~ ¢ , , oe oa ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY NEW YorRK STATE COLLEGES OF AGRICULTURE AND HomME ECONOMICS AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY DATE DUE Corneil Uni Libra: SF 105.HS3" 0 Tables determina es an ania e tion 3 1924 002 953 564 Tables tor the Determination of Types and Breeds oi Domestic Animals By H. B. HUNGERFORD University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas COPYRIGHT I9I19 Tue Comstock PUBLISHING Co. PREFACE When the writer began a systematic study of the types and breeds of domestic animals, some years ago, he was impressed by the fact that the Manuals available failed to use the comparison of distinguishing characteristics. Later, when he became acquainted with the taxonomic keys of his own favorite group of animal forms, it occurred to him that it might be possible to apply a similar means for fixing in mind the characteristics of the types and breeds of domestic animals. This he has attempted to do. The keys are workable only for individuals comparatively true to type. Our concept of a breed or type is usually the image of some individual or group of individuals, recalled from our own experience, and the difficulty met isin conveying our impression to others. Moreover, it must be admitted that in many cases, wide acquaintance with a breed or race is the only satisfactory way to recognize that an individual belongs to a certain type, without referring to its pedigree. The many excellent photographs now available in the various animal husbandry texts are, in the absence of satisfactory types, a most important aid in giving correct impressions. No one is more aware of the difficulty involved in singling out distinguishing characteristics than the writer, and it may well be that some of the points have been unwisely emphasized. He will welcome stiggestions or corrections. Lawrence, Kansas. H. B. HUNGERFORD. TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I PAGE Purpose of the Synoptic keys........ ecb ee ee cnet eee ne eee ees Leceae reese 8 How to use these keys 2.0.0... cece ce cee ence ee eenee be ceeeaee 6 Key to Poultry Geese cece eee aes veces beeeeeee ieee ences a Ducks ...... , beep eens Lees Lecce eens Lecce eee eee eees 7 Turkeys ............. eee dete ne ene eee a Guinea Fowls.........0. 0... cece eee eee heeeee a ace e cence 9 Chickens ........ cece eee eee eee e eee ee eee tne eans seeeeeeee IO Key to Domestic Mammals Rabbits ..... eden e eee ene e ee naes Lecce cee eee e ee eenee weeee 16 Goats 2... cee cece cence ees eect e eee cence eee eeeeuees ey; sheep ........... beeen eeeae se eeeees Skee e eee eee ete ee eee eee wee. 18 Swine .......... beeen eee neces cece tener eeceees seceeaveeeees 20 Cattle 2.0... 0... ce eee, Lene ees beneeee veeeeees beeen eens weeneee 22 Horses .......... beeen dence Late eeeeeeee re ; weaves 22 Donkeys ...........00-- cee ee eees see e eee eees bec c wees sence eens . 23 PART II Some dominant characters in crossing domestic breeds ........... eae wee 2A Points in Judging .............0.. cece cece cence eee neeees cee 1... 26 Determination of age....... eee ee ee ee ee eet e teeters eens ee eeaeas . 27 A few records of performance................ cee tect cee eee tet eeens 29 Tables of breeds by races .... 0.0... 0. cece cee cee eeeneneeeeeuues 30 A few good books on animal husbandry ....... 0.0... c cece cece cece ee eee 1. 37 Glossary of terms....... Pee eee ee ne ee tener teen etn tee ene eeeees 38 PART I PURPOSE OF THE SYNOPTIC KEYS The keys here presented will serve two purposes: First, they will enable the student to classify quickly a breed that is new to him. And second, they will serve to indicate the distinctive characteristic of a breed and permit the ready comparison of breeds much alike in general appearance. Suppose the student is confused regarding our three very common buff breeds of chickens,—-Buff Rocks, Buff Wyandotte, and Buff Orphington. An examination of the key to chickens, page 9, will indicate that the Buff Rocks and Wyandottes are easily separated by the fact that the Rocks have single comb and the Wyandottes a rose comb. Both breeds have yellow legs, while the Orphingtons