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EXOTIC ORNITHOLOGY,

CONTAINING

FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW OR RARE SPECIES.

OF

AMERICAN BIRDS,

BY

PHILIP LUTLEY SCLATER, M.A., Pa D., F-RS,

SECRETARY TO THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON,

LATE FELLOW OF CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE, OXFORD;

AND

OSBERT SALVIN, MA, F.LS., F.ZS.

LONDON :
BERNARD QUARITCH, 15 PICCADILLY.
1869.

pear ee if we PE a are Es IE EE

Ep ma ee rae eee en

setainnns> Sonne Me

”

PREFACE.

Tue object originally contemplated by the authors of the present work was to
continue the well-known series of illustrations contained in the “Planches Enlu-
minées” of Buffon and Daubenton, the “Planches Coloriées’ of Temminck, and the
“ Tconographie Ornithologique” of Des Murs.

The first-named book furnishes us with representations of about 1500 species of
birds, the second with those of about 750, and the last with those of 70 species.
Upwards of 8000 species of this class of animals being now known to science, it will
be apparent that there was ample room for a succession of similar works. It is true
that there have been published of late years a large number of magnificently illustrated
volumes relating to various branches of ornithology. But these have been chiefly in
the nature of Faunas—devoted to the birds of one particular country, or Monographs—
confined to the members of a single genus or Family. The present work was originally
intended to be of a completely general nature—to illustrate the many new and rare
ornithic forms that have been recently discovered in nearly every part of the world’s
surface. As it progressed, however, the authors found that it would be more convenient
to restrict 1t to the birds of the Neotropical Region—that is America south of the
United States. No other part of the world can vie with Tropical America in the
richness of its Avifauna; and nowhere else have so many brilliant discoveries been
recently made as in its various districts. Moreover, one of the authors is so fortunate
as to have been the original explorer of the ornithology of a very interesting portion of
this Region, and has thus been enabled to append to the accounts of the species met
with within this area notes on their habits and local distribution.

The present work, therefore, which has been issued in numbers since October 1st,
1866, contains in its now complete form a series of one hundred coloured illustrations
of Central and South American birds. The number of species figured is 104, belonging
to 51 different genera. To the final illustration of each genus has been appended in

nearly every case a systematic list of all the other American species of the same genus

‘ESE See: eT ee ee See ee eR a ST a ee ee ee ——————— sus

————

—————

il
iI

1V PREFACE.

known to the authors, which, it is hoped, will greatly increase the value of the volume
as a work of reference. |

In conclusion, the authors have to record their best thanks to Dr. William Peters,
Director of the Royal Zoological Museum of Berlin, and to the authorities of the
Jardin des Plantes of Paris, and of the Norwich and Norfolk Museum, who have most
liberally allowed some of their rarest specimens to be removed to London for the use
of the present work, as well as to other kind friends who, as will be seen by references
in the following pages, have favoured them with the loan of specimens and with useful

information upon different points.

P. L. SCLATER.
O. SALVIN.

Lonpon, November, 1869.

XXX.
XXXI.
XXXII,
XXXII.
XXXIV.
XXXV,
XXXVI.
XXXVI.
XXXVIIT.

CONTENTS,

. LIPAUGUS UNIRUFUS

—— SUBALARIS

RUFESCENS

. FURNARIUS TORRIDUS

. XIPHOLENA ATROPURPUREA
. PTILOGONYS CAUDATUS

. VIREOLANIUS MELITOPHRYS

PULCHELLUS

. PHLOGOPSIS MACLEANNANI
. CINCLOCERTHIA RUFICAUDA

—— MACRORHYNCHA
GUTTURALIS

. ACCIPITER VENTRALIS

CHIONOGASTER

. RuPICOLA SANGUINOLENTA
. PORZANA RUBRA .
. ACCIPITER ERYTHROCNEMIS

-—— CASTANILIUS

. CICHLOPSIS LEUCOGONYS
. NYCTIBIUS BRACTEATUS
. CYPHORHINUS LAWRENCII

PHHZOCEPHALUS

. Fig. 1. TRoGLODYTES SOLSTITIALIS
BRUNNEICOLLIS

Wig. 2.

. ICTERUS PUSTULATUS
. MYIADESTES OBSCURUS

UNICOLOR
RALLOIDES

ELISABETH

. HYLACTES CASTANEUS

(HiDICNEMUS SUPERCILIARIS
LANIO AURANTIUS
LEUCOTHORAX
TACHYPHONUS PHENICEUS
DELATTRII

XIPHOCOLAPTES EMIGRANS
MAJOR
ACCIPITER CHILENSIS
LEUCOPTERNIS SUPERCILIARIS

* Named on the Plate erroneously Geotrygon chiriquensis.

PAGE

eo) SS] On CS i

11
13
15
17
19
21
23
20
27
29
dl
33
30
3”
og
Al
43
45
46
AZ
49
51
53
50

O70

59
61
63
65
67
69
71
73
79

PLATE. PAGE
XXXIX. GEoTRYGON ALBIFACIES* 77
XcER BOURCIERL 79
XLI. Fig. J. CutornopHonta FRonTaLIS = 81

p- the 2: LONGIPENNIS 82
XLII. CHLoropHoniA OCCIPITALIS 83
XLII. Menanoris HYPoLEUcUS 85
XLIV. Tinamus RoBustus 87
XLV. CRYprurus sALL&I 89
XLVI. -BOUCARDI 91
XLVII. MESERYTHRUS 93
XLVIII. Tiartsoma caBANIsI 95
XLIX. Lervucoprernis PALLIATA 97
L. Scors FLAMMEOLA . . 99

LI BARBARUS 10]

LIT. Cuatura SEMICOLLARIS . 103
LIT. Porzana HAUXWELLI 105
LIV. — MELANOPHHA lO?
LY. ———— ALBIGULARIS 109
LVI. LEUCOPYRRHA 5 At:
LVII. Funica ARDESIACA 113
LVITI. — ARMILLATA . 115
LIX. ——-— LEUcOPYGA 117
LX. LEUCOPTERA . 119
LXI. LevcoprerNnis SEMIPLUMBEA JE
LXII. GrorryGon CHIRIQUENSIS . ae
LXIII. Carpinatis PH@NICEUS 125
LXIV. Fig. 1. Pyreisoma RUBRICATUM 127
ge ioe LEUCOTE 128
LXV. Fig. 1. ——-——. CABANISI . 129
eee: KIENERI 130
LXVI. OxyRHAMPHUS FRATER 131
LXVII. THYrorHINA SCHOMBURGEI 133
LXVIII. CHLoROPHONIA CALOPHRYS . 1385
LXIX. AccIPITER BICOLOR 137
LXX. TurpDUs GIGAS . 139
LXXI. — ALBICOLLIS 141
LXXIT. LEUCOMELAS . 148
LXXIII. ——-— crotornzus 145
LXXIV, ——-— ALBIVENTRIS . 147

See Plate lxu. p. 123.

PLATE

LXXyV,
LXXVI.
LXXVII.
LXXVITTI.
LXXIX.
LXXxX.
LXXXI.
LXXXII.
LXXXITI.
UXXXTV.
UXXXYV.
LXXXVI.
UXXXVII.

LXXXVIITI.

TURDUS PHEOPYGUS .

Bucco srRioLatus
PORZANA CASTANEICEPS
ATTAGIS CHIMBORAZENSIS
FORMICIVORA STRIGILATA
CoNURUS HOFFMANNI
RALLUS ANTARCTICUS
——— SEMIPLUMBEUS
PITYLUS HUMERALIS
ACCIPITER GUTTATUS
AMPELION ARCUATUS
ASTURINA NATTHRERI

— GYMNOPHTHALMUS .

CONTENTS.

PAGE PLATE.

149 LXXXIX. Asturmna PUCHERANI
ali XC. ———-— PLAGIATA

153 XCI. Boravurvs prnnatus
7 a8 XCII. Tierisoma FASCIATUM

157 XCIIT. THrrpaDECTES FLAMMULATUS
. 159 XCIV. Icrerus aBEILLmt

161 XCV. CENTROPELMA MICROPTERUM
wlos XCOVI. CENTRITES ORBAS .

165 XCVIT. GaLLInaGo IMPERIALIS .
Wea KGW XCVIII. —— NOBILIS

169 XCIX. QuERQUEDULA PUNA .
eel: C. MurGANETTA TURNERI

173 INDEX ;
75

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for McCleannan read McLeannan

McLeannan
McLeannan
Mc Leannan
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McLeannan

Pastazza read Pastaza

Donna del Gati read Dofia del Gato
Plate xlv. for sauLcEr read SALLE

» Ixiv. ,, Rvericatum read Rusricatum
Page 137, line 20, for McCleannan read McLeannan

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LIPAUGUS UNIRUFUS.
(RED-BROWN MOURNER).

Lipaugus unirufus . Selater, P.Z.S. 1859, p. 385.

Sclater, P.Z.S. 1861, p. 211.

Sel. et Salv. Ibis, 1860, p. 36.

Sclater, Cat. A. B. p. 244.

Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. New York, vii. p. 330.
Sel. et Salv. P.Z.S. 1864, p. 361.

Cassin, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1860, p. 143.

L. fuscescenti-rufus unicolor, subtus paulo dilutior, precipué in gutture et ventre medio: remigibus alarum intus
obscurioribus : subalaribus claré cinnamomeo-rufis: rostro pallide corneo, mandibule inferioris basi albicante : pedibus

obscure plumbeis: long. totA 9°75, alee 5:4, caudee 4°3. Foem. mari similis.
flab. in statu Oaxacensi, Mexic. merid. (Boucard.) : Guatemala, Veree Pacis reg. sylv. (Salvin) : Isthmo Panama

(Mc Cleannan).

This fine species of Lipaugus was first made known to science by Mr. Sclater, who
described it before the Zoological Society in November, 1859, from specimens obtained by the
French Collector, Adolphe Boucard, in Oaxaca, and from Guatemalan skins received through
Mr. Skinner almost simultaneously. Mr. Salvin obtained numerous examples of this bird in the
forest-region near Choctum, a small Indian village of Vera Paz, situated about 1200 feet above
the sea-level. Here it was common, but was not met with elsewhere in Guatemala. Nor does
it seem to have occurred in other collections from the more southern portions of Central
America, until we come to Panama, whence Mr. McCleannan has forwarded specimens both to
this country and to America.

Southwards of the Isthmus Mr. Cassin has recorded this species as having been obtained by
Mr. C. T. Wood, during the Darien expedition under Lieut. Michler, “in the dry parts of the
forest at Turbo, and in the Cordilleras on the river Truando.” Mr. Cassin, who was rather
doubtful about the correct determination of his birds, was kind enough to send us one of these
specimens, which agreed perfectly with our examples.

In Vera Paz, Mr. Salvin observed this Lipaugus in the interior of the forest, usually
perched in among the lower branches of the larger trees. Its cry is loud and clear, whence it
has derived the Indian name “ fecho.” Its food is principally fruit, though it doubtless eats
insects also. In Panama, Mr. McCleannan tells us that this species is found “‘in retired places

in high trees,” and that its irides are brown.
The figure is taken from a specimen obtained by Mr. Salvin at Choctum, Vera Paz, now

in Mr. Sclater’s collection.

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_Lnpaugus unirufus is nearly of the same form as L. cineraceus of Cayenne and the Amazon-
valley, having the two outer toes partially united at their bases, but has the wings rather
differently proportioned, the third primary being longest instead of the fifth, and the primaries
generally less pomted. It is also rather larger than ZL. céneraceus, and totally different in
colour. Itis very singular that all the three Central American representatives of this group
of birds, belonging to three separate and easily distinguishable sections, should be of a general

cinnamon-brown colour, while all the South American members of the genus are more or less
cinereous.

OctoBEer, 1866.

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LIPAUGUS SUBALARIS.

(YELLOW-SIDED MOURNER).

Lipaugus subalaris ; - Sclater, P.Z.S. 1861, p. 210.

L. viridi-olivaceus, dorso imo, ventre et caud& cinerascentioribus, cauda fere tota cinerea ; crisso albicante ; pilei
plumis interne nigro maculatis: gutturis et pectoris plumarum scapis conspicue flavicanti-albis: plumis axillaribus
et subalaribus leste citrino-flavis: alis fusco-nigricantibus, extus dorso concoloribus: rostro et pedibus nigris: long.
tota 10°5, ale 5:1, caudex 4. 2, tarsi 0°9.

fab. in Rep. Aquatoriali, ad ripas fl. Napo.

Since Mr. Sclater described this curious bird from the single example in the British
Museum he has obtained a second specimen of it, which has allowed us to add some additional
notes to his former description, and from which the present figure is taken.

The correct place of this species in the genus Lipaugus appears to be near Lipaugus
unrufus and L. cineraceus, and not along with L. hypopyrrhus and its allies, as Mr. Sclater
formerly supposed. ‘The two external digits are certainly further united than in L. eineraceus
and L. wnirufus, but not so far as in the case of L. hypopyrrhus and its neighbours. In the last
mentioned section algo the sexes appear to be differently clothed, and there is a brightly coloured
tuft on each side of the breast, which does not occur in the present form.

The wings of L. subalaris are rather longer and more pointed than is usual in this genus.
The first primary is of the same length as the seventh, and about six tenths of an inch shorter
than the second, which equals the fourth, while the third is longest.

There is no other known species liable to be confounded with the present bird, which is
recognizable at first sight by its bright sulphur-yellow under-wing-coverts. It would appear to
be rare in collections, the two examples above alluded to, which are both from the forest-region
of the Rio Napo, being, so far as we know, the only specimens of this bird in Europe.

Ocrozer, 1866.

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Pruate III.

LIPAUGUS RUFESCENS.
: (SPECKLED MOURNER),

Lipaugus rufescens . Sclater, P.Z.S. 1857, p. 276.
% A ; ‘ . Scelater, P.Z.S. 1861, p. 211.
” z : . Scl. et Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 124:
- - . Scl. et Salv. P.Z.S. 1864, p. 361.
hs z : : . Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N.Y. vii. p. 330.

L. rufescenti-brunneus, subtus clarior, uropygio et corpore subtus nigro, vittas obsoletas formante, subtilissimé
transfasciatis: plumarum maculis apicalibus rotundis in pectore, ventre medio et crisso sparsis, nigris: remigibus
nigricantibus, intus et extus rufo marginatis: alarum tectricibus superioribus intus fuscis, extis rufis, purpurascente
nigro angusté terminatis; subalaribus rufis; fasciculo pectorali utrinque croceo: cauda unicolore, rufescenti-brunnea :
rostro nigricante, pedibus fuscis : long. tota 8°5, ale 4:4, caude 3°6. Ham. mari similis, sed maculis corporis inferioris
et fasciis tectricum alarum terminalibus carens.

Hab. in Isthmo Panamensi (/cCleannan) : Chépo, prov. Panamens. (Arcé): Veragua (Arcé).

The specimen of this bird in the Derby Museum, originally described by Mr. Sclater, was
said to have been obtained at Coban in Guatemala, but, as has been already stated in our notes
on Mr. McCleannan’s Panama collections,* we have now grave doubts as to the correctness of the
locality assigned to it. Certain it is, that among the thousands of Guatemalan skins that have
come under our observation, we have never seen an example of this species, nor could Mr.
Salvin obtain any information as to its existence in Vera Paz. Veragua is the most northern
locality we can record with certainty for this species, examples of it in the collection of Messrs.
Salvin and Godman, from one of which the figure of the male is taken, having been obtained
near Santiago de Veraguas in that province by Enrique Arcé, in 1865. Further south,
‘Mr. McCleannan has collected specimens in the vicinity of Lion-hill Station on the Panama
Railway, and Arcé met with the same bird during his excursion to Chépo, about 40 miles south
of the town of Panama, in 1864. ‘The figure of the female is from a specimen obtained on this
occasion, which is now in Mr. Sclater’s collection.

It is to Arcé that we are mainly indebted for our knowledge of the diversity of the sexes
in this bird and its southern allies, which appears to have hitherto escaped observation.
According to this indefatigable collector’s marked specimens, it is only the male of this species
which possesses the irregularly placed round black spots on the lower surface, and the narrow
black purplish-shining edgings of the upper wing-coverts. ‘The lateral pectoral tuft is likewise
less developed in the female. On carefully examining the southern congeners of this bird we
find indications of the existence of corresponding differences. In L. hypopyrrhus of Brazil
the belly of the male shows a number of rufous feathers interspersed among the gray plumage,
each of which bears a round terminal black spot. In what we consider to be the female of this
species, the coloured feathers with their terminal spots are entirely absent. In L. lateralis,
which Mr. G. R. Gray, as it appears to us, has incorrectly re-united to L. hypopyrrhus, we
believe that somewhat similar differences will be found to occur, although the specimens before
us do not suffice to show them very evidently.

Leaving to future observers the authentication of these observations, we subjoin to our
account of this bird, a list of the ten species of the genus known to us, amended from Mr. Sclater’s
previously published list in the Zoological Society’s “ Proceedings” for 1861, (p. 210, et seq.)

* P.Z.S. 1864, p. 361.

[ 5 |

Sus-cenus I.—LATHRIA, Sw.

Planta glabra: sexus similes: sete rictales debiles.

| SEcT. a. digiti duo externi feré omnino liberi.
/ 1. LIPAUGUS FUSCOCINEREUS.

