called feelers, are articulated, fixed to the mouth, and gene- rally either four or fix in number, confift- ing of s2, :4, 3, joints: thefe feem to ferve inftead of hands to infeéts, they making ufe of them to approach their food to the mouth, and fuftain it while eating. The © Poaitn Ss BC +S, & The mouth is generally placed under the head, fometimes in the breaft; it is furnifhed with a rofrum or probofcis, an upper lip, Jaws placed tran{verfally, ceeth, a tongue, and a palate; fome infects have no mouth, The flemmata or gems, are three bright convex {pots, or tubercules, placed upon the crown or upper part of the head. The ¢runk is.the part fituate between the head and the abdomen ; fome of the feet are fixed to it; the upper part of it is called the fhorax, behind which is the fcutellum, or efcutcheon (generally of a triangular form) for the infertion of which a picce appears to be cut out of the interior margin of each elytron: the under part is called the fernum and brea/ft. The abdomen, or lower body, contains the ftamach, inteftines, and vifcera; it confitts of five rings, or fegments, and 1s pierced on the fides with /piracula, or pores, which | B34. happy 6 CHARASGTERS, &c. fupply the want of lungs; the upper part of it is called the zergum, or back, the un- der part the venter, or belly, which is ter- minated by the anus. The //mds are the ¢ai/ and the feet, to which (in many fubjects) we may add the a1) oS. The ¢ad terminates the abdomen ; it fometimes has two appendices, or horns, and {ometimes none; it is either fmple, or armed with a forceps, a fork, a brifile, or a kind of claw or fting, which again is ei- ther fimple, or compofed, finooth, or jagged like a faw. Nie The feet are compofed of Femora, or ‘highs (the joints immediately fixed to the body ;) ¢i0z@, or hanks (the fecond joints) the arf, which form the third fet, are compofed of an indefinite number of arti- culations, and are terminated by the wn- gues, or nails: fome have a kind of band (chela) @ YEN EO T 8. «9 (chela) or claw, with a moveable thumd; the hind feet are formed for executing dif- ferent movements, as running, leaping, Swimming. The wigs are, in fome fubjects, two, in others, four in number, and are ei- ther Plain, firetched out their whole length without folds ; Phcatile, folded up ; Ereé#, fuftained in an erect pofition, fo that their extremities almoft meet above the back of the infect ; Patent, open, expanded, extended, in an horizontal pofition ; Incumbent, covering horizontally the abdo- men of the infect, Deflected, in their pofition fomewhat refem- bling the ridge of a houfe, decli- ning downwards along the fides of the infect, but in fuch a manner ie Aree that g CHARACTERS, &c. that the inner margins meet above the abdomen. Reverfed, which differ from the laft-men- ~ tioned, in the pofition of the un- der wings, thefe being placed ho- rizontally, fo that their edges pro- ject confiderably from under the margin of the upper ones, which laft are in the fame direCtion as in» the deflected. Indented, with the edges cut out or fcolloped. ° Caudated, in which one or more of the fibres of the wings are fpread out or extended confiderably beyond the margin, into a kind of tail, Or Reticulated, when the veins or mem- branes of the wing crofs one an- other fo as to refemble net-work. They are painted with /pots (macula) bands (fafeie) ftreaks (ftrige) which, when extended lengthways, are called (fine) ea OMANSEOCTS) &. (linea) lines, and with points or dots puncta. They are marked with /fgmates, or fpots, fhaped like kidneys, and adorned with oce/fz, or eyes, which confift of one or more rings (the zris) enclofing a {pot (the pupil) which in general is of a diffe- rent colour from the iris; thefe are either in their upper or under wings, and on the upper or under fides of the wings. ~ The elytra, or wing-cafes, are two in number, of a cruftaceous fub{ftance, and cover the under wings; they are for the moft part moveable, znd are either Truncated, cut off at their extremity in a direct line. Spinoys, with fpines or pointed elevations, Lr ce, | Serrated, with the exterior margin edged with {pines, or teeth, like a faw. Their ‘ io CHARACTERS, &c. Their fuperficies is either Scabrous, rough. Striated, marked with flight or fhallow furrows. Porcated, with fharp longitudinal ridges, Sulcated, deeply furrowed; Or Punétuated, marked with concave or con- vex {pots. The upper wings, or wing-cafes, are call- ed hemelytra, when of a fubftance harder and f{tronger than the membranaceous wings which they cover, and yet fofter than the elytra of the Coleoptera. The halteres (poifers) are placed under the wings of Dipterous iufects, or fach as have but two wings, and probably ferve to keep their bodies in eguilibrio, when in the act of flying ; they are compofed of a head fxed at the end of a fmall pedicle or italk. Ag OF IN 3 E:C T §., II As to fex, thefe antmals are either male or female, which propagate their {pe- cies ; or zeuters, which are incapable of ge- neration, and feem to be deyoted to the fervice of the. other more perfe in- fects. The metamorphofis in many infects, is threefold, and confifts in a change of ftruc- ture, effected by the fubje& cafting the different coats in which the © perfec infect is included, and as it were con- cealed. The egg, containing the infect in its {malleft fize, or firft {tate, is expelled from the ovary, as in other oviparous ani- mals. 7 From the egg is produced the larva, or caterpillar, which is of a moift or humid {ubftance, fofter and larger than the egg, is without wings, fterile, or incapable of generation, flow in its motion, and is al- ways exceedingly voracious when it meets with the food to which it ismoft addicted, but 12 CHAR A C'T ER 5, «Bec. but more temperate when obliged to put up with that of which it is lefs fond. Many larve have a great number of feet, others have none. The pupa, or chryfalis, is drier and harder than the larva, confined in a nar- row compafs, and is either zaked, or co- vered with a kind of web; it often wants the mouth. Again, it is either Vig Compleat, having feet, and making ufe of all its limbs, as the Spider ( Ara- nea) the Tick ( Acarus) the Wood- loufe (Onifcus ) 2. Ses-compleat, or half compleat, which have feet, but only the rudiments, or, as 1t were, buds of wings, as the Grafshopper (Gryllus) the Froghopper (Cicada) the Bug (Cimesx / the Dragon-Fly (Libel~ lula) and the £ phemera. 3, Inccmpleat, having feet and wings, but which are immoveable, as in the Bee, the Ant, and the Tipula. 4. Shrowded, O BgiiN.S RVers". a ee iatietiniiieamentinion en 4. Shrowded (obtecia) wrapped up in a cruftaceous covering, of fuch a form, that the part which con- tains the head and thorax may be diftinguifhed from that wherein the abdomen is lodged, as in Lepidopterous infects, 5. Straitened (coarétata) confined in a cafe of a globular make, not formed fo as to diftinguifh the different parts of the infect it contains, as in the Mujfca (the Fly) and Qe- firus (the Gad-fly. The infect, efcaped from its laft prifon, is in the third, or perfect ftate, is active, performs the work of generation, and is furnifhed with antenne, which it gene- rally wanted in its other forms. The ftruGure of the fame identical ani- mal is therefore threefold, which fuppofes a like complication in the fcience, fince, in order to know it well, we muft be ac- quainted with the three different ftates through which it paffes. | Thefe 14. CHARACTERS, Bee. a a Thefe animals are mute when not pro- vided with fome particular inftrument fe= parate and diftiné& from the mouth, with which they make a noife (as many do by the frition of fome of their joints) and deaf, though they are by fome means fen- fible of the vibration of the air; they are every where more in number than the {pe- cies of exifting plants, but feem fewer, on account of the greater field they have to rangein. According to the climates they inhabit, they are either ¢ropical, arctical, or antarétical, which laft, however, are as yet unknown. In point of duration they are annual (except fuch as inhabit the waters) and, confidered as individuals are the {malleft of animals, but, taken all toe gether, form the greateft part (with re- gard to bulk) of the animal kingdom. Their influence in the ceconomy of na- ture is likewife the greateft, but being more generally diffufed, and from their minutenefs lefs obvious, is not fo liable to be defeated, as if exercifed by larger ani-= animals, which fecurity is the more necef- 2 fary OPM SEG Ts: 14 ——— fary,astheyarethe yearly fervants of Nature, appointed in fufficient number for the per- fecting fuch of her defigns as they are moft capable of accomplifhing, viz. preferving a due proportion among plants, confuming every thing that is mifplaced, fuperfluous, dead, or decayed in her productions; and, laftly, becoming nourifhment to other ani- mals, and that chiefly to birds. Infects are faid to znbabit thofe plants only upon which they feed, not thofe on which they fometimes may be met with, and trivial names, taken from that circum- ftance, are in general the beft, as being beft adapted to the purpofe of rendering ar¢ fubfervient to the explication of the views and police of zature. It is in confequence of thefe views and regulations, that we find fome infects occupied in preparing, others in purifying, others, again, in de- ftroying (according to the different apart- ments allotted them) the materials on which they work. 4 9 , ot red % 1% ist “ ies ) vA 4 , rhe gue qa eee “ Higa d soe he at r OF pe i page r ra a iatoA lh ¢ ‘ \ fate ufc He Se od « ai hey Pew Pe Pape . 1 je wat ae OK og vy ORDINES INSECTORUM; OR THE Tew RS OE. LN SE C-45:s, NSECTS are divided into different - orders, from the circumftance of their having or wanting wings, and from the number or fubftance of which thofe parts are compofed, in fuch as are furnithed with them, as follows: 1. Coleoptera. Which have four wings; the upper ones called the Elytra, are entirely cruftaceous, be- ing of a hard, horny fubftance, and join, or meet together, on the upper part of the bo-= dy. in a direct line or future. 2. Hemiptera. Which have four wings; the elytra differ from thofe of the former order in their B hardnefs 18 ORDINES INSECTORUM. 2. Hemiptera, 3. Lepidoptera, 4. Neurcptera, hardnefs, rather refembling {trong parchment or vel- lum, than the horny fub- ftance of the Coleoptera ; they cover the body hori- zontally ; the inner margins extend the one over the. other, not meeting in adi- rect line, as in the Cole- optera. Which have four wings, all membranaceous, and imbricated, or covered with {cales, fixed upon them nearly in the fame manner as tiles are laid upon the roofs of houfes. Thefe have likewife four membranaceous wings, but | which are naked, not being covered with fcales asinthe laft mentioned genus ; their abdomen is unarmed, or without a fting, 5 ‘ Hymn ORDINES INSECTORUM. 19 fe. Hymenoptera. Which have four mem- branaceous naked wings, as the preceeding order, but the abdomen armed with a fling. 6. Diptera. Which have only two wings, being furnifhed with poifers or balancers, Ha/- teres, inftead of under wings, 7. Aptera. Or thofe hich want wings. The moft diftinguifhed writers who have formed Syftems of Entomology befides our Au- thor, are, (as I have obferved in my Preface) Geoffroy, Scopoli, and Scheffer ; each of thefe authors have purfued methods of arrangement very different from that of Linnzeus, and from thofe of one another. I fhall now proceed to give an account of their firft, or general divifion, and fhew wherein that differs from the orders invented and laid down as above, by Linnzus, ~ Geoffroy has divided this clafs of the animal kingdom into fix fections only, uniting the In- feéta Neuroptera and Hymenoptera of Linnzus, in his fourth, which accordingly confifts of all B2 fuch 20 ORDINES INSECTORUM. fuch infeéts as have four naked membranaceous wings; thefe he has arranged under different ar- ticles or orders, according to the number of joints, or articulations, of which their feet are compofed, rejecting Linnzus’s divifion taken from the circumftance of their having or want- ing ftings, which, however, feems to argue them of very different natures and difpofitions. The order, or clafs, Hymenopteron, of Lin- nus, indeed labours under one inconvenience, which may frequently miflead a beginner: I mean that of the male infects wanting the fting, or principal characteriftic, which feparates them from the Neuroptera. He will, however, foon learn to diftinguifh them from infects belonging to that genus, by the fhape of their bodies, which, excepting thofe of fome Ichneumons, are fhorter, thicker, and ftronger than the bodies of the Neu- roptera ; and particularly from thetexture of their “ wings, in which the membranes run in general longitudinally, with very few crofs ones: where- as the larger veins are fo frequently croffed in the wings of the Neuroptera by fmall ones, as to make the wing refemble net-work, The Infefa Coleoptera, or fuch as have the elytra of an horny or cruftaceous fubftance, in their whole length, and the mouth armed with jaws, compofe the firft fection of this author, which ORDINES INSECTORUM. 22 inant aaa he has divided into three articles: The firft, containing thofe infects whofe elytra are cruftaceous or horny, and cover the abdomen entirely: The fecond, thofe whofe elytra are likewife cruftaceous, but cover only a part of the abdomen: The third, thofe whofe elytra are of a fofter fubftance than the foregoing ones, and almoft membranaceous; This lait article comprehends fuch of the Linnzean Infec?a Hemip- tera as have the elytra, femi cruftaceous in the whole length, or léfs hard, than thofe of the Coleoptera, and the mouth furnifhed with jaws, as the gryllus, or grafshopper, &c. This fection is farther divided into orders, from the number of articulations found inthe feet of the different infe€ts which compofe it. His fecond fection, or, Infeéia Hemiptera, contains fuch of Linnzus’s Hemiptera, as have elytra femi-cruftaceous only toa certain diftance from their bafe, as the Cimex or Bug, &c. but as this fection, in which he has attempted to correct | Linneus, I think with fuccefs, would ftill, in that fituation, have remained very incompleat, the Kermes and Coccus which he had referred to it, having only two wings, and thofe of the Pfylla and Aphis being all four equally coria- ceous ; he has taken his effential character frm the probofcis or roftrum, with which the mouths of all the infects that compofe it are furnifhed. | B 3 This 22 ORDINES INSECTORUM, o—_ This probofcis, in moft of the genera, is placed in the head of the infect, in others, (as the Pfyl- la, the Kermes and Coccus) in the breaft, be- tween the firft and fecond pair of legs. In the third fection, or Infela Lepidoptera, he agrees entirely with Linnzeus, as in his fifth, the Izfeca Diptera, and his fixth, the lunfecia Aptera. In the Divifion of thefe fe€tions into genera, he differs very much from Linnzus, as will be fub- fequently fhewn, . | Scheeffer, who differs effentially from Linnzus, and in fome things from Geoffroy, has divided his infects into claffes, as follow ; 4. Infeéta Coleoptero-macroptera, or infects whofe elytra are cruftaceous in their whole length, and longer than the abdomen. This clafs comprehends the infects ar- ranged by Geoffroy under the firft article of the Coleoptera. 2. Infecta Coleoptero-microptera, differing from the former only in the length of their elytra, which, in this clafs, are not fo long as the abdomen. The | / ORDINES INSECTORUM. 23 This clafs contains the infects which come pofe the fecond article of the Coleoptera in Geoffroy. 3. Infecta Coleoptero-hymenoptera, feu He- miptera, or fuch infects as have the elytra half cruftaceous, or becoming membrana- ceous towards their extremity. 4. Infecta Hymeno-lepidoptera, or with wings imbricated with fcales. §. Infecta Flymeno-gymnoptera, or with na- ked and membranaceous wings; in this clafs he has not only followed Geoffroy in uniting the Neuroptera and Hymenoptera of Linnzus, but has moft unnaturally arran- ged the different kinds of Grylli, as graff- hoppers, locufts, crickets, and the blatte, or cockroaches, among wafps, bees, dra- gon-flies, and others of the fame nature. 6. Infecta Diptera, or infects having. two wings; among thefe he has placed the Coccus and Chermes, which two genera feem to form a new clafs, differing from all others but the Diptera in the number of their wings, and from that genus in their want of halteres or ballancers. sub 4 7. In- 4 ORDINES INSECTORUM. el beet, >, Infecta Aptera, or without wings. The five farft claffes he has divided intoorders, from the number of articulations in their feet ; and the whole into genera, as will be hereafter noticed. Scopoli agrees with Geoffroy in uniting all fuch infe€&ts as have the elytra cruftaceous in their whole length, under the clafs Cofeopteron. The Grylli, Mantes, and Blatte,(grafshoppers,and tockroaches) {eem however to forma clafs entirely diftinét from the Coleoptera, from the different confiftence or fubftance of their elytra; the fhape of their heads, and the foftnefs of their bodies; and from the Hemiptera, in their having the mouth armed with jaws, nor extended into a probofcis: Thefe reafons may probably engage fome future fyftematic writer to unite them ina new clafs, which may be termed In/ecfa Hemely- trato-maxillofas preferving to the Hemiptera, the name of Infecia Probofcidea, given to that clafs by Scopoli. | The other orders into which Scopoli has divided his infects, are the fame with thofe of Linneus ; only to the fifth order or Hymenoptera of that au- thor, he has given the name of Jn/eéfa Aculeata, from their fling ; to the fixth, or In/edta Dip- téra, that of the Halterata, doubtlefs to diftin- euifh - ORDINES INSECTORUM. 2 és euifh that order from the Coccus and Chermes, which have two wings, but want the halteres; and to the feventh, or Aptera, that of Pedef- fria. ORDO OR De Oa INSECTA COLEOPTERA. This order is known by the cruftaceous elytra whichcover the wings, and contains the following genera. GpnusI. Scarasz#us the Beerte. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 361. The Scarabeus is diftinguifhed by the following characters. The ANTENN&, or horns, terminate in a kind of club, which is divided longitudinally into different plates, or lamine, in fome feven, in moft three, in others two in number. The fecond joint of the anterior or fore- moft pair of legs, is armed with {pines or teeth. Of Scarabeus COLEOPTERA. 27 Of this genus there are three feétions or families, diftinguifhed from one another as follows : 1. Thofe in which the thorax is armed with horns. 2. Thofe which have that part fimple or unarmed, but which have horns on their heads. 3. Thofe in which the head and thorax are both fimple or without horns, Some of the infects belonging to each of thefe families, are /cutellati, or furnifhed with the part called the e/cutcheon, and others belonging Jikewife to each of them, are excutel/ati, or want that part. This circumftance has induced Schef- fer and Geoffroy to divide the Scarabzi into two genera, the one called Scarabeus, containing fuch as have the efcutcheon, the _ other termed Copris, compofed of thofe which want it. | The Scarabai in each of thefe two laft mention- ed anthors, are divided into different families or fections, from the number of the plates or lami- nz, of which the club that terminates the an- tennz is compofed. | i he 28 ORDER I. Scarabeus. meal The Copres are divided into families by Scheef- fer, in the fame manner as Linneus has divided his Scarabzel, viz. from their having or wanting horns on the head or thorax. Scopoli has preferved the Linnzan genus entire, but has founded the divifions of it into fections, upon the number of {pinés, of teeth, with which the fore leos of the different fpecies are armed. The beetle called the Bull comber, and the two others mentioned beneath, are familiar inftances of this genus. The Larve, Caterpillars, or Grubs of many Scarabei, lead a fedentary life under ground ; moft of thefe delight in, and feed upon dung, whilft others, particularly thofe from which the hairy Scarabei, fuch as the Garden Beetle and Cockchafer are produced, live under, and con- fume the roots of plants; thefe laft having come pleated their metamorphofis, feed on the leaves of plants. | Genus -‘Lucanus. COLEOPTERA. 29 GENUS II, Lucanus the StAG-BEETLE. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 559. The antenne of the Lucanus end or terminate in a club or knob, but of a differ- ent nature from that of the preceeding ge- nus, the club being as it were comprefied, or flattened on one fide, which part thus comprefled, is divided into fhort plates or laming, refembling the teeth of a comb. The Maxilla, or ‘faws, are ftrong, por- — rected or advanced before the head, and are armed with teeth. Scheeffer and Geoffroy have given to this ge- nus the name of Platycerus, without changing a- ny of itscharacteriftics. Geoffroy, however, has divided it into two families, from the form of the antenne; the firft family contains fuch as have the antennz bent in the middle, and forming a kind of elbow or angle from the end of the firft articulation, which, in this divifion, is as long as all the others: The fecond comprehends thofe whofe antenne are ftraight, or extended, with the firft: articulation of the fame length as the others. Scopoli 30 ORDER Ff. Lucanus. ao Scopoli agrees with Linnzus in name and cha- raters, | The large Stag beetle is fufficiently known ; Its larva or grub, as moft probably thofe of all the other Lucani, lives in rotten or decayed wood, and refembles thofe of the foregoing genus. Ginus Dermeftes. COLEOPTERA. at Genus III, DERMESTEs. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 56r. The antenne of the Dermeftides end in a perfoliated club, or a head of an oval form, divided into different ‘horizontal plates or leaves, which feem to be united together by a {mall ftalk paffing through their centre, and have three articulations thicker or larger fized than the others. The thorax is of a convex form, and flightly margined. The head is bent in, and as it were con- cealed under the thorax. Scheffer and Geoffroy have taken from one of the Dermeftides of our author the genus they have termed Boffrichius. ‘This infect differs from the other Dermeftides in the cubical fhape of its thorax, Its antennz are not perfoliated, but the three laft articulations are much larger than the others. The genus to which they have given the name of Citela feems likewife to belong to the Linnzan Dermeftis, from which it differs principally in having 42 ORDER I. Dermettes. | having fix articulations of the antenne larger than the others, and in the conical form of its thorax, which is likewife without any margin. Geoffroy likewife adds to the characters by which Linnzus diftinguifhes this genus; that the laft articulation of the antennz is folid, which confideration, joined to that of the antennz in feveral of the Linnean filphe, appearing rather to be perfoliated, than growing regularly thicker towards their extremity, probably induced him to refer fuch filphe to this genus; thefe infects, however, differ much more effentially from the Dermeftides than from the Si/phe, which laft they perfectly refemble in their external appearance, in the flatnefs, breadth, and margin of their elytra, and the appendix or knob at the bafe of — their hinder thighs, found upon all the Silphe, and which Scopoli makes an effential charaéter- iftic of that genus. Geoffroy has likewife placed fome of the Lin- nzan Dermeftides in which the laft articulations of the antenne: are longer than in the others, a- mong his Byrrbi, the Linnean Ptini. Scopoli has brought to this genus the Silpha Vefpilio of Linnzeus, on account of its antenne, which are perfoliated. He obferves, that this 2 animal Dermeftes. COLEOPTERA. 33 infect keeps the middle line between, or connects the two genefa. The larve, or maggots of the Dermeftides, feed upon the carcafes of dead animals, every kind of victuals, dried fkins, the bark of trees, wood and feeds. Some of them make terrible havoc in collections of birds, infects, herbs, &c., Thefe laft refift the drugs generally made ufe of in mufeums for the deftruction of infects, fuch as green wax, camphire; &c. but are killed by arfenic. Cc GENUS 34 ORDER I. Ptinus. ee Genus lV. PTINws. » Linn. Syft. Nat. page 565. The antenne of the Ptini are filiform: The laf, or exterior articulations are lon- ger than the others. “The thorax is nearly round, with a mar- gin into which the head is received or drawn back. Geoffroy has giventhe generical name of Byr- vbus to fome of the Ptini, in which he has ob- ferved the antennz to be femi-clavated, or grow- ing fomewhat larger towards their extremity. To the Pétinus Peltinicornis, Linn. No. 1. (which certainly differs much from the others of the fame genus, in “ne form of the antenne, they being (as its name infers) pectinated, and to another reiemblirg, it, he has given that of Pitlinus, ‘That author likewife has placed the Ptinus Fur, Linn. No. 5. among his Bruchi, from the fpherical form of its thorax. Scopoli has placed the fame infe& among his Buprefides; he does not feem to have known the Other infects belonging to this genus. ee a oe The Ptinus. COLEOPTERA: 35 oO The larve or maggots of the Pm, are found in the trunks of decayed trees, in old tables, chairs, &c. Some live and undergo their me- tamorphofes among hay, dried leaves, collecti- ons of dried plants, &c. | C2 Ginus 36 ORDER IL Hifter. Genus. V.. HISTER. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 566. The firft articulation of the antenne of this infect is compreffed or flattened, and curve; the laft, or terminating one, 1s confiderably larger than the others, and appears to be a folid knob. | The head is drawn within the body, fo that the jaws only appear. The mouth is armed with jaws like a forceps. The elytra are fhorter than the body. The fore legs are dentated, as in the Scarabeeus, Geoffroy and Scheffer have given the name of Altelabus to this genus, preferving all its characteriftics, adding, however, that the anten- nz are broken, or form an angle from the end of the firft articulation, and that the feet are curforil, or made for running. The firft has obferved that the capitulum, or knob of the antennze which appears to be folid, 2 is Hitter, COLEOPTERA; 34 is compofed of feveral rings or circles ftronely united together, but which the infect ‘can fepa- rate and difplay, or contract at pleafure. Scopoli agrees with Linnzus’ likewife’ in name. The infects belonging to this genus; as well as their larvae are frequently met with in the dung of horfes, cows, &c. C 3 GEnus — 38 ORDER I. Gyrinus. Genus VI. GyRINUS. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 567. The antenne of this infect are club- formed, ftiff, and fhorter than the head. It has four eyes, two on the upper, and two on the under fide of the head. : Geoffroy adds to the above characters that the - feet are natatoril or formed for fwimming. Scopoli has arranged the Gyrinus along with | the Dytifci, from which it differs effentially in the number of its eyes and the form of its anten- nz; thefe indeed in fome of the Dytifci are clubbed, but the club is perfoliated, nor are the antennz {tiff as in the Gyrinus, The infect called the Water-flea belonging to this genus, is very frequently met with in ftand- ing waters, and eafily diftinguifhed by its fhin- ing black colour, and the fwiftnefs and circular direction of its motion in fwimming. Bt Ido not know that its larva has yet been ob- ferved, but it may probably be found along with that of the Dytifcus, which without doubt it refembles. | Fits tes! ' GENUS Byrrhus. COLEOPTERA. 29 Genus VII. Byrruus. Linn, Syft. Nat. page 568. The antenne of the Byrrhus are club- formed, and terminate in a capitulum or knob, which is of an oval form, rather compreffed or flattened, and almolt of a folid fubftance, (fub folidum.) Geoffroy and Schaffer agree with Linnaeus in the definition of this genus, to which they have ~ given the name of Anthrenus, the infeéts belong- ing to it being generally found upon flowers. Schzfier has added to the characters affigned to it by ourauthor, that the head is bent, or in- clined downwards, and hid under the thorax ; which particularity is Of great fervice in diftin=- euifhing this infect, the form of the antennz a- Jone being fcarce fufficient for that purpofe. Geoffroy obferves that the larvee of the An- threni are found upon plants, or in the bodies of half decayed animals ; they often undergo their metamorphofis in the bodies of preferved infects, which they reduce to powder. GENUS 40 ORDER I. Silpha- Genus VIII. SILpuHa. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 569. The antennz of the Silphe are {mall at their bafe, and grow infenfibly thicker fo- wards the end. 7 | The elytra have a margin, The head is prominent. The thorax is rather flattened, with a margin. | - Scheffer has “compofed two genera from the Silphe of our author. The one named Silpha, containing fuch Linnean Silphz as have the margins of the head and thorax moft apparent, and the thorax more convex: The other, called Peltis, compofed of thofe in which the margin of the elytra is lefs apparent, and the thorax flat- ter than inthe others. i eee Geoffroy has arranged feveral of thofe infeGts among his Dermeftides, and of the others Eis formed the genus Pettis, containing fuch as have the thorax and elytra more firongly mar- cined, and whofe antenng appear to be be per- foliated. Scopoli Silpha. COLEOPTERA. Scopoli adds to the Linnzan characters of the | Silphe their having a kind of lamina or knob, which terminates in a fpine, fituate at the bafe of their hinderthighs, — Many of the Silphze are found early in the fpring, under the loofe bark,of trees, and they, as well as their larvee, feed chiefly on the half- decayed carcafes of animals. | 44 Sapa GENtS fe Se ee Te Caffida. x } ~ je Genus IX. Cassipa, the TorToIsE BEETLE. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 574. The antenne of the Caffida are nearly filiform, but grow fomewhat thicker to- wards the end. The elytra have a broad margin. The head is entirely concealed under the thorax, The thorax is flat and margined, form- ing a kind of fhield for the head, The infect called the Green tou Beetle, belongs to this genus. The larvze of the Caffida eat the under fide of the leaves of plants, and often, as it were, hide themfelves under a cover of their own excre- ments, fupported in the air above their bodies, by means of their forked tail. Scheffer and Geoffroy have adopted this genus without any alterations. The latter obferves, that the antennz are nedofe, knotty, or com- pofed of large articulations. Scopoli has refer- red to it the Lampyrides Noé#iluca and Sangui - 3 | nea, Caffida. COLEOPTERA. 43 ba ——S * nea, though thefe two infects feem to differ much from the Caffidz in the form of the fegments of their belly, which terminate on each fice in round and foft appendices; the belly of the Caf- fida on the contrary is fimple. The oblong form and flatnefs of the abdomen in the Jampyrides ferves likewife to diftinguifh them from the Caffida, which laft are almoft o- val, with the abdomen much more elevated ia the middle than on the fides ; from which cir- cumftance the name of Tortoife Beetle has been | given to it in our language. GENUS 44 ORDER L Coccinella. GENUs X. CoccINELLA. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 579. The antenne of the Coccinella are fub- clavated, or increafe a little in thicknefs towards theend. Thelaft joint appears as if the end of it was chopped off, The palpi are club-formed, the laft ar- ticulation being fhaped fomewhat like a heart... The body is hemifpherical. The thorax and elytraare margined, ‘The abdomen, or belly, is flat. This genus is fubdivided into feétions from the colour of the elytra, and of the ~ {pots with which they are adorned, as fol- lows: 1. Thofe whofe elytra are red or yellow, with black fpots. 2. Thofe {potted with white, on a redor yellow ground, O.9) Hole = Coccinella. COLEOPTERA. 4 As 3. Thofe with Black elytra {potted with red. 4. Thofe with black elytra, and white or yellow {pots. Scopoli fays that the Coccinella differs chiefly from the Chry/omela in the length of the antennz, thofe of the Coccinella being fhorter than the thorax, but inthe Chryfomela twice the length of that part. The antennz differ likewife in fhape, thofe of the laft mentioned genus being fi- liform, or throughout of equal thicknefs, whe- reas thofe of the Coccinella grow thicker towards the end. Scheffer and Geoffroy agree with Linnzus in the characters of this genus. -- ‘The larvee of the Coccinelle devour the A- phides, and by that means contribute to cure plants which thofe animals infeft, of the Prr- ibiriafis, or louly difeafe. Genus 46 |. ORDER EI. Chryfomela. aa GeENus XI. CHRYSOMELA, Linn. Syft. Nat. page 586. The antennzof the Chryfomela are com- pofed of little globular articulations which grow larger towards the end; and fome- what refemble a necklace of beads. Neither the thorax nor elytra have any margin. Linnezus has divided this genus into fa- milies, as follows: 1. Thofe whofe bodies are of an oval form. 2. Thofe whofe hinder thighs are much thicker than the others, being faltatoriz, or made for leaping. 3. Thofe whofe bodies are ise a cylindrical form. 4. Thofe of an oblong form, and in which the thorax is broader or wider than the abdomen. 5. Thofe Chryfomelaa COLEOPTERA. 47 5 Thofe which are long, of a flender ~ make, and which have the thorax of e- qual breadth with the abdomen. Linnzus obferves that this laft mentioned family differs a little from the preceding ones, being more oblon g, andthe bodymore elevated in the middle than on the fides, ° but that he had not been able to difcover the limits by which they fhould be diftin- guifhed, nor any other genus under which they could be more properly arranged. From thefe different kinds of Chryfomelz Grorrroy has formed feveral genera, viz. The Galeruca, which differs from the other Linnzan Chryfomele in the roughnefs and mar- gin of its thorax. | The Chry/omela, whofe thorax is {mooth and margined. The Cryptocephalus, the articulations of whofe -antennez are rather Jonger than in thofe of the other Linnzean Chryfomelez, and the thorax of an hemifpherical form. The 48 ORDER I. — Chryfomela: The Crioceris, which differs from the other eenera in the cylindrical form of its thorax. The Diaperis, the articulations of whofe an- tennze being rather larger than in the other fpe- cies of the Linnean Chryfomelz, appear to be perfoliated. The thorax in this genus, of which he has only one fpecies, is convex and margined. The Atica, which genus comprehends that family of the Linnzean Chryfome'z, whofe hin- der thighs are made for leaping. The Melolontha, whofe antenne are ferrated, or with lateral appendices like a faw, and pla- ced on the fore part of the head before the eyes. Sc FFeR has followed Geoffroy in thefe al- terations, adding, that the head of the Crip‘o- cephalus is drawn back within the thorax ; that of the Criogeris, on the contrary, is itresched forwards, or porrected. Scopoti has arranged fuch of the Linnzan oval Chryfomelee as have the antennz fcarce fo Jong as thethorax, among his Coccinelle, others, whofe heads appear to be a little drawn in, or, as it were, half hid under the thorax, among his bupeftrides ; and thofe of the fourth divifion, in _which the thorax is rather broader than the head aid body, among his Attelabi. The Chryfomela. COLEOPTERA. 4g The diftinctions from which Geoffroy and | Scheeffer have formed fo many new genera, are in general too trifling to be taken for generical ; in which cafe, the multiplication of genera, in- ftead of elucidating the {cience, ferves but to render it more obfcure. | The larvze of the Chryfomele confume the pulp of leaves, rejecting the fibres: Thofe of the Chryfomela Saltatorize infeft the cotyledons — and tender leaves of plants. The infect called the Lady Cow, or Lady Bird, belongs tothis genus. D GENUS 50 ORDER I. Hifpa. Genus XII. HisPa. ~ Linn. Syft. Nat. page 609. The antennz in this genus are fufiform, growing gradually larger from each extre- mity towards the middle: they are fituate between the eyes, and are placed fo near one another at their bafe, as to feem to a- rife from the fame point. The thorax and elytra are in general co- vered with protuberances or fpines. Geoffroy has placed the only fpecies belong- ing to this genus, which he had met with in France, among his Crzoceres, the oblong Chry- fomelz of Linnzeus. The fhape of the antennz and their fituation, however, fufficiently diftin- euifh the Hifpa from that genus. The larva of the Hifpa feems to be yet wholly unknown; there are but two {pecies of the perfect infect found in Europe, and they are to be met with at the roots, or on the blades of different kinds of grafs. GErNnus Bruchus, COLEOPTERA. 51 Genus XIII. Brucuus. Lunn. Syft. Nat. page 604. The antenne of the Bruchi are filiform, erowing thicker towards their extremity. Linnzeus’s definition of this genus is compre- hended in thefe few words; and the two circum- {tances from which the infect is to be difcovered contradictory, as filiform antennz are through- out of equal fize ; neither does he give fuch a defcription of any one of the fpecies arranged under it as can enable us to diftinguifh the Bruchus from other genera. I have only feen one fpecies, the Bruchus Pifi, in which the an- tenn are placed exactly before the eyes, and are compofed of triangular articulations growing larger towards their extremity, with the laft one of an oval form. It has four palpi feated at the extremity of a probofcis which is rather broader thanitislong. The elytra are rounded at their extremity, and a fourth part fhorter than the ab- domen. Whether or no thefe are generical cha- raéters, by which the other infects belonging to the Bruchus may be diftinguifhed, will beft be obferved by thofe who poffefs a greater number of the fpecies defcribed by Linnzus. This in- feét is arranged by Scopoli under the genusterm- D2 ed 52 MOR ALE Re I, Bruchus. ed by him Zaria, to which he affigns the fol- Jowing characters : The antennze larger towards their extremity ; the thorax elevated in the mid~- dle and rounded towards the fides; the knob fi- tuate at the bafe of the thighs in the Silpha is wanting in this genus. The fame infet is placed by Geoffroy with his Mylabres, which genus, he fays, equally re- fembles his Chryfomelz, and the Linnean Cur- culiones, connecting the two genera. GENUS Nn Curculio. COLEOPTERA. GENUS XIV. GuRrcuLio. __ Linn. Syft. Nat. page 506. The antenne of the Curculio are fub- clavated, and feated in a roftrum or probof- Gig, which. 1s Oba horny fubftance, and prominent. t The Curculiones aré divided into the fol-_ lowing fections: 1. Phofe which have the roftrum longer than the thorax, and whofe thighs are fimple, without teeth or {pines. 2. Thofe in which the roftrum is Jonger than the thorax, and the thighs dentated. 3. Thofe which have dentated thighs, and the roftrum fhorter than the thorax. 4. Thofe whofe thighs are fimple, and ro= {trum fhorter thau the thorax. Scopoli obferves that the Curculioisa fluggifh infect, and that it endeavours to efcape its foes by contraéting its members and letting itfelf fall to the ground. ‘That author (who diftingutthes D2 this 54 ORDER I. Curculio. this genus by the fame characters as Linnzus) has divided it into two families, the firft where- of comprehends thofe which have ftraight or ex- tended antennz ; this family is fub-divided into the foliowing fections : 1. Thofe in which the roftrum is thicker than the thighs and fhorter than the thorax; among thefe he has placed fome Linnzan J¢eladi. | 2. Thofe which have the roftrum thicker than the thighs and longer than the thorax. © 3. Thofe in which the roftrum is {maller than the thighs and longer than the thorax ; the thighs in fome of the infects belonging to this fection are dentated, in others, mutice, or without fpines. The fecond family confifts of thofe whofe an- tennz are bent or form an angle, and contains the following fub-divifions : 1. Thofe with the roftrum larger than the thighs, which are /pinof, or armed with fpines. 2. Thofe with the roftrum as inthe other, © but without fpines on the thighs, 3. Uhofe with the roftrum fmaller than the thighs, which are unarmed, or without fpines. Geotfroy Curculio. | COLEOPTERA. 55 Geoffroy divides this genus (which with him is limited to fuch Linnean Curculiones as have antennz bent, or forming an angle in their middle) into two families, from the circum- {tance of the thighs being armed with, or want- ing {pines. To others of them which have extended, or {traight antennz, (thofe belonging to the firft family of Scopoli’s Curculiones) he has given the generical name of Rbinomacer, under which genus he has likewife arranged fome Linnzan Attelabi. The genus named by him Mylabris, feems to belong to the Curculio of our author; he has di- {tinguifhed it by the following characters. The antenne growing larger towards the end compofed of hemifpherical articulations, and placed upon a fhort and broad roftrum or pro- bofcis. Four fmall antennz ( perhaps palpi) plasty at the extremity of the probofcis. Schzeffer has followed Geoffroy in thefe di- vifions of the Linnzan Curculiones. D 4. The 56 ORDER IL Curculio. The. larve of the long beaked Curculiones live upon fruits, feeds of different plants, and corn, often making terrible havoc in granaries. Thofe of the fhort beaked ones devour the leaves of plants ; many of them pierce and lodge in the ftalks, The infe& called the Wzevil by farmers, be- Jongs to this genus, GENUS Attelabus. COLE SOPT BRA, 57 Gents XV? ATTEtasy's Liww. Sy. Nat. page 619. The Attelabus 1s diftincuithed by ine fhape of its head, which is broader i in the fore part (occafioned by the prominency of the eyes) than behind, of , which tapers eradually from the eyes towards the thorax. The antenne are thicker towards their extremity than at their bafe. This genus Linnzeus obferves is very obfcure, the infects arranged under it differing much from one another,in their external appearance, This obfcurity I imagine however rather to proceed from his not having known a fufficient number of infects proper ‘to be arranged under it, and ~ his placing with thofe that are,’ fome others, fas the Clerus of Geoffroy) in-which the ge- nerical characters he affigns to it are not found, rather than from any defect in the characters themfelves, having lately obferved in. different collections many exotic infects which anfwer moft exactly his definition of the Attelabus. If fome infects which he has referred to it, were rejected, the genus, I think, would be very diftinguifhable, and fufficiently numerous. Scopoli 56 ORDER I. Attelabus. Scopoli diftinguifhes the Attelabi by the fol- lowing characters. ~ The hinder part of the head gradually dimi- nifhing in fize. | The eyes prominent. The thorax fomewhat broader than the dia- meter of the head, taken from one eye to the o- ther, and of a more cylindrical form. Among thefe he has arranged fome of the Linnzan Chryfomelae, whofe bodies are ob- jong, and narrower than the thorax. Some of the Linnzean Attelabi are placed by him among his Curculiones. The Clerus of Geoffroy and Scheeffer is taken — partly from this genus, and partly from the Der- meftes of our author. They have given to that genus the following characters : The antennz club-formed, and placed onthe head, the knob compofed of three articulations. No probofcis. The thorax almoft cylindrical, without any margin. The ao The under fide, or plant of the feet, fpongy. Attelabus. COLEOPTERA. They have arranged fuch Attelabi as moft refemble the Curculiones, under the genus Rdi- nomacer, from which, however, thefe feem to differ effentially in the fituation of the antenne, which, in the Aftelabus are placed upon the head, but in the Rbinomacer upon the roftrum. The larvz of many of the Attelabi refemble _ fo much thofe of the Curculiones as not to be diftinguithed from them without difficulty, GENUS 60 ORDER IL Cerambyx. fect XVI. CERAMBYX. | Linn. Syft. Nat, Pag. 621. The antenne of the Cerambyc3s are - compofed of articulations, which gradually diminith in fize as they approach towards, or are fituate nearer to the extremity. ~The’ Thorax is either armed with fpines or gibbous made uneven by {mall eleva- tions, The Elytra are narrow, and through- out of equal breadth. This Genus is divided into fections, from the form of the thorax, and that part being . or not being armed with fpines, as follows : 1. Uhofe which have the thorax armed. on each fide with moveable {pines, 2. Thofe in ‘which the thorax ‘is mar- gined, and fides armed with {pines, 3. Thofe 2) Gerambyx, COLEOPTERA. 6t 3. Thofe in which the thorax is round, and armed with fixed fpines. | 4. Thofe which have the thorax nearly of a cylindrical form, and unarmed, or without {pines. 5. Vhofe which have the thorax of a roundifh form, refembling a slobe flattened or deprefled on the upper fide, | _Scopoli has affigned the power of emitting a found or noife, by the friction of the thorax, where joined to the body, as a character of the Cerambyx ; this vague definition has occafioned , his placing feveral of the Linnzan Cerambyces, which want that property, among his Lepturz : he makes only two divifions of the remaining Cerambyces, the fir& containing fuch as have the thorax armed with fpines; the other, thofe in which that part is unarmed; this method is more fimple than that of Linnzeus, and per- haps as proper, in collections confifting wholly of European infects. Geoffroy and Scheffer have formed feveral new genera from the different kinds of Ceram- byces, To 62 ORDER I. . | Cerambyx. ——_a ae To thofe which have ferrated antennz placed in the eyes, or furrounded at their bafe by the eyes, they have given the generic name Prionus. To thofe whofe antenne grow gradually taper, from the bafe towards their extremity, and are placed in the eye, they have preferved the name of Cerambyx ; the thorax in this genus 1s armed with {pines. Others with fetaceous antennez placed in the eyes, andthe thorax of a cylindrical form, with- out {pines, they have arranged along with their Lepture. The antennz in their /fenocorus taper to- wards their extremity, as thofe of the Ceram- byx, but they are placed before the eyes, and > the elytra diminifh in breadth towards their point. This genus is divided into two fami- lies, the firft of which only telong to the Lin- nzean Cerambyces, being fuch as have the thorax armed with fpines, the other, in which the thorax is unarmed, belongs to the Leptara of our author. The infect generally known by the name of the Goat-Chafer, or Mufk-Beetle, is a Cerambyx, and as its thorax is round, and found Cerambyx. COLEOPTERA. 63 —Saaa> armed with fixed fpines, it muft belong to the third family of our author. It is frequently found on the willow in the autumn, and {mells like mufk, from which circumftance its name is taken. The larve of the Cerambyces nourifh themfelves with the interior fubftance of trees, into which they penetrate, and where they live and perform their metamorphofis, GENUS 64 AORDT ROP Leptura. Genus XVII. Leprura. Linn. Syft. Nat: Pag. 637. The antenne of the Lepture are feta- ceous, growing gradually taper towards the end. The Elytra diminith in breadth towards their extremiy. The thorax is of a roundith and flender ° make, This genus is divided into two fections, the firft containing thofe in which the thorax is fomewhat oblong, but broader at its bafe than where joined to the head, and whofe elytra are truncated or cut off at their extremity, in a direét line ; the fecond comprehends thofe in which the thorax is nearly of a globular form, and whofe elytra are obtufe at their extremities. Scopoli obferves, that the elytra of the Lep- ture are ftiff, nor flexible as in the Cantharis. : | The Lepturai. CODEOPTERA. 65 oo The Genus, termed by Geoffroy Leptura, is compofed of fuch Linnzan Cerambyces as have fetaceous antenna, furrounded at their bafe by the eyes, and the thorax naked or without fpines, and fuch of the Lepturze of our author as have their antennz fituate in the eye : in this heis fol- lowed by Scheffer; the remaining Lepture are referred by thefe two authors to their /fezo- | corus, as before obferved. The larvze of this genus are found with thofe _of the preceding one, and much refemble them in outward appearance and way of life. Dr. Berkenhout has called fome of the Lin- nean Lepture Wa/p Beetles. 1 am not cer- tain whether they are generally known by that name, 66 OR DE'R I. Necydalis.. Genus XVIII. Necypa.is. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 640. The antenne of the Necydalis are feta- ceous, as in the foregoing genus. The elytra are either fhorter than the ab- domen, or narrower, and of the fame length with that part. This genus is divided into two families : The firft containing thofe which have elytra fhorter than the wings and abdomen ; the other thofe in which the elytra are as long as the body, but narrower, being fhaped like an awl, or drawn to a point, and a little curve at their extremities. Scheffer has confined the genus Necydalis, _ to one infect, the Necydalis Major, Linn. No. 1. ‘The others belonging to the fame feCtion, he has arranged under his Mjlaéris, on account of their antennae, which according to him are filj- form, and placed upon a fhort probofcis; the Necydalis of the fecond family or fe€tion, he has arranged among his Lepture, from their an- tennz being feated in the eyes. 3 Thefe Thefe laft are placed by Scopoli atnong his Cantharides. The infeéts belonging to the firft divifion of this genus, differ from the Staphilini in the want of the little veficles, or bladders, which thefe laft frequently thruft, or fhoot out of the hinder part of their abdomen, when in diftrefs, and in their antennz ; they differ from all the other Co- leopterous infects, in their wings being extended their whole Jength, nor folded up under the e- lytra, which, on.that account, feem to be of lefs ufe to the Necydalis than to the other genera belonging to that order, fince only fo mich of the wing as is covered by the elytron can be pres ferved by it. | I do not find that the larva of the Necydalis has been known to any author. E 2g Grevus 68 ORDEROL >) Lamnpyris. Genus XIX. Lampyris. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 643. © The antenne of the Lampyris are filiform. The elytra are weak and flexible. 'The thorax is flat, and of a femiorbicular form, furrounding and concealing the head: The fegments of the abdomen termi- nate on each fide in papilla, or little appen- dices, which turn, or ate bent upwards to- wards the elytra, and in part cover one ano= ther. The females, in general, want wings. Scopoli, who has only defcribed two {pecies of this genus, has arranged them with the Caf- fida of Linnzeus, giving to that genus the fimple characteriftic of the head being concealed under the thorax. That character the Lampyris has in common with the Caffida, from which, howe- ver it differs in the length and flatnefs of the bo- dy, in the fhape of the antennz, which in the Caffida grow thicker towards their extremity, and in the papilla, or folds of the abdomen, which are Lampyris. COLFOPTERA. 69 - — are wanting in the laft mentioned genus, and ferve more particularly to diftinguifh the Lampyris. Geoffroy and Scheeffer give the fame charac- ters to this genus as Linnzus. The Pyrechora of the laf mentioned author ig a Linnean Lampyris, with antenna pectinated on the one fide. The larve of thofe Lampyrides we are ac- quainted with, perfectly refemble the female in- fect, and feed upon leaves, The infect called in cur language, the glow- worm, from the fhining light which it emits, and which is fo frequently met with in the evenings about the month of June, in woods and mea- dows, belongs to this genus, E 3 GENUS vA) ORDER fF. ‘ Cantharis. Genus XX. CANTHARIS. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 647. The antennez of the Cantharis are feta- ceous. The thorax is margined, and fhorter than the head. The elytra are flexible. The fides of the abdomen are edged with papille, or appendices, folded upwards, as in the preceding genus. The Cantharides are divided into twa fections ; the firft diftinguifhed by the flat- nefs and breadth of the thorax, which part in the other is rounded on the fides and narrower. Scopoli, who defcribes under the fame gene- ric title fuch of the Linnzan Cantharides as he _ had found in his country, and which all belong to the firft fection of our author, obferves, that the thorax, under which a part of the head is concealed, is of a convex form, Geoffroy Cantharis. COLEOPTERA. v1 Geoffroy has : given the generical name of Ci- cindela to fuch of the Linnean Cantharides as he has defcribed. He differs from Linnzus in his opinion of the form of the antennze ; which, ac- cording to him, are filiform rather than feta- ceous. i His Pyrochroa is a Linnean Cantharis, with pectinated antenne. The generical name of Cantharis he has given to the winged Meloes of Linnzus, or thofe of his fecond fection. Scheeffer has given the generical name of Tele- phorus to fome Linnzean Cantharides, which dif- fer from the others in the number of the articula- tions of which their tarfiare compofed. He has placed others of them, in which the antenne are feated in the eyes, and the thorax flat, with a lefs perceptible margin than in the others, among his Lepture. | _ The larva of the Cantharis was almoft un- known to Linnzus, and wholly fo to Geoffroy, My ingenious friend Mr. Curtis has lately difco- vered it, andobferved the metamorphofis of fome of them ; they refemble thofe of the Cerambyx, and were found in the decayed trunk of a willow. E4 , Gexus 72 ORDER I. Elater. ~ Genus XXI. ELATER. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 651. The antenne of the Elater are feta- cceous. An elaftic {pring or {pine projects from the hinder extremity of the breaft or un- der fide of the thorax. The infect, when laid upon its back, rifes and fuftains itfelf upon the anterior part of its head, and the end, or point, of its abdomen or elytra, by which means the fpine of its breaft is withdrawn from out of a groove or cavity of the abdomen, where it is lodged when in its natural pofition; then fuddenly bending its body, the fpine is {truck with force acrofs a {mall ridge, or elevation, into the cavity from whence it was withdrawn, by which fhock, the parts of the body before fuftained in the air, are fo forcibly beat again{t whatever the infect is laid upon, as to caufe it to {pring, or re= bound, to a confiderable diftance. Geoffroy Elater. COLEOPTERA. - Geoffroy obferves, that a cavity is fcooped out of the under fide of the head and thorax of the Elater, in which the antenn are. lodged, probably to preferve them from the violence of the fall, when it makes the fingular leap which diftinguifhes it from all other infects. The character taken from the antennz by our author is extremely vague, for, as Scheffer juft- ly obferves, they are in fome fetaceous, in others filiform ; fometimes they are peétinated, and fometimes ferrated ; the {pines at the extremity of the thorax are, however, fufficient marks to diftinguifh them by, being found upon almoft every one of them, and rarely met with in any other of the Coleopterous order of infeéts. Sco- poli has called one of his Elateres Degener, be- caule it differs from the others, in the want of thofe fpines, the hinder part of its thorax being round. Such are beft diftinguifhed from the Bupreltis (which genus the Elater moft refembles) by the elaftic fpine, fituate at the.extremity of the breatft. Scheffer lhkewife obferves, that the hinder angeles of the thorax are very much pointed or extended into fpines, and that the tarfi have five articulations, or joints. Linnzus 74 ORDER I. Eater. Linnzeus was unacquainted with the larva of the Elater, but we learn from Geoffroy, that it lives and undergoes its metamorphofis in the trunks of decayed trees, That author, however, has faid nothing with regard to its formation, fo that we are {till igno- norant whether or no it refembles that of the Bu- preftis, The compleat infects are frequently found on flowers and plants ; fome of them fre- quent the banks of running waters, fandy banks, &c. and are pretty well known. They are in fome places not improperly called Sk7ppers. GENUS Cicindela. COLEOPTERA. 75 Genus XXII. CICINDELA. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 657, The antenne of the Cicindele are feta- ceous, : The maxilla, or jaws, advance confide~ rably before the head, and are armed with teeth. The eyes are rather prominent. The thorax is roundifh and margined, Scopoli and Scheeffer obferve that the Cicin- dela have an obtufe lamina, or knob, at the bafe of the hindermoft thighs, and that the head is broader than the thorax; which circumftance is chiefly occafioned by the prominency of the eyes. Geoffroy has arranged fuch infects belonging to this genus of our author as he has defcribed among his Bupreftides, (the Linnean Carad:) © from which the Cicindela principally differs in the form of the thorax, which in it, is roundifh, but in the Carabus of the form of a heart, and cyt off at the end ina direét line. This differ- ence, “46 ORDER I. Cicindela. / ——— ence, however, he reconciles, by dividing his Bupreftides into two families, diftinguifhed ‘rom one another by thefe circumftances.. The eyes of the Cicindela are much more prominent than thofe of the Carabi. Scheffer adds to the characters given by our author to this genus as above, . that the jaws are crooked, and the feet made for running. The larvee of this genus live chiefly with thofe of the Carabi, in deep holes under the earth, and as well as the perfect infects, devour weaker animals for their food. Genes Bupreftis. COLEOPTERA. ay Genus XXIII. Burrestis. Linn, Syft. Nat. page 659. The antenne of the Bupreftis are feta- ceous, and as long as the thorax. The head is half retraGted, or drawn back within the thorax. . : They are divided into three families, di- ftinguifhed by the following marks. | The elytra in the firft decline towards the fides, being much elevated at the fu- ture, and particularly fo, near their bafe. In the, fecond; they are ierrated; or armed with fhort fpines, near their extre- mity. In the third, they are whole, or entire. Scopoli has arranged fuch of the Bupreftides of our author as he knew, among his Mordella, of which genus he fays nothing more than that they have an appendix or broad plate, which co- vers and defends the hindmoft thighs, forming a kind of cavity into which they are received. The | 48 ORDER I. Buprettis. The genus to which that author has given the name of Bupreftis, confifts chiefly of the oblong Chryfomelz of Linnzus as before obferved. He diftinguifhes that genus by the following charac- ters. The antenne never fhorter than the thorax. The head deflected, half drawn back within the thorax. The thorax as it were fwelled, or puffed up like acufhion, (pulvinatus). The abdomen obtufe. According to him the other Linnean Chryfo- —melz differ from thofe arranged with his Bu- preftides in their heads, (which are porrected or advanced before the thorax) being lefs: thick or bulky; and in the antennz, which in the Chry- fomelze are twice the length of the thorax. The antennz are generally ferrated in this ge- nus, as obferved by Geoffroy, who has given the generical name of Cucujus to the French Bu- preftides. Scheeffer fays that the mouth of the Bupreftis is armed with jaws and: palpi, that: the tarfi have five articulations, and that the elytra are mar gined, and cover the abdomen. The Bupreftis, | COLEOPTERA. "9 The Bupreffis and Elater refemble one ano- ther very much, and are beft diftinguifhed by the fpines, which terminate the breaft and tho- rax of the latter. There are but few fpecies of this genus found in Europe, and we are wholly unacquainted with their larvae and metamorphofis ; they are generally of bright fhining colours, from which circumftance Geoffroy has chofen the generical name which he has given them. GENUS 80 ORDER I. Dytifcus. Genus XXIV. Dyriscus. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 665. The antennz of the Dytifcus are either fetaceous, or increafe in fize towards the end, and have a perfoliated capitulum or head, The hind feet are hairy, made for {wim- ming, and are armed with {mall claws. This genus is divided into two families ; the firft compofed of thofe which have per- foliated antenne; the fecond of thofe in which the antennz are fetaceous. - Geoffroy has formed from the two Linnean families of Dytifci, as many genera. To thofe with perfoliated antenne (which he fays are Shorter than the palpi) he gives the generical name of Hydrophilus ; the others, in which, according to him the antennz are filiform, and longer than the head, he calls Dysici. Scheffer, who has adopted this divifion of the Linnean genus, fays, that the tarfi of the Dytifcus have five articulations; that the body is oblong Dytifeus. © COLEOPTERA. oy oblong, and the head obtufe; the mouth of the Hydrophilus, according to the fame author, is armed with jaws, and has four palpi, two of which are longer, and two fhorter than the an- tenne. Scopoli obferves that the Dytifcus is a dull and flugeifh infect. The plants, or under fide of the fore feet of the male Dytifci are hemifpherical. The elytra of the femezles are generally furrowed. The firft refemble the Dermeftides; the females are more like the Carabi ; It is very difficult to diftin- ouifh the fex or fpecies. Their larvee are fre- quently met with in ditches; they are not to be bred, or do not go through their metamorphofis when confined, without great difficulty ; and if two or three are kept together in a fmall place, ever fail to devour one another. Many fpecies ‘of the compleat infect are very common in ftag- nated waters, which they quit in the evening to fly about. ‘They are known by the name of Water Beetles. | 82. > JOERSDAB Rash Carabus. | Genus XXV. CarRAsus. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 631. ~The antenne of the Carabus are feta- ceous. The thorax is fhaped fomewhat like a a heart, the point of which is cut off, and 1S margined. The elytra have a margin. The Carabi differ greatly in fize, and are divided from that circumftance, into > two families; the firft containing the larger, the fecond the fmaller ones. Geoffroy has united the Cicindela of our au- thor with this genus, under the generical name of Burrefis, given by Linnzus to another genus; he adds to the above characters of the Carabus, that they have a confiderable lamina or knob at the bafe of the thighs, which is found alfo in the Ci- cindela, but is fcarce fufficient to juftify the placing that infect under the fame genus with the Carabus, from which it differs in the pfominen- 3 cy Carabus, COLEOPTERA. 84 cy of the eyes, and the roundnefs of its tho- rax: The fame knob is found at the bafe of the thighs of the Silpha, and fome other infeéts, The fame author afferts, that the antenne in this genus, and likewife in the Cicindela, are fili- form rather than fetaceous, which is fometimes obfervable in European fubjects, but generally in thofe as well as in exotic ones, they taper to- wards the point. Scheffer obferves, that the head of the Cara- bus is prominent, the mouth armed'with jaws; and four articulated palpi, and that the feet are made for running. The tarfiin all the feet are compofed of five articulations. Scopoli, who divides this genus into families from the fame circumftance as Linnzeus, fixes the length of the firft or greater ones at feven lines. The larvze of the Carabi live in the ground or in decayed wood, where they perform their metamorphofis ; they themfelves live chiefly on weaker infeéts, or fmall larve. The name of Ground Beetle has been given by fome authors to the Carabus; others have cal- led it the Blaine Worm. EF 2 Genus \ 84. ORDER UI. Tenebrio. Genus XXVI. TeENeEBRIO. Linn. Syft. Nat. Pag. 674. The antenne of the Tenebrio are moni- liform, or refemble a ftring of beads: the ultimate articulation is rounder than the others. The thorax has a margin, and is of a con- vex form, though rather flattith, the eleva- tion being inconfiderable. The head is porrected, or ftretched for- wards. The Elytra are rather tiff. This genus is divided into two feclions ; the firft’ containing fuch Tenebriones as want wings, and in which the elytra are united, or without a longitudinal future ; the fecond, fuch as are furnifhed with wings, | According Tenebrio. COLEOPTERA. 85 According to Scopoli, the antennae in this genus are always longer than the thorax: he alfo obferves, that many of the Tenebriones very much refemble the Carabi, but are diftin- guifhed by the antenne, and by the lamina at the bafe of the thighs, in the Carabi, which is never found in the Tenebrio; to which add, that the abdomen of this laft is more oblong, and not fo flat as that of the Carabus ; and that the tarfi of its hind feet have only four arti- culations. Geoffroy obferves,'that the antennz: in fome of the Tenebriones are compofed of long articula- tions, which are throughout of equal fize, in others, of globular, or oblong ones, growing larger towards their extremity, and from this circumftance he has divided them into two fae milies, in which he is followed by Scheffer. | Scopoli has preferred the method of Linnzus, The larvae of the Tenebriones are frequently met with under heaps of weeds, branches of trees and other refufe of gardens ; fome of them live under ground, others in meal, neglected and dry bread, &c. The compleat infects are Fy found 86 ORDER I. Tenebrio. found in houfes, gardens, and fandy places; they run with great fwiftnefs, and generally emit a very foetid fmell; they are, on that account, fometimes called /tinking Beetles. One fpecies, frequently found in houfes, is called the flow- legged Beetle, GENUS Meloe. COLEOPTERA. 87 Genus XXVII. MELoE. Linn. Syft, Nat. Pag. 679. The antenne of the Meloe, like thofe of the preceding genus, refemble a ftring of — beads, but the laft articulation, which in the Tenebrio is round, in this pone is of an oblong oval form. The thorax is roundith. The elytra are foft and flexible. The head 1s inflected and gibbous. Many of the Meloes want wings, with which others of them are furnifhed ; they are divided into two families; the firft con- taining thofe which are apterous, and have elytra fhorter than the abdomen ; the fe- cond, thofe which are winged and have elytra as long as the body, by which the wings are wholly covered. Scopoli adds to the Linnzan characters of the Meloe, that the thorax tapers, or grows flen- F 4 derer $3 ORDER I. Meloe, derer from its middle towards each each ex- tremity. Linnzus has united with this genus the No- toxus of Geoffroy, remarkable from the horn upon its thorax; Vid: Linn. Mel. No. 14. Geoffroy afferts that its antenne are filiform, which circumftance fhould feem to feparate it from the Meloe, to which, however, our author, who appears very unwilling to multiply the ge- nera of infects from trivial circumftances, thinks ‘it refembles more than to any other. Geoffroy has feparated the Meloe Schefferi Linn. No. 12, from the other fpecies of our au- thor, on account of its antennz, and has given to it the generical name of Cerocoma : according to him the antennz of the female are compofed of eleven articulations, the ten firft of which are very fhort, and the eleventh, or exterior one, at leaft as long as a third part of the whole an- tenne; thofe of the male infect are pectiniformed and bent fo as to refemble the letter S in fhape. The fame author has arranged fuch of the Linnaan Meloes as have the thorax fcabrous, or rough, along with his Cantbarides, and has preferved the generical name of our author to the Mel. profcarabeus, No.1. This infect he was Meloe.. COLEOPTERA, 89 was obliged to feparate from the others, in order to place it in his fecond fection, or Coleopte- rous infects with elytra fhorter than the abdo- men. All the Linnzan Meloes have five articula- tions in the tarfi of the two firft, and four in thofe of the laft pair of feet. The larvze of the Meloes feed chiefly on the leaves of plants, on which the compleat infects are likewile to be met with, | _ The infeé called the Spanifh Fly, or Blifter- Beetle, belongs to this genus, though placed by Geoffroy among his Cantharides. GENUS go ORDER I Mordelfa. GENuS XXVIII. MorRDELLA. Linn. Syft. Nat. Pag. 682. The antennz of the Meloe are filiform, and ferrated. The head is defleCted, or bent under the neck. * The elytra are curve, or inclined down- wards towards their point. The palpi are comprefied, clubbed, and ~ obliquely truncated. A broad lamina is feated at the bafe of the abdomen, before the thighs. Scheffer, defcribing the Mordel. Aculeata, Linn. No. 2, fays, that the thorax of that in- fect, and of the other Mordellz, is convex, and narrower in the fore part than behind, and that the elytra are convex and margined ; which ob- fervations hold good in all the infeéts belonging to this genus, which I have feen. According to the fame Author, their feet are faltatorii, or made for leaping, According Mordella. COLEOPTERA. or a : According to Geoffroy, the antennz of the Mordella are compofed of triangular articula- tions. | The tarfi of the firft pair of feet conftft of - four, and thofe of the laft pair of five joints. The Mordellz are common on flowers ; their larve are yet unknown. GENUS g2 OR DE RL Staphilinus. Genus XXIX. STAPHILINUS. Linn. Syft. Nat. Pag. 683. _ The antennz of the Staphilinus are mo- niliform. | The elytra are not above half the length of the abdomen. The wings are folded up, and concealed under the elytra. The tail, or extremity of the abdomen, is fimple, not being armed as that of the following genus, but is provided with two oblong veficles, which the infec can fhoot out or retract at pleafure, Geoffroy difers from our Author, and from Scopoli, with regard to the antenne of this genus, which, according to him, are filiform, The tarfi, in all the feet, are compofed of five articulations. _ The Staphilini are very voracious, devouring every kind of weaker infects, even thofe of their own fpecies, Some of them are found upon flowers, Staphilinus. COLEOPTERA. 93 flowers, but they chiefly inhabit the dung of cows: their larvze which refemble them fo much as fcarce to be diftinguifhable, live in humid places under the ground. The Staphilini are by fome called Rove- Bectles. . | GENnus 94 ORDER I. Forficula. —— 5 Genus XXX. FoRFICULA. Linn. Syft, Nat. Pag. 683. The antenne in this genus are {e= taceous. The elytra are much fhorter than the abdomen, The wings are folded, and covered by the elytra. The extremity of the abdomen is armed \with a kind of forceps, in which, and in the formation of the antennz, this genus differs from the Staphilinus. According to Scheffer, the wings of the Forfi- cula are not entirely covered by the elytra, from under which I have frequently obferved the points to project. The tarfi, in each of the feet, confift only of three articulations. This infect is found every where in the fields, woods, and gardens, and is even at this time formidable to many people, from the idea that it 95 eed Forficula. COLEOPTERA. it enters the ears, and pierces into the brain, which, however, anatomifts know to be impof- fible, there being no communication between _ thofe parts, and the jaws of the infect too weak to effect one. It has been, from that circum- ftance, called the Earwig, the larva differs very little from the compleat infect, and is very lively, running with great agility. ORDER [ 96 ] OR DE Ro IL INSECTA HEMIPTERA. The mouth and probofcis of the infects which compofe this order, are inflected and bent inwards towards the breaft. The wings are hemelytrate, or of a fubftance lefs hard and ftrong than thofe- of the oreceding order, but more fo than the membranaceous ones of the following orders; the upper wings are femi-coria- © ceous ; they do not meet together in a lon= gitudinal future, as in the foregoing order, but have fome part of their interior mar- gins croffed, or laid one over the other, above the abdomen. This order contains the following ge- nera, viz. | | Genus I. Bratra. Linn. Sy. Nat. Pag. 687, ‘The head of the Blatta is inflected, The antennz are {etaceous. The Blatta. HEMIPTERA: . 9 The elytra and wings are extended, ‘fmooth; and femi- coriaceous, or of a fub- ftance fomewhat like velium. The thorax is rather flat, of an orbicular form, and margined. The feet are curforii; or made for tun- ning. The abdomen is terminated by two little appendices, like horns. To the above characters of the Blatta we may add, that the mouth is armed with jaws, and furnifhed with palpi ; that the antennee in moft fubjels are as long as the body, and that the abdomen is as broad as the thorax. The upper wings crofs over one another, above the abdomen, and are much ftronge? than the under ones, which laft, according to Scheffer, are folded; in fome fubjects, how- ever, they are extended like the elytra. The tarfi of the fore feet have five joints, thofe of the hindmoft have only four. Geoffroy and Scheffer obferve, that the horns which terminate the abdomen of the Blatta, are wrinkled or furrowed tranfverfely. ie . G The 98 ORDER I. Blatta. SS") The Blatta avoid the light, and with their Jarvze, feed upon all kinds of food, but are more particularly fond of bread, meal, putrid bodies, and roots of plants; they are frequent in bakers fhops, and in cellars; they fiy the approach of danger with great iwiftnefs; with us they are called Cockroaches. The infect, called the Kakkerlac, fo well known, and fo much dreaded by the inhabitants of the American Iflands, belongs to this genus. Genus Wankis. -HEMIPTERA: x9 Genus IL Manris. Livy. Syft. Nat. page 689. The head of the Mantis is unfteady, cr appears, from its continual nodding motion, to be flichtly attached to the thorax. The mouth is armed with jaws and furnithed with palpi. | The antenn2 are fetaceous. The four wings are membranaceous, and wrapped round the body; the under ones are folded. The anterior; or firft pair of feet, are compreffed, armed on the under fide, with teeth like a faw, and terminated by a fingle nail or crotchet. The four hind ones are grefforiz, or formed rather for ad- vancing flowly, than for performing quick movements. . > The thorax is extended to a confiderable length, narrow, and throughout of equal fize. G2 Scopoli 100 ORDER IU. Mantiss — Scopoli has confounded this genus with the Gryllus as Linnzus had done in the tentn editi- -onof his Syftema Nature. Ic differs chiefly from that infect in the number of articulations of which its tarfi are compofed ; (thefe in the — Mantis are always five, but in the different fa- milies of Grylli, are fometimes three, fome- times four) and in its having only one crotchet or nail, to thofe of the firft pair of feet. The eyes of the Mantis are prominent, and its head perfectly refembles thofe of the fecond family of the Linnzan Libellule. The elytra are not much ftronger than the une der wings. The abdomen is terminated by little appen- dices or horns, lefs {tiff than thofe of the Blattze; that part is not always long and narrow, as af- ferted by Schaeffer, but in fome fubjects flat and very broad compared with its length. The Jatt mentioned author calls the feet faléatorii made for leaping, which they do not appear, nor are obferved to be, by any other author I have met with. This infect is, with us, called the Camel Cric- ket. It is looked upon by the Africans as a fa- cred Mantis: LIEMIPTERA. 