do not. In Kansas, we have the Berk- shire and Poland China hogs, alike in color and markings. The key on page 24 will indicate how readily they are distinguished, the former with erect ears, the latter with drooping ears. HOW TO USE THESE KEYS TO IDENTIFY BREEDS With the individuals of the breeds to be identified before you, turn to the table dealing with the animals in question and read the statement (A). If this statement fits the animal, read (B) under A. If (B) is also true, the breed name may be indicated, or, if there are several breeds having the characters indicated by (A) and (B), read (C). If this is true, read (D), etc. Now, if the statement following any letter 1s not true for the breed before you, drop at once to the double of that letter, or af that ts not true, to the triple, quadruple, etc., until you arrive at a statement whtch fits. Then ignore all of the key above that point, and continue as before. Illustration: We have before us a pen of chickens. These chickens are of medium height. They are white with crested heads, and their shanks are pinkish white. Turn to the key for Chickens, page 9. Read A, “Height medium” true. Then read B. “Head not crested,” not true. Then turn to BB. page 16 “Head crested” true. Read C. “Shanks black or slate,’’ not true, so read CC. “Shanks pinkish white,” irue. Read D. “Plumage black and white mottled,” not true, so read DD. “Plumage white,” true. The breed is White Houdan. Key to Poultry GEESE A. Knob on head (see plate I, Figure 3). B. Knob black; the back gray. tous... Gray African BB. Knob brown or black; back dark brown .. ........Brown Chinese BBB. Knob orange; plumage white .. Lis eeseaeaes... White Chinese AA. No knob on head (see plate I Fig. . B. Gray. : C. Black billandshanks...........................Gray Wild Goose CC. Orange billand shanks..........................Gray Toulouse BB. White.. _— Lecce cece ueeeeeeeeeeese es». White Embden BBB. Ornamental coloring .. Leese eeaeaeae ieee... Colored Egyptian DUCKS A. Size, large (weight 5 Ibs. and above). B. Head with heavy crest, body white (see plate I, Fig.6)..... Crested White BB. A few crest feathers on head of Drake. Face naked on sides, and scarlet. C. White.. .. White Muscovy CC. Colored. “Head black and white: back and breast, blue black .. . Colored Muscovy BBB. Head not crested. C. White. D. Yellow bill; body, canoe shaped .. .. White Pekin DD. Delicate pink bill; body large and oval .. White Aylesbury CC. Colored. D. Mallard type of color ... .........Colored Rouen DD. Black, or lustrous greenish black .. .. Black Cayuga DDD. Steel blue with white on breast and wings | ..Blue Swedish DDDD. Buff and slate.. cn ee ee ees Ove sae .. Buff AA. Size small. B. White. C. Body short, round, compact .......... ..White Call CC. Body long.. _White Indian Runner BB. Black, tinged with green, “Bill olive green .. ..Black East Indian BBB. Mallard type of colorings bill velow, body * round, short, compact .. Lice ee ee ee ee ee ee Laees _Grey Call BBBB. “Fawn and white. C. Head of both drake and duck fawn and white. Back, even fawn throughout .. , . ..Fawn and White Runner CC. Head of drake, bronze-green and white: of duck, fawn and white. Back, feathers soft fawn stippled with darker shades of 1 ..Penciled Runner PLATE I. x Geese. Dvel Type. 1. 3. Knobbed. ‘ LD; | Cres Ted Deek. ze 3. led. = STippled- Penci led. Spans TURKEYS A. Bronze. Large size, color bronze........ . ... .Bronze AA. Black feathers with gray tips, giving a, . gray appearance, ‘bronze luster . a _ Narragansett AAA. Buff, or - chestnut, with ‘white o or ‘dark shadings . . Bourbon Red AAAA. Blue or slate colored .. bce ee eee eee ee eee ... «slate AAAAA. White, shanks pink... 0... eee "White Holland AAAAAA. Black oo. cee eee ee te etter eee eee a. Black GUINEA FOWLS A. Plumage steel or purplish 8 gray y regulaniy dotted with white .. ..Pearl Guinea AA. Plumage white .. - , ..White or Albino Guinea STANDARD VARIETIES OF CHICKENS A. Height, medium (plate I, Fig. 1). B. Head not crested. C. Legs not booted. (Not feathered). D. Shanks yellow. E. Size medium; breast broad and full (pl. I, Fig. 1). F. Comb Single (pl. I, Fig. 2). G. Plumage white or largely