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Fundamenta Entomologiz S

NOR AN

PNACPRODUCTION

I oO RE

*

. KNOWLEDGE of INSECTS.

»
BEING A TRANSLATION OF THE

Fundamenta Emtomologiee of LiNN US,
PA ROLHE E

Illuftrated with Copper Plates and. Additions,

e

By W. CURTIS, Arornzcany;

bs d

Ls 0 NB Oo Ned Á
Printed for the Author; and fold by G. Pranca,
Cheapfide, MDCUCLNXII,
»" 12-22

A DWER 'BELSEM INT:

HE piece of which the
following isa tranílation,
was originally written by Andrew
John Bladh, a pupil of the ce-
lebràted Linnzus, and after-
wards publifhed in the 7th vol.
of Linnzus's AMOENITATES ÁCA-
DhMICA X Tt may therefore be
confidered if not entirely as Lin-
nzus's own, yet as having the.
fanction of his approbation.
It afforded me fo much plea-
- *fure in the perufal, and appear-
ed ío well adapted to facilitate
| ! A 2 the

, "ERSUEDINE MEM
M 7) |, 154 AN IU4. K Y.
X F 229 Qr ADIP AP i L. Soma Puer RM Aper

M

ERA
the knowledge of infeés, that
I was induced to make this traní-
lation ef it public, in order that
others might receive the fame en-
tertainment, and this agreeable
Ítudy become more general.
'The addition of the copper
plates will, it is prefumed, tend
to make what is contained in
thefe pages better underftood ;
and by that mede ftill dimid
anfwer the end the tranflator had
in view by this publication,

EXPL4As

bU
ee
j s ;
] e. z
24d "

EXPLANATION of PLATE 1.

Fig. 1, 24" 1,:4,. $4, 6, 1n plate 1. and fg. 4k 1s
plate i ii. reprefent the feveral kinds of Antennze,
page 38.

Fig. 1. PECTINATZ, or Feather'd, as in the P/a-

dene, ÁMaths.
.2. PrERFoLIATJE, or Perfoliated, as in the
Dermefles and Dytiftus.
jJ. FISSILES, or Fiffile, divided into Laminze
at the extremity; as in the S«araba,
Beetles.
4. CLAvATA, or Clüb-fbaped, as in the
Papilio, Butterfly.
5. MoNILIFORMES, like aNecklace o£ Beds,
^ asin the Chryfomela.
6. SETACEU, Setaceous, or Briftle-fhap'd,
| as in 'many of the Phalenz. i
7. AmisrATJE, fig. 6, plate ii. furnifhed
with a lateral hair, as in the Z/y,
8-9. « Caput, the Head.
bxPalpi, er Féelers. .
c Antennz, or Horns,
d Oculi, the Eyes.
e "Thorax |

aM f Scutellum, or Efcutcheon,

3 . g Pectus, or Breaft.

b Sternum, or B:eaft Bone.

» i Abdomen, and its fegments,

"e Anus.
, 4 Elytra, or Shells.
x i£ Membranous Wings,

é

Fig. 8-9.

[^]

. Fig. 8-9.» Pedes, or Feet, which are Natatorii,
10. o Femur, or Thigh.

II.

p Vibia, or Leg. "
q Tarfus, or Foot. ha

r Unguis, or Claw.

a "The Anterior part of the Wing,

b "The Pofterior part.

c "The Exterior part.

d 'The Interior part.

e 'The Margin.

f The Difk, or Middle,

£g Oculus, or Eye.

BXRI AW

m yes ai ion C
P. Ya nv tale: » Dt
falipieondt Pri bec

"n " Dd 3
ijui eng

BOXDPILANATIIDN,of;PLATE IL.

Tun 1.26 2543/45510, 77. Teprgfent the. clafies of
Infe&ts, page 70.

Fig. 1. CorroóPTERA, fuch as have cruftaceous
Elytra, or Shells, which fhut together,
and form a longitudinal future down the
back of the infect, as in the Chafer.
In moft infects of this clafs the Elytra

. cover the Abdomen entirely ; in others
but partially, as in the Earwig, &c.
'Ihe word is derived from se, a
Sheath, and zlj», a Wing. ——

2$. HEMrIPTERA, have their upper wings moft
commonly half cruftaceeus, and half
membranaceous, not divided by a longi-
tudinal future, but incumbent on each
other; as in the Water-fcorpion and
Grafshopper. From Z,v, half, and
«iov, a Wing.

3. LzPipoPTERA, have four wings, cover'd
with fine fcales in the form of powder
or meal, as in the Butterfly and Moth,
from zie, a Scale, and zi», a Wing.

4. NEuRoPTERA, have four membraneous
tranfparent naked wings, generally re-
ticulated, with veins or nerves; tail
without a fting, as in the Libellula or
Dragon-fly ; from xev, a. Nerve, and
ar legor, a Wing.

Fig. s.

[ ovii (T ? x
5. HYMENOPTERA, have four membraneous .
wings, tail furnifhed with a fting for
various purpofes ; ; asin the Wafp and -
Ichneumon, from «4», a Membrane |
or Pellicle, and zii» a wing.
6. DirrERA, Two wings only, and Poifers,as
in the Houfe-fly ; from vo, two, and
— Shükpów, a Wing.
7. ÁPTERA, have no wings; as the Spider,
&c. from à Without, and «pw, a |
Wing. ;
D..9- I6: 45 reprefent. con infe& in it$
oe Caterpillar, Pupa, and Perfedt
ate,

á

AUN

AN
INTRODUCTION
lo: T O

ENTOMOLOGY.

SECTION L

^73 HE pleafüre and utihty of na-

tural hiftory, including its fe-
vetal branches, is fo great, that 1t has
engaged the attention of mankind from
thé. remotéft: period of time: there is
Ícarce an age but what has contributed
fomewhatto its increafe, though 1n fome
countries 1t has not been purfued with
the like ardour, nor attended with the

5 fame

ide MR 772009

(rie füccefs as in others. ^ The all

wife Author of Nature hath implanted

in the mind a peculiar thirft for know-

ledge, which however, from the nar4

row limits of our intelleds, and the

infinite variety of objets, is not poffeft

| by all in the fame degree. When this
principle: is rightly directed, it may
juflly be called a fpur to wifdom,
otherwife 1 it 15 apt to precipitate us into,
doubts and uncertainties, and in at-
tempting many and great things we
perform nothing. "To fay nothing of
other purfuits, would it not have been *
more reafonable for the aritients, who

devoted themíelves to the fítudy of

aftrology, and the contemplation of ce-

leftial bodies, at an infinite diftance, to -

have invefügated the various inhabi-

tants of their own planet, and been:

more foliitous about things which |.

were really known to exift, than about ,

thofe

cu mt ate 4]
thofe whofe exiftence was only pro-

bable ?

* Itis the opinion of moft 'Theologifts
and Philofophers, that the two branches
of natural hiftory, zoology and botany,
were among the primary ftadies of our
firft-parents. ' Botany, if we 'except
the times of barbarifm, has every where
been cultivated; but zoology 1n general
has lain. almoft neglected, even to our
time; that part more particularly which:
relates to infects, has, for reafons we
fhall prefently mention, been defpifed
and ill treated. | As this fcience 1s too
extenfive to be fully difplayed by any
one perfon, my intention 1s to propofe
it in as fhort a manner as poflible, by
running through its principal heads:

Infe&s exceed other terreftrial animals |

in number of individuals and fpecies,
and taken alltogether, conftitute alarger
D 2 bulk.

———

f: 4 y
bulk. Notwithftanding their «cone
temptible appearance, each of them
has its proper bufinefs afligned toit in —-
the economy and police of nature, -
whereby they frequently tranfa& the |
greateft things, and though gradually .
and flowly, yet by their number they
effe& what would appear to exceed all
expectation and belief. —

Salis clo aci

I'I' was formerly believed that in-
Íe&s were produced by equivocal ge-
neration, or from putrefaction, and that
the putrified remains of other animals
were changed into them ; and that in-
finite mixtures and varieties might thus
aníe without law or order. "This ab-
furd and futile opinion, almoft univer-
fally prevailed 'till the times of Harvey.

and

Doux.
and Rhedi, who, from uncoritroverted
experiments, proved that the fame laws
of propagation exifted in thoíó as in
other animals, and «that every Zving
dhing «was produced from an egg. | Some
of thofe animals are extremely minute,
Ío asto be fcarce.vifible to the naked
eye,as ACARI,(z41e5) l'ugIPES,Coccr,
PHALXNA OCCULTELLA, (4 fpecies of
motb) others again are very large, as
the Mowxocurus PorvPHEMUs, CAN-
CER GaMaRUus, (Joblr) and íome
others of the crab kind, ScAnAz2Jvs
AcT EoN, ('a fpecies of beetle) and Pna-
LENA ATLAS (anotber [hecies of morb).