1% cred animal (according to Geoffroy, the French peafants hold it nearly in the fame light), from its frequently afluming a praying or fupplicating pofture, refting upon its hind feet, and elevat- ing and folding the firft pair. G3 GeENCs 102 ORDER IL. Giyllus. Genus VI, GRYLLUS. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 692. The head of the Gryllus 1s inflected, armed with jaws, and furnifhed with palpi. ¥ e ‘ The antennz, in fome fubjects, are feta- ceous, in others, filiform. The wings are declined towards, and wrapped round the fides of the body; the under ones are folded up, fo as to be con- cealed under the elytra. All the feet are armed with two nails or two crotchets; the hind ones are formed leaping. The Grylli are divided into different fections as follows: I. The Acride, which have the head of a ccnic form, and longer than the thorax ; their antenne are enfi- form, or fomewhat refembling a fword, 2. Bulle Gryllus. HEMIPTERA: 103 2. Bull@, which are diftinguifhed by a kind of creft or elevation on the thorax: Their antenne are fhor- ter than the thorax, and filiform. 3. Achetea, which are known by two Sete or Briftles, fituate above the extre- mity of their, abdemen. The houfe-cricket belongs to this fa- mily. 4. Tetigonie: The females in this feGion are diflinguifhed by a kind of tube with which the extremity of their abdomen is furnifhed, and through which they depofit their eggs in the, ground. ,-,Dhe) antenne cin both fexes of this family are feta- Ceous, 5. Locufte, in which fection the tail is fimple, without the fete by which the Achete are diftinguifhed, or: the tube that terminates the tail of the females in the preceed- ing genus. Their antenne are filiform, G4 | Geoffroy 04 ORDER JQ. Gryllus. a Bt Geoffroy has formed from fome of thefe fections as many different genera. \ To the Ache‘ of our author he attributes the generical name of Gry//us, adding to the Linnzan Characters, that they have three ftemmata, and that the tarfi are compofed of three articulations. Tothe Locuftz he has given that of Acrydium, adding, that the antennz are one half fhorter than the abdomen, that they have three ftemmata, and three joints to the tarfi, as in the latt men- tioned genus. And | To the Tetigonie, that of Locufia, thefe, ac- cording to him have filiform antenne longer than the abdomen, and differ from the two preceed- ing genera in the formation of their tarfi, which have four articulations. Scheffer has followed him in this difpofition of the Linnean Grylli, each having firft arranged them in different or- ders, acedrding to their own fyftem. He ob- lerves, that the upper wings of each genus are lefs tranfparent, but of a tronger fubftance than the under ones. — The larvae, or caterpillars of the Grylli, very much refemble the perfec infe@s, and, in ge- Wet, live under ground. The Chryfalids very 3 much Gryllus. HEMIPTERA: 165 much refemble and accompany their parents, many of which feed upon the leaves of plants. Others, which live in houfes, prefer bread, meal, and every kind of farinaceous fubftance ; fome of them are with us called Jocufts, others grafsboppers, others again, Crickets. GENUS 106 ORDER II. Fulgora. Genus IV. FuLcora. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 703. The front, or fore part of the head of © the Fulgora is drawn out, extended, and empty. The antennz are feated below the cyes, having two articulations, whereof the ex- terior is larger, and of a globular form. The roftrum is inflected, or bent inwards under the body. The feet are formed for walking, In this circumftance particularly it differs from the following genus, with which it - was confounded before the laft edition of the Syft. Nature. This genus feems to have been unknown to Geoffroy, Schaeffer, and Scopoli. One of the infects belonging to it is however found in Ger- many, and two different fpecies have been caught in this country; the one by the author of thas ufeful and elegant work the Flora Anglica, the other by my friend Mr. Grey. Whether the larve. NY Fulgora. HEMIPTERA. 107 larvze of thofe infects (which differ very little a from fome fpecies of the Cicadze) refemble thofe belonging to that genus or not, is yet unknown. The foreheads of many Fulgore (efpecially thofe found in China) emit a very lively, fhining light, in the night-time, which, accord- ing to fome authors, is fufficient to read by; I have not heard that the European ful- gore poffefs that quality, GENUS 108 ORDER IL Cicada. Genus V. CICADA. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 704. The roftrum of ‘the Cicada is bent in- wards, under the breaft. The antenn@ are fetaceous. The four wings are membranaceous, de- clining along the fides of the body. The feet in moft fubjeéts are formed for leaping, in others (particularly the ma- nifere) for walking or creeping. They are divided into different {eCtions, as follow: 1. The Folactag, in which the thorax is compreffed, membranaceous, and larger than the body. 2. The Cruciate, which have the thorax armed on each fide with a horn, Orfpine, = a5 fRe Cicada. HEMIPTERA: Log 3. The Maniera, diQinguithed | by theic feet, which are not made for leapin g. 4. The Ranatre, which differ from the laft fetion in their hindmoft feet, - which are faltatorii, or made for leaping. 5. The Deflexe, whofe wings are wrapped round the fides of the body. Geoffroy obferves, that the antenne of the Cicada are fhorter than their head, and that the under wings are croffed one over the other. Scopoli has divided the Cicadze into ditferent fections, from the fubftance of their elytra; the firft having thofe parts wholly coriaceous ; in the _ fecond, they are coriaceous only half their length; in the third, they are membranaceous. The pupz, or chryfalids, of many Cicada, differ from the perfect infect only in the fhort- nefs of their elytra and wings; they run and leap upon plants and flowers with great agility. The larvze of the Ranatre difcharge a kind of - froth from the anus and pores of the body, under which they conceal themfelyes from the rapacity ‘tro GRDEREIN ~~ Giead. enti rapacity of fuch ftronger infects as prey uport them. Thofe of the Maniferze pafs a whole year under ground; thefe laft make a noife like the cricket. The Cicada is called by fome Enelith au- thors, the Frog-hopper; by others, the Fiea- locuft. Genus Notoneéta. HEMIPTERA: uy Genus VII. Noronecra. Liny. Syft. Nat. page vos: The roftrum of the Notoneéta is in- flected. The antenna are fhorter than the tho- Fax. The four wings which are coriaceous from their bafe to their middle, are folded together croffwifle. The hind feet are hairy, and formed for {wimming. Geoffroy adds to the above characters of the Notoneéta, that it has an efcutcheon, that its tarfi have two articulations, and that all the fix feet are equally formed for fwimming, which they appear to be in all the Linnzan {pecies, except the Not. Strzata, Linn. Sy{t, Nat. No. 2. From this infect Geoffroy has formed a feparate cenus termed Corixva, with the following diftinét characters : No efcutcheon. ~The tarfi containing only of one articulation. Six 112 ORDER Il. Novbneéta: Pat Six feet, the anterior pair haliform, or like the claws of a crab, the Jaft ioe ony formed for {wimmine. In this he is followed by Scheffer. The Notoneétz are not uncommon in ftand- ing waters; they {wim upon their backs on the furface of the water with great agility; their larve refemble them very much. The name of Boat-fly has been given them, not improper- ly, by fome Enelith authors. The abdomen of the Notoneéta is terminated by four little horns or appendices. Genus Nepa. HEMIPTERA. 113 Genus VII. Nepa. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 118. The roftruam of the Nepa is bent in- wards. The antennz — in The four wings are folded’ together crofiwife, with the anterior part coriaceous as in the preceeding genus. The two fore feet are cheliform, he refemble the claws of a crab; the four others are formed for walking. Geoffroy afferts that the Pedes Cheliformes, or fore feet of Linnzeus, are the antennz of the infect, which according to him has but four feet. That author has given to this genus the name of Hepa, and adds that the Tarfi are compofed of one fingle articulation. He has formed a diftinét genus from the Nepa Cimicoides of Linnzus, in which infect he had difcovered very fhort antenne fitu- ate under the eye; and which is farther dif- tinguifhed from the other Nepz, by hav- H ing Tid O.R6D BR il. Nepa. ing tarfi compofed of two articulations. This genus he has named Nawcoris. Scheffer has purfued the fame method preferable to that of our author, who is followed by Scopoli. The laft mentioned author has obferved, by the help of the microfcope, a tubercule, or fmall elevation, near the eyes of the Nepa, on which are two or three hairs, which he takes to be the antenne. shee The Nepze are well known by the name of Water Scorpions. They are frequent in ftand- ing waters, as well as their larve and chryfalids, both which refemble them very much. They live chiefly upon aquatic infects, and are exceed- ingly voracious. GENUS Cimex. HEMIPTERA: 11's, Genus VIII. Cimerx. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 715. The roftrum of the Cimex is inflected. The antennz are longer than the thorax. The wings are folded together crofi- wife ; the upper ones are coriaceous from their bafe towards their middle. Their back is flat. The thorax is margined. The feet are formed for running. This genus is divided into different fec- tions, as follows: 1. The Apterz, or thofe without wings. 2. The Scutellati, in which the efcutcheon is extended fo far as to cover the abdomen and the wings. H 2 - a: The 116 ORDER II. Cimex a. The Coleoptrati, whofe elytra are wholly coriaceous, not becoming mem- branaceous towards their extre- mity, as in the other Cimices. 4. The Membranaceiz, whofe elytra are membranaceous; thefe ase very much depreffed, like a leaf. 5. The Spzzof, in which the thorax is armed, on each fide, with a fpine. 6. The Rotundati, which are of an oval form, without fpines on the thorax. ° ® a 7. The Seticornes, in which the antennz become fetaceous towards their point. 8. The Oé/ongz, or thofe of an oblong figure. | 9. Thofe whofe antennz are wholly {eta- ceous, and as long as the body. i ro. The Cimex. HEMIPTERA. ny to, The Spinipedes, which have: their thighs armed with {pines. 11. The Lineares, diftinguifhed by their long and natrow body. Geoffroy obferves, that the antennz of the. Cimices are compoled either of four or five arti- culations (from which circumftances he has di- vided them into two families) and that they are longer than the head. The tarfi have five articulations. The larvz of the Cimices run about, and, like the compleat infect, fuck in their food through their beak : many of them live upon the juices of plants, others upon the blood of animals ; feveral are found in the waters, and others fre- quent houles, among which is the common Bed-Bug, an infect but too well known. They differ from other infeéts in their foftnefs, and moft of them emit a very foetid {mell. The common Bed Bug belongs to the family of Apterous Cimices. Scopoli, however, pre- tends that it is likewife found with wings. H 2 GEN gs 118 ORDER IL Aphis. Genus IX. APuHISs. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 733. The roftrum of the Aphis is bent iIn- wards. Their antenne are longer than the thorax. They have either four erect wings, or are without wings. Their feet are made for walking. They have generally two little horns or {pines placed on the hinder part of their abdomen. Scheffer afferts, that all the male Apbides have wings, and that all the females are apterous. The tarfi, in each fex, have only one articu- lation. The antenne are fetaceous. Geoffroy has obferved, that the aphides have two beaks, one of which is feated in the breaft, the other in the head; this laft extends to, and is laid upon the bafe of the pe@oral one, and Aphis. HEMIPTERA. 1ig ferves, as that author fuppofes, to convey tothe head a part of that nourtfhment which the in- fect takes or fucks in, by means of the pectoral beak. The infects belonging to this fingular genus, in the fummer bring forth hve young, and in the autumn lay eggs. Entomologifts avert, that from the copulation of the parents fpring daughters, grand daughters, gréat-grand-daugh- ters, and great great-grand-daughters, or females foecundated to the fifth (according to Bonnet, to the ninth) generation, fome with, others with- out wings, without diftinétion of fex, in the fame fpecies ; many of them are provided with two horns on the hinder part of the abdomen, with which they extract the fweet-tafted dew from flowers. The Aphides are devoured by the larva of the Myrmelion Formicarium of Linnzus; Ants are likewile very fond of them, on account of a fweet liquor with which their bodies are hu- meéted. They are exceeding common, and are generally termed the /ice of the plant which each particular fpecies infett. rand) ’ H«4 GENUS 120 | ORDER II. Chermes. Genus X. CHERMES, Linn. Syft. Nat. page 377. The roftrum of the Chermes is placed in the breaft. The antenna are longer than the thorax. The wings are declined along the fides of the abdomen. The thorax is gibbous. The feet are made for leaping. | Geoffroy has named this genus P/yl/la, and obferves that its abdomen ends in a point, that it has three {temmata, that the roftrum is fituate between the firft and fecond pair of legs, and that the tarfi are. compofed of two articu- lations. | Scheffer, who with Scopoli has preferved the Linnzan name to this genus, fays, that the an- tenn are fetaceous, and longer than the thorax. The larve of the Chermes have fix feet, re- femble the compleat infect, and are generally covered with a hairy or woolly fubftance. The win ged Chermes. HEMIPTERA. 121 winged infects leap or fpring with great agility, and infeft a great number of different trees and plants: the females infert their eggs under the {urface of the leaves, by means of a tube, with which their abdomen is armed, thereby caufing ~ the little tubercules, or galls, with which the leaves of the ath, the fir, and other trees, are fometimes almoft wholly covered. a Gesus. (422 OR DER ~TT: Coccus. Genus XI. Coccus. Linn. ‘Syft. Nat. page 569. The roftrum of the Coccus is fituate in the breatt. The hinder part of the abdomen is briftly. The males have two erect wings. The females are apterous. Scheffer obferves, that their antennz are {e- taceous. ‘The female Cocci fix themfelves and adhere, almoft immovably, to the roots, and fometimes to the branches of plants, where they are vifited by the winged males; fome of them having thus fixed themfelves, lofe entirely the form and appearance of infects ; their bodies ‘fwell, their fkin ftretches, and becomes fmooth, the feoments of their abdomen difappear, and they much refemble fome kinds of galls or excrefcen- ces found frequently on the leaves and branches of plants, that in general they are miftaken for fuch; after which changement, the abdomen ferves only for a kind of covering or fhell, under which the eggs are concealed ; to thefe Geoffroy . has Coccus. HEMIPTERA. 123 has given the generical name of Chermes. Others, again (though they likewife fx themfelves, and adhere immovably to the leaves of plants, like Chermes) preferve the form of infect till they have laid their eggs and perifh; to thefe, that author has preferved the Linnzan generical name of Coccus. Thefe are likewife diftinguifhed from the Chermes by the form of their abdo- men, which part, in the females, 1s more ob- long, and compofed of a greater number of feg- ments than in the females of the other genus ; a kind of down, or cotton, likewife grows out of their belly, which ferves as a neft in which they depofit their eggs; the males of all of them ate much lefs than the females, and the larve of all the different fpecies perfectly refemble one an- other, | ‘Thefe infeéts, whether the Linnzan method of arranging them, or that of Geoffroy is adopt- ed, differ (as before obferved) from all other Dipterous ones, in the want of 4a/teres or poifers, and from the other claffes, in the number of their wings, which circumftances render them very diftinguifhable. GENUS 124 OR DE R-II. Thrips. Genus XII. Turis. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 743. The roftrum of the Thrips is obfcure, or fo {mall as to be f{carce perceptible. The antenne are as long as the thorax. _ The body is flender, and of equal thick- nefs in its whole length. The abdofen is reflexible, or bent upwards. The four wings are extended, incumbent upon the back of the infe@, narrow in pro- portion to their length, and crofs one an- other at fomie diftance from their bafe. Geoffroy fays, that the antenne in this genus are filiform. Fie has not been able to difcover the probofcis of this infect, and afferts, with Scheffer, that the mouth is formed by a fimple longitudinal cleft, in which, he adds, it is poffible that the jaws may be concealed ; and as the Thrips would, in his _ Thrips. HEMIPTERA. 125 his opinion, be a Coleopterous infect, if thofe jaws really exifted, he has taken that circum- {tance for granted, and has accordingly arranged it under that clafs: the other reafons for which he has affigned it that place, appear ‘ to me without force, fince the characteriftics from which he has deduced them are lkewife found in the Hemipterous infects ; thefe are the form of the antennz, their pofition, that of the legs, the two firft of which are attached to the thorax, the four others to the abdomen, and the _confiftence oftheir elytra, which are lefs flexible than the wings. The tarfus of each foot has only two articu- Jations, the feconc of which Bonani and others have obferved to form a kind of veficle, or bladder. Thefe infects are very common on flowers, upon which they run, or rather leap, with great vivacity, often bending their bodies upwards, Their habication is generally under the bark of | trees. Scopoli has obferved that they fkip or fpring rather by means of the abdomen, than of their feet; they are in general fo {mall as fcarce to be perceptible. Their larvz run as brifkly as them- felves, and are often of a red colour. ORDER. Ea ys] | OoR ED Boke. ATT: INSECTA LEPIDOPTERA. The infects which compofe this or- der have four wings, covered with a fari- naceous powder, or a kind of {fcales, difpofed in regular rows, nearly in the fame manner as tiles are laid upon the roofs of houfes, The beautiful colours which adorn the wings of Lepidopterous infects are formed by thefe fcales, and if, by any | accident, they are rubbed off, the wings appear to be nothing more than a naked membrane. Their mouth is furnifhed with a {piral tongue, which they tan unfold or extend, and roll up again at pleafure. Their bodies are hairy. This Papilio. LEPIDOPTERA. 127 This order is divided into three genera, VIZ. Genus I.. Papitrio. Linn, Syft. Nat. page 744. The antennz of the Papilio (generically known with us by the name of Bufterjly) grow thicker towards their extremity, and are in moft fubjects terminated by a kind of capitulum, or head. : Their wings, when fitting or at reft, are —ereat, infomuch, that their extremities meet or touch one another above the body. They fly in the day-time. They are divided into fections, diftin- guifhed one from another by the following characteriftics. 1. The Eguites, known by the fhape of their fuperior or upper wings, which are longer from their hinder corner or angle to their anterior extremity, than from the {ame 128 . OBOARR- Tih Papilio. “~ fame point to their bafe ; fome of thefe have filiform antenne,. in which particular they refemble | the genus Phalena, or moths, from which, however, they are -eafily diftinguifhed, by their out- ward appearance, their bodies being much lighter, or lefs bulky, and not fo well covered with hair, and by the fhape of their upper wings. The Equites are either Troes, which are known by the bloody {pots found upon their breafts ; thefe are likewife ge- nerally of a dark or black colour: Or Achivi, on the breafts of which the bloody fpots of the Troes are not found, and are farther diftinguifhed by an ocellum, or fpot, refembling an eye, fituate at the inner corner of their pofterior Wings ; Papilio. LEPIDOPTERA. 129 wings ; the colours of the Achivi are generally gay, and and they are either Simple, of one colour: Or Variegated, adorned with various colours. Such of the Equites as we are acquainted with have fix feet. 2. The Helconi: thefe are diftinguifhed by the narrownefs of their wings, which fometimes appear (efpe- cially towards their extremities) to be naked, or deprived of fcales ; their upper wings are of an ob- long form, the under ones are very fhort in proportion to their breadth: this laft characteriftic, however, is not univerfal ; fome infects, which refemble the He/:- conit in every other particular, be- ing referred to that fection, though their under wings are pro- I portionably 130 ORDER IIL Papilio. portionably long; as the Paf. Appolo, Mnemofyne, &c. all their four wings have the edges or margins entire. 3. The Danai, the edges of whofe wings are entire. They are either Candidi, the ground colour of whofe wingsis always white, or | Feftivz, the canvas, or reigning colour of whofe wings 1s never white; thefe are like- wife adorned with a great variety of colours, which feldom occurs in the Candid}. The Danai refemble the Helconi in the edges of their wings, being entire, but are eafily diftinguithed by the fhape of them, thofe of the Danai being round, thofe of the Heliconii oblong ; they ap- pear likewife to be of a ftronger texture, and rougher, bein & better covered with fcales, efpecially at their extremities. 4. he Papilio, LEPIDOPTERA. 131 4. The Nympbales diftincuithed from the Heliconii and Danai, by the edges of their wings, which are indent- ed or Balleped. They are ei- ther Gemmati, in which family the wings are adorned with eyes ; thefe eyes are found on all the four wings, in forne {pe- cies, in others on the upper wings, in others on the under wings only: Or Phalerati, the wings in which di- vifion want the eyes by which the Gemmati are dif= tinguifhed, but are not lefs beautiful, being generally — painted with a great pia of colours. S. ‘The Plebetit, which are fmaller in gene- ral than the others, and are either Rurales, diftinguifhed by the {pots on their wings being of/cure, I 2 which 132 ORDER. IU. Papilio. which term does not regard the colours of the fpots, often very beautiful, but their na- ture, they not being pellucid, or tranfparent : Or Urbicol, the {pots on the wings of which are for the moft part tran{parent. - The divifion of the Butterflies into families, from the circumftances chofen by Linnzus, feems liable to many objections ; the family of the Plebeii, in particular, is very inaccurate, and contains infects very different from one an-. other, at the fame time that they refemble, and have all the charaéters of fome or other of the preceding ones, under which many of them, I think, might be properly arranged ; the remain- ing Plebeii would compofe a family very diftinét from all the others, and which might be formed into two fections, the firft containing {mall But- terflies, having long and flexible or weak tails, flender bodies, and clubbed antenne, as the Ca- pido, the Marfyas, the Beticus, 8&cc. the other diftinguifhed by the fhortnefs, thicknefs, or breadth of their head, thorax, and abdomen, and _ bythe fhape of their upper wings, which in thefe — laft are pointed at their extremity, and long in | proportion Papilio. LEPIDOPTERA. 133 aie proportion to their width, as the Proteus, Phidias, and others. The antennz in this laft divifion are gene- rally uncinnated or crooked at their extremity ; fome of them have Ikewile tails, but thefe are very broad and ftrong, and are always ciliated or edged with a fringe of hairs, as in the Pro- teus, &c. The bloody fpots mentioned by Linnaeus, are not always found on the breafts of the Eq. Tro- jani, nor is the interior angle of the Achivi al- ways adorned with aneye, fo that the fureft me- thod is to refer fuch Equites as are of dark or mourning colours, to the family of the Trees, and thofe of gay, lively ones, to that of the Achivi. The under wings of a great many of the Papi- liones, placed by Linnzeus among his Heliconii, are flightly indented, and as they are without eyes, they ought, ftrictly fpeaking, to be referred co the Nympbales Phalerati, but are diftinguifh- able by the delicacy of their texture, and the {moothnefs of their wings, which are lefs cover- ed with fcales than thofe of the laft- mentioned family. 