THE ECHINODERM NEWSLETTER Number 16. 1991. Editor: John Lawrence Department of Biology University of South Florida Tampa, Florida 33620, U.S.A. Distributed by the Department of Invertebrate Zoology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C. 20560, U.S.A. (David Pawson) The newsletter contains information concerning meetings and conferences, publications of interest to echinoderm biologists, titles of theses on echinoderms, and research interests and addresses of echinoderm biologists. Individuals who desire to receive the newsletter should send their name and research interests to the editor. The newsletter is not intended to be a part of the scientific literature and should not be ctted, abstracted, or reprinted as a published document. Table of Contents Echinoderm specialists: names and address 1 Conferences 1931 European Colloquium on Echinoderms 26 1994 International Echinoderm Conference 27 Books in print 29 Recent articles !.!!.39 Papers presented at conferences [].70 Theses and dissertations 98 Requests and information Institutional libraries’ requests HI Newsletters: Beche-de-mer Information Bulleltin. Ill COTS Comm. (Crown-of-thorns starfish) 114 Individual requests and information........... 114 Cadis-fly oviposition in asteroids........ !.'!.*H16 Peptides in echinoderms.......... 117 Mass mortality of asteroids in the north Pacific 118 Species of echinoderms available at marine stations ^ a P an Banyuls, France Otago, New Zealand 135 Ailsa’s section * * ’ ’ ’ *137 How echinoderm biologists became echinoderm biologists.. 138 (Guille, Baker, Gage, Ubaghs, Lawrence, Cl ark/Rotman , Dan, Tyler, Nichols, Wilkie, Jefferies, Durham, Clark, Ausich, Christensen, Rose, Cobb, Suzuki, Markel , Chia, Burke, Giese, Meyer, Emson, Lane, Blake, Parsley, Telford, Pawson, Ebert, Hendler, Stancyk, Dearborn, Strathmann,Liao) In the past 155 Processing beche-de-mer in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands 158 Agassiz and Viguier 159 Cobb’s fable * . . i60 Echinoderms in song, literature, and poetry 160 The origin of the term, ambul acra. 163 "Sea star" or "starfish" ’*”’’**’ 154 Echinoderms and the people of Vancouver Island and Cape FI attery . . . 168 Cartoons Motokawa’s song !!!!!!! 186 The starfish man of Australia 189 Garstang’s verses on echinoderm larvae 190 Recipes . 193 Obituaries. . . ] * !!!!!!!!!! Henry Gwynne Vevers 198 Wal ter Weber. 200 Eric Smith * * ’ ’ * 2 0 1 Norman Mil lott * * *202 1 ECHINODERM SPECIALISTS Albuquerque, Maria da. Universidad Santa Ursula, Dept de Ciencias Biologica, Rua Fernando Ferrari, 75 Botafol, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Aldrich, Frederick Allen. Department of Biology, Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland A1C 5SF, Canada Ali, Mohamed Said M. Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, El Minia University; El Minia, Egypt Alva, Victor. Laboratoire Biologie Marine (CP.160), Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 50, Av. F.D. Roosevelt, Bruxelles, Belgium Alvarez, Leonardo Ramon. Colorado #79, Napoles, Mexico D.F. 03810, Mexico Alvarez, Martinez de Saavedra. Departmento de Zoologia, Universidad de la Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands Andrade, Hector. Universidad de Valparaiso, Instituto de Oceanogia, Casilla 13-D, Vina Del Mar Chile Arendt, Yurii A. Paleontological Institue of the Academy of Sciences, Profsojouznaia sir 113 117321 Moscow USSR Amaud, Patrick M. Centre d’Oceanologie de Marseilles Station Marine d’Endoume, 13007 Marseilles France Aronson, Richard B. 101-06 67 Drive, Forest Hills, NY 11375, USA Ausich, William I. Department of Geology & Mineralogy, 125 South Oval Mall, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA Austin, William. Khoyatan Marine Laboratory, 4635 Alder Glen Rd., RR1, Cowichan Bay, British Columbia, VOR INO Canada Baker, Alan, National Museum of New Zealand, Private Bag, Wellington, New Zealand Ball, Brendan John. Zoology Department, University College, Galway, Ireland Baron, Clifford. Department of Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Barker, Michael Frances. Protobcllo Marine Laboratory, P.O. Box 8, Portobcllo Dunedin, New Zealand 1 9 Baron, Clifford. Dept, of Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA Bartschjlse.^ Biologische Anslalt Helgoland, Notkestr. 31 2000 Hamburg, Federal Republic is. S sS ?a' bo C;!"usa iOE ' Scc,ion ' Poim 1 "" 1 Ubori,o,y - 4077 n - Baskar, B £l 9f n ‘ ra j. Marine Fisheries Research Institute, E.R.G. Road, Ernaculam, Cochin - oo2031, India. Baumill^^^mas^K^^ept^of^Gcophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 5734 S. Ellis Ave., Beamon, Joe. Geology Dept., West Georgia College, Carrollton, GA 30118, USA Beaver, Harold H. Dept, of Geology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA BdI ’ Sa*™ Managemem SeCli ° n ’ Slale EduCalion m “ss R ° f °“ , " ok>E '' USSR Ac,dc " 7 ° f a Bergen, University of. Institute of -Marine Biology, N-5065 Blomsterdalen, Noway University of Toront °. Department of Zoology, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1, Bermuda Biological Station, Library, St. George’s West, 1-15, Bermuda Bernasconi, Irene. Museo Argentine de Cienceas Naturales, 'Bernadino Rivadavia", Avda An»el Gallardo 470, Casilla de Corea 10-Surcursal 5, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina Billett, DavidStewart Martin The Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, Deacon Laboratory. Brook Rd., Wormley, Godalming, Surrey GU8 SUB, U.K. Birkeland, Charles Evans. Marine Laboratory, UOG Station, Mangilao, Guam 96923 Birtles, Alastair. James Cook University of N. Queensland, School of Bioloitical Sciences Marine Biology Department, Townsville. OLD 4811, Australia ‘ Black, W. Robert. Depart, of Zoology. The University of Western Australia, Ncdlands Western Australia, 6009, Australia Blake, Darnel. Dept. Geology. 245 NHB. Univ. of Illinois, 1301 W. Green St., Urbana II olcsUl, USA 2 3 Bockclie, Johan Freddie. Norsk Hydro Exploration, P.O. Box 200, N-1321 Stabekk, Norway Boczarowski, Andrezej. Silesian University, Department of Earth Science, Mielczarskicgo Str. 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland Booth, Jr., Billy B. Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 City Island Park, Sarasota, FL 33577, USA Boudouresque, GF. Faculte des Sciences de Luminy, Laboratoire d’Ecologie du Benthos et de Biologie Vegetale Marine, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France Bouland, Catherine. Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, C.P. 160, B 1050, Bruxelles, Belgium Bosch, Isidro. Harbor Branch, Oceanographic Institution, 5600 Old Dixie Highway, Fort Pierce FL 33450, USA b J Brandt, Danita. Dept, of Geography and Geology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA ^ Branstrator, Jon W. Department of Geology, Earlham College, Richmond, IN 47374, USA Bray, Richard D. 176 West Main St., Port Jervis, New York 12771, USA Breimer, Albert. Rijksmuseum van Geologie en Mineralogie, Garenmarkt IB, 2311 PG Leiden Netherlands Breton, Gerard. Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, Place du Vieux Marche, 76600 le Havre, France Briscoe, C. Shannon, Dept, of Biology, Rider College, Lawrenceville, N .J. 08648, U.S.A British Museum (Natural History), Paleontological Library, Cromwell Road, London SW7, England Brito, Ignacio Machado. Instituto de Geociencias, U.F.R.J. - C.C.M.N., Ilha o Fundao, 21910 Rio DeJaneiro, Brazil Broadhead, Thomas W. University of Tennessee, Department of Geological Science, Knoxville TN 37996-1410 USA Broom, D.M. Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, University of Reading, Reading RGG 2AJ, England Brower, James C. Dept, of Geology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244-1070, USA Brumbaugh, Joe H., Dept, of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA Brunei, Pierre. Depart, de Sciences Biologiques, Universite de Montreal, Casicr Postal 6PS Succursale A, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7, Canada 3 4 BUnd “(^mlnrDBR(ra°G) ChUn8 ' Bibliothek ' L ' 3 Hannover-bucholz, Postfach 54, Stillcwcg 2, Bureau, JFabnce. Laboratoire de Biologic Marine, 73, Avenue Marstriau (Batiraent 4) 7000 Mons, Burke, Robert D. Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2F2, Canada Bussarawich, Somchai. Phuket Marine Biological Center, P.O. Box 60, Phuket 83000, Thailand Byme, Maria. Dept, of Zoology, University of Sydney, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia California Academy of Sciences. Invertebrate Zoology Department, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118 USA Cameron^R^Andrew. Division of Biology 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Campbell, Andrew. School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary & Westfield College, University of London, Mile End Rd., London El 4NS, London, U.K. Campbell, David B. Biology Dept., Rider College, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA Caildia 2?iT3 e Miia^' Sly 16 ' 6 ' UniVerS ‘ ta degli Studi ’ Di P arlment ° di Biologia, Via Celoria 26. Cannon^R.^u^or of a D) wer Invertebrates, Queensland Museum, Gregory TCE, Brisbane Carey, Andrew G. Jr., School of Oceanography, Oregon State University, Corvallis. OR 97331, Carpenter, Robert C. Dept, of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA 91330. USA Care0n Kmonton De T6G m LE9 0f Z °° l ° 8y ’ Bi0l ° 8iCa ' SdenCeS Bui ' ding ' Universit -V of Alberta, Caso Maria Elena^ Inst, de Cincncias del Mar y Limnologia, La. de Ecologia de Equinodermos Apartado Postal 70-305, 04510, Mexico 4 Caster, Kenneth. Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati 21, OH, USA Castillo, Juan Carolos. Ecologia Marina, Fac. C. Biologicas, U. Catonia de Chile. Casilla 114-D oigo, Chile 4 5 de Castro Manso, Cynthia Lara. Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Parana, Cursio de Pes Graduacao - Zoologia, Centro Polilccnico CX.P. 19.020, 81.504-Cucitiha-PR Brasil Castro, Peter. Biological Sciences Department, California Poytechnic Institute, Pomona CA 91768-4032, USA Center for Marine Research. Library. "Rudjer Boskovic" Institute, 52210 Rovinj, Yugoslavia Centra de Biologia Marinha, Librarian. C.P. 83, Sao Sebastiano, Sao Paulo, Brazil Centro de Investigacion de Biologia Marina, cc No 157 (1650) San Martin, Buenos Aires Argentina Chaet, A.B. Dept, of Biology, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA Chao, Shyh-mm. Department of Biology, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China Chauvel, Jean. Institut de Geologie, Laboratoire de Paleonlologie, Avenue du General Leclerc Campus de Beauticu, 35042 Rennes Cedcx, France Chen, Chang-Po., Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Nankan, Taipei, Taiwan 11529, Republic of China Cherbonmer, Gustave. Laboratoire du Biologic des Invertebres Marins, 55 rue de Buffon, 75005 Paris, France Chita, Bemarda Guisado A. Ecologia Marina Pont, Universidad Catolica de Chile, Casilla 114- D, Santiago, Chile Chia, Fu-Shiang. Dept, of Zoology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada Chiu, Sein Tuck. Depart, of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist College, 224 Waterloo Road, Kowloon Hong Kong Christensen, Aage Moeller, Marinbiologisk Laboratorium Kobenhavns, Universilet Strandpromendaden, 30000 Helsinger, Denmark Clark, Ailsa McGown. Gyllyngdune, South Road, Wivelsfield Green, Haywards Heath RH17 70S Sussex, Great Britain Cobb, James L.S. Gatty Marine Lab, St. Andres, Fife, Scotland, Great Britain Conand Chantal. Umversite de Bretagne Occidcntalc, Laboratoire de biolocie animale Brest, France Concepcion, Marcos. Departamento de Ecologia, Facultad dc Bioloeia, Universidad dc Murcia Murcia, Spain 5 6 Costelloe, John. Zoology Department, U.C.G., Galway, Ireland Cuenca, Catherine. Museum Histoire de Nantes, 12 rue Voltaire, 44000 Nantes, France &Uilla mSj7, e Cana C d P a' ^ Biol ° giaUCr> Univcmte dc Montreal, CP6128 Succ A Montreal m * H "' ct Lib " * B '“ dfa ' 30 »• ™ MOT.”™ ““ ° f P ”"'° P «». Dafni, Jacob. Interuniversity Institute, P.O.B. 469 Eilat 88103, Israel David, Bruno. Institut des Sciences de la Terre, 6 bd Gabriel, 21 100 Dijon, France Davis, Karen K. University of California, Applied Siences Building, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA Dlpo "'il7oiK fiS ot z “”° sy ' PKO Scrlpps ,n! """ ion ° r ° ceano o ra P h >'. De Araujo, Mascarenhas, Bernardo Jose. Museu Nacional, Quinta Da Boa Vista S/No Department de Invertebrados - Equinodermatologia Sao Cristovao, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil ^ cp - ,w . - «>. ^ Z ”' OSi "- Fete * 1 *> <*■ f- 3034 De Rid 50 , WFn“i h 1 * 11 ” • Vnlveulle Libre dc Brerelles 50 W.RD. Roosevelt, B-7050 Bruxelles, Belgium ^^^Sa 321 MU " ay Ha "’ Depar,mcm of University of Maine. Orono, Maine DeCelis^AJexartro K. National Museum, Executive Building, Rizal Park, Ermita, Manila. DCl3Va OHe^de^S? 6 * Bi ° ,08, ' C Ce " UlairC « U " iv - itC d '° r — • 45045 Delmas P. Uboratoire de Zoologie Marine, CERAM, Universite d'Anc-Marscille III, av. Escadrillc Normandte-Ntemen (CP 342) F-13397 Marseille Cedex 13, France 6 7 den Besten, Pieter Jacobus. Experimental Zoology, University of Utrecht, P.O. Box 80058 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands Derstler, Kraig L. Dept, of Geology, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA Deutzmann, Helmut. Stueckerstr. 4, 4000 Duesseldorf, W. Germany Dix, Trevor G. Fisheries Research Laboratory, Taroona, Tasmania 7006, Australia Dobson, William E. Dept, of Science and Math, Coker College, Hartsville, SC 2955(1, USA Donovan, Stephen Kenneth. Department of Geology, University of the West Indies Mona Kingston 7, Jamaica Dravage, Philip. The Felsenbrau Brewery Bid., 244 W. McMicken Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45214, UoA Drozdov Anatoly L. Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch Academy of Sciences of USSR Vladivostok, 690032, USSR Dube, Francois Dept, of Oceanography, Univ. of Quebec at Rimouski, Rimouski. Quebec. LOL3A1 Canada Dubois, Philippe. Laboratoire de Biologie, Marine CP160, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, F.D. Rossevelt, 50, B1050 Bruxelles, Belgium Dufresne-Dube Louise. Universite du Quebec a Rimouski, Department d’Oceanocraphie Rimouski, Quebec, Canada * F ’ Durbaum, Johannes. Ostermannsweg 5, 4830 Gutersloh, Federal Republic of Germany. Durham, J. Wyatt. Depart, of Paleontology, University of California, Berkely, CA 94720, USA Ebert, Thomas, Dept, of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-0057. U.S.A Eckelbarger, Kevin J. Darling Center, University of Maine, Walpole, ME, 04573, USA Eckert, James D. 16 West Hampton Rd., St. Catharines, Ontario, L2T 3E5, Canada Eeckhaut, Igor Universite de Mons, Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, 19 Av. Maistriau 7000 Mons, Belgium Ellers, Olaf. Dept, of Zoology, Duke University, Durham, N.C. 27706, USA Emlet, Richard B. Dept, of Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 94720. U oA Emson, Roland. Zoology Department, Kings College, Strand, London WC2 R2L5, England 7 8 Endcan, Robert. Depart, of Zoology, University of Queensland. St. Lucia, Queensland, 4067, Australia Endelman, Leonid G. Paleontological Institute, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Profsoiusnaaia ul., 123, II7868 GSP-7, Moscow *321, USSR Enrique, Bay-Schmith. Depto. Biologia Molecular, Universidad dc Concecpion Cas 2407 Concepcion, Chile Escoubet, P. Fondation Oceanographique Ricard, De des Embiez, Le Brusc, 83140 Six Fours Les Plages, France Ettenson, Frank R. Depart, of Geological Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40504-0059, USA * * ’ Eylers, John P. Depart, of Pharmacology, Box 3813, Duke University Medical Center Durham NC 27710, USA Fankboner, Peter V. Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby B C V5A 1S6 Canada _ Farmanfarmaian, A. Verdi. Nelson Biology Lab, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 0S855, USA Fechter, Hubert. Zoologische Staatssammlung, Munchhausenstr. 21, D-SOOO Muenchen 60, Federal Republic of Germany Feder, Howard. Institute of Marine Science, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska 99701, USA Fenaux, Lucienne. Station Zoologique (CEROV) BP 28, 06230 Villefranche sur Mer, France Feral, Jean-Pierre. Laboratoire Arago, 66650 Banyuls - sur Mer, France Ferguson, John C. Department of Biology, Eckerd College, Box 12560, St. Petersburg FL 33733 I TC A ’ Ferrand, Jean-Guy. Lab. Biologie Cellulaire et Animale, UER Sciences, Universitc d’Orlcans F 45046 Orleans Cedex, France Fishelson, Lev. Dept, of Zoology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Flammang, Patrick. Universite de Mons, Laboratoire de Biolgoie Marine (Bat. IV) 19, Av. Maistriau, B-7000 Mons, Belgium Fleming, Timothy Philip. Dept. Geology, University Montana, Missoula. Monatana 59S12, USA Fontaine, Arthur R. Depart, of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria. B.C. VSW 2Y2, Canada Foster, Merrill W. Dept, of Geological Sciences, Bradley University, Peoria, IL 61625, USA 8 9 Foster, Robert J. BHP Petroleum, GPO Box 191 1R, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Auatralia Fouda, Moustafa M. Dept, of Zoology, Al-Ashar University, Nasr-City, Cairo, Egypt Fournier, Daniel. Museum d’Histoire Naturcllc, 1 rue Dolomicu, F-3800 Grenoble, France Fox, David J., Zoology Department, The Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0810, USA Frankel Edgar. Geology Dept., University of Technology, P.O. Box 123, Broadway 2007, Sydney, Franklin, Juan Troncoso Fierro. Museo Regional de Concepcion, Casilla 1054, Conceptcion, Chile Franz, David R. Biology Dept., Brooklyn College, CUNY, Brooklyn, N.Y. 11210, USA Franzen-Bengtson, Christina. Paieontologiska Institutionen, Box 558, S-751 22 Uppsala, Sweden Fujita, Toshihiko. Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Minamidai, Japan Gage, John D Scottish Marine Biolgical Assoc., Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory, P O Box 3 Oban, Argyll, Scotland PA34 4 AD, U.K. ' Gagnon, Jean-Marc. Depart, of Biology, Memorial Univ. of Newfoundland, St. John’s A1B-3X9 Canada Gallemi, Jaume. Muscu de Geologia, Parc dc la Ciutadella S/N, 08003 Barcelona, Spain Gebruk, Andrew V. Institute of Oceanography, USSR Academy of Sciences, Krassikova Moscow 117 218, USSR str., 23, Gentil, Franck. Station Biologique, Place G. Teissier, F-29211 Roscoff, France George Sophie. Station Zoologique BP 28, Quai de la Darse, F-06230 Villefranche sur Mer, Ghiold, Joe. Depart, of Geology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA Ghyoot, Marianne. Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 50 Av FD Roosevelt, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium ’ Giese, Arthur C. Dept, of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CN 97305, USA Giordano de Freitas, Solange. Museu Nacional, Quinta da Boa, Vista/UFRJ. Departamcntao dc Invertebrados, Echinodcrmatologia, Sao Cristovao - RJ CEP 20942, Brasil Giudice, Giovanni. Dcpartimcnto di Palermo, Italy Biologia, Cellularc c dcllo Sviluppo, via Archirafi 20-90123, 9 10 Gluchowsld, Edward. Depart, of Earth Sciences, Silesian University, Lab. of Paleontology & Stratigraphy, Miclczarskicgo Str. 60, 41-200 SOSNOWIEC, Poland Glynn, Peter W. RSMAS, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, Golden, Julie. Dept. Geology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA. 52242, USA Gordon, Carla M. University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica Grange Ken Robert. NZ Oceanographic Institute, DSIR, Private Bag Kilbirnic, Wellington New Zealand Guensburg, Thomas E Dept, of Geography and Earth Science, Campus Box 1459, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL 62026, USA Guille, Alain. Laboratoire Arago, 66650 Banyuls-Sur-Mer, France Gutllou, Monique. Laboratoire d’Oceanographie Biologique, 6 Avenue Le Gorgeu, 292S3 Brest Cedex, France Guisado Aranguiz, Chita B., Instituto de Zoologia, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567 Valdivia, Chile Gulf Coast Research Lab., Library. East Beach, Ocean Springs, Mississippi 39564, USA Gutt, Julian. Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Columbusstrasse D-2850 Bremerhaven, Fed. Rep. of Germany Haedrich, Richard L Newfoundland Inst, for Cold Ocean Sci., Memorial University St Johns Newfoundland A1B 3X7, Canada Hammond, Laurence Stuart. Victorian Institute of Marine Sciences, 14 Parliament Place Melvoume, Victoria 5002, Australia Harmelin, Jean-Georges, Station Marine d’Endoume, 13007 Marseille, France Harr ‘ S ’ n» ^'i ZOOl ° Ey De P artment ’ Univ ersity of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire Harrold, Christopher. Research Division, Monterey Bay Aquarium, 886 Cannery Row Monterey, CA 93940, USA Haude, Reimund. Institute u. Museum fur Geologic u. Palaontology, Goldschmidt-Str. 3. D-3400 Gottingen, Fed. Rep. of Germany Hay, Mark. Instituc of Marine Science, 3407 Arcndcll St., Morchcad City, NC 2S557 10 11 Heddle, Duncan. Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avc., Aberdeen AB9 2TN, Scotland Hellal, A.M. Zoology Dept., Al-Azhar University, Nasr-City, Cairo, Egypt. Hendler, Gordon. Natural History Museum, Section of Invertebrates, 900 Exposition Blvd Los Angeles, CA 90007 USA Herring, PJ. Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, Brook Road, Wormley, Surrey GU8 5UB England Hess, Hans K. Im Gerstenacker 8, CH-4102 Binngen, Switzerland Hidemi^Sata^Sugashima Marine Biological Laboratory, Nagoya University, Sugashima, Toba, Mie Highsmith Raymond. Institute of Marine Science, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775- lUoU, USA Hill, Robert B. Dept, of Zoology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, R.I. 02881, USA Himmelman, John H. Department de Biologie, Universite Laval, Quebec G1K 7P4, Canada Hiroshi Mulcat. Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, 1-15-1 Minamidai, Nakano, Tokyo lfvl lanan Holland, Nicholas Drew. Marine Biology, Division Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093. U.S.A. A-008, Scripps Institution of Hopkins, Thomas S. Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Box 369, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA Horowitz, Alan Stanley. Depart, of Geology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA Hoshi, Motonori. Dept. Life Science, Tokyo Inst. Technology, O-okyama, Tokyo 152, Japan Hotchkiss, Frederick H.C. 26 Sherry Rd., Harvard, Mass. 01451, USA Imaoka, Tohru. 2804-3 Katata, Shirahama, Nishimura, Wakayama 649-22, Japan Instituto de Biocciencias, Librarian. Dcpartamento de Fisiologia, Univ. of Sao Paulo CP 11461 Sao Paulo, Brazil Irimura, Seiichi. Totsuka Senior High School, 2-27-1 Gumisawa, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama 245, Japan Irvine, Gail V. U.S. Dept, of Interior, MMS, EA. P.O. Box 101 154, Anchorage, AK 99510-1 159, Jablonski, David. Dept, of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA 11 12 James, D.B. Tuticorin Research Centre, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute 90 North Beach Road, Tuticorin 628001, India Jangoux, Michel. Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 50 Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium Jeal, Frank. Zoology Department, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland Jefferies, R.P.S. Department of Paleontology, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Rd. London SW7 5BD, England Jellett, Joanne F. 47 Wake Up Hill Rd., RR.#1, Chester Basin, N.S. Bojiko, Canada Jensen, Margit. Zoological Museum, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark Jesionek-Szymanska, Wanda. Zaklad Paleobiologii PAN, al. Zwirki i Wigury 93, 02-0S9 Warszawa Poland Jones, Ira. Dept, of Biology, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA Jyo, Taki. Hokkaido Abashiri Fisheries, Experimental Station, Abashiri, Hokkaido 099-31, Japan Kammer, Thomas W. Dept, of Geology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA Kanazawa, Kenichi. Dept, of Geology, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606, Japan. Kasyanov, Vladimir L. Institute of Marine Biology, Vladivostok 690022, USSR Kawamura, Kazuhiro. Hokkaido Central Fisheries, Experimental Station, Yoichi, Hokkaido, Japan Kazuhiro, Kawamura. Hokkaido Central Fisheries, Experimental Station, Yoichi, Hokkaido. Japan Keegan, Brendan F. Department of Zoology, University College, Galway, Erie Keller, Brian D. Smithsonian Tropica! Research Institute, APT Miami, FL 34002-0011, USA Keough, M.J. Zoology Department, The University of Mebourne, Adelaide, S.A., Australia Kesling, R.V. Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 4S109, USA Kettle, Brett Thomas. P.O. Box 959, Townsville, Q 4810, Australia Kikuchi, Taiji. Amakusa Marine Biological Laboratory, Kvushu University, Tomioka, Reihoku cho Amakusa, Kumamoto 863-25, Japan Klikushin, Vladimir G. Leningrad Mining Institute, 199026 Leningrad, USSR 12 13 Klinger Thomas Scott. Department of Biological and Allied Health Sciences, Bloomsbury University, Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania 17815, USA Kobayashi, Naomasa. Biological Laboratory, Doshisha University, Kamikyo-ku-Kyoto 602. Japan Kojima, IManabu K. Department of Biology, Toyama University, Gofuku 3190, Toyama shiken 930, Japan Kolata, Dennis R. Illinois State Geological Survey, Nautral Resources Building, 615 E. Peabodv Champaign, IL 61820, USA Komatsu^^Mieko. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toyama University, Toyama 930, Kosir, Adrijan. Pot K Trojici 5, 61360 VRHNIKA, Yugoslavia. Krtshnan, Mary Bai. Marine Biological Station, Zoological Survey of India, 12, Leithcastle Street Madras 28, India Krishnarajah, Padmini. University of Jaffna, Dept, of Zoology, Jaffna, Sri Lanka Kristan-Tollmann, Edith M.K. Scheibenbergstrasse 53, A-1180 Wien, Austria Kyte, Michael A. ARDEA Enterprises, P.O. Box 2602, Lynnwood, WA 98290, USA LaBarbara, Michael. Department of Anatomy, The University of Chicayo, 1025 East 47th Street Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA Lahaye, Mane-Chnstine. Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, C.P. 160, Universite Libre de Bruxelles - 50 mr F.D. Roosevelt, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium Lambert, Philip. Biology Section, Royal British Columbia Museum, 675 Belleville St., Victoria B C V8V 1X4, Canada ’ ’’ Lane, N. Gary. Geology Dept., Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA Larrain, Alberto P. Dept, of Zoology, University of Concepcion, Casilla 2407 AP DP 10 Concepcion, Chile Laverack, M.S. Gatty Marine Lab., University of St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland KY16SL3 Lawrence, ^University of South Florida, Department of Biology, 4202 Fowler Avenue. Tampa ri- 33620, USA r Leeling-Werder, Beatrix. Zoologisches Institut und Museum, Martin-Luther-Kiny Plalz 3. 2000 Hamburg 13, Federal Republic of Germany 13 14 Le Gall, Pierre. Laboratoire Maritime, rue Charcot, 14530 Luc sur Mcr, France Le Menn, Jean. Laboratoire dc Paleontologic, G, av. Ie Gozgeu, 292S3 Brest Cede*. France Lessios, Harilaos. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, APO Miami, FL 34002, USA Levin, Valery Semenovich. Institute of Marine Biology, Laboratory of Chorology, Vladivostok 690022, USSR Levitan, Don Richard. Bamfield Marine Station, Bamfield, BC VOR 1BO, Canada Lewis, Ronald O. Department of Geology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA Lewis, David Neil. Depart, of Palaeontology, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road London SW7 5BD, England Liao, Yulin. Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica, 7 Han-Hai Road, Tsingtao. People’s Republic of China Liddell, W. David. Department of Geology (07), Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA Litvinova, Nina M. Institute of Oceanology, Academy of Sciences, Krasikova 23, Moscow 117^9 USSR Lopez-Ibor, Alicia. Catedra of Invertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Complutense. Madrid, Spain Lubchenco, Jane. Department of Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-2914 USA Lucas, John S. Zoology Department, James Cook University, Q. 4811, Australia •Mackie, A.M. Institute of Marine Biochemistry, St. Fittick’s Rd., Aberdeen AB1 3RA. Scotland Mackie, Steve A. Dept. Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson Arizona 85721, USA Macurda, Jr., D. Bradford. The Energists, 10260 Westheimer, Suite 300, Houston, TX 77042 USA Maczynska, Stefania-Stanislawa. Polish Academy of Sciences, Museum of the Earth, 20-26 Al. Na Skarpie, 00-488 Warsaw, Poland Madsen, Fritz Scnscnius. Univcrsitctcts Zoologiske Museum, Univcrsitctsparkcn 15. DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark Manchcnko, Gennady P. Institute of Marine Biology, Vladivostok 690022, USSR 14 15 Maples, Christopher G. Kansas Geological Survey, 1930 Constant Avc., Lawrence, KS 66047, USA Marcopoulou-Diacantoni, Anastasia. University of Athens-Subfac. Sciences of Earth, Dept. Stratigraphy-Geography-Climatology, Panepistimioupolis-Athens (15784), Greece Marine Sciences Centre, Librarian, McGill University, 3600 University Street, Montreal, H3A 2T8, Canada Market, Konrad. Lehrstuhl f. Spezielle Zoologie, Ruhr-Universitat, Postfach 102148, D-4630 Bochum 1, Federal Republic of Germany Marques, Vasco Manuel Alves Monteiro. Departmento de Zoologia and Antropologia, Faculdade de Ciencias de Lisboa, Rua da Ecola Politecnica - 1200, Lisbon, Portugal Marsh, Loisette Matilda. Western Australian Museum, Francis Street, Perth, Western Australia, 6000, Australia Marshall, Charles R. University of Chicago, Dept, of Geophysical Sciences, 5743 5th Ellis Ave., Chicago, IL 60637 USA Martin, Richard B. Division of Fisheries, CSIRO Marine Laboratories, GPP Box 1538, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia Martin, R. Erik. Applied Biology, Inc. P.O. Box 974, Jensen Beach, FL 3495S, USA Massin, Claude. Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgiqne, 29 rue Vautier, 1040 Bruxelles, Belgium Maturo, Jr., Frank. Zoology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA McClintock, James B. Dept, of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA McEdward, Larry. Department of Zoology, 223 Bartram Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville FL 32611, USA McIntosh, George Clay. Rochester Museum and Science Center, 657 East Ave., P.O. Box 1480 Rochester, NY 14620-1480, USA McKenzie, Douglas. Dept, of Animal Biology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, McKenzie, J. Douglas. Department of Zoology, Queen’s University, Belfast, Northern Ireland McKinney, Michael. Dept. Geology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37966. USA 15 16 McNamara, Kenneth J. Western Australian Museum, Francis Street, Perth, 6000, Western Australia Mcijer, Laurent. CNRS, Station Biologique, 291 1 Roscoff, France Mein, Birgit. Zoologisches Institut und Zoologishces, Museum der Universitat Hamburg, Martin- Luther-King Platz 3, 2000 Hamburg 13, Federal Republic of Germany Menge, Bruce A. Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-2914 USA Messing, Charles. Nova University Oceanographic Center, 8000 N. Ocean Dr., Dania, FL 33004 USA. Meyer, Christian Andreas. Geological Institute, Baltzerstr: 1, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland Meyw, ^ Geol °Sy. 45221-0013, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Mintz, Leigh W. Department of Geological Sciences, California State Universitv. Hayward, CA 97452, USA ' Mizonoy, Alexander. Institute of Oceanology, Academy of Sciences, Krasikova 23, Moscow 1 1721S Moscow USSR Mladenov, Philip V. Portobello Marine Laboratory, P.O. Box 8, Portobello, New Zealand. Moot, Richard John. Dept, on Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy of Sciences Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA 941 18 USA Moore, Andrew. Gatty Marine Lab., East Sands, St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland Moran, Peter. Australian Institute of Marine Science, P.M.B. 3, Townsville, Q 4S10 Australia. Morrill, John. Division of Natural Sciences. New College - USF, 5700 N. Trail, Sarasota FL 34243, USA Motokawa, Tatsuo. Department of Biology, University of Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-01 Japan Moura-Britto, Mauro de. Instituto dc Terras, Cartofrafia E Florcstas - Rue Desembarcador, Motta 3384 - 80610 Writiba - PR. Brasil Mu, En-zhi. Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academia Sinica Nanjing, China 16 17 Mukai, Hiroshi. Ocean Research Institute, University of Tok 70 , Minamidai 1-15-1, Nakano. Tokyo, 164, Japan Munar Bemat, Jaime. Department Geologia, Fac. Chencics, Univ. Palma de Mallorca Cartra Valldemossa, KM 7’5, 07071 Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, Spain Muscat, Ann M. California Museum of Science & Industry, 700 State Drive, Los Angeles, CA Musei Oceanographique. Biblioteque, Avenue Saint-Martin, Mc-Monaco-Ville, Monaco Museum de Grenoble, Library. 1 Rue Dolomieu, Grenoble 38, France Mynssen, Claudine Massi. Centro de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Santa Ursula Uepartamento de Equtnodermos, Rua Jomalista Orlando Dantas, 59 Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Nagaoki, Satoko. Department of Biology, Keio University, 4-1-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223, Japan Nakano, Etzo. Department of Biology, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-01, Japan Nateewathana, Anuwat. Phuket Marine Biological Center, P.O. Box 60, Phuket 83000, Thailand Nebelsick, James. Institut fur Palaontologie der Universitat Wien, A-1010, Universitatsstrasse F Anctno ’ Neill, Bruce. Biology Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA Nestler, JJelmut. Sektion Geologische Wissenschaftern der, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Univer. Greifswald Fnednch Ludwig Jahn Str. 17 a, DDR-2200 Greifswald, German Democratic Republic ’ New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, c/o Librarian, P.O. Box 12346, Wellington, New Zealand Nichols David. Department of Biological Sciences, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter Prince of Wales Road, Exeter, Ex 4 4PS, UK * Niesen, Thomas M. Department of Biological Sciences, San Francisco Francisco, CA 94132, USA State University, San Nojima, Satoshi. Amakusa Marine Biological Laboratory, Kyushu University, Tomioka. Rcihoku- cho, Amakusa, Kumamoto-kcn 863-25, Japan Oguro, Chitaru. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toyama University, Toyama 930, Ohta, Suguru Marine Ecology Division. Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Minamidai 1-15-1, Nakano-ku. Tokyo 164, Japan 17 IS Ojeda, F. Patricio. Departamento de Ecologia, Facultad de Cicncias Biologicas, Pom. Universidad Catolica, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chili Oji, Tatsuo. Geological Institute, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo 113, Japan Okada, Minoru. Science Educa. Inst, of Osaka Prefecture, Karita 4-chome, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558, Japan Oklahoma Geological Survey. The University of Oklahoma, 830 S. Uval, Norman, OK 73019 Olvcr, J.B.S. 27, Westfield Avenue, Countesthorpe, Leics. LE8 3PL, United Kingdom O Connor, Brendan D.S. Zoology Department, University College, Galway, Ireland O Neill, Patricia Lynn. Dept. Zoology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009 W A Australia Orler, Paricia Mabel. Cadic CC. 92 Usuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina Pabian, Roger K. Conservation & Survey Division, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 6S5SS- 9517, USA. Pagett, Richard Michael. Gibb Environmental Sciences, Centruion Court, Milton Park. Milton Nr. Abingdon, Oxfordshire, UK Paine, Robert T. Department of Zoology', University of Washington, Seattle, WA 9S195. USA PaHer, Marc S. 301 Nott St., Suite 100, Schenectady, NY 12305, USA Parsley, Ronald L. Dept, of Geology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA Passamonte, Joseph Noel. Marine Science Institute, University of the Phillippines, P.O Box 1, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines Paul, C.R.C. Dept, of Geology, Liverpool University, Liverpool, L69 3BX, England Paulay, Gustav. Dept, of Zoology NJ-15, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 9S195, USA Pawson David L. Room W323, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Washington D.C. 20560, USA Pearse, John S. Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA Pedrotti, M.L. Station Zoologiquc, Quai de la Darsc, F-06230 Villcfranche-sur-mcr, France Penchaszadeh, Pablo. INTECMAR, Univ. Simon Bolivar, Apartado 80659, Caracas, Venezuela 18 19 Pennington, J. Timothy. Kewalo Marine Lab., 41 Ahui Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA Pentreath, Victor Wilson. Biological Sciences, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK Petr, Vaclav. Geological Library, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Praha 2, Czechoslovakia Phelan, Thomas. 122 Winnebago St., Walla Walla, WA 99362 USA Philip, G.M. Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW Australia Philippe, Michel. Musee d’Histoire Naturelle, 18 Bd des Beiges, 69006 Lyon, France Pinela, Juan. Institut fur Allgemeine und Spezielle Zoologie, Stephanstrasse 24,6300 Giesen, Federal Republic of Germany. Prestedge, Geoffrey. 16 Geeves Crescent, Midway Point, Tasmania 7171, Australia Prince, Jane. Department of Zoology, University of Western Australia, Nederlands 6009 Western Australia, Australia Prokop, Rudolf Jan. National Museum, Praha, Vitezneho Unora 74, 115 79 Praha 1 Czechoslovakia Regis, Mane-berthe. CERAM - Case 3U1, Faculte der Sciences et Techniques de St. Jerome 13397, Marseille Cedex 13, France Regnault, Serge. Museum D’Histoire Naturelle, 12, rue Voltaire, 44000 Nantes, France Regnell, Gerhard. Geologiska Institutionen, Solvegatan 13, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden Rezende Ventura, Carolos Renato. Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro, Dept, de Bioloeia Marinha - UFRJ, Bl. A-CCS - liha do Funddo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ-21910, Brasil Riddle, Steven. The Ohio State University. 125 South Oval Mall, Columbus, OH 43210 USA Roa, Ruben. Dpto. Oceanologia, U. Concepcion, Casilla 2907-10, Conceptcion, Chile Roberts, Dai. Zoology Department, Queen’s University, Belfast BT1 INN, N. Ireland Robison Richard A. Department of Geology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 6604S USA Rowley, Robert. Dept. Biological Sciences, Univ. of California. Santa Barbara, CA 91106 U.S.A. 19 20 Roman, Jean Paul. Institut de Palcontologic, Museum National D'Histoirc Naturelle 8 Rue de Buffon, F 75005 Paris, France Rose, Edward P.F. Department of Geology, Royal Holloway & Bedford New Collette University of London, Egham Surrey TW20 OEX, UK Rotman, Helen E., Shearbum Clark. National Museum of New Zealand, P.O. Box 467, Wellington, New Zealand. Roux, Michel. Universite de Reims, Laboratoire de Geologi, B.P. 347, 51062 Reims Cedex, France Salvat, Mariana Beatrie. Depto. de ciencias Biologicas, Fac. De Ciencias Exactas, Naturales Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. II, 1428 Capital, Argentina. Sastry, D. R. K. Zoological Survey of India, 27 - Jawaharlal Nehru Road, Calcutta, 700 016. India Schigeru, Katsura. Department Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Tokushima University Tokushima, Japan Schuhmacher, H. Universitat Essen GHS, FB 9 - Hydrobiologie, Universitatsstr 5, D-4300 Essen 1, Federal Republic of Germany Schatt, Philippe. Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Laboratory Arago, 66650 Banyuls - sur- mer, France Scheibling, Robert Eric. Department of Biology, Dalhousie Univ., Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4J1 Canada Scheltema, Rudolf S. Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543, U.S.A. Schinner^Gottfried^Dept. of Biology, Univ. of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL Schmincke, Sabine. Palaontologisches Institut der Univ., Wirzburg, Pleicherwall 1, 8700 Wurzbure Federal Republic of Germany Schneider Jay. Department of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, U .S.A- Schoppe, Sabine. Institut fur Allgemcinc und Speziclle Ziologie, Justus - Liebig - University Giesen, Germany. Schroeter, Stephen. 531 Encinitas Blvd., Suite 113, Encinitas, California 02024, U.S.A. Schuetz Allen Walter. Department of Population Dynamics, John Hopkins School of Hvnene Baltimore, MD 21205, U.S.A. ' ~ 20 21 Sebens, Kenneth. Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, East Point, Nahaut, Massachusetts 0190S, U.S.A Serafy, Donald Keith. Department of Biology, Southampton College of Long Is. Univ., Southampton, NY, 11968, U.S.A. Sevastopnlo, George D. Geology Department, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland Sewell, Mary. Zoology Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada Shepherd, Scoreby A. Department Fisheries, Box 1625 G.P.O., Adelaide, S. Austratia 5001, Australia Shicic, Malcolm. Department of Zoology, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469-0146, U.S.A. Shigeru, Katsura. Dept. Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan. Shirley, Thomas C. School of Fisheries, University of Alaska, 11120 Glacier Hwy. Juneau AK 99801, U.S.A. 7 Sibuet, Myriam. IFREMER, Centre de Brest, BP 70, 29263 Plouzane, France Sieverts-Doreck, Hertha. 7000 Stuttgart-Moehringen, Reichenberger Strabe 72, People’s Republic of Germany Simms, Michael J. Department of Geology, Wills Memorial Bldg., Queen’s Road, Bristol BS8 IRJ, England Simpson, Rodney D. Department of Zoology, University of New England, Armidale, N5W 2351, Australia Singletary, Robert L. Biology Department, University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, CT 06601, U.S.A. Slamova, Radana. Stavebni geologie n.p., Pod Rapidem 8, Strasnice, Praha 10, Czechoslovakia Smirnov, Alexey Vladimirovich. Zoological Institute Academy of Sciences, Universitetskava nab I, Leningrad, 00034, USSR Smirnov, I. S. Zoological Institute, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad 199034, USSR Smiley, Scott. Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, 9775- 0180, U.S.A Smith, Albert C. Laboratory' Service (113), Veterans Administration Medical Center, Bay Pines FL, 33504, U.S.A. 21 n n Smith, Andrew. Department of Palaeontology. British Museum (Natural History) Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, England Solovjev, Andrey N. Paleontological Institute, USSR Academy of Sciences, Profeovusnaya str 121 Moscow V-321, USSR ' ’ South, G. Robin. Biology Annexe, Memorial Univ. Newfoundland, St. John’s, NFLD A1C 1S7 Canada * w ’ i Spencer, Lany T. Natural Science Department, Plymouth State College, Plymouth, NH, 03264. UiS.A. Sprinkle, James. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 7S713- 7909, U.S.A Stancyk, Stephen E. Belle W. Baruch Institute, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29^08 U.S.A Stephenson, David Godfrey. Department of Geology, University of Keele, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, U.K. Stickle, Jr., William B. Zoology and Physiology Department, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, LA 70803, U.S.A Stokes, Robert Brendan. School of Geological Sciences, Kingston Polytecnic, Kingston Upon Thames, Surrey, KTI ZEE, U.K. 1 Strathmann, Richard R. Friday Harbor Laboratories, 620 University Road, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, U.S.A. Sroka, Steven D., Dept, of Geology, University of Illinois, 245 NHB, Urbana, IL 61S01 U.S.A. Stump, Richard Julian Witherington. Zoology Department, James Cook University Townsville G 4811, Australia Sullivan, Kathleen M. Marine Science Program, University of Miami, PO Box 249118 Coral Gables, FL, 33124, U.S.A Suzuki, Norio. Noto Marine Laboratory, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Uchiura, Ishikawa 9^7-OS Japan Suter, Sherman J. Committee on Evolutionary Biology, Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, U.S.A. Tahara, Yutaka. Department of Biology, Osaka Kyoiku University, Tennoji, Osaka 543, Japan 22 23 Tajika, Ken-Ichi. Department of Biology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Oyaguchi, Itabashi, Tokyo 173, Japan Takahashi, Keiichi. Zoological Institute, Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, 113, Japan Taki, Jyo. Hokkaido Abashin Fisheries Experimental Station, Abashiri, Hokkaido 099-31, Japan Tegner, Mia J. A-001, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California, 92093, U.S.A. Telford, Malcolm. Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Ontario MSS 1A1, Canada Thandar, A. S. Department of Zoology, University of Durbaw-Westville, P/BAG X54001 Durban 4000, Republic of South Africa Thierry, Jacques. Universit De Bourgogne, Centre des Sciences de la Terre, 6 Bd - Gabriel, 21100 Dijon, France Thomassm, Bernard. Centre d’ Oceanographic de Marseille, Station Marine d’Endoume Rue de la Batterie des Lions, 13007 Marseille, France Tommasi, Luiz Roberto. Instituto Oceanografico da Universidade, De Sao Paulo Caixa Postal No 9075, Sao Paulo, SP, Brasil Turner, Richard L. Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne FL, U.S.A. Tyler, Paul. Department of Oceanography, The University, Southampton, S09 5NH, U.K. Ubaghs, Georges. 28 Bois Le Comte, B-4841 Gomeze-Andoumont, Belgium University Marine Biological Station, Librarian, Millfort, Isle of Cumbrae, KA28 OEG, Scotland Vadas, Robert L. Department of Botany, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, U.S.A. Vadet, Alain. 67 Blvd Furviny, 62200 Boulogne- sur-mer, France Vail, Lyle. Northern Territory Museum, Echinoderm Department, G.P.O. Box 4646 Danvin N T 5794, Australia ’ ’ Valentincic, Tine. Institute of Biology, Askerceva 12, 61000 Ljubljana, Yugoslavia Valentine, John. University of Alabama, Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Box 369-370, Dauphin Is. AL 36528, U.S.A. Vandcnspicgci, Didicr. Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, Univcrsitc de Mons, 19 avc Maislriau (Bat 4), 7000 - MONS, Belgium 23 24 Velarde, Ronald G. City of San Diego, Marine Biology Laboratory' M.S. 45, 4077 North Harbor Dr., San Diego, CA, 92101, U.S.A. Viviani, Carlos A- Centro de Investigaciones Submarinas, Universidad del Norte, Casilla 117, Coquimbo, Chile Walenkamp, Josef H.C. Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands Walker, Ch. W. Department of Zoology, University of New Hampshire, Durham 03824, New Hampshire, U.S.A. Waren, Anders. Riksmuseet, Box 50007, S-10405, Stokholm, Sweden Waters, Johnny A. West Georgia College, Department of Geology, Carrollton, GA 30118, U.S.A. Watts, Stephen Andrew. Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, UAB Station, Birmingham, AL 35294, U.S.A. Webster, Gary D. Department of Geology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164- 2812, U.S.A. West, Ron. Department of Geology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506-3201, U.S.A- Wiedman, Lawrence. Department of Geology', Monmonth College, Monmouth, IL, 61462, U.S.A. Wilkie, I.C. Department of Biological Sciences, Glasgow College of Technology, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 ObA, Scotland Wilks, Matthew A. Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA, 93950, U.S.A. Witzke, Brian J. Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey Bureau Iowa Citv Iowa, 52242, U.S.A. Woodley, Jeremy David. Discovery Bay Marine Laboratory', PO Box 35, Discovery Bay, Jamaica, Woollacott, Robert M. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridoc MA ■ 02138, U.S.A. Wray, Gregory. Friday Harbor Laboratories, Friday Harbor, WA 98250. U.S.A. Wright, Claud William. Old Rectory, Scaborough,, Beaminstcr, Dorset DTS304, Great Britain Yakovlev, Yuri. Institute of Marine Biology, 690032 Vladivostok, USSR 24 25 Yamaguchi, Masashi. Department of Marine Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara. Okinawa, 903-01, Japan Yanagisawa, Tomio. Tokyo Metropolitan Univ., Dept, of Biology, Fukazarra 2-1-1, Setagayaka, Tokyo, Japan Yoshiaki, Ishida. 4-15-2-405, Scki-machi Minami, Nerima-ku, Tokyo, Japan Yoshizato, Katsutoshi. Department of Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Setagaya-ku, Tokvo, Japan Young, Craig M. Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, RR 1, Box 196, Fort Pierce, FL 33450, U.S.A. Zaghbib-Turki, D. Departement des Sciences de la Terre, Faculte des Sciences* de Tunis, Campus universitaire, 1060 Tunis, Tunisia Zavodnik, Dusan. Center for Marine Research Rovinj, "Rudjer Boskovic" Institute, 52210 Rovinj, Yugoslavia Zeidler, Wolfgang. South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, S. A. 5000, Australia Zmarzly, Debbie. City of San Diego, Ocean Monitoring Program (MS-45), 4077 North Harbor Drive, San Diego, CA 92101, U.S.A. 25 HUlit ft 26 CONFERENCES Regional conferences : These conferences are held in years in which the International Echinoderm Conference does not take place. Third European Colloquium on Echinoderms ( Organizer: Prof. C. Canicatti Department of Biology University of Lecce Prov. Lecce-Monteroni 73100 Lecce, Italy Site of conference: Lecce, Italy Date of conference: 9-12 September 1991 Abstracts due: before 30 April 1991 I t i. I JT" liMie* •$ I-ij;. 2. Lrh;r,'i»i;t mjfhjt . Sample y.i-j- and fr^q ucnc :c">- of most ommor. alii-lm a: foa* pr ’> morphi; Ik I. • in. tf/c; Roiinot Island populauon 1 - and fo: five sues alone approx 1 3(K"i km of Western Australian coasliim . vertical lines irldi^u standard errors Jw‘>nis for ifi. ir.re-. Kv.ines! Island samp;;'' h ] i 4 Vi f i an- ottKl fc? c!ir,: > x ^ ^ 4 .' *m«. . ^\cor . . tjp fc fin* courv. of ctl! di'is::':.- errMi' hita r.:r p HL-* iranv'nptuma: activitv and Iran* np' acrumuLtior. tmp-vo. raivd a: lfc‘C ir. M i liifxjrr * fiticrrc; sc* waier a: a der.Mtv of IC^ ml uuh sumnj: (30 r p m ) and vigorous aeration Dal* ueo obai :nca 'Mlf. different biiahci of cmh^tv sometimes treated different^ • r T remova' of the fertilization envelopes. decantation o' la*pr volume' to prepare nuclei) All t ir. dal* «a complied irm i s-r.r':. no-maiiied time tahl; v^iii. Lhs be.' - possible accurarv i— v f’CfiiiiLdiio;. |v ai zero lime ( _ ). iserar: ecl! numS.- p-- cmr-\ v - (data from sever#’ experiments- » • ; ha\hed em--s -' t <- (. i trari.si-rip- ahjri.L:i.c as a pctwintag; of th-, rr«j«r?.j‘ v C J . iv w ~ of th. t*o Iran* np-... densiiomci'i. scanning frurr th. V.-.V.*: p. > ir. hperc b. * r " an.* other exp. rimer.: J T v G-u-Ou*. V*\0 8th International Echinoderm Conference. 1993. Organizer: Bruno David Centre des Sciences de la Terre Universite de Bourgogne 6, Bd. Gabriel F-21000 Dijon, France Site of conference: Dijon Date of conference: September 1993 DUON (145.600 inhab.; 21.000 in 1801; 77.300 in 1901). prefecture of the C6tc d'Or. and once the capita] of the Duchy of Burgundy, ii situated ai the confluence of the Ouche with the Suzon and the Canal de Bourgogne. It is a busy commercial and industrial town, an impor- tant railway junction, and the centre of the Burgundy wine trade. It is also the gastronomic capita] of the region, and its gingerbread, cassrs (a blackcurrant bqueur), and mustard — its name whimsically con- nected with Philippe le Hardi s motto 'mouJtme tarde' — are reputed It preserves a number of important buildings, and well-restored medieval houses, while the Mus4e des Beaux -Arts contains one of the richest collections outside Paris; indeed its old centre is one of the more attractive and interesting of provincial capitals. Diion iDrvio or Caitrum Divtonew) is said to have been first fortified by Aurehan is c 273. and convened to Christianity by a 2C martyr St Beni gnus in wbow honour an abbey was founded in c 525. This capital of the early Burgundian kingdom, which became under Robert I a powerful Valois duchy, was destroyed by hre in 1137. Il was rebuilt and fortified by Due Hugues D Under Philippe k Hardi (the Bold. 1342-1404). Jean wans Peur (the Fearless. 1371-1419). and Phi- lippe le Bon (the Good. 1396-1467). ibe splendours of the Burgundian court reached their height, but the death of Charles leTtmtrairr flbe Bold. 1433-76. al the Battle of Nancy) left the Valois dukes without a male heir, and Louis XI. who. in spite of the protestations of the states of Burgundy, seized the province, set up a ■parfemenl at Dijon and re-lorulied the place Although it survived a siege by 30,000 Swiss. Germans, and Francs- Com lois m 1513. it opened us gates to Henn fV in 1595 From 1631 until the Revolution n was oovemed by the princes of Condt. and enjoyed a second pc nod of prospenty The enlightened Academy of Dijon was founded in 1740. and a decade later 'Downed Rousseau s essay on Lhe morality of the Arts and Sciences ft resisted the Prussians in 1870. with the help of Garibaldi s corps of volunteers, but later capitulated and suffered occupation alter which eight detached forts were bud! lor m future defence The railway station end some 700 bouses were destroyed in 1944 It was the birthplace of Jacques-Bemgne Bossuet (1627-1704). Cr<-bibon thr Ddcr (1674- 1762, thi dramatist. Jean-Pluhppe Rameau (1683-1764). the corn poser, the Comte dr Vergcrmc s 11717-87,. Maret Durd* bassano (17t>- 163^, Jean Dubois (1626-94) Claude Ramey 11751-1836, and Francois Rudt 11764- 1855). sculptors; Philippe Ouanbn (died 1636). J -F -G Colson (17 33- 1 803 t Claude Horn (1750-1817|. artists, and the engraver Alphonse Legros (1837- 1911. in England from 1863). presidents Jean Bouhiei (1673- 1746). and Charles de Brosscs (1709-77) Gustav, Edfel (1832-1923,. thr engmecr. Aldus Piron 28 The series of International Echinoderm Conferences began in 1972 at the Smithsonian conference in Washington, D.C. organized by David Pawson and Maureen Downey. At that meeting, the participants decided that meetings should be held every three years and that the site should be held sequentially in different parts of the world to ensure that all echinoderm workers would have the opportunity to attend at some time. The general areas designated were the Americas, Europe-Africa, and Asia-Antipodes. Subsequent meetings were held in Rovinj, Yugoslavia; Sydney, Australia; Tampa Bay y = USA; Galway, Ireland; Victoria, Canada, and Atami , Japan. The site of each conference since the Tampa Bay meeting has been selected by the attendees of the previous meeting. To address the possibility that a host selected might be unable to organize the meeting as planned, and to ensure that invitations are extended for the subsequent meeting, the participants at the Atami meeting decided to establish a continuing committee for these functions. The committee will consist of the hosts of the immediate previous meeting, the current meeting, and the immediate future meeting. If it becomes not possible for the conference to be held at the site selected, this committee will have the responsibility of selecting a new site and host. The committee will also solicit invitations from the appropriate region for the next meeting if none is volunteered. The current committee consists of Robert Burke (University of Victoria), lomio Yanagisawa (Saitama Medical School), and Bruno David (University of Bourgogne) . The Atami conference noted that Prof. David Nichols (University of Exeter) is the only individual to have attended all of the international conferences. Large embryo number Ftcutt Graph ihcnvinf: t he numN't of potrntulh n-Ujsahli cmhryt’s in thi D< w>ri and Scntmh population'' In month £rn\t»r; rt fil. Amphiphoti \ hqiuwhiUi JFWAMJ JASONC' f/onr, 0 29 BOOKS IN PRINT Hurd, E.T. Starfish. LC 62-7742 (A Let * s-Read-&-Find-Out Science Book) 40 pp. *(gr. K-2) . 1962. 2.89. (ISBN 0-690-77-69-3). Harpl . Spencer , W.K. The Paleozoic Asteroidea. Pts. I-X. Repr. of 1940 ed. Set: 120.00. (ISBN 0-384-57-50-X) . Johnson Repr. Verril 1 , A.E. Monograph of the shallow-water starfishes of the north Pacific coast from the Arctic Ocean to California. 2 vols. 1914. 100.00. Kraus Repr. Thiessen, F. 1968. Die Gattung Asterina: In Syntemati scher Darstellung. pap. 24.00x. (ISBN 3-7682-0545-2). Lubrecht & Cramer. Kal jo,, D.L., S.V. Rozhnov, A.N. Solovev, G.A. Stukalina, L.M. Khints (eds). 1989. Fossil and recent echinoderm researches. Acad. Sci., Estonia, Inst. Geol . , Tal linn. Webster , G.D. 1986. Bibliography and index of Paleozoic crinoids and coronate echinoderms. 1974-1980. Geol. Soc. Amer. Microform Publ . 16, 405 pp. fe.fester , G.D. 1988. Bibliography and index of Paleozoic crinoids and coronate echinoderms. 1981-1985. Geol. Soc. Amer. Microform Publ . 16. 235 pp. Broadhe ad, I.W., & J. A. Waters (eds.). Echinoderms: notes for a short course (Univ. Tennessee Studies in Geology). 235 p. 1980. pap. 12.00. (ISBN 0- 910249-01-6). Forbes , E. The echinoderms of the Crag, London Clay, etc. pap. 10.00. (ISBN 0- 384-16390-4) Johnson Repr. Lawrence, J.M. 1987. A functional biology of echinoderms. LC 87-2843. 352 p. 60.00 (ISBN 0-8018-3546-x) . Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Crooms-Helm. Moore, R.C. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Pt. U. Echinodermata . 3. 2 vols. LC 53-12913. 1966. 25.13 (ISBN 0-8137-30228). Geol. Soc. fl° ore i R-C. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Pt. S. Echinodermata. 1. 2 vols. L 53-12913. 1968. (ISBN 0-8137-3020-1). 24.00. Geol. Soc. Wright , T. The fossil Echinodermata, Oolitic. 1 vol . in 2 pts. 38.00 (ISBN 0- 384-69500-0) . Johnson Repr. ilQ ore t C.R., L.R. Laudon . Evolution and the classification of Paleozoic crinoids. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Papers. No. 46. S.J. Gould (ed.). LC 79-8352. 1980. Repr. of 1943 ed. 14.00x. (ISBN 0-405-12721-9). Ayer Co. Publ. Wrj_gh_t, J. The British Carboniferous Crinoidea. vol. 1. Pts. 1-5. vol. 2. pts 1- 3. Set. 109.00 (ISBN 0 - 384 - 69 4 53 h - 1 ) . Johnson Repr. 30 Chamberlain , J.B. el al . The sea urchin: molecular biology. 3 vols. vol . 2. 188 p. 1973. 28.50X (ISBN 0-8422-7121 -X) . Irvington. Giudice , G. The sea urchin embryo: a developmental biology system. 260 p. 1986. 88.50. (ISBN 00-387-15353-5). Springer-Verl ag . Stearns . L. Sea urchin development: cell use. 58.95 (ISBN 0-313-64273-1). Van Nos Reinhold. Tennan, S.A. et al . Sea urchin, molecular biology. vol. 3. 1973. 28. BOX (ISBN 0-8422-7122-8). Irvinton. Agassiz . A. Embryology of the starfish. Repr. of the 1865 ed. 79.00. Reprint Servs . Agassiz . A. North American starfishes. Repr. of the 1877 ed. 79.00. Reprint Servs. Clark . A.H. Ophiuroidea of the Hawaiian Islands (BMB Ser.) Repr. of 1949 ed. 21.00 (ISBN 0-527-02303-5). Kraus Repr. De Ridder , C., P. Dubois, M.-C. Lahaye, M. Jangoux. 1990. Echinoderm Research. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam. Kasyanov , V.L. 1989. Reproductive strategy of marine bivalve molluscs and echinodems. Inst. Mar. Biol., Vladi vostock. Birkel and . C., J.S. Lucas . 1990. Acanthaster planci: major management problems of coral reefs. CRC Press, Inc. 2000 Corporate Blvd., N.W., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. US $159.95/ outside US $189.00 (plus tax and shipping) Strathmann , M.F. 1987. Reproduction and development of marine invertebrates of the northern Pacific coast. Data and methods for the study of eggs, embryos, and larvae. Univ. Washington Press, Seattle, rip 1. Main features of Milhiu. aboral surface Alpha-numeric codes refer to rays of Lovcn (1892). Areas enclosed by solid lines arc lunules; elongate stippled areas, pcialoids. central pentagon, madrcporite. solid triangles, locations of test thickness measurements. I k, 2. Mam features of Mtlhu. ord surface. Radiating bifurcate lines arc food grooscs. stippled areas, pressure drainage channels; mouth, central, and encircled by basicorona! plaics. pcriproci immediately poMenor of mouth tAiM2ocD*-T£ cPdg.Cs Wo 3 . N Js • kWA • 31 Imaoka, T., S. Irimura, T. Okutani, C. Oguro, T. Oji, M. Shigei, H. Horikawa. 1990- Echino derms from continental shelf and slope around Japan , vol . 1. Japan Fisheries Resource Conservation Association. (Tokyo Suisan Bldg., 6th Floor, Toyomi 44-18, Chuou-ku, Tokyo 104). Color photographs and descriptions in Japanese and English are given for the species of echinoderms (3 crinoids, 25 asteroids, 30 ophiuroids, 20 echinoids, 6 hoi othuroids) . Kasyanov, V.L. 1989. Reproductive strategies of marine bivalves and ec.h i noderms . Nauka, Leningrad. 179 pp. (Sex differentiation, sexual dimorphism, gametogenesis, larvae, pi anktotrophy and leci thotrophy , genetic aspects of reproductive strategies) FOSSIL AND RECENT ECHINODERM RESEARCHES f 19891 Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR. Institute of Geology Academy of Sciences of the USSR Scientific Council on the problem "Path and patterns of historical development of animal and plant orgnisms" (in Russian) Hecker, R.F. On fossil echinoderms and echinoderm workers. Hecker, R.F. Professor Th. Mortensen. Malakhov, V.V. On the origin of echinoderms in the light of embryonic devel opment . Wiegmann, E.P., Sveshnikov, V. A. the ecomorphological systematics of echinoderms . Korts, A. Brachiolar plates of Bockia (Eocrinoidea) from the Middle Ordovician of Estonia and Lenigrad region. Rozhnov, S.v. New data about rhipidocyst ids (Eocrinoidea). Stukalina, G.A., Hints, L. On the morphology and systematics of Achrdocystites (Paracrinoidea) . Rozhnov, S.V., Mannil, R. H. Newtor. Pisocrinid crinoids from the Lower Silurian of the East Baltic. Schewtschenko, T.V. Eifelian crinoids of south Tien Shan. Dubatol ova, J.A. Polymorphocrinidae -- a new family of the Middle Devonian crinoids . Militsina, V.S. On Hexacrinitidae from the Devonian deposits of the Urals. Chernova, G.N., Stukalina, G.A. On the systematics of the Late Paleozoic crinoids of the family FI oricycl idae. Kurilenko, A.V. New PI atycrinitidae from the Lower Carboniferous of Eastern Transbaikal area. Hints, L., Rozhnov, S.V., Solovjev, A.N. Peculiar crinoid holdfasts from the Ordovician of Estonia. Klikushin, V.G. Ecogeny of the pentacrinid crinoids. Solovjev, A.N. New echinoid genus Echolaster (Spatangoida , Hoi asteridae) from the Berriasian. 32 Mel i kov , O.G. Morphological peculiarity of thenew species of the genus Heteraster Orbigny, 1853 (Echinoidea) from the urgonian facies of Azerbaijan. Portetzkaja, E.S. New echinoid species Codechinus prosorovskyi from the Barremian of Turkmenistan. Alekseev, A.S., Endelman, L.G. Association of ectoparasi tic prosobranch gastropods with Upper Cretaceous echinoid Galerites. Moskvin, M.M. Echinoids of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic Boundary beds. Markov, A.V. Systematic position, morphology and developmentof the echinoid Schizaster burlensis Bajarunas (Spatangoida, Schizasteridae) from the Eocene of Mangyshlak. Mironov, A.N. Echinoids and faunal complexes of the continental shelf. Smirnov, A.V. Coordinationof the system of recent and extinct holothurians of the family Synaptidae. Baranova, Z.I. A new holothurian species of the genus Elpidia from the Arctic Ocean. Ryland, J.S.. P.A. Tyler (eds.) 1989. Reproduction, genetics and distribution of marine organisms. Olsen & Olsen, Fredensborg. (list of echinoderm papers) Chia, F.-S. Differential larval settlement of benthic marine invertebrates, p. 3-12. (Florometra, Psolus) Bosselmann, A. Larval plankton and recruitment of macrofauna in a subtidal area in the German Bight, p. 43-54. (Echinocardium, Asterias, Ophiura) Chen, C.-P., & J.-Q. Run. Larval growth and bacteri a- induced metamorphosis of Arachnoides placaent (L.) (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). p. 55-59. Eckelbarger, K.J., C.M. Young, & J.L. Cameron. Modified sperm in echinoderms from the bathyal and abyssal zones of the deep sea. p. 67-74. Emson, R.H., M.B. Jones, P.J. Whitfield. Habitat and latitude differences in the cosmopolitan brittle-star Amphipholis squamata (Echinodermata). p. 75- 82. Webb, C.M. Larval swimming and substrate selection in the brittle star Ophioderma brevispinum, p. 217-224. Young, C.M. & J. L Cameron. Development rate as a function of depth in the bathyal echinoid Linopneustes longispinus. p. 225-231. Kanitzer, A. Factors affecting the population dynamics of Amphiura filiformis (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) and Mysella bidentata (Bivalvia: Galeommatacea) in the North Sea. p. 395-406. Strathmann, M.F. 1987. Reproduction and development of marine invertebrates of the northern Pacific coast. Data and methods for the study of eggs, embryos, and larvae. University of Washington Press, Seattle. Chapters on each class include general references, discussion on reproduction and development; methods for identification, collection and maintenance, induction of spawning, collection of gametes, insemination, culturing, induction of metamorphosis, as well as special methods such as separation of eggs into enucleate and nucleate parts, artificial activation, removal of the jelly coat, the fertilization envelope, the hyaline layer, dissociating blastomeres, studying skeletal parts, and hybridization. 33 **«-. f^^r^tlLJ (^Jljftftt). f*» V" f ■» - 7'Of5*GTj. teao&££J (I'-fivtCEKKt) «*>•$'**,*. ■k I' n Q& I -fi+JO^ 1 "5111 +b l-F^OttfEc; •!- m ££i?.ilE-in; MK<4MIK4>0 (K«) IK**' I t I •< I e* m-eniiii llldWSE °WKSK CTsurumi Yoshiyuki 1990 ISBN4-480-8SS22-X C0036 m#fc#;»e:*&<*(3)£t3* B963W7-90] r i IEE^‘«' 4>«Km I JGc-r3b«euH-»e* A.A.Balkema, P.O.Box 1675, Ro.lerdam, Netherlands. A.A.Balkema, Old Post Road, Brooklield, VT 05036, USA Mr; MiCh » W) 90 6191 077 3 Echinoderrns: Present and past - Proceedings of the }97 °g ean co!lo - !*-n September 198! ,?n MMe"*' 5 l 2 PP " HfU 85 / ”5.00/ £59.50 deve^ non. sys.emat.es & zoogeography. 53 “ 34 *"* *"• B F - * D-B-S. O'Connor (eds ) oo c , „ , , 0 , , in recent £e£ P h > ,um 906191080 3 700 PP ’ Hfl - 26i /*140.00/£8S.50 tys,enB; Ph > si °'^ »u" Bclputn^o^VF^riX^f^sVr ^ UK> £™™ u 0 ab,e ref ;-«^~,o&'^ LX y years Quarterly Review of Biology 58, Dee. ] 983. ISSN 0168-6100 Jingoux. M. & J.M. Lawrence, (eds ) fc-chmuderm studies 1983 % 23 cm cJ00 pp.. Hfl.95 / 345.00/ £30.50 cc ? ttinin * com P rc ^ensjve surveys of vtt f P 7 „l 7 ■" “P“ u of “hinodem, biolo£. - e I 7 P lcnaf y Quires read at InU. Conf. Echinodcrrm tthin^^fT^ meiamoT,h««; CsJcificsoon in tthwodemts, Astcroidca: Functions] morphology. classifies bon i phytogeny; Index of names of recent AstOTidS Bit .weto^trf - T‘ 396 pp - 10 ph “«- » wines eojferenc,. Victoria, 23-28 Aufj 1987 ^88. 25 rat. 832 pp.. Hfl.l8J/J95.00/ £59.50 90 735 7 5 v ° IuD f" * sysicmsbcs; Reproduction- Mor- Behavior. 1 pressure, origin of deep-sea and ultra-abjssal°fa2nas! ° f hydrostatic PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON ECHINODERMS BRUSSELS / BELGIUM / 18-21 SEPTEMBER 1989 Echinoderm Research Edited by CHANTAL DE RIDDER, PHILIPPE DUBOIS, MARIE-CHRISTINE LAHAYE & MICHEL JANGOUX University Libre de Bruxelles A.A.BALKEMA / ROTTERDAM / BROOKFIELD / 1990 Plenary' lectures The significance of a non-centralized nervous system to genera) studies on echinoderm 3 biology J.LS. Cobb Palaeontological approaches to evolution in echinodcrms 9 R David Biological control of skeleton properties in echinoderms 1 7 Ph. Dubois 36 Palaeontology Dcpositional environment and palacoecology of crinoid-communitics from the Middle 25 Jurassic Burgundy-Platform of Western Europe CA Meyer Premieres dccouvertes du genre Trachypatagus Pomel (Echinoidca, Spatangoida) dans les 33 terrains mioccnes du bassin du Rhone M. Philippe & CLary L’ancctre Eocene des Scutellidae (Echinoidea; Clypcastcroida) 4 1 J. Roman Strategic adaptativc des Hemiaster ct dcs Periaster du CnJtace superieur 49 (Cenomanien-Coniacien) dc la plate-forme carbonatee de Tunisie D.Zaghbib-Turki Reproduction , development and lanal biology' Isolation of a vitellogenic protein from Astcrias rubens L. 59 H. CJ. Burg, £ R. Spek <£ P.A Voogt Second generation of Paracentrotus tividus reared in the laboratory: egg quality tested 65 C Ccllario & S. George Reproduction asexu£e par scission chez Holothuria atra (Holothuroidea) dans des 71 populations de platiers rtcifaux C Conand f,Kaneko,H (1989): Sorting out of presumptive stomach cells of the starfish embryo. Dev Growth Differ 31(5), 503-508. D’Auria.M; Valeria, MI; Minale,L; Riccio.R; Uriarte,E (1990): Starfish saponins: Part 41. Structure f two new stero.dal glycoside sulfates (miniatosides A and B) and two new polyhydroxysteroids trom the starfish Patina miniata. J Nat Prod (Lloydia) 53(1), 94-101. Dauvin,JC (1989): Long-term changes in populations of subtidal bivalves A bra alba and A. Pnsmatica from the Bay of Morlaix (Western English Channel). Mar. Biol. 103, 63-73. Dauvin,J-C ; Joncourt,M (1989): Energy Values of Marine Benthic Invertebrates from the Western English Channel. J Mar Biol Ass U.K. 69, 589-595. David B (1989): Mediterranean and Atlantic Fauna on Both Sides of the Straits of Gibraltar: Irregular Echoinoids from the BALGIM Cruise. C.R. Acd. Sci. Paris 309, 165-172. Mraom^, Echinodennes: Echinides Irreguliers. Resultats Des Campagnes ^ : r a , UdeaU ’ D i!f! ): Tubercle ^ in Spatangoids (Echinodermata, Echinoides): Orisinal skeletal Structures and Underlying Processes. Zoomorphology (Berl) 109, 39-53. Davydov, PV; Shubravyi,OI; Tsetlin,AB; Vasetskii.SG (1989): Development of sea-star larvae reared m a closed-cycle aquanum. Biologiya Morya 2(March-April), 35-40. Deangehs,? 1 .; Glabe.CG (1990): Specific recognition of sulfate esters by bindin, a sperm adhesion protein from sea urchins. Biochim Biophys Acta 1037(1), 100-105. Sa' Ca f t . lllo ’ J; Smith, DS (1989): Acetylcholine sensitivity of the spine test articular capsule of the sea urchin Eucidans tnbuloides. Comp Biochem Physiol C 94(2), 547-554. ^nrJ eS ! CI, ’ FJ ; Herwig.HJ; Zandec.DK; Voogt.PA (1989): Effects of cadmium and PCBs on En^orLTls[2ri73 a i80 ar ^ AbCrrati ° nS in thc carl >’ d-elopment. Eco.o.xical 5 44 DeVantier,LM; Endean,R (1988): The Scallop Pedum spondyloideum mitigates the effects of Acanthaster planci Predation on the Host Coral Porites: Host Defence Facilitated by Exaptation? Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 47, 293-301. Di Carlo, M; Montana, G; Bonura,A (1990): Analysis of the sequence and expression during sea urchin development of two members of a multigenic family, coding for butanol-extractable proteins. Mol Reprod Dev 25(1), 28-36. Dickie, L; Helling, R (1989): Prefeeding larval development time is not correlated with egg size in regular echinoids Strongylocentrotus species. Invertebr Reprod Dev 15(3), 229-232. Didier,J; Jangoux,M (1989): Functional morphology of vibratile umae in the synaptid holothuroid Leptosynapta inhaerens (Echinodermata). Zoomorphology (Berl) 109(3), 165-172. Dinnel,PA (1989): Comparative Sensitivity of Sea Urchin Sperm bioassays to Metals and Pesticides. 18 18, 748-755. DonachyJ; Watabe,N; Showman,RM (1989): Sodium, potassium-ATPase, magnesium-ATPase and calcium-ATPase activity during arm regneration in the starfish. Comp Biochem Physiol A 94(1), 57-60. Donovan, SK (198): Functional Morphology of Synarthrial Articulations in the Crinoid Stem. Lethaia 21, 169-175. Donovan, SK (1989): The Improbability of a Muscular Crinoid Column. Lethaia Review 22, 307-316. Donovan, SK; Gale, AS (1989): locrinus in the Ordovician of England and Wales [UK]. Palaeontology (Lond) 32(2), 313-324. Donovan,SK; Sevastopulo,GD (1989): Myelodactylid crinoids from the Silurian of the British Isles [UK]. Palaeontology (Lond) 32(4), 689-710. Duffy, JE; Hay, ME (1990): Seaweed Adaptations to Herbivory. BioScience 40(5), 368-375. Ebert, TA (1989): Morphological Data for the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus pumuratus I. Dissections. Center for Marine Studies, San Diego State U. Technical Report 89-1, 1-214. Eckelbarger,KJ; Young, CM; Cameron, JL (1989): Ultrastructure and Development of Dimorphic Sperm in the Abyssal Echinoid Phrissocystis multispins (Echinodermata:Echinoidea): Implications for Deep Sea Reproductive Biology. Biol Bull 176, 257-271. Eckelbarger,KJ; Young.CM; Cameron,JL (1989): Modified Sperm in Echinoderms from the bathyal and Abyssal Zones of the Deep Sea. Reproduction, Genetics and Distributions of Marine Organisms, 67-74. 6 45 Eliseikina,MG (1988): Morphological characteristics of the digestive tract of Cucumaria japonica. Academy of Sciences of USSR (Ed: Group of Comparative Cytology, Institute of Marine BioIogy,Far East Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok 690022), 36-44. Emlet,RB (1989): Apical skeletons of sea urchins (Echinodermata: Echinoidea): two methods for inferring mode of larval development Paleobiology 15(3), 223-254. Emson,RH; Jones, MB; Whitfield, PJ (1989): Habitat and Latitude Differences in Reproductive Pattern and Life-History in the Cosmopolitan Brittle-Star Amphipholis squamata (Echinodermata). Reproduction, Genetics and Distribtutions of Marine Organisms, 75-82. Emson,RH; Whitfield, PJ (1989): Aspects of the Life History of a Tide Pool Population of Amphipholis squamata (Ophiuroidea) from South Devon. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 69, 27-41. Eshel,D; Gibbons, IR (1989): External mechanical control of the timing of bend initiation in sea urchin sperm flagella. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 14(3), 416-423. Estes, JA; Steinberg, PD (1988): Predation, Herbivory, and Kelp. Evolution. 14(1), 19-36. Estus,S; Blumer,JL (1989): Role of microtubule assembly in phenytoin teratogenic action in the sea urchin. Mol Pharmacol 36(5), 708-715. Falconetti,C (1099): Population of Neolampas rostellata Agassiz (Irregular Echinoidea) from the "banc du Maguad" (Lies d’Hyeres, France). Vie Marine 9, 17-26. Farach-Caron,MC (1989): A Calcium-binding, Asparagine-linked Oligosaccharide is Involved in Skeleton Formation in the Sea Urchin Embryo. The Journal of Cell Biology 109, 12S9-1299. Feldman,HR (1989): Echinoderms of the Somerset Shale Member, Salem Limetsone (Mississippi), in Indiana and Kentucky [USA]. J Paleontol 63(6), 900-912. Feral, JP (1989): Autoradiographic analysis of cell renewal in the digestive tract and other somatic compartments of the apodal holothurian Leptosynapta galliennei. Cah Biol Mar 30(2), 131-142. Ferguson, JC (1989): Rate of water admission through the madreporite of a starfish. J Exp Biol 145(0), 147-156. Ferguson,JC (1990): Hyperosmotic properties of the fluids of the perivisceral coelom and water vascular system of starfish kept under stable conditions. Comp Biochem Physiol A 95(2), 245-24S. Findlay ,J A; He,Z-Q; Jascja,M (1989): Forbeside E: A novel sulfated sterol glycoside from Asterias forbesi. Can J Chem 67(12), 2078-20S0. 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Ser. 58, 23-28. Gebruk,AV (1989): Revision of the family Pelagothuriidae (Holothurioidea, Elasipoda) with a review of Enypniastes eximia and Pelagothuria natatrix: 1. Review of the family Pelagothuriidae (Elasipoda). Zooi ZH 68(12), 57-66. Gentil,F; Dauvin,JC (1988): Is it possible to estimate the total species number of a macrobenthic community? Application to several soft-bottom communities from the English Channel. Vie Milieu 38(3/4), 207-212. GhioId,J (1988/1989): Species distributions of irregular echinoids. Biol Oceanogr 6(1), 79-162. Ghiold,J; Hoffman, A (1989): Biogeography of Spatangoid Echinoids. J Jb Geol Palaont Abh 178(1), 59-83. Gianguzza,F; Di Bernardo, MG; Sollazzo,M; Palla,F; Ciaccio,M; Carra,E; SpineIli,G (1989): DNA sequence and pattern of expression of the sea urchin (Paracentroms lividus) a-tubulin genes. Mol Reprod Dev 1(3), 170-181. 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A method for measuring respiration of infaunal brittlestars . Hopkins, T.S., J.B. McClintock, K.R. Marion, S.A. Watts. Differential arm loss in two sympatric species of sand stars. Sheild, C.J. Feeding ecology of the sea star, Henricia sanguinol enta> in rocky subtidal communities in the Gulf of Maine. Valentine, J.F., K.L. Heck, Jr. Role of sea urchin herbivory in regulating seagrass meadow size. Papers presented at the meeting of the Society for Experimental Biology, University of Warwick. March 1990 Elphick, M.R., D.A. Price, M., M.C. Thorndyke. The molecular biology of echinoderm neuropeptides. Elphick, M.R., C. Moss, M.C. Thorndyke. Action of the starfish neuropeptide GFNSALMFamide, structurally related neuropeptides and neurotransmitter substances on isolated tube feet of Asterias rubens. Papers presented at the 1990 annual meeting of the Canadian Society of Zoologists, Burnaby, B.C. Janies, D. The scanning electron microscopic description of a novel starfish larva, Teraster tesselatus. McEdward, L.R. Experimental analysis of life history evolution in echinoderms . Gilmour, T.H.J. Control of metamorphosis in echinoid larvae. Papers presented at the 1989 Centennial Meeting of the American Society of Zoologists, Boston, Massachusetts Mooi , R. Heterochronic miniaturization in the phylogeny of the sand dollars. Rumrill, S.S. Substratum selectivity, post-larval growth and survival following extended competence in Strongyl ocentrotus droehachi ensi s . Colwell, S.W., D.T. Manahan. Sugar and fatty acid transport and metabolism in invertebrate larvae, (echinoid) Briscoe, C.S. Omnivory in the green sea urchin Strongyul ocentrotus droebachiensi s (Muller) (Echinodermata: Echi noidea) The contribution of mussel versus kelp diets for somatic growth and reproductive effort. Cavey, M.J., T.P. Laudel . 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Marine invertebrate reproduction: Studies at the Sesoko Marine Science Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan, (echinoid) Balser, E.J., E.E. Ruppert. Organization and ultrastructure of the axial complex of Davidaster rubiginosa and D. discoidea (Crinoidea) . Walker, C.W., D. Jaffurs, J.D.G. Boom, M.J. Smith. Cloning and characterization of expression of ODC and c-myc cell cycle genes from the sea star, Asterias vulgaris . Campbell, D.B. Selective predation of sea stars on two species of mussels. Klinger, T.S. A preliminary investigation of the effect of food quality and quantity and quantity on levels of alpha- and beta-gl ucosidase and nucleic acids in the gut tissues of Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck) (Echinodermata : Echinoidea) . Lawrence, J.M., P. Moran. Allocation of material and energy to the body of Acanthaster planci (Asteroidea: Echinodermata). Levitan., D.R. Changes in the relative size of the jaws and tests of sea urchins when food limited. Young, C.M., J.L. Cameron, I. Bosch. Feeding ecology of pi anktotrophic deep- sea echinoderm larvae. Lares, M.T., J.B. McClintock. Temperature tolerance and the effects of temperature on the nutrition of the tropical sea urchin Eucidaris tribuloides. Vernon, J.D., J.B. McClintock. Chemical defense in the eggs and embryos of antaractic sea stars. Emlet, R.B. Models of ciliated surfaces and the evolution of body form in marine invertebrate larvae. JJETHAIA 12 0989 ) Crinoid columnal ontogeny E E e V Ftf } O. arii- 1 ir ),• OVA KM 4 - C.V.. J I \ c. • ' ( ro-.r 72 Papers presented at the 23rd Annual Meeting of the Japanese Society of Developmental Biologists (Hiroshima). 1990. Abstracts published in Development, growth and differentiation. 32 (4). 1990. Ookata, K., T. Okano, K. Tachibana, T. Kishimoto. Cell cycle dynamics of cdc2/cyclin complex during meiotic maturation in starfish oocytes ( p . 481 ) Miura, D., K. Sano, N. Fusetani, T. Yasumoto. 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Shimada. A novel structure of enhancer element of sea urchin Ars gene. (p. 434). Mita, M. Precition of intracellular amount of 1 -methyl adenine precursor in follicle cells of the starfish Asterina pectinifera. (p. 437). Mikami -Takei , K., I. Yasumasu. G-proteins of sea urchin spermatozoa, (p. 437). Tosuji, H., K. Miyaji, T. Nakazawa, Y. Tako, N. Fusetani. Effect of calyculin A on the movement of actin in sea urchin eggs. (p. 438). Yasaki, I. Identification of egg-surface specific substance of sea urchins, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus, by monoclonal antibodies, (p. 438). Papers presented an the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Zoologists. (San Antonio, Texas). 1990. Abstracts published in American Zoologist 30 (4). 1990. Hines, G.A., S.A. Watts. Sex-steroid levels in the testes, ovaries and pyloric caeca during the annual reproductive cycle of the sea star Asterias vulgaris, (p. 13A) Ruediger, N.K., J.B. Morrill. Morphogenetic effects of b-ami nopropiontri 1 e (BAPN) during gastrulation in the sea urchi n , Lytechi nus vriegatus revisited, (p. 37A) Craig, J.A., S.A. Strieker. Factors influencing development of the starfish Pisaster ochraceus. (p. 39A) . Strieker, S.A., S. Weiner. Matrixlike proteins in the calcareous skeleton of a holothurian echinoderm. (p. 47A) 73 Marsh, A.G., C.W. Walker. Interaction of estradiol and progesterone during initiation of spermatogenesis in a starfish, (p. 53A) Hart, M.W. Performance allometry and life history evolution in echinoderms. (p. 58A) Burnett, L., D. Jorgensen, A. Carroll, D. Scholnick, N. Terwilliger. Physiological responses of the purple sea urchin to air exposure, (p. 6? r ) Aronson, R.B. Physical vs. biotic influence on Recent and fossil ophiuroid populations, (p. 85A) Vernon, J.D., J.B. McClintock, T.S. Hopkins. Reproductive and population biology of the irregular echinoid Clypeaster ravenelii in offshore waters of the Gulf of Mexico, (p 89A) Stickle, W.B., L.A. Breitrick, R.A. Roller. Comparative effects of salinity on the tolerance, feeding rate and righting response of two sympatric species of sea stars, Leptasterias epichlora and L. hexactis. Good, T.P. Avian predation along New England rocky shores: the role of gulls in low intertidal and shallow subtidal communities. (Asterias vulgaris), (p. 98A) Bosch, I. Symbiotic bacteria beneath the cuticle of clona sea star larvae from oceanic waters of the northwest Atlantic, (p. 99A) Jaeckle, W.B. Fine structure of the digestivbe system of subtropical auricularia larvae, (p. 100A) Gilmour, T.H.J. The feeding behaviour of echinoderm larvae, (p. 100A) Balser, E.J. The fine structure of the axial complex in the bri ttl estars , Ophiothrix angulata & Ophiactis savignyi. (p. 114A). Justice, R.W., C. Sassaman. Reproduction in a viviparous sea cucumber, (p. 116A) . Klinger, T.S. Abundance, body indices, and size-class distribution of Strongylocentrotus droebachiensi s in the Gulf of Maine, (p. 117A) Lawrence, J.M. A chemicl alarm response in Pycnopodia hel i anthoides (Echinodermata: Asteroidea). (p. 1 1 7 A ) Lares, M.T., J.B. McClintock. The effects of food quality and temperature on the nutritional biology of the tropical sea urchin Eucidaris tribuloides (p. 1 3 1 A) . Turner, R.L., R.H. Femmer. Ophiuroids and hemichordates : an alleolochemic role for2,4-dibromophenol? (p. 130A) Morgan, M.B., D.L. Cowles. Observations on the distribution and physiology of Phataria unifascilis (Echinodermata: Asteroidea): temperature as a limitng factor? (p. 131A) Papers presented at the Annual Meeting of the Western Society of Naturalists 1990. (communicated by J.B. McClintock) Carroll, J.C., J.M. Engle, R.F. Ambrose, J.A. Coyer. Long-term interactions among populations of sea urchins, orange cup corals, andmacroalgae at Anacapa Island, California. Mealary, F.A. Population gnetics and enhancement of the fissiparous seastar Linckia columbiae at Palos Verdes, California. Pennington, J.T., R.R. Strathmann. Consequences of the calcite skeletons of planktonic echinoderm larvae for orientation, sinking and shape. Whale, C.M., A. A. Totah. Variable arm number in a pentamerous starfish: patterns and implications of autotomy among the cannibals. Levitan, D.R., M.A. Sewell. Influence of population size and density on fertilization in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus franci scanus . Carney, D. A comparison of reproductive potential, relative movements, densities and sire distributions of red sea urchins ( St rongylocer; rot us f raric.i sc a- u: : . ACTES DU VI* StMINAIRE INTERNATIONAL SUR LES ECHINODERMES lie des Emblez (Var- France) / 19-22 septembre 1988 ECHINODERMES : ACTUELS ET FOSSILES \j rT\cxr\v^ . \\or% Xo.\o. 1. PALEONTOLOGIE La barre a Scutelles du Burdigalien (Miocene) de 3 Montbrison-Fontbonau (Bassin de Valreas, Vaucluse) : du milieu de vie au milieu de depot par Pc Courvi lie , E. Vincent, J. Thierry et B* David Repartition demographique des Hernias ter (Echinoidea : 17 Spatangoida) dans le Cenomanien de Charente-Mari time (France) par D. Neraudeau Revision des Echinides Miocenes du Bassin du Rhone . 24 resultats d'ordre systematique par Me Philippe Morphologie et Ontogenese des * Eocrinoidea .Rho- 36 palocystidae et Ascocysti tidae . Resultats pre- liminaires par S. Regnault Un grand Crinolde Comatulidae dans la "lagune" de 37 Canjuers (Cretace inferieur, Var, France) par J« Roman Les Echinoldes de Kediterranee au Miocene 39 par J . Roman 2c MORPHOLOGIE 52 Regression du pedoncule des pedicellaires globiferes chez l'echinide Sphaerechinus granularis par M. Ghyoot et P. Dubois 75 Structure fine et fonction des canalicules coelorec- taux chez Leptosynapta inhaerens (Holothuroidea , Echinodermata ) par D. Jans et M. Jangoux Les structures gonoporales chez la comatule Antedon bifida (Echinodermata, Crinoidea) par M.C. Lahaye et M. Jangoux 3, BIOLOG IE - PHYSIOLOGIE Humoral and cellular defense mechanisms in the holothuroid Holothuria polij Delle Chiaje par C. Canicatti Etude experimentale de la Vitesse du transit digestif chez Holothuria tubulosa (Holothuroi riea . Echinodermata ) par P. Coulon Polymorphisme enzymatique observe chez l'oursin eurybathe Brissopsis lyrifera (Forbes, 1841) par J.P. Feral, E. Derelle, p. Schatt et J.L. Toffart Comportement alimentaire et mecanique digestive dans la classe des etoiles de mer par M. Jangoux Resistance aux variations de salinite chez Paracentro- tus et Psammechinus par P . Le Gall, D. Bucaille et P. Dutot 54 62 70 78 79 82 83 Etude experimentale des preferenda alimentaires de Paracentrotus lividus (Echinoidea) par F. Odile, C.F. Boudouresque et M. Knoepf f ler-Peguy Donnees preliminaires sur 1' indice de repletion, 1' indice gonadique et le sex-ratio de Sphaerechi -nus g ranularis (Lam) (Echinodermata .Echinoidea) de la Baie d'Alger par R. Semroud et Y. Senoussi Predation on the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus by the spider crab Mai a crispata ~ ~ par W.P. Tertschnig Impact of the "bald-sea-urchin" disease on echinoid populations of 2 Posidonia beds at Ischia (Gulf of Naples, Italie) par W.P. Tertschnig 104 4. ECO LOGIE 76 Dynamique de population de l'holothurie Holothu- ria tubulosa (Echinodermata ) en Baie de Naples: observations preliminaires par P. Bulteel et M. Jangoux Structure d6mographique et production de la population d’ Ophiothrix fragilis (Abildgaard) du d^troit du Pas-de-Calais (France) par D. Davoult D6veloppement » dans la baie de Villefranche-sur° Mer, d'un ensemble de populations d*Arbacia lixula (Linnaeus) par L. Fenaux et M. Etienne L'oursin Centrostephanus longispinus en M6diter- ran6e Occidentale : rSsultats d'une enquete sur sa repartition et son 6cologie par P. Francour Premidres donn€es sur la dynamique de population d B Acrocnida brachiata (Montagu) en Baie de Seine Orientale (Manche) par F. Gentil et B. Zakardjian The echinoderms of the northwestern red sea. Ill - Ophiuroidea par A.M. Hellal et A. Guille Impact et r£sultats de la campagne "Sauvons l'Oursin Comestible Paracentrotus lividus" (Echinodermata, Echinoidea) par M.B. Regis 5- LARVES - REPRODUCTION - CROISSANCE Croissance et mortality de quelques holothuries du lagon de Nouvelle-CalSdonie par C . Conand La croissance du test d ' Echinocardium cordatum (Echinoidea, Spatangoida) : trajectoires allome- triques et evolution de la forme par B. laurin, B. David et C. De Ridder Les facteurs qui interviennent sur la metamorphose des larves des Oursins Arbacia lixula Linnaeus et Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck) par M.L. Pedrotti 107 116 128 138 148 149 150 160 177 179 Les larves d ' Echinodermes de la Mediterran6e par M.L. Pedrotti et L. Fenaux 160 77 Influence de la profondeur sur le cycle de reproduction de 1'Oursin Abatus cordatus . Compa- raison avec les autres especes incubantes de la famille des Schizasteridae par P. Schatt et J.P. Feral 6. SYMBIOSE - PARASITISME Sur les symbioses entre polychetes et ophiures avec la description d'un nouveau cas de commen- salisme par V. Alva et M. Jangoux I.es Gregarines (Sporozoea) et les Umagillides (Turbellaria J parasites du coelome et du systemo hemal de l’holothurie Holothuria tubulosa Gmelin { Echinoderma ta ) " ~ par A. Kroll et M. Jangoux Sur la symbiose entre le pinnotheride Pinnothe- res villosissimus (Crustacea, Decapoda) et 1 ' holothurie Actinopyga mauritiana ( Echinoderma- ta) par D. Van den Spiegel et M. Jangoux 7. POLLUTION - TOXI COLOG IE L'oeuf d'oursin : modele d'etude en toxicologie et pharmacologie par D. Allemand, D. Pesando, I.. Biyiti et G. De Renzis Teneurs en metaux lourds des oursins comestibles Paracen trotus lividus ( l.amark ) preleves dans quatre secteurs tests du littoral de Marseille ( Medi terranee , France) par H. Augier, G. Ramonda , J. Rolland et M. Santimone 1 62 185 193 205 216 226 Bioaccumulation de cristaux de fer dans les 240 gonades et le tube digestif de Paracentrotus lividus (Lam.) soumis a 1' influence d’une pollution a dominante domestique par P„ Delmas 8. POSTERS Les Asterides : proles d’election du Gasteropode 250 Charonia lampas lampas (I.inne, 1758) par F. Ben t i vegna , P. Cirino et A. Toscano Un exemple d ' u t i 1 i sa t i on de l'oeuf d'oursin en 25i tant que modele biologique dans la recherche en 78 amont de la mise au point de medicaments antimi totiques : effets de flavanones v£getales par 1.. Biyiti, D. Pesando, S. Puiseux-Dao, R. Christen, J.P. Girard et P. Payan Paracentrotus lividus en elevage : etude de quelques parametres de croissance par C. Cellario et I.. Fenaux Dynamique de trois populations d ' Echinocardi um cordatum (Pennant) (Echinoidea) dans la Baie de Seine par C. De Ridder, B. David, B. I.orrain et P. I.e Gall Stereomes non perfores chr *7 les echinodermes par P. Dubois Cell-cell interaction during fertilization of Paracentrotus lividus l.amk par C. Falugi , M. Pieroni et G. Prestipino Effets du passe alimentaire des parents sur la taille de l'oeuf et le developpement larvaire de deux echinides Arbacia lixula et Paracentrotus lividus par S. George, L. Fenaux et J.M. l.awrence Relations biotiques entre echinodermes en Baie 259 de Douarnenez (Finistere) par M. Guillou Valeur energetique des organes somatiques de 261 Paracentrotus lividus ( Echinodermata , Echinoi- dea) par J.M. Lawrence, C.F. Boudouresque et F. Maggiore Role mediateur du calcium dans la toxicite d ' un 262 metal lourd, le mercure, chez l'oeuf d'oursin Paracentrotus lividus par P. Walter, D. Allemand, P. Payan et G. de Renzis . Evolution du calcium total et des inclusions 263 metalliques observee chez les oursins provenant de la zone de CortiOu au cours des processus de detoxication dans la reserve sous-marine dr Monaco par P. Walter, I. Gil lot, P. Del mas, M.B. R^gis et D. Allerr.and Liste des participants 264 252 253 254 255 258 VII FRIENDS OF ECHINODERMS CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP JUNE 1-3, 1989 DAUPHIN ISLAND, ALABAMA MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES CONSORTIUM DAUPHIN ISLAND, ALABAMA - 36528 , r , . r ^ oo\. ! v\o A . 80 Papers presented at the Friends of Echinoderms Conference and Workshop, Dauphin Island, Alabama. June, 1989. Organized by Thomas S. Hopkins, James B. McClintock, John F. Valentine, and Stephen A. Watts. Hosted by the Dauphin Island Sea Laboratory. C. W. Walker, J. Boom and D. Jaffurs. Strategies for Cloning c-MYC and ODC Genes from the Testes of the Starfish Asterias vulgaris . A. Marsh and C.W. Walker. Initiation of Cell Cycling in the Testes of the Starfish Asterias vulgaris . G.A. Hines, S.W. Watts, C.W. Walker and P.A. Voogt . Androgen Metabolism in Somatic and Gametic Tissues of the Sea Star Asterias vulgaris . N. Saito and S.A. Watts. Activities of Hexokinase, Phosphof ructokinase and Pyruvate Kinase in the Body Wall, Pyloric Caeca and Tube Feet of Asterias vulgaris : Evidence of Body Wall as a Major Source of Glycolytic Activity. J. Leverone. The Effects of Intracellular Cation Concentrations on the Specific Activities of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase and Pyruvate Kinase in the Pyloric Caeca, Tube Feet, and Gonads of Luidio clathrata (Say) (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) “ W.E. Dobson, S.E. Stancyk and L.A.J. Clements. Nutrient Translocation During Early Disc Regeneration in the Brittlestar Microphiopholis gracillima (Stimpson) Echinodermata: Ophiuroldea) J.P. Eylers . A synthetic Biomaterial Made from an Extract of Holothurian body Wall WTiich Retains the Ion-dependent Mechanical Properties of the "Catch" Mechanism. D. B. Massey and S.A. Watts. Preliminary Elec torphore tic Characterization of Histone Proteins Isolated from the Pyloric Caeca and Testes of the Sea Star Asterias vulgaris . C. S. Cekolin . The Effects of a Polyacrylamide Based Polymer and Polyacrylate on Embryos and Gametes of Arbacia punchulata . J.B. McClintock and S.A. Watts. A preliminary Study of the Effect of Photoperiod on Gametogenesis in the Tropical Sea Urchin Eucidaris tribuloides . S. A. Watts and J.D. Curtis. Mechanisms Controlling Intestinal Growth in the Sea Urchin Lytechinus variegatus . T. A. Ebert. Gonad Allometry and the Size at First Reproduction: Problems with Data Analysis and Interpretation. M. Komatsu and C. Oguro. Relationship Between the Bipinnaria and the Barrel-Shaped Larvae in Astropec tinidae (Asteroidea) . J. Lawrence. The Relationship between the Major and Minor Radii and the Internal Anatomy of Acanthaster planci . Telford and 0. Ellers. Estimating Lantern Forces in Clypeaster rosaceus: or, The Biscuit Bites Back. K. E. Kwast and W.B. Stickle. Genetics and Systematics of the Leptasterias hexac tis Species Complex (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) M.T. Lares and J.B. McClintock. Short Term Effects of Temperature on Feeding, Organismal Activity and Survival of the Caralvorous, Tropical Sea Urchin Eucidaris tribuloides . D. A. John, T.J. Mencken and T.S. Klinger. Feeding and Digestion of Prepared Protein and Carbohydrate Rich Diets by Strongvlocentrotus drobachiensis (O.F. Muller) (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) J.F. Valentine. Spatial Distribution Patterns of the Sympatric Rritt lestsrs , Hemiphiolis elongata and Microphiopho lis at ra in Eastern Mississippi Sound. S.E. Stanck, W.E. Dobson, K.T. Fielmar. and L.A.J. Clements. Less of Secondarv Production by a Burrowing Ophiurold via Partial Predation. 81 M.A. Litchko, K.A. Martin and T.S. Klinger. Digestion, Respiration and Movement of Eucidaris tribuloides (Lamarck) (Echinodennat a : Echinoidea) Fed Plant or Animal Material. P. McEachern and M. Telford. The Allometry of Plate Size and Number in the Sea Urchin S tronglyocent rotus drobachiensis . D. West and M. Telford. Lantern and Podial Allometry in the sand Dollar, E chinarachnlus parma . J.D. Vernon and J.B. McClintock. Chemical Defense in Antarctic Lecithot rophic Echinoderm Larvae. T.S. Hopkins. A Comparison of Clypeaster durandi Cherbonnier to other Carribbean-Gulf of Mexico Clypeaster sp. B.A. Brown and J.B. McClintock. Effects of Quality of Diet on Feeding Rates, Fecal Production and Gravimetric Absorption Efficiencies of the Tropical Sea Urchin Eucidaris tribuloides . J.F. Valentine and K.I. Heck, Jr. Studies on the Effects of the Sea Urchin, Lytechinus variegatus on Thalassia testudinum Seagrass Meadows in St. Josephs Bay, Florida. J.B. McClintock, T.S. Hopkins, K.R. Marion, and S.A. Watts. Preliminary Notes on Depth Distribution, Substrate Type, and Reproductive Mode of Offshore Echinoderms from the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Mar Ecol. Prog. Ser. 57: 1-17-161, 1989 Table 2. Average density (ind. m -2 ) and average biomass (g m' 2 ) of the 22 most abundant macroinveriebrate taxa found in the 133 subbdal benthic samples collected at Pemaquid Point. Maine. In parentheses: standard error Taxon Stropgylocentrotus droebachiensis Modiolus modiolus Tonicella ruber Ophiopholis aculeate Polychaetes Asferj'as vulgaris Tectura testudinalis Lacuna vincta Amphipods Idothea spp. Caprella spp. Cancer spp- Crepidula spp Dendrodoa camea Balanus balanoides Sly a arenana Nucella lapillus Hiatella arctica Buccmum undatum Crangon septemspmosa Pagurus pubescens Eualus pusiolus Less than 0. 1 g Density Biomass 100.4 (74.0) 2699 0 (1416.4) 14 4 (11.2) 1303.2 (960.0) 13.3 (68) 1.5 (0 8) 8 8 (7 2) 7.2 (5.6) 8.8 (20) 1.6 (0 4) 6.0 (2.0) 4.4 (2.8) 4.0 (0.8) 2 4 (0 8) 0.2 (0.1) 0 2 (0 1) 3.7 (21) • 2.4 (M) • 1.7 (0.9) • 10 (0 3) 0 3 (0 1) 0 9 (0.4) 0.9 (0.3) 0.7 (0 3) • 0 6 (01) 4 0 (2.7) 0.5 (0.1) 0 7 (0 2) 0 6 (0.3) 0 2 (0.1) 0 5 (0 1) 0 9 (0 2) 0 5 (0 2) 0 2 (0 1) 0.5 (0 2) • 0 3 (0 1) 0 1 (0 1) 0.3 (0.1) ■ 82 WORKSHOP ON FOSSIL CRINOIDS The first Workshop on Fossil Crinoids was held on July 15-16, 1989 in conjunction with the 28th International Geological Congress, Washington, D.C. The workshop was organized by Thomas W. Broadhead; and participants included R„ B. Aronson, W. I. Ausich, J. C. Brower, F. J. Collier, S. K. Donovan, M. W. Foster, C. Franzen-Bengtson, T. E. Guensberg, P. Holterhoff, P. A. Jell, N. G. Lane, R. D. Lewis, D. L. Meyer, T. Oji, J. A. Schneider, R. E. Terry, C. Warren, J. A. Waters, and T. Weaver. Workshop arrangements in the Department of Paleobiology, U. S. National Museum, were made by Frederick Collier. Participants spent two full days in fruitful discussion on fossil and living crinoids. Important conclusions reached include the following: 1, Participants agreed with recent suggestions that the Subclass Inadunata is not a monophyletic clade. This group of crinoids should be subdivided into at least three subclasses the Disparida, Cladida, and Hybocrinea. 2, Additional information on the ecology and natural history of stalked and unstalked living crinoids is urgently needed. 3, Various heterochronic processes played a dominant role in the evolution of the Crinoidea. 4, Important new discoveries of Early Ordovician crinoids by Guensburg will have a significant impact on our understanding of the first adaptive radiation and classification of crinoids. Other discussion included the role of heterochrony in providing many options for evolutionary change (Ausich), the functional morphology and evolution of Ordovician crinoid columns (Donovan), how mobile were Paleozoic stalked crinoids? (Lane), the potentially very great growth rates for the column of Metacrinus rotundus (Oji), the role of heterochrony in the evolution of arras S3 and the support structure of the anal 6ac (Broadhead), taxonomic affinities of the unusual "camerate" Re teoc r inus (Guensburg), origin of articulate and comatulid crinoids (Schneider and Lane), commercial exploitation of fossil crinoids from Crawfordsvil le , Indiana (Lane), and trophic structure of Middle Ordovician echinoderm paleocommuni t ies (Brower), The final conclusion reached in the Workship was that this format for discussion among crinoid paleontologists was invaluable and that Workships on Fossil Crinoids should continue on a regular basis. The next Workshop on Fossil Crinoids is tentatively scheduled to be held in conjunction with the 1990 Annual Geological Society of America Meeting. LEGEND Porilera f\ Pbaao Ilia ap. 5 . P (J UihitIMe Prtmn«Wa« A Mfelaaama ap, UaMantlfia* .'V'Tl-. VV • * Cnidaria .'K Coflttvin mode* e • tjIaoUtldec Petcgprgla /oAa torn) Echinodermata Other : ® roipfocM— a m.claara**. 0mmQCftmmB , p f^icaap. pnllpalharta Vn V' -‘j. \ \ i f apotocrinut parrea ' X CoJ • N «<9- • oraI session . ) 10. September (Monday) Morning Room H Plenary Lecture 9:00-12:00 9:00- 9:40: The Cel) Cycle Data Of Early Cleavage Of Eo'hi noderin. Dan. Katsuma (Tokyo Metropolitan Univ.. TAP AN ) Lawrence. John (Univ. S^-uth Florida. U.S.A.) Coffee Break Metabolism Of Carbohydrate In Sea Urchin Eggs. Yasun.asu. Ikuo (Vaseda Univ.. JAPAN.) Meyer. David (Univ. Cincinnati. U.S.A.) 9:40-10:20: 10:20-10:40: 10:40- 11:20: 1 1 : 20 - 12 : 00 : 10. September (Monday) Afternoon Room A Symposium A 13:00-17:00 (Not correspond to presentation order ) How Successful Is The Fertlization Process In The Echinoderm? (Organizer: Epel . David. Stanford Univ.. U.S.A.) 13:00-13:30: Second Messengers In Fei t 1 1 izat 1 on Or Artificial Part honogenes 1 s Of Sea Urchin Fggs. ("iapa. Brigitte (Lab. Physiol. Cell. Comp. Fac . Sci . . FRANCE ) 13:30-14:00: How Successful Is The Fertilization Process 1 r. The Echinoderm? Epel. Drvid (Stanford Univ.. 14:00-14: 30: 14:30-15:00: 15:00-15:30: 15:30-16:00: 16:00-16:30: U.S.A.) Egg Signals For Triggering The An osome Reaction In Starfish Spoermat ozoa . Hoshi. Mitonoi ) (Tokyo Inst. Technol . . JAPAN' l Evolution Of Fertilization Barriers In Closely Related Sea Urchins. Paluinbi. Stephen (Univ. Hav;a i I . U.S.A. ) Coffee Break Substances Controlling Oocyte Maturation And Spavgnng In Starfish. Shirai. Hiroko (Okayama Univ.. JAPAN) Sea Urchin Egg Activation At Fertilization: Enzymatic Basis. Swezey . Robert (Stanford Un i vers i ty . U.S.A.) 10. September (Monday) Afternoon Room B Morphology 1M0-B-1 13:00-13:20: Functional Morphology Of The Apical System And Peripioct Of Echinoids ( Euech i noi dea : Echi nodermats ) . Jensen. Margit (Univ. Copenhagen. DENMARK) * 1 0 - B- 2 13:20-13:40: Species Specificity Of A Monoclonal Antiboddy To Polypeptides Present in The Egg Of The Starfish. jsterin* E£Ci iLUlera . Ikegami. Susun.u (Hiroshima Univ.. JAPAN') «10-B-3 13:40-14:00: Histological And U 1 t rast ruct ura 1 Techniques For Examining The Ira t er- VavuJ ar And Peripheral Nervous Systems In _ The Amhu i acrun Of The Starfish Am. -Cawy. Michael H.'iuv. Calgary. CANADA) tM0-E-4 14:00-14:20: Sons Fcouliai Morphological Feature-. ru Neot hyonj d i ur, ar t hroprorcs s UO • A New Phyllophorid Hoiothmian F i oi South Africa.. Thandai . Abused (Univ. Duiban- t : es t v i 1 U . buhl H AFP. 1 CA ) 14:20-14:40: Coffee Sica) Pal eontology • 1 O-B-5 14:40- !5: 00: * 1 0- D- 6 15:00-15:20: « I 0-B-.7 15:20-15:40: «10-B-8 15:40-16:00: 310-B-9 16:00-16:20: U 1 0 - B - 1 0 16:20-16:40: 85 Mid-Carbon l f erous Ech I node rm\ F'ron. 7h< Ltiochcrg Forma t i on . Guanyxi hoviR-f. Fcor 1 c s Of Rt pub J 1 c China. Marie?. Chr i stopper (Kansus CeoJonicaJ Survey. U.S.A.) Morphologic ! lode ling Of The DIastoid Theca. Va tors. Jonnv (test <>'’oroia Col 1 . . 0.5. A. ) Crlnold Distribution In Shoa 1 i ry- Lpw ar d Car bona t e- C 1 as t 1 r Sentiences: i ppci Ordovician f Maysv j ! 1 j an ) Of Ohio And Kentucky. U. S . A . ----Meyer . David tl'niv. Cincinnati . U . S . A . ) Recent Echlnold Taphonomy: Implications Tor The Echlnold Fossil Record. Meyer. David (Unlv. Cincinnati. U.S.A. ) Establishing Pelagic Criteria In Mesozoic Crinolds. Mi Ison,. Clare (Liverpool Unlv.. ENGLAND ) Biogeography Of The Centrozoic Isomniclae (Stalked Crinoids) In The Indo-Pacifir Area. Ojj. Tatsuo (Unlv. Tokyo. JAPAN i o 0 v Room A Symposium B 8:30-12:15 Molecular Biology Of Echinodern. Development ( Organ j zer : Sh i mada . Hiraku. Hiroshima llmv 8:30- 9:00: “ 9:00- 9:30: 9 : 30-* 9 : 50 : 9:50- 1 0 : l 0 ; 1 0 : 10-10 10:25-10 25 : 55: 10:55-11:20: 11 : 20 - 12 : 00 : „ - -JAPAN 1 Regulation Of Me i otic Cycles By upr In starfish Oocytes. Kishimoto. Taken (Tokvo I nM Techno!.. JAPAN) Urchin Cell Lineages. Cameron. Andrew (Calf. Inst. Technol . . U.S.A.) Expression Of Na+. K+-ATPase oi- Subunit In Einbrvos Of The Sea Urchin. beiDiceDiLQiys EyicherLinius During Early Development. Mitsunaga? Kciko (Waseda L'niv.. JAPAN) Arylsul fatase Gene Of Sc-a Urchin Embrvo. Sh j mada . Hiraku (Hiroshima l‘r.iv.. JAPAN ) Coffee Bleak Pa 1 1 erns Of Gene Ev.pi es s 1 or Dining S', a Iicl.u, Development. And The Pole Of CciJ-c C !l interactions. Anger er . Cohen n'r. i* Roches t er . L . S . A . ) Structures And Function Of Exoga s t mi : a- T Jt . i u , , n<: Peptides (EPIC) Isolated From Sea Lr-'hm Fi.-i-i > ov 1 sh i har a . Katsutoshi ( Sa 1 t a ma l‘r. 1 \ . u a I * an i Regulation Of Cctod. in Di f f crcr.i wtt ion Angci ei . Lynne (l'niv. Rot he*.- 1 r-i . I'.S.A.) 1.1 . September (Teusday) Morning Room B Reproduction ( 1 ) *1 1-B-l 9:00- 9:20: #1 l-B-2 9:20- 9:40: #11-0-3 9:40-10:00: #1 l-B-4 10:00-10:20: 10:20-10:40: A New Mode f’f Reproduction In Hoi ar t er o 1 ds : Echinoid "Birth" In Antarctic Seas. David. Buino li'r.iv. Burgundy. FRANCE) Gonadal Development Of The Sea Urchin. DiSdeiT'2 seiOSLJn! Of The Coast Of Singapore. Hor i . Reiji (Ogaki Women’s Cell.. -JAPAN) Brooding And Fission In Shallow Water Echinoderms Of Southern Australia. O’Loughlin. Mark (Museum Victoria. AUSTRALIA) Seasonal Reproductive Periodicity In The European Comatulid Crinoid Aniecjor. bifida (Pennant). Nichols. David U'riv. Exeter. U.K.) Coffee Break Others #1 i-B-5 #1 1 -B-6 # I I -B-7 * ft 1 1 -B-8 10:40-1 1 : 00 : 11 : 00 - 11 : 20 : 11:20-11:40: I 1 : 40- 1 2 : 00 : Long-Term Movements Of Some Tropical Sea- Cucumbers Monitoied By Tagging And Recapture. ----Conand . Chant al M.'niv. Bretagne Occident ale. FRANCE) A New Technique For The Individual Tagging Of Sea- Ur duns. Hager, . Nils (Nordland Coll.. NORWAY) Effects Of A Coastal Throwing Out Of Iron Chloride On Paracent rolys iiyidyi (Lan . ) Populations From Marse i 1 1 es-Coi *. t on (France) Regis. Mari e-Bert he (Kac. Sr 1 . Tech. St -Jerome. FRANCE) Laboratory Cultivation Of Five Species Of Sea Urchins From The Sea Of Japan. Naidenko. Kh. (Inst. Marine E 10 J.. i: . S . S . R . ) Room P 13:30-14:30 Poster 14:30-15:30 Poster 15:30-16:30 Poster Ca t egory : Cat eyory : Explanation Category: Afternoon Mor phol ogy Behavior Pa I eontotog\- Ecology Phys 1 ol ogy Evol ut 1 Oil Reproduct 1 or. Devc 1 opment a 1 Biol ogy Molecular Biology Ot hers 11. September (Teusday) Exp] anat i on Exp] anat 1 on 11, September (Teusday) Evening Room A FILM AND VIDEO SESSION ( Organ 1 zer : Amciii 1 ya . Shor.an. Univ. Tokyo. -JAPAN) 12. September (Wednesday) Morning Room A Physiology 9:00- 9:20: H12-A-2 9:20- 9:40: HI 2- A- 3 9:40-10:00: H12-A-4 10:on-10:2n: HI2-A-5 10:20-10:40: 10:40-1 1 : 00 : The Effect Of Arm Number And Regeneration On Allocation Of Resources In Luidia Cl.£lLlL£i£ ( Crh 1 nod er mat a : As t cro) dea ) . Lawrence. John (Univ. South Florida. U.S.A. ) Events Of Autotomy In The Starfish lorbeii And A. y n i 9 a r j_ s . Hotchkiss, rredrick ( rar.amc 1 1 1 cs In* .. U.S.A.) U 1 1 1 a v/ 1 o 1 c t Li ght -Absorb! ng C ompoi 1 :.cl In Coral Reef Holot hui i ans : Organ Distribution And Possible Sources. Shick. Malcolm (Univ. Maine. U.S.A.) Comparative Biochemical Studies Of Carotenoids In Sea Cucumbers. Matsuno. Takao (Kyoto Pharmaceu. Univ.. JAPAN) Comparative Biochemical Studies Of Carotenoids In Sea Urchin. Matsuno. Takeo (Kyoto Pharmaceu. Univ.. -JAPAN) Coffee Break Reproduction (2) H12-A-6 I 1 : 00- 1 1 : 20 : H12-A-7 H12-A-8 Room B Evolution HI2-B-1 tt 1 2-B-2 H12-B-3 H12-B-4 *12-6-5 1 1 : 20- 1 1:40: 11:40-12:00: 9:00- 9:20: 9:20- 9:40: 9:40- 10:00: 10 : 00 - 10 : 20 : 10:20-10:40: 10:40-11:00: Community Patterns Of Echinoderms Associated With Substrate And Depth In ‘The Northern Gulf Of Mexico. Hopkins. Thomas (Univ. Alabama. U.S.A.) Delayed Spawning Activity in Dispersed Individuals Of Acanihasier planci (L.). In Okinawa. Okaji. Ken (Univ. Ryukyus . JAPAN) Reproductive Biology In Sea-Urchins. S!LQD9L‘lQ£cnirot us uudus In Relation With Anthropogenic Influence. Yakovlev. Serghey ( i ns t . Ma r i ne Biol.. U . S . S . R . ) Partial Sequence Of The 28s Riboson.al RNA And The Taxonomy And Phylogcny Of Echinids. Feral. Jean- Pier re (Cnt. Nil. Recherche Sci . . FRANCE) DNA-DNA Hybridization Phylogen* Of Sand Dollars: Lack Of Concordance With l.lorpholog 1 cal Phyiogem es . Marsha 1 l . Char 1 es (1 nd 1 ar.a Un 1 v . . U.S.A.) Ossicles In Stomach Wall Of Ophiuroidca And Their Taxonomic Significance 11. Irimura. Set 1 chi (Totsuka High Sub.. JAPAN) Phylogeny Of Extant Crinoids:A Reappraisal At The Ordinal Level. Messing. Charles (Nova Occanogi . Cut.. U.S.A.) Frequency Of Regeneration Anri Its Bathymetric Change In Endoxocrinn^ parrac (Gervais). A West Atlantic Stalked Crinoid. Oji. Tatsuo (Univ. Tokyo. JAPAN) Coffee Break- Behavior * 1 2 - B- 6 11:00-11:20: Role Of The Neural Ring In Intcgiatmg Brittlestar Behavior. Fox. David (Univ. Tennessee. U.S.A.) H12-E-7 11:20-11:40: Feeding Biology And Life 11. s too Of Deep-Sea Echinoids In Relation To Then- Food Supply. Campos. Lucia (Univ. Sout hampl on . U . K . ) 13. September (Thursday) Morning Room A Symposium C 8:30-12:10 : A complex Under Speciation. (Organizer: Motokawa. Tatsuo. Univ. Ryukyus. .JAPAN ) 8:30- 9:00: EcblDCE'eiEa matljael Complex: Habitat Preference And Ecological Distribution On Okinawan Coral Reefs. Nlshihara. Morltaka (Umv. Ryukyus. JAPAN) 9:00- 9:30: Physiological Adaptations And Reproduction Of The Four Types Of Efbinometra ma t h^ei ( BJ a i nv i 1 1 e ) . ---- Arakakl . Yuji ( iv'ounan-Gakuen . JAPAN') 9:30-10:00: Behavioral Characteristics Of The Sea Urchin EchiOOH'ClUS G?£lb2Ci Complex : Re-Col on i za 1 1 on Process On The Depopulated Sites And Agonistic- Behavior. ---- Tsuchiya. Makoto (Univ. Ryukyus. 10:00-10:30: 10:30-11 : 00 : 11:00-11:30: JAPAN). Coffee Break Karyotype Difference And Cross-Fertilization Among Four Types Of Echinometra mathaei ( B1 a i nvi 1 j e ) From Okinawa And Guam. Shlngaki . Mineo (Univ. Ryukyus. JAPAN) Genetic Differentiation And Reproductive I sol at i or. Of 1 ndo-Pac i f j r Sea Urchins. Genus EubiDL'H'ClL-j • Metz. Edward (Univ. llavaii. r.S.Ai) 11:30-12:10: Special ion Of 1 udo-Paci f it Ccbl uQm<:lL2 • Uehar a. Tsuyoshi (Univ. Ryukyus. JAPAN' ) Room A Ecology 813-A-l 13:30-13:50 tt 1 3 - A - 2 I 3:50-14: 10 # 1 3 - A - 3 14M0-14:30 tt 1 3- A- 4 14:30-14:50 #13-A-5 14:50-15:10 15: 10-15:30 tt 1 3 - A - 6 15:30-15:50 U13-A-7 15:50-16:10: 4M3-A-S 16:10-16:30: It 1 3 - A - 9 16:30-16:50: Hurricane Effects On Caribbean Frh i noclcrni Faunas: Preliminary Results. Aroir.on . Beer (Smithonian Inst.. U.S.A.) Sea Urchin fisheries In British Columbia. Canada. Campbell. Alar. (Pacifi-- Fiul. St at.-. CANADA) Considerations On T lie T n I er t rop i ca 1 UdiiMe Sea-Urchin Populations In The- 1 Paciflc. Regis. Mar i e-Berthe (Uac. Sci . Tech. St-Jeromc. FRANCE) Life History Traits Of Caribbean Ophiuroids That Brood Their Young. Byrne. Maria (Univ. Sydney. AUSTRALIA) Coffee Break Independent Assessment Of Aged £canthast£r Elanci CL.) From The GBR Using Spine Ossicle Length And Estimated Reproduct i ve Effort. Stump. Richard (James Cook Univ. North Queensland. AUSTRALIA) Biotic Associates And Ecology Of Reef Dwelling Unstalked Crinoids Of Bonaire. Netherlands Antilles. Meyer. David (Univ. Cincinnati. U.S.A.) Foraging Behaviour And Fet'd ing Habits of Asiropecten latespiDQ^ys te issuer ( Ast eroi dea : Ast ropect inidae) . Noji n.a . . Satoshi (Kyushu Univ.. JAPAN) Caribbean Coral Reef And Bathya] Oph i uroi dea : Ecol ogy And Adaptations.---- Hendler. Gordon (Natural History Museum los Angels County. U.S.A.) Burrowing Mechanism And Adaptive Significance Of Test Profile In Spatangoid Erhinoid. Kanazawa. Ken *i chi Tokyo. JAPAN) 13, September (Thursday) Morning Room B Developmental Biology *13- B— 1 9:00- 9:20: H13-B-2 9:20- 9:40: * 1 3- B-3 9:40-10:00: #13-B»4 10:00-10:20: 10:20-10:40: H13-B-5 10:40-11:00: #l3-B-6 1 1 : 00- I 1 : 20 : H13-B-7 1 1 : 20- 1 1 :40: (1 ) Calcium And Cell Cycle Control 1 1 . Sea Urchin Embryos. Whitaker. Mi (hat) (Unlv. Coll. London. U.K.i Morphological And Eiochemical Changes In Sperm At Fertilization. Hino. Akiya (Kanagawa Unlv.. JAPAN) Cleavage Of The Partially Fertilized Sea- Urchin Egg Induced By Insemination Of The UV-lrradiated Sperm. Ishikava. Masaru (Suglyama Women's University. JAPAN ) Effects Of TMB-8 And CTC On Oxygen Consumption Enhanced By Treatments With Activating Reagents In Sea Urchin Eggs.- Kojima. Manabu (Toyama Unlv.. JAPAN ) Coffee Break Coordinate Gene Expression During Skel etogencs 1 s In Sea Urchin Embryos. Uhiteley. Arthur (Washington Univ.. U.S.A. ) The Effects Of Collagenase And "Gal act os idase" On The Morphogenesis Of Starfish Embryo. ----Kaneko. Hirovuki (Osaka City Univ.. JAPAN) A Comparative Study Of Echi noderm Phagocytes in Vitro. Dan- Sohkawa . Marina (Osaka City Univ.. JAPAN) 13, September Room B Developmental Biology 813-B-8 13:30-13:50: #J3-B-9 13:50-14:10: # 1 3-B- 1 0 14:10-14:30: # 1 3 - B - I 1 14:30-14:50: 14:50-15: 10: 813-B-12 15: 10-15:30: (Thursday) Afternoon ( 2 ) The Ultrastructure Of Cortical Cytoskeleton In Eggs And Zygotes In Sea Urchins And Its Morphogenetic Role In Normal Embryogenes i s And In Development Of Sea Urchin Twins. Drozdov. Anatolv ( Inst . Marine Biol . . U.S.S.R. ) Heterogeneity And Assembly-Disassembly Of Microtubules In Dividing Sea Urchin Eggs. Oka. Mikako (Tokyo Inst. Tech. JAPAN) Role Of A Primary Mesenchyme Cell Surface Antigen During Early Morphogenesis In Sea Urchin Embryos. Kstow. Hideki (Rikkyo Univ.. JAPAN’) Initial 'Characterization Of Primary Mesenchyme Cell Homing Site In Sea Urchin Blastulae. Nakainr.a. Yoko (Neio i r,i v. . •JAPAN ) Cof f ee Bi eak Adaptive Met croehror, ic Pies *i< My In Developinent Of The Arms And ivhunin Rudiment Of Food- L i m i t c d Piutei. St i a t hihani'i. Richard (Univ. l ash i rn t oi: . U.S.A. : # 1 3-B- 1 3 ! 5: 3n- 15:50: Uompai i sons Of Larva 1 Do\ c I opm» r. ; And Growth Of TI.C- Sea. ("ucuii.br l nop \ g a CLbiDiiCi : Ova i > - 1 ndun ed Ova : d‘ d - Induced Ova. (“he:-. . A h.i, r- Pe ; A. a d . Sinica. TAIWAN 1 ) (M3-B-14 15:50-16:10: Histological And Scanning Election M i croscop i ca 1 Studie*: On Dcvc 1 opt; .r r t And Metamorphosis Of Ai. I < L : not he: i c- ■ d Ecliinoid. Asihenosoma iJIUei- Ariiemiya. Shonan (Univ. Tokyo. JAPAN} * 1 -3-r- 1 5 ] G : 1 0 - 1 C : 3 0 : A Comparison Of Dove 1 opmcnt In Three Specie: Of The Genus. LlUdJs* ( ft h i nod cr ma t a : Astciujdca) From Florida. Komatsu. Miekn (Toyama Imv.. •JAPAN ) #13- £-16 16:30-16:50: Deve 1 opmcnt Of T h c Aiterotd P £! 1 1 L' i £il£- IlCUUliitli (VcrrjJJ). Byrne . tana tUniv. Sydney. AUSTRALIA) POSTER SESSION 10-11. September (Monday-Teusday ) Room P Ecology P-l-1 Nutrition And Gut Content: Of Deep-Sea Cell mo id: Fi orfi The Bahamas. Campos. Lucia (Umv. Southampton. r.K.) P-l-2 Size Structure Of Dense Populations Of OpbiULS sarsjj In The Bathya] Zone Around -Japan. Fujita. Toshihiko U’niv. Tokyo. -JAPAN) P-1-3 Population Dynamics And Shorcwards Migration Of The Spatangoid Echinoid Ecbinorardium cordaium In The Bay Of Seine (Norway). — --DeRidder. D. (i.niv. dcr Libr^dc- Br live lies. BELGIUM) Evolution P-2- 1 The Eastern Caribbean As A Rein tun) Center of mu v i \ >r';|. i p For Civpca sier srp. Hopkins. Thomas irniv, a i h bin. -a . U . 5 . A . ) Reproduct 1 on P-3-1 Reproductive Cycle. Larval Development. Juvenile Giowth And Size Distribution Of PaliLiLil* psoudoc nyim Dartnall (Echinodermat a : Asteroiea). r hen. Bih-Yuh (Arad. Sinira. TAIWAN) P-:3-2 Variation In Reproductive Patterns Of Ech modc-rms From The Northern Gulf Of Mexico. Hopkins. Thomas ( Uni v. A l abama . U. S . A . ) P-3-3 Seasonal Coelomic?- Brooding In Small Southern Australian Cucumar 1 ids ( Ech i nodermat a ; Holot hur i oi dea ) . .Materia. Christine (Museum Victoria. AUSTRALIA) P“T-4 Enzynies And Proteins Involved In Formation And Hardening Of Sea Urchin Fertilization Envelopes . ----Nomura . Kohji (Tokvo Metropolitan Inst. Gerontol.. -JAPAN') P-3-5 Chromatogiaphi c Studies On Acid-Soluble Nucleotides In Unfertilized Eggs Of Ech i noder ins . Seki. Tosh i non (Nippon Med. Sch.. -JAPAN) P-3-6 Seasonal Changes In The Gonads Of EyESUlcL'ia 1 L< 2 !jdnt r n And Cyoymaria japcin ca ( Hokot huroi dca . Echi r.oclci ma t a » Troi, Peter The Great Bay. Sea Of Japan. Yako\ lev. ‘■'cr.-hev ( Inst . Mar me Biol.. LLS.S.RJ P-3-7 Characterization Of Prot easomes Isolated Ti -.;m S- a Ui.i.m Gametes. Yokosawa. Hideyoshi (Holla; do t n i ■. . . )AI AM Morphology P-4-1 Morphological Changes nf C L 1 i L! i <3 LLLdCgin near Duritw Growth. -Kano. Yasuo ( Uozu Aquarium. -JAf AN > P-4-2 Calcium Tt ans 1 oca t i on In Catch Count nnc Tissue. Mot oka va. Tats no (Umv. Ryukyu: . .JAPAN ) Molecular Biology P-5-1 Cloning of The Sea Urchin outer Arn Dyt.ein -ll*avy cDNA . Ogawa . Kazuo ( Nt 1 . Inst. Pa :. i r I Mol.. JAI-'AN ) 9 ] Developmental Biology P-6-1 Heavy Bodies In Sea Urchin Embryos Dot cried Vip-StUM St a iii i ng. Amikura Rc i V.o <7okv 0 t.’on,rn*s ; ii .1 r c -\ JAPAN > P-6-2 Steady Ionn Cut rents Around The Unfertilized of The Sea Urchin. BolOL'LKyild LULEULLlLLLi ■ CJ.ry'.iai. Jai.r Univ. Sydney. AUSTRALIA) P-6-3 The Caily Embryonal Development And Metamorphosis In Thc- Tar Eastern Sea Cucumber < SiiEbOEUl* J3L J QblEL |s ] Drozdov. A. L. (Inst. Marine Biol..U.S.S.R.) P-6-4 A 70Kd Microtubule-Binding Protein ( 7 Oi :d - Trot e i n » Pt on* Starfish Eggs. Hosoya. Nat sum i (Univ. Tokyo. JATAN) P-6-5 Aspects Of Metamorphosis In CM no id Larvae (Antedon bifida). Jangoux. Michel (Univ. dcr Ubredc Bruxelles. BELGIUM) P-6-6 Phorbol Ester And Ca2+ Syr.ages t i ( a 11 1 Stimulate" \a*/H* Exchanger In Activated Sea Urchm Eggs. Kuroda. Hiri<.v 0 (Nagoya Univ., JAPAN) P-6-7 Spiral Arrays Of :.li crotubl es In Sea Urchin Eggs. hM- Nouirmra. Taiko (Ochanomizu Univ.. JAPAN ) P-6-8 Phosphatidylcholine Metabolism In Sea Spermatozoa. MIta. Masatoshi (Teikyo Univ.. JAPAN' P-6-9 Change In Na+ . K + - ATPasc Activity In Embryos Of TM Sen Urchin. UciL'iCeBlLQt US BUiCh£EL*imus • During PaMy Development. Mitsunaga. Kciko (Waseda Univ.. JAPAN' P-6-10 Cytoskeleta] Framework Of Sea Urchin Embryos . lemma. Isao (Tokyo Metropolitan Univ.. JAPAN) P-u-11 Formation Of The Hyaline Layer Un Sea-Urchin Eggs. --As Revealed By Deformation Induced By rival ion Utb Glut araUdehydc . Usui. Not i ko (Tcikyo Univ.. jaTaN) P-6-12 Studies On The Conditions To Tr od uce Pa r t lionog e no t i r Embryos In Starfish Eggs And The Behavior Of Nurjci Anri Chromosomes During The Process Where The Par t honngcnei i c Embryos Become Tetraploids. Washi t an i -Nemot o. Set-.uko ( Hi totsubashi Univ.. JAPAN) P-6- 13 Localization And Expression Of Collagen Molecules In An Echl nothur 1 oi d Echinoid. Aslhenosoina i Jimai . ----Arakawa . Emi (Univ. Tokyo. JAPAN) P-6-14 High External pH Can Activate The Ca2 + Transport System Of Sea Urchin Sperm. Sendai. Yutaka (Hokkaido Unrv.. JAPAN) P-6-15 Species Specificity Of Egg Jelly Molecule. Fucose Sulfate Glycocon jugate. In Induction Of The Acrosoine Reaction Of Sea Urchin Spermatozoa. Shimizu. Takeshi (Kanazawa Univ.. JAPAN) P-6-16 Appearance Of The Egg Jelly Molecules. Fucose Sulfate Glycocon jugate And Sperm- Act i va t i ng Peptide In The Growl nq Oocyte Of The Sea Urchin Hemi^gnt EQiUS pyicherrimus . Kinoh. Hiroaki (Kanazawa Univ.. JAPAN) P-6-17 Effects Of External High K Concentration On Activation Of Sea Urchin Spermatozoa By Sperm-Act i vat. i ng Peptide 1. Haruml . Tatsuo (Kanazawa Univ.. JAPAN) P-6-18 Ident i f i cat ion Of The Egg-Surface Substance Of Sea Urchin. HeEDiCenirot ys pui£hercimys . By Monoclonal Antibodies. Yazaki. Ikuko (Tokyo Metropolitan Univ., JAPAN) P-6-19 Two Novel Brominated Amino Acids-Cun: a i r. i ng spc-rm- Activating Peptides From The Egg Jelly Of Sea Urchins. iLiEueystes scat ilia And ClyprarMer japonicys . Yoshino. Ken-jchi (Kanazawa Univ.. JAPAN") i (■ 92 Physiology P-7- ] P-7-2 P-7-3 P-7-4 P-7-5 SnZlnr, l0 " C-> Ir.urtidi] HoJolhiina,,:. r,o„ AUSTRALIA^' '* ■ Bard:1 *' y - "'Uitur.. Vinraif. Photo-Act i voted CO Insensitive Rcspiiation In Sea Irchin Spcrni. Fu J i war a . Aklko (Vaseda Umv.. JAPAN ) Strucutc Of The Port CanaJ Of The Echinoid Madr epor I t c . Takahashi. KcncM (l'niv\ Tokvo. JAPAN) Isolation Of Single Pori Canals Fi om The Sea-ITthin Madreporitc. Tanorl. Masal.i Unlv. Tokyo. JAPAN) Physiological Properties And Structure Of The Radial UuscJc Of An Eel. I not hur id Sea Urchin, fist benosoros . Tsuchiya. Tcizo (Telkyo Umv. JAPAN) Behavior P-6-J Feeding Activity Cucuniatia nuLUsis.- Carnpus de Espinardo. In A Dendrochl rot i d Hoi ot hur i an. --Perz-Ruzaf a . Angel (Umv. Murcia SPA I N ) Paleontology P-9-I Some Fossile Echi nodermat a From The Middle Miocene Moroz ah i Group In The Chita Peninsula. Central Japan ---- Mizuho. Yoshiaki (Nagoya. JAPAN) P-9-2 On The Fossil Ophiuroids From The Tertiary Systerr In Japan. ---- 1 shi da . Yoshiaki (Hi totsubashi Higli Sch.. JAPAN) Others P-10-1 Trends In Tropical Sea-Cucumber Fisheries. Conr.nd. Chant a 1 (Ijniv. Bretagne Occident ale. FRANCE) P-10-2 Evaluation Of Viability Of Sea Urchins Larvae After Cryoconservation Of Embryos. Neidcnko. Kh rinst. Mamne B 10 I..L 1 .S.S.R.) P-10-3 Karyotypic Comparison Of Japanese Sea Urchins. Saotomc Kyoho (Yokohama City Inst. Health. JAPAN) P-10-4 Geographic And Bathymetric Distribution Of Southern African Deep Sea Mol ot huro i dea- - A Preliminary Analysis. Thander . Ahmed (Umv. Durban-Ues t vi J 1 e . SOUTH AFR I CA ) Rowley. Growth ol newly settled sea urchins t 5 :rcr>cylocen trot us pur/'ura fus Composm graph cl tin- growth o' s ^ UT . chins in th<- kelp bt-d (or on fleshy alga! turlj and ir. the barrens (o: on crustose toiallin< alcaei Approximate age ranges over which growth was measured, .and the different m» >.noc i used art shown in tin- 3 sociif>n< NVCif CcjA. AUSiC ^noid\urMd'A' P r y f e Vl W f au \ s ortian ^nks, crinoid banks and Pa^e Ba5in dlt6S: £lU ° f the L ° Wer "«i«ippian Fort Ci ^^cYnnatian) R crinoTri S ° hn A Anato,ny . of a Late Ordovician Ohio. oid-garden community, southwestern Beadl for S ^e “ d itS 1 " pll “ tl «“ Blake, D.B. Adaptive zones of the Class Asteroidea ( Echinodermata , LeW1S rub R i’aTno< ; fl nd ^^”^,- . s ? rface textures on Nemaste r Bahamas’! (Crinoidea, Echinodermata) San Salvador* Meyer AntarrV^ a « d - T * ? jl ‘ Eocene c rinoids from Seymor Inland impl[cations ninSU ^ P ' aleobiogeogra Phi c and paleoecologi^ and thS "«PP~rance of MlMbl^ and 1989 SOUTHEASTERN SECTION MEETING OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA ATLANTA, GEORGIA, April 6 to 7 , 1989 ( communicated by William I. Ausich) Broadhead , T .W. , M.A. Gibson, C.R. Clement, D. A. Capaccioli, R. McComb, and S.R. Reid. Sedimentary environments and biotas across the Silurian-Devonian boundary in shallow marine shelf setting, western Tennessee. Waters, J.A. Further comments on the Meramecian/Chesterian (Mississippian) boundary. 1989 NORTH-CENTRAL SECTION MEETING OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA NOTRE DAME, INDIANA, April 20 to 21 (communicated by William I. Ausich) Ausich, W.I., -and D.L. Meyer. Component assembly of Fort Payne Formation paleocommunities (Lower Mississippian; south- central Kentucky) . Ausich, W.I., D.L. Meyer, and J.A. Waters. The role of extinction in the evolutionary history of Middle Mississippian echinoderms . Blake, D.B. Evolutionary and functional significance of two new Jurassic species of the family Asteriidae (Echinodermata; Asteroidea) Guensburg, T.E. Lifestyles and functional evolution of Middle Ordovician crinoids , Lebanon Limestone, Tennessee. . Hammer, T.W., and W.I. Ausich. The Osagean-Meramecian (Mississippian) boundary problem revisited? the forgotten role of James Hall's Geode Bed. Meyer, D.L. An edrioasteroid-brachiopod symbiosis from the Upper Ordovician of the Cincinnati Arch region. Parsley, R.L. Functional morphology and paleoecology of Aristocvstites bohemicus ( Diploporida : Echinodermata) from the Prague Basin, Bohemia, CSSR. Terry, R.E. Echinoderm assemblages of the Fort Payne Formation (Lower Mississippian), Dale Hollow Reservoir, Tennessee. JOINT MEETING OF THE CORDILLERAN AND ROCKY MOUNTAIN SECTIONS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA SPOKANE, WASHINGTON, May 8 to 11, 1989 (communicated by William I. Ausich) Fleming, T.P. New echinoids from the Triassic of North and South America . 95 -28TH INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGICAL CONGRESS WASHINGTON. D.C., July 9 to 19, 1989 (communicated by William I. Ausich) WORKSHOP ON FOSSIL CRINOIDS -- see report below. SYMPOSIUM ON PELMATOZOAN EVENTS organized by C.C. Brett and C. Franzen-Bengtson . Waters, J.A. Evolutionary history of the Blastoidea ( Echinodermata ) . Broadhead, T.W. Conserved characters — A major theme in the evolution of the crinoid crown. Donovan, S.K. The significance of the British Ordovician crinoid fauna . Ausich, W.I., T.W. Kammer , and D.L. Meyer. Crinoid community paleoecology of the late Osagean ’(Visean) Eastern Interior Seaway (Lower Carboniferous, . midcontinental United States ) . Schneider, J.A. Teleost fish and the retreat of stalked crinoids . Oji/ T. Biogeography of the Indo-Pacific Isocrinidae (stalked crinoids during the Cenozoic Era. Brower, J.C. Trophic structure of a Middle Ordovician echinoderm fauna . OTHER PAPERS Hart, C. Cryogenic preservation of Holocene marine benthos in the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica. Jablonski, D., and D.J. Bottjer. Origin and radiation of post- Paleozoic marine invertebrates: Ecological patterns and macroevolutionary lags . Meyer, D.L., W.I. Ausich, and R.E. Terry. Interpretation of Paleozoic crinoid taphonomy: limitations of recent models . 96 1 989 ANNUAL MEETING OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA — ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI, November 6 to November 9 1990. Geological f S ,?^? ty of Africa Abstracts with Program 21(6). (communicated by william I. Ausich) Aronson, R.B. The Devonian predation increase in shallow marine ecosystems; Evidence from the occurrence of crinoid populations. Ausich, W.I., ^ and T.W. Kammer. Mode of microevolotion in Elatycrinites (Middle Mississippian, Crinoidea) Baumiller, T.K. Drillholes in Mississippian crinoids; A case of non-predatory gastropod drilling. Blake, D.B., and W.J. Zinsmeister. Extraordinary Cretaceous marsupiate echinoid from Antarctica; Morpholoqy and eimplications. Greenstein, B.J. The effect of taphonomic bias on the fossil record of echinoids. Schubert, J.K. , and D.J. Bottjer. The beginning of the Mesozoic: Paleoecology of Lower Triassic carbonates, southwestern Utah and southern Nevada. Sprinkle, J. Origin of the Echinoderm class Rhombifera based on new Early Ordovician discoveries from the Rocky Mountains. Suter, S.J. The paleoenvironmental pattern of the decline of cassiduloid echinoids: No retreat, but surrender. Terry, R.E., D. L. Meyer, and W.I. Ausich. Comparative taphonomy of debris flow echmoderms: A key to understanding the deopostion of the Fort Payne Formation (Lower Mississippian) of Tennessee and Kentucky. Water, J.A., C.G. Maples, and N.G. Lane. Early Late Carboniferous echmoderms from the Luocheng Formation , Guanqxi Province Peoples Republic of China ' f QUTH CENTRAL SECTION M E ETING OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA STILLWATER, OKLAHOMA, March 5 to 6, Geological Society of America Abstracts with Program 22(1). (communicated by William I Ausich) Maples, C.G . , and T.L. Thompson. Age of the Hindsville Limestone, southwestern Missouri, based on conodonts and echinoderms. Wernlund, R.J. Permian Member, Bell Canyon Texas . holothurian sclerites from Formation of the Delaware the Pinery Basin, west 97 — SOUTHEASTERN SECTION MEETING OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF &^ R * CA SYRACUSE, NEW YORK, March 4 to 7 , Geological Society of America Abstracts with Program 22(2). (communicated by William I. Ausich) Brower, J*C. The paleoecology of food-gathering in two cupulocnnids from the Middle Ordovician of middle North America . 2?90 SO UTHEASTER N SECTION MEETING OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY O F A MERICA TUSCALOOSA, ALABAMA, April 5 to 6, 1990, Geological Society of America Abstracts with Program 22(4). (communicated by william I. Ausich). Carter, B. Paleobiogeography of Paleozoic echinoids. Clement, C.R., and T.W. Broadhead. Biogeographic implications of Late Silurian-Early Devonian echinoderm faunas, western Tennessee. Waters, J.A., A.S. Horowitz, and D.B. Macurda, Jr. The paleobiogeography of Pentremites (Blastoidea: Echinodermata) . . 1990 NORT H-CE NTRAL SECTION MEETING OF THE GFQLOGICAT, SOPT FTV 0 F AMERICA MACOMB, ILLINOIS, April 26 to 27, Geological Society of America Abstracts with Program 22(5). (communicated by William I. Ausich) Ausich, W.I., and C.P. Hart. Cryogenic taphonomy of crinoids (Echinodermata) on the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica. Blake D.B. Paleobiological implications of some juvenile Upper Ordovician asteroids. " INTERNATIONAL S EDIME NTOLOGICAL CONGRESS NQTTTNHKAM s ENGLAND 26 to August 31, 1990. (communicated by William I. Ausich)' August Ausich, W.I. Regional encrinites: A vanashed lithofacies. 98 THESES AND DISSERTATIONS BACHELOR’S THESES Canada McDaniel!, N. 1971. The starfish Sol aster dawsoni as a predator of asteroids Univ. of British Columbia. Austral ia Klemke, J.E. 1985. Habitats and diets of adults and juveniles of, the seastar Coscinasterias calamaria (Gray) in Port Philip. Univ. of Melbourne. O’Callaghan* B. 1986. Some aspects of asexual reproduction in the fissiparous starfish Allostichaster polyplax (Muller & Troschel), Univ. of Melbourne. Laedgsgaard, P. 1989. Reproduction of sympatric populations of Heliocidaris tuberculata and Heliocidaris erythrogramma . Univ. of Sydney. Peckham, K.P. 1984. The effect of size, starvation, and temperature on nutrient partitioning and respiration of Acanthaster planci . James Cook Univ. Japan Sugiyama, T., K. Tori. 1986. Ecological studies on juveniles of A. planci at Iriomote Island: Distribution, morphogenesis and change in feeding habit, and tolerance against environmental stresses. Tokai Univ. Ohtaki, T., T. Toyoguchi. 1986. Tolerances of A. planci against water temperatures, lowered salinities and lowered levels of dissolved oxyqen Univ. Ryukyus. Ireland Grehan, A. 1982. Aspects of the biology and ecology of Amphiura filiformis (O.F. Muller) (Echinodermata: Ophi uroidea) . University College, Galway. 0 Sullivan, S. 1988. Aspects of the ecology and culture of the purple sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck). University College, Cork. Belgi urn (Liciencie) Dominique, F. 1973. Contribution a 1 ’etude du cycle annuel de reproduction de deux especes d’echinoides (Echinodermata) des cotes de Bretaane. Univ Libr~ Bruxelles. Temara, A. 1990. Caracteres d’une symbiose bactewrienne intradigestive chez 1 echinide Fouisseur Echinocardium cordatum (Echinodermata). Univ. Libre Bruxelles. 99 Ireland Grehan, A. Aspects of the biology and ecology of Amphiura filiformis (O.F. Muller) (Echinodermata, Ophiuroid. Univ. College, Galway. MASTER’S THESES Germany Schoppe, S. 1990. The association between Acyrtus rubignisosu (Gobiesocidae) , Clastotoechus vanderhorsti (Porcel 1 anidae) , Ophiothrix sp. (Ophiotrichidae) and their burrowing host Echinometra lucunter (Echi nometridae) on the rocky shores of Santa Marta, Columbia. Univ. of Giessen. Republic of South Africa Sweijd, N. A. 1990. The digestive mechanisms of an intertidal grazer, the sea urchin Parechinus angulosus (Leske). Rhodes Univ. New Zealand Fell, H.B. 1938. The direct development of a New Zealand ophiuroid Wellington Univ. Dawbin, W.H.I. 1942. Autoevi scertati on and regeneration in Stichopus mollis (Hutton). Wellington Univ. di Menna, M.E. 1947. The anatomy and ecology of Trochodota dunedi nensi s (Parker), a synaptid holothurian. Univ. of Otago. Boyle, A. 1954. The anatomy and systematic position of Evechinus chloroticus (val . 1846), an endemic New Zealand echinoid. Wellington Univ. Laurenson, D.F. 1970. Behavioural and physiological studies of the escape response elicited in trochid gastropods by thaid and asteroid predators Univ. Auckland. Marin, R.B. 1970. Asteroid feeding biology. Univ. Auckland. Don, G.L. 1975. The effects of grazing by Evechinus chloroticus (Val.) on populations of Ecklonia radiata (Ag.). Univ. Auckland. Walker, M. 1977. Local variation in the population biology of Evechinus chloroticus (Val.). Univ. Auckland. Andrew, N.L. 1982. An experimental study of the distribution and abundance of Evechinus chloroticus (Echinoidea: Echinodermata). Univ. Auckland. Burgett, J.M. 1982. The feeeding ecology of Patiriella regularis (Verrill) in the rocky intertidal. Univ. Auckland. La Barre, S. 1978. The ecology of a subtidal fringing reef at Nuuville, New Caledonia, with special reference to the Echinodermata. Univ. Auckland. 100 Sewell, M. A. 1990. The reproductive biology of Stichopus mollis (Hutton). Univ. of Auckland. Australia Connolly, R.M. 1986. Behavior and ecology of the sea vrchin Hel iocidaris erythrogramma (Valenciennes). Univ. of Adelaide. Nash, W.J. 1983. Population genetic and morphological studies on the Crown- of-thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci (L.), in the Great Barrier Reef region. James Cook University of North Queensland, Townsville. Duyverman. 1976. Factors affecting the local distribution of the sea star Patiriella exigua L. Flinders University. Dartnell, A. 1971. The taxonomy and biogeography of the sea star genus Patiriella in Tasmania. Univ. of Tasmania. Stump, R. 1987. Preliminary investigationsinto ageing the crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci (L.) (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) using intracellular autofl uorescent pigment analysis. James Cook Univ. France (Doctorate de 3eme Cycle) Bourgoin, A. 1987. Ecologie et demographie d'Acrocnida brachiata (Montgu) (Echinoderma en baie de Douarnenez (Bretagne). Universite de Bretagne Occidentale. Gentil, F. 1976. Distribution des peuplements benthiques en baie de Seine. Univ. de Paris VI. Canada Brooks, E.J. 1973. Some aspects of the taxonomy and biology of the genus Leptosynapta (Holothuroidea) in British Columbia. Univ. Victoria. McClary, D.J. 1989. The biology and ecology of reproduction in the brooding and broadcasting sea star, Pteraster militaris (O.F. Muller) (Echinodermata: Pterasteridae) . Mount Allison University, Sackville. Raymond, B.G. 1985. Behaviour and growth of the early life history stages of Strongylocentrouts droebachiensi s. Dalhousie University. Younglao, D. 1987. Spawning, aggregation and recruitment in the black sea urchin Diadema anti 11 arum. McGill University. Carson, S.F. 1989. Development and reproductive biology of three species of Solaster sea stars from the northeast Pacific Ocean. Univ. of Alberta. U.K. Lewis, D.N. 1987. The fossil Echinoidea from the Barton Beds (Eocene) of the type locality. Birkbeck College. Ruswahyuni. 1986. Studies of tropical benthic organisms. Univ. of Newcastle 101 upon Tyne. U.S.A. Lahaye, C.A. 1985. Electron microscopic study of the ontogeny of digestive phgocytosis during the development of an asteroid ( Patiria miniata) and an echinoid (Lytechinus pictus). San Diego State University. Brookbank, J. W. 1953. The urease activity of the eggs and embryos of the sea urchin Strongyl ocentrotus purpuratus Stimpson. Univ. of Washington. Litchfield, J.B. 1954. Studies on the mechanism of phosphate accumulation by sea urchin embryos. Univ. of Washington. Lares, M.T. 1990. The effects of temperture on the survival, organismal activity, nutrition, growth, and reproduction of the carnivorous, tropicl sea urchin, Eucidaris tribuloides . Univ. of Alabama at Birmingham. Briscoe, C.S. 1988. Omnivory in the green sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensi s (Muller) (Echinodermata: Echinoidea): the contribution of mussel versus kelp diets for somatic growth and reproductive effort. Northeastern Univ. Padilla, D. 1981. Selective factors influencing the morphology of coralline algae. Oregon State Univ. (echinoids) Schneider, J. A. 1988. Evolutionary ecology of post-Pal eozoic crinoids. Univ. of Chicago. Truchon, S.P. 1988. Growth and reproduction in kelp bed and barren populations of Strongylocentrotus droebachiensi s (Muller), the green sea urchin. Univ. of New Hampshire, Durham. Kwast, K.E. 1989. Genetics and systematics of the Leptasterias hexactis species complex (Echinodermata: Asteroidea). Louisiana State Univ. Hadfield, M.G. 1961. The morphology of a psolid holothurian. Univ. Washington. Jones, S. 1960. Early embryology of Psolus chitinoides. Univ. Washington. Randall, R.H.1971. Tangui sson-Tumon, Guam reef corals before, during, and after the crown-of-thorns ( Acanthaster planci) predation. Univ. Guam. Figure 1 Single arm several segments dissected from the aboral surface. The nerve cord is exposed by removing the aboral intervertebral muscles and ossicles (A) with the hyponeural ganglia and the associated severed motor axon bundles on the top surface lli|. The intact arm is held clamped close to the dissected region (C) but the rest is free to move (E) The dissected part is further clamped (D) such thji there o access to stimulate the undamaged parts of the lateral plates, spines and oral ' on Cotft . vVW • P ^ * ; A . MTTAMnRrncKis 102 Greenstein, B.J. 1986. Hass mortality of the echinoid Diadema antillarum at Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles: a natural experiment in taphonomy. Univ. of Cincinnati. Roeser, E.W. 1986. A Lower Mississippi (Kinderhookian - Osagean) crinoid fauna from the Cuyahoga Formation of northeastern Ohio. Univ. of Cincinnati. Thies, J.L. 1988. Analysis of crinoid communities and their associated lithofacies within the Fort Payne Formation (Lower Mississippi) in i vicinity of Burkesville, Kentucky. Univ. of Cincinnati. Terry, R.E., 1990. Echinoderm Paleoecologyo and taphonomy of carbonate debris flows, Fort Payne Formation (Late Osagean, Lower Mississippi) , Dale Hollow Reservoir, Tennessee. Univ. of Cincinnati. Schneider, J, 1988. Evolutionary ecology of Post-Paleozoic crinoids. Univ of Cincinnati . Republ ic of China Chen, B.-Y. 1989. Life history of Patiriella pseudoexigua Dartnell (Echindoermata: Asteroidea). Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung. Japan Arakaki, Yuuji. 1990. A comparative ecological and reproductive study on the four types of sea urchin Echinometra mathaei (Blainville) on Okinawan reef flats. Univ. of the Ryukyus. C M Pcarcc and R E Schcihlinp: Settlement and metamorphosis in £' parnia ^0 . 100 BO 60 40 20 1 fsv. lti>i p-no fc:rv K 1 1 , Fij;. 4. t( hmaru( hunt' purnw Mean percent metamorphosis of larvae in response to \anou-. macroulpac: Lithothunmnm Rlucialc (LI7H), Phymathnhthnn Jarviyatum and or P ruyuiosum (PHYM). Cnrallina offit tnuhs (CORA). Chondru » cri\ptt\ (CHON). Pnlwiphontu lwi».\a (l*OLY) fu.'tn i csi(u!u\u\ (f UCUS). A\coph\ Itu/n n(>J-sun; tASOO). lAnwiarto hmgtcruris (LAM1). and bars rod.- v*. n h a 9-mo-old microbial Pin, (Til M ROCK l Control- a:, filtered sea waici (F*SW) and sand tal.eii from .1 Kd and maintained with adults (ADULT CON'D SAND) Each treatmrni consists of Pm rcplt^.itv- wiih ten larvae per replicate, f illed bar- mdicau red coralline aljrae, stippled bars red folio-a alcae, and lined bars brown alf.ie hrroi bar-. indi..:U standard error Hon7onlnl bar below f’l.tph uad. : -..aa- 1 : i . 1 ; 1 ; 1 n 1 - w hich d« • n- r.ifiear.i' - c ; : r p-.-O (■: l.:r\.ie r.:. tatiM-rp!,. -- a : v > . u ■ / 0 i 0 A >,V c\*r. A'- 1 ■ LAO Brasil 103 Ve ^ 99 M % • 3tl 3 ad : 197 ®- Arr 'P h ’ur Forbes, 1843 et Amphioplus vernll, 1899 das regioes Antarticae Subantartica (Echinodermata-Ophiuroidea Amphi uridae) . Umversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Qermaia upniur01dea DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS Australia IScantAacffr^J^!- 9 ?^ Feedi " 9 biology of the crown of thorns starfish Acanthaster planci (Linnaeus). James Cook University of North Queensland. CpnfrncfonL 1 988 • 1 P°P U 1 at' ion dynami cs and herbivory in the common sea urchin Centrostephanus rodgersii . Univ. of Sydney. Srchin bl «;7f^;w 1989 ' An , j nvest1 9ation of resource allocation in the sea urchin, Hehocidans erythrogramma (Valenciennes). Univ. of Melbourne. New Zealand JSiALiS/rtta ?",uii"° der “ ° f the s ”" t, " rn p * c,>,c ° cea "- Crump, R.G. 1969. Aspects of the biology of some New Zealand echinoderms- (Verri 1 1 S 1867) and ^ epr ° duc ^ ion in tbe asteroids, Patiriella regularis (Vernll, 1867) and Coscmasten as calamaria (Gray, 1840). Univ. of Otago. p]vn 1 ’n^d; S, u^ 9 t 69 '- Re M i - i0n ° f the Southern Hemisphere asteroid order Paxillosida. Victoria University of Wellington. d)rL T ' G ; i 9 !?; I he f” 0109 * of the echinoid Evechinus chloroticus (Val 1 in different habitats. Univ. Canterbury. ^uruncus t va i . j in Zeallnd’hntn' 1 ? 68 ' T ^ comparative form, function and ecology of some New Zealand brittle-stars (Ophiuroidea) . Univ. Auckland. substrata '^n Ihf 9 ™^!] 6 ^"thic ecology in Otago: the macrofauna of deposit a th ?• 90 Harbour and Blueskin Bay. Univ. of Otago. P (holothuroids, ophiuroids) y ^ ker ’a H - F -. 1977 - Studies on the life cycle of two forcipulate starfish (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) from New Zealand. Univ. Auckland start1sfl Mniw’ r' G + *l 79 ' As P ec t s of the biology of Astrostole scabra (Hutton 1872) the V fo ? umTst^? sh 5', A - I 989 ' Stud ! es 0n the reproductive b"io f of' Univ. of Otaji? Starflsh 5c7 oastenas mollis (Echinodermata: Asteroidea). Puerto Ricn l1qaIent Ve ! eZ rhni- dred - 1990 ‘ The catch ^hanism of the sea-urchin spine l, 1 , “""I" sensitivity. II. Influence of calcium. III. structural factors. University of Puerto Rico. r 104 Scotland Bedford, A.D. 1 986 » Metazoan detritovores and underwater decomposition processes of detached sublittoral macrophytes. Univ. of Glasgow. Turton, G.-C. 1987. Antifungal defense mechanisms of the sea urchin Echinus esculentus L. Univ. of Glasgow. Russia Levin, V.S. 1990. Trophoecology of holothurians in the coastal zone of the sea. Ire! and Bowmer, T. 1982. Aspects of the biology and ecology of Amphiural filiformis (O.F. Muller) (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). University College, Galway. Austri a Schinner, Gottfried. 1990. Functional morphology and ecology of Schizaster ausliferus (Echinoidea: Spatangoida) in the northern Adriatic Sea. Univ. of Vienna. The Netherlands den Besten, P.J. 1991. Effects of cadmium and PCBs on reproduction of the seastar Asterias rubens . Ri jksuni versiteit Utrecht. Pieicr J. den Bcsien Canada 105 Keats, D.W. 1986. The effects of the experimental removal of urchins, and of ice-scour on sublittoral benthic macro-algal eastern Newfoundland. Memorial Univ. of Newfoundland. green sea communities i n Gibson, A.W. 1987. Morphogenesis and differentiation of embryos of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. pigment cells in Univ. of Victoria . Cameron, L 1981. Reproduction, development, processes of feeding and notes V lfe ? 1 Stor V f the sea cucumber Parastichopus californicus (Stimpson). Simon Fraser University. c '! a ? istic analysis of the sand dollars (Clypeasteroida: Scutel 1 ina) and the interpretation of heterochronic phenomena. Univ. Toronto, Rumrill , temperate S : S *.i 987 * Differential predation upon embryos and larvae of Pacific echinoderms. Univ. of Alberta. Gibson, AW. 1987. Morphogenesis and differentiation in the pigment cells in embryos of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus ourpuratus . Univ. of Victoria. n B-n I f'HC. 1 . OcMObHL?c ManpauntHKk en«.uni.i»*32:jHH Kpi’.i.Hof- ct'cit vL! (ho>.tk) y a.'iaaniiJi U-9i (:;;■> ► ic ktti 1. J2 f-H H - > “>•!*: {JinpMi,* iioMHii.. £«• kv ~f. »*v. . ► n ; zi France 106 Sibuet, M. 1987 . Structure des peuplements benthiques en relation avec les conditions trophiques en milieu abyssal dans 1 ’ocean Atlantique Univ de Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI. (all extant classes) Davoult, D. 1988. Etude du peuplement des cailloutis a epibiose sessile et de la population d’Ophiothrix fragilis (Abilgaard) du detroit du Pas-de-Calais (France). Univ. de Lille. Perin J.P. 1976. Le lysozyme chez les invertebres: etude des lysozymes de Nephthys hombergii et d’Asterias rubens. Univ. Paris. VII. Pomel , HA. 1883. Classification methodiques et genera des echinides vivants et fossiles. Univ. Paris. Francour, P. national di echinodermes Holothuria) . 1990. Dynamique de 1 ’ecosystem a Posidonia oceanica dans le Parc Port Cros. Analyze des compartements matte, litier, faune vagile possons. Univ. P. & M. Curie (Paris VI). (Psammechinus , et George, S. 1990. Reponses reproductive de trois Echinodermes et les consequences sur le developpement larvaire. Univ. P. & M. Curie (Paris VI) (Arbacia lixula, Paracentrotus lividus, Luidia clathrata) Breton, G 1990. Les Goni asteridae (Asteroidea, Echinodermata) jurassiques et cretaces de France: taphonomie, systematique, biostratigrqphie paleobiologie, evolution. Univ. Caen. Pedrotti, M.L. 1990. Etude des processus biologiques et des facteurs physiques responsables de la dispersion et du recrutement des larves meroplankktoniques. Modele: les larves d’echinodermes. Univ P & M (Paris VI) . Curie !rMnM aU ’- D ‘ 19 ?-' 0nt °9 enese > paleoecologie et histoire des Hemiaster echinides irreguliers du Cretace. Univ. Bourgogne. "emiaster. David, B. 1985. ontogenetiques, La variation chez les Echinides Irreguliers* ecol ogiques, evolutives. Univ. Dijon. dimensions NHj-CK-COOH NMj-Ch+-COOM h-c hjc h ,y^Noh cooh KJJ Cf^h 7 chj^-^Y :>h COOH K)| Choh CH, Ch 3 NMrCH-COOH NHrCH-COOM HP LP Fig t. Chemical structures of h> drox> I> s> I p>ridino!:r.r (HP) and lysyl psridmoline (LP) Mess «i* • Si- United Kingdom 107 Gorzula, S.J.F. 1976. The ecology of Ophiocomi na nigra (Abildgaard) in the Firth of Clyde. Univ. of London, Donovan, S.K. 1983. Evolution and biostrtigraphy of pelmatozoan colulmnals from the Cambrian and Ordovician of Britain. Univ. of Liverpool. Gowland, S. 1987. Facies analysis of three members of the Scarborough Formation (Middle Jurassic: Lower Bajocian) in the Cleveland Basin, northeast England: Blea Wyke, Byland Limestone, and Crinoid Grit members. Univ. of Hull. Morrison, G.W. 1979. Studies on the ecology of the sub-Antaract ic ophiuroid, Ophionotus hexactis (E.A. Smith). Univ. of London. Billett, D.S.M. 1988. The ecology of deep-sea holothuri ans . Univ. of Southampton. Sloan, N. 1977. An experimental study of the predatory and social behaviour of Crossaster papposus (L.). Queen Mary College. Vost, L. M. 1985. The influence of grazing by the sea urchin Echinus esculentus L. on subtidal algal communities. Univ. of Liverpool. Johnson, J. 1972. The biology of Amphiph ol is squamata Delle Chiaje (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) . Univ. Newcastl el -upon-Tyne . Clerk, C. 1981. The animal world of the Mangalans. Univ. London (holothuroids) Papua-New Guinea Shelley, C. 1981. Aspects of the distribution, growth, and "fisher" potential of holothurians (beche-de-mer) in the Papuan coastal lagoon. Univ. Papua-New Guinea. Singapore Su-Yeong, G.L. 1986. Singapore reef echinoderms and their associates with emphasis on crinoids. National Univ. of Singapore, (includes checklist of echinoderms in the Singapore ZRC collection, information on all classes) U.S.A. Strumski, M.A. 1985. Purification and characterization of an endogenous carbohyrate-binding protein from the sea urchin Lytechinus vari egatus . Univ. of Mi ami . Venuti, J.M. 1985. Calmodulin and calmodulin-binding proteins of sea urchin coel omocytes . State Univ. of New York, Buffalo. Morrison, D.E. 1986. Algal -herbivore interactions on a Jamaican coral reef. Univ. of Georgia. (Diadema) 108 Smith, F.F. 1985. Changes in the biochemical composition of the testis during spernmatogenesi s in Asterias vulgaris , with emphasis on the role of polyamines in regulating proliferation. Univ. of New Hampshire. Zmarzly, D.L. 1985. Distribution and ecology of shallow-water crinoids (Echinodermata) in the Marshall Islands, with emphasis on their symbiotic organisms. Univ. of Cal ifornia,San Diego. Eschenberg, K.M. 1956. Studies on the sedimentabil ity and biochemical characteri st ics of pentose nucleic acid complexes in the embryonic and adult sea urchins. Univ. of Washington. Black, R.E.L. 1957. Proteolipid protein antigen in the gametes and embryos of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Univ. of Washington. Emlet, R.B. 1985. Functional morphology and ecology of larvae of clypeasteroid echinoderms and other ciliated larvae. Univ. of Washington. Reidenauer, J.. 1986. A field investigation of a sand dollar {Melllita quinquiesperf oral a) population and its effects on the benthic community Florida State University. Terceiro, M. 1986. Changes in the epibenthic macro-invertebrate and demersal fish assemblages in Narragansett Bay and Rhode Island Sound. Univ. Rhode Island (Asterias) Lange! an, R. E. 1985. Unequal division, cell cycle and micromere determination in echinoid early embryogenesis: an experimental study. Univ. of Washington. Boyle, J. A. 1989. Changes in the cortical cytoskeleton during oogenesis in the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis . Tufts Univ. Kelso, L. C. 1989. Regulation of protein synthesis during sea urchin early development. Univ. of Texas, Austin. Stebbins, T. D. 1988. Ecology of a commensal isopod Colidothea rostrata (Benedict, 1898) in southern California. Univ. Southern California, Los Angeles, (on echinoids) Donachy, J.E. 1988. Enzymatic activities associated with arm regeneration and calcification in Asterias forbesi . Univ. of South Carolina, Columbia. Sucov, H.M. 1989. Characterization and developmental regulation of a gene expressed specifically in the skeletogenic lineage of the sea urchin embryo. Calif. Inst, of Technology, Pasadena. Ojeda, F. P.1987. Rocky subtidal community structure in the Gulf of Maine: the role of mobile predators. Univ. of Maine, Orono. (Strongyl ocentrotus) Hursh, D. A. 1988. Cell lineage-restricted transcripts in the development of the sea urchin Strongyl ocentrotus purpuratus . Univ. of Indiana. Yabkowitz, R. 1987. Regulation of sea urchin myosin by 53K, a myosin-binding protein. Univ. of Miami. 109 Wray, G.A. 1987 Heterochrony and homology in the evolution of echinoid development. Duke University. 0,0 Chase, D. G. 1967 . Inhibition of the cortical reaaction with hiqh hvdrostatir - *" d <>-elop» e „, o, se. fi"rK;;5; on u;;, es i"s::^: ,he deve ' w “"‘ » f ventral ectnrfprm 9 nf ♦ [! extrace1 .>V 1ar !" atr1x Protein that identifies the ventral ectoderm of the sea urchin embryo. Duke University. JortallitJ'if Jh 89 ' Th ? settleme " t * recruitment, and early growth and red t sel t urrMn h %/ Urp e 7 Sea i"" chln > Strongylocentrotus purpuratus , and the red sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus , in a kelp bed and urchin barren ground. Univ. California, Santa Barbara. Beadle, S.C. 1990. The origins of the family Dendrasteridae (Echinoidpa* University?' 9 * ' r * P ' d e ’ 0, " t,on ch *»9« through heterochrony! Johns Hopkins EoSrio^is’fcVsuC' 5n?iersffy° f ?"“** «* ** 1»>«* Folz, K.R. 1989. Sea urchin dyneins. Purdue University. ieU^etr-uSt;! <" ”*><" Pfi.ery nesenchyne Clement, C.R. 1989. Echinoderm faunas of the Decatur Limestone and Ross Tennessee. UPPef S "“ ri *” l “ lowcr ' >ev °" U "> of ««-«ntr“ ?, ™?sse“ Univ, Folz, K.R. 1989. Sea urchin dyneins. Purdue University. Justice R.w. 199°. calcium-insoluble proteins of the hyaline layer of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Univ. California, Riverside. strnnn!/i S ’ M ' + 19 ? 0 ’ Skeletal chemistry and growth of the echinoid Stronqyulocentrnt.ic Univ. of Cincinnati. 0 forthe e fossn J record’of r 'fm^ tegrated study of echinoid taphonomy: predictions tossii record of four echinoid families. Univ. of Cincinnati. sequences and^xpresli^ punrtulata : cDNAs for Dobson W.F iqqo r, , translocation in the bJutleJta^Micronhi^h 8 ! re9eneration and nutrient (Echi nodermata : Ophiuroi^r^? 1 ^^ < St -P-") no the hritti L '+' 1 m^ 8 ' U P* ak ? ?" d utl1izatl0n of dissolved free amino acids by '3 ar ^ 1C r? phl0ph0 S drari11ima ( Sa y 1852 ) (Echinodermata: Ophiuroideajdurmg disc regeneration. Univ. of South Carolina. Bay-Schmith, E. 1988. Structure and function of extragonadal tissues in o™ 10 ? t0 P h °t°P enod i c regulation of gametogenesis in the sea urchin Strongyl ocentrotus purouratm . Univ. of California, Santa Cruz. Sn'efhi^ ln 8 ?ho R M P M° d !i Ct c 0n “development of shallow-water asteroids and Cruz ln ° ld 10 the McMurd0 Sound ' Antarctica. Univ. of California, Santa Grober, M.S. 1988. The physiological, behavioral and ecological nocturnal marine fauna to benthic invertebrate bioluminescence California, Los Angeles. responses of Univ. of Nelson, S.H. 1988. Cellular studies urchin embryo. Duke Univ. on early morphogenetic events in the sea Kelso, L.C. 1988. Regulation of protein synthesis development. Univ. of Texas, Austin. during sea urchin early Boyle, J. A. 1989. Changes in the corticol cytoskeleton durinq the sea urchin, Stronovl o centrotus droebachipnsis Tufts Univ oogenes i s in Conlon, R.A. 1990. Regulated accumulation of nuclear RNA in the sea urchin embryos. Univ. of Texas, Austin. cytoplasm of Yang, Q. 1990. Temporally and embryos. Univ. of Rochestyer. spatially regulated genes of sea urchin Ito, M. 1989. Regulation of histone H2b gene expression in the sea urchin. Univ Southern California. BMH BlO. Ophiopho its sp. E 10-1 E 10-2 E 1 0-3 ft S'*. ft iL Pi, r, - a; ( [/ j o- ] n a ct £ % . 1 ■ Materal arm plate: 2 . ft?r L fv (ventral arm plate K V IK t ft'* 'jaw apparatus' JO- 1 Ct B C>$1 . I N r* (oral p I a t e i 1 . fl.’jKfii. 1 interl.rarhial disk 2 ft K ft ' wntral arm plan ■ f v . 1 ‘ ’ late r a I arm pi a t< . I- 1 teetli Ill REQUESTS AND INFORMATION Request for reprints bv institutional libraries Extensive reprints collections are maintained by the following libraries. Investigators are urged to send reprints of their past publications to them and to place them on their mailing lists for future publications. A.N. Solovjev Paleontological Institute USSR Academy of Sciences 117868 GSP-7 Moscow V-321 USSR Library Bamfield Marine Station Bamf ield, British Columbia VOR 1B0 Canada Notice of newsletters g e che-de-me r Inform ation Bulletin . Group coordinator: Chantal Conand, Bretagne Occidentale, Laboratoire. Oceanogrphie Biologique, 29287 Brest, France. Number 1, January 1990. Published by the Fisheries Information Project, South Pacific Commission, Post Box D5, Noumea CEDEX , New Caledonia. This bullein is the first to be produced by the SPC Fisheries Information It is intended for circulation to registered members of the SPC Special Interest Group (SIG) on beche-de-mer . 60 individuals are members of the group. All who have an interest in beche-de-mer are invited to join the group and to submit information on research activities in biology and ecology, fishing and marketing activities, information on books, conferences and publications. 112 FISHERIES INFORMATION PROJECT SOUTH PACIFIC COMMISSION PO BOX D5 - NOUMEA NEW CALEDONIA INFORMATION BULLETIN Number 2 - November 1990 Group Co-ordinaror: ClumuU Conand. UniveniuS de Bretagne Oecidotule. Labo Octoographie Biologique. 29287 Brest. France NOTE FROM THE CO-ORDINATOR Membership of the Special Interest Group on Bechc-de-mer has doubled I since the first bulletin, showing not only the interest being taken in I holothunans of commercial value and the bechc-de-mer market, but also I the relevance of this newsletter. Our job is to act as a clearing-house for I ideas, information and enquiries about the bechc-dc-mer industry. Inside this issue This fishery is often only given secondary importance, which explains the relative paucity of resources allocated for research. Increasing scientific interest may be noted, however in a number of countries and information is now available on the reproduction, distribution and abundance of various commercial species. Large gaps nevertheless still exist in the knowledge about recruitment, growth and mortality, which factors are essential to assess yield potential and commence rational management of Scientific research on echinoderms is the theme for international meetings that have taken place every three years since 1972. bringing together specialists from various backgrounds. Following the 1987 Conference at ictona in Canada, the 7th Conference recently took place in Aiami Japan, and was a great success. Echinoderm workshops are held regularly in Europe in the intervening periods. The papers tabled at these meetings are published and can be used to monitor developments in what is known about holothunan biology (cf. page 15). Fisheries management will however require a better understanding of social and economic factors and research programmes should be developed in these areas and conducted in close conjunction with investigations into population biology. &eche-de-mer species of commercial lvalue - an update, by S. McElroy. Page 2 iBeche-de-mer survey in Tonga, Iby G. Preston. Page 7 IBechc-de-mer research and development m Papua New Guinea, ?• Lokani. Page 8 Sea cucumber research in Washington :Siaie, by A. Bradbury. Page 11 Pollution problems, by B. Fao. Page 12 Chantal Conand MMRIS is £ joint project of 4 international organisations concerned with fisheries and marine resource development in the Pacific Islands region. The project is executed by the South Pacific Commission (SPC). the South Pacific Forum Fisheries Agency {FFA). the University of the South Pacific's Pacific Information Centre (USP-PJC). and the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPACj. Funding is provided by the Ir.tcniationa! Centre for Ocean Lrvrlopmen! OC'GDj and the Geicrrr c.r: cf I r ±ri£i Th ls bulletin 1 5 produced h. SPC a< part of us commitment to PLMRIS. 7hc atm of PIMRIS to improve the availability of information on marine resources to users in the rcpim. so as to support their rational development and management. PIMRIS activities include active collet lion, cataloguing and art luting of technical dements, especially epnemer* f gret ^ite ralurt "); evaluation, repackaging and dissemination of information; provision, of literature s ca rc he * , q ucj: ic*. • a r.d • a - «•* - 1 ; c and bibliographic suppnr.; and in c . v the development of in-tou.ntr\ reft re:, c-. * kcBULtrcj I Syiitn: 1- , , , . 7 co.ict jo:o and databases on, nianne rrs.>ur.r<. 1 113 Table 2. Indicated changes in the value of beche-de-mer species between 1974 1990 Common Name High value Scientific Name Price US$/kg 1990(1) Value Rank 1979 (2) Value Rank 1974 (3) Tcatfish white Holothuria fuscogilva 14-24 1 1 T catfish black Holoihuria nobilis 1) - 12 2 2 Prickly redfish Medium value Thclenota ananas 12 3 3 Sandfish Holothuria scabra 5-15 M M Chalkfish (1) Bohadschia marmoraia 10 no M Greenfish Stichopus chloronotus 8 L no Surf redfish Actinopyga mauritiana 7-8 M M Cuiryfish Stichopus variegatus 6-7 L M Blackfish Actinopyga miliaris 6 4 4 Stonefish Low value Actinopyga lecanora 4-6 M M Deep-red surfTish Actinopyga echinitcs 4 M M Leopardfish Bohadschia argus 4 L L Amberfish (2) Thelenota anax 4 M ni Elephant's trunkfish (2) Holothuria fuscopunctata 3 L ni Lollyfish Holoihuria aira 2-4 L L Brown sandfish Bohadschia vitiensis 2-3 L L Pinkfish (1) Holoihuria cdulis 2 no no — - < S ' U 2^ yj . vs c vj • LES HOLOTH'IRIES ASP 1 DOCH I ROTES DU LAGON DE NOUVELLE - CALEDON I E : Eiologie, Ecologie n Exploitation 114 COTS COMM. Editor: Brian Lassig, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, P.0. Box 1379. Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia. (COTS COMM: Crown-of-thorns commission). Now into No. 6 (July 1990). Johannes Durbaum has observed commenslism between Culcita novaeguineae and Carapus mourlani. Richard Stump has found growth rings in the aboral arm spines of Acanthaster p 1 anc 7 Mary Sewell is studying brooding in holothuroids. Myriam Sibuet is studying the role of deep-sea holothuroids in the recyclinq of organic material. Hertha Sieverts-Doreck is studying Miocidaridae (Echinoidea) and the calcareous ring of holothuroids. Michael J. Simms is studying Triassic crinoids and the origin of articulates. He would like to know of any early Triassic material however fragmentary. Albert Smith is studying the pathology of echinoderms. James Sprinkle is studying Early Ordovician echinoderms from the Rocky Mountains. He. would like to know of collections that should be included in this study. He is particularly interested in the extinct rhombi ferans , eocrinoids, parabl astoids, paracrinoids, homoiosteleans, and ctenocystoids . Stephen Stancyk is particularly interested in knowing about invertebrates and vertebrates that feed on the discs or arms of burrowing amphiurid ophiuroids. David Stephenson is interested in using echinoderms (particularly echinoids) to test punctuated equilibria. Jacques _.Thierry is particularly interested in the ontogeny of the test of echinoids. He is also studying the irregular echinoids of the Jurassic. Ronald Velarde would like to receive reports of symbiotic polychaetes and amphipods from eastern Pacific echinoderms. Anders Waren is studying the molluscs parasitic on echinoderms. S3T.y Webster would like to know the repository for crinoid specimens identified from the Journals in "Geology of the Confusion Range, West-csntrl Utah" by C.S. Bacon, Jr. (2948, GSA Bulletin). 115 i l^\! ak0 .! V is intereste d in the economic aspects, mariculture of holothuroids . Cl i fford Barron would like to receive dried tests pentaradial regular echinoids, especially Lytechi toxopneustids, any temnopleurids , or cidaroids. of assymetrical or nus anamensis , other non- — oe Beamon is seeking locality information on spiraculate blastoids. r rahc f aStl "° w 2 u1d 1 ’ ke t° receive records (published or not) of eumedonid crabs (genera Harrovi a, Ceratocarcinus, Echinoecus, Zeberida, Eumedonus , region aSS ° Clate ° W1th cr ’ n °i ds or echinoids throughout the Indo-west Pacific Robert Endean is studying the outbreaks of Acanthaster pi and. LfimOndgljnafl is studying the Order Holectypoida and Mesozoic-Kainozoic regular ecmnoids. A. Farmanfarmaian _is studying the toxicology of echinoids and holothuroids. Ed gar Frankel is studying the previous distribution of Acanthaster plane! . t he Msslhli rnil nf l nterested ln corresponding with individuals regarding What P ?^hl « f crinoid larva on population development What is the survival time of the larvae? what distance can they be dispersed’ Carla Gordon reef-habitats environmental s comparing fossil echinoids from the Late Pleistocene Jamaican and Recent echinoids to test the use of fossil corals as indicators. holothuroids 1S Studyin9 the ce11 biolo 9y of asteroids, echinoids, and I homas Hopkins is studying the biology of Echiniasteridae, Luidndae, Clypeasteridae. Astropect inidae, Opanne Jellett is studying the immunology of echinoids. uinniw i^ S1 ? S 1S tryin 9 l° ca, te populations of Lytechi nus panamensi s . He enprice ke u t0 ^c^ve copies of collection data of museum specimens of this Caribbean ^ W ° U d lke t0 kn ° W where Astro Py^ a wa 9 n ifica can be found in the ^ a1d Lewis is interested in the taphonomy of echinoderms. Yulin Liao is interested in the mariculture of holothuroids. L aurent Mei , ier would like information species with small (less than 200 um) about the spawning season of starfish oocytes . ^ juro de Moura-Brittn is studying Stelleroidea from the continental shelf, estuarine regions, the patterns of the distribution of Stelleroidea. 116 J anies Nebelsick is studying the Miocene echinoids of Austria. . Bruce Neil l would like unpublished records of Echinometra from the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Patricia Orler is studying the biology of echinoids (Camarodontu, Echinidae, Strongylocentrotidae) in the southern part of Argentina. Ronald Parsley is studying rhombiferans, diploprites, eocrinoids, homostel ids, ctenocystids . Michel Philippe is comparing Miocene and present echinoids. R udolf Prokop is studying cystoids,ophiocistioids, paracrinoids . Richard Robison and G. Ubaqhs have studied the homalozoans of the Wheeler formation of the Middle Cambrian in western Utah. Steven D. Sroka is studying the early evolution of holothurians, paeozoic holothurian systematics and paleoecol ogy, would like to receive reprints on fossil and Recent holothurians. Alexey V. Smirnov would be much obliged to received material on the world fauna of Apodia for examination and identification, and also for reprints and other information on apodids. He would be thankful to receive material on all groups of echinoderms from the Arctic Ocean for examination and identification, and for reprints and information on systematics, distribution, and zoogeography of aractic echinoderms. £henq-Hai Wang is studying the relation between marine plants and sea urchins in the kelp-culture areas off the coasts of China, requests reprints on the subject. B.K. Baskar is studying the biology, ecology, and fisheries of the sea cucumber Holothuna atra. He is attempting to breed and rear the species. Marine caddis -fly oviposition in Australian sea stars Caddis fly embryos were found in the ovaries of Asterina scobinata collected from shallow water at Cape Otway, Victoria. The insect eggs were in the ovary and the larvae appeared to destroy the ovary. This phenomena has also been reported by Prof. D.T. Anderson who reported that the caddis fly deposits its eggs through the body wall of Pati riel 1 a exigua. Maria Byrne, Urn v. of Sydney. 117 The Price Report Vaguely FaRPs: way out at the fuzzy edge of a peptide family b u ^^ agr “' P erfonner (and still has its place)- SrSE" a “"f “»« K"~» FuSSi — RFamide analogs, so long as that narrow choice is °" thC ° Iher hand> when 02 confronted with Fa^H 1Ce i like a " mna >' i,s ‘Perception* of a FaRPish peptide is revealed to be very catholic. In this S2 6 53 and^th Uh r Unl ‘ ke ° Ur higM) ' 0I ^° d °* antiserum FaRPs. heref ° re S weIcome new tool for hunting exotic Consider, for example, the echinoderms. We had pre- vtously used S253 to hunt for FaRPs in sea cuamben and when d M bS0 n0,hing ' 50 we had low expectations ’ Ennian/pH^ E phlck ’ a visitln £ graduate student from E " g ’ " d ' “P re f ^ an interest in hunting for FaRPs in < ish. As we feared, Elphick's search with S253 turned ' tip no immunoreaaivc Deolid^ inununorcactivitv in stfrrHh Teyc * ]c - of a>v*lrm cat, on on the hrotlyuc of rl° »lr cfKlont;; flu.e , fJm „ nMl: , SI ^fret of hemolysis Hemohitc of undiluted CF* ‘ 66.6 - 2 i 87.4- : 1 67.1 Z ; | 8.V0- 2 4 t3 1 r I 7 87 S' r | A b b b b b b Co^-vC-ccU; 118 Ma ss mortality of starfish in th P n orth Pacifir Qcpan in lggn Starfish deaths distress Soviets □ Editor'* Note: Articles from the Northern News Service are taken from newspapers from nations around the north, trans- lated and distributed by the Novostl Press Agency In Mos- cow. The Daily News publishes them to give readers a view of Issues peculiar to northern ar- eas and as e view of how the news Is reported In other na- tions. t By BORIS POPOV Northern News Service There is one more inexpli- cable occurence added to the misery of mass suicide of whales — the mass death of starfish. This ecological trag- edy took place in the north- western part of the U.S.S.R. In May 1990. during the few days about 6 million starfish were cast ashore of the Dvi- na Bay (the White Sea) by the surf. The lifeless starfish were scattered along the sea- coast with different degree of density for a distance of 60 kilometers. 119 Investigations of the eco- logical catastrophe have been held by special commit- tees from local and state levels. Various versions of the catastrophe's causes have been developed: for ex- ample, an upset of the bal- ance of salt-content of the sea waters by spring high water from the Severnaya Dvina River or a pollution of the shore by municipal and industrial waste-waters. But the strongest suspicions have fallen upon the mili- tary. In December 1989 some tons of rocket oxidizer were drained at the distance of about 100 kilometers from the shore 'from a submarine in a break-down situation. In April 1990 a missile acci- dentally fell into the bay. It also contained some propel- lant. These disquieting cases have become publicly known but there exist cases people learn about only from ru- mors. In one, for example, the military supposedly threw containers with yper- ite, a poison substance, into the sea. Inhabitants of Arkhan- gelsk region were downright warried when the thing hap- pened. Those people who lived in the coastal settle- ments were advised not to eat fish caught in the zone of starfish death. A competent ftudy 6f the trageoy wnn finding out circumstances of the animals’ death could on- ly calm the people. But the anxiety still exists, though the prohibition on eating fish was eliminated in due course. Recently, the joint Com- mittee of Council of Ministers and of Academy of Sciences has published its conclusion. It was the most authorized of all the commit- tees that worked with that case. The aboriginal popula- tion is not satisfied with this conclusion, for it gives no definite answer. It reads that the death of starfish has been a result of a strong, though short in time, influ- ence of toxic substances. But the committee has failed to find out the nature and the source of those substances.. But the committee has failed to find out the nature and the source of those sub- stances. Many scientific and re- search institutes of the coun- try' bave got interested in the mystery' of the White Sea C>fVv<3Lf V ^ N Ci\ . »\o. . and have lent their special- ists to Arkhangelsk The analysis of samples of sea- bed, water, seaweeds, star- fish and other species of fish, mussels made by the scientists doesn’t yet prove the conclusion of the state committee about an influ- ence of toxic substances. A theory of so-called naturai process, which can have a great number of variants, has been put in the forefront now. For example; an expli- cable growth of biocenosis (a complex of animals, micro- organisms, plants) including mussels has been marked by local biologists lately. Mus- sels constitute the main feed by starfish. The scientists say that in those conditions a sharp growth of starfish could lead to such a biologi- cal disbalance, that the fur- ther life of starfish became impossible in that place. But all this is just a supposition. In case something of this kind has, ever happened in any other part of the world ocean, and on shores of northern seas in particular, scientists from Arkangelsk are ready to share further and more detailed informa- tion concerning the problem with foreign colleagues. Those scientists W'ho are in- terested in this please con- tact with the Soviet scien- tists through the Regional Committee on Environmen- tal Conservation on the ad- dress: U.S.S.R; 163061, Ar- khangelsk, Vinogradov Prospect, 49. □ Boris Popov Is a journalist in Murmansk. Report of bacteria and starfish: crow^of D thnrn< 8 ' investigation into factors affecting the ReDort^tn thc‘r P a * C o arvae raised under field and laboratory conditions. Suttoi n r th . Gr ? 3t Earner Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville. b I ^ter ia?'nM Tr °tt, J.L. Reichelt, J.S. Lucas. 1988. Assessment of Prnr fith i ho 9 e r es ’ s 1n crown -of - thorns starfish, Acanthastcr pi and (L.) Rnh \ 6th c Internat : Coral Reef Symp., 2, 171. ' t hnrnc ^ c t ' °f bacteria from necrotic tissue of juvenile crown nf tho.ns starfi $h Acanthaster pi and . South Pac. J. Nat. Sci. 9. 21-30. MASS MORTALITY OF ASTEROIDS IN THE WHITE SEA Communicated by Vladimir Kasyanov, Institute of Marine Biology, Vladivostock Extracts from the article The case is stopped: no one to blame . J. Tekhnika molodezhi (1990). 12: 1-5 ...On May 10 the Letny beach on the southern coast of Dvinskaya Guba inlet was densely covered by dead invertebrates washed ashore: starfish, crabs, and mussels. The first investigation of the disaster was conducted on May 18 between the Solza and Syuzma Rivers. Two common starfish species were identified. The total number of dead starfish was about 4 million individuals. Dead crabs occurred in masses of algae washed ashore. Storms in late May-early June twice again washed ashore dead animals: approximately 2 million starfish, crabs and mussels (10 thousands of each). Thus, the total number of dead animals over the 65-km shoreline reached 6 million individuals. Workers of two biological stations situated on the White Sea coast have reported that no signs of mass mortality of marine animals has been observed since June 8. Not even single dead individuals have been seen on the shore. At the end of June, researches of the Zoological Institute (Leningrad) informed us that the sea bottom joining the Letny beach already had been populated by young starfish, with a density of up to 50 individuals per sq m (100 and more individuals per sq m are normal). We suggest that this is a new population or that primarily adults had perished. When the special joint commission started to consider possible causes of the disaster, it seemed that only several were worth serious attention: 1. Spring freshening of the waters in Dvinskaya Guba inlet In May, storms might bring many starfish into Dvinskaya Guba inlet where they perished. Then the river flow could carry them again into the sea and tides could wash them ashore, onto Letny beach. These things do occur, but the number of dead starfishes would never reach more than several thousand individuals. As to freshening of Dvinskaya Guba waters because of spring rains, the surface water salinity near Unsky lighthouse (the point of observation nerest the area of disaster) was not critical according to S0VHYDR0MET data. In April the salinity was about 20-27 o/oo. Only in some sites of the area, adjoing Krasnaya Gorka, the settlement of Nenox, and the town of Severodvinsk, the records were 10.7, 10.9-12.3, and 5.8-10.7 o/oo salinity, respectively. In the open sea of the Letny beach area, the salinity did not fall below 13 o/oo, the survival limit. The Joint Commission concluded that no natural phenomenon was the cause of the disaster. 2. Effect of industrial runoff To begin the consideration of this version, we should note that the White Sea is characterized by a stable stratification of the water column: heavy cold-water layers of a high salinity from the Barents Sea do not mix with brackish wateres of the White Sea proper. Fresh waters entering Dvinskaya Guba inlet are already contaminated with industrial runoffs of Severodvinsk and Arkhangelsk. However, an analysis of the silts along the runoff course has not shown significant poisoning. The Azov Research Institute of Fisheries reported that concentrations of polychlordiphenyl present in all the samples submitted to analysis were harmless to starfish (polychlordiphenyl is a side produce of cellulose). Still, dioxin, a very poisonous long-lived compound, can be synthesized from a polychlordiphenyl medium. It can cause a mass mortality of marine animals over a long period of time. However, the May disaster demonstrated a short- term impact of the toxins. It has been concluded the polychlorodi phenyl or dioxin are not likely to be the cause of the starfish mortality. 3. High radiation This investigation was the shortest. The records of the Polar Institute of Fisheries has shown that the radiation background at all the disaster sites was not above the norm (4-11 uR/h). 4. Effect of components of rocket fuel lost in an emergency On December 7, 1989, some 100 km north-west of Severodvinsk, a Soviet submarine in emergency jettisoned a component of rocket fuel with the permission of the High Command. It was suggested that the nitric acid could have produced some organic nitrous compounds in the sea. However, the Zoological Institute of Applied Chemistry did not find these compounds in the seawater and bottom sediment samples. No other rocket compoents were detected. 5. Contamination with war poisons, probably yperite and other toxic compounds The first alarmists were the workers of the Arkhangelsk fish-farm: the animals were poisoned with war poisons! By chance, at the moment of the disaster, the fish farm conducted a civilian defense training exercise. And occasionally, for the sake of exercise, fish and starfish fished at Letny beach were analyzed for yperite. The workers were shocked: nearly all the samples showed the presence of sulfurous yperite. Without any verification, this version became popular and appeared in the press. Within nearly a month, at the request of the fish farm, four common fish species (smelt, herring, polar cod, and flat-fish), starfish, mussels, and the alga Laminaria were sampled in the area from May 23 until June 8 and were analysed by specialists for yperite. The reaction for yperite was positive in 8 of the 15 fish sampled, in 3 of the 4 sea stars, and in a single sample each of laminarians and mussels. However, the second analysis of the same species sampled on June 28 in the area and also in fresh-water fish species did not detect any trace of yperite! Had it been lost somehow? Was it found at all? And even more interesting, where did it come from? Examination of suspicious military units has not given any result. 6. Contamination with some toxic materials lost by foreign ships The port of Arkhangelsk was visited in May 1990 by six foreign transport vessels. It is tactless to suspect them post factum . As to our vessels, all information on transport is saved no longer than a year. Hence, the commission failed to obtain documents on transportion of toxic and other dangerous chemicals over the White Sea in earlier years, or for incidences of burying. Thus we can summarize our investigation. According to preliminary estimations, about 4 million individuals of Asterias rubens dwell in the White Sea. No more than 1% perished. If the disaster is not repeated, the bottom biocoenoses will not suffer greatly. The Joint Commission concluded: Starfish, some invertebrates and seals in the area of Letny beach perished under the short-term impact of some strong toxicant which might contain sulphurous componds. Yperite is not excluded. Even rumors on yperite seeping from tanks which, as it is said, were buried in the White Sea in the late 50s, are no help to us as the supposed burial site is far from the area of the disaster. The second conclusion of the commission is that there is no reason to believe that the entire area of Dvinskaya Guba (even less the entire White Sea) is involved in this poisoning. HASS MORTALITIES OF STARFISH IN ALASKAN AND NORTH PACIFIC WATFRS communicated by Thomas C. Shirley, Juneau Center for Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska, Juneau, Alaska "Mysterious starfish mortality near Powell River, British Columbia", Marine Pollution Bulletin, 21(10). No observations of mass mortalities have been made at Kodiac, SE Alaska and the Gulf of Alaska, Prince William Sound. SPECIES OF ECHINODERMS AVAILABLE AT MARINE STATIONS 120 Marine stations are requested to send lists of species of echinoderms available for use by visiting investigators. List of Echinodermata available .in the coast near Marine Biological Station in J pan q ( v .^Jorio ; *.* . Akkeshi Marine Biological Station { Hokkaido University) Akkeshi, Hokkaido 088-11, Japan Asterina pectinifera Henricia nipponica Henricia tumida Asterias amurensis Leptasterias ochotensis similispinis Aphelasterias japonica S trongy looentrotus intermedius Scaphechinus mirabilis Cucumaria frondosa japonica Cucumaria chronhjelmi Stichopus japonicus Leptosynapta inhaerens Asamushi Marine Biological Station (Tohoku University) Sakamoto 9, Asamushi, Aomori 039-34, Japan Conan thus japonica Ophiopholis mirabilis Ophiura kinbergi ■ Astropecten scoparius Luidia quinaria Asterina pectinifera Solaster paxillatus Crossaster papposus Plazas ter borealis Distolasterias nippon Aphelasterias japonica Asterias amurensis Glyptocidaris crenularis Temnopleurus hardwickii Strongylocentrotus intermedius Strongylocentrotus nudus Scaphechinus mirabilis Echinocardium cordatum Brissus agassizi Stichopus japonicus Cucumaria frondosa japonica Cucumaria chronhjelmi Pen ta eta australis Paracaudina chi lens is ran sonne ti Patinapta ooplax Labidoplax dubia - 1 - 121 Saao Marine Biological Station (Niigata University) Tassha , Aikawa-machi , Sado Island, Niigata 952-21, Japan Ophioplocus japonicus Pectinura anchista Certonardoa semiregularis Lethasterias fusca Asterina pectinifera Stereocidaris japonica Pseudocentrotus depressus Anthocidaris crassi spina Scaphechinus brevis Strongylocentrotus nudus Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus Holothuria pervicax Stichopus japonicus Paracaudina chilensis ran sonne ti Patinapta ooplax Noto Marine Laboratory (Kanazawa University) Ogi, Uchiura, Ishikawa 927-05, Japan Ccmanthus japonica Cananthus parvicirra Ophioplocus japonicus Astropecten scoparius Astropecten polyacanthus Astropecten latespinosus Certonardoa semiregularis Asterina batheri Asterina pectinifera Asterias amurensis Coscinasterias acuti spina Luidia maculata Luidia quinaria Stereocidaris japonica Temnopleurus toreumaticus Temnopleurus reevesi Mespilia globulus Temnotrema rubrum Anthocidaris crassispina Pseudocentrotus depressus Strongylocentrotus nudus Strongylocentrotus sachalinicus Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus Clypeaster japonicus Peronella japonica Peronella rubra Scaphechinus brevis Astriclypeus mnni - 2 - 122 Lovenia elongata Echinocardium cordatum Schizaster lacunosus Brissus agassizi Stichopus japonicus Stichopus varieoatus Misaki Marine Biological Station (University of Tokyo) Koajiro, Miura, Kanagawa 238-02, Japan Metacrinus rotund us Conan thus japonica Ccmanthus solas ter Comanthus parvicirra Lamprometra palmta palmta Tropianetra afra macrodiscus Luidia guinaria Luidia macula ta Dipsacaster pretiosus Astropecten scoparius Astropecten latespinosus Astropecten polyacanthus Ctenopleura fisheri Certonardoa semiregularis Aster ina pectinifera Aster ina batheri As ter ina corona ta Henri ci a pachyderm Coscinasterias acutispina Asterias amurensis Ophioplocus japonicus Ophiactis savignyi Ophicrnastix mixta Ophiothrix koreana Ophiothrix marenzelleri Hemilepis euopla Optioner eis dubia Ophiopholis mirabilis Stegophiura vivipara Stegophiura sterea Stegophiura sladeni Ophiura kinbergi Ophiurodon acanthophora Prionocidaris baculosa annuli f era Astenoscma ijlmai Araeosom cwstoni Diadem setosum Diadem savignyi Temnopleurus reeves ii Temnopleurus hardwickii - 3 - 123 Temnopleurus toreumaticus Mespilia globulus Toxopneus tes pileolus Tripneustes gratilla Pseudocentrotus depressus Hemi cen trot us pulcherrimus Strongylooentrotus nudus Echinostrephus aciculatus Anthocidaris crassispina Clypeaster japonicus Clypeaster virescens Laganum fudsiyama Peronella japonica Astriclypeus manni Pseudcmaretia alta Maretia planulata Brissus agassizi Echinocardium cordatum Lovenia elongata Stlchopus japonicus Parastichopus nigripunctatus Holothuria hi 11a Holothuria pervicax Holothuria moebi Cucumaria echinata Ankyroderma roretzi Polycheira rufescens Leptosynapta inhaerensis Tateyama Marine Laboratory (Ochnanizu University) Ko-yatsu 11, Tateyama -shi , Chiba 294-03, Japan Ccmanthus japonica Ophioplocus japonicus Astropecten latespinosus Astropecten scoparius Asterina pec t ini f era Asterias amurensis Astenosoma ijimai Diadema setosum Diadema savignyi Temnopleurus toreumaticus Mespilia globulus Toxopneustes pileolus Tripneustes gratilla Pseudocentrotus depressus Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus Strongylooentrotus nudus Echinostrephus aciculatus Anthocidaris crassispina - 4 - 124 Echincmetra mathaei Clypeaster japonicus Astriclypeus manni Holothuria moebi Shirrcda Marine Research Center (Tsukuba University) Shimoda-shi 5-10-1, Shizuoka 415, Japan Conan thus japonica Ccmanthus parvicirra Tropianetra afra macrodiscus Ophiopeltis vadicola Ophioplocus japonicus Astropecten scoparius Astropecten polyacanthus Certonardoa semiregularis Leiaster leachii Asterina pectinifera Coscinasberias acutispina Diadema setosum Temnopleurus toreumaticus Mespilia globulus Toxopneustes pileolus Pseudocentrotus depressus Hemi cen trot us pulcherrimus Echinostrephus aciculatus Anthocidaris crassi spina Echinometra mathaei Clypeaster japonicus Holothuria pervicax Holothuria moebi Stichopus japonicus Stichopus oshimae Sugashima Marine Biological laboratory (Nagoya University) 429-63 Sugashima -cho, Toba-shi, Mie 517, Japan Ccmanthus japonica Ccmanthus parvicirra Gorgonocephalus caryi Ophiothrix koreana Ophioplocus japonicus Ophiarachnella gorgonia Astropecten scoparius Astropecten polyacanthus Luidia quinaria Certonardoa semiregularis Asterina bather! Asterina pectinifera Henricia nipponica - 5 - 125 Cose inas ter ias acutispina Prionocidaris baculosa var . annul if era Temnopleurus toreumticus Temnopleurus reeves i Mespilia globulus Temnotrema sculptum Toxopneustes pileolus Pseudocentrotus depressus Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus Anthocidaris crassispina Clypeaster japonicus Holothuria pervicax Stichopus japonicus Cucumaria chronh j elmi Cucumaria echinata Pen ta eta australis Leptosynapta inhaerens Seto Marine Biological Station (Kyoto University) Shirahama 459, Nishimuro, Wakayama 649-22, Japan Coxian thina schlegeli Ccmanthus japonica Conan thus solas ter Ccmanthus parvicirra Lamprcmetra parma ta parma ta Iconcmetra japonica Tropicmetra afra macrodiscus Tri chaster elegans Gorgonocephalus caryi Astrocladus dofleini Astrocladus coni ferns Astroboa arctos Ophiactis savignyi Amphiopholis japonica Ophiothrix koreana Ophiotrichoides nereidina Macrophiothrix longipeda Ophicmaza kanekoi Ophiothela danae Ophionereis dubia Ophioccma brevispes Ophiomastrix mixta Ophiogymna elegans Ophioplocus japonicus Ophiarachnella gorgonia Ophiarachnella differens Astropecten latespinosus Astropecten scoparius Astropecten polyacanthus -6 126 Ctenopleura ludwigi Luidia qu inaria Luidia macunata Protoreaster nodosus Nardoa frianti Fromia monilis Stellaster equestris Certonardoa semiregularis Linkia laevigata Linkia guildingi Leiaster leachii Ophidiaster cribrarius Aster ina batheri Aster ina corona ta japonica As ter ina pectinifera Henricia nipponica Henricia ohshimai Acanthaster planci Mitthrodia clavigera Pteraster tesselatus Coscinasterias acutispina Aster ias amurensis Gcniocidaris biserialis Plococidaris verticil lata Prionocidaris baculosa var. annul if era Astenosoma ijimai Stcmopneustes variolaris Coelopleurus macula tus Caenopedina mirabilis Astropyga radiata Diadema setosum Diadem savignyi Echinothrix diadem Echinothrix calamaris Temnopleurus toreumticus Temnopl eurus reevesi Salmacis sphaeroides Mespilia globulus Temnotrema sculpt um Toxopneustes gratilla Pseudaboletia mculata Pseudocentrotus depressus Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus Parasalenia gratiosa var. boninensis Anthocidaris crassispina Echinostrephus aciculatus Echincmetra mathaei Heterocentrotus mamillatus Colobocentrotus mertensi Echinoneus cyclos tonus 127 Clypeaster japonicus Peronella japoruca Scaphechinus mirabilis tenuis Astriclypeus manni Lovenia elongata Echinocardium cordatum Schizaster lacunosus Brissus agassizi Metalia spatagus Holothuria edulis Holothuria hilla Holothuria pervicax Holothuria leucospilota Holothuria moebi Stichopus japonicus Stichopus oshimae Stichopus variegatus Parastichopus nigripunctatus Pentacta australis Afrocucumis africana Polycheira rufescens Iwaya Marine Biological Station (Kobe University) Iwaya, Awaji-cho, Tsuna-gun, Hyogo 656-24, Japan Astropecten polyacanthus Aster ina pectinifera Henri cia ohshimai Aster ias amurensis Temnopleurus toreumaticus Pseudocentrotus depressus Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus Anthocidaris crassispina Brissus agassizi Pentacta australis Stichopus japonica Patinapta ooplax Ushimado Marine Laboratory (Okayama University) 130-17 Kashino, Ushimado, Okayama 701-43, Japan Ophiactis savignyi Ophiothrix koreana Ophiura kinbergi Ophioplocus japonicus Ophiarachnel la gorgonia Astropecten latespinosus Astropecten scoparius Astropecten polyacanthus Luidia quinaria - 6 - 128 Oertonardoa semiregular is Asterina betheri Asterina pectinif era Asterias amurensis Temnopleurus toreumaticus Temnopleurus reevesi Mespilia globulus Pseudocentrotu s depressus Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus Anthocidaris crassispina Peronella japonica Scaphechinus mirabilis Astriclypeus manni Iovenia elongata Echinocardium cordatum Stichopus japonicus Cucumaria chronhjelmi Leptosynapta inhaerens Patinapta ooplax Protankyra bidentata Protankyra autospista Oki Marine Biological Station (Shimane University) 194 Sasuka, Kamo, Saigo-cho, Oki -gun, Shimane 685, Japan Coman thus japonica Tropicmetra afra nacrodiscus Euryalae aspera Gorgonocephalus caryi Ophioplocus japonicus Astropecten latespinosus Luidia macula ta Certonardoa semiregular is Asterina pectinif era Goniocidaris biserialis Pseudocentrotus depressus Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus Anthocidaris crassispina Echinoneus cyclostomus Fibulariella acuta Laganum de pres sum Lagan um f udsuyama Clypeaster japonicus Brissus agassizi Echinocardium cordatum Holothuria pervicax Holothuria leucospilota Stichopus japonicus Polycheira rufescens _Q_ 129 Mukaishima Marine Biological Station (Hiroshima University) 2448 Mukaishima-cho, Mitsugi-gun, Hiroshima 722, Japan Temnopleurus toreumaticus Anthocidaris crassispina Usa Marine Biological Institute (Kochi University) Usa-Inoshiri, Kochi 781-11, Japan Conan thus japonica Ophiactis savignyi Ophiothrix koreana Ophiooana brevipes Ophicmastrix mixta Ophioplocus japonicus Astropecten scoparius Astropecten polyacanthus Aster ina batheri Asterina corona ta japonica Aster ina pectinifera Coscinasterias acutispina Diadem setosum Diadem savignyi Temnopleurus toreumaticus Temnopleurus reevesi Mespilia globulus Toxopneustes pileolus Pseud ocentrotus depressus Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus Parasalenia gratiosa var. boninensis Anthocidaris crassispina Echinostrephus aciculatus Echinanetra mathaei Holothuria pervicax Holothuria leucospilota Holothuria moebi Cucumaria frondosa Thyone sacellus Polycheira rufescens Nakajima Marine Biological Station (Ehime University) Nakajima-cho, Onsen-gun, Ehime 791-45, Japan Certonardoa semiregular is Asterina pectinifera Asterias amurensis Coscinasterias acutispina Pseudocentrotus depressus Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus Anthocidaris crassispina - 10 - 130 Percnella japonica Astriclypeus manni Holothuria pervicax Stichopus japonlcus Aitsu Marine Biological Station Aitsu, Matsushima -machi , Amakusa-gun, Kumamoto 861 -61 Japan Astropecten latespinosus Astropecten polyacanthus Luidia quinaria Luidia macunata Asterina pectinifera Coscinasterias acutispina Asterias amurensis Temnopleurus toreumaticus Hemicentrotus pulcherximus Anthocidaris crassispina Percnella japonica Protankyra bidentata Amakusa Marine Biological Laboratory (Kyushu University) Tomioka, Reihoku-cho, Amakusa, Kumamoto 863-25, Japan Ophiactis savignyi Ophiura kinbergi Monamphiura iridoides Ophiothrix koreana Ophiothrix marenzelleri Ophionereis dubia Astropecten latespinosus Luidia quinaria Luidia macunata Certonardoa semiregularis Asterina pectinifera Temnopleurus reeves i Salmaciella dussunieri Temnotrema sculptum Mespilia globulus Toxopneustes pileolus Pseud ocentrotus depressus Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus Anthocidaris crassispina Echinoneus cyclostcmus Fibulariella acuta Clypeaster japonlcus Peronella japonica Lovenia elongata Brissus agassizi - 11 - 131 Sesoko Marine Science Center University of the Ryukyu s ) Sesoko, Motonobu-cho, Okinawa 903-01 , Japan Ccmanthus sp. Ophiactis savignyi Macrophiothrix lonaipeda Ophiarachna incrassata Ophiolepis annulosa Ophioplocus imbricatus Ophioocma brevipes Ophioocma scoloperdrina Ophioccxna erinaceus Ophicmastrix mixta Protoreaster nodosus Culcita novaeguineae Nardoa tuber culata Linkia laevigata Ophidiaster cribrarius Asterope car ini f era Echinaster luzonicus Acanthaster planci Phyllacanthus dubius Diadema setosum Diadema savignyi Echinothrix calamaris Echinothrix diadema Stcmopneustes variolaris Mespilia globulus Tbxopneustes gratilla Pseudoboletia ma culata Echincmetra mathaei Echinostrephus molar is Heterocentrotus mairmillatus Peronella lesueri Holothuria argus Holothuria arta Holothuria leucospilota Holothuria scabra Afrocucumis africana Polycheira rufescens Stichopus chloronotus Thelenota ananas Synapta maculata - 12 - 132 ECHINODERMES VIVANT A BANYULS ~ n to—. {\Vc\i.^ G-OlVW rt>Ve?Sj-V ^ - 'i'j.'r - » u -2- r Astropecten johnstoni (Delle Chiaje) ^ Astropecten spinulosus (Philippi) o A. of Douarncni:/ (arrows poim 10 llic pn-Jjiorj £ u: V\ 0(J .. 136 LA CM AWARDED NSF GRANT FOR ECHINODERM COLLECTION UPGRADE Dr. Gordon Hendler, Invertebrate Zoology Section Head at the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, announced an award made in September, 1990. The National Science Foundation, Biological Resources Research Program, has provided $209,950 for the improvement of the museum's echinoderm collection. During the last decade the collection has grown rapidly, chiefly through the incorporation of the Allan Hancock Foundation holdings and other "orphaned" collections. LACM now houses the largest echinoderm collection in the western United States and the third largest in the country; it is cosmopolitan, with outstanding coverage of the Eastern Pacific and Caribbean faunas. The upgrade will make these collections more accessible than previously; the collections are now available to the scientific community for study, and loans of specimens are being expedited; some NSF funds are available to support visits to the museum by specialists who will assist in working up portions of the collection. As Principal Investigator, Hendler has implemented an 18 month program designed to re-organize and transfer specimens to two environmentally controlled areas within the museum. He is being assisted by Sherman Suter (NSF - funded collections manager) and by Cathy Groves (LACM curatorial assistant) . New compactor carriages are being installed to hold alcoholic collections, and new steel museum cabinets have been purchased to store dried specimens. Wet material will be transferred from inadequate glassware to new bottles, re-alcoholed , and moved to compactors; dry specimens will be transferred from substandard containers to polystyrene boxes. In addition, a collection inventory will be prepared to serve as the basis for further upgrading storage equipment, and processing and cataloguing the existing holdings. 137 AILSA’S SECTION Wyville Thomson The depths of the sea "Among echinoderms, Ophi acantha spinulosa was one of the prevailing forms, and we were greatly struck with the brilliancy of its phosphoresence. Some of these hauls were taken in the evening, and the tangles were sprinkled over with stars of the most brilliant uranium green; little stars, for the phosphorescent light was much more vivid in the younger and smaller individuals. The light was not constant, nor continuous all over the star, but sometimes it struck out a line of fire all round the disk, flashing, or one might rather say glowing, up to the centre; then that woyuld fade, and a defined pat*ch, a centimetre or so long, break out in the middle of an arm and travel slowly out to the point, or the whole five rays would light up at the ends and spread the fire inwards. Coming down the Sound of Skye from Loch Torridon, on our return, we dredged in about 100 fathoms, and the dredge came up tangled with the long pink stems of the singular sea-pen Pavonaria qudrangul ari s . Every one of these was embraced and strangled by the twining arms of Asteronyx loveni , and the round soft bodies of the star-fishes hung from them like plump ripe fruit. As the dredge was coming in we got a glimpse from time to time of a large scarlet urchin in the bag. We thought it was one of the highly-coloured forms of Echinus flemingii of unusual size, and as it was blowing fresh and there was some little difficulty in getting the dredge capsized, we gave little heed to what seemed to be an inevitable necessity- -that it should be crushed to pieces. We were somewhat surprised, therefore, when it rolled out of the bag uninjured; and our surprise increased, and was certainly in my case mingled with a certain amount of nervousness, when it settled down quietly in the form of a round red cake, and began to pant--a line of conduct, to say the least of it very unusual in its rigid undemonstrative order. Yet there it was with all the ordinary characters of a sea-urchin, its interambul acral areas, and its ambulacral areas with their rows of tube feet, its spines, and five sharp blue teeth; and curious undulations were passing through its perfectly flexible leather-like test. I had to summon up some resolution before taking the wierd little monster in my hand, and congratulating myself on the most interesting addition to my favourite family which has been made for many a day." l lhz?::ir;.r\z:r < ■ <. >; . d c ; 1 1 '■■■ i r. i 138 HOW. ECHINODERM BIOLOGISTS BECAME ECHINODERM BIOLOGISTS In the past few years, a number of young echinoderm biologists have asked me how I and other (presumably older) echinoderm biologists became echinoderm biologists. I became curious myself as to how my friends and colleagues began their studies, I have found the accounts very interesting. Those I have are given below. One of these written accounts is not nearly as interesting as the oral account I received first hand. When I asked the author why the written account did not contain all of the details I had heard, the reply was: "My first effort, on rereading, might have led me into a law suit or worse, so I scrapped it." Oh, lost history! The rest of you will have to wonder who this individual is. Alain Gui lie . Laboratoire Arago, Banyul s-sur-mer, France I finished graduate school in zoology at a time when France became involved in biological oceanography. I was living as an assistant at the Mediterranean marine laboratory of the University of Paris at Banyuls. My original plan was to study phytoplankton communities .under the guidance of Prof. Margaleff (Barcelona University) that nobody studied in France. However, the director of the Banyuls station, Prof. Petit, had to discuss the project. At that time (1961) he was urgently looking for a teaching zoologist able to identify the faunal elements of the marine biotopes close to the station. In late summer of that year, when I was trying to define a subject for my doctoral dissertation, I happened to meet a "still young" researcher in the hallway of the lab. He was from the Museum of Paris and in Banyuls partly .to work and partly for vacation. He said, "You should work on echinoderms. I have a thesis subject for you. It’s the study of the Ophiothrix populations in the Banyuls area." That was G. Cherbonnier. I accepted. I discovered quickly that there were already nearly 200 publications on the subject. There would be many more by the time I finished this first thesis, which was a contribution to the systematics and the ecology of Ophiothrix quinquemacul ata . Ever since, my scientific life has shifted back and forth, osscilating between the echinoderms and the study of benthic communities, between the Paris Museum and Banyuls. I have absolutely • not regrets, because a good ecologist has to start as a good zoologist, and the echinoderms are a truly rewarding group for the study of biology, ecology, and evolution! Alan Baker (New Zealand National Museum) While scuba diving off the Bay of Islands, northern New Zealand, in 1959, I discovered a broken test of Brissus oiaas Fell. As a student, I had studied an occasional echinoderm in practical classes, but I had never seen anything like this! As heart-urchins go, it’s a whopper! I collected the specimen, and for several years it sat among my collection of fish skulls, dried swim bladders, quartz crystals, and beer bottles (no cans then!). I took old g i gas with me to the University of Auckland, where unfortunately, there were no echinoderm people to identify and rave over my find. In 1963 I moved to the hub of New Zealand marine science, Victoria University of Wellington, where I cam across Prof. Barry Fell and one of his students, D.L. Pawson. Real live echinoderm people! When Fell discovered I had dived in the mysterious northern subtropical region of the country (34oS), he questioned me thoroughly about echinoderms I might have seen. Brissus gigas opened his eyes, as it was previously known from only one specimen. He immediately 139 encouraged me, a lowly undergraduate, to search for more, and to write a paper redescribing the species. This I did with help from DLP and it was duly published in the Transactions of the Royal Society of N.Z. (1965) - my first paper of any kind. Fell’s enthusiasm was catching and his lectures superb. He was a master of the blackboard illustration, crammed with information. So it came about that I was captivated by the pentagonal and spiny. John Gage (Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory) I have always been fascinated by the spiny appearance of echinoderms which appeals to my prickly character. More practically, we have found from our deep-sea smples that the echinoderms were the obvious group to start with as their taxonomy seemed much more respectable than that of some others; also their spines mean that they are not so easily washed-out or damaged as some other animals are in the trawl. Also, I have a peculiar fascination for a group that has fine rather than just two of everything. G. Ubaqhs (University of Liege) Originally I intended to study the stratigraphy of the Belgian Famennian, but I frankly was not interested in this prospect. One day, while looking through the geological collections of the University of Liege for fossils of that age, I discovered some fine remains of ophiuroids. This awoke my curiosity and immediately began working on them. This was my first, fortunate encounter withthe Paleozoic echinoderms. My interest in crinoids was subsequently inducted by Victor Van Straelen, at that time Direct of the Musee d’Histoire Naturelle de Belgique. After the war, I was greatly encouraged by R.C. Moore, whom I met at the Geological Congress (1948) in London. A little later (1950), he invited me to spend several months in Lawrence, Kansas, in order to work with him and Mrs. Doreck on crinoids. Since then, and until 1978, I was involved in studies of various echinoderm groups, many of which for use in the Treatise. The third and last turn in the course of my life as an echinoderm researcher resulted from a vist (1958) to the University of Montpellier, where I went to examine the famous somasteroids described by W.K. Spencer (1951). As I did not find them there (later on, I learned they were in Lyon), I spent my time making latex casts of the beautifully preserved carpoids and eocrinoids that I found in the collections of the University. I was really amazed and, apparently, I have not yet overcome this infatuation. John Lawrence (University of South Florida, Tampa). I was born and raised in the state of Missouri, in the center of the US. I planned to be a high school teacher in the state. During my studies for the master’s degree at the University of Missouri on the physiological responses of a fresh-water killifish to high concentrations of salt, I became aware that there was much more to the world than Missouri. My older brother, Addison, was also a biology graduate student at Mizzou and had just returned from a summer at Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University where he had taken a course in physiological ecology with Prof. Arthur Giese. I was very impressed with the accounts he gave of the ocean, the sea shore, and Prof. Giese. I had never seen the sea, and it seemed a wonderful thing to do. At this time, Prof. Giese and his laboratory had initiated studies on the reproductive biology and physiology of echinoderms. I had never seen an echinoderm, not even a preserved one. But Prof. Giese accepted me into his laboratory. And I well remember a specific afternoon in September 1960 when I first saw the Pacific 140 * Ocean while crossing the pass at Los Gatos in the Coastal Range and later that afternoon when I first saw Stronqyl ocentrotus purpuratus , Pi saster ochraceus, and Asterina (then Pati ri a ) miniata in the intertidal at Pacific Grove. Helen Clark/Rotman (National Museum of New Zealand) My association with echinoderms began many years ago when I was looking for a M.Sc. topic. There were then only two zoology professors at Victoria University in Wellington and Professor H. B. Fell, with his wide and very practical knowledge of echinoderms, seemed a good choice. Barry Fell is a great enthuisast and a perfectionist; he is also a superb teacher. From him I learnt a great deal and I will always be grateful to him. It was he who encouraged me to work on Southern Ocean asteroids and my first publication, Anareaster . a new genus of asteroid from Antarctica was a joint venture with Barry as senior author. Later I worked at the Smithsonian in Washington, D.C. and I renewed my association with Dave Pawson, a fellow countryman. I really enjoyed my time there and a sourthern trip in the research vessel Eltanin was most rewarding and enjoyable. It was very exciting to see fresh and almost living material rising from the ocean depths! Katsuma Dan (Tokyo Metropolitan University) I was about twenty years old and a student at Misake Marine Laboratory of the University of Tokyo. When I saw the echinoderms I was impressed with their regularity, and I thought how wonderful it would be to spend my life trying to understand why this was so. Paul Tyler (University of Southampton, U.K.) I left school at 16 and worked as a medical laboratory technician for 5 years. Did A levels degree. Graduate at 26 in oceanography and zoology. Awarded a University of Wales postgrad scholarship to study estuarine hydrography as my undergrad project had been on estuarine amphipods. After 3 months, I realized that the project was impossible. Started looking for a new zoological project and saw Lucienne Fenaux’s 1968 paper. Decided to work on ophiuroids. Completed PhD and met John Gage at a EMBS meeting. Went to sea to work on deep-sea ophiuroids, and then to all the other deep-sea echinoiderm groups. *• 141 & t i s ty ( f Zxe S e ?\ Rather few P e °P le visited the South rnf!;,? f ^ E ? 9 d t0 ^ ards the end of the Second World War, because of the coastal defences. Certainly, it would have been too difficult to take geological field-trips to the area. To a 14 year-old, the challenge of thaTTf??: ?°^ et was 1™istibl!/ aid ill ’[hen cS« ‘ ta Cha,k c,,f,i ind Five years of inaccessibil ity had left a legacy to an inquisitive had n h« er: Hicra t l ter fossils of the Middle Chalk, which outcrops there had been gently weathered to perfection and protruded from the cliff-face m C e f ° f r1pe f ° r byslljl" SSklng the^ locals Sid «f SSSvT th ? y \ V ere .they really "Shepherd’s Hearts", as i ^ d ? f th ? fllnt casts 1yin 9 in the fields above? My bioloqv teacher had no clue, but the local museum told me enough to fire the surface and’tho Pa h nin ? the fun ‘ tion of the radiating pores on the dorsal surface and the tubercles covering the body. m„ S M X ,/ earS J^ er ’ an Assistant Demonstrator taking a practical class durina urchlJ e ?lcAfn«« w° Ur f P i l °2 display the dr1ed test of a Recent heart- fj* h * cardium), also from the South Coast of,Englnd, separated in the ton and y thp SS1 S - y 75 ™ 1 l 10n , years - There were the radiating pores on IttaJhL d Th h h— e ™ 9 ? f 1 t “ bercles > w ith some of the spines still h k'j Th dlv \ s10n of labour of the spines was described, and the fact fSl thp°S d 6a i y k n8W p° W they lived ‘ Could a study of the living animals lifp of thoS^T^ °f South-West England help in interpreting the way of wll i? lc°.J Cretaceo !J s f0 5 sils from the cliffs just along the coast? That was it. here was a ready-made undergraduate project, later submitted for a graduate research scholarship. Hooked. lea tor a others S find ri I< i l 9 d^ ha Jh S ? ^researchers stay with the group. Presumably otners find, as I do, that no other group has the mystery and the sheer to have t a°rhpn the - eChin0der '! 1S - S ° ° ften one feels on to P of a Problem, only J' 1 !h' a 11e 2 9in9 exc P etlon thrown under one’s nose, defying you to let o 9 1 r0R h ? rai | lnS t tqnt ‘ + But i" additi0n t0 the fascination of the satis in a field in which ’ cieariy - ° th - f i ' rst W IrnNL H G h! Sg0W k Ct> ] 1 ? ge j ‘ My curiosity about echinoderms in general was first aroused by a short lecture course on the phylum given by the late Pr°f e s s or Norman Millott at the University of Glasgow in 2970 I then became b MtSle iar r Amnh arC 3nd St3rted t0 investigate the ecoligj !" tX fln« St ^IBPhiphol is squamata at the Milllport Marine Station. One day mv art!, I™ s 'J den ; S ' Jf ' ‘app.ned to n»„co „ b,n“! t!” ' AHhnnnh d t f a J arge specimen of the brittlestar Ophiura oohiura keen hef D etofX?«t n ^ ? cology of SBbiocomina nigra, Steve Gorzula was a tX oDhlSri IX Xh tkn t he .^ m f nt ? d ° n the superficial similarity between thPi rhnth h ^ and tbe tail of a lizard. We realized that this extended to their both having the capacity for autotomy, and he directed me to a paper by Sheppard and Bellairs on the functional morphology of the lizard-tail autotomy plane. Having found almost nothing on ophiuroid arm-shedding in the literature, I started to investigate with Professor Millott’s approval, firstly the functional morphology and then the mechanism of ophiuroid autotomy. I soon realised that arm detachment depends not on violent muscular activity, as had been previously assumed, but on the rapid disintegration of collagenous ligaments and tendons at the autotomy plane. Inspired by the early papers of Professor K. Takahashi on the sea-urchin catch apparatus, I began to look at the physiology of the phenomenon. My devotion to mutable collagenous tissues had begun! B..P.S. Jefferies (British Museum, Natural History). I am not primarily interested in echinoderms but in primitive fossil chordates and the phylogenetic relationship between chordates, echinoderms, and hemi chordates . For this reason I have devoted almost 26 years to the study of the curious fossils called calcichordates. I first heard of these animals when I was a student at Cambridge in the summer of 1952. They formed part of a stimulating course on echinoderm palaeontology given by Bertie Brighton, who for many long years was curator of the fossil collections in the Sedgwick Museum. Bertie’s audience consisted of three people only - Martin Rudwick, Martin Brunt, and myself. We were specialising in palaeontology. Bertie was immensely knowledgeable and a godd lecturer to a small audience, although he did have the strange habit of usually talking with his eyes closed. He mentioned Cothurnocvsti s and gave us, for the most part, the straight Bather interpretation, by which the gill slits were multiple mouths. He mentioned Gislen’s view, however, that the gill slits were gill slits and that Cothurnocysti s , or its close relatives, was ancestral to the vertebrates. I remember Martin Rudwick saying to me that perhaps this was not as daft as it sounded, seeing that echinoderms were supposed to be closely related to chordates. I joined the staff of the British Museum (Natural History) on April Fool’s Day I960. On that same day, Errol White, the Keeper of Palaeontology, set me to complete a small exhibit on echinoderms for the public galleries. In preparing this exhibit I read Gislen’sl930 paper for the first time and decided that he had a considerable case for his chordate interpretation. The next important event took place in the first week of February 1964 (beginning about Monday, 3rd February). I was looking at that time for a project to do with echinoderms when my colleague Bill Dean brought in a couple of mitrates which he had found in the Upper Ordovician of Shropshire. Thier fish-like appearance reminded forcibly of Gislen’s work which I immmediately re-read. There followed about three weeks of intense activity in which I examined all the cornutes and mitrates in the B.M.(N.H ) collections. I discovered the gonopore-anus (which I then called the anus) just left of the tail of Cothurnocvsti s . worked out the essential correspondence in internal anatomy between the mitrate and cornute head (which I then called the theca), and decided that the rectum of the mitrates must have opened into the left atrium. I was delighted to discover, in referring to my undergraduate text-book of zoology (Borradaile, Eastham, Potts, and Saunders, 2nd. Edition, 1948, p. 676), that the same was true of a tunicate tadpole. Since that moment, I have never doubted the chordate interpretation of the calcichordates. Some notable changes have happened since then. Sometime in late 1973 and early 1974, I decided that I had been wrong to identify the cal cichordate tail with the crinoid stem. Sometime- in early 1975 I resolved to speak of the two parts as head and tail, as a result ot reading the works of the great German nineteenth century anatomist August 143 Froriep. In the early 1970s, I came under the influence of Henning’s phylogenetic systematics, largely by the persuasion of my colleague Colin Patterson. In 1975 I worked out how the classical vertebrate head segments were disposed in a mitrate. I have two great regrets. The first is that I did not begin supervise research students until late in my career, though in the last few years I have had the pleasure of working with several eleven young people who have now started to publish on calcichordates (Tony Cripps, Paul Daley, Fritz Friedrich, Ian Woods, Adam Craske). The second is that I have never been able to establish strong links with the United States. Perhaps there is still time, though I retire from the B.M.(N.H.), at the age of 60, in January 1992. I fully intend to continue working on calcichordates after my retirement. * J. Wyatt Durham (University of California). On the 1940 E.W. Scripps cruise to the Gulf of California I collected numerous fossil echinoids, with 27 species being recorded in the expedition report (Geol . Soc. Am. Mem. 43). While at the California Institute of Technology, one of my students found a number of good fossil asteroids that we described (Durham & Roberts 1948). In 1948 I described a new fossil Dendraster . which had been confused with the living species and also showed that in terms of structural construction, the externally morphologically similar sand dollars Anorthoscutum (Scute! 1 aster) , Dendraster, Echinarachnius . and Merriamaster could be easily differentiated. This paper attracted the attention of R.C. Moore, who at that time was searching for contributors to the echinoid volume of the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. He asked me to do the clypeasteroid section of the Treatise. Inasmuch as the clypeasteroid volume of Mortensen’s Monograph of the Echinoidea had just appeared, I thought that this would be an easy task! My classification of the clypeasteroids appeared in 1955 and involved numerous changes in the detailed classification and much new data on the construction of the test. This task gradually was enlarged by Moore to a general supervision of all parts of the echinoid volume of the Treatise. This was done with the help of Carol D. Wagner and included the completion of several other sections of the echinoid volume that no other echinologist had been willing to undertake. Meanwhile I had been fortunate in recognizing the echinodermal nature of the bizarre Lower Cambrian fossil that Ken Caster and I described and named Hel icoplacus . and for which we proposed the class Hel iocoplacoidea in 1963. I had not previously investigated echinodierms other than echinoids and stelleroids. Caster was teaching a summer school class at Berkeley at that time and had studied various other Paleozoic echinoderms. Because I was hesitant to propose a new class by myself I asked him to cooperate with me in describing and naming the new class (Durham & Caster, 1963, Science, 140 , 820-822). From this time on I examined and studied various other poorly known Cambrian echinoderms. My interest in echinoderms has resulted in various publications over the years and continues on. Currently I have a major paper on the hel icopl acoids, showing that Paul and Smith’s 1984 interpretations of hel icopl acoid morphology is incorrect, submitted to Palaeontology and tentatively accepted. I have near completion a paper on the occurrence of the Paleozoic "cidaroid" Phol idocidari s in Mid-Devonian strata northwest of Fairbanks, Alaska. It is somewhat older and around 4000 km from the nearest record of that genus. In 1984 I had a monograph of the fossil and Recent keyhold sand dollars of the genus Mel 1 i tel 1 a nearly completed, but put it temporarily "on the shelf" while I improved and corrected Paul and Smith’s inadequate treatment of the 144 hel icopl acoids . My immediate plans include completion of these temporarily delayed studies. Ailsa M . Clark (British Museum, Natural History). I was lucky enough as a child to live only five minutes away from marvellous cornish rock platforms rich in marine life and spent a lot of time prodding around in rock pools. So, when I got my degree in 1948, a career in marine biology seemed infinitely preferable to messing about with bugs or biochemistry. Unfortunately in those post-war days sea-going females were discouraged, though a few very determined ones fought their way in. Not being in the Brunnhilda class (excepts perhaps physically) I was extremely lucky that a vacancy to work on echinoderms - the only all-marine major group curatorial ly - occurred just then at the British Museum (Natural History) and there I stayed for 38 years gainfully employed, interpreting my role as mainly a back-up to research biologists in universities and marine stations doing more practical jobs. Fortunately, this period was mostly a time of financial expansion with improving facilities, at least until the eighties, when economic stringencies prompted cutbacks to basic science, so retirement perhaps saved me from redundancy! One day maybe a curator of echinoderms will again be something that the nation can afford but for the present it’s difficult to be optimistic. So good luck to all you D.I.Y. systemati sts ! William I. Ausich (Dept, of Geology, Ohio State University). My maternal grandfather polished rocks, in retirement. As a teenager, I was fascinated by these attractive stones, which included specimens called "pudding stone", "petosky stone", and "alphabet rock". Alphabet rock was a crinoidal limestone, white crinoid columnals in a dark-colored matrix. Crinoid columnals were cut at all angles yielding the 0, C, U, D, B, I, etc. shapes, hence the alphabet rock. This alphabet rock was most intriguing. My grandfather and I did conclude that the "letters" in the alphabet rock wert? crinoids by consultation with Fenton and Fenton The Fossil Book . Although I did not pursue rock or fossil collection or rock polishing as a teenager, I did enter the university of Illinois as an undergraduate major in Geology. At Illinois, Dan Blake was studying fossil asteroids, and two of his graduate students, Dennis Kolata and Frank Ettensohn, were studying fossil crinoids and other crinoids. The seed of interest planted unknowingly by my grandfather took firm root. By the beginning of my junior year, I had decided to study crinoids. I entered graduate school at Indiana University specifically to study fossil crinoids under the direction of Gary Lane. Aaqe Moller Christensen (Helsingor Marine Laboratory). It was Gunnar Thorson who suggested that I study the feeding biology of Astropecten irregularis for my master’s degree. Later I felt it natural to add new data and do considerable experimental work on the species in order to get my Dr. scient. degree. Already while working for my master’s, I became concerned with the question as to how seastars of the Asteri as type gained entrance of their stomach into their molluscan prey, but it was the late Dr. Thurlow Nelson, then professor at Rutgers, who took an interest in "my problem" and saw to it that I could go to Seattle and Friday Harbor to try to solve it. Only condition - I had to work at the New Jersey Oyster Research Laboratory for 18 months afterwards. In all it was probably the best two years of my life as a scientist. Now I have not worked with seastars for many years. In fact I have only published two papers on them in my whole career, in addition to a 4 145 review paper published by Feder and myself. I am much more at home amongst people working on turbel 1 arians . Edward P. F. Rose (Royal Holloway and Bedford New College). My commitment to echinoderm pal aeobiology stems from a series of misfortunes and mistakes! Between the ages of 7 and 10, I was annually struck down by childhood diseases (scarlet fever, measles, chicken pox, Asian flu, etc.) which confined me to bed for many weeks of the winter months, where I could do little but listen to the radio, most importantly to a fascinating programme series intended for schools entitled, I believe, "Life on Earth" or something like that. Thus fired with an enthusiasm for fossils, from the age of 10 I had the health, maturity (and necessary pocket-money) to regularly make the hour-long bus journey to the Natural History and the Geological Museums in London, where one could then (if no longer) gaze enviously at vast fossil collections displayed for public viewing. By 13 I had acquired a bicycle and the friendship of fellow schoolboy enthusiasts, so determined pedalling took us to the nearest rock outcrops south of London - to the Chalk, and therefore to Micraster and its companion Late Cretaceous echinoids in all their relative abundance and curious diversity. Tolerant staff at the British Museum (Natural History) at first identified our discoveries, and then saw the potentially labour-saving wisdom of directing our energies into the literature of the Museum’s library, to work things out for ourselves. I was hooked! On admission to Oxford to read geology, I made determined efforts to broaden my horizons, but in the very first term a guest lecture to the Oxford University Geological Society by David Nichols from the Zoology Department next door so clarified my understanding of schoolboy observations on Micraster that the old enthusiasm was rekindled. I tried to dampen it by participating, at the end of my first year of undergraduate studies, as a geologist on the Oxford Expedition to Cyrenaican Libya in 1961 - only to find the wadis strewn with the most beautiful Tertiary echinoids. Orr graduation, I therefore resolved to transfer to the Zoology Department and work there on these fossil faunas under David Nichols’ stimulating suepervi sion . On my way back from my next (solo) trip to Libya, with a Landrover already full of fossil echinoids, the boat from Benghazi to Syracuse stopped at Malta. I decided to get off and catch the next boat. Ten days and many specimens of some 42 Tertiary echinoid species later, I realized what my first postdoctoral study would ultimately involve! And so life goes on: travel as I will, there always seem to be echinoids waiting for me, in the rocks, the sea, and the local museums and collections. And there are such fascinating problems still to be solved. And from fossil echinoids, one can demonstrate just about every palaeontological principle of significance - as my students will affirm, perhaps with somewhat brittle smiles on their faces. James Cobb (Gatty Marine Laboratory). My first introduction to echinoderms was a requirement to dissect a sea-urchin in my second year at St. Andrews University. I remember trying to crack it like an egg on a galvanised bucket before discarding it with the hope that no-one would give us this extra- ordinary thing in a practical exam. I started a research project on bivalve shell opening in my final undergraduate year under the supervision of Prof. Mike Laverack (I was his first student since he and I both started at St. Andrews at the same time, albeit at rather different levels). The bivalve project did not work and Mike suggested I carry on with something he had cone on gut rhythmicity in sea-urchins. This did not work either, but 1 became fascinated by the workings of Aristotle’s lantern (or Archimedes’ pump as cne 146 of my undergraduates recently wrote!) I still am fascinated by it and only wish echinoid nerves were not so small. At this time J.E. Smith was *!" 9 ° f echinoderm nervous system but I was lucky enough to be able to use the electron microscope and it quickly became obvious that Smith’s rut tec ! niq . ue * presented a false picture. It gave me something to th» i I u met i Enc ^ mith once or twitc - The first time he came to the Gatty Marine Laboratory when Adrian Horridge was director. Eric Smith tn%«,-« e +l 0W 0 ^ he . Rl ? yal Society at that time and I think Adrian was hoping + 1 iU stn ? us u r ?nks and he took me on one side on the morning of the visit and tcdd me to behave myself! He became an FRS two years later so I obviously did. Having completed my Ph.D. I went to Geoff Burnstock’s lab th B M ^?i r r e i[° r r W ° £- ar ;j t0 learn t0 d0 intra-cellular nerophysiology on the small cells of echinoderms. By chance I returned to the staff at St Andrews but it was another twelve years before I finally succeeded in recording intra-celluarly from echinoderm neurones and I still spend many wnrkinn ChleV1 h^ U ;i eful impalements. I have never for a moment regretted working on echinoderms though very isolated from mainstream neurobiology. I become more and more convinced that there is something very peculiar about the evolution of this wierd and wonderful phylum. tj prio Su z uki (Noto Marine Laboratory). When I first saw sea-urchin terti ization under a microscope in an undergraduate marine course I was so surprised because until then I had never seen such quick biological ancTanimals ^hpr,^^-^ P he " omena a f e so s1ow ’ like the growth of plants biochemical "morhan ■ c dec l ded t0 be an echinoderm biologist who dealt with the Diocnemica] mechanisms of sea-urchin fertilization. fn ^nrHo^ a + ke1 (Ruhr Un ] versi ty> Bochum). On the whole I became a zoologist in order to escape as far as possible ideological pressures. At least the an themse1v ia ( u 0t ^ he biol °9y ! ) d ’ d not take care of human ideologies. linciH ° y ?? rS ° d w t ien 1 started Wlth echinoderm research. Having survived RH d “ a r ” as a soldier I lived in Dresden in East Germany. In 1960 I , ^[LrciL Ge T ny 3 ^^9®® and 3 ot a position at a West Germany mversity. I was fascinated to have the freedom to travel in foreion countries. A trip (with students) led to the Mediterranean Sea, and for a few days we visited the Laboratoire Arago in France. This was my very first » ! ■ 0 H bSem 1lva marine animals. Up to this time they were known me only in the preserved condition. I felt like a paleontologist who had lonSer d time k on n th 1 1ooked for opportunities to stay for a H g + . tlme ° n Mediterranean coast. For this purpose I needed grants, hoaiJh prerequiste to get a grant was a well-defined research progfam. nrch^c w 0ns u as n ? t al1owed t0 dive - but the shore was full of sea a " prosobranch gastropods. Both groups are provided with aDDlie^fn? I e nc h 'i- + y d ? C ^ 0ra i thesis was on the P uln, onate radula. Then mS?l an/mnr! I ?\. t0 s J udy the teeth of gastropods and sea urchins, but anatomy d * 1nterest turned to the sea urchins and their structural to For I 147 Chia, F.-S. (Dept, of Zoology, Univ. of Alberta). My relationship with echinoderms began as an arranged marriage Wiich worked out well: this is, I fell in love after the wedding. I came to the University of Washington in 1958 as a graduate student, but spent the first two years taking a large number of courses to make up for my deficiencies. However I knew all along my research would be centered around embryology of marine invertebrates, because my supervisor, Dr. R.L. Fernald, was an invertebrate embryologist and had just beeen appointed as the Director of the Friday Harbor Laboratories. At the beginning of my third year Dr. Fernald called me into his office and told me that I should begin my research on the development of either a worm, a snail, or a starfish. I chose the starfish. In 1960 on Thanksgiving evening I collected my first starfish, Leptasterias hexactis , off Edward’s Reef, San Juan Island. That was the beginning of my inquiry into various aspects the biology of echinoderms, and that was over than 30 years ago. Robert D. Burke (Dept, of Biology, University of Victoria). I recall being very interested in development as an undergraduate. I am not sure if it was the subject matter, or my instructors, or both. In the summer of my last year I took a summer course at Bamfield Marine Station. In this environment, where marine invertebrates and developing embryos can be scooped up by the handful 1, I delighted in seeing many of the things I had heard of in lectures. I remember specifically being fascinated at seeing fertilized eggs divide. Although I knew more about mitosis than is healthy, I had never seen it in the flesh. My interest in echinoid development stems from seeing the famous fourth cleavage and the formation of micromeres. It is almost insignificant in description, but to me, seeing first hand the micromeres, which have a very specific fate in making the larval skeleton, provded inspirational. It was almost an ultimate proof of what was in the textbooks * I could believe all that I had been told about animal development after that. Although equally interesting phenomena occur in ascidians, vertebrates, spiralians, and a host of other animals, the unsurpassed simplicity and clarity of sea urchin eggs made a lasting impression on me. When graduate studies were suggested to me, there was no question in my mind about the subject of my research. Arthur C harles Giese (Dept, of Biology, Stanford University). I was to assist C.V. Taylor the summer of 1929 at Hopkins Marine Station and he asked me to become acquainted with marine eggs, especially echinoderm eggs, before he got to HMS from Stanford. I had been at Berkeley and we were finished there in early May. I had dissected the dreary, smelly urchins at the University of Chicago when I was an undergraduate, but became fascinated by the beauty and colors of the live ones aty HMS. I collected Patiria and Pisaster too and tested the eggs of all of them, fertilizing and watching development. When he came I had learned about the early embryology of all the echinoderms that were breeding in June. I was fascinated by the synchrony of division in batches of eggs. However, his interest was in stripping off the membranes and fertilizing the pieces. The project was not well conceived and produced little useful data. But I got to use the eggs later in my experiments on effects of UV on cells -- the sperm proved to be 1000 times as sensitive as the eggs to a given dose. It was quite a few 148 years later that I had trouble getting eggs that I decided to study the breeding cycle and found it to be periodic and then we were off to a different set of experiments. I also taught invertebrate biology so the knowledge came in handy. I wanted to show the students live things, not the smelly brown goop that I had had at the University of Chicago. I projected movements of small stars and urchin: and got them as fascinated as I was. p.s.: I never got paid by Taylor. His grant did not materilize, but it did not concern him that I was at the point of starvation. Pavid Meyer (Dept. of Geology, University of Cincinnati). My echinoderm interests go back to my boyhood experiences collecting fossils in western New York State. Devonian microcinoids from the classic Hamilton shales were my first serious interest and became a science fair project in high school. It was contact with active echinoderm paleontologists during my undergrad days at Michigqn that really developed my echinoderm tendencies: first Bob Kesling, then Brad Macurda, who joined the UM faculty when I was a sophomore. I spent a summer on a trip to Britain and Europe with Brad, seeing major fossil echinoderm collections at the British Museum and elsewhere, visitng classic Carboniferous localities. During two subsequent years I served as Brad’s lab and field assistant, working the echinoderm-rich carbonates of the U.S. mid-continent and southwest. By the time I graduated I was determined to study echinoderms in graduate school. A major influence at this point was my marine invertebrates course at Friday Harbor, the summer before starting grad work at Yale. At Friday Harbor, I had my first exposure to living marine animals as well as my first living crinoids, and I guess this triggered a desire to explore living crinoids to gain insight to their fossil ancestors. At this time I received a lot of encouragement from Porter Kier, who was studying Recent echinoid living habits in the West Indies, and it was through Porter that I first learned of crinoids accessible by diving on Caribbean reefs. It took a pilot study during my first summer of grad work to show me how abundant crinoids were around different areas in the Caribbean, and I was set for my dissertation work. It was then vital that my advisors at Yale (Karl Waage, Lee McAlester, Don Rhoads) were supportive of a project dealing strictly with living animals from a pal eobiol ogical viewpoint. The study of fossils from a biological approach was nuturued at Yale at that time, and I think this healthy interdisciplinary climate was essential in enabling me to develop an interest in both living and fossil echinoderms that cointinues to this day. Roland Emson (Biosphere Sciences Division, King’s College, London). The blame falls princpally on the shoulders of Ailsa M. Clark and Norman Millott. In 1968 I was interested in echinoderms but was not an echinoderm worker. I attended the Zoological Society of London meeting on echinoderm biology, and listened among others to Norman Millott, David Nichols, Ailsa Clark, and Jim Cobb. Ailsa’s paper in particular intrigued me and caused me to take up the study of fission in echinoderms when I went to New Zealand later that year. There I also met Robin Crump with horn I subsequently collaborated on Asterinid biology and discovered for myself the joys of working with pentamerous creatures. My fate was decided. £ a . ry Lane (Dept. Geological Sciences, Indiana University). I didn’t get interested in paleontology until my senior year as an undergraduate when I took paleo from Harold Brooks. He influenced me, A1 Fagerstrom, and Bert Driscoll all to go into paleo that year. I went to Kansas because they were 149 strong in paleo especially with R.C. Moore there and because they offered me a full assi stantship, which other schools had not done -- my grades weren’t all that great at Oberlin. At any rate, I did a general stratigraphy, sedimentology, paleo master’s thesis with Moore on a Lower Permian cyclothem in south-central Kansas. I had planned to get a masters and then work in industry, and had a couple of good offers. But Moore asked me to stay on and the department provided fellowship support, so I decided to do a Ph.D. I talked with Luke Thompson about doing a microfossil facies study, but Moore was against it. At first he tried to interest me in working on snails, but I wasn’t too interested. Then he said, "What about crinoids?" I replied that I didn’t know anything about crinoids. His rejoinder was, "Is there any group of fossils that you know much about?" I had to admit that there wasn’t. So, that is how I got started. He had made a large collection of plaster casts of type crinoid specimens mainly from the USM. With copy of Moore and Laudon and Moore, Lalicker, and Fischer in hand, I pored over those casts trying to figure out the morphology and classification. He soon decideed that I should do a taxonomic revision of the camerate family Batocrinidae, which I what I did for my dissertation. Daniel Blake (Dept, of Geology, University of Illinois). I have liked both biology and geology from my childhood days on my grandmother’s farm -- I’m one of the few people I know of that actually likes chickens on the claw as well as in the pot. Paleontology seemed a good way to combine both geology and biology, and so I was a geology major as an undergraduate. Although I grew up in the midwest and went to midwestern schools, I found I liked post- Paleozoic fossils better than Paleozoic ones. I migrated to the Unviersity of California and J. Wyatt Durham’s laboratory probably more with the intent to work on gastropods or pelecypods than echinoderms (true confessions!). Wyatt at the time was^working on Hel icopl acus and starting to work on other Paleozoic echinoderms^ as well as continuing his work on echinoids (the Treatise was underway), and I got caught up in it all. Asteroids? On my first field trip from Cal, one of the student’s picked up a fossil "blob". Wyatt looked at it and said, "It is a starfish", and something as fleeting as that decided how I would spend a good part of my life (a warning to students?). (The fossil proved to be a Luidia). Ronald Parsley (Dept, of Geology, Tulane University). I went to grad school interested in early Paleozoic paleontology. (Early Paleozoic was the time when all of the more advanced animal taxa were evolving hard parts and diversifying). A look, early in my grad career, into my mentor’s (Ken Caster, University of Cincinnati) "goodie cabinet", full of early Peleozoic primitive echinoderms, was one of the most seductive experiences of my life. "What a plastic phylum, these echinoderms!" There were "carpoids" which are more or less bilaterally symmetrical, "cystoids" and paracrinoids with bilateral and triradial symmetry: all of these strange critters, many without a trace of run-of-the-mill bipentaradial symmetry? There were forms recumbent, forms stemmed, forms sessile, forms "wriggle-motive", forms burrowing, and forms vagile. What a potpourri! Most of these critters supposedly had some sort of "internal plumbing (water vascular) system". And, all of these weird fossils were constructed by the echinoderm "universal constant" -- high magnesium calcite stereom. This several hours’ adventure, through half a dozen drawers of fossils, was enough to snare me into a lifelong career. Along these lines, I am frequently reminded of the last sentence in the preface to Libbie Hyman’s book on the Echinodermata -- " ! 150 also here salute the echinoderms as a noble group especially designed to puzzle the zoologist. Malcolm Telford (Dept, of Zoology, University of Toronto). Every student of biology is guided and, worse, influenced, by an older, more experienced, and "wiser" mentor. As a student, I was guided into the experimental world of biochemical physiology, although my interests had always been in whole animal biology. But what i_s "whole animal biology", and how do you make a career in it when the whole community is united in irrevocable wedlock with chemical biology? Of course, you struggle to unite biochemistry/physiology with your vision of the whole organism. But for me, as time passed, I found myself doing more and more intricate biochemical work, the biology of slurries and homogenates. Eventually I had to take stock, and didn’t like what I found: work, life, science wasn’t fun anymore. So one sabbatical leave, I set out to change my world: I resolved that in everything in which I had the choice, I would not do anything that was not entertaining and amusing. Having resolved that, how would I get away from crustacean tissue homogenates into the world of whole animal mechanics and evolution, the realm that I now regard as modern day natural history? The trick was not finding a new research slant, but making the switch without forfeiting research funds. My aim was to work with physical and mechanical principles, and echinoids looked like the ideal group. I had already started wondering about the lunules and other structural problems in sand dollars. So I designed a bridging project. Since I was funded for some work on decapod crustaceans, In included a little study of behavior of pinnotherid crabs symbiotic on irregular urchins (genus Di ssodactylus ) . In subsequent grant applications, I quietly- dropped the crustaceans and based the research on the "hosts". Since that time, about ten or eleven years ago, I have played with problems in fluid mechanics (hydrodynamic functions of lunnules), skeletal architecture (the test as an engineered dome), biomechanics of Aristotle’s lantern (modeled as a thick-walled cylinder and as a set of wedges), the possibility that urchins are inflated pneus (measuring internal pressures), the feeding mechanism of clypeateroids (leading to a computer simulation of the process), and also some interesting problems in systematics and evolution. Since making the change in research direction, every day has been fun. I have found some outstanding students, met a wonderful bunch of people, and even maintained my research funding! If there is a moral to my tale, it is, Do what you want, listen to advice but don’t be unduly influenced, and never , ever let yourself be talked into a line of research which is not your own first choice! Oh, yes: And have some fun! David L. Pawson (National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution). In 1958, during my last year of a B.Sc. degree at Victoria University in Wellington, New Zealand, three things led me in the direction of the echinoderms. Firstly, for the invertebrates course I was taking, we were required to put together a collection of representative invertebrates from the local rocky shore. On numerous weekend field trips we collected many echinoderms - ubiquitous Pati riel 1 a regul ari s, marauding Pectinura maculata , and squashy Stichopus mollis. They seemed more interesting and exciting than most other animals (with the excpetion of the beautiful abalone Haliotis iris , which we collected and ate in vast quantities). Secondly, I participated in some of our Zoology Department’s ventures into deep-sea research - we would steam out into Cook Strait in a rented fishing trawler and fish in deep water using long lines, ring nets, try nets, and 151 b° t i!? ni k tTap ? * Bathyal echinoderms, such as Gorgonocephalus or Molpadia , would be collected, and would momentarily distract me from losing my lunch over the side of the vessel. Thirdly, I assisted our echinoderm specialist Prof. H. Barraclough Fell in first-year Zoology laboratories, and we talked frequently about his favorite subject - echinoderms. As the year wore on, I became very interested in these animals. Barry Fell steered my interest in the direction of the holothurians at that time, probably because he had the other echinoderm groups of the New Zealand region pretty much at his fingertips, and he knew very little about sea cucumbers. So, for an M.Sc. degree I studied New Zealand holothuroians, then for a Ph.D. I became involved with echinoids as well, from the southern Pacific Ocean and elsewhere. During those years, from 1959 to the end of 1963, I learned much about living and fossil echinoderms from Barry Fell, and collaboratored with him on a study of fossil regular echinoids for the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. We exchanged what seemed like a million letters with Treatise editor Ray Moore on a bewildering variety of topics and issues; some of these, for example the Holothuroidea/Holothuriodea spelling debate, are unresolved to this day. At that time, 1961-63, Fell was immersed in his controversial studies on fossil sea stars, and the interrelationships of echinoderm classes, living and fossil. He would meet with Helen Clark Rotman ana i, behind closed doors, to reveal his various new ideas. Helen and I seemed to be stunned by it all. Early in 1964 came the Curator of Echinoderms job at the U.S. National Museum, and life has been pentagonal for me ever since. Thomas Ebert (Dept, of Biology, San Diego State University). Why I started to work on sea urchins is easily answered. I grew up in northern Wisconsin and when I finished my undergraduate work at the University of Wisconsin I had not yet seen an ocean. I applied to a number of schools in coastal states and picked the University of Oregon because I thought that it was on the coast (it isn’t). I entered graduate school in the fall of 1961 and my intentions were to see an ocean and mountains and red wood trees (I thought U.I V^-CUII UIIU III that Oregon was covered with redwoods Midwest and work with fish. During my assistant in introductory biology, and laboratory I noticed that a broken sea like a fish scale. That summer (1962), assistant in a fruit fly genetics lab, work with minnow migration in a small - it isn’t), and then go back to the first year at Oregon, I was a teaching when echinoderms were presented in the urchin spine had rings like a tree or in addition to being a teaching I registered for researach and began stream. I trapped and tagged and would major university. I write a thesis, program and so research” with probli was in a course-work master’s program, and so did not have to do resear . In the fall of 1962, I needed 2 credits to fill my course decided to see whether I could get them by taking "directed . some faculty member. I didn’t think that measuring oxygen uptake by catfish sounded like much fun and so I tried to think of possible work with an invertebrate. Another student told me that Peter Frank had some interest in sea urchins and so I asked him whether I could get 2 credits by examining growth 1 ines in the spines. He agreed and so I started grinding spines and counting lines with a goal of getting an age-frequency distribution for sea urchins in a tide pool at Sunset Bay. My intentions still were to finish my MS degree in spring 1963 and to return to the 152 Midwest, but growth lines in spines actual 1 y turned out to be interesting (!). In spring 1963, I had to decide whether to leave Oregon to pursue work with fish elsewhere or to remain and try to develop something with invertebrates for a Ph.D. dissertation. I figured that probably I could get my Ph.D. in a shorter time by staying and working with urchins. I suspect that I was right. So why did I begin to work with sea urchins? Random wall is a reasonable answer that summarizes events. Gordon Hendler (Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County). As a kid growing up in the Bronx (a borough of New York City) my favorite pastimes were self-preservation and an annual trip to the American Museum of Natural History. I do not know if there was an echinoderm on exhibit in the museum, "echinoderms" was not in my lexicon; I wanted to be an entomologist. Later, a science fair prize for home grown tissue cultures of mouse kidney paved the way for my fist jobs, in cell biology labs at Collumbia University. In college, a career in echinology was still unanticipated, but summer employment at the New Jersey Oyster Research Laboratory stoked my passion for marine invertebrates. During those years, my chief scientific interest was the gastropods, and my first proposal for doctoral research was a study of Bittium . After measuring countless numbers of snails under the microscope, I started to imagine that they looked like ugly little cows with fed eyes and black shells. At. the point that I was ready to change my dissertation research to anything else, my advisor,, David Franz, asked me whether I recognized some extraordinary looking creatures: amphiurid bri ttl estars . I could identify them to class, and decided on the spot that they would replace red-eyed cows as my thesis topic. In retrospect, that moment seems an important turning point in my life. I set out to learn "everything about bri ttlestars" , beginning with the sphagetti -armed dweller of sulfurous mud, Amphi opl us abditus. Luckily, I was able to endulge an obsession with echinoderms because. of the generosity of my parents and the kindness of teachers and scientists who encouraged me as a youngster. The decision to study echinology resulted in years of uncertain employment, but it also initiated the most exciting adventure of my life and opened a path that has led me to many of my best friends and most satisfying accomplishments. Ste phen E. Stancvk (Baruch Institute, University of South Carolina). My introduction into the study of echinoderms seems to me to be rather prosaic, although my major professor, Frank Maturo, may have been more disingenuous than I thought at the time. Prior to entering graduate school at the University of Florida, my total experience with echinoderms was the dissection of ^ster7as in Invertebrate Zoology at the University of Colorado. At Florida, I was overwhelmed with the diversity of fascinating animals and environments, and spent my first year playing with fresh waters, amphibians, sea turtles and a variety of marine critters. I knew I wanted to do something with marine ecology, but simply couldn’t settle on a subject. Finally, in frustration, Dr. Maturo suggested that we just go out to Cedar Key and look around. The day was one of those blustery gray Florida days when it looks cold but isn’t, occasionally spits rain, and the waters around Cedar Key are opaquely brown. We arrived in Cedar Key around low tide, and drove out the airport road to Goose Cove (which I now recognize as the type locality of Ophi ophragmus fil ograneus; surely Maturo didn’t know that, did he?). We waded out into Goose Cove until we were about knee deep on an unvegetated bottom of muddy sand. Frank told me to reach down and feel around in the mud with my fingers. A little nervously, I did so, and felt 153 « ing J ik ^ roo ^ s * * pulled it up, and it was an amphiurid ophiuroid. What he said * " Looks like a brittlestar with long skinny arms", I said. What do you know about bri ttl estars?" , he asked. "They’re echinoderms", I said, "and they don’t have an anus." (Have you noticed, people who ve studied inverts always seem to remember that about brntlestars ? ) "What else do you know about them?" "That’s about it", I said. Well, then, why don’t you study them?" And so it was. I did a general study of the common brittlestars in Cedar Key for my thesis, and became increasingly interested in their life histories and reproduction in three of the common species. Since then, my students and I have investigated ecological and life history questions with a variety of organisms from sea turtles to zooplankton, but my most exciting and rewarding work has been with those burrowing brittlestars. I still don’t understand whey such a fascinating and abundant group of organisms has received so little study, but it s a fortunate circumstance for me. John Dearborn (Dept, of Zoology, University of Maine). Echinoderms crept up on me over the years - sometimes literally. My first serious encounters were as a teenager exploring the delights of theintertidal- of Narragansett Bay in Rhode Island and during undergraduate field trips led'by Emery F. Swan to the New Hampshire coast. Later, as a summer employee at the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, I had the extreme good fortune to work with Milton bam Gray, a man with an extraordinary knowledge of natural history and a pioneer collector of marine invertebrates for scientific research. I began to appreciate the esthetic diversity and functional anatomy of echinoderms. It was not until a few years later, however, as a doctoral student at Stanford University working under the direction of Donald P. Abbott and as an Antarctic field assistant for Donald E. "Curly" Wohlschlag that I realized that tor me the echinoderms, especially crinoids, asteroids, and ophiuroids were truly wondrous beasts which would keep me puzzled for a lifetime. On my first Antarctic trip in 1958 I passed through New Zealand and met Professor H. Barraclough "Barry" Fell of Victoria University in Wellington and several of nis graduate students, especially David L. Pawson and Helen E.S. Clark. Contacts with these dynamic biologists and my own rummaging through tons of Antarctic benthos over the next few years convinced me of the wisdom of setting in for a career of picking over spiny critters. Richard Strathmann (Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington) I remember two steps in beginning to work on echinoderms. Echinoderms became especially interesting to me when they were omitted for the course in biology took in high school. They were present at the shore and in our textbook, and they made me doubt the course’s organization, which followed a scale of nature from unicellular organisms at the bottom to highly cephalized organisms (especially us) at the top. Echinoderms seemed to me to break the rules more than other animals and that appealed to me. I first began to work on them after trying and rejecting a number of topics for dissertaiton research. I took Bob Fernald’s course in comparative embryology because Megumi had enjoyed it so much. The echinoderm larvae were among the most beautiful forms that I had seen in nature. I asked Bob why they have the shapes they have, and he said that no one knew. I did not have a clear idea or how to explain their shapes but thought functional morphology would be the best approach to an explanation. I knew that I did not have a well defined problem, that few people were interested in that sort of question, and that I lacked special skills and equipment for studies of small ciliated animals, 1 154 but I felt that even if I failed to get a Ph.D., staring at echinoderm larvae would be a rewearding and entertaining experience. Fjg 2 OphJuia sarsu Sue-frequency distribution ai depth about 250 it. off Oisuchi on 10 March 19E^ (Sir. SR63A) Histogram denotes observed frequency Curves represent 4 e Gaussian component distributions and then summed fre- quency fitted by numerical analysis The population was dominated by large individuals iVvtur . . PopuUnor. densmesand popular sues of s» domrnant spee.es and their contributes ,r. o,v P en consumption and ammonium escreuon lo Loloau scapes bed commumn ' * ‘Jnpr.ruvrf poulia Auu < econrkj< Cor.pniutfx lurhuor.u' AfutitL} rr.jlifyt Ho i :-:huftc orre fip.\<:hu r u; icatrc Population density (r rr. ‘ 5 ). sh 0 09F * 0.2 ?: o. 2 M t Of:; in i : u o.ru r ot:: 0 103 « 0 2 V o o:*^ - (• (i«. - Population sue (rj 64 30 KOo'y 72 h>. If. 4 ft. 10 7y 5F4 Population biomass (kf AFDWj 43.2 25 3 7* 3 14 0 53 9 It 1 Crisper, consumption (I (Vda>- ') 416.2 620 1 633.2 233 I 19c 5 2f F (VsZ tc s * Die Hoi othurien der Deustschen Tiefsee-Expedi tion . II. Jena°24317 375 Elasipode Formen - Wiss. Ergebn. Deuts. Tiefsee Exped. Horstadius,^. Changes in inheritance in echinoid hybrids. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. Uol\* Z4 , 99- 113. Ohman, L.0. Uber die Veranderung des respiratorischen Quotienten wahrer.d c--r i-runentwickl ung der Seeigeleies. Ark. Zool. Stockholm. 32A, 1-9. 156 Smith, G.F.M. Fetors limiting size and distribution in the starfish. J Fish Res. Bd. Can. 5, 84-103. Tyler, A. Agglutination of sea urchin eggs by means of a substance extracted from the eggs. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S. 26, 249-256. A / / V Figure 2 — Dynamics and orientation of Arisrorysmcs bakemu-us ). posterior face, solid arrows show currents sweeping around lateral faces of the theca and swirling jnto eddies and vortices on the lee (ambulacra!) face, showering the brachioles with nutntive panicles; dashed arrows at 4V to the sagittal axis indicate the maximum in- clination of the theca to the prevailing current in order to maintain eddies adjacent to the ambulacra! fact 2 . lateral fate, solid arrows show currents passing over the posterior (upper) fact, open arrows indicate forces acting on the rccumbcni theca resting on ns antenor face C. current. L.hft D rir^g M ma- of the theca. H. anchoring holdfast at aboral end of the antenor face 157 TWENTY-FIVE YEARS AGO (1965) Anderson, J.M. Studies on visceral regeneration in sea-stars. II. Regeneration of pyloric caeca in Asteriidae, with notes on the source of cells in regenerating organs. Biol. Bull. 128, 1-23. Delavault, R. Recherches experimental es sur 1 ’hermaphroditi sme d 'Asterina gibbosa . Cah. Biol. Mar. 6, 347-356. Fechter, H. Uber die Funkton der Madreporenpl atte der Echinoidea. Z. vergl . Physiol. 51,227-257. Fell. H.B. Ancestry of sea-stars. Nature, 208, 768-769. Fenchel , T. Feeding biology of the sea-star Luidia sarsi Duben & Koren. Ophelia. 2, 223-236. Fontaine, A.R. The feeding mechanisms of the ophiuroid Ophiocomi na nigra. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 45,373-385. Giudice, G. The mechanism of aggregation of embryonic sea urchin cells; a biochemical approach. Develop. Biol. 12, 233-247. Glynn, P.W. Active movements and other aspects of the. biology of Astichopus and Leptosynapta (Holothuroidea) . Biol. Bull. 129, 106-127. Kawaguti , S. Electron microscopy on the radial nerve of the starfish. Biol. J. Okayama Univ. 11, 41-52. Kawamura, K., and J. Taki. Ecological studies on the sea urchin Strongyl ocentrotus i ntermedius on the coast of Funadomari , in the north region of Rebuin Island. Sci . Rep. Hokkaido Fish. Exp. Station. No. 4, 22- 40. Kier, P.M. Evolutionary trends in Paleozoic echinoids. J. Paleont. 39, 436- 465. Newell, R.C., and W.A.M. Courtney. Respiratory movements in Holothuria forskali Delle Chiaji. J. exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol . 42, 45-57. Oguro, C. Notes on the morphology of an apodous holothurian Scol iodotel i a uchidae. Pubs. Akhesi Mar. Biol. Stn. No. 15, 1-8. Parsley, R., and K.E. Caster. North American Soluta (Carpoidea, Echinodermata) . Bull. Am. Paleont. 49, 105-174. Pawson, D.L. Some Echinozoans from north of New Zealand. Trans. R. Soc. N.Z. (Zool . ) . 5, 197-224. Pearse, J.S. Reproductive periodicities in several contrasting populations of Odontaster validus Koehler, a common Antarctic asteroid. Antaractic Res. Ser. 5, 39-70. Piatigorsky, J., and A.H. Whitely. A change in permeability and uptake uptake of (14C) uridine in response to fertilization in Strongyl ocentrotus purpuratus eggs. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 108, 404-418. Rasmussen, B.N. On taxonomy and biology of the North Atlantic species of the asteroid genus Henricia gray. Meddr. Danm. Fisk, og Havunders. (N.S.). 4, 157-213. Roman, J. Morphologie et evolution des Echinol ampus (Echinides Cassiduloides) . Mem. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris. (N.S.). 1 50, 1 -341. Tortonese, E. Echinodermata. Fauna d’ Italia. Bologna. 6, 422 p. 158 £ ROCfSSING BECHE-PE-MER IN THE ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISIANDS Processing the sea bucumber* for bcche de met is very simple. There are three methods of processing depending on the species used. Suitable sea cucumbers are collected either by hand picking during the low tide or by diving in shallow waters. After collection they are kept in a heap (pi. I, A). Crowding them at one place will make them to throw out their internal organs. Those which fail to do so are cut at the cloaca on the dorsal side. On making a small slit of 30 mm length, the internal organs would flow out. The sea cucumbers ere also squeezed to remove the internal organs. After the internal organs are removed, they are put in iron drums and boiled for one or two hours depending on the size of the sea cucumbers. While boiling, the material should be constantly stirred to make the product uniformly cylindrical. After a distinct cooked • odour is emitted, they are removed and butried in a pit near the shore. After 12 hours they are removed from the pit and put in a basket to clean them. Some sand is put over them to facilitate good abrasion. This is trampled by one person while another pours water over Ihe material to remove a|) chalky deposits aticki g to them The quality of bcche-de mer it rated high if it is completely free from chalky deposits. If the processing is imperfect this is deposited as a white substance on the surface especially on the underside After a thorough clearing, the material is once again put in clean sea water and boiled for a few minutes. The material is then removed and completely dried in sun for 3*4 days. The maierial could fee smoke dried during rainy season, but the material does not command good price. The above method of processing is suitable for //. zcabra which is by far the mo^t importam species in the Andamans. There are minor modifica Hons in processing depending on the species of sea cucumber used. The processing thus does not call for any costly equipment. Fuel is not a problem due to gn 0 d supply of coconut husk. much liken reii so; mchm. the hairy extmar of the Ramhutan huie^ a tuny, fleshy fruit that ilnbhie* i U'ltl: •'./Vi'/Jli'v The name Kiimhutan ,l> m, s -M in A j hi,;. ,II U Raml'utan i - a i t , t.i.nii,. .nth n, (m.! erne... ° ‘ (5 OX- ^ Cv ^ w * S . ^ ep 0 . \ 159 "Perhaps there is no class of people more happy in the choice of names for natural objects than our quarrymen and pitmen. Every collector of fossils has heard of the ... "Files" (spines of Cidaris) y ... "Screw-stones" (casts of Encrinite stems)..." H. Woodward . 1863. On the "Seraphim" and its allies The Intellectual Observer. Vol . 4. AGASSIZ AND VIGUIER Agassiz . A. 1877. North American Starfishes, iii. "The plates which accompany this volume have now been drawn on stone for more than twelve years. It was the intention of the late Professor Agassiz to add to them the anatomy of several or more common species, but the duties connected with the care of the Museum prevented him from accomplishing this task. Although during the last twelve years several important papers have been published on the anatomy of Echinoderms which would necessitate a complete re-examination of the anatomy of starfishes, it has been thought best, since there was no probability of being able to finish within a reasonalble time the necessary anatomical investigations to complete this volume as originally planned, to publish the Plates as they were left by Professor Agassiz ... .As several European naturalists are at the present moment engaged upon the styudy of the Starfishes, it appeared judicious to issue these plates before they became antiquated. " C. Viqui er . 1879. Anatomie comparee du squelette des Stellerides. Theses. Faculte des Sciences de Paris, p. 35. "...le present travail fut interrompu une annee entiere, de novembre 1876 a november 1877, et pendant ce temps M. Alexandre Agassiz fit paraitre un important memoire. L’auteur nous dit dans sa preface que les planches qu’il donne sont 1 i thographi ees depuis plus de douze ans, et que, le temps lui manquant pour finisr 1’ouvrage suivant le plan initial, il se hate de les publier, de peur que les travaux des naturalistes europeens, qu’il sait maintenant a l’oeuvre sur ce sujet, ne leur fassent perdre de leur actual ite." C. Viguer. 1879. (Comparative anatomy of the skeleton of asteroids. Thesis, University of Paris, p. 35. "...the present work was interrupted for an entire year, from November 1876 to November 1877. During this time, Alexander Agassiz published an important memoir. The author stated in his preface that the plates he gave are lithographs produced over a period of more than twelve years, and that, as time for him to finish the work following the intial plan was lacking, he made haste to publish them from fear that the work of European naturalists, whom he knew now to work on the subject, would make them lose their present interest.") * 160 A FABLE Once upon a time, at least 500 million years ago, there lived a very grumpy and discontented creature on the bottom of the sea-bed. Other animal s.= were beginning to evolve to do very interesting things and this only increased his dissatisfaction. One day Mother Nature came to hear of this discontented creature and sought him out to ask what was the matter. "I’m fed up with sitting on the sea-bed with all these heavy old plates being ignored, I want to be really different so that all the other animals will be impressed”. "Humph", said Mother Nature, "I’m sure we could do something about that. How would you like to be a star?" "That’s it!, said the creature. "I want to be a star." "Then I shall give you a special gift", said Mother Nature. "You shall have mutable connective tissue." "Is that a good thing?", asked the new starfish. "What’s all this mutable stuff?" Mother Nature explained that muscles use energy and that locking and unlocking connective tissue was a great labour saving advantage and would be very valuable in the new highly competitive world. "Well, that’s great!", said the starfish. "Give me mutability and I’ll show these other phyla a thing or two." One moment", said Mother Nature, tidying her hair - she was like Margaret Thatcher in many ways - "You cannot have something for nothing. All rewards must be earned or penalties will be given as well. You will have to live the for the rest of the time with radial symmetry." "Is that bad?", asked the starfish apprehensively. "Well", said Mother Nature, "Bone Idle you may be but you shall also be brainless." And that is how the animal became a starfish. James Cobb . Gatty Marine Laboratory, University of St. Andrews, Scotland. (Presented at the 2nd European Echinoderm Colloquium, Brussels, 1989) Cobb notes that the exact nature of the animal that became the starfish is uncertain, writing, "...this detail became smudged as the story was handed down over the years". "INTERTIDAL GOLF TOURNAMENT. The Bamfield Volunteer Fire Department organises this prestigeous event in early August. .. Incl uded in the course hazards are mud, Pisaster , gulls and incoming tides." from: How to survive at Bamfield Marine Station (a guide to visitors). ECHINODERMS IN SONG STARFISH AND COFFEE from Prince "All of us were ordinary compared to Cynthia Rose. She always stood at the back of the line. A smile beneath her nose. Her favorite number was 20 and every single day. If U asked her what she had 4 breakfast. This is what she’d say. 161 Starfish and coffee. Maple syrup and jam. Butterscotch clouds, a tangerine. Arrd a side order of ham." c ontnb u t e d by Pieter den Besten (Utrecht) who asked, "Have you ever tried it? I hope not because I would expect some stomach problems." Anecdote: An interesting accident befell the cat of a friend and with whom I had left a few of the Sunstars (Sol aster papposa) to look at. During the tea-hour, the feline member of the family managed to devour the half of one. In half an hour’s time she could not walk straight, and groaned piteously. . .Next day, however, she was herself again, and I received emphatic orders never to bring Starfish there again." Patterson, A.H. 1904. Notes of an east coast naturalist. ECHINODERMS IN POETRY L'etoile de mer L’etoile quand on la rejette a la mer * disparait en dansant c’est un petit rat d’Opera Toujours une tete duex jambes duex bras. Prevert "Fatras". communicated by Albert Lucas (Universite de Bretagne Occidentale) ECHINODERMS IN LITERATURE The water was slimy with moonlight, the barge itself was s 1 i my --all black 9 °Jf c-l Ppi !l 9 i7?u d ^? wles ’ havin 9 flung his cigarette behind him and o er the side, held the blade extended and moved down the slippery deck toward the boy and booted figure at the hatch with the slow embarsassed step or a man who at any moment expects to walk upon eel or starfish and trip a l f°°t 1n 9> sprawl heavily on a deck as unknown to him as this..!.. He had tended to Sparrow in alleys, bathhouses with crabs and starfish dead on the floods* m doorways, in the Majesty, and the back of horsedrawn wagons on stormy hights. John Hawkes. 1961. The Lime Twig. Before everyone showed up, Maureen streched out on the grass .to survey the Dackyard. She smiled with contentment: Maureen the mermaid. Her hair’ was in a Draid, clipped with a barette in the shape of a blue starfish" A B^attie- Love Always. * ~ CLLlL - "But now, on this grim winter’s night, while Walter lucubrated and Jess turned her thoughts to Hoi othuri ans , Tom Crane was pulling on his pink : ca suede 162 lace-up boots (with the unfortunate smirches of motor oil he’d tried to remove by applying a solution of carbon tetrachloride and high-test gasoline) and slipping into the houndstooth bellbottoms that hugged his bony knees and made racing chocks of his feet." T. Coraghessan Boyle. World’s End . "’Looky that!’ Iva Lee exclaimed, and they examined the odd assortment of specimens laid out on the shelves: piles of rare, especially colorful, and root beer bottle caps; an old chewing tobacco tin; cadmium-blue milk of magnesia bottles; a rattlesnake skin oiled with glycerin; two whelks and two sand dollars;...." P. Sharp. 1989. The woman who was not all there . "She lay in the chair like a starfish and imagined the sound of his voice, the clink of the instruments and the squeak of chairs penetrating her body with thin rays of light, piercing through her bones and traveling gaily up and down her skeleton." M. Gaitskill. 1988. Bad Behavior. 163 The origin of the term, ambulacra Cuvier, G . 1798. Tableau elementaire de l’histoire naturelle des animaux. Baudouin. Paris, p. 647. "Les pieds sont tubuleux et termines en sucoirs, comme ceux des asterides; ils passent par des trous de la coquille disposes tres-regul ierment , et qui y forment comme des allees de jardin, dont on leur a aussi donne le nom (ambulacra)." (The feet are tubes and end in suckers like those of asteroids. They pass by very regularly spaced holes from the shell, and look like the paths of a gardin, from which they have received the name (ambulacra). JML) (allee: alley, avenue, walk. JML) Lamarck, J.B.P. 1840. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebrae. Tome troisieme. Deuxieme edition. J.B. Bailliere Libraire, Paris, p. 265. "Ces series de petits trous forment sur le test de ces Radiaires, des bandelettes poreuse...0n a donne le nom de Ambulacra , par comparison avec une allee de jardin, tantot a l'espace compris entre les due bandelettes d’une paire, et tantot a chacque bandelette elle-meme; variation dans la definition du terme employe-, qui muit a 1 * intel 1 igence des descriptions p. 355. des bandel letes. .constituent entre elles des compartimens allonges qu’on a nommes ambul acres , en les compararant a des allees de jardin." (These series of small holes form porous bands on the test of these Radiata. The name ambul acra , in comparison with a gardin path, has sometimes been given to the space between the bands of a pair and sometimes to each band itself.... p. 355. the bands .. .produce elongated compartments between them that are called ambulacra in comparison with gardin paths. JML) Koehler, R. 1921. Faune de France. 1. Echinodermes . Paul Lechevalier, Paris, p. 4. "Cet tubes (tubes ambul acrai re) .. .en se contractant, les tubes tirent 1 * Echinoderme dans une certaine direction; is servent done la locomotion, d’ou le nom de tubes ambul acrai res" (These tubes (ambul acral tubes)... in contracting, the tubes pull the echinoderm in a certain direction. They thus serve for locomotion, from which the name, ambulacral tubes . JML) The nature and role of starfish "The starfishes, grossly considered, might be regarded as mere walking stomachs; and the office assigned to them in the economy of nature, that of devouring all sorts of garbage and offal which would otherwise accumulate on our shores." T.R. Jones. 1841. A general outline of the animal kingdom and manual of comparative anatomy. John Van Voorst, London. STARFISH OR SEA STARS 164 Issue Number 6 "Sea star or “Starfish" (by John Lawrence, University of South Florida) A generally accepted source for word usage is the Oxford English Dictionary (OED). The " star *hsh, starfish", with only one definition: "Any echinoderm of the genus Asterias or of the class Asteroidea. The first usage recorded is “1538 ELVOT Die, Stella, a sterre, also a sterrefyshe.® More recently, this traditional usage appears in the title of the book by Mary Windsor (1976) that analyses the development of taxonomy in the 19th century Starfish, jellyfish, and the order of life. These usages correspond to the first definition given for "fish* in the OED: “In popular language, any animal living exclusively in the water". The definition goes on to state however, that it is “primarily denoting vertebrate animals ... In modern scientific language restricted to a class of vertebrate animals (with gills etc.).“ This categorization of M St -froi° S ? s must similar to Linnaeus' (1758) placing all invertebrates including: echmoderms but excluding inseas into one class. Vermes (worms). The^ first definition given in the OED for “sea- star is a star which guides mariners at sea. The second definition for the term is a “starfish". This entry records the first usage in “1569 FENTON Secret Wond. Nature: A kind of fishe called Stella, or Sea starre, bycause it hath the figure of a painted starred Similarly in “1594 NASHE Unfort. Trav.: The fishes called Sea- starres, that burne one another by excessive heat.“ As far as I know, Latin and the romance languages always use the equivalent of "sea star" Thus the book by lohannis Henrici Lmckii, De Sielhs Marinis published in 1 733, and the familiar "etoiie de mer". According to Libbie Hyman, in The Invertebrates: Echmodermata (1955), the Creeks called them Aster. She included a footnote to her first sentence in the senion on general remarks on Jpf class (p. 2^5): "The Astc-roidea compose :. r .c marine an-ma's commonly known as L ' s ' r h ii suci’cs :cd that zooioms^ n r y - ■ t !■ . r . ' * ~ - Usage of ’starfish* or ’sea star’ seems dependent upon an individual's history, and preference - a feeling about the “rightness of things". Whatever may be the degree of confusion to the public, no biologist seems likely to be confused by either usage (in contrast to the use of “urchin" without the prefix “sea-\ A number of years ago I found a listing of m oursin “ in the library of a French marine biological laboratory to deal with the terrestrial kind). However, Michel Jangoux and I decided at the outset that appellations used in Echinoderm Studies be derived from the appropriate taxonomic name, and thus “asteroid" is used and “starfish - and “sea-star" are not. { Asteroid may be technically correct, but it creates some new confusion - see following article from •The Australian “ - Ed.) Scientists seek war on the asteroids WASHINGTON - A leading group of space scientists, with the endorsement of US Vice President Dan Quayle, is calling for an international effort to hum down and destroy - with nuclear weapons and modified "Star wars" gear - asteroids headed toward Earth. "Earth orbit -crossing asteroids clearly present a danger to the earth and its inhabitants." the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics said yesterday. Although no fatalities have yet been recorded as a consequence of such events, the impact of even a rather small object would have a devastating effect on humanity.'’ Mr Quayle, chairman of the National Sparc Council, supported their initiative. "In 1965, a small asteroid exploded high over Canada with a force equivalent to an atom ic bomb," he said. The scientists said a 1C kilometrc-u idr asteroid would hit with a force ]0.fKK> timet that of the superpowers' combined nuclear arsenal*, and could be cxivctfd on.r ever. i r. - - ■ million year:. Some 5cicr.fi* i: believe t ce.lllf .c r. Li STARFISH OR SEA STARS (CONTINUED) Sea stars 165 Clark, H.L . 1923. The echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Ann. South African Mus. 13. p. 235: "Sea-stars. Asteroidea). Mortensen, T . 1927. Handbook of the Echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxfrod University Press. p. 41: "It has been thought desirable to use the designation ’sea-stars’ for this class of animals instead of the more popular but misleading ’star- fishes’, ’sea-star* also is preferable as corresponding to the designation used in most other civilized languages -- ’Seestern’, ’Etoile de mer’, ’Sostjerne’, etc." Fell, H. B . 1962. Native sea-stars. "There are two kinds of star-shaped animals generally known as sea-stars. Best known are the starfishes, or Asteroidea. . .The other kind of sea-stars comprise the long-armed forms known as bri ttl estars , or Ophiuroidea . " Fell, H.B., D.L. Pawson . 1966. General biology of echinoderms. in R.A. Boolootian (ed„)- Physiology of Echinodermata. Interscience, p. 1-48: Spencer, W.K., C.W. Wright . 1966. Asterozoans. In: R.C. Moore (ed.). Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part U. Echinodermata 3. The Geological Society. of Anerica, Inc., and the University of Kansas Press, p. U30. " the major subdivision of sea stars..." (see entry below under starf i sh ) Lambert, P . 1981. The sea stars of British Columbia. British Columbia Provincial Museum, Vancouver. Starfish Tod<± , R.B. 1839. Cyclopaedia of anatomy and physiology. Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts, London. "Echinodermata .. .A class of invertebrate animals belonging to the division Radiata or the Cycloneurose sub- kingdom. The most familiar examples of them are the common sea-urchin and star-fish." Forbes, E . 1841. A history of British starfishes, and other animals of the class Echinodermata. John Van Voorst, London. Gray, J.E . 1876. Synopsis of the species of starfish in the British Museum. John Van Voorst, London. Agassiz, A . 1877. North American Starfishes. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool . 5(1). Duncan , PJ4. , Sladen, VI. P . 1881. A memoir on the Echinodermata of the Arctic Sea to the west of Greenland. John Van Voorst, London, p. 23. "A starfish..." 166 Romanes, G.J . 1885. Jelly-fish, star-fish and sea-urchins. Kegan Paul, Trench & Co. , London . Bell, F.J .1892. Catalogue of the British echinoderms in the British Museum (Natural History). Brit. Mus. (N.H.), London, p. 4. "The Starfish..." Bather, F.A . 1900. The Echinoderma. in: E.R. Lankester (ed.) A treatise on zoology, part III. Adam & Charles Black, London, p. 237. "The class of the Stelleroidea includes the starfish, brittle stars, sand stars, basket-fish, and branching stars " Fisher, W.K . 1911. Asteroidea of the North Pacific and adjacent waters. Part 1. Phanerozonia and Spinulosa. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 76. p. 1. " the starfishes..." Verrill, A.E . 1914. Monograph of the shallow-water starfishes of the north Pacific coast from the Arctilc Ocean to California. Harriman Alaska Series, VoT. 14. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Fell, H.B. 1962. Native sea-stars, "...starfishes, or Asteroidea." (see above under sea-stars) Spencer, W.K., C.W, Wright . 1966. Asterozoans. In: Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Part U. Echinodermata 3. The Geological Society of American, Inc., and the University of Kansas Press, p. 31U. "Many starfishes..." (see entry under sea stars above) Nichols, D. 1967 . Echinoderms. Hutchinson University Library, London, p. 15: "Who has not marvelled at the symetrical beauty of the starfish and brittlestar, ..." Cassell’s New Compact French Dictionary . 1968. Dell Publishing Co. asterie . starfish. Windsor, M.P . 1976. Starfish, jellyfish, and the order of life. Yale University Press, New Haven. Harrap’s Shorter French and English Dictionary . 1982. London, Paris, Stuttgart, "starfish - asterie, etoile de mer; etoile de mer - starfish". Usage of "starfish" and "sea star" in titles of current publications Citations in Science Citation Index y January-September 1990 Asteroidea number of citations 10 field molecular biology/ biochemi stry biology/natural hi story/ecol ogy starf i sh sea star or seastar 43 14 36 (78%) 10 {22%) 9 ( 69 %) 4 ( 31 %) 167 COMMON NAMES FOR ECHIN01DS Harvey, E.B. 1956. The American Arbacia and other sea urchins. Princton University Press. English: sea urchin, urchin, sea hedgehogs, egg urchins, sea eggs, chalk eggs (fossils), egg fish, buttonfish, sea chestnuts, sea thistles, needle shells, porcupine stones, whore’s eggs, zarts, porcupines, burrs, spikes, devil’s hedgehog (Arbacia nigra). French: oursin, Chataignes de mer. German: Seeigel, Meerige. Greek: achinos. Italian: riccio di mare, riccio marina, zincini. Spanish: erizo de mer. THE FAR SIDE By GARY LARSON OikN'R'l r§ WMm ” *Jhe. Mveritures of £chfnocfcr7TL The n- YEAR CICADA (PAM l') 7 HE E>roRy Of A UV ER FLUKE AND The Boy who lovepHm WO-Jff-UHS Nature films that Disney test-marketed but never released. 168 British Columbia Provincial Museum Special Publication No 6 THE WEST CCKST PEOPLE The Nootka of Vancouver Island and Cape Flattery E. Y. Anma mi Sea urchins, or "eggs", wrre collected in a number of wavs The green or brown ones. Ddschi . could be picked by hand on a very low tide but more often were taken using a canoe and a long-handled, nenle-fibre dipnet.ts imibtama. w ith a hoop of cedar w ithe about 18 inches w ide and a straight, front edge. Giant red sea urchins, t-otsop were skewered from a canoe with the sea urchin spear, t’otsfyta. a red cedar pole two or three fathoms long with two to four sharp prongs of vew lashed on In w inter when low tides were at night, thteggs of the red stia urchin could be speared by feel where they were abundant and the man knew the ocean bottom. Purp e sea urchins, fcix. were extracted with the prying stick from their small holes in tide pools in the rock. Sea urchins were cracked open at the mouth, cleaned of weeds and guts, and the five gonads were scooped out and eaten. ^ Sea anemones, k’infimts. were gathered usually m spring with the prying stick. They were steamed and. if offered one. you had to eat it all or be a widower. Sea cucumbers. UPinw*. could be picked by hand on flat beaches at low tide. On steeper shores, a long pole was used with a cross stick to drape the animals over The head was usually bitten off and eaten raw. The body was scraped clean of its slime and eaten raw or boiled Dungeness crab, has&mats. was skewered with the sea urchm spear or a smgle-pomtec spear. it was especially speared on the low spnng tides. Often the crab hunter in his canoe wore a visor of red cedar bark to see better but still needed good eyes to spot his quarry 15 or 20 feet down The starfish, qstsqip. was not eaten. Province of British Columbia Ministry of Provincial Secretary and Government Services Provincial Secretary TEACHINGS OF THE TIDES USES OF MARINE INVERTEBRATES BY THE MANHOUSAT PEOPLE 20) Any starfish or seastar, including common starfish or seasUr, Pisaster ochraceus (Brandt) and sunflower starfish or seastar, Pycnopodia helianthoides (Brandt) kaskiip, 'crossed' The common starfish was considered to be the "real" kas- kiip, although the other varieties were called by the aame name. No starfish species were utilized in any way. 21) Sea cucumber. Paras tichopus califomicus (Stimpson) Laa7inwa Sea cucumbers were often eaten by the Manhousat people. They were collected along the shoreline between Openit and Sharp Point, and at Hayden Passage or "Rocky Pass", Apswiyalh, ‘narrow passage’, as well as at many other places. Along beaches that were relatively flat at low tide, sea cucumbers were often picked up by hand. Along steeper shore- lines, the sea cucumbers were often sub-tidal and beyond reach even on the lowest tides. At these places, sea cucumbers were brought to the surface with a special implement made by lashing a short stick at right angles to the end of a long pole. The animals were draped over the small stick and pulled to the surface. They had to be drawn up quickly, as they tended to swell and become wi7akshitl, 'rounded like a ball’, or 'stubborn', and so firm that they would roll off the small stick. The Manhousat people have an expression for children Lhat become particularly stubborn when they are scolded: You are like Taajinwamit (the name given to the sea cucum- ber in legends); you are wi7akshitl (■stubborn’)". The head of a freshly caught sea cucumber was usually bitten off and eaten raw. Then the viscera were squeezed out of the creature. If the body was to be eaten raw also, it first had to be scraped with a sharp stick. This removed much of the sLime and caused the sea cucumber to stiffen. It could then be eaten raw. Many people cut Ur- sea cucumber open and ate the David W. Ellis and Luke Swan THEYTUS BOOKS 1981 170 Sea cucumbers were also prepared by boiling. Before this was done, however, they had to be scraped on the rocks and barnacles to stiffen them and to rid them of slime. First, they were skewered through their abdomen on a shaved cedar limb sharpened at the thick end. The two ends of this limb or withe were tied together with a reef knot, making a loop on which about a dozen sea cucumbers were skewered. These were dragged and scraped over the rocks and barnacles for about twenty minutes or until they stiffened and much of the slime had been removed. Then they were chopped from the withe which, with the tails of the sea cucumbers stili skewered on it, was thrown away and boiled for about fifteen minutes. This caused them to shrink considerably, until they looked some- what like sausages. Usually they were cut open and the inside strips of white meat were eaten first, followed by the skin. They could also be sliced and eaten like sausages. "The old timers really liked it," said Mr. Swan. The "old timers" were said to like eating all the different kinds of low tide food because they were all kwisaap’alhshitl, ‘food which because it is only occasionally eaten, tastes especially good.' 26) Green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (O.F. Muller) “green or brown sea egg" nuuschi Green sea urchins were Mr. Swan’s fayourite kind of "sea egg". In the Hotsprings Cove area, they were usually collected at Saap7a (from sa7ak, 'crawling on one’s hands and knees’), an intertidal passage and bay on the east side of Mate Island. Also, they were often collected in a small bay on the north- western side of Hayden Passage. On a very low tide, green urchins could be gathered by hand. Often, however, they were collected from the shallow bottom by means of a long-handled dip-net, called ts’miihtama (see Chapter 2 for a description of this implement). To extract the edible insides, green urchins were broken across their mouth, called 7imin, 'naver, with a few blows of a knife, stick or stone. After the loose intestines had been drained out, the five gonads were scooped out with the thumb and eaten. A certain number of those urchins that were broken open would have a “milky" substance around the gonads. These urchins were called tl’its’aktl, 'white inside*. Usually, however, a larger proportion of the urchins that were opened would have gonads that were a clear orange colour. Today, most people, including Mr. Swan, like these clear gonads best. However, Mr. Swan insisted that, in the past, most "old 171 timers" liked the "milky" gonads best, as they believed that these enhanced their virility. The gonads of ali sea urchins were always eaten raw. Mr. Swan would eat up to six green urchins at one time. In the legend of "Raven and Green Sea Egg", Green Sea Egg was a small man with a tiny mouth and an even tinier appetite. Raven befriended him, and liked to take him along when he went from house to house begging for food from differ- ent "anima! people". Raven never needed to worry about Green Sea Egg eating too much of the food that they were given, as the little man had such a small mouth. 27) Giant red sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus (A. Agassiz) "big red sea egg" t'uts'up Like all "sea eggs", giant red urchins were considered a great delicacy. They were most often procured with the help of a aea urchin spear, t’utshtaa (see Chapter 2 for a description of this implement). At half tide, giant red aea urchins could be taken with a long-handied spear. Generally, however they were skewered at low tide from a canoe, when a spear of moder- ate length could be used. If it was windy, and the tidal current was strong, two people would go out in a canoe. One would turn the canoe into the wind or current, while the other person usually working from the bow. would spear the "sea eggs". If it was calm and the current weak, a person could spear sea urchins alone. It was important to twist the spear as soon as the three yew wood spikes were driven into the back of the urchin. This was to dislodge the animal from the rocks; if it was not done, the urchin would strengthen its hold and could not be easily freed. Once the urchin had been removed from the rocks, the three spikes held it firmly and there was little chance of it falling off the apear. i- * * * * 6 i- when there were 110 really low tides during day- light hours, experienced spearsmen would sometimes collect giant red sea urchins at night. The bottom was gently poked with the spear, and when an urchin was felt it was quickly stabbed. This was only attempted at a place where urchins were known to be particularly abundant, and where the spears- men knew the lay of the sea bottom. Giant red sea urchins were usually taken at certain specific locations. The urchins were said to be especially “full" at these places and to taste better than those collected at random along the coast. As well, they were said to be superior because their food supply— seaweed— was usually abundant. If one at- tempted to spear aea urchins at a place where the rocks were bare of weed, the sea urchins would always be found to have thin, poor testing gonads. Mr. Swan insisted that the urchins tasted better at these se- lect locations because of the abundance of seaweed, and not be- cause of the constant harvesting and consequent renewed growth, as was said to be the case with goose barnacles and California mussels. In other words, giant red sea urchins, although they were usually collected at select locations, were not a species believed to be in a state of “semi-cultivation”. Near llotsprings Cove, giant red sea urchins were taken at three locations. The best spot was at Chaachaak, 'small islands', a group of rocks and reefs on the west side of Mate Island. Inside Hotsprings Cove, they were often speared around a small reef in front of Sumakawis. Kw'utsma7aktl’a, edible blue mussel bay', near Sharp Point, was another place that received enough protection from the ocean swells to enable people to spear the big urchins. Up Sydney Inlet, they were speared at Adventure Point, Ts itkaatrhit (from ts'iitkaa, 'dripping or running water’), just outside the old 7alhma7a village site. People staying at Young Bay speared them at Ts'anaakw'a7a, ‘rocky stream'. In Shelter Inlet, they were taken at Tl'itshuulh, 'white slime' (referring to cormorant excrement, because birds roosting there stained the rocks white with their excrement), and at Dixon Point, Ch iluukwhapi, 'point on edge'. They were very numerous in Hayden Passage or “Rocky Pass", and were usually speared at the northwestern end of it. Near Flores Island, big sea eggs were taken at Zujumak- tl/a7iik, 'calm bay’, just south of Starling Point, and near a rock in the middle of a bay called Hats’uu, 'deep inside*, just north of Ii7aak. Despite their abundance at Lhu7aa, they were never collected there, apparently because it was not a select location. On the early morning low tides, especially in spring, spears- men would often collect large quantities of giant red sea ur- ™ nS * „ When fl PP caching the village, they would shout T uts a:p, t'uts'arp!” ('Giant red sea urn-chins! giant red sea urn-chins!'), to call the people down to the beach to receive the aea eggs. Carrying a stick or some other implement to smash open the urchins, people would walk down to the beach to meet the canoe. They would help themselves to a few urchins and immediately break them open to eat the edible insides. Some- times, women would take a few urchins home in a basket. In cool weather, these would keep for about two days. Mr. Swan once observed a slightly different custom among the Kyuquot people, a West Coast tribe that lived far to the northwest. There, the spearman named the people with whom he wanted to share urchins. People not named, but who wanted some of his urchins, had to pay for them. , Gla . I ? t red urchins were broken open across the mouth. 7imin navel , and cracked in two. After the weeds and loose in- testines had been drained out. the five edible gonads were indi- vidually scooped out and eaten. Mr. Swan preferred the clear gona s to the milky ’ ones, although he insisted that in the past the “old timers” liked the “milky" gonads better. Even today, most people of the Kelsomat tribe, who live in fhe Tcfino area, are said to prefer the “milky” gonads. The men be- lieve that they enhance virility. Generally, giant red aea urchins which were found in deeper water, below the interlida) zone, were said usually to have clear gonads. Those Bpeared in shallower water, often within the intertidal zone, were said to have “milky" gonads. Should five or six urchins be eaten at a flitting, especially during summer, “You get very sleepy. But the most I could eat was two or three,” said Mr. Swan. These gonads were sometimes used for bait for the kelp greenling. These fish were said to “smell” the urchin's gonads for some distance. Despite a rather fragile appearance, the gonads stayed on the hook quite well. 28) Purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson) “purple sea egg” (liix Purple sea urchins were especially common on the rough stretch of coast west of Hotsprings Cove. They could only be collected during relatively calm weather, due to the heavy surf in this area. They were almost always taken from tide pools, where they were usually deeply imbedded in small holes in the rock. A prying stick was used to extract them. People who were living at Hisnit paddled to Hilhhuu7a to collect purple sea urchins and several other varieties of low tide food. Near Hotsprings Cove, these urchins were collected at Kaatsis (from kaatswisa ‘boiling’ because bubbles rise from an underwater spring here) near the “blinker” (navigational aid) on the west side of the cove entrance. The Hesquiat people to the northwest collected large numbers of this species of sea urchin from the Estevan Point area. Purple sea urchins were broken open in the same way as the giant red urchin. The clear gonads are apparently favoured today, although in the past the “old timers” were said to have preferred the “milky" gonads of this urchin; younger people were said to have preferred the clear gonads. 31) Sand dollar, Dendraster exentricus (Eschscholtz) maa7its Sand dollars were frequently observed along many sandy beaches, but were not used in any way. The word for pilot bread is mama7itskw’ukw, ‘looks like a sand dollar'. 3) The three-pronged sea-urchin a peer t'utshtaa This spear was of varying length, depending upon the depth at which the sea urchins were to be found. The shaft was usually between two and three “fathoms" in length. Red cedar was the preferred wood for this shaft, although thick, straight, relatively limbless young red cedars were hard to find. Lengths of red cedar that were split from a larger tree were not used, as they could easily break when shaved to the desired thickness. A whole young red cedar, after it had been limbed, de-barked and trimmed to a consistent thickness, was much stronger and had less tendency to break. In lieu of red cedar, a length of Douglas fir that had been split from a larger tree was some- times used. Three equidistant four inch grooves were made in one end of the shaft. Then, three sharpened pieces of tough, heart-wood yew, each about eight to ten inches long, were set into these Fig. 23. The three-pronged tea-urchin tpear three grooves and lashed into place with split spruce root or wild cherry bark. These three pieces of yew wood were about as thick as a pencil and protruded about four inches past the end of the shaft. 175 Fig. 24. The sea-urchin dip net 4) The sea urchin dip net ts’miihtama (from ts’ima, ‘any netting’) This dip net had a red cedar or Douglas fir handle between two or three "fathoms" long. The hoop of the net was made from a thick red cedar withe, and was about eighteen inches wide. This withe was bound tightly to the handle with wild cherry bark or split spruce root. The front edge of the hoop was straightened so more of the net rim would scrape the bottom, enabling a larger number of green sea urchins to roll in. The netting itself was made from stinging nettle fibre. It was said to be very durable, and to last for many years. 176 £uoo^f 177 TO B£ A 6LJ0CE56PUL 6EA U«OW!N, VOU MAVE TO BLUFP A LOT. 10'J** by Garry Trudeau B£*to%l NEED KJf APVl CE.'W IN LOVE! UNREQUITED LOSE! DO you NNCM WHAT IT'S UKE TO i.Oi'E AND NOT U * HAVE tr&TtXNk& WELL NOT REALLY, I CUESS...BUTX CNC6 HAP A CERTAIN FONDNESS FOR a starfish naked DORIS. SHE WAS EXCEPTIONAL starfish. T BUT DORIS NEVER SEEMED TO RESPOND, OP NOTICE fiE] 50 ONE Nl&HT, IN A FIT OF U61Y PASSION, X DISSECTED HER. J /V~. AM ANIMAL. 16 ecHK A ‘iO PE GRONS OLO A NO P£ 0-6. THEN ALONG COl.KEFs A CREATURE TO TAKE P'6 PcACE. KKc-ik-tKo^v 178 179 LES SPOR TS an <1 i duent, «ur Torpedo de Moscou. les Monteas- pues la doivem 4 des cassettes — trois en roccurence - et aux compte-rendu, qu en om f#it H#n . Vsn'T*®?* Jean Pe,it 61 J »cques Van Kershaver A leur retour de Vlov ou ll4 *, iien| aWl sxjperviaer teS l . con,,e J”? *0" »ne(yje sur la defense. Petit sur I eneque. Van Kershever «ur I ensemble de I’bquipe. J'", r * su !! a,5? * s * onI flaneurs pour les adversaries Oes joueurs Torpedo c'estua *• ««»'■ «*«•*« 1 co;p..;.* fl t ;: n rru,, , i or T.v io ,, n jne* » conferment les trois observateurs. • trvrr - occup< « m ™ H..Im ■ ,ai,e lej So«*tiquea quand d est question d'occups- non. Aten n est l,i,si , u h ,„ P rd 181 SUNDAY SCIENCE LECTURE 3 DECEMBER 1383 2000-11000 E-SIDE or G ALLEY PRESENTED BY JONH FEAR SE S ~ 016 Sc’d Biscuits Clypcastcr rosaccus 182 Photograph by D. S. Baughman The Belle w. Baruch institute for Marine Biology and Coastal Research o I !nh lorclti / C/IrlfH rr\ f f /-i 183 IL Y A DE L'URGO DANS LAIR v a\*Jc [ItoLr XL. <*■ a^xs- OCj44Xi . *12 Frld*y, ffetmury 16 , 1B90 fte Honolulu Advertiser ♦ l HAWAII aafisagsEggii HAIKU iuddcnly. a breath of MHrfish in thr crystal brven-s of momin2 — Su; san M aril La Valle c — — ■ huiluu <“ V*Vv Cl >c s <5 O 57 12 - O ££ *c T ’ » * : . jr 2r t e? ** 5? U '£ '-> CD /U ^ * ^ ' f « I ? £ « ^ - ® 's '■£ : t| c- ii * 65] ?)f -?T '5' : re cd l ffl a r CD 0 £ ' U ^ -5 t: /II . CD ft y a # * 7 - S ti 1 4 y H ;n Mb* S ) }§<7) ^ ■ |6 1 i y <- J*7 ^ ' /t 3& £ 359 t? * >? i 7 ' -5: ft f « p S? CG 4 u -e o es • , < — z: IZ / h - T *3- ill A ^ ■ K cD UJj t7] | -£ (13 CD y (tt A fV} Tfi '& /S OR ? t (*- £ ^ -r. £> L « » tr -y c L -3 £ ^ (/' /c /\ zr* Jf cD ^ ~ c: rvj A A w A CD /3S c 3 r s ^1 CD D ^5 i (S y CD ^ 7)‘ i '-J if '1 ^ z> y /u ^ W V ,i-j A - » ^ .-3 CD T * ' 1 .. J / .' IY, 1. ‘ W> f I B 186 I am a Starfish, the Queen of the Sea (Song of Starfish) by Jatsuo MOTOKAWA 3FT -, , l 1- 1 t~ 1 ^ \ ^ l r r fl a _ . r . . i 7 1 r a j n ■y 1 U 1 -J \ ' J • 1 =■ ^-tJ J Queen i am a star-fish no- ble crea * ture am 1. They call me the the ffiuch ? Oh, sure! I’m wil-ling I’m wil-ling to tell you why. P a= m To be res — pec — t — ed. you must be you must be power - ful. beauti - rui. visi - ble awe - some §1 3> tO T : "T P mys- teri-ous: i 3 You know the fore - es I am a star. You must be large; Co - rals„ sea- ur — chins. \ You ( must have some-thin g 4 > -=rTi=? I o - pen mussel per-fect penta-gon. You must not run; mus-sels. and clams, Q 7 thers have not. E - ven fi — Who can doubt You must slow - bar - na-cles. sh that ly Your run a -way from chemi-cal I was up hea-ven bom walk in the o - pen field de-fense is all in m m u „ , , uc-icusc r ■ t m - A e > t 9 2. M i 1 *~I_M ¥ — -f 1 LJ L * i Queen of the vast sea floor. Do you know the se-cret of my pow - want to » 1S7 ♦ sure! I’m vil-ling I'm wil - ling to tell -Ch- you. ± catch con - nec — tive tis — sue that changes the stiff- ness fast. When When tM-'| |=M -tr — M 4 — ' 4 a ^ it is in the cat — ch state. My bo-dy is ca-stle no it gets stiff. My bo — dy ’stands the forces of tu - be feet one can open — ing beat. clam. When When re - lax — very soft. My bo-dy cast off my a - ny cre-vi-ces a -way from fa-tal hi - ding. — zards. It is fool fool that stands a- gai-nst f u - ry of O-ld Nep-tune. that pro-ceeds on-ly with-out know-i-ng re— treat. no-ble crea*ture am Thev call me the Queen, the Queen of the vast sea floor. Have you under- stood why they respect me so « * 138 I am a Starfish, the Queen of the Sea (Song of Starfish) I am a starfish, noble creature am I. They call me the Queen, the Queen of the vast sea floor. Do you want to know why they respect me so much? Oh, sure! I'm willing to tell you why. To be respected, you must be powerful. You know the forces I open mussel Even fish run away from chemical weapon in my wall. To be respected, you must be beautiful. I am a star, perfect pentagon. Who can doubt that I was up heaven born Came down sea to rule To be respected, you must be visible: You must be large; You must not run; You must slowly walk in the open field to be admired. To be respected, you must be awesome. Corals, sea-urchins, mussels, and clams, barnacles. Your defense is all in vain before me. To be respected, you must be mysterious: You must have something others have not. Have something that others don't understand, Keeps puzzling them all. I am a starfish, noble creature am 1. They call me the Queen, the Queen of the vast sea floor. Do you want to know the secret of my power?' Oh, sure! I'm willing to tell for you. I have in my body wall mysterious wonderful tissue. The catch connective tissue that changes the stiffness fast. When it is in the catch state, My body is castle no one can beat. When it relaxes. My body fits into any crevices for hiding. It is a fool that stands against fury of Old Neptune. I have in my body wall mysterious wonderful tissue. The catch connective tissue that changes the stiffness fast. When it gets stiff, My body 'stands the forces of tube feet opening clam. When it’s very soft, I cast off my arm and get away from fatal hazards. It is a fool that proceeds only without knowing retreat. I am a starfish, noble creature am I. They call me the Queen, the Queen of the vast sea floor. Have you understood why they respect me so much? I know in your eyes the light of respect has born. 189 ULAM1NA AND THE STOLEN CANOE Lying off the northern coasts of Australia was an island, rich in fruit and game, which the Bandicoot-men could not visit because the only canoe in the country was owned by a selfish Star-fish man, Ulamina, who refused to lend it to anyone. One Bandicoot-man, Banguruk, who was determined to steal the canoe, set out to make friends w-ith the Star-fish man. If Ulamina needed help, Banguruk was always ready to assist, and should the Bandicoot-man spear a kangaroo, he always gave half to the Star-fish man, until the latter began to trust him. One day, Banguruk was overjoyed to receive an invita- tion from Ulamina to go out in his canoe on a turtle-hunt. The Bandicoot-man caught a large turtle, and, being much stronger than his companion, pulled the canoe up on the beach, put the turtle on his shoulder, and carried it over the ridge of the sandhill, out of sight of the sea and the canoe. When the other Bandicoot-men saw the smoke from the fire on which the turtle was being cooked, they sneaked along the beach, launched the canoe, and paddled out to sea. After a while, the Star-fish man becamesuspicious, looked over the sandhill, and saw. the other Bandicoot-men paddling his canoe to the distant island. Ulamina rushed into thesea after his canoe, but, realizing that he was outw-itted, he changed himself into a star-fish, and made his home on the sea-bottom. Even to this day, he weaves his arms about, hoping one day to recapture the canoe stolen from him by the Bandicoot-men. ■i 190 LARVAL FORMS AND OTHER ZOOLOGICAL VERSES BY THE LATE WALTER GARSTANG M.A. t D.Sc. (Oxon) Emeritus Professor of Zoology in the University of Leeds and one time Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY ALISTER C. HARDY, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. Linacre Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy and Fellow of Merton College, Oxford BASIL BLACKWELL OXFORD 190 In Echinoderm Larvae he sketches the main differences in the larvae of the different classes of echinoderm and speculates upon a possible larval origin of that quinquera- diate symmetry of the group. The recapitulationists are again attacked in The Pentacrinide in which he has an imaginary* conversation with this young stage of the crinoid feather-star Antedon t showing how many of its features are developmental adaptations peculiar to itself instead of being repetitions of ancestral traits. THE PENTACRINULE 1 found a pretty Pentacrinule Still without the arm and pinnule That adorn an Antedon : Desiring much to see her face, I said, “Coy creature, yield with grace, And this slight favour grant a don!” She split, and to my ardent gaze Displayed her mouth and radial ways With tentacles beside them: But as I viewed her dainty fringes, Five trap-doors on five broad hinges Promptly dropped to hide them. Annoyed, I said: “You naughty minx, They told me you preserved the links With early Crinoid nature. Your oral plates you’ve undermined! I’m sure they weren’t as flaps designed. You’ve changed a primal feature! “And other things I find amiss: A calyx with no radials, this . . A Oh, Recapitulation! A finless tadpole, I confess, Caricatures ancestry less Than your sad aberration. “But I’ll not blame you, Pentacrinus : Haeckel’s catch words still entwine us. Parrot-like we talk! And, though a vestibule has cleft you, One old vestige still is left you Till you quit your stalk!” 1922 (or earlier). 4 ECHINODERM LARVAE and the Origin of QuinqueradiaJ Symmetry, I B IPIWaria should a taJc unfold when she gives up life I afloat | And anchors by her bows, Crinoid kinship to denote: She might by just a twist reveal how Starfish went astray, ' But no! She merely buds one out, and fades herself away. j This is highly tantalising, but at least Auricularia (Her sister who in course of time becomes a Cucumaria ) Is kinder and throws welcome light on some important things, When breaking up her feeding band for locomotive rings. Admittedly old families some episodes must hide, But she displays possessions that feed a proper pride. And in her circumoral band show’s upper class connections, Which her sister, just for anchorge, dismembers into sections. Their two twin sisters all conventions openly defy, And drift about their business as simple Plutei : Contentedly upon their backs, oblivious of scoffs, They stretch their circumoral pits into spacious feeding . 1 troughs. But, in spite of all their differences in form and modes of s wimmin g A constant pattern underlies their circumoral t rimm ing- The pit itself expands each side like a transverse figure 8 — Tw’o tiny pools connected by a narrow oral strait. ; And each is fringed by brachioles approximately 5 — i A number too suggestive for mere chances to contrive — I Their feeding streams converge upon the circumoral floor, j And all together constitute a bilobed lophophore. ! Since the larva] lophophore of Actinotrocha is supplied With a pair of “collar” coelomes, these can scarcely be denied To former Echinozoic fry, which hydraulic pressure needed To support their lateral armlets ere a skeleton succeeded. At the ensuing metamorphosis all larval frills are losr. The eventual adult body’s built at the larval body’s cost: Quaintly reminiscent of the birth of Adam’s bride, The Starfish as a bud grows out from its larva’s own left side. To this strange rule a fortunate exception still survives: Auricularia a transitional pupal state contrives, In which the mouth and pharynx undergo a double twist. First sideways to the left, then to the apex of the cyst. The twist involves no torsion of the actual body wall, But a simple shifting of the mouth alone and once for all. If we reconstruct the lophophore, the fact is then revealed: The mouth has turned aside within the circumoral field. The right half, losing value, degenerates with the torsion : Its hydrococlc accordingly undergoes complete abortion. And, whereas in the larva the bilobed lophophore was ventral. The left lobe, now around the mouth, becomes terminal and central. ’Tis known from countless fossils that the quinqueradial change Was first achieved within the circumoral feeding range: But how or why has not been dear, so it seemed worth while to try If the explanation might be found in the structure of the fry* clwlIcaJ 'Vvvv-c*;* SEA-HEDGEHOG. Under thin denomination were classed all animals, more or less orbicular, whose envelope bristles with calcareous points, on which account they were compared to hedgehogs. The Greeks thought them delicious when caught at the full moon,”* and prepared with vinegar, sweet cooked wine, parsley, and mint.* 6 * Oxymel often replaced vinegar.**® The Romans also esteemed highly this dish, which was recom- mended to sluggish appetites under the auspices of the faculty ;*** and Apicius furnished the following recipe for the preparation of it : — " Procure a new saucepan,” thus sap the great master, “ place in it a little oil, garum, sweet wine, and pepper. When the mixture begins to boil, stuff the sea hedgehogs, then submit them to the action of a slow fire ; add a large quantity of pepper, and serve." *" u r. &\W . . Cr. q \ c*. . Jr* 194 &o ^ • 1 + .Tfe o k ,., ,.Ji i.\ P^i-^x^ (or sea eggs) Sea urchins ^ ^ ^ u ** Kina ( SZ ) Sea urchins have been considered a great delicacy in many places since the times of ancient Athens, and are well worth investi- ption by an adventurous gourmet. Our introduction in Australia came via an expatriate Maori. Since then, we have known no Maori who, when offered a feed of kina, has not gorged him or herself to excess. However sea urchins must be handled with extreme care. If the needle-sharp and barbed spines become embedded in your skin, they take a long time to extract and can be very painful. As the edible portion is the sea urchin’s gonads, they are best caught in the spring. This is the time when they are filled with caviar-like golden roc which so much resembles the yolk of an egg. Similarly, the yellow roe of the Australian cunjevoi or sea squirt, obtained by cutting the animal in half, may also be eaten raw. Raw sea urchin Squeeze a little lemon juice on to the washed roe and eat raw. If this is asking too much, then try: Boiled sea urchin Lightly boil the prepared sea urchin in saltwater. Hat by dipping narrow slices of toasted or fried bread into the yellow roe. Hot sea urchin sauce Gonads of 12 sea urchins, mashed with a small amount of olive oil. Mix with Vi cup of Hollandaise Sauce (see Whiting page 38) and pour over hot fish. Cold sea urchin sauce An excellent sauce for serving with cold f.sh can through a sieve, mixing the puree with ma C by rubb,n K tbc »ea urchin’s eggs mayonnaise and sprinkling with paprika. Preparation . Knock off spines with a knife then cut off the concave end of the shell and allow any liquid and dark matter to drain away. Wash in seawater, dram thoroughly to remove any excrement and extract the five yellow or orange segments. Wade Doak remarked that sea eggs are the best feed for divers while underwater and ‘staging’. There, he says, it is possible to eat them by using a sucking kiss which we have yet to see demonstrated in situ. Otherwise, Wade suggests you get a sugar bag full, tip the- cleaned segments into a bowl and using one cleaned shell, fill this with gonads and place it in the ashes of a fire. During this gentle cooking, they separate into what Wade describes as ‘ambrosial scrambled egg’. 15f. 195 Kina Kina, or sea urchins, have always been enjoyed with gusto by the Maori and for some unfathomable reason scarcely tested by the European New Zealander. Certainly attacking kina for the first time can be a little daunting. I put them in the kitchen sink and attempt to open each one with a swift blow from an old carving knife. It works well enough most of the time. The sloshy purple liquid can be tipped out and then you are left with the little orange roes (or preferably big orange roes) which are what you want. The j size and condition of the roes can vary i considerably and there's no way of telling what your kina will yield till it is opened. i Gather the roes together and serve with j lemon wedges, black pepper, tabasco, brown bread and butter, or hot buttered toast, if you don’t want to eat them unadorned straight from the spiny shell. To cook the roes poach lightly in milk with salt and pepper. Or better, combine with 20 , Ai garlic and fresh chillis to make the following sauce. Eat with hot French bread or hot buttered toast. Kina and chilli aaucc 3 to 4 tbsp kina roes 1 tbsp butter 1 tsp fresh chilli pepper, finely chopped 2 tsp onion, finely chopped 1 clove garlic, finely chopped 1 tsp lemon balm, finely chopped Vi tsp vinegar (These proportions can be expanded according to the amount of roe. The above quantities make little more than a snack for one — but it is very rich.) Melt the butter and when foaming add the onion, chilli, garlic and lemon balm (or other fresh herb) and cook on a very' low heat for 1 or 2 minutes. Add the roes to cook for another 1 or 2 minutes, stirring until they are pureed. Add the vinegar and serve. The sauce can also be used on white fish but I think it’s at its best as a lunchtime snack on bread, with an ice-cold drink. ^ ^11 bur the 1 C kina rocs H Tbs butter 2 tsp finely chopped fresh chilli pepper 1 Dsp grated onion ^ I clove garlic, crushed - '■»« .«t *, mashing ‘the rocs with a fn t anorhcr 2 minutes, "Sew 1 Add , ' m0n iuice and hot ,Cnded Wi ' h ° ,h ' r Kina pic 2 ^::r N r ° 2 n eatv uring ■* «* ^ ^ 1 kina roes 1 C breadcrumbs I Tbs butnef' 1 ^ baCOn ’ chopped ^enprooTd^'h, F,^ h £? C ?‘ nbi 1 «'«* d hacon and dot with butter * brcadc mmbs, cover wirh WXZ. \uj e * - - A • Kjna or sea eggs Kina are a specie, ofgreenish.purple sea urchin 10- , , Im ,, and covered with pr.ckly spines Common on ill NeJz^nd coasts.hey can be found a, low ,,de in rock crevice^ *""* or summer. Kina are said to bT.n bLdm^’^ h" when they are covered with sms Lu , " S COndu,on d t: Thcrc “ * di,i > hm.to'Ao p^r* o,hcr - Marinated kina 24 raw kina j C chilli sauce 1 Tbs lemon juice 1 grated onion 1 fsp horseradish sauce 1 tsp Worcester sauce Shells. ScM^otTthe’r«swuh U f^ 1 “ ni ' r " ainin * 'he half bine with ad sau e i™, J '"j P °° n and »«h well. Com. shell halves to serve. ‘ ’ 5p °° n m,x,ure b «k into Serves 4-6. ^<2-U I w^Vuv- b A.UJ. Q Gfe A LVj.fi 197 * UCumn* Antibiw < Copyright Lm Cdmona du P«cifiqu«. 1976 Compos* en France par Publications-Elyt*es Imprim* au Japon par Obum Printing Co. Tous les droits de traduction, adaptation •r reproduction riservis pour tous les pays ISBN : 2-85700-037-5. tarte d'oursins b.'3ff d'oursins Pite briste : 250 g de ferine. 125 g de beurre, 20 cm* d'huiie ou 30 g de saindoux. se/ et eau. Preparation : le contenu de 75 oursins. 1 00 cm 3 d'huiie, iaurier, 6 cives. 3 graines de bois dlnde. 1 gousse d'ail, 1 citron, set, poivre. 2 tomates. Pour 4 personnes. Faites dabord une p£te bris£e avec les 6l£ments ci-dessus en dressant un tas de farine dans le milieu duquel vous faites un trou ou vous mettez le beurre en morceaux, I'huile et le sel ; melan- ge! en ajoutant peu £ peu I'eau. re- muez sans cesse avec une cuill£re puis avec la paume de la main ; la p£te bien « pSteuse » termin£e. laissez-la repo- ser pendant 24 heures, roulee en boule sous un bol. et au frais. Puis 6tendez cette pSte au rouleau et ( donnez-lui la forme d une tarte de ’ 5 millimetres d£paisseur sur 25 cm dediam£tre. Pour la gamir faites dorer dans I'huile les cives. les graines de bois d lnde. le Iaurier. Tail £cras& et les tomates en morceaux; sel. poivre. et jus d un ci- tron; ajoutez finalement le contenu de 75 oursins et laissez mijoter le tout pendant 5 £ 10 minutes. Etendez cette mixture dans la tarte. dont vous avez relev£ les bords. et mettez £ four moyen pendant 20 mi- nutes. La moiti£ des gens reclame un vin blanc sec. genre Sancerre ; I'autre. un vin blanc tr£s moelleux. Montbazil- lac par exemple. Le Minervois est lui aussi recommand£. -- vurvre. sei. I gouise d ai, tcrast. j us de , 0c „„ ons U 2 ptment 4miette. Preparation ; 200 g d'oignons. 60 cm 3 dhui/e. 1 gousse d'ail. 3 cives 4 ro- r T ateS \., 1(2 litre d ‘**u. 4 graines de bois dlnde. 1 clou de girofle, 1 bou- Quet garni. Pour 4 personnes. Faites mariner penaant 20 £ 30 minu- tes le contenu des 50 oursins dans la marinade ci-dessus. Pendant ce temps, faites blondir dans I'huile. I'oignon £minc£ et I’ail hach£; loignon ne doit meme pas blondir. mais « tomber > ; ajoutez ensuite les tomates en morceaux et faites alors vraiment revenir le tout. Apr£s quoi I on ajoute I’eau chaude. le bouquet garni, les cives. le girofle et j les graines de bois d lnde ; on laisse r£- j duire de 1/3 et on ajoute les oursins j avec leur marinade. On laisse mijoter pendant 20 minutes ' et I on sen chaud avec un bon vin blanc sec. comme ceux. ci-dessus £nu- m£r£s. OBITUARIES 198 Dr Henry Gwynne Vevers 13 November 1917-24 July 1988 Gwynne Vevers was the Society's Assistant Director of Science and Curator of the Aquanum from 1955 until 19S1 — but with an association with the Society that went back much further than those 26 years, right back to his childhood. His father, a qualified medical man, had become the Society s Superintendent when Gwynne was only six years old. and the family home was no more than a few hundred yards from the Zoo. Geoffrey, Gwynne’s father, had served in the RAN1C during the first world war, and after being demobilized became a Beit Research Fellow and Assistant Herpetologist at the Gower Street School of Tropical Medicine. In those days comparative parasitology was a lively subject, and the intestinal worms from the droppings of newly arrived animals and from animals that had been autopsied in the old Prosectorium were taken for diagnosis to Professor R. T. Leiper. FRS. under whom Geoffrey worked, in the same wav as blood samples w-ere sent for the identification of uncommon blood parasites to Professor C. M. Wenyon. FRS of the Wellcome Laboratories of Tropical Medicine in Euston Road. In 1923 Geoffrey was persuaded by Chalmers Mitchell, the Society's Secretary , to abandon his research career, and to join the Society's staff. When he retired in 1948. he settled down in a house in Whipsnade. in the development of w-hich he had played a highly significant part. He was still there when Gwynne became the Society's Assistant Director of Science. Gwynne was a Scholar at St Paul’s School, and in 1935 went up to Oxford as an Exhibitioner where, as an undergraduate at Magdalen, his tutor was J. Z. Young. In his final year I tutored him in his special subject, ‘secondary sexual coloration*. He took his BA in 1938, winning the Christopher Welsh Research Scholarship, and until the onset of war in 1939 he remained in Oxford. Influenced by the colourful James Fisher, who was still around when Gwynne went up. he led an undergraduate team to the Faroes in 1937, and then to Iceland in 1939, making censuses and studying the gannet, guillemot and puffin. When war w'as declared, his eyesight barred him from joining the Royal Navy, his first choice, but he was accepted by the RAF as an Intelligence officer. Posted to Iceland, he investigated the movement of ice floes in order to help chart deep-water channels. This work led him to play a part in predicting the course that the giant new German Battleship, the Bismarck , would take as she tried to break out into the Atlantic from the Norwegian fjord where she was sheltering. The ship was attacked and sunk as she headed for Brest. Gwynne’s tour in Iceland must have been an exciting lime, and his work in intelligence was crowned with the award of the MBE (military). The war over, Gwynne joined the Marine Biological Laboratory at Plymouth, in whose administration he played a part, and where he started to do research into the natural history and chemistry' of animal pigments. He took his Oxford MA in 1947. and his DPhil in 1949, the subject of his thesis being the hormonal control of the plumage changes in the Amherst pheasant— a follow'-up of the tutorials he had had with me. Animal pigmentation remained his permanent interest. He continued to work on the subject, much of his research being carried out in collaboration with Dr Gilbert Kennedy of Sheffield University, with whom he published several papers. He also played a big part in the development of underwater photography, and launched himself on to what turned out to be a prodigious and highly-successfu! writing career of popular scientific works. His natural history books for children were particularly successful. Living close to the sea as I do, for long I used to carry his The British Seashore in my pocket as I strolled along the 199 nearby beach. In all. Gwynne wrote and translated nearly a hundred books. He was an excellent linguist, and his translations covered eight languages. In 1955, Dr L. Harrison Matthews, the Society's Scientific Director (and at the same lime also Director of the Regent’s Park Gardens and Whipsnadc) persuaded Gwynne to leave Plymouth and to join him as Assistant Director of Science in charge of the Aquarium. He thus became one of only some six professional scientists then on the Society's staff. There could never have been a better choice. Gwynne soon became a mainstay of the Society’s scientific meetings as well as the Editor of its scientific publications. He also continued with his researches, collaborating with Professor Harold Munro Fox. FRS, the head of the Department of Zoology at nearby Bedford College. In 1960 the two published what is now a standard text — The Nature of Animal Colours. Gwynne was the most amiable of men. and got on easily with the Society’s other professional and keeper staff. He was universally liked. Throughout the time he was with the Society I was a member of the Council, and during my term as Secretary, and therefore by statute the Society’s chief executive, I knew him as an old friend to whom I could turn for help at any time. He understood immediately what was wanted, smiled, went away, and it was done. He was never demanding, never seemed frustrated, and I never heard anyone complain about him. He knew how- to delegate, and in due course turned over the bulk of his editorial duties to Dr Marcia Edwards. He was a tower of strength w-hen the Society started to reinforce the scientific and educational functions that are its raison d'etre , and to build the Wellcome Institute of Comparative Physiology and the Nuffield Institute of Comparative Medicine, today the two main components of the Society’s Institute of Zoology. I never did fathom how Gwynne was able to discharge his duties to the Zoo, and also carry on w'riting and preparing radio and TV programmes. He was given leave to participate in the Royal Society expeditions to the Cook and Solomon Islands, and also gave much time to the Society’s sister Society, the Linnean. to which he was devoted. He was a member of its Council from 1958 to 1967, serving for one term as Vice-President and another as Zoological Secretary. Gwynne was highly sociable, and at the same time a very private person — few knew anything about his family life. Like his father before him he was a staunch member of the Savile Club, at the same time as he made it his business to invigorate the Society's ancient Zoological Club, founded in 1 866. He rarely missed any of its dinners. I well remember the great turn-out which he organized for the thousandth dinner of the Club. Gwymne was a model official of the Society. He served it in a manner that was both true to its best traditions, and in a way that enhanced the purposes for which it was founded — the advancement and spread of zoological knowledge. LORD ZUCKERMAN AUGUST 1989 200 IN MEMORIAM Walter Weber 1923-1987 sitv offM We w r ’ r t° feSS ° r 0f Zool °®' at Unive n‘ J West Germany, died of heart failure i October, 1987 leaving behind his devoted wife, Rut! and two lovely daughters. His research field over th 15 years concerned the light-dependent color chang tn a diadematid sea urchin. His ultrastructural studie and observations on isolated chromatophores beauti fully revealed the amoeboid nature of these cells ii 1 " duc « 1 alterations in cell shape are linke. with pigment displacements. Professor Weber began his studies in biology, chemis d geography at the University of Cologne in 1948 m woT ^ d t l? eS> B C ° nditi0n for matriculation wai rebufMth nCkJaying “ wel1 “ studying in order tc rebuild the umyersity out of the ruins of the war. Aftei having received the degree of a Dr. rer. nat. he spent two years at the University of Fribourg in Switzeriand a research and teaching assistant. After his return to Cologne he was promoted to Dozent and in 1969 he achieved the rank of professor. h*!w, SSOr We ^r' S early research dealt with wound nMh ^ ln {^‘“a and neuroendocrinologv in am- phibians and birds. On the occasion of a visit to the Zoological Station in Naples, Italy in 1966, he decided and rhromatophore mecha- msms in cepha.opods and echinoderms. Subsequently he periodically returned to this most famous of marine Weth S /K r L W6ek ° r m0nth ' S researeh stay. It was orists at thV7nl me aCqua , in , ted Wlth Pigment' cell biol- at the international level and this led him to become a member of the International Pigment CeH of the y jMtorial^oard^f1p^^n k (^ll C ftes “ iSnt^' J °, Ur “ al ° f the societ >'- He w as a frequen^m!^ ln International Pigment Cell Conferences in eluding those held in the United States. Tie lator Vad te P i eC rist m t e o a Ar g f0r tt a ,"° Wed “ake a ^men tal visit to Arizona where, as a very vountr mar, v, spent time as a prisoner of war. ^ retur^ “vealed the sensitive and artistic nature of Professor Weber as expressed by the wonderful movies he produced from film taken on these trips. P trom Professor Weber was a respected scientist whose coun- sel was often sought. He was fair and just He was a quiet and modest person that belied his excellent sense of humor. Professor Weber was a warm, giving and loving person who was always pleased to offer help and friendship. His students, colleagues and friends will not forget his contribution to their scientific work and per- sonal needs. We have lost an elegant human being. Martin Dambach Joseph T. Bagnara C 19SS Alan R. Liss, Inc. TH£ TtnCB I r«uli|t*i Stmt Utfei D •K CtK. 01.947 *0 ttsut DATE 201 *9q SIR ERIC SMITH Sir Jamn Eric Smith. CBE. FRS, 'trcmarr. ' Marine Bio- logical Association qf the UK. and director' Pirmouth Lab- oratory. 1903-^4. diid on September J aged fl/. He *roj born on February 2J. 1909. NEUROBIOLOOY. today a topic tingled out for special study in biomedical research, • s no oe-loo- popular sub- ject when Eric Smith began his academic career as a student probationer at the laboratory of the Marine Biological Association at Plymouth in 1930. Techniques were being developed which allowed nerve pathways to be followed tinder the optical microscope, and Smith devoted his experi- mental talents towards developing such methods to study the nervous system of the starfish, to help explain bow it could move off with any of the five arms leading, yet with the rest of the arms getting into the swing behind the leader. His elegantly beautiful stud- ies of several British starfishes and their relatives* published oy the Royal Society between 193? and 1950. utilised his technique of vital dyeing, in which the fibrous tissues, es- pecially the nerves, take up colour to enable their path- ways to be followed. This monumeniat series of papers showed him to be an investi-' gator of considerable patience and ability, making a comer of marine biological research his own. It is hardly surprising that he later relumed to the Plymouth Laboratory as its dj reel or. While he was based prin- cipally in Manchester, Shef- field and then Cambridge, Smith's outstanding abilities as a university teacher and wlieni guide of students led him naturally towards a head- ship of department, and he took the chair of zoology at Queen Mary College. London, in 1930. Many of those who were struggling to make sense of the tantalising!)- unique sought his guidance. Smith often admitted that these ani- mals, "with five front ends and a patently absurd way of doing things*, were infuriat- ing, vet he obviously delighted in discussing the latest pe- culiarities thnt had been un- covered by research, lie himself was to summarise his extensive work on co-ordina- tion in cchinodcmts in a keynote address to the first international conference on cchinoderm biology in Wash- ington in 1963, a brilliant summary of his pioneering research. Soon, however, the leader- ship of Freddie Russell at the Plymouth Laboratory came to an end. and Eric Smith was appointed director in 1963. There, his ability to persuade by gentle reason, to reconcile opposing views, was in- strumental in maintaining the upward trajectory of the lab- oratory's research reputation, and, equally important, the welcoming atmosphere for visiting scientists, especially the many eminent researcheri in neurobiology. He also fos- tered the historic long-term ecological studies of the waters of the English , Channel, realising the importance of on- K ing data collection in the vestigation of long-term -trends in the ability of the waters to support fisheries. In 1967, not long after his appointment as director, the Torrcy Canyon spill its cargo, of erode oil on to the shores of Cornwall. For more than a year almost the entire efTon of the laboratory was directed towards the study of this major pollution incident, its effects on marine life. and. importantly, the biological ef- fects of the methods used in its attempted dispersion. Smith edited a special volume. Torrcy Canyon Pollution and Marine Life , which became a classic in the literature on this terrible sidc-effcct of the mod- em world. Smith’s skills as a scientific administrator and his expert-. Incident were used to the futl when, in the early 1970s. he was seconded from the MBA for two lengthy periods to chair the Royal Commission on the likclv effects of oil exploration in the northern Great Barrier Reef. Both be- fore and after this he chaired many influentiol committees, such as the Uncsco advisory committee fqr the Indian Ocean Biological Centre, the advisory committee for the Universities’ Marine Biologi- cal station at Millport and. a task which gave him particu- lar pleasure and challenge as a zoologist with wide interests, the Beard of Trustees of the British Museum (NaturaJ History). After retirement in 1974 in Cornwall, he pursued several Interests that had had to lie dormant through his full pro- fessional life, particularly a study of the pioneer natural- ists of the south-west of Eng- land. He delighted in presenting papers lo such bodies as the Society for the History of Natural History, of which he was president from 1984. The University of E*e- tcr had conferred on him an honorary doctorate in 1968,. and throughout the 1 980s he pve generously of his time to its Institute of Cornish Studies. One evening in 19R4, Smith was driving back from a visit to the University's intcr- nationally-fnmous Cornish Biological Record* Unit, then housed in rickrly-ltoorcd premises in Redruth. 1 he tiny cinema next door had burnt down a few days earlier, and Smith shuddered at the thought that the unit's rooms and those irreplaceable card indices might have been de- stroyed too. Shortly after- wards. he set About investigating the possibility of putting the entire index on computer disc, undeterred by an initial calculation that it might lake one man 60 years to input all the data Today, ERICA (Environmental Recording in Cornwall Auto- mated) has a dedicated main- frame computer at the university arid landlinc to new premises in Redruth, where a team of operators is not only steadily transferring the price- less records to disc, but is leading research into informa- tion storage and retrieval of biological records. Smith leaves a son and 202 Professor Norman Millott Norman Millott, who did outstanding work in echinoderm physiology in the 1950s and 1960s, died on 24 February 1990. He bed lived for the last 20 years near the University Marine Biology Station at Millport, on the Isle of Cumbrae, in Scotland. His house overlooked the rich waters of the Firth of Clyde, and many of us who used the area for our experimental work visited him and his wife Margaret while we were at the Laboratory. We were always given a warm welcome and could be sure of a chat about echinoderm biology and the people who work in it. Norman had suffered from arthritis for several years, but this never dulled his sense of fun, his relish for stories about the people he knew, or his explosive anger about the under-recognition of scientific research and higher education. Millott graduated in zoology at Sheffield University in 1934. Two years later he was appointed to the Rouse Ball Studentship at Trinity College Cambridge, where he enjoyed the huge advantage of working in the dynamic and pathfinding atmosphere of the Zoology Department at Cambridge, where Professor Sir James Gray and Professor Carl Pantin were establishing one of the foremost experimental zoology schools in the world. Millott initially worked on annelids, but saw the error of his ways soon enough, and turned his attention to the experimentally much-less-popular and more difficult sea- urchins, whose nervous system was to prove such a challenge to anybody who expected to be able to use conventional techniques on them. He showed at that time, according to his Supervisor, great originality and meticulous attention to detail, characteristics which were to remain with him and be such an advantage throughout his career, not only in his scientific work but also in the administration of his laboratories. t His first academic job was as Lecturer in Zoology at Manchester University from 1938 to 1947, with a break for military service in the RAF Technical Branch during the Second World War. He was only 35 when he was appointed Professor of Zoology at the Jamaica campus of the newly-founded University College of the West Indies. With his enormous capacity for work, he built up a most successful Department there, urging his Staff to research on strategic projects of use to the local economy, while not neglecting the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake. He himself worked mainly on colour change, pigmentation and photosensitivity at this time and collaborated with several junior colleagues on papers describing these systems in Diadema . In 1955 Millott was sought by the University of London to succeed Professor Hans Munro Fox in the Chair of Zoology at Bedford College London. There, for the next 15 years, he created a reputation for teaching and research which was instrumental in attracting not only a steady stream of highly 203 9 C' able undergraduates (all women then), but also graduate students and assistants, particularly from Japan. Early on, Masao Yoshida was to become his Research Associate, and to embark on a series of experiments on the shadow reactions of Diadema which marked out the way for Millott* s principal research thrust for the rest of his working life. It is tragic that Yoshida died of cancer in 1988. In 1960 Yoshida 1 s place in. Millott* s laboratory was t:ken by Keiichi Takahashi, who worked, among other things, on the innervation of the sea-urchin spines. Millott and Takahashi were to map the linear nerves of the deep plexus which emerge via the tube-foot pores to track over the test surface to the spines. They recorded spine movements resulting from changes in illumination impinging on the external surface of the urchin. In 1963 Millott had been one of the fairly large British contingent to the very first international meeting on echinoderms as part of the Zoological Congress in Washington, which resulted in the formidable volume on Physiology of Echinodermata , edited by R. A. Boolootian. Four years later he was invited by the Zoological Society of London to convene a British meeting on echinoderms, which resulted in a much slimmer volume of symposium proceedings which he called Echinoderm Biology (1967). He wrote in the Foreword: "Happily, once again echinoderms are being viewed as a diverting group of animals and not solely as egg-batteries". He went on: "It is with satisfaction that we observe the vigour, sparkling enthusiasm and the preponderance of youth among those who have chosen echinoderms as their sphere of activity, but I pause to reflect by what a long time-span I am set apart from many of those who helped make this meeting a success" . In 1970 the Universities of London and Glasgow took over the former fisheries laboratory at Millport to found a Marine Biology Station for the two Universities, and Millott was the obvious appointee as first Director, combining as he did academic excellence with organisational flair, so that the Station flourished under his leadership. After retirement in 1976 it was natural that he should remain at his home adjacent to the Laboratory, welcoming visiting colleagues with a steady stream of opinions, ideas, criticisms and chit-chat. Norman Millott was a prodigious talker, the natural centre of conversation, the person to take the social initiative. He could be terrifying as a PhD Examiner, bombarding the victim with a stream of questions and hardly giving his co-examiners a look-in. Yet he was very approachable, so helpful and considerate to everybody within his circle of students, colleagues and friends. He had gained his own reputation as a scientist by hard work in a subject for which he had great aptitude, and he expected others to earn respect by their own 204 efforts. He was not easy to eet tn sometimes seemed aloof and diftnr^ tisb.ly dlscipUn.d . ' the *«■«■ ?*•« know, and may indeed have perhaps betraying too But on second or third lay beneath the rather David Nichols University of Exeter, U.K. M ce ; \W