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CONTINUATION

OP A MONOGRAPH OP THE BIVALVE SHELLS OF THE RIVER OHIO
AND OTHER RIVERS OF THE WESTERN STATES.

BY PROF. C. S. RAFINESQUE.
c Published at Brussels, September 1820.)

Containing 46 Species, from No. 76, to No. 121.
INCLUDING AN APPENDIX ON SOME
BIVALVE SHELLS OF THE RIVERS OF HINDUSTAN,
WITH A SUPPLEMENT ON THE

FOSSIL BIVALVE SHELLS OF THE WESTERN STATES,

AND THE TULOS1TES,

•S new Genus of Fossils.

liTEc.:

PHILADELPHIA, OCTOBER, 1831.

Hardly a -dozen species of North Ameri-
can fluviatile bivalve shells, had been men-
tioned by Bose, Lamark, Say, and Lesueur,
before 1820, when I described, in a special
and ample Monograph, 75 species of them!
with 40 varieties, mostly discovered by my-
self, in my travels of 1818 and 1819, and
figured 28 of them. This labour was writ-
ten at Lexington, in January 1820, and pub-
lished in French, at Brussels, in September
1820, - in the General Annals of Physical
Sciences , by Bory and Drapiez, and also in
a separate pamphlet. I stated then, that se-
veral other species existed in the Western
Waters, but described none but those I had
before my eyes. I have, however, diligently
collected these additional species, in my
successive travels between 1820 and 1826,
and have thus added, at least 40 species to
the 75 already described; some of which,
must also form peculiar Genera, or Sub-ge-
nera, particularly the Lasmonos, which fills
the gap in the variety of hinges. We have
thus five different tribes of Bivalve shells.

1. TJnio. Hinge, with a cardinal tooth and
a lamellar tooth.

2. Alasmodon. Hinge, with a cardinal
tooth only.

3. Lasmonos. Hinge, with a lamellar tooth

*only.

4. Anodonta. Hinge, without teeth.

5. Cyclas. Hinge, with two lamellar teeth.

My labour on this branch of conchology,

of which I was the pioneer and first histo-
rian, lias attracted a great deal of attention
in Europe, and latterly, also, with us. I
was repeatedly asked for the shells I had
discovered and described; I disposed of some
rare ones, for the Museum of my fricnd'Clif-
ford, in Lexington, and for the Museum of
Transylvania University. I furnished' seve-
ral to^ my friends, Elliot, Collins, Gra-
ham, Hart, &c. in America, and Ferusac,
Bronguiart, Swainson, Sowerby, &c. in Eu-
rope. Meantime, I have lately found that
these fine shells have acquired a great value
in Europe, and some have sold at very hiah
prices in England, Germany, and France,
while I have seldom derived any profit from
them, but much trouble, expense, and even
vexation, I am determined to dispose of

none left me, but for sale; I have as yet 400
specimens, or 60 species, of my Monograph
in my cabinet, and all those described in this
continuation, about 96 species in all, which
I value from one to five dollars each; and
even 5 species at ten dollars or more, being
perhaps unique specimens. I offer them all
for sale, and have begun to sell upwards of
50 to Mr. Oh. A. Poulson, for his fine cabi-
net in Philadelphia.

Some of these shells are so very rare,
that I have only met them once in 4000 miles
of travels and explorations; others I have
never seen, except; in collections, such are
the Unio ridibundus , and the Alasmodon
complanatum , lor instance. I shall describe
here, only those which I have now before my
eyes , and with tke names given them ten
years ago, at their discovery; I have seen a
few others, which I delay to describe, not
having them now in my hands. Those who
shall purchase these new shells, may have
the pleasure to give splendid figures of them,
if they like.

Since 1820, several American Concholo-
gists have attempted to notice, describe, or
figure these shells; Barnes, in 1S23, Lea,
Say, and Eaton, later still. They had a fine
field before them, in elucidating them by
good figures, and describing the new kinds;
but led astray, by various motives, they
have neglected to verify, or properly notice
my previous labours, although they were
known to them. Mr. Say is, above all, in-
excusable. I had respectfully noticed, in
1820, his previous labours; but he has ne-
ver mentioned mine, and knows so little of
the animals of these shells, as to have mis-
taken their mouth for their tail, and their an-
terior for the posterior part of the shells!

If he had seen these animals alive, feed-
ing, moving, and watched their habits as I
have done repeatedly, he would not have fal-
len into such a blunder. The mouth is
always near the cardinal tooth, and the la-
mellar tooth is to the right of it in the
right valve, to the left in the left valve —
Others pretend that my monograph is too
intricate; it is the subject which is such;
whenever many species belong to a tribe,
many divisions and sections are needed to

2

elucidate and isolate the species. All the
great naturalists know and do this.

The works wherein their erroneous labors
are found cost above $100! (mine only 50
cents.) This has put it out of my power,
as yet, to verify all their mistaken and sy-
nonymous names. A , complete synonymy of
these shells will soon be required, which I
may perhaps undertake in future, unless it
is done by Mr. Poulson, who has translated
and means to publish my Monograph of

1820. This continuation will be a supple-
ment to his translation. I mean to give in
it my shells under my own names, imposed
as soon as found in 1821 and 1822 chiefly,
the undoubted right of a previous discoverer
and explorer. If some of them are already
well named and described, let their names
be compared and the oldest or best prevail,
as those of my old Monograph ought in all
cases. C. S. R. Philadelphia , Oct. 1831.