13 The 134 ORDER IU. Papilio. The under wings of the Danaz Feftivi are likewife often indented, but in that cafe they are generally edged with a kind of fringe, or their margins, efpecially on the under fide, furrounded by one or more waved lines, or rows of white fpots ; thofe Butterflies, therefore, whofe wings are but fightly indented, adorned with eyes, and tne margins furrounded by rows of white fpots, or narrow, waving \ines, belong rather to thjs family than to that of the Nymphales Gemmatz. Scopoli and Geoffroy have divided this genus into different families principally from the num- ber of their feet; a method which cannot eafily be purfued in cabinets where exotic Butterflies are admitted, thefe parts being generally de- {troyed before fuch infects reach Europe. The other circumftances from which Geoffroy has taken his divifions into families, viz. the form of the caterpillars, is totally impracticable, ex- cept where the collector admits no other But- terflies into his cabinet but fuch as he has himfelf poffeffed in the caterpillar ftate. The pupe of all Butterflies are odtec and naked, and, exeept thofe of the Denai Candidi, are fufpended perpendicularly in the open air, being attached by their tail to the under fides of branches of trees, leaves of plants, bc. ‘ Thote Papilio. LEPIDOPTERA. 135 — Thofe of the Danai Candidi {at leaft of fuch as we are acquainted with) are fufpended o- vizontally, being fixed by the tail as thofe of the other families, but are fupported in an horizontal pofition by means of a thread paff- ed round the middle of their body and at- tached obliquely to the part above the head. The caterpillars of many of them are ex- ceedingly common, and fufficiently known ; thofe of many Eguites have two horns fitu- ate in their necks, near the head, which they can fhoot out and draw in at pleafure. It is yet unknown, whether or no the others of that fection have thefe horns, but it is to be hoped that fome curious Entomologift will make this point an object of his refearches: the larvae... of the Pap. Apaito refembles thofe of the Equites in that refpect, - 14 GEnus 136 ORDER II. Sphinx. co ‘Genus I]. SPHINX. — Linn. Syft. Nat. page 796. The antenne of the Sphinges are thicker in the middle than at the extremities, fome- what refembling a prifm in form, The wings are deflected, the outer mar- gins declining towards the fides. | Their flight is flow and heavy, They are divided into families, as follows: — 1. The Legztime: thefe have either Angulated wings, with the anus fimple, not terminated by a tuft of hair; Or Entire wings, with the anus fimple: Or Entire wings, with the anus ter- minated by a tuft of hair. 2. The Adfcite, differing from the others in their external appearance and Caterpillars, I The ~~ Rae = a ~ Sphinx. | , LEPIDOPTERA. 137 The Sphinges fly either early in the morning, | or after fun-fet in the evening ; they fly as it were heavily and fluggifhly, often emitting a kind of found. They fuck the nectar of flowers with their tongues, though they feldom feitle upon them: moft of them undergo their meta- morphofis in the earth; their chryfalids are od- tefte, but inclofed in a kind of covering, or web, compofed generally of courfe materials, in which particular they differ entirely from the preceding genus, the chryfalids belonging to which are naked, and fufpended in the open air. The bodies of moft of their caterpillars are fmooth, or without hair, and have a horn or {pine fituate above the anus ; that, however, of the Sphinx Filipendule Linn. No. 34, wants this horn, as Geoffroy has obferved ; for which rea- fon that author has feparated it from the other fpecies, that infect alone compofing his third family : his two others are diftinguifhed by their having or wanting tongues; the antenna of thefe two laft-mentioned families, he fays, are prifmatic, but throughout of equal thicknefs, thofe of the Sph. Filipendula, on the contrary, are much larger in the middle than towards their extremities. Scopoli 138 OR DE RUT. Sphinx. Scopoli has divided the Sphinges into two fec- tions ; the firft containing fuch as undergo their metamorphofis in the ground ; the fecond, thofe which undergo their laft changement above eround, This method can only be purfued by thofe who obferve the metamorphofis of every Sphinx they place in their colle€tion, fince it 1s impofible to procure its natural hiftory along with every infect, efpecially fuch as are fent from — far diftant countries: the divifions of genera into feétions fhould always be taken from fome remarkable circumftance found conftantly upon the infects, after their death. The name of Hawk-moth has been given, by moft Englith authors, to the Sphinx. GENus Pbalena. LEPIDOPTERA. 139 Genus III. Prarena the Motu. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 808. The antennz of the Phalene are feta- ceous, decreafing in fize from the bafe to- wards the point. Their wings, when at reft, are in general deflected. © They fly in the night. Cc This genus is divided into the following families : 1. Attaci, whofe wings incline down- wards, and are fpread open, Thefe have either PeGtinated antenne, witheut a tongue, Pe&tinated antenne, and a fpiral tongue : Oxr Setaceous antenne, with a {piral tongue. 2. Bombycess 140 ORDER II. Phalena. 2. Bombyces, whofe wings cover the body in a pofition nearly horizontal, and which have pectinated antenne. . Lig Thefe are either 4 : | | ‘i Elingues, which want the tongue, - or have it fo fhort as not to | be manifeflly {piral. Again their wings are either Reverfed or deflected. a Or Spirtlingues, which have a {pi- | ral tongue, and are either Criftate, with a kind of creft, or tuft of hair on the back, Or Leves, with fmooth backs. 3. Noctue, whofe wings are incumbent, as in the Bombyces, from which they differ chiefly in the forma- tion of their antenne, which are fetaceous. +The | Phalena. LEPIDOPTERA. IAL The Noctuz are either Elingues, wanting tongues ; Or Spirilingues, havin g {piral tongues. 4. Geometre, whofe wings, when at reft, are extended horizontally. The antennz, in one fubdivifion of this felion, are | Peétinated In another, Sefaceous. The under wings in each of thefe divi- fions are either Angulated, Or round, with entire edges. §. Tortrices: the wings of the Tortrices are exceedingly obtufe; their ex- terior margin is curve, and de- clines 142 O rDrEe I. Phalena. lines towards the fides of the body. Thefe have fhort palpi. 6. Pyralis: the inner margin of the wings | 7. Tinie in this fe€tion are laid one over the other; the wings themfcives decline a little towards the fides of the body, and in fhape re- femble a delta, or triangl: ; thefe have confiderable palpi of diffe- rent forms, which has induced Scopoli to divide them into two fections ; the one containing thofe whofe palpi are curve, or bent upwards; the other, thofe in which thefe parts are extended. : the wings of the Tiniz are wrap- ped or folded up reund the body fo as to give the infect a cylin- drical form; the forehead is {tretched out, or advanced for- wards. Many 1 ~ "WS ii , ~ Phalepa. LEPIDOPTERA. 143 Many of the Tinie have incum- bent wings expanded their whole breadth, and feem to form a very diftin& fection, differing from the Tiniz in that particular; from the Pyralides in the want of palpi, and diftinguifhed from the other families of Phalenx by their por- rected forehead, and a kind of fringe, with which the interior margins of their wings, are edged. 8. lucite: the wings of this divifion are {plit, or divided into branches, al- moft to their bafe, Geoffroy has feparated the laft family of our author, the P+. Alucite, from the other Pha- loenze, under the generical name of Péerophorus, on account of the chryfalids of the infects _ belonging to it being naked, and fufpended ho- rizontally in the open air, as thofe of the Da- nai Candidi, or third family of butterflies, in which particular they certainly differ effentially from the Phaloena, whofe Chryfalids are either concealed in the ground, or protected from the inclemency of the weather by a covering, which fome 144! ORDER II. Phalena. fome of them, as the Silk-worm, compofe of the richeft materials. That author has likewife formed the Tinie into a feparate genus with the Linnzan charac- ters and name. The remaining Phalene he has divided into two families; in the firft of which the antennz are pectinated ; in the other filiform; thefe' families again are fubdivided into the Elingues, and the Linguate, in each of which feétions the wings are, in fome fub- jects, defleffed, in others, extended horizontally s among thefe he has difperfed the Yorérices and Pyralides of Linnzus. Scopoliobferves that this divifion, taken from the antennz, labours under very great difficulties, thofe parts being formed differently in-the different fexes of Phalenze, befides that of procuring both fexes of each fpecies compleat ; for thefe reafons he has reunited the Bombyces and Noctuze of Lianzeus (feparated by Geoffroy on account of the different formation of their antenne) under the title Bombyx ;_ thefe he has divided into two fections, the infects belong- ing to one of which, undergo their transforma- tion under the ground; the others above ground; the tongue is wanting in the firft of ; thefe Phalena’ #§ LEPIDOPTERA: 145 thefe fections ; in the other, fome have, fome want, that part. The Geometra are divided by him into three fections ; the firft having angulated, the fecond dentated, the other entire wings. His divifion of the Pyralides, taken from the palpi, has-been mentioned above. His Tinie are likewife formed into two fece tions, from their wings being convoluted or ex- tended. The caterpillars of moths are either Smooth, without elevations, Or tuberculated, with fmall gibbofities upon their bodies, refembling knots. Naked, without hairs or down,’ Or dairy. They differ likewife in the number of their feet, as follows : The Bombyces and Noéfue have fixteen feet. The Tinie have fourteen. K The 146° ORDER II. Phalena- us aii ‘The Phalena Gamma alone has twelve. Moft of the Geometre have ten. - Thofe of all the different families have fix ‘feet at the breaft, or fore-part of the body, ex- cept the Vinula, Furca, Lacertina, and a few others ; the chief difference, therefore, lies in the abdominal feet, which are either eight, fix, four, or two, in number, or are entirely ' wanting. The caterpillars of the Geometre have fix pectoral or fore feet, two tail, or hind feet, two others, a little before the tail, and want the ab- dominal ones, which makes them refemble Leaches in their gait. From the fame circum- ftance, likewife, the name of Geometre has been given to them, becaufe they feem to meafure the ground over which they advance. They reftinan erect pofture, fupported only by the feet fitu-— ate under their tail: thofe of fuch of this family _. as have pectinated antenne, refemble fo much the branches of the plants upon which they feed, as not to be eafily diftinguifhed from them, This refemblance, without doubt, contributes very much to preferve them from the voracity of the different birds which prey upon them. The Ay ¥ -Phalenas LEPIDOPTERA: 149 my) The caterpillars of the Tor¢rices roll up, and faften together by a thread the leaves of the plants upon which they feed; thus fecuring to themfelves a kind of retreat. . The caterpillars of moft of the Tinee keep always under fome kind of covering, where they Jive and feed in fecurity ; fome of them roll up the leaves of plants for their habitation ; others, which feed only upon the interior furface of leaves, lodge themfelves under the epidermis, or exterior fkin 3 others, again, in woollen cloths; fkins of beafts and birds, &c. Thefe all under- go their metamorphofis in the places and under the coverings in which they had lived ; fome few live in fociety under a kind of web formed by their joint induftry: the moths which are produced from thefe laft have generally, as Lin- nzus obferves; expanded wings. According to Geoffroy, the caterpillars of | fome Tiniz have eight, others have fourteen, and others, again, fixteen feet. The pupz, or chiyfalids, are éither fimple; or have a kind of hook at their- extremity ; they are all enclofed in a web or covering; fome of them pafs that ftate under the ground, others S i? Kz are 148 ‘ ORDER TI. Phalena. are fixed to the under fides of branches of trees, walls, &c. The webs of the firlt confift gene- rally of very coarfe materials, ftrongly attached together by a few threads of filk. Thofe of the others have generally more filk, and are “weaved more naturally ; that of the Sz/k-worm furnifhes an article which long was confidered _as for mere luxury, but which is now of univer- fal utility. ORDER [ 149 ] ORDER Iv. INSECTA NEUROPTERA. The infects belonging to this order have four membranaceous, naked wings, reticu- lated with veins, or in which the mem- branes crofs one another fo as to appear like net-work, Their tail is unarmed, or without a fling, but is frequently furnifhed with appen- dices like pincers, by which the males are diftinguifhed. This order contains the following ge- nera : Genus I, LipeLiuva. Linn. Syft. Nat. Pag. gor. The mouth of the Libellula 1s armed with jaws, which are always more than two in number, | K 3 The 150 ORDER IV. Libellula; The antenne are fhorter than the thorax. The wings are expanded, without folds. The tail of the male is furnifhed with a kind of forceps. The libellule are divided into two fami- lies ; the firft With wings extended horizontally, when at reft; the fecond Diftinguifhed by the eyes being placed at a diftance from one another ; the wings in this family are erect and the eyes very prominent. Geoffroy adds to the above characters of the Libellulee, that they have three ftemmata fituate between the eyes, and that their tarfi are com- pofed of three articulations. - He divides them into two fections; the firft having erect wings (when at reft) the fecond pateni, or open and extended wings. | | The infects belonging to the firft divifton of Libellulz live chiefly upon Moths, the others upon Mutce, or flies ; they are all exceeding- ly Libellulaa © NEUROPTERA. 151 eae ly voracious; Linnaeus calls them the Hawks of Gymnopterous infects, The larve of both live and run, rather than fwim, in the water; they devour aquatic infects weaker than them- felyes, and are not lefs voracious than the com- pleat infeéts ; they are likewife exceedinely cruel, being frequently obferved to kill and tear other infects to pieces when not preffed by hunger, fince they leave the carcafes entire. The figure of the larva is very fingular, and may be feen in Geoffroy, tom. 2. tab. The chryfalis differs very little from the larva, and like it runs with great agility in the water, devouring fmaller infects. It generally quits the water before it undergoes its final change- ment. The manner in which fome of the Libellule ef- feCtuate the work of generation is truly fingular : the male purfues his female on the wing, and in- ftead of endeavouring to win her by gentle means to his embraces, feizes her with the for- ceps at his tail by the neck, where he holds her faft, till fhe, to get quit of fo cumberfome a bur- then, willingly, or unwillingly, approaches her tail, in which are fituate her organs of genera- tion to the breaft of her ravifher (under which his fexual parts are placed) thus united in a kind K 4. of 152 ORDER IV. Libellula: of ring, the male not quitting his hold of the female’s neck, they continue their flight until the work is performed. The Libellule are by fome called Dragone | jlies, by others, Adder-bolis ; they are frequently - met with in the fummer feafon, near ftanding waters, where the females go to depofit their eggs; the different fexes are often differently co- Joured, and the fpecies vary very much, which renders it difficult to diftinguith them. GENUS Ephemera) NEUROPTERA; 153 Genus IJ. Epuemera, Linn, Syft. Nat. page 906. The mouth of the Ephemera has nei- ther teeth nor palpi. ‘The ftemmata are two in number, fi- tuate above the eyes, and larger than they are generally found to be in other in- ‘fects, The wings are erect, the hinder ones much fhorter than the others. The tail is furnithed 'with appendices, refembling hairs, or briftles. They are divided into two: fections ; the firft having two, the other three fete, or briftles, on the tail, Geoffroy afferts that the ftemmata are three in number, which I have obferved them to be in fome fpecies. Schzeffer adds to the Linnzan characters of the Ephemera, | | That 154 ORDER IV. — Ephemera. 4 et se That the antenne are fetaceous and fhort. That the tarfus of each foot has five articu- lations, and That the thorax is very fhort. Their flight is flow and heavy, which ren-~ f ders them an eafy prey to fwallows, and other birds. Thefe infects differ in many particulars from all others ; their caterpillars live in the water, where earth and clay feem to be their only nourifhment for three whole years, the time they confume in preparing for their metamor- phofis, which they undertake and effect in a few moments. The larva, when ready to quit that ftate, arifes to the furface of the water, and setting inftantaneoufly rid of his fkin, becomes achryfalis. This chryfalis is furnifhed with wings, which it makes ufe of to fly to the firft tree or wall it meets, and there fettling, in the fame | moment quits a fecond fkin, and becomes a per- ¥eét Ephemera. In that ftate, for which it had been fo long preparing, the pleafures it enjoys mutt be very fenfible, if they are lively in pro- portion to the fhortnefs of their duration ; the | infec ee Ephemeraa NEUROPTERA. 158 E— | infect generally celebrating its nuptials, pre- ducing the fruit of them, and dying within the {pace of a few hours, feldom or never furviving the day on which it may be faid to have really _ begun to live. | They differ no lefs from other infects, in the manner of propagating their fpecies, than in the fhortnefs of their lives, and their long continuation in the caterpillar ftate. The fe- male Ephemera has no fooner quitted her chryfalis, than fhe returns to the water from whence fhe fprang, upon the furface of which fhe lays her eggs ; the male, attentive to all her motions, takes care immediately to fecuns , date the eggs, nearly in the fame manner as fifh feecundate thofe of their females. (Geoff.) The antennz of the perfect infect refemble ‘hairs, being without joints or articulations. ‘When at reft, the fore legs are advanced or ftretched out before the head. | The Ephemere are very frequent near wa- ters: they multiply amazingly in fome places, infomuch that Scopoli afferts the peafants in his neighbourhood to be difcontented with : : their 156 . ORDER IV. Ephemera, “ther ie of them, unlefs each can colleé&t at leatt twenty cart-loads, making ufe of them for manuring their lands, which purpofe they anfwer exceedingly well. They are called with us May flies. GENUS Phryganeas NEUROPTERA: 137° Genus III. PurycGanea,. Linn. Syft, Nat. page 908. The mouth of the Phryganea is without teeth, but is furnifhed with four palpi. The ftemmata are three in number. The antenne are / longer than tke thorax. The wings are incumbent, or laid hori- zontally on the body. The under wings are folded, fo as to be -concealed under the upper ones. This genus is divided into two fec- tions. The firft diftinguifhed by two truncated fete, refembling unfpun filken threads, which terminate the abdomen. In the fecond the abdomen is fimple, or wants thofe appendices. Geoffroy has feparated thefe two families of Phryganez, 458 ORDER IV. Phryganea. \ ~~ - Phryganez, and given to the firft the generical name of perla. Thefe perle differ from the other Phryganee (to which he has preferved that generical name) not only in the appendices of the tail, but alfo in the pofition of the wingss which, in the latter, decline from the inner mar- gins, towards the fides, fo as to refemble the ridge of a houfe, and are curve, or turned up- wards, at their extremity ; and in the number of articulations, which compofe their tarfi, thefe, in the Perla, are but three ; in the Phryganea they are five. The Perla and Phryganesw, however, do not feem to differ generically ; their larva perfectly tefembling one another, and their manner of liv- ing the fame ; they likewife perform their metar- morphofis in the fame feafon, and in the tubes _ in which they dwell while larva. The lattef, however, remain confiderably longer in thechry- falis than the Perle. In the year 1768, I had an opportunity of obferving the metamorphofis of three of the perlz, vad four phryganea ; _ the Chryfalids were all kept together, and in the fame degree of heat : two of the perfect infects were produced on the eighth, and ano- ther on the ninth day (after their refpective transfor- eeevenne. NEUROPTERA: 159 — oe transformations) ; ; thefe tide densi all to be- long tothe firft family of Linnzan Phryganex, or the Perle of Geoffroy. Another perfec in- fect quitted the chryfalis on the fourteenth day after its entering into that f{tate, and two others on the nineteenth day: the three laft proved all to be Phryganez, of the fecond Linnzan divi- fion, or the Phryganeze of Geoffroy ; the other chryfalis perifhed without coming to perfection. This circumftance, however, will, I prefume, fcarce be deemed fufficient to form a generical diftinétion between the two infects, tho’ when added to the others before-mentioned, they may jointly render the divifion of the Genus into families, very proper. Scopoli has preferved the Linnean Genus intire, with the fame characters, as that | author has affigned to them, but has taken © his divifion of it into families, from different | ircumftances. In his firft, the wings are in- cumbent, in the other deflected. That author has obferved, that one fpecies of. the lezard is exceedingly fond of the Phryganea, and that _ the Phryg. Bicaudata Linn. Syft. Nat. No. 1.. cafries her eggs about with her, attached to the under fide of her abdomen, as fome fpiders are likewife known to do. . 3 Scheffer 160 ORDER IV. Phryganea. Scheeffer has divided this Genus into the Per- laand Phryganea, with the fame ciftinct charac- ters as Geoffroy ; thefe two authors, I appre- hend, were chiefly induced to purfue that me- thod, becaufe the number of joints, of which the Tarfi are compofed, obliged them to ar- range the different kinds of Phryganez under different orders. The Antenne of the Linnzan Phry- ganez, are filiform, and they have three ftem- mata. The leffer Phryganez refemble the Tinez fo much, asnot tobediftinguifhed from them without difficulty ; but, upon clofe examination, efpecially — if the eye is aided by the microfcope, the wings of the firft are found to be almoft co- vered with fhort hairs inftead of the fcales which adorn the wings of the Tinee. The mouth of the Phryganea is lkewife furnifhed with palpi, which are wanting in the Tinez. The larve belonging to this Genus, live in the water in tubes of filk, covered on the out- fide with {mall pieces of wood, fand, gravel, leaves of plants, 8&cc. Nay, fometimes the larva attaches to its tube the fmaller teftaceous ani- mals,’ Phryganeas NEUROPTERA. i6s mals, yet alive, with their fhells, and drags them about with it, They are much fought after by fifhermen, by whom they are fome- times called Stone, or Cod Bait, the perfe& infect is generally called the Spring fly, and is frequent near running waters, where the females refort to lay their eggs. They generally fettle on the fides of walls, branches of trees, &c. which are leaft expofed to the fun, whofe influ- ence they feem to dread, feldom flying in the day time. Swallows are obferved to feed upon them. L GeEenus 162 “ORDER IV. Hemerobins. Genus IV. HEMEROBIUS. Luyn. Syft, Nat. page gtt. The mouth of the Hemerobius is armed with two teeth, and has four palpi. ‘The ftemmata are wanting. The wings are deflected, and not folded, | asin the preceding Genus. The antenne are fetaceous, advanced before the head, and longer than the thorax. The thorax is of aconvex form. The Hemerobius is fufficiently diftinguifhed from the Ephemera and Phryganea, by the po- fition and formation of its mouth, which ad- vances forwards, andis armed with teeth. The Antenne diftinguifh it from the fol- lowing Genera belonging to this order. Scheffer obferves,that the abdomen grows flen- der towards its extremity, that the wings are in fome fubjects incumbent, in others deflected, and that a om >. ~ ) ae Hemerobius. NEUROPTERA., i163 that the Tarfi are compofed of five articu- lations. Geoffroy has teferred one fpecies, the Hemerob. No. 12. of our author, to his G. Pbryganea ; and Linneus himfelf appears doubtful to which of the two genera that in- fect belongs. The under witigs of moft Hemerobii are of equal length with the upper ones; they are all four much weaker than in the preceding neurop- terous genera, which makes their flight flow and unfteady. — Some of them are found near ftanding wa- ters, others frequent gardens and fields ; moft _of them are very ill fcented. Their larve feed chiefly upon the aphides, of which they are exceedingly fond; but they fometimes devour other infects, and even one another. One fpecies belonging to this Genus, is Knownggmong us by the name of the Golden Fa Sa ame L2 GENUS 164 | ORDER IV. Myrmelion.. Genus V. MyRrRMeELion. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 913. The mouth of the Myrmelion is armed with jaws, two teeth, and four long palpi. It has no ftemmata. The tail, in the male fex, is furnifhed with a kind of forceps, formed by two ftraight filaments. Their antenne are club-formed, and as long as the thorax. Their wings are deflected. Geoffroy, who has defcribed only one fpecies . of the Myrmelion, does not obferve that the tail of the male is furnifhed with a forceps. ‘The fpecies he ‘defcribed was perhap#jincom- pleat, or he had met with none of the male fex; - he adds thatthe four wings are all of equal length, and has given to that infect the generical name of Formicaleo, in which he is followed by Scheffer, who obferves that the wings in that genus Myrinelion. NEUROPTERA. , 16% —— genus are deflected, and the tarfi compofed’ of five articulations. The laft mentioned author has given the cene- rical name of Lidelloides to another fpecies, in which the tail is forcipated, and the antennz as long as the body, and the abdomen as broad as the thorax, The Myrmeleon differs chiefly from the He- merobius, under which Genus Linneus had arranged it in the tenth edition of his Syfema Nature, in the form of the antenre, which are much {fhorter than thofe of the Hemerobius, in which Genus they are likewile fetaceous : the male Hemerobius alfo wants the forceps which terminates the tail of the Myrmeleon. The larva of the Myrmeleon lives chicfy upon ants ; the perfect iniect is very rare, but ié fometimes met with in fandy places, and near rivulets, 13 GENUS i) ORDER IV. Panorpa, Genus VI, PANoRPA, Linn. Syft. Nat. page 915. The Panorpa has a horny, cylindrical probotcis, with two palpi, It has two ftemmata. The antenne are longer than the thorax. The tail in the male fex is furnifhed with a chela or weapon, refembling the claw of a crab, or the dart of a fcorpion. The probofcis and tail of this infect render it too remarkable to be confounded with thole of any other genus, The following characters, however, may be added to thofe of Linneus, Viz. The wings extended horizontally on the back, when at reft. The upper and under wings of equal length. The palpi feated at the extremity of the pro- bofcis, | The Panorpa. NEUROPTERA. 167 = a The tari compofed of five articulations. The compleat infe&t is very common in the fields during the fummer feafon, but the larva and chryfalis are yet unknown. It has been called by fome the Scorpion-fly. L4 GENUS 168 ORDER IV. _ Raphidia. Genus VII, RapuipIA, Linn. Syft, Nat. Pag. 915. The head of the Raphidia is of a horny ~ fubftance, and deprefied, or flattened. The mouth is armed with two teeth, and furnifhed with four palpi. The ftemmata are three in number. The wings are deflected. The antennez are as long as the thorax, the anterior part of which is lengthened out, and of a cylindrical form, The tail of the female is terminated by an appendix refembling a flexible, crooked briftle. Scheffer obferves, that the antennz of the Raphidie are fetaceous, and their tarfi com- pofed of four articulations. According to Geoffroy, the wings are incum- bent, rather than deflected, and the antennee fill- form. The | Raphidia. NEUROPTERA. 169 =_— ‘The Raphidia is rarely to be met with itis chieAy found in woods and hedges. Linnzus fays, that the pupz of one fpecies is (though it wants wings) exceedingly like the mother. The larva has not been defcribed. GENUS ( 170 ) "SAO GiB Dik DS lie INSECTA HYMENOPTERA. The infects belonging to this order have generally four membranaceous naked wings ; the Neuters, however, in fome of ‘the genera, and in others, the males or females want wings, The tail (except in the male fex) is armed with a fting. This order contains the following gen nera. Genus I. Cyvwnips. Linn. Syft. Nat. page gry. The mouth, in this genus, is armed with jaws, but has no probofcis. The fting, which is fpiral, is moftly con= cealed within the body, | Geoffroy Mynips. «= HYMENOPTERA, it eel Geoffroy, who has confined the genus Cynips to fuch of the Linnzan fpecies as have antenne containing no more than thirteen articulations, and bent at their middle, or forming an angle, obferves, that thofe infe&s have three {temmata ; that their antennz are cylindrical, and of equal thicknefs in their whole lJength; that their under wings are fhorter than the upper ones ; that their abdomen is neatly of an oval forrn, acute underneath, a little fattened on the fides, and attached to the thorax by a fhort ftalk or pedicle, and that their fting is not placed at the extremity of their abdomen, but under that part, between two projecting plates, which form a kind of creft. This genus he has formed into three families ; the firft containing thofe {pecies in which the antennz are compoled of eleven, the fecond thefe which have feven, the other thofe which have thirteen articulations. He has arranged others of them, which have filiform antennz not bent in their middle, and compofled of fourteen articulations, under a new genus, which he terms Diplolepis 5 thefe, how- ever, do not feem to differ generically from the Cynips, all the other characters affigned to them being the fame as in that genus: the Jarvaee of the two genera likewife perfectly refemble one another, and liye in the fame manner 172 ORDER’ Vi > +p manner under the galls of plants, caufed by the infertion of the eggs by the females. The genus termed by the fame author Eulo- lophus, of which he only defcribes one {pecies, feems, by his account of the larva, to be a Lin- naan Cynips, with branched or pectinated an- tennz ; the fting, however, is extended from the » extremity of the abdomen, and not from under that part. Linnzeus has placed it in the Jaft fa- mily of his Ichneumons, Vid. Linn. Syft. Nat. pag. 941, Ich. 1, No. 77. Scheffer, who has not feparated Linnzus’s Cynipedes, obferves that their thorax is convex, and their wings extended, without folds, and that their tarfi have five articulations. The gall made ule of in the compofition of ink; is formed by an infect belonging to this eenus. GENUS ay 2 Tenthredo, HYMENOPTERA. 173 Genus II. TENTHREDo. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 920. The mouth of the Tenthredo is armed with jaws, but has no probofcis. The wings are extended, and look as if {welled, or of a bulky confiftence. The fting, which is almoft entirely hid within the abdomen, is dentated like a faw, and compofed of two laminz. Two fmall tubercules are placed upon the fcutellum at fome diftance from one another. The antenne of the Tenthredines, dif- fering very much in their formation and number of their articulations, Linnzus has divided them into different families, taken from thefe circumftances, as follows : 1. Thofe with clubbed antennz. 2. Thofe whofe antennz appear to be one - continued thread, without articu- lations, : 'g. Thole 174 ORDER V. | Tenthredo. © 3. Thofe with pectinated antenne. 4. Thofe which have antennz nearly clas vated, or with a club lefs obferv- able than that in the firft family, and which are articulated. 5. Thofe with filiform antennx, compofed of feven or eight articulations, be- fides the bafe. 6. Thofe with fetaceous antennz, compofed: of feveral articulations. Geoffroy and Schaffer have feparated the firft of thefe families from the others (though their larvae and metamorphofis argue them not to differ generically) and have given their new genus the name of Crabro, with the following characters : The antennz club formed. : The under wings fhorter than the upper ones. The mouth armed with jaws. r . Y . The fting placed at the extremity of the ab- domen, and ferrated. \ 3 The Tenthredoo HYMENOPTERA, 175 The abdomen throughout of equal fize, and clofely joined to the thorax. Three ftemmata. The remaining Tenthredines which, according to Geoffroy, have filiform antenne, that author has divided into three families; the firft com- poted of fuch as have nine; the fecond of fuch as have eleven, and the third of fuch as have thirteen articulations in their antennez. The fame author obferves, that the under wings, likewife, of the Tenthredo, are fhorter than the upper ones ; that the abdomen is clofely united to the thorax, not joined to it by a petiolum, or little ftalk, as in the Cynips, nor becoming fmaller from its extremity towards its bafe, fo as to form a kind of petiolum, as in the Ichneumon; and that the antenne differ from thofe of the laft- mentioned genus in the form of their articula- tions, thefe in the Tenthredo are long, and rather rough, which makes their antennze appear _as if compofed of fo many knots; thofe of the Ichneumon, on the contrary, are fo very fhort as fearce to be perceptible, and exceedingly fmooth, fo that, if not attentively examined, the antennze would appear to be inarticulated, or like a briftle. Scopoli | 16 - pgoORDERV. Tenthredo, Scopoli, who has only defcrjbed a fmall number of Tenthredines, has divided them into two families; the firft containing thofe with elavated, the other, thofe having fili- — form antenne, with feven or eight articula- tions : thefe laft, he obferves, turn afide, or bend downwards their antennae, when under appre- henfions of danger. ‘The different fexes in this genus are in general differently coloured, which circumftance renders the knowledge of the {fpecies very difficult. The larva of the Tenthredo differs entirely from that of all the other Hymenopterous infects, and refembles that of the Butterfly and Moth fo much as eafily to be miftaken for one of them : this refemblance has induced fome Entomolo- gifts, who had attributed the term caterpillar to the larve of lepidopterous infects alone, to call thofe of the Tenthredo falfe caterpillars ; there is neverthelefs one certain rule to diftin- guifh them by, that is, by examining the num- ber of their feet; thefe, in the true caterpillar, never exceed fixteen, and are feldom fo many ; thofe of the falfe one, on the contrary, always exceed that number, being generally from eigh- teen to twenty-two: the fix firft, or pectoral ones,are hard, or fcaly, and terminate each ina point, as thofe of the true caterpillar; the re- maining Tenthredo. HYMENOPTERA. 149 maining ones are foft and membranaceous, but deprived of the crotchets which terminate the membranaceous feet of the others : befides this diftinétion taken from the number of the feet, their heads are formed very differently ; that of the falfe caterpillar confifting of one hard fcale; that of the true one, on the contrary, is com- pofed of two pieces, or fcales, which Geoffroy calls boods, the eyes of thefe laft are likewife much larger than thofe of the others. Thelarve of the Tenthredines feed chiefly upon the rofe and willow trees, and undergo their laft changement in the earth ; their fhrowd, or web, refembles net-work, being compoied of large filken threads, between each of which great {paces are left, perhaps to let the humidity of the earth pierce to the chryfalis ; the leaft excefs of humidity or drynefs in the earth kills thofe chry- falids, for which reafon it is very difficult to bring them to perfection in-boxes : out of more than three hundred larve of ‘Tenthredines, which were nourifhed by Geoffroy, notmore than five or fix fucceeded, though he took the utmoft pains to keep the earth in a proper ftate. Vid. Geoff. Paris ot. 27: 269. The Tenthredo is called, by fome Englith Authors, the Saw-fly, from the formation of IV its 178 ORDER ¥. Tenthredo.. ae its {ting, which differs from that of all other in- fects (that of the following genus only excepted) in being dentated or armed with teeth, like the inftrument from which its name is taken; this fting, however, is not in the leaft dangerous, its weaknefs preventing the infect from doing any mifchief wich it. Genus Sirex. HYMONOPTERA. 149 — Genus III. SiRex. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 928. The mouth of the Sirex is armed wrh two ftrong jaws. The palpi, which are two in number, are truncated. The antenne are filiform, and contain upwards of twenty-four articulations. The fting is dentated like a faw, pro- jected, ftrong, and ftiff. The abdomen is flender, and terminates in a point or fpine, from under which the fling projects. The wings are lanceolated (their extre- mities being drawn to a fharp point) and are extended their whole length, not folded as thofe of the Vefpa. Scopoli has arranged the Sirices along with ' the Ichneumons, as Linnzus had likewife done sn the former editions of his Syftema Nature s a. M 2 thofe 180 ORDER V. Sirex. - thofe infects, however, differ very much in their external appearance, formation, and manners ; the abdomen of the Sirex is as broad as the thorax, and clofely connected with, or joined to, that part: the abdomen of the Ichneumon, on the contrary, is either joined to the thorax by a petiolum or ftalk, or grows much larger to- wards its extremity than at its bafe; the fting of the female Ichneumon terminates the abdomen, and is of a cylindrical form; that of the female Sirex projects from the under fide of the abdomen, is denta- ted like a faw, and the abdomen itfelf is ter- mifiated by a kind of horn or fpine. The fe- male of the Ichneumon lays her eggs in the bo- dies of other infects (which fhe pierces for that purpofe with her fting) and particularly in the bo- dies of caterpillars of Lepidopterous infects, upon which the larva feed, and where they remain till prepared for the chryfalis ftate; the female _Sirex lays her egos in the interior of decayed trees 5 the larva moft probably feeds upon the wood, and always undergoes its laft metamor- phofis in the place where it had lived while ig the caterpillar ftate. From all! thefe circum- ftances, we may I prefume fafely conclude, that the Sirex differs generically from the Ich- neumon. : , Geoffroy Sirex. HYMENOPTERA. 18r ll Geoffroy has only defcribed one fpecies be- longing to this genus; to that infect he has given the generical-name of Urocerus, a name taken from the point which terminates the ab- domen, and which it were to be wifhed that Linnzus had adopted, fince he himfelf looks upon the needlefs multiplication or changement > of trivial names as a fault. Scheffer has followed Geoffroy in the names and characters of this genus. Thefe two au- thors add to the Linnzan characters, that the tarfi are compofed of five articulations, and the under wings fhorter than the upper ones. The Sirex is very rare to be met with, but feveral fpecies of it have been caught in Eng- land. It is generally called the Tailed Wa/p. M 3 GENUS 182 -ORDER V.~ © Ichneumon. ae —_* 7 oe. v * Genus IV. IcHNEUMON. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 930. The mouth of the Ichneumon is armed with jaws, without any tongue, The antenne contain more than thirty articulations. The abdomen is generally joined: to the body by a pedicle, or ftalk, The fting is exferted, or projects beyond the abdomen, and ts inclofed in a cylindri- cal fheath, compofed of two valves, The Ichneumons are divided into fami- lies, from the colour of their fcutellum and antenna, as follow : 1. Thofe with the fcutellum white, and the antennz noted with a white ring, or circle. 2. Thofe with a white fcutellum, and black antenna. 3. Thofe Ichneumon. HYMENOPTERA. 183 on 3+ Thofe whofe fcutellum is of the fame colour with the thorax, and which have a white ring on the antennz. 4. Thofe with the fcutellum of the fame colour as the thorax, and the an- tennx black and fetaceous. 5. Thofe whofe antenne are yellow and fetaceous. 6. Thofe with filiform antenna, having the abdomen of an oval and flender form. The antenne in this fa- mily often contain no more than ten articulations, the firft of which is much longer than the others, and the infeéts in generalare much {maller than the preceding ones. Scopoli has united the Sirices of Linnaxus with this genus, dividing it into two families 5 the firft containing the laft-mentioned iniects ; the fecond, the Ichneumons. He afferts, that thé under wings, in the firft family, are folded, M 4 the 184 ORDER V. Ichneumon. “7 — the fecond he has fubdivided from the colour of their antennee. } Geoffroy adds to the Linnaean characters of the Ichneumon, that its antennz are in a conti- nual trembling motion; that the upper wings are longer than the under ones, and the {temmata three in number. That author has arranged fome Ichneumons belonging to the Jaft family, which have the abdomen of an oval form, under the firft family of his Cynips, Linnzus (as has been before obferved) has placed the Eulopbus of Geoffroy under this ge- nus, from which that infect differs in its an- tennze, which are pectinated. Its larva, from the account given of it by Geof- froy, muft refemble that of the Cynips; but Linneus afferts that, like that of the Ichneumon, it lives in the bodies of other larve. The fpecies of Ichneumons are not eafily de- termined, the different fexes varying much in their colours, nor can the diftinét fpecific charac- ters be well taken from any other circum- {tance, | ob 4003 Many Ichneumon. HYMENOPTERA. 185 Many apterous infects, are found, which, without doubt, belong to this genus ; thefe very much refemble the apterous Mutille, from which they are diftinguifhed, when Fees by the continual vibration of their antenne, which mo- tion is not obferved in the antennze of the Mu- tilla, and after death, by the roundnefs of their thorax, which is lefs retufe than that of the other genus, and by their long and flender abdomen, which is likewife frequently joined to the tho- rax by a petiolum. They are diftinguifhed from the Sphex, which they likewife refemble, by the number of articulations in their an- tenn. Some of thefe apterous Ichneumons are, with- out doubt, females, having the fting, through ~ which that fex depofit their eggs ; others of them appear, from their being deprived of that fting, to be males. Geoffroy however afferts, that they are all females: perhaps that author had only met with fuch as had ftings. The larvee of many Ichneumons not only live, but likewife undergo their metamorphofis, in the chryfalids or caterpillars of Lepidopte- rous infeéts; others of them, when arrived at their full growth, pierce the fkins of their lodg- mens, 336 AOR DAR: Ichneumon. ——" ments, which they quit, and fixing themfelves to the fides of walls, branches of trees, &c. there pafs the chryfalis ftate under cover of a filken web. The name of Ichueumon-fly has been given to this genus, by fome Englifh authors, GENUS Sphex. © HYMENOPTERA. 187 Genus V. Spnex. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 941. The mouth of the Sphex is armed with jaws, but has no tongue. The articulations of their antenne are ten in number. The wings, in each fex, are extended, without folds, and laid horizontally upon the back, The fting, which ts fharp and pointed, is concealed within the abdomen. This genus is divided into two families ; in the firft of which, the abdomen is petio- Jated, or joined to the thorax by a ftalk; in the other, the abdomen is fubfefile, or of a {lender make, nearly of equal fize in its whole length, and attached to the abdomen without a petiolum. Scopoli has divided his Spheges (to which he _ gives the fame characters as above, excepting what relates to their antennz) into three families; the 188 ORDER V. sini the two firft of which are Linnean Spheges, and diftinguifhed from one another by the fame circumftances as by Linnzus ; the third (the abdomen of which he fays is feffile) contains the Chryfes of our author, which differ from the Spheges in the formation of their antennz, in the lateral fcale of the abdomen, which the laft- mentioned infects want, and in the fpines which terminate the thorax and belly. Geoffroy has placed fuch Spheges as were known to him among his Ichneumons, as Linnzus had likewife done, in the tenth edi- tion of his Syft. Natura. It has already been fhewn, that they differ from that genus in the number of articulations which compofe their antenne, and in the pofition of their fting, which in the laft-mentioned genus is exferted. Scheffer has, like Linnzus, feparated the Spheges from the Ichneumons, and _ affigns them the following characters : The tarfus of each foot compofed of five articulations. The antennze club-formed, and bent. The mouth armed with jaws, and wae with palpi. | The Sphex. § HYMENOPTERA. 189 _ The ftemmata three in number. The wings extended, incumbent, without folds, and the under ones fhoster than the upper ones, The abdomen of an oblong form. The fting pointed, and concealed within the abdomen. A great number of exotic infeéts have lately been brought from different countries, which would certainly belong to this genus, if they were not provided with long membranacecus tongues, like thofe of the Bee, from which genus other circumftances again feparate them. Whether or no thefe infects differ generically from the Sphex does not appear to have been cetermined, Many fpecies of this genus are common in ‘England ; they are chiefly found in woods and hedges ; their larva feed upon dead infects, in the bodies of which they are produced from the ego; fome fpecies dig holes in the earth with their fore feet, like dogs, in which holes they bury dead infects, chiefly fpiders or Lepidopte- rous larve, and after having depofited their eggs in 190 ORDER V. Sphex. in the bodies of thefe infects, they carefully clofe — the holes with earth. ‘It is very probable that fome fpecies of Apte- rous Spheges are found in England, which matter muft be determined by the external ap- pearance, the fting’s being concealed within the abdomen, and the number of articulations in the antennz. . The Sphex is called by fome, the chnetmon- Wafp. Genus Chryfis. HYMENOPTER Ak 191 ae a Genus VI. Curysis. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 947. The mouth of the Chryfis is armed with jaws, but has no probofcis. The antennz are filiform: the firtt arti- culation is long in proportion to the exte- rior ones, which are eleven !n number, The abdomen is elevated in the middle, like an arch ( fornicatum) with a kind of la- teral {cale on the under fide. The anus is dentated, or terminated by teeth or fpines, and likewife armed with a {ting, which projects a little. The wings are extended, not folded, as in the Vefpa. & The body is of a thining colour, and ap- pears as if gilt. | Scopoli, as before obferved, has arranged the Chryfes among his Spheges. Geoffroy \ 192 QR DER Vey hs Chryfis. Geoffroy has placed them among the Vefpz, as Linnzus had done in the tenth edition of his Syftem : he has, however, formed them into a feparate family, under the title of Golden Wajps. They differ chiefly from that genus in the pofi- tion of their wings, which are not folded, and in the fpines fituate on each extremity of the tho- rax, in moft {pecies of the Chryfis. Scheffer has adopted Linnzus’s method in preference to that of Geoffroy, adding to the characters of that author, that the antenne are bent.and cylindrical; that the tarfus of each foot is compofed of five articulations ; that the four wings are all equally tranfparent, and have very few nerves or membranes ; and that the abdo- men is oval, and of equal fize with the thorax. The Chryfis lives chiefly in the holes of old walls, where they likewife lay their eggs: their larvee refemble that of the Wafp. ‘GENUS Cee fe Ny SF ce = ; ~ 7 . Velpa. “HYMENOPTERA; 193 Genus VII. Vespa, the Wasp. Linn. Syft. Nat. Pag. 984. The mouth of the Vefpa is armed with jaws, but has no tongue. The upper wings are folded in both fexes. The fting, which is fharp and pointed, is concealed within the abdomen. oe The body is fmooth, without hair. The eyes (as obferved by De Geer) are lunular. Geoffroy affigns the following characters to the Walp. The antennz bent, with the firft articulation very long in proportion to the others. The inferior wings fhorter than the upper ~The mouth armed with jaws, and provided with an inflected membranaceous tongue. The fting fmooth and pointed. | | N . dhe / “194 ORDER V. Velpa. The abdomen attached to the thorax by a {hort pedicle. Three ftemmata. The body fmooth, without any hairs upon it. From the above it will appear, that Linnaeus and Geoffroy differ very effentially with regard to one character affigned by the latter to the Walp, viz. that of its having a membranaceous tongue, the exiftence of which Linnzus denies, but which, according to the other, is placed in the mouth between the jaws, bent inwards under _ the breaft, and compofed of feveral pieces or membranaceous filaments, exactly like that of the Bee ; this difference, ina matter to all ap- pearance fo eafy to be decided, is {urprifing: No author, befides Geoffroy, that I am acquaint- ed with, pretends that the Wafp has a tongue, nor could I ever perceive it, though I have pur- pofely examined a great number of European Walps, and particularly fuch {pecies as are de- {cribed by that author, and which were taken in France ; all, indeed, havea kind of broad, mem- branaceous {kin under the jaws, at the bafe, or upon the fides of which, the palpi are feated; this membrane does not, however, in the leaft refemble a tongue, nor does it feem calculated to ferve So eS ae ee ee Velpa. HYMENOPTERA. 