white. H. Plumage white... .. White Plymouth Rock HH Plumage white, tail black. Cape black and white, due to white lacing of the black feathers ... Columbian Plymouth Rock GG. Plumage darker. H. Plumage buff.... .....Buff Plymouth Rock HH. Plumage red, some black in tail and wings ............... Rhode Island Red HH. Feathers grayish white barred with dark blue black......Barred Plymouth Rock HHHH. Feathers of hen penciled brown and black; Cock beetle green and red . Partridge Plymouth Rock HHHHH. Feathers of hen gray with dark penciling; cock silvery white, beetle green and black .. , . silver Penciled Plymouth Rock FF. Comb Rose. (PL. I, Fig. 1). G. Plumage white or largely white. H. Plumage white...........White Wyandotte HH. Plumage white, tail black, cape black and white laced .. ..Columbian Wyandotte GG. Plumage darker. H. Plumage buff..............Buff Wyandotte HH. Plumage black..........Black Wyandotte HHH. Feathers silvery white with narrow black lacing. Some tail feathers black. “ape black with white lacing. a .. silver Wyandotte HHHH. “Peathers of hen ¢ gray with distinct dark penciling. Cock, silvery white back, black breast and tail, hackle of beetle-green feathers edged with svery 9 white . nae _ Silver-Penciled. Wyandotte IO CHICKENS— Continued HHHHH. Feathers of hen mahogany brown, penciled with black. Cock: back rich red with greenish black stripe down middle of each feather, black breast and tail. Hackle of beetle- green feathers edged with red .. a .. Partridge Wyandotte HHHHHH. Feathers of hen golden bay, laced with black. Cock: back golden bay, breast golden bay laced with greenish black. Hackle of beetle-green feathers aged with golden bay .. ; ..Golden Wyandotte HHHHHHH. “Feathers blue and black barred. . ; .. Dominiques HAHHHAYHHA. "Plumage red, black in tail and wings .. Rose Comb Rhode Island Red FFE. Comb, small pea comb. Plumage dark lustrous red. (On the back a distinct bar of slate should cross the feathers below the surface).........Buckeye EE. Size, smaller than medium; breast full, carried for- ward; wings long; form graceful. (Pl. I, Fig. 2). F. Plumage slate and blue............... Andalusian FF. Plumage beetle green, some feathers tipped with white. Cocks often mostly black........Ancona FFF. Plumage white...................White Leghorn FFFF. Plumage buff .. eee .. Buff Leghorn FFEFFF. Plumage black .. , Black Leghorn FFFFFF. Plumage of hen brown, neck feathers black and golden yellow. Cock: back brilliant red, breast lustrous black ....Brown Leghorn FFFFFFF. Plumage of hen largely white, head golden, breast salmon. Cock: back red, breast white .. eee ..Red Pyle Leghorn FRFFFFFF. Plumage of hen eray, head silvery gray, breast salmon. Cock: back silvery white, breast black ............... Silver Leghorn (Rose and single comb varieties of Anconas and Leghorns). DD. Shanks black or bluish. E. Plumage black. F. Face white, saree Ww white lobes .. we ee ee te te ee ee as WhiteFaced Black Spanish IT CHICKENS—Continued FF. Face free from white. G. Arch on back short............Black Orphington GG. Arch on back long. H. Comb small, single............Black Java HH. Comb large at nose, set close and even on head, single or rose..... Black Minorca HHH. Comb rose, tapering back into a spike, back short, ear lobes round . Black Hambures EE. Plumage black and white. F. Small single comb .................Mottled Java FF. Large single comb (shanks spotted).......Ancona FFF. Rose Comb. G. White penciled with black. . , _ Silver-Penciled Hamburg GG. Silvery white and black spangled .. , be kee _, Silver-Spangled Hamburg EEE. Plumage golden and black. F, Golden a bay Spangled with rh eres black .. ~Golden-Spangled Hamburg FF. Golden ty pened with An greet black .. - __Golden-Penciled Hamburg FFF. Greenish black barred with golden bay.. .... ..Golden Campine EEEE. Plumage blue, head and neck of hen dark blue. Head, back and tail of cock dark blue, breast and body lighter blue laced with dark blue. F. Rather slender birds, light in weight ..Blue Andalusian FF. Rather pisenp b birds medium in weigh wees Blue Orphington EEEEE. Plumage buff, rose and sng comb (shanks should be white) .. , . Buff Orphington