With regard to their ftrength, con- |.
fidering their fize, 1t appears prodigi-

ous. Excepting aquatic infe&s, which

are Zdeznia]l, moft of them are amnual,

and cannot fubfift through the winter |
in our cold climate; but being renewed |
every fpring, they render their fpecies '

feen-

Mi DA ap re Bctrtlitr ls Reg t

[d |
gerennial: "They multiply incredibly,
vying even with the fiflies in their in-
creafé. Reaumur informs us, that one
female bee can yearly depofit in the
hive forty thoufand eggs; the fame
author alfo difcovered in one fly two
thoufand young ones: their ftru&ure,
wonderful mechanifm, and fhape, dif-
play the perfe&tion of the all-wife Cre-
ator; in the beauty of their colours, |
they are not inferior to the fineft ani-
mals and flowers, toinftancetheBvPnEs-
yis ;gnita, PAviLIO, Priamus, Helena,
Menelaus, and moft of the Indian but-
terfiies, and thofe kind of moths called
Jinee. tis therefore matter of admi-
ration that the Englifh and French
nobility, who are curious in this part
of natural hiftory, have not conftructed
hot-houfes for the Indian Lepidoptera,
in which they might fubiüft during the
winter, as they are undoubtedly more

pleafing

Wl
pleafing to' the eye than any other, as
appears from the penes of Clerck
and Merian.

pot. Higspore On socprr

"AS'infe&s fürnifh but few of the
neceffiries of hfe, the ignorant and
uncivilized part of mankind have not
ícrupled to ftigmatize the ingenious
enquirers. after them with the name
of fools, as thefe animals appeared to
them altogether contemptible, and de-
ferved to be confidered only as punifh-
nmients inflicted on particular countries
for the fins of its inhabitants; forgettiug
in the mean time that the all-wife
Creator, who formed them, created no-
thing 1n vain, nothing without its ufe.
But as mankind became more enlight-
ened, the great wonders. of nature in '

x thefe

EI

BT 9d
thefe- fmall. animals began to: be ob-
lerved ; each fpecies was. found to be

furnifhed with inftruments adapted to.

keep up a proper proportion in the
ceconomy of nature; happily fome
clear the furface of the- earth from
impure and fuperfluous, fome the air
of fetid and.putrid matters, .and -othérs

muddy and ftagnating waters of hetero- .

geneous or filthy mixtures ; they affift

in preferving a due. proportion among .

vegetables, by deftroying many which
are inacceflible to the larger animals.

Different parts of the fame Sn of-
ten afford nourifhment to. different n
fects ; f íome live on the fowers, as the
Carculiones ; forme on the roots ,as the
Lepiura; and others on. the leaves, as
the Pbalence ; and as the plants. increafe,

Ío dogs. the number o£. théir refpe&üve -

inhabitan nS. — Laflly, they carry off
any

Loo V]

any fuperfluous or noxious humour fe-
creted on the furface of animals or ve-
getables; and their influence will pro-
bably be found much greater than it is
at prefent, when focieties, fimilar to
thofe of Peterfburgh, Paris, London,
Leipfic, Gottingen, &c. vying with
each other in diícoveries relating to
economy of nature, come to be efta-
blifhed in the fetveral kingdoms and
principal cities of Europe. 'l'o arrive |
at a perfe& knowledge of this oeco-
nomy, every part of the productions of
nature muft be accurately inveftigated,
and confequently the extenfive province
of infe&s: for, notwithftanding their
grat ule in. the ceconomy we have
been fpeaking of, they are oftentimes
extremely troublefome and deftru&ive,
and with great difficulty got rid off;
but if we underftood how to apply
them properly, we might ufe them as |

| Cm we

[ x5 1]

we do cats againft mice, and by attend-

ing to the defign of nature, prevént
much damage. 'Ihus houfe-bugs, the

Pbalena Graminis, caterpillars which
infeft gardens, with a thoufand others,
might eafily be deftroyed by their

art to fome degree of perfection, we
muft become better acquainted. with
the plants, &c. on which infe&s feed,
with a variety of other circumftances,

which pofterity perhaps will be happy

in the difcovery of. Ihe great advan--

tages whicn have accrued to mankind

from filk-worms and bees, have occa-
fioned fo many volumes to be written
on them, às would incline one to think

the fubje& exhaufted ; but there is

much room for farther obfervation.
D. Lyonett has lately publifhed 2 vols.
in quarto on one infe&, the Phalena
Coffus, and yet hath fill left room for

/ farther

p REM. "o ML mm WP

'natural ; enemies. . .'lo. bring thus

x

farther contemplation on the fubje&t.

In the age fucceeding Swammerdam, |
* the art fuffered much from the prolixi-
ty of writers; the hiftory of each infe& |
Was delivered in a verbofe and luxuri- |

ant ftile ; this 1s to be avoided; and the
neceffary particulars being afcertained,
our aim in delivering them fhould be
to unite brevity with perfpicuity. The
defcription of thofe animals is more
difficult, as they make their appearance
at fo many different times, and under
fuch a variety of forms; all infe&ts,
except thofe of the clafs Aptera and the
bed-bug, pafling through. three meta-
morphofes, 1n each of which it is necef-
fary we fhould know them. Wethink
our knowledge very confiderable when
we are acquainted. with moft of the 1n-
fe&ts of a country in their F ly ftate, al-
though we are ignorant of one half of
their manner of life previous tó' this

inu ftate ;

| se d

ftate; and the difficulty of acquiring.

this knowledge 1s greater than the in-
attentive are aware of; to inftance in
the Flea, an infect we are fo well ac-
quainted with, and which, like moft

others, undergoes three transforma- .

tions or changes before it arrives to per-

' 4

fe&ion ; .yet not one in a thoufand has.

Íícen it in its caterpillar or chryfalis
ftate. From a confideration. of the
many wonders in this part of nature,
1n order to avoid confufion, I find it
neceffary, in purfuing what I have far-
ther to fay on infe&ts, to follow íome
natural order of íyftematic arrange-
ments,

BUEDLC DSOCIV.

N

In ftudying any fcience, the zames
made ufe of therein are firft to be learnt,
without

DU

without which it would become life-
leís, as we fhould be deprived of all
intercourfe with learned men. Among
former Entomologifts, there were íome
who defpifed all fyftem, or at leaft the
enumeration and defcription of the in-
fects of particular countries; and in-
fifted, that the metamorphofes of 1nfects
were folely to be attended to. But
certainly method conftitutes the life of
Ícence; ànd we fhould in vain ftudy
natural hiftory, without accurate de-
Íciptions ; fuppofe, for inftance, the
figures of Reaumur, in his immortal
work, in which he illuftrated this fci-
ence in a manner fupetior to all that
went before him, to be ío obfcure and
indeterminate as to convey no idea of
what he meant to communicate ; of
what ufe, I pray, would be his infinite
difcoveries? But when the fpecific
name ofany infe& is determined, and

! the

PL
the fynonymous names of Swammer-
dam, Reaumur, De Geer, and Roefel,
are annexed, thefe authors may be im-

mediately confulted ; and what has been -

the'work of many ages, and could
ícarce be attained by much reading,

inay be learned from a fingle work. In- -

deed, the fame confufion which reigned
in botany before íyftems were eíta-
blifhed, would prevail in this fcience,
unlefs a fyftem was formed. I there-

fore judge it moft eligible to treat. ot d

Entomology in a fcientific manner;
but previous to our entering on this, 1t

will be proper to lay before the young. -
ftudent fuch authors as have written on

this fubje&.

DUEACUE

"
;

S EO UTIS V.

Authors who havewritten profeffedly
on infe&s are very few; the laft fifty
' years have produced nearly double the
number of all the preceding ages ; and
when they began to be treated of fyíte-
matically, fcarce any branch of natural
hiftory had more cultivators, or was
purfued with more ardour; among
others may be reckoned Linnzus,
Reaumur, De Geer, Roefel, Wilkes,
Admiral, Clerk, Ehret, Seba, Hárris,
Poda, Scopoli, Shultzer, Geoffroy,
Gronovius, and Schaeffer. | Whereas at
the commencement of the laft century
we had not one treatife entirely Ento-
mological: but about that period this
Ícience began to be cultivated; its pro-
grefs however was very flow, "till íome

painters,

E 16 ]
painters, prompted by a defire of em-
bellifhing their drawings of flowers,
delineated. thereon fome of the moft
beautiful butterflies ; and thus it was.
that Hoefnagel, Goedart, Robert, and
at length Albin, were allured to a con-
templation of infe&s. - Swammerdam
was the firft who invefligated the inte-
ror ftru&ture of infe&s; in which he.
was fo amazingly dextrous, as to de-
monftrate the parts in the fmalleft ani-
mals with equal clearnefs as in the
larger. In this the immortal Reau-
mur made a farther progrefs. Lady
Merian wasfo captivated with theftudy, —
as to fail from Holland to Surinam,
chiefly to enquire into and obferve the
metamorphofes of thofe exquifitely fine
Butterflies, with which that country
particularly abounds, expofing herfelf
with her daughter to all the dangers of

a tem-

Hed |j

và tempeftuous ocean, a moft fingular
— inftance of her zeal for this fcience !

"Ihe minutenefs of infe&ts makes it
more difficult to have a proper idea of
them by defcription than by drawings
coloured from nature, fuch as are given
us by Goedart, Albin, Roefel, Wilkes,
Admiral, Merian, Clerk, Ehret, Sha-

T.

'Ihe principal authors who bave
treated. of infe&s fyftematically, are
Linnzus, De Geer, Poda, .Scopoli,
Shultzer, Geoffroy, Gronovius, and
Shaeffer. "The exotic or extra Euro-
pean infe&s have never been profeí-
íedly written on, neverthelefs a great
number of them are figured in the fol-
Jowing works :

Clerkii Icones infe&torum rariorum,
Meriane Ynfe&ta Surinamenfia.

D Jirown

18 1
Broswn's E * N atural Hiftory oP

Jamaica.
Catefley's Natural Hiftory of Carolina,
Sloane's Natural Hiftory of Jamaáica.
Edwards Natural Eua of Birds,

2 vols.

— * Gleanings of Natural Hit |

dory. 3 e
The beft authors d hayew WI itten on

ones on filk-worms and bees, are L7 s
Albin, and Clerk de Araneis, Rbedi de
Pediculis,

* 'Tl'o thefe authors may be added the lilufira-
zons of Natural Hiffory, lately publifhed in two
volumes quarto, by our countryman D. Drury:
this work may indeed be confidered as written
profeffedly on this fubject, and contains a greater
number of exotic infects, than any other work of
the kind.

'Thofe authors to which an aftefifta | is ictblel
are added by the tranflator. And the obferva-
tions he has made on the works of others, are
psinted in italie letters,

Pig 1
Pediculis, and. RAuphius de Cancriis

Indicis.