194 ierve inftead of one 3: it has the appearance of a little bae with the mouth downwards, but does not clofe on the under fide ; towards the end it is jagged, and divided into lobes, exactly like the petals of fome flowers. If Geoffroy took this membrane (which is always very fhort) for a tongue refembling that of the Bee, he was certainly miftaken, or had‘not examined it with fufficient attention. Linnzus’s character perhaps ought not to be taken for generical, fince he himfelf defcribes one exotic fpecies, and feveral others are found in the cabinets of the curious, which aré pro- vided with tongues ; thefe, indeed, differ very much from the tongue of the Bee, being (in fuch fpecies as I have met with, and particularly in two or three which I poffefs mylelf) fhort, tiff, extended, and concealed under the upper lip, which for that purpofe is drawn or length- ened out into a horny, pointed probofcis; the bo- dies of fome of thefe infects are hairy, like Bees, others are fmooth, or without hairs. It 1s to be hoped that fome ingenious traveller will take upon himfelf the tafk of examining whether or no thefe laft-mentioned infects differ ge- nerically from the Wafp and the Bee, or to which of them the different fpecies be- long, which can only be done by thofe who fhall N 2 have 196 ORDER V. Vefpa. a have opportunities of examining their manner of living and metamorphofis. Scheffer fays, that the mouth of the wafp is furnifhed with palpi, but does not mention the tongue; the tarfi, according to him, are com- pofed of five articulations. Scopoli fays, that the wafp has no tongue. Many kinds of Wafps live in focieties, after _ the manner of Bees, and like them make combs, in which they depofit their eggs; they likewife feed their larvze with honey, but of a very inferior quality to that of the Bee; others of them conftruct a different or feparate neft for each ege. The larvz ahd chryfalids of all of them re- femble that of the Bee. GENUS a ae eS pre tan aoe ta en ee SE ae oa. ; = a a ae Apis. HYMENOPTERA, 199 Genus VIII. Apis, the Bee. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 953. The mouth of the Bee is armed with jaws, and furnifhed with a probofcis, in- al clofed in a bivalve fheath, and inclined downwards under the body. The wings are extended, and without folds in each fex., The females and neuters carry a fharp pointed fting concealed in their abdo- men. This Genus is divided into two families, the firft containing fuch as have the body {mooth, withoutany, or with very few hairs; the fecond, compofed of thofe whofe bo-. dies are very hairy, and which emit a found as they fly. Scopoli having obferved that the quantity of hair on the bodies of the different {pecies of Bees, encreafes fo gradually, as likewife the N 3 noile 198 ORDER V. Apis. noife they make in their flight, as to render it difficult to determine where the firft family of Linnzus fhall end, or the other commence, has therefore preferred to divide them into families, from the form of their antenna, which in fome are whole and extended, in others bent, and forming an angle from their bafe ; this divifion feems liable to fewer inconve- niencies than that of Linnzus, though it frequently connects Bees which differ much in their outward appearance. Geoffroy obferves that the under wings of the Bees are fhorter than the upper ones; that the firft articulation of their antennz in each fex, is much longer than the others ; that the abdomen is join’d to the thorax by a fhort pe- dicle, and that they have three ftemmata. He has divided them into families for the fame cir- cumitances as Linnaeus. The tarfiin this Genus are compofed of four articulations. The Bee is too well known to be eafily confounded with any other Genus of In- fects. The female of the dometftic Bee is much larger than the male or neuter ; her an- tenn contain fifteen articulations; her abdomen is compoled of feven fegments,and is much longer 3 than Apis. HYMENOPTERA. 199 than her wings. ‘The antennz of the male con- tain only eleven articulations, nor has that fex any fting ; the neuters are much {maller than the males or females, their antennz contain fif- teen articulations ; they are likewife remarkable by the hairinefs of the under fide of their hind- moft thighs, which refemble a kind of brufh, with which they gather the fine powder {cat- tered from the Anthere of flowers, and from which the wax or comb is made. The induftry of thefe little animals, which is as profitable as curious in itfelf, will always continue to excite the admiration of the wifer part of mankind. Swammerdam, Reaumur, Hagftrom, D’Aubenton, Geoffroy, and other authors, have wrote their hiftory with great accuracy. Swammerdam, above all, de- ferves to be read with the greateft attention. N4 | Genus 200° = : ORDER V. Formica. Genus IX. Formica, the ANT. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 962. The Formica (called among us the Pifmire, Emmit, or Ant) is diftinguifhed by the little upright fcale which is fituate between the thorax and the abdomen. The fting with which the females and neuters are armed, is concealed within the abdomen. The males and females are winged, the neuters apterous, To the above characters of the Ant, Geoff- | roy adds that the antennz form an angle, their firft articulation being very long in proportion to the others, that the ftemmata are three in number, and the abdomen joined to the thorax by a fhort ftalk. Scheeffer likewife adds, that the mouth is armed with jaws, that the wings are incum- bent, Formica. HYMENOPTERA. 201 inceffantly to fupply the larve with provifions, or, bent, and the tarfi compofed of five articu- lations. The Ants live in focieties compofed of males, females, and neuters; the malés are much. fmaller than the females and neuters, but are diftinguifhable from the largenefs of their eyes, which are not fo well proportioned to the fize oi their body as inthe other fexes. No fooner is the work of generation per- formed, than the male and female ants perifh, as well as moft of the neuters ; fome of thefe, how- ever, outlive the winter, but pafs that feafon in their habitation, without movement, or any fizns of life. How ufelefs then would be that prudence and affiduity in laying up a ftock of provifions for the winter, attributed, for fo many ages, to the Ant? The female Ant feems to take no farther care of the young, after having depofited her eggs; the important office of nourifhing the larvee, and preferving the chryfalids, is entirely left to the neuters, whofe affection for a progeny neither begot nor brought forth by them, can never be fufficiently wondered at ; they labour and 202 ORDER V. _ Formica. and are conftantly employed in preferving the chryfalids from humidity in wet feafons, or ex- pofing them to the warmth of the fun when it is fair. Thefe chryfalids are much larger than themfelves, yet are carried about by them with eafe ; many kinds of birds are very fond of, and devour them, as well as the Ants them- felves. GENUS | Mutilla. HYMENOPTERA: 203 Genus X. MUTILLA. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 966. The Mutilla, for the moft part, want wings. Their body is covered with a kind of down. The thorax ftrikes off bluntly at its bafe, or rifes perpendicularly from the part where joined to the abdomen. The fting is pointed, and concealed within the body. The Mutillz are as yet very little known, only two or three fpecies have been found with ‘wings, and we are ignorant whether thefe are males or females, perhaps they live in fociety like the Ant, and the apterous fpecies are neuters. Mott of the infects without wings, arranged by different authors under this Genus, appear to be either Ichneumon’s or Spheges ; that defcribed by Scopoli was moft probably an Ichneumon, from the vibrating motion of its antenne ; and Linnzus 204 ORDER V. Mutilla, Linnzus himfelf is of opinion, that two of the five European {pecies defcribed by him, belong rather to the laft-mentioned Genus than to the Mutilla ; thefe two fpecies, as well as the Mz- tilla Europea, Linn. No. 4. have been found in England, but their manner of living, their larva, and metamorphofis, are wholly unknown, as the Genus itfelf appears to have been to Geoffroy and Scheffer, fince neither of thefe au- thors has defcribed any of the fpecies belonging to it. ORDER 60 205¢)7) OR DER 'VI. INSECTA DIPTERA. The infects belonging to this order have two wings. They are furnifhed with a poifer or ba- lancer, (Halteres) fituate under each wing, which is terminated by a capitulum or knob. The bafe is concealed or fecured under alittle fcale, by which it is covered as by a fhed. _ This order contains the following ge- nera, VIZ. Genus |. OESTRUS. Linn. Syft, Nat. Pag. 969. _ The Oeftrus has no mouth, in the place of which three {mall impreffed points are found 206 ORDER VI. Oeftrus. found, without any vifible probofcis or roftrum. Geoffroy obferves, that the antennz of the Oeftrus are fetaceous, and grow, or are placed, upon a fmall point or button. They have three ftemmata. Frifch, in his defcription of the Oeftrus Bo- vis, Linn. No. 1, afferts, that that infect has a roftrum, which it can draw within its head, and fhoot out at pleafure. Scheffer obferves, that the abdomen in this Genus is of equal fize with the thorax. The larvze of the Oeftri lay hid in the bo- dies of cattle, where they are nourifhed the whole winter ; the perfect infects are to be met with in the fummer almoft wherever horfes, cows, or fheep are grazing ; fome of them lay their eggs under the {kin of cows or oxen, which they pierce for that purpofe; others, for the fame end, enter the inteftines of horfes by the anus, and others, again, depofit them in the noftrils of fheep; in thefe different habitations the Oeftrus. DIPTERA; 207 the larvee refide till full grown, when they let themfelves fall to the earth, and generally pafs the chryfalid ftate under cover of the firft ftone they meet with. The Oeftrus is in fome places known by the name of the Gad- Fly. Genus 208 ORDER VIL Tipula. Genus LL... «tb LULA 94% Linn. Syft. Nat. page 970. i The head of the Tipula is long, or feems lengthened out. The upper jaw is formed like an arch. The palpi are two in number, curve, and longer than the head. The probofcis is fhort, and bent in- wards. They are divided into two feétions, the firft containing thofe in which the wings are open or extended when at reft ; the other thofe whofe wings cover the body horizontally when fitting. Scopoli has divided the tipulz into two fa- milies, in the firft of which their antennz are pec- tinated in the males, both fexes in the other have fimple antenne. a Geoffroy 'Tipula. DIPTERA. 209 Geoffroy has felected fome of the Linnzan Tipula, in which the antenna appear to be per- foliated, and are fhorter than the head, and ar- ranged them under a new genus, to which he has given the name of Bistro, The antennz, in the figure he has given of the Bibio, appear ra- ther to be formed of large articulations, growing regularly fmaller towards the extremity, than perfoliated; In the antenne of the Bibio, fi- gured by Scheeffer, the articulations feem to be largeft in the midfile, and to decreafe in fize to- wards the bafe and extremity. The larvez of the Bibiones differ very effentially from thofe of the Tipule, in the number of their ftigmates, which, like thofe of the caterpillars of Lepidop- terous infects, are arranged along the body on each fegment; in the Tipulz, they are but four ‘in number, two at the head and two at the tail ; thefe Jaft are found in the trunks of decayed trees, thofe of the Bibio are moft frequent in the ‘dung of cows. The Tipule have three ftem- ' Mata. They are called, by fome Englifh authors, Crane-Flies: many kinds of fifh, birds, and | larvae of aquatic infects devour them. O GENuS 210 ORDER VI. Mutca, Genus III. Musca. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 979. — The mouth of the Mufca 1s formed by a» foft, flefhy proboicis, with two lateral lips ; it wants palpi. The Mufcx are divided into different families, from the form of their antenne, _as follows: 1. Filata, with fimple antenne, or whofe antennz are without any lateral hair or feather. 2. Armate, inwhich the antenne are fur- nifhed with a lateral hair, or fea- ther ; thefe laft are either - Tomentofe, or Pilofz. The bodies of the Tomentofe are downy, though fcarce per- ceptibly fo; and they are either Plumate. Mulfca. DIPTERA. att = Plumate, having a lateral plume, or feather on the antennez: Or Setarie, witha fimple hair on the fide of the antenne. The Pilofe have a fmall number of haius {cattered upon their bodies, principally upon the thorax; they are either Plumate, with a lateral feather : Or Setaria, with a lateral hair. Geoffroy has divided the Linnzan Mufcz into the following genera : 1. Stratiomys: This genus comprehends fuch of them as have the hinder part of the thorax armed with fpines, and the an- rennze without any lateral hair or fea- ther, and forming an angle from the end of the firft joint, which is much longer than the others; it 18 farther divided into two families, the firft hav- ing two,’ the other fix fpines, on the thorax, O2 The 212 ORDER VI. Mutfca. \os The larvz of this genus live in the water, and devour fmall aquatic infects ; the fly itfelf is found frequently near pools of water, whi- ther it reforts to lay its eggs. 2. Mufca, compofed of fuch Linnean Mufce as have folid antenne, of a fattifh form, fomewhat refembling the mouth of a fpoon in fhape, and accompanied by a Jateral hair; this genus he has divided into families, from the following cir- cumftances : 1. Thofe whofe wings are of various co- lours. 2. Thofe which have, on the fore part of the head, a kind of pelicle, or mem- brane, which appears as if fwelled, and . forms to the infect a kind of matk, ge- nerally of a light colour, 3. Thofe whofe bodies are of various co- lours. 4. Thofe of a gold colour. 5. Thofe of the moft common colours, or fuch as have nothing remarkable about them. 3 | The Mufca. wirre RA. 213 The larvee of fome of this genus devour the the Aphides ; thefe larva feem to want eyes, and lengthen or ftretch out their head as if to feel for their prey ,; others live in and confume all kinds of putrid flefh; others are found in cheefe; others, again, in the excrement of different animals ; many live in the water, and prefer the moft putrid and muddy. 3. Vonuceita, which genus contains the Mufce Plumate of Linnzus, or thofe whofe antennz are furnifhed with a la- teral feather. The mouth of this genus, according to Geoffroy, is formed by a probofcis concealed within a fheath. The larva of the voluncella perfectly refem- bles that of the Mufca, and is frequent upon the rofe. | 4. NEMOTELUS: this genus is compofed of fuch Linnzan Mutcz as have moniliform antenne ending in a kind of fharp point. The mouth refembles that oh the Voluncella. O03 &. SCATHOPSE, 214 ORDER VI. ~ Mutca, 5. ScaTuopss, which differs from his Mufca only in the fhape of the antennz, which are filiform. 7 Scheffer has adopted all thefe new genera, and obferves that they have each three ftem- mata, Scopoli has formed the following new genera from the Linnzan Mufce, on account of the different formation of their probofcis, or an- tenne ; | 1. Mufca, to which he gives the following characters ; The mouth armed witha retractable probofcis, which is dilated at its extremity, and furnifhed with clavated palpi, fituate at its bafe. 2. Ceria: the roftrum of the Ceria is formed like that of the Mufca. The antennz are moniliform, with the laft articulation larger than the others. This genus belongs to the firft family of Lin- nan Mulcz. 3. Conops : Mufca. DY PAE RA: 215 3. Conops: which genus is diltinguifhed by the following characters : The mouth armed with a guadrifcted roftrum, two of which fete are longer than the others ; the fheath of the roftrum is retractible, flefhy, and terminated by lips :. the. upper lip is formed by two lobes, the under one is bifid. The fete or briftles above-mentioned, are fi- tuate, in this and the following genera, at the bafe, and extended longitudinally towards the extremity of the roftrum. The Conops is formed in part from fuch Linnean Mufce as have a lateral feather, in part from fuch as have a lateral hair on their antennze ; and Scopoli has divided them, from that circumftance, into two families. 4. Anthrax: the mouth of the Anthrax is armed with a bifered roftrum; the fheath is flefhy at its bafe, and retraGtible; its extremity is fimply dilated, not divided into lips, as in the Conops. The palpi are feated in the middle of the roftrum. | O 4 Scopoli 216 ORDER VI. Mutca. Scopoli has only defcribed one fpecies of this genus, which is the Mu/ca Morio, No. 9; of Linnzus. The Mufcz are the moft common of all in- fects, and are known to every one. The name of Fly is particularly applied to them. GENUS Tabanus, DIPTERA. 217 Genus JV. Tasanus, Linn, Syft. Nat. page 999. The mouth of the Tabanus is extended into a flefhy probofcis, terminated by two lips. The roftrum is furnifhed with two pointed palpi placed on each fide of, and parallel to, the probofcis. Scopoli affigns the following characters to the Tabanus : The mouth armed with a probofcis, on which are five briftles; thefe briftles are feated (as in his Conops, Anthrax, &c.) at the bafe of the roftrum, and extended almoft to its extremity. The fheath is univalve and obtute. The palpi are two in number, acuminated, porrected, parallel, and incumbent upon the roftrum, fo as to form a kind of fecond or upper valve to the fheath. The fpecific characters of the Tabani are chiefly taken from the colour of the eyes, which this 218 ORDER VI. Tabanus. , this author obferves ought to be examined while the infect is yet alive. Geoffroy afferts, that the roftrum of the Ta- banus is accompanied by two itrong teeth, with which the infect pierces the fkins of horfes, &c. No other author has mentioned the exiftence of thefe teeth, nor could I ever perceive them. The antenne, according to the fame au- thor, are of a conic form, and divided into four parts, being generally compofed of feven articu- lations, the three farft of which, from the bafe, are much larger than the four others, and form, as it were, three diftinct pieces; the four others are much fhorter, and appear as if confounded together, or forming only one piece; the third picce is generally larger than the two firft, and attended with a kind of lateral appendix, which makes the antennz appear as if forked. Schaeffer obferves, that the Tabani have three ftemmata, and that their abdomen is as broad as their thorax. The Tabani nourifh themfelves with the blood of horfes and cattle. Asthey are moft frequent near *. -"Tabanus. DIPTERA. 219 near watry places, it is probable that their larvze are aquatic, though De Geer afferts that they live under the earth. They have been named Burrel or Whame Flies, by fome Englifh authors. Genus 220 ORDER VI. Culex. — GENus V. CULEX. Linn. Syft. Nat. page roor. The mouth of the Culex is formed by a flexible fheath, enclofing fete, or briftles, pointed like ftings. According to Scopoli, the briftles of the rof- trum inthis genus are four in number, and two of them are longer than the others ; the fheath is long and porrected, and the palpi are incum- bent upon the bate of the roftrum. The antennze of the female Culices are fili- form, thofe of the males feathered. The thorax, in both fexes, is gibbous, and the abdomen atte- nuated, growing fmaller from its bafe to its ex- tremity; this part, in the females, is generally longer than the wings; in the male, on the contrary, it is much fhorter: the wings, in both fexes, are extended horizontally along the abdomen. The Culices have no ftem- mata; they very much refemble the fmaller Tipulz, from which, however, as Geoffroy ob- ferves, they may be eafily diftinouifhed by their mouth, which, on comparing the characters given to the two genera, or the infets them- felves, will appear to be formed very diffe- rently. ie Culex. DIPTERA. 22%. The larvae of the Culices are very frequent in ftanding waters; their bodies are compofed of nine fegments, which diminifh in fize and length from the head towards the extremity of the body ; the laft of thefe fections is furnifhed with a kind of {tigmate, through which the larva breathes, frequently rifing, for that purpofe, to the top of the water. The head of the chryfalis is fo much bent under the breaft, that the thorax appears to be the moft advanced part of the body ; the ftigmates are placed upon the back of the thorax; the fegments of the abdomen diminifh in fize towards its extremity, the laft terminates in a kind of flat tail or fin, by means of which the infect {wims or moves itfelf in the water. The Culices generally frequent woods and watry places ; they are known by the name of Midges. Scopoli informs us, that where large quanti- ties of them are found, the foil is generally marfhy, and the air unwholfome. The females are very troublefome, and fting feverely, which the males are feldom oblerved to do. GENUS 222 ORDER VI. Empis. Genus VI. Empis. Linn. Syft. Nat. Pag. 1003. The probofcis Br ilic Empis is of a {trong horny fubftance, it is bivalve, inclined downwards under the head and breaft, and longer than the thorax: the valves are ho- rizontal. Scopoli has placed the only fpecies of this genus, which he has defcribed among his Afi, to which genus he gives the following cha- racters : The mouth armed with a quadrifeted pro- bofcis : the fheath porrected, ftiff, longer than the head, and bivalve. He adds, that the head is fmall, of a roundith form, the back gibbous, the feet long, and the roftrum fmall and in- flected. According to Scheffer, the antennz in this’ genus are compofed of three articulations, the firft of which is long and filiform; the fecond very fhort and globular ; the third much larger at its bafe than in the middle, from whence, | again, it grows larger, and is finally terminated by a long and fharp point. The Empis. DIPTERA, 223 ‘The wings in this genus are incumbent. Schaeffer fays that the antennz are of a conic- form, The Empis feems not to have been known to Geoffroy. The perfect infects are common upon flowers, and in gardens, but I do not find that the larve or chryfalids have been defcribed by any author. Genus 224 ORDER VI. Conops. Genus VII.. Conops. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 1004. The probofcis of the Conops is por rected and jointed. Scopoli has given the following definition of the genus, named by him LEmpis, and under which he has arranged fome of the Linnzan Conopfides : The mouth armed with an unifeted pro- bofcis, which is membranaceous at its bafe (where the palpi are fituate) and capable of being drawn in and extended ; towards the end it is f{tiff, long, porrected, and attenuated. The Stomoxys of Geoffroy is a Linnzan Conops, and the Empis of Scopoli; he de- {cribes it as follows: | The antennz terminated (like thofe of the Mufcz) by a flat and folid articulation, fhaped like the mouth of a fpoon, with a lateral briftle, which, when clofely examined, appears to be very hairy. The Conops. Bi Per ER A? 02h _ The mouth formed by a probofcis, which G fhaped like an awl, fimple and acute. Three ftemmata. This infe€t very much refembles the Mu/a Domeftica, or common Fly, but is diftinguifhed by the different formation of its roftrum. The genus termed Szcus, by Scopoli, con- _ tains two fpecies of Linnzan Conopfides, viz. the Conops Teffacea, No. 11, and the Conops Buccata, No. 12. The Sicus is diftinguifhed by the following characters : The mouth armed with an unifeted probofcis, with a ftiff, porrected, and long fheath, broken or bent in the middle, and inflected. The palpi feated at the bafe of the fheath. The Sicus differs chiefly from the Empis of the fame author in the formation of its pro- bofcis. | The Stomoxoides of Scheffer is the Szeus of Scopoli; he has defcribed it as follows: The antenne fhaped like thofe of the Lin« neean Mufce, with a lateral hair. P The 226 ORDER VI. Conops. = The mouth formed by a porrected probofcis which is bent, or fhuts like a clafp-knife, Three ftemmata. The abdomen for the moft part curve. The Rbingia of Scopoli is likewife a Linnzan Conops ; he defcribes it as follows : The mouth armed with a trifeted probofcis ; the middle briftle longer than the others, and bifid, the lateral ones (on which the palpi are feated) of equal length with one another ; the fheath of the roftrum is univalve, attenuated, and applied to the canal of the mouth. The Conops is chiefly found in meadows and. fields, where the different fpecies are very trou- blefome to cattle. Ido not know that the lJarvz or chryfalids have been defcribed. GSENUS ' Afilus. DIPTERA 209 Genus VIII. Asiius; Linn. Syft. Nat. page 1006. The rote of the Afilus is hard, or horny, porrected, extended out its whole length, and bivalve. Scopoli has arranged many of the Linnean Afili under the genus called by him Erax, to which he affigns the following characters : The mouth armed with a trifeted probofcis, or on the bafe of which are feated three briftles, two of which are fhorter than the others, on which the palpi are often feated. The fheath, which does not exceed the head: in length, is compofed only of one valve. The Aflus of that author differs from his Eran chiefly in the form of its probofcis, which contains four feta, or briftles ; the fheath 1s. por- rected, ftiff, longer than the head, and bi- valve.: P 2 Scheeffer 228 ORDER VI ae! Scheeffer defcribes the Afilus as follows : The antennz witha briftle arifing from a cone. Three ftemmata. The mouth, with a probofcis, which is ex- tended, horny, fetaceous, and bivalve. The thorax gibbous. The abdomen attenuated. The feet made for running. The halteres very large. The feet of the Afili, as Geoffroy obferves, are large, and the articulations, which are five in number, fhort, and fhaped like a heart. The Afilus is called, by fome authors, the. WajJp-Fly, and not improperly, fince, like the Walp, it ftings feverely’ whatever offends it,: though with a different inftrument, viz. its probofcis, Afilus. DUP TERA: 229 probofcis, for which reafon it ought not to be taken without precaution. Many fpecies of them are not uncommon in watry meadows, where they very much in- commode the horfes and cattle. Its larve, or chryfalis have not been defcribed that I know of. P 3 _ GENUS 230 ORDER VI. _ Bombylius, Genus IX. BomsBytius. Lun, Syft. Nat. page 1009. . The roftrum of the Bombylius is por- rected, fetaceous, very long, and formed by two horizontal valves, in which are contained fetaceous ftings or briftles. Scopoli, who defcribes under this title only the © fame {pecies found in the Sy/ftemaNature,oblerves, that the probofcis is long, porreéted, and bivalve, and that the upper valve is entire at its extre- mity, bearded, and fhorter than the under one, which laft is bifid at its end, and not hairy ; that the ¢wo palpi are depreffed, and feated at the bafe of the inferior valve; and that the briftles at the bafe of the probofcis are two in number. Geoffroy has placed the only one of this genus which he had met with, among his Afili, from which genus it differs in the number of briftles feated at the bafe of the probolcis, which are four in number in the Afilus; in the length of the probofcis, which part is much longer in the Bombylius than that of the Afilus; and in the pofition of the wings, which in the laft-men- | tioned Bombylius. LGD Ea i Sing os el 231 tioned genus are croffed one over the other, but in the other are open. _ Scheeffer obferves, that the antenne are broken or bent, fetaceous, and of a conic form ; that the femmata are three in number; that the abdomen is as broad as the thorax, and the wings patent, or open. Several fpecies of the Bombylii are very common in the fpring about the months of March and April; they are generally found up- on flowers in woods and low marfhy grounds. Their larve are probably aquatic, fince the perfect infects frequent waters. I do not know that they have been defcribed. 