Querula fuscocinerea, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 291—L. fuseocinereus, Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 3; Bp. Consp.
p. 179: Sclater, P.Z.S. 1861, p. 210.—Lathria fuscocinerea, Cab. Mus. Hein. ii. p. 101.
Hab. in Nova Granada.
Mus. P.US.
2. LIPAUGUS PLUMBEUS.
Muscicapa plumbea, Licht. Doubl. p. 53; Max. Beitr. iti. p. 806.—M. vociferans, Max. Reise, i. p. 242, et 1. p. 118.
—L. cmeraceus, Cab. et Hein. 1. e. (partim).—Lipaugus plumbeus, Sclater, P.Z.S. 1861, p- 210, et Cat. Am. B. p. 243.
Hab. in Brasilia.

Mus. P.L.S.
Sect. 6. digiti duo externi ad basin conjuncti.
3. LIPAUGUS CINERACEUS.

Le Cotinga cendré, Levaill. Ois. Amér. et Ind. p. 98, pl. 44.—Ampelis cineracea, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. viii. p. 162, et
Ene. Meth. p. 761.—Lathria cinerea, Sw. Flycatchers, p. 78, pl. 2.—Lipaugus cineraceus, Cab. Orn. Not. i. p- 240, et
in Schomb. Guian. iti. p. 698; Sclater, P.Z.S. 1861, p. 211.—Lathria cineracea, Cab. et Hein. Mus. Hein. ii. p. 101.

Hab. in Cayenna, Guian., et Valle Amazonum.

Mus. P.LS.

4, LiIPAUGUS UNIRUFUS.

Sclater, P.Z.S. 1859, p. 885, et 1861, p. 210; Sclat. et Salv. Ibis, 1860, p. 86, et supra Pl. I.

Hab. in Mex. merid., Guatemala, Costa-rica et Panama.

Mus. P.L.S. et 8. & G.

5. LIPAUGUS SUBALARIS.
Iipaugus subalaris, Sclater, P.Z.S. 1861, p. 210, et supra Pl. II.
Hab. in rep. Aquator. cisandeana.

Sus-cenus IT.—AULIA, Bp.

Planta glabra: sexus dissimiles: digiti duo externi per majorem partem conjuncti: sete rictales debiles.
6. Lipaveus HYPOPYERHUS.
Ampelis hypopyrrha, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. viii. p. 164, et Ene. Méth. p. 762.—Muse. sibilatrix, Max. Beitr. iii. p.
810.—Lipaugus hypopyrrhus, Hartl. Rey. Zool. 1846, p. 3; Bp. Consp. p. 179; Sclater, P.Z.S. 1861, p. 211.—Lipaugus
sibilatria, Burm. Syst. Ueb. il. p. 422.—Aulia hypopyrrha, Cab. et Hein. Mus. Hein. ii. p. 101.—Laniocera sanguinaria,
Less. Rev. Zool. 180, p. 353 (?).
Hab. in Brasilie reg. sylv. Merid. Or.
Mus. P.LS.
7. LIpavUGUS LATERALIS.
Lapaugus lateralis, Gray & Mitch. Gen. B. I. Pl. 60.
Hab. in Brasil Septentr. et valle Amazonum.
Mus. P.LS.
8. LipaAUGUS RUFESCENS.
Lipaugus rufescens, Sclater, P.Z.S. 1857, p. 296, et 1861, p. 211; Scl. et Salv. P.Z.S. 1864, p. 361, et supra Pl. III.

t

Hab. in Veragua et Isth. Panama.

Mus. P.L.S. et 8. & G.
Suscenus IlI—LIPAUGUS, Boié.

Planta aspera: sexus similes: pedes debiles: digiti duo externifere omnino divisi: setx rictales fortes et elongate.
9. LIPAUGUS SIMPLEX.

Mauscicapa simplex, Licht. Doubl. p. 58.—Tyrannus calcaratus, Sw. Q. Journ. of Sc. xx. p. 271; Jard. et Selb.
Ill. Orn. i. pl. 37.—Musicapa cinerascens, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 16, pl. 21.—Muscicapa rustica, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 866.—
Myiarchus rusticus, Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. p. 470.—Lipaugus simplex, Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 3; Bp. Consp. p. 179 ;
Cab. in Schomb. Guian. i. p. 180; Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. p. 422; Scl. P.Z.S. 1861, p. 211; Cab. et Hein. Mus. Hein.
i. p. 100; Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 244.

Hab. in Brasilia.

| Mus. P.LS.
vA 10. Lipaveus HOLERYTHRUS.

Sclat. et Salv. P.Z.S. 1860, p. 300, 1864, p. 361, et Ibis, 1860, p. 400; Sclater, P.Z.S. 1861, p. 221; Lawr. Ann.
Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 830.

Hab. in Guatemala et Isth. Panama.

Mus. P.L.8. et 8. & G.

OcrosErR, 1866.

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FURNARIUS TORRIDUS

(CHESTNUT OVEN-BIRD).

Furnarius torridus ; ‘ : Sel. et. Salv. P.Z.S. 1866, p. 183.

Rubiginosus, alis caudaque paulo saturatioribus, primariis fusco-nigricantibus, omnium (nisi extimi) basibus in
pogonio interiore pallide cinnamomeis: pileo toto et capitis lateribus sordide brunneis, loris et superciltis indistincte
albidis: subtus pallide rufus, gula, ventre medio et subalaribus pure albis: rostro rufo, basi albicante ; pedibus pallide
carneis: long. tota 7:0, ale 3°7, caude 2:2, tarsi 1:2; rostri a rictu lin. dir. 1°1.

Hiab. in ripis fl. Ucayali sup. et inf.

This Oven-bird was one of the earliest discoveries of Mr. Edward Bartlett, a young and
enterprising collector now engaged in exploring the natural productions of Eastern Peru, and
was recently described by the authors of the present work in their joint paper on the birds
collected by him on the river Ucayali.

Mr. Bartlett has hitherto forwarded but two examples of this bird, from one of which, now
in Mr. Selater’s collection, the present figure is taken. But the species is so well marked by its
dark rusty-rufous back and clearly defined white throat, as to leave little doubt that it is distinct
from all previously described members of the genus.

The genus /urnarvus embraces seven or eight species all peculiar to the southern portion
of the American continent and remarkable for the extraordinary nests which they build. That
of Furnarius rufus, of Paraguay and the Campos of Brazil, is very large for the size of the bird,
and built wholly of mud, domed over, and with an entrance at the side, so as to resemble a
brick-oven in appearance. It is often placed near or even in the houses of the natives, who have
many curious stories about this familiar bird, as narrated by Azara, Burmeister, and other
authorities upon American Ornithology.

We are acquainted with the following species of this genus.

1. FURNARIUS RUFUS.
Merops rufus, Gm. 8S. N. i. p. 465.—Zurdus badius, Licht. Doubl. p. 40.—Figulus albogularis, Spix, Av. Bras,

i. p. 76, pl. 78.— Opetiorhynchus ruficaudus, Max. Beitr. ii. p. 671.—Furnarius rufus, D’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 250; Burm.
Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 3; Cab. et Hein. Mus. Hein. 11. p. 28.

Hab. in Brasil. merid. interiore et Paraguay.

Mus. P.L.S8.

2. FURNARIUS FIGULUS.

Turdus figulus, Licht. Doubl. p. 40.—Opetiorhynchus rufus, Max. Beitr. tii. p. 667.—Furnarius figulus, Bp. Consp.
p. 214; Burm. Syst. Ueb. i. p. 4; Cab. et Hein. Mus. Hein. ui. p. 28.—Furnarius melanotis, Sw. An. in Menag.
p. 324.

Hab. in Brasil. Mer. Or. provine. de Bahia.

Mus. PLS.

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3. FURNARIUS LEUCOPUS. :
Furnarius leucopus, Sw. An. in Men. p. 325 ; Cab. in Schomb. Guian. iti. p. 688 ; Cab. et Hein. Mus. Hein. ii. p.
23; Sclater, Cat. A. B. p. 146; v. Pelzeln, Sitz. Ac. Wien, xxxiv. p. 115. |
Hab. in Guiana Brit. (Schomb.) ; Rio Brancho (Watt.); Cuyaba, Brasil (Watt.).
Mus. P.L.S.
4, FURNARIUS CINNAMOMEUS.
Picolaptes cinnamomeus, Less. Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 23.—F. longirostris, v. Pelz. Sitz. Ac. Wien, xx. p. 150.—F,
griseiceps, Cab. et Hein. Mus. Hein. i. p. 23.—F. cinnamomeus, Sclater, P.Z.S. 1860, et Cat. Am. B. p. 147.
Hab. in. Rep. Aiquatoriali, regione littorali (/raser).
Mus. PLS.

5. FURNARIUS MINOR.
Furnarius minor, v. Pelz. Sitz. Ac. Wien, xxxi. p. 321, et xxxiv. p. 115; Sclater et Salv. P.Z.S. 1866, p. 183.
Hab. in Amazonia sup. fl. Madeira (Watt.) fl. Ucayali (Bartlett).
Mus. P.L.S.

6. FURNARIUS TORRIDUS, supra Pl. IV.
Hab. in Amazonia sup. fl. Ucayali (Bartlett).
Mus. P.LS.

One specimen belonging to a seventh species, probably undescribed, is in Mr. Sclater’s
collection. It is from Santa Martha, and is apparently intermediate between /’. leucopus and
fF’, ceonnamomeus.

OctoBER, 1866.

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XIPHOLENA ATROPURPUREA.

(BRAZILIAN POMPADOUR-COTINGA),

Ampelis atropurpurea . - Max. Reis. n. Bras. 1. pp. 262. (1820.)
Ampelis purpurea ; . Licht. Doubl. p. 57. (18238.)

- e ; ; . Max. Beitr. i. p. 397.

S - : . Burm. Syst. Ueb. i. p. 428.
Cotinga purpurea . , Gray, Gen. of Birds, i. p. 279.
Aipholena purpurea : ; . Cab. Orn. Not. 1. p. 238,

‘s % : . - Cab. et Hein. Mus. Hein. ii. p. 106.

‘5 atropurpurea . ; . Bp. Consp. p. 176.

Sclater, Cat. Am. B. p. 257.

99 2?

Saturate vinaceo-purpurea, remigibus niveis, primariorum apicibus nigris : rostro corneo, pedibus nigris ; long. totd
75, ale 4°3, caude 25. Fem. Fuliginoso-cineracea, uropygii plumis albo marginatis: alis nigricantibus, secundariis
et tectricibus albo limbatis: subtus dilutior, ventre albicantiore, crisso toto albo.

Hab, in Brasil. Or. reg. sylvatica.

The well-known Pompadour Cotinga of Cayenne is represented in South-eastern Brazil by
the present bird, which although not quite its equal in brilliancy of colour, is nevertheless one
of the handsomest of the gorgeous group to which it belongs. The veteran ornithologist, Prince
Max of Neu-Wied, was the original discoverer of this species, having met with it during his
travels in Brazil in the year 1816, in the neighbourhood of Morro d’Arara, in the wooded coast-
region north of Rio de Janeiro. In the first volume of his “ Reise nach Brasilien,” published
in 1820, Prince Max gave the specific name atropurpurea to this species. In his subsequently
published “ Beitrage” he relinquished this term in favour of Lichtenstein’s purpurea, which,
however, was not published until 1823, so that there can be no doubt that in accordance with
the rules of priority the former name should be employed. Burmeister obtained one specimen
of this species near Novo Fribourgo, in the wooded district of 8. E. Brazil, and it is not unfre-
quently met with in collections of birds from Rio.

Like the other species of the group, the Brazilian Pompadour is probably a pure fruit-eater.
Prince Max tells us that the digestive organs of the specimens obtained by his hunters contained
only red seeds, probably of the Uruct (Bixa orellana), and cherry-like fruits, the abundant use
of which seemed to have stained the intestines. Its voice is described as being like the mewing
of a cat.

The genus Xzpholena (containing the Pompadour Cotingas) embraces three species, including
the present ; namely :—

1. X. pompadora (Linn.): Sclater, Cat. A. B. p. 226, from British Guiana and Cayenne,
extending inwards to Guia on the Rio Negro, where specimens were obtained by Mr. Wallace.

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2. A. lamellipennis (Lafr.): Sclater, Cat. A. B. p. 226, from the coast of North-castern
Brazil, apparently intermediate in its range between the two other species. A specimen of this
bird, in the collection of Messrs. Salvin and Godman, was obtained by Natterer near Para, and
Mr. Wallace also collected examples in the vicinity of the same city. Prof. Burmeister indicates

“ Columbia” as its habitat, without giving any authority for the same, and is no doubt mistaken
on this point.

3. X. atropurpurea, from the wood-region of South-eastern Brazil.
Our figures of the present bird are taken from specimens in Mr. Sclater’s collection.

OcroBEerR, 1866.

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Pruate VI.

PTILOGONYS CAUDATUS.
(LONG-PAILED PTILOGONE).

Ptilogonys caudatus : 5 - Cabanis, Jour. f. Orn. 1860, p. 402. |
4 oe iy a . 5 . Baird, Rev. Am. Birds, i. p- 418. |

d. Cmereus, collo undique cum crist& et gula pallidé flavicantibus; annulo oculari aureo ; pileo summo pallidé
cinereo ; alis nitenti-nigris, tectricibus extus cinerascentibus: caude rectricibus lateralibus graduatis, harum inter.
mediis elongatis, omnibus nitenti-nigris, quatuor utrinque externis maculé alba in pogonio interiore donatis: hypo-
chondriis olivascescenti-flavis, crisso aureo: rostro et pedibus nigris: long. tot& 9:0, ale 3°8, caude rectr. ext. 3°6, |
a med. 52. Foem. Olivacescenti-cinerea feré unicolor, flavido mixta ; pileo summo pure cinereo; annulo oculari aureo :
| alis caudaque sicut in mari, sed obscurioribus: caud& minis elongata.

a Hab. in Costa-rica, regione elevaté: Rancho Redondo (Carmiol) ; Volcan de Cartago (Arcé).

For many years the only recognized species of this form was P. cereus, of Swainson,
i described by that author in his Synopsis of the birds of Mexico, published in the year 1827, and
¥ subsequently figured in his ‘‘ Zoological Illustrations.” This bird, which is very well known in
collections, inhabits the uplands of Mexico and Guatemala. The merit of the discovery of

is a second species in the highlands of Costa Rica is due to Dr. von Frantzius ; its scientific appella-
se tion having been bestowed upon it by Dr. Cabanis in his memoir on the birds of Costa Rica above
. referred to, which was mainly drawn up from specimens transmitted to Berlin by the former
naturalist.

The two species forming the sole members of the genus Pélogonys, though evidently
closely allied, are easily recognizable by very trenchant characters. They must nevertheless be
considered as representing one another in the countries to which they belong, and as such of
great interest with reference to the geographical distribution of birds in Central America.
Similar instances of representative species in these two highland districts occur: for instance,
the Costa-Rican Chlorophonia calophrys represents the Mexican C. occdpitalis ; Diglossa plumbea
replaces D. baritula, and Chlorenas albilinea, C. fasciata. These two districts though forming
portions of continuous land are in fact islands of cold climate in a sea of heat; and we find
instances of zoological dissimilarity precisely analogous to what occurs in geographical islands
surrounded by sea. The difference of temperature between the highlands and lowlands forms
in such cases as complete a physical barrier as the ocean itself.

We have no precise account of the habits of the Long-tailed Ptilogone, but they are
doubtless very similar to those of its northern ally, Pxlogonys cinereus, which is the only other
known species of the genus, and from which it is at once distinguishable by its elongated tail.*

* For the full synonymy and description of these two species, see Prof. Baird’s “Review of American Birds,”

[ 11 J

i, p. 412, et seq.

Mr. Salvin has frequently met with P. cinereus in the highland districts of Guatemala, where it
is usually found in the zone of evergreen oaks, at an elevation of from 4500 to 7000 feet above
the sea level. At Duefias in Guatemala, these birds assemble in some numbers during the rainy
season, to feed on the fruit of a species of Ficus. They also devour insects, seizing them in the
air in the manner of Flycatchers, as do also their allies the Waxwings (Ampelis).

The accompanying figures are taken from examples killed by Arcé on the Volcan de
Cartago and now in the collection of Messrs. Salvin and Godman.

OcToBER, 1866,

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Pruate VII.

VIREOLANIUS MELITOPHRYS.

(HONEY-BROWED SHRIKELET).

Vireolanius melitophrys . . Dubus, M.S.: Bp. Consp. p. 330.
e i . . Sclater, P.Z.S. 1857, p. 218, et 1859, p. 368.
: rr A . Sclater, Cat. Am. B. p. 45. —
* ss : . Sel. et Salv. Ibis, 1860, p. 31.
5 Rs : ; : Baird, Rev. Am. B. 1. p. 396.

i]

Supra clare olivaceus, pileo et cervice cinereis: superciliis latis et elongatis aureis: strig& per oculos et altera
rictali angustiore utrinque nigris: subtus pure albus, torque subgutturali et lateribus pectoris, ventrem versus dilu-
tioribus, castaneis: rostro nigro, pedibus pallidé carneis: long. tota 6-0, alee 3-9, caude 2°8.