: A catalogue of the principal authors
that have written on infects, with fome
obíervations on their works : !
MovrrkT. Iníe&orum five mini-
morum animalium theatrum, London
1634, folio. 'Ihis work was begun
by Edward Wotton, in the year 1550,
continued by Conrad Gefner, enriched
by Thomas Penny, aud finifhed by
Mouftiet; it 1s embellifhed with wooden
cuts. Vere is a franflation of it into
Englifh, by Edward Tobfell, 1658.
. ArLDRovAND. Ulyfüs Aldrovandi
animalia infe&a. Bonon. 1602,et 1638,
folo; written in a loofe manner,
wooden cuts; it alío contains the in-
fe&ts of Moufiet.
JosxsTox. fohannis Johnftoni
Hüftor. Natural de infe&is. Frankf.
| D'z. 1653,

[ 25 ]
16:3, folio. A plagiary from Aldro^
vand, with copper plates engraved by
himfelf.

HorzrrNAGEL. Jacobi Hocffnagel

Icones infe&orum, 1630, in quarto.

GozpAnT. Johannis Goedartii meta-
morphofes infe&orum. Mediol. 1662,
o&avo. 'This is written in the Dutch
language, and the cuts are coloured.
q here is alfo an edition of 1t in Frencb,
and likexvife in Latin, by M. Liffer, vut
great additions.

Hooxsr. Roberti Hooke Microgra-
phia. London, 1665, folio, tab. 38.

rd

Ruxpr. Francifái Rhedi experi-

menta. Florent. 1668, quarto. Anima-

lia viva in vivis Florent. 1684, 12mo.
BrANcanD. Stephani Blancardi thea-

trum infe&orum (Schouburgh van de

Rupen) Amft. 1668, o&avo.

. SWAMMERDAM. Johannis Swam-

merdamii hiftoria infe&torum generalis,

Ultraj.

dec P]
Ultraj. 1669, quarto. Biblia Naturz
Lugd. Batav. 1737, 2 vols. folio.

LisrER. Martini Lifteri hiftor. ani-
mal. Anglie. Londoni 1678, quarto.
This work treats principally of the
Englifh fpiders, and by way of appen-
dix explains fome plates publifhed at
the end of his edition of Goedart.

MrnrAN. Marie Sybille Merian
Erucarum Ortus. Nornimberg 1678,
quarto, with cuts coloured, and not
coloured. Moft of the Lepidopterz
here defcribed are delineated in their
caterpillar and chryfalis ftate. On her
return. from Surinam, this lady pub-
lifhed her fplendid work, the Infe&a
Surinamenfia, which isfeldom to be met
with coloured.

LEgwENHoEx. Antonii Lewenhoeki
Anatomia. ^ Londini 1687, quarto.
Epiftolze Delph. 1619, quarto. Microt-
copical. |

PETIVER.

[2 ]

PETIVER. Jacobi Peteveri Mufeum,
London 1695, 8vo. without cuts. Gas
zophylacium 1702, folio, a great num-
ber of cuts, and many of exotic infects.

Rav. Johaunis Rai hiftoria infec-
torum. Londini 1720, quarto. This
work was publifhed after the author's
deceafe, and 1s particularly valuable for
the excellent defcriptions. of infects
which it contains.

FniscH. Johannis Leonardi Frifch
defcriptiones infe&orum (Befchreibung
von infectenin T'eufchland)Berol. 1720,
quarto, 13 parts, 38 plates, with many
figures. — It 15 written in the German
SIS and 1s. 8 work of great
merit. à]

ALBIN. Eleazar Albin. hiftoria in-
Ícctorum Angliz, London 1 720, quarto.
'TIhis work contains 100 plates co-
loured.

23: ]

v RDAER "nd Araneorum, Lon-
| don, quarto, table 49.

BnaapLEy. Works of nature by
Richárd Bradley. Loüidon 1721, quarto.

REAUMUR. Ren. Ant. Reaumereé
hiftoire des infectes. Paris 1 734» quar-
to, 5 Vols. with. cóppet plates.

LixSuEUS. ^ Carol. Linrii Equit.
fyftema nature. Lugd. Batav. r736,
folio. Holm. 1767, octavo, with the
fynonymous names 'of other authors
Fauna Suécica. Holm. 1761, o&avo,
editio 2da. Mufeum Regina. Holm.
1764. octavo, with. defcriptions.

RorsEr. Aug. Johan. Roefel In-
fecten Beluftigung. Norimb. 1746.
4 vols. plates beautifully coloured.

J WiLEKEs. .'lhe Enghíh Butterflies,
by Benjamin Wilkes, 4to. 125 plates
finely coloured.

Ds

Ed
Dr GzEen. Caroli de Geer Hiftoire
des Infectes. Holmia 1752. 2 vols. a
4to. with neat plates. |
ADMIRAL. Jacob Admiral Waar-
mingen. Amfterdam, folio.
CrERK. Caroli Clerki Icones In-
fe&orum rariorum. Holm. 1759. 4to.
Part I. 16 plates, 61 figures. Part the
iecond. Holm. 1764. 4to. 17 plates,
55 figures. 'The cuts in this work are
elegantly coloured. |
EnnET. Icones Plantarum. Lond.
folio. Infects interfperfed. RE
PopaA. Nicol. Podze Infe&ta Grze-
cenfia. Grac. 1761. 8vo. 2 vol. "This
contains the infects of Greece, arranged
according to the fyftem of Linnzeus.
ScoPOLI. Joh. Anth. Scopoli En- .
tomologia Carniolica. Wienn. 36 3
Svo. An enumeration and defeription
of the infe&s of Carniola, after the Lin-
nzan fyftem. — 7a excellent book.
SULT-

[25 Jj

SuLTZER. T. H. Sultzer Kenzeiken
der Iníc&en. Zurich 1761, quarto, 24
plates in the Linnzeàn manner.

GnowoviUs. Laur. 'Fheod. Grono-
vii, Zoophylacn fafciculus fecundus.
Leid. 1764,fol. four plates. — After the
Linnzan fyftem, with fynonyma and
defcriptions; it contains 6oo fpecies,
many of which are foreign.

SEBA. * Albert. Sebe —'Thefaurus
" Nbre, vol. 4. 4Amdbo E765. folios
tab. 100. |

* GEOFFROY. TNI abregée des.
1níetics qui. fe trouvent aux environs de
Paris, 2:tom. 4to.. Paris 1762.

SCHAEFFER. Joh. Chrift. Schaeffer
Icones Infe&orum. Ratifb. 1767, 4to.
100 plates coloured. —

* Pinedabtrpuis Ento-.

mologix, quarto, plates coloured.

J Hannis. The Aurelian, or a Natural

Hiftory of Enuglífh Infe&s, namely
[o | Moth

[579
Moths and Butterflies, by Mofes pm |
Lond. folio, cuts coloured, Lond. 1766.

* BuuxgxicH. M. Th. Brunnichi
Entomologia fiftens Infe&orum tabulas
Íyítematicas, cum introductione et ico«
nibus. Háaffnize 1764. A kind of
introduction to the ftudy of infe&s, re-
markable for its elegance and concifc- "
nefs, with an explanatory plate. P

* Lecur. Novz Infe&orum Spe-
€ies, quas differtationis academica loco,
. prefide Johanne Leche, propofuit Ifaa-
cus Uddman. Aboz 1753, 4to. cum
figuris.

* Dnaunv. Illuftrations of Natural —
Hiftory, by D. Drury, Englifh and P
Brench,l vol. a4fo. landon 17715
'The firft volume contains a great nuni-
ber of exotic infe&ts, excellently drawn,
coloured, and defcribed, moft of which
are not figured by any other author;
the fecond volume, which will foon

make

[4 an. J.

make its appearance, confifts entirely
of non-deícripts, executed in the fame
mafterly manner. - |
* SEPP. Befchouwing der Wonde-
ren Gods in de minftgeachtte Schep-
zelen of Nederlandíche Infecten, Ato.
1762, by Chriftian Sepp. Amfterdam.
This work, which is now publifhing
. in numbers in Holland, contains a great
number of the more raré moths and but-
terflies of that country, but which are
found in many other parts of. Europe.
: Each infect is delineated in its egg, ca-
terpillr, chryfíalis, and fy ftate, and.
executed in a manner which reflects the
greateft honour on the artift; we are at
a lofs which moft to extol, the accu-
racy of the drawing, the delicacy of the
engraving, or the foftnefs and juftnefs
. ofthe colouring; the whole is finifhed
ina manner exquifitely beautiful, great-
ly fuperior to the paintings even of Roc-

fel or Merian, |
Ea * Fon-

[s o]

* FonsrER. Nova Infectorum Spe-
cies, centüria prima, Octavo, 17709.
London. A íyftematic defcription of
an hundred fpecies of infe&ts found in
Great Britain, and elfewhere, not in-
ferted in the 12th edition of Linnus's
Syftema Natura. |

Sopa coe

' As infects are endowed with the va-
rious powers of creeping, flying, and
fwimming, there isícarce any place,
however remote and obfcure, in which
they are not to be found. "The great
confufion which appeared to the an-
tients to arife from their number, made
them never dream of reducing them to
any fyftem. Swammerdam, that in-
defatigable enquirer into nature, ob-
ferved that their metamorphofes were

divided

[. m]

divided by nature intó feveral ftàtes or
orders. - Their external appearance: alío |
carried with it fome mark of diftinc-.
tion, fo that entoprologifts called all.
thofe o£ the Coleoptera: claís, Scarabaer |
(beetles;) thofe of tie Lepidoptera; Papi- |
Hhones; and thofe of the: Gymnoptera |
clafs that had two wings only, Mufcze |
(fles;) thofe of the fame clafs that liad |
four wings, were called Apes (bees).