232 ORDER VI, — Hippobofca. Genus X. HIpPOBOSCA, Linn. Syft. Nat. page 1oto. The roftrum of the Hippobofca is bi- valve, cylindrical, obtufe, and wavering or fhaking, as if ill fixed to the mouth. The feet are armed with many nails, or erotchets. Scopoli adds to thefe characters, that the roftrum has only one briftle. Geoffroy obferves, that the Hippobofcz are remarkable in being the anly genus of Dipte- rous infects which want ftemmata, except only the Culex; their antennz are fetaceous, very short, and compofed of a fingle hair ; they are very Hat, hard, and as it were fcaly ; it is very dificult to kill them by compreffion. The wings, in fome fubjects, are croffed one over the other, in others. are open. Scheffer obferves, that their abdomen is as broad as the thorax. The Hippobofcee have been called, by fome authors, Spider-Flies, from the great refem- blance Hippobofca. Del Per RoA. 223 blance which one of them bears to that infect ; others have called them forfe- Flies, by which name they are more generally known ; they are found frequently in woods and marfhy places, but moft commonly on the bodies of birds, horfes and other quadrupedes, fucking their blood, upon which alone they fubfift, Their larvae are unknown. One of the fpecies is ? known to be pupiparous; the egg of this in- fect is larger than the mother, and is rather a pupa or chryfalis, than a real egg, fince the com- pleat or winged infect is produced from it. €SENUS 242". ) ORDER VIL. tN SECC ACA PT Bi Rows, This order contains all fuch infects as want wings in either fex. It has been before obferved, that many infects are found to want wings, which, however, cannot be referred to this order, becaufe one or other fex of the fame fpe- cies is furnifhed with thofe parts. Bru- niche, in his Syftem of Entomology, has indeed arranged every infect wanting wings under his Apterous order, without taking notice of the wings in the different fexes of the fame fpecies, which creates. a {trange confufion, as the different fexes of the fame infect muft often be fought for under diffe- rent orders: thus the ApterousA phis, the fe- male Coccus, the neuters of Ants, the Apte- rous Mutillz, are feparated from the others of their own fpecies, and arranged among | infects Lepifina. APTERA. 23 infects with which they have no affinity. He has likewife placed the pupa of the Gryllus under this order, whichis doubly improper for the reafon above mentioned, and as not being a compleat infect. \ The whole fpecies, or every fex of the fame infect, muft want wings in order to render it apterous in the fenfe of Linneus, and to place it under this order, which contains the following genera: Genus I, Lepisma. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 1012. The Lepifma has fix feet, formed for sunning, The mouth is furnifhed with four palpi, of which two are fetaceous, and two capi- tated, 3 | The tail is terminated by extended briftles. The body is imbricated with fcales. Scheffer afferts, that the Lepifma has only two palpi; that its antenne are fetaceous 3 the 2 brifties - 226 OW DER AVI. Lepifma. briftles of its tail bree, and its eyes ¢wo in num- ber; and that the fix feet are broad and {caly at their bafe, and formed for running. Geoffroy, who has given the name of Forbicina to this genus, fays, likewife, that the feet are broad and fcaly at their bafe. He is of opinion, that the antenne are fetaceous rather than fili- form. Scopoli obferves, that the tail of the Lepifma is not made for jeaping as that of the Podura. The ‘infects belonging to this genus are very frequent under old floors, wainfcots, 8c. efpe- cially in damp houfes; they run with great fwiftnefs, and are generally of bright, fhining colours ; they are fuppofed to live upon Wood- Lice, or by fucking the humidity of the wood under which they live. GENUS “ay Podura. APTER A: 237 Genus II. Popura. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 1013. The Podura has fix feet, which are formed for running. The eyes are two in number. The tail is forked, bent inwards under the body, elaftic, and atts like a fpring, by which the infect leaps. The antennz are long and fetaceous. Scheffer fays, with Geoffroy, that the body is covered with fcales, and the laft-mentioned author has divided the Podurz into two fami- lies ; the firft containing thofe of a fhort and globular form ; the other, thofe of a long and flender make; the antenna, according to the fame author, are filiform. The Podura pretty much refembles the Pedi- culus, from which it differs principally in its tail; that part, when the infect is at reft, or walks undifturbed, is bent under the abdomen, and preferved in a kind of groove, from which, when 8 8 8=— (CC ORDER CWIL | Pain: — when inclined to leap, the infect withdraws it, and by ftriking it with force againft the ground, is thrown to a confiderable diftance. The Podurz are generally found upon the ground in fand or gravel-pits, or under branches of trees, ftones, &c. im humid places. One {pecies is found upon the water, upon the fur- face of which it leaps with great agility. It is not known upon what any of them feed. GENUS Termes, * Ao Tei ROA; 239 Genus Il]. Termes. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 1015. The Termes has fix feet made for run- ning. — Two eyes. Setaceous antenne: And The mouth armed with two jaws. Scopoli fays, that the Termes refembles the — - Pediculas, or Loufe, and Geoffroy has defcribed. the only one he knew as fuch. Vid. Geoff. Paris. 2, p. 601, ped. No. 12. They are generally called Wood- Lice. GENUS _ 240 ORDER VI. Pediculug. en Genus 1V. PeEpicutus. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 1016. The Pediculus has fix feet formed for walking. : is It has two eyes. Its mouth contains an exferted fting. The antennz are as long as the thorax. The abdomen is depreffed, and as it were formed of different lobes, But few of the pediculi of quadrupedes and birds have been obferved, and the fpecific cha- racters of ftill fewer determined; though it is pretty certain that almoft every different ani- mal is infefted with a different fpecies of them. Scheffer fays, that the antennze of the Pedi- culus are fetaceous, and the head diftinét from the thorax, which parts appear to him to be united in fome other genera belonging to this this order. The Pediculus, WPT ER A: QAL- The Pediculi are of various forms or fhapes ; fome of them are almoft oval, others oblong, other again very long and flender; their head is large, their eyes prominent, and their abdo- men compofed, in fome, of more, in others, fewer feements, from fix to ten ; their tarfi are compofed of three articulations ; the crotchet, or nail, is femilunular, and very fharp. They are oviparous animals, and their eggs _are pretty large; they change their fkin feveral times before they are full grown; they are thought to be hermaphrodites, which circum- {tance may account in part for their prodigious multiplication. Swammerdam, who had diflected a great number, and has given a very good hiftory of them, affures, that he never found one without an ovary, nor ever found the exte- rior parts of generation peculiar to the male fex. If they are all formed thus, the Loufe is an hermaphrodite of a very particular kind, and mutt be able to foecundate itfelf without copulation, which no other animal can do. Many kinds of vermes, or worms, are herma- phrodites, but far from being able to foecundate themfelves, they have occafion for a double OG copulation, 242 ORDER VI. _. Pediculus. copulation, each individual performing the of- “fice both of male and female. This matter de- ferves the ferious attention of Entomologifts, and may be determined, perhaps, without great difficulty, thefe infects being fo common. /71d. Geoff. Paris : tom. 2, pag. 506. Genus Pulex. APTERA. 243 p Sra Genus V. Putrex, the Frea. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 1021. The feet of the Flea are fix in number, and formed for leaping. It has two eyes. The antennez are filiform. The roftrum is bent inwards, fetaceous, and conceals a fting. The abdomen is compreffed or flattened. Scheffer obferves, that the body of the Flea is covered with {cales. 3 The roftrum, according to Scopoli, is bi- valve. The Flea is the only infect belonging to this order that undergoes the fame metamorphofis with thofe of the other orders, all the other ap- terous infects being produced in their perfect ftate, either by the mother, or from the egg. The larva has a forked tail, and fpins a cover- Q.2 ing 244 ORDER VII. Pulex. ing for the pupa, which has feet, of which, how- ever, it can make no ufe, they being immove- able. The larva may be nourifhed in boxes, and fed with flies, of which they are very fond. They are very fmall, lively, and creep like caterpillars ; they pafs fourteen or fifteen days in their larva ftate, before they undergo their fe- cond changement. GENUS Acarus. APTERA. 245° Genus VI. Acarus. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 1022. The infeéts belonging to this genus have. eight feet. Two eyes placed on the fides of the head, remote from one another. And two articulated tentacula in the form of feet. Scheeffer obferves, that the head of the Acarus is united to the thorax, in which it differs from the foregoing genera belonging to this order ; that its feet are made for running, its antenne, (the tentacula of Linnzus) articulated, and made like feet, and that it has a pointed rof- trum. Geoffroy and the laft-mentioned author have given to the Acarus Longicornis, Linn. No. 29, and another, which Linnzus has fince placed among the Phalangia (Phal. No. 4, Cancroides) the generical name of Chelifer ; thefe differ from ‘the other Acari in the form of their antenne, which are terminated by a kind of claw, refem- bling that of a crab, They have given the fame Q 3 generical 246 ORDER VII. Acarus. generical characters to the other Acari, as Lin- Neus. The mouth of the Acarus is formed by a very {mall roftrum enclofed in‘a fheath ; the anten- nz are fhorter than the probofcis, except in one fpecies, which is called, from that circumftance, the Acarus Longicornis. The thorax is of the fame fize with the head, and fo confounded with the abdomen as not to be diftinguifhed but by its hardnefs. The Acari live chiefly upon.other animals, quadrupedes, birds and infects; fome of the laft-mentioned clafs are often quite co- vered with them; others of them live in the water, others upon trees, plants, &c. They are oviparous, but their copulation and metamor- phofis have not yet been obferved. GENUS Phalanggium. APTERA. 247 Genus VII. PHALANGIUM. Linn. Syft. Nat. Pag. 1027. The Phalangium has eight feet. Two eyes on the fummit of the head, near each other, and two others on the fides. The antennz, which are fixed to the fore part of the head, are made like the feet. The abdomen 1s round. The Phalangium Opilio, Linn. No. 2, differs from the others in the number of its eyes, which are but two. According to Scheffer and Geoffroy, the two palpi in this genus are cheliform, and the an- tennze formed like feet, and angulated. The head and thorax are united without any joint. Only one fpecies of the Phalangium is com- mon in Europe; the feet of this infect are very Q4 flender 248 ORDER VIL. Phalangium. flender, weak, and liable to be broken. Geof- - froy is of opinion, that thefe feet, when broken, grow again like the claws of a crab, he having once found a fpecimen with feven entire legs, of the natural, or common length, and the eighth much fhorter; he is farther induced to believe it, from the feeming analogy between the Crab and the Phalancium: this matter is cu- rious, and merits obfervation. The tarfi are compofed of a very great num- ber of fhort articulations. The Phalangia are in general nocturnal ani- mals, flying the light, and fearching for their prey in the night time ; many of them devour the Acari, Wood-lice, fpiders, &c. Some of them live in the fea, attached to the bodies of the larger aquatic animals ; others live in the trunks of decayed trees. Their manner of copulation and production is wholly unknown. GENUS Aranea. A PATSECROAS 249 a Genus VIII. Aranea, the Sprper. Linn. Syft. Nat. Pag. 1030. The feet of the ‘Aranex are eight in number. They have eight eyes. Their mouth is armed with two crotchets. Their palpi are two in number, articu- lated, and headed by the genitalia of the males, in that fex, The anus contains inftruments for {fpin- ning, fhaped like nipples or teats. Scheffer adds to the above characters of the Spider, that the feet are made for running, the head united to the thorax, and the abdomen (which is of an obleng oval form) joined to the tho- rax by a fhort ftalk or pedicle... He has divided this genus into different families, according to the various fituation of the eyes, in which he followed Frifch, Geoffroy, and others. The eyes of {piders are immoveable, and their ftructure is different from that of the eyes of moft other infects, confifting each of only one lenfe, which deprives 2 them 250 ORDER VII. Aranea. them of the faculty of multiplying objects, as their immobility does that of feeing fuch objects as are placed otherwife than exactly before each eye. Geoffroy afferts, that all fpiders have eight eyes, and that the eye, at each extremity of the line, in the fpecies which Linnzus believed to have only fix, is double, Spiders prey upon all weaker infects, even thofe of their own fpecies, and are themfelves de- {ftroyed by Spheges and Ichneumons ; they vary in colour according to their age, and often the different fexes of the fame fpecies differ in that particular ; they caft off or change their fkin ; they are not preferved perfect in cabinets with- out great difficulty, on account of their great humidity. GENUS * Scorpio. TA Pe ERAS 25% - Genus IX, Scorpio, the Scorpion. Linn, Syft. Nat. page 1037. The Scorpion has eight feet, and two claws, which laft are fituate on the fore part of the head. It has eight eyes, three of which are feat~ ed on each fide of the thorax, and the two others on the back. The palpi are two in number, and che- liform. The tail is lengthened out, articulated, and terminated: by a fharp, crooked fting. On the under fide, between the breatt and abdomen, are placed two inftruments, called peétines, from their form, which re- fembles that of a comb. Linnzus obferves, that this genus 1s not found in Sweden; nor do I know that they are to be met with any where in the northern parts of Gs Europe. Scheffer adds, to the characters given of the Scorpion by Linnzus, that the feet are formed for 252 OR DER % VI. Scorpio. for running ; the head united with the thorax, and the tail long and articulated. The claws firuate upon the head are, accord- ing to the fame author, the antenne of the in- ie€t ; Scopoli calls them palpi. The venom of the Scorpion is accounted more dangerous than that of any other infect, and has been frequently attended with the lofs of life, in hot climates, as we are informed by different travellers. GENnus wip Cancer, AP TER A, Dineen Kite: Genus X. Cancer, the Crap. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 1038. The Crab has eight feet (fometimes ten or fix) befides two ands terminated by the claws. It has two moveable eyes, generally projecting from the head, or placed upon a kind of ftalk. It has two palpi armed with claws. The tail is articulated, and unarmed, or without any kind of fting. This genus is divided into families, as follows : 1. The Brachyurt, or fhort tailed crabs, in which the thorax is either Smooth, and the fides of it entire ; Smooth, with the fides Jagged or in- dented ; Hairy, or fpinous on the upper parts Armed 254. ORDER VII. Cancer. Armed with {pines | on the upper part; Or . With an uneven furface. 2. Macrour?, or long tailed crabs: thefe are fubdivided from the following circumftances : Thofe having a fmooth thorax ; Thofe with an uneven or tubercu- lated thorax ; Thofe which have the thorax armed with {pines ;.. ¢ Thofe in which the ae is ede fingers, and the thorax of an ob= long form ; Thofe in which the thell of the tho- rax 1s fhorter than that part, which it does not cover entirely. Some fpecies of each of thefe families are parafitict ; thefe, for the moft part, live in the fhells of other teftaceous animals, and their tails want the leaves, or plates, which terminate the tails of the other crabs. The Cancer. APTER A, 255 The crab has two long, and Ewan four, fhort antennze, which laft are by fome called palpi. Scheffer obferves, that the antennze of the crabs are long and fetaceous (without making mention of the fhorter antennz or palpi) the head united to the thorax, the mouth armed with jaws, and the body covered with a cruft or fhell. Geoffroy afferts, that the head of the Cancri Macrouri or long tailed crabs, is not united with, but diftinét from the thorax ; the fame author numbers the claws among the feet, and calls the © fhorter antennz the palpi, as does likewife Sco- poli. The Crabs are long-lived, and change their cruftaceous fkin every year, which changement as not effected without great difficulty ; the in- {truments of generation are two in number, in each fex, and they copulate breaft to breaft, refupinata femina; the female carries her eggs, which are exceedingly numerous, in a clufter under her tail. They feed equally upon plants, dead and live animals, and frequently the {trong and healthy ones devour fuch as have juift changed their fkin, at which time they are weak, languifhing, 256 ORDER VII Cancer. languifhing, and their new fkin foft; at this time they likewife fall a prey to many other animals, and chiefly to different fpecies of the marine polypus. Some authors affert, that the Crab changes its ftomach and inteftines at the fame time with the fkin. GENUS ii 259° Monoculus. APT R AD Genus XI, Monocutus, Lin. Syft. Nat. page 1057. The feet of the Monoculus are made for {wimming. _ The body is covered with a cruft, or fhell. The,-eyes are- fixed An the fhell, very near one another, _ The infects belonging to this genus have ge- nerally been thought to have two eyes, but placed fo near to one another as fcarce to be dif- tinguifhed ; Geoffroy however afferts, that fe- veral of them have in fact only one eye ; to thefe he has preferved the name of Moxoculus. Thefe are likewife farther diftinguifhed by their an- tennz, which in fome are divided and fubdiviged into branches, like plants, with feveral lateral . hairs, in others are more than two in number. To the remaining ones, in which two eyes are plainly perceptible, he has given the generical name of Binoculus; the antennz in this genus are fetaceous, and the tail forked. The feet, ac- cording to the fame author, are fix in number R (in aoe ORDER VII. Monoculus. (in each of his genera ;) but, according to Schaeffer, they are many in number, and branched. Perhaps that Author miftook the antennz for feet, and indeed moft of the fpecies make ufe of the antenna to fwim, and likewife to leap with; he has changed the generical name of our author to that of Bran- chipus. The Monoculi are both oviparous and viviparous; they live in ftagnated waters; fome of them feed upon plants, others attach themfelves firmly to the bodies of different filh, whofe blood they fuck for their nourifhment ; they fwim, or rather {pring upon the water, with great agility 5 they are in general very fmall, but lay an amazing number of egos ; they lofe all motion, and {eem to ceafe to live in fummer, when the great droughts have deprived them of water, but re- vive when reftored to their proper element. Linnzus relates, that one fpecies of them, which is of a red colour, is fometimes fo nume- rous as to make the waters appear as if changed into blood. GENUS Onifcus. APT ER A, 250 iw Genus XII. Ontscus. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 1069. | The Onifcus has fourteen feet. The antenne are fetaceous, and The body of an oval form. Geoffroy adds to the above characters of the Onifcus, that the antennz are bent. He has fe- parated the Oni/c. Aquaticus, Linn. Syft. Nat. No. 11, from the other fpecies, under the gene- rical name of 4fellus, on account of the number of antennz in that infe@t, which are four; two of thefe are longer than the others, but they are all bent: he obferves that the head, in both thefe genera, is intimately joined to the thorax. Scheffer has followed Geoffroy in this divi- fion of the Linnzan genus, and obferves, that the feet of the Afellus are made for running, that the body is oblong, and the mouth furnifh- ed with two palpi. ‘‘_ R 2 The 260 ORDER VIL Onifcus. The Onifci change their fkin, like many other apterous infects ; it is compofed of feveral cruf- taceous plates. They are found frequently in houfes, gar- dens, and woods; fome fpecies live in the water ; they are fometimes called Hog-fce, and one fpecies is made ufe of in medicine. ad GEnus Scolopendra AVTER &, a61 Genus XIII. ScoLorpenpra, Linn, Syft. Nat. page 1062. The feet, in this genus, are as many in number, on each fide, as the fegments of the body. The antennz are fetaceous. The palpi two in number, and jointed, or formed of various articulations. The body is depreffed, or flat. Geoffroy and Scheeffer affert, that the anten- nz of the Scolopendra are filiform, and compofed of many hort articulations; the feet, accord-. ing tothe fame author, are never fewer than twenty-four. The body of the Scolopendra is flat, and compofed of a great many rings, or fegments, which augment, as the infect advances in age, till it is fully grown, for which reafon the fpe- cies can rarely be determined with any cer- tainty: it changes its fkin in the fame manner as the two preceding genera: fome fpecies are frequent in gardens, and all humid places, ~ under ftones, &c. | R 3 ~ GENus 262 ORDER VI. _ Julus. Genus XIV. Jutus. Linn. Syft. Nat. page 1036. The feet, in this genus, are very nume- ti rous, being, on each fide, twice as many as the fegments of the body. The antenne are moniliform. The palpi are two in number, and arti- culated. The body is of a femicylindric form, Geoffroy and Scheffer obferve, that the an- tennze are compofed of five articulations, and the feet always more than an hundred in number, The Juli differ from the Scolopendre in the fhape of their body, and number of their feet, which lat are likewife very fhort; the fkin is exceedingly hard, and is caft off or changed, like that of the Scolopendre, &c. They are frequent in humid places. 3 | IN DE Xx snyiikg wap] Bydits | oe Meee vpoylgp 1s sepeteG! “ill wep] ~ SMIyoUyo UDP] wep] » SOYIW IC] snuvony Wap, os” snizohiv[q 62 : . _snuBonsE *]T wap] siidoy gz id Ssnaequirs ape PS wap] sfichieos | S a] SUS) 4odon9 Aa ffs gag Kosa) snvuur] 7 Ma ide O J 1.050). 4 LO. aS NGI ‘T eel le el. 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