I. TRIBE— UNIQ.

1. N. G. Efioblasma. Differs from
Amblema and Ellipsaria by lamellar tooth
obliqual, divergent towards the back and
straight. Axis nearly terminal. The Unio
or Jlmblema torulosa . Sp. 55 perhaps belongs
here also.

76 Sp. Unio hiloba , or Epioblasma biloba ,
discovered 1821.

Elliptical, both ends rounded, back convex,
belly bilobed, sides rugose, more or less gib-
hose, swelled before, greenish brown outside,
bluish white inside. Breadth 2-3, diameter
2-5 of the length.

Var. 1. Pallida , not greenish, rufescent, a
little longer.

In Green river and Kentucky river, about
3 inches long. Remarkable species, very
rare, summits prominent, teeth striated, the
lamellar short, reaching only to the middle.

2. N. G. Toxolasma, Differs from Amble-
ma, Plagiola and Sintoxia , by lamellar tooth
not obliqual but arched parallel with the
back, axis nearly terminal, general form
rounded, back curved.

77 Sp. Unio cyclips. {Toxolasma cyclips.-r—
18 20.) Shell thick, rounded-elliptical, swell-
led subglobose, subrugose and yellowish out-
side, incarnate inside. Breadth 6-7, diam-
eter 4-8 of the length. Axis l-10th.

Var. I. Fuscata. Larger, brown outside,
and nearly smooth, whiter inside, longer la-
mellar tooth.

Var. II. Lutescens. Yellow outside, blu-
ish white inside.

River Ohio and Mississippi 2 to 4 inches,
beautiful nacre, lamellar tooth carinate,
serrulate as in many other species. It is said
that this is the U. abruptus of Say. I can-
not see any thing abrupt in it; my name
means Round Ellipsis.

78 sp. Unio cinerescens {Toxolasma ditto.
1820.) Shell thick rounded oboval, a slight
posterior obliqual ridge, nearly smooth and
cinerescent brown outside, bluish while in-
side. Breadth S-9, diameter 6-9 of the
length. Axis 1 -9 th.

River Ohio and Kentucky. About 2 inch-
es, cardinal tooth much striated, lamellar not
serrulate.

79 sp. Unio lividus , (Toxolasma do. 1822.)
Shell elliptical swelled not thick, outside sub-
rugose, brown, inside livid purplish. Length
3-4, diameter 3-8, axis 1-4 of the breadth.

In Rockcastle river, exceedingly rare.™
Size only one inch, lamellar tooth long, thin
curved, not serrulate.

80. Sp. Unio jlexus. [Toxolasma, ditto,

1821. ] Shell thick rounded, swelled, undulate
below; outside subrugose, olive brovvn, in-
side bluish white. Length 5-6, diameter 1-2,
axis l -6th of the breadth.

In the Kentucky river, rare, 1 or 2 inches,
lamellar tooth well curved, thick; not ser-
rulate.

3. N. G. Bariosta. Form of Scalenaria ,
lamellar tooth curved, and not obliqual, as
in Sintoxia , shell transversal, triangular.

81. Sp. Unio ponder osus. {Bariosta ditto,
1820.) shell very thick and heavy, oval trian-
gular, rounded before, curved slope behind,
with an oblique ridge ending to a point, a si-
nus next to it: outside rough and blackish;
inside incarnate, iridescent, uneven. Length
3-5, diameter 2-5, axis 1-4 of the breadth.

In the lower Ohio and Mississippi. Fine
shell, with beautiful nacre, 3 to 5 inches
broad; cardinal tooth striate, lamellar tooth
scabrous! Many uneven wrinkles inside.
The U. sinuata Sp. 67, belongs to this sec-
tion Bariosta having a similar lamellar tooth:
but it is broader, more elliptical, without
ridge, and white inside; the sinus is also
more central.

82 sp. Unio vittatus ( Lampsilis ? vittata —
1818.) Shell oval, swelled, rather thin,
broad subalate and subtruncate behind with
two or three oblique ribs longitudinal, round-
ed and rugose before, sides smooth, outside
olivaceous, radiated with narrow straight
greenish rays, bluish white inside. Length
3-4, diameter one half, axis one third of
breadth.

In Green river, 3 inches broad or more.
Very near my Lampsilis fasbiola, sp. 26: —
but it is larger, rounder, with straight rays.
Cardinal tooth crenulate, lamellar tooth not
flexuose, but well curved in the right valve;
short, compressed, truncate behind.

83 Sp. Unio inontanus , {Eurynia mon -
tana, 1823.) Shell thin, elliptical, compres-
sed, behind broad a little winged, end trun-
cate, outside nearly smooth brown, a little
laminated and fulvous around, inside bluish.
Length one half, diameter and axis 2-5 of
breadth.

In the streams of the Alleghany and Cum-
berland mountains. About 2 inches. La-
mellar tooth very long, nearly straight, a
sinus above it.

S4 Sp. Unio diploderma , {Lampsilis ditto .

1822. ) Shell thin elliptical, hardly swelled:
back hardly bioader: surface a little ribbed
with a double epidermis, the outer rufous,
the inner greenish: inside bluish purple. — -
Length 7-12, diameter 1-3, axis 1-4 of
breadth.

In Salt river, rare, small, inch; car-
dinal tooth almost as in Leptodea , lamellar
tooth well curved, and fiexuose.

85 Sp. Unio diaphanus , ( Metaptera ? dia -
phana 1821. Shell very thin, transparent,
oval-elliptic, swelled, broader behind, with
a small wing, surface smooth horny, inside,
paje incarnate. Length 3-4, diameter and
axis 3-8 of the breadth. Yar. lineolala with
fnlvous greenish lines.