No farther progrefs «vas made in the
fyftemiatic part of this fcience till the
time of Linnzeus. He was the firff
that undertook to determine the Ge
nera, and affign them their proper chà- |
raders in the. Syflema. Nature, and
thus reduced this fcience to a fyftematic
form. "This fyftem, in fübfequent edi2
tions, was confiderably enriched and
amended by him, infomuch that the
fcience of. infe&s now fhines forth in
-áts fullluftre, | He it was who firft in2
' fütuted

| EN
fütuted natural Orders, and reduced
thefn into Genera by expreffive names ;
determined an infinite number of fpe-
cies in the Fauna Suecica, and Mu-
fcum Reginz, colle&ted with incredi-
blepainsthefynonymoüus namesof the va-
iious authors who had written on them;
and laftly added their defcriptions, and
the places in. which they were to be
found. So that the fyftem of this il-
luftrious author will lead any perfon,
without the affiftance ofa mafter for the
moft part, eafily to aícertain the name

ofany infe& he may meet with. Before |
histimefcarce morethan 200infects were |

known; whereas, in tbe laft edition of

- hisfyftem, he has determined the names |
of nearly 3000 diftin& fpecies. Ahe. |

Syftematic Naturalifts, in the more
Southern parts of Europe, excited by
his example, have diligently invefti-
gated the iníects of their refpe&tive

countries,

,
|
1"
'

| E A

cóuntries, fo that we are become pret-
ty well acquainted with the greateft
part of the European infe&s in their
perfe& or fly ftate. From the infe&s
colected in the Southern parts. of
France (more than 3oo of which were
fent to our Prefident, by the moft no-
ble Soubry, 'Treafurer of France, re-
fiding at Lyons) the number of fpecies
was confiderably increafed. | A cabinet
full of the iníe&s of Barbary was alío
fent him from the accomplifhed Bran-
der, Conful at Algiers; and a very con-
fiderable number from Carolina, in
America, was received from the very
ingenious Garden, which greatly in-
creafed the number of Ar&üc or. Nor-
thern infe&s. Our knowlege of the
'Tropical or Indian infe&ts, as they are
called, 1s very limited. The larger
fort of the Lepidoptera, preferved 1n the
cabinets of the curious, and thofe col- -

Je&ted

| 583.1].
lected at Surinam by Rolander, and |
fent to the cabinet of De Geer, being
the principal of what we are acquainted
with. 'TIhe Antarctic infects we were
totally unacquainted with, excepting
thofe ten which Petiver delineated in
| his Gazophylacium, till the illuftrious
-ulbagh, Governor of the Cape of
Good. Hope, íent.a fine collection of.
them to our learned Prefident. Should
the Indian and Antarctic: infects ever
come to be pretty generally known,
they will doubtlefs vie with plants in
number, though. they will probably
uever attain to the number which Muf-
chenbrock apprehended in his Ora-

tion,

SUE x ar. cV.

'" Whoever is defirous of attaining à
Íyftematic knowledge of infe&s, ought
primarily to be folicitous about acquir-
ing the terms made ufe of in the fcience,
that fo he may be able rightly to deno-
minate every part of an infe&. "This
thea; asthefirft rudimentsof the fcience,
^we Ííhall begin with. 'The ftudent is
fürft to know what an. infe& 1s, left he
miftake hippocampi, and other amphi-
bious animals, for them, as was former-
ly done, or confound them with.the
vermes, which Linnzeusfirft difünguifh- |
ed from infects, and which differ as ef-
fentially from them as the clafs mam-
malia do- from birds. Every infe& 1s
furnifhed with a head, antennze, and feet,
of all which the vermes are defüitute. -

Allinfe&s have fix or more feet ; they
; PT refpire

p oeog

refpire through pores placed on the fides
of their bodies, and which are termed
Ípiracula ; their fkin is externally. hard,
and ferves them inftead of bones, of
"which they have internally none. From
this definition, the. acus marina is evi-
dently noinfe&. Butthe antenne placed
on the fore part of the head, confti-
tute the principal diftin&ion. Thefe
are jointed and moveable in every part,
in which they differ from the horns of
Other animals; they are organs con-
veying fome kind of feníe; but we have
no miore idea what this kind of (enfe is,
thán a man has, who, without eyes, at-
tempts to determine the particular ac-
tion of the rays of light on the retina.
of. the eye, or to explain the changes
which from thence take place in the
human mind. 'T'hat they are the organs 1
of fome kind of fenfe, 1s apparent from
their perpetually moving them forward;

| SEM

Lar jd.
yet the hard cruft with which they are
inyefted, and their fhortnefs 1n flies and
other infects, would induce one to be-
lieve them not to be the organs oftouch:
that they are tubular, and filled with air,
and fome kind of humour, appears from
theantennz of butterflies immerfed in
water. 'TIo come now to the terms of
the art. A knowledge of the external
parts of the body 1s firít to be eftablifh-
ed, which, after the method of anato-
mifts, we divide into head, trunk, ab-

4domen, and extremities.

Sp CU WX. VIE

,

Caput, tbe bead. — 'This part in infects
is without brain. "The difference be-
tween the brain and fpinal marrow con-
fifts in the former being a medullary '
part organized. We do not deny the

E exiftence

IE

exiftence of a medullary thread in the.

heads of infe&s, but we never could dif-
cover it to be organized; hence the
hippobofca equina, or horfe fy, will

live, run, nay even copulate, after be-

ing deprivedof its head ; to fay nothing -

of many others which are capable of liv-
ing along while in the fame fituation.
As they are not furnifhed with ears, we

apprehend them incapable of hearing ;

as we can no more conceive that fenfe
to exift without ears, than vifion with-
out eyes. "TIhey are neverthelefs fuí-
ceptible of any fhrill or loud noife, as
wellas fifhes, but in a manner different
from thatof hearing. | We are alío du-

bious if they have the fenfe of fmell, no.

organ being found in them adapted to
that purpoíe; they neverthelefs per-
ceive agrecable and fetid cfiluvia, but
in a manner wholly unknown to us.
Many infe&ts have no tongue, nor make

any

[22]

any found with their mouth ; but for.
. this purpofe, fore ufe their feet, others
their wings, and others, fome elaftic
inftrument with which they are na-
turally furnifhed. | Moft infe&s have
twoeyes, but the gyrinus has four, the
i Ícorpion fix, the fpider eight, and the
Ícolopendra three. "They have no eye-
brows, but the external tunic of their
eyes is hard and tranfparent like a
watch-glafs; their eyes have no exter-
nal motion, unlefs it be in the crab.
'They confift for the moft part of one
lensonly; butin thofe of the butterfly,
dipterz, and many of the beetles, they
are more numerous. Pugett difcover-
ed17,325 lenfes in the cornea of a but-
terfly, and Lewenhoek, 800 in a fly.

Vote uS late 1. a. 'Ihefe are in
genéral two (unlefs 4 are allowed to
íome kind of crabs) and placed on the

fore-

(M o8 11 :
fore-part of the head ; they are pecu-
liar to infe&s, and are plainly difüin-
guifhable from. the tentacule of the
vermes in being cruftaceous ; and from
the palpi of infects, which are more
numerous, placed near the mouth, and
are fometimes wanting. As the anten-
nz are of great moment in diftinguifh--
ing the various kinds of infects, we

' fhall enumerate and explain the feveral

different forms of them.

Sciaces, are thofe which grow gra-
dually taper towards the extremity, as
in plate 1. fig. 6. |

Filformes, fuch as are of the fame
thicknefs throughout.

Moniliformes, are ihform, like the
preceding, but confift of a feries of
round knobs, like a necklace of beads,

as in plate 1. fig. 5.

Clavate,

[ 39 ]
Clavatee, fuch as gradually increafe in
fize toward the extremity, as in plate 1.
fig. 4. |

Capitate, are clavate, but have the
extremity fomewhat round.

Fiffles, àte cabitate, but have the ca-
pitulum, orknob, divided longitudinally.
into 3 or 4 parts, orlaminz, asin the
Ícarabiei, plate 1. fig. 3.

Perfoliate, are alfo capitatee, but have
the capitulum horizontally divided,
as in the dermeftes, plate 1. fig. 2.

Pedlinatze, fo called from their fimi-
litude to a comb, though they more
properly refemble a feather, as in the
moths and elateres. "Ihis is moft ob-
vious in the male, plate 1. fig. 1.

Ariflate, fuch as have a lateral hair,
which is either naked or furhifhed with
leffer hairs, as in the fly, plate 2.
Tiv. 6.

DBrewores,

[ 49 ] ?

Breviores, thofe which are fhorter
than the body.

Longiores, thofe which are longer
than the body. - |

Mediocres, thofe which are E the
fame length with the body ; all three
of which varities are diftinguifhable in
the cerambyces. Y

Palpi, or feclers, fo firft named by |
Linnzus, refemble filiform, articula-
ted, moveable antennz. "They are moft
commonly. four in number, fíome-
times fix; they are fufficiently diftin-
guifhed from antennz, in being naked,
fhort, and always placed at the mouth,
fce plate 1; fag 6... |

Os, the Mouth, isgenerally placed
in the anteriot part of the head, ex-
tending fomewhat downwards. In
íome infeCts, it is placed under the
breaft, as in the chermes, coccus, can-

cer, (crab) and curculio.
Roftrum,

Fa

- Roftrum, or Probofcis, is the mouth
drawn out to a rgid point: in many of. |
the hemiptera elafs it is bent down-
ward toward the breaft and belly, as in
the cicada, nepa, notonecta, cimex,
(bug) aphis, and remarkably ío in
Íome curculiones.

Maxillz, the Jaws, are two in num-
ber, fometimes four, and at other
times more ; they are placed. horizon-
tally ; the inner. edge of them in fome
infects is ferrated, or furnifhed with
httle teeth. |

Lingua, the Tongue, in fome iníects
1s taper and fpiral, as in the butterfly ;
in others 1t 15 flefhy, refembling a pro-
bofcis; and tubular, as in the fly.

Labium Superius, the upper Lip,
this is fituated above the jaws, asin the
fcarabzeus and gryllus.

G Stemmata,

E d j

Stemmata, or Crown, are three

Ímooth hemifpheric dots, placed gene- .

rally on the top of the head, as in moft

of the hymenoptera, and others; the -

name was firft introduced by Linnzeus.
** Cpruncusy; the "Trunk; 315: 288

part which comprehends the breaft or

thorix; itis fituated between the head
and abdomen, and has the legs infert-
ed intó ^16;- thàr "1s parts may be dif.
tin&ly determined ; it is divided into
dhorax, Scutellum, and Stermum.

Thorax, the 'T'horax; (plate rz. UN oU

the back part of the breaft; it is very
various in its fhape; and is cálled Dea-
Lgius, when. its fides arc armed witlt
points ; S5aofus, when its back is fut-
nifhed with them, as in the cerambyx ;
* and Marginatus, having lts margin la-

terally dilated, asin the fiipha and caf-
fida. & " |
Scutellum,

Pug. ]

Scutellum, or Efcutcheon, (plate t.
d.) is the pofterior part of the thorax ; it
is frequently triangular, and appears to
be divided from the thorax by an in-
terveningfuture, asin moft of thecoleop-

tera.

Sternum, the Sternum, is fituated
on the inferior part of the thorax ; it is
pointed behind in the elateres, and bi-
fid in fome of the dytüfci.

Abdomen, the Abdomen, (plate 1.
e.) is in moft infects diftin& from the
fharag s ut is the pofterior part. of the
body of the infe&, andis compofed of a
number of annular fegments, which
ferve occafionally to lengthen or. fhor-
Mis 1t, and to contain the organs of
chylifa&ion, GC.

Spiracula, are httle holes or pores,
ode fingly on each fide of every íeg«
G a2 Inent

D as]

rhent of. the abdomen ; through theíe |

the infe& breathes ; and if oi] be ap-
plied fo as to ftop them up, it proves
fatal to moft of them.

Tergum, the Back, is thefuperior part
of the abdomen.

Venter, the Belly, is the inferior

part.

domen, perforated for the evacuation of
theexcrement. "This part alfo frequent-
ly contains the organs of generation.

. **** Artus, the limbs, are the va-
rious inftruments of motion,

Pedes, the legs, are generally fixe

there is an exception to thisy however,
in the clafs Aptera, many of which
have eight, as Acari (Mites) Phalan-
gii ; moft of the Aranei, (Spiders) Scor-

piones

Anus, is the pofterior part of'the ab- —

iIggbsu e cp-—-l o

[3s 1
piones, (Scorpions) and Cancri (Crabs.)
The Oniícus has 14, and the Juli and
Scolopendiri ftill more.

"The firft joint of the leg, which is
generally thickeft, is called Femur
(plate 1. f.) the fecond, which ls ge-
. nerally of the fame fize throughout,
qibia, (g.) the third, which. is join-
ted, is difünguifhed by the name of
T arfus (5.) ; and thelaft, which in moft
infe&s is double, by that of Uz-
guis (1.), "The legs of infects, in ge-
neral, are námed from the various mo-

£r

tions they produce-:---

Curforr, from that of running, which
'are the moft numerous; Sz//atorz, from
that of leaping; ANa/atorü, from that
ofíwimming, &c.

n

Zr

^"fn the Saltatori/, the thighs are re-

markably large, by which means they
are able to leap to a. coufiderable dif.

tance, as in the Gryllus, (Grafshopper)

&c. In thofe of the Natatorz, the feet

are fat, and edged with hairs) which
anfwer the purpofe of oars in affifing
them to fwim, as in the Dytifcus.

Mutici, ate fuch feet as have no
clàws. |
Chele, or Claws, are the fore-feet
"Peu towards theirextremities, each
which i 1s furnifhed with. two leffer
rur which a& like a thumb and fin-

ger, as in the Crab.

Ale, W Wings, thefe are the inflru-
ments which enable them to fly ; they
arc membranous, and undivided, ex-
cept in the inftance of the Phalenz
Aluciz, in which they are in. part di-

vided :

eT I»

ed

vided. Moft infects have four ; the Dip-
tera-clafs, and the Coccus, however,
have two only. 3 wis
teer wing 1s divided into its yore»
and zzfer;r Ídrfaces; its amferior part
(fee. explanation of. plate 1.) in a but-
terfly, 1s that towards the anterior mar-
gin, or next to the head ; its offerior
part, that. towards the Anus; its ex/e-
.fiür part, that towards the outer edge ;
and the Zm£erior, that next the Abdo-
inen.

"They are called $Zcatifes, when they.
.are folded at the time the infe&&is at
reft, as in the wap ; oppohite tg theía

arethe f/ame, which are incapable o£
: being folded. |

Ereche, íuch as have their fuperior
fürfaces brought in contact when the
infect is at reft, as in the Ephemera,
Libellula Puella, and Virgo, and Pa-
piliones, (butterflies.)

Patentes,

(um y
- Patentes, which remain horizontaf-
ly extended when the infe& is at reft,
as in ze Phalznz Geometrze, and moft.

of the Libellülz.
lucumbentes, fuch as cover horizon-

tally the fuperior pait of the abdomen.

when the infe& 1s at reft. JN

Deflexe, are Incumbéntes, but not.
horizontally, the outer edges declining:
toward the fides.

Reverfe, are Deflexae, with this ad-
dition, that the edge of the inferior
wings proje&ts from under the anterior
part of the fuperior ones.

DeAMatze, m which the edge 1s fc
rated, or fcolloped.

Caudate, in which one or more pro-
jections in the hinder win 298 are extend-
€d into proceffes. UO gs; 2

Reticulatee, when the veffels o£ the
wibgs put on the appearance of net-
oWork,

- t C
: g

[ 49 ]
Work, as in the Hemerobius Perla;
the two anterior wings generally be^
come /aferior, and the pofterior ones
mferior, in Moths, when their wiugs
are clofed ; but the anterior wings are
called 5r/mary, and the inferior ones fe-.
condary, in butterflies, as they cannot
with propriety be called inferior when

the wings are erect,

Colores, the Colours, thefe are fclf-
apparent ; but according to their fcverál
Íhapes, they take the different names of
Puntke, Dots 5 Macule, Spots; Fafcze,
Bandi; which frequently run acrofs, and
Íometimes furround the edge of the
wings. Sirigze, Streaks, are very flender,
Faífcim ; and L/zec, Lines, which are
longitudinally extended.

H Ocellus,

H uod
: Ocellus, 1s a round: pot; containing
E leffer fpot. of à different colour in ts

center. Ap qup
| Stigmata, another tero lately intro-

iud by Linnzus, fignifies the fpot,
or anaftamofis, in the middle of the
"wing near the anterior margin; 1 I1É 1s
"confpicuous j in moít of the Hymenop-
"fera and Neuroptera, a and even in the
Coleoptera. "Ihe fingle or deuble kid-
Amcy-fhaped fpot, fituated in the fame
;pait of the anterior wings, and fre-
"quently occurring in the Phalenz Pa-
ganz, is diflinguifhed liketuie pat the
iname of Sz/gma. 1
- -Elyira, (in. the. fingular ad
Elytron) the Upper Wings, which are
of a hard fubftance, in ome degree re-
Íembling leather, and which in moft
infe&s are of a very hard texture, but
in, others Hexible,.are called Blytza.s
their fuperior furface is generally con-

VeX,

FT 598 )]
vex, theirinferior one concave. When
the infe& flies they are extended, and:
Íhut when itrefts, clofing together, and
forming a longitudinalíuture down the :
middle of the back, asin the Coleoptera.

22V02

^y

.:. They are of various fhapes.

. ZMbbreviata, when fhorter than the.
Abdomen. bx: 1 4
Truucata, when JMOEN pes dá Ab-
domer, and.terminating 1 ina tranfverfe-
lin& «d m
Faflsdaóp) uien f equal, « Or. rgreater.
length than the Wa dE and termi-
nating in a tranfverfe hne. -r
Serata, when the exterior margin
towards. the apex 1s notched or fersated,.
as in fome of the Bupreftes. m a
Spinofa, when their furface i is. Goyer-.
ed with fharp points, or prickles. Yi eta
Scabra, when their furface is fo un-
eveir as tó'grate againft the fin ger?

€ y EN à ^ H p oMiata,

[ 52

Striatz, when marked with flender

longitudinal furrows. JB
- Percata, when with elevated longi-

tudinal fulci, or ridges.

Sulcata, when thefe ridges are can-
cave, ; |

Hemelytra, when the fuperior wings |
are of a middle fubftance betwixt lea-
ther and membrane; either totally fo, as
in the Grylli; or partially fo, as in the
Cimices, Nepz, and Notonectze. "Thefe
are commonly eds by the
name Hemiptera. ;

Halteres, Poifers, (a term alfo in.
troduced by Lipnzus) sre little heads
placed on a ftalk or peduncle, moft fre-
quently under a little arched. fcale.
"They are found only in the clafs Dipte-
ra, and appear to be nothing more than
the rudiments of the hinder wings.

Cauda, the tail, in moft infe&ts is,
Srmplex,

EI |

Simplex, fimple, capable of being ex:
tended, and again drawn back at plea-
fure; in the Crab and Scorpion, how-
€ver it 1S,

KElongata,elongated, orlengthenedput.

Setacea, briftle-fhaped, or taper, asin
the Raphidia. ——

Trifeta, confifüng of three briftles,
as in the Ephemera. ToS:

Furcata, being forked, as in tle Po-
dura.
Forcibata, refembling a pair of for-
ceps, as in the Forficula.

Feliofa, refembling a leaf, as in the
Blatta, Grylli, and fome fpecies of
. £»ne.

Tel/fera, luch. as are armed with a

.. dart or fting,as in the Scorpion and Pa-

norpa.

AÁculeu$, an. inftrument with which
they wound, and at the fame time in-

fuil

j É se
ftfl à poifon; with fuch the Bee, Wafp,

P

onm &c.are furnifhed. 2133

y ota the Sex. The fame. ffo
rence.of fex exifts in infects a5. in other
animals, and they even appear more
difpofed to increafe their fpecies. than
other animals; many of them, when
become perfect, Íccming to be created.
for no other purpofe but to propagate
their fpecies. — "Thus the filk- Worm.
when it arrives, ,at; its perfe, Or. Moth-

3

flate, is incapable of eating, and can.

hardly fly :- It endeavours Mie to pro- |

pagate its fpecies ; ; after which the male.
immediately dies, and the female, as,
Ípon as fhe has depofited her eggs.

,in many infedls, the male. and fe.
"ai are with difficulty diftinguifhed ;
and in fome they differ fo widely, that
dà unflilful perfon might eafily take
. thé male, and female, .of the fame in-
Hf^i. fec

IT 255 1

fc& for different fpecies; as forinftanee,
inthe Phalzna Humuli, Piniaria, Ruf-
fula; each fex of which differs in. co-
lour. This unlkenefs 1s fll more ap-
parent in fome infe&s, in which the
male has wings, and the female none,
as in the Coccus, Lampyris, Phalzna
Antiqua, .Brumata, Lichenella. And
ds tnaft infcóis-remaim a long while in
copulation, as we may fee in the "js
pula, and Silk-worm ; the winged
males fly with the winglefs females,
and carry them about from one place to
another, as in the Phalena Antiqua.
It is, however, no certain rule, that
when one infe& of the fame fpecies is
found to have wings, and the other to
be without, the former muft neceffarily
be the male, and the latter the female.
"The Aphides, for infiance; are an ex-
ception ; and befides thefe, individuals
of. both fexes, and of the fame fpecies,

are

a

--

[ «$6 1]

!

L) . . , -
are found without wings, as the Caras.

bi Majores, "Tenebriones, Meloes, CI-
mices. 'The Gryllus Pedeftris 1s like-
wife deftitute of wings, and might have
paffed foraGryllus in its pupa ftate, had
it not been feen in copulation ; for it 15
well known that no infe& can propa-
gate its fpecies, till it arrives at its laft
or perfect ftate.

** Pleraque infe&orum genitalia fua
** intra anum habent abícondita, et pe-
** nes Ífolitarios, fed nonnulla penem

** habent. bi&ádum: Cancri autem et

** Aranei geminos, quemadmodum non-
** pulla amphibia, et quod mirandum
.'*in loco alieno, ut Cancer, fub bafi
** caudae. Zfraneus mas palpos habet

** clavatos, qui penes funt, juxta os

** utrinque unkeum,. quz clavae fexunx
** gec fpeciem diftinguunt ; et Foemina
** vulvas fuas habet. in abdomine juxta

**. pectus s

SS MEL. LEE fee uut eR M

pw]

* pe&us; heic vero fi unquam vere
** dixeris : res plena timoris amor, fie--
** nim procus in aufpicato acceflerit, foe-
** mina ipfum devorat, quod etiam fit,
** fi non ftatim fe retraxerit. — Libellu-
**]a foemina genitale fuum fub apice
m *€ gerit cauda, et mas fub pectore, adeo
| ** ut cum mas collum foemina forcipe
-— . ** caudae arripit, illa caudam fuam pece
** tori ejus adplicet, ficque peculiari ra-
** tione connexa volitent,"-

Befides thefe of the male and female,

a third fex exifts in forme inífects, which

we call Nezuzer :. As thefe have not the

difünguifhing parts of either fex, they .

may be confidered as eunuchs or infer-
tile. |

We know of no inftance of this kind

.. jn any other clafs of animals, norin ve-

.» getables, except in the claís Syngene-

E fiz, and in the Opulus. This kind of

| I fex

[5597
fex is only found among thofe infects
which form themfelves into focieties,

as Bees, Wafps, and Ants; and here
thefe kind of eunuchs are real flaves,

ason them lies the whole bufinefs of -

the ceconomy, while thofe of the other
fex are idle, only employing themfelves
in the increafe of the family. | Each fa-
mily of bees have one female only (cal-
led the queen) many males, andan al-
moft innumerable quantity of Neuters.
Of thofe, the Neuters (whofe antennae
have eleven joints) do the working part;
they extract and colle& honey and wax,
build up the cells, keep watch, and do
a variety of otherthings. "The males,
whofe antennz-confift of 15 joints, do
no.work; they ferve the female once,
and that at the expence of their lives ;
they may be confidered in the light of a
fct of Parafites, or Cecifbei ; butas foon

as

uam dcsudM eee Er o eil T

E

iE NE

ás their bufinefs of impregnation is over,
they are expelled by their fervants the.
neuters, who now Íhake off the yoke,
but yet pay all due refpe& to their com-
mon mother the queen. "The íame.
ceconomy nearly takes place in Wafps,
where the young females, which are
impregnatedin theautumn,hive through
the winter, and in the fpring propagate
their fpecies ; but the queen, together
with all the males, perifh in the win-
ter.

Among ants, the neuters form a hill
in the fhape of. a cone, that the water
may run off it, and place thofe which
are in the pupa ftate, on that fide of M
which is leaft expofed to the heat of the
fun. At a confiderable diftance from
thefe are found the. babitations of the
males, and females, to whom the moft
I obedience is yielded by the neu-

I2 fes

It óm ]

ters, till a new off-fpring fucceeds, and

then they oblige them to quit their ha«

bitations. But thofe ants which live
entirely under ground, provide better

for themfelvesin this refpe&t; for alit-.

tle before their nuptials, they quit their

habitation of their own accord, and af-
ter fwarming in the manner of bees,
they copulate in the air; and each re-

tiring to fome new habitation, founds
a new family.

No hermaphrodites have as yet been
difcovered among infe&s. 'Ihere is
fomething very fingular, however, in
.the propagation of the Aphides. A fe-
male Aphis once impregnated, can pro-
duce young, which will continue to
produce others without any freífh im-
pregnation, even to the 5th progeny ;
afterwards a new uipregnatian rauft

take place.
The

MOURUTR

Lc e ei M

(T em ]
"Phe male infe&ts, like male Hawks;
are always fmaller than the females.
In the propagation of their fpecies

they are remarkably careful, fo that it

is with the greateft difficulty that flies
are kept from depofiting their eggs on
frefh meat ; the cabbage Butterfly from
laying them on cabbage, -and other in-
fe&ts from depofiting them in the feve-
ral places peculiar to each. — "The Scara-

.baeus Pilularius and Carnifex, are de-

ferving of our attention, as they afford a
mutualafliftance to each other; for when
the female has laid her eggs in a little
ball of dung, the males, with their feet,
which are axiform, affift the female to
roll it to fome fuitable place, as Arifto-

. tle and Phny formerly, and. Loefling

has lately obferved.

It is very wonderful to obferve, that
in the Coccus and Onifcus, the fe-
male has no fooner brought forth. her

young;

[ 68 T

young, than fhe is devoured by it ; and
that the Sphex fhould be able fo readily
to kill the caterpillar of a Moth, then
bury it in:the earth, and there depo-
fited hereggs in it. Nor can wewith-
out admiration behold the fame Ípecies-
of Aphis, which was viviparous in the.
fuümmer, become oviparous in the au-
tumn. "n

Almoftinnumerable examples might
be brought of the fingulatities in the
eggs of infe&ts; we fhall, however, only
mentionthofe of theHemerobius,which
are depofited on a footftalk ; thofe óf
the Phalzena Neuftria, which are placed
regularly in a ring round the branch of
Íome tree, and the compound eggs of
the Blatta. -

Metamarpbofis. "There are no infects,
except thofe of the Aptera clafs, but
what are continually undergoing Ííome

transformation.

TTE

transformation. 'T'his renders the fcience
much more extenfive, but at the fame
time 1s greatly conducive to finding out
thenatural orders. Iníeéts change firft
from the (Ovum) egg into the (Larva)
Caterpillar or Maggot, then into the
(Pupa) or Chryfalis, and laftly into the
(Imago)Flyor Perfectftate. [See plate2.]
. During each of thofe changes, their ap-
pearance differs as. much as night and
day.

'[heinfe&, as foon asit came out of
the egg, was by former entomologifts
called Eruca ; but as this 1s fynonymous
with the botanic name Sifymbrium,
it was changed by Linnzus, for the
term Larva, a name expreffive of the
infe&'s being in this ftate, as it were,
mafked, having its true appearance
— concealed. Under this maf& or fkin
the intire infe&, fuch as it afterwards
| , appears

p 6x 1
appears when perfe&t, lies concealed,
inveloped only in its tender wings, and

putting on a foft and pulpy appearance ;
infomuch that Swammerdam was able

to demonftrate the Butterfly with its

wings to exift in a Caterpillar, though
3t bore but a faint refemblance to its fu-
ture perfe&ion. 'The infe&, therefore,
in this ftate, undergoes no other alte-
ration but the change of its fkin.-

The Larvz are, for the moft part,
larger than the infe& when perfect, and

are very voracious. The Caterpillar of

the cabbage Butterfly eats double what
it would feem to require from its fize ;
but its growth 1s not adequate to its vo-
racity.

Pupa. The infe& in this ftate was
formerly called Chryfalis, or Aurella ;
. but as the appearance of gilding is con-
fined to a few Butterflies only, the term
of Pupa has been adopted in its ftead,

dd becaufe

alc e

T TS

[ 6» ]

becaufe the Lepidoptera, efpecially, re-
femble an infant in Ífwaddling clothes ;
and in this ftate all, except thofe of the
Hemiptera clafs, take no nourifh-
ment, dra" |

| Imago, 1s the third ftate, "This name
is given by Linnzus to. this third

change, in which the infe& appears in

its: proper fhape and colours ; and as it
undergoes no more transformations it 1g
called perfe&t. In this ftate it flies, is
capable of propagating its fpecies, and

receives true antennz ; which before, in

moft iníeCbs, were ícarce apparent.