Hab. in Mexico, Orizaba (Botterz), Jalapa (de Oca): in Guatemala, Volcan de Fuego (Salvin).

This well-marked Shrikelet is the largest, and perhaps the handsomest, of the brilliant
eroup to which it belongs, and is somewhat different from its congeners in style of coloration,
looking to the snow-white under-plumage and pectoral band. ‘The first specimens of it brought
to Europe were probably those in the Berlin Museum, upon which Lichtenstein placed the
MS. name Lanzus chrysophrys, without troubling himself to publish any description of them.
The Vicomte Du Bus went a step farther, having had a careful figure made of this bird for a plate
(which has never yet been issued) in his “ Esquisses Ornithologiques,” from a specimen in the
Museum at Brussels. He also assigned to it the present appellation, under which it was first
made known to science by Prince Charles Bonaparte.

Judging from the few examples met with among the numerous collections brought to
Europe from Mexico of late years, this Vireolanius must be of rare occurrence in that country.
Besides the single specimen obtained by Professor Botteri in the neighbourhood of Orizaba and
that by De Oca near Jalapa, no other individuals have occurred to us from any part of the
Mexican Empire. Nor does it appear to be much more numerous in the southern part of its
range. Mr. Salvin only obtained three specimens of this bird during all his journeyings in Gua-
temala—and these all in the same locality—namely, near the ranchos of Calderas on the north
side of the Volcan de Fuego. In this district in the month of September 1859, he was
fortunate enough to witness a specimen of this rare species fall to his own gun. A pair of them
were observed, frequenting the outer branches of the ever-green Oaks (Quercus), which consti-
tute almost the only forest-tree of that zone of elevation on the Voleano—namely, of from
5,000 to 7,000 feet above the sea level—but only one was secured. Mr. Salvin’s two remaining
examples were likewise obtained by Indian hunters in the same neighbourhood, so that there
can be little doubt that this is essentially a highland form, whereas the rest of the group
are believed to be inhabitants of the lower forests.

The specimen figured is one of those obtained on the Volcan de Fuego, and is now in the
collection of Messrs. Salvin and Godman.

OctToBer, 1866.

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Puate VIII.

VIREOLANIUS PULCHELLUS.
(BEAUTEOUS SHRIKELE),

Vireolanius pulchellus : . Sel. et Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 12,
rr 2s : ; . Salvin, Ibis, 1861, p: 147.
ss # ; . Lawrence, Ann N. Y. Lye. vii. p. 468.
* es q ; . Sel. Cat. Am. B. p. 45.
= = . Baird, Rey. Am. B. i. p. 397.

Nitidé viridis, pileo et cervice cyaneis: subtis flavicantits viridis, gula pure flav&: rostro et pedibus plumbeis:
long. tota 55, alee 2-9, caudee 2:0. Fem. mari similis, sed minus clara et striga rictali flavicante.
fab. in Guatemala, reg. sylvaticA orientali (Salvin): Panama (McCleannan).

This is one of the many interesting novelties in Ornithology that Guatemala has lately
divulged to us, and as in other instances was first obtained by Mr. George Ure Skinner—the
enterprising pioneer of zoological and botanical discovery in that previously little known region.
The authors of the present work founded their original description of this bird upon an example
of this species in the British Museum, received through the agency of the last-named gentleman.
Since that description was published one of them has had the pleasure of making the personal
acquaintance of this ornamental bird in its native wilds. Mr. Salvin met with a single speci-
men of this Shrikelet when shooting Quesals at Rashké in the mountains above Lanquin in
Vera Paz, as he has already recorded in the pages of “The Ibis.” In. his subsequent expedi-
tion to Guatemala in company with Mr. F. Godman this species was found to be very abun-
dant near Choctum, a small Indian village in the low wooded region of Vera Paz, about a day’s
journey north of Coban. ‘The figures represent two of the specimens obtained on this occasion,
now in the collection of Messrs. Salvin and Godman.

The collectors employed at this latter locality have obtained from time to time a considerable
number of skins of this bird, from which nearly all the Museums of Europe and America have
been supplied with specimens.

Mr. Salvin generally found the present species roving amongst the outer branches of the
forest-trees in quest of insect food, much according to the fashion of other Vireonide. The
sexes, as characterized above, are described from specimens dissected by Mr. Salvin himself, and
are, we are inclined to think, correctly distinguished, although it remains to be proved whether
there is always this difference between them.

Southwards of Guatemala this Vireolanius is said to have been met with at Panama,
examples having been transmitted by Mr. McCleannan—the well known investigator of the Orni-
thology of that rich district—both to Mr. Salvin and Mr. Lawrence. We have, however, some

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doubts as to the real occurrence of this bird so far south, and suspect that Mr. McCleannan may
have received his skins from a more northern locality.
We are acquainted with the following species of this genus :

i 1, VrrEOLANIUS MELITOPHRYS, supra Pl. VIT.
|| Had. in Mexico et Guatemala, regione elevata.

2. VIREOLANIUS PULCHELLUS, supra Pl. VIII.
| Hab. in Guatemala, regione calida.

3. VIREOLANIUS EXIMIUS.
Vireolanius eximius, Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 898.—V. icterophrys, Sclater, P.Z.S. 1855, p. 161, pl. 108.

Hab. in Nova Granada interiore.
i 4, VIREOLANIUS ICTEROPHRYS.
|| i Vireolanius icterophrys, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxviii. p. 380, et Notes Orn. p. 60; Baird, Rev. Am. B. p. 399.
| Hab. in Cayenna usque ad Rio Negro.
5, VIREOLANIUS CHLOROGASTER.
Vireolanius chlorogaster, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxviii. p. 881, et Notes Orn. p. 60; Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 45; Baird,

Rey. Am. B. 1, p. 399.
Hab. in Peruvia orientali.

OctopER, 1866.

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Puate IX.

PHLOGOPSIS MACLEANNANI

(M°LEANNAN’S ANT-THRUSH).

Phlogopsis macleannani . Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N.Y. vii. p. 285.
ey ; ; . Sclat. et Salv. P.Z.S. 1864, p. 357.
45 as : E . Salvin, P.Z.S. 1866, p. 74.

Fulvescenti-brunneus; interscapulio, alarum tectricibus et secundariis nigris, fulvo latius marginatis; collo
postico angusté castaneo; cauda nigra: subtus castaneus, gutture toto ad medium pectus nigro; abdomine nigro vix
distincté ocellato: rostro nigro, pedibus flavis: long. tota 8, ale 3°5, caude 3-4, tarsi 1°2, rostri a rictu 1:0.

fab. in Isthmo Panama (McLeannan) ; Veragua (Arcé) ; Costa Rica, Tucurriqui (Arcé).

This brilliant species of Ant-thrush has been deservedly named by Mr. Lawrence, after its
discoverer, Mr. James McLeannan, lately Station-master of the Lion-hill Station, on the Panama
Railway, who has laboured so successfully in investigating the Zoology of the Isthmus—until
recently almost a terra incognita to Naturalists. Mr. McLeannan’s specimens were obtained
in the dense forests in the vicinity of his residence. Here this bird is not unfrequently to be
met with, associating with the other Formicariide of the district, and frequenting the ant-runs
which traverse the forest in every direction. Besides Panama it is found near Santiago in
Veragua, and near Tucurriqui on the eastern slope of the mountain-range of Costa Rica, from
both of which localities skins have been sent by Mr. Arcé. | |

Our figure is taken from a specimen, marked male, from Santiago, now in Messrs. Salvin
and Godman’s collection.

McLeannan’s Ant-thrush is a typical species of the genus Phlogopsis, agreemg with
Phlogopsis nigro-maculata in the naked space round the eye, the rounded nostril, and the
undivided acrotarsia, in all of which characters it differs from Mormicarius, as Mr. Salvin has
already pointed out. The tail of the present bird is, however, rather longer, and more rounded
than in the typical species. The rectrices are twelve in number, the outer pair being nearly
an inch shorter than the medial pair.

We are acquainted with the following species of this genus :—

1. P. NIGRO-MACULATA.

Myiothera nigro-maculata, Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. Av. 1, p. 14; D’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 190, pl. 6*, f. 2.—Hormicarius
nigro-maculatus, Scl. P.Z.S. 1858, p. 68.—Phlogopsis nigro-maculata, Scl. P.Z.S. 1857, p. 68, 1858, p. 276, et Cat. Am. B.
p. 190.

Hab. Bolivia, Chiquitos (D’Orbigny) : Amazon. sup. et fl. Ucayali, (Hawawell): Rep. Aquator. Rio Napo.

Mus. P.LS.

[ 17 ]

2. P. MACLEANNANI.
Hab. Panama (McLeannan): Veragua et Costa Rica (Arcé).
Mus. P.L.S. et 8. & G.

3. P. ERYTHROPTERA.
Hormicarius erythropterus, Gould, Ann. N.H. Ser. 2, xv. p. 845; P.Z.S. 1855, p. 69.—Phlogopsis erythroptera, Scl.
P.Z.S. 1858, p. 276; Salvin, P.Z.S. 1866, p. 734.
Hab. “ Demerara, int.” (Gould).
Mus. Brit.

| 4. P. TRIVITTATA.

f Hormicarius trivittatus, Scl. P.Z.S. 1857, p. 46, et 1858, p. 278.—Phlogopsis trivittata, Salvin, P.Z.S. 1855, p. 74.
Hab. in ripis fl. Amazonum sup.
Mus. Brit.

JANUARY, 1867.

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Pruatr X.

CINCLOCERTHIA RUFICAUDA.

(RED-TAILED TREMBLER).

Stenorhynchus ruficaudus . : . Gould, P.Z.S. 1885, p. 186.
Cinclocerthia ruficauda . GR. Gray, List of Gen. p. 17, (1840).

. ; : : » Sele PAS, 1855, p. 214; 1859, p. 838 ; 1866, p. 320, et Cat. Am. B. joke ce
Ramphoemcelus tremulus . : , . afr. Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 67.

Herminierus guadeloupensis, et H. infaustus. Less. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 326.

Fumoso-brunnea unicolor, dorso imo, alis et caudd rufescentibus: subtus paulo dilutior, magis cinerascens : rostro
nigro, basi rufescente ; pedibus fuscis ; long. tota 9°5, ale 4-0, caude 3-4, rostri a rictu 17.

Hab. in insula Guadaloupensi (Z’ enon Nevis (Cottle).

Mus. Brit.

The peculiar form of the American group of Mimine or Mock-thrushes to which this
and the two succeeding birds belong, was first made known to science by Mr. Gould, in the
Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1835. Mr. Gould, who was acquainted with the
present bird only, proposed to call it Stenorhynchus ruficaudus, but the former name having been
previously used in several departments of 4oology, was altered by Mr. G. R. Gray to
Cinclocerthia in-1840. Mr. Gould did not assign any position to the present form in the
Systema Nature, and Mr. G. R. Gray has associated it with the Furnariine. But there can
be no doubt that M. de Lafresnaye’s reference of it to the Turdide is correct, and that it must
be placed amongst the Mock-thrushes, along with Ramphocinclus, to which it is closely allied.
M. de Latresnaye, indeed, has described the present bird as a second species of Ramphocinclus,
as has been already pointed out by Mr. Sclater.* But the peculiar elongated form of the head,
the short stout tarsi and robust feet of the three species of Cinclocerthia seem to necessitate the
generic separation of the two forms.

The present species has hitherto only been recorded as having been received from Nevis
and Guadeloupe, though it probably also occurs in the intermediate island of Monserrat. Two
examples of it i the British Museum were obtained in the first-named island, by Mr. Cottle.
M. de Lafresnaye’s and M. Lesson’s skins were alike from Guadeloupe, the latter having been
sent to Europe by Dr. L’Herminier, well-known for his excellent essay on the sterna of
birds and other works. Mr. Sclater has a single skin of this species, purchased of one of the
Parisian dealers, without any assigned locality. From this specimen our figure has been taken.

As to the habits of this bird we have unfortunately no information, but from the singular
name which it bears in Guadeloupe, and which is shared by its representative in the island of
Sta. Lucia,f we cannot but suppose that its mode of life exhibits some peculiarities.

* See Proc. Zool. Soc., 1855, p. 212. t “Le Merle Trembleuse.”’

JANUARY, 1867.

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CINCLOCERTHIA MACRORHYNCHA.

(LONG-BILLED TREMBLER),

Cinclocerthia macrorhyncha . Sclater, P.Z.S. 1866, p. 320.

Supra obscure cinerea, fere unicolor, capite precipue ad latera nigricantiore: subtus lactescenti-alba, pectore et
erisso cum lateribus et subalaribus fusco-cinerascentibus: rostro paulum incurvo, nigro; pedibus corylinis: long.
tota 10°5, ale 4:1, caude 3°83, rostri a rictu 2:0, tarsi 1:15.

Hab. in insula 8. Lucia, Antillarum (Bonnecourt).

The only example of this species we have yet met with is the typical specimen described
by Mr. Selater as above referred to, from which also our figure has been taken. The example
in question belongs to the Museum d’Histoire Naturelle of the Jardin des Plantes, and we have
to express our great obligations to the authorities of that establishment for allowing us the use
of it for this work.

M. Bonnecourt, the collector of this unique specimen, obtained it in Sta. Lucia in the year
1850. It is labelled “‘ Le Grwve Trembleuse,’ which is, as we have already remarked, the same
name that C. ruficauda bears in Guadeloupe. The sex is ee to be female, but the male is,
without doubt, scarcely different.

Ina anal series of drawings of the birds of Sta. Lucia by Lieut. Tyler, in the Zoological
Society’s Library, is a figure, evidently intended for this bird, marked “ The Trembler.”

The present species is at once distinguishable from its two allies by its long bill, but in
other points of structure does not materially differ from them. The first (spurious) primary is as
large as in the other two species, measuring 1°5 inch from its insertion, and being rather more
than half the length of the second primary. The third is slightly shorter than the fourth, fifth,
and sixth, which are equal and longest. The present specimen of C. macrorhyncha has the
tarsi covered anteriorly with a continuous horny sheath, the divisions of the tarsal scutes having
become almost obsolete. In specimens of C. ruficauda and C. gutturalis, these divisions are

distinctly indicated and the scutes are five in number, which is probably the normal form of
the genus.

JANUARY, 1867.

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CINCLOCERTHIA GUTTURALIS
(WHITE-THROATED TREMBLER),

Ramphocinelus gutturalis . . » Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 67.
Cinclocerthia gutturalis ; : 2 - Nel. P.Z.S. 1855, p. 214; 1859, p. 838, et 1866, p. 320.

Nigricanti-fusco-cinerea, subtus valdé dilutior; gutture et ventre medio albis : tectricibus subalaribus pallide fusco-
cinerascentibus : long. tota 9°5, ale 4°4, caudee 3:2, tarsi 1°2, rostri a rictu 1°5.

Hab. in insula Martinicensi.

Mus. Paris.

The present member of this genus was first described by M. de Lafresnaye, in 1843, and
named gutturalis, as being readily distinguishable from the only species of the group then
known, C. ruficauda, by its white throat. It also differs from C. macrorhyncha in its colour
below, as in the present bird the ,under-surface is generally of a dark cimereous, white only
reappearing in the middle of the belly, while in C. macrorhyncha the whole under-plumage is
of a nearly uniform tawny whitish.

M. de Lafresnaye does not give the exact locality of his specimen. But we believe that
there is no doubt that the species is from the Island of Martinique, the example in the
collection of the Jardin des Plantes, from which our figure is taken, having been collected m
that island by M. Plée, in 1826.

There is likewise one specimen of this species in the British Museum.

This and the two preceding species, are the only members of the genus Cznclocerthia yet
discovered. But it is far from improbable that other islands of the lesser Antilles, may, when
more diligently examined, produce representatives of the same group. It is much to be desired
that a more accurate investigation of the Fauna of this part of the West Indian Islands should
be made, for at present we have in truth but very little information concerning their natural
productions, and zoological specimens from any of them are excessively rare in Kuropean

collections.

JANUARY, 1867.

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ACCIPITER VENTRALIS.

(RED-CHESTED SPARROW-HAWK),

Accipiter erythrocnemius (7) . Sclater, P.Z.S. 1855, p. 184.
Accipiter ventralis. : , : . Sclater, P.Z.S. 1866, p. 303.

Supra obscuré plumbeus; subtus castaneus, gula albicante, pectore plumbescente ; alis nigris, subtus albo trans-
fasciatis; cauda nigra, fasciis transversis quinque, subtus albis, supra plumbeis, item margine apicali albo : rostro nigro,
pedibus flavis, unguibus nigris: long. tota 10:0, ale 6°8, caude 5°5, tarsi 2, dig. med. cum ungue 16. Maem. mari
similis, sed major et gula dilutiore, fere albida; pectore vix plumbeo tincto.

Hab. in Nova Granada int.

This well-marked species of Sparrow-hawk, was described by Mr. Sclater at a meeting of
the Zoological Society, in May, 1866, from an example placed in his hands for examination
by Mr. J. H. Gurney, and named ventralis, from the rich rufous colouring of the under-plumage,
by which it may readily be distinguished from every other American species of the genus.
Our figure is taken from the typical specimen, which is destined to form part of the rich collection
of Raptorial birds in the Norwich and Norfolk Museum. Two other specimens of this species
are contained in the Museum d’Histoire Naturelle of the Jardin des Plantes in Paris, to which
they were transmitted by M. Lindig from New Granada. The specimen we now figure is
also from that country, the skin being of the unmistakable form by which the work of all the
native collectors in the vicinity of Bogota may be recognized.

There is a single mounted specimen of this Sparrow-hawk in the British Museum, also
received from Bogota. It is not quite adult, and is less rufous below, presenting faint traces of
transverse markings. The under tail-coverts are nearly white, and the plumbeous tinge on the
chest is not apparent. In this stage of plumage it somewhat resembles A. erythrocnemis, to
which species this specimen has been doubtfully referred by Mr. Sclater, in his list of the birds

of Bogota.”

* P.Z.S, 1855, p. 184.

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ACCIPITER CHIONOGASTER.

(WHITE-CHESTED SPARROW-HAWK).

Nisus chionogaster : : . Kaup. P.Z.S. 1851, p. 41.

Accipiter erythrocnemis f : . Sel. et Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 218,
Salvin, Ibis, 1861, p. 140.
Sclater, P.Z.S. 1866, p. 64, (partim.)

39 33

” 9

Supra fumido-niger ; subtus albus, gule et pectoris plumarum rachidibus angustissimé nigris : tibiis pallide rufes-
centibus: cauda fusco-nigra, fasciis quatuor transversis supra grisescenti-fuscis subtis albidis, margine quoque apicali
albo: alarum remigibus subtis albo nigroque transvittatis; subalaribus pectore concoloribus: rostro nigro, pedibus
flavis, unguibus nigris. Fem. mari similis, sed major: long. tota 14:0, ale 8-0, caude 6°5, tarsi 2-2, dig. medii cum
ungue 2°0.,

flab. in Guatemala.

This Sparrow-hawk was first described by Dr. Kaup, from specimens in the Derby Museum,
procured by Delattre in the vicinity of Coban, Vera Paz. Mr. Salvin, during his various
excursions in Guatemala, met with it not unfrequently in the same country, having obtained
examples near Lanquin, Choctum, and San Geronimo, all in the Province of Vera Paz. <A
single specimen was likewise obtained in the Pacific Coast-region below Duefias, which shows
that the bird is pretty generally distributed over the whole of Guatemala. Nothing special was
noted as to its habits, which quite resemble those of our well-known A. nisus.

As will be seen by our list of synonyms, we have hitherto always referred this bird to
the Brazilian Accipiter erythrocnemis, of which it is doubtless the northern representative. But
a recent comparison of Mr. Salvin’s series of specimens with the typical examples of the Brazilian
species in the British Museum, has convinced us that there are good grounds for separating the
two forms. In Accipiter erythrocnemis the tibie are deep rufous—almost chestnut, as its name
imports—the lower surface over the chest and flanks is transversely barred, and, though these
markings become somewhat obsolete in the adult, they never appear to vanish entirely. In the
present species, so far as we are acquainted with it, there are no signs of transverse markings
below in any stage. A skin of this bird in Mr. Salvin’s collection, which presents indications
of immaturity in having narrow light margins to the wing-coverts, precisely resembles the adult
in its lower plumage.

Our figure is taken from the female specimen shot at Lanquin, as mentioned by Mr. Salvin
in “ The Ibis.” In an early number of the present work, we propose to give a figure of the true
A, erythrocnemis, and to point out the differences between the two species more in detail.

JANUARY, 1867.

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RUPICOLA SANGUINOLENTA

(BLOOD-RED COCK-OF-THE-ROCK),

Rtupicola sanguinolenta : ; 7 Gould, -P ZS 21850) sp.-99.
Sclater, P.Z.S. 1860, p. 91.

5s S ; : . Sclater, Cat. A. B. p. 253.
Rupicola saturata : . Cab. et Hein. Mus. Hein. i. p. 99.

39 99

Saturaté coccinea, cristé unicolore: alis et cauda nigris; secundariis tribus externis cinereis: rostro aurantiaco,
pedibus flavis: long. tota 120, ale 7:2, caude 44, tarsi 14. Hem. obscuré rufo-brunnea, dorso uropygioque rufes-
centioribus, pileo brunnescentiore.

Hab. in rep. Aiquatoriali Transandeand, Nanegal (fraser).

The first skins of this brilliantly coloured species brought to Europe were, we believe, those
collected by M. Jules Bourcier, during his consulateship in Ecuador, about the year 1850, but
the bird was not distinguished from its close ally, the Peruvian Cock-of-the-rock, until 1859,
when Mr. Gould pointed out its differential characters, in a communication made to the Zoological
Society. These are indeed but slight, consisting mainly in its slightly smaller size, and the
blood-red rather than orange-tinted plumage. But the latter is sufficiently striking to be
noticeable at first sight.

Mr. L. Fraser obtained examples of this species in February 1859 at Nanegal, a village
on the western slope of Pichincha, about 4000 feet above the sea-level. We believe it to be
restricted to the western slope of the main range, representing in this district the Rupicola
peruviana of the eastern face of the Andes.

We have no account of the habits of this particular species in a state of nature, but they are
doubtless similar to those of the other known members of the group. Concerning these we may
refer our readers to Schomburgk’s interesting notes on Rupicola crocea, as observed in the
Roraima mountains of British Guiana,* and to Goudot’s account of the nesting of 2. peruviana,
in New Granada,{ as the two most prominent articles on this subject.

We subjoin some remarks upon the present state of our knowledge of the geographical
distribution of the three known species of Rupzcola; concerning which much additional
information is still required.

f. crocea, the best known species of the genus, seems to be confined to the granitic plateau
of the interior of the three Guianas. Waterton gives a mountain on the river Oyapoc, in Cayenne,

* Naumannia, Jahrg. 1850, p. 34. t Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 1, et Mag. de Zool., 1843, pl. 37.

| 29 |

as a locality where it is abundant ;* and the European dealers are usually well supplied with
skins of the well-known “make” of that colony. Richard Schomburgk, as we have already
mentioned, met with it in the Roraima mountains, in the interior of British Guiana, at an
altitude of about 1000 feet, when engaged in his search for the ripe seeds of the Strychnine
(Strychnos toxifera.) Mr. Wallace encountered it on the opposite side of its range, on the Serra de
Cobati, near Guia on the Upper Rio Negro.

The specimens of the Peruvian Cock-of-the-rock (Z2. peruviana) that have come before us,
have been mostly received in collections from Bogota. Whether these were collected in the
valley of the Magdelena, or on the opposite watershed, or both, we have no means of ascer-
taining. Goudot, whose nesting-experiences of this species in New Granada we have before
alluded to, unfortunately does not give the exact locality where he observed it.

Tschudi speaks of having seen many hundred examples of R. peruana,{ in Peru, but he
also neglects to mention the precise district in which they occurred. We cannot, however, be
wrong in supposing that it was in the eastern wood region of that country, as Markham mentions
having met with “ Cocks-of-the-rock” in the provinces of Caravaya, on the upper affluents of

the Purus.| Moreover, D’Orbigny obtained examples of this bird in the adjoming wood-region .

of Bolivia on the eastern slope of the Andes of Yungas and in the mountains east of
Cochabamba.§

As regards the present species, 2. sanguinolenta, we have already stated that we believe it to
be strictly confined to the ‘Transandean forests of Ecuador. Cabanis and Heine, who have
described what we consider to be the same species, under the name of R. saturata, say that
their specimens were stated to have been received from Bolivia. But knowing how little reliance
is to be placed on the localities given by dealers, we cannot help thinking there must have been
some error on this point.

Full reference to the synonymy of the three species will be found in Mr. Sclater’s Catalogue
of American Birds, p. 253. Our figure is taken from one of Fraser’s specimens, from Nanegal,
now in Mr. Sclater’s collection.

* Wanderings in South America, ivth ed. p. 98. + Fauna Peruana, Aves, p. 143.
t Travels in South America, &c., p. 255. § Voy. dans Am. Merid. Ois., p. 294.

J ANUARY, 1867.

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Pirate XVI.

PORZANA RUBRA

(RED CRAKD.

Corethrura rubra : 2 ; . Sel. et Salv. P.Z.S. 1860, p. 300.
55 3 : : ; . Sel. et Salv. Ibis, 1860, p. 277.

Leeté rufa, subtus medialiter dilutior, gula albicantiore : pileo toto et capitis lateribus saturate cinereis : remigibus
et rectricibus cum uropygio obscuré fusco-nigris: rostro nigro; pedibus olivaceis: long. tota 6:0, ale 3:25, caudex 1°7,
rostri ab angulo oris 0°8, tarsi 1°3.

Hab. in Guatemala, prov. Vere Pacis, in terra calida (Salvin).

This well-marked Crake, which is an inhabitant of the lowlands of Guatemala, may be
considered as the northern representative of Porzana cayennensis of South America. It is,
however, readily distinguishable from that species by the dark ash-colour of the crown, which
in P. cayennensis is rufous like the back.

Mr. Salvin first encountered this species in its native state whilst collecting at Coban, in the
Province of Vera Paz, in November, 1859; though he had become previously acquainted with it,
from specimens transmitted to this country by Mr. Skinner. It was, however, found to be much
more abundant in the vicinity of Choctum during his subsequent visits to the lowlands of Vera
Paz, in company with Mr. F. Godman, in February, 1862; and our figure is taken from one of
the individuals obtained on this occasion, which is now in Messrs. Salvin and Godman’s collection.

In its habits Porzana rubra is a true marsh-crake, frequenting the grassy swamps and reedy
edges of the lagoons, which occur at intervals in the more open parts of the forests. Its flight
is very weak and slow, so much so that the Indian collectors, after forcing it to take wing not
without some difficulty, on more than one occasion succeeded in striking it down with the single
clay pellet discharged from their sebaratanas, or blow-guns.

The Crakes have been divided up into so many small (so-called) genera, without any
characters being assigned to these, and there is so much confusion as regards the priority of their
names, that we have for the present, at least, felt ourselves compelled to revert to Vieillot’s term,
Porzana,* as a generic name for the whole of them. ‘The present species belongs to a group
distinguishable by a nearly uniform coloration, generally more or less rufous, and the entire
absence of spots and stripes, to which Bonaparte has applied the name Lufirallus.t

* Vieillot’s Analyse, p. 61, (1816).—Type Rallus porzana, Linn.=Porzana maruetta, (Leach).
+ Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 599, (1856).—Type Rallus cayennensis, Gm.

JANUARY, 1867.

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Pirate XVII.

ACCIPITER ERYTHROCNEMIS.

(RED-THIGHED SPARROW-HAWK).

Falco nisus : . Max. Beitr. iu. p. 111.
Nisus striatus. : . Burm. Syst. Ueb. u. p. 71.
Accipiter erythrocnemis . G.R. Gray, List of Accipitres, p. 70, (1848).

5 ca : é : . Sclater, P.Z.S. 1866, p. 3038.
Nisus fringillarius, subsp. erythrocnemius . Kaup, Arch. f. Nat. xvi. Bd. i. p. 34, (1850).
Nisus vel Accipiter erythronemius . . Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 64.

Supra fumido-niger; subtus albus, pectore et lateribus striis rachidum nigris item fascis angustis transversis
subobsoleté notatis: tibiis leté ferrugineis: cauda fusco-nigra, fasciis latis sex, subtis albis, supra grisescenti-fuscis,
ornat&: alarum remigibus subtis albo nigroque transvittatis; subalaribus albis: rostro nigro, cera flavida; pedibus
flavis: long. tota 11:0, ale 6°6, caude 5:0, tarsi 1:9, dig. med. cum ungue 1°5. Avis junior, fam. subtus maculis
triangularibus omnind notata et hypochondriis quoque ferrugineis: long. tota 12°0, ale 7-7, caude 6:0, tarsi 1°9.

Hab. in Brasilia, Merid. Orient.

It might, no doubt, be possible to find older synonyms of Vieillot, and other authors in all
probability applicable to this species, which seems to represent our common Sparrow-hawk,
in Brazil. But looking to the state of confusion into which the American members of this group
have been thrown by the practice of endeavouring to identify the vague descriptions of the
older authors, we think it more prudent to retain for the present bird a name, which, having
access to the typical specimens, we can affirm is undoubtedly applicable to it. Under
our illustration of the nearly allied Accipiter chionogaster (anted Pl. XIV.) we have pointed out
the distinctions between this and the Guatemalan bird,—the only American species with which
it can be easily confounded when adult, though in the immature forms of all the species there
is, of course, a very general resemblance.

Prince Maximilian of Neu Wied, who identifies this bird with the European Sparrow-hawk,
did not himself procure it in Brazil, but obtained one specimen of it from a collector, near Bahia.
Burmeister calls it strdatus, after Vieillot, but Vieillot’s Accipiter striatus, (Ois. de l’Am. Sept. I.
p. 42, t. 14), is founded on a species of St. Domingo, most probably referable to Acczprter fuscus,
and we cannot therefore use hisname. Burmeister, however, very accurately points out the
differences between the present species and A. fuscus, and truly states it to be more nearly allied to
the European A. nisus. He tells us, moreover, that it is a common species in the district of Brazil
which he traversed, often coming near the villages and feeding on small passerine birds (such as
Zonotrichia pileata), after the same fashion as our well-known Sparrow-hawk. Burmeister obtained

[33]

his specimens in the neighbourhood of Lagoa Santa, and Novo Friborgo, but saw it in other places,
and it probably extends all over the South-eastern parts of Brazil. Whether it is also found in
the adjoining States of South America we cannot positively say, but m all probability Azara’s
“ Hsparverilo’, (Apunt. I. p. 121, No. 27), must be referred to this species, and D’Orbigny’s
‘“ Nisus striatus’ from Yuracares in Bolivia, (Voy. Ois. p. 88), may also be conjectured to belong
to it. :

Our figures are taken from the typical specimens of this species in the British Museum.
We may note that Mr. Gray never gave any description of this bird, and that the first published
characters are those of Dr. Kaup, above referred to. The species should therefore be correctly
cited as Accipiter erythrocnemis, Kaup.

Specimens in the Paris Museum, probably referable to the young of this species, are marked
“ Snarvius guttatus, Vieillot,” and “‘ Nisus variatus, Cuv.” But these names are both strictly
applicable to Azara’s “ Esparverillo pardo y goteado,” which, as far as we can judge from his
description, is in all probability a very different bird.

May, 1867.

| 34 |

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ACCIPITER CASTANILIUS.

(CHESNUT-SIDED SPARROW-HAWK).

Accipiter castanilius . Bp. Rey. Zool., 1853, p. 578; Compt. Rend. xxxvu. p. 810, et Notes Orn. p. 5.
5 = : : . Sclater, P.Z.S. 1866, p. 304.

Husco-ardesiacus, capite cervice et colli lateribus pauld dilutioribus: subtiis albus, cinereo regulariter transfas-
ciatus, fasclis pectoris et ventris latioribus et castaneo marginatis, lateribus totis cum tibiis intensé castaneis : remigibus
subtus albido laté transfasciatis, subalaribus albis fusco maculatis: rectricibus supra nigricantibus, maculis fascialfbus
in pogonio interno cum apice extremo candidis, subtis griseis, nigricante fasciatis ; extima utrinque und supra fusca,
subtis grisea unicolore: rostro nigro; cerd cum pedibus flavis, unguibus nigris: long. tota 145, ale 6:0, caude 5:4,
tarsi 2°1.

flab. in Nova Granada littorali, propé 8. Martha.

As will be apparent by our figure, the Accipiter castanilius is one of the most strongly
marked species of the numerous genus to which it belongs, being readily recognizable, in its
adult stage at least, by its deep chesnut flanks and broadly banded under-plumage. It is
surprismg that so noticeable a species should have remained unknown so long, but, as far as we
can make out, the first specimens of it received in Europe were those obtained by M. Verreaux’s
collector, in the vicinity of S. Martha, about the year 1852, upon which Prince Bonaparte’s
description was founded. It is probable that, like many other birds, this Sparrow-hawk has a
very limited range, and is confined to the lower valley of the Magdalena,—a country in which
few collections have been formed. If it ascended far up the valley it would come within the
grasp of the diligent bird-hunters of Bogota, which does not appear to have been the case.

The Chesnut-sided Sparrow-hawk is of about the same size as Accipiter collards, Sclater,
and is more nearly allied to that bird than to any other American Sparrow-hawk, having the
same robust tarsi and short toes. A. collaris is, however, a very distinct species, as reference to
the plate and description of that bird in the “ Ibis”* will shew.

Our figure of this species is taken from a specimen in the British Museum, which was
purchased of M. Verreaux. ‘The bird is decidedly very rare, and we do not recollect to have

seen it in any other collection.

* Ibis, 1860, p. 147, t. 6.

“J

F

i
QO

May,

e

—_ i

EE CPR OE

J Smt lith. “M&NHanhart imp

CICHLOPSIS LEUCOGONYS.

en

Pirate XIX.

CICHLOPSIS LEUCOGONYS.

(YELLOW-BILLED CICHLOPSIS).

Turdus leucogonys : . Licht. in Mus. Berol.

Cichlopsis leucogonys . Cab. Mus. Hein., 1. p. 54.
a 55 : . Sel. P.Z.S. 1857, p. 6, et 1858, p. 542: Cat. A. B. p. 48.
P ss, ; : : . Baird, Rev. Am. Birds, p. 484.

Myiadestes leucotis : . Bp. Consp. p. 386, (excl. syn.)

Myvocichla ochrata : : : . Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxvii. p. 6, et Not. Orn. p. 30.

?Turdampelis lamioides . . Less. Echo du Monde Sav. 1844, p. 156.

?Turdampelis rufococcyx : . Less. Desc. d. Mamm. et Ois., 1847, p. 824.

Cinnamomescenti-fusca, gutture medio vix rufescente; abdomine pallidé cinereo, crisso flavicante ; rostro superiore
nigro, inferiore flavicanti-albo: pedibus fuscis ; long. tota 8:0 ale 3-4, caudee 2°5, tarsi 0°85.
Hab. (ut dicitur) in imp. Brasil.

This rare and little-known American form was first recognizably described by Dr. Cabanis,
in a note to the first volume of the “ Museum Heimeanum,” and constituted a special genus of
his sub-family Bombycillinz, under the name “Crchlopsis.”* It appears, however, to have

been previously indicated by a curt description in Bonaparte’s Conspectus, although confounded

with Pilogonys leucotes, of Tschudi,—a very different bird. It may also have given origin to the

two synonyms of Lesson, above quoted, although it would be hazardous to affirm this positively,

without access to the specimens whence that author’s imperfect descriptions were taken.

For the specific name of the present bird Dr. Cabanis adopted Lichtenstein’s MS. term
leucogonys, by which it had been long designated in the Berlin Museum. Unfortunately,
however, he misquoted this very characteristic name by writing it lewcogenys, and thus, as has
been already shewn,f led Prince Bonaparte to fall with greater readiness into the error above
mentioned. A few years subsequently that illustrious but maccurate Ornithologist committed
the further mistake of re-deseribing this bird as a new genus and species of “ Vireonez,”
under the name J/yiocichla ochrata, borrowed from the MSS. of Dr. Schiff of Frankfort!

So much for the literary history of the Cichlopsis. As regards its habitsin a state of nature
we have absolutely no mformation. We do not know in what part of the vast and varied
empire of Brazil it is met with, and indeed are not sure that it is actually Brazilian at all.

* xlydn, turdus et one, similitudo. + Cf. Selafer, P.Z.S, 1858, p. 542.

en iabiidieeeeetseeee - — ——— —
seer en cahene Teme. )
: —a on rere
= Sh il
ii

eae ae ee ee re

None of the recognized authorities on Brazilian Ornithology speak of it, and not one of the
specimens of this bird that we have examined has any definite locality attached to it. These
specimens, we may observe, are only three in number—a skin in Mr. Sclater’s collection
purchased of a dealer m Leeds—which is represented in our figure and also formed the
subject of Professor Baird’s remarks in his “ Review of American Birds,” and one example in
each of the Museums of Berlin and Philadelphia.

As regards the dithcult question of the correct systematic position of Cichlopsis, we may
say that we shareim the doubts already expressed by Professor Baird* as to its having much to do
with the Bombycilline, or, as we prefer to call them, the Ampelinz, to which group Dr. Cabanis
has referred the genus. There can, indeed, be no doubt that Cichlopsis is very closely allied
to Mytadestes, of which it possesses all the most prominent characters, differmg only in the
longer and much stouter bill, and more uniform style of plumage. So that wherever Myradestes
is to be placed, Cechlopsis must go next to it. And, as we shall presently point out, in referring
to figures of some of the latter group, which we propose to give in our next number, Myiadestes
appears to have been wrongly associated with Ampelis, and should be more correctly referred
to the Turdidee—under which head we include the Sylviidee—being more nearly allied to
Stata than to any other American form of this family. |

* Rey. Am. B. p. 417.

May, 1867,

[ 38 |

a eee

Face qe UUEEET NP TN

Sak, We Heh: Sey eh eee

SOW a bibalaee,saS)

GEE EP

sa a

Prate XX,

NYCTIBIUS BRACTEATUS,

(SPANGLED NIGHT-BIRD).

Nyctibius bracteatus ; : . Gould, P.Z.S. 1846, p. 1.
fs ” ae ae . Cassin, Cat. Capr. et Proc. Acad. Phil. 1851, p. 184.
= a ; ; . Sclater, P.Z.S. 1866, pp. 180, 585.

Nyctibius rufus . Cab. in Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 711 (1848).

s 3 : . WSclater, P.Z.S. 1866, p. 180.

Lete rufus, plumis minutissimé nigro variegatis, scapularibus et secundariis alarum necnon ventre toto cum crisso
maculis albis quadratis terminalibus ornatis, his maculis, precipue in scapularibus et ventre, nigro supra et subtus
marginatis: remigibus alarum fusco-nigris exttis rufescentibus; caud& leté rufa nigro transfasciatd: alis subtis
nigricantibus: long. tota 9:0, ale 6:4, caude 5:0.

Hab. in Guiana Britannica et valle Amazon.

In the Planches Enluminées, Buffon gives a very poor figure of a Caprimulgine bird from

Cayenne, under the name “ Crapaud volant ow Tette-chevre de Cayenne,”* and describes the

same species in his “ Histoire-Naturelle” as L’Hngoulevent roux, de Cayenne.’t Dr. Cabanis,
when characterizing the present species of Nyctibius, in the third volume of Schomburgk’s
‘ Guana,” seems to think that it may possibly be the same as that described and figured by
Buffon. Dr. Cabanis accordingly names this bird Nyctibius rufus, the Caprimulgus rufus of
Boddaert and Gmelin, having been founded on Buffon’s description and figure. In this we
cannot agree with him, as if Buffon’s bird is to be associated with any known species we should
rather be inclined to follow Mr. Cassin in considering it to represent the Antrostomus rutilus
of Burmeister, than the present Nyctebeus.t

Such being the case, Dr. Cabanis’ name for this bird must give way to Mr. Gould’s term
bracteatus, under which it is described in the “ Proceedings” of the Zoological Society for 1846,
from a specimen then in the Museum of the Royal Institution of Liverpool. This specimen was
subsequently parted with to Mr. Wilson, and is now, we believe, in the collection of the Academy

of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

Our figure of this bird is taken from the type of Nyctebius rufus, in the Royal Zoological
Museum of Berlin, our friend, Dr. William Peters, Director of that Institution, having, with his
accustomed liberality, sent it over to us for the purpose.

* Pl. Enl. 735. | + Vol. vi. p. 581.
{ See Mr. Sclater’s remarks on this subject, P.Z.S. 1866, p. 186, et p. 585.

| 39 |

Mr. Gould describes his Nyctibius bracteatus as from “ Bogota.” This may be a correct
locality, but, amongst many thousands of Bogota skins examined, we have never met with it.
A more certain patria is British Guiana, where Schomburgk obtamed a single specimen. Hence
it extends over the Amazon valley as far as Pebas, where Messrs. Castelnau and Deville
obtained an example now in the Paris Museum.

Nyctibius bracteatus is a very well-marked species, distinguished by its small size, red
colouring, and the quadrate white spots on the scapulars and plumage below. It cannot well
be confounded with any of the five other known species of the genus, which stand as follows,

0 Cite SERRE ALVIN Teint co HMI oe ag Tn
pees: soem apeieeitemadieieetinaiad oT rear 5 deter ones — a
ee ae — = er | }
= — = = af = = = —-- 8 {
= oe = : se Wi
rt enews ar : Mi) |

taking the larger sized first :—

1. Nycripius GRANDIS.

WW Caprimulqus grandis, Gm.: Buff. Pl. Enl. 325.

HA | Hab. Cayenne, (Buff): British Guiana, (Schomb.): Caraccas, (Levraud in Mus. Par.) : Upper Ucayali, (Bartlet):
\ HI] | | littoral of S.E. Brazil, (Qlaz.). ‘

| 2. NYCTIBIUS ZTHEREUS. | {
| Caprimulgus ethereus, Max. Beitr. ii. p. 803.

i Hab. Littoral of 8.E. Brazil, (Alaz.).

| 3. NycTIBIUS LONGICAUDATUS. :
| Caprimulgus longicaudatus, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 1, t. 1.
| ' Hab. Forests of the river Japura, (Spiz): Maynas, E. Peru, (7schudi).

| 4. NYcTIBIUS JAMAICENSIS.
Caprimulgus jamaicensis, Gm.: Capr. cornutus, Vieill.: NV. pectoralis, Gould, Ic. Av. t. 8: Nyct. wrutao, Lafr.
Hab. Jamaica, (Gosse): Trinidad, (Léotaud): Guatemala, (Salvin): Western Ecuador, (Fraser): Eastern
Peru, (Zsch.): Brazil, (Burm.): Paraguay, (dzara).

5. NyYcrrpius LEUCOPTERUS.
Caprimulgus lewcopterus, Max. Beitr. iu. p. 311: Des Murs, Icon. Orn. tt. 49, 50.
Hab. Littoral of S.E. Brazil, (faz.).

Full details concerning the synonymy and other particulars of these species have been given
by Mr. Sclater, in his recently published papers on the American Caprimulgide.*

* P.Z.S. 1866, p. 123, et p. 581.

May, 1867.

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Pratt XXII.

CYPHORHINUS LAWRENCIL

(LAWRENCE'S WREN).

Cyphorhinus cantans ‘ ‘ . Lawrence, Ann. N.Y. Lye. vii. p. 298.
Cyphorhinus lawrencit ; . Sclater, MS.

Lawrence, Ann. N.Y. Lye. viii. p. 5.
; . Sel. et Salv. P.Z.S. 1864, p. 345.

a : : : . Baird, Rev. Am. Birds, p. 113.

Supra fuscus ; alis et cauda extus nigro frequenter transfasciatis: regione auriculari, mento, gutture et pectore
toto castaneis: ventre medio cinereo, lateribus et crisso brunnescentibus: rostro corneo ; pedibus fuscis: long. tota 5:0,
alee 2°5, caude 1°55.

Hab. in Isthmo Panamensi.

This Wren somewhat resembles the Cyphorhinus musicus of Cayenne, figured in the Planches
Knluminées, under the name “ Le Musicien de Cayenne,” and was formerly considered by Mr.
Lawrence to be identical with that species. Such, however, is not the case, the bird being in
fact, much more nearly related to Cyphorhinus modulator, and to the species figured in the next
plate than to C. mus¢cus, which is readily distinguishable from all its congeners by the white
spots on the back of the neck. Mr. Sclater, to whom Mr. Lawrence’s specimens were sent for
comparison, pointed out this error, and proposed to call this bird Cyphorhinus lawrencti, under
which name it will be found described in our paper on Panama birds, in the Zoological Society’s
Proceedings for 1864.

As in many other cases, we owe the discovery of this bird to Mr. J. McLeannan, to whose
energetic researches on the Isthmus of Panama we have already alluded. We have no
particulars as regards its habits, but in all probability it is an excellent songster—like the two
best-known species of the genus, C. musrcus and C. modulator. Besides Mr. McLeannan’s
examples, the only specimens we have seen of the present Wren were collected by Arcé during
his short sojourn at Chepo, about forty miles south of the town of Panama on the Pacific
slope.

As already stated, the nearest allies of the present bird are C. modulator and C. pheocephalus.
From both of these species it is distinguishable by the distinct termination of the rufous colouring
below at the breast, and the cinereous belly, in which respects it more closely resembles C. musicus
than either of the above-named species.

Our figure of this bird is taken from a Panama skin collected by Mr. McLeannan, now in
Mr. Sclater’s collection.

May, 1867.

[41 J

i™

'o)

YPHORHINUS

Pas OO Pa EAI ucS

PERO Ey HACE.

ME&N Hanhart imp }

ne ee

Puate XXII.

CYPHORHINUS PHAOCEPHALUS.
MUSKY-HEADED WREN).

Cyphorhinus pheocephalus : . Sclater, P.Z.S. 1860, p. 291 et Cat. Am. Birds, p. 19.

Brunneus, pileo saturatiore, fere nigricante, alis caudaque nigro transradiatis: subtus saturaté rufus, abdomine
brunneo, medialiter dilutiore: long. tota 4°8, ale 2°5, cande 1:3.
Hab. in republicé, Aquatoriali, regione littorali.

Mr. L. Fraser, during his expedition to Ecuador, passed the three final months of the year
1859 at Esmeraldas on the sea-coast—the capital of the most northern province of the republic.
About 94 species of birds were obtained here, but although the locality had not, as far as we
know, been previously visited by collectors, very few of them proved to be new to science.
Amongst them, however, were examples of the present species of Wren, which was shortly
afterwards characterized by Mr. Sclater, from Mr. Fraser’s specimens: from these also our figure
has been taken. Mr. Fraser states that the two examples obtained were met with “ flying from
bush to bush, singing, along with four or five others.”

The present species is distinguishable from C. modulator by its blackish head and larger
bill, and from C. lawrencit of Panama by its brown belly, which is like that of C. modulator.

The genus Cyphorhinus of Cabanis, as restricted by Prof. Baird,* forms a small but well-
marked section of the family Troglodytide, which is so largely represented in South America.
The characters which readily distinguish it from other sections of the family are the high straight
culmen, and more especially the circular nostril which 1s entirely surrounded by membrane.
We are acquainted with four species of the genus, which may stand as follows:—

1. CyYPHORHINUS MODULATOR.
Thryothorus modulator, D’Orb. Voy. Cis. p. 280.—Sarochalinus rufogularis, Des Murs, Casteln. Voy. Ois. p. 49,
t. 17, £2.
Cyphorhinus modulator, Scl. P.Z.S. 1858, p. 68, et Cat. A. B. p. 19.

Cyphorhinus thoracicus, Tsch. F.P. p. 184, t. xvi. Bp. Consp. p. 224.
Hab. Bolivia, prov. Yungas, (D'Ord.): Eastern Peru Uchubamba, (Tschudi), Sarayacu, (Cast. et Dev.).

2. OCYPHORHINUS PHmOCEPHALUS. (PI. XXII).
Hab. Western Ecuador, Esmeraldas.

3. CYPHORHINUS LAWRENCIL. (Pl. XXL).
Hab. Panama.
4, CYPHORHINUS MUSICUS.
Turdus musicus, Bodd ex Pl. Eul. 706.—Turdus cantans, Gm. 8.N. p. 825.—Zurdus arada, Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. p. 358.
Platyurus rubecula, Sw. N.W. Birds, IT. p. 319.—Thryothorus carinatus, Sw. Orn. Draw. t. 14.— Cyphorhinus musicus,
Sclater, Cat. Am. B. p. 19.
Hab. Cayenne, (Buff).
* Rey. Am. B. pp. 93, 112.
May, 1867.

[ 43 J

aed

Oh eenes

Lac, Orr. AXITE.

J. Smit. lth. M.& N Hawhrarzel ‘imp

TROGIR Yer Bae nC bean iA
ia _fas od Ws BRUNNEICOLLIS .

——E

Puate XXIII, Fie. 1.

TROGLODYTES SOLSTITIALIS.

(AQUATORIAL WREN).

Troglodytes solstitialis 3 . Sclater, P.Z.S. 1858, p. 550, 1860, p. 84, et Cat. Am. Birds, p. 23.

Supra rufescenti-brunneus unicolor, alis et caudd nigro transfasciatis: uropygii maculis albis celatis nullis:
superciliis distinctis et lateribus capitis fulvis: subtus fulvus, ventre medio albicante, crisso nigro transfasciato :

long. tota 3°9, alee 1:9, caudee 13, tarsi 0°8.
Hab. in republ. Aquator. (Fraser): Bogota (Mus. P.L.8.).

This little Wren was one of Mr. Fraser’s discoveries during his expedition to Ecuador,
in 1857 and the following years. The species was met with in June 1858, in the vicinity of
Matos and Pinipi,—two little villages on one of the upper branches of the Pastazza, some dozen
leagues or so from Riobamba, and probably rather below 10,000 feet above the sea-level.
Two examples only were obtained, which were noted by Mr. Fraser as having the irides
“dark-hazel.” Other skins were subsequently procured near Nanegal in the same republic,
and Mr. Sclater’s collection contains a single example of the same bird from Bogota, so that it
probably inhabits the whole of the elevated districts of New Granada and Ecuador.

Troglodytes solstitialis is a smaller and shorter-winged species than the common T. furvus
of South America, which it generally resembles. It is also of a darker and more uniform
rufous above—and the belly is much lighter, nearly white im the middle. The ground-colour
of the tail in the present species is dark-brown like the back, and the black bands are closer
and more numerous. The crissum is banded, which is not the case in Troglodytes furvus, and
there is a very distinct superciliary stripe, which is nearly evanescent in the allied species.

Our figure of this species is taken from one of the typical specimens from Ecuador in
Sclater’s collection. It is marked “male,” but the sexes are in all probability identical.

May, 1867.

Pena}
rs
Crt

es

Prate ORE. Kies 2:

ThROGLODYTES BRUNNEICOLLIS.

(BROWN-NECKED WREN),

Troglodytes brunneicollis é ’ . Sclater, P.Z.S. 1858, p. 297, 1859, p. 372 et Cat. Am. Birds, p. 23.
Scl. et Salv. Ibis, 1860, p. 273.

Lg es . Baird, Rev. Am. B. p. 144.
“ Troglodytes aédon?”’ ; . Sclater, P.Z.S. 1859, p. 363.

33 99

Supra saturaté murino-brunneus, superciliis palide fulvis; dorso toto alis et caud& nigro transfasciatis, his fasciis
marginem inferiorem fere albicantem exhibentibus: subtus ad medium pectus rufescenti-fulvus, ventre toto hypochon-

driis et crisso albidis, nigro frequentissimé transfasciatis : long. toté 4:5, alee 2:0, caudee 1'8, rostri a rictu 0-7.
Hab. in Mexico Meridionali, La Parada (Boucard), Orizaba (Sumichrast): Guatemala, Volean de Fuego (Salvin).

This is a well-marked species of Wren, somewhat resembling Troglodytes hyemalis in general
plumage, but easily distinguishable by its larger size and longer tail. It is, in fact, strictly
referable to the section allied to Troglodytes aédon, whilst Troglodytes hyemalis is more nearly
allied to Troglodytes europeus.

We owe the discovery of this species, as of many other rare Mexican birds, to the researches
of M. Adolphe Boucard. In December, 1857, M. Boucard obtained his first specimens of it
at La Parada, a village situated about six leagues from Oaxaca, in the “tierra fria” of
Southern Mexico, some 10,000 feet above the sea-level. Other examples were collected at
Cinco Sefiores, in the same district, about three months afterwards. The species, however, is
not confined to the western provinces of Southern Mexico, as Prof. Baird records its having
been obtained near Orizaba, by Prof. Sumichrast; and two skins in Mr. Sclater’s collection,
procured by M. de Oca near Jalapa, and formerly doubtfully referred to 7. aédon, appear
to be the young of this bird. Further south, 7. brunnedcoll’s extends into Guatemala, examples
having been shot by Mr. Salvin in the forest-zone of the Volcan de Fuego, at an elevation of
about 7,000 feet, in September, 1859. Mr. Salvin also noticed this species on subsequent visits
to the Volcano, but generally at a rather higher elevation of about 10,000 feet, where the pine-
region commences. It was generally seen in small parties of five or six individuals, among the
coarse grass and shrubs, keeping carefully away from view, and uttering a rather clear wren-like
call-note.

Our figure of this Wren is taken from one of the typical specimens in Mr. Sclater’s
collection, obtained by Boucard at La Parada.

May, 1867,

Exc.Orn . XXIV.

MEN Hanhart imp .

J Smit hth

IGTERUG PUSTULAR ES

Puate XXIV.

ICTERUS PUSTULATUS

(SPOT-BACKED HANG-NEST).

Icterus pustulatus . Licht. in Mus. Berol.

Psarocolius pustulatus . ; . Wagl. Isis, 1829, p. 757.

Icterus pustulatus : . Bp. Consp. p. 4385; Compt. Rend. xxxvii. p. 835, et Not. Orn. p. 12.
as B : . Sclater, P.Z.S. 1857, p. 228; 1858, p. 303; et Cat. Am. B. p. 134.
ms bs ‘ : . Baird, Birds N. Am. p. 550.

Aurantiacus, rubro tinctus: interscapulio nigro guttato ; alis caudaque nigris, illis albo marginatis et hujus apice
anguste albo: loris et gutture toto nigris: subalaribus flavis, remigum marginibus interioribus albis: rostro et pedibus

plumbeis: long. tota 8°5, alee 4°0, caude 3°8, tarsi 0°9. em. omnino dilutior ; magis flavescens, interscapulio olivaceo
nigro guttato.

Hab. in Mexico Meridionali, La ‘Parada (Boucard, 1858); Atlisco (Boucard, 1865); Mazatlan (Nebour, in
Mus. Paris.). |

The brilliant group of Golden Hang-nests forms a conspicuous feature in the Ornithology
of Mexico and Central America, extending northwards into the United States, and southwards
into the northern parts of South America, but in each case in diminishing numbers, as regards
species. Southern Mexico appears to be about the focus of the group, more than a dozen species
occurring in this country, whilst Guatemala has very nearly, if not quite as many. In the
latter country, according to Mr. Salvin’s observations, these birds are rather locally distributed,
but numerous wherever they are found, and well-known everywhere, not only from their
conspicuous colouring, but also on account of the short sweet song possessed by several of them.

The present beautiful species was described by Wagler, as long ago as in 1829, in one of
the supplementary papers to his “ Systema Avium,” published in the “Tsis.” His characters
were taken from examples in the Berlin Museum, which bore the MS. name “‘ /cterus pustulatus,
Lichtenstein,” —and were probably from Deppe’s Mexican collection. As far as we know,
I. pustulatus appears to be mainly a western species, having been obtained by M. Boucard at
La Parada in Oaxaca; and by Neboux during one of the French expeditions near Mazatlan.
Prince Bonaparte states that specimens of this bird were collected by Delattre in “ California.”
Mr. Salvin also has a skin of the present species, purchased of a London dealer, with one of
Mr. Gruber’s printed labels on it, on which is written, “ Jcterus cucullatus, Hooded Oriole,
Cape §. Lucas, May, 1861. 8. no. 178.” We do not much doubt the accuracy of this
locality, for, although Prof. Baird seems to think its Californian occurrence somewhat apocryphal,

Aq
[ 47 |

a ee ee ———

here seems to be no reason why it should not be found in the southern borders of that country,
—or at least in Lower California. |
Icterus pustulatus, in its adult stage, is unmistakeably distinguishable from every other
known species of the group, by the clearly defined spotting of the interscapulars. Its nearest
ally is L. mentalis of Lesson, which generally resembles it, but has the interscapulary region
all black, and less white on the wings. The lower plumage of these two species is quite alike,
and is remarkable, even among the Icter, for its deep rich orange tint.
Our figures are taken from specimens in Mr. Sclater’s collection.—The male represented
is one of Boucard’s skins, collected at “ Atlisco” in Mexico, in 1866.—The female was obtajned
by exchange from the Hamburgh Museum, in 1854.

May, 1867.

| 48 |

Ve, OT.
Plate XXV

‘
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:
5
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M& N.Hanhart imp

MiSede Prats eles ee.

te
-

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~~
- =~ -

Puate XXV.

MYIADESTES OBSCURUS.

(DUSKY SOLITAIRE).

Myiadestes obscurus : Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 99.
e : Sclater, P.Z.S. 1857, p. 213; 1859, pp. 364, 376; Cat. A. B. p. 47.
= & . Sclat. et Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 14.
4: ‘ ‘ Baird, Rev. A. B. p. 480.

Schistaceus; ciliis oculorum albis, loris et striga rictali nigris: alis fusco-nigris, extus rufo limbatis: inter-
scapulio pallidiore rufo ; dorso imo olivaceo perfuso; subtus diluté schistaceus, gutture et ventre medio cum crisso
albicantibus: remigum macula magna interna ochraceo-alba: cauda nigricante, rectricibus duabus mediis cum unius
utrinque proxime pogonio externo. griseis; rectricibus lateralibus albo terminatis; harum unius utrinque extime
dimidio apicali pallide griseo: rostro nigro, pedibus fuscis: long. tota 7°5, ale 4'0, caude 4:°1.— Fem. mari similis.

Hab. in Mexico Merid. et Guatemala.

This Solitaire was first made known to science by the veteran French Ornithologist, the
late Baron de Lafresnaye, who has added so largely to our knowledge of the American Avifauna.
M. de Lafresnaye described the species from Mexican specimens, and recent collections have
contained examples of it from many localities in the Southern States of that country. Botteri
and Sumichrast have each met with it in the vicinity of Orizava, De Oca near Jalapa, and
Boucard i the mountamous districts of Oaxaca, where the eggs were likewise procured.
Professor Baird registers specimens as having been obtained by Xantus at Tonaldé in the
southern part of the State of Chiapas, and by Col. Grayson on the Tres Marias Islands, which
is the most northern locality for it we are acquainted with. Going southward this species is
very abundant in some parts of Guatemala, where it is generally known by the name of the
Guarda-barranca—or guard of the ravines. It is diffused throughout the high table-land,
of from 5000 to 7000 feet above the sea-level, which runs parallel with the Pacific Coast of
Guatemala, and constitutes the principal watershed between the Atlantic and Pacific. Hence
it follows the principal spur of the main chain, which extends towards the high-lands of Vera
Paz, as far as the village of Tactic, but a little further northwards is replaced by the allied
species—Myzadestes unicolor. :

In the ravines of the two Volcanoes of Agua and Fuego, Mr. Salvin found this bird to be
very abundant and constantly resident. Its clear, metallic, ringing song, which is uttered at
intervals throughout the day, at once attracts attention and makes its presence known. But it
sits concealed in the low thick bushes which clothe the gullies, and it is not very easy to get

[49]

a sight of it. The nest is placed near the ground in such situations. Mr. Salvin was not
fortunate enough to meet with it, but M. Boucard obtained specimens of the eggs in the province
of Oaxaca, in the month of May, 1858. These are very Robin-like in appearance, being white,
minutely spotted and freckled with reddish-brown, particularly at the larger end, where the
spots nearly cover the entire surface. They measure 0:95 by 0°75 in.

The Guarda-barranca is a favourite cage-bird of the Guatemalans, and sings readily in
confinement. It may be seen suspended in small bamboo cages in the corridors of many
Spanish houses, often in company with such fellow-captives as Mmus gracilis, and various
species of Jcterus.

We are not aware of the occurrence of Myzadestes obscurus further south than Guatemala,
—the next species met with in this direction being the very distinct M. melanops of Costa Rica.
Our figure of the present bird is taken from a Guatemalan skin in Mr. Sclater’s collection.

Aveust, 1867.

Orn Plate AAV I
nit hth M&N Hanhart imp
MYIADESTES UNICOLOR

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Pirate XXXVI.

MYIADESTES . UNICOLOR.

(GREY SOLITATRE),

Myiadestes unicolor Sclater, P.Z.S. 1856, p. 299; 1858, p. 97; Cat. A. B. p. 47.
35 5 Sclat. et Salv., Ibis, 1860, p. 397.
- - : ; Baird, Rev. A. B. p. 428.

Schistaceus feré unicolor, loris nigris ; oculorum ambitu albo: subtus paulo pallidior, ventre medio albicantiore :
alis nigris, extus brunnescenti-oleagineo partim marginatis: cauda nigra, rectricibus duabus mediis dorso concoloribus,
rectricum lateralium parte apicali pallidiore et harum apicibus ipsis albis: rostro nigro; pedibus corylinis: long.
toti 7°5, ale 3°8, caude 3'4.—HMem. mari similis.

Hab. in Mexico merid. orient. in Guatemala orientali.

We are indebted for our knowledge of this fine species of Solitaire to the researches of
M. Auguste Sallé of Paris, well-known as one of the most active and enterprizing of the present
generation of travelling Naturalists. M. Sallé’s examples of both sexes of this bird (which
exactly resemble one another), were collected near Cordova in the State of Vera Cruz, and the
species was first characterized by Mr. Sclater, in his general article on M. Sallé’s Mexican |
collections, published in the Zoological Society’s “ Proceedings” for 1856. Our figure of this
bird is taken from one of M. Sallé’s specimens, still in Mr. Sclater’s collection, which served
for the original description of the species.

A second Mexican locality for Myzadestes unicolor is the vicinity of Orizaba, whence Bottert
has forwarded specimens, but we have never met with it in any collection formed in the western
part of Southern Mexico, where M. obscwrus appears to be the only species. In Guatemala also,
as has been already mentioned, it is only in the eastern forests of Vera Paz that this species
occurs. Travelling towards Coban from Guatemala, the last outliers of the allied M. obscwrus
are left shortly, before reaching the village of Sta. Cruz. At Coban—a tew leagues
further on—the present bird has supplanted it, and is abundant in all the patches of wood
which clothe the peculiar conical hills of that district. It is also found in the vast forests of
Central Vera Paz, at the comparatively low elevation of 1200 feet above the sea-level. Many
specimens were obtained by Mr. Salvin’s hunters at Choctum in this district, and its character-
istic notes were often heard still further north, on the track leading to Peten.

The Guatemalan name of this species is the “ Pito real,” or “ Royal Thrush ;’
that the natives appreciate its distinctness from the allied “ Gwarda-barranca.” ‘The external

’ which shows

L515]

characters which separate the two allies are associated with corresponding differences in their
notes,—the songs of the two birds, although similar in character, being sufficiently distinct to be

easily recognizable. |
A specimen of the nest and eggs of this bird was obtained by one of Mr. Salvin’s collectors

in the vicinity of Coban. The nest is a cupshaped structure, formed of fine roots and small
twigs, and lined principally with moss. ‘The eggs are very similar to those of the last species.

Avaust, 1867.

[ 52 |

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Pirate XXVIII.

MYIADESTES RALLOIDES

(ANDEAN SOLITAIRE).

Muscipeta armillata , Lafr. et Orb. Mag. de Zool. 1887, Ois. p. 38.

Muscipeta ratloides : d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 322.

Ptilogonys griseiwenter . Tsch. Wiegm. Arch. 1844, i. p. 270; Faun. Per. Aves, pp. 7, 140.

Myiadestes griseiventer . Cab. Wiegm. Arch. 1847, i. p. 209.
55 x Bp. Consp. p. 336.

Myiadestes venezuelensis . Sclater, Ann. et Mag. N. H. Ser. 2, vol. xvii. p. 468: P.Z.8. 1860, p. 64: Cat. Am. B. p. 47.
“p igen eae Baird, Rev. A. B. p. 427.

Supra pallidé rufus, uropygium versus saturatior; pileo cinerascente: loris nigricantibus: lateribus capitis et
corpore toto subtus schistaceis, hypochondriis paulim rufescentibus: alis nigris brunneo extis variegatis, maculA
magna interna alba: cauda nigra, rectricibus duabus mediis brunnescentibus, lateralibus magis pallidis et albo termi-
natis: rostro nigro, basi pallido: pedibus pallide corylinis: long. tota 6:0, ale 3:4, caude 2°8.—Fwm. mari similis.
Junior, maculis rotundis pallidé rufis nigro-marginatis undique aspersus.

ffab, in Bolivia, Peruvia, rep. Auquatoriali, Nov. Granada et Venezuela.

While the northern and Antillean species of this group are specially restricted in their
geographical areas, the present bird appears to have a wide range in South America, where, if
we exclude the aberrant Ptlogonys leucotis of Tschudi, it is the only representative of the
genus. Mr. Sclater first met with examples of the present bird in the Museum of the Jardin
des Plantes, to which establishment they had been transmitted by M. Levraud from Caraccas,
and, not being aware of its identity with Tschudi’s and d’Orbigny’s species, described it as new
from M. Levraud’s specimens. Subsequent examination of the type of d’Orbigny’s Muscipeta
rallordes, in the same collection, has convinced him of the identity of the Venezuelan and
Bolivian bird, and though it is not very easy to make out Tschudi’s description of his Pilogonys
grasewenter (which has evidently been taken from a young bird), itis more than probable that
this is also a synonym of the present species.

Assuming this view to be correct, the present Solitaire may probably occur in suitable
localities throughout the eastern slopes of the Andes, from the neighbourhood of Caraccas to
the vallies of Yungas in Bolivia. It is not unfrequently to be met with in Bogota collections.
Mr. Fraser shot specimens of it at Pallatanga in Ecuador, in November, 1858. Tschudi gives
as its locality the outskirts of the eastern wood-region of Peru. D’Orbigny met with a single
specimen in the environs of Chulumani, in the province of Yungas in Bolivia.

[ 53 ]

Our figures of this species are taken from skins in Mr. Sclater’s collection,—the adult being
| a “* Bogota” skin, and the young bird in spotted plumage from Ecuador.

Hl | In our article on Cichlopsis, we have already indicated our views as to the correct position
i | Hl; | of the genus Myradestes, in the natural series. It belongs, no doubt, to the family Turdide,
wa from which the so-called Sylviide of the Old World cannot be dissociated. Besides the general
wae external form, the power of song, and the character of the immature plumage, lead to this
HH | interpretation of its affinities. ‘The contenental species of this group, taking them according to
| Hl | their geographical distribution, from north to south, are,—

ia | 1. M. townsENDI.
ai | Ptilogonys townsendi, Aud.
iat | Myiadestes townsendi, Baird, Rev. A. B. p. 429.

| 4ab. Mountainous regions of middle and western states of N. America (Baird).
| 2. M. unicotor (Plate XXV).
Hn | | Hab. Kastern portion of Southern Mexico, and northern districts of Vera Paz.
3. M. opscurus (Plate XXVI).

f1ab. Southern Mexico, principally on the western side; Western Guatemala, and Southern Vera Paz.
Ae | 4. M. MELANOPS.
1 | Myiadestes melanops, Salvin, P.Z.S. 1864, p. 580, t. xxxv ; Baird, Rev. A. B. p. 426.

| Hab. Kastern slope of Costa Rica.
5. M. rarnormss (Plate XX VII).
Hab. Subandean vallies on both slopes from Caraccas to Bolivia.

Aveust, 1867.

Plate XXVIII

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PrateE XXVIII.

MYIADESTES ELISABETH

(CUBAN SOLITAIRE),

Muscicapa elisabeth . Lembeye, Aves d. Cuba, p. 39, t. v. fig. 3.
Myiadestes elisabeth . : Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1856, p. 2: Gundlach, Ann. L. N. Y. vi. p. 271, et Journ. f Orn.
1861, p. 828.

Baird, Rev. A. B. p. 425.
Gundl. Rep. F. N. de la Isla de Cuba. Vol. I. p. 240.

Supra fuscescenti-olivaceus, subtis albus, cineraceo precipue in pectore perfusus: loris et spatio oculari rufes-
centibus: strigi mentali nigricante: alis nigris fulvo variegatis, macula magna interna pallidé ochracea: cauda
: nigricante, rectricibus quatuor mediis dorso concoloribus, lateralibus extts pallidioribus et albo terminatis: rostro

corneo, subtus ad basin albicante; pedibus pallide corylinis: long. tota 7:0, alz 3°4, caude 3:1.

Hab. in ins. Cuba et in ins. Pinorum.

The Cuban Solitaire was first described scientifically by Lembeye, in his “ Aves de la
| Isla Cuba,” published at Havana in 1850, though it appears to have been long well-known by
the Spanish inhabitants of the Island under the name of “ Ruisenor,’ or Nightingale. Like
the other members of the genus, it possesses, as is indicated by its native name, great powers
of song, which are much dilated on by Lembeye in the work just spoken of. He gives,
however, but few other details concerning its habits, merely mentioning that it 1s supposed to
breed in the mountain-forésts of the eastern portion of the island.

Lembeye placed this bird in the genus Muscicapa, and Dr. Cabanis was the first to point
out, from an examination of skins transmitted to Berlin by Gundlach, its true position in the
natural series. According to Gundlach’s notes, it is also found in the Island of Pines, and in.
the stony mountains of Western Cuba, and is frequently captured and kept in cages. Its food,
he tells us, ‘‘ consists of berries and insects. Its voice is quite peculiar, resembling an A®olian
harp, or glass-harmonicum. The song is simple, commencing low, becoming gradually louder,
and ending in a trill.”

Specimens of the Cuban Solitaire, as of all the other peculiar forms of that Island, are
rather rare in European collections. Our figure is taken from a skin in Mr. Sclater’s collection,
received through the Smithsonian Institution. It is that of a male,—No. 21,670 of the Smith-
sonian Cataloeue—and was procured by Mr. Charles Wright, at “ Donna del Gate,” in Cuba.

We have already given a list of the continental species of this genus. The Antillean
members of the group are much less known. They appear, however, to be at least four in
number, namely :—

1. Mf, elisabethe, of Cuba, (Plate XX VIII).

2. M. solitarius, Baird, Rev. A. B.,1. p. 421; (ML. armillatus, auctt. nec Vieilloti) from Jamaica.

3. MM. armillatus, Vieill. Ois. de Am, Sept. i. p. 69, t. 42; Baird, 1. ¢. p. 422—supposed to be from Martinique.
4, M. genibarbis, Sw. Nat. Libr. p. 184, t. 18; Baird, 1. c. p- 4238—habitat unknown.

We have only seen specimens of the two first of these species, but it is evident that most
of the mountainous islands of the Antilles possess a representative of the genus. Mr. Hill
has given us some details concerning the Haytian species, in Gosse’s Birds of Jamaica (p. 202) ;
and also speaks of the occurrence of the same form in St. Vincent. We have not yet met with
specimens from either of these islands.

Auveusr, 1867.

lh

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Plate, XXIX |

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HYLACTES CASTANEUS.

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/ | Puate XXIX. ~

| -HYLACTES CASTANEUS.

(CHESTNUT HYLACTES).

; Pieroptochus castaneus ; Phil. et Landb. Wiegm. Arch. 1865, p. 56; ib. 1866, p. 121.
' Hylactes castaneus . . . Sclater, P.Z.S. 1867, p. 825.

Supra olivaceo-cinerascens, alis extus rufescenti-olivaceis, tectricum majorum et secundariorum apicibus pallidis ;
uropygil plumis elongatis, castaneo tinctis, fascia subapicali nigra, ochraceo terminatis: caudd nigra: fronte, super-
ciliis et corpore subtus ad medium pectus castaneis: oculorum ambitu sordidé albo: abdomine medio cinereo, castaneo
variegato: crisso nigro et castaneo transfasciato: rostro et pedibus nigris: long. tota 9-0, ale 4°2, caude 2°6, tarsi
1°9, digiti postici cum ungue 1°6, rostri a rictu (lin. dir.) 1:0.

Hab. in Rep. Chiliana.

Messrs. Philippi and Landbeck, the Director and Sub-director of the Museum of Santiago
in Chili, have, durmg the last few years, contributed a series of valuable papers on the Natural
History of their adopted country to ‘“‘ Wiegmann’s Archiv,” in the course of which they have
made many valuable additions to our knowledge of the Chilian Fauna. Amongst these there

r is none of greater interest than the fine species now portrayed; forming, as it does, an additional

member of a limited but very characteristic group of Chilian birds.

The Pieroptochus castaneus, as its describers have called this new species, from the prevailing
chestnut colouring of its plumage, is most nearly allied to the Aylactes tarnit of King, and
belongs strictly to the same small group, which is easily distinguishable from typical Pteroptochus
by the very strong feet, the remarkable size of the hind-claw, and the possession of fourteen
tail-feathers.

f It was first met with by Messrs. Philippi and Landbeck, in December, 1860, in the Hacienda
de la Puerta, in the Province of Colchagua, at an elevation of about 5000 feet above the
sea-level. Here it was observed in small companies, frequenting the deep ravines traversed by
the streams which descend from the neighbouring snow-fields. Its call is stated to havea great
resemblance to that of H. tarnz, reminding one of the distant bark of a small dog. Subsequently,
additional specimens were obtained by the same Naturalists in a more northern part of the

Fi Province of Colchagua, in the month of November. ‘T'wo of these were full grown young, so
that this bird may be supposed to breed early in the Antarctic Summer. Its favourite resort
” here appeared to be the bottoms of the deepest and dampest ravines, which are densely

clothed with a coarse grass called “ quila” and thickets formed by a kind of beech. Similar

[ 57 |

Ne eee
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localities are stated to be affected by its close ally Z. tarni’, which represents it in the more
Southern Provinces of Concepcion and Valdivia.

The present species, along with its allies of the same group, H. tarni and H. megapodius,
possesses fourteen rectrices,—a salient point of distinction between them and the typical
Pteroptocht, in which the normal Passerine number of twelve ig preserved.

Our figure of this species is taken from a specimen in Mr. Sclater’s collection, obtained
from the describers direct.

The genus Hylactes contains, as far as our present knowledge extends, only the three
following species, viz. :—

1. Hynacrrs TARNIT.

Hylactes tarnii, King, P.Z.S. 1830-1, p. 15; Cab. et Hein. Mus. Hein. ii. p. 21: Megalonyx ruficeps, Lafr. et
D’Orb. Syn. Av. i. p. 16; D’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. t. 8, £1: Leptonyx tarni, D’Orb. Voy. p. 198: Pteroptochus tarnii,
Darwin, Voy. Beagle, Zool. iii. p. 70.

Hab. Island of Chiloe and Port Otway, Gulf of Penas (King) ; Western Chili from Concepcion to the Peninsula
of Tres Montes (Darwin) ; Valdivia (D’ Orbigny).

2. Hynacres castaneus (Plate XIX).
fab. Province of Colchagua, alt. 5000 ft. (Philippi & Landbeck).

3. HYLACTES MEGAPODIUS.
Pteroptochus megapodius, Kittl. Mem. prés. Acad. Pétersb. 1831, p. 182, t. 4: Darwin, Voy. Beagle, Zool. iii. p. 71,
Sel. Cat, Am. B. p. 169: Megalonyx rufus, Less. Cent. Zool. t. 66; Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. Av. 1, p. 17: Leptonyx
macropus, Sw. Zool. Il. 2nd Ser. t. 117; D’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 197: Hylactes megapodius, Gray, Gen. of B. 1, p. 154;
Cab. et Hein. Mus. Hein. ii. p. 21.
Hab. Central and Northern Chili (Darwin) : environs of Valparaiso (D’ Orbiqny).

Ava@ust, 1867.

[ 58 J

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Puate XXX.

(QDICNEMUS SUPERCILIARIS.

(PERUVIAN THICK-KNEE),

Cidicnemus superciliaris ; ‘ Tsch. Wiegm. Arch. 1843, I. p. 887, et Faun. Per. pp. 49, 293.

Supra griseus, fusco marmoratus, loris, capitis lateribus et superciliis latis albis, his striga nigra supra et subtis
marginatis: alarum remigibus externé nigris, intis albis, apicibus omnind nigricantibus: rectricibus albis, oriseo
transfasciatis, apicibus late nigris: subtus albus, pectore fuscescente, cinereo irrorato: crisso fulvescente tincto:
rostro nigro, basi olivaceo, pedibus olivaceis: long. tota 1°3, ale 8°5, caude 5:0, rostri a rictu 1°8, tarsi 3°5.

Hab. in Pernvia occidentali.

This little-known Thick-knee varies considerably from the normal colouring of its congeners,
and more nearly resembles one of the allied genus Hsacus in general external appearance.
It is, nevertheless, a typical Gidicnemus in form, and of great interest as forming a second
American species of this widely diffused group.

The Peruvian Thick-knee was discovered by Tschudi, in the western coast-region of Peru,
north of Lima, near the Port of Huacho, and fully described in his well-known Fauna Peruana.
Although Tschudi states positively that it is different from Cidicnemus vocifer (CE. bistriatus,
Wagler) no other succeeding writer has been content to recognize it: both Gray* and Schlegelt

considering it to be the same as Wagler’s species. The points of difference between the two .

birds are, however, very obvious on comparison. Cidicnemus superciliaris is a smaller
species than Ci. bestriatus. Its ground-colour above is grey instead of dark brownish black,
and the markings are less defined and much more minute. It has, likewise, a well-defined
black stripe beneath the prolonged white superciliary mark, which is not found in the allied
species. ‘There are, besides, many other differences, which we need not enlarge upon.

Our figure of this fine species is taken from a specimen, not quite adult, in Messrs. Salvin
and Godman’s collection, labelled as having been killed in the valley of the Rimac, near Lima.
It is the only example of this bird we have yet met with.

* Gen. of B. App. p. 25. + Mus. d. P. B. Cursores, p. 19.

[ 59 J

The two American species of Cidicnemus will stand as follows:—

1, CQHDICNEMUS BISTRIATUS.
Charadrius bistriatus, Wager, Isis, 1829, p. 648.— Gidienemus bistriatus, Gray’s Gen. i. p. 585; Cab. in Schomb.

Guian. i. p. 749.—Owen, Ibis, 1861, p. 67; Salvin, Ibis, 1861, p. 856; Sclater, P.Z.S. 1865, p. 897; Schlegel, Mus.
d. P.B. Cursores, p. 19.—Cidicnemus vocifer, L’ Herm. Mag. de Zool. 1887, cl. u. t. 84.—C, americanus, Sw. An. in

Men. p. 349.—“ Gi. mewicanus Licht.” (teste Schlegel.).
Hab. Mexico (Wagler): Vera Cruz (Boucard): Guatemala, Plains of Salama and Huamuchal (Salvin):

Honduras (Taylor): New Granada, Bogota (Mus. Brit.): Venezuela, province of Cumana (Z’Herm.): Guiana
(Schomb.): Rio Branco, Northern Brazil (Watterer in Mus. Vindob.).

2. CHDICNEMUS SUPERCILIARIS (Plate XXX).
Hab. Coast-region of Western Peru.

Avetst, 1867.

| 60 |

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Pruate XXXII.

LANIO AURANTIUS.
(ORANGE LANIO),

Lanio aurantius . Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 204.

Bp. Consp. p. 241.

Gray, Gen. of B. App. p. 16.

Ps s ; : Du Bus, Esquiss. Orn. t. xx1.

‘ Bs : Sclater, P.Z.S. 1856, pp. 119, 303 ; 1857, p: 229, et Cat. A. B. p. 83.
‘ a eas Sclat. et Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 15.

Flavissimus, pectore ferrugineo tincto: capite toto cum gutture alis et cauda nigris: tectricibus alarum minori-
bus et subalaribus albis: rostro et pedibus nigris: long. tota 8:0, ale 4:3, caude 3°8.— Mem. supra brunnea, uropygio
flavicante, capite cinerascente ; subtus olivaceo-flava, gutture cinereo, crisso fulvo tincto : alis et cauda fuscis.

Hab. in Mexico Meridionali et Guatemala.

This finely-coloured species of Lanzo was first made known by the late Baron de la Fresnaye,
in one of his numerous ornithological articles contributed to the Revue Zoologique. Latresnaye
was, however, in error as to its patria, which he gives as “Columbia.” In Sclater’s “ Synopsis
of the Tanagride, published in the Zoological Society's Proceedings” for 1856, this mistake

was corrected upon the faith of specimens collected in Honduras by Dyson, and in Southern.

Mexico by Sallé. The range of this Lando is, in fact, confined to the Central American Isthmus
north of Costa Rica, in which country its place is taken by the allied Lanzo leucothorax. Besides
M. Sallé’s specimens from Orizaba already alluded to, M. Boucard obtained examples at
Santecomapam, in the State of Vera Cruz, in March, 1857; and we have seen it in other
collections from Southern Mexico. In Guatemala Mr. Salvin found it abundant in the forests
of Northern Vera Paz. South of this we have no record of its existence, though it may
probably extend into Honduras and Nicaragua.

The Tanagers of the genius Lanvo are strict denizens of the virgin forests of Neotropical
America. Mr. Salvin met with this species during his excursions into the lower wood-region of
Vera Paz in the beginning of 1862, and observed it always amongst the lower branches of the
higher trees. In this situation it is usually met with in pairs, associating with such fruit-loving
birds as Pitylus poliogaster, Euphonia hirundinacea, and Tanagra diaconus, and subsisting
principally upon the same diet.

[61 J

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Since the plate representing this species was prepared, we have discovered that the bird
has already been figured in one of the later livraisons of Du Bus’ “ Esquisses Ornithologiques”,
of which the text has never appeared. We are not sure that these livraisons were ever font
published, but, even if this should have been the case, they are so little known that a second
figure of this beautiful species may not be deemed iidesirabls

Our figure of the male of this bird is taken from one of M. Boucard’s specimens above
referred to, that of the female from one of Mr. Salvin’s Guatemalan skins. Both of them are

in Mr. Sclater’s collection.

Aveust, 1867.

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Prate XXXII.

LANIO LEUCOTHORAX.

(WHITE-THROATED LANIO),

Lanio leucothorax ; cane Salvin, P.Z.S. 1864, p. 581, et 1867, p. 189.
" ca ; ; : Cassin, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1865, p. 171.

Flavissimus : capite toto, mento summo, alis et caudé cum dorso postico nigris: tectricibus alarum minoribus et
subalaribus albis: gutture et pectore summo albicantibus: crisso nigro, flavo variegato: rostro et pedibus nigris: long.
tota 7°8, ale 4°2, caude 3°8.— Fem. supra ochracescenti-brunnea, uropygio dilutiore: capite brunnescente: subtis
ochracea, ventre medio flavo: gutture pallidé brunneo.

Hab. in Costa-Ric& et Veragua.

The portion of the great Central American Isthmus occupied by the Republic of Costa
Rica and the adjacent Province of Veragua is the seat of a peculiar fauna, which contains many
very remarkable forms. The most striking of these are the wonderful Bell-bird with three
caruncles (Chasmorhynchus tricarunculatus), and the bare-throated Umbrella-bird (Cephalopterus
glabricolis). A number of very beautiful and peculiar Humming-birds are also found in this
district, of which Panterpe insignis, Michrochera albicoronata, and several species of Oreopyra
stand pre-eminent. Other groups are well represented by distinct species, and even in some
cases by peculiar genera. Amongst the former, the bird we now figure is one of the most
beautiful as well as mteresting for the marked features of its specific characters.

The first specimens of this bird were obtained for Messrs. Salvin and Godman by Enrique
Arcé, near Tucurriqui, a village of Costa Rica, situated in a small plain surrounded by hills on
the eastern slope of the Cordillera, and at an elevation of about 3000 feet above the sea level.
These were described by Mr. Salvin in the “ Proceedings of the Zoological Society” for 1864.
Other examples were subsequently obtained for the Smithsonian Institution by J. Carmiol, at the
villages of Angostura and Payariqui m Costa Rica, as recorded by Mr. Cassin. During his
subsequent expeditions in Veragua Arcé appears to have frequently met with this bird, as
specimens were included in each of his collections sent from the villages of Santa Fé and Santiago,
as well as from the Cordillera of Tolé. Southward of Santa Fé no specimen has been hitherto
encountered, the species being as yet unknown on the Isthmus at Panama, nor have any of the
collectors who have visited districts immediately to the south met with it. To the northward of
Costa Rica it is equally unknown, so we may fairly presume that this fine bird is restricted in
its range to the above-mentioned localities.

[ 63 ]

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Our figures are taken from specimens collected by Arcé, the male at Santa Fé in Veragua
and the female from Tucurriqui, both now forming part of Messrs. Salvin and Godman’s

collections.
The following are the known species of this genus :—

1. LANIO ATRICAPILLUS.
Tanagra atricapilla, Gm. (ex Buff. Pl. Enl. 809, fig. 2.)—Lanio atricapillus, Vieill. N.D. xxii. p. 305, Enc. Méth.

p. 741 et Gal. Ois. t. 138 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 240; Sclater, P.Z.S. 1855, p. 156; 1856, p- 118; 1858, pp. 72, 454;

Cat. A. B. p. 83.—Pogonothraupis atricapilla, Cab. in Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 669.
Hab. Cayenne (Buffon); Brit. Guiana (Schomb.); New Granada, Bogota, (Mus. P. L.S.); Ecuador, N apo

(Mus. P.L.S.), Gualaquiza (Fraser).

2. LANIO VERSICOLOR.
Lachyphonus versicolor, Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. Av. 1837, p. 28.—Pyranga versicolor, D'Orb. Voy. p. 262, t. 19,

fig. 1.—Lanio versicolor, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 253; Gray, Gen. of B. p. 364; Bp. Consp. p. 240; Sclater, P.Z.S.

1856, p. 119. |
fab. Bolivia, forests of Yuracares (D’ Orbigny).

3. Lanto avrantius (Plate XXXII).
Hab. Southern Mexico, prov. of Vera Cruz (Sallé and Boucard); Guatemala, forests of Vera Paz (Salvin).

4. Lanto LEUcoTHORAX (Plate XXXII).
Hab. Costa Rica, Tucurriqui (Arcé), Angostura and Payariqui (Carmiol) ; Veragua (Arcé).

Aveust, 1867.

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PrateE XXXII.

TACHYPHONUS PHCINICEUS.

(RED-SHOULDERED TACHYPHONE).

Tachyphonus phoniceus ; Sw. An. in Men. p. 311.

f ys , 4 Bp. Consp. 1, p. 237.

z ue j ; Sclater, P.Z.S. 1856, p. 116.

. if “ : : : Scl. et Salv. P.Z.S. 1867, p. 754.
Tachyphonus saucius Strickl. Ann. N. H. xii. p. 419.
Tachyphonus leucocampter . ; Licht. in Mus. Berol.

Chalybeo-ater : tectricibus alarum minoribus superioribus albis, macula in campterio rubra, inferioribus omnino
albis: rostro nigro, mandibula albo notat&: pedibus nigris: long. tota 6°3, ale 2°9, caude 2°6.—Haem. Obscuré
schistacea, dorso olivaceo tincto: alis caudaque nigricantibus, illarum marginibus brunnescenti-olivaceis: subtus
fulva, schistaceo perfusa.

Hab. Brasil. int. Borba (Watt.) : Peruv. orient. Xeberos (Bartlett).

In the second portion of his volume on “ Animals in Menageries,’ which is devoted to
the description of new birds, Mr. Swamson shortly characterizes the present well-marked
species of Tachyphonus, from a specimen “in the collection of Mr. Horsfield of Everton, near
Liverpool, who believes it came from Fernando Po on the African coast.” Mr. Swainson does
not, however, scruple to cast doubt upon this locality, observing that “if this is truly African,
it is a solitary exception to the strict geographic range of the whole family of Tanagers.” Mr.
Swainson’s criticism was well founded, for, as is now well known, the true home of this
Tachyphonus, as of the rest of its congeners, is the New World, and not the Old. Examples
of it were obtained by the indefatigable Natterer, in the vicinity of Borba on the lower course
of the Madeira river, and more recently by Mr. E. Bartlett, at Xeberos in Eastern Peru, so that
it probably has a wide range in the interior of the great Amazonian wood-region.

The peculiar colouring of this species of Tachyphone renders it easily distinguishable,
the blood-red humeral spot being unique in the genus. It is likewise remarkable for possessing
rather a shorter and stouter bill than other birds of the same group. The somewhat dissimilar
male and female are clearly shewn to be connected by a young male specimen in transition-
plumage, in Sclater’s collection.

In 1844, the late Mr. Strickland described this species from a specimen in his own
collection, under the name Yachyphonus saucius. It has likewise received the MS. name
leucocampter in the Berlin Museum.

Our figures are taken from skins in Sclater’s collection, obtained, together with the young
male above-mentioned, by Mr. E. Bartlett, at Xeberos, in 1866.

DrcemMeBeEr, 1867.

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Prate XXXIV.

TACHYPHONUS DELATTRIL

(DELATTRE'S TACHYPHONE).

Tachyphonus delattrit ; Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1847, p. 72.
» 99 . : \ Bp. Consp. 1, p. 237.
5 ss : : j Scl. P.Z.S. 1856, p. 116, et 1859, p. 139.

a : ‘ ‘ Cassin, Pr. Acad. Phil. 1860, p. 142.
5 i; : Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vii. p. 381.

Pe re : ; : Scl. et Salv. P.Z.S. 1864, p. 351.

es . : : ; Salv. P.Z.S. 1867, p. 140.

if * ; : , Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1865, p. 171.

Nigerrimus, crist aurantiaca : rostro et pedibus nigris : long. tota 5°5, ale 3:0, caudex 26. Fem. brunnea unicolor,
subtus dilutior.

Hab. Resp. Aiquator. Pallatanga (Fraser): Nova Granada oce. R. Truando (Michler); 8. Buenaventura
(Delatire); Gorgona (Kellett, in Mus. Brit.): Isthmus of Panama (MeLeannan): Veragua (Arcé): Costa Rica (Carmiol).

The late M. Delattre, a French collector well known for many successful excursions into the
forests of South America, was the discoverer of this Zachyphonus, which was named after him

by Lafresnaye. M. Delattre’s specimens were obtained at S. Buenaventura, on the western

coast of New Granada, and examples from Gorgona in the same neighbourhood, procured by
Capt. Kellett, are in the British Museum; The bird appears to extend further south, along
the densely wooded coast-region into the republic of Ecuador, Mr. Fraser having transmitted
a single female of this species from the vicinity of Pallatanga.

Mr. C. J. Wood met with a flock of this Tanager on the Rio Truando, during the Darien
Survey under Lieut. Michler, as recorded by Mr. Cassin. Mr. Wood says that the species was
only once seen in the bushes on the banks of that river in the month of March.—* About
“twenty were in company, and several were obtained, although they were very shy and not
“easily approached. They appeared to be feeding upon a berry which was abundant.”

Proceeding northwards, Delattre’s Tachyphone appears to be not uncommon on the
Isthmus of Panama. Mr. McLeannan met with it in the vicinity of his station on the Railway,
and has supplied both European and American collectors with specimens from that locality.
Mr. McLeannan notes the irides of the male as red, and those of the female as brown.*

* Ann. Lye. N.Y. vii. p. 331,

[ 67 |

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Two still more northern localities for this bird are Veragua, whence Arcé has sent examples,
which are now in the collection of Messrs. Salvin and Godman; and Costa Rica, where specimens
were obtained by Mr. J. Carmiol, in March 1865, as has been recorded by Mr. Cassin.

Our figures of this species are taken from specimens in Sclater’s collection; the male having
been obtained by McLeannan at Panama and the female by Mr. Fraser at Pallatanga.

Eleven well characterized species of Tachyphonus are at present known to us, which may
be arranged as follows :—

Sect. A. Tachyphoni non-cristati.
a. uropygio dorsoque nigris concoloribus.

1. TZ. melaleucus, ex Panama, et Americ. Merid. Orient. usque ad Paraguay.

L. luctuosus, ex ins. Trinit., Venezuela, Nov. Granada, Panama, Avquat., Peruvia Orient. et Bolivia int.
3. DT. pheniceus, ex Peruy. Orient. et Brasil int. |

b. uropygio flavo.

T. xanthopygius, ex Nova Granada.

5. T. rubrifrons, ex Panama.
Sect. B. Tachyphoni cristati.

a uropygio dorsoque discoloribus.

T. cristatus, ex Brasil, Orient.
T. cristatellus, ex Amazonia, et Nov. Granada.

. T. surinamus, ex Guiana, et Amazonia.

© mM TD

. 2D. rufventris, ex Peruv. Orient.

6. uropygio dorsoque concoloribus.
10. 2. coronatus, ex Brasil. Merid. et Paraguay.

ll. TZ. delattri, ex Nov. Granada, Aquat. oce., isthmo Panama et Costa Rica.

The synonymy of these species is mostly given in Sclater’s American Catalogue.—
T. rubrifrons (Lawr. Pr. Ac. Phil. 1865, p. 106), is a newly described species, of which we
have, as yet, seen only a single female specimen.

DECEMBER, 1867.

[ 68 J

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AIPHOCOLAPTES EMIGRANS.
(NORTHERN WOOD-HEWER).

Xiphocolaptes emigrans : ; ( Sel. et Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 118.

2 9 : Scl. Cat. Am. Birds, p. 163.

>» 5 ; : Cab. et Hein. Mus. Hein. ii. p. 36.
Xiphocolaptes albicollis : 4 ; Scl. P.Z.S. 1857, p. 202.—(err.).

Olivaceo-brunneus, dorso inferiore alis extus et caudaé tota rubiginoso-rufis: capitis et colli superioris plumarum
rachidibus lineis albis notatis: subtts olivaceo-brunneus, gutture medio albicante ; gutturis lateribus et pectore albo
strigatis; hypochondriis rubiginoso perfusis: rostro albicante, basi obscuriore; pedibus obscuré corneis: long.
tota 12°5, alee 5:5, caude 46, rostri a rictu lin. dir. 2:3.

Hab. Mexico merid. Jalapa, (Sallé): Guatemala, Vera Paz, (Salvin).

Obs. Similis X. albicolli, sed rostro majore albo, et ventre non transfasciato dignoscendus.

The first specimens of this fine species transmitted to Europe, were, as far as we know,
those collected by M. Sallé in the vicinity of Jalapa, as recorded by Sclater, in one of his
papers on Mexican Birds, published in the Zoological Society’s “ Proceedings” for 1857, as
above quoted. Although recognizing its apparent distinctness from its southern ally, Sclater
hesitated to describe it at that period, and it was only upon receipt of further specimens from
Guatemala that he became convinced of the necessity of giving it a specific designation. This
was done in our joint article upon the Ornithology of Central America, in the “ Ibis” for 1859.
There can, indeed, be no question, upon comparing a series of skins of this bird and of
X. albicollis, of their essential differences. A third species—X. procerus, of Venezuela, is inter-
mediate in character as in locality, but appears likewise different from either of its congeners.

During Salvin’s later visits to Guatemala this bird was personally observed, and specimens of
it obtained on two occasions. The first was in December 1859, in the mountain-forest above the
village of San Geronimo, Vera Paz; the second in March 1862, in the pine-ridges of Poctun,
a village on the track leading from Vera Paz to Peten. On each occasion the bird was observed
on the trunks of the larger trees, to which it clings just like a Woodpecker and ascends
rapidly to the summit. When pursued, it takes short flights of about one hundred yards or so
to another tree, alighting on it near its base and again ascending to the top of its stem, whence
another flight is taken. The species does not appear to be common, as none of Salvin’s collectors
succeeded in obtaining specimens of it.

Our figure of this bird is taken from a Guatemalan skin in Sclater’s collection,—received

through the late Mr. G. U. Skinner.

DecempBeER, 1867.

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XIPHOCOLAPTES MAJOR.

(RUSTY WOOD-HEWER).

Trepador grande : : Azara, Pax. ii. p. 277—(unde),
Dendrocopus major : ; Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xxvi. p. 118, et Enc. Méth. p. 625.
Dendrocolaptes major. ; Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. Ay. ii. p. 11.

by ; : ; Hartl. Ind. Az. p. 16.

93 S Bp. Consp. i. p. 207.

99 * : Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 108.
Aiphocolaptes major. . ; Scl. Cat. Am. Birds, p. 164.
Dendrocolaptes rubiginosus . : Lafr. Mag. de Zool. 1883, t. 16.

Rubiginosus feré unicolor: gutture fuscescentiore : capite et collo superiore et pectore strigis rachidum albidis
obsoleté notatis : rostro albido, pedibus obscuré corneis: long. tota 11°5, ale 5°5, caude 4:3, rostri a rictu lin. dir.
2°2.—Fem. mari similis.

fab. Paraguay (Azara): Bolivia, Chiquitos (D’Orb.).

Azara first made us acquainted with this strongly-marked Xiphocolaptes, having described
it in his well-known “ Apuntamientos para la historia natural de los paxaros del Paraguay”
under the Spanish name “ Trepador grande,”—afterwards latinized by Vieillot into Dendrocopus
mayor. Azara states that this species is found on the high open trees at the edges of the
forests of Paraguay, singly or in pairs, and that there is no observable difference between the
Sexes.

The only other Naturalist that appears to have met with this bird in its native wilds, is the
French traveller, Alcide d’Orbigny, who obtained specimens of it in the province of Chiquitos
in Bolivia.

In 1833, Lafresnaye described this bird in the ‘* Magasin de Zoologie,” as Dendrocolaptes
rubyinosus, and gave an indifferent figure of it; but subsequently allowed it to be without
doubt the same as Azara’s species.*

The Rusty Wood-hewer is readily distinguishable from every other species of the genus
by its nearly uniform rusty-red plumage, and pale white bill. There are linear elongated
shaft-stripes on the head and on portions of the under plumage.

Our figure is taken from a specimen in Sclater’s collection, believed to be from Bolivia.

* Cf. Syn. Av. ii. p. 11, et Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 183.

[ 71 ]

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There are five well-marked species of this genus, each of which appears to inhabit a
different region, namely :—

a. Sp. ventre transfasciato: rostro nigricante.
1. X. albicollis (Vieill.) of S. E. Brazil.
2. X. promeropirhynchus (Less.) of New Granada, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia.
b. Sp. ventre concolore: rostro albicante.
3. A. procerus, Cab. et Hein. of Venezuela.
4. X. emigrans, Scl. et Saly. of Mexico and Guatemala.

5.. X. maor (Vieill.) of Paraguay and Bolivia.

For the synonymy of these birds we refer our readers to Sclater’s American Catalogue.
Dendrocolaptes perrott, of Lafresnaye, which has been hitherto placed in this genus, is very
aberrant in the shape of its bill, and may, we now think, be better arranged along with
Dendrocolaptes temmincki, Lafr., in the genus Dendrewetastes, Eyton.

DECEMBER, 1867.

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Pirate XXXVII.

ACCIPITER CHILENSIS.

(CHILIAN SPARROW-HAWK).

Accipiter chilensis . «Phil, et Landb., Wiegm. Arch. 1864, p. 49.
a Fe Scl. P.Z.S. 1867, p. 329.
Accipiter coopert 5 Pelz. Novara-Reise, Vog. p. 13.

Supra fumido-niger, pileo nigricante: subtis ex rufescente cinereus, albo maculatus ; his maculis utrinque nigro
marginatis: tibiis ferrugineo-rufis: subalaribus rufis nigro punctatis: cauda supra fumido-nigra, subtus albescenti-
cinerea, quinquies nigro-vittata: rostro nigro, pedibus flavis: long. tota 17°5, alee 9°5, caudee 7°5, tarsi 3°0.— Avis jr.
Plumis supra fusco marginatis, subtis albus nigro guttatus, tibiis albidis, nigro maculatis.

Hab. Chili (Phil. et Landb.): Magellan-straits (King).

The Chilian Sparrow-hawk appears to have been always passed over unrecognized, and
confounded with its allies Accipiter pileatus and A. coopert, until it was described by Messrs.
Philippi and Landbeck in 1864. Aided by their accurate diagnoses of the various plumages,
we had no difficulty in finding specimens of it in the rich stores of the National Collection,
where they had been previously treated as forms of A. pileatus. We believe, however, that
there is no question as to the constancy of the differential characters of the Chilian bird, and
we have great pleasure in giving the first representation of it, under the name bestowed upon
it by Messrs. Philippi and Landbeck.

On reference to our plate, the differences between the adult plumages of A. chilenses and
A. pileatus as figured in Temminck’s Planche Coloriée 205 will be at once manifest. In the
latter, the under plumage is of a nearly uniform brownish cinereous. In A. chelenses the
plumage beneath is thickly barred with white, and these white bars are m turn narrowly
bordered with black. The immature plumages of the two birds may not in all cases be so
easily distinguishable, nor have we at present materials sufficient to enable us to point out the
differences accurately. But, if our identification of the young birds in the British Museum is
correct, the young A. pileatus is the bird figured by Temminck (PI. Col. 295) as the young
of A. a ees and differs from the young of A. chilenses in beg vesponed 3 in the middle
of the belly, and more tinged with rufous below.

The Chilian Sparrow-hawk, as we are informed by Messrs. Philippi and Landbeck, inhabits

the greater part of Chili; at least, it has been noticed by these Naturalists from the Province

[ 73 |

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of Aconcagua in the North down to Chiloe; but is commonest in the neighbourhood of the
city of Valdivia. In Southern Chili it keeps to the edges of the forests. In the central
provinces it is found on the lower outlyers of the Cordilleras, and among the bushy woods
intermixed with larger trees, often approaching the settlements in pursuit of small birds,
pigeons, and fowls. It is fond of selecting the lofty summit of a dead tree as a resting-place,
and descends thence quickly on its victim, carrying it off to a quiet place to be devoured.
Females of this species were twice shot by Messrs. Philippi and Landbeck near Valdivia in the
act of robbing the hