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[| ENTOMOLOGY

BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE
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Part I.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE

LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECTS

CONTAINED IN THE

Huscum of the Wonourable Gast-Judia Company,

‘ILLUSTRATED BY

- COLOURED FIGURES OF NEW SPECIES
AND OF THE

METAMORPHOSIS OF INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA,

WITdA
pie INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS
gees ae 2 ‘
sigs > ee ON: AD
_ = a

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF THIS ORDER OF INSECTS.
a on

BY
THOMAS HORSFIELD, M.D. F. R. S. 5 S. & G. S.

MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC, AND OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETIES OF LONDON, AND OF THE IMPERIAL ACADEMY
NATURZ CURIOSORUM ;
CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, AND OF THE
HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA, &e,

TO BE COMFLETED IN SIX PARTS.

Pondort :
“PUBLISHED BY PARBURY, ALLEN, & Co.
: LEADENHALL STREET.

ae

CY ANt | AP testes anes

TO THE

HONOURABLE THE COURT OF DIRECTORS

OF THE

Wonouvable ECast-Hudta Company,
THIS WORK

Is, WITH THEIR PERMISSION, RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED,
_ BY THEIR GRATEFUL AND

OBEDIENT SERVANT,

THE AUTHOR.

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INTRODUCTION.

Ir is proposed, in the following work, to give “a descriptive Catalogue” of a series
of Lepidopterous Insects, which form part of a general entomological collection from
Java, contained in the Museum of the Honourable East-India Company. Of this
collection, and of the circumstances under which it was formed, a concise account is
offered to the public in the preface to the Annutosa Javanica. The details there
given, which are accompanied with many pertinent remarks on the nature of descrip-
tive Catalogues in general, would effectually supersede all further remarks on my
part, were it not necessary, on this occasion, to point out clearly the relation of the
present work to that undertaken, from the same materials, by the distinguished author
of the Hore Entomologice. My highly respected friend, W1rt1am SuHarp Mac teay,
Esq., having noticed with commendation that part of the collection which relates to
the metamorphosis of the Javanese Lepidoptera, I feel myself called on to give in
this place a more minute account of the nature of these materials, and to add to
the details already given some further notices regarding the collection in general.
I am likewise desirous to declare, immediately at the commencement, the views by
which I propose to be guided in the present undertaking.

When the plan of the Annulosa Javanica was first communicated to the public, it
was the intention of the Author to include in his work all the orders of insects ;
and although his labours were in the first instance directed to the Coleoptera alone,
yet he announced, both in the notice originally circulated and in the title of the
work, that they consisted in an attempt to illustrate the natural affinities and analogies
of the insects observed in Java, without limitation to any particular branch of
entomology. It is not necessary, in this place, to show the interest and importance
of a work of so enlarged a scope, conducted by the author of the Hore Ento-
mologice; for these must ‘strike every person engaged in similar pursuits, what-
ever may be his opinion regarding that work or the peculiar views which it exhibits :
the interruption of this enterprize, therefore, would have been a subject of deepest
regret, if it had not been accompanied with an event highly advantageous to the
distinguished author. While the second number of the Annulosa Javanica was
anxiously expected, the appointment of Mr. Macleay to the office of his Britannic
Majesty’s Commissioner of Arbitration at the Havana was announced to the public.

The friends of Mr. Macleay, without exception, offered him their congratulations on
B an

9 INTRODUCTION.

an appointment, which enabled him to pursue a favourite science on a rich territory
of immense extent, as yet but very imperfectly explored, and on his advancement to
a station combining a liberal compensation of services with high respectability. Their
sentiments, as far as regarded Mr. Macleay, were purely congratulatory, yet the disap-
pointment occasioned by his removal, was to them, individually, a cause of unfeigned
sorrow. They considered the beneficial effects of his past labours on natural history,
and more immediately on zoology. A small association of members of the Linnean
Society had been recently formed, for pursuing with more immediate purpose zoo-
logical inquiries. This association, established with the entire sanction of the parent
Society, whose object embraces natural history in its whole extent, was under
particular obligations to Mr. Macleay, and viewed his departure with peculiar
solicitude. Its meetings, which had often been enlivened by a luminous exposition
of his views and by his affable instructions, were to be deprived of this advantage.
The opportunity of consulting his universal experience, in difficult and undetermined
points of affinity and arrangement, not only in entomology but in zoology generally,
was to be lost. But no individual belonging to this small association felt this
privation more strongly, or was more immediately affected by the event, than the
individual, whose province it now is to continue, a portion at least of the design
which Mr. Macleay had proposed to himself. The expectation of seeing the result
of my entomological labours in Java brought before the Public under the favourable
circumstances above mentioned, and receiving the illustration of the comprehensive
views of Mr. Macleay, had been an object of sincerest gratification; and the suspen-
sion, if not the entire interruption of his original design, had caused me proportionate
concern. Several months elapsed before I was able to form any determinate
resolution. At length I was roused from my reluctance to engage, in any manner, in
a work, which had been commenced by Mr. Macleay with such distinguished ability,
by the consideration of the necessity of bringing the result of my labours before the
Public, however imperfectly I might accomplish it; and it is now my business to
state explicitly, at the commencement, that the present undertaking, although com-
piled from the same materials, is not a continuation of the Annulosa Javanica ; that it
does not in any way interfere with the plan of Mr. Macleay, but forms a distinct
work, in which I propose to give a Catalogue of the Lepidopterous Insects belonging
to the entomological collection made by me in Java.

But although I have so distinctly declared that the present undertaking is not a
continuation of the Annulosa Javanica, yet it will be conducted with a steady
reference to that work and to the Hora Entomologice. The plan of the former will
be my constant guide, and the comprehensive views detailed in the latter will afford
the means of regulating the arrangements suggested by the former, and of compar-

ing

INTRODUCTION. 3

ing and correcting my mode of proceeding. Accordingly, my principal aim will be to
discover the natural affinities, and to follow them in the arrangement. Wherever
my materials are sufficiently extensive, I shall trace the series through its whole
extent, and endeavour to show, that in this department also, the principle so clearly
developed by Mr. Macleay is exemplified, in the succession or chain of affinities
returning into themselves or forming circles. In the series which will thus be sub-
mitted to my close examination, I shall endeavour to discover and point out the
typical forms which indicate the subdivisions and distinguish the groups. But as
it may be expected that, in a local collection, many forms must be deficient, and the
thread of affinities often interrupted, I shall carefully notice these interruptions,
with the design of supplying them, as far as necessary, from other sources of infor-
mation. The analogies existing between objects of distant or of neighbouring groups
will also be pointed out, wherever they may have been satisfactorily developed.

Mr. Macleay announced the Annulosa Javanica with the remark, that his plan
would be best understood by a perusal of the first number. I would make a similar
remark, but under circumstances, and with sentiments widely differing from those of
my respected friend. If some of the details which regard the metamorphosis of
Javanese Lepidoptera should be found novel and interesting, the arrangement will
perhaps be reviewed with severe criticism. But I would request that it be received,
at least provisionally, with indulgence, until I may have been enabled to add the illus-
trations which will follow in the course of the work, and until it may have been sub-
mitted to a candid scrutiny, and to a careful comparison with the labours of others in
the same department; especially with those of Cramer in the continuation by Stoll ;
those of Abbot published by Sir James Smith; those of Roesel, De Geer, Sepp, Hiibner,
and above all those of the “ Theresianer.” It will, at the same time, be considered,
that it is my lot to attempt an arrangement, in a great measure from my own ma-
terials, and under many disadvantages, as far as regards experience and means of
reference. Much of the knowledge and experience I require must be acquired by
study and comparison in the progress of the work. Mr. Macleay, on the contrary,
brought to his undertaking a minute acquaintance with entomology, and a confirmed
habit of investigation, the result of a calm examination of an extensive collection, and
matured by a severe and protracted course of study and meditation. I have already
expressed my opinion of the excellence of his views, and I shall have many opportunities
of repeating it. I may, perhaps, with peculiar propriety exercise the privilege of apply-
ing them, as far as my materials may enable me, as it may naturally be considered
to be a wish on my part, to make the catalogue of the Lepidoptera as conformable as
possible to the more detailed description of the Coleoptera. But there are difficulties

of a peculiar nature connected with such a design. A local collection, as above stated,
B 2 will

4 INTRODUCTION.

will necessarily be deficient in many forms ; and these deficiencies can be supplied by
general experience only. In the series I am proceeding to examine and describe, it
will occasionally occur that the affinities may not be apparent, that the typical forms
may be deficient, or indeed that my endeavours to discover them may lead me into
mistakes, from want of experience and more extensive means of reference than I pos-
sess. Such mistakes, however, I flatter myself, will be gradually developed and cor-
rected in the progress of the work, in proportion as my acquaintance with the subject
increases: I am persuaded, indeed, that they will be attributed to my own inexperience,
or to my want of information on the subjects under discussion, rather than to any thing
erroneous or defective in the principles developed by Mr. Macleay, with so much acute-
ness and force of reasoning, in the Horse Entomologice; for I have no hesitation in
declaring my opinion, that these principles not only give correctness to our views, but
have a very powerful tendency to promote the interest and importance of the study of
natural history. Their avowed object is to direct the mind to the plan of the creation
or to the natural system. With the same object continually in view, it will be my
endeavour to determine the disposition of the subjects submitted to my examination :
and while I wish to exercise a spirit of candid and unprejudiced inquiry, I shall, at the
same time, be ready to receive advice and to attend to instruction; and I shall more
especially acknowledge, with due consideration, every candid and liberal remark that
refers to the system, or to the order in which the subjects have been disposed.

In conformity with the intimation expressed above, I proceed to those details
regarding the materials to be described in the following pages, which the favourable
notice in the Preface to the Annulosa Javanica has in some measure made necessary.
These materials consist, in the first place, of a regular series of nearly nine
hundred species; and although not equally numerous in the different tribes, and by
no means complete in any of them, yet I am inclined to hope, that in the aggregate ~
they present a fair sample of the Lepidopterous productions of the island of Java.
In the second place, these materials consist of a series of drawings, representing the
metamorphosis of a considerable number of the species, accompanied with the per-
fect insects and chrysalides appertaining individually to the subjects delineated,
and with details concerning their food, number, and season. ‘The former was made
at distant periods of time, and in very different parts of the island; the latter was
procured, almost exclusively, in the two years immediately preceding the year of my
departure from Java, when I was settled in a fixed residence in the interior.

Mr. Macleay has already noticed the occasion of my early attention to insects;
and that I was, almost imperceptibly, led to the collection of these beautiful and in-
teresting animals during my botanical excursions. My first collections were hastily
made and imperfectly preserved: they were little more than preparatory attempts,

which

INTRODUCTION. 5

which gradually led to skill in collecting, and to what is of greater importance in a
tropical country, to experience in preserving. I was, at the commencement, in
want of almost every convenience for the latter purpose. But these deficiencies were,
in a great measure, compensated by the richness of the districts through which J
travelled at this period; and my early excursions afforded me many subjects which,
in subsequent periods, I sought in vain. I still observe, in the series arranged
in the Honourable Company’s Museum at the India House, rare and solitary speci-
mens, which were obtained at the very commencement of my entomological career.
This I may date from Surabaya, the capital of what is called the north-east coast of
Java: and as this place will always be memorable to me in an entomological point
of view, I record it in these introductory remarks with grateful reminiscence. From
Surabaya I passed successively through the districts of Passuruwang, Malang,
Lamadjang, Pugar, and Blambangan; districts which aggregately form the eastern
extremity of Java. From the capital of the last-mentioned province, Banyuwangi,
I made a short excursion to the island of Bali. The hills, mountains, and unculti-
vated plains of these extensive districts, contain inexhaustible entomological treasures;
and I have frequently, in the latter periods of my research, regretted my want of
leisure, skill, and facilities for collecting, at this period. During the present calm
review of my early peregrinations through Java, my imagination frequently returns
to these remote, and, at the period of my visit to them, happy districts, combining
the grandest natural scenery with the most delightful retreats of rural tranquillity
and comfort.

In the island of Madura, which extends parallel to the districts of Passuruwang
and Blambangan, I continued my research; and here first observed several of the
more splendid oriental Papiliones, among which the most remarkable were P. Peranthus
and P. Agamemnon. Butit is not my intention, on this occasion, to notice all the
places in the eastern extremity of Java which were interesting and productive, in
this point of view: several, however, may be recorded here with propriety, as
they will occasionally be referred to in the descriptive parts of the work. Having
terminated my researches in the neighbourhood of Surabaya, I gradually pro-
ceeded, in a western direction, to Samarang, the capital of the entire eastern por-
tion of the island, denominated by the Dutch, Java’s north coast, or simply Java,
in contradistinction to Batavia. The geographical situation of Samarang is in
the middle of the island, at an equal distance from the eastern and western ex-
tremity. The Prowotto hills, about twenty miles south of this capital, belong
to the most important entomological stations. I devoted a large portion of the
rainy season of 1809 to an examination of these hills, and increased both my
botanical and entomological collections. I next proceeded to the southern coast of

central

6 INTRODUCTION.

central Java, and advantageously employed some months in the districts of Pajittan
and Kalak, in which vegetation is luxuriant and insects proportionally abundant.
I here added a considerable number both of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera to my
collections. I returned by a northern route to the capital of Surakarta, the residence
of the Susuhunan or emperor of Java, the first in importance of the native princes ;
and as I here found an opportunity for carrying on my pursuits with advantage, I
formed a permanent residence.

Surakarta was, upon the whole, the most important station in my various researches
into the natural history of Java; as, besides the facilities mentioned in the
sequel, I here obtained, after the conquest of the island, the support and patronage
of the Honourable East-India Company, by which I am also enabled, at this time,
to bring the Catalogue of the Lepidopterous Insects before the Public. This
capital is situated in an extensive plain in the middle of the island; and a concise
description of it has already been given in the preface to the Annulosa Javanica. In
selecting here a fixed residence, my objects were, in the first place, to have a secure —
dépot for my collections, and secondly, to obtain the necessary facilities for visiting,
from time to time, the various districts in the middle of Java, belonging to the native
Princes, many of which were still almost entirely in a state of nature, and highly
interesting in regard to their natural history.

During the year 1813 I was engaged in a visit to the island of Banka and the
capital of Palembang, situated on the eastern coast of Sumatra. The mission, with
which I was honoured, in conjunction with the Resident, and the account of
my remarks which was required after my return, employed the greatest portion
of that year and of 1814, in consequence of which my entomological pursuits were
nearly suspended ; but early in the year 1815 I resumed them with renewed energy.
I had now acquired greater experience in collecting ; a number of natives had been
instructed for affording that assistance which in a hot climate was not only necessary,
but greatly conduced to the enlargement of my investigations. I was amply provided
with every convenience and facility for preserving what I had collected. Several
draughtsmen. had likewise been trained, under my superintendence, for botanical
delineations, and the skill they acquired in those soon fitted them for the annulose
department. I was, therefore, enabled to enter upon a history of the Metamorphosis
of Javanese Lepidoptera: a design which had long engaged my anxious solicitude.

Although I did not, at this period, so fully conceive the paramount necessity of
an acquaintance with the metamorphosis of Lepidoptera, towards the establishment of
a natural arrangement, as I have been led to do in later periods, yet I was so strongly
impressed with its essential importance in attempting a complete history of insects,
that I commenced with a fixed determination to prosecute the inquiry with unremit-

ted

INTRODUCTION. 7

ted industry and zeal, to collect all the larva of Lepidopterous insects which I might
possibly obtain, and to trace them through the various periods of their existence.
With this view, I fitted up a large apartment adjoining my residence with breeding-
cages and receptacles for chrysalides. At the commencement of the rainy season,
the period when in tropical climates the foliage of vegetables is renewed, I daily
went out in search of caterpillars, accompanied by the most intelligent of my native
assistants. The caterpillars thus collected were placed in separate breeding-cages,
and several of the assistants were instructed to provide daily, at regular periods,
the food the individuals required, and to secure the cleanliness of the cages. As
soon as the caterpillars were approaching to perfection a drawing was made of
them. The same individual which had been submitted to the draughtsman was
then separately confined, watched with the most diligent care, and as soon as it had
passed into the state of a chrysalis again made the object of the pencil. A determi-
nate number was carefully attached to the drawing and to the cage of the chrysalis.
As soon as the perfect insect had appeared and expanded its wings, it was secured,
set, and numbered in accordance with the larva and chrysalis. During this period
every possible solicitude was employed to prevent mistakes: the original series,
consisting of the perfect insects and the chrysalides obtained by this mode of proceed-
ing, and numbered in accordance with the collection of drawings made at the same
time, is now deposited in the Museum of the Honourable East-India Company, and
affords an authentic document of the accuracy of the details regarding the meta-
morphosis of Javanese Lepidoptera, which will be offered in the course of this work.
During this process, the food, the date of appearance, the peculiarities as far as re-
gards the abundance or scarcity of the species bred, were carefully recorded, with
the intention of forming a regular “ Raupen Calendar,” according to the plan of
Schwarz, as well as for the purpose of contributing to a general calendar of the Fauna
and Flora of the island of Java. But I have in this place to regret the want of
many details, which could only be supplied by a longer period of observation than was
allotted to me.

The process thus described, afforded likewise the means of obtaining in great
number perfect specimens of many of the Javanese Lepidoptera; and in this I
had in view, not only the extent and beauty of the collection, but particularly the
means of affording at a future period, by examination and dissection, a complete
history of this order of insects as found in Java. The advantages of this plan will
abundantly appear in the course of this work; for I hope to be enabled to illus-
trate many generic characters, in detail, from specimens possessing all their parts
in a state of high perfection, and to contribute additional information on subjects,
of which a very unsatisfactory account has hitherto been published. My plan, as

before

8 INTRODUCTION.

before observed, embraced all the Lepidoptera of Java, particularly those of the
central portions or the territory of the native Princes, and an essential part of
it was to undertake, from time to time, journeys to the hills, mountains, and
forests remote from the capital: during these excursions I was provided with
breeding-cages, materials for collecting and preserving, and accompanied by my
draughtsmen and native assistants. The excursions generally afforded new and
interesting subjects: in many cases the larvee and chrysalides were carried to my
residence, and there brought to maturity at their regular periods. Having con-
tinued this mode of research for two seasons, my labours were unexpectedly ter-
minated, by the transfer of Java to another European power. The disappointment
which this occasioned at the moment, arose principally from considerations of the
unfinished state of my research, and from the abridgment of my original design.
Although supported, in later periods, by a large portion of public liberality and
patronage, my progress had been very gradual, and had depended in the com-
mencement, in a great measure, on my own exertions. By a steady adherence
to the same object, I had provided an extensive establishment for prosecuting inquiries
of natural history in its various branches, among which the facilities above described
were not the least. I therefore regretted to have been obliged to abandon a pursuit
which had been an object of my early solicitude, and which soon after its commence-
ment had been postponed in consequence of the visit to Banka abovementioned.
These remarks were deemed necessary in order to account for the limited state of the
collection, since it by no means corresponds with the richness of the territory or the
length of my residence in the eastern islands. What is now offered to the public is
little more than a fragment of a more extensive undertaking, which was intended to
assemble, as far as possible, a complete series of Javanese insects, and especially to
exhibit a comprehensive view of the metamorphoses of the Lepidoptera of the island.

The sentiments of regret occasioned by the abrupt and unforeseen termination of my
entomological pursuits, and the considerations arising from the unfinished state of
my collections, were heightened by similar disappointments in my pursuits in
botany and other branches of natural history, and my preparations for a departure,
of which I am now to give a concise notice, were undertaken with many discouraging
reflections. But a favourable series of events has in a great measure removed my
former apprehensions: and although I notice at the present period, perhaps more
forcibly, the unfinished state of my collections, and the deficiencies arising from
their abrupt termination, yet the success in bringing the entire result of my in-
quiries into a place of safety, without any considerable loss or damage during the
voyage, the favourable reception which I have met with in England, and the liberal
patronage which has been afforded to my endeavours by the Honourable Court of

Directors

INTRODUCTION, 9

Directors of the East-India Company, have alleviated a disappointment, which,
under other circumstances, would have been peculiarly distressing and oppressive.
After the second season devoted to observing and delineating the Javanese Lepidop-

tera, it became necessary to prepare my collections for transportation to England.
During the inquiries which I made in the early part of my residence in Java, to
become acquainted with the best methods for securing what I obtained in my
excursions, I noticed the plan described by Le Vaillant, in his travels in Africa, for
the preservation of his entomological collections. It is the following: boxes or
chests carefully made of light wood, of a convenient portable size, are provided with
partitions or moveable shelves, each consisting of a simple board; these are fitted at
the distance of two inches one from another, in grooves in the sides of the box,
in which they are made. to slide with accuracy and facility, and are therefore re-
movable at pleasure. These boards or shelves have necessarily the exact dimen-
sions of the ends of the chest, and are placed in a vertical position: a small
vacancy is preserved between their lower extremity and the floor, and any object
detached by accident, falls to the bottom without causing further injury. Each
board or shelf, lined with cork or soft wood, supplies in some measure the place
of a cabinet drawer. When taken out of the box and placed on a table, it rests
securely and affords a plane surface, upon which insects may be fixed or examined
with perfect ease and security: it is returned into the box in an instant, which if
carefully made, when closed, secures most effectually the contents. A small quantity
of camphor, at the bottom, spreads its influence over the whole. One large box
may conveniently contain fourteen boards, answering the purpose of as many
drawers; and being eighteen inches square, they have a manageable size. ‘This
plan I resolved to adopt. In the early period of my pursuits, the boxes which I pro-
vided were made of light wood, and to their use I must ascribe, in a great measure,
the preservation of my collections. I found that they afforded a complete protection
against the ants and other destructive insects which abound in the Island of Java,
perhaps as much as in any other tropical region. They were peculiarly useful in
travelling, and possessed the advantage of affording a ready access and reference to
the subjects. As the ultimate object of my pursuits was to provide an extensive and
well-conditioned collection, which might be useful and instructive in England, I
had, soon after receiving the patronage of the Honourable East-India Company,
directed my attention to the provision necessary for its safety during a voyage. My
residence at Surakarta afforded me peculiar advantages in this point of view. Both
materials and workmen are here obtained, perhaps more readily than in any other
part of Java. Boxes, according to the plan described, were therefore provided, of
more substantial materials than those employed in travelling, in proportion to the
é C increase

10 INTRODUCTION.

increase of the collection. The wood of the Bombax pentandrum was employed for
lining the boards and securing the pins ; and I ascribe to an acquaintance with the
peculiar property of this wood, which renders it an effectual substitute for cork, the
preservation of the collection during its transportation. After having carefully packed
the subjects, every necessary precaution that suggested itself was used in securing the
boxes against accidents during the voyage. They were individually painted and co-
vered with oil-cloth. Each box was then placed in an outer case, made of the same
substantial materials, and secured in the same manner. By these various precautions,
and by the care which the collection received from the commander of the vessel
during the voyage, I enjoy the satisfaction of having brought the whole in safety to
England.

"When I had formed the plan of undertaking the description of the Lepidopterous
Insects from Java, contained in the Museum of the Honourable East-India Com-
pany, I was naturally led, by the preparatory pursuits of which I have now given a
hasty sketch, to inquire, in how far an arrangement might be effected, which should
be founded primarily on their metamorphosis. The remarks which occurred on this
subject, in various parts of the Hore Entomologice, tended to confirm and enlarge
my early and imperfect notions. It would be foreign to my present purpose to
follow Mr. Macleay in his copious details and remarks on this point, but on the
whole, they have encouraged me to persevere in the attempt. Thus, forinstance, in
one place, he is led to “inquire into the possibility of being enabled to show that the
most distinguished among naturalists have united in expressing their conviction,
that considerations founded on metamorphosis must ultimately produce the most
natural plan of entomological arrangement ;” and to state, “that he thinks it may be
inferred, from a sketch he proposes to give of some of the most remarkable truths in
Natural History, that this proposition ought not to be deemed incapable of demon-
stration.” Bearing in mind, therefore, this and similar remarks, I was anxious to
ascertain what information had already been brought before the public regarding
the metamorphosis of East-Indian Lepidoptera. My research, in this point of view,
however, afforded me no satisfactory result. I found, indeed, in the work of
Cramer, continued by Stoll, and in Abbot’s Georgian Insects, published by Sir
James Smith, delineations of the larva and chrysalides of many Lepidoptera of the
tropical countries of the new world; but these were only useful for comparisons.
Subjects exclusively Indian, which alone were calculated to afford that precise infor-
mation which I was in search of, and which would likewise practically confirm the
faithfulness and accuracy of my own observations, did not occur to my research. I
was, therefore, I may say, almost necessarily restricted to my own materials and
remarks, and I determined to attempt their arrangement according to the principles

above

INTRODUCTION. 11

above detailed, even though I should obtain no other assistance of the same nature. In
forming this resolution, I likewise considered that the series of perfect insects which
had been arranged in the Museum at the India-House, soon after my arrival in
England, would be of considerable use in regulating my progress. As far as regards
this series, I would observe in this place, that in its formation I had enjoyed the
advice and co-operation of my friends, William Swainson, Esq., now residing at
St. Albans, and of Mr. George Samouelle, of the British Museum. Indeed, a
large portion of the first tribe had been arranged exclusively by the former gentle-
man. The attention which he had bestowed on this subject during a long period
of years, his general acquaintance with the arrangements of others, and his correct
views and general experience in entomological pursuits, afforded him advantages for
such an undertaking which are seldom possessed by one individual: and I embrace
with peculiar pleasure the opportunity now afforded me, of thus publicly acknow-
ledging his assistance, and of expressing my personal obligations.

Having, therefore, a well-arranged collection of perfect insects before me, I com-
menced my work according to the principles above stated, by placing the larvee and
chrysalides, as far as I was able, in natural groups. It would, however, be foreign
to my present purpose to enumerate the result of my first attempts, and the means by
which I obtained, in my own opinion, more clear and correct views of the affinities of
this order, as far as they appear in the first stages of metamorphosis. I may remark,
however, with propriety, that these attempts laid the foundation for, and agreed
essentially with, that plan of arrangement, which I propose to adopt in that great
group, or tribe of this order which in the first part more immediately claims my
attention. Having completed this preliminary arrangement of my own materials, I
was naturally desirous of examining more in detail what had been done in the same
department by others with similar materials, derived from different sources. This
led to a circumstance which has had a decided influence on my whole undertaking.
While I was prosecuting my inquiries on this subject at the Banksian Library, in the
course of last summer, a book was incidentally mentioned in conversation, by a
gentleman present,* which, I was informed, professed to be an attempt at an arrange-
ment of Lepidoptera, according to their metamorphosis. The title of the book was
new to me; as it had been published without the name of an author, it had escaped
my research in my preparatory inquiries, and was not included in the list of books
which I had noted for occasional reference, although it was contained in the library,

and

* The author of the accurate and elegant Ilustrations of the Genera of Insects found in Great Britain, &c.,
John Curtis, Esq. &c.

12 INTRODUCTION.

and was only hidden from my observation by its anonymous title. But I made 4
diligent inquiry for a work, agreeing apparently in design with the plan which I had
formed for my own undertaking ; and by the kindness of A. H. Haworth, Esq., of
Chelsea, I was made acquainted with the Sysrematic CaTaLocurE or THE LEPIDOPTERA
rounp in THE NeIGHBoURHOOD or ViEnNA (Systematisches Verzeichnis der Schmetter-
linge der Wienergegend, herausgegeben von einigen Lehrern am k. k.—THERESIANUM.)
On further investigation I found that it was the production of the united labours of
Messrs. Denis and Schieffermiiller, two distinguished officers of high rank at the
court of Vienna, who from their charge in the Imperial Academy, are known in
Germany by the name of “ THErestaver,” and their book by that of “ pas SysTEM
per THERESIANER.”

On opening this book, I made a discovery which filled me with inexpressible delight.
Although the work was published more than half a century ago, I found, in the families
into which the larger subdivisions are distributed, clear indications of almost all the
genera that have been established in more recent periods, in the whole order of
Lepidoptera. In the tribe of Papilionide, I observed the genera accurately deter-
mined and circumscribed, almost without a single modification, as they are now
universally adopted ; and, to illustrate this statement, I proceed at once to the
following abstract of the families and species of the Linnean genus Papilio, taken
from the body of the work, viz.

Familia A. Larve Tortricirormes. Papiliones Plebeji.—Urbicole, L. Wiener Ver-

zeichnis 159.

Species enumerated by Denis and Schieffermiiller. Papilio Malve, L. P. Tages, L.
P. Fritillum, Wien. Verz. P.Comma, L. P. Linea, Miiller. P. Brontes, W.V. P. Ste-
ropes, W. V.
Fam. B. Larvm Bompycirormes. Papiliones Heliconii, L.* W.V., p. 160.
Species: P. Apollo, L. P. Mnemosyne, L.
Fam. C. Larvm Variecatm. Papiliones Equites, L. W.V., p. 161.
Species: P. Polyxena, W.V. P.Machaon, L. P. Podalirius, L.
Fam. D. Larve Mepiostriate. Papiliones Danai candidi, L.
Species: P. Crategi, L. P. Brassice, L. P. Rape, L. P. Napi, L. P. Sinapis, L.
P. Daplidice, L. P. Cardamines, L.
Fram. KE. Larvx Parurpiventres. Papiliones Danai Flavi, W. V., p- 164.
Species: Sect. 1. Die Fhigel ein wenig zugespitzt, indicating the Genus Gonepteryx of Dr.
Leach. P. Rhamni.
Sect. 2. Die Fligel ganz rund mit schwarzem Auszenrande. P. Paleno, L. P. Hyale, L.
Fam.

* Asoriginally employed by Linneus. By Gmelin, Fabricius, &c. this name is applied to a different group.

INTRODUCTION. 13

Fam. F. Larve® Susrurcate. Papiliones Nymphales Gemmati, L. W. V., p. 165.
' Species: Sect. 1. Mit vielen Aeugchen und stumpf gezdhnten Fligeln.. P. Galathea, L.
P. Aegeria, L. P. Megera, L. P. Mera, L. P. Dejanira, L. P. Ligea, L. P. Me-
dea, W.V. P. Jurtina, L.
Sect. 2. Mit vielen Aeugchen, aber ganz runden Fligein. P. Pyrrha, W.V. P. Medusa, W. V.
P. Hyperanthus, L. P. Arcanius, L. P. Hero, L. P. Pamphilus, L. P. Manto, W. V.
Sect. 3. Mit gezdhnten Fliigeln und wenigen Aeugchen. P. Arethusa, W.V. P. Semele, L.
P. Arachne, W. V. P.Phedra, L. P. Briseis, L. P. Alcyone, W. V. P. Hermione, L.

P. Proserpina, W. V.
Fam. G. Larvx Cornutz. Papiliones Versicolores, W. V., p. 170.
Species: P. Iris, L. P. Ilia, W. V. P.Jole, W. V.

Fram. H. Larv& Susspinose. Papiliones Maculatofasciati, W. V., p. 172.
Species: P. Populi, L. P. Sibylla, L. P. Camilla, W. V. P. Lucilla, W. V.

Fam. 1. Larvz AcurTospinose. Banilionts Angulati, W.V., p. 174.
Species: Sect. 1. Die Fliigel fast nur gezdhnt. P. Atalanta, L. P. Cardui, L.
Sect. 2. Die Fliigel zachicht. P.Io, L. P. Antiopa, L. P. Polychloros, L. P. Xanthome-
las, W.V. P. Vau album, W. V. P. Urtice, L. P.C Album, L.
Sect. 3. Die Fliigel ein wenig zugespitzt. P.Prorsa, L. P. Levana, L.

Fam. K. Larva Cotiospinosz. Papiliones Nobiles, L. W.V., p. 176.
Species: Sect. 1. Mat Silberstreifen. P. Pandora, W. V. P. Paphia, L.
Sect. 2. Mit Silbermackein. P. Adippe, L. P. Aglaja, L. P. Niobe, L. P. Latonia, L.
P. Euphrosyne, L. P. Pales, W. V. P.Dia, L. P. Daphne, W. V.

Fam. L. Larvz Pseupospinos®. Papiliones Variegati, W. V., p. 178.
Species: Sect. 1. Die Unterseite der Hinterfliigel mit drey weiszgelben und zwey oranien ferbigen
Querbendern. P. Phoebe, W. V. P. Maturna, L. P. Cynthia, W.V. P. Hecate, W. V.
P. Dictynna, W. V. P. Delia, W.V. P.Cinxia, L. P. Trivia, W. V.
Sect. 2. Mit zwey gelblicht weiszen und drey braungelben Querbendern. P. Lucina, L.

The remaining families are placed in a distinct subdivision, comprizing the onzs-

ciform (vermiform Nob.) larve ; the chenilles cloportes, Reaum.

Fam. M. Larvm OstoncoscutaTz. Papiliones Rutili, W. V., p. 180.
Species: Sect. 1. Die Mennchen fast unbemackelt, die weibchen schwarz geflecket.
gauree, L. P. Hippothoe, L. P. Chryseis, W. V.
Sect. 2. Beydes Geschlecht geflechet. P. Helle, W.V. P. Phleas, L. P. Xanthe, W.V. P.
Circe, W. V.
Fam. N. Larvz Gipposcutatz. Papiliones Polyophthalmi, W.V., p. 181.
Species: Sect. 1. Die Unterseite der Unter Fliigel graulicht ohne rothgelbes Querband. P. Endy-
Mmi00,) VV. Val es Daphnis, W. V. Ps Arion, —. P. Alcon, W. V." P. Acie Wie V.
P. Damon, W. V. P. Dametas, W. V. P. Argiolus, L. P. Alsus, W. V.

P. Vir-

Sect.

{4 INTRODUCTION.

Sect. 2. Die Unterseite, besonders der Unter Fligel mit einem oranienfleckichten Querbande am
Untenrande. P. Corydon, Scop. P. Adonis, W.V. P. Alexis, W. V. P. Agestis, W. V-
P. Argus, L. P. Aegon, W.V. P. Hylas, W.V. P. Battus, W. V. P. Amyntas,
W. V.

Fam. O. Larva Depressoscutats. Papiliones Subcaudati, W. V., p. 185.
Species: P. Rubi, L. P. Betule, L. P. Quercus, L. P. Pruni, L. P.Spini, W. V.

After this detail of the families into which the authors of the Wiener Verzeichnis
have divided the Linnwan genus Papilio, I add, in justice to them, the following
quotation from page 196, which shews clearly that they considered these families as
representatives of genera. ‘ Unsre jfamilien werden vielleicht fiir das, was im
Pflenzenreiche die Gattungen sind, schicklich gelten koénnen.” Our families will, per-
haps, properly represent the same which the genera do in botany! Let us now
examine how this remark applies to the genera which are (almost universally)
admitted at the present period; I request the reader to refer to the families above
enumerated.
Fam. A. represents the genus Hesperia. (See Ochsenh. Schmett. von Europa, vol.

iv. p. 33.)
Fam. B. represents the genus Doritis. (See Ochsenh. Schmett. von Europa, ibid.
~ p. 29.)
Fam. C. represents the genus Papilio. (See Ochsenh. Schmett. von Europa, ibid.
p- 28.)

Fam. D. represents the genus Pontza. (See Ochsenh. Schmett. von Europa, ibid. p.
30.)

Fam. E. represents the genus Colias, and the first section indicates the genus Gonep-
teryx of Dr. Leach. (See Ochsenh. Schmett. von Europa, vol. iv. p. 31 and 32.)

Fam. F. represents the genus Hipparchia, and its various subdivisions. (See Ochsenh.
Schmett. von Europa, vol. iv. p. 19, &c.)

Fam. G. represents the genus Apatura. (See Ochsenh. Schmett. von Europa, vol. iv.
p- 19.)

Fam. H. represents the genus Limenitis. (See Ochsenh. Schmett. von Europa, vol.
Vieng 1-170)

Fam. I. represents the genus Vanessa. (See Ochsenh. Schmett. von Europa, vol. iv.
p- 16.) .

Fam. K. represents the genus Argynnis. (See Ochsenh. Schmett. von Europa, vol.
iv. p. 14.)

Fam. L. represents the genus Mektwa. (See Ochsenh. Schmett. von Europa, vol. iv.
p- 13.)
The last section of this genus comprises the Melitaa Lucina of Ochsenh, the

Papilio

INTRODUCTION, 15

Papilio Lucina of Linneus mentioned above. The authors point out the distinctive
properties of this species in a note ;* they are of opinion, that it leads to the next
family. Their opinion is founded on the character of the pupa; the larva had
escaped their research. ‘This species has afforded the type of a new genus Nemro-
Bius to J. F. Stephens, Esq., who has thus confirmed the accuracy of the observation
of Messrs. Denis and Schieffermiller.

The remaining families M. N. and O. embrace the Lepidoptera with onisciform
larvee ; these constituted, according to the system of Fabricius, the genera Thecla
and Lycena. Mr. Stephens has lately, in his Illustrations of British Entomology,
distributed them with more propriety into three genera, by which means,

Fam. M. represents the genus Lycena.
Fam. N. represents the genus Polyommatus, and.
Fam. O. represents the genus Thecla.

This abstract tends to show, in my opinion, that in the true Papilionide, at least,
the metamorphosis affords most clear indications, not only of generic distinctions,
but also of a continuous natural arrangement. ‘To illustrate the latter of these points
will, as has already been stated, be my object throughout the whole of the present
undertaking. As far as regards the former, it is evident that those genera, which are
now universally adopted, were clearly indicated as early as the year 1776; and the
quotation above given proves that the authors considered their families as representa-
tives of genera. They appear to have been prevented from imposing appropriate
names, and from offering them to the public, by a deference to the authority.of
Linneus, which at that time was paramount, and any interference with which was
prohibited in them, apparently, by a sense of propriety, and by a modest reluc-
tance to impede the general improvement in nomenclature, which had been just
accomplished by that remarkable man. Denis and Schieffermiiller, therefore, framed
their system for the succeeding generation; and we shall see in the sequel how
far their discoveries and suggestions were regarded. I shall, however, in this place
merely advert in a general manner to the history of the nomenclature of the
Papilionide. Now it is well known that most of the names of the genera above
enumerated ware published in Illiger’s Magazin der Insectenkunde, in 1807, as a
fragment of a large work of Fabricius, a Systema Glossatarum, which was found
in an unfinished state at the time of his death: for instance, the names Melt@a,

Argynnis,

* ,..... die letzte art (Zucina) unterscheidet sich wie man schon aus dem, was wir hier angesetzt haben,
bemerken wird, noch deutlicher ; vielleicht ist aber ihre Raupe mehr denen der drey folgenden Familien
ahnlich: wenigstens sah ihre Pupe, die wir einst an eine niedere Wiesenpflanze angeheeftet fanden, wie die
derselben aus. W. V. p. 179, Note.

16 INTRODUCTION.

Argynnis, Vanessa, Limenitis, Apatura, Hipparchia, Lycena, Thecla, Doritis,
Pontia, Colias, &c. are derived from the Syst. Glossar. above-mentioned. But
before this period the works of Schrank and Ochsenheimer had appeared, in which a
considerable advance had been made towards those determinations which are almost
exclusively ascribed to Fabricius: it will therefore be necessary, in the sequel, to
give a more detailed abstract of some of the divisions of Ochsenheimer. ‘The genera
of Schrank are, on the whole, of a higher and more comprehensive description, and
many of them are equal in rank to the stirpes of Mr. Macleay ; but all his minor sub-
divisions are founded on the families of the Wiener Verzeichnis, which are uniformly
referred to by him. I propose in the sequel to give an abstract of his subdivisions,
and I shall have frequent occasion to quote his authority. Various other writers point
out the-estimation in which the Wiener Verzeichnis was held, especially in Germany,
and the manner in which it was received on the continent of Europe: of these I shall
here cite Cramer, Borkhausen, and Iiliger.

Cramer’s “ Papillons Exotiques” was concluded soon after the publication of the
Vienna Catalogue. In the introduction to the fourth volume we find the following
passage: “Il seroit a souhaiter que l’on pourroit suivre dans l’ordre du rang des
Papillons et des Phalénes exotiques et Européens, le Systeme des Entomologues de
Vienne, un systéme qui, pour ce qui regarde celles a ailes farineuses de l'Europe, et
principalement dans la Famille des Sphinx, est de la dernieure exactitude.” -

Borkhausen, who commenced in 1788, and continued in the succeeding years, a
detailed description of the Lepidoptera of Europe, ascribes, in enumerating the
writers on this order, the greatest merit to Denis and Schieffermiiller. Among other
commendations is the following: ‘ not satisfied with an acquaintance with the
insect in its perfect state, they examined it also in the early stages of its existence ;
they compared the various caterpillars with the butterflies which are produced
from them, traced with indefatigable industry the plan of nature in these animals,
and discovered the resemblance which was invariably preserved in the structure
of species related to each other in affinity, in the different stages of their
existence.” He also points out their success in a natural disposition of subjects, in
cases where the larva had not yet been discovered ; and declares that experience
had confirmed many combinations, established merely from the analogy of the perfect
insect.

liliger, in his preface-to a new edition of the “ Vienna Catalogue,” in which
copious descriptions and synonyms are added to the species, while many original
remarks of the first edition are omitted, declares that this work, at the time of
its appearance, had formed an epoch in entomology ; and that in 1801 it was still
considered as one of the most acute and instructive works ever published on Natural

History.

INTRODUCTION. ; 17

History. He further declares, that the high estimation it had originally acquired
was not diminished, mentions the regard in which it was held by Fabricius, and
the use he had made of it, and states, that notwithstanding the labours of Knoch,
Hubner, Brahm, Borkhausen, and others, its contents might be considered at the
present period a faithful epitome of our knowledge in this department of ento-
mology.

But no writer has so completely entered into the spirit, and applied the views of
the Vienna Catalogue, as Ochsenheimer, whose description of European Lepidoptera
is perhaps the most comprehensive that has yet been offered to the public. To show
this it would be necessary to analyse the whole, but such is not my present object ;
I shall only remark with regret, that in the latter portions of his system, he has in
many cases departed from the families of the Wiener Verzeichnis, and has been led
into unsuccessful combinations, and the establishment of various genera which
cannot be approved; in the whole tribe of the Papilionide he has however most
faithfully followed his guide; and the remarks contained in the preface to the first
volume, in which he declares his opinion of this work in general, are so pertinent,
that I shall extract them at large. “ A complete and universal system of entomo-
logy, according to a common simple principle, is probably reserved for succeeding
generations ; in the mean time, it is the duty of the naturalist to seize whatever he
may be able to contribute towards the history of separate parts, and by this means
to facilitate future endeavours to complete the science. The authors of the Cata-
logue of Lepidoptera found in the neighbourhood of Vienna were not inattentive
to this while they were framing a system, which indeed comprises only a large portion
of the indigenous German Lepidoptera, butwhich, by the precision of the characters
employed, by the number of subdivisions, and by the fortunate disposition of affini-
ties, has obtained the reputation of the most acute and instructive work in this
department of entomology, and the justest claims on the gratitude of the present
and of succeeding generations. Considering the manifest insufficiency of single
characters to distinguish the perfect insects from the species most nearly related to
them, they recurred to the first stages of their existence, and by this means established
a mark of distinction, which, although common to all, is yet diversified in all, and
which affords the advantage of distinguishing with facility genera and species.”

In giving, on this occasion, an abstract of several of the families of Ochsenheimer’s
system, I wish to direct attention to the period when the first part was published ;
and although it was in the same year in which the sixth volume of Illiger’s Magazin
der Insectenkunde appeared, it probably took place before the general promulgation

of the posthumous Systema Glossatarum of Fabricius, above-mentioned.
D Ochsenheimer’s

18 INTRODUCTION.

Ochsenheimer’s first family is named ScuecKen-Fatter, Papiliones variegati ;
ScHEINDORNRAUPEN, Larve pseudospinose ; Schmetterlinge von Europa, vol. i. pp.
17 to 51.

This is precisely the character of Fam. L. of the Wien. Verz., p. 178: and of eleven utpaua
species enumerated by Ochsenheimer, seven are found here, viz. P. Phoebe, Maturna, Cynthia.
Dyctynna, Cinvia, Trivia, Lucina. This family is now admitted as a genus with the Fabrician
name of MELirTma.

The second family is marked Epret-Farter, Papiliones nobiles ; HALSDORNRAUPEN,

Larve collospinose ; Schmett. v. Eur. i., pp. 52—100.

This constitutes the Fam. K. of the Wien. Verz., p. 176: and of twenty European species
enumerated by Ochsenheimer, ten are contained in this catalogue, viz. P. Pandora, Paphia,
Adippe, Aglaja, Niobe, Latonia, Euphrosyne, Pales, Dia, and Daphne. This family is now dis-
tinguished as a genus with the Fabrician name of Areynnis.

The third family is marked EckrLurceLicE-FaLter, Papiliones angulati ; Scuarr-

DORNRAUPEN, Larve acutospinose ; Schmett. v. Eur. i. pp. 101—134.

It agrees with the Fam. I. of the Wien Verz., p. 174: and of twelve European species enume-
rated by Ochsenheimer, eleven are contained in this catalogue, viz. P. Atalanta, Cardui, Io,
Antiopa, Polychloros, Xanthomelas, Vau album, Urtice, C—Album, Prorsa, Levana. ‘This family
now constitutes a genus with the Fabrician name of Vanessa.

The fourth family is named Banpirte-Fatrer, Papiliones fusciati ; Hatpporn-
RAUPEN, Larve subspinose ; Schmett. v. Eur. i., pp. 135—149.

It constitutes the Fam. H. of the Wien. Verz., p. 172: and of five European species enume-
rated by Ochsenheimer, four are found in this catalogue, viz. P. Populi, Sybilla, Camilla, Lucilla.
This family is distinguished as a genus with the Fabrician name of LimeEnitis.

The enumeration of these four families is sufficient to show, that the families of
Ochsenheimer and the genera of Fabricius, in this tribe, agree with the families
of the Vienna Catalogue, and both may be considered as derived from them. The
remaining families of Ochsenheimer’s Papilionide may be traced to the same source,
and the comparison will be found highly conducive towards obtaining distinct views of
the early merits of this catalogue. In the work of Ochsenheimer, each of the families
is preceded by a precise and well-defined descriptive character ; he considered them
indeed as genera, although he neglected the opportunity of imposing a name. In
the preface we find the following passage. ‘“ It has long been wished, and it has
also been attempted, to divide the numerous host of diurnal Lepidoptera into several
genera; I therefore entertain the assurance of not venturing too much, when I
consider, and treat as a genus, each of the families employed in the sequel.” In
the fourth volume, which contains a systematic arrangement of genera and species,

these

INTRODUCTION. 19

these families appear with the generic names of Fabricius, with a few modifications
of Ochsenheimer himself.

From the preceding details it appears that the catalogue of the Lepidoptera found
near Vienna is held in high estimation in Germany ; and that the system it contains
has been adopted partially by Borkhausen and Illiger, and more generally by Schrank
and Ochsenheimer. It is less known in France; but it is quoted with great distinc-
tion by M. Latreille; it has also been referred to in several instances by Mr. Haworth,
in his Lepidoptera Britannica.

I consider an acquaintance with the Wiener Verzeichnis of the first importance
in my present undertaking: the information which it contains, and the numerous
instructive views which it affords, will greatly facilitate my progress; and its families,
in most of the subdivisions, constructed exclusively according to the larve, will
afford a constant standard for comparing my combinations, and correcting or con-
firming my views. But, independent of the merits of this work, as an abstract
or epitome of almost all that has yet been observed regarding the metamorphosis
of European Lepidoptera, it possesses excellencies of a higher order. Its decided
object is the establishment of a natural arrangement; and, in this point of view, I
consider it to have been, in the age when it was published, what the Horee Entomolo-
gice are at present. ‘There is a constant reference to the plan of the Creator in the
structure of these animals. Whenever the authors indulge in any speculation, they
display uncommon acuteness and depth of thought; and their unaffected modesty
most advantageously sets off their learning and ability.

Having concisely stated the occasion of the present work, and in a very cursory
manner described the materials from which it will be compiled, and the circum-
stances which influenced its commencement, I now proceed to some observations
on the principles of arrangement and subdivision which will be adopted. I have
already declared my intention of making the plan of the Annulosa Javanica my
guide, and of adhering, as far as may be consistent with the plan and conduct of the
present work, to the principles detailed in the Horee Entomologice. In considering,
therefore, the primary divisions of this order, I direct my attention, in the first
place, to the former work, with this inquiry,—can the statement of Mr. Macleay
regarding the division of the order of Coleoptera be applied to the Lepidoptera
likewise? Making use, therefore, of his own words, I ask, “if we gradually limit
our views, and descend from the consideration of the xincpom Animalia to the
department or suB-Kincpom Annulosa, from this again to the cass Haustellata, and
then to the orprr Lepidoptera, thus leaving each group for one of its component
minor groups, do we at length observe the last-mentioned, wiz. the order Lepidop-
tera, to resolve itself into five minor groupes, or TRIBES?” Now it appears to me, that

D 2 it

20 INTRODUCTION.

it will not be difficult for any entomologist, of very moderate experience, to refer most
of the Lepidoptera with which he may be acquainted to one of the following types
of form or divisions, viz. Papilionide, Sphingide, Bombycide, Noctuade, and Phale-
nide. To give a precise definition of these groups individually is not my design at
present; perhaps it would not be a task very easily effected, according to their
variations of metamorphosis. I propose that they be considered in this place
abstractedly, without any regard to a rigid distinction, but as familiar types of form
which may easily be called to mind. The designation of ¢rébe will be applied to them
individually, agreeably to the system of subdivision above enumerated. But it may,
perhaps, be expected that I should give a comparative analysis of the divisions of
this order, generally employed in systematic works; this will, however, be done with
more propriety, as occasionally suggested, in the progress of the work: of the
minor groups several will naturally find a place in the tribes above enumerated; the
situations of others, according to their metamorphosis, require various comparisons
and details, which I am not prepared at present to undertake.

I commence with some general remarks on the first tribe, the Papilionide, agree-
ably to the order of subdivision which I propose to follow ; I shall then give a rapid
preliminary sketch of the other tribes; after which I shall proceed to a more
detailed analysis of the Papilionidz, in which I shall consider the modifications
of the metamorphosis in connexion with the structure of the perfect insect. Now
I have to show, in the first place, that, in tracing the metamorphosis of the true
Papilionide, which constitute the first tribe, and which comprizes the Lepidoptera
Diurna of Latreille, the genus Papilio of Linneus, the Falter or Tagschmetterlinge
of Ochsenheimer and the authors of the Vienna Catalogue, I have observed
several types of form, to which all the larvee and chrysalides which I have collected
myself, or which I have found described and delineated in the works of others, can
without exception be referred, viz.

First : a larva of a linear oblong form, attenuated at both ends, depressed or
cylindrico-convex, of a sluggish appearance, with short and scarcely perceptible feet ;
distinctly marked above with transverse strie. A pupa nearly smooth, or with
comparatively few protuberances, very obtuse at the anterior extremity, attached by
the abdomen, braced, vertically suspended with the head upwards or tending for-
wards in a horizontal direction.

Examples of this larva are given in the third plate, in fig. 11, 12, and 13, and on
the fourth plate both larva and pupa are figured in No. 1, l.a. 2, 2a. 8, 8,a. 4,
4,a,and 5, 5.a. The subjects represented will be referred to in the course of the
work. This is apparently the most simple form in the tribe of Papilionidx : it is
distinguished in the diagram with the name of vermiform.

Secondly :

INTRODUCTION. Qi

Secondly : a larva of a cylindrical form, generally swelled or thickened at the
fourth or fifth section of the body, attenuated towards the head and posterior extremity ;
in the typical genera naked or covered with short, obtuse, fleshy protuberances ;
in the extreme genera, at the boundary of the neighbouring groups, covered
with a close silky down or with short scattered hair, most remarkably distinguished
by a furcula or forked tentaculum, situated between the head and neck, which may
be drawn back or thrust forward at pleasure. Pupa angulated and mostly tuber-
culated; in the typical genera, and in those at the confines of the first group,
‘attached by the posterior extremity, braced, and vertically suspended. with the head
upwards; in the genera approaching the third stirps perpendicularly suspended,
according to the habits of that stirps. The caterpillar of this division is distin-
guished in the diagram as the Chilognathiform or Juliform type.

Examples: Plate ii, fig. 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, .19, 20. Plate iv, fig. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13. By an oversight the pupa, both in this and in the former stirps, has
been placed in a vertical attitude, which the reader is requested to bear in mind ;
the natural attitude is exemplified in plate iii, fig. 1, a. 2, a. 3, a. 4, a. and 5, a.;
but in some instances the head is downwards; these will be pointed out in the
descriptions.

Thirdly : a cylindrical larva, strikingly characterized by its terrific or threatening
aspect, being covered with sharp, rigid, erect processes, often of great length, but
diversified in the different subdivisions, arranged in regular longitudinal lines along
the body of the larva, and beset with numerous diverging spines disposed in a verti-
cillate manner. It is distinguished by the designation of Chilopodiform or Scolopen-
driform larva. The attitude of the pupa is the reverse of that of the typical forms
in the two former divisions: it is attached by the abdomen, while the head is
directed perpendicularly downwards: in form it is greatly diversified.

Three examples only of this form are given with a view to show its general habit,
in plate ili, fig. 21, 22, and 23; the remaining modifications, which are numerous,
will follow connectedly on succeeding plates.

Fourthly : a lengthened cylindrical striated larva, somewhat smaller at each end,
apparently of an agile habit, naked, or covered with a slight down, having ahead of
moderate size, armed with two erect spines, or provided with a moveable shield,
often of great size and beset with erect hornlike processes: but the chief charac-
teristic of this division consists in two very strongly marked lengthened filiform or
spinous appendages from the abdomen. ‘The pupa is attached by the tail and sus-
pended perpendicularly as in the last division; it is in general terminated by two
points, of various form and length. The illustration of this division will be given with
that of the former in the course of the work. One specimen only is figured on the

diagram,

29 INTRODUCTION,

diagram, to afford a comparison with the others, and to illustrate the denomination
of Thysanuriform, which has been assigned to it. See N. 24, Plate ii.

Fifthly : a cylindrical larva, nearly naked, with a very large head, often globular,
and attached to the body by a long neck ; characteristically distinguished from the
other subdivision by its bluntness and abrupt termination behind : the metamorphosis
resembles that of one of the divisions of the tribe of Phaleenide, the pupa being
covered by a convoluted leaf. Hence in the Vienna Catalogue the name of tortrici-
formes is assigned to the larva of family A of the third great subdivision, which com-
prises this form. In the diagram in the third plate are exhibited two forms of this
larva; one of the Erycinidee at the boundary of the fourth tribe, and one of the true
Hesperidz.. In order to illustrate this preliminary sketch of the five types of form
of the metamorphosis of the true Papilionide, I shall repeat the denominations which
will be more fully explained hereafter : thus the first division, according to the larve,
has been named vermiform, the second juliform or chilognathiform, the third scolopen-
driform or chilopodiform, the fourth thysanuriform, and the fifth anopluriform. ‘These
separate groups, agreeably to the plan of Mr. Macleay in the Annulosa Javanica,
will in future be denominated szzpes.

In the tribe of Sphinigide, Ihave distinguished the following types of form, which
afford characters to the subdivisions or stirpes. As the entire metamorphosis will be
detailed in the course of the work, I shallin this preliminary sketch give only a con-
cise notice of the larve, without attempting their disposition in a natural order. We
observe, then,

First : a vermiform larva, sluggish, somewhat hairy, with a small retractile head,
and minute obscure feet. This larva, in the Wiener Verzeichnis, constitutes the Family
G of the genus Sphina, p. 44, &c. Larve phaleniformes, Scheinspinnerraupen, and
the perfect insect the Sphinges maculate, les Sphinx a cornes de belier. Reaum. and
Geoffr. It deviates more than the other stirpes from the regular type of the sphin-
gide, and if the stirpes are arranged according to the principles of Mr. Macleay, it
belongs to the aberrant groupes; but the determination of its affinity remains for a
future investigation. Typical genus Zygwna of Fabricius.

Secondly : a cylindrical larva more slender and elongated than in the other stirpes ;
it is generally without lateral ocelli, and in one of the sections it is somewhat downy ;
the head is globular, and the abdominal horn short and rigid; the latter does not
always exist, but in place of it is observed a specular mark. It comprises the families
Eand F of the Vienna Catalogue, p. 43 and 44, The former is characterized as having
larve elongate, Langleibraupen, the latter larve subpilose, Milchhaarraupen ; Sphinges
caudiberbes and hyaline, 'The Sesie of Mr. Haworth, in his Lepidoptera Britannica,
including both divisions, ¢ecte and denudatw, constitute this stirps. The perfect

insect

INTRODUCTION. 23

insect has short wings, and the abdomen is terminated by a broad or depressed brush-
like appendage: in the latter group, Fam. F., the wings are transparent. The
typical genera are Macroglossum, Scop., and Sesia, Latr.

Thirdly : a larva with a head almost triangular and acuminate above ; the body
obliquely striated, generally with yellow, naked and somewhat rugose: the abdo-
minal horn of moderate size (smooth), generally marked with a peculiar colour.
The perfect insect of this’ division is strikingly distinguished by its angulated or
- excavated wings. It constitutes the Fam. A of the Vienna Catalogue, p. 40 and 41.
Larve acrocephale, Spitzkopfraupen ; and the perfect insect the Sphinges angulate.
Typical genus, Smerinthus.

Fourthly : a larva with an ovate truncated head, nearly naked and even on the
surface; the abdominal horn lengthened, tuberculated, curved. The perfect insect
has entire lanceolate wings; the abdomen is marked with oblique lateral stria. It con-
stitutes the Fam. B of the Vienna Catalogue, p. 41. Larvae amblocephale, Stumpfkopf-
raupen, and the perfect insect the Sphinges fasciate. Typical genus Acherontia:
species A, Atropos.

Fifthly : a larva with a small globose head, pale lateral spots on the-sides of the
body, or large ocelli behind the head, mostly with brilliant colours ; abdominal horn
generally simple. The pupa covers itself loosely with leaves. It comprises, as far
as I have been able to determine, the Families C and D of the Vienna Catalogue, p.
42 and 43. In the former, larve maculate, Fleckeraupen, the perfect insects Sphinges
semifasciate, have the abdomen marked anteriorly with abbreviated fasciz ; in the
latter, larve ophthalmice, Augenraupen, the perfect insects, Sphinges caudacute, the
abdomen is very acute. ‘Typical genera, Sphinx, Ochsenh. (in part); Deilephila,
Ochsenh. (in part).

These divisions fig not embrace the genus Aegeria, dna several other genera, com-
monly arranged among the Sphingide : which, if my observations are correct, have
a different metamorphosis, and will probably, at least in part, find a place in the next
tribe; but this remains for future discussion.

In the tribe of Sphingide the division is comparatively plain and obvious from
various causes. The group itself is not very extensive, and being almost equally
distributed through the temperate climes of Europe and through tropical countries,
its metamorphosis is, comparatively, well understood. ‘The divisions are therefore
clearly determined, in the families of the Wiener Verzeichnis, and I have found them
to apply so accurately to the results obtained with my own materials, that I have
adopted them, with a few slight modifications which are obvious at first sight. But
in the remaining ¢ribes the metamorphosis is as yet not so perfectly known, at least in
tropical countries: the divisions are moreover very extensive, the affinities very com-

. plicated,

24, INTRODUCTION.

plicated, and often obscure, and the reference to the perfect insect does not, in many
cases, clearly illustrate the series. I shall therefore, at present, attempt no more than
a preliminary enumeration of the most prominent types of form in the Javanese collec-
tion, illustrating them by a comparison with those families in the Vienna Catalogue
which I have been enabled to determine with accuracy. But the whole, as above
stated, is merely an imperfect preparatory outline; and in the enumeration of the
groups, no arrangement according to natural succession is attempted. My object
is to point out the prominent forms, with a view to their relative disposal, in the course
of the work. I trust, however, when the groups shall have been analyzed in detail,
to be enabled, in most cases, to point out clearly the typical forms, from a com-
parison of the metamorphosis with the perfect insect; and to dispose the stirpes
in a continued series returning into itself.

The first form indicating one of the stirpes of the tribe Bompycip#, I have deno-
minated provisionally, after one of the families to be mentioned in the sequel, Fascz-
culata. I shall not attempt, in this place, a detailed description of its various modi-
fications; this will follow more properly in the course of the work. Generally the
larva is covered closely with silky hairs, arranged in fascicles or tufts, often of unequal
length on different parts of the body, and always abruptly terminated. In some cases
these tufts are beautifully variegated in colour. ‘This stirps is naturally subdivided
into two groups, one of which is exemplified in the genus Laria of Schrank (Liparis
and Orgya of Ochsenheimer), the other in that of Arctia of Schrank, Eyprepia
of Ochsenheimer. But this must be understood with some modification as to species.
The families D, E, F, G, and H, of the Wiener Verzeichnis belong to this stirps.
The family E more particularly corresponds with the genus Arctia: the designation
according to the larva is Ursina (p. 52) Barenraupen (hence the name arctie):
“« Larva tuberculis in quolibet annulo decem, que plerumque pilis longis densisque
obtecta sunt.” Fam. G illustrates the genus Laria: larvee FascicuLat@ (p. 54) Biir-
stenraupen. “ Larva fasciculis erectis scopiformibus nonnullisque insuper tuberculis
pilisque brevioribus armata.” ‘This is more especially typical of the stirps.

Another stirps of the Bombycide has a larva, which may with propriety be deno-
minated Verticillata, It consists of two principal divisions. In the first the typical genus
is Saturnia of Schrank, Ochsenh., &c. Phalena Attacus, Linn.: in the second the
genus Apopa of Haworth. The first comprises the Fam. B, larva verticillate, and pro-
bably also the Fam. C, larve tuberosew of W.V., p. 49 and 50. Larva in singulis annulis
verrucis sex, pilis stellatim divergentibus. Metamorphosis a terra remota, in folli-
culo pyriformi durissimo. The second comprises the Fam. U., W. V., p- 65. Larve
pedibus haud conspicus (Apoda Haw.) : in Europais limaciformibus, in Javanis
spinis rigidis praedite, qua iterum spinulis verticillatis acutissimis instructe sunt.

Metamor-

INTRODUCTION. 25

Metamorphosis in folliculo ovato vel globoso duro. As an European example, I can.
only adduce the Apoda Testudo, Haw. Lep. Br. p. 137: in the Javanese collection
are contained numerous species, which are considerably diversified, and of most of
these the metamorphosis has been observed and delineated.

I place immediately after the stirps with verticillate larva another stirps, which
I have denominated Pilosa : although I have not attempted a natural succession in
this tribe, yet it appears to me that the structure of the folliculi or cocoons, with
other particulars, indicates a relation of affinity between these two stirpes. The first
typical genus may be considered to be Lasiocampa of Schrank: comprising part of
the genus Gastropacha of Ochsenheimer; the genera Odonestis and Eriogaster of
Germar, also belong to this stirps. I shall not at present attempt to define the
relative limits of these genera; but I must remark that, in my opinion, Ochsenhei-
mer deserves no commendation for deserting in the Lepidoptera Nocturna the plan
of adhering to the system of the Vienna Catalogue, with which he commenced ;
and for declining to adopt several generic names of Schrank, which represent the
structure of insects in the larva state, and among others Lasiocampa. Agreeably
to this view he expressly states, vol. iii. Preface, p. vi.: ‘“ For this reason I left
several names of Schrank, which were taken from the larve alone, unemployed.”
The families I, K, and L, of the W. V. belong to this stirps: Fam. I. p. 56,
Larve Collarie: Larva subhirsuta nucha incisura segmenti secundi et tertii coerulea
aut fulva. Fam. K.p. 56, Larve villose: Larva segmentis tomento tectis. Fam. L.
p- 57, Larve pilose: Larva elongata, mollis, tota lanugine tenui tecta, omnibus
strigarum fasciarumque coloribus pellucentibus. The latter may be considered as
typical of the stirps. .

A fourth stirps of Bombycidz I have likewise named after one of the families of —
the Wiener Verzeichnis, Lignivora: it comprises the Fam. M, N, and O. In most
of these the larva is naked, or has but few loosely scattered hairs, as appears from
the characters of the families. Fam. M, Larva Subpilose, p. 59. Larva mollis
(nigro variegata) nuda, punctis nigris solis fere pilis solitariis. Fam. N, Larve Lig-
nivore: Larva levis pilis rarioribus, mandibulis validis: (in ligno putrescente
victitat) p. 59. Fam. O, Larve Radicivore, p.60: Larva nudiuscula, capite tho-
raceque nitidis (sub humo degit), metamorphosis intra terram in tela oblonga granis
terreis commista). ‘The typical genera are Pygzra, Cossus and Hepialus. The
metamorphosis of the Fam. O. has some resemblance to that of the genera Psyche of
Schrank and of Oiketicus of Guilding: and these appear to be allied to Hepialus,
&c., but the determination of their proper situation in the circle of Bombycide re-
mains for future discussion.

In the last stirps of this tribe which I shall enumerate, the larva is greatly

E diver-

26 INTRODUCTION.

diversified in form; but there is one character which exists in all the varieties,
from which it has been named Cuspidata: this consists in one or more points, or
lengthened tubercles, either at the extremity of the abdomen or on one of the
sections of the body. I have not ascertained whether all these various forms consti-
tute a connected circle, but their analysis will follow in the course of the work.
The typical genera are Cerura of Schrank and Stauropus of Germar, but the stirps
also embraces Notodonta, at least in part, and Agha and Endromis of Ochsenheimer,
and the genus Bombyw as defined by Schrank.

The families R, 8, and T, of the W. V., p. 62, 63, and 64, most properly
named, according to the larva, Gibbose, Furcate, and Cuspidate, and part of
Fam. A, Larve Sphingiformes, comprising the Bombyx Mori, belong to this stirps:
the latter appears to be connected in affinity with the stirps first enumerated; but
as it is not my intention to trace the circular disposition of this tribe at present, I
have only transiently indicated several of the most obvious affinities.

The agreement between the forms of larvae which I have discovered in Java,
and those described in the Wiener Verzeichnis is so striking in the tribe of Bom-
bycidee, that I am induced to give in this place an enumeration of the families into
which the section of Bombyces or Spinner has been divided, as they will illustrate
most of the forms which will be described in the sequel. With one or two exceptions,
the same forms of larve have, in this tribe, been observed in Europe and in Java.
The names employed are so characteristic, that I have selected from them those
which indicate the stirpes.

The families are the following, viz.

Fam. A. Larve Sphingiformes. Fam. B. Larvm Verticituate. Fam. C. Larve
Tuberose. Fam. D. Larve Nodose. Fam. E. Larve Ursine. Fam. F. Larve
Celeripedes. Fam. G. Larvm Fascicutatz. Fam. H. Larve Cristate. Fam. I.
Larve Collarie. Fam. K. Larve Villose. Fam. L. Lakvem Pirosz. Fam. M. Larve
Subpilose. Fam. N. Larv# Lienivore. Fam. O. Larve Radicivore. Fam. P.
Larve Noctujformes. Fam. Q. Larve Geometriformes. Fam. R. Larve Gibbose.
Fam. 8S. Larve Furcate. Fam. T. Larve Cuspipata. Fam. V. Larve Limaci-
Jormes.

They naturally resolve themselves, according to the views adopted in this work,
into the following Stirpes, viz.

Bompycip».

INTRODUCTION. a7

Stirpes. EEE Exempla Typica.
Larv&® FascicutaTa. x D. G. H. Laria, Schrank.
ee Boake Arctia, id.
Larv&® VERTICILLATE. Ban By! Saturnia, id.
pee LOL Apoda, Haworth.
Larvz Pinosz. Dak. es Lasiocampa, Schrank.
Larva Licnivorz. M. N. O. Cossus, Fabr.

Hepialus, Schrank.
Psyche, id.
Oiketicus, Guilding.
Larva CusPIDAT&. Se Ruts. Ole Cerura, Schrank.
Stauropus, Germar.
Drepana, Schrank.
Notodonta, Ochsenh.
sek 85 aN Bombyx, Schrank.

ONT EH yCan by As,

In the determination of these stirpes I have availed myself, next to my own mate-
rials, of the families of the Vienna Catalogue, and the arrangement of the Lepidoptera
Bombyciformia made by Schrank in the second part of his Fauna Boica. The genera
here referred to have been established chiefly according to the larve. Several of
them are of a very comprehensive nature, and will, in future, require subdivision :
but the names can always with propriety be applied to the families or sections.
They are judiciously chosen and highly descriptive, and should not unnecessarily
be supplanted by others taken from the perfect insect, as has been done, in various
cases, by Ochsenheimer.

In the two remaining tribes, the subdivisions which I am enabled to propose are
still less determinate than in the Sphingidze and Bombycide. I shall therefore, at
present, give only a preliminary indication of the most prominent types of form,
which I have observed in the Javanese series of metamorphosis; these I shall illus-
trate by a comparison with the families of the Vienna Catalogue: a more detailed
analysis both of the metamorphosis and of the perfect insect is required for limiting
the stirpes, and for indicating their relative disposition, according to the affinities
of the subjects which compose them.

In the Nocruipa, a term which I employ in a more extensive sense than is
usually done, I shall exhibit, as the type of one of the stirpes, the following form:
a larva cylindrical, smooth and naked, always obtuse behind, with a termination
either abrupt, or prominent and rounded. In some of the minor subdivisions, there
is, on one of the last segments of the body, an acute prominence with a broad base,

in in

28 INTRODUCTION.

in its disposition somewhat analogous to the horn of the Sphingidz, but very different
in form and appearance. The colours of this larva are generally green or brown; and
in some of the subdivisions it is handsomely variegated: in all cases it is longi-
tudinally striated, but the stria vary in number and breadth: it is occasionally
marked with a single broad longitudinal lateral band; the surface is almost in all
cases dotted, and sometimes variegated with large distinct white spots. Several of
the forms in our series agree so strikingly with the families of the Vienna Catalogue,
that they deserve to be enumerated, as affording an illustration of the identity of this
stirps in Europe, and in the tropical regions of Java, vz.

Fam. H. Larve Tenuistriate, p.72, No. 42, 55, &c. Javanese Metamorphoses ; ty-
pical genus Potra, Hiibn.

Fam. M. Larve Albilaterales, p.'77, No. 30, 36, &c. Jav. Met. ; typical genus Gra-
PHIPHORA, Hiibn. |

Fam. N. Larve Terricole, p. 79, No. 46, &c. Jav. Met.; typical genus Acroris,

Fam. O. Larve Largostriate, p. 81, &c. No. 62, 157, 13, &c. Jav. Met. ; typical
genus Mamestra, Ochsenh.

Fam. P. Larve Obliquostriate, p. 83, No. 150, &c. Jav. Met. ; typical genus Hapena,
Schrank.

The Fam. B, which with great propriety has been named Bombyciformis, because
the larva resembles the verticillate stirps among the Bombycide, belongs also to this
stirps, but not to the typical groups. ‘The typical genus is Acronicta ; and the pecu-
liarity of the larva is noted by Mr. Curtis. It is also found in the Javanese series.

The distinguishing character of the larva of the next stirps of Noctuidae which
I shall enumerate, although without any regard to its affinity, zs its being attenuated
almost equally towards both extremities, and very slightly covered with a short down.
The name of Fustformis is therefore with propriety applied to one of its subdivisions,
which constitutes the family C of the Noctuz of the W. V. This family embraces
several genera of the present systems; as Lithosia, at least in part, and Eulepia of
Curtis, and Dezopeia of Stephens. I defer the analysis of its subdivisions to another
occasion. I shall then endeavour to examine the somewhat extraordinary combina-
tions of Schrank; if they are correct, many of the Tine will be here arranged
Schrank’s genus Setina, comprises most of the species of the family with faerie
vee; and he unites in one family, which he denominates Lepidoptera Tinezeformia, be-
sides Sevina, the genera Nemapogon, Tinea, Setella, Harpella, Plutella, and Stiemella.
at ae ie Mee a indeed related by affinity, or whether

y by analogical relations. The habit of

forming

INTRODUCTION. 29

forming a case which belongs to many Lepidoptera with fusiform larve, is likewise
observed partially in other tribes of this order. Among the Papilionidz it exhibits
itself in the Hesperide ; among the Bombycide in the stirps with lignivorous larvee
and in Psyche, and in the Phalznida, most evidently among the Tortrices.

The third stirps appears to be strictly oriental ; at least I have not found any family
agreeing with it in character in the Vienna Catalogue. The larva is cylindrical,
thinly scattered with short bristly hairs, abruptly terminated behind, and, as far as I
have observed, uniformly marked with ¢ransverse bands, of a brilliant, mostly yellow,
colour. In its metamorphosis it resembles. some of the Bombycide ; the folliculus is
irregularly hemispherical, and partially rests on the earth. The perfect insect is
generally marked with strikingly diversified colours, in which black, yellow, red, and
white, are contrasted. The antenne are lengthened and slender ; analogous to those
of several Papilionide ; they also indicate an affinity to the last stirps of this tribe.
Numerous samples of this larva are contained in our series.

In another stirps the larva has a very decided character: it is still provided with
sixteen feet, but of the eight abdominal feet the two anterior are by far the smallest ;
there is a swelling and discoloration about the fourth segment of the body, and the
last segment but one rises in a protuberance which is terminated by two points. In
walking, the larva partially resembles those of the Geometre, and approaches in
habit to the next stirps, but its attitudes are often more grotesque; the head is
thrown back and the abdomen drawn inwards, so that it resembles a distorted letter S.
Many of the larve resemble in colour the bark of wood. They are, in many in-
stances, fringed along the sides of the body, hence the family name in the W.V. Cilate.
They are very numerous in Java, and exhibit several apparently uncommon modifi-
cations. The perfect insect is distinguished by the striking colours of the posterior
wings, and by its habit of flying into houses at night. The Fam. X. Larve Ciliate,
and Y. Larve Pseudogeometre, pp. 90, 91, W.V., belong to this stirps, and the typical
genera are Catocata of Schrank, and AprostaLa of Ochsenh.

The fifth stirps is distinguished, in the larva state, by having only twelve feet,
and by bending the back in walking in a greater degree than the fourth; hence the
vulgar name of half loopers. Their metamorphosis resembles that of the typical
stirps of the next tribe. ‘The perfect insect is well known by the silvery or golden
spots or marks on the upper wings. They are denominated Noctue Metallica, and
constitute the family Z, W. V. p. 91, Larve Semigeometre. The typical genus is
Puiusta of Hiiiner.

Of the stirpes enumerated, the first, provisionally named Nuva, from the com-
plete nakedness of the larva in most divisions, is typical of the whole tribe. Schrank
proposes the name of Noctua, by preference, for the Fam. M and N of the W. V.

which

30 INTRODUCTION.

which belong to it: and two other families, O and P, he has united into the genus
Hadena, which also belongs to the typical stirps. Another stirps is named Fust-
rormis; a third from the transverse disposition of the marks Fasciata; a fourth
Citrata, and the last SeMiGEOMETRA.

‘It will appear more fully in the sequel that the families of the W. V. have, with
scarcely a single exception, been likewise observed in Java.

The passage from the last stirps of the Noctuide to the first stirps of the Pra-
LENID&, is one of the most gradual which we have yet observed. ‘The tendency to
that character which so remarkably distinguishes the typical stirps of the fifth tribe,
has been indicated in the stirps alluded to, the Semigeometrze of the last tribe. In
the stirps which we are now considering, the habit of the larva is completely formed.
It has, like the former, twelve feet, but its mode of undergoing the change approaches
to that of the next stirps. It consists of the Fam. A of the Geometre of the Vienna
Catalogue, named (larvae) Seminoctuales. It constitutes the genus Phalena, as
defined by Dr. Leach (Samouelle’s Entom. Comp. p. 252); the second sect. of the
genus Phalena of Latreille; Genera, vol. iv. p. 227; and the genus Ellopia of
Treitschke’s Cont. of Ochsenh. Schm. von Eur., vol. v. 2, p. 429. As typical spe-
cies, P. margaritaria, prasinaria and fasciaria, may be adduced. ‘The family name of
SEMINOCTUALES may with propriety be applied to the stirps.

The second stirps is typical of this tribe, and exhibits one of the most remarkable
groups in the whole order of Lepidoptera, whether we consider the perfect insect or
the larva. The latter have only ten feet: their movement in walking being com-
pared to.aloop, they are denominated loopers. Ingressus tanquam si longitudinem spi-
thameis metiaris. They exhibit various very striking modifications of attitude and
appearance, according to which they are named in the Vienna Catalogue; and as
these also occur in the Javanese series, I shall enumerate several as types of the sub-
divisions of this stirps, viz. :

Fam. B, W. V. p. 69. Larve Stoloniformes. “ Ad perpendiculum fere erecta quiescit.” Gen.
Hipparchus, Leach; Geometra, Treitschke.

Fam. C, W. V. p. 98. Larve Corticine. “ Larva fere linearis, capite truncato in cortice per
totum diem herere solet.” Gen. Biston, Leach; Amphidasis, Treitschke.

Fam. D, W. V.p.100. Larve Pedunculares. “ Larva precedentibus gracilior, fere linearis.”
Gen. Boarmia, Treitschke.

Fam. E, W.V. p.102. Larve Surculiformes. ‘ Larva forma ramum seu surculum imitatur.”
Gen. Aspitates, Treitschke.

Fam. F, W. V. p. 103. Larve Ramiformes. “ Larva tam colore et longitudine quam tuber-
culis, verrucis aut mucronibus ramulo simillima.’ Gen. Geometra and Ourapteryx, Leach;
Acena and Ennomos, Treitschke.

Fam. N, W. VY. p. 114. Larve Signate. “ Larva lete colorata.”” Gen. Abraxas, Leach ;
Zerene, Treitschke.

All

INTRODUCTION. 31

All these families, and several others which will be enumerated in their proper
places, afford indications for generic distinctions, which are confirmed by the genera
cited from Leach in Samouelle’s Entomologist’s Compendium.

I shall at present limit myself to a very general definition of the remaining stirpes
of this tribe; their analysis will follow in the sequel, when I hope to be enabled to
compare, in a more satisfactory manner, the result of the observations which I have
personally made with those of Hiibner and others, who have illustrated the meta-
morphosis of this order. I find, however, as well in my, own materials as in the
arrangement of the Wiener Verzeichnis, that the remaining groups of Phalenide
are connected mutually one to the other, and to the two prominent groups
already enumerated by very evident affinities. I shall, therefore, consider these as
types of stirpes, and endeavour to show in the sequel that they complete the
circle of Phalenide. Before indicating them, I shall extract a remark from the
work just mentioned, as it not only illustrates the views entertained by the authors
of these affinities, but also shows their constant endeavour to arrange their groups
in a natural succession; to this they were led, by attending carefully to the meta-
’ morphosis of the insects. They place before the remark alluded to an apology for
deviating in their arrangement from the order of Linnzeus, who had separated the
Pyralides from the Geometre by the intervention of the Tortrices; they then
proceed: ‘ the reason which has induced us to make this alteration, is, that by this
means we believe we have adhered more closely to the regular connexion and
gradual passage which nature appears to have observed, and this both in regard of
the caterpillars and the perfect insects.” They then describe the larva of one of
the groups, as far as they are acquainted with it, in the following words: “ regard-
ing the larva of the Pyralides, we remark that many of them want the first pair of
the abdominal feet; they move, therefore, in some measure, after the manner of the
Geometre ; they have uniformly a slender body, and they live uncovered on plants.”*

According to this intimation, I shall consider the Pyrat as the group follow-
ing immediately after the Grometr«, and representing one of the stirpes of the
Phalenide, but without at present defining its limits. In the Vienna Catalogue
they

* Wir setzen die Ziinsler oder Lichtmiichen vor den Blattwicklern, und glauben nicht, dass es jemanden
leicht verwirren soll, obschon by Herrn Linnzeus die letztern vor jenen stehen. Die Ursache, die uns
zu dieser geringen Veriinderung bewogen hat, ist, dass wir hiedurch den ordentlichen Zusammenhang, und
sanften Uebergang, den die natur scheint beobachtet zu haben., mehr zu folgen glauben, und dieses
sowohl in Betrachte der Raupen als der Schmetterlinge. Die Raupen belangend, so mangelt vielen von
denen der Lichtmiicken ein Paar der Bauchfiisze, sie gehen daher un wenig Spannerformigt, haben durchge-
hends einen schlanken Leib, und leben auf den Pflanzen ganz unbedeckt. W. V., p. 118.

32 INTRODUCTION.

they are divided into two families, one of which is represented by the genus
Herminia, the other by Botys.

Following the same work, we are led by a natural succession to the Blattwickler
or Tortrices, which I shall consider as the fourth stirps of Phalenide: this is a
very extensive group, the character of which is indicated by the name. The larvee
in many cases are small, slender, mostly of a green colour, naked or slightly pilose,
very active, and provided with sixteen feet. They have the habit of contorting or
rolling the leaves on which they feed, and in which they undergo metamorphosis.
This character will again be referred to in the sequel: many of the peculiarities of
the larvae remain for future investigation. The authors of the Vienna Catalogue
express themselves very decidedly as to the natural affinity of the Tortrices to the
groups, between which they are now placed. They all greatly resemble each other
in their manner of undergoing their change, and no satisfactory characters for subdi-
vision have as yet been proposed. The whole stirps is at present represented by a
few genera, the limits of which are not defined.

The last group of the Phalzenidz, which is placed immediately after the Tortrices,
constitutes ‘“* die Schaben,” or TinEx. They constitute one of the most diversified
groups in the whole order. The caterpillars are generally small, and decrease to such
a degree as to become almost imperceptible : they have sixteen, fourteen, or even eight
Jeet. Their habits are also greatly diversified. No satisfactory subdivision has as
yet been established. Schrank has united under his Lepidoptera Tinezformia as
well Lithosta, Eulepia, and Dezopeia, &c. as the true Tinee or Schaben: the former
constitute the stirps with fusiform larva among the last tribe. In preliminarily
indicating the fifth stirps of the Phalenide, the Tinew, I shall adopt the views of the
Vienna Catalogue. In referring to various modern systems, we find the Tineeform
Lepidoptera separated and arranged into distinct subdivisions: the true limits of this
group remain therefore for future determination. The affinity of many of the
Tine to the Noctuidze and Seminoctuales, will probably lead us to the point in
which the circle of Phalzenidze is completed.

In reviewing this hasty sketch of the PHaLanips, it appears that this tribe
resolves itself into the following stirpes, viz. Seminoctuales, Geometrae, Pyralide,
Tortrices, and Tinee: the latter stirps, according to the views of Dennis and
Schieffermiiller, is again connected with the Seminoctuales. In the tribe, therefore,
which we are now considering, the disposition of the stirpes according to their
natural affinities has been comparatively easy, from the indications afforded by the
authors cited; while in the second, third, and fourth tribes, my attempt extended
no farther than to indicate the prominent forms or types, leaving the definition of the
stirpes and their arrangement according to their natural relations to the progress of

the

INTRODUCTION. 33

the work. Indeed my object in this preliminary sketch, has rather been to point out
in a general manner at the commencement, the plan which I have projected for my
arrangement, than to limit or define the groups permanently. I trust, however, that
the confirmation afforded by the Wiener Verzeichnis to this first imperfect essay, will
obtain for it an indulgent reception, until a more satisfactory elucidation can be
afforded.
I have now traced the whole order of Lepidoptera in a rapid manner. I have
attempted to show that it consists of five tribes, and that in the metamorphosis of
each tribe, certain prominent or typical forms are manifested, indicating the subdi-
visions next in rank, which will be denominated, according to the plan of the Annu-
losa Javanica, stirpes. The gradual passage of one ¢ribe into another, or the con-
nexion of these higher groups by a natural affinity, has been only superficially stated;
but it will be sufficiently apparent, I trust, that in the disposition of these tribes, I have
attempted to follow the most gradual succession of nature; and I shall leave the
proofs of this to the progress of the work itself. There is, however, one point re-
garding the connexion of the two principal tribes which presents itself for immediate
notice. If the position above advanced be conformable to truth, we are now enabled
to show with cogency, that the whole order of Lepidoptera constitutes a series
returning into itself. The satisfactory illustration of this point will be given with
greater advantages at the close of the work, when the subjects themselves shall have
passed in review, and can be appealed to; and my present object will be chiefly to
show the point of connexion between the tribe first mentioned and the last, in which
the circle is completed. If we therefore return to the Papilionide, we find the
stirps which recedes farthest from the typical character, to exhibit a decided tendency
towards the nocturnal Lepidoptera, both in its perfect state and in its metamorphosis;
this in both stages is indicated by their names, wz. Hesperide in the former, Torér7-
ciformes in the latter. Nothing can more strongly prove this point than the following
description of the different stages, from the Vienna Catalogue: Fam. A (Papilionum)
Larva Tortriciformis; Larva nonnullis Phalenarum larvis persimilis; subnuda ;
antice posticeque tenuior (subfusiformis) ; capite globoso paululum fisso; 2 folits
contextis habitare solet. Metamorphosis ad modum larvarum Tortricum, in tela.
Chrysalis similis phalenarum pupis. A similar approach to the nocturnal Lepidop-
tera is exhibited by the perfect insect of the Hesperide ; the body is generally short
and thick, the head large, the anterior wings when the insect is at rest expanded ;
the hinder tibize provided with /wo pair of spurs, one in the middle the other at the
tip. They fly chiefly in the latter part of the day. Imago pedibus sex aequalibus ;
antennis brevibus ; corpore plerumque brevi crasso, capite magno. Sedens alas, impri-
mis posticas, suberectas gerit. In all these particulars the Hesperide depart from the
EF diurnal

34 INTRODUCTION.

diurnal Lepidoptera. Now if we turn to the last tribe of this order, the Phalzenidz, we
find again in the stirps farthest removed from the typical group, or from ‘the Geometre,
a stirps agreeing in many particulars with the Hesperide. The individuals belong-
ing to this group in the larva state, live in contorted or convoluted leaves; hence the
name TZortrices is by preference applied to them. ‘The perfect insect likewise re-
sembles the Hesperidee, and this not only in such characters as are common to all
nocturnal Lepidoptera, but in several in which it deviates from them and approaches
the Papilionide; of these I shall mention at present only the form of the an-
tenne, and the distribution of the marks on the wings. On this subject striking
illustrations are afforded by several Javanese Papilionide, which will be given in the
sequel ; preparatory to which, [shall at present only refer to the figure of one of the
insects on the second plate, fig. 1. genus Pe/avia, where the reader will find most of
the characters of the Tortrices, viz. form of antenne, additional spurs to the posterior
tarsi, marking of the himder wings, &c. in an insect, which Latreille, Cramer,
and other writers have arranged among the diurnal Lepidoptera. A reference to
Mr. Curtis’s genera Peronia and Sarrothripus, will further illustrate this sub-
ject, which I shall pursue more at large in the analysis of the fifth tribe. But
there are various points of affinity, of a more general nature, between the
Papilionide and Phalenide. Both tribes are in a greater or less degree diurnal
in their habits; while the Hesperide fly in the evening and many of the Phalenidse
at night, we find that some of the typical insects of the latter tribe fly in the
day. The habit of carrying the wings erect when at rest, is likewise observed in
several of the typical Phalzenide, while in the Hesperidee it is perfectly intermediate.
Many individuals, more removed from the point of contact of the two tribes, indicate
a partial approach either in their conformation or in their habits. Of these I shall
mention in this place two remarkable South-American Lepidoptera, now arranged in
the genus Helicopis of Fabricius, the Papilio Cupido and P. Gnidus of Linneus.

I shall conclude this inquiry with some observations, which give me an opportunity
to introduce the only subdivision of Lepidoptera of any extent, which has not yet
been mentioned, and to adduce the confirmation afforded by the Wiener Verzeichnis
of the view I entertain of the union of the Phalenide and Papiliones. It is the genus
Pterophorus of Fabricius, the Pterophores of Geoftroi. Regarding this remarkable
group, we find in. the work just cited, p. 145, this observation: « We place the
Pterophores (or Geistchen) with Linneus, after the small nocturnal Lepidoptera ; and
here they form the passage to the Papiliones, according to our opinion
perly than in the disposition made of them by M. Geoffroi, after the P
Sphinges, and before the Bombyces.” This
which I shall not attempt to investigate

» More pro-
apiliones and
remarkable group, the true situation of
at present, greatly resembles the diurnal Le.

pidoptera,

INTRODUCTION. 35

pidoptera, in various peculiarities of its metamorphosis. The larva is small, oblong,
sluggish, broad, and slightly hairy, and evidently allied to that of the Vermiform
stirps of the Papilionide : the change takes place without any cocoon, the pupa being
suspended in the open air by means of two threads; the perfect insect is strikingly
characterized by its plumiform wings, and long, slender, filiform antenne. M.
Reaumur coincides with the authors of the Vienna Catalogue, in placing this group
between the diurnal and nocturnal Lepidoptera.

In the concise enumeration of the stirpes of the Papilionida, premised to the
general view of the subdivisions of this order, their analogical relation to certain
primary annulose forms was very generally indicated. It may be useful, there-
fore, to give some further details on this subject, to show its more immediate
bearing on my present inquiry, and to apply the analogy which directed Mr. Macleay
in the arrangement of the Coleoptera, in the same manner to Lepidopterous insects.
With this view I refer the reader to the sketch contained on the third plate, in which
the principal types of form of the larvee of this tribe are disposed in groups, in the
order in which Mr. Macleay has arranged the Ametabola in the Hore Entomologice ;
vid. pp. 350 and 351; and I hope to be able to show hereafter, that the passage
from one group to the other is perfectly natural, that the affinities in this stage of
existence are continuous and uninterrupted, and that they constitute a series return-
ing into itself. The confirmation afforded to this position by the analogy of the
Ametabola, will be more fully developed in the course of the work ; and a final test
of its correctness will be supplied by the insect in its imago state. If it shall appear
that an adherence to the succession of the forms of larva above described leads to a
natural disposition of the subjects of this tribe in the perfect state, the principle of
arrangement will be established on a firm basis.

Referring therefore to the diagram on the third plate, I request the attention of
the reader in the first place to that type, which for reasons soon to be stated, and
which indeed are obvious at first sight, I have denominated Vermirorm. I desire
him further to proceed in a direction to the left hand to the CHILocGNATHIFORM or
JuLirorm type; this will lead him to the Cu1Lopopirorm or SCOLOPENDRIFORM type ;
then changing his direction and turning again towards the right, he meets the Tuysa-
NURIFORM, and next to that, the AnopLurirorM type; and thus by a connected series
he is brought back again to the Vermiform type with which he commenced. ‘The
forms of the larvz themselves are familiar to ail entomologists, who have paid any
attention to the metamorphosis of this order, and examples of them may be seen in
various entomological works, exhibiting Lepidoptera in their different stages of ex-
istence. Most of those which are represented on the sketch, have been taken as they

occurred, partly from the Javanese Collection and partly from works of science,
FQ without

36 INTRODUCTION.

without being designedly selected for this purpose. The names defining the stirpes,
as has already been stated, are the same which Mr. Macleay employs in the divisions
of his class of Ametabola, and they follow the same order in which they occur in
the Hore Entomologicee. (See p. 390, 392.) It is necessary, however, to state
clearly, that these names, applied to the groups of the larvee of the Papilionidze, are
merely indicative of analogies, or show that the larvae possess certain analogous rela-
tions to the forms enumerated. This cannot be better illustrated, than by the follow-
ing observation of Mr. Macleay ; in giving the analogous characters of Coleopterous
larva, (pp. 422 and 423 of Hor. Ent.) he says: “ in terming larva Chilognathiformes
ot Chilopodiformes, it is not meant that they are Scolopendre or Juli, or even near to
them in affinity, but only that they are so constructed, that certain analogical circum-
stances attending them strongly remind us of these AMETABOLA.”

It may be proper, while considering this subject, to call the attention of the
reader more particularly to the class of Ametabola, as defined by Mr. Macleay,
with consummate ability, as it is one of the most remarkable groups in entomology,
especially, in regard to its analogical relations to other groups. ‘This class not
only points out the natural order or succession of various minor subdivisions,
but it represents many of the annulose forms, in their simple or elementary
state. Thus, for instance, it exhibits the Coleoptera and Lepidoptera in the first
stages of their existence. In illustration of this, I again refer to the Hore Ento-
mologice, p. 287, where, speaking of the Ametabola, the author remarks: “ it is
not absolutely meant that these animals do not undergo metamorphosis, but that,
constructed on the same plan with the larvae of true insects, they are rendered
incapable by nature of completing their metamorphosis, and are able to perform the
offices of adult life in all the various stages of an incomplete change of form.”
And then he proceeds to illustrate this remarkable arrangement of nature, by the
following observation: “ such a species of imperfection is not unique, nor confined
to the Annulosa; for the Ametabola have their prototypes among the Vertebrata in
the group Amphibia, where the genera Siren and Proteus are, to speak analogically,
animals left imperfect in the first stage of metamorphosis.” Now, although in com-
paring the larvae of insects with the class of Ametabola, Mr. Macleay’s remarks
admit of an application to various orders, yet it is evident, that, in making the
comparison alluded to, he had the larve of Coleoptera primarily in view, which
indeed first directed his attention more particularly to the Ametabola.

Regarding the larve of Lepidoptera he expresses himself thus (p. 400): “ If
Lepidopterous larvae sometimes imitate the more eccentric forms of the order
of Chilognatha (alluding to the Chenilles-Cloportes, vermiform larvae), every one

knows that their ordinary shape is that of an ulus.’ This indeed, as has been

stated,

INTRODUCTION, 37

stated, is the typical form of the whole order. It will, however, appear from the
figures of larva, contained on the third and fourth plates, and from the more
full details which will be given in the sequel, that their analogy to the Ametabola, is
much more clearly exemplified in the Lepidopterous than in the Coleopterous
larve. The former are upon the whole much better known and more readily
observed ; and I trust their analogical relations will, on this account, be more satis-
factorily elucidated. I make this remark with full deference to Mr. Macleay’s
superior merit, and with entire acknowledgment of his originality. It is very
evident that I was led to the observation of these analogical resemblances by the
study of his works, and the principle being once made known, its application and
extension became comparatively easy. Mr. Macleay himself acknowledges some
difficulties which presented themselves in completing the chain of these analogies,
and particularly states his want of accurate information regarding the Thysanuriform
larvee. Of the fifth group, indeed, he says, p. 285: “ I could form but little
judgment, as the larvee of it were but very imperfectly known.”

It will appear, in the following pages, that numerous examples of all the types
enumerated in the Papilionida have been observed in Java; and it will be my endea-
vour, as I proceed, to extend my examination to all the larvee of this tribe, which
have been described and published, in order to illustrate the position that they can,
without exception, be reduced to the five stirpes enumerated, which are constructed
according to the plan of the orders of the Ametabola.

I have endeavoured, in the diagram contained on the third plate, to illustrate
by figures the order in which the stirpes succeed each other, and, finally, meet again
and complete a circle. It is necessary, however, to bear in mind that this illustra-
tion is very partial and imperfect. It has not been possible, in the present attempt,
to exhibit a great variety of forms, and to show the immediate connexion of the
stirpes, although, in several instances, the passage from one to the other is clearly
exemplified. My object has chiefly been, in the diagram, to show the maximum of the
development of each type, while the remaining illustrations exhibit the gradual passage
from one form to the other, which in most cases takes place, by an almost impercep-
tible variation. The diagram is intended to show those “ typical eminences” on which,
in the beautiful illustration of this subject afforded by Mr. Vigors, the character is
most conspicuous, while the larvae and chrysalides disposed in a linear series, exhibit
the almost imperceptibly varying forms which lead along the “basal extremes” to the
neighbouring groups.

As I propose to give a tabular view of the divisions of the tribe of Papilionide,
agreeably to the principles now developed, I shall recapitulate and somewhat

amplify the concise notices above given of the metamorphosis of this tribe, and
add

.

38 INTRODUCTION.

add some details regarding the perfect insect. The first stirps in order has been
denominated Veruirorm, and if my views are correct, it is the most simple, both in
the larva and imago state. In the circle of Ametabola, Mr. Macleay likewise con-
siders the vermes, which consist. of the Epizoaria of Lamark and the Entozoa
Nematoidea of Rudolphi, as having the least complicated structure. The distin-
guishing characters of this stirps are an oblong body, attenuated at both ends, in
some cases depressed or slightly convex, in others cylindrico-gibbous, appearing to
consist of numerous scuta or shields, distinctly divided by transverse striz, having a
small retractile head, and very short scarcely perceptible feet, which are often
concealed by the projecting scuta of the body. This form evidently indicates a
strongly marked analogical resemblance to many of the vermes; but it is remarkable
that the character of the osculant group, in the neighbouring circle of Crustacea,
shows itself in many of these larve; this will suggest, in the progress of the work,
some important observations on the analogical relations of the other tribes of this
order. The genera among the Crustacea, in immediate contact with the Ametabola,
are Oniscus, Armadillo, and Asellus. ‘The resemblance of the larvee of the vermiform
stirps to these is indicated by their familiar names: Onisciform larve, Chenilles-
Cloportes, Asselfornuge-Raupen, &c. This larva occurs in Europe in the genera,
Polyommaius, Lycena and Thecla, or in the Blues, Coppers and Hairstreaks of our
British nomenclature ; and the three divisions of the Vermiform larvae, which are
established in the Wiener Verzeichnis, correspond with the groups indicated by these
genera. They constitute the families M, N, O, of that work, named according to the
modifications of the larve: viz. Oblongoscutate, Gibboscutate, and Depressoscutate.

I have observed in Java five varieties of the metamorphosis of this stirps, which
belong to the genera above-mentioned, and indicate some modifications of the
perfect insect ; they will be referred to and described at large in the course of the
work, They are represented in the order of their affinity on the fourth plate, in
figures 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. They are more diversified in their external appearance
than the European larvee of this stirps hitherto observed, and the corresponding
modifications in the perfect insect will be the subject of future remarks. But
many observations are still required to complete the deficiencies in the series.
Of the subjects which are represented on the diagram, for the illustration of this
stirps, fig. 11, is taken from Sepp, and belongs to the genus Polyommatus, as now
defined ; fig. 12 is from Abbot’s Georgian insects, where it is named Papilio Favo-
nius ; (vol. i, p. 27, tab. xiv.) fig. 13 is from Esper, and belongs to the Papilio
Betule of amon; both the latter are now arranged in the genus Thecla. By the
agreement af the metamorphosis of these insects, in the most distant parts of the
world, in Europe, the Indian Archipelago, and North-America, the permanent

character

INTRODUCTION. 39

character of this stirps is established. Many other confirmations may be found in
the works of Sepp, Abbot, Roesel, Esper, Cramer, and Hubner.

The pupa of the Vermiform stirps, some of the peculiarities of which have already
been mentioned above, is strikingly illustrated on the fourth plate, in fig. 1, a. 2, a.
3, a. 4, a. and5,a. By an oversight in the arrangement of the plate, the subjects
are given in a situation the reverse of that in which they are in general disposed.
This the reader is required to correct. In their natural attitude the anal part is
underneath, the head above. This pupa has upon the whole that attachment and
mode of suspension, which characterises the typical stirps: it is fixed by the tail
and secured in an erect attitude by a brace. Its chief peculiarities are an obtuse-
ness of both ends, especially of the superior, and comparatively an even surface.

I have already remarked, that the perfect insect corresponds with the larva, as
far as regards simplicity of form. In the Linnean arrangement the group we are
now considering forms the last of the divisions, and with the name of Plebeians of
the lowest rank, Plebeji rurales, terminates the series of diurnal Lepidoptera.
According to the observations of Mr. Jones, the structure of the wings, as far as
regards the nervures, confirms the comparative simplicity of this stirps. But
although diminutive in size, the Papilionidee with Vermiform larvee possess, in many
cases, a beauty of form and an elegance of colouring which is not exceeded by any
other insects of this order. Some of the exotic species of this stirps, belonging to
the genera Myrine, Helicopis, and Polyommatus, are distinguished from the whole
tribe, by the caudal extremities of their wings.

In enumerating some of the more characteristic pecularities of the perfect insect,
I shall notice first the palpi: these are slender and of great length ; the covering of
scales or hairs on the basal aud intermediate joints is shorter and less in quantity
than in the other stirpes; the third, or terminal joint, is directed forwards, compara-
tively of great length, and either naked or covered with minute scales. The genus
Myrine, belonging to the typical group, exhibits the greatest length of palpi that I
have observed in the whole tribe of Papilionide: they extend to the middle of
the antenne. On the second and fourth plate the general character of the palpi
is exhibited; viz. Pl. ii, fig. 4, b. fig. 5, b. fig. 6,b. Pl. iv, fig. 1, b. fig. 2, b.
fie. 2, \b.

The antenne in the typical genera are clavate; their form is regular, being
small at the base, and gradually and uniformly thickened towards the extremity,
which is either obtuse, rounded, or terminated by a bristle. This form is strikingly
exhibited in the genus Myrine, and in the second section of the genus Thecla: see
Pl. ii, fig. 5, c. fig. 6, c. Pl. iv, fig, 5, c. In the genera Lycena and Polyommatus
the antennz are multiarticulate, filiform at the base and terminated by a cylindrical,

compressed

40 INTRODUCTION.

compressed club, which is rather abruptly inflected or bent outwards. This form
is exhibited in Pl. ii, fig. 4, c. Pl. iv, fig. 1, c. 2, ¢. and, Pleajaig. by °2:

The anterior wings are generally regular along the posterior margin, which is
either straight or slightly curved. The posterior wings are entire, dentated, or pro-
vided with one or more tails, the peculiar character of which consists in being
slender and linear; in several genera the tails afford a very beautiful decoration.

The et are slender, long, perfect in all parts, and alike in both sexes: the ante-
rior feet are never spurious, and although in one section of the genus Thecla, they
are somewhat shortened, yet all the parts are perfect. This partial abbreviation is
observed in Fam. M. of W. V. Larva oblongoscutata, where the imago is described :
« nedibus duobus anticis aliquanto minoribus.” ‘The anterior feet are without any ap-
pendage, but the intermediate pair have on the thighs, in all genera as far as I have
observed, a short acute process, about the middle. The farsi are small. The pecu-
liarities will be stated in the generic characters. ‘The body is, on the whole, small,
slender, and compressed ; the proboscis either short or moderately elongated, and in
general provided with erect bristles towards the extremity.

The second stirps, which from the character it exhibits in the first stage of its
existence, is denominated CurLocNnaTuirorm or JULIFORM, is the principal of the whole
tribe, and the larva is typical of the whole order of Lepidoptera. This has already
been stated in the general remarks on the analogical relations, between the metamor-
phosis of the Papilionide and the class of Ametabola, where it appeared that the
Juliform habit of the larva of this order had already been pointed out in the Hore
Entomologice. I therefore proceed at once to the description. ‘The larva of this
stirps is generally characterized by smoothness of surface, cylindrical shape, and
great length of body: but it presents the following modifications of form, in
tracing which I shall commence at the confines of the Vermiform stirps; here we find
it attenuated at both ends and transversely striated ; an example is given in the third
plate in fig. 14, belonging to the genus Colias, which, if my conclusions are correct,
determines the natural situation of this genus. Hence we pass, assisted by various
corresponding indications, in the other stages of the metamorphosis, to a regularly
tylnduen larva, in which the transverse striae are more obscure, and which is slightly
hairy and marked with numerous small dots, uniformly disposed along the sides of the
body. This group embraces the genera Preris, Pontia, &c. In the typical groups,
which follow next in order, the larva has a swelling or distension about the fourth or fifth
segment of the body, from which it tapers more abruptly to the head, and in a eradual
manner towards the anal extremity. This typical group consists of the true Papi-
liones as more rigorously defined and arranged in the genus Papilio, exhibiting, how-
ever, several modifications of form, which will be pointed out in the sequel as types

for

INTRODUCTION. 41

for further subdivisions or subgenera. The modification of larva which follows in
the series next to the typical group, presents a smooth surface, from which short,
naked, fleshy, obtuse tubercles arise; as we proceed in the series towards the
boundary of the Chilopodiform stirps, we find the tubercles increasing in length
and produced to a point; the form first mentioned is exhibited in the third plate,
fig. 17, and 17, a, and in the fourth plate, fig. 13, and 13, a; and it passes by
very slow gradations to the second form, which in its larva state still preserves,
in a great measure, the character of the Juliform larva, from which it is often
distinguished with difficulty ; but if we refer to the pupa and to the perfect insect,
we find unequivocal indications of the next stirps. ‘The subjects belonging to it
afford, according to the comparisons which I have made, a very natural transition,
which will be discussed at large in considering the Chilopodomorphous stirps. I
shall, therefore, merely state, that it consists of the genera Euplwa and Heliconia :
to show this I refer to the illustrations which I have attempted in the regular series
of larvee on the fourth plate, and in the diagram, preparatory to a future analysis,
on the third plate. I shall, on the present occasion, point out the facts, and
leave the inferences to the reader. The larva of Euplwa is represented only on
the third plate, in figures 6, 7, 8,9, 10; it is placed here in order to admit of
a ready comparison with fig. 13 of plate iv, and fig. 17 of plate ui, belonging to
the genus Papilio, and with figures 18, 19, 20, in the diagram. ‘The latter belong to
the genus Heliconia, and as I have not observed this family in Java, I have borrowed
the illustration of the larvae from the continuation of Cramer, by Stoll, where they
are found on the first plate in figures 4, 5, 6; fig. 4 being Heliconia Euterpe, fig. 18
of our diagram, fig. 5, Heliconia Amphione, fig. 19 of our diagram, and fig. 6.
Heliconia Thalia, fig. 20 of the diagram.

I may, on this occasion, point out to the reader an analogical resemblance, which,
if correct, confirms the disposition of Heliconia in this part of the Lepidopterous
circle; it regards the larva immediately following the true Papilionide in fig. 18 of
the diagram; this appears to be analogous in habit to the genus Craspedosoma among
the Ametabola, which genus stands between the Chilognatha and Chilopoda. (See
Hore Entom., p. 351). The Heliconie form an extensive group which, perhaps, is
exclusively confined to the equinoctial parts of the New World; it is, in some mea-
sure, represented in India by Euplea and Idea. The dissections of Heliconia, plate
i hon eC id Guomel piace, Plait tgs 275: a5 b,, Cy, ds. of) Fdea,e plan
fig. 28, a, b, c,d; and of Acrea, pl. iii, fig. 30, a, b, c, d; which latter, accord-
ing to the form of the larva (fig. 21, pl. iii), is decidedly chilopodomorphous, afford
a further illustration, and, I trust, a confirmation of this statement.

One remarkable character of the larva of this stirps remains to be mentioned,
which affords an additional indication of the analogy to the Chilognatha among

G the

42 INTRODUCTION.

the Ametabola. This is a bifid fleshy organ or furcula, situated between the head
and the first segment of the neck, which the caterpillar can protrude or retract at
pleasure, and either employ as a means of defence or as an osmaterium. I have ta
regret that in the illustrations which I exhibit of the larvee of Javanese Papiliones, this
character is not always expressed in its full development; while submitted to the
draughtsman this organ was naturally retracted, but there is sufficient evidence of its
existence in the individuals represented, and in fig. 13 of pl. iv, it is partially
protruded. In a figure, borrowed from Abbot, it appears in a state of complete
development. The analogy afforded by this organ to thé Chilognatha is not obscure,
and will be more particularly referred to in the sequel. Another peculiarity of the
larva of the typical genera of this stirps, is the manner in which the head is attached
to the body: it is by the intervention of a very small articulation, so that the head,
when exserted, appears separated from the body. ‘This peculiarity is introduced by
Ochsenheimer into the general character of the Papiliones; ; it is indicated by the
authors of the Vienna Catalogue in the following words: “ Die Raupen haben den
kugelichten Kopf merklicher vom Leibe abgesondert.” See p. 158.

The pupa or chrysalis of the Chilognathiform stirps, agrees in its attachment and
mode of suspension with that of the Vermiform stirps, but it has some peculiarities which
indicate a greater perfection. The caudal extremity is firmly attached by a few threads
or by a silky filamentose texture, which sometimes resembles a cord; (See fig. 13, a,
pl. iv), while the anterior end is either free and detached, or leans slightly against
some support, (a wall, a tree, &c.), in a perpendicular attitude, the thorax directed
upwards ; or it stretches forward nearly horizontally, being in both cases fastened and
supported by means of a thread passing as a brace across the thorax. It is naked
and angulated, but much diversified on the surface ; the tubercles, always regularly
disposed, vary according to the species; it is terminated, in the typical forms, at
the upper extremity, by two processes; those species, however, which are at the
confines of the Vermiform stirps, have only one short process, more or less acute:
as the series approaches the Chilopodomorphous stirps, we find the same mode of
suspension which prevails in that group ; the chrysalis is attached by the tail, while
the thorax is directed downward. An example of this is given in the fourth plate,
fig. 13, a. Here the pupa has a perpendicular direction ; but a fastening or brace
still exists, by which it may, in some instances, preserve a partially horizontal
attitude.

The imago or perfect insect of this stirps exhibits in the typical group the most
perfect production of the whole order. The beauty of many of the large Papi-
hones is'a subject of universal admiration: several of them are unrivalled in form and
colouring. The stirps, as limited by the larva, embraces several of the first divisions
made by Linnzus in the genus Papilio : the Liquites and Danai, and the Heliconii

stand

INTRODUCTION. 48

stand at the immediate confines in the next stirps. The former, which have also
been named Nobiles, were divided into Equites Troes, and Achivi. But these
divisions rest entirely on artificial characters: it will appear in the sequel, that the
variations in the form of the larva, afford indications for subdivisions ; and they will
eventually supply atest of the accuracy of the principles followed : my observations,
however, are as yet very insufficient. The view which is given of the wings of
Lepidoptera, by Mr. Jones, in the Linnean Transactions, vol. ii, p. 63, &c., in
which the nervures are displayed, tends to confirm the perfection of the genus
Papilio. No general description can be given of the form of the wings, which would
apply characteristically to the whole stirps. In Colas and Pieris the anterior wings
are upon the whole triangular, and the posterior wings short and obtuse: in the
typical group the anterior wings have generally a slight curve in the exterior margin,
which renders them somewhat falcate, and the posterior wings are lengthened and
provided with tails, which are generally spatulate or contracted at the base.

The palpi, which in the Vermiform stirps are long, slender, naked, and projecting,
have in this stirps a very different character. In the typical group they are shorter
than the head, closely applied and concealed, by a very dense covering of long
bristly hairs. ‘The third joint is very minute, and, in the genus Papilio, the palpi are
never exserted. In Colias, the situation of which, in the series, according to the
metamorphosis is at the confines of the Vermiform stirps, these organs possess a
moderate length; but in Terzas an evident diminution is apparent, and in the follow-
ing genera the decrease is more sudden. The Javanese series does not, however,
afford the means of tracing the gradual change of form from Myrina to Colias,
where these organs are most developed. The Polyommatus Phedrus of Latreille, a
well-known Indian insect, which is also contained in the Javanese Collection, pos-
sesses a character intermediate between Myrina, of the Vermiform, and Colas of the
Chilognathiform stirps; it appears to supply a natural connecting link. In the
genus Terias, which follows immediately after Colias, the basal and middle joints are
short, thick, and closely covered with scales, the terminal joint is minute, naked,
and slightly projecting. ‘The character of the palpi of the typical group is exhi-
bited in various figures on the fourth plate ; the articulations here are short, compact,
closely beset with long hairs, while the last joint is not perceptible. The lateral
view of the perfect insects, given on the first plate, tends likewise to show the
comparative length, the position and attachment of the palpi in several genera. The
minute distinctions will be pointed out in the generic characters.

The antenne, in the typical group, have that form, from which Linnzus con-
structed the character of the genus Papilio. They are multiarticulate and: marked
with defined rings at the joints, elongate, filiform at the base, thicker towards the

G 2 extremity

Aah INTRODUCTION.

extremity, which in the typical group consists of a cylindrical club attenuated at
both ends. The subdivisions of the stirps exhibit, however, several variations of
form according to their situation in the series. In Colias these organs are filiform Be
the base and gradually and uniformly thicker towards the extremity, indicating in
this particular, an approach to the Vermiform stirps. In Pieris the club is more
suddenly swelled towards the extremity, which is compressed. In the true Papi-
liones the Javanese collection exhibits the following varieties: 1st—antenne with
nearly uniform articulations, marked with distinct, prominent, annuli or rings ; pie
iv, fig. 11, c; 2d.—antenne with an oval compressed club, in which the annuli are.
closely arranged or crowded ; plate iv, fig. 12, c ; 3d.—antenne with uniform length-
ened articulations and more obscure annular swellings; plate iv, fig. 13, c. The
variations of form in the metamorphosis, corresponding to these characters, will be
pointed out in the descriptive part.

The feet in this stirps, are generally long and robust; all three pair are perfect
and fitted for walking ; in the insects which constitute the typical species, the ante- |
rior tibiee have near the middle a spine or short acute process, which is either naked
or partially concealed by hair. The first tarsus is on all the feet of great length,
and the claws are long, slender, naked, and in the typical group, exserted; in the
subdivisions which approach the confines of the neighbouring stirpes, the claws pre-
sent various peculiarities.

In Colas the anterior feet are comparatively slender, but they are complete in all
parts. The posterior tibize have a single pair of spines only at their union with the
tarsi; which character is common to all the stirpes of the first tribe, excepting the
Anopluriform. The abdomen is generally cylindrical, of considerable length and
attenuated at the extremity, but it is subject to several modifications of form; in one
of the subdivisions it is provided with a hook at the extremity. In the female the
abdomen is generally ovate and contracted near its union with the thorax. The pro-
boscis in the typical species is very long and robust. The eyes are comparatively
large and prominent.

I proceed to the CuiLopopirorM orScoLoPENDRIFoRM stirps, restricting my remarks
at present to the notices required for the illustration of a general synoptic table of
the true Papilionide, which is given in the sequel. In describing the Chilognathi-
form stirps I have already pointed out the characters in the genera Heliconia and
Euplea, which, in their larva state, retain a striking affinity to this stirps. I there-
fore consider these genera as forming a natural transition from the Chilognathiform
to the Chilopodiform larve. The genus Acrwa was originally arranged in our cabinet
after Euplea and Idea, from considerations of the perfect insect; this arrangement
is now confirmed by the character of the larva, and in proof of it, I refer the reader

to

INTRODUCTION. 4S

to the diagram; he will observe that the larva of Acrwa naturally finds a place

between that of Heliconia and that of the typical Chilopodomorphous larva; Plate iii

diagram, fig. 21. The appendages arising from the body of the larva, which, in

Euplea and Heliconia, were only simple and fleshy, are in the typical groups of this
stirps rigid and armed with transverse spines ; and the threatening or terrific appear-
ance, which is the distinguishing feature of this stirps, is now completely established.

It is this peculiarity which naturally and strongly reminds us of the Chilopoda or
Scolopendre ; to which, among the Ametabola, they are related in analogy. It may
likewise be observed in this place, that these larva resemble the Scolopendre in the
effects they produce, when their spines are accidentally touched: as in many
instances they cause an irritation or swelling, analogous to that which follows the
bite of a Centipede. The genera, in which this character exists, have already
been enumerated, as defined by the families of the Wiener Verzeichnis, the names
here applied are highly appropriate, and correspond with the gradual increase of the
peculiar character of this stirps. Thus the family L, Larva Pseudospinosa, consisting
of the genus Melit@a, has the spinose character in a comparatively small degree ;
in family K, Collospinosa, it is already more strongly marked, and from this we gra-
dually pass to the family I, in which the development of the spines is at its maximum,
and which has been denominated Acutospinosa ; it comprises the genus Vanessa,
which must be considered as the most perfect of the Chilopodiform stirps. This
genus contains some of the most beautiful Papiliones which are found in Europe, vez.
Vanesse Io, Antiopa, Urticw, Atalanta; and many of the foreign species are of
exquisite form and beauty. The importance of this natural group was clearly
observed by Schrank, who from the character of the larva, constituted it a distinct
genus, with the name of Dornfalter (or thorn-butterfly) ; long before the promulga-
tion of the Systema Glossatarum of Fabricius, and the genera of Latreille. He has
applied to it by pre-eminence, the name of Papilio, thereby corroborating the position
to be stated in the sequel, and which is also confirmed by the analogy of the Ameta-
bola, that the Chilopodomorphous is one of the typical stirpes of this tribe. It
likewise confirms the true character of the Chilopodomorphous stirps, which, in its
larva state is most clearly distinguished from the next or Thysanuriform stirps ;

and attention to this statement is necessary, because, from considerations of the
perfect insect alone, these two stirpes have been united in one genus or family, by
most entomologists: whereas the character of the larva, as exhibited in the typical

subdivisions, points out an essential difference.

The union of the two stirpes is effected by several genera which have an interme-
diate character, One of these is Limenitis: it constitutes the family H of the

Vienna Catalogue. The typical character here gradually decreases in the larva
state,

46 INTRODUCTION.

state, as the name Swbspinosa indicates. One of one subjects of the Javanese
series is very remarkable as an osculant or intermediate form; it partakes both
of the character of the Thysanuriform and of the Scolopendriform stirpes : the pro-
cesses are without lateral spines and the body has in the anterior parts appendages at
the sides, which are also observed in the analogous group of Lepisme ; yet the perfect
insect greatly resembles the various species of Limenitis. ‘This larva is represented
in the diagram, in fig. 23; but the indications which it offers, in a systematic point
of view, remain for future discussion. ‘The family G, W. V. Larve Cornutew, com-
prising the genus Apatura, is near the confines of the Thysanuriform stirps.

The pupa of the Chilopodiform stirps is naked and angulated, and greatly
diversified on the surface in the different subdivisions: in some cases it is nearly
even, in others it is marked at regular distances with tubercles and prominences, in
others it is deeply notched or indented. The surface is occasionally ornamented with
shining lines and dots, or covered entirely with a golden lustre. The pupa is either
oblong or compressed, and attenuated posteriorly ; the capital extremity being round-
ed in some cases, obtuse in others, and generally terminated by two broad, compressed,
and somewhat diverging points. The pupa is generally suspended by the tail with
the head precipitous or directed downwards: from several drawings in the Javanese
series it would appear that the attitude is occasionally reversed, the head being
directed upwards, by means of a curve near the posterior extremity. The mode
of suspension is described in the Vienna Catalogue either as “ gestiirtzt” inverse
suspensa, or as “ senkrecht” perpendiculariter suspensa. But it does not appear to
me, that either of these is intended to indicate that deviation from the usual mode
of suspension, to which I have alluded.

The perfect insect exhibits, in many of the typical species, a very peculiar
character; the wmgs in these have a great expansion, the margins are angulated
or deeply indented with irregular notches, leaving a short oblique line at the extre-
mity. This character gradually decreases in degree until the borders terminate
with simple indentations. The sub-divisions of this group have been made
according to the development of this character. The appendages to the posterior
wings are generally triangular, broad at the base and accuminate ; differing in this
particular from the linear appendages of the Vermiform stirps, or from the appen-
dages of the Juliform stirps, which are generally contracted at the base.

No correct idea can be given of the palpi of the insects of this tribe, without

detailed illustrations, as they vary in the different groups: I

shall therefore limit
myself to a few general observations.

The dissections which are contained on the
third plate, of the genera Euplea, Idea, Heliconia, and Acrea,

ey prepare us for
that character which is exhibited in the typic

al species of this stirps. ‘The palpi in
these

INTRODUCTION. 47

these are not concealed as in the Papiliones, but project beyond the head: the third
joint distinctly appears, not naked as in the Vermiform stirps, but closely covered
with down. The basal and the second joints are generally broad and robust; they
are covered with hair on all sides and are likewise beset underneath with long strag-
gling bristles, which give them that peculiar roughness, which in these organs is
characteristic of the stirps. In the typical species the third joints converge or are
bent towards each other, from each side, forming, in the language of Latreille a
rostellum. Near the extremity of the second joint, stands, in most cases, a tuft
of lengthened hair, which gives the extremity of the palpi, in a lateral view, a
forked appearance. ‘This character exists in different degrees of development, in
the subdivisions of the stirps. I refer for illustration of it provisionally to the 96th
plate of Curtis’s British Entomology, until the dissections shall have been given in
the progress of this work.

The antenne of this stirps are of moderate length and filiform at the base, with
a club rising abruptly, near the extremity, which, in the typical species is broad
and compressed. In Argynnis it is nearly orbiculate, and has been compared with a
target or shield. In the sub-divisions which recede from the typical groups and
approach to the fourth stirps, the club, although still terminal, is very gradually
capitate or swelled.

The gradual change of character which takes place in the metamorphosis of the
second stirps as it approaches the confines of the third, has already been indicated :
the transition is confirmed by the structure of the anterior feet. Several of the
subjects which have been enumerated as situated near the union of the two stirpes,
have an intermediate character, which is illustrated on the third plate: I refer to
fig. 29, d, and 28, d, the former exhibiting the anterior feet of Heliconia, the latter of
Idea. In both, these organs are abbreviated towards the extremity: the tarsi are
not distinguishable into five joints, but are united, and their situation is indicated by
several spines which are crowded together. But on entering the stirps fully, we
find the anterior feet, in both sexes, constructed on a different plan. ‘They are not,
as in Colas, and in several genera of the Vermiform stirps, partially reduced in size ;
but they are spurious and imperfect. Both the femur and the tibia are of slender
dimensions, and the tarsus consists of a single member, which in the typical genera
possesses neither joints nor claws: they are moreover very hairy, and have been
compared to a tippet. Latreille, in his general remarks on this order, describes
them thus: Pedes antici submutici, interdum hirsutissimi, inflexi, pectori adpressi,
inde spurii. ‘The intermediate and posterior feet, in the typical group, are termi-
nated by claws and pulvilli with membranaceous pubescent bifid appendages at their

base. See Curtis’s Br. Entom., plate 96. _
The

48 INTRODUCTION.

The abdomen is long, slender, and compressed, in the section which connects this
and the second stirps; it is somewhat shorter in the typical species, and more robust,
and suddenly attenuated near the confines of the fourth stirps. The proboscis is
generally long and robust.

Taysanurtrorm Stirps. ‘The characteristic mark of the larva of this stirps is an
appendage to the posterior part of the body, consisting of two rigid setee or spines,
pointing directly backward. ‘These sete vary, indeed, in length and size, but their
existence, in the individuals of the stirps, is general and without exception. This appen-
dage has also been denominated a bifid tail or a furcula, from its forked appearance
in many cases; it is more developed in some subjects than in others ; it likewise
varies in its consistence, colour, and mode of attachment. In some cases these
spines or setae are an immediate continuation of the substance of the larva, in others
they differ in colour and texture, and the union to the body is by an articula-
tion. This larva is peculiarly abundant in temperate regions; it unites, in the
European Fauna, more species in one group than any other form of larva. This will
appear by reference to the Wiener Verzeichnis, where the family named from the
larva Subfurcata, consists of twenty-three species, most of which are known in all
stages of their metamorphosis. Nearly one hundred European species are de-
scribed in systematic works. The Javanese series consists of a smaller number,
and among this there are several which deviate considerably from the regular
typical form. In the latter the larva is cylindrical, long, attenuated in a greater or
less degree at both ends, but upon the whole, thicker anteriorly: the form of the
head is greatly diversified, it is either simple and rounded, or depressed anteriorly
with two lateral erect setae or horns. In some cases the head is greatly distended
posteriorly, in form of a shield, which is moveable and crowned with four or more
horns, having serrate edges. Several of the larvee of this stirps have a tuft of hair
on the head and two transverse hairy ridges on the neck, in consequence of which
they have an analogical resemblance to the larvee of one of the stirpes of the Bom-
bycide. Among the foreign individuals of this group, various very grotesque forms
are observed, and the lateral appendages are sometimes greatly developed. ‘

The peculiarities of the larva of this stirps, and more especially the two setz or
caudal appendages, strongly remind us of the Thysanura, and the character of the
perfect insect confirms this analogy; we find in the Lepidoptera which belong to it,
the long setiform antennee, which are mentioned by Mr. Macleay, Hor. Ent., p. 351,
as a peculiar property of the Lepisme; their form is also, on the whole, more
elongate than that of the larva of the other stirpes.

The pupa of this stirps is smooth, shining, often handsomely variegated with
colours, but never gilt: its form is subject to many modifications, being regularly

oval,

INTRODUCTION. 49

oval, angular, curved, gibbous, triangular, with a pyramidical base and point, and
a few acute spinous processes near the middle. It is always attached by the tail and
perpendicularly suspended, the capital extremity, which is described as “ gestiirtzt ”
or directed downwards, is, with few exceptions, terminated by ¢wo points, which
are acute, approximated, or diverging. Figures of many of the European forms of
this stirps are given by Sepp and others. Stoll has likewise represented various
larvee and pupz, which afford a strong confirmation of its uniformity in all parts of
the world.

The perfect insects of this tribe are characterized by the prevalence of a brown
colour on the surface of their wings: although they have in temperate regions
generally an obscure exterior, many of the tropical species are exquisitely adorned
with a gloss of blue, of most transcendent brilliancy, which is spread over the sur-
face in various shades of intensity. Many examples of this occur in the insects of
the new world, and several of a similar character are likewise contained in the
Javanese series. Near the boundary of the third stirps, many individuals are
marked with waving lines or bands, which cross the wings from the extremity
towards the base. ‘The insects belonging to this stirps are likewise, more than
all other diurnal Lepidoptera, ornamented with ocelli, by which nature appears to
have supplied in some measure that comparative deficiency in beauty, arising from a
want of brilliancy of tint. The ocellated subdivision of this tribe was named by
Linneus, Nymphales gemmati. ‘The wings have in most cases their greatest
diameter from the exterior to the interior margins, by which means their extent is
in the direction of the body of the insect, or from the head towards the tail. They
are, in many cases, lengthened, in a posterior direction, to a short rounded tail,
the lateral margins being either uniform or irregularly indented. In the European
species the posterior wings are either simple, or provided with acute or rounded
denticulations.

The palpi of this stirps agree in general character with those of the last, but at
the confines of the fifth stirps they are more curved and ascending; they rise
above the head and the third joint is naked and compressed. In the typical species
the bristles, arising from the basal and intermediate joints are more lengthened and
straggling, the palpi have in consequence a greater appearance of roughness and hairi-
ness than in the third stirps, and the tuft, at the termination of the second joint, is
greatly developed. ‘The antenne are filiform, with a slender very gradually incras-
sated club, which occupies a large portion of the entire length of this organ. In
the typical genera they are of a great length, and exhibit, as has already been ~
pointed out, one of the characteristic peculiarities of this stirps. The anterior feet

are small and hairy, with a single tarsal member: they possess the characters from
H which

50 INTRODUCTION.

which these organs have been termed spurious, in a higher degree than the anterior
feet of the Scolopendriform stirps. ‘The intermediate and posterior feet agree in
most particulars with those of the former stirps of this tribe.

The abdomen is shorter, in proportion to the wings, than in the three former
stirpes ; in some individuals it is provided, in the male, at the sides and extremity
with fascicles of long silky hair, which extend themselves horizontally. The pro-
boscis is of moderate length and size.

In the synoptic view of the first tribe, this stirps is designated in the perfect insect
by the name of Maniola, which was introduced by Schrank ; it is, in my opinion,
more appropriate than that of NMymphales, which, by associating this stirps with the
former, tends to keep up the erroneous idea of their identity.

AnopLurirorM Stirps.—The larve of none of the stirpes hitherto enumerated
exhibit an analogical resemblance to one or other of the orders of the Ametabola,
in a more striking manner than those of the last stirps. Every Entomologist is
acquainted with the larvee of the Hesperide: they are characterized by a head
comparatively of excessive size, and by an abrupt termination posteriorly, or in other
words, by the entire absence of every thing like a caudal appendage. Who is not by
this form, strongly reminded of the Anoplura? Here is an absolute want of' tail,
combined with a great development of the capital part of the insect. The form of
the common pediculus with its large fore-end and blunt abdomen, readily occurs to
the mind, and a similar external structure is exhibited by all Anoplura. At present I
shall not pursue this comparison, but referring to the Ametabola, as disposed in the
Hore Entomologice, shall remark, that by following the order there pursued, we
have now completed the circle of the first tribe of Lepidoptera, namely that of
the Diurnal butterflies, or Papilionide, strictly so called. The affinity between the
Thysanuriform and Anopluriform stirpes in the larva state, is partially illustrated in
the diagram on the third plate, by the twenty-fourth and twenty-fifth figures ; the
same relation between the Anopluriform and Vermiform stirpes is likewise apparent
in the figures exhibited at the point of contact in the diagram. These affinities are
confirmed by various peculiarities in the perfect insect, which will be mentioned in
the proper place. ‘The approximate disposal of the Plebeji urbicoli and the Plebeji
rurales, by systematic writers, may provisionally confirm this arrangement.

The metamorphosis of the Anopluriform stirps, in its pupa-state, exhibits a very
pecuhar structure. The pupa is not, like that of the former stirpes, angulated,
naked, and suspended in the open air, but it is concealed by a folliculus, or by a
covering of a convoluted leaf, and when separated it exhibits a smooth surface resembling
that of the nocturnal Lepidoptera. It has therefore been termed Tortriciform, and its
relation to one of the stirpes of the Phalwnidw has already been pointed out.

The

INTRODUCTION. 51

The perfect insect of the Anopluriform stirps is, like that of the Thysanuriform
Stirps, characterized by a predominance of a brown tint, but it wants the defined
ocelli of that stirps, and the markings exhibit great beauty and diversity of form.
The principal subdivisions that I have hitherto observed are the Erycine, the Uranie
and the true Hesperide. The Erycine are a very remarkable group, and several par-
ticulars regarding them will be mentioned in considering the structure of the legs
in this stirps. The genus Urania is well known as containing several of the most
striking Lepidoptera, both as to form and beauty of colours; but it appears to be
confined to the New World. In the Hesperide contained in our collection, the colour
is almost uniformly of an intense brown, inclining to black; the spots are white and
yellow, partially transparent, but not greatly diversified. The form of the wings is
comparatively simple ; the anterior wings are triangular, the posterior wings rounded
and entire, rarely lengthened or angulated. The most interesting peculiarities of the
Hesperidee by which they are related to the Phalenidx, have already been mentioned.

The palpi in the Anopluriform stirps are greatly diversified in the various subdivi-
sions, and depart more from one particular form of structure, than they do in the
other stirpes hitherto considered: they cannot therefore be defined by a general
description ; but they exhibit three principal modifications. In the true Hesperide
the basal and intermediate joints are robust, broad, depressed, and occupy a large
portion of the head inferiorly, on each side of the proboscis; they are closely
covered with hair or short bristles, which are in most cases truncated and even,
resembling the surface of a brush ; the second joint is abruptly truncated at the end ;
the third joint is naked, but of diversified structure; in some cases considerably
projecting and approaching the character of the Vermiform stirps, in others short
and nearly concealed by the brush-like covering of the second joint. In the genus
Urania, the palpi are lengthened, slender, having the second joint greatly compressed
and the third delicate, somewhat cylindrical and nearly naked. (Latr. Gen. Insector.
iv. p. 207). In the Erycine the palpi are characterized by shortness and by delicacy
of structure: one modification of them is represented on pl. ii. fig. 3, b. The
antenne vary considerably in the different subdivisions ; in the true Hesperide they
are filiform at the base with a decided fusiform club, of various proportionate length
and form, terminated by an elongated acute point, which is uncinate or hooked.
They are, in many cases, marked externally with transverse strize; but I have not as
yet determined the extent and generality of this character, The abdomen, in the
typical species or true Hesperide, is more robust than in the former stirpes of this
tribe ; its resemblance to that of the Nocturnal Lepidoptera has already been pointed
out. The proboscis is long, slender, and often partially concealed by the palpi.

The feet of the insects belonging to the Anopluriform stirps possess many pecu-
liarities which at present I am not prepared to describe at large; but some remarks

H 2 on

52 INTRODUCTION.

on the anterior feet cannot with propriety be omitted. These are again perfect,
being provided with five tarsi, and with claws as in the Vermiform and Juliform
stirpes. But there exists, at the confines of the Thysanuriform and Anopluriform
stirpes, an intermediate group, by which the transition from one stirps to the other is
most strikingly exemplified. ‘This is the small group of Erycine. Here the anterior
Jeet are spurious in the male, and perfect in the female. For an illustration of this most
remarkable structure I refer the reader to pl. 11, where in fig. 3, the details of both
sexes are exhibited in the dissection; fig. 3, e and f, exhibit the spurious feet of the
male, and fig. 3, g, the perfect feet of the female; and the lateral view of the
perfect insect, fig. 3, a, shows the relative proportion and situation of the spurious
feet in the male, in a very striking manner. I consider it a fortunate circumstance
that my Eastern collection has enabled me to illustrate this point, and to show in a
satisfactory manner, the union of the two stirpes ; for the true region, not only of the
group of Erycine, but of the whole Anopluriform stirps, is the New World. While
I have discovered in Java three species of Erycine and about thirty-five species of
Hesperide, the continent of America has hitherto afforded at least one hundred
species of the former, and an innumerable host of the latter. The details regarding
the Erycine, as observed in Java, will be given in their proper place in the work, but
I shall add in this place that the metamorphosis of this group, as far as it is yet known,
-confirms the station assigned to it; and the figure of the larva and chrysalis of Erycina
Midas, from the sixth plate of the continuation of Cramer, by Stoll, gives an
interest to the diagram, which I trust will meet with approbation. I shall only
transcribe the remark of Hoffmansegg on this group, contained in his remarks on
the Erycina Oppeli, in Wied. Zool. Magaz. T.i, No. 2, p. 95. « Erycina gehirt
unstreitig, 2u dem merckwiirdigsten das in der Entomologie angetroffen werden kann.”

I shall conclude these introductory remarks, with a recapitulation of the various
references to the illustrations of the metamorphosis and perfect insect of the Vermiform
and Chilognathiform or Juliform stirpes, given on the plates belonging to the first
part, in order to exhibit them in a connected point of view.

VERMIFORM STIRPS.
i komen: § larva: plate iv, fio 2i 8s eA.
¢ pupa: plate:ivesties ly als) aS, far eA) ao ea
General form and habit, wings, body, head, &c.: pl.i, fig. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, O74

5 Gy IOs ils Jel ti, salah ay, (6

Palpi: pl. ii, fig. 4,b; 5,b; 6,b. Pl. iv, 1, b; 2,b; 5, b.
Antenne : Dle ta rige le 2) 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11. Pl. ii,)4, © :*5, c; 6c.
labo Ibes Bes bye
ee pi : pl.ii, fig. 4,e; 5,e; 6,e. Pl. iv, 1, Crh 2 Tonanre
j middle : pl. ii, fig. 4, f. ;
Proboscis : pl. ii, fig. 4, d; 5,d; 6,d. Pl. INS ChB Gla Sy Gl

Perrect Insect.

=

INTRODUCTION. 53

CuHILOGNATHIFORM or JULIFoRM STIRPS.
lap cur plays tie Os 7,) 85 9s LO Wile ae eb ladle 2505.

4, 3.
pupa i pleiv, HewOl a5,75 a 519, a5 Opts LO; as ily a yl ea

13}, G5 Jelbchi, 1, oe & ee GE aie, 4 bs Se a
-General form and habit, wings, body, head, &c. Pl. i, fig. 12, 13, 14, 15.
Palpi: pl. iv, fig. 8, b; 9, b; 10, b; 11, b; 12, b; 13, b.

Antenne = pli, fig. 12, 13, 14,15." PI. 1v, 8, c; 9, e; 10, c; 11, c5 12, e; 13, ¢.
Fr ¢ anterior: Pltiv oes nes eos ey mlOn cs iwc se le icrselesne:
Ps 2 claws: pl. iv, 8, £3 9, f.
Pp 2 On 15 a
BE uboscs | pleive oy On 9, dg 010,ds itd; eid ela, d:

All the preceding details are taken exclusively from Javanese insects, belonging
to the series arranged in the Honourable East-India Company’s Museum.

In the diagram on the third plate, the object has been to illustrate the most pro-
minent forms of each of the five stirpes, several subjects have, therefore, been selected
from the works of Sepp, Abbot, and Stoll’s continuation of Cramer,

Fig. 11. Polyommatus Pssoeee Sepp.

METAMORPHOSIS ;

Perrect Insect

— 12. Thecla Favonius ............ Abbot.

== 13.) Dhecla Betulietytecssccsese se: sper.

— 14. Colias Marcellina ............ Stoll.

= hss THOT OBIE ER Sec cooacosnone EU

Ou a piliomAy ax wesudecder settee 4 UU0L:

— 17. Papilio Polydorus............ Javan. Metam.
- — 18. Heliconia Euterpe............ Stoll
— 19. Heliconia Amphione......... Do.

Vermiform Stirps....eeee

Chilognathiform Stirps...

Chilopodi Sti — 20. Heliconia Thalia ......... ee Do:
ilopodiform Stirps ... ‘ == Ohl, Aveta WERE) ooscasooudondosoeg oe JWI
— 22.*Biblis Leucothoé .......... LOS

| — 23. Genus allied to Limenitis... Do.
Thysanuriform Stirps ...... — 24. Melanitis undularis ......... Do.

‘ , — 25, 25,a. Erycina Midas ...... Stoll.
Anoplurform Stirps.s2-: ; — 26. Hesperia Conenpaucsetanel QUanVer.

* In this species the spines are alternately long and short, in other respects it resembles the larve of the
typical group. The genus Biblis is here applied strictly according to the views of Fabricius, who gives
Leucothoé as one of the typical species. M. Latreille has placed in the genus Biblis several insects, which
agreeably to the metamorphosis belong to different groups.

I regret that the plan of the diagram has not permitted me to exhibit various highly instructive forms,
but the most important will follow in the course of the work.

Z b *

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,

4 tee 7

7 2? Be

Fiat, pee
eatin ht

xt eee Dy «PITS N Bhs hes ray Be Ne tares alot

AWS etaok. Diabol. ares obnarit es
= khan con mie ihe en 2 <b Bek Pee ;
7 eae ripe aie aH ih 2 {ees abate 1 mahal

= it ie
pa bhlifcs ere) Aah ens

7 J 7
Po hee f aun i otey HTTAC Th enrar

Teg Vt el elas * ete i
7h a Te J Moire fi its be eee en ele sve, 4] FS abs

eet a ee were ae ee 2 Loa i! i. ro

ag bid ae oe ering athe tee ioe nae oe wiles

BBN AS aS Geaeen tlh CN) ees ahh Ry ery oWaivg cilgad te)
, a es) ESOS stan hie $sitee

a ; we v “ eatin nab Be meyer y Sipe.
‘ Bnet: Po ee A Te ck *} Dieser xh ess

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“Any ayaree Pie es ‘ ma et ee a Oe. fd ter AS ere

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE,

Sierras

LEPIDOPTERA.

Tue station of this order in the sub-kingdom of Annulosa, is clearly indicated in
the Hore Entomologice. The Lepipoprera are here arranged in the class of
Haustellata, between the orders of Diptera and Homoptera. In the diagram which
exhibits a view of the classes of the Annulosa, they meet the order of Trichoptera,
and thus form a connexion between the classes of Haustellata and Mandibulata.
See Hor. Ent. p. 390. The relation of the Lepidoptera to the Homoptera is more
particularly pointed out in page 375 of the same work; and that to the Diptera, in
page 879. I therefore refer the reader, for a more detailed exposition of Mr.
Macleay’s views of the natural situation of this order, to the pages cited; where the
analogy of the Lepidoptera to the other orders of Annulosa is likewise pointed out,
in a tabular view; see page 392.

The LerrpoptTera are chiefly distinguished from the other orders of Annulosa, by
their mouth, wings, and metamorphosis. The acute observations of M. Savigny show
that the mouth is provided with lips, mandibles, and maxille. The latter by their
union form the proboscis, and are thus described : mandibles, at their base, intimately
united with the lower lip, elongated, canaliculated, forming together by the union of their
plates, a tubular spirally-convoluted proboscis, which is concealed by the palpi. The
mandibles are very minute, distant, slightly or not at all moveable, and unfit for masti-
cation. ‘There are four palpi, of which two are maxillary and two inserted at the base

of

56 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

of the lower lip. The latter are denominated labial palpi. The wings, four in num-
ber, are membranaceous, more or less covered with minute imbricated scales. The

metamorphosis zs technically termed obtect.

Observation. —The metamorphosis of this order is the most remarkable, the most diversified, and
the most intricate in the sub-kingdom of Annulosa. I have already stated my intention of deriving
from it the basis of my arrangement. It shall be my endeavour to analyze and follow its variations,
as my clew to a general subdivision of the whole order. In the first tribe the outline of a
subdivision has been sketched; and I now submit it to the candid examination of Entomologists.
It might, perhaps, be expected, that I should, at the commencement, give a similar descriptive
and discriminating analysis of the metamorphosis of each tribe, in all its details; but, on this
subject, I must without reserve acknowledge my inability. In the first tribe, I had the advan-
tage of being guided by analogical relations; and it appears to me that the stirpes of this tribe
exhibit types of the modifications which take place in the metamorphosis of the remaining
tribes. I shall observe, by way of illustration, that a similar state of things occurs among the
Mandibulata. We here find, in the metamorphosis of one order, the Neuroptera, types of the
diversified metamorphosis of the whole class. See Hore Entom., p. 433. But I am not pre-
pared, at present, to show how the same principle applies to the Lepidoptera in general, or to
analyze and describe the metamorphosis of each tribe, in the manner in which I have attempted to
elucidate the metamorphosis of the Papilionide. This would lead me into the very mistake I am
anxious to avoid, and produce an artificial arrangement. It is true, there are many observations
in the Wiener Verzeichnis, which assist in forming a general system founded on metamorphosis;
and I have adopted them so far as I could with safety, and with the intention of pursuing them
in the course of this work. I have no hesitation in stating in this place, that the indications given
in the work just mentioned, lead to more accurate views on this subject than those generally found
in Entomological works. We are directed to attend not only to the number of the feet of the
larvee, but to analyze them with rigorous exactness, to notice every particular of their struc-
ture, viz. the deviation from the regular cylindrical form, whether ovate, fusiform, oblong,
depressed, &c.; the form of the segments, whether merely annular or produced into scuta, &Xc.;
the adventitious appendages to the head, sides, tail, &c. whether provided with a furcula, a
bicuspid anal appendage, &c.; the diversified form of the head and its appendages; the multi-
farious protuberances, excrescences, warts, and fleshy caudiform appendages; and particularly
the external covering, whether smooth, hairy, villose, spinous, with the various modifications of the
hairs and spines. It is probable, that as accurate observations are extended, these will assist in
affording clear indications for permanent subdivisions. But, in the present state of our materials,
T shall adhere to the excellent rules on this head contained in the Horz Entomologice. I
shall examine principally the variations in the metamorphosis, and endeavour to obtain from
them the indications of the higher groups. Wherever the modifications in the metamorphosis
are numerous, I shall endeavour to ascertain whether they lead to the establishment of genera
or further subdivisions. The first tribe affords an example of the assistance derived from a
minute acquaintance with the metamorphosis, in the determination of natural groups, whether
stirpes, genera, or further subdivisions. On this subject I have frequently referred to the
authors of the Vienna Catalogue. Next to these, Schrank has most closely consulted metamor-
phosis, in its various modifications, in his arrangement, and on its importance as a guide to minor

subdivisions,

LEPIDOPTERA. 57

subdivisions, he has the following ingenious observation: ‘‘ Metamorphosis, in its larva state,”
he says, “ may, and I think must be, taken into the characters of genera, in the absence of other
sufficiently distinctive notices. Those Botanists who have derived their systems primarily from
the fruit, have nevertheless a regard to the flower, and by this means reciprocally elucidate existing
obscurities. Caterpillars are the rLowrERs of the Lepidoptera. They are indeed not always present
when the perfect insects are before the examiner. But, is the case different with the Botanist 2” The
application is evident, and I shall conclude this observation with the following remark of the
author of the Horee Entomologice. As the knowledge of the whole life of an insect must make
us better acquainted with its nature than a mere description of one of its forms, in the same
proportion ought metamorphosis to outweigh every other principle of arrangement.” Horze

Entom., page 448.

I proceed to the consideration of the first tribe of Lepidoptera, the Pariticnipz,
consisting of the Lepidoptera Diurna of Latreille, the Tagschmetterlinge oder Falter of
Denis and Schieffermiller, Ochsenheimer, &c.; the genus Papilio of Linneeus, Les
Papillons Reaum., Geoff, &c.

CHARACTER OF THE TrisE: Metamorphosis: Larva provided with sixteen feet, elon-
gated, cylindrical, with a globose head, attenuated posteriorly, retractile, attached
by means of a contracted articulation, so as to appear in the typical species, when
exserted, disjoined from the body, of a slow, tardyhabit. (It presents five princi-
pal modifications of form.)

Chrysalis naked, angular, attached by the tail, but variously suspended ; in one
stirps only folliculated, or covered by a contorted leaf, in the same manner as
some of the Nocturnal Lepidoptera.

Perfect Insect : Antenne composed of numerous articulations, slender at the base,
incrassated towards the tip, rarely filiform, but generally terminated by a club,
which is variously modified in the different subdivisions. Wings erect when the
insect is at rest, without hook at the margin of the lower wings; in one stirps the
posterior wings only are elevated. Posterior tabi, in most cases, with a single pair
of spurs at the tip only. They all fly in the day.

Cuaracter Trrpus. Metamorphosis: Larva pedibus sedecim, elongata, cylindrica,
tarda ; capite globoso retractili ; exserto, a corpore disjuncto.

Chrysalis nuda, angulata, posticée alligata, sed vario modo suspensa ; in stirpe anopluri-
formi subfolliculata levis, et Lepidopterorum aliquorum nocturnorum chrysalidi similis.

Imago: Antenne multiarticulate, basi graciles, apice crassiores plerumque capitulate
aut clavate, in paucis filiformes vel subsetacee vel apice graciliore uncinato. Ale
insecto sedente erecta, inferiores retinaculo nullo. In stirpe anopluriformi ale
postice tantum erecta vel suberecte. "Tibi posticse plerumque apice solo calcarato.
Volatus diurnus.

This tribe, according to the modifications of the larva, is divisible into five
a connected view of which is given in the following Table.

I

stirpes or races,

58

SYNOPTIC TABLE OF THE STIRPES OF THE FIRST

STIRPES.

Stires I.

VERMIFORM.

The reader is referred to the
diagram contained on the third
plate, where. several of the
typical forms of the larve of
the genera arranged in the
sixth column are represented,
with the view to illustrate the
second column.

Stires II.

CHILOGNATHIFORM
or

IULIFORM.

ANALOGY,

to the class of AMETABOLA, Macleay.

VERMES.

Genera,

in the order of their affinity, illustrating the

analogy to the larvee of the Papilionidee.

M ; hoe
RS ROHADBLY } Epizoaria, Lamarck.
BSCR) } Entozoa Rudolphi.
STRONGYLUS,
OnIscus,
ARMADILLO, ?Oniscide.
PorceELLIO,

(The three genera last enumerated have their
natural station between the Ametabola and the
Crustacea; it is remarkable that the analogy is
more apparent in the osculant group of Oniscide
than in many of the true Vermes.)

CHILOGNATHA.
GLomeERis,
(As to the affinity between this genus and
Porcellio, see Hore Entom., p. 348.)

Tu.us.

PoLypDeEsmus,

CRASPEDOSOMA.

(At the confines of the next order.)

METAMORPHOSIS.

Larva, transversely striated, oblong, attenuated
at both ends, convex or cylindrico-gibbous,
in some cases depressed; head small and re-
tractile; feet short, and generally concealed
by the scutiform segments of the body.

Pura, smooth, obtuse at both ends, attached
by the caudal extremity with the head up-
wards, and secured in an erect attitude by a)
brace.

Pura, attached and suspended as in the Ver- 7
miform stirps, angulated, with two processes
at the anterior extremity.

Larva, elongated, cylindrical, attenuated at the
ends, somewhat distended about the fourth
segment, with the head attached by a small
articulation, appearing, when exserted, distinct
Srom the body, with a furcula or bifid, fleshy,
retractile organ, between the head and neck.

TRIBE OF LEPIDOPTERA, THE PAPILIONID&.

59

PERFECT INSECT.

ANTENN®, clavate, very gradually and uni-
formly incrassated, or filiform and ter-
minated by a cylindrical compressed
club abruptly bent outward.

Papi, with the third joint very long,
naked, and directed forward, the basal
and intermediate joints slender, elon-
gated, and sparingly covered,

Feet, mid-legs with a short spinous process
to the tzbie, anterior legs perfect, rarely
slightly abbreviated. Claws minute, sin-
gle in the anterior feet of the male.

Wines, erect, when the insect is at rest;
anterior wings oblong or triangular, pos-
terior wings entire, dentated, or provided
with one or more dznear or filiform cau-
dal appendages. Nervures simple, deli-
cate, discoidal areola not closed.— (Jones
in Linn. Trans., vol. ii. p. 63, &c.)

ABDOMEN, small, slender, and compressed.

Progoscis, moderately elongated, naked
or provided with transverse bristles at the

_ extremity.

FLIGHT, comparatively slow.

ANTENN®, marked with prominent rings
at the joints, elongate, filiform at the
base, incrassated towards the club,
which is cylindrical and attenuated at
both ends, or oval, compressed with the
annuli crowded towards the extremity.

Patri (in the typical group), shorter than
the head, the third joint very minute,

- the basal and intermediate joints con-
cealed by a covering of bristly hair ; (in

- the genera near the vermiform stirps
the third joint slightly projecting.)

Feet, long and robust, tibie of the ante-
rior feet, in the typical group, with a
short acute process near the middle ; (in
Colias slightly abbreviated.) Claws large
and robust.

Wines, erect, when the insect is at rest;
subfalcate, or simple and triangular.
Nervures strong and prominent, discot-
dal areola closed, posterior wings cut
out to receive the abdomen, often pro-
vided with spatulate caudal appendages.

ABDoMEN, cylindrical.

Prososcis, long and robust.

Frigut, strong and rapid.

NAMES,
descriptive of the stirpes or of the sub-
divisions, in their different states.
ScHILDFALTER—Curipo—Schrank.
Present Rurares. Linn.
Aldrow.

Swainson.

PoLyorpHTHALMI.
PoLyOMMATID&.
Lyca#nipm. Stephens.

Les Argus, Geoffr. Blues.

Les Bronzés, Geoftr. Coppers.

Les petits portes-queue, Geoft. Hairstreaks.
Larve gibboscutate. Fam.N, Wien. Verz.
Fam. M, W. V.
Fam. O, W. V.
Larve contracte. Esper.

Larve oblongoscutate.
Larve depressoscutata.

Larve onisciformes.
Assel formige Raupen.
Chenilles Cloportes.

PapiLiones (strictly so called).
EpeLFALTER—PigR1s— Schrank.

Eauitres—Troes et Achivi.
HELIiconil. pain
DANAI CANDIDI.

Dana Fravi. Wien. Verz.
Parnassit. Fabr.

Fam. C, W. V.
Larve mediostriate. Fam.D, W. V.
Larve pallidiventres. Fam. ©, W. V.

Fam. B, W. V.
Esper.

Larve variegate.

Larve bombyciformes.
(Equites)

Larve holosericee. \ Heliconii—Esper.

Larve nde.

Larve pilose.
Swallow-tails.
Blach-weins.
Whites.
Clouded-yellows.

Brimstones.

GENERA.

Normal,

in the regular Lepi-
dopterous circle.

PETAVIA.

This genus, nearly re-
lated to Hesperia,
forms in our series
the transition from
the Anopluriform
to the Vermiform
stirps.

POLYOMMATUS.

Lyc#NA.

THECLA.

Myrina.

Cotias.

Gonepteryx.

PaPiLio.

Sect. I. antenne with
prominent annult.
Sect. II. antennee with

an oval compressed

club.
Sect. III.
with obscure annuli.

antenne

Aberrant,
or departing from the
regular series, (and
genera of which the
affinity has not been
determined).

SyMETHA.

Terias.

Pieris.

Pontia.

Leucophasia.

Licinia.

Thais.

Doritis.

Zelima.

SYNOPTIC TABLE OF THE STIRPES OF THE FIRST

60
STIRPES. ANALOGY,
to the class of AmMeTABOLA, Macleay.
CHILOPODA.
Stirps II. ScoLOPENDRA.
CHILOPODIFORM
OR
SCOLOPENDRIFORM.
LitTHoBIUS.
ScuTIGERA.
THYSANURA.
LeEpPIsMa.
Stirps IV.
THYSANURIFORM. NORTE ee
Popura.

SMYNTHURUS.

METAMORPHOSIS.

Larva, cylindrical, with rigid filiform appendages,

(naked and few in number at the confines of the
last stirps, in the typical group numerous,) dis-
posed in longitudinal series along the body and
armed with verticilli of acute diverging spines.

Pura, angular, oblong, or compressed, diversified
on the surface, even, tuberculated, or notched ;
the headcase obtuse, rounded, or tuberculated ;
ornamented with shining dots or lines, or entirely
covered with a golden lustre: suspended by the
tail, with the head precipitous or directed down-
ward.

Pupa, suspended as in the Chilopodiform stirps,
smooth, shining, often handsomely variegated with
colours ; variously modified as to form, oval, an-
gular, curved, gibbous, or triangular, with a py-
ramidical base and point; terminated by two acute
points, which are either approximate or diverging.

Larva with a bifid tail or furcula from the posterior
part of the abdomen, consisting of two rigid set@
or spines, pointing directly backward ; having an
elongate cylindrical form, slightly attenuated at
both ends; head emarginate above or provided
with two erect seta or points in some species
greatly distended posteriorly, forming a kind of
moveable shield, which is crowned above with
four or more membranaceous horns having ser-
rate edges.

TRIBE OF LEPIDOPTERA, THE PAPILIONIDZ.

8

61

PERFECT INSECT.

ANTENNZ, filiform at the base, wth a club
rising abruptly at the extremity, in the typi-
cal species broad and compressed, and in
one of the subdivisions orbiculate.

Pacer, with the basal and second joints broad
and robust, covered with hair and beset
underneath with long straggling bristles,
the third joint projecting beyond the head,
covered with down ; converging in the typi-
cal species and forming a rostellum or beak :
a tuft of long hair at the extremity of the
second joints.

Wines, erect in the resting insect : anterior
wings narrow and greatly expanded, with
angulated, scalloped, or deeply indented mar-
gins ; posterior wings with a deep abdomi-
nal groove, entire or dentated, rarely with

short, acute caudal appendages;: mnervures
distinct : dzscoidal areola closed.

AspoMeEn, either slender and compressed,
or, in the typical group, robust and ab-
breviated.

'Proszoscis, long and robust.

Fiicut, strong and rapid.

Feet, intermediate and posterior, terminated
by claws and pulvilli with membranaceous,
pubescent, bifid appendages at their base:
anterior feet spurious and imperfect.

Feet, anterior as in the last stirps.

ANTENN®, filiform, surpassing in proportion-
ate length these organs in all other stirpes of
this tribe ; club slender.

Patri, curved, ascending, with the third joint
naked, compressed, and rising above the
head.

Wrxes, generally of a brown colour, and, in
many species, adorned with a brilliant gloss
of blue and pre-eminently marked with large

ornamental ocelli appearing often on both

| ; surfaces; with the greatest expansion from

; the antericr to the posterior margin, or in the

direction of the body of the insect : hinder

wings, with a deep abdominal groove, en-
uy tire, dentated, or produced to a short round

; point. Discoidal areola not uniformly closed.

Azpomen, short; the male of some species
provided with fascicles of long silky hairs.

a Prozoscis, of moderate length and size.

_ Fricur, slow.

NAMES,

descriptive of the stirpes or of the sub-

divisions, in their different states.
DornFaLTER—PapiLio—Schrank.
DANAI FESTIVI.
NyMPHALES rusrenatt bin in part.
NYMPHALES GEMMATI.
Hexiconiu. Fabr.
eet f Sueuesee and Stephens,

In part.
Fam. I, Wien. Verz.
Fam. L, W. V.

Fam. K, W. V.
Fam. H, W. V.

Esper.

Larve acutospinose.
Larve pseudospinose.
Larve collospinose,
Larve subspinose.
Larve spinose.

Papiliones angulati. Eckfliigelichte Falter.
Scheckichte Falter.

Silberreiche Falter.

Papiliones multifasciati. Fleckstreifigte
Falter.

Papiliones variegati.
Papiliones nobiles.

Fritil-
laries.

Les argentés. Geoftr. Silver-spotted
Les damiers. Geoffr. Buff-spotted

SrutzFALTER—ManioLa—Schrank.
NympHALEs GEMMATI. Linn. in part.
NymMPHALIDE. Swainson and Stephens

in part.

Fam. G, Wien. Verz.
Fam. F, W. V.
Esper.

Larve cornute.
Larve subfurcate.
Larve bicaudate.

Papiliones versicolores. Schielende Falter.
Randaugigte Falter.

Mus. Richt.

Geoffr.

Les changeants.
Les Grimpans.

GENERA.

Normal,
in the regular Lepi-
dopterous circle.

EvupLoga.

IDEA.
ACREA.
VANESSA.
CYNTHIA.
MELIT#A.
ARGYNNIS.
Bistis.

(Strictly as applied by
Fabricius.)

LIMENITIS.

Gen. Nov. Limenitidi
affine.
APATURA.
Genus Novum.
PapuHIA.
AMATHUSIA.
Moreno.
Genus Novum.
MatavnirTIs.
HipPARCHIA.
NEMEOBIUS.

(Forming the transi-
tion to Erycina ?)

Aberrant,
or departing from the
regular series, (and
genera of which the
affinity has not been
ascertained.)
Hriconra.

Hetera. (?)

LIBYTHAA.

NeptIs. (?)

Cethosia.

BraASSOLIS-

SYNOPTIC TABLE OF THE STIRPES OF THE FIRST ©

STIRPES. ANALOGY, METAMORPHOSIS.

to the class of AmMeraBoLa, Macleay.
the body by a long neck, abruptly terminated

behind and entirely deprived of a caudal ap-
pendage. (In some of the Erycing the head
of the larva has two erect spinous appendages
resembling those of the Thysanuriform stirps.)
ANOPLURA. Pura, concealed by a folliculus, or by the covering
of a convoluted leaf, resembling that of some of
the nocturnal Lepidoptera. :

Stires V.
ANOPLURIFORM.
PrpIcuLus-
NirMus.-
CECROPS.
CALIGUS.

This genus leads to Entomoda among the
Epizoarie, with which we commence the circle
of Ametabola. (See above, p. 58.)

In explanation of the second column of this table, which is intended to illustrate the analogies of the larva of the first tribe of Lepidoptera, I refer the reader
to page 286, and to pages 350 and 351 of the Hore Entomologice. Mr. Macleay here traces the Ametabola from the Chilognatha to the Vermes ; hence to the
Anoplura; further to the Thysanura and to the Chilopoda, whence he returns to the Chilognatha and completes the circle. He therefore risus a circular
course ina direction opposite to that of our table, but the succession of affinities is the same although here reyersed. He commences with the Chilognatha ; from
these he proceeds to the most imperféct Annulose animals, with the following observation (p. 351). ‘ Articulation is not very distinct in some of te Fpinanes
of Lamarck, but sufficiently so to lead us to the Caliqi of Muller and the genus Cecrops of Dr. Leach.”’ (This genus, although generally arranged among the
Crustacea, is placed by Mr. Macleay in the class of Ametabola; Lamarck had indeed already expressed a doubt as to its really being GrdsNEEOTR) “The genus
Cecrops by its general form, antenne, structure of the fect, and want of posterior appendages, prepares us for the Anoplura. These we quit for the a
Smynthurus of Latreille, and by means of it enter among the Thysanura. Some of these, such as the Lepisme of Latreille, have an elongate form, lon: geititi’
eines) various small appendages on each side representing false feet, together with articulated sete terminating the posterior part Sanne bod sae . Thus,”
continues Mr. Macleay, ‘‘ we come to the larva state of the Chilopoda, or Scolopendre of Linnwus, from which, bearing in recollection the for! i d str et
of the genus Craspedosoma of Leach, we return to the Chilognatha and complete the circle of metabola.” icin

In

Larva, with a head of excessive size attached to.

TRIBE OF LEPIDOPTERA, THE PAPILIONID~.

63

PERFECT INSECT. NAMES,

descriptive of the stirpes or of the sub-
divisions, in their different states.

DickraLTER—ERyNniIs—Schrank.

Purser Ursicori. Linn.

Hesperives. Latr.

Hesrerip®. Leach.

Fret, anterior, at the confines of the
Thysanuriform stirps, in the group of
Erycine, spurious in the male, perfect in
the female ; in the Hesperide and Ura-
nie perfect in both sexes ; hinder tibia
provided with two pair of spurs, one
in the middle the other at the tip.

ANTENN#, diversified in the different
groups: in the Erycine provided with
an oval club attenuated at both ends;
in the Hesperide filiform at the base
with a fusiform club, terminated by an
acute point, which is uncinate or hooked ;

Les Estropiés. Geoftr.
Les Bourgeois. Seba.
Skippers and Grizzles. Haworth.

Larvx TorTRICIFORMES.
Afterwicklerraupen.
in the Uranie lengthened and filiform,
with a slender elongate club.
Papi, in the Erycine very short, scarcely
projecting beyond the head, third joint
very minute; in the Hesperide the basal
and intermediate joints broad, depressed,
and closely covered with hair or short
truncated bristles, the third joint naked ;
in the Uranie lengthened and slender,
with the third joint delicate and nearly
naked.
Wives: in the resting insect the hinder
wings only are elevated : in the Hespe-
ride the brown colour prevails, inclining
to black, and the wings are marked with
white or yellow semi-transparent spots ;
the anterior wings are mostly triangular :
the caudal appendages, of the posterior
wings, generally curved : discoidal areola
not closed. °
AxspoMEN, short and thick. Heap, large.
Eyes, prominent.
FiicHT, strong and rapid.

GENERA.

Normal,

in the regular Lepi-

dopterous circle.
ERYCINA:

Emesis.

Danis.

Lemonias.

Eurybia.

HESPERIA.

Thymele.

Helius.

Pamphila.

Ismene.

Tamyris.

Aberrant,

or departing from the

regular series, (and
genera of which the
affinity has not been
determined).

Nymphidium.

Helicopis.

URANIA.

BARBICORNIS.

(Ce nouveau genre

rapproché des Ura-
nies par ses antennes
sétacées, fait le pas-
sage de la tribe
des PAPILIONIDES
Acelle des HesPE-
RipEs.) Latreille,
in Encyclop. Me-
thod., p. 705. Art.
Papillon.

In the third and fourth columns, which exhibit a view of the metamorphosis and perfect insect, it has been my object to
and some of the most prominent characters, which show the natural transitions

the typical characters, by marking them in italics ;
are placed at the point of connexion and indicated by a brace.

In the fifth column I have given the first place to the n
his names is descriptive of one of our stirpes-
highly appropriate.

In the sixth column, ‘I have endeavoured to arrange the genera according to their natural affinities,

attempt of this nature, from a local collection,
from other sources ; but many deficiencies remain to be supplied by future discoveries:

ames employed by Schrank, as his general division of the Pap
I have also extracted in each stirps, the family names of the Wiener Vv
But I have not attempted to introduce all the names employed by authors for the subdivisions of the stirpes-

many interruptions in the series must necessarily occur,

direct the attention of the reader to
from one stirps to another,

ilionide agrees with ours, and each of
erzeichnis, as they are, in most cases,

as far as my materials have enabled me: as however in an
L have endeavoured to supply the connecting links

64: DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

VERMIFORM STIRPS.

Typical Character.

Larva, as to form, either ovate, oblong, cylindrical, or linear; as to surface, convex,
gibbous, or depressed: always marked with prominent transverse striee or divided
into scutiform segments: most generally naked, in some cases villous, rarely
provided with lateral appendages: underneath smooth: having a small head and

minute feet, partially concealed by the abdominal segments.

Pupa, smooth, obtuse at both ends, attached by the caudal extremity by means of a

slight filamentous texture, secured in an erect attitude by a brace, the head being
directed upwards.

Larva forma ovata, vel oblonga, vel cylindrica, vel linearis ; superficie convexa, gibba,
vel depressa: semper tranversé striata, segmentis scutiformibus : nuda, vel nonnun-
quam pilosa, rarius appendiculis lateralibus instructa : subtus glabra : capite minuto,
pedibusque vix apparentibus. (Tota quoad habitum Ontsco, PorceLiioni, vel. Epi-
ZOARIIS szmilis.)

Pupa nuda, utrinqué obtusa, postice alligata, capite sursim spectante, filis collo et
abdomine circumligatis erecté feré suspensa.

Observation.

The peculiarities of the perfect insect of this stirps have already been detailed in
pages 38, 39, and 40 of the Introduction; they are likewise exhibited on the Synoptic Table.
I shall, therefore, not recapitulate them in this place. The regular order of the plan of Mr.
Macleay would require that I should proceed to the division of the Stirpes into Families ; but this
would require a more extensive examination of materials, and more numerous references and
comparisons, than I am enabled to undertake at present. Ishall, therefore, defer the attempt to
a more favourable period. For my immediate purpose it is sufficient to state, that the genera
Petavia, Polyommatus, Lycena, Thecla, and Myrina, are individually representatives of Fami-
lies, for the precise subdivisions of which a general acquaintance with all the species hitherto
collected, and to be found in cabinets of Entomology, would scarcely be sufficient.

GrENus

LEPIDOPTERA. 65

Genus POLYOMMATUS.

Papilionis—Plebeiorum ruralium—species. Linn. Polyommati species. Latr. | Polyom-
matus. Stephens’ Synopsis of British Entomology, May 1827. Lycenz Species. Fab.
Papiliones, Fam. N. Larvae gibboscutatee. Wiener Verzeichnis, 181. Papiliones Polyoph-
thalmi. Aldrov. Les Argus. Geoffr. Ccoerulex, Blues, or Arguses. Haworth.

Cuaracter. Larva gibboscutata, sublinearis, dorso elevato, c capite parvo plerumque nigro.

Chrysalis oblonga vel ovata, nuda, maculis obscuris; in nonnullis tuberculis acutis singulariter
notata, simize vultum simulans. Tab. i, fig. 2, b. :

Imago: Antenne filiformes, articulis intermediis longioribus, capitulo ovali, abrupté refracto, com-
presso, sulcato, vel concavo marginibus subinvolutis.

Palpi capite longiores, porrecti, assurgentes ; articulis basilari et intermedio nudiusculis, squamis
villisque sericeis tectis, hoc elongato, ultra medium capite soluto, tertio gracili, attenuato, nudo.

Proboscis palpis circa dupld longier.

Caput latiusculum, globosum. Oculi prominuli. Corpus gracile, compressum. Ale integerrime,
alterius plerumque sexus ccerulez, alterius saepius brunnes, interdum strig4 macularum fulvarum
ad marginem posticum; subtis semper grisez, punctis seu ocellulis pluribus nigris saepius albo-
cinctis. Pedes omnes tarsis quinque, ultimo unguiculato: femora intermediorum, apicem
versus processu brevi, acuto, villoso instructa, tibizeque acetabulo ad illum recipiendum exarate.
Tarsi anticorum maris attenuati, setis lateralibus brevissimis vestiti, ultimo seepius ungue solitario
vel seta obscura terminali; fcemine villosi, unguibus duobus parvis fortiter arcuatis lanugine
reconditis. Ungues et pulvilli posticorum parvi.

Cuaracrer. Larva linear or oblong; in form more elevated and rounded than in the cther
genera of this stirps, the back being, in the middle, cylindrico-gibbous. Chrysalis somewhat
oblong or ovate, naked with obscure spots; in some cases singularly marked with short acute
processes, arranged so as to resemble the face of a monkey. Antenne of ‘moderate length,
many-jointed, filiform and straight to the origin of the club, where they are suddenly
reflected or bent outward; joints short and somewhat swelled at the base and apex, slender and
lengthened in the middle; club, constituting about one-sixth of the whole length of these
organs, oyate, compressed, or grooved in the middle, with the sides slightly involuted. Padpi
longer than the head, porrected, assurgent; basal joint short, closely applied to the head, second
joint lengthened, at the base adhering to the head, from the middle detached and curved upwards ;
both these joints being sparingly covered with minute scales and hairs; third joint slender, atte-
nuated, naked, stretching forward or assurgent (rarely surrounded with a tuft of bristles
arising from the extremity of the second joint). Proboscis, double the length of the palpi,
but varying in different species. Head rather broad. Eyes prominent. Body slender and
compressed. Wings: anterior simple and oblong; posterior entire and rounded, slightly grooved
for the reception of the abdomen: the upper eikiee of the wings almost invariably blue in
the male and brown in the female; the under surface in both sexes white or gray, and marked
with black ocellated spots surrounded witha white iris. Feet all invariably perfect and provided
with five tarsi: thighs of the miéd-legs with a short, acute, often hairy, process, which is
received in a corresponding socket of the tibiw: tarsi of the fore-legs in the male attenuated,

K bearing

66 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

bearing at the sides short bristles, last joint mostly terminated by a single claw or by an obscure
spine; in the female the tarsi are covered with short villi, and the joint has two strongly curved
claws, which are concealed by tufts of short hair. ‘The claws and pulvilli of the hind-legs are small,

* Wings somewhat elongated ; hinder wings entire, regularly rounded and elliptical.
Subgenus PiTHECOPS.

1. Piruecors Hytax. Ale supra saturate fusce, postice fimbrid marginali argented ; foeminz
antice maculd discoided angulari albd: subtis canescenti-albe, strigis duabus arcuatis flavo-
fuscis, serie macularum fascidque marginali continud nigris ; antice punctis duobus costalibus,
postice gutté apicali saturatdmaximd et interdum puncto anali obsoletiore nigris. (Expansio
alarum, linese 10—14.)

Plate I, fig. 2; 2, a.
Hesperia R. Hylax. Fab. Ent. Syst. em. tom. 3. pars. 1. p. 304. No. 152.
Polyommatus Hylax. MM. Latreille et Godart, Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. 701.

Wings above, in the male, deep blackish brown, the colour being uniformly spread over the whole
surface to the border of the hinder wings which is silvery white; a very delicate gray fringe inter-
rupted with brown, bounds the forewings: beneath white with a grayish-silvery gloss inclining
to blue, and the scales covering their surface large and rough; anterior wings, marked near the
costa, with two small irregular dots of an intense black; hinder wings, at the posterior angle with
a large regularly circumscribed spot of the same colour; a minute dot is in some individuals
obscurely perceptible near their anal angle: somewhat beyond the disk both pair of wings are
traversed by a delicate, undulated, interrupted striga of reddish brown, exterior of this by a
broader continued fascia of the same colour, undulated at its outer edge; next follows an in-
terrupted series of oblong spots, and finally a regular narrow marginal line of intense black,
exterior to which the wings are bounded by a silvery fringe: Jegs covered with lax villi of
silvery-white ; ¢a7si surrounded by a black ring; body brown above and white underneath ;
eyes uncommonly prominent, and bordered with white; antenne brown, annulated with white.
In the female the wings are somewhat broader, and the disk of the anterior pair is marked with
a rhomboidal white patch, more intensely coloured exteriorly.

There are four specimens of this insect, two of each sex, contained in the Honourable Company’s
Museum. The species, although but little known, appears to have an extensive range ; Eastern India is men-
tioned by Fabricius as the native place on the authority of Dr. Kcenig. The collection of A. H. Haworth, Esq,
contains a female specimen from Bengal. Another species was bred from the caterpillar, and the chrysalis
which produced it is represented on our first plate, fig. 2, b. The caterpillar feeds on a leguminous plant.
The only individual obtained passed into the pupa state before an opportunity existed of delineating it, and
I subsequently sought it in vain. The history of this species will be given after the description of Petavia,
at the close of the series.

In many essential points, the form of the palpi and antennz, the peculiarities of the feet, &c. these insects
agree with the character of the genus Polyommatus, but their habit and aspect are very peculiar; this
is owing to the great length and lateral expansion of the wings, to their comparative narrowness, and
to their being regularly elliptical and rounded in the anal region. The group to which this insect belongs,
forms in my opinion a distinct subgenus, to which I have given the name of Pithecops, from the peculiar
aspect of the chrysalis. Our insect, which is cited by Fabricius as “ minima in hac familia,” is represented
in the European Fauna, by the P. Alsus and by several other species which are described by Ochsenheimer

with

LEPIDOPTERA. «67

with “ale integerrime ;” namely P. Lysimon, P. Pheretes, and’ P. Damon: there are likewise indications of
other foreign species, as the individual figured by Mr. Donovan, which, although the same in form and habit,

appears to be specifically different from those in our collection: and the P. Hanno of Cramer probably
belongs to the same group.

** Margins of the hinder wings at the anal extremity angular, and produced to a short rounded point.
PoLyomMatus stricté sic dictus.

-2. Poryommatus Akasa. Ale utrinqué albe, supra ad basin azureo irrorate marginibus exteriore
et posteriore fuscis, anticarum margine latiore: subtus serie punctorum margini postico paral-
lela ; antice serie lineolarum submarginali, postice arcu punctorum discoideo interrupto punc-
tisque tribus basilaribus fuscis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc.)

Plate I, fig. 1; 1, a.

Disk of the anterior wings and almost the whole of the posterior wings white above: base of both
pairs, and a broad belt along the anterior and posterior margins of the fore wings, blackish brown;
hinder wings marked with a few scattered dots of blackish brown and surrounded by a streak of the
same colour, interior to which is an interrupted series of delicate brown lines: both pairs are covered
from the base to the disk with an azure irroration ; (and in one of our specimens the disk is marked
with an obscure curved fascia of brown:) beneath the milky white surface of the wings has the
following marks: towards the posterior margin of the anterior pair, a series of five short brown
lines is disposed in an interrupted curve, exterior to which a few faint marginal dots are
observed, and a short transverse streak arises near the costa and extends to the middle of the
disk; on the hinder wings the marginal dots of a more intense tint are continued in a regular
series along the posterior margin; the disk is pervaded by a very irregularly curved series of
about seven dots, commencing near the anterior margin, the first being disposed in pairs; three
solitary distant dots are placed in the order of a transverse line towards the base. About eighteen
dots, in all, may be counted on the lower surface of the posterior wings. Antenne banded with
white. Thorax and abdomen agreeing with the adjoining tint of the wings on both surfaces.

As far as regards the habit, colour, and contour of the wings, this species agrees with the blues of our
nomenclature ; the antennz, however, depart in a small degree from the regular type, and give it a pecu-
liar aspect; the club is strongly compressed and semi-contorted at its base, in consequence of which a
swelling appears at the point of union with the filiform portion, which is not usual in this genus. This
species is not abundant, and two specimens only are contained in the collection. In its physiognomy and
in the distribution of the markings of the lower surface, itresembles the P. Argiolus of the British Fauna.

3. Poxryommatus Puspa. Ale supra maris azuree fusco marginate, disco albo; foeminz paili-
diores disco cinerascenti-fusco: subtus sericeo-albe, strigis duabus marginalibus serie punc-
torum intermedia fascidque maculari discoided fuscis ; postice ocellulis pluribus basilaribus
nigris albo cinctis duobus margini exteriore approximatis, apicali insigniore. (Exp. alar. 1
unc. 1—4 lin.)

Wings above blue with a defined border of blackish brown, and a large white patch on the disk :
in the male a deeper tint extends from the base to the edge of the brown margin, varying
according to the direction of the light, being either intensely azure or diluted, and transmitting
a ground colour of brown; in the female the blue colour is confined to the base. ee ar

K 2 the

68 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE,

the wings are white with a blueish cast; they have, on both pairs, along the posterior margins,
two parallel brown strigee, of which the interior is undulated, enclosing an interrupted series
of oblong brown spots, gradually assuming a deeper tint as they approach the anal angle :
interior of this follows a macular band, originating by two successive ocellate dots, from the
margin of the fore wings and extending in an irregular curve through both pair: the disk of
the fore wings bears a short curved streak, and asimilar angular mark, but more obscure, stands
on the hinder wings: the latter are further marked, in their basal portion, with numerous black
ocellate spots bordered with white, of which five are more prominent; two of these stand near
the exterior margin, the apical one being larger and of a more florid tint; two, less conspicuous,
are disposed near the anal interior margin, and a fifth intermediate not far from the base. An-
tenne annulated with white. Tufts of grayish blue hairs at the sides of the thorax and abdomen.

This species is abundant. About twenty specimens are contained in the collection. It appears to be the
representative of the Lyccena Arion, in the eastern tropical regions. Among Indian species which have
recently been added to our systematic catalogues, it most nearly resembles the Pol. Duponchellii, from Timor,
described by MM. Latreille and Godart in the Encyclopédie : but it differs by the deep azure tint diffused over
its upper surface, and by the number and arrangement of the ocellated spots underneath. It forms a
natural transition, by its marks and habit to the next following genus.

Genus LYCZENA.

Papilionis—Plebeiorum ruralium—species. Linn. Polyommati species. Zatr. Lyczena.
Stephens. Lyczene species. Fab. Papiliones, Fam. M. Larve oblongoscutate. Wiener
Verzeichnis, 180. Les Bronzés. Geoffr. Coppers. Haworth.

Cuaracter. Larva oblongoscutata, oblongior quam in ceteris generibus hujus stirpis, lateribus
quasi impressa; plerumque pallide viridis, nuda aut pilis brevissimis tenerrimis tecta; capite
brunneo aut pallescente.

Chrysalis antice posticeque admodum obtusa, fuscescens. (Tab. iv. fig. 1; 1, a.)

Imago: Antenne filiformes, articulis intermediis longioribus, capitulo ovali subrefracto, saepius
compresso vel compresso-concavo marginibus subinvolutis.

Palpi capite longiores, parum porrecti, subassurgentes, articulis basilari et intermedio squamis
villisque elongatis tectis, secundo elongato ultra medium capite soluto, tertio gracili attenuato
nudo.

Proboscis palpis circa duplo longior.

Caput \atiusculum. Oculi prominuli. Corpus gracile, compressum. dle antice subelongata
angustz, postice ad angulum analem productz vel caudate ; cauda subfiliformi, in pluribus brevi,
abrupto: subtus saepius strig& marginali aut maculis contiguis aurantiacis preedite. Pedes
omnes tarsis quinque ; femora eadem que Polyommato; tarsi anticorum maris attenuati ungue
solitario, vel interdum seta corned terminali, spinisque rigidis accesscriis lateralibus; foeminz
semper unguibus duobus arcuatis villis brevibus interpositis. Ungues et pulvilli posticorum
-parvi.
Pp > 4 7

Cuaracter. Larva more oblong than in the other genera of this stirps, hence named oblongo-
scutata—elevated glans the back, but laterally compressed, generally of a pale-green colour,
naked or covered with very short delicate hair; head brown or yellowish. Chrysalis obtuse at

both

LEPIDOPTERA. ‘ 69

both extremities, of 2 brown colour. Antenne. filiform, of moderate length, straight to. the
origin of the club, where they are rather suddenly refracted or bent outward; joints, short and
gradually thickening at the base and apex, slender and elongated in the middle; club ovate
compressed, or grooved with slightly involuted margins. Palpi longer than the head, slightly
porrected; basal joint and posterior part of the intermediate joint closely applied to the head,
anterior part of the latter and third joint bent upwards; basal and intermediate joints covered
solely with minute scales and lengthened hair; third joint short, slender, attenuated, and naked.
Proboscis nearly double the length of the palpi, but varying in different species. Head rather
broad. yes large and prominent. Body slender, compressed. Wings: anterior, rather
elongated and narrow, bounded by a regularly defined posterior margin; posterior wings some-
what lengthened at the anal angle, (and dentated) or provided with short, filiform, abruptly
terminated tails. Feet invariably perfect in all parts. (In the Wiener Verzeichnis, the ante-
rior feet are described as somewhat reduced in size.) The tarsi of the fore legs, in the male,
are attenuated, and terminated by a a single claw, or by a corneous bristle, which is met at
each side by aseries of acute spines; in the female there are two strongly curved claws partly
concealed by tufts of hair. The spine arising from the thighs of the mid-legs and the general
character of these, as well as of the claws and pulvilli, are the same as in Polyommatus.

This genus is illustrated, on the second plate, by the dissections of the Lycena Rowus ; fig. 4; 4,
a; 4, b; 4, c; 4, d; 4, e; 4, f; and on the fourth plate by those of the Lycena Elpis ; fig.
1, b; 1, c; 1, d; 1, e. The larva and chrysalis of Lycena /Elianus are also represented on
the fourth plate; fig. 1; 1, a.

It appears from a review of the generic characters of Polyommatus and Lycena, that, if my views are
correct, the distinction depends primarily on the variation of the metamorphosis; the larva, in the former,
being regularly rounded or cylindrico-gibbous, in the latter more oblong and impressed at the sides: of the
latter the Javanese Collection contains one example ; I have been less successful in the discovery of the
former. Although our acquaintance with the metamorphosis of the subjects belonging to the two genera
now described, is still very imperfect, enough is known to confirm us in the expectation of finally obtaining
a natural arrangement, which can only be accomplished by a knowledge of the entire history of these
animals. In the antenne and palpi of these two genera, no tangible difference can be pointed out. The
distinction derived from the wings is more decisive ; in each of the genera these organs have a peculiarity of
habit, which, though not easily described in words, is readily seized by an experienced eye. The Blues
are altogether without tails, and their character is well preserved in the Oriental tropical regions, but it is
remarkable that in this part of the world, as far as I have observed, no true Coppers have been discovered,
which in Europe chiefly constitute the genus Lycena. ‘The feet and claws of Polyommatus and Lycena
have not, as yet, been examined and described with the accuracy and minuteness which they require, and
I offer with diffidence the modifications which I have proposed, in the characters of these genera, to the
candid consideration of Entomologists. ‘They are founded chiefly on the examination of Pol. Puspaand of
Lycene Roxus and Elpis: of all these, numerous specimens have been submitted to repeated ayers eH
observations, the result of which is that in the male the tarsi are attenuated to a point, buoyed at the sides
with rigid bristles, and terminated by a single claw, or by an obscure corneous spine ; while in the: HEL: the
last joint of the tarsus is uniformly broad, and the claws are partially concealed by lateral tufts of hair; when
these are removed, two short claws become apparent, which are strongly curved.

In all the Indian species of Lycena contained in our collection the posterior ringeiane entire, ao they
are provided with short filiform tails, agreeing with the division D. ,. established by MM. ser

; a

70 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

Godart, in the genus Polyommatus. (Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. iz, p. 653.) They may be subdivided by

artificial characters, into the following groups.

* Wings underneath with simple ocellate spots ; anal ocelli without metallic irrorations.

4. Lycmna Matava. Ale supra fusce plagd albé maxima mediand discoided : subtus sericeo-albe,
singule ad marginem posticum strigis duabus fuscis parallellis undulatis serie macularum inter-
medid, pone medium fascid arcuatd in posticis submaculari ; antice punctis quatuor minimis
Juscis coste parallelis ; postice punctis quingue aterrimis duobus majoribus gutteformibus altero
apicali altero anali tribusque minoribus basilaribus in serie transversd. Exp. alar. 11 lin.

Wings above blackish brown, with a large white central area, extending obliquely from the middle
of the fore to the disk of the hinder wings: colour more intense on the fore wings, the posterior
margins of which are surrounded with a delicate white fringe, which is continued along the
inner border of the hinder wings, by a series of elongated silky hairs: ¢ails black, tipt with
white: underneath the wings are pure satin white; anterior wings, near the costa, marked with
four regular, equi-distant, minute brown dots, and on the disk, with a short curved line:
towards the posterior margin follows a curved striga, consisting of short lineolz or arcs,
not touching each other, but disposed obliquely between the nervures; then, parallel with the
margin, two narrow strigee, the interior one being undulated, including a series of oblong,
attenuated, dark brown spots: these strigae and dots are continued uniformly through the hinder
-wings to the anal region; anterior to these is an interrupted macular fascia, resembling the
curved band of the fore wings, but with broader lineolz; then a short, transverse, discoidal
arc: the hinder wings are further marked beneath with five intensely black spots, two marginal
and three basal; the former are large, regularly round, of an intense black tint, one is placed
near the outer, the other near the inner apical angle, opposite to the caudal appendage, being
separated from the anal angle by two small dots: near the base are three transversely disposed
equi-distant dots of an intensely black tint.

This species is comparatively scarce ; two specimens only are contained in our collection. In its habit and
markings it greatly resembles the individuals of the genus Polyommatus, and particularly the species last

'

enumerated.

** Anterior wings underneath with an elongated oblique fascia at the base ; posterior wings, in
most cases, with metallic irrorations on the ocellate spots in the anal region.

5. Lyczna Roxus. Ale supra nigre, vittd obliqud latissimd albicante margine exteriore sinuato :
subtus albe, fasciis tribus nigris, prima continud obliqud basilari, secunda interruptd submaculari
pone discum, tertid marginali, in anticis continud serie macularum albarum fretd, in posticis
lunulis nigris margini parallelis efformaté. Exp. alar. 1 unc.—1 unc. lin. 3.

Plate II. Fig. 4; 4, a, b, c, d, e, and f.
Polyommatus Roxus. Latreille and Godart, Encycl. Méthod. Hist. Nat. ix. p. 659.
The male.

Wings above blackish brown, with a very broad band of yellowish white, situated on the posterior
edge, arising on the disk of the anterior, and passing obliquely over the disk and base of the
posterior pair; marginal fringe grayish: underneath the wings are white, inclining to pale yel-

low,

LEPIDOPTERA. 71

low, with abroad fascia of blackish-brown, extending from the middle of the costa of the fore
wings obliquely over the base of the hinder wings to the thorax; at the point where it meets
the costa commences a curved, irregularly interrupted macular fascia, consisting of diversified
spots and patches of blackish-brown; exterior to this is on the fore wings a narrow brown margin,
regularly waving at its inner edge, bearing a row of oblong yellowish spots, which is continued
in the hinder wings by aseries of uniform lunule directed outwards, touching a narrow black
marginal streak and inclosing a series of white lineole. Head, thorax, and body, deep blackish-
brown above, yellowish underneath; abdomen banded with yellow at the sides: antenne
marked with delicate annuli. Tails filiform, black, tipt with white. In the female the transverse
band of the fore-wings approaches nearer to the costa than in the male, its posterior edge is more
deeply sinuated, and the hinder wings have an interrupted row of obscure yellowish lineolze,
parallel with the margin: the wings, in this sex, are also broader and more expanded, and the
abdomen is more robust.

The first notice of this species is given by MM. Latreille and Godart, in Encyclop. Méthod. article
Papillon, p. 659. Male specimens only had been examined by these authors. Hitherto this species has only
been found in Java: it occurs, in considerable numbers, in the skirts of large forests ; but from the great
delicacy of the wings it is not easily obtained in a perfect state. Our collection contains about sixteen speci-
mens, several of which are females. One of the latter is represented on our plate. This species departs
slightly from the regular type: the wings are proportionally narrow and of great lateral expansion : in its
habit and marking it is analogous to the genus Nymphidium of Fabricius, but it cannot, in our opinion, be
separated from Lycena. The dissection contained in our second plate was prepared by Mr. Charles Curtis
with great care from a male, and affords an illustration of this particular form in the genus Lycena. Fig. 4
and 4, a, exhibit the exterior peculiarities of the female ; fig. 4, b, palpi of natural size and enlarged ; 4, c,
antenne of natural size, and with the extremity enlarged to show the excavation of the club; 4, d, proboscis
male of natural size: the latter as well as the antenne and palpi are alike in both sexes; 4, e, Sore leg of
the male; 4, f, mzd leg, with the spinous process of the femur.

6. Lycmna Rostmon. Ale utrinqué albe maculis sparsis margineque omni nigris : subtis vittis et ma-
culis basilaribus Sasciisque marginalibus macularibus nigris ; singule insuper supra ad basin
ceruleo-argentee, postice subtus maculis tribus anguli ani argenteis. (Exp. alar.1 unc. 1 lin.
—1 unc. 3 lin.)

Papilio P. R. Rosimon. Fab. Mant. Ins. tom. 2. p. ‘71. No. 672.
Papilio Coridon. Cram. pl. 340. fig. C. D. E.
Polyommatus Rosimon. Latr. and Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. 2. p. 658.

Wings above white, with a grayish-blue base, oyer which a brilliant silvery irroration, varying
according to the light, is thinly spread ; anterior margin of both wings blackish-brown, a border
of the same colour passing along the posterior margins, broader on the hinder wings, indented at
the inner edge, and bearing a regular series of white rings formed by crescents applied to each
other, the exterior being in many cases so obscure, that merely a series of lunules directed out-
wards is apparent: a very irregular series of square or oblong maculz passes along the inner
edge of the marginal border, and several maculz, more elongated, are scattered over the disk
and along the anterior margin of both wings. Beneath the wings are white; in the anterior
wings an oblique band of black extends from the base to the anterior margin, the interrupted

macular fascia and the transverse marks of the disk and anterior margins appear more promi-
nently

72 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

nently on the lower surface; and parallel with the posterior margin extend three rows of small
oblong spots, of which three, in the posterior series, near the anal angle, are covered with a
blueish-silvery irroration. Head, body, and abdomen, black above and white underneath, the
latter banded at the sides: antenne with white annuli. The female is of larger size, the pos-
terior border is broader, and the black colour is more intense.

This species extends through the southern regions of Asia and through the Eastern Islands. It is abun-
dant in Java, more than twelve specimens being contained in our collection. There are also individuals
from the continent of India in the Honourable Company’s museum. It is found in Timor, according to the
notice of MM. Latreille and Godart: and Cramer mentions the coast of Coromandel as. well as the Cape
of Good Hope as its habitation. The Banksian cabinet of Insects, preserved at the Linnean Society of
London, contains two individuals of Lycana Rosimon, labelled by Fabricius himself; and the collection of
Mr. Haworth is likewise provided with several specimens.

7. Lycamwa Printus. Ale supra maris violacee nitore rubescente, foeminee albentes, limbo fusco in
posticis ocellato, disco maculis oblongis nigris, basi ceruleo irroratd: subtus albe strigis
duabus margini postico parallelis serie punctorum intermedia ; antice fasciis fuscis oblique-trans-
versis vel dimidiatis repandis oblongis vel attenuatis maculdque subrotundd discoided ; postice
regione anali maculis duabus viridi-argenteo irroratis, bast discoque omni maculis pluribus
difformibus fascidque exteriore margine postico radiatd. (Exp. alar. 1 unc.—13 lin.)

Hesperia R. Plinius. Fab. Ent. Syst. em. tom. 3. pars. 1. p. 284. No. 92.
Papilio Plinius. Donov. Ind. Ins. (with a figure).
Polyommatus Plinius. MM. Latr. and Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. 658.

Wings above, in the male, pale violet blue, with a purple reflexion, surrounded by a very delicate
‘brown border fringed with white: beneath both wings are white and variegated (panachées) with
oblique transverse or semi-transverse bands irregularly sinuated at their edges, oblong or
tapering, of unequal breadth, and arranged in the following succession: at the base a broad
longitudinal band extends with a slight obliquity to the middle of the costa; between this
and the interior margin is a triangular mark, and before this a transverse mark gradually
attenuated towards the costa; an obscure evanescent band next extends from the exterior margin
to the disk, and immediately exterior to this, a prominent band gradually increasing in breadth
and terminated by a short point, passes over the disk; the band next in order is short, and
near its termination a nearly circular or oblong spot is placed; two obliquely transverse bands
now extend from the costa half across the wing, the first being oblong, the other attenuated or
pyramidal: the posterior margin is bounded by two regularly continued striga, the anterior of
which is broader and slightly waving, enclosing a series of oblong marks; these are continued
uniformly through the hinder wings to the anal region, where the two last are of a deep black
tint, with a yellowish iris, and covered with greenish resplendent irrorations ; to the last a very
minute black spot at the extreme anal angle is applied: the marginal spot in the anterior apical
angle i is more pronounced than the rest. The disk and base of the posterior wings are variegated
with very irregular oblong marks, with sinuated margins, tranversely arranged, the posterior
one being most conspicuous and decorated with acute radiant points directed to the margin.
The ¢atls are very slender and grayish at the base; the antenne and abdomen banded. The
female agrees with the male in the disposition of the marks underneath, but the surface is

whiter,

LEPIDOPTERA. 73

whiter, the bands are more intensely coloured, and their edges more regularly defined. In the
upper surface this sex greatly resembles L. Rosimon: the borders of the wings throughout
are brown, bearing in the hinder wings a series of ocellate spots; the surfaces of both pairs are
covered with transverse patches, and the blue tint, which is purely azure, is confined to
the base.

Our Collection contains two males and one female of this species in high perfection. In the female the
radiated band in the hinder wings is less distinct, but the marks generally are more pronounced. In the
upper surface this species is with difficulty distinguished from L. Rosimon. The comparison of two female
specimens contained in Mr. Haworth’s collection, and of one preserved in the Banksian cabinet, has enabled me
to illustrate, in some measure, by an intricate description this hitherto imperfectly known species. In our
specimens the transverse bands are more interrupted than they appear in Donovan’s figure. Several other
species, enumerated by systematic writers, belong to this small group, which is also found at the Cape of
Good Hope and in Brazil: the Papilio Lingeus of Cramer is from the former, and Mr. Haworth has one or
more species from the latter country.

8. Lyc#na TuEeorurastus. Ale supra maris cerulescenti-violacee limbo fusco; foeminz singule
basi ceerulescentes, antice disco atro maculato, postice serie macularum albarum ocellorumque
margini postico paralleld : subtis albe strigis plurimis macularibus atris ; postice insuper ocellis
quinque macularibus aureis, penultimo puncto nigro freto, anali didymo. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 1
lin. foemine.)

Hesperia R. Theophrastus. Fab. Ent. Syst. em. tom. 3. pars. 1. p. 281. No. 82. (The
female.)
Polyommatus Theophrastus. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. p. 658.
Fabricius has described the female only, but in the Encyclopédie we have a delineation of the male also.

I have not examined the latter sex. The museum at the India-House contains a single female specimen,

derived from Dr. Russel, whose brother Claude Russell presented the result of his Entomological researches

to the Honourable Company ; it was probably from the coast of the Mediterranean. I have not found it in

Java. Mr. Haworth possesses two female specimens. In its upper surface it greatly resembles L. Rosimon

and Plinius; the disk of the fore wings is strikingly marked with quadrangular black spots, the hinder

wings bear a continued series of white spots, and beyond that, a series of brown ocelli, parallel with the

hinder margin. This species is most clearly distinguished from the others belonging to this group, by a

series of ocellate spots, covered with aureous irrorations, along the posterior border of the hinder wings

underneath, of which the anal one is reniform or double, and the adjoining ocellus marked with a pronounced

black dot.

%** Three continued striga parallel with the posterior margin passing uniformly through all the wings
underneath ; hinder wings further marked with six, rarely seven, successive parallel strige, and
with three anal ocelli, the posterior one large and regularly orbicular, the second transverse and reni-
form, the third at the extreme anal angle, small and obscure ; the large ocellus bordered internally
with an orange or rufous lunule, and externally with a silvery streak, the other ocelli united at
their inner edge by irrorations and a rufous band.

9. Lycwna Mxranus. Ale supra lactee limbo postico fusco : subtus canescenti-fusce albo strigose ;

strigis tribus continuis ad marginem posticum ; antice insuper strigis quatuor in disco —
L paral-

74: DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

parallelis postice interruptis, in paribus duobus interiore abbreviato punctis tribus coste inter-

jectis ; postice strigis sea, paribus primo basilari, secundo discoideo, tertio submarginali, intervallis

strigarum interdum saturatioribus ; ocellis analibus tribus, exteriore maximo iride angusto annu-

lariy secundo subreniformi, interiore minimo absque iride. (Expans. alar. 1 unc. 2—6 lin.)
Plate iv. fig. 1, Larva; fig. 1, a. Pupa.

Hesperia R. Ailianus. Fab. Ent. Syst. em. tom. 3. pars. 1. p. 280. No. 79?
Papilio Alexis, Stoll Suppl. a Cram. pl. 38. fig. 3 and 3, c.
Polyommatus Aslianus. Latr. and Godt. Enc. Méth. Nat, Hist. ix. p. 654.

Wings above, in both sexes milk-white; in the male the anterior wings have a narrow brown pos-
terior border, the hinder wings are surrounded by a delicate black striga, interior to which is an
obscure interrupted brown band, in which the large ocellate spot at the anal angle distinctly
shows itself; in the female the wings have a broad brown border, which in the fore wings is sim-
ple and more extended near the tip, in the hinder wings waving internally and bearing a series of
brown spots of a deeper tint towards the anal extremity; these spots are enclosed individually by
two white crescents applied to each other from the opposite sides and forming a white ring, exte-
rior to which is a deep brown marginal streak, terminated by a grayish-brown fringe. Wings
underneath grayish-brown, varying in intensity of tint: anterior wings with seven, posterior wings
with nine, transverse white strigee, of which three are marginal, extending uniformly through both
pairs: the remaining strigze in the anterior wings are discoidal, regularly parallel, with a slight
inclination to the posterior apical angle, arranged in two pairs, the first, on the disk, short and
separated from the costa by three dots, disposed as the points of a triangle; the second extending
nearly half across the wing, each with a dot at its contact with the costa slightly deviating from
the regular course. On reaching the middle of the wing these strigee are all abruptly terminated
at one of the longitudinal nerves, and each pair is continued by a single streak to the posterior
margin; in consequence the strigze appear divided, resembling in some cases two successive
figures of the form of the letter Y. ‘The posterior portions of the strigee have undefined, spreading
edges, and in many individuals the whole of the posterior portion of the wing is milky and
discoloured. Of the three marginal strige, the interior is broadest and most prominent; reaching
the posterior part of the wing, its inner edge expands ina diffuse radiant border, gradually
mingling itself with the clouded milky surface; the intermediate one is undulating, and com-
posed of a connected series of lunules directed outward; the exterior striga is continued, re-
gular, parallel with the margin, and exteriorly defined by a narrow black line, beyond which is
a grayish fringe: these marginal strigee preserve in the hinder wings the same character, until
they are partially interrupted in the anal region; the surface of these wings is further marked
with six transverse strigee, disposed in three pairs, one near the base, asecond across the disk, a

', third intermediate between this and the marginal ones; the basal strigee are delicate and regu-
larly transverse, with a slight curve at the interior margin; the discoidal pair is not continued
quite to the exterior margin, but has, at its commencement, a short intermediate lineola; at the
interior margin.it is inflected inwards, so as to form, abruptly, an acute angle; the third pair
extends only half across the wing, having a short intermediate lineola at its posterior termination.
In both wings the ground colour assumes, in some individuals, between’ the transverse strigae a
deeper tint, so that these appear to be marked with broad, transverse, brown bands: but this is by
no means uniform: some of our specimens have these brown bands very distinct, in others,

equally

LEPIDOPTERA. 465

equally well preserved, the ground colour is uniform, and the white ‘transverse strigze preserve

» the character above described. In the anal region there are three ocellated spots; the largest,
situated on the posterior margin just without the caudal appendage, is ovate, bounded in-
ternally by a narrow orange crescent, and externally by a streak covered with greenish silvery
irrorations; at its internal edge is a reniform spot, intensely black towards the anal angle, sur-
mounted by a silvery lunule and a small orange crescent, aud touching at the extreme anal angle
a minute, dark coloured, blind ocellus: the tails. are lenthened, slender, brown above, and
white underneath and at the extremity. ‘The antenne are black and regularly fasciated with
white externally; the body pale blue above, white underneath. The larva and pupa are
figured on our fourth plate: the former feeds on the Butea Srondosa, and was observed in the
month of February: numerous specimens of the perfect insect in high perfection, bred from the
larva, are contained in our collection. This species, according to the authors of the article
Papillon in the Encyclopédie, is also found in Timor. Stoll mentions, perhaps erroneously,
Surinam as the native place.

10. Lycmna Ceterio. Ale supra maris azurew nitore argenteo, foeminz dilutiores nitore
canescente, limbo latissimo nigro posticorum strigis tribus undulatis albis: subtis canescenti-
Susce albo strigose, strigis tribus marginalibus continuis; antic insuper strigis quatuor
mediis imparibus, duabus interioribus costam non attingentibus singulis puncto interjecto, secundd
brevissimd quartd dimidiatd ; postice strigis sex, duabus basilaribus completis, duabus mediis
ad angulum analem inflexis, duabus submarginalibus posticé abbreviatis ; ocellis analibus tribus
posteriore insigniore in tenia aurantio-fuscd latissimd nidulante. (Expans. alar. 1 unc. 3—
5 lin.)

Papilio P. R. Celerio. ab. Mant. Ins. tom. 2. p. 66. No. 625?
Papilio Celeno. Cram. pl. 31. fig. c. p. (the male.)
Polyommatus Celerio. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. p. 654.

Wings above in the male, azure with a whitish silvery reflexion; anterior wings with a narrow
blackish border along the posterior margin, gradually spreading and more intensely coloured at
the outer apical angle: the posterior wings have a delicate black marginal striga, narrowly
bordered with white along its internal edge, and, at the anal angle, interior to this, between the
caudal appendage and internal margin, a short undulated fascia of black: in the jemate the
azure tint is paler, shaded into brownish, and the wings have a broad brown posterior border,
which in the hinder pair is crossed by three white strige parallel with the margin, the outer
being regular and continued, the next formed of crescents directed outward, the third aed
lated: the surface of the wings underneath is grayish brown with a rich silvery gloss, bearing
seven strigze in the anterior and nine in the posterior pair, of which three are marginal and
continued through both; the anterior wings have besides, between the basal: portion wikichtis
plain, and the margin, four strige of unequal length; the first and second arise at 4 mca dis-
tance from the costa, and two minute white dots, respectively opposed to each, stand in the
intermediate space; the first striga passes across the surface to the interior margin, the pend is
short and terminates exactly on the disk; the third is united to the costa by a a ae
applied and extends entirely over the wing; the atte arises front the of eo es ae
continued half across the surface: in the posterior wings the strige are regularly tes és

L2

76 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE,

pairs, two are basal more delicate than the others, reaching entirely across the wing and slightly
inflected at the interior margin; the two next arise parallel to each other from the costa, pass
regularly across the disk and have a sudden angular inflexion inwards at the anal region, the

. two following are somewhat broader, of a more vivid tint and terminate abruptly at the anal
ocelli, the exterior one being somewhat abbreviated. The anal region is ornamented with three
black spots; the largest, in the posterior margin, without the caudal appendage, is oblong, of a
very intense tint, disposed in a very broad rufous-orange crescent indented along its inner
curve: within it is a transverse reniform mark, the interior portion of which is more deeply
coloured, supplied with an orange crescent, and placed in contact with a small blind ocellus at
the extreme anal angle: the intermediate ocellus has internally and the large one externally, a
few silvery irrorations disposed in a short line. The antenne are rather obscurely banded along
their internal surface, the body agrees above in colour with the wings and the abdomen is
laterally banded.

11. Lycena Exris. Ale supra dilute azuree, foemine limbo latissimo nigro, posticarum strigis
tribus fuscis intermedia maculari: subtus canescenti-fusce albo strigose, strigis tribus mar-
gin postico parallelis; antice insuper strigis quatuor mediis in paribus duobus, interiore
continuo intervallo brevi ab margine exteriore incipiente, arcuato-angulato ad marginem inte-
riorem ducto, pari exteriore ex lineolis interruptis efformato, costam attingente, dimidiato,
in disco impart terminato ; ocelli anales tres, posteriore maximo iride latissimd trifidd, posticé
tenid argenteo irroratd, intermedio transverso oblongo-reniformi lobo exteriore obscuro altero
saturato, ocello interiore parvo punctulari sepius plicd alari recondito. (Exp. alar. 1 unc, 2
—8 lin.)

Plate 1, fig. 4.
Polyommatus Elpis. Latr. and Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. 654.

Wings above, in the male, pale azure with a silvery somewhat lactescent gloss; anterior wings with
.a narrow blackish-brown posterior margin; hinder wings with a broader border of the same
colour, consisting of three parallel strige, one exterior narrow and continued; the second
- intermediate, composed of a series of oblong spots more intensely coloured towards the anal
angle; the third and interior one broad, waving and evanescent: in the female the azure tint is
somewhat diluted ; the anterior wings have a very broad dark brown posterior border, stretching
obliquely to the middle of the costa, in the posterior wings the border has a blackish tint, and
the oblong spots of the intermediate series are encircled with white. Underneath the surface of
both wings is grayish-brown, and in well preserved individuals the tint is deeper, and a rich
-silvery reflexion is spread over it; the anterior wings have seven, and the posterior ones nine
white strigze, three of which are marginal and agree with those of the two former species; on
the medial and submarginal portion of the anterior wings, are four white strigee arranged in
-two pairs; the strigze of the interior pair are continued, they arise, parallel to each other, ata
.small distance from the costa, pass in a somewhat angular curve across the disk, and come in
contact with the interior margin near the inner one of the marginal strigee: the next pair con-
sists of interrupted short linear fragments, arises from the costa, having near its point of con-
tact two or three small Jateral dots, stretches half across the wing, and is terminated on the
disk by.a short lineola, disposed intermediately between the two or along the interior striga.

The

LEPIDOPTERA. 77

' The arrangement of these strige is permanent and affords clear characters for a specific distine-
tion. The hinder wings are marked between the base and margin with six transverse strigze,
agreeing generally with those of the two last described species ilianus and. Celerio, the only

apparent difference is that they are somewhat broken and interrupted in their course. The
anal ocelli are not in any degree different from those of L. Celerio.. The thoraz and anterior part
of the abdomen are covered with a grayish or light blue and silvery down: the sides of the
abdomen and the antenne are annulated. i

Our collection contains one specimen of a variety on which a pure azure extends uniformly over
the upper surface.

12. Lycmna Pavana. Ale supra maris violaceo-cerulee argenteo. submicantes, foemine satu-—
ratiores marginibus exteriore et posteriore fuscis : subtus canescenti-fusce albo strigose, strigis
tribus continuis ad marginem posticum ; antic insuper in dimidio anteriore strigis quatuor
parallelis, pari interiore punctis duobus coste interjectis ; postice strigis septem equidistantibus
interruptis basilari obscurd; ocellis analibus tribus exteriore maximo iride angustd rufa

posticé viridi argenteo irroratd. (Exp. alar. 1 unc.)

Wings above, in the male, pale violet-blue, which tint being almost equally diffused over a grayish,

_ brown ground, has, in a certain position, a pale silvery reflexion ; margin terminated by a very

_ narrow brown thread and a grayish fringe; in the female a defined brown border extends along

the exterior and posterior margins of the anterior wings, on the base and disk the violet colour

is deeper than in the male, and the silvery gloss is more intense; the hinder wings have a series
of dark brown spots parallel with the posterior margin, of which the penultimate one, opposite
the caudal appendage, has a deeper tint: these spots are bounded exteriorly by an intense
white thread, and interiorly by a series of obscure lunules directed outward. Underneath the
wings are grayish brown with a pale silvery reflexion, the anterior pair having seven, the pos-
terior pair ten white strigae, of which three are marginal, continued uniformly through both
pairs to the anal ocelli, and bounded exteriorly by adeep black thread. On the anterior wings
the medial portion is marked by two pairs of strigze, extending half across the surface, being
here terminated abruptly at one of the longitudinal nerves; their direction is regularly trans-
verse and they are slightly undulated; the interior pair is short, and arises at a small distance from
the costa; in the intermediate space a small dot is regularly opposed to each striga; the second
pair touches the costa and reaches regularly to the disk; in the posterior portion of the surface
one striga opposed to each of these pairs, is continued parallel with the other to the interior
margin. In the hinder wings, the strige, seven in number, are not arranged in pairs, but
follow nearly at equal distances, broken and interrupted by obscurer lines, without any curve
in the anal region: the basal one is minute, close to the thorax, and in some individuals very
obscure. Three ocellated spots of an intense black colour, but very unequal in size, are placed
in the anal angle at the posterior margin; the exterior one is very large, regularly orbicular,
bounded interiorly, and at the sides by a very narrow yellowish brown iris, and exteriorly by a
crescent of silvery irrorations; adjoining to this is an excavated irregularly reniform spot, which
touches a minute ocellus at the extremity of the anal angle; the intermediate spot is marked
interiorly with silvery irrorations and a rufous crescent, and the extreme ocellus is also slightly
spangled. ‘The taz/s are brown, tipt with white; the body, brown above, and white underneath ;

the antenne brown, very obscurely banded with gray. :
13, Ly-

18 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

13. Lycmna Atratus. Ale supra foemine violaceo-azuree ; antice disco albente marginibusque
laté nigricantibus ; postice ad marginem serie punctorum nigrorum strigisque alternis albis
et fuscis: subtis fusce albo strigose, strigis tribus continuis ad marginem posticum ; antice
insuper strigis sex marginem non attingentibus, quartd et sexté brevioribus, punctis quatuor
in serie coste interjectis ; postice strigis septem interruptis, lineolis alterné intermediis, ocellis
analibus tribus. (Exp. alar'l unc. 3 lin.)

Papilio Atratus. Cram. pl. 365. fig. A. B.?

Wings above, in the female, shaded with violet-blue from the base towards the margin, on a
brownish ground transmitting a white patch on the disk; exterior and posterior margins of the
fore wings, dark blackish brown; hinder wings along the posterior margin marked with a series

of oblong brown spots, enclosed by two undulated white threads, the interior one being bounded
by a deep brown fascia, and the exterior one by a blackish margin fringed with grayish brown.
Wings underneath brown, with a shade of silvery gray; anterior with nine, posterior with ten
white strigee, three of which are marginal extending uniformly through both pairs; in the ante-
rior wings these strigze follow each other, after nearly equal intervals, from a small vacancy at
the base to the marginal series; they do not arise in contact with the costa, but a small inter-
vening space is occupied by four marginal dots, in irregular succession, of which the two pos-
terior ones are most distinct; the first three interior strigze are parallel and nearly regularly
transverse; the fourth is very short; the fifth extends across the surface with a slight obliquity
inwards ; the sixth terminates in the middle of the surface: in the posterior wings, seven trans-
verse strigee occupy the whole surface to the marginal series; the basal one is short and obscure,
the remaining are broken, and a short lineola is placed in some cases, intermediately between
the successive strigee; they have a very slight curve towards the anterior margin: there are three
anal ocelli, agreeing in character with those of the last described species; one exterior, near the
margin large and regularly orbicular; the next reniform, with a more saturated tint at the lobe
which touches the interior ocellus situated at the extreme anal angle, and more pronounced
than in the allied species; the two anterior ocelli are connected by a short streak of silvery
irrorations covering their inner border, and bounded by a short rufous fascia. The antenne
and abdomen are obscurely banded with white: the thorax and the body anteriorly are covered
with gray hair.

14. Lycmna Nina. Ale supra maris cyanee, vel pro vario ad lucem objectu thalassino relucentes,
nitidissime ; antice limbo lato, postice strigd marginali nigra: subtus flavido canescentes
strigis tenuissimis albidis pallidée aureis, tribus posticis continuis margini parallelis; antice
insuper strigis quatuor in paribus duobus ordinatis, anteriore brevissimo imo disco sito
altero submarginali ex lineolis interruptis subflecuosim transversé ducto, dimidio posteriore
infracto anticum versus spectante ; postice strigis sex in paribus tribus, primo subbasilari altero
mediano tertio submarginali, omnibus ex lineolis parallelis interruptis efformatis ; ocelli anales
tres nigerrimt, exteriore maximo orbiculari iride angustd annuari rufd postice transversim
terminatd et tenid argenteo-irroratd, intermedio reniformi lobo interiore saturatiore ocello interno
approximato, horum margine interiore lunuld irroratd et denique tenia rufa obducto. (Exp. alar.
14 lin.) 1

Wings above, pure deep blue with a rich metallic lustre, changing according to the light to a

brilliant sea-green ; anterior wings with a broad black posterior border stretching towards the
middle,

LEPIDOPTERA. 79

middle of the costa; posterior, surrounded by an intensely black marginal thread; fringe of

both pairs grayish brown, near the anal angle, at the caudal appendage a lunular-oblong black.

spot, bordered externally by an obscure white thread extending to the anal angle: underneath
the wings are yellowish-brown with a straw-coloured shade and transversely marked, in the

Sore wings with seven, and in the hinder wings with nine very delicate yellowish strigze covered

with a faint golden lustre; three being marginal and continued through both pairs ; the anterior:
Wings are further marked, in the space comprised between the middle and the marginal series

with two pairs of strigze, one short consisting of two lines parallel to each other immediately

on the disk, the other extending across the whole surface in an angular curye, composed of
short lines somewhat flexuose between the longitudinal nerves, with a sudden inflection on the

disk, by which the posterior portion is directed towards the short pair; viewed together as

arranged on the wing, these strigae exhibit a figure somewhat resembling the letter Y: the
surface of the hinder wings bears also three pairs of strigee; the first at a small distance from
the base, the second in the middle stretching across the disk with a curve at the interior margin,
the third posterior to this and terminated at the anal ocelli; they are individually composed of
parallel interrupted portions ; three ocellate spots are at the posterior margin near the anal
angle; the exterior one large, nearly circular, abruptly terminated behind by a streak of silvery
irrorations:and surrounded interiorly and at the sides with a narrow rufous iris; intermediate
ocellus reniform, of a most intense tint on the lobe touching the extreme ocellus, which is larger
and more distinct than in the related species; the two last ocelli are united at their internal edge
by a silvery lunule bordered with a rufous streak. Tails black, tipt with white; antennw
obscurely banded, body, blackish above, white underneath.

The species last enumerated is strikingly distinguished from all others belonging to this group, by the
brilliant blue or sea-green tint on the upper surface: our collection contains two male specimens.

The species named Lycena Atratus, although clearly distinct from the other species contained in this
catalogue, and, agreeably to my examination, from all the individuals enumerated in the 9th volume of
the Encyclopédie, cannot be identified with Cramer’s figure of P. Atratus, without some uncertainty: it
agrees with that species in the arrangement of the subcostal dots, which afford a permanent distinction in
all the species of this section which I have examined, and in the direction and character of the strige of
the forewings: but its final determination requires further comparisons. P. Atratus is cited in the Encyclo-
pédie, as the female of Pol. Celerio; but since we have several individuals of both sexes of that species
from Java, and since P. Atratus possesses various characteristic peculiarities, I have been reluctant to
adopt that opinion.

Of Lycena Pavana, a single pair, in perfect preservation, is contained in our museum ; this species, is
readily distinguished by the regularly tranyerse arrangement of the strige in both wings.

The species first enumerated in this section have required, on account of their near resemblance and
similarity of upper surface, a more copious description than will generally be found necessary. lianus
and Celerio are two original names of Fabricius; but his descriptions are not sufficient for the clear discri-
mination of the species at the present period. Some uncertainty therefore remains, as to the real
application of these names, to the species contained in this catalogue, and I have consequently annexed a

query. One specimen contained in the Banksian cabinet, with the name of Celerio, in the hand-writing
of Fabricius, belongs to#lianus of this catalogue and of the Encyclopédie. I have been more minute.

in the description of Lyc. Ailianus, as it is subject to greater variations in the marks on which the

specific distinction is founded, than either Celerio or Elpis. My observations on this species sii
ounde

80 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

founded on specimens in high perfection, obtained by allowing the larva to undergo its change. At least
twelve specimens are contained in the Honourable Company’s museum. In the more simple specimens the
underside of the wings is of an uniform grayish tint, through which the transverse strigz are distributed ;
but there is a marked variety, in which the portion of surface included between the strige has a dark or
brownish tint, and in this the wings appear as if marked with broad brown bands edged with narrow white
threads. This is the character of the Papilio Alexis of Stoll, which is cited in the Encyc. Méth. as a
Synonym of Elianus : but in the specimens of this variety, which are contained in our collection, the cha-
racter of the striga and of the submarginal dots agrees with the description above given ; I have therefore
considered it a mere variety, and the correctness of this conclusion remains for future examination.

Of Lyccena Celerio about ten specimens are contained in the Honourable Company’s museum in a perfect
state of preservation, but I did not succeed in discovering the larva.

Of Lycena Elpis the collection contains at least fifteen specimens ; it appears to be, on the whole, the
most abundant of the three nearly related species. It is first named in the Enc. Méth., and described as a
native of Java, but the authors were unacquainted with the female. It has not before been figured; the
illustration given on our first plate is not quite satisfactory, and I shall endeavour to afford a comparative
view of AElianus and Celerio as now defined and described. The anal ocelli agree in all the species arranged
in this section; the three strige parallel to the posterior margin extending through both wings, and the
strigze on the lower surface of the hinder pair having likewise the same character, with very slight modifica-
tions ; and the species can only be clearly discriminated by the markings of the lower surface of the anterior
wings, on which the specific character will eventually be founded.

axe Wings underneath bearing undulated or catenulated marks, consisting of single or of compound
parallel bands, of a more saturated tint than the ground colour, bounded by white marginal strige :
posterior wings in many cases marked with prominent black dots ; anal ocelli often two in number, and
nearly of equal size.

14. Lyc#na Boetica. Ale supra maris pallidé violacee nitore in fuscum vergente limbo fusco ;
postice ocellulis analibus duobus nigris altero orbiculari altero oblongo angulum analem attingente ;
foemine fusce basi discoque argenteo irroratis, ocello anali postico saturatissimo tride sericeo-alba
insigni : subtus cinereo-flavicantes strigis tribus albis margini postico parallelis in posticis interivre
latiore et vividiore ; singule insuper strigis undulatis quinatim fasciculatis, strigd intermedia albé
proximis fuscis latioribus marginalibus tenuissimis albis ; horum fasciculorum in anticis tres, duo
in disco siti brevissimi, tertius submarginalis completus, in posticis duo completi insigniores, duo
insuper abbreviati, ad basin et in disco intermedit : ocelli anales duo in tenid rufl transversi nidu-
lantes exteriore orbiculari posticé lunuld argentei cincto, altero oblongo puncto irrorato ad mar-
ginem posticum. (Exp. alar. unc. 1.)

Papilio P. R. Boeticus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. p. 789. No. 226. The female.

Hesperia R. Boetica. Fab. Ent. Syst.em. tom.3. p.1. p. 280. No. '77.

Papilio Boeticus. Esp. Pap. tab. 2%. Suppl. 3. fig. 3. a. b. p. 319—tab. 91. cont. 41. fig.
3.p.181. Hubn. Pap. tab. ‘74. fig. 373. 374. mas. 375. fem. Ochsenh. Pap. Eur.
tom. 1. 2. p. 99.

Polyommatus Boeticus. MM. Latr. et Godt., Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. 653.

Wings above, in the male, dull violet blue on a brownish ground colour, with a narrow defined
brown margin, and grayish fringe; hinder wings, bearing in contact with the posterior margin
opposite to the caudal appendage, a regularly orbiculate black spot, an oval one notched at

the

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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE I.

Polyommatus Akasa. H.

Pithecops Hylax. Polyommatus Hylax. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix.'101.
Thecla Epicles. Polyommatus Epicles. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. 646.
Lycena Elpis. Polyommatus Elpis. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. 654.
Thecla Chitra. u.

Thecla Vidura. H.

Thecla Longinus. Hesperia R. Longinus. Fabr.

Thecla Narada. H.

Thecla Etolus. Hesperia R. Etolus. Fadr.

. Thecla Sugriva. H.
. Thecla Ravindra. u.

Terias Hecabe. Swainson. Papilio Hecabe. Linn.
Terias Drona. H.

. Papilio Arjuna. H.

Papilio Nox. Swains. Zool. Iilust.

PLATE II.

Petavia Sakuni. oH. Polyommatus Petavius. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. 676. 1, b:
Palpi. 1, c: Antenne. 1, d: Proboscis. 1, e: Fore leg. 1, f: Hind leg.

Symetha Pandu. u. Male. 2, a: Female. Polyommatus Symethus. Enc. Méth. Hist.
Nat. ix. 675. 2, b: Palpi. 2, c: Antenne. 2, d: Proboscis. 2, e: Fore leg
of the male. 2, f: Fore leg of the female. 2, g: Mid leg. 2, h: Hind leg.
2, i: Lateral view of the abdomen of the male.

Emesis Drupadi. u. Female: 3, a. Male. 3, b: Palpi. 3, c: Antenne. 3, d:
Proboscis. 3, e: Fore leg of the male, somewhat magnified, with the hair removed.
3, f: Fore leg of the male in its natural situation. 3, g: Fore leg of the female.

Lycena Roxus. Polyommatus Roxus. Ene. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. 659. 4. Female.
4, b: Palpi. 4, c: Antenne. 4, d: Proboscis. 4, e: Fore leg of the male. 4,
f: Mid leg. d

Myrina Jaffra. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. iz. 593. 5, b: Palpi. 5,c: Antenne. 5, d:
Proboscis. 5, e: Fore leg.

Myrina Atymnus. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. 594. 6, b: Palpi. 6, c: Antenne.
6, d: Proboscis. 6. e: Fore leg.

PLATE III.

Papilio Polites : Larva; 1, a: Chrysalis.
Papilio Pammon: Larva; 2, a: Chrysalis.
Papilio Memnon: Larva; 3, a: Chrysalis.
Papilio Cresphontes: Larva; 4, a: Chrysalis.
Papilio Pompilius: Larva; 6, a: Chrysalis.
Eupleea Liminace: Larva; 5, a: Chrysalis.
Euplea Juventa: Larva; 7, a: Chrysalis.
Euploea Plexippus: Larva; 8, a: Chrysalis.
Euploea Chrysippus: Larva; 9, a: Chrysalis.
Euploea Midamus : Larva; 10, a: Chrysalis.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES,

The figures from 11 to 26 are arranged in form of a diagram, which is explained on page 53 of
the Introduction; they represent the larvae of the following insects:

11. Polyommatus P00 ; f

J2. Thecla Favonius. .....cseeee » > Vermiform Stirps.

135 ABheclay Betuleer cvcsrcececsssciees

14. Colias Marcellina. ............

15. Pontia Brassicee. ......ssseceees é Sie ‘
16. Papilio Ajax. c.secceesecereeees Chilogaathsfeeris rps:
17. Papilio Polydorus......... psoadod

18. Heliconia Euterpe. ......+.0-. ‘

19. Heliconia Amphione. .......+.

20. Heliconia Thalia. ..... ameciera ils : f 5

Pil, _da\ergreny, WESTIE Gadccnoscnododasocen™ Chilopodiform Stirps.
22, Biblis Leucothoé. ........seeeeee

23. Genus allied to Limenitis. f i

24, Melanitis undularis. ............ Thysanuriform Stirps.
25. Erycina Midas. ......+.scsscesses é ;

26. Hesperia Ei, masses eeacsaee \ Anopluriform Stirps.

27. Dissections of the Genus Euploea: 27, a: Palpi. 27, b: Antenne. 2%, c: Proboscis.
27, d: Fore leg.

28. Dissections of the Genus Idea: 28, a: Palpi. 28, b: Antenne. 28, c: Proboscis. 28, d:
Fore leg.

29. Dissections of the Genus Heliconia: 29, a: Palpi. 29, b: Antenne. 29, c¢: Proboscis. 29,
d: Fore leg. ; 2

30. Dissections of Sike Genus Acrea: 30, a: Palpi. 30, b: Antenne. 30, c: Proboscis.
30, d: Fore leg.

PLATE. IV.

1. Lyczena Hilianus: larva. 1, a: chrysalis. The dissections were made from Lyczna Elpis:
1,b: Palpi. 1, c: Antenne. 1, d: Proboscis. 1, e: Fore leg of the male.

2. Thecla Jarbas: larva. 2, a: chrysalis. 2, b: Palpi. 2, c: Antenne. 2, d: Proboscis.
2, e: Fore leg of the male.

3. Thecla Appidanus: larva. 3, a: chrysalis.

4, Thecla Narada: larva. 4, a: chrysalis.

5. Thecla Longinus: larva. 5, a: chrysalis. 5, b: Palpi. 5, c: Antenne. 5, d: Proboscis.
5, e: Fore leg of the male. a a

6. Colias Scylla: larva. 6, a: chrysalis. Pi ais:

7. Colias Glaucippe: larva. 7, a: chrysalis. aes

8. Terias Hecabe: larva. 8, a: chrysalis. 8, b: Palpi. 8, c: Antenne. 8, d: Proboscis.
8, e: Fore leg. 8, f: Clawand membranaceous appendage of the anterior tarsus.

9. Pontia Coronis: larva. 9, a: chrysalis. 9, b: Palpi. 9,c¢: Antenne. 9, d: Proboscis.
9, e: Foreleg. 9, f: Claws and membranaceous appendage of the anterior tarsus.

10. Pontia Belisama: larva. 10, a: chrysalis. 10, b: Palpi. 10, c: Antenne. 10, d: Pro-
boscis. 10, e: Fore leg.

11. Papilio Arjuna: larva. 11, a: chrysalis. 11, b: Palpi. 11, c: Antenne. 11, d: Pro-
boscis. 11, e: Fore leg. This species affords one of the types of the first section in the
genus Papilio: antennze with prominent annuli. (See Synoptic table, p. 59.)

12. Papilio Agamemnon: larva. 12, a: chrysalis. 12, b: Palpi. 12, c: Antenne. 12, da:
Proboscis. 12, e: Fore leg. Type of sect. ii: antennee with an oval compressed club.

13. Papilio Amphrisius: larva. 13, a: chrysalis. 13, b: Palpi. 13, c: Antenne. 13, d:
Proboscis, 13, e: Fore leg. Type of sect. ili: antennae with obscure annuli. }

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Arrnouc the title exhibits a concise view of the object and proposed contents of this work, it may be proper, in accordane:
with established custom, to give some additional details, os of the materials’ whence it will be pro uced, the meth
to be pursued in the treatment of the subjects, the extent of the work, and finally the mode of aetna proposed.

The subjects which it will bring before the public are arranged in the Museum of the Honourable East-Ind
Company. They consist principally of a general series of Lepidopterous insects from the island of Java, accompanied |
with an extensive set of drawings representing their metamorphosis, the history of which is detailed in the Introduction.
To this will be added various subjects contained chiefly in a collection of insects from Ceylon, presented by M. Jionville,
and in a smaller miscellaneous collection from continental India, presented by Claude Russell, Esq... the brother of
Dr. Patrick Russell. It is likewise my intention to include such additions as may be made from time to time to the |
Museum during the progress of this work, from the territories of the Honourable Company in the Eastern World. a

‘The work will be published in royal quarto, and consist of six parts, containing each about eighty pages of letter-press ; _
the distribution of the subjects being the following : : ON aes :

Parr. Inrropucrion: detailing the outline of a general arrangement of Lepidopterous insects according to he
metamorphosis. Description of the first tribe or of the Lepiporrera Diurna. Stirps the jirst, with Vermirorm L.
Genera Polyommatus and Lycena. ; sat f : ; f

Parr IIL. Conclusion of the Vermiform Stirps. Second Stirps of Lepidoptera Diurna with Carocnarurror or Iu
Form Larva. Third Stirps with CuiLopopirorm or ScoLOPENDRIFORM Larvae. Fourth Stirps with Tuysanurr OR
Larvae. :

Parr III. Fifth Stirps of Lepidoptera Diurna, with ANopLURIFORM Laryvz.

Second ‘Tribe of LeprporTERA or SPHINGIDE.

Part IV. Third Tribe or Bompycipz.

Part V. Fourth Tribe or Noctrurpz.
Part VI. Fifth Tribe or PHatenipz. : : p
Each part will be illustrated by four plates consisting of highly finished engravings by artists of eminence. ‘Th
willbe coloured with accuracy and elegance; the fourth more elias as an engraving will be given plain. A li
- ber of copies with proof impressions, and the whole of the plates coloured will be published at a proportionally
The jirst plate is devoted to the illustration of new species, and such subjects will be preferred as are

quail

place.

annot be obtained in the examination of a mere local collection. ‘ wes
_ The detailed specific descriptions will be followed, in most cases, by a series of miscellaneous observations. In these it is
_ my chief object to illustrate the history of those individuals, which I have traced through their various stages of existence, and
_ of. which our collection contains representations in their larva and pupa states. The arrangement projected for |
work being founded primarily on the metamorphosis of the insects of this order, this part of the subject will be found-to:
an important bearing on the whole. These observations will also afford the necessary explanations of the figures containe
the third and fourth plates, and they will lead to the detail of the remarks made on the food -of the larva, the season.
year when found, their abundance or scarcity, and to such other peculiarities as may have been noticed in Java. Under
-head I shall also give an account of the state of the collection regarding the materials from which the descriptions have b
made, with the view to illustrate many doubtful or imperfectly known species. The public or private collections in this
metropolis, in which the species described may have been observed, will slop be iienal : and finally their range throu
other parts of India: and in the whole of these miscellaneous observations, as well as in the generic and specific descripti
a principal object will be to render the work generally useful and Interesting to the British naturalist. ; Paes
_ The parts will follow each other with every degree of expedition consistent with the preservation of the style of pnblica-
tion, in which the work has been commenced. Those preparatory arrangements which are inseparable from every under= _
taking of this nature have in some measure retarded the Niet part, but the publishers are enabled to engage, with every pros+_
pect of success, a regular continuation of the work: accordingly we announce the appearance of the second part early in July
next, of the éhird, at the commencement of the ensuing year, and of the remaining parts at intervals of six months. © Accord-
ing to this plan, the whole will be completed within three years from its commencement. Ae
Some objection may perhaps be made to the length of the Introduction and to the extent of the descriptions with which the.
work commences. In explanation of the former I shall observe that a general plan having been sketched, and the limits of the
higher groups having been defined, the systematic details will be greatly abridged in future. Regarding the plan of the _
descriptions, it will be obvious to the carefulobserver that the subjects which presented themselves at the commencement wer
either new or imperfectly known, they therefore required a more copious detail than will be found necessary in less interesti
cases; but I may be allowed to state clearly, that in the progress of the work, well known species will be introduced with a

very concise notice, and the descriptions throughout will be accommodated to the plan and ex :
; extent of the work pr
commencement of this Prospectus. . i sg ; hprcpees ates

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OF THE

THE ZOOLOGICAL ‘SOCIETIES OF LONDON, AND OF ‘THE DPERTAL ACADEMY
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LEPIDOPTERA. 81

the inner edge and somewhat smaller, at the anal angle, and a series of evanescent blackish bars
parallel with the posterior margin; in the female the violet colour is confined to the base and
disk of the fore wings, being covered with pale silvery irrorations, while the anterior and pos-
terior margins, and the base and disk of the hinder wings, are pure brown; the anal ocellus in
the posterior margin of the latter is of an intense black tint, and surrounded by a regularly
defined narrow annular iris of a saturated silky white ; the extreme anal spot, as well as the ocelli,
forming the posterior series are surrounded by pale evanescent white rings; a faint macular band
of dusky white also extends along the inner edge of the posterior series; the base of the hinder
wings is covered with long silky hairs: underneath the wings, in both sexes, are gray with a
shade of Isabella yellow, and marked with three strigze, extending parallel with the posterior
margin through both pairs, the interior one being more pronounced in the hinder wings and form-
ing a broad white fascia; between the marginal strige and the base, the surface of the wings
bears successive slightly interrupted marks, consisting individually of several contiguous undu-
lated bands, of which the medial one is white, the next adjoining, on each side, brown, with a
tint somewhat more saturated than the ground colour, and the exterior ones very narrow and
white: of these compound marks there are three on the fore wings, the anterior one at a small
distance from the base, the second on the disk, the third near the marginal series; the two former
are very short, the latter extends entirely across the wing: the surface of the hinder wings bears
contiguous fasciz similar to those on the fore wings, but touching each other by means of several
additional intermediate strige: there are two anal ocelli corresponding in form and character with
those on the upper surface; they are disposed on a transverse rufous-orange band, the posterior
one being bounded externally by a narrow silvery lunule, the other bearing a silvery speck on
the extremity which is directed to the other ocellus. Zazls, dark above, gray underneath and
at the tip. Body above and underneath corresponding in colour with the wings. . Antenne
brown annulated with white.

Our museum contains a single female, and seven male specimens collected chiefly in the cultivated districts
of the neighbourhood of Surakarta. The larva was once found, as far as I recollect, on a leguminous plant,
but from its similarity in habit to the larva of other Thecla, its peculiarities were not noted. With the excep-
tion of Cynthia Cardui, which has a still wider range, this is the only indigenous Javanese species of diurnal
Lepidoptera, which is also found in Europe. From a careful comparison of individuals contained in Mr.
Haworth’s and my own collections, and of its representation given by Hiibner, it appears, that in these
distant countries, the species agrees, in the most minute particulars, as far as regards markings and form,
but a slight diversity is observed in the colour. In the European specimens the under surface of the wings is
gray or brownish gray, the brown strige are more saturated, the white marginal lines are more brilliant, and
the anterior marginal band is broader and of a purer white. In the Javanese specimens the ground colour
has a tendency to Isabella yellow, and the strigee are more faint and delicate. In size the specimens from
both countries entirely agree.

16. Lycmna Damoetes. Ale supra maris pallide violacee limbo fusco ; foeminee fusce basi discoque
cyaneis argenteo irroratis ; utriusque sexus ocelli anales duo insignes iride sericeo-albd cincti,
foemine insuper serie posticd ocellorum obsoletorum cum serie interiore macularum cuneatarum :
subtus cinereo-flavicantes strigis tribus marginalibus interiore latiore et vividiore, singule insuper
strigis undulatis quinatim fasciculatis, fascid interiore anticarum obsoletiore, loco eyus nonnun-

quam annulo obsoleto basilari ; postice ocellis analibus duobus extus punctis aureis ornatis,
M extertore

8g DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

exteriore orbiculato lunule rufe insigni subjecto, interiore minore oblongo lunud obsoletiore.
(Exp. alar. lin. 10-14.)
Papilio P. R. Damoetes. Fab. Mant. Ins. tom. 2. p. 77. No. 707.
Hospitatur in Museo Domini Banks, nunc in Mus. Soc. Linn. Lond. asservato, cum
inscriptione ipsius Fabricii.
Polyommatus Damoetes. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. 680.
Papilio Damoetes. Donov. Ind. Ins. (with a figure.)

This insect is so near Lycena Boetica, that it was first introduced into this catalogue as a smaller
permanent variety of that species, peculiar to Java; by the examination of the Banksian Cabinet of Insects,
however, I have been able to identify it with the specimen described by Fabricius, under the name of Pap.
Damoetes, as a native of New Holland. Our insect agrees closely with the specimen here preserved in size
and painting ; it is labelled with a ticket in Fabricius’ own hand-writing, and his description leaves no doubt
as to the subject itself. The specimen is sufficiently perfect to exhibit its real character, the tails only have
been lost, and hence it has been described with “ entire wings,” and arranged in the corresponding section
in'the Encyclopédie. In many specimens the painting, on both surfaces, agrees with that of Lyc. Boetica, to
the minutest particulars ; a slight modification observed in some individuals is exhibited in the Latin descrip-
tion. We have, in our museum, four males and one female, perfect in all points. The tails are black and
tipt with white. In size, and in the appearance of the upper surface, our insect resembles Lyc. Telicanus ;
the latter forms a natural passage to the following species, in which the catenulated character of the bands

is more distinctly exhibited.

17. Lyce#na Kanparpa. Ale supra maris pagind omni griseo violacee in certd luce argenteo
nitentes ; postice puncto marginal ad basin caude@ nigro ; foeminze de basi ad discum caruleo-
argenteo nitentes limbis latissimis fuscis, postice serie ocellorum marginali, ocello ad basin caude
saturatiore lunuld rufa cincto, ocellis exterioribus sensim pallidioribus arcubus angustis albis
intus inductis, ocello interiore oblongo emarginato strigd albd obtecto ; lunule circiter quinque huic
serie parallele ad marginem interiorem limbi disposite et versus discum puncta aliquot obsoleta,
in arcum : subtus pallidé grisee strigis tribus marginalibus albis, fasciisque catenulatis satura-
tioribus albo marginatis ; strigd exteriore linee nigre marginali paralleld continud obsoleta,
interroribus duabus undulatis maculas oblongas includentibus, fasciis anticarum duabus alteré
discoided brevi, alterd posteriore completa, posticarum fascia anteriore basali tenuiori, secundé
discorded brevi, tertid submarginali in regione anali ex arcubus interruptis efformatd ; antice
insuper puncto marginali ad medium coste, postice punctis duobus costalibus saturatis albo cinctis
intervallo brevi distinctis ; ocellis analibus quatuor, exteriore ad basin caude maximo saturatis-
simo orbiculari postice aureo irrorato, abrupté truncato, intus et ad latera arcu rufo maximo
inducto, ocellis interioribus obsoletis angustatis, intimo minuto, intermediis ovatis transversis
coadunatis in maculam reniformem, penultimo strigd aured ornato, omnibus intus strigd undulati
alba et denique tenid rufii obsoletd marginatis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 2-3 lin.)

Wings above, in the male, pale violet blue, with a rich silvery reflexion, assuming in a certain
light a dusky grayish shade, the colour being uniformly distributed over the whale surface :
hinder wings marked exteriorly to the caudal appendage with an ocellate spot of a deep black
colour, surrounded anteriorly with a pale blue lunule 3 avery faint transverse brown marginal
bar, bordered with white, occupies in some individuals the space between this ocellus Sait the
extreme anal angle; the wings are all surrounded with a delicate black marginal thread and an

extreme

LEPIDOPTERA. 83

extreme grayish fringe: in the female the wings have a broad brown border, the blue colour
being brighter than in the male, covered with a silvery gloss, confined to the base in the hinder
wings, but spreading also over the disk in the fore wings; in the posterior wings the margin
bears a series of ocellate spots, increasing in intensity of tint towards the caudal appendage,
where the ocellus is intensely black and surrounded interiorly by a rufous crescent, the remain-
ing ocelli have narrow white semilunar borders within and transverse marginal lines without; a
series of lunular white marks passes regularly along the inner border of the marginal ocelli and
a few obscure spots form an irregular arch across the disk. Underneath the wings are pale
whitish-gray, and marked with catenulated bands, consisting each of two parallel undulated
marginal threads of a brilliant white, including a broader fascia of a somewhat deeper shade than
the ground colour; in the anterior wings a short fascia is placed transversely on the disk, the
next posteriorly extends entirely across the surface; in the posterior pair three similar fascize are
disposed in succession, the anterior one is composed of two narrow interrupted portions, the
second is short and stands transversely on the disk, the third is irregular and extends in an inter-
rupted course entirely across the wing and in the anal region is suddenly inflected and composed
of short arcs; three white strigae pass in both wings parallel with the posterior margin, the
exterior one is obsolete and bounded by a brown marginal thread, the two next are waving, and
include two undulated bands of the ground colour resembling the adjoining catenulated bands ;
the exterior margin of the fore-wings has in the middle a minute ocellate spot with a white
annulet, and in the same margin of the hinder wings, near the costa, are two somewhat more
saturated ocelli, separated by a small intervening space; in the anal region there are four ocelli,
the exterior one, near the caudal appendage, is very large, nearly round, of a deep black colour,
abruptly truncated and ornamented posteriorly with a streak of golden irrorations and sur-
mounted interiorly and at the sides with a large rufous crescent; the remaining ocelli are nar-
row and obscure, the interior one consists of a small dot at the extreme anal angle, and the
intermediate ones are ovate and united into a reniform spot, the penultimate one being orna-
mented with a streak of metallic irrorations; along their inner edge passes a white streak and
interiorly of this a faint waving rufous band. The ¢horax and abdomen agree above and under-
neath, in colour with the wings; the eyes are bordered, the ¢ails are tipt with white, and the
antenné are marked with white bands.

The Lycena Kandarpa has, both in habit and in colour above, a great resemblance to Lycena Boetica ; but
in the forewings the outer apical angle is more acute in both sexes, while the hinder wings are slightly
lengthened towards the anal-extremity in the male, and more abruptly rounded in the female. Our insect
exhibits clearly the typical character of this section; the bands on the lower surface imitate the appearance
of chains or necklaces, in consequence of the margins which are strongly undulated, and the base of the
hinder wings is provided with dark ocellate spots encircled with white ; these two marks, on which the
sectional character is founded, exist in all the remaining Javanese species of Lycena. Four male and three
female specimens are contained in our museum, several of which are from the continent of India, and illus-
trate the range of this species in the old world: Mr. Haworth’s collection contains a male specimen, agreeing
in all points with our insect, which was found in a box imported from Brazil.

18. Lycmna Cyesus. Ale supra foeminz ad basin, antice usque ad discum leté cerulee, argenteo
nitide, limbis exteriore et posteriore fuscis ; posticee serie punctorum ocellatorum, ocellis duobus
analibus saturatioribus rufo annulatis, penultimo-insigniore, omnibus postice abrupte terminatis ;

M 2 huic

84 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

huic serie parallelé, ad marginem interiorem limbi, macule quinque cuneate, acumine introrsum
spectante, in serie transversd ordinate : subtus cane in flavescentem vergentes, singule stigmate
brevi in disco fasctisque transversis catenulatis albo marginatis ; fascie in anticis due margini
postico approximate tertia saturatior margini discoque intermedia, hec per alas posticas ducta
ex fragmentis brevibus et in regiont anali ex arcubus interruptis efformatur ; ocelli anales in
posticis duo insignes equales nigerrimi circulo aureo-irrorato marginali cincti lunuldque aurantia
inducti ; punctis insuper quatuor nigerrimis albo annulatis, tribus in serie basilari digestis,
quarto marginali ad medium coste. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 1 lin.)

Hesperia R. Cnejus. Fab. Ent. Syst. em. tom. 5. Suppl. p. 430. No. 100, 101.

Polyommatus Cnejus. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. 657.

The female. Wings above with a deep brown border; a light blue tint with a bright silvery
reflexion is, in the hinder wings confined to the base, in the fore wings expanded to the disk, but
entirely evanescent in a certain position towards the light; posterior border of the hinder wings
bearing a series of dark ocellate spots, of which two, at the anal angle, are of a deeper tint and
surrounded internally with bright rufous crescents; the penultimate ocellus exceeds the last in
size and brilliancy of colour; all these ocelli are abruptly truncated behind, and the exterior
ones are surrounded internally with narrow white crescents; a row of angular or wedge-shaped
marks of a brilliant white, having the points directed towards the disk, passes along the inner edge
of the marginal series; the cilia are gray: underneath the wings are gray with a faint Isabella-
yellow shade; each pair is marked on the disk with a short transverse stigma, which in the hinder
ones is slightly curved; the anterior wings have further three ranges of catenulated bands of a
brown colour, of which the two exterior are parallel with and adjoining the posterior margin,
being confined by the marginal strige; the third, in which the catenulated character is more
distinctly exhibited, is intermediate between the marginal series and the disk; this is continued
through the hinder pair, where it is more curved and somewhat irregular and infracted in its
course; in the marginal series of ocellate spots, the interior ones form two strongly marked anal
ocelli ; these are regularly round, nearly equal in size and brilliancy of tint, intensely black,
encircled by a pale orange iris, bordered internally by a ring of yellow metallic irrorations, which
is partially interrupted at the internal edge; the hinder wings have further, four ocedlate spots of
an intense black colour with white iris, three of these are placed in a transverse series at the base,
and a third, somewhat larger and more vivid, in the middle of the anterior margin close to the
costa. The thorax above has a blueish cast and is covered with delicate hairs, the abdomen is
brown ; underneath the thorax and legs are covered with a delicate pure white down and the
abdomen agrees in colour with the wings; the axtenne are banded with white.

A single female specimen from Java is contained in our collection. Mr. Haworth possesses two males:
the upper surface in these is uniformly pale violet blue, with a narrow grayish brown posterior border, and
. . . . Pe
two oblong black spots in the anal region, within the caudal appendage.

19. Lycmna Panpava. Ale supra foomine omnes limbis latissimi is ct
f ’ imbis latissimis fuscis cincte 1 ,
) antice Y
usque lete cerule, argenteo trrorat Y in di f one
q » arg orate, postice fuscescentes in disco, cerulescentes tantum ad basin
serie ocellorum marginali, ocello anali penultimo saturatiore lunuld rufa intus cincto
4 . . J
riore angusto transverso didymo, strigd albd emarginatd inducto ; macule lunare

: : ; é Bags Ss albe circiter
quingue in ordine ad marginem interiorem limbi digesta : subtus SJlavescenti-cineree nitore pallide

Susco,

ocello inte-

LEPIDOPTERA. 85

Susco, fasciis catenulatis strigisque marginalibus saturatioribus, singule stigmate discoideo brevi,
pone discum fascia catenulatd insigni in anticis continu i ad marginem posticum subflexuosd, in
posticis interruptd arcuati ; strigis marginalibus tribus albis posteriore lineari continud, interio-
ribus in anticis undulatis in posticis subflecuosis, quare in his macule subangulate in illis
macule oblonge fascias catenulatas marginales constituunt ; ocelli anales duo, exteriore maximo
saturato arcu latissimo rufo inducto et lunuld auratd extus predito, altero oblongo, strigad rufa
transversd intus marginato annuloque aurato interiore ornato ; puncta insuper in regione anali
nigra duo, altero ocellulis intermedio altero ad imum angulum analem sito; punctis nigris albo
cinctis in dimidio intertore alarum quinque, duobus costalibus insignioribus, tribus in serie trans-
versa subbasilari, ocellulo penultimo obsoletiore. (Exp. alar. unc. 1—lin. 13.)

The female. This species agrees in size and in the markings of the upper surface generally with
that last described ; a slight difference is afforded by the interior anal ocellus, which here consists
of two narrow, oblong, confluent spots, without rufous lunule, but bounded interiorly by an
emarginate white line; the wedge-shaped marks along the inner border are replaced by a trans-
verse series of lunules: underneath the wings are yellowish-gray, with a very faint shade of
brown ; in the number and disposition of the markings our species also resembles Lycena Cnejus,
but it possesses a distinguishing peculiarity in the brilliancy of the white marginal strige, and
in the greater breadth and deeper shade of the brown bands producing a striking contrast of
colours: on the disk of both pair stands a short transverse stigma; behind this follows a broad
catenulated band, regular in the fore-wings, with a few inflexions at the inner margin, but inter-
rupted and irregularly curved in the hinder wings ; the marginal white strigee, three in number,
are strongly pronounced; the most exterior passes without undulations, in contact with the
brown marginal thread, through both pair ; the two anterior strigee are waving in the fore-wings
and flexuose in the hinder wings, embracing two series of catenulated bands, composed of oblong
spots in the former, and of angular ones in the latter; the posterior margin of the wing is
adorned with two anal ocelli ; the largest being placed exterior of the caudal appendage, and the
other in the space towards the anal angle; an obscure black dot stands between them and ano-
ther at the extreme angle of the wing; the exterior ocellus is covered internally by a very broad
rufous arc, slightly notched at each side; a rufous streak is continued to the inner margin, being
of a more saturated tint above the interior ocellus ; a small exterior lunule of golden irrorations,
adorns the large ocellus, and the small ocellus has on the margin an interrupted golden ring;
there are five black spots encircled with white on the anterior portion of the hinder wings; two
of these, of a more saturated tint, stand in contact with the costa, the remaining form a trans-
verse basal row, the penultimate spot being rather obsolete. The tails are slender and tipt with
white ; the antennz brown with white rings and tip; the thorax and body are brown above and
gray underneath, the former being covered with a blueish down and the latter annulated with
white.

A careful attention is required in the discrimination of the two species last described; the most prominent
distinctions of the latter are, in the upper surface, the character of the internal anal ocellus, in the lower
surface, the breadth, intensity of tint, and general habit of the transverse bands, and particularly the basal
sub-ocellate spots of the hinder wings, which are five in number and disposed in a peculiar manner. I have
confirmed my views regarding the diversity of this species from the former, founded on the comparison of a
single specimen contained in our Museum, by the inspection of Mr. Haworth’s collection; an individual

here

86 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

here contained, though not completely identical with our insect, proves that it must be considered specifi-
? 2.

cally distinct from Cnejus.

20, Lycmna Parruasius. Ale supra maris saturate violacee uae vario ou eat objectu in fuscum
variantes, limbis angustis fuscis albo fimbriatis ; postice striga wea ABEL le
rum, punctis duobus pone caudam sitis insignioribus, Geen rufo intus cinctis de alba
postice marginatis, punctis exterioribus sensim BUS CURD subtus He LOSS SURE
teis obtecte, singulis in disco stigmate transverso, tunc fascid catenilata, in cities USA ue
posticis interruptd ; antice imsuper Jasciis duabus submarginalibus EDIT, (PUSLEe in
serie marginali ucellis duobus, istis in pagind superiore adversis, insignioribus orbiculatis niger-
rimis in tenid latd transversd aurantid nidulantibus, lunuld argented extus inductis, intervallo
denique angulum analem versus, maculis duabus oblongis angustis strigd seticanie craic
freto ; posticarum insuper puncta quatuor nigerrima albo cincta grin ee basilares tertium ae
marginem anteriorem quartum ad marginem interiorem in medio disposita. (Exp. alar. lin.
10—11.)

Hesperia R. Parrhasius. Fab. Ent. Syst. em. tom. 3. pars. 1. p. 289. No. 108.
Papilio Parrhasius. Donov. Ind. Ins. (with a figure).
Polyommatus Parrhasius. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. 657.

Wings above, in the male, deep violet blue, varying according to the light, to dusky brown, with a
narrow brown border and white fringe; hinder wings bearing on the posterior border a series of
ocellate spots abruptly terminated behind; commencing at the outer apical angle, the spots are
small and obsolete; they gradually increase in size and intensity of tint, and exteriorly of the caudal
appendages two deeply saturated brown ocelli, surrounded internally by a narrow rufous crescent,
are disposed; two small confluent spots, forming a faint emarginate transverse band, stand
between these and the extreme anal angle. Underneath, the gray ground colour is covered with
coarse scales of a silvery hue; both wings are marked on the disk with a short transverse streak,
behind this is a catenulated band, stretching across the entire surface, which is nearly regular in
the anterior, but slightly infracted in the posterior pair; the fore wings have towards the margin
two somewhat obsolete catenulated bands, confined by the marginal strigee, and exterior to these
a dark marginal thread, which is continued through the hinder wings ; in the latter the series of
marginal ocelli corresponds with that of the upper surface, but is more pronounced, and the two
ocelli situated exterior of the caudal appendages, being regularly round and of an intense black
tint, are bedded in a broad orange fascia, and marked externally by a lunule of silvery irrora-
tions; between these and the extreme anal angle are two narrow, obsolete, oblong spots, bor-
dered internally by a faint yellow undulate streak; the hinder wings are further marked with
four dots of an intense black colour, surrounded with a grayish ring, two of which are opposite
to each other and at an equal distance from the base, the third is placed near the middle of the
anterior, and the fourth near the middle of the posterior margin. The thorax and abdomen
agree, on both surfaces, in colour with the wings; the tails are long, very slender, and tipt with
white; the antenne have a grayish extremity and white rings.

Our collection contains three male specimens of this species, and in that of Mr.

a female, agreeing, as far as can be determined, from the condition of the individual, with our insect: in

this female the colour above is brownish, and the submarginal line of ocellate spots is more distinct than in

the male ; the interior dimidial portion of the wing underneath has four black dots, agreeing in disposition

with

Haworth I have examined

LEPIDOPTERA. 87

with our specimens, and in the anal region two ocellate spots of equal size are also apparent. I conclude
with the remark that, regarding the three species last enumerated, I have used every means within my reach
to form a correct determination ; but they are so nearly allied to each other that further comparisons are still
required : several other species are found in collections, of similar habits, but each possessing an individual
peculiarity. No. 19 of our list, agrees upon the whole with the Parrhasius of systematic authors; but I have
some apprehension that further comparisons of perfect specimens will prove it to be distinct from the
species described by Fabricius with that name.

Genus THECLA.

Papilionis—Plebeiorum ruralium-species. Linn. Theclz species. Fab. Polyommati spe-
cies. Latr. _ Thecla. Stephens. Papiliones, Fam. O. Larve depressoscutatee. Wiener
Verzeichnis, 185. Les petits Portes-queue. Geoffr. Hairstreaks. Haworth.

-Cuaracter. Larva lineari-oblonga, dorso plano, depresso; tota pilis brevissimis teneris solitariis
obtecta (Tab. iv. fig. 3 et 4. Subgenus Amblypodia : Amb. Apidanus, Amb. Helus.): vel inter-
dum fasciculis pilorum ad segmenta transversim ordinatis preedita (Tab. iv. fig. 2. Thecla Xeno-
phon): capite parvo retractili.

Chrysalis oblonga, utrinqué obtusa, vel anticé gibba posticé attenuata, nuda, levis, rarius trans-
versé scutata. (Tab. iv. fig. 2, a; 3, a; 4, a; 5, a.)

Imago : Antenne mediocres, strictze; vel basi filiformes capitulo subabrupto, elongato, cylindrico-
ovali; vel, de basi usque ad apicem sensim incrassate, capitulo haud distincto, obtuso, rarius
acumine brevi preedito; articulis intermediis longioribus.

Palpi capite longiores, articulo basilari brevi, capiti adpresso, concavo, latiusculo, squamis densis
obtecto, villis elongatis paucioribus vel creberrimis, intersitis; articulo secundo elongato, stricto,
subassurgente, ultra medium capite soluto, apice truncato, undique squamis imbricatis teneris
arcté obtecto, villis, in quibusdam crebris, interpositis; articulo tertio abrupté imposito, porrecto,
oblongo vel subattenuato, nudiusculo vel lanuginoso, nonnunquam squamis tenerrimis obtecto.

Proboscis palpis magis duplo longior, apice ciliato, villis brevibus patentibus.

Caput breve, obtusum, latum. Ocwuli planiusculi, pube brevi arcté obtecti. Corpus breve, atte-
nuatum. Al< antice oblong, breves, obtuse; posticae rotundate vel subelongate, appendiculo
anali et caudibus filiformibus vel rarius appendiculis brevibus obtusis subdentiformibus, instructe.
Pedes antici maris, tarsis articulo solitario, cylindrico, elongato ad latera spinoso, ungue brevi
obscuro, inflecto, vel omnino inermi, superficie plana verticali abrupté terminato; foeminz
tar$is quinque, cylindricis, primo elongato, secundo, tertio, quarto brevibus, quinto subincrassato,
unguibus duobus brevibus arcuatis, villis densis reconditis, pulvillis plus minusve conspicuis,
appendiculis duobus filiformibus brevibus intermediis; pedes medii et postici in utroque sexu
conformes, singuli tarsis quinque articulatis, ultimo unguibus duobus minimis arcuatis sub pul-
villis et squamis feré occultatis; femora intermediorum eadem quee Polyommati.

Cuaracrer. Larva linear-oblong, with an uniform depressed back, either covered with short,
delicate, solitary hairs, as in Amblypodia Apidanus and Helus (PI. iv. fig.3 and 4) ; or with tufts of
short bristles, arranged in transverse rows at the segments, as in Th. Xenophon (Pl. iv. fig. 2); or
entirely naked, as in Amb. Longinus (PI. iv. fig. 5); im this species the larva has a peculiar charac-
ter, beimg distended anteriorly, excavated at the,sides, contracted behind, and throughout trans-

’ versely’ swelled at the segments: the head in all these subdivisions is small and retractile. Chry-
salis oblong, obtusé at both ends, or’ considerably swelled anteriorly and tapering towards the
posterior

88 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

posterior extremity, smooth on the surface, in one subdivision only marked with prominent
transverse scuta. In the perfect insect: Antenne of moderate length, straight, either filiform
at the base, with an abrupt, elongate, cylindric-oval club, which is slightly attenuated at both
ends; or gradually and uniformly increasing in thickness from the base to. the point without
distinct club, rarely terminated by a short abrupt point (as in Amblypodia Longinus, PI. iv. fig. 5,
c.); the intermediate joints being in all cases the longest. Palpi \onger than the head; basal
joint short, concave, somewhat broad, applied to the head, closely covered with scales, among
which few or more numerous hairs are scattered ; second joint long, straight, beyond the middle
detached from the head, abruptly terminated, closely covered with minute scales, among which
hairs are dispersed, varying in character, number, and density, in different species ; third joint
tending forwards, short, abruptly attached and smaller than the second, oblong or attenuated,
nearly naked, downy or covered with minute delicate scales. Proboscis more than double the
length of the palpi, beset at the extremity with delicate patulous bristles. Head short, obtuse,
broad. Eyes moderately prominent, plane and covered with a delicate down. Wings: anterior
oblong, short, obtuse; posterior elongated with rounded margins or narrower towards the anal
extremity, slightly sinuated, tailed, and provided with an anal appendage, or bearing short,
oblong, distinct lobes, resembling obtuse denticulations: discoidal areola not closed. Feet: ante-
rior, of the male, with a tarsus, consisting of a single cylindrical joint, with two lateral, and an
intermediate series of spines, longitudinally arranged underneath, either terminated by a single
claw or altogether obtuse, with an abrupt vertical warty surface at the extremity ; of the female,
with tarsi, consisting of five cylindrical joints; the first long, the second, third, and fourth,
short, the fifth somewhat thickened and armed with two short strongly arcuated claws; two
short filiform appendages and a pulvillus, occupy the middle of the foot, the whole being
covered and nearly concealed from view by numerous short villi. The tarsi of the middle
and posterior feet are all provided with five joints, the terminal one being armed with two
claws, which, in the mid-leg, are concealed by the extreme scales ; and the femur of the same
leg has a short acute spine, as in Polyommatus and Lycena.

This genus is illustrated, on the fourth plate, by the metamorphosis of Thecla Xenophon ; fig. 2; 2,
a: of Amblypodia Apidanus ; of Amblypodia Narada ; fig. 3; 3, a: fig. 4; 4, a; and of Ambly-
podia Longinus ; fig. 5; 5, a: on the same plate the dissections of Thecla Xenophon, fig. 2, b; 2,
c; 2, d; 2, e; and of Amb. Longinus, fig. 5, b; 5, c; 5, d; 5, e; are also given.

In the analysis of the Javanese species of Thecla I have continued the careful examination of the anterior
feet, with the view to determine the accuracy of my former observations on the genera Polyommatus and
Lye As far as regards the peculiarity of these organs in the sexes, my researches have not only essen-
Cay confirmed my former remarks, but they have led to the determination of two prominent types of form,
peace are confirmed by other organs, particularly by the antenna. The genus has accordingly been divided
SU is eMart eh a bie ne as aes Sate ee eee antenna, the second ving species in
distinct club: the latter, iat the eae of Soe ane ane spbivaodre nO Tee
as far as it has hitherto been observed, confirms these ones o sae ene zi ie eee

) ivisions ; and the illustrations given on my fourth

Bee (as referred to above) tend also to show the accuracy of the authors of the Wienen! Verzeichnis. The
and the sexual modification of eee tas ae = ty ps pecans thenabougture ofthe anterionfeet
e generic description, I have to state in this

place,

LEPIDOPTERA. 89

place, that the details are founded on a careful dissection of Thecle Jarbas, Xenophon and Epicles and of Am-
blypodie Apidanus and Centaurus ; I have also partially extended my examinations to European species, and
as far as I have yet proceeded, I have been confirmed in my opinions. It is my intention to give the result
on a future plate: I shall therefore only add, that my dissections have led to a determination regarding the
individuals constituting the sexes in Thecla Quercus, the reverse of that of most English Entomologists: in
this I have been since confirmed by a reference to several Continental writers, particularly to Messrs.
Latreille and Godart, in the Encyclopédie, and M. Ochsenheimer.

* Antenne capitulo cylindrico-ovali, utrinque manifeste attenuato : tarsi pedum anticorum
maris articulo solitario, cylindrico, ungue incurvo haud exserto. Larva unius modo
speciet hactenus a me observata est, nempe Thecle Xenophontis ; hec veré depressoscutata,
et insuper fasciculis pilorum ad segmenta transversim ordinatis, predita est.

Ale postice appendiculo anali cauddque solitarid munite.
Tuecta stricté sic dicta.

21. Tuecta Kessuma. Ale supra foemine basi discoque albe ceruleo-argenteo, precipuée ad basin,
irrorate, postice fusco nebulose ; singule limbis fuscis cano fimbriatis, in anticis latioribus in
posticis lined nigra intus albo marginata cinctis ; antice insuper stigmate nigro in disco: subtis
Sfusco-canescentes albo strigose, strigis tribus marginalibus intermedia ex maculis sagittatis
interiore ex maculis arcuatis efformatd ; antic insuper strigis quatuor mediis, duabus interiori-
bus in ared intermedid parallelis strictis in area anali subundulatis oblique divergentibus, strigd
tertid per totam paginam ducté undulatd ad marginem interiorem cum strigd interiore connexd ;
punctis tribus minutis albis in ared costal origine strigarum interjectis 3 postice strigis quatuor
in paribus duobus, altero mediano subinterrupto in regione anali abrupté incurvato, altero subdi-
midiato ad strigem marginalem interiorem finito ; ocellis analibus duobus nigerrimis, exteriore
iride latissimd fulvd cincto, interiore in lobo anali sito et iride angusté annulari albd predito,
super quam tenia fulva intus aureo irrorata flecuosim ad marginem interiorem ducitur. (Exp.
alar. 1 unc. 3 lin.)

Anterior wings, in the female, above, bluish white, with broad exterior and posterior borders, and
a short oblique black stigma on the disk; hinder wings, variegated white and brown with nar-
rower borders, both pair being sprinkled at the base with a light blue silvery cloud of atoms,
spreading on the hinder wings along the interior margin ; fringe light gray, in the hinder wings
bordered within by a black thread, edged interiorly with white; anal appendages black, sur-
rounded exteriorly with white, bearing at the inner edge a fulvous spot and a minute green
silvery lunule; ¢ails black and tipt with white: underneath the surface of the wings is brownish-
gray and marked with white strige, three of which pass close to, and parallel with, the posterior
margin, through both pair, the intermediate striga, consisting of wedge-shaped marks, with the
points directed inwards, and the interior one of lunular marks; the anterior wings have further
between the middle of the surface and the marginal series four strigee, two of which form on the
disk a short regularly parallel pair, with a fainter intermediate streak; they are continued in
the anal area by two undulated slightly diverging strige; the third striga extends, slightly
waving in a gradual curve across the wing, being united posteriorly with the second, and the
fourth reaches in a uniform character, half across the surface; between the origin of the three
posterior strigze and the costa stand three minute white dots; the hinder wings are likewise

N marked

gO DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

marked with four strige, arranged in two pairs; the anterior pair, consisting of partially inter-
rupted portions, crosses the middle of the wing, being suddenly curved anwards in the anal
region, and bearing a faint intermediate streak on the disk; the posterior pair is more regularly
transverse, and terminates abruptly at its contact with the marginal series; there are two anal
ocelli, the largest, exterior to the caudal appendage, has in place of a pupil, an intensely black
orbicular spot, and is surrounded by a very broad fulvous iris; the other occupies the anal
appendage itself, and is surrounded by a delicate narrow white ring, between these is a roundish
group of greenish silvery irrorations, and along one-third of the inner margin passes a narrow
fulyous streak, bordered with black and ornamented, as well as the inner edge of the anal
appendage, with a faint metallic striga. The body is brown above, with an obscure greenish tint,
and agrees underneath in colour with the wings; the antenne are faintly banded with white; the
tails are long, slender, black, with a white extremity.

In the markings of the underside this insect resembles the Lycene of the second section, particularly L.
Celerio and Elpis ; I have therefore placed it at the commencement of the genus ; but in all essential points
it ita true Thecla; the club of the antenne, though not very prominent, is distinctly marked ; the anal
appendage is fully developed. A single female specimen is contained in our museum.

22. Turecta Marika. Ale postice maris subelongate, margine apicali levissimé sinuato, dente
; prominulo rotundato ad basin caude ; supra antice nigre in certd luce cyaneo relucentes, postice
saturaté cyanee margine exteriore et canali abdomen recipiendo fuscis : subtus albe in coerulescen-

tem vergentes, antice limbo postico apiceque ochraceo fuscis ; singule liturd latd utrinqué trans-

versé quadratd obliqudé ante medium sitd, antice pone discum strigad punctorum sex in medio
interruptd, postice strigd subconformi pone discum ex maculis minutis subovatis in paribus
inequalibus arcuatim per paginam ductd, maculd interiore insigniore transversd ; tunc serie
macularum ad marginem posticum strigd undulata interiore cinctd et denique ocelli anales duo

altero exteriore orbiculato nigro, in tenia flavd subundulata marginali nidulante, altero in appen-

diculo anali sito fimbrid alba cincto, maculdque virescente-argenteo irrorata ocellulis intermedia.
(Exp. alar. 1 unc. 1 lin. maris.)

Hinder Wings, in the male narrow and somewhat: lengthened, with a slight oblong excavation along
the posterior margin, succeeded by an obtusely rounded tooth exterior of the caudal appendage;
upper surface deep blackish brown, the anterior with a shade of dark blue from the base to the
middle, which only appears in a certain light, the hinder wings covered with a rich cyaneous tint
excepting the exterior and interior borders; the latter is gray, and constitutes a canal to receive
the abdomen: wnder surface white with a bluish shade, and in the Sore wings a yellowish brown,
somewhat cupreous posterior margin, spreading along the tip; a short brown streak, transversely
truncated at each end, stands a little before the disk on each of the wings; exterior to this ine
fore wings bear a transverse striga of six or seven oblong subconfluent dots,

on the disk, the continuation from the medial area being somewh
1

st

which is interrupted

at posteriorly disposed ; a simi-
r series is i i a i i : R } }
ar series is continued, at a corresponding distance from the base, through the hinder wings,

consisting of oval dots disposed in interrupted and somewhat unequal pairs,
gular curve across the wing,

disposed, oblong
decreasin g

passing in an irre-
the terminal streak at the inner margin being transversely
and larger than the others; along the posterior margin passes a series of dots,
successively in size and strength of tint from the outer apical angle towards the caudal

appendage, being confined internally by an undulated brown band; of two ocellate spots in

the

LEPIDOPTERA. 91

the anal region, the exterior one is bedded in an irregular rufous patch, which has an undulated
interior margin, and tapers off at each extremity in a short striga; the interior one, situated on
the anal appendage itself, is surrounded by a white fringe, the intermediate space being occupied
by a greenish metallic spot, and the oblique portion of the anal angle is marked by a black stripe
covered by a branch from the rufous band. The body is dark blackish brown, the eyes are bor-
dered by awhite streak; the antenne are black annulated with white and terminated by a grayish tip,

A\ single male specimen, in perfect preservation, is contained in our series: the narrowness and lengthened
form of the hinder wings, with a slight posterior excavation, as represented in the description, obtains also
in the two succeeding species.

23. TuHecta Nasaxa. Ale antice maris supra nigre in certd luce ad medium usque cyaneo relu-
centes ; postice subelongate margine apicali leviter sinuato: subtis cineree limbo postico
ochraceo-fusco subnitente in anticis saturatiore ; singule noté brevi discoided ex lituris duabus
transversis, fascid insuper tenui fuscd completa albo marginatd et strigd tenuissimad flava illius
medio innatd, in anticis recta, in posticis interruptd, in regione anali arcu Jflexuosim ad marginem
intertorem ductd ; appendiculo ocellisque analibus duobus nigris, exteriore orbiculato saturatis-
simo maximo iride tenui rufa cincto, interiore oblongo punctis viridi-argenteis omnino tecto ;
striga denique irregulariter flecuosa, ortum ducens ab iride ocelli exterioris, obliqué per medium
ocelli interioris ad appendiculum analem descendit, et tunc ad angulum interiorem assurgit, lined
nigra, extus viridi argenteo irroratd, limbatd. (Exp. alar. 13 lin.)

Wings of the male, above, agreeing in colour with those of the species last described; contour of
the hinder wings likewise similar: underneath gray with pale ochraceous-brown posterior borders,
spreading over the tip and more intensely coloured exteriorly; a narrow delicately striped band,
consisting of two parallel brown strigze edged with white and an intermediate yellow thread,
which is more distinct in the hinder wings, extends across the middle of both pair, being regular
in the former and somewhat interrupted in the latter, until it reaches the anal region, where it
passes, after an abrupt curve, irregularly flexuose to the inner margin; on the disk of each wing
stands a short transverse double litura; the anal appendage is oblong, black on the surface,
fringed with gray, and has adjoining to it, in the posterior margin, two ocellate spots of more
than usual size; the exterior one presenting a regularly orbicular black spot in place of a pupil,
and being bounded exteriorly by a narrow pale rufous ring, a more saturated narrow rufous arc
forming the interior iris ; this is continued in form of a narrow band in an oblique course through
the middle of the adjoining spot to the anal appendage, from whence it rises again for a short
distance along the extreme angle of the wing, being edged exteriorly by a black streak covered
with greenish silvery irrorations: an obsolete series of three successively paler black lunules, of
which the first is covered with a silvery crescent, stands exterior to the large ocellus in close
contact with the posterior margin. The head and body are brownabove. ‘The thoraz is covered
with lax white hairs and the abdomen with shorter yellowish hairs underneath. The antenne
are banded with white and tipt with rufous.

A single male specimen in a perfect state is contained in our series.
24, Tuecita Varuna. Ale supra fusco-nigricantes, maris pagind omni preter apicem cyaneo

saturato foemine glaucino nitentes : subtis fusce diluto cupreo relucentes et basin versus nitore
N 2 purpureo

92 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

purpureo lavate ; singule serie macularum obsoletarum Tee postico paraieis 3 antice
insuper pone medium fascia fuscd saturata completd latd externé whe marginata, wis de
analem versus attenuatd, stigmateque brevi in disco; postice fascid mediand latd SUMED
in regione anali arcuatd et flecuosim ad marginem interiorem ductd, utrinque strigdé albd ee
saturatiore preditd, tenidque brevi discoided cum fascia completa connatd ; areold anali ocello
solitario maximo nigerrimo, intus rufo lunulato, fretd ; maculdque orbiculatd atré in appendt-
culum analem, spatio intermedio, strigdque tenui ad marginem interiorem nigris, punctis albis
irroratis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 3 lin.)

Wings above blackish brown, in the male with a saturated cyaneous, in the female with an indigo
blue or deep glaucous shining tint, which, in the fore wings, terminates obliquely at a small
distance from the outer apical angle, but in the hinder pair covers the whole surface, to a very
narrow posterior marginal thread; the anal appendage has a rufous ground, on which a black
spot is bedded, and is surrounded by a whitish fringe: wnderneath brown with a purple shade on
the basal portion and disk, and a slight cuprecus gloss spread over the whole surface; a broad
band of a more saturated tint than the ground colour, with a narrow exterior white edge,
passes behind the middle of the fore wings, tending slightly to the inner apical angle; a similar
band pervades, slightly undulating the hinder wings, changing its direction in the anal region by
an abrupt curve, and tending in a flexuose manner to the middle of the inner margin; it has a
narrow white edge on each side, which in the anal region becomes deeper and gradually changes
to a bright sulphureous yellow; a very faint waving brown band passes exterior of these, parallel
with the posterior margin through both pair, to the ocellus in the anal region, and on the disk
of each pair stands a short longitudinally divided streak, resembling in character and colour the
principal band, being in the hinder wings parallel with, and in contact with its middle portion ;
a very large ocellate spot, having a deep black regularly orbicular pupil, and a narrow rufous,
almost completely circular iris, consisting at the inner edge of a more intensely coloured
arch, stands exteriorly of the tail; the anal appendage is large oblong and transversely
attached, intensely black and surrounded by a very delicate alternately white and blackish
fringe ; between it and the exterior ocellus is an obsolete black spot covered with minute white
dots, which are continued over a short attenuated black streak along one-third of the inner
margin: the antenne are banded and the fails are tipt with white; the body agrees in colour with
the wings above, and the abdomen is yellow underneath.

We have three specimens, one male and two females, in our series: in the determination of the sexes, I
was guided by the structure of the anterior feet, as they appear under the microscope. The male has a
single incurvated terminal claw, the female has two minute curved claws, partly concealed by numerous
villi, In the form of the posterior wings and in the habit this species resembles Thecla Malika.

25. Tuecta Ericres. Ale supri fusce, maris violaceo micantes ; antice disco, postice limbo apicali
aurantio-fulvis, in mare ex lunulis approximatis efformato, Jimbrid alba nigro interruptd antico-
rum obsoletiore : subtus omnes leté sulphuree, limbo apicali sanguineo, posticarum linulis albis

intus marginato, maculisque cuneatis nigris in serie margini ale parallela digestis ; postice

insuper puncto minuto nigro ante discum. (Exp. alar. lin. 13—15.)

Plate 1, fig. 3.

Polyommatus Epicles. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. 646.
Wings

LEPIDOPTERA. 93

Wings above blackish brown, with a violet reflexion in the male, which is of a deeper shade towards
the base, the anterior bearing a large irregularly rounded rufous orange spot on the medial
areola, the hinder being marked with a posterior border of the same colour; in the male the
medial spot is smaller, consisting of a transverse cloud, and in the posterior pair the border is
narrowed and undulated at the inner edge, being composed of confluent lunules; a narrow undu-
lated black streak passes along the posterior margin; the fringe is white interrupted with black
at the nervures, and in the fore wings evanescent towards the outer apical angle; the female has
besides a short transverse black stigma before the disk of the fore wings, and in the hinder pair,
near the middle, a faint orange dash : underneath the wings are bright sulphureous yellow; both
pair have a sanguineous posterior border, which in the anterior wings is narrow and uniform, until
it approaches the inner apical angle, where it is terminated by a short black streak edged on
both sides with white; in the posterior wings it is broader and ornamented internally by a series
of white ares delicately edged on both sides with black; a series of small wedge-shaped black
spots, bedded in an oblong sub-marginal cloud of white irrorations, is arranged parallel with the
black marginal thread, which is confined by the extreme fringe; a minute black dot stands
between the disk and base, and two more obscure ones are distantly arranged along the inner
margin; the fore wings have besides a very faint series of brown liture, and the hinder pair of
interrupted white streaks parallel with the post-marginal border; the anal appendage is termi-
nated by a black spot and the ¢az/s have a white tip. The body is brown above and hoary under-
neath; the /egs are alternately white and black; the antenne are black with delicate white bands
to the commencement of the club.

This species is not unfrequent in the acclivities near the confines of the extensive medial plain of Java.

Our museum contains eleven specimens, of which several are males. It was named and described by
Messrs. Latreille and Godart in the Encyclopédie, but the figure has not previously been given. The
anterior feet, of both sexes, have been carefully examined under the microscope, and confirm the details

given in the generic description.

26. Tuecta Jarpas. Ale supra maris sanguineo-fulvescentes, antice limbis exteriore et posteriore
nervisque intermediis, postice strigd marginali tenuissimd nigris ; foeminee saturate testacee nitore
cupreo, limbis saturatioribus : subtus canescentes nitore glaucino, singule liturd transversd fuscd
albo-marginatd in disco, fasciadque insigni completd pone medium fuscescente albo marginatd in
posticis subiindulata in regione anali saturatiore flecuosim ad marginem interiorem ductd ; ocello
anali altero exteriore mediocri orbiculato lunuld insigni aurantid intus imducto, altero maximo
appendiculo anali imposito annulo albo in formd fimbrie circumscripto, plagd subrotundd nigri-
cante ocellis intermedia albo irroratd, strigd denique brevi obliqud attenuata versus marginis
medium desinente. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 5-7 lin.)

Papilio P. R. Jarbus. Fab. Mant. Ins. tom. 2. p. 68. No. 648. Hospitatur nomine a
Fabricio ipso inscripto, in Mus. Soc. Linn. Lond.

Polyommatus Jarbas. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. p. 646.

Papilio Jarbas. Donovy. Ind. Ins. (with a figure.)

Wings above, in the male, brilliant reddish brown, inclining to scarlet, the anterior with broad

blackish brown borders, more diffused towards the tip and the costal portion of the base, gra-

dually diminishing in breadth towards the inner apical angle ; medial nervures black and promi-
ment;

O4 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

nent; hinder wings narrow and lengthened, the ground colour being uniformly diffused over the
whole surface to a very narrow black marginal thread ; anal appendages tipt externally with black,
and surrounded, within the brown fringe, by a white thread extending also towards the tail; in
the female the wings are saturated testaceous with a slight cupreous lustre, the colour being
uniformly diffused over the surface, increasing in strength towards the margins, but without
defined borders: underneath the surface is satin-gray, with a faint glaucous cast, varying in
intensity of tint in different individuals; on the disk of each wing stands a short oblong double
streak consisting of two parallel grayish brown lituree with a medial and two lateral narrow white
lines; between this and the posterior margin a more saturated brown band pervades both pair,
being nearly regular until it reaches the anal region, where, after a sudden flexure, it stretches
directly across towards the internal margin, being bordered with a white striga exteriorly in the
anterior and on both sides in the posterior pair, the tint becoming more intense as the band
approaches the anal region, having a bright silvery lustre in well preserved specimens; the
extreme anal angle is ornamented with two regularly round deep black ocellate spots, the exte-
rior one being bordered internally with a brilliant orange lunule, the interior one, somewhat
larger in size, covering the anal appendage, and being surrounded by a delicate white ring
ciliated posteriorly ; the intermediate space is occupied by a roundish group of greenish silvery
atoms, bedded on a blackish patch, which sends off obliquely a narrow streak towards the inner
margin. The body is testaceous brown above, gray underneath, and covered on both sides with
delicate silky hairs; the antenne are annulated, the club has a ferruginous tip, and the fails are
black with a whitish extremity.

Our museum contains eleven specimens, of which five are females.

27. Tuecta Xenopuon. Ale supra maris fulve in sanguineum vergentes, limbis omnibus Suscis,
anticarum latissimis, limbo exteriore singularum ad medium cum angulo abrupto dilatato ; foeminze
paging omni unicolores brunnee : subtis canescenti-fusce nitore cupreo-ferrugineo lavate, liturd
brevi transversd simplici albicante fasco margindta in disco, Sascidque insigni fuscescente com-
pletd pone medium extus albo marginatd, in regione anali saturatiore, hic utrinque strigd argenteo-
nitente limbatd et flecuosim ad marginem interiorem ductd ; ocellis analibus duobus, altero exteriore
minore ovato transverso caeco, in plagd saturatiore fascia marginalis nidulante, absque iride
distinetd, altero appendiculo anali ipso imposito maximo, dimidio exteriore strigd albé ad ocel-
lum exteriorem producté et denique fimbrid nigra circumscripto ; tenid ocellis intermedia fused
transversd strigdque brevi obliqud angulo anali paralleld, albo irroratis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 2-
3 lin.)

Plate iv. fig. 2, Larva; fig. 2, a. Chrysalis.
Hesperia R. Xenophon. Fab. Ent. Syst. em. tom. 3. pars. 1. p. 272. No. 47.
Papilio Melampus. Cram. pl. 362. fig, G. H. (the male.)
Papilio Xenophon. Donov. Ind. Ins. (with a figure.)
Polyommatus Xenophon. MM. Latr. and Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. 640.
Wings above, in the male, deep fulvous inclining to red, the anterior having broad black borders on

all the margins, the posterior very narrow black mar

ginal threads exteriorly and posteriorly, and
the nervures,

in general, of the same colour; near the middle the exterior border of both pair has

a sudden angular projection, from which the borders continue broader to the base ; in the female

the

LEPIDOPTERA. 95
the surface of all the wings is uniformly deep brown; the anal region has in both sexes, within
the extreme blackish boundary, a white thread, which encloses the anal appendage: underneath
the wings are grayish brown with a slight cupreous reflexion; the disk of ‘each pair is marked
‘with a short oblique white streak, delicately bordered with brown, ‘and intermediate between
this and the posterior margin, a saturated reddish-brown striga passes the surface of both pair,
being nearly straight in the anterior, and slightly interrupted in the hinder, until it approaches
the anal region, where it makes a sudden curve, becomes flexuose, and terminates near the mid-
dle of the interior margin; it has a faint exterior edge of white, which, in the hinder pair,
increases in intensity to the anal region, where it is of a brilliant satin white, and accompanied
by a parallel interior striga of the same colour; the anal appendage is entirely covered by a
round black spot ; an oblong spot of the same colour stands exteriorly of the tail, in a marginal
band of a more saturated tint than the ground colour, surrounded by a ferruginous ring, but
without a distinct iris; a round group of white atoms occupies the space between this and the anal
appendage; a brilliant white thread, commencing near the middle of the posterior margin, winds
along the anal region and appendage, being edged by the extreme brown fringe: body covered
with long delicate hairs, which are ferruginous brown above and grayish underneath ; legs
banded alternately white and black; tails black, tipt with white; eyes with a pronounced white
edge posteriorly ; antenne annulated with white, the club being tipt with brown.

It may be useful to bring into one point of view, the discriminating characters of the two last nearly
allied species, and to annex a few remarks on their history. I have satisfactorily identified the species
named Jarbus, by the comparison of a specimen in the Banksian cabinet, marked with a ticket in Fabricius’
own hand-writing. The prior name of Jarbus, which the ticket bears, and which is also found in the
Mantissa Insectorum, where the insect was first described, has been exchanged in the Entomologia Syst.
Emendata, for the more classical name of Jarbas, which had been applied to another species. ‘The speci-
men preserved in the Banksian cabinet is a male, from Siam, and accurately agrees with the individuals
collected by me in Java. The species named Xenophon by Fabricius is distinctly figured by Cramer with
the name of Melampus (Pl. 362. G.H.), and less accurately by Donovan in his Indian insects. The authors
of the Encyclopédie, in the description of the Diurnal Lepidoptera (Hist. Nat, ix. 646), cite the figure
of Cramer in illustration of Jarbas, but according to the preceding statements it should be referred to
Xenophon. In-all descriptions hitherto given which, I have seen, one sex only is delineated: I am now
enabled to illustrate both sexes, and by that means, through the comparison of numerous specimens of each
species, exhibiting the modifications peculiar to the sexes, to remove the ambiguity remaining in systematic
writers regarding these two species.

' The peculiarities of Th. Jarbas are the following: it is at least one-fifth larger than Xenophon, the longi-
tudinal extent is also proportionally greater, and the general outline of the surface of the expanded insect
is more regularly triangular ; the ground colour of the upper surface, in the male, inclines to fulvous, the
exterior and posterior borders alone are brown, and the latter decreases gradually in breadth to the inner
apical angle ; the hinder wings are entirely without any black discoloration towards the base; in the female a
saturated testaceous tint, with a slight cast of metallic yellow, extends uniformly over the surface, with a very
gradual increase of strength towards the margins. Several minute peculiarities of the under surface in each
species have been detailed in the preceding description ; and here I have only to note the brilliant orange lunule
over the exterior anal ocellus, which affords a permanent characteristic distinction to Jarbas. In Xenophon
the anterior wings are slightly rounded ‘at the external apical angle; the exterior margin has a very slight
sinuosity, which is too strongly expressed in Cramer’s figure, and the general contour is somewhat broader

than

96 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

than in Jarbas ; the ground colour of the upper surface is more saturated, with be of 2 une eh ee
anterior wings are enclosed with borders on all sides, the interior, as well as the ex erior ‘
border is dark brown; the borders generally are broader, have a deeper tint, ene the pata Oe projec-
tion is more prominent ; the hinder wings have a large black spot in the middle Pid t Pasatstiae slat
extending to the base, and gradually diffusing itself over the nervures; on the a eee? e, exte
or irregularly defined, bedded in a circular ring of the

llus is comparatively small, obsolete, oblong,
eee ; 4 ; the female has above an uniform deep

marginal band, but never provided interiorly with a fulvous arch :
blackish brown colour without any yellowish shade.

Both species were occasionally obtained by breeding,
a feeds on Schmiedelia racemosa, and was found in considerable abundance. The larva

The drawings of the larva in our collection,

but I have only preserved the details of Thecla

Xenophon. The larv
and chrysalis are represented on the fourth plate : fig. 2; 2, a. ;
which were made at different periods of the age of the insect, vary in colour from yellow with a greenish
cast, to dark ferruginous brown, and at one period the lateral bands are very obscure. '

The Hon. Company’s Museum contains of Thecla Jarbas six male and five female specimens, and of Thecla

Xenophon seven male and six female specimens, most of which were obtained by breeding.

28, Turcta Nepymonp. Ale supra maris nigre, antice plagd cyaned mediand maximd angulatd, versus
marginem intertorem attenuatd, postice limbo cyaneo apical latissimo : subtus dimidiatim albe
ac fusce limite intermedio recto, dimidio apicali anticarum ad medium strigd undulatd subdiviso,
plagd interiore ex rufo ferrugineo nitente saturatiore ; postice in regione anali fascid brevi
insigni transversd aterrimd notate, utrinque puncto minuto accessorio ; angulo anali flavo,
Jerrngineo maculoto, strigisque duabus obsoletis abbreviatis eyusdem coloris freto, maculisque
insuper quatuor nigerrimis difformibus ornato, eateriore ocellari, medio duplici ex lunulis duabus
oppositis, interiore brevi marginali ; omnibus nitidé argenteo irroratis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 4 lin.)

Papilio Nedymond. Cram. pl. 299. fig. E. F.

Posterior wings narrow and elongate, with a prominent notch in the anal region, whence they pass
in a regular curve to the inner angle, bearing the tail in the middle, and the anal appendage,
which is narrow, elongate, and contracted at the base, at the extreme point. Upper surface
black ; anterior pair with a deep cyaneous patch covering the whole discoidal area, broader ante-
riorly and gradually attenuated towards the interior margin ; hinder wings with a broad posterior
border of the same cyaneous tint, passing parallel with the margin over one-third of the entire
surface, with a regularly defined inner edge: underneath the wings are white with a silvery gloss
from the base to the middle and ferruginous brown posteriorly, the boundary between the basal
and apical portions being regularly transverse, extending from the middle of the costa over the -
disk to the anal region; the apical portion is almost equally divided in the anterior wings by an
undulating blackish striga, the inner portion being of a more saturated reddish brown tint; in
the hinder pair the dark portion decreases in breadth towards the anal region, and terminates in
a curve following the outline of the wings; a deep black streak, regularly transverse and tending
to the inner margin, stands at a small distance from the anal curve, accompanied by a solitary
dot at each extremity; the anal region is either entirely ferruginous or clouded with the brown
ground colour of the apical portion of the wing, sending off two short evanescent ferruginous
strigae, parallel with the margin; this region is likewise adorned with several irregularly defined
black marks, covered with rich greenish metallic irrorations; the first of these is an ocellate spot,
exterior of the tail near the marginal notch, bearing a broad shining lunule, next follow two short

opposite

LEPIDOPTERA. 97

opposite transverse streaks, tending to the anal appendage, and finally a short narrow attenuated
line, parallel with the oblique portion of the anal angle; the posterior margin is confined by
a black marginal thread, edged interiorly by a narrow white striga, which is more pronounced
at the internal angle; the surface of the anal appendage is black, the tails are tipt with white;
the body is black above, white underneath, the sides of the abdomen being annulated ; the antenne
are delicately banded, and the degs are marked with broad alternate rings of black and white.

39. Turcta Cuirra. Ale supra ferrugineo-fusce saturate subnitentes, antice immaculate,
postice plagd albé terminali in regione anali maculis duabus nigris fretd, exteriore punctis albis
wrroratd : subtus antice fulve basi dilutiore, stigmate obliquo flavo in disco, pone hoc fasctd
arcuatd versus marginem interiorem saturatiore, ex lineolis confluentibus fuscis efformatd,
denique striga marginali tenui fuscd cano fimbriatd ; postice albe, limbo apicali latissimo fulvo,
versus regionem analem attenuato in strigam tenuem flexuosim usque ad marginem interiorem
excurrentem ; lined obliqud brevi flavicante tenuissimd discoided, tunc ad medium ale fascid
obsoleta ex punctis fuscis efformatd et in areola anali strigd transversd aterrimd ad marginem
interiorem tendente punctoque solitario nigro in medio ejusdem marginis ; pone quam strigam
macule quinque difformes nigerrime seriatim in limite regionis analis disposite, prima ad
angulum exteriorem orta oblongd, secundd cuneatd intis strigd viridi-argented irroratd, tertid
subocellari annulo viridi-argenteo subjecta, quartd duplict ex lituris duabus oppositis cuneatis,
totidemque strigis intermediis viridi-argenteis, quintd denique attenuatd margini interiori
approximatd et strigd argented feré operté. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 5 lin.)

Plate I, fig. 5.

Wings agreeing in form, longitudinal extent, and in the notch and anal appendage of the hinder
pair, with the preceding species; surface above dark brown, with a very slight ferruginous lustre,
being paler on the disk and more saturated at the borders; in the hinder pair the anal region
is covered by a broad white patch, confined posteriorly by a delicate black marginal thread and
bearing two irregularly round black spots, the exterior one being dotted with white ; the anal
appendage bears a black dash, attenuated interiorly and marked laterally with a greenish silvery
line; the extreme fringe of the hinder pair and the tails throughout being white: underneath
the anterior wings are fulvous, the hinder silvery white, with a broad fulvous posterior border,
attenuated towards the anal region, and continued by a narrow striga passing irregularly
flexuose to the inner margin; the anterior wings are paler at the base, have an obscure yellowish
litura on the disk, behind this a curved brown striga, increasing in breadth and intensity of tint
towards the interior margin, and finally a black marginal thread; the hinder have a very deli-
cate linear yellowish transverse streak on the disk, a medial band of brown dots, more saturated
near the costa, and continued at the inner boundary of the anal areola by a very deep black
broad regularly transverse streak, tending to the inner margin, and accompanied, a little above
its termination, by a solitary black dot; the anal region is interiorly bounded by a series of
diversified marks, of an intense black colour, disposed in a simple curve; it commences, near
the outer apical angle, with an oblong black streak touching a wedge-shaped streak with a
minute dash of green silvery irrorations at its inner extremity; this is followed by two large
irregularly defined black spots which also appear on the upper surface, the exterior one being
bordered at its inner margin by a crescent of silvery irrorations, the next divided into two

0 portions

98 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.
the passage of the fulvous striga, bearing near the middle two silvery lunules
the series is terminated by a black streak, extending in ‘contact with
margin, being nearly concealed by

portions by
opposed to each other ;
the fulvous band along the oblique portion of the inner
a corresponding streak of silvery irrorations ; the anal appendage is black, and surrounded by a
lax ciliated white fringe which is broader internally ; the thorax and abdomen are brown
above and white underneath, the latter being banded at the sides; the feet are white annulated
with black; the antenn@ are also delicately annulated, and the club has.a broad white ring at its

base and a ferruginous tip.

The resemblance, in general habit, in the outline of the wings and in the characteristic marks of the lower
surface, between the two species last described, is so striking, as to cause an inquiry, whether, notwith-
standing the palpable difference in colour, they might be no more than different sexes of the same
species. A careful examination has however convinced me that this is not the case. In No, 28 the upper
surface of the hinder wings is without the least indication of the ocellate spots in the anal region; in
the lower surface the fascia, dividing the posterior portion of the fore wings, has a different direction, and
in the hinder wings of the same species the dimidial portion has not any indication of a transverse discoidal
striga, whereas No. 29 has a very distinct transverse line on the disk of the same wings. Our collection
contains six specimens of Thecla Chitra and seven of Thecla Nedymond, which individually closely agree with
the description given of them,

It is my duty to caution the reader against confounding our 28th species with the Polyommatus Nedymond
of the authors of the Encyclopédie, and to state the reasons of my differing in this instance, from the learned
authors of that work. Our 28th species, according to my judgment, is distinctly figured on the 299th plate of
Cramer’s work, with the name of Papilio Nedymond. This specific name is applied, in the Encyclopédie,
to an analogous species, which is also described in this catalogue in the next subgenus in its proper section ;
and the authors of that work, perceiving some discrepancies between the latter species and Cramer’s figure
of the former, point them out in anote. These discrepancies relate chiefly to the anal appendage and the
tails, and to the colours and markings of the anal region of the posterior wings underneath. Possessing
specimens of both insects, I have been enabled clearly to identify Cramer’s figure with our 28th species ;
and the detail of the peculiarities of the analogous species, will afford the means of a distinct discrimination.

** Antenne é basi usque ad apicem sensim incrassate, capitulo haud distincto ; tarsi
pedum anticorum in mare articulo solitario inermi obtusissimo, superficie verticali abrupté
terminato: larva veré depressoscutata typum hujus generis exhibens in sectione prima
vel tertia illustratur. (Tab. iv. fig. 3 and 4.)

Subgenus AMBLYPODIA.

+ Cauda solitaria oblique divergente, cum appendiculo anali elongato connata.

30. Ampiypopia Narapa. Ale supra maris nigricanti-fusce, plagd mediand maximd cyaned, vei
secundum aspectum ex purpureo fuscescente, ad basin usque extensd, limbis apicalibus angustis ;
foeminee dilutiores fuscescentes, plagd mediand azureo-purpured ex argenteo nitente limbis latio-
ribus cinctd : subtis canescentes in mare saturatiores, strigd communi fuscd obliqud ab angulo
apical anteriore regionem analem posticorum versus ducti, extis colore saturatiore lanbate
pagind omni huic strige interiori, ad basin usque, fusco pulverulentd; serie duplict any
marginali ex lunulis obsoletis in posticis increscentibus nigro alboque pulverulentis appendiculo
anali ints, cauddque medio obscure albo notatis. (Exp.alar. 1 inc. 6 lin.) |

Wings

LEPIDOPTERA: 99

Plate I, fig. 8.

Wings above, in the male, blackish brown, with a cyaneous patch on both pair, corresponding in
outline with the wings and covering the whole surface from the base to a regularly defined dis-
tance from the anterior and posterior margins, the tint varying in brilliancy according to the
direction of the light; in the female the ground-colour is paler, the blue patch has a light azure

- tint with a purple reflexion, is less widely diffused, especially in the posterior pair, and the
borders are proportionally broad: beneath the surface of the wings is brown in the male, with
a glaucous reflexion and gray in the female, and the markings, although of the same character,
are less prominent in the latter sex; a brown band, commencing at the outer apical angle of
the fore wings, passes obliquely through both pair to the anal region of the hinder, where it
forms a gradual curve and terminates at the middle of the inner margin, having the outer edge
regularly defined and of a deeper tint, the inner gradually evanescent; the whole surface of the
wing, from the band to the base, is speckled or irregularly mottled with blackish brown, and
on each pair avery obscure stigma is scarcely perceptible; between this band and the posterior
margin is a double series of obscure dotted lunules facing each other with their concavities,
which in the hinder pair is more distinct, with gradually diverging lunules; the margins between
the nervures, the inner series of lunules, the anal appendage at its inner edge, and the tails are
clouded with whitish dots. The body is blackish above and brown or gray underneath: the
antenne are almost uniformly brown to the tip, which is ferruginous.

Our museum contains one male and one female specimen, both in high state of preservation ; the former is
represented in the eighth figure of our first plate. It was obtained from the caterpillar by breeding : its
similarity, in the larva and pupa states, to Amb. Apidanus, will be pointed out in the subsequent remarks
on that species. Our insect exhibits, in the form of its hinder wings a marked peculiarity, on which a
section of this subgenus is founded ; the anal appendage being more lengthened than usual, and united with

the tail at the extreme angle of the wing.

++ Caudis duabus distantibus eateriore minore, appendiculo anali abbreviato.

31. Amptypopia Vivarna. Ale supra nigricanti-fusce, maris plagd maximd mediand in anticis
subquadratd in posticis triangulari, saturate cyaned, nitente, vel secundum aspectum obscuro
purpureo relucente ; foeminee pallidiores immaculate : subtis fusce glaucino lavate, singule
pone medium strigd nigricante flecuosim arcuatd, ex lunulis appositis in posticis luteo margi-
natis efformatd ; antice insuper, in area mediana lituris duabus transversis parallelis, punctis
tribus obsoletis costalibus et denique serie punctorum margini apicali paralleld ; postice ante
basin lunuld flavo marginatd una cum striga obsoleta transversim ordinatis, serieque margint
apicali paralleld ab angulo anteriore instar punctorum quatuor vel quinque in ordine digestis,
sequentibus lunulis totidem flavo marginatis ; pone hanc ad imum marginem macule lunares
obsoletiis flavo punctulate tres in ordine digeste, eateriore inter caudas medid. (Exp. alar.
1 unc.—1 unc. 4 lin.)

Wings above, in the male, deep blackish-brown, the anterior with a large oblong brilliant cyaneous
patch, the posterior with a triangular one of the same colour, varying in both according to the
direction of the light to obscure purple, being separated from the margins by a regularly defined

border of the ground colour, which is broader at the inner margin of the hinder wings where the
0 2 anal

100 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

anal excavation has a grayish tint; in the female the whole surface is uniformly dark brown in
both pair: underneath, alike in both sexes, brown with a glaucous tint, the surface being also
marked with a few clouds inclining to a purple colour; an irregularly arched and flexuose
streak, consisting of delicate lunules in close succession, passes through both pair; in the
anterior pair it commences at the same distance from the costa and the inner margin, and after
a short curve at each extremity forms a large arch in the middle area tending towards the pos-
terior margin, in the hinder it winds over the surface in a serpentine course, and the lunules are
individually edged externally with pale sulphureous yellow; the anterior wings have further two
short transverse liturze in the middle area before the disk, three obsolete marginal dots near the
medial portion of the costa, and finally a row of dots parallel with the posterior margin; the
hinder wings have, near the base, a lunule edged with yellow and an obsolete waving litura
disposed in succession as a striga, then, behind the curved medial striga, a series parallel with
the posterior margin, commencing at the outer apical angle with four or five successive obsolete
dots, followed by as many lunules edged with yellow and continued in a flexuose direction to
the inner angle, and finally, at the anal termination of the wing, three semilunar marks, faintly
dotted with yellow, extending from the outer tail to the inner edge of the anal appendage. The
body is brown above and gray underneath, and the antennz have a brown tint to the ferruginous
tip, the rings having a very faint grayish discoloration: the inner tail, which exceeds the other
in length, is brown with a grayish tip.

This species differs from the former, as well as from the following, in the anal appendage and in the tails,
and on the indications afforded by these, minor subdivisions have been proposed which remain to be con-
firmed by the Lepidoptera of other countries. Our specimens are four males and one female. As far as I
have been able to observe, the anterior foot of the male is without claw and abruptly terminated by a vertical
surface, agreeing with the character assigned to this subgenus.

ttt Caudis tribus, intermedio elongato, lateralibus minimis dentiformibus : appendiculo anali brevi.

32. AmpBLyropia Apipanus. Ale suprd maris omnes pagind totd saturate purpurea, vel in certa
luce cyaneo resplendentes, limbis angustissimis nigris, posticarum in regione anali subundulatis,
canali abdomen excipiente cinerascente ; foeminze fuscce plagd maximéd cyaned, vel alio aspectu
thalassino-argenteo nitente, de basi ultra medium eatensd, limitibus singulis marginibus paral-
lelis: subtus fusce canescente fasciate, margaritacee, anticarum apicibus posticarum pagini
Jere totd nitore violaceo lavatis ; singule ad basin tenid costali saturate puniced oblongd attenu-
atd ; antice fasciis tribus cinerascentibus, anteriore dimidiatd vel in Jorma stigmatis abrupté
abbreviatd, alterd pone medium sitd, tertid submarginali, his in area anali cinerascente evanes-
centibus ; postice basi totd saturate fusce, tunc plagd latissimd transversd cinerascente violaceo
ee fascia insigni fused cano-limbatd fretd, in area costali simplici lata in mediana et
anali autem ex seriebus duabus oppositis efformatd, anteriore interruptd alterd continud Jascii
posteriore nigricante confluente et una cum illa in arcum per paginam totum duc
marginem posticum strigd nigricante Jlexuosa cano-limbatd,
subocellaribus nigris intis albo irroratis rarius punctis paucis
1 unc. 5—10 lin.)

Papilio P. R. Apidanus. Fab. Mant. Ins. tom. 2. p- 69. No. 658.
Papilio Apidanus. Cram. pl. 137. fic. F. G. (the male.)

ta ; denique intra
maculisque duabus distantibus
inauratis ornatis. (Exp. alar.

Papilio

LEPIDOPTERA. 101

Papilio Dorimond. Stoll, Suppl. 4 Cram. pl. 37. fig. 4 and 4 D. (The female.)
Polyommatus Apidanus. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. 652.

Wings above, in the male, covered on the whole surface, excepting a very narrow posterior black
marginal thread, with a saturated purple tint, reflecting in a certain light a cyaneous gloss, or
transmitting in another aspect the blackish ground colour with a faint livid lustre; in the female
the wings are blackish brown, with a brilliant cyaneous patch, adorned with a rich silvery gloss of
a more intense tint at the base, and defined in both pair according to the outline of the wing, being
separated from the margin by a broad regular border of the blackish-brown ground colour. Under-
neath the wings are alike in both sexes; the ground colour is deep brown with a reddish cast, and
marked with broad cinereous slightly yellowish bands, and with occasional pearly spots ; the tips of
the fore wings and the whole surface of the hinder, being covered with a purple reflexion; the
wings bear individually, at the base, near the costa, an oblique attenuated streak of a deep crimson
shining tint; the anterior have further three grayish bands, of which thefirst is abruptly terminated
before the disk, and often appears in the form of a short stigma, the two others are terminated
in the anal region at a small distance from the inner margin; the exterior band is often unde-
fined and spreads diffusely to the margin; in some specimens a few minute grayish dots stand
rear the base; in the posterior wings the basal portion is dark brown; a broad cinereous band,
highly tinctured with purple, occupies the medial portion, bearing a compound brown band
faintly bordered with gray, consisting in the costal area of a short simple brown patch to which
two parallel bands are joined, the anterior being interrupted the posterior continued and united
with a deep ferruginous blackish brown band which passes in an arch across the disk; exterior
of this are a few obsolete dots near the posterior margin being defined internally by a narrow
waving blackish striga; the dots towards the outer apical angle are very faint, but in the anal
region are two pronounced black subocellate spots, the exterior being placed between the tails,
and the other which is largest, at the extreme anal angle; they are generally speckled with
white within and at the sides and in some cases adorned with a few silvery spots. The body
is deep blackish brown or purple above, and ferruginous brown and hairy underneath; the
antenne are nearly throughout ferruginous brown; the intermediate ¢ail is narrowly tipt with
gray. ‘The farsi of the male are covered above with small, and of the female with large scales,
which appear pendulous under the lens.

Amblypodia Apidanus appears, agreeably to my observations, to be the most abundant species of this
section. Our museum contains at least sixteen individuals, three-fourths of which are females. Most of
these were obtained while I was carrying on my observations on the metamorphosis of Javanese Lepidoptera.
The larva feeds on the leaves of several species of Eugenia and Calyptranthes. It occurred not
unfrequently, and was from time to time undergoing its change in my breeding cages. Observing some dif-
ference in the individuals, which I ascribed to the difference of age, the subject was more than once
delineated ; the forms under which I observed it are represented in the third and fourth figures of the
fourth plate. On arranging my materials for publication, and examining them with more minuteness than
was practicable during a very extensive series of inquiries, I discovered our 30th species, Amblypodia
Narada, mixed with a large number of individuals of Amb. Apidanus, obtained by breeding, and designated
by the same mark. It now was manifest to me, that what I had considered, in the larva state, a mere variety
of form, owing to the age of the individual, was in reality a different species, modified in the perfect insect,
in the character of the wings and affording the type of a separate section in the subgenus. But, although
this fact was apparent, yet the general agreement of the two larva, as well as the respective chrysalides,

confirmed

102 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

confirmed the character of depressoscutata given to it in the generic description, in conformity with the
denomination originally employed in the Wiener Verzeichnis. tise it oy duty fo make this candid state-
ment in this place, as it is not in my power to indicate, with entire certainty, cay of she En eee No. 3
and No. 4 of my fourth plate, belongs to Amb. Narada, and which to Amb. Apidanus; the indication 1 have

eiven in the explanation of the fourth plate is provisional, and requires a final confirmation.
5

33. Amptypopia Centaurus. Ale supri maris purpuree nitore in chalybeum vergente vel in alo
aspectu violacee fusco relucentes, jimbrid et posticarum canali interiort abdomen eacipiente Nigris 5
foemine: nigricantes, singule plagd amplissima cyaned fulgidd ad basin eruginoso irroratd posticé
sensim pallidiore, limbis exterioribus anticarum latioribus : sublus antice canescentes apicibus
submargaritaceis, plagd basali maxima eatus costam attingente ints appendiculo oblongo obliquo
atlenuato cano-cincto stipatd; fascid mediand cano limbatai ad marginem interiorem fracta
et fascid posticd intds evanescente saturate fuscis ; in area mediana maculis duabus oblongis
et fascid brevi discoided saturdté fuscis annulis strigisque margaritaceo nitentibus cinctis ;
in area anali maculis duabus obscuris basi connatis ; postice obscuré margaritacee violaceo
nitentes, ad basin maculis pluribus difformibus cano marginatis in seriebus duabus ordinatis ;
tune fascid insigni mediand cano limbatd bipartita ramo anteriore interrupto, et denique fascia
apicali cum striga undulata cana intus limbata saturate fuscis ; macule tres nigerrime semiovate
ad angulum analem in serie margini postice parallel confluentes, letissimo viridi-aureo irrorate,
imd puncto nigro fretd. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 8 lin.-2 unc.)

Papilio P. R. Centaurus. Fab. Mant. Ins. tom. 2. p. 68. No. 646.

Hospitatur in Museo Domini Banks, Societati Linneanze Londinensi munificé donato,
nomine a Fabricio ipso inscripto.

Polyommatus Centaurus. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. 658.

Wings above, in the male, bright purple inclining to azure, with a rich cyaneous gloss uniformly
spread over the surface assuming according to the light a livid cast varying to brown, sur-
rounded along all the margins by a narrow black thread, which is somewhat broader in the
anal region; inner marginal canal for enclosing the abdomen gray with a silky down; in the
female blackish brown with a large medial cyaneous patch, circumscribed in both pairs according
to the outline of the wing, broader along the exterior margin and gradually decreasing in
intensity of tint towards the posterior borders; the medial area covered with a rich refulgence,
the base with a radiating verdigris cloud varying according to the direction of the light: wnder-
neath, ground colour of the fore wings cinereous, with a pearly somewhat violaceous cloud
towards the outer apical angle; the basal portion, spreading near the costa towards the middle
of the wing, but evanescent in the anal area with an oblong dentiform obliquely diverging process
edged with gray, within which are two very obsolete brown spots; then a defined medial fascia with
undulated marginal gray strigee abruptly infracted in the anal area, and a broad posterior border
evanescent internally, and in most individuals divided by a faint transverse grayish striga, dark fer-
ruginous brown; two dark oval spots, commencing at the base and successively larger, encircled with
pearly silvery rings, adorn the medial area, and are followed, on the disk, by a short broad band
edged with shining silvery lines; hinder wings with a pearly ground colour, minutely dotted
with gray, and covered on the disk with a rich violet reflexion, marked at the base with two
Paneyerse rows of oval or irregularly oblong spots of ferruginous brown, edged with gray, and
increasing in size as they recede from the base; a very broad band of the same brown tint,

edged

LEPIDOPTERA. 103
edged with undulated gray strigze, consisting in the middle and anal areolets of two branches,
of which the anterior is interrupted, crosses the middle of the wing in form of an arch; and a
very broad border verging to ferruginous passes along the posterior margin, being edged
internally by a waving line of a deeper tint; inner extremity of the margin, in the anal region,
ornamented with three oblong semi-ovate intensely black spots disposed at the extreme angle in
a uniform connected series, covered with rich golden irrorations inclining to green: thoraz above
in both sexes, irrorated with a verdigris shade; abdomen brown; both these covered underneath
with a tawny down; antenn@ nearly uniformly brown ; intermediate tail with a dull grayish tip,
lateral tails minute, obscure.

I have been enabled to identify this species with the Hesperia Centaurus of Fabricius, by the examination
of a specimen contained in the Banksian Museum, bearing a ticket in his own hand-writing. It is closely
allied to the following, but its prominent distinctions are the pure purple tint of the upper surface of the
male, andthe brilliant, pearly rings, enclosing the spots in the medial area of the fore wings of both sexes,
underneath. Besides other peculiarities which appear in the detailed descriptions, the markings are more
pronounced in our specimens of Centaurus, and the tints are more diversified. Our collection contains three
male and six female specimens of this very beautiful species which, as far as I have observed, has not yet
been figured.

34. Amptyropia Hetvus. Ale supra maris saturate azuree letissimé argenteo-relucentes, lunul:i
ad appendiculum analem albd, fimbrid canalique abdominali posticarum canis - subtis canescenti-
fusce, maculis fasciisque saturatioribus, lineis sordidé albis absque ullo splendore limbatis ;
antice in area mediana maculis tribus, in serie ordinatis, interiore minore, exteriore latiore,
fasciam brevem mentiente, et in area anali, versus basin, macule duce obliqué disposite ; pone
discum fascia ex maculis brevibus confluentibus, in medio fracti, marginem interiorem non
attingente, et denique fascid apicali obsoletd cano-strigosd ; postice ad basin maculis circiter sex
in serie duplici dispositis, tunc fascia dimidiatd submaculari arcuatd margine interiore termi-
natd ; pone discum fascia maculart completi arcuatim paginam percurrente, et denique fascia
obsoletd margini postico paralleld lineis undulatis obscuré canis limbati ; in regione anali macule
tres nigerrime exterioribus oblongo-lunaribus intima ad angulum sitd subrotund i, omnibus strigt
undulati viridi-aured intis limbatis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 10 lin.)

Papilio Helius. Cram. pl. 201. fig. F.G.
Polyommatus Helus. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. 652.

The peculiarities of this species, in the upper surface, are, a most brilliant azure tint, extending
uniformly over the whole, and reflecting a rich silvery lustre, similar to that of Morpho Adonis, but of a more
saturated hue ; in the lower surface the spots and bands are edged with delicate whitish rings and lines, but
without any pearly lustre or metallic gloss. The disposition and the character of the bands is also peculiar
in several points: they consist of confluent fragments, bordered by strongly undulated strige, appearing
macular, and the medial band of the hinder wings is simple.

My account of this species is unsatisfactory, since we have but a single male specimen in our collection: it
is however in high perfection, and exhibits, unchanged, the rich brilliancy of the upper surface. The
figure of Cramer represents the marginal lines which confine the bands as they exist in our specimen.

35. Ampiyrop1a Eumoxreuus. Ale supra maris smaragdine ex aureo letissimé micantes ; antice
limbo apicali angusto atro margint prorsus parallelo, post'ce limbis omnbius latioribus atris :
foeminze

104: DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

foemine nigre singule plagé smaragdind aureo micante, anticarum ad discum extensd, posti-
carum basilari triangulari : subtis fusce in canescentem vergentes, maculis fasciisque saturatio-
ribus notate ; antice maculis tribus ovatis annulis sericeo-flavis margaritaceis cinctis, in area
mediana seriatim ordinatis, basilare minore, exteriore discoidali fasciam brevem mentiente, area
anili huic seriei contigud dilutiore maculisque duabus oblongis oblique divergentibus fretd ; tunc
pone discum fascia insignt marginem interiorem viz attingente strigis undulatis flavicantibus lim-
batd ad medium infractd, et denique fascia submarginali obsolet.i strigis canescentibus marginatda ;
postice maculis curciter sex inequalibus cano-marginatis, prope basin in serie duplicit ordi-
natis ; tunc fascia mediand insigni, in area costali latd simplici, in mediana autem et anali ex
ramis duobus parallelis undulatis efformatd, lineis canis limbata ; tunc ad marginem posticum
fascid obsoletiore et denique ad imum angulum analem maculis tribus oblongo-lunaribus contiguis,
interiore subocellari puncto aterrimo fretd, omnibus introrsum strigd undulata viridi-aureo, fulgid i
marginatis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 7 lin.—2 unc.)

Papilio Eumolphus. Cram. pl. 299. fig. G. H. (the female.)

Polyommatus Eumolphus. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. ix. 652.

Wings above, in the male, deep emerald-green, with a rich golden refulgence, spreading over the
surface to a deep black border, which is narrow and regularly defined in the fore wings, broader
and indented in the hinder wings ; in the female black, the greenish golden lustre being limited,
in the fore-wings to a medial patch extending to the base, and in the hinder to a triangular
spot occupying the basal areolet: underneath brown, in some individuals inclining to gray ; fore
wings, with a series of three successively larger dark brown spots in the medial area surrounded
with pearly shining rings, the first near the base being smallest, the exterior one on the disk
constituting a short broad band bordered with white undulated marginal lines; the contiguous
portion of the anal area marked with two oblong tapering obliquely diverging spots of the
same colour; behind the disk follows a broad dark-brown complete fascia, broken in the
middle, with white undulated edges, and finally, parallel with the margin, a more obscure band
with paler grayish undulations; hinder wings with six or seven oval or irregularly round dark
brown spots, narrowly edged with gray, disposed in two successive interrupted rows near the
base; next, amore prominent transverse band, of the same colour, simple and broad in the costal
area, subdivided into two parallel branches, in the medial and anal area; behind this an obsolete
band parallel with the margin, faintly undulated with gray, and succeeded in the anal region by
three deep black oblong lunular spots, arranged in regular succession close to the margin, fhe
interior one being somewhat larger and marked with an intensely black subocellate spot, the
whole being confined along the inner edge by a waving emerald green band richly covered with
HENGE oo of a golden lustre. The body above agrees in colour with the adjoining portion of
the wings, and underneath is covered with a light gray down. The antenne are brown to the
middle and ferruginous towards the extremity. ‘The intermediate tail is slender, tipt with gray,
and the lateral tails are very minute. :

pee corer eeniornnne th er mnt a ee

3 a point out clearly the difference between

Eumolpinis and Helus, and to remove the doubt, expressed by the authors of the Encyclopédie, regarding
their distinctness as species. pai a

36.

LEPIDOPTERA: 105
ttt Cauda solitarid longissimd : appendiculo anali lineari subelongato.

36. AmBtypopra Sueriva. Ale supra maris atre, antice nervo costali extimo flavicante ad apicem
striolis tribus obliquis tenuissime signato, postice Sascid apicali laté cyaned in saturate thalassinum
variabili, angulum exteriorem non attingente ; margine interiore ad basin Jusco ultra medium
flavicante, areold anali cauddque fulvis, lunulis duabus nigris, alterd exteriore denti marginali
approximata, alterd in appendiculo anali sitd : subtis ochraceo-fusce fasciis maculisque satura-
tiortbus brunneis, ex flavido tenuissimé limbatis ; antice maculd basali, stigmate brevi in disco,
Sasctisque tribus latissimis, primd anteriore dimidiatd in area anali abruptd, alterd pone discum
completa angulum analem versus attenuata margine postico insigniter undulata, tertid angustiore
marginali subarcuatd ex maculis subconfluentibus efformatd ; postice maculd-ovali ad basin,
coste approximatd, tunc fascid maculari insigni irregulariter areuatd, maculis Jjuxta costam
subconfluentibus versus marginem interiorem per paria subdistantia ordinatis 3 pone discum fascid
variegatd ex lunulis fuscis introrsiim cano adnatis conflatd, paginam arcuatim percurrente parte
dimidid costali simplici anali vero duplici ; tunc strigd tenui completa Suscd subflexuosd, et denique
serie macularum oblongarum fuscarum, margini parelleld, maculis duabus in regione anali satu-
ratioribus subocellaribus atris, ad basin caude utrinque dispositis, maculdque oblonga atrd in
appendiculo anali, seorsiim strigd brevi viridi-aured irroratis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 7 lin.—Long.
ab apice costali ad append. anal. 1 unc. 3 lin :—ab apice costaliad extrem. caude 1 unc.10 lin.)

Extent of wing proportionally great in the longitudinal direction of the body; hinder wings
narrow, gradually tapering to the anal extremity, with a single marginal notch near the base of
the tail. Wings above, in the male, black, the anterior with the extreme costal nerve yellowish
and marked near the apex with three delicate oblique black lines; the posterior with a broad
cyaneous marginal band varying according to the aspect to saturated sea-green, terminating at
a small distance from the outer apical angle; inner margin brown from the base to the middle,
then yellowish gray and in the anal region orange, which colour extends to the extremity of the
tail; there are two black lunules in the anal region, one exterior near the marginal notch, one
on the anal appendage: underneath ochraceous brown with spots and bands of a more satu-
rated colour bordered throughout with a delicate yellowish line; anterior pair bearing an
oblong spot near the base, a short transverse stigma on the disk and three broad transverse
bands; the first, at a small distance from the base, dimidial, abruptly terminated at the anal
areola, the next a little beyond the disk, extending across the whole surface attenuated and
tending slightly to the inner apical angle, with an irregularly waving posterior margin;
the third somewhat narrower than the former consists of adjoining spots and extends in a
gentle curve over the exterior portion of the wing; the hinder wings have an oval spot near the
base in contact with the costa, then a broad irregularly interrupted band passing in an arch
across the surface, composed near the costa of subconfluent macula, but on the disk and near the
inner margin of several successive pairs of distinct oval spots; behind the disk a series of brown
ares margined with yellow forms a curved band which extends over the whole surface being simple
near the exterior margin, but consisting of a double series of parallel arcs more deeply tinctured
as they approach the inner margin; beyond this follows a delicate brown thread which extends
flexuose across the entire wing, forming an inner boundary to a series of oblong spots close to

and parallel with the margin, which is continued in the anal region by two deep black ocelli,
P one

106 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

one at each side of the base of the tail, an oblong spot of the same colour marking the anal
appendage, all these being adorned individually, at their iisianal edge, by a delicate streak of
greenish silvery irrorations. Body black above covered with a white down underneath: antenne,
black with a ferruginous tip, sprinkled with a beautiful snow-white powder underneath to the base
of the club, gradually increasing in intensity of tint exteriorly. Tails uniformly bright orange,
with a medial nerve of the same colour and a delicate fringe at the sides and tip of a paler tint.

This remarkable species affords the type of a peculiar subdivision. It has a single tail of excessive length,
while the anal appendage is narrow and linear. In these particulars as well as in the outline of the wings it
approaches the individuals of the first subgenus, the true Thecle; the club of its antennz is also slightly
attenuated at the extremities, but in its markings it greatly resembles the species arranged in the third
subdivision of Amblypodia, particularly Apidanus and Eumolphus. Some uncertainty therefore remains as
to its true situation in the series and many intermediate forms are wanting to complete a regular succession
of affinities.

+HHt Caudis duabus mediocribus subequalibus, dente marginali conspicuo: appendiculo anali
rotundato producto.

37. Ampiypopia VuLcanus. Ale suprd fusce cano fimbriate maris violacee subnitentes ; antice
striohs quatuor abbreviatis inequalibus undulatis fulvis, postice plagd anali fulvd ocellis
duobus atris notatd, interiore lunule argentee subjecto: subtus sulphuree, fasciis latis fulvis,
seorsim strigd argented mediand interruptd ornatis linedque nigrd subundulati limbatis ;
Jascie anticarum sex, duabus apicalibus completis margini parallelis exteriore inornatd,
tertid subdimidiatd, quarta completé in area costali strigd abbreviaté auctd, indeque extrorsum
bifida, quintd subdimidiatd in area anali abruptd, sexta basilari obliqua minimd ; postice fasciis
sex, duabus marginalibus, quarum exteriore interruptd, secundd completa arcuatim ad marginem
mteriorem productd, tertid dimidiatd cum secunda ad medium juncta, quartd et quinti com-
pletis in regione anali subito inflewis, seatd angustd basilari corpori contigud ; regione anali
Sulvé punctis duobus ocellaribus aterrimis freta. (Exp. alar. 1 une. 3 lin.)

Papilio P. R. Vuleanus. Fab. Mant. Ins. tom. 2. p. 66. No. 622.

Papilio Etolus. Cram. pl. 208. fig. E.F.

Polyommatus Vulcanus. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. 644.
Papilio Vuleanus. Donov. Ind. Ins. (with a figure.)

Hospitatur in Museeo Dom. Banks.

AmpBiypopia Lonita. Ale supra sordidé fusce canescenti-nebulose, cano fimbriate, maris
saturatiores ; antice e basi ad medium, postice pagind totd violaceo-micantes ; foemine fasciis
pagine inferioris obsolete strigose ; postice msuper plagd anali triangulari fuld, lunulis
duabus atris, intis argenteo-irroratis Jrete ; lunula interiore majore subocellari, ap-
pendiculo ipso impositd: subtis Jlave, fasciis fulvis, in mare puniceis, margine
simplicibus, singulis strigd mediand argented continua vel parum interruptd ornatis ;
antice fasciis septem, duabus marginalibus completis, exteriore inornati, tertid et quarti
abbreviatis pone discum confluentibus, quintd completd angulum analem versus tendente, sexta
dimidiatd tenia fuscd aree analis dilutioris terminati,

septimd basali minimd ; postice
Susciis sex, duabus exterioribus margin parallelis,

secundd completd versus marginem inte-

riorem

LEPIDOPTERA. 107

riorem arcuatim productd, tertid dimidiatd, quartd et quintd completis in regione anali
abrupte inflexis, sextd basilari abbreviatd ; regione anali lete fulvd, punctis ocellaribus
duobus aterrimis fretd, eateriore caudis intermedio oblongo tenid argented intus aucto, intimo
majore appendiculo ipso imposito angulari strigd argented brevi interiore ornato. (Exp. alar.
1 unc. 3 lin.)

39. Ampiypopia Syama. dle supra fusce canescenti-nebulose fasciis pagine inferioris obsolete
notate, angulo anali posticarum fulvo punctis duobus aterrimis freto, exteriore maximo subo-
cellari, singulis intus striold argented auctis ; maris ared anali anticarum pagindque feré totd
posticarum violuceo micantes: subtus sulphuree, fasciis nigris strigisve argenteis intermediis
continuis vel interruptis ; antice fasciis sex, duabus marginalibus completis, exteriore inornatd,
tertid dimidiatd cui quarté brevissimd paralleld, quintd completé angulum analem versus
tendente dimidio posteriore dilatiore et denique attenuato, sextd dimidiatd teniam fuscam
aree analis attingente, liturd insuper basali longitudinali atrd; postice fasciis quatuor,
marginalibus purallelis, exteriore abbreviata interruptd, secundd arcuatim trans regionem
analem marginem interiorem petente, tertid dimidiatd, quartd completd in regione anali
abrupté inflexd et ad marginem internum longé protensd, maculis insuper tribus in serie interiore
ordinatis singulis puncto centrali argenteo fretis et denique maculd basalt triangulari corpori
contigud ; regione anali leté fulvd punctis duobus aterrimis ocellaté interiore orbiculari
maximo appendiculo ipso imposito, singulis intus striolis argenteis auctis. (Exp. alar.
13 lin.)

Hospitatur in Mus. dom. Banks.

Two of the species last enumerated were united by Fabricius under the name of Vulcanus, as appears
from the Banksian Cabinet, now preserved at the Linnean Society, where our thirty-ninth species is marked
with a ticket in Fabricius’ own writing, while the detailed description of H. R. Vulcanus, in the Entom.
System. Emmend. iii. p. 264 evidently depicts our thirty-seventh species, which has therefore a prior right
to that name. This species is also contained in the Banksian Cabinet.

The materials in the collection at the India-house, from Java and Continental India, have enabled me
clearly to discriminate three species, and I have endeavoured to exhibit the most prominent characters
ofeach. This discrimination does not rest on the examination of a single specimen, or of one sex only : of
No. 37, Amblypodia Vulcanus, we have four specimens: of No. 38, Amb. Lohita, three, two males and
one female ; and of No. 39, Amb. Syama, two specimens, one of each sex; most of these are in a perfect
state of preservation. I shall concisely sketch the peculiarities of each.

Amptypopia Vutcanus, No. 37, is prominently marked above, in the fore wings of both sexes, by
four short unequal waving striole of a fulvous colour : underneath, in the fore wings the third band
is short, tending towards and touching the second band; the fourth is complete and has, at the
costal ewtremity, a short accessary band, whence it appears to be bifid exteriorly; in the hinder
wings the third band is dimidial and loosely united, behind the base, with the second; but the
most striking distinctive character of this species is a deep black marginal thread, which passes in
an undulated course along the edge of all the broader bands.

Amptypop1A Lourra, No. 38, has the upper surface brown, slightly variegated with gray, espe-

cially in the female, and marked with a few obsolete bands, of a deeper tint: underneath the
PQ bands,

108 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

bands, comparatively with No. 37, are narrow, and wholly without any black marginal thread ;
the bands in the fore wings are seven in number, besides an obsolete angular basal spot, the
third and fourth are abbreviated converging approximate or confluent behind the disk; in the
hinder wings the third is dimidial regularly transverse and without any tendency to the second
marginal band : in the character of the fourth and fifth band this species agrees with the former
while both differ decidedly from the following.

Amptypopra Syama, No. 39, agrecs in the upper surface with our last species: underneath the
wings are sulphureous-yellow and marked with bands of a black colour, while the intermediate
argentine strigz are partially interrupted; in the fore wings the third and fourth bands are
parallel ; the third is dimidial deeply indented on each side in the middle; the fourth is greatly
abbreviated ; the fifth is complete, somewhat distended in the middle and then tapering to a point,
having a general tendency to the inner apical angle; at the base is a short longitudinal litura ; the
hinder wings have four bands ; the third, from the posterior margin, is dimidial, the fourth forms
a sudden curve in the anal region and then ascends along the whole course of the inner margin, until
it terminates at the thorax; interior of this are three oblong marks, individually ornamented with
a silvery dot, disposed in a regularly transverse series, and finally at the base, a triangular spot,

touching the thorax.

In all these species the wengs of the male are adorned with a violet varying tint, spreading over the whole
surface of the hinder pair, but confined to the anal area of the fore wings. Underneath the transverse
bands are marked in all, with a continued or interrupted medial silvery striga. The two posterior bands are
always regularly parallel with the margin. In the distribution of the other bands, the third and fourth, in
the fore wings, present in each species a decided difference: and the minor modifications peculiar to each
are detailed in the Latin description. The abdomen, in all these species, is marked with distinct yellow
bands ; the taz/s are long, slender, orange at their union with the anal angle, brown or black in the middle,
and white at the extremity. The brown antenne have a ferruginous tip, and very minute, close, dusky
bands on their filiform portion, These three species further resemble each other in the orange-coloured
termination of the anal angle, which is separated above from the adjoining portion of the surface, by a
regularly oblique boundary, but is gradually diffused, and of a brighter tint underneath, while both surfaces
are marked with two ocellate spots of intense black, the interior being round and lunular, slightly diversified
in the different species, and adorned by a short streak or arc of silvery irrorations, the exterior one, between
the tails, oblong, transverse, and surmounted at the inner edge, by a large oblong shining group of metallic
dots.

40. Ampiypopra Rocuana. Ale supri maris nigre, antice plagd oblongd, postice plagad ambitui
ale subconformi ad basin profundé emarginatd secundum aspectum cyaned vel saturate thalas-
sino micante : subtus badie, postice saturatiores in puniceum vergentes, ared anali anticarum
dilutiore posticarum cand; antice ad basin lined attenuatd—, tunc in disco stigmate brevi—, pone,
medium fascid arcuatd ex maculis minutis cuneatis intermedi: sagittata introrsim longissimeé cus-
pidat i et intra marginem strigd lunularum—, postice arcu humerali plagdque maximéd basilari
iregulariter oblongd, costam versus dilatiore rotundatd, extis profunde sinuatd ints appendiculo
lineart ad angulum rectum divergente auctd—, tunc strigd totam paginam arcuatim excurrente
ad costam e maculd oblongd oriundd, in disco notis cuneatis eformata et versus marginem
imteriorem bifidd—, postice denique strigd duplict maculas oblongas includente omnibus nitide-

Nevers

LEPIDOPTERA. 109

niveis : in regione anali tenid oblongd exteriore margini paralleli, maculd orbiculari lobo anali
impositd striolisque ad marginem interiorem duabus aterrimis, tenid denique oblongd punctis
albis trroratd inter caudas medid. (Exp. alar. 1 une. 5 lin.)

Tings above, in the male, black, the anterior with an oblong patch, the hinder with a large area
nearly circumscribed according to the outline of the wing, deeply notched at the base and sepa-
rated by a narrow curved border from the posterior margin, deep cyaneous blue, or reflecting
in a different light a beautiful sea-green lustre: underneath dark reddish brown, the hinder
covered with a shining bay reflexion; the anal area paler and clouded, in the fore wings,
uniformly gray, and defined in the form of a regular arch in the hinder pair; the surface of
both pairs bearing diversified marks of a beautiful shining silvery white, arranged in the following
manner: in the fore wings a narrow white line, attenuated towards the base extends near the
inner boundary of the costal area about one-third of the wing; on the disk stands a very short
transverse stigma; behind this follows a curved interrupted band of five wedge-shaped dots, of
which the intermediate one is greatly lengthened and sagittiform, and, near the posterior margin,
a gently curved striga of minute arcs: the hinder wings have a delicate dash at the inner
costal curve, then a very large oblong longitudinally disposed spot with irregularly defined
edges, narrow at its basal extremity, enlarged into a rounded head as it approaches the middle
of the costal margin, the exterior edge being deeply sinuated and the interior produced into a
lengthened process stretching at right angles to the disk; behind this an irregular striga extend-
ing in an arch across the entire surface at the anterior boundary of the gray anal area, commenc-
ing near the middle of the costa with a large irregular dot, continued over the disk by four or five
wedge-shaped marks, and then passing in two slightly diverging acutely flexuose lines to the inner
margin ; lastly near the hinder margin a double striga, the interior one undulated, enclosing a
few oblong reddish brown marks terminating near the external tail, all of a shining white tint,
being succeeded by a large oblong transverse patch of a deep black colour and a stripe closely
dotted with white, both which are regularly parallel with the posterior margin, while the anal
appendage itself is covered by a large circular black spot, and two marks of the same colour,
edged with white, are disposed along the oblique portion of the inner margin. The body is
brown above and hoary underneath; the antenne are uniformly brown to a short ferruginous
tip; the black tazls have a delicate medial line and a white extremity.

A single male specimen is contained in our museum.

41. Amptypopia JatinpRA. Ale supra foemine fusce, antice immaculate, postice plaga latissimd,
angulum apicalem anteriorem non attingente dilute azured ex argenteo nitente, maculis tribus
oblongis submarginalibus interiore saturatiore adjectis ; appendiculo anali lunuld viridi-argented
irrorato ; strigd marginali fimbridque niveis, lined aterrimd in regione anali flexuosd inter-
medid: subtius basali parte dimidid lacted, apicali fuscd dilute violaceo fucatd, in anticis striga
undulata mediand nived fretd, plagd apicali dilutiore angulo anali canescente, in posticis Sascid
laté marginali albd, maculis oblongis obsoletis canis et in regione anali ocellis duobus maximis
orbiculatis aterrimis notatd, quorum ecteriore lunuld saturate fulvd introrsum radiatd, interiore
appendiculum analem ipsum occupante iride lata viridi-argented cincto ; macula circulart punctis
argenteis irroratd ocellis intermedia ; striolis duabus obliquis abbreviatis notique angulart

Jformam

110 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

formam V mentiente illis intermedid nigris, in serie marginem interiorem petente ocellisque

parallelé digestis. (Exp. alar. 1 une. 7 lin.)
Poly tus Nedymond. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. 634.

Wings above, in the female, pure brown, the anterior immaculate, the hinder with a broad oblong
posterior band of a pale azure tint, varying according to the aspect to pale sea-green with a
silvery reflexion, bearing at the exterior edge three oblong black marks, of which the interior
one has the deepest tint, the whole being bordered externally by a white marginal line, separated
from the fringe of the same colour by an intermediate black thread which is flexuose in the anal
region; the anal appendage bears a lunule covered with silvery sea-green resplendent dots :
underneath the basal dimidial portion of the surface is satin-white, the apical portion brown with
a slight violet shade ; the latter is further subdivided, in the anterior wings, by an intermediate
abbreviated undulated white striga, the posterior half being paler and the whole of the «mer
apical angle gray ; in the hinder wings the marginal portion is white and marked with four obso-
lete gray spots, fainter as they recede from the outer apical angle; the anal region is white and
bears two very large, strongly pronounced, intensely black circular ocellate spots, with an inter-
mediate round group of greenish silvery irrorations ; the exterior ocellus bears internally a broad
orange lunule spreading in a radiant manner towards the disk ; the second ocellus occupies the anal
appendage itself and is entirely surrounded by a narrow annular iris of a pale green silvery tint ;
parallel with the ocelli three delicate black marks are arranged in a series, the intermediate one
forming an angular mark resembling the letter V, the lateral ones constituting two short oblique
striole; a very faint oblique bifid streak stretches from the inner ocellus towards the anal
angle. The body is brown above and white underneath; the antenne are brown with a ferru-
ginous tip and marked underneath with delicate bands alternately white and brown; the tails
are white very delicately fringed at the sides, and marked longitudinally with a distinct black

medial line.

This highly beautiful species, originally described in the Encyclopédie, has not, as yet, to my knowledge
been figured in any work. I have already stated my reasons for applying the name of Nedymond, by
which it is designated in the Encyclopédie, to our 28th species (see above, p. 98); and I have, in the
preceding description, directed the attention of the reader to the markings on the under-surface, which
discriminate this species, by printing them in italics. Besides these particulars which relate only to colour
and painting, our insect differs likewise in form and belongs to a different section of this subgenus. The anal
appendage is rounded and the wings are provided with two tails.

42. Ampiypopia Lonernus. Ale supra maris cyanee argenteo-micantes, nitore saturato variabili,
limbis apiceque largissimo anticarum nigris ; foeminee sordide albe basi tantum azureo irrorate,
antice limbis fuscis, postice margine anteriore discoque fusco-nebulosis, seriebus insuper duabus
punctorum, margint apicali parallelis, strigdque eaxtimd nigris, maculis duabus aree@ analis
oblongis insignioribus : subtus sericeo-grisee serie communi posticd ex arcubus minutis nigris in
anticis continud in posticis subflexuosd, notd insigniori angulari in regione anali plage
ocellulis intermedie oppositd ; antice insuper strigd obsoletd margini parallelé ex maculis
oblongis canis albido limbatis, postice: strigd conformi gemind et deinde in regione anali ocellis
duobus atris alterd exteriore minore orbiculari in plaga maxima Sulva ints subguadrata nidu-

lante

Sees 3

LEPIDOPTERA. 111

lante, altero maximo appendiculo anali imposito intis lunuld fulvd eatis strigd tenui argenteo-
trroratd auctd, plagd denique circulari punctis argenteis obsoletioribus aspersd ocellis intermedia.
(Exp. alar. 1 unc. 5—7 lin.)
Hesperia R. Longinus. Fab. Ent. Syst. Em. Suppl. p. 430. No. 77-78.
Polyommatus Longinus. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. 634.
Plate I, fig. 7.

Wings above, in the male, cyaneous blue, with a saturated silvery reflexion changing according to
the light to sea-green, the borders throughout and the exterior dimidial portion of the fore
wings, defined by a boundary extending obliquely across the disk, being black, the inner exca-
vated margin of the hinder wings gray; in the female sordid white, all the wings with pale azure
silvery irrorations confined to the base, fore wings with broad brown borders, hinder pair
faintly clouded with brown and paler anterior margin, bearing two rows of minute black spots
parallel with the posterior margin and an extreme black thread; the two interior spots of the
exterior series being larger more pronounced and succeeded by an obsolete brown lunule
on the anal appendage ; fringe throughout gray: underneath satin-gray with a common striga of
minute black arcs, beyond the middle, regular and disposed in close contact in the fore wings
flexuose and farther removed from the margin in the hinder pair, interrupted by a more con-
spicuous arc or angular mark in the curve at the anal region, opposed to the medial space
between the tails; the fore wings have besides between the principal striga and the margin a
regular series of very obsolete oblong grayish spots faintly margined with white ; this is continued
in the hinder wings by a double series of the same kind with more distinct spots and fol-
lowed in the anal region by two intensely black ocellate spots, the exterior one near the marginal
notch being small regularly circular and bedded in a large fulvous patch with an abruptly
transverse interior edge, the other ocellus occupying the anal appendage, being oblong-trans-
verse, bordered internally by a fulvous lunule and ornamented externally by a narrow metallic
streak; between these is a round group of delicate silvery irrorations on a hoary ground. The
tails are black with white edges and tips; the antenne brown with a ferruginous tip, and marked
on one side with delicate transverse grayish dots. The body is covered with a bluish sea-green
down above and with delicate white hairs underneath.

Amblypodia Longinus deviates both in the larva and imago states from the species described in the third
section, which I consider as typical in this subgenus. The larva is considerably distended anteriorly,
excavated at the sides, contracted behind and transversely swelled at the segments (see Plate iv. fig. 5).
In the imago state the peculiarity chiefly exhibits itself in the antenne, which are abruptly terminated by
a short point (see Plate iv. fig. 5, c.). In the character of the anal appendages and of the tails, the various
species arranged in this section generally agree, with the exception of Amblypodia Etolus ; but nothing is
as yet known of their metamorphosis ; and the investigation of the larva forms of this subgenus, which is so
much diversified in the imago state, deserves the closest attention of Entomologists in foreign countries.

Amblypodia Longinus is not unfrequent, and I obtained six male and five female specimens chiefly by
breeding : the larva feeds on a species of Loranthus, which grows parasitically in great abundance on the
Mango and other fruit trees surrounding the villages of the natives. The discoidal litura, represented in
the figures, does not appear in all our specimens.

43. Ampiypopra Eryuus. Ale supra fusce maris saturatiores, salvis linedmarginali singularum macu-
ldque discoided anticarum nigricantibus,cyaneo mutabili saturato micantes; foeminee canescenti-fus-

co nebulose, fascid saturatiore communi pone discum, in posticis flexuosa et in regione anali plaga
abbreviata

112 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

abbreviatd albdconjunctid, ocellisque duobus aterrimis albo annulatis maculaque fuscescente in appen-
diculo anali; lined denique marginali alba undulata in utroque sexu: subtus argenteo-grisee, singule .
liturd gemind discoided fascidque communt insigni, in anticis strictd, in posticis subinfractd,
in regioné anali flecuosd notdque angulari interstitio ocellarum oppositd rufescentibus, lineis
niveis utringue limbatis ; intra marginem posticum strigad ex maculis oblongis obsolete fuscis
in anticis simplici completd, in posticis duplict dimidiata in regione anali ocellis duobus
aterrimis fretd, altero eateriore lunuld aurantid intus obducto, altero appendiculo anali tm-
posito, tenia albo-irrorata ocellis intermedia ; tune striga nived undulata ad medium ale
extensti et denique lined atré cano-fimbriatd marginem legente. (Exp.alar. 1 unc. 2—6 lin.)
Polyommatus Erylus. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. 633.

Wings above brown, in the male more saturated and covered with a very rich cyaneous blue lustre
which disappears almost entirely in a certain direction to the light; a narrow border in both
wings and a large discoidal spot in the anterior pair always preserve the original ground colour
inclining to blackish; in the female the tint is without blue lustre and slightly clouded with
erayish brown, a saturated brown band passes a little behind the disk through both pair, being
flexuose in the hinder and accompanied in the anal region by a subdimidial arched band con-
sisting of a series of confluent broad white spots; behind this a very faint narrow band passes in
a curve across the whole wing, and close to the margin is a somewhat more distinct row of spots
originating at a small distance from the outer apical angle enclosed by two delicate white strigze
being continued in the anal region by two very large deep black ocelli, encircled by white rings,
while a fainter ferruginous spot covers the anal appendage; the latter also appears in the male
and a brilliant white marginal thread winds in both sexes along the anal region, exterior to which
is a black marginal thread while the wings are uniformly terminated by a grayish fringe: wnder-
neath the wings are silvery-gray with a faint glaucous cast; on the disk of each pair stands a short
double reddish-yellow litura; behind this follows a more distinct and saturated common band of
the same colour, narrowly edged on both sides with brilliant snow-white lines, nearly straight with
an oblique outward tendency in the fore wings but slightly interrupted and flexuose in the hinder
wings ; then an angular mark resembling the letter V standing at the curve in the anal region,
from which a detached line passes obliquely to the inner margin, having a fainter line parallel
to it at the extreme boundary; between this band and the extreme margin passes a connected
series of obsolete brown marks which is complete in the fore wings and subdimidial in the
hinder pair, being followed in the anal region by two very large black circular ocelli separated
by an intermediate oblong group of white dots, which are crowded more distinct and_ brilliant
in an attenuated transverse streak adjoining the interior ocellus; the latter occupies the anal
appendage itself and is bordered internally by a narrow white are while the exterior ocellus is
surrounded by a very large orange lunule; posteriorly both ocelli are bordered by a brilliant
white waving marginal line exterior to which is a black thread and gray fringe. Body brown
above, hoary underneath: abdomen marked laterally with white bands. Antenne brown with a
ferruginous tip, and delicate white bands along the filiform basal portion. yes covered with a

delicate ferruginous down and edged posteriorly with white. Zegs covered with a white down
and marked with black bands.

; ibis species occurred occasionally in my breeding-cages; as the larva was not delineated I conclude that
it is nearly allied in form and appearance to the other larve of this genus. Our specimens are one male
and two females. The authors of the Encyclopédie have given the first description of this species.

44, AMBLYPODIA

LEPIDOPTERA. 113

44. AmsBiypopia Jancata. Ale supra brunnee immaculate, postice margine interiore abdomen

excipiente sericeo-cano, appendiculo anali lunuld ferrugined freto strigdque posticd albd et denique

Jimbrid nigra cincto : subtis ferrugineo-fuscescentes nitore glauco in purpureum vergente lavate,
ared anali anticarum dilutiore; singule liturd discoided gemind saturatd abbreviatd ; pone
discum strigd communi ea lineolis brevibus rectis eontiguis, in anticis stricta dimidiatd in posticis
ad marginem anteriorem fractd tunc undulata et in regione anali interruptd creperisque canes-
centibus limbatd ; maculis ocellaribus duabus orbiculatis maximis saturate fuscis ferrugineo-
nitentibus, plaga clbo-irroratd distinctis, postice strigd nived margini paralleld circumscriptis ;
notis quatuor viridi-aureo nitentibus in serie ocellis interiore digestis, primd marginis medio
paralleli, secundd arcum formante super ocellum exteriorem, tertid angulari ocellis intermedia,
quartd attenuata ab ocello interiore ad marginis medium feré prolatd. (Exp. alar. ] unc.
24 lin.)

Wings above uniformly dark brown, with a very faint varying purple reflexion; inner margin of
the hinder pair silky gray; anal appendage bearing a saturated ferruginous lunule and confined
exteriorly by a white arc, behind which is a delicate black line gradually evanescent towards the
marginal notch; a gray fringe surrounds the margins of all the wings: underneath ferruginous
brown with a glaucous gloss changing to purple according to the direction of the light; anal
area of the forewings ferruginous gray; disk of all the wings marked with a short double
brownish litura; between this and the posterior margin follows a delicate but distinct brown
striga with a purple gloss, consisting of minute linear fragments which in the fore wings are
regular and contiguous, forming a slightly curved striga commencing at a small distance from
the costa and terminating at the anal area; in the hinder pair this striga passes over the whole
surface, being broken at the costa, slightly waving in the middle region, and then passing, after
several interruptions, to the inner margin, being marked in the anal region exteriorly with
several whitish angular clouds; the whole of the anal portion of the wing is covered with a
saturated ferruginous band continued obliquely to the anterior apical angle, regularly defined
interiorly, and bearing exteriorly at the margin two very large circular spots, ferruginous-
brown, varying to purple and separated by a group of white atoms: the inner edge is orna-
mented with four delicate emerald-green marks with a golden lustre, the first near the middle of
the margin being short and linear, the second forming a semicircular arc above the exterior
ocellus, the third opposed to the intermediate group of atoms being angular or resembling the
letter V, the fourth forming a minute lunule over the interior ocellus from which it is continued
one-third of the length of the inner margin; exteriorly the anal region is bordered by a delicate
grayish thread, beyond which a brownish fringe extends along the pangs: Body brow above,
pale ferruginous gray underneath, antenne brown with numerous white bands on one side, tas

black tipt with white.

A single female specimen is contained in our collection,

45. Amprypopra Vipura. Ale supra maris leté azuree argenteo-relucentes nitore mutabili dilute
thalassino ; antice penicillo insigni sericeo-albo inflexo punctoque nigro in imo disco adpresso,
marginibus apiceque large atris limite interiore arcuato circumscriptis, TOs? margine
apicali lunuldque in appendiculo anali nigris cano-fimbriatis, canali abdomen ReciETEM® albo
villis sericeis canescentibus vestito : subtus canescenti-fusce nitore pallidé argenteo micantes,

2 fascia

114 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.
fascia communi mediand nived valde insigni strictd in regione anali posticarum attenuata flexurd
tenui arcuata et strigd obliqui ad marginem interiorem ductd ; tune strigd communi nigricante
gracillimd ex lineolis abbreviatis conflatd, disco et margini postico intermedia, in anticis con-
tinud subarcuatd in posticis interruptd in regione anali flexuosa fasciam niveam legente et ad
marginem interiorem eacurrente ; intra marginem posticarum in dimidio costali serie obsoletd
punctorum oblongarum strigis binis niveis amplexd ; dimidio anali vero maculis duabus
orbiculatis aterrimis maximis plagique nigro irrorati intermedia freto; ocello exteriore
plagd oblongd aurantid maximd intds quadratd obducto, altero appendiculo anali imposito intus
arcu niveo et strigd brevi obliqud ad marginem productd stipatd, strigd denique tenui nived cano-
Jimbriatd secus marginem imum excurrente. (Exp. alar. 1 une. 6 lin.)

Plate I, fig. 6; 6, a.

Wings above, in the male, bright azure with a snowy refulgence spread as a delicate white powder
over the surface, while the ground colour assumes in a different aspect a pale sea-green cast;
the fore wings are ornamented with a delicate white silky brush-like appendage, reflected and
closely applied to a blackish spot on the middle of the disk; the margins are black, gradually
increasing in breadth to the tip, being separated by a curved boundary from the azure ground ;
in the Ainder wings the posterior border is marked with a black thread extending to the anal
appendage, which bears besides a black lunule; the extreme fringe is gray ; in the exterior
margin is a hemispherical denudated silvery spot, corresponding with a delicate brush of
lengthened hairs in the under side of the fore wings; the interior border is covered with a delicate
whitish down, slightly fringed with gray: underneath the wings are grayish brown with a very
faint livid lustre; a strongly pronounced broad snow-white band passes in a straight line through
the middle of both pair to the anal region of the hinder wings, where it becomes narrower,
and after several minute curves, stretches obliquely to the interior margin; between this and the
hinder margin is a very delicate blackish thread composed of small linear fragments, in close
contact, arranged in a regular curve across the fore wings, slightly interrupted and curved in
the hinder, forming in the anal region a delicate edge along the medial white band; the hinder
wings are further marked within the posterior margin with a row of oblong spots of the ground
colour enclosed within a double series of white lunules, and continued in the anal region by
two very large circular black ocellate spots, the exterior one being surmounted by a large
oblong patch of a bright orange tint abruptly terminated at its contact with the black striga, the
interior one occupying the anal appendage, being covered internally with a white arc sending off
a short oblique line along the inner margin; the space between the ocelli is gray, irregularly
irrorated with black and marked in the middle by an indistinct white lunule, a brilliant white
thread passes along the entire anal region, exterior to which is a continued black marginal
thread, and finally a grayish fringe. Body with a varying bluish or sea-green tint above,
covered with a yellowish down underneath ; antenue brown, with a closely catenulated lateral
white line extending to the origin of the club, the tip of which is ferruginous; ¢ails black with
a white tip and grayish fringe.

This species, as appears from a drawing in the possession of General Hardwicke, is also found on the
continent of India. In Java it is comparatively rare, a single male specimen was brought to England.

46.

Ae i

LEPIDOPTERA: 115
46. AmBtyropiA Erorus. Ale supra antice nigre basi ceerulescente, postice ccerulescentes
angulo apicali exteriore punctisque duobus analibus distantibus migris : subtus antice testaceo-
Susce salvi basi obliqué definitd corulescente, strigis tribus saturatioribus, anteriore abbreviatd
gemind discoidali, alter mediand signi ad aream analem abrupté terminatd, tertid obsoletda
Jeré completé margini apicali paralleld anticé evanescente ; postice pallidé cerulescentes puncto
insigni aterrimo albo cincto versus basin ad costam sito ; tunc pone discum strigd tenui interrupta
ex lineolis ferrugineis et in regione anali ex notis nigris flexuoso-undulatis linedque interiore
obliqua ad marginem interiorem tendente ; intra marginem posticum denique serie duplici ex strigis
JSerrugineis juxta angulum eateriorem diffusis indeterminatis versus medium attenuatis, strigd
interiore in regione anali puncto oblongo nigro definitd, exteriore vero in eadem regione maculis
duabus maxims ocellaribus aterrimis tenidque marginali albo irroratd intermedid efformaté ;
liturd insuper marginali attenuata introrsum cuspidaté punctis viridi-argenteis irrorati ocello
interiort adnata ; margine extremo lined atrd undulata albo-fimbriaté limbato. (Exp. alar.
lin. 13.) .
Papilio P. R. Etolus. Fab. Mant. Ins. tom. 2. p. 66. No. 620.
Polyommatus Etolus. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. 639.

Anterior wings above black with a bluish base, hinder wings light blue and silvery, with an
oblong abbreviated black patch at the outer apical angle and two circular distant subocellate
black spots in the anal region: underneath greatest portion of the surface of the fore wings
testaceous brown, separated by an oblique boundary from the bluish base; surface marked with
a short double litura on the disk, a distinct abbreviated medial and a very faint almost com-
plete posterior band, all these marks having a more saturated brown tint than the ground ;
hinder wings pale blue, with a whitish lustre, bearing near the base, in contact with the costa,
a very distinct black dot enclosed in a faint white ring; then, behind the disk, a very delicate
striga of interrupted ferruginous lineolz followed in the anal region by an irregularly flexuose
black line passing obliquely to the inner margin; posterior margin marked with a double series
consisting of two parallel ferruginous strigse, clouded and diffuse at the outer apical angle,
attenuated towards the middle of the wing, the interior of these strigee terminating by a distinct
oblong dot between the ocellate spots, the exterior bearing a small black dot at the middle of
the margin, after which follow in the same line two very large intensely black round ocellate
spots with an intermediate group of white irrorations, which are more thickly disposed and
covered with a greenish silvery cast on a black wedge-shaped dash at the edge of the inner ocellus,
having its point directed towards the disk. Body brown above, sparingly clothed with bluish
hairs, whitish and downy underneath; antenne brown, delicately annulated with white to the
club, which is terminated by a ferruginous tip; /egs banded alternately white and black.

Fabricius alone, as far as I have observed, has hitherto given a description of this species; it is there-
fore important to confirm his very concise indication by the more detailed description of a specimen in
excellent preservation. Being peculiar in its sectional character, it is accordingly placed at the end of the
series described; and it remains to be determined whether it be really a distinct type, or whether the
hiatus remaining may be supplied by intermediate forms. Several peculiarities in the form, painting, and
external habit of this species lead us to those insects which will be described in the next genus.

Q 2 Genus

116 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

Genus MYRINA. Fab. Latr.

Larva

CHARACTER. Chrysalis

} hactenus incognite.

Imago: Antenne mediocres, sensim incrassatee, capitulo cylindrico vix subarcuato, apice acuto ;
basin versus introrstm sulco leviter crenulato exaratee, articulis extremis parce setosis.

Palpi clongati, stricti, compressi, graciles, parum divergentes, antennis longitudine tertia parte
zequales; articulo basilari brevi, capiti adnato, fasciculo ovato ex villis sericeis vestite ; articulo
secundo elongato, oblongo, ultra basin capite soluto, assurgente, villis densis, teneris, zequalibus
deorstim versis arcté obtecto; articulo tertio teneri, oblongo, obtuso, recté porrecto, villis
brevissimis obsito.

Proboscis dilatatus, palpis longior, apice latere altero setis crebris brevibus munito.

Caput breve, obtusum. Oculi planiusculi, nudi. Corpus breve, acutum. dle antice oblonge,
obtusze; posticze versus regionem analem angustiores, subtruncate, appendiculo anali brevi
caudisque rectis munita. Pedes antici tarsis pro sexu diversis; maris articulo solitario, cylindrico,
attenuato, obtuso, squamis minutis annulatis arcté obtecto, subtusque villis adsperso; foeminze
quinque-articulatis, attenuatis, squamulis minutis annulatim ordinatis vestitis, subtus setis
quoque adspersis, articulo primo tumidiore, extimo unguibus duobus minimis, appendiculis
utrinque lateralibus et pulvillo intermedio praedito, serie denique terminali villorum apicem
occultante: pedes medii et postici in utroque sexu unguibus duobus minimis, appendiculis
lateralibus et pulvillo intermedio muniti.

Cuaracrer. The larva and chrysalis as yet unknown. In the perfect insect: Antenne of mo-
derate length increasing gradually in thickness to a cylindrical club which tapers to a short
point; basal portion with an obsolete internal groove transversely crenulated, while the extreme
joints are marked with minute bristles. Pa/pi straight, compressed, slender ; measuring one-
third at least the length of the antenne: basal joint short, closely applied to the head, covered
by a tuft of delicate silky hairs; second joint long, oblong, projecting far beyond the head,
gradually tending upwards, closely covered underneath with silky hairs uniformly pointing
downwards; third joint slender, oblong, obtuse, pointing forward, covered with a very minute,
short down. Proboscis broad, longer than the palpi, with short bristles at the extremity.
Head short, obtuse. yes not prominent, even, naked. Body short, acute. Wings : anterior
oblong, obtuse; posterior, attenuated towards the anal region, abruptly truncated, with a short
anal appendage and straight tails following the direction of the wings. Feet: anterior of the
male, with tarsi consisting of a single, subcylindrical, attenuated, obttise joint, covered with
minute scales, arranged in alternate rings of different colours, among which, underneath, stiff
bristles are also scattered; the extremity being blunt, incurved, without claws, but provided
with several stiff bristles: of the female, with tarsi consisting of five joints, the first thick and
long, the rest gradually attenuated to the terminal one, which has two minute lateral claws, an
appendage on each side, and an intermediate pulvillus, all which are concealed by a transv
series of hairs; the general hairy covering, and the bristles underneath, are similar to those of
the males: the mid legs and hind legs, in both sexes are also provided with two minute claws,
resembling in their appendages, pulvilli, and general structure the anterior feet of the female.

The illustrations given of this genus on the second plate of the first part, fig. 5,a; 5,b3 5, ¢; 5, d;
5) €; are by no means complete; several points, particularly those relating to the diversified

erse

structure

LEPIDOPTERA. 117

structure of the tarsi in the sexes, were ascertained since the arrangement of the plates of the
first part for the engraver. These will be given in a future number.
The peculiarities of this genus and its relation to the genus next in order, will be pointed out after the
description of that genus.
* Alis posticis caudis tribus, intermedii longissimd, interiore mediocri, exteriore brevi
dentt marginali adherente.

47. Myrina Ravinpra. Ale antice fusce immaculate, maris saturatiores nigricantes ; postice in
mare cyanee pulverulente vel in certa luce thalassino variabili micantes, relicto margine exteriore
lato, postico angusto lineari, albo-fimbriato fuscis ; in femina fusce, limbo angusto postico sa-
turatiore ; utroque sexu maculis tribus atris in regione anali in serie marginali digestis, inte-
riore appendiculo anali impositd, in feemina lunulis diffusis pallidé ceruleis inductis, strigd
denique tenui nigra albo-fimbriatd marginem posticum legente : subtus antice canescenti-fusce
ared anali ad basin dilutiore, maculis fasciisque saturatioribus tenuissimée albo marginatis ;
macula interiore longitudinali in area mediana per tertiam partem pagine extensd, alterd trans-
versd costam non attingente ante discum sitd, tertid discoidali brevissimd ; tune pone discum
Sascid ex striolis duabus diverse indolis conjunctis efformatd, exteriore simplici interiore dilatiore,
albo-limbatd ; intra marginem denique serie simplict completd rectd lineolarum obsoletarum ;
postice albe atro insigniter maculate ; maculis duabus basilaribus elongatis parallelis costam non
attingentibus, interstitio vero puncto oblongo versus costam tendente freto ; tunc in medio serie
trium macularum late interruptd duabus nempe exterioribus conformibus utrinque quadratis
tertid discoidali latiore ; pone discum serie costam non attingente ex maculis quatuor vel quinque
difformibus interiore elongatdé insigniore versus discum anguli instar inflexd ad marginem in-
teriorem bifida ; pone hanc strigd tenui completd ex lunulis striolisque in arcum subflecuosum
per paginam totam ductd et denique serie maculari posticd intra marginem, maculis exterio-
ribus tribus linearibus obsoletis interioribus quinque difformibus aterrimis seriatis analibus
exterioribus oblongis, proximis hinc inde interioribus semilunaribus maximis alterd in appen-
diculo anali alteré m sinu marginis ad dentem exteriorem sitd, quintd denique obsoletiore
intermedia, singulis secundum ordinem, strigis lunulis et plaga oblonga viridi-argenteo irroratis
inductis. (Exp. alar. lin. 11—17.)

Plate I, fig. 11; 11, a.

Anterior wings above brown, more saturated in the male, posterior wings covered in the male
with a cyaneous pulverulent glossy tint, varying according to the light to sea-green, increasing
in strength to the hinder margin; a broad exterior and a narrow posterior border are brown,
the latter having a snow-white fringe which also extends to the paler inner margin; in the
female these wings are brown, with the exception of a few faint diffuse bluish lunules covering
three semilunar black spots, which in this sex, as well as in the male, are arranged along the
posterior boundary of the anal region: underneath the fore wings are grayish brown, with a
whitish anal area, and marked with dark brown spots and bands enclosed by very delicate white
edges; the first spot stands at the base in a longitudinal direction ; before this are two transverse
spots, the outer being very minute and occupying the disk; behind this follows a complet band,
which is simple and slender exteriorly, but broad and margined in its interior dimidial portion ;

within the margin an obsolete series of interrupted lineolar fragments passes over the whole
surface;

118 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.
surface; the hinder wings are white, and marked on the base and disk with oblong black spots, in
the following manner: the two interior near the base are lengthened parallel with each other,
and bearing at their costal termination an intermediate black spot; near the middle, three
oblong spots abruptly terminated at each end form a widely interrupted series, behind which
follows another broken row of four or five spots, not extending to the costa, of which the
interior one is lengthened, hooked at its discoidal extremity, and bifid at the inner margin ;
beyond this a delicate black striga composed of lunules and minute lines passes in an arch over
the whole surface; the posterior margin itself is lined with a macular series, commencing with
three exterior spots minute and simple, extending from the costa to the middle, being followed
in the anal region by five diversified intensely black spots, one at each extremity being simple
and oblong, the next adjoining internally on each side semilunar and large; of these, one is
disposed on the anal appendage, the other at the marginal angle in the sinus, while the medial
space is occupied by an oblong spot placed at a small distance from the margin; they are indi-
vidually covered with greenish silvery atoms, corresponding in form to the spots to which they
are applied, and forming by their union an undulate band stretching along the inner confines of
the anal region. Body brown above, hoary underneath. Antenne brown with a ferruginous
tip, delicately crenulated with white along the lateral groove. Legs white, with distant black
bands on the tibiae, and numerous bands on the tarsi. Tazls white, with a medial black striga.

This species greatly resembles Hesperia R. Lisias of Fabricius, of which a specimen is preserved in the
Banksian cabinet. A clear distinguishing character is however afforded by the fore wings, which are
uniformly immaculate in both sexes. Our collection contains numerous male and female specimens. In
the painting of the lower surface this species still preserves an affinity to the individuals of Amblypodia, but
in essential characters it rigidly agrees with Myrina, as above defined.

** Allis posticis caudis duabus denteque marginali prominulo ; caudd exteriore longissimd,
interiore mediocrt.

48. Mynrina Jarra. Ale supra fusce maris cupreo saturato in violacewmn vergente micantes ;
antice immaculate, postice regione anali atria, in mare maculis duabus niveis JSretd, und
marginali lunari insigni, alterd interiore oblonga odsoletd ; in feemina fascid nived msigni ex
maculrs tribus oblongis connatis efformatd lunuldque insuper maximd ad marginem posticum :
subtus albe nitore diluto canescente lavate, antice limbis exteriore et postico strioli tenuissimd
discoidali strigdque completi posticd undulatd ex lineolis interruptis efformata JSerrugineis,
strigd denique maculari intra marginem obsoletissimd ejusdem coloris ; postice pone discum striga
tenuissimd completa nigrd, e costa ad medium usque ex lunulis interruptis in regione anali vero
ex notis arcuatis sonflati ; tune strigd tenui interrupta completi in arcum per totam paginam
ducta ; posticé denique intra marginem serie macularum 3 maculis quatuor exterioribus oblongis
obsoletis, interioribus quinque inequalibus aterrimis, extremis nempe lincaribus, proximis maxi-
mis angulatis subocellaribus, alterd in sinu marginali alterd in appendiculo anali dispositda,
quinta oblonga transversd in spatio intermedio sitd, singulis in ordine lineolis extremis lunalis
plagdque intermedia viridi-argenteis irroratis. (Exp. alar. 1 une. 5-7 lin.)

Plate II, fig. 5; 5, a.
Myrina Jafra. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. 593.

Wings

LEPIDOPTERA. 119

Wings above blackish brown, the male covered with a beautiful saturated cupreous gloss slightly
varying to purple; the anerior pair immaculate in both sexes, the posterior with the anal
extremity black separated by a regularly transverse boundary, in the male marked with two
white spots, one large, ]unulate and marginal, the other oblong, narrow, and exactly opposed to
the exterior one at the inner boundary of the anal region; in the female a broad snow-white
band separates the anal from the middle region: it consists of three oblong spots, of which the
exterior one is narrow and passes obliquely towards the margin ; a very large lunule of the same
colour occupies at the margin the extreme space between the tails: wnderneath the wings are
white with a grayish shade covered with a slight lustre; the anterior pair have the exterior and
posterior borders ferruginous, the tint being faint and diffuse interiorly but more intense in
contact with the margin; a very delicate discoidal line, a complete undulated striga behind the
disk composed of interrupted lineola, and a very obsolete row of spots within the posterior
margin are of the same colour; the hinder wings have beyond the disk a very delicate black
striga composed at the costal extremity of interrupted lunules, and in the anal region of
arcuated marks disposed in regular succession; then follows a delicate interrupted streak passing
in a curve over the entire surface of the wing, and exteriorly of this, just within the margin in
the costal extremity, a macular series of four oblong obsolete brown spots followed by five
diversified spots of an intense black tint pervading the anal region; the extreme ones on each
side being linear, the next adjoining interiorly large, angular, subocellated, one of them being
situated in the marginal series near the notch, the other on the anal appendage; the fifth,
which is oblong and somewhat removed from the margin, occupies the medial space of the anal
region; these spots are all covered along their inner edge by marks corresponding to their
individual form of greenish silvery atoms, forming by their union an undulated streak passing
along the inner boundary of the anal region. The body above and underneath agrees in colour
with the adjoining portion of the wings; the /egs are white with distant white bands, but the
tarsi are closely banded; the antenne are brown, with a faint grayish crenulation along the
inner groove; the eyes are edged with white, and the palpi underneath are also white; the ¢ai/s
are white with a black medial streak. Besides the distinctions already enumerated, the male is
marked above by a short white line at the extreme inner margin near the base, indicating the
interior attachment of a small brush-like appendage.

We have two male and four female specimens of this spécies, which was first made public in the
Encyclopédie. The authors of that work were acquainted with one sex only, which, agreeably to the
preceding details, was the female ; the distinguishing characters of the male are now, for the first time,
given.

Genus LOXURA.
Mynrina. MM. Latr. et Godt.

CHARACTER Tice
yea * Chrysalis

Imago: Antenne breves, stricta, sensim incrassate, capitulo apice acuto basin versus haud ma-
nifesté distincto, sulco interiore longitudinali obsolete crenulato, articulis exterioribus setis

\ hactenus latent.

minutis cinctis. Pcs terer
, issimi icti i i , iver. 1 o nis dimidiam
Palpi longissimi, stricti, compressi, graciles, parum divergentes, antennarum longitu inis di d a
partem zequantes ; articulo basilari brevi capiti adnato, villis brevibus sericeis obtecto ; articulo
secundo

120 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

; ; ‘ eae
secundo longissimo, oblongo, latere superiore subarcuato, ultra basin a capite soluto, oblique

assurgente, villis tenerrimis vestito; articulo tertio mediocri, attenuato, subfalcato, vix nutante,

villis brevissimis obsito.

Proboscis dilatatus, palpis longior, apice latere altero setis crebris brevibus munito.

Caput breviusculum subrotundatum. Oculi mediocres, subprominuli, nudi. Corpus breve, atte-
nuatum, compressum. Ale antice oblong, obtuse, margine costali dilatato-arcuato ; posticee
subelongate, angulum analem versus sensim attenuate, appendiculo anali lateraliter producto,
angulari, truncato; cauda solitaria oblique divergente. Pedes an tici tarsis pro sexu diversis; maris
articulo solitario, elongato, cylindrico, obtuso, medio sulco obsoleto, transverso, exarato,
squamis minutis obtecto, subtus setis quoque adsperso; setis insuper nonnullis terminali-
bus erectis non exsertis munito; foemine quinque-articulatis, articulo basilari subelongato,
reliquis attenuatis, squamulis minutis vestitis, subtus parum setosis, articulo extimo unguibus
dnobus minutis, appendiculis utrinque lateralibus et pulvillo intermedio przedito, serie
denique terminali apicem occultante: pedes medii et postici in utroque sexu unguibus duobus
minimis, appendiculis lateralibus et pulvillo intermedio muniti.

The two genera last enumerated, Myrina and Lozura, agree in various particulars; we find them
accordingly united in the Encyclopédie, while the modifications of form which they exhibit, afford indica-
tions merely of sectional divisions, the type of one being Myrina Jafra, and of the other Myrina
Atymnus. I originally adopted this view, as appears from the explanation of the plates of the first part ;
but the examinations which I instituted in the prosecution of my inquiry, and the analysis of numerous
specimens of each species, have convinced me that they are, according to our present views, perfectly
distinct. I therefore proceed now to the detail of the most distinguishing peculiarities of Lozura. The
Antenne are short, strict, more evidently incrassated towards the point than in Myrina, and provided at the
terminal joints with more distinct bristles. The Palpi are proportionally much longer, being full half the
length of the antenne; the second and third joints differ both in form and direction, as appears from the
peculiarities which are minutely exhibited in the description and plate. The head is comparatively narrow,
and the eyes prominent, The hinder wings in Lorura are lengthened, and regularly attenuated to a
narrow anal extremity; the anal appendage is angular, with a lateral projection and an abrupt posterior
termination; these wings are provided with a single tad, which passes off in an oblique direction. In the
essential siructure of the tarsi of both sexes, Lorura agrees with Myrina; these organs are however more
elongate in the former, especially in the male, and uniformly covered with minute scales, in which the
annular disposition is obscure. But the most important character required for the illustration of these
genera is still unknown ; I mean that exhibited by the metamorphosis; but as Loaura Atymnus is found in
the Hon. Company’s botanic garden at Calcutta, I hope to be enabled to add this illustration at a future
period.

Loxura is a very remarkable genus. If stands in our series near the confines of the Vermiform and
Chilognathiform stirpes, and the indications which it affords in point of affinity, ave highly instructive. Its
relation to the genus, which in our catalogue immediately precedes it, appears, from the statements above
made, and from the illustrations given in our second plate; and although the antenne and palpi vary in
proportional length, they are very similar in form. ; :

I shall now direct the reader to those characters in Locura which indicate the approach of the Chilogna-
thiform stirpes. The external habit resembles Colias ; the colour is spread over the surface in the same
manner, and varies but little in the different sexes; the margins are similar, and the metallic irrorations
existing in Myrna are no longer observed; the markings underneath likewise are simple. The anterior
farsi of the males, although essentially agreeing with Myrina in character, are more lengthened. The

form

LEPIDOPTERA. 121

form of the hinder wings and the direction of the tail indicates an affinity to Gonepteryx ; but this resem-

blance being founded entirely on an artificial character deserves not much notice.

There is, however, a considerable hiatus in the series which I am not enabled at present to supply; and
it remains for future inquiry to determine whether the subjects already accumulated in other collections
will fill up the deficiency existing in ours, or whether the completion of the series depends on future dis-

coveries.

This genus is illustrated in the second plate ; fig. 6; 6, a; 6, b; 6, c; 6, d; 6, e.

49. Loxura Atymnus. Ale supra fulve, colore saturatiore leté aurantio, vel ditutiore in flaves-
centem vergente ; antice limbis exteriore et apicali saturate fuscis, coloribus limite intermedio
arcuato conjunctis, apice dilatiore ; postice limbo apicali pallidiore intus dilutiore evanescente,
vel pagind totd dilutiore flavescente, margine interiore productiore canescente villoso, appendiculo
anali albo-pulverulento : subtis ochraceo-flavicantes, colore opaco pulverulento equaliter diffuso,
strigis quatuor fuscescentibus parallelis, duabus interioribus obsoletissimis, tertid communi ex
lunulis contiguis conflatd, quartd intra-marginali obsoletissimad sepius inconspicud ; appendiculo
anali punctis tribus lunaribus confluentibus fuscis albo-pulverulentis imo diffusiore. (Exp.
alar. 1 unc: 2—6 lin.) i
Plate II., fig. 6; 6, a.

Papilio P. R. Atymnus. Fab. Mant. Ins. tom. 2. p. 70. No. 662.

Myrina Atymnus. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. 594.

Papilio Atymnus. Cram. pl. 331. D. E. Donov. Ind. Ins. (with a figure.)

Hospitatur in Muszeo Domini Banks.

Wings above in both sexes fulvous, the intensity of the tint varying in different individuals, from
florid but not glossy orange to pale saffron yellow; anterior with the exterior and posterior
borders blackish-brown, the intermediate boundary being regular and passing in an arch from
the middle of the costa to the inner apical angle, leaving the greatest breadth at the tip: pos-
terior with a narrower and paler apical border, whose inner edge is slightly dentate and gra-
dually diffused in the ground colour of the surface, or entirely covered with a diluted yellowish
tint; inner margin dirty grayish and downy, lengthened in the direction of the anal appendage,
which is irrorated with dusky white: underneath covered with a yellow “ochraceous pulverulent
tint which is uniformly diffused over the whole surface; marked with four brownish parallel
strigee, the two interior ones being very obsolete and apparent only in fresh aad well-conditioned
specimens, the third extending over the middle of both pairs is the most distinct and composed
of darkish lunules in close succession, the fourth just within the margin is faint and interrupted ;
the transverse anal extremity is marked with a brownish streak consisting of three confluent
spots, which are covered along the margin with whitish irrorations, the inner spot heing aN,
over the rounded extremity of the anal appendage. The body is brownish above with a slight
admixture of yellow; the thorax bears delicate silky hairs; underneath these parts-are covered
with a short close whitish down. The antenne are brown: tails pale fulvous with an obscure

brownish margin and a whitish tip.

This species is described by Fabricius, who indicates Siam as the native country, and the specimen from
which his description was probably made is still preserved in the Banksian Cabinet. Cramer has given a

fioure in which the most distinguishing organs, the palpi, are wanting. Donovan's figure does not give a
fo}
R correct

122 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE,

correct idea of the form... _It-was therefore desirable to represent both surfaces with more accuracy, an

object I trust our figure has sufficiently attained. This insect is by no means unfrequent in Java. . Our

collection contains at least eighteen specimens, The female, according to my observation, can be dis-
tinguished only by the structure of the anterior tarsi; in colour and painting it differs not perceptibly from

the male.

50. Loxura Pita. Ale supra foemine fulve, colore saturato in aurantium vergente, antice limbis
exteriore et apicali intis arcuatim circumscriptis, postice limbo apicali fascidque obliqud ab
angulo apicali anteriore ad medium-marginis interioris tendente ex maculis quatuor subcontiguis

efformatd saturate fuscis ; margine interiore abdomen excipiente cano, appendiculo anali albo

. notato : subtus ochraceo-flavicantes, colore pulverulento opaco equaliter paginam totam obtegente ;

ared mediand singularum arcubus minutis obsoletissimis fuscis notatd, in anticis sparsis in pos-

ticis seriebus duabus parallelis ordinatis, posteriore in regione anali saturatiore intus creperd

_albé limbatd ; tenid denique marginali strigd albd intus auctd, punctoque ocellari in appendiculo
as, anali lunuld alba stipatd fuscis. (Exp. alar. 15 lin.) F ay

Wings above, in the female, fulvous, the tint being saturated and inclining to orange; anterior,

with the exterior and apical borders blackish brown, meeting the orange portion in a regularly
arched boundary line, extending from the middle of the anterior costa to the inner apical angle;
posterior, with the apical border and an oblique band composed of four contiguous spots extend-
ing from the outér apical angle to the middle of the inner margin, of the same colour; anal
termination of the apical border diffuse and evanescent internally and marked with a few obso-
lete white dashes; inner margin excavated to receive the abdomen, gray : underneath ochraceous-
yellow, uniformly covered with an opaque pulverulent tint; medial portion of the surface of both
pairs marked. with numerous very minute and obsolete brown arcs, which in the hinder pair are
arranged in two parallel interrupted strigee, the posterior one increasing in distinctness towards
the inner margin, where it bears externally a lunular white cloud; extreme anal margin bearing
an irregularly diffuse brown stripe terminating in a distinct ocellate spot on the anal appendage;
the latter surrounded internally by a white lunule from which an obscure striga passes over
the extreme anal region. Tails ferruginous brown, tipt with white: body brown above, pale
yellowish underneath: degs whitish, marked with numerous well defined black bands, which
are more crowded on the tarsi.

Loxura Pita closely agrees ina generic point of view with L. Atymnus: the antenne have the same
strictness and the palpi the same proportional length: the character of the tail is likewise the same. As a
species Loxura Pita is distinguished above by a deeper orange tint, by a broader border and by a transverse
macular band on the hinder pair: underneath the ocellate spot and the marks on the anal region are more
pronounced and the legs are distinctly marked with black bands; the tail also is proportionally lengthened
and the wings are rather more expanded in breadth.

Our Museum contains a single female specimen in perfect condition.

Genus

LEPIDOPTERA. © 123

Genus PH AZDRA.
Potyommatus. MM. Latr. et Godt. Hesprria. Fab.
Parizio. Cramer, Drury, Herbst.
Larva.
CHARACTER. ; } hactenus latent.
Chrysalis.

Imago: Antenne breves, cylindricse, sensim extrorsum incrassataz, apice rotundato, inflexo,
acumine obsoleto, laterali; articulis exterioribus verticillato-ciliatis, interstitiis transvers¢
suleatis.

Palpi mediocres, graciles, compressi; articulo basilari brevissimo, ar cuato, capiti adnato; articulo
secundo oblongo, porrecto; his subtus pilis brevibus, sericeis, zequalibus, deorsim spectantibus
arcté vestitis ; articulo terminali brevi, attenuato, holosericeo.

Proboscis brevissimus, tenuis.

Caput breve, obtusum, latum. Oculi planiusculi, pilis brevissimis parcé conspersi. Corpus mediocre,
attenuatum. Ale anticae oblong, posticae rotundato-obtusze, areola discoidali posticé aperta.
Pedes antici tarsis pro sexu diversis ; maris articulo solitario, elongato, obtuso, ungue acuto
abrupte inflexo terminato, sulcis quatuor transversis, obsoletis exarato, pilis holosericeis obsito ;
Jfemine quinque-articulatis; articulo basilari elongato-ovato, tribus intermediis minimis orbi-
culatis, decrescentibus, ultimo ovali, unguibus duobus parvis, lateralibus, pulvilloque interme-
dio munito: pedes medii et postici, in utroque sexu, tarsis quinque-articulatis, singulis ungui-
bus duobus lateralibus, appendiculis et pulvillo intermedio instructis.

Cuaracter. The larva and chrysalis as yet unknown. In the perfect insect: Antenne short, cylin-
_drical, gradually thickening to the extremity, which is rounded, obtuse, with an obscure late-
“rally inflected, mamillary point; exterior articulations surrounded by minute bristles, while the
interstices are transversely sulcated or delicately wrinkled. Palpi of moderate length, slender,
compressed ; basal joint short, applied to the head; second joint oblong, obliquely porrected ;
both these are densely clothed with silky hairs of equal length; third joint short, attenuated,
tending forward, covered with a delicate silky down. Proboscis short and slender. Head short,
obtuse, broad. yes plane, very sparingly clothed with a short, scattered, down. Body. of
moderate length, attenuated. Wings: anterior oblong; posterior rounded, obtuse discoidal
cell not closed. | Feet: anterior with tarsi differently constructed in the sexes; in the male con-
sisting of a single elongate, obtuse joint, terminated by an acute abruptly inflected claw, marked
with four very obsolete transverse grooves, which are concealed by the silky down investing the
tarsus; in the female with tarsi consisting of five joints; the first oblong-ovate, the three follow-
ing very short, orbicular and decreasing in dimensions; the fifth: oval and provided with two
small lateral claws and an intermediate pulvillus: the tarsi of the middle and posterior feet have
all five joints, the terminal one being armed with two lateral claws, intermediate 1 UB Uises

and a pulvillus.

After the remarks which were made on the genus Loxura and on the indications afforded by it of the
evident approach of the Chilognathiform stirps, the introduction of another genus of lite Vermiform stirps,
which does not contribute to supply those deficiencies indicated in the series, requires some explana-
tion. The individuals of the genus now defined with the name of Pumpra, possess in their perfect state a
complication of characters, partaking of several genera, besides certain peculiarities of their: own.~ In the

structure of the antennz they agree upon the whole with Loaura ; and the palpi although’ shorter than in
R 2 that

124 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

that genus, are constructed on the same plan; whereas in the anterior feet of the male they resemble the
individuals of the first great subdivision of the genus Thecla, the Th. stricté sic dicte. In the covering of the
underside of the wings, in their markings and in the abrupt termination of the hinder pair, they differ from
all the individuals of the genera Lycena and Thecla. But our knowledge of the genus Phedra is still
imperfect and until its character shall be fully illustrated by the discovery of its metamorphosis, which I
hope to obtain from our Indian researches, its present disposition at the extremity of the Vermiform stirps,
is only provisional. In the Encyclopédie the continental species of Phedra is arranged in the fourth great
subdivision of the genus Polyommatus, comprising subjects with entire or slightly dentate wings ; several of
the species of the same section resemble our insect in the colour of the upper surface, although they have
nothing of the peculiarity which distinguishes the under side; and they are all essentially different in a
generic point of view. ;

A very detailed dissection of our genus, in which the peculiarities of the perfect insect are distinctly
brought into view, has been prepared: this I hope to be enabled to introduce in one of the succeeding
plates of the Lepidoptera diurna.

51. PaHapra Terricota. Ale postice obtuse ; maris supra ex aurantio fulve, limbis exteriore et
posteriore apice largo anticarum fascidque tenuissimd marginali posticarum nigricanti-fuscis ;
foemine fusce, singule plagd maximd discoidali albd : subtis sericeo-albe, pagind totd singula-
rum colore opaco nitente squamuloso densé operta, serie punctorum intramarginali strigdque
post-mediand obsoletissimis nigris. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 5—‘ lin.)

Hesperia R. Phedrus. Fab. Ent. Syst. Em. tom, 3. pars. 1. p. 307. No. 165. (The
male.)

Hesperia. R. Aisopus. Fab. Ent. Syst. Em. loc. cit. No. 164. (The female.)

Papilio Cinyra. Cram. pl. 238. fig. C. (The male.)

Papilio Thetis. Cram. pl. 238. D. (The female.)

Polyommatus Phedrus. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. 675.

Hospitatur in Museo Domini Banks.

Hinder wings broad and obtuse with an abrupt regularly transverse posterior margin, gradually
rounded towards the outer apical angle: upper surface, in the male, fulvous with a deep orange
shade, having the exterior and posterior borders of the fore wings defined by a hemispherical
boundary which leaves a broad apex, and a narrow posterior marginal line of the hinder wings,
blackish brown; in the female brown, the wings being individually marked with a large oblong
white spot occupying the disk and adjoining portions of the surface: underneath both pair are
densely covered throughout with a milky-white glistening stratum of colouring particles, delicately
pulverulent or scaly in appearance, exhibiting when rubbed irregular patches of a brownish
ground; in some specimens this stratum is uniform and immaculate; others are very obsoletely
marked with a series of minute dots, just within the posterior margins, and with a very faint
common striga behind the disk, accompanied in some individuals by a parallel line towards the
middle of the wing, of a black colour. Body above brown, with lengthened fulvous h
the male and brownish hairs in the female; underneath silky white: legs of the same colour,
with very obscure orange bands towards the tarsal extremity. Antenne brown with an orange

tip.

This species appears to have an extensive range on the Continent: we have, from v
five male and two female specimens. It was not observed in Java.

airs in

arious parts of India,
The Banksian Cabinet contains one

male

LEPIDOPTERA. 125

male with the mark of Papilio R. Phedrus, and two females with that of P. R. Aisopus, in Fabricius’ own
hand-writing. The decision of the authors of the Encyclopédie, above referred to, according to which

the P. R. Esopus of Fabricius is not a distinct species but the female of Phedrus, is confirmed by a
careful dissection which is intended for a future plate.

52. Pumpra Insuaris. Ale postice regionem analem versus subattenuate in angulum rotundatum
_ producte, maris supra cupreo-fulve, limbis exteriore et posteriore, apice largo anticarum fas-
cidque lata marginali intus evanescente posticarum nigris ; canali abdomen recipiente pallidiore
villis fuliginosis vestito : subtis sericeo-argentee glaucino lavate stratu pulverulento paginam
totam operiente, strigis duabus posticis tenuissimis undulatis completis, interiore saturatiore,
serie intramarginali punctorum minutorum punctoque solitario in medio marginis interioris

migris ; singule insuper striola carinata discoidali obsoletissimd. (Exp. alar. 18 lin.)

Hinder wings gradually attenuated towards the anal region, with a slightly rounded inner apical
angle; upper suzface (in the male) with a bright cupreous lustre inclining as the light varies to
reddish-brown; exterior and posterior borders of the fore wings and posterior border of the
hinder wings black, in the former the intermediate boundary forms a bold curve leaving a broad
apex, in the latter the inner edge is slightly waving and evanescent; the concave inner margin
which receives the abdomen is paler and covered with delicate hair of a sooty tint: underneath
satin-white, the colour being spread in an opaque pulverulent stratum uniformly over the whole
surface and covered with a silvery slightly glaucous gloss; behind the disk two very delicate
waving strigz of a blackish tint pass regularly over both pairs, the anterior being more pro-
nounced ; just within the hinder margin is a series of very minute black dots and near the
middle of the inner margin stands a solitary dot of the same colour; on the disk the indication
of a transverse brownish litura is faintly observed, which however is more lengthened and dis-
tinct in the hinder pair. All the wings have along their posterior margin a grayish line. Body
and abdomen above glaucous inclining to brown with a lengthened down of the same colour;
underneath yellowish white and pulverulent; legs of the same colour with obscure brown spots.
Antenne brown.

Two males in excellent condition have furnished the materials for the preceding description ; the female
was not observed, and the history of this species remains therefore imperfect. The form of the hinder

wings indicates a sectional division in this small group.

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LEPIDOPTERA, 127

CHILOGNATHIFORM

OR

IULIFORM STIRPS.

Character.

Larva elongata ; nunc cylindrica ; nunc utrinque equaliter angustata vel medium versus
éncrassata, convexa, dorso arcuata, antice conico-attenuata: superficie modo glabra,
omnino laevis, vel anticé clypeo maximo e summo dorso ad caput usque operta ; modo
arcté punctulata vel pilosa vel hirsuta vel appendiculis carnosis munita : caput globo-
sum retractile corport mediante articulo brevi junctum, exsertum subsolutum : Jurcula
retractilis inter caput collumque media, perfectioris structure indicium, in generibus

stirpi vermiformi accedentibus haud obvia. (Larva, quoad habitum Ivro similis.)

Pupa nuda angulata, quoad formam valde variabilis, tuberculis seriatis numero ac
magnitudine diversis ornata ; anticé modo acumine simplici terminata, modo bifida ;
posticé attenuata, fulcro adnexa; mediantibus filis collum abdomenque ligantibus

verticaliter vel oblique suspensa, capite sursum spectante.

Observation.—The larva of this stirps is in all the various forms in which it appears, of great
proportional length. Near the confines of the Vermiform stirps it is slightly attenuated at both
ends, marked with distinct transverse striae at the segments and covered with minute elevated dots.
This charactef it possesses in Colias (see Pl. iv. No. 6 and 7%) and in Gonepteryx as figured by
Roesel (vol. iv. Tab. xxvi. 1. 2. 3.). In the division which follows in natural order, the larva is
regularly cylindrical, slender and closely covered with down or hairs: it exhibits this form in
Terias (see Pl. iv. No. 8), Pontia (Pl. iv. No. 9) and the allied genus Leucophasia. We have next,
in the Javanese series, a larva, slightly attenuated at both ends and gradually approaching the
character of the following group; it is figured on our PI. iv. No. 10, and the species agreeing with
it, constitute the genus Pieris as applied in this catalogue. The group which succeeds to it and

which appears to be peculiar to northern regions, has an intermediate character, while it is at
The principal genus in this group is Doritis :

the same time, quite anomalous in its pupa state.
the

128 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

the form and covering of the larva resemble those of Pieris ; but now we have the first indication
of the osmaterium or of that retractile, bifid organ which characterises the typical group of
this stirps. Doritis, Thais, and the allied genera require however further examination; and
this statement also requires the comparative illustration afforded by the perfect insect.

In following the series we have now arrived at the genus Papilio constituting a very extensive
group, the individuals of which have not as yet been arranged accordingly to their true affinities.
The metamorphosis in the Javanese and Indian series, in our collection, exhibits the following forms.
First : a perfectly smooth larva, with nearly uniform surface, considerably distended about the fourth
or fifth segment of the body, with an elevated arched back from which it tapers rather abruptly to the
head and more gradually towards the anal extremity. ‘lwo examples of this form are contained in
the Javanese series: see Pl. iii. fig. 5 Pl. iv. fig. 12. Secondly: a larva agreeing with the former in
outline of form, but being thicker, of a sluggish habit and marked anteriorly with a iarge clypeus or
shield, extending from the arched dorsal elevation to the head. It appears to be peculiar to tro-
pical climates and is found on both Continents; in the East-Indies it appears to be comparatively
abundant and four different modifications are represented from Java. The work of Smith and
Abbot exhibits several American forms of it. Thirdly: an elongated, cylindrical, comparatively
thick larva, very slightly attenuated at the extremities, with a smooth surface, from which naked
fleshy tubercles arise, varying in thickness and length in different species. Of this we have two
examples from Java, exhibited in the 17th fig. of the iii. and in the 13th of the iv. plate. Besides
these I am enabled to give a third Indian example of the third group, which was liberally commu-
nicated to me by General Hardwicke ; it is represented in the Ist fig. of the viii. plate. The indi-
cation which this larva affords of the gradual passage towards the Chilopodiform stirps has already
been indicated on the 41st page of the introduction; and the details of the gradual variation of
form as they show the proximity of the next stirps, will be given in the sequel. The most striking
peculiarities of the pupa and of the perfect insect have been detailed in the introduction, p. 42,
43, 44; and on the Synoptic table ; the more minute modifications of form are given in the generic
characters. The subdivision of this stirps into families is reserved for another occasion.

Genus COLIAS.

Colias. Fab. Latr. Ochsenh. Curtis, Stephens, §c. Papilionis—Danaorum candidorum species.
Linn. Papiliones: Danai flavi. Fam. E. Larve pallidiventres. Wiener Verzeichnis, 164.
Clouded yellows. Haworth.

Cuaracter. Larva cylindrica, gracilis, utrinque attenuata, obsolete transversim scutata, punctis
elevatis, minutis tenuiter annulata, rarius subtomentosa, lateribus striga laetiore ornatis: capite
parvo rotundato. (Tab. iii. fig. 14, Tab. iv. fig. 6. 7.)

Chrysalis glabra, subcompressa, obtusé angulata, supra carinata, medio subarcuata, anticé mu-
crone solitario definita; abdomine attenuato arcté adnexo, filo mediano laxo recté aut hori-
zontaliter suspensa. (Tab. iv. fig. 6, a; '7, a.)

Imago : Antenne mediocres, yalidee, abrupté truncate: in sectione prima de basi ad apicem sensim
incrassatee; in altera ultra medium filiformem in capitulum elongato-obconicum producte.

Palpi compressi, brevissimi, capiti adnati, penicillo clypei omnino reconditi, rarids apice
libero porrecti; articulo basilari elongato, arcuato, nunc subtts squamis linearibus teneris,
radiatim patentibus vestito, nunc setis longis diffusis hirsuto; articulo secundo oblengo,. pilis

wqualibus

LEPIDOPTERA. 129
zequalibus sericeis vestito, vel setis laxis reflexis consperso ; articulo ultimo ovato vel subcylindrico,
obtuso, sericeo vel nudo, omnino recondito; nunc breviter exserto.

Proboscis longus, validus, spiralis.

Caput breve, villis crebris obsitum, penicillo intermedio porrectiore. Oculi mediocres nudi, vix
puberuli. Thorax dilatatus. (Abdomen maris, articulo ultimo acuto, subtus unco tenui incurvato ;
valvis magnis, attenuatis, aduncis. Swainson’s Sool. Ilust. I.) Ale large; anticee oblonge
vel elongato-trigone ; posticee rotundatze, sulco abdomen recipiendo concolore: areolA discoidali
singularum clausa. Pedes graciles, elongati; antici in utroque sexu conformes ; tarsi singulo-
rum articulis quingue, basilari elongato, reliquis subzequalibus, ultimo unguibus duobus, latera-
libus, bifidis, brevibus, arcuatis, acutis, pulvilloque intermedio munito.

The genus Colias, as at present limited in our systems, comprises two sections, which differ both in the
perfect insect and the metamorphosis. In the former the antenne are gradually and uniformly thickened
towards the tip; the palpi are covered with short delicate bristles or scales of uniform length and disposition,
and the third joint is somewhat lengthened and attenuated; in the latter the antenna are filiform at the
base and swelled at the extremities into a perceptible club of a lengthened-ovate or obconic form, occupying
about one-third of the organ; the covering of the palpi is less regular; lengthened, straggling hairs are
mixed with the villi and scales, and the third joint is small, round, and obtuse. The first is perhaps exclu-
sively a tropical form. The metamorphosis is exhibited in the sixth figure of our fourth plate, and Colias
Scylla of the following catalogue may be adduced as typical of the perfect insect. The antenne and palpi
are beautifully illustrated in the fifth plate of Mr. Swainson’s Zoological Illustrations. The latter appears to
belong to northern climates, and I refer to the 242d plate of Mr. Curtis’s British Entomology, for the
peculiarities of this subdivision as far as regards the antenne and palpi.

In offering these remarks I have much pleasure in repeating the acknowledgment of the assistance received
from Mr. Swainson, more particularly in the arrangement of this genus; and I trust I shall have his sanction
in applying to the second great division of the genus Colias, as a subgeneric distinction, the name of Eury-
mus, by which he designated this form about eight years ago in my private collection, and which I have
preserved in manuscript. The propriety of this separation appears further from the pec heiress of the
larva of Colias Hyale ; and we are greatly indebted to Mr. Curtis for the copy of it exhibited in his 242d
plate from Hiibner. Whoever will compare this with the larva of true Colias, as exhibited in our fourth
plate, will notice the gradual approach to the form of Pontia, which is confirmed by the perfect insect.

* Larva utrinqué attenuata, punctis elevatis minutis tenuiter annulata: antenne e basi
ad apicem sensim incrassate: palpi villis squamisque brevibus, teneris, equalibus
obtecti, articulo ultimo ovato attenuato, nonnunquam subelongato.

Co tis stricté sic dicta.

53. Coxias Pyrantur. Ale albe, supra maris limbis exteriore et posteriore anticarum, foeminze
: f : . . . . . A . . .
limbo posteriore communi nigris ; antice insuper notd discoidali nigra, in mare lineari trans-
versd minuta in feemina orbiculari insigni : subtus cinereo-undulate, puncto discoidali singu-
larum argenteo iride lilacind cincto. (Exp. alar. 2 unc. 3 lin.—3 unc.)
Wings white above; in the male, fore-wings with exterior and posterior borders, in the female,
both pairs with a common posterior border black; anterior wings with a discoidal mark,
is li i i 7 i female: under-
which is linear, transverse and minute in the male, large and oval in the :
neath with numerous, close, transverse, cinereous undulations, and on each wing a minute,
argentine discoidal spot, surrounded by an irregular iris of a lilach tin t
: s Papilio

130 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

Papilio D. C. Pyranthe. Linn. Syst. Nat. tom. 2. p, '763. No. 98.

Papilio D.C. Pyranthe. Fab. Spec. Ins. tom. 2. p. 44. No. 188. P. D.C. Nephte. Fab.
Ent. Syst. Em. tom. 3. pars 1. p. 190. No. 588. Papilio D. C. Gnoma. Fab. Spec. Ins.
tom. 2. p. 50. No. 217. (Mas.) Hospitatur in Mus. Dom. Banks.

Papilio Alcyone. Cram. Pl. 58. fig. A. B. C.

Colias Pyranthe. MM. Latr. et. Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. 97. ,

Candor alarum supra in coerulescentem subtus in virescentem vergens: antice subtus seh
interiore. immaculato; singule striga distinctiore undulata inter discum marginemque poste-
riorem media. Puncta ocellaria paginee inferioris pallidé argentea iride lilacina cincta; nonnun-
quam vero, in mare, omnino desunt, vel rarius, praesertim in foemina sesquialtera. Saccus
glandularis oblongus, subbasalis, opacus, pulverulentus, saturaté sulphureo tinctus, discrimen
sexuale maris suppeditat; neuro exteriorl arez discoidalis adherens, penicillo plano ex villis
sericeis elongatis efformato, e margine interiore alarum anticarum exserto occultatur: foemina
discrepat limbo exteriore anticarum nigro, insigniore, apiceque dilatiore. Corpus supra villis
sericeis longis albis ornatur: antenne pallidé lilacinze cinerascente pulverulentz.

This species, which was originally described by Linnzeus with the name of P. Pyranthe, has from its acci-
dental and sexual varieties received different denominations. Those occurring in the works of Fabricius are
judiciously analysed and disposed by the authors of the Encyclopédie. Cramer’s figure represents that variety
of the male in which the under-side is without ocellate spots: our collection contains several individuals
of the same description. Two of our specimens, a male and female, are from Java, and more than twelve
of both sexes from various parts of continental India. The specimen of Gnoma preserved in the Banksian
cabinet, bears Fabricius’ original mark. Donovan, in his Chinese insects, has figured the female.

54. Coxras Puinirprina. Ale supra albe, marginem versus flavido lavate ; antice limbis exteriore
et posteriore punctoque medio nigris : subtus dilute flavicantes cinereo-undulate, serie maculari
distinctiore disco marginique postico intermedia ; antice puncto ocellari solitario, postice punctis
tribus discoidalibus argenteis, singulis annulo lilacino cinctis. (Exp. alar. 24 unc.)

Wings above white, with a yellowish tint exteriorly increasing in strength towards the margin ; in
the fore-wings the exterior and posterior borders and a round dot on the disk, are of an
intense black colour: underneath pale yellowish, with numerous transverse cinereous undu-
lations, among which a more distinct macular series passes between the disk and margin
through both pairs; fore wings with a single, hinder wings with three argentine discoidal
spots, which are individually surrounded with a circle of a lilacine tint.

Papilio Philippina. Cram. pl. 361. fig. C. D.
Colias Philippina. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. 96.

This species greatly resembles Colias Pyranthe ; it is however clearly distinguished by the ocellate spots
of the hinder wings underneath: the macular band of the lower surface is likewise more pronounced than
in that species, and the spots have a decided wedge-shaped form. The diffuse yellow border of the fore-
wings above is likewise, as far as appears from our materials, peculiar to this species. Our insect is also
closely allied to Colias Florella of Fabricius, found at Sierra Leone, of which a specimen is preserved in the
Banksian cabinet.

Colias Philippina was not found in Java: we have several Continental and Ceylonese specimens ; they
supply nothing to the history of this species.

55. Coxias Graucippre. Ale albe, supra antice dimidio apicali vivide Sulvo, limbis exteriore et
posteriore

LEPIDOPTERA. “131

posteriore limite mediano flexwoso discum obliqué transeunte, serie intramarginali: macularum
cuneatarum venisque apicalibus nigris, postice mavis immaculate albide, foeminze sordideé flavi-
cantes, limbo posteriore intis arguté dentato serieque interiore punctorum nigris : subtus albe,
Jiavido lavate ; antice dimidio apicali, postice pagind totd fusco cinereoque: sible notis
Ssaturatioribus infuscate. (Exp. alar. unc. 23—4.)

Wings white; upper surface in the fore-wings with the apical half vivid fulvous, the exterior and
posterior borders, an oblique medial boundary passing flexuose across the disk, a series
of wedge-shaped marks parallel with the margin, and the exterior veins black; hinder
wings, in the male whitish immaculate, in the female dirty yellowish, the posterior border
with acutely dentated inner edge and a parallel series of minute dots of a black colour:
underneath whitish slightly tinged with yellow; fore-wings with the apical dimidial portion,
hinder wings with the whole surface delicately dotted and undulated with brownish-gray,

» small clouds and patches, sprinkled with more saturated dots and marks, being irregularly
scattered over the surface.

Plate IV, fig. 7; 7, a. The larva and chrysalis.
Papitio D. C. Glaucippe. Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. p. 762. No. 89. Fab. Spec. Ins. tom. 2.
p- 45. No. 191. Hospitatur in Muszeo Domini Banks.
Papilio Glaucippe. Cram. pl. 164. fig. A. B. (The male) fig. C. (The female).
Pieris Glaucippe. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. 119.

It appears from the preceding list of Synonyms, that our species is arranged, in the Encyclopédie, in
the genus Pieris. Ifound my present determination not only on the metamorphosis, which closely resem-
bles that of Colias, (as appears from the 6th and 7th figures of my fourth plate) but also on the character of
the perfect insect: the antenne agree in all points with those of that genus; the palpi are very similar; a
slight peculiarity which they present can only be exhibited satisfactorily by a dissection.

Colias Glaucippe is not unfrequent in Java, and various specimens were obtained by breeding. The larva
feeds on a species of Capparis, distinguished by the native name of Wanwannan. Our museum contains
numerous specimens of both sexes from Java and from the continent of India. It has an extensive range
through intratropical India, and is found in most collections. Linnzus gave an early account of it.

56. Coxias AtcmEonE. Ale supra albe, maris ad basin fascia lata sulphureo-flavd discum versus
irregulariter laciniatd, antice limbo exteriore apiceque tenuissimo,—foeminee limbis posticis sin-
gularum, exterioribus anticarum, puncto insuper discoidali orbiculari nigris : subtus singule fla-
vicantes immaculate. (Exp. alar. unc. 2}—2?.)

Wings above, in the male, white, with a broad common snlphureous-yellow basal fascia, irregularly
laciniated along the edge which looks towards the disk ; anterior wings very narrowly edged
with black at the apex and adjoining portions of the margins; in the female, posterior
borders of both pairs, as well as the exterior costal border and a circular dot on the fore-
wings, black: underneath all the wings, in both sexes, yellowish and immaculate.

Papilio D. C. Alemeone. Fab. Spec. Ins. tom. 2. p. 44, No. 186. Hospitatur Mus. D. Banks.
Colias Alcmeone. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. 97.

Ale supra albe, fascia flava basali, in mare discum versus margine irregulariter sinuato abrupte

definita ; foeminze limbo communi postico dilatiore, ints evanescente vel obsoleté sinuato nigro,

apice nigricante alboque variegato ; costa margine angusto nigro-limbata, intra medium dilatiore,
s2 processu

1382 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

processu attenuato discum versus tendente aucto. Saccus glandularis pulverulentus, in mare

nervo antico arez discoidalis adherens, penicillo plano ex villis elongatis sericeis patentibus con-

flato, egregié opertus. Subtus flavedine ad basin saturatiore; alze anticee in area anali palles-

centes. Corpus flavidé virescens, villis longis laxis concoloribus vestitum: antenne fusce

apicem versus ferrugineo tinctz.

This species is very abundant in Java, and we have numerous specimens of both sexes. It is also con-
tained in our continental collections. Fabricius gives a distinct description of it in all his systematic works ;
it has not as yet been figured.

5%. Coxias Jucurruina. Ale supra albe, ad basin fascia laté discum versus evanescente flavd,
limbo communi postico punctoque discoidali anticarum nigris ; apice nigricante alboque variegato,
costd limbo nigro basin versus in dentem dilatato: subtus straminee nitentes ad basin saturatiores
dimidio interiore anticarum albicante ; strigad maculari communi posticd fuscescente, singule insuper
puncto solitario discoideo obsoleto flavicante in anticis sepius deficiente. (Exp.alar. unc. 2}—23).

Wings above white, with a broad yellow fascia at the base, gradually paler towards the disk ; pos-
terior margins of both pairs and a discoidal spot of the fore-wings black, while the apex is
paler and variegated with irregular spots of the ground colour; costal border also black,
and spreading towards the base to a dentiform process, which sometimes touches the dis-
coidal spot; underneath straw-coloured yellow and shining, the base being more saturated»
while the interior portion of the fore-wings is nearly white; a macular series of obsolete
brown spots passes behind the disk through both pairs, while each wing has in the middle
of the disk a single obscure yellowish dot, which is sometimes wanting in the fore wings.

Papilio Jugurtha. Cram. pl. 187. fig. E. F.

Papilio Statira. Cram. pl. 120. C. D.

Papilio Crocale. Cram. pl. 55. C. D.

Colias Jugurthina. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. 96.

I have found it difficult in the comparison of a very extensive number of specimens, to discriminate this
species from its neighbours in the series, and I admit it with some uncertainty regarding its real distinctness.
The specimens in our collection agreeing with the character above given are all females, and it remains to
be determined whether they are not mere varieties of the 56th or 58th species. In several male specimens,
which resemble those of C. Alcmeone in all other points, a very faint discoidal spot is however observable.
I have followed the authors of the Encyclopédie in the appropriation of the synonyms. We have specimens
agreeing with the individual figures of Cramer above cited: but those of P. Crocale and P. Statira, are
most strongly marked. The dot of the under-surface of the hinder wings is in many cases sesquialterous ;
and this confirms the affinity to the next species.

58. Coxras Hitarta. Ale supra maris albe, fascia lata sulphured discum versus irregulariter
lacimatd, marginibus ad apicem tenuissimé nigro-limbatis ; foeminee pagind totd, nonnunquam
dimidio basilari tantum, lete flave, antice limbis exteriore et postico, puncto discoidali serieque
obsoletd intramarginali macularum cuneatarum, ex apice discum versus obliqué divergente nigris ;
postice limbo posteriore continuo vel interrupto maculari nigro : subtis in utroque sexu flave vel ex
pallideé stramineo micantes ; antice puncto discoidali solitario flavido vel ochraceo, postice puncto
sesquialtero vivide argenteo micante insigniore, singulis circulo simplici aut duplici circumscriptis
vel in macula diffusa lilacina vel ferruginea nidulantibus. (Exp. alar. unc.2}—28).

Wings

oe ee

LEPIDOPTERA. 133

Wings above in the male, white, with a broad common sulphureous-yellow basal fascia irregularly
laciniated along the edge which looks towards the disk, the extreme borders being very deli-
cately edged with black at the tip; in the female, the entire surface or in some cases the basal
portion alone bright yellow; the fore-wings (in this sex) having the exterior and posterior
borders, a discoidal spot and an obsolete series of wedge-shaped marks passing obliquely
from the apex towards the disk black, while the hinder wings are confined by a continued
or interrupted border of the same colour: underneath in both sexes yellow, or covered with
a pale stramineous yellow shining tint; fore-wings with a single pale yellowish or ochra-
ceous discoidal spot; hinder pair with a sesquialterous spot, larger in size and of a bright
silvery tint; these spots being individually surrcunded by a single or double ring, or entirely
bedded in a broad spot of a lilach or ferruginous tint.

Papilio Hilaria. Cram. pl. 339. fig. A. B. (The male.)

Colias Hilaria. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. 97. (The male.)
Papilio Catilla. Cram. pl. 229. fig. D. E. (Variety of the female.)

Papilio D. C. Catilla. Fab. Ent. Syst. tom. 3. pars. 1. p. 209. No. 656. (The female.)
Colias Catilla. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. 95.

Mas supra cum specie antecedente omnino convenit: fcemina tincturA gaudet letiore paginam
totam operiente vel quandoque variat limbo postico saturatiore vel etiam flavedine ultra
medium evanescente. Subtus alee maris ex albicante flavescunt vel nitore stramineo-argentino
sunt lavate; foeminze vero letissimé flavee pulverulente, versus marginem posteriorem serie
macularum cuneatarum fuscarum signantur, maculis violaceis insuper sparsis; note discoi-
dales in utroque sexu numero ac dispositione zequales in mare circulo tenuiore lilacino cinguntur,
in foemina ambitu duplici tenui vel diffuso indeterminato complexe, in posticis interdum in
plaga maxima profunde sinuata e disco ad costam obliqué extensa ferruginea nidulant. Hee
varietas a Cramero, loco supra citato delineata, in museo nostro hospitatur egregié asservata.
Saccus glandularis maris penicillo sericeo opertus sicut in congeneribus adest. Pectus virescens :

- abdomen flavidum, pilis longis laxis sericeis canescentibus vestitum: antenne e saturato violaceo

in fuscescentem variantes.

The proposed union of two species, the Colias Hilaria and C. Catilla of Cramer, which are kept distinct
by the authors of the Encyclopédie, is founded on the examination of a very numerous series of specimens.
In all these the male exhibits an uniform character, and is clearly distinguished by the glandular sac above
described, and its covering, which consists of a beautiful silky brush protruded from the inner edge of the
anterior wing near the base.

I have endeavoured to indicate clearly the characters by which the preceding species are distinguished ;
in the upper surface they all greatly resemble each other, and, as in all species of this genus, we must be
directed in the discrimination of them by the markings of the under-side. This species is extremely abun-
dant: we have at least forty specimens exhibiting all its varieties. The under-side of the female in
many cases, assumes a light, stramineous, shining tint, resembling that of the male.

59. Co1ias Scytts. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. 95.

Plate IV, fig. 6, Larva; fig. 6, a. Chrysalis.
Papilio D. C. Scylla. Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. p. 763. No. 95. Fab. Spec. Ins. tom. 2. p. 47.
No. 203. (The female). Papilio D. C. Cornelia. Fab. Mant. Ins. tom. 2. p. 21. No. 229.

(The male.) Papilio

134 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

Papilio Scylla. Cram. pl. 12. fig. C. D. Sulz. Ins. edit. Roem. tab. 15. fig. 6. (The male.)
Papilio Scylla. Donov. Ind. Ins. (with a figure.) Hospitatur in Mus. D. Banks.

This species is very uniform in its markings: the sexes are very clearly distinguished on the upper sur-
face ; they agree underneath, with this modification, that the marks of the female have a more saturated
tint and are more diffuse. Colias Scylla presents no prominent varieties: the description given of it in the
Encyclopédie is quite satisfactory, and requires no explanatory details. The male is provided, as in the
allied species, with a glandular sac near the base of the hinder wings, and with a corresponding brush-like
covering protruded from the inner margin of the fore-wings. The metamorphosis is represented on our
fourth plate, fig. 6; and 6, a. The larva feeds on various species of Cassia, particularly on the Cassia fistula
and C. obtusifolia, and in this habit, it agrees with the C. Pyranthe, according to Dr. Keenig and with the
P. Senne of Linneus figured by Abbot. It is, however, occasionally found on other plants: it is extremely
abundant, particularly in the early part of the rainy season, after the renewal of the foliage of these plants.
I must, however, remark, that the various species of Colas contained in this catalogue resemble each other
so closely in the larva state, that the distinction of species is extremely difficult, The greatest number of
specimens obtained by breeding belong to the species now described ; but in examining the series put up in
Java in illustration of the drawings prepared during the progress of this research, I now observe several speci-
mens of Colias. Jugurthina and Colias Alcmeone, acircumstance which shows their near resemblance in
the larva state. Among these specimens is contained that remarkable variety of Colzas Jugurthina, figured by
Cramer with the name of Papilio Crocale.

** Larva lineari-cylindrica, subtomentosa: antenne basi ultraque medium filiformes,
capitulo elongato-ovato vel obconico: palpi setis villisque longis diffusis hirsuti, articulo
ultimo obovato, obtuso.

Subgenus Eurymus. Swainson.

Observation.—This form appears to be confined exclusively to extratropical regions ; no individuals
belonging to it are contained in our collection. Mr. Swainson gives Colias Hyale as the type of
this subgenus, and I refer again to Mr. Curtis’s distinct illustration contained in his lxi. No. pl.
242: the larva evidently leads to the next modification of form.

Genus TERIAS.

Terias: Swainson. Zool, Ilust. iv, pl. 22.. Paprmio. Linn. Fab. &c. Pieris. Latr.

Cuaracter. Larva lineari-cylindrica, gracilis, utrinqué obtusa, obsoleté transversim scutata, villis
brevibus hirta, striga pallida laterali signata: capite parvo, obtuso, obscuro. (Tab. iv. fig. 8.)
Chrysalis glabra, recta, subcompressa ; supra carinata, arcuata, utrinqué attenuata, mucrone solitario

definita. (Tab. iv. fig. 8; 8 a.)

Imago: Antenne mediocres, graciles, basi filiformes, apicem versus sensim in clavam, elongato-fusi-
formem, subcompressam abeuntes.

Palpi brevissimi, articulis inferioribus latis, compressis, capiti adnatis, basilari subelongato, squamis
brevissimis zequalibus arcté vestito ; articulo secundo paululum breviore, extis rotundato, undique
squamulis minutissimis villis interspersis dense obtecto; tertio minuto, attenuato, nudo, porrecto.

Proboscis elongatus, validiusculus.

Capué breve, nutans, alarum arcu costali subreconditum; posticé thoracis crista transversa margi-

natum.

LEPIDOPTERA. 135

hatum. Oculi mediocres, nudi. Thorax dilatior; anticé et ad latera cristh subarcuata, ex pilis
erectis sericeis ornatus. (Abdomen elongatum, gracile, in maribus sex-articulatum, articulo
ultimo duobus uncis approximantibus ; valvis latis, incrassatis, truncatis, aduncis. Swains.) Ale
largee; antica oblonge, obtuse, margine costali thoracem versus fortiter arcuato; posticz late,
rotundata, sulco abdomen excipiendo pallescente: areolA discoidali singularum clausd. Pedes
graciles, elongati: antici in utroque sexu conformes; tarsi singulorum quinque-articulati; articulo
basilari elongato, reliquis subaequalibus, ultimo unguibus duobus minimis, bifidis et pulvillo
intermedio instructo.

This genus was first established with great judgment by Mr. Swainson, in the fourth number of his
Zoological Illustrations ; and I am very happy to be enabled to add to the character there limited from the
perfect insect, a complete representation of the metamorphosis of Terias Hecabe, the species which is adduced
as the type of the genus, and to illustrate it by a careful dissection. See Plate iv. fig. 8; 8, a; 8,b; 8, c;
8,d; 8,e; 8,f. It is here placed between Colzas and Ponta ; and an inspection of the plate will show that
this is its natural situation. Terzas resembles Coldas in the form of the chrysalis and in’ several properties of
the perfect insect, particularly the structure of the palpi, and the form and painting of the wings; the larva,
on the contrary, and the antenne, have a much nearer relation to Pontia. I must however state, that these
remarks apply exclusively to the Oriental group of which 7’. Hecabe is the type: the American species I
am unacquainted with, and they appear to possess some peculiarities. Of the genus Terias as above defined,
we have five species from Java: they greatly resemble each other in colour, painting, and external character,
but I trust the following details will sufficiently elucidate their specific peculiarities.

60. Tertas Hecasr. Ale supra letissime flave, limbo communi postico nigro, in anticis lato
costam versus arcuato attenuato, juxta marginem interiorem transversim definito, in area mediana
sinu recto profundo exciso ; in posticis angustiore margint prorsus parallelo, intus denticulato ;
fimbrid communi flavescente: subtis flave; singulis noté discoidali fuscd annulato-ovata
irregulari subgemind ; antice insuper ad basin notis duabus minutis, exteriore subangulari ;
postice notis minutis tribus subannulatis basilaribus fuscis, fascidque arcuatad marginali late
interruptd ex notis subflecuosis conflatd: foemina fascid anticarum accessorid insigni dimi-
diata apicali violaceo-fuscad a mare manifeste discrepat. (Exp. alar. une. 1}—2.)

Wings above bright yellow, with a common posterior border of a black colour, which is very
broad in the fore-wings, passes in an arch towards the middle of the costa, is abruptly
transverse near the interior margin, the middle being deeply excavated in the direction of
the nervures and marked with a medial tooth, pointing towards the disk; in the hinder-
wings the border is narrow, parallel with the margin and denticulated at its inner edge ;
all the wings are confined by a common extreme yellowish marginal thread: underneath
yellow; each pair on the disk with a brown annular-ovate irregular mark, transversely
divided in the middle; fore-wings bearing besides, near the base, two minute marks, of
which the exterior is angular, hinder-wings with several brown delicate sub-annular cha-
racters at the base, and a very obsolete series of widely interrupted clouded or sub-flexuose

spots passing at a small distance from the posterior margin in an irregular arch across the

disk.
Plate I. fig. 12. (The female). Plate IV. fig. 8; 8,.a. The larva and chrysalis.
Papilio

136 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

Papilio D. C. Hecabe. Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. p. 763. No. 96. Fab. Spec. Ins. tom. 2. p. 42.
No. 178. Cram. pl. 124. fig. B. C. Sulz. Ins. edit. Roem, tab. 15. fig. 7.
Pieris Hecabe. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. p. 134. (In Mus. D. Banks.)

This is one of the most common diurnal Lepidoptera, having a wide range through intratropical Asia and
the Eastern Islands. We have specimens from various parts of India. Those from Java were chiefly
obtained by breeding and are in high perfection. The larva feeds on the Zischynomene Sesban, and is found
abundantly from January to April. The specimens, in whatever country collected, agree closely in their
‘markings, and present no varieties: the distinctive mark of the female, as above indicated, is, as far as my
observation extends, permanent, and it is confirmed by the habit of the body. One of the varieties indicated
by the authors of the Encyclopédie is described in the sequel as a distinct species.

61. Tentas Sart. Ale supra sulphuree, limbo communi postico nigro, in anticis ad apicem
largissimo ultra medium coste arcuatim attenuato, ad marginem interiorem recté transverso, in
area mediana sinu simplici profundo exciso extus oblique intius recté definito ; limbo posticarum
discum versus evanescente: subtus letée sulphuree, singulis nota discoidali lineari-annulata
subsimplici ; antice plagd apicali maxima quadraté violaceo-fuscd, macula oblonga obliqud
nigricante intra angulum apicalem interiorem versusque basin signo tenui solitario flexuoso ;
postice notis duabus sub-obsoletis basilaribus, maculd obscurd fusco-irroratéd ad medium coste
ordineque macularum obsoletarum intra marginem posticum. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 9 lin.)

Wings above sulphureous, with a common posterior black border, which in the fore-wings is very
broad at the apex, whence it passes in a gradual curve beyond the middle of the costa; at
the interior margin it is regularly transverse, and in the medial area it is excavated by a
deep notch having an oblique flexuose exterior, and a regular longitudinal inner edge; in
the hinder-wings the border is parallel with the posterior margin, having its inner edge
gradually evanescent: underneath bright sulphureous, each wing bearing a simple linear-
annulated mark on the disk; fore-wings with a large quadrangular violaceous-brown spot at
the apex, a smaller oblique blackish mark near the inner apical angle, and a delicate
flexuose character of the same colour, near the base; hinder-wings with two obsolete sub-
annular basal characters, an obscure brownish cloud near the middle of the costa, and a very
obsolete series of clouded wedge-shaped marks within the posterior margin.

This insect is distinctly indicated in the Encyclopédie. In that work it is considered as a variety of Terias
Hecabe. But it appears from the preceding remarks, that in an extensive series of more than forty specimens
of the latter insect, no variation is observed but that arising from the distinction of the sexes. I therefore
consider the indication alluded to as a confirmation of our species: according to my research it is clearly dis-
tinguished from 7. Hecabe, by the breadth and interior outline of the posterior border of the fore-wings above,
as well as by the large quadrangular apical spot and the peculiarity of the markings underneath. Our col-

lection contains a single specimen in high perfection,

62. Trertas Tirana. Ale supra sulphuree, antice limbo posteriore ad apicem largissimo intds
subequaliter sinuato obliquo, e medio coste versus angulum apicalem interiorem extenso, lim-
boque interiore lato margini parallelo nigricanti-fuscis ; postice limbo apicali, intds obsolete
dentato evanescente ejusdem coloris : subtus patlidé sulphuree ; singule notd discoidali lineari-

‘ annulaté

LEPIDOPTERA. 137

annulatéd characteribusque paucis basilaribus obsoletissimis fuscis ; antice margine interiore
pallidé nigricante limbate. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 10 lin.)

Wings above sulphureous; fore-wings having the posterior border of a black colour, very broad
at the apex, with a nearly regularly sinuated inner edge, extending obliquely from the
middle of the costa towards the inner apical angle; a regular border along the inner
margin being of the same tint; hinder wings with the posterior border obsoletely
dentated within and subevanescent, also blackish brown: underneath pale sulphureous;
each wing with a linear-annulated mark on the disk, and a few very obsolete characters
near the base brown; fore-wings having the interior margin bordered with a blackish
stripe.

Manifesté discrepat hac species a precedente limbi apicalis margine interiore subregulariter sinuato
fasciaque nigricanti-fuscd marginem interiorem legente. Notz pagine inferioris discoidales et basilares illis
speciei preecedentis apprimé conveniunt ; alae tamen pallidiores sunt et marginem posticum versus immacu-
late; in imo margine series interrupta punctorum minutorum nigrorum et in anticis, intra angulum
apicalem exteriorem, striga obsoleta notarum fuscarum,

63. Trrias Harina. Ale supra pallidé sulphuree, limbo apicali communi nigricante, in posticis
obsoletissimo, ante medium marginis desinente, in anticis saturatiore ad apicem latiore leviterque ©
sinuato: subtis immaculate flavido-nitentes basin marginemque versus saturatiores. (Exp.
alar. 1 unc. 9 lin.)

Wings above pale sulphureous with a common posterior border of a blackish colour, which in the
hinder pair is very faint and not continued beyond the middle of the margin, while in the
fore-wings it has a deeper tint, and is slightly notched near the apex: underneath pure
yellow, somewhat shining, more deeply tinctured at the base and apex, and entirely
immaculate.

Differt hzec species a Pieride Licinia Fabricii cui simillima, alis supra sulphureis, subttis omnibus imma-
culatis, corporeque flavido.

Ale postice canali abdominali albido: antennz fusce extis crebré albido-crenulate.
villis sericeis subeanescentibus ornatum ; abdomen albidum. Subtus tota immaculata, flavido leto nitens.

Exemplar unicum, attamen perfectissimum, in Museo nostro hospitatur.

Thorax flavidum

64. Tertas Drona. Ale supra late flave, basi atomis fuscis irrorate, limbo communi postico
nigricanti-fusco, e violaceo subnitente, intus argutée et equaliter sinuato, anticarum dilatiore posti-
carum versus marginem interiorem attenuato ; singule cinereo-flavido fimbriate : subtus flave,
antice notd solitarid transversd tenui discoidali, postice notd lineari-annulatd discoidali,
punctis circiter tribus basilaribus sparsis fuscis, serie denique intramarginali ex maculis diffor-
mibus oblongis et cuneatis fusco-pulverulentis. (Exp. alar. lin. 18—21.)

Plate I, fig. 13,

Wings above bright yellow, irrorated with minute brown dots at the base, with a common blackish
brown, slightly violaceous and shining posterior border, equally and acutely sinuated at
the inner edge, broader in the fore-wings, gradually attenuated in the hinder pair towards
the inner margin, near which it disappears; the fringe of all the wings being pale cinerous

yellow: underneath yellow; fore-wings with a delicate solitary transverse discoidal mark,
T hinder

138 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

hinder pair with a linear annulated mark on the disk, about three minute scattered dots
near the base, all of a brown colour; finally within the posterior margin an irregular series
of oblong and wedge-shaped clouds of delicate brown irrorations.

Terias Drona nostra Papilioni Smilaci, insecto Nove Hollandiz a Dom. E. Donovan depicto, valde
similis est, differt tamen alis posticis ad paginam superiorem limbo apicali distincto et sinuato, etiamque
notarum inferiorum numero, colore ac distributione. Exemplaria tria in Museo asservantur.

Genus PONTIA.

Pontia. Fab. Ochsenh. Curtis, Stephens, §c. Pieris. Latr. Schrank. Papilionis—Danaorum
candidorum species. Zinn. Papiliones: Danai candidi. Fam. D. Larvee mediostriate.
Wiener Verzeichnis, 162. Whites. Haworth.

Cuaracter. Larva lineari-cylindrica, gracilis, utrinqué vix subattenuata, pilosiuscula, strigis
ornata longitudinalibus, lzetioribus obscurioribusque alternantibus, striga dorsali insigniore;
segmentis obsoletis; capite parvo, rotundo.

Chrysalis glabra, angulata, anticé mucrone solitario, breviusculo vel elongato munita, modo
levis, modo tuberculata, dorso carinato; tuberculo anteriore pectorali solitario, breviusculo;
lateralibus utrinqué patentibus, insignioribus ; posticé adnexa, filoque mediano erecté feré
suspensa.

Imago: Antenne mediocres vel rarius subelongate, e basi ultra medium filiformes, clava obconicé,
obtusa, subcompressa vel subfusiformi definite.

Palpi subcylindricee; breves vel mediocres; parallelé porrecti vel subdivergentes; articulis infe-
rioribus supra squamis minutis tecti, subtus pilis setosis, laxis, diffuso-patentibus, alternatim
longis brevibusque, subfasciculatis vestiti; articulo basilari robustiore, elongate, posticé
arcuato, capiti adpresso, ultra medium soluto; articulo secundo mediocri, oblongo vel
ovato, porrecto, subassurgente; articulo tertio magnitudine et forma valde variabili; nunc
gracili, attenuato, secundum longitudine superante, modo orbiculato, minimo, obtuso, squamis
teneris pilis interspersis vestito.

Proboscis longus, gracilis.

Caput breve. Oculi mediocres, nudi. Corpus: thorace subdilatato-convexo, anticé et ad latera,
fasciculis pilorum ornato; abdomine gracili, subelongato, posticé in mare seepitis penicillato. Ale
antice oblongee, breves, margine postico recto, vel subelongate, apicem versus attenuate, in
angulum producte, margine postico obliquo: postice obtuse, rotundate, rarits angulum
analem versus subattenuate. Pedes graciles, elongati; antici in utroque sexu conformes;
tarsi singulorum quinque-articulati; articulo basilari elongato, sequentibus subsequalibus,

ultimo unguibus duobus, brevibus, lateralibus, bifidis, pulvillo intermedio appendiculisque
exterioribus munito. -

The extensive genus above described, with Colias and Terias which precede, and Pieris which follows,
as well as the genera Gonepteryx of Leach, and Leucophasia of Stephens, were all originally included in a
single subdivision of the genus Papilio of Linnzus. The paleness of tint by which the individuals of this
group are generally characterized, suggested the designation of Danai Candidi, to which the name of Whites
has been accommodated in the English nomenclature. From this group, which at the time of its limitation
was tolerably natural, the genus Colias was separated as early as the year 1776, by the acute authors of the
Wiener Verzeichnis. ‘They were led to this judicious separation by their extensive researches regarding the

metamorphosis

LEPIDOPTERA. 139

metamorphosis of Lepidoptera, in which they noticed the peculiarities that distinguish this group from
the Whites. The name of Danaz flavi, in our nomenclature clouded Yellows, was accordingly assigned
to the family of Pallidiventres ( Seitenstreifraupen), which, as has been shown in the introduction, p. 14,
is the representative of the genus Colias. As science advanced, further subdivisions became necessary.
Mr. Swainson noticed the peculiarities of the Papilio Hecabe of Linnzus, and from it and its associates
defined the genus Terias: and both Mr. Curtis and Mr. Stephens agree in confirming the distinctness
of the genus Leucophasia, of which Pontia Sinapis is the type. The observations which will be made in the
sequel, will clearly show the ground on which the genus Prers rests. After all these subdivisions, the genus
Pontia, as now defined, does not consist of an assemblage of uniform species ; in the limited Indian series
contained in our collection, jive distinct types of form are comprised, on which as many sectional distinc-
tions are founded. The characters of the sections are chiefly derived from the modifications of the antenne,
palpi and outline of the wings. The metamorphosis, as far as its more minute modifications have
hitherto been discovered, has also been consulted; and the pupa affords a very clear discrimination,
in two of the sections. The peculiarities of the nervures of the wings confirm, as far as I have yet observed,
the subdivisions now proposed, but I have not been enabled to follow this character into more minute varia-
tions, by a comparison of all the species in our own collection, which thus remains for a future enterprize.
Each of the sections is designated by a proper name derived from the typical species, which will provisionally
characterize the group as a patronymic, until the further accumulation of species shall indicate the
necessity of raising the sections to the rank of subgenera.

* Palpi capite breviores, clypeo penicillato reconditi ; articulo basilari longissimo, secundo
mediocri, orbiculato, tertio ovato, minutissimo. Antenne graciles, elongate, clavd tenut,
subfusiformi. Ale antice apice subrotundato. VALERIA.

65. Pontia Vatenta. Ale supra virescenti vel cerulescenti-albide, maris limbo communt postico,
costali anticarum venisque nigris ; foeminee Limbis latioribus ad discum extensis, in ferrugi-
neum vergentibus, venis dilatatis serieque posticd communi punctorum, interiore macularum
oblongarum albarum: subtis maris lactee glaucino-nitentes nervis obscuris nigris, limbo obso-
letissime fusco-irrorato ; foeminee canescenti-fusce nitore violaceo ; antice basi saturatiore,
postice cinerascenti-flave, singulis punctis maculisque pagine superioris notate venisque
latioribus. (Exp. alar. unc. 2—3.)

Wings above, in the male, greenish or bluish white, with a common posterior border, the costal
border of the fore wings and the nervures of a black colour; in the female grayish white or
yellowish, with broader borders along the margins generally, which spread to the disk and
assume a blackish-brown tint, the nervures being throughout more diffuse; this sex bears
near the hinder margin and parallel with it a regular series of white dots, extending through
both pair, and within the same, tending towards the disk, a less regular series of oblong
longitudinal spots of different sizes, of the same colour: underneath the wings are cream-
coloured with a glaucous gloss in the male, and marked with delicate black nervures, while
the posterior border of the fore-wings appears only in a strong light, the wings bearing
towards the margin at the nervures clouds of obsolete brownish irrorations; in the female
the wings are grayish brown with a faint violet lustre; the fore-wings having a more satu~
rated tint near the base, the hinder being grayish yellow, while in all the wings the nervures
are broader and the dots and spots of the upper surface are distinctly apparent.

T 2 Papilio

140 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.
Papilio Valeria. Cram. pl. 85. fig. A. (Variety of the male.)
Pieris Valeria. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. 154.

Our collection contains four male and four female specimens from Java. We have also several continental
specimens, in which, however, the sexual distinction is less apparent. The latter possess that peculiarity
assigned to this species in the description given of it in the Encyclopédie, having a series of white dots in the
marginal border of the fore-wings, while our description represents the insect agreeing strictly with Cramer’s
figure, which is considered as a variety by MM. Latr. and Godt., having in the male a simple posterior
border in all the wings. Our insect possesses another peculiarity, the colour inclining more to bluish than
to greenish-white. The remarkable difference in the painting of the sexes is also to be considered in the
description of our species. In the female the border is undefined spreading over the entire disk, and even
to the base, while the intermediate white patches are slightly covered with brown irrorations, over which,
towards the base, a saturated yellowish or grayish shade is thickly spread. Indeed the female assumes
the external habit of an Euplcea; but in the modifications of the nervures it closely agrees with the male.
Bearing in mind these peculiarities of the Javanese insect, it remains for future inquiries to determine
whether it be not specifically distinct from the continental species.

** Palpi capite longiores, articulis exterioribus subequalibus, ultimo gracili, attenuato.
Antenne elongate, clavéd subfusiformi, acutd. Ale breves ; antice orbiculato-rotun-

date. NINA.

66. Pontia Nina. Ale nivee tenere nitide ; antice utrinqué macula maxima mediand ante discum
sitd subangulatd apiceque pagine superioris obliquo nigricanti-fuscis ; postice immaculate :
subtus antice margine costali basi apiceque glaucino-cinereo irrorate ; postice pagind totd
cinereo-viridi nebulose, strigis tribus undulatis distinctioribus. (Exp. alar. lin. 16—19.)

Wings snow-white, somewhat glossy and of a delicate texture, anterior having on both sides a large
subangular mark in the medial area a little behind the disk, with the obliquely defined apex
of the upper surface blackish brown; hinder-wings immaculate: underneath fore-wings
with the costal margin as well as the apex and base irrorated with ash-gray; hinder-wings
having the whole surface delicately variegated with the same tint, slightly verging to green;
three more distinct undulated strigze passing at regular distances parallel with the posterior
margin across the whole surface.

Fapilio D. C. Xiphia. Fab. Spec. Ins. tom. 2. p. 43. No. 180. Mant. Ins. tom. 2.
p- 20. No. 204. Hospitatur Musaeo Domini Banks, a Fabricio ipso sic inscripta.

Papilio D. C. Nina. Fab. Ent. Syst. em. tom. 3 pars 1. p. 194. No. 604.

Pieris Nina. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. 162.

Hee species a Papilione Alcesta Cramerinisi cauta comparatione distingui non potest: differt tamen alis
omnibus brevioribus magis abrupté rotundatis; ut et notis sequentibus : anticarum nempe macula discoidali
obscuré fusca, nitore hyalino prorsus carente ; posticarum pagin4 tota cinereo nebulosa in virescentem vergente
strigisque tribus distinctioribus undulata.

A specimen of this insect, preserved in the Banksian cabinet at the Linnean Society, is marked with a
ticket bearing the name of Papilio Xiphia in Fabricius’ own handwriting. It also appears with this name
both in the Species Insectorum and in the Mantissa, but in the Entomologia Systematica Emmendata
published at a period subsequent to those works, we find the name of Nina applied to this insect, in order to
prevent a “ double emploi” of one name in the genus Papilio, Xiphia having previously been given to one of
the Nymphales.

LEPIDOPTERA: 141

The specimen in the Banksian collection agrees closely with those I brought from Java, where it is by
no means unfrequent. Our insect may easily be confounded with the Papilio Alcesta of Cramer, from the
Coast of Guinea, to which the name of Narica is applied both by Fabricius and the authors of the Ency-
clopédie. I have endeavoured in‘a preceding note to point out the distinction.

** Palpi articulo ultimo subabbreviato. Antenne breves ; clavd ovatd, obtusd, compressa.
Ale antice rotundate. Chrysalis antrorsum longe-attenuata, medio arcuata, absque
appendiculis lateralibus. Mancrpium.

67. Ponria Amata. Ale supra dilute testacee, basi saturatiore ex colore lateritio fulvescente,
limbo nigricanti-fusco, punctorum duplici serie: subtus virescentes, puncto ocellari medio.
(Exp. alar. lin. 17—20).

Wings above pale testaceous, assuming a reddish brickdust slightly fulvescent tint at the base, with
a blackish brown border bearing a double series of dots of the ground colour: underneath
greenish yellow with a black discoidal dot.

Papilio D. C. Amata. Fab. Ent. Syst. Em. tom. 3. pars 1. p. 202. No. 633. (The male.)

Pap. D.C. Ciprea. Fab. Ent. Syst. Em. tom. 3. p. 203. No. 634. (The female.)

Papilio Calais. Cram. pl. 53. fig. C. D. PL 351. A. B. fig. C. D. (Variety of the
female.) Mus. Dom. Banks.

Pieris Amata. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. 131.

Ten specimens from various parts of Continental India are contained in our collection.

68. Pontia Danar. Ale utrinqué albe ; antice parte dimidid posticd obliqua nigra, ad apicem laté
chermesind, in feemina serie insuper transversd punctorum ; postice limbo continuo vel interrupto
nigro: subtus entice apicem versus fulvescentes, tenid arcuatd dimidiatd saturatiore punctis
quadratis seriatis nigricantibus fretd ; utrinqué ad discum puncto nigro ; postice strigd post-
mediand moniliformi punctoque discoidali fulvis nigro-irroratis. (Exp. alar.1 unc. 9 lin—2 unc.)

Wings white on both sides; anterior having the extreme dimidial portion, separated by an oblique
boundary line black, the apex being covered with a broad crimson patch defined according
to the outline of the wing, which in the female bears a transverse row of black dots; hinder
pair with a continued or interrupted posterior border of a black colour : underneath fore-wings
fulvescent towards the apex, with a more saturated curved dimidial band, bearing a series
of quadrangular blackish dots; anda round discoidal spot on both surfaces; hinder pair
with a regular row of dots beyond the middle, and a spot on the disk of a fulvous colour
irrorated with black.

Papilio D. C. Danae. Fab. Mant. Ins. tom. 2. p. 22. No. 233. Mus. Dom. Banks.
Papilio Danae. Donov. Ind. Ins. (With a figure.)

Papilio Eborea. Cram. pl. 352. fig. C. D. E. F.

Pieris Danae. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. p. 124.

We have four specimens of this insect.

69. Pontia Titres. Ale albe; antice maris supra apice fulve, margine crenulato punctoque
postico nigris ; foeminee apice dilutiores, fascid arcuatd costali punctoque discoidali nigris ;
postice serie maculari marginali nigrd in femina insigniore: subtus antice basi sulphuree
apice fulvescentes strigd costali arcuatd nigrd in feemina saturatiore ; postice maris fascia

pone

142 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

pone medium interruptd obsoletissimd fuscd ; foeminze pagind totd fulvo-griseo-margaritaceoque
nebulose fascia mediand ferrugined insigniore. (Exp. alar. lin. 18—21.)

Wings white; anterior in the male above with a fulvous tip, the crenulated margin of which anda
posterior dot being black ; in the female, apex pale inclining to fulvescent, and marked with a
curved band, which as well as a dot on the disk is also black; hinder pair with a macular
band of the same colour, which is more distinct in the female: underneath fore-wings
sulphureous at the base and fulvescent at the tip, with an arcuated black costal striga,
which is more saturated in the female; hinder pair in the male with a very obsolete inter-
rupted brown band beyond the middle, while in the female the entire surface is clouded
with delicate fulvous, gray, and pearly marks, a more saturated ferruginous band consisting of
two interrupted portions occupying the middle of the surface.

Papilio Aurora. Cram. pl. 299. fig. A. B.C. D.
Pieris Titea. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. p. 124.

We have specimens of both sexes, collected chiefly in the neighbourhood of Madras. Query: should this
species be united with the P. Eucharis of Fabricius? A specimen ot the latter in the Banksian Museum
possesses no obvious distinction.

**** Palpi articulo terminali gracili, attenuato, secundo longitudine insigniore. Antenne
subabbreviate, clavd elongato-ovatd, obtusd. Ale antice oblonge, apice obtuse angulato,
margine posteriore recto. Chrysalis processu antico distincto, appendiculis lateralibus
prominulis, acutis, patentibus. Ponta. .

70. Pontia Musentina. Ale albe, (foemine basin versus flavescente lavate), limbo postico com-
muni nigro albo-maculato ; antice utrinqué fascia costali incurvad nigra: subtus postice flave
Susco venose. Enc. Méth. (Exp. alar. unc. 24—23.

Wings white, (in the female with a yellow tint spreading to the base), the posterior border in both
pairs black spotted with white; anterior marked on both sides with a short arched costal
band; underneath hinder pair yellow, with strongly pronounced brown nervures.

Papilio D.C. Aurota, Fab. Ent. Syst. Em. tom. 3. pars 1. p. 197. No. 614.
Papilio Mesentina. Cram. pl. 270. A.B. (The male.)
Pieris Mesentina. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. p. 130.

The metamorphosis of this species was observed by Maj. Gen. Thomas Hardwicke, who, with his accus-
tomed liberality, communicated to me an excellent drawing of the insect in all its states. The larva is long,
slender, slightly attenuated at each end, and longitudinally marked with bands of different colours. Along
the middle of the body is on each side a yellow, and beneath this a black abdominal band: the band along
the back is green. The whole surface of the larva is covered with delicate whitish hairs. In other respects
it agrees with the character given in the generic description ; and the pupa exhibits in great perfection the
peculiarities which belong to this section.

This insect was not found in Java. Numerous specimens have been sent to our museum from the coast of
Coromandel.

71. Pontra Marianne. Ale supra coerulescenti seu flavescenti-albe ; antice apice (medio fulvo)
nigre : subtus singule flavide, puncto ocellari medio strigdque moniliformi postica. Ent. Méth.
(Exp. alar. unc. 21.)

Wings above bluish or yellowish white ; fore-wings with a black apex, which is covered to within

a small

LEPIDOPTERA. 143

a small distance of the margins with a fulvous patch: underneath all the wings yellowish,
bearing in the middle a solitary and towards the posterior margin a continued regular series
of ocellate dots.

Papilio Marianne. Cram. pl. 217. fig. C. D. E.

Papilio D. C. Sesia. Fab. Spec. Ins. tom. 2. p. 47. No. 206. ?

Pieris Marianne. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. 120.

Several male specimens, imperfectly preserved, have been sent to our museum from the Coromandel
Coast. Donovan gives a figure representing the upper surface of P. Sesza.

72. Pontia Ainipre. Ale flave ; antice supra apice late nigro fascia flavd seu fulvd: subtis
singule punctis ocellaribus serie posticd digestis, punctoque discoidali anticarum nervo transversali
intersecto. (Exp. alar. unc. 2. lin. 2—4.)

Wings yellow ; the anterior above with a broad black apex marked with a yellow or fulvous band:
underneath a posterior series of ocellate dots passes through all the wings, while the fore-
wings have besides a dot on the disk, which is intersected by the transverse nervure.

Papilio D. C. Enippe. Fab. Spec. Ins. tom. 2. p. 48. No. 207.
Papilio Ainippe. Cram. pl. 105. flg. C. D. pl. 157. fig. C. D. pl. 229. B.C. (A variety.)
Pieris Ainippe. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. p. 120.

This insect was not observed in Java, but various specimens from Continental India are contained in our
museum, among which is a variety resembling in its upper surface the insect figured on Cramer’s 229th
plate. Although the peculiarities of our 71st, 72d and 73d species are detailed with considerable perspicuity
in the Encyclopédie, their discrimination requires some attention, in consequence of their resemblance in
habit and painting. Having examined the specimen of Pap. D. C. Sesia of Fabricius contained in the
Banksian Cabinet, I have been induced to annex the synonym of that insect to the P. Marianne of Cramer ;
and from a similar examination of the P. Rhexia, I have to state, that I cannot discover any difference
between that insect and P. Pirene as described in the Enc. Méth.

73. Pontra Pirene. Ale flave; antice supra apice (medio fulvo) nigre : subtus singule puncto
medio fusco. Enc. Méth. (Exp. alar. unc. 23)
Wings yellow; the anterior above with a black apex, bearing in the middle a fulvous patch:
underneath all the wings have a brown dot on the disk.

Papilio D. C. Pyrene. Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. p. 762. No. 86.
Papilio Pyrene. Cram. pl. 125. A. B.C.
Pieris Pirene. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. p. 120.

Our specimens, two in number, are from Continental India.

74, Pontia Venitia. Ale flave ; antice supra plagd mediand fulvaé, margine punctoque discoidali
nigris ; foeminee plagd fulvd ampliore, serie insuper posticd macularum flavarum cuneatarum 5
basi cinereo-irrorata ; postice limbo posteriore nigro: subtis singule puncto centrali nigro:
foeminze in posticis serie postmediand maculari fuscd cinereo-irroratd. (Exp. alar. une. 21.)

Wings yellow; anterior pair above with a large medial fulvous patch, the border and a discoidal
spot being black ; in the female the fulvous patch is more extensive, and spreads towards the
base, which is irrorated with gray, and the posterior margin bears a series of yellow wedge-
shaped spots; hinder wings in both sexes with black posterior border: underneath all the

wings

144 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.
wings are marked with a black dot in the middle; the female having in the hinder pair a
widely interrupted macular band of a brown colour irrorated with gray.

Pieris Venilia. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. p. 121.

The great similarity of the species last enumerated has already been pointed out: they are however clearly
discriminated in the preceding description, in which I have followed the authors of the Encyclopédie, but
not without subjecting each toa close examination. Pieris Venilia is first described in the work just cited ;
it appears to be, in Java, the representative of the three former. Our collection contains a single pair in
perfect preservation.

75. Pontia Jupira. Ale subconcolores ; antice albe, venis limboque nigris ; postice flave, limbo
nigro, angulum analem versus aurantiace. (Exp. alar. unc. 12—23.)

Wings agreeing in colour on both sides; anterior white with black nervures and posterior border ;
hinder pair yellow, with black border; the anal angle and its immediate confines having a
more saturated orange tint.

Papilio D. C. Judith. Fab. Mant. Ins. tom. 2. p. 22. No. 230.
Papilio Judith. Donov. Ind. Ins. (With a figure.) Mus. Dom. Banks.
Pieris Judith. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. p. 121.

This is, in Java, one of the most abundant species of Pieris. The specimens in our collection are

numerous, diversified as to size, but agreeing in colouring and markings.

76. Pontia Coronis. Ale supra albe, limbo postico communi nigro, anticarum dilatiore albo-
maculato venisque distinctioribus: subtus virescenti-grisee venis latioribus subconfluentibus
fascidque posticd fuscis, ferrugineo vel griseo-irroratis pulverulentis ; postice maculd basali ad
costam attenuata triangulari insigni saturatissimd fulvo-pulverulentd (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 10
lin.—2 une. 3 lin.)

Wings white above, with a common posterior black border, which is broader in the fore-wings and
spotted with white, the nervures also in these being more pronounced: underneath greenish-
gray with broader spreading subconfluent nervures covered with opaque ferruginous
irrorations, and a posterior band of a brown colour; hinder wings at the base with a deep-
fulvous triangular mark extending attenuated along the costa, its covering being opaque
and pulverulent.

Plate IV, fig.9; 9; a. The Larva and Chrysalis,

Papilio D. C. Coronnis. Yab. Spec. Ins. tom. 2 p. 45. No. 193.
Papilio Coronis. Cram. pl. 44. fig. B.C.
Pieris Coronis. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. p. 132.

The metamorphosis of this species is distinctly represented on our fourth plate. In the chrysalis an
excellent illustration of this organ, as modified in the present section, is afforded, Our specimens, many of
which were obtained by breeding, are numerous ; they exhibit no variation in the markings, and but little
in their colouring ; in a few individuals the posterior wings haye underneath a grayish tint, and the basal
mark is obscure and whitish, but in no single instance have the wings a yellow tint. In the species next
following, the whole surface of the hinder wings underneath is covered with an uniform bright yellow
colour, and the triangular basal mark, which is so prominent in the Pieris Coronis, is entirely wanting ; and
as our collection contains more than twelve specimens, which all essentially agree among themselves and
with Cramer's figures of P. Evagete, I have introduced that species with his original denomination. All our
specimens are from Continental India.

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CHnRATEWDW

ve

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

———
PLATE V.
Fig.
Savers Papilio Macareus. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. 16.
2, a. Neptis Vikasi. u.

Paphia Franck. Nymphalis Franck. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. Suppl. 825.
Aconthea (Gen. Nov. u.) Lubentina (the male). Papilio Nymphalis Lubentina. Fab.
«eee. Aconthea Alankara. u.
a. Melanitis Dusara.. n.
8, a. Hipparchia Medura. u.
9, a. Hipparchia Makuta. u.

a.

3, a. Paphia Periander. Papilio Nymphalis Periander. ab.
a
a

PLATE VI.
sees Idea? Gaura. u. ;
seeeee Ariadne (Gen. Nov. u.) Coryta? Papilio Coryta? Cram. Pl. 86. fig. E.F.
3, a. Paphia Schreibers. Nymphalis Schreiber. Znc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. Suppl. 825.
esos Paphia Paralekta. 1.
5, a. Morpho Odana. Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. 445.
seeeee Morpho? Celinde (the female.) Enc. Méth. Hist. Nat. ix. 446.

PLATE VII.

Vanessa Asterie: larva. 1, a: chrysalis. 1, b: Palpi. 1, c: Antenne. 1, d: Proboscis.
1, e: Fore leg of the male. 1, f: Fore leg of the female. 1, g: Mid leg. 1,h: > Last
joint of the tarsus of the mid leg magnified, showing the claws, appendages, &c. 1, i:
Appendage separated.

Vanessa Laomedia: larva. 2, a: chrysalis.

Vanessa Orithya: larva. 3, a: chrysalis.

Cynthia Cardui, from Java: larva. 4, a: chrysalis. 4, b: Palpi. 4, c: Antenne. 4, d:
Proboscis. 4,e: Fore leg of the male. 4, f: Fore leg of the female. 4, h: Last joint
of the tarsus of the mid leg magnified.

Phalanta (Gen. Nov. u.) Argynnis Phalanta. Enc. Méth. 259: larva. 5, a: chrysalis. 5, b:
Palpi. 5, c: Antenne. 5, d: Proboscis. 5, e: Fore leg of the male. 5, f: Fore
leg of thefemale. 5, g: Mid leg.

Ariadne Coryta? u: larva. 6, a: chrysalis, 6, b: Palpi. 6, c: Antenne. 6, d: Pro-
boscis. 6, e: Fore leg of the male. 6, f: Fore leg of the female. 6, g: Mid leg.
6, h: Terminal joints of the fore leg of the female magnified.

Limenitis Sibilla: larva. %, a: chrysalis. (According to Roesel.)

Neptis ? u. (Limenitis duct.) Populi: larva. 8, a: chrysalis. (According to Roesel.)

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Neptis Aceris? (from Java) larva. 9, a: chrysalis. 9, b: Palpi. 9, c: Antenne. 9, d:
Proboscis. 9, e: Fore leg of the male. 9, f: Fore leg of the female. 9, h: Last joint
of the tarsus of the mid leg magnified.

Amathusia Phidippus: larva. 10, a: chrysalis. 10, b: Palpi. 10, c: Antenne. 10, d:
Proboscis. 10, e: Fore leg of the male. 10, f: Fore leg of the female. 10, h: Last
joint of the tarsus of the mid lee magnified.

Morpho? Celinde: larva. 11, a: chrysalis. 11, b: Palpi. 11, c: Antenne. 11, d:
Proboscis. 11, e: Fore leg of the male. 11, f: Fore leg of the female. 11, h: Last
joint of the tarsus of the mid leg magnified.

PLATE VIII.

Papilio dissimilis: larva. 1, a: chrysalis. (From General Thomas Hardwicke’s series of Indian
Drawings.) 1. b: Palpi. 1, c: Antenne. 1, d: Proboscis. 1, e: Fore leg.

Acreea Viole: larva. 2, a: chrysalis. (General T. Hardwicke.)

Biblis Leucothoé: larva. 3, a: chrysalis. 3, b: Palpi. 3, c: Antenne. 3, d: Proboscis.
3, e: Fore leg of the male. 3, f: Fore leg of the female. 3, h: Last joint of the
tarsus of the mid leg magnified.

Biblis Procris: larva. 4, a: chrysalis. 4, b: Palpi. 4, c: Antenne. 4, d: Proboscis.
4, e: Fore leg of the male. 4, f: Fore leg of the female. 4, h: Last joint of the
tarsus of the mid leg magnified.

Apatura Iris: larva. (According to Roesel.) 5, a: chrysalis. (According to Standish;
MS. Brit. Mus.) The dissection from Apatura Lasinassa. 5, b: Palpi. 5, c: An-
tenn? 5,d: Proboscis. 5, e: Fore leg of the male. 5, f: Fore leg of the female.
5, h: Last joint of the tarsus of the mid leg magnified.

. Aconthea primaria. H.: larva. 6, a: chrysalis. 6, b: Palpi. 6,c: Antenne. 6, d: Proboscis.
6, e: Fore leg of the male. 6, f: Fore leg of the female. 6, h: Last joint of the tarsus
of the mid leg magnified.

Paphia Athamas: larva. 1%, a: chrysalis. %, b: Palpi. 7, c: Antenne. % d: Proboscis.
7, e: Fore leg of the male. 17, f: Fore leg of the female. 7, g: Mid leg.

Melanitis undularis: larva. 8, a: chrysalis. 8, b: Palpi. 8, c: Antenne. 8, d: Proboscis. —
8, e: Fore leg of the male. 8, f: Fore leg of the female. 8, h: Last joint of the tarsus
of the mid leg magnified.

: Hipparchia Leda: larva. 9, a: chrysalis. 9, b: Palpi. 9, c: Antenne. 9, d: Pro-
boscis. 9, e: Fore leg of the male. 9, f: Fore leg of the female. 9,h: Last joint of
the tarsus of the mid leg magnified.

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The Larve & Chrysalides drawn by J. CD.1m Java
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London, Published by Parhuryv, dllen & C? Leadenhall Street, Dé

TheLarve & Chrysalides drawn by 7G Doppert in Java CF
The Difsections by CM tarts.

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London, Published by Parbury, dite & 0? Leadenhall Street, Dec!l, 1828.

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al ete fh nay, Cree LER Dea?
; ad FO SOMIS OTT aye fn : heatirn
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i ie eee oe tsephy Wag Tere RUN Ma tie Hie Rta. haba © Irs b
; rR. Noh ee ay eet Ra PENS % i : oe.
) 4 \ ono, “te Lee on CDKG Din oh oe
Mee My, a) oti, wean he Wy), EE = ‘ :
mtuayhe hE despite shia’ ~~ F : : a OL AAE ald
ca \ ‘a & *) ae "| e ii oie aay at ; Ronk Lytal 5 :
Pe eee roe Al ea at eS OTe COE a PMA Oke 8 ae ‘ : are
; ie erat Meine we) : i ERP RMS ie
A3y y 4 a be Wi) qi Wedel lie) a) Rey y F ' .
‘ PCT ei ws Ya Beh ; ea Wa , a aie r
“a an Cr mes. b CEN Pe y te cher ueet oie Way ee
oo F ee gyre ne, cag ay REND ESN YALE) al
ote a nae reach aver Ae at aon ;
i aed CR PELE ES tote pyre ay be Kobi gear ;
f ; either : : " ; ep eae tye ae , oi i SS 2
‘ . ne test oy 5 oa tae vpn b aT F Aas
ee , ies drat eitaeun ae rere PD acl | a TEST ag ‘
es : 7 - ote Ye eek.
F / AA Rha eat
1 Fe gl : f
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4 Aaa 4 - PUL a TPERE SRR RNP e oh,
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"every expedition consistent with my plan.

Tur object and extent of this work, the materials whence it is produced, the
treatment and distribution of the subjects, and the design and arrangement of the

illustrations afforded by the plates, have been distinctly detailed in my original

prospectus. It was further stated that the parts would follow each other with
every degree of expedition consistent with the style in which the work had been
commenced 3 and a prospect was held out of publishing the successive parts at
intervals of Six months. ~ ey -

In conducting the second part, every exertion has been made to sdlieie to fig
engagement ; twelve months have, however, elapsed since the publication of the
first part. The drawings, dissections, and engravings have occupied more than one

half of this period, and the remaindér has searcely been sufficient for the com= ee
pletion of the colouring of the. plates in the style 1 in which they are offered. It is an

therefore. incumbent on me, respectfully to inform the honourable. patrons of this ve.
work, as well as my friends and the public at large, that the remaining parts will

individually 1 require, one year, on an average, for their completion. The third pe
now in progress, will accordingly be nublighed 4 in the course of the year. 1830, 1 ri

It is also my duty to state, in anticipation of any ee which might a arise to

the work, from the extent and copiousness of the characters and descriptions, 5

that a modification has been adopted in the second stirps of the Diurnal Lepi.

doptera, by which I am enabled to obtain every degree of brevity and condacseas "

required for the completion of the work within the limits proposed. In the
Vermiform s 8 tirps I thought it advisable to adhere to the form originally adopted

in the discriptions of the numerous novel and interesting subjects it contains 5»

- but in commencing the Chilognathiform stirps, I have adopted the following modi-

fications. ‘The generic character is given in Latin alone: yet although the detailed
English Cuneesn 4 is dispensed with, the explanatory observations and_ historical
remarks will be continued after the model of the Vermiform stirps. In the Latin
technical character of the species, a greater degree of conciseness is employed,
and a more or less literal translation is added in place of a free and copious
English dgscription. Species already well .known and clearly described are
given with the name, and several of the most important synonyms. New species
if necessary, will be illustrated by concise Latin remarks. The miscellaneous
observations containing the history of those individuals traced by me through
their various stages of existence, and of which our collection contains repre-
sentations in their Jarva and chrysalis states, as well as the peculiarities I have
noticed in Java, regarding their relative abundance or scarcity, their food,
habits, and season of appearance, will be continued as heretofore ; and the object
will be perpetually kept in view, of rendering the work generally useful and oh.
resting to the British naturalist.

T

ay

mes 7 a :

by BS!

7 ae PRs Pa oa
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bop ra if *
hy

Ci ; oh i
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2 cae ine Wate bye isis f ; aaah Ra lietendele " tHe ait ie
jose neath He) Was LA ated ioe ¥ mo i heey , i its ediardenite
wed hi ! din Hanshi ‘ wae Kees Canes We Os Ae aa | aan hbstov
i faye Vist A ene at isa
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rs

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pssst, sinh ores
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eae = F “i ;
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480 stan We ee i caheagar Raunt ih eae i \ vised i at Ai .