As the fhape of the Pupa is different,
in different claffes of infects, it affumes
different names ; thus it is called,

Coarélata, when it is round, and as
it were turned, without the leaft re-

femblance of the ftru&ure of the infect,

as in the Diptera.

K ^— Obtecia ,

i 66 ]

OBeBa, wheni it confifts as it were of
two parts, one of which furrounds the
head and thorax, and the other the ab-
.domen. : APT

Incompleta ; in tc they have wing$ -
and feet, but are not capable of moving
them, as in moft of the Hymenops
tera. id |
| Semicompleta ; thefe walk or run, but
have only the rudiments is wings.

Completa, in which they immediate- i
ly obtain the perfect form of the infc&t, :
without undergoing any more change,
asin thofe of the Aptera clafs, except
only the Flea.

The Bed Bug alfo belongs to this
; cláfs. |

The Spider undergoes frequent trans-
formations, though only in the colour
of its fin. 'l'he cruftaceous infects, as
Grabi, Lobfers, &c. yearly caft their.

fhells,

oe ret, MEETS Om PNE
vane ERE ete cue AERE

[ dy

: fhelis, as their growth would otherwife.

be impeded.
- "The Scolopendri, when young, have
difie feet: than when they are full

grown.

. Allinfe&s, as foon as they undergo
the third change, are arrived at their
full growth ; nor do we find any diffe-
rence in the fize of the fame fpecies of
ini in the fame countries, unlefs, du-
ring its caterpillar ftate, it ' has not had
a fufficiency of proper food.

Swammerdam divided infe&s, in re-
Ípe& of their transformations, into four
clafíes ;

"Phe Pirf contained either fuch as
fpring from an Egg, as the OC'Ufbarous s
or fuch as are perfec at their firft pro-
duction, called vioibarous, as the Bug,
and thofe of the Aptera clafs.-

'The Second confifted of. fuch infects
as are furnifhed with fix feet, but have
aX 2 | their

[ e» J

their wirigs for a certain time conceal-

led under a cruftaceous fkin or covering,

which covering being caftoff, they be-
come compleatly winged. SMRY 15- the
Gryllus.

"The Third clafs voci eqet fuch as pafs

through three feveral ftages,and which,
upon turning to the Chryfalis ftate, evi-
dently caft off a coat or fkin. In this
clafs were two divifions: the firft com-
prehended fuch as in the Chryfalis ftate
have vifible feet and wings, which were
called Nympbe, as Bees; the fecond
fuch as in the fame ftate have their feet
and wings covered or invifible. 'Thefe
were Ípecially termed. Chryfalides, as
Dutterflies.

"The Fourth clafs contained thofe in-
fc&ts, which in changing to their Chry-
falis or Nyropha ftate, do not caft their
outer coat. or fkin; but their. bodies

íhrink ing

HM e Ls omn

DEC NE

fhuünking from it; it furrounds. them.
like an Ege-fhell, andis detached. from.
the infe& itfelf, while it continues in.
this ftate, till at,length it burfts, and:
excludes it.completely winged. Such
is the cafe with many Flies. ..

The claffes of Fal/faerus, axe taken
from the plants, waters, earths, ani-
mals, and the other habitations of. in-
£o
— :Reaumur' s. fyftera of the Caterpillars
of FUSE Y 1S founded on the fitua-
ch! are UAE into "t circolo Or
oval rings under the body; paying a
regard at the fame to the fix anterior
horny and pofterior membranous feet.

Be I. EX.
THAVING obferved the nature of

infe&s in their feveral ftates, it re-
mains that we confider them fyfte-
matically.

j| 76 J

mátically. A judicious claffification of
them gives life and fpirit to the Ícience,.
and makes each infect as it were declare.
its own name. For this part we are-
entirely indebted to Linnzus, who firft
reduced them into certain genera, by
giving them diftin& characters.

'The claffes of infe&s are feven:

1. Coleoptera, have cruftaceous Ely-
tra, which join together, and form as
it were a longitudinal future down the
back of the infe&t. (See explanation of
plate 2.) | | | |

2. Hemipiera, have moft commonly
their upper wings cruftaceous at the
bafe, or of a middle fubftance between
Elytra, which are of à Ccoriaceous, and
Íoft wings, which are of a membra-
nous texture. 'The upper wings do not
meet byany longitudinal future, and the

mouth

|

Ds)

mouth is either fituated in the breaft,

or inclining to it. - |

3- Lepidoptera, have four farinaceous
wings, which are covered with very fine
Ícales laid over one another. In the
mouth is contained a fpiral tongue, or
at leaft the rudiments of one.

4. ANeuroptera, have four membrana-
€eous tranfparent wings (not farinace-
ous.) 'Ihey are with difficulty diftin-
guifhed from the Hymenoptera by de-.
Ícrption ; but having been once feen,
they areeafily known. | T'he tail, there-
fore, in thefe infeQs, being without
füng, we make ufe of it the more ea-
fily to diftinguifh this order.

S. Hymenoptera. "Thefe, befides hav-
ing four membranaceous wings, have
their tail armed. with a füng ; which,
however, is not always made ufe of to

: infül poifon, but frequently to pierce

the

NJ.
the bark and leaves of trees, and the
bodies of other animals; in which it
depofits its eggs, as im the Cynüps,

"Tenthredo, Ichneumon, &c.
6. Diptera. 'This order is eafily diftin-
guifhed from the others, the infects of it
having two wings, inftead of four; but

principally by their Halteres or Poifers,-
a diftin&ion which excludes the male |

Coccus from this order.
»? dptera, is difüinguifhed E pig.
8O wings at'all.

SEC'T. TX

THESE clafles are again fubdivided |

into different orders z

'Ihe Coleoptera, are diftinguifhed ac-
cording to the fhape of their antennze,
which are either filiformes, clavatee, or
[eacee.

'The

AN a

The Hemibiera axe. divided iuto two
orders; xít. thofe whofe mouth 1s fur-
nifhed with jaws, or, ad. formed of a

- beak, which 1s either refle&ted under the

mouth, or placed in the breaft.
'The Lepidoptera, according to the

fhape of their antennae.
"The Néewuroptera, according to the

moouth's having no tceth, having many
jaws, having two teeth, or being form-
ed into a beak. — idis
Hymenoptera, according to the fing
being either venomous, or harmlefs.
Diftera, into thofe which have beaks,
and thofe which have none.
itera, according to the number of

their feet.
'To infert here pis charatlers of allthe

different genera which may be found in
Linnzus's Syft. Nat. would be unnecef-
fary. It will be fufficient to enumerate
Íome new genera mentioned by the moft

IL modern

W 4 d
modern fyftematic writers, that by be-
ing acquainted with the fubtil diftinc-
tions on which they are built, the ftu-
dent may avoid running into confufion.
It is, among the moderns only that ge-
nera of this kind are to be met with,
and new names given them. . 'To re-
move this difficulty, we fhall firft enu-
merate the names of thofe authorswhich
are fvynonimouswith thofe of Linnzeus.

New genera of authors fynonimous with
thefe of Linnzeus.

Liunneuss Names. lNames of otber |

ZIutbors.
Lucanus Platyceros.
Hifter | ttelabus
Byrrhus | ZIntbrenus Ciflela
Mylabris. | Laria Scop.
Attelabus Clerus
Bupha c Pelis
Bruchus Mylaéris

Ptinus

ERO RI. o

SES

b. 291

Ptinus . Byrrbus i
Chryfomela DURAM, s
Hifpa Crioferis
.Cantharis Cicindela
Buprefüs | Cucujus
Carabus — Bupreffis
Myrmeleon ^ FPormicaleo |
Sirex | Uroceros

New Genera of Authors.
Copris. Scarabzus abfque fcutello
Boffricius. .Dermefutes capecinus
Czflela. Byrrhus Pilula
Rbinomancer. Attelabus roftro pro-

. du&o fere Curculionis

Authbribus. Silpha
Brucbus. Ptinus Fur ob fpinas thoracis
Melolontba. : Chryfomela cylindrica
Áltica. faltatoria
Diaperis.
Pyrocbora. | Cantharis

delepborus. | Cantharis
Aste L2 Canibaris.

Fungorum

(| 76 1
CanibarisS. Meloe Alata
Cerocoma. | Meloe Shafferi
ANotaxis. Meloé Monoceros
Prionus. Cerambyx thoracis margine

denticulato
Srenocoris. Leptura thorace fpinofa —
Hwdrophilus. | Dytifcus antennis clava-
tis

Mylabris. Necydalis minor
ZAcridium. — .Grylus Muticus
Locufla. — — Tettigonia
Tettigonia. Cicada
Corixa. | Notonecta.
Naucoceris. Nepa |
Perla. Hemerobius cauda bifeta

Libelluloides. | Myrmeleon antennis ca--

pitatis :
Crabro. "Tenthredo antennis clavatis
Pteropborus. Phalzena Alucita
Bibi. 'Tipula thorace fpinofo
Stomoxoides. Afilus bucca inflata
Strationymus. Mufca
io M en. JNemotelus.

A 9m ] j
iNefmotelis, | Mufca
Volucella. Mufea.

'Thefe genera appear to us to bein a
great meafure like thofe which were in-

troduced into botany by the followers of

Rivinus. Paying too little, regard to
nature, they difunited natural genera,
on account. of the moft trifling diftinc-
tions. . 'his made their continuance in

the fcience of very fhort duration ; our

bufinefs here is not to fuppofe, but to

examine, what nature will allow of, and

what fhe will not. Knowledge of this
kind, built on opinion only, will not
ftand. We are therefore to look. into
the fcience with great áccuracy ; and
the Larva of the infe&, its manner of
changing, and other things of moment,
are to beknown, before we prefume to
form a new genus, as men of experience
will readily admit.: Daily experience in
botany teaches us that none are more apt

to

[ 38 ]
to form new genera, dela who are
the leaft qualified for it..

Coining of new names, dd changing.
of one old one for another, : has been
the fource. of the greateft confufion.
'Thus, in Quies d) Fiddes eit Cicindela
ánd Carabu; to thé fame. genus, Buprefis

has been adopted for the generic name;

butas that genus had long ago received
à very different applicátion, it was
changed for that of Cucujus. 3 |

Again, that the afficinal Cautharides

might be ranged among the Ceram-
byces, the. Cantbarides oM been , fe-,

moved. from the. genus of Meloé (to.
which they naturally belong) and re-

ferred to the genus of Cremdela ; ob-
tuning thus a new name, aid Ío of

many others. |
33b xuss soldato mention no more,

how needlefs and rafh was it to Íeparate
the Zeridium and Locufla from the ge-

nus

b

Umm
nus of Gryllus, the Crabro from. the
Tentbredines, / and the. did from.
the Peel bd |

de Dd Xi.

'T H E trivial names placed under
their refpective genera wili occafion.
little or' ^no 'controverfy ; - they are
current like money, and of the fame

utility as the proper names of men, Pe-
- ter or Paul, &c. Infects living on ve-

getables fhould receive their names from
the particularplánts on which they moft- -
ly feed, as they are preferable to all
others. "DI'hus the names of the Pa--
lena mor: ,:&c. are excellent; and when:

' we are able to give fuch to infe&s, the:

old.ones are to be difcarded. But we
are to be cautious of not being too hafty
in our judgment in this refpect, as in-
ífe&s, when they cannot get their fa-

| vourite

w-

[ 8e ]
vouürite food, will often eat other plants.
'Thus theSilk-worm, for want of mul-
berry leaves, will eat thofe of lettuce,
though it will not thrive fo well on
them. «v

Many. other inftances of the inven-
tion of trivial names will be met with
in the Syftema Nature, particularly

among the Butterflies and Moths. To

prevent confufion from the great num-
ber of fpecies which conftitute the ge-.
nus of PLaLena, they are dif&ibuted
into fe&ions, and diftinguifhed by the
terms of Bembyces, INociue, Geome-
ire, Toritrices, Pyralides, Tine, and
"lucia. —'The Beméyces : and. . Noc-.
Jig, which areífo much'alike, that the
females of the Bombyces are with great
difficulty diftinguifhed from the Noc-
//£, are named promiícuoufly.

AI

eR

"Hr

A]l thofe of the Geometra have their

names terminating in 7/2 and afa, ac-
cording as their antennze are fetaceous or
fechinated. The Tortrices in aria ; the
Pyralides in Z/$; the Tinez in ea;
and the Alucite 1n Da£iy/a ; ío that it
1s evident from the termination itfelf to
what fection the infect is to be refer-
red. '

It were to be wifhed that fimilar in-
fütutions could be formed throughout
the whole fcience, as here the name it-
Íclf ferves to diftinguifh the infect.

Butterflies are divived into fe&tions,

| bythe names of Equites, Heliconu, Da-
nal, Nymphales, and Plebe.

In fuch a multitude of Butterflies, the
greateft part of which are foreign and
extra-european, and to whofe food and
manner of life we are utter ftrangers,
it was impoffible to give fignificant tri-

M. vial

Do 823]
vial names. Linnzus, therefore, by
way of fimile, has taken the names of
the Equites from the Trojan hiftory.
'Lhefe confift, asit were, of two troops.
or bodies; of which one contains the
fable, and, as it were, mourning No-
bles, having red or bloody fpots at the
bafis of their wings. 'Thefe receive
names from the Trojan Nobles; and as
Priam was King of Troy, the moft
Íplendid among theíe bear his name.
'Ihe other body, orhamented with a
variety of gay colours, are diftinguifhed
by the names of the Grecian Heroes ;
and as in both armies there were Kings,
as well as officers of an inferior rank, |
thofe elegant butterflies, whofe hinder
wings reíembled tails, were diftin-
guifhed by fome royal name. Thus
when Paris is mentioned (knowing
from hiftory that he was a'T'rojan, and
of

ALT NER Ríos

i $4 1
of royal blood) I find him among thofe
of the firft fe&ion ; that is, thofe ofa
fable colour, fpotted in the breaft with
redj ahd having their hinder wings re-
Íembling tails. When Agamemnon 1s
named, I:emember him to. be a noble
Greck, and find him among thofe no-
bles which have variegatedandfwallow-
talledwings. But when Nereus is fpo-
ken of, I readily know him to belong
to the laft fe&ion, with wings having

no tails.

"The fecond clafs, which contains the
Heliconii, derive their names from the
Muíes, as Urania. 'I'he names of the
fons and daughters of Danaus are be-
ftowed on the third fection. And 2
thefe fpecies are fubdivided into two
other fections, viz. the white and par-
ti-coloured,the metaphor 1s fo condu&-

, ed, that the white ones preferve the

M 2 name&

L[ 8; ]

names of the daughters of Danaus, and
the parti-coloured ones thofe of the fons
of Egyptus; Íío that it 1s evident from
the name itífelf. to what fe&ion the but-
terfly is to be referred. .

'The names of the fourth fectionij
Nymphales, are taken from various
nymphs of antiquity ; and thofe of thé
fifth fe&ion, Plebeii, are feleéted from
different men amongthe ancients,whofe
names are worthy of remembrance ; fo
that by this means a knowledge of the
ancients may be interfperfed, and this
agreeable ícience be made. doubly plea-
ing.

Thofe, therefore, who fhall find new
Lepidoptera, and give them new names,
will do well to follow this method, un-

leís it be apparent what food the infed
chiefly fubfifts on.

Color,

T 951]

^ Col. 'The Colour, which fo free
quently occurs in other parts of natu-
ral hiftory, but more efpecially in this,
«anmot be deícribed by words fuffi-
ciently expreffive, but muft be learn-
ed from ocular infpe&ion only. | On
this fubje& we willingly refer the rea-
der to the Entomologia Carniolica d$
Scópoli; he very ingenioufly informs
us what mixtures are neceffary to pro-
duce all the-varieties of Colour.

'The gréat diverfity in the male and
female infe&s of this clafs, and more
particularly in thofe of the Hymenop-
tera, occafions great difficulties. . It is
probable that wheh we become better
acquainted with them, we íhall find

*

*the number of fpecies to be confidera-

bly lefs, efpecially of "'enthredines and
Ichneumons. |

'The menfuration of infects feems to
anerit fome attention, and various au-
" € thors

"Wross T
thors have accordingly meafured the
length and bréadth of them by lines.
An infe& that is become perfect, after
the firft expanfion of its wings, eon-
tinues always! of the fame fize. We
are neverthelefs liable to many decep-
tions from it ; for if the infect in itsLar-
Xa ítate fhould have been deprived of
proper nourifhment, it will be lefs wvhen
perfect than others of the fame fpecies.
it happens, likewife, that the íame
Species of infects varies greatly in fize in
different countries. "Thus the Silpha
Vefpillo in America is twice as large as
Durs. .

To conclude, we would earnefily

recommend to thofe gentlemen whofe
fummer refidence is in the country, a
farther invefligation of the metamor-
phofes of infe&s. "Dhey would derive
much entertainment and rational plea-

fure fromdevoting their leifure moments -

" E

ad :

qo o RE
- :

10.8254

to the bringing up the Larvz of infefts,
and attentively obferving their various
transformations, their economy in pro-
curing food, their dexterity in prepa-
ring habitations, and every other thing
theyare engaged in. By this means many
infects, and their wonderful properties,
which have remained in obícurity from
the beginningoftime, would be brought
to light, more efpecially if thefe gen-
tlemen would themíelves defcribe or
communicate their difcoveries to fore
academy of íciences. Thus would they
at one and the fame time enrich the
Ícence of natural hiftory, and traní-
mit their names to pofterity with ho-
nour.

E UE NE

-

INDEX ad GLOSSARYi

— Alidsmen, and its divifions, 44.

JIntennz, peculiar to infedts, 33.
definition of them, 34-

their fuppofed ufe, 35.
diftinguifhed from the Palpi, 38.

their feveral forms, 38.

— Afptera, the 7th clafs of infects; 72.
Biennial, continuing for two years, 5.

Caput, the Head, and its divifions, 35«
Coleoptera, the firft clafs of infects, 70.
Cslour of infects, 85.
Diptera, the fixth clafs of infecls.
Entomology, the fcience of infe&s in general from
' ÉyrouaL, infects, and 2óyo;, à : difcourfe,
Elytra, what, 50. !

- their various fhapes, 51, 52.
Gymnoptera, fuch infects as are deftitute of Elytra.
Hahterss, or Poifers, peculiar to the clafs Diptera,

COR

- Jmago, a name given to infects when M I their

laft or peliect ftate, 65.

- Infecfs, a definition of them, 33.

Lepidoptera, the third clafs of infects, 71.
Lingua, the tongue, 4r.
Limbs of infects, their divifion, 45. "

- Larva, a name given to infects when hatch'd from

the egg, 63.
AMstamarpbofis, the changing of infe&ts from. one
ftate to another, 11, 62. -

AMaxillz, the Jaws, 41.
i Name

"8s20f:e 1 b (^
Names of Infects, 79. | " e
Qs, or Mouth, 40. ^:
Qvum,.or Egg, 68.

Orders of infects, 72. A
Palpi, what, 40.
Püpa, Linnzus's name for the Chryfalis, 64,

Petlinated, Feathered. Ww
Roffrum, or Probofcis, £r. : Y

Siernum, ox Breaft Bone, 45. ges ; *
Stemmata, or Crown, 42. " s

Spiracula, or Bregthing- Holes; 43- :
Scutellum, or Efcutcheon, i33 P

Sexes of infeCts, 54. * sien

im

Therax, the upper part of the Btealt. i42, i
Y ail, and its various kinds. E
a

IVing, its divifion, 47. OE
called plicatilie, &c. according to its-

hape, 47- "
T . y 3, *
&
E *
*
*w"
Li '

i

.
*