In small streams of Kentucky, one or two
inches, rare, cardinal tooth compressed, cre-
mate, lamellar well curved.

86 Sp. Unio lasmabrachys ( Metaptera ? do.
1820). Shell rather thick, oval triangular,
swelled, truncate behind with an arched
ridge, surface rugose horny, inside bluish
white, small truncate wing, beaks prominent.
Length 5-7, diameter 3-7, axis 2-7 of the
breadth.

Licking river, &c. 3 or 4 inches, rare,
deep cavity inside: teeth wide apart, cardi-
nal crenulate, lamellar very short, broad and
truncate in the right valve. This and the
last belong more to Metaptera by the teeth
than the wings.

87 Sp. Unio rimosus, ( Eurijnia rimosa.
1823.) Shell elliptic, thick, thinner, broader,
and rimose behind: surface olivaceous near-
ly smooth, inside bluish white. Length 2-3
diameter 1-6, axis 1-4 of length.

In the Cumberland river, rare, small 1^
inch. Resembling some Amblemas , but evi-
dently transversal, cardinal tooth crenulate,
lamellar smooth, short, nearly horizontal,
but a little curved towards the back. Per-
% haps a peculiar S. Cf . near to Epioblasma, it
might be called Lemiox.

88. Sp. Unio fulvus, \Eurynia fulva . —
1823.] Shell elliptical, thick before, sloping
behind, surface depressed nearly smooth,
bright fulvous or rufous outside and inside.
Length one half, diameter and axis one fifth
of the breadth.

Yar. 2. Fusca,ta } brownish rufous outside,
pale inside.

Var. 2. Rufa, quite rufous outside, irides-
cent inside.

In Green river, Rockcastle river, &c., —
rare, fine shell, 2 or 3 inches, cardinal tooth
crenate, lamellar long and straight. Near
to my U. auratus.

G. Obliquaria.

89 Sp. Unio calendis, ( Obliq . calendis.—
1821.) Shell thick and swelled, rounded, sub-
truncate behind, surface with broad flat wrin-
kles. Length 7-8, diameter 1-2, axis 1-5 of
the breadth: outside yellowish, inside iride-
scent and uneven.

In Dick river, &c. Fine sp. beautiful
nacre, rare, 2 inches. Near to U. cyclips,
but smaller, less round, lamellar tooth quite
oblique, slightly curved as in the Plagiola ,
cardinal tooth striated; probably a Sintoxia.

90 Sp. Unio Venus , ( Obliquaria Venus. — •
1820.) Shell oval elliptic, thick and swelled,
truncate behind with transverse wrinkles,
outside nearly smooth, of a reddish chesnut
colour, inside lilac iridescent. Length 3-4,
diameter 1-2, axis 1-3 of the length.

In the Kentucky and Cumberland, very
rare, 3 inches wide; the prettiest of all the
Unios, resembling a Venus. Lamellar tooth
thick erose obliqual. My Unio Elliptica sp.
8, is very near to this: both are of S. G. Ax-
imedia.

91 Sp. U nio plateolus , (Obliq ditto. 1823.
Shell rather thin, broad, elliptic lanceolate,
attenuate and subacute behind, very com-
pressed or nearly flat, outside brown nearly
smooth, inside bluish. Length one half, di-
ameter and axis 1-5 of breadth.

At the falls of the Cumberland. Small,
2 inches, rare. Akin to U. cuprea. Cardi-
nal tooth small, bilobe, lamellar obliqual,
short.

92. Unio teneltus, (Obliq. ditto. 1822.)
Shell elliptic thin, nearly equilateral, quite
flat, margin erose, outside minutely striated,
olivaceous with square green spots, inside
bluish. Length 4-7, diameter 1-7, axis 3-7
of the breadth.

Exceedingly rare, seen only once in a
stream of the Knob-bills of Kentucky. Size
one inch. It is an Aximedia which is to be
a S. G. of Obliquaria . Lamellar tooth

obliqual very short, cardinal bilobe small as
in Leptodea.

93 Sp. Unio bicolor, (Obliq. ditto. 1821.)
Shell thick elliptic, lanceolate, attenuate and
subtruncate behind, with an obliquaf ridge,
outside brown nearly smooth, inside yellow
above, white beneath. Length 1-2, diameter
1-3, axis 1-5 of breadth.

In Kentucky river, 3 or 4 inches, akin to
U. dilatata , but smoother inside, different
nacre, axis more anterior: more rare and
beautiful. Lamellar tooth obliqual thick. —
The U. dilatata is however also an Obliqua-
ria and may be called Obi. violacea.

94 Sp. Uniopallens , (Obliq. ditto, 1821.)
Shell thick compressed, perfectly elliptic,
both ends equal, hardly subtruncate behind,
outside smooth pale yellowish, inside white.
Length 3-5, diameter 3-10, axis 1-5 of the
breadth.

Ohio and Kentucky, rare, 2 or 3 inches.
Lamellar tooth a little obliqual, short and
thick, in the left valve furrow closed as in
the G, Obovaria and Rotundaria. Yet an
Elliptic which is the same as Ellipsaria.

95 Sp. Unio rivularis, [Obliq. ditto. 1821]
Shell rather thick swelled,’ perfectly ellipti-
cal, slightly arcuate below, outside brown
and smooth, inside bluish. Length 4-7, di-
ameter 3-7, axis 2-7 of breadth.