EEEEEE. Plumage red (or mahogany brown) and black. F. Feathers of hen mahogany brown pencilled with black. Cock: Back, rich red with greenish black stripe down middle of each feather, black breast and tail. Hackle of beetle-green feathers edged with red. (Shanks should be yellow) .........Partridge Wyandotte FF. Feathers of hen rich brown, ending in a bluish- black spangle, shaped like a half moon. Cock: Back, red and black, black breast and tail; hackle, blue-black edged with red..............Red Caps 12 CHICKENS—Continued EEEBEEEE. Plumage: silvery white heads and necks, rest of plumage, greenish black barred with white ete cee ee ee eee . Silver Campine DDD. Shanks white. EH. Five toes. F. Rose comb, plumage white..........White Dorkings FF. Single comb. G. Head and neck silvery white. Silver-Gray Dorkings GG. Head and neck of hen, gray; of cock, black, gray edging onneck........ ..Colored Dorkings GGG. Head and neck of hen salmon brown; of cock, straw.. ... .... ..Salmon Faverolles EE. Four toes. F. Plumage white. G. Body plump, back short .... ..White Orphingtons GG. Body medium to long. H. Rose comb. I. Ear lobes round ......White Hamburg II. Ear lobes not round .. _.Rose-Comb White Minorcas HH. Single comb, Jlaree, ear lobes not round betes .. White Minorcas FF. Plumage buff. G. Earlobesred, plump birds..... ..Buff Orphington GG. Ear lobes white, slender birds... .Buff Minorcas FFF. Plumage solid red, or with black and white. G. Plumage reddish brown tipped with white .. - Speckled Sussex GG. ‘Phamage rich smahogany 1 red, tail black .. teeee ee. Red Sussex CC. Legs booted, Geathered), @l. L Fig. s). D. Shanks yellow. E. Body long and deep; tail medium; arch on back medium; small pea comb. F. Black and white, white predominating .. . Light Brahmas (12934) FF. ‘Black and white, black predominating. ..Dark Brahmas (1 i—s %) EE. Body dumpy, tail short, arch on back narrow, small single comb. (PI. I, Fig. 5). F. Plumage, buff..............Buff Cochin (11—814) FF. Plumage, brown and black........Partridge Cochin FFF. Plumage black ...................-Black Cochin FFFF. Plumage white ....................White Cochin 13 CHICK ENS—Continued DD. Shanks dark, body tall. E. Plumagewhite.... .............White Langshan (10—7} EE. Plumage black ... ................... Black Langshan DDD. Shanks white, stoes .............-........-Faverolles BB. Head crested. (PI. I, Fig. 8). C. Shanks black or slate. D. Plumage black with white crest ...White-Crested Black Polish DD. Golden laced with black............ ..Golden Polish DDD. Plumage silver laced with black .. .... silver Polish DDDD. Plumage white. , Leas . _... White Polish. DDDDD. Buff laced with black . - __ Buti Laced Polish (A bearded series of above). CC. Shanks pinkish white, shaded with red or mottled with black. D. Plumage black and white mottled, black Predomiatae. five toes . ioe ae ee ee ee ee .. Mottled Houdan DD. Plumage white .. -_ White Houdan (7—6) DDD. Plumage, glossy black... eee ,.Creveceurs(8—7) AA. Height comparatively tall. (Mostly ames). (See P Pl. 1 Fig. 7). B. Limbs long and slender. C. Plumage white. D. Breast wide, round, prominent ..............White Indian DD. Breast not prominent ......................White Game CC. Plumage black. D. Tail long and flowing ........................Black Sumatra DD. Tail normal. E. Comb V-shaped and antler like ..............La Fleche EE. Comb normal . Lies eee ceaeee eee. Black Game CCC. Plumage white and black . ............Birchen Game CCCC. Plumage white and red or + golden ..........Red Pyle Game CCCCC. Plumage black with red and other colors. D. Legs yellow. Head of cock long and cruel, skin of throat showing red through scanty hackle ..Black-Breasted Red Malay DD. Legsblack. Cock: Headorange, neck lemon, dark striped, breast black. Hen: head yellow, neck lemon, dark striped; breast black laced with lemon..... Brown Red Game DDD. Legs willow to willow-green. E. Back of cock white. Head and hackle white. Breast, and tail black. Hen: head silvery gray; neck silvery gray, black striped; back light gray stippled with darker gray; tail black; breast nent salmon . ; a .. silver Duckwing Game EE. ‘Back of cock golden. Head ‘and hackle creamy white. Breast and tail black. Hen: head silvery gray, dark striped. Back gray stippled with darker gray, breast rich salmon....Golden Duckwing Game 14 CHICK ENS—Continued EEE. Back of cock bright red; head and hackle light orange; breast and tail black; Hen: head golden, neck light golden black striped; back grayish brown, stippled with golden brown; breast thee salmon . - eke ee eas ” Black-Breasted Red Game BB. Limbs very stout. C. Color white .. .. White Cornish CC. Color, rich red with “white .. _ White-Laced Red Cornish CCC. Color, cocks black and red; “hens: mahogany penciled with black .. Leaae , te.eee se... Dark Cornish AAA. Small in all proportions (Bantams). (Besides the Bantams, the diminutives of the standard fowls from Games to Cochins, there are the following :-— B. Feathers normal. C. Legs booted. D. Plumage white. E. Head crested, 5 toes .. ene eee ee ee eee . sultans EE. Head not crested .. Booted White DD. Plumage red or golden buff and white spangled .. ae ..Mille Fleur Booted Bantams CC. Legs not ‘booted. D. Taillong and drooping. E. Plumage black .. ............Rose-Comb Black Bantam. EE. Plumage white..............Rose-Comb White Bantam DD. Tail upright, some feathers almost touching the head .. E. Plumage white .. eae .. White Japanese EE. Plumage white, tail black .. - Black-Tailed Japanese EEE. Plumage, cock sivery & oray and black; hen, black and white....... .. _ ..Gray Japanese EEEE. Plumage black Lose ceaeeeeeeess.. ..- Black Japanese DDD. Tail not very full. E. Golden yellow laced with black.......Golden Sebright EE. Silver laced with black ..................Silver Sebright BB. Feathers peculiar in structure. C. Feathers ruffled (tips curved back) .. .. ..Frizzles CC. Feathers without oe or web, plumage m white, face bluish red bee ee eee ete te te ee ee ee eee Lea . Silkies T5 Key to Domestic Mammals a enmanmbiniens vaaiiamnal RABBITS* A. Fur very long, color various, white being the commonest color........Angora AA. Fur normal. B. Ears exceedingly large and long................Lop Eared Rabbit BB. Ears normal or small. C. Size very small, ears very short and closely set, eyes red “The toy of the rabbit family’’.. — 1. .eee.....-Polish Rabbit CC. Size small, ears of normal proportions. D. Color silver gray or fawn..............Silver Gray Rabbit DD. Color black or blue, eyes and nostrils surrounded with tan, also margins of ears, chest and belly line..........Tan Rabbit CCC. Size medium to large. D. Color pure white, eyes pink........................ Albino DD. Color spotted. E. Colored rabbits with white faces feet and body belt .. .. Leck ce ce ce te ee ee ne ee ee ee ee ee ees ..Dutch Rabbit EE. White rabbits with spots of color. F. White with ears, nose, feet and tail nearly black .. ee .. Himalayan Rabbit FF. “White, with ¢ ears sand nose black, blue or tortoise; a line of color down the spine, rings about the eyes and sides with spots of color .. ..English Rabbit DDD. Color uniform. E. Butf to red in color .. ws.aeee..... New Zealand Reds EE. Dark to steel gray .. Laas ..Flemish Giant EEE. Lighter gray to nnffus red” . 1... . Belgian *In color markings and shades, uniformity in the hutch must be considered for Belgians sometimes drop solid blacks, and there is much mixed blood in our common stock. 16 GOATS* A. Fleece long, silky, fine, in ringlets, or wavy curls, color white, horned in both Sexes... ee eee ce eee ee veteesseees a. .. Angora AA. Fleece not as above, shorter and coarser, often very short, color various. B. Size very large, legs long, ears flat, long, large, pendant, no beard; female hornless; males with flat short horns, which lie on back of the head; lower jaw extending beyond upper; hair long, color deep brown or black; no odor... .. 2... ke ce ee ce ee ee ee ee es NUDIAN BB. Size medium. C. Ears upright or horizontal. D. Color solid fawn (sometimes dark brown mottled) legs below knees white, white band passing down each side of face; slender lean body and neck... ................... Toggenburgt DD. Color and markings not as above. E. Body compact, legs short, hair long, usually hornless, color white, red, brown and black................. Maltese EE. Body slender. F. Color white to creamy white. Hair usually short save on spine and flanks, hornless.*.......... Saanen FF. Color: Black head, neck, breast and front legs, rest of tbody snow white, hair long and silky .. .. Blacknecked Valaisan CC. Ears pendant : as a . tule, mostly homless; white or grayish color (may have brown, bluish black orreddish spots). Coat may be long and coarse or short...............-Spanish Maltese *The common “Billy Goat” is of mixed, uncertain blood. +A white variety of this breed is the White Appenzeller goat. Ly SHEEP A. Wool long, coarse. B. Horned, face covered with hair, black or black and white, nostrils black, fleece white ............................. ..Black Faced Hyland BB. Polled. C. Forehead covered with short white hair, fleece in fine spiral locks, nose often Roman, black skin at muzzle..............Leicester CC. Forehead with woolly fore top. D. Heavy foretop, face white, Roman nose.......... ..Cotswold DD. Medium foretop. EH. Long wool, face white to darker.................Lincoln EE. Nearly medium wool, head and legs white........Kent AA. Wool medium. B. Rump extremely full, head covered with tawny or yellowish-brown color, tail broad and flat... 0... eee ee Tunis BB. Rump not extremely full. C. Face white. D. Horned in both sexes. Nostrils white, face straight, fore legs and hoof white.. bene ee ees ..Dorset Horn DD. Hornless; nostrils black; face straight and covered to be- hind the ears with hard white short hair. on II, » Big 9). . Cheviot CC. Face dark. D. Head and face not woolly, polled; head, ears and legs black Suffolk DD. “Face slightly woolly, polled, head and legs dark brown to black; ears neavy shghtly roopings 'arEe, dark mouse- color behind .... .. ; . Hampshire DDD. Face woolly. EB. Face woolly to muzzle, which shows dark to blackish brown, as do legs and ears. poled. a II, Hg 8)... Lees ”. Shropshire EE, “Face not woolly to muzzle. F. Face, ears and legs showing dark brown; loose fore- top; ears long thin; free from wool... ..Oxford Down FF. Face, earsand legs showing gray or light mouse- color; forehead woolly, polled, ears wooly, low chunky breed... ...................... Southdown AAA. Wool fine. B, Fleece many folds, fine, oily, face white and woolly, ears small . ; we ee ee ee ee ee ne ee cn ee ee ce ee ne ns ....American Merino BB. Fleece in few folds about neck. C. Horns small or wanting (as rule)..................Delaine Merino CC. Horns in male large (or hornless) (largest of group; wool coarser than Merino) .......... 0... 0000.0 ee sees. ..Rambouillet 18 ee. Driving Type. 3. Bacon Type. “& Beef Type. q Fo.ce dished. Fo.ce woot ly STraighT foce Roman nose.tO. 19 SWINE A. Hoof solid, color black 0.00.0. 0.0.02 ce eee cece ee ee ess »-Mule Foot Hog AA. Hoof, divided (normal). B. Ears erect (pl. II, Fig. 5). C. Black with white feet, face dished....................Berkshire CC. Black with belt of white.. ......... ..... .....Hampshire CCC. Black without white markings........................ Essex CCCC. White. D. Bacon type (Pl. II, Figh. 5) .. ..Large Yorkshire DD. Not bacon type (ard type) (PI, ‘IL, Fig. 6). E. Face extremely dished, snout short (Pl. IJ, Fig. 7)..... , small Yorkshire EE. “Face moderately dished, black spots 0 on skin .. .. Victoria EEE. Face, slightly dished, long snout . ; ..Cheshire CCCCC. Red (bacon type) long snout... ...... 0.2... 005. ‘Tamworth BB. Ears drooping (Pl. IT, Fig. 3). C. Black with white feet.... ............. . ......--Poland China CC. Black belted with white.......................... ..Aampshire CCC. Red (lard type)....................... .-...-Duroc Jersey CCCC. White, face straight........................Chester White 20 CATTLE A. Beef Type—Heavy, Body rectangular. (PI. II, Fig. 6). B. Horned. C. Horns short; color type red; roan, white.... .........Short Horn CC. Horns medium to long. D. Red with white face........................,...Hereford* DD. Solid red. Sussex CCC. Horns very large and long, points soreading, pole and forehead covered with long hair, color variable .. ..... .. West Hyland BB. Polled. C. Black. D. Hair long, rough coat. . aes . Galloway DD. Hair short, smooth coat, poll peaked _ Aberdeen Angus CC. Color red, roan or white.. ..... w.eeee. ....POlled Durham AA. Daity Type—Medium to light weight; body wedge shaped. (Pl. TI, Fig. 4). B. Color, largely fawn. C. Fawn to dark, sometimes marked with white..............Jersey BB. Color may be fawn. C. Color yellowish, brownish, or reddish brown, often marked with white, horns horizontal . Lae ; .. Guernsey CC. Color white, spotted or - flecked with shades of red, brown or yellow, horns erect . , ; _ Ayrshiret CCC, Color, solid black, brindle « or c brown, with black spots .. , een ee ne te te tee beens French Canadian BBB. Color, black. C. Black, brindle or brown with black points.......... French Canadian CC, Color, black or red. Horns erect, face straight ............Kerry BBBB. Color, black and white. C. Black and white spotted......................Holstein Friesian CC. Black, white belted ..................000+-2-.-.. Dutch Belted AAA. Dual Purpose Type—Conformation medium. B. Polled. C. Color type, red. vaeeeveseee se REG Polled CC. Color type, brown ton mouse e colored . J eevee ss. Brown Swiss B. Horned. C. Color type, bright red. horns black tipped .................Devon CC. Color type, brown to mouse colored ................Brown Swiss *T here are now strains of Polled Herefords. ; {There are a few black and white Ayrshires in America. QI HORSES A. Draft Type. (Pi. II, Fig. 1). B. Legs feathered. (PI. IT, Fig. 2). C. Body cylindrical; legs long, medium feather ............Clydesdale CC. Body, deeper, legs short, heavy feather ..................Shire BB. Unfeathered. or nearly so. C. body block feet high at heel ................ ....... ... Belgian CC. Body medium. D. Color type, chestnut .. ee te te te ee ees . suffolk DD. Color type, not chestnut .. eee ce ne ne es _ Percheron The Carriage, Saddle, Speed, and Pony, types are to be distinguished only by the practised eye. Saddle—Arab, Thoroughbred, American saddle horses. Roadster—Standardbreds, including the Hambletonian family, Morgan family and others. Carriage type—Hackney, French and German Coach and Cleveland bay. Ponies—Shetland (must be under 46 inches). Welsh, Iceland, Indian, Mustangs, Hackney and Arabs (under 1434 hands). 22 BREEDS OF DONKEYS The breeds of jacks used in siring mules are not readily distinguished one from the other. The following are the breed names arranged for memorizing. A. Color gray, (height 144-1534 hands) .............Andalusian (Spanish) AA. Color, blue or black (height 13-14 hands) .......................Ttalian AAA. Color, black or brown. B. Always black. C. Height 14%-15 hands; extremely thick, ong coat of hair. (Head and ears very large) ...........00.0.0 04. .. Poitou CC. Height 15-16 hands .......... 0.0.04. "Majorca (Spanish) BB. Brown or black. C. Height 14-14% hands, usually brown or black.. .. Maltese CC. Height 4 an “15 a hands, usually brown or black .. ; -Catalonian (Spanish) The breeds of jacks most common in this country are the Native, Poitou, and Maltese. The native is only a few generations from imported stock. A large rough jack much in demand here. 23 PART II Some DomINANT CHARACTERS IN CrossING oF Domestic BREEDS. (ADAPTED From Notes From Castip’s ““Herepity AND EvGENIcS’’) ture of it characte their : . Characters nae Meeaetes te crossing Uncertain dominance Domi- iBrack |PoLLED |DEXTER Waite |Unrrorm| UNIFoRM NANT form COLOR BLACK (short legs) Cattle* x x x x Xx x Kerry Spotted | Black form with {spotted (legs whitet| with Reces- |Yellow {Horned | normal Colored Yellow sive (Domi- [Bay Brack Gray |Trot-| UNI- NANT TING | FORM COLOR Horses x x x ».¢ x Spotted Reces- [Not bay |Chest- [notgray |Pac- | with sive nut mg | white Domi- |WILD BLacK [SELF Mute |UntI- NANT] COLOR WHITE | FOOT | FORM COLORED Swine x x x x Not Nor- [Spotted Reces- | Wild {Red Colored | mal | with | sive | color foot | whitet *White Short horn crossed with White Short horn = White Short Horn. Red Short horn crossed with Red Short horn =Red Short Horn. White Short horn crossed with Red Short horn = Roan Short Horn. . {White face of Hereford is carried by a calf of a Hereford crossed with an individual of a solid colored breed. Even Buffalo crosses have shown 1t. {The belt of the Hampshire 1s carried 1m many crosses. a4 Structural x Single Recessive (Comb Fowls DoMINANT {BLACK PLUM- Color xX Yellow plum- age Recessive semeeememnyoibeutsibNreabanccatahs astninnreimteita MAHON Single Comb BARRED 25 Wat- | Wits |FrizziepiCresr NUT EXTRA COMB TOE x x Pea, Rose [Without and | extra single | toe Coit- |WHITE ORED | oF LEG- HORN x x White |Colored of Silkies x x not not Frizzled | Crest JUNGLE [BLACK FOWL | SKIN COLOR PATTERN x x Self Normal black | skin or yellow SUMMARY Or Points In JupGcine Stock, ARRANGED From Gay General Headand| Fore Body Hind Appearance Neck | Quarters Quarters Draft Horses ........| 26 9 24. 11 32 Heavy Harness Horses | 28 4 22 II 32 Light Harness Horses | 28 " 23 II 31 Saddle Horses .......| 27 8 22 12 31 Mule ............. .| 26 7 24 II 32 Beef Steer ..........| 40 8 8 34 LO Dairy Cow ..........| 28 8 6 26 8 (24 udder) Mutton Sheep .......| 40( 9 fleece) 7 ” 25 12 Wool Sheep .........] 26 (24 fleece) 7 8 26 9 Lard Hog ...........] 40 ” 8 31 14 Bacon Hog ........../ 40 8 10 30 12 When the student has made a careful comparative study of the general assign- ments for the various sections of the animal in the different types, he should then refer to some text book or score card for details. 26 NOTES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE AGE OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS See also Plate III The general appearance of an animal will indicate as a rule, whether it is old or young; but for precise detcrmination of the age, a careful examination is neces. sary. In the cases of horses, cows, sheep and swine, the condition of the front tecth serves to indicate the age. A study of the drawings, Plate III, in connection with the following notes, will be of service in estimating age. The Horse The horse has six incisors in cither jaw. (See drawings plate III). The middle pair are called middles. The next pair atermediates, and the outer pair laterals, The colt has its first set of teeth by the time it is five or six months old. These are replaced by permanent tecth as follows: First pair of permanent teeth (middled) come at three years; second pair of permanent teeth (ixtermediates) come at four years old; third pair of permanent teeth (laterals) are up at five years. The permanent teeth are much larger than the colt teeth and when new possess well marked depressions called cups (See Plate ITI). At six years the cups have disappeared from the lower middles. At seven, from the lower intermediates; at eight, from the lower laterals. At nine from the upper middles; at ten from the upper intermediates; and at eleven from the upper laterals. Thus a horse at eleven is said to be “smooth mouthed.” The age of smooth mouthed horses can be determined only relatively. The tecth become longer, narrower and thicker with age, and incline forward instead of mecting squarely as in animals of prime age. (See Pl. ITT figs. showing side view of nippers of the horse). The Cow (Plate IIT) The cow has eight incisors in the lower jaw and none in the upper. They are designated middles, first intermediates, second intermediates, and laterals. (See drawings). The month old calf has its milk or first set of teeth. By two years of age the permanent middles are up. By three years permanent first intermediates. By four years permanent second intermedsates. By five years permanent laterals. From this time on the wear of the teeth and the general appearance serve to indi- cate in a general way the age. (See figure of 1o year old.) Sheep (Plate IIT) The sheep has eight incisors in lower jaw, and none above. The lamb one month old has its full set of first teeth. These milk teeth are replaced by permanent teeth as follows: Permanent middles are wp at oneand one-half years; permanent first intermediates at two years; permanent second intermediates at three or three and one-half; laterals at four and one-half. Goats About as for sheep. 27 PLATE IL O.ge as indicated. by the fFvonT Teeth of lower-raw. of: Horse Cow Sheep Goats Alcs £ s 1yv. ; A y¥. 1, y¥S ahh yy. WA wc 1H YS. 2 yrs. Oe VOW 7 7 YS. 3 Y%S | \\ AW WAWAG ae a bys, if VYs. 4 yYs oe i 7 yts 10 YS, 9 yrs. Howse Side view of wippers , Pulp ip