In the small streams of the Knob hills and
Cumberland mountains. Very small, hardly
one inch. Lamellar tooth as in sp, 93. —
Near to U. sinuata , sp. 67.

96. Unio fontinalis , (Obliq. ditto , 1S23;)
Shell thick, rounded, triangular, sub-truncate
behind; quite rounded before and below;
outside smooth, yellow, with some green
spots; inside bluish white. Length 4-5,
diameter 3-5, axis 2-5 of the breadth.

At the spring of the source of Green R.
in the Knobhills, rare, very small, like a Cy-
das; but belong to S. G Scalenaria , lamel-
lar tooth obliqual, straight, short.

4

97. Sp. Unio chloris , (Obliq. chloris.
1828.) Shell oval obliqual, rather thick, and
swelled; the 8 sides rounded, outside green-
ish and smootb, inside bluish iridescent.
Length 4-5, diameter 3-5, axis 1-5 of the
breadth.

Small streams of Knobhills. Minute shell,
next to U. calendis Sp. 89, but distinct, la-
mellar tooth more curved, and not bisulcate.
Both are Sintoxia .

98. Sp. Unio castaneus ; [Obliq. and Axi-
media,1823.] Shell rather thin, oval, ellipti-
cal, swelled, nearly equilateral, broader be-
hind, outside very smooth, and chesnut co-
lour; inside, bluish white. Length, 4-5;
diameter, 3-5; axis 3-7 of the breadth.

Knobhills streams, in east Kentucky.-—
Very small, lamellar tooth suboblique, thin.
Perhaps a variety of U. lenigata. Sp. 9.

G. Truncilla.

99. Sp. Unio perplexus. (Tr. perplexa,
1830.) Shell rather suboval, slightly swell-
ed, only subtruncate; rounded below, out-
side olivaceous, with narrow black lines, in-
side incarnate, iridescent. Length, 3-4, dia-
meter, 1-3; axis, 2-5 of the breadth. Apex
not prominent

In the river Kentucky, about one inch, I
have called it perplexing, because it devi-
ates much from the other Truncilla , approx-
imating to Scalenaria and Plagiola , but the
hinge is like Truncilla.

100. Sp. Unio granulatus, (Tr. granu-
late, 1821. Shell thick, subtriedral, very
much swelled, rounded below, posterior trun-
cature nearly flat, subtesselate, granular;
outside smooth, olivaceous, with broad black-
ish bands, inside bluish white. Length 1-2,
diameter 1-2, axis 1-3 of the breadth. Apex
slightly cordate.

In Salt river, rare, above one inch. Near-
est to Tr. Triqueter , but less cordate, less
tesselate, with granulations instead of warts
behind. Not flexuose below, as Tr. truncate.
Lamellar tooth very short.

101. Sp. Unio metaplata. [Tr. do., 1822.]
Shell thick, subtriedral, much swelled, broad
and curved below, posterior truncature near-
ly flat, hardly tesselate, subgranular above;
cuticle yellowish, inside bluish white. Length
3-4, diameter 5-8, axis 2-5 of the length.
Apex deeply cordate.

Var. 1. Vitiate , with black bands.

In the Cumberland and Green Rivers, ve-
ry rare; the largest Truncilla, often 2 inches,
lamellar tooth crenulate, as in Tr. truncate.
Sp. 19

N. B. Besides these 26 new Unio, I find
in my notes the account and figures of seve-
ral others, such as U. pustulatus, U. puncta -
tus , U. Scaber , U. elegans , U badius, U. cre-
nulatus , &c. but not having now the speci-
mens before me, I must delay their publica-
tion.

Of my previous species of 1820, but few
are found in Lamark last edition of 1819.
My U. latissima. is, perhaps, his U. recta.
I found only 3 names, of different sp. from
mine, clashing by similarity, U. retusa; U
sinuate , and U. depressa. I have thus chang-
ed mine in consequence. My U. retusa ,

1820, is now my U. premorsus; my U. de-
pressa 1820, is my U. compressus; my U. si-
nuate 1820 is my U. cultratus .

Lamark and myself gave feminine termi-
nations to our Unios; they are now generally
made masculine, as I do here; but this dif-
ference is of little account.

The comparative proportions of the
length, breadth, diameter, and axis of the
Unios and other bivalve shells, having been
misunderstood by some, it may be needful to
state that my formula is a kind of abbrevia-
tion of a longer exposition. Thus when I say,
length one half , diameter one third, axis one
fourth of the breadth— -l meant to say, and I
must be understood to state the following
longer account:—

The length of the shell is one half , the dia-
meter is one third, and the axis is at one
fourth of the whole breadth, or largest di-
mension of the shell.

In longitudinal shells this is reversed, the
length being the longest dimension, becomes
the size of comparison.

I ought to have added to the names of our
late writers on Unio, Mr. Hildreth, who has
described over again a few of my species,
and Prof. Eaton, who I regret to say, has,
(in his Zoological Text-Book, Albany, 1826,
now before me.) noticed 33 species of Unio
and Masmodon of Say and Barnes, but
none of my previous ones! and put them all
back to the old genus Mya of Linneus ! This,
as well as his whole Zoological book, proves
that he is forty years backwards in the sci-
ence of Zoology, as he is 30 years backwards
in Botany, and about 20 in Geology. But
this is not peculiar to him, it is the fate of
one half of our Naturalists, Botanists, and
Geologists. The daily increase of knowledge
and improvement in sciences is despised or
neglected by them as useless innovations!
While all the world, and all the sciences
move forward, they would keep those they
teach or cultivate at a stand ! it is all in vain,
and time will show it.

II. Genus or tribe Alasmodon.

This fine tribe of shells of which I knew
only 2 species in 1819, was found rather pro-
lific in species in 1820 and 1821. I ascer-
tained then that it was also to be divided in-
to several genera (subgenera or sections) of-
fering many different peculiarities in the
hinge. I have therefore established the fol-
lowing 4 genera with it.

1. Lasmigona. Cardinal tooth knobby, cre-
nate and decurrent before. Lamellar tooth
remplaced by an horizontal angular projec-
tion, flat above.

2. Amblasmodon. Cardinal tooth knobby
erenate and decurrent before. Lamellar
tooth remplaced by an obtuse oblique knob,
a furrow between it and the ligament.

3. Decurambis. Cardinal tooth bilobe
flexuose enamelled, decurrent on both sides,
decurrence remplacing the lamellar tooth be-
hind, no angular knob to it.

4. Sulcularia. Cardinal tooth small stri-
ated decurrent before, separated by an

5

oblique furrow from a small oblique projec-
tion remplacing the lamellar tooth, with a
small fold in it.

All these shells are transversal and ine-
quilateral; I have seen none yet longitudinal
as among the Unios: most of the species are
ribbed behind. The A. complanata of Say,
must form another peculiar Genus, which I
propose to call Pterosyna ; having the united
wings behind of the Genus Metaptera . The
2 Alasmodon of my monograph belong to the
G. Lasmigona .

102 Sp. Alasmodon ponderosum , (Lasm.
ponderosa, 1820.) Elliptical, very thick,
somewhat swelled, truncate and broadly rib-
bed behind: yellowish and laminated outside,
white and uneven inside. Length 3-5, di-
ameter 1-3, axis 1-3 of the breadth.

In lower Ohio and in the Mississippi.-—
Large heavy shell, five to six inches broad,
roughly rugose outside by their concentric
lamina. Cardinal tooth nearly trilobe, la-
mellar angle obtuse, confluent together.

If these characters of the teeth should
separate it from the Lasmigona , it may be
called Gonatnblus.

103 Sp. Alasmodon rug o sum \_L. rugosa.
1823.] Shell thick elliptical, hardly swelled,
subtruncate behind, broad ribs behind and
below, subsinuate below, outside rugose and
olivaceous, white and nearly even inside. —
Length 3-5, diameter 1-4, axis 3-4 of
breadth.

Tennessee river, rare, 5 to 6 inches broad.
Akin to the last, but more flat, less thick
and heavy, teeth different, cardinal smaller
not trilobe, angular projection less obtuse,
with a wrinkle and small tooth at the base.

104 Sp. Alasmodon sulcatum , (L. Sulcata.
1823.)* Shell thick, elliptical and swelled,
posterior slope with broad ribs, surface oliva-
ceous with large sharp concentric ribs and
broad furrows between, inside white incar-
nate. Length 1-2, diameter 1-3, axis 1-4 of
the breadth.

River Tennessee and Mississippi: fine
large shell, 6 inches broad, beautiful nacre;
cardinal tooth crenate, the angular projec-
tion acute before, obtuse behind. Beak or
apex a little prominent and slighty rugose.
Very rare.

105 Sp. Alasmodon viridis, (L. viridis
disc . 1820.) Shell thin swelled, subelliptical
quadrulated, posterior slope slanting truncate
without ribs: outside greenish, nearly smooth,
inside bluish, with flexuose wrinkles. Length
1-2, diameter 1-3, axis 1-3 of the breadth.

Var. I. Chloris. Bright green.

Yar. II. Radiata. Olivaceous with green
rays.

Yar. III. Fuscata. Brownish.

In the Ohio and other streams. So much
like Unio viridis outside as to be easily mis-
taken for it. Tooth small bilobe crenate,
angular projection sharp with a wrinkle or
furrow. One or two inches broad.

5 N. G. Amblamodon.

106 Sp. Alasmodon hians [Amblasmodon
hians, 1823.] Shell thick, much swelled, el-
liptical, subobliqual tfhd gaping, margin flex -

uolate, posterior slope with broad ribs. Out-
side rugose and yellowish brown, inside even
pale incarnate. Length 7-20, diameter 2-5,
axis 1-4 of length.

River Tennessee, fine rare shell, 5 inches
broad. Hinge quite peculiar, cardinal tooth
not lobed, large subcrenate, large oblique
knob on the projection decurrent, twisted and
curved behind.

6 N. G. Decurambis.

107 Sp. A lasm. Scriptum ( Decurambis life -
rata disc. 1822.) Shell rather thin, subellip-
tical, very much swelled, truncate behind,
nearly flat with transverse furrows and ribs,
subsinuate beneath. Outside smooth green-
ish with blackish spots like capital letters
inside bluish. Nearly equilateral, apex ar-
date. Length and diameter one half, axis
5-12 of the length.

In Green river. Wonderful shell, exceed-
ingly rare and strange, outside form of a
Truncilla , 2 or 3 inches broad. Tooth flex-
uose trilobe compressed, decurrence befid be-
fore. Certainly a peculiar genus.

108 Sp. Alasm. atropurpureum (Decuram-
bis, ditto, disc . 1823.) Shell rather thin, el-
liptical, hardly swelled, smooth and not trun-
cate behind* subsinuate beneath: outside
rugose, blackish purple, quite inequilateral,
apex hardly cordate. Length one half, diam-
eter and axis one third of the breadth.

In the river Cumberland, very rare, 3
inches broad. Tooth flexuose subtrilobe,
hardly prominent. Yery distinct from the
last, although a true Decurambis.

7 N. G. Sulcularia.

109 Sp. Alasm. badium (Sulcularia badia
disc. 1821.) Shell thin, suboval, truncate
obliqually behind, back straight, rounded be-
neath, outside smooth bay with some faint
bands, inside pale bay or rufous iridescent.
Length 2-3, diameter and axis 1-4 of the
breadth.

Small streams of the Knobs, rare, one or
two inches: tooth obtuse, projection very

small.

110 S p. Alasm. papyraceum (Sulcularia pa-
pyraceadisc. 1821.) Shell very thin and flat,
elliptical, broader behind, truncate crenate
with furrows and broad ribs: outside oliva-
ceous a little uneven, inside bluish. Length
one half, diameter 2-9, axis one fourth of
breadth.

In East Kentucky. Very rare ; 2 or 3
inches, tooth short and wide, projection with
an oblique fold; the posterior ribs are seers
both outside and inside.

Ill Genus or tribe Lasmonos.

S N. G. Lasmonos. Cardinal tooth
none, remplaced by a sinus, a flat tubercle,
and a decurrent enamel. Lamellar tooth
curved following the beak. General form of
Metaptera with a small coalescent wing.

Ill Sp. Lasmonos Fragilis. disc. 1822.—
Shell very thin, depressed, suboval, broader
behind, with a small wing, some nodulotities
behind, outside smooth olivaceous, inside?

6

purplish blue. Length 3-5, diameter and
axis 3-10 of the breadth.

In East Kentucky, very rare, 2 or 3 inch-
es wide. Very singular shell, which I mis-
took at first for a JV1 elaplera ; tubercle of the
hinge hardly visible, lamellar tooth very
long, close to the back, bifid at the end in
the left valve. Type of a new Genus which
may include other species when sought for
in the south west.

IV. Genus or tribe, Anodonta.

112 Sp. Anodonla inflata. disc. 1822._

Shell thick, elliptical; somewhat atte-
nuated behind, very much swelled; sum-
mits wrinkled, subprominent, outside oli-
vaceous, wrinkled, inside white iridescent.
Length, 3-5, diameter 2-5, axis 3-10 of
the breadth.

Var. 1. Viridis. Green outside.

Var. 2. Fuscata. Brown outside.

Var. 3 . Zonalis. With green and brown
zones.

River Kentucky and Green, the largest
and finest sp. of the West, reaching 5 and
6 inches, hinge almost without any visible
fold.

113. Sp. Jlnodonla digonota. ( Lastena
digonota, 1826.) Shell thin, oval swelled,
back straight, obliqual, with two angles,
one before and one behind, similar to
small wings, sloping behind, with a flex-
uose edge; outside laminated, pale, oliva-
ceous, inside bluish white, iridescent.
Length 5-8, diameter 3-8, axis at 1-4 of
the breadth.

From Lake Erie, two inches, hinge in-
side. with a flexuose fold, separated from
the straight back. Perhaps a peculiar S.
G. Flexiplis .

I have besides, another doubtful Jlnodon -
to; Jl. rufa , probably a var. of A. ohiensis,
sp. 58.

V. Genus or tribe, CYCLAS.

I have no new sp. of Cyclas; but I am
enabled to present a beautiful new genus
of this tribe, which forms the passage be-
tween Unio and Cyclas. I call it Diplas -
ma, meaning double lamellar teeth. The
specimen before me, was not collected by
myself; it belongs to the cabinet of shells
of Mr. Hembel, of this city, who has
had the goodness to lend it to me. It is
labelled Unio , and is supposed to come
from the river Tennessee, which I am in-
clined to doubt, because I have in my ca-
binet, a specimen nearly alike, from the
river Ganges, collected by Dr. Burroughs,
and because the G. Diplasma appears to be
Asiatic. I therefore suspect that this spe-
cies of Mr. Hembel, is also from Hindos-
tan, and shall therefore include it in the
the following

APPENDIX,

On eight Asiatic bivalve jluviatile shells .

These shells were all collected in the
rivers of Hindostan, by Dr. Burroughs of

this city. They appear very different from
our North American shells, forming even
often peculiar genera. They are 3 sp. of
Diplasma , I sp Loncosilla , 2 sp. Lampsilis ,
and I Obliquaria ,

9. N. G. DIPLASMA.

Shell inequilateral and transversal, hinge
with two lamellar teeth, nearly confluent,
united into a curve, not serrulate, more or
less unequal, bilamellar anteriorly in the
right valve, bilamellar posteriorly in the
left valve.

Certainly a distinct Genus, more like
Cyclas and Hina , in the hinge than Unio ,
although so labelled by Dr. Burroughs, and
our conchologists, by the external form
merely. I suspect that many Asiatic Unios
belong to it. I shall describe 3 of them,
besides our doubtful American species.

114 Sp. Diplasma marginala . Shell thin,
elliptical, swelled, back horizontal, sloping
and truncate obliquely behind; outside ve-
ry smooth, shining brown, anterior and in-
terior margin yellowish, inside pale incar-
nate. Length one half, diameter 1-3, axis
3-10 of the breadth.

From the river Tennessee, as stated to
Mr. Hembel, but so near the next, that the
fact appears doubtful to me; perhaps the
locality has been erroneously stated or la-
belled in Mr. Lea’s cabinet, from whence
the shell is said to have come, and it may
be also a shell from Hindostan. Lamellar
tooth properly curved, the anterior pretty
long. Size of the shell over two inches.

115 Sp. Diplasma similis. Shell very
thin, elliptical, not swelled, back horizon-
tal, truncate obliquely behind, hardly slop-
ing, outside smooth, dark olivaceous, with
a pale margin, inside bluish incarnate.
Length 7-15, diameter 4-15, axis 15 of the
breadth.

From the river Ganges, so similar to the
last as almost to appear the same, yet thin-
ner, flatter, and teeth somewhat different,
forming almost an angle rather than a
curved arch, anterior tooth shorter, ob-
lique, the posterior perfectly horizontal.
Length nearly two inches.

116 Sp. Diplasma vitrea. Shell very thin
and brittle, almost transparent, oval swell-
ed, broader behind, with a slope outside,
very smooth, greenish, or fulvescent, inside
whitish, teeth subequal. Length 2-3, dia-
meter 2-5, axis 2-5 of the breadth.

From the river Jellinghy in Bengal.
Small, hardly over one inch, fine delicate
shell.

117 Sp. Diplasma striata. Shell thick,
suboval, swelled, behind sloping subtruncate
and transversally striated, outside olivaceous
greenish, smooth below, but longitudinally
striated above; strias in a zigzag form in the
middle, inside silvery white, teeth subequal,
much curved. Length 2-3, diameter 2-5,
axis 5-12 of the breadth .

Also from the river Jellinghy. Small,
hardly one inch. This and the last agree in
many points, and might form a peculiar sub-

7

genus Hemisolasma , having shell ovate , (ms
submedialy lamellar teeth subequal.

118 Sp. Uniofulgens , [ Lampsitis fulgens .]

Shell thick, elliptical, swelled, attenuated

behind, outside nearly smooth, laminated,
ferruginous brown; inside of a beautiful me-
tallic incarnate and iridescent. Length 1-2,
diameter 1-3, axis 1-5 of the breadth.

From the river Ganges, two or three
inches, beautiful shell, a true Lampsilis , with
a long flexuose lamellar tooth subcrenulate;
cardinal tooth compressed crenulate. Ante-
rior fossule, very conspicuous below the an-
terior impression.

119 Sp. Unio argyratus , [Lampsilis argy-
ratus .]

Shell thin, elliptical, swelled, attenuated
behind, outside laminated greenish, decorica-
ted and silvery at the summit, inside bluish
iridescent. Length 1-2, diameter 1-3, axis
1-1 6 of the breadth

Also from the river Ganges. Size one and
a-kalf inch. Very near to the S. G. Lepto-
dea , but teeth as in the last, cardinal small
crenulate, lamellar less flexuose, not crenu-
late. In both the teeth are wide apart as in
all the Lampsilis.

120 Sp. Unio corrugata, of the authors
from the river Baramputra, it is an Obliqua-
ria , very near to my U. Venus and U. Ellip-
tica, S. G. Jlximedia. In Mr. Poulson’s Ca-
binet, 1 have not yet been able to determine
precisely whether it is well named, and not
having the specimen before me, I cannot de-
scribe it.

10 N. G. LONCOSILLA.

Shell transversal, unequilateral, some-
what gaping, only one muscular impression
anteriorly. No teeth as in Jlnodonta , but a
hinge with a marginal nerve, or fold anteri-
orly; distinct from the margin, and a little
obliqual behind. Ligament small at the very
summit. — Animal unknown.

A distinct genus of the tribe dnodonta,
which had been mistaken for a fluviatile So-
len by Dr. Burroughs the discoverer of it; but
all the Solens are marine shells. The name
means little knife: it is different from all my
S. G. of Anodonta.

121 Sp. Loncosilla solenoides f or Jlnodonta
solenoides. Shell elliptic, somewhat swelled,
both ends rounded and a little gaping, back
horizontal, outside and inside smooth and
whitish. Length 1-3, diameter 2-7, axis
3-7 of the breadth.

From the river Jellinghy in Bengal.
Small, seldom one inch long. Posterior
nerve of the hinge short.

Addition.— 11th N. G. DIANISOT3S.

The examination of these Asiatic shells,
enables me to affirm decidedly that the Sym-
phonota bialata of Lea is also a peculiar ge-
nus, very different from our Metaptera } near-
er to Hiria and Diplasma. I have seen it
in Mr. Poulson’s cabinet, and ascertained
that it has, like Lasmonos , a lamellar tooth
on each side, forming a curve as in Diplas-
ma, but these teeth appear simple, not fork-
ed, ahd the two unequal ears , [whence my

name] or wings distinguish it as Metaptem
from Unio , and Pecten from Ostrea.

I propose to call it Dianisotis chinensis , as
bialata is not a specific but generic charac-
ter. I could see no cardinal tooth.

SUPPLEMENT
On the Fossil Bivalve Shells of the
Western Region.

Almost all the fossil bivalves of the
western states from Ohio to Alabama, belong
to the great order of Terebratulites or rather
Brachiopites, whose animals of G. Brachiopus
were very different from those of the living
bivalve shells, having ciliate limbs. My mono-
graph of 1821 contained 23 genera, all new
except five [and about 80 species] and five
others had already been published in 1819
by me in my account of 70 N. G. of
animals, Journal de Physique.

1 propose to give an epitome of this mono-
graph which 1 have not yet seen in print.
1 possess nearly all the shells. They are
found in the secondary strata of limestone,
slate and sandstone which extend from Lake
Erie to the Gulf of Mexico, in horizontal
strata, the limestone being the lowest, and
the sandstone the highest, forming|in many
parts hills and ridges from 100 to 500 feet
high. They are very rare in the slate.

Order BRACHIOPIA.

Animal brachiopus when living, brachiopites
when fossil. Shell bivalve, animal within
having a bilobed mantle, and two thick
ciliate arms or limbs.

I. Family, LINGULARIA. Shell equi-
valve, longitudinal, inequilateral, valves en-
tire, not perforated, 1, G. Lingula of
Brugiere.

II. Family TEREBRARIA. Shell ine-
quivalve, one valve perforated or emargina-
ted.

1st Section, Macrilia. Shell longitudinal.

2 G. Diclisma, Raf. Equilateral, the
two valves split at the summit.

3 G. Apleurotis Raf. 1819. Inequila
teral, the great valve perforate, and with a
lateral wing.

4 G. Trigorima, Raf. Equilateral,
smaller valve perforate, four cavities at the
base separated by three septa.

5 G. Obovites, Raf. Equilateral, the
great valve perforate.

6 G. Magas (Sowerby) equilateral, great
valve with an angular opening.

2d Section, Isilia. Shell equilateral,
nearly equital or hardly transversal.

7 G. Terebratula (Brugiere) great valve
perforate.

8 G. Spinifer [Sowerby] subequital,
great valve with an angular opening, hinge
with two spiral appendages.

9 G. Gonotrema, Raf. Shell subtrans-
versal, small valve with an angular opening,
and interval cavity, hinge short, straight
or curved.

3d Section, Platilia. Shell equilateral,
transversal or very broad.

8

10 G. Platilites, Raf. Small valve
with an angular opening and internal cavity,
hinge very long, often longer than the shell
which is thus winged.

11 G. Pleurinia, Raf. Differ from
last by the great valve perforate, shell wing-
ed also.

12 G« Pachiloma, Raf. Inequilateral,
with thick edges, hinge with a linear open-
ing.

13 StrophomeneSj Raf. Equilateral, hinge
broad, great valve notched by a lunulate si-
nus receiving a lunulate projection of the

cmallpr vqIvp

HI. Family ATREMOSIA. Shell ine-
quivalve, valves entire, not perforated.

14 G. Orbicula (Cuvier, Lamark.) Shell
orbicular, one valve flat and one conical.

15 G. St7'ophesia , Raf. Shell orbicular
equilateral, beak curved in the great valve.

16 G. Diclipsites Raf. Differs from last
by hinge short and straight; no proeminent
beak.

17 G. Trunculites, Raf. SubequitaJ,
valves convex, equilateral, nearly equal,
binge short and truncate.

IS G. Productus , [ Sowerby ,] Equilateral,
winged, or rather auriculated, one valve con-
vex, the other flat or convex, hinge linear.

19 G. Styriasis , Raf. Differ from last by
great valve, with a projecting cruciform ap-
pendage on the beak.

20 G. Goniclis, Raf. Shell longitudinal,
great valve concave inside, with a longitudi-
nal angle outside.

21 G. JVJegarites , Raf. Shell longitudinal,
equilateral suborbicular, valves nearly equal,
both convex with concentric ridges, hinge
like a linear horizontal fissure.

Most of the species belong to the follow-
ing Genera.

Obovites— 6 sp.

Gonotrema-— 15 sp.

Platilites— 13 sp.

Shophomenes— 16 sp.

In a supplement of March 1821, 1 added
2 JNT. G.

22 G. Amblotrema, Raf. Differs from
Gonotrema by the opening or perforation,
being oval or oblong, and obtuse.

23 G. Pleuranisis , Raf. Differ from Pla -
tilites by having the shell inequilateral.

The geological age of these shells appears
the same as that of the oldest fossils, Mad-
reporites, Turbinolites, Encrinites, &c. being
found together and promiscuously in the
same. strata, or in diluvial debris; but the
different genera and species are not found
together, sometimes they are wide apart, or
very rare; tney are mostly silicified.

II. SUPPLEMENT.

Description of the TULOSITES, Raf. N.

G. of fossil Encrinite — disc. 1821.

Pedunculate. Head articulated to the
stem by a round concave articulation, conical
verrueose, monostome, or with only one ter-
minal opening hexagone, and surrounded by
a thick hexagone margin with six warts on
it.

This is a very striking genus, evidently of
the tribe of Encrinites , but with a very dif-
ferent structure and mouth. I have a unique
species and specimen, which is from the
geological region of the Encrinites and Pen-
tremites , the knob hills of Kentucky, Ten-
nessee, and Alabama. I value it very high.
The name means Warty fossil.

Tulosites conica. Conical, lower part
convex, smooth, with a concave, round mar-
ginated central pit; and a crenate margin,
upper part with several rows of obtuse warts.

Remarks— Pale brown, one ineh long,
three fourths broad, the warts are a little ir-
regular in position and size, some of them
are a little umbilicated; the mouth is small
with acute angles inside, and the sides con-
vex.

An account of the most rare shells, fossil remains, &c. of the cabinet of Prof. Rafi-
nesque, is now printing, and will appear in November.

They will all be disposed of along with those above noticed, if a suitable price is offeree
for them.

This small tract contains 30 new Genera, and 47 new Species.— Price 25 cents.

William Sharpless, Printer, No. 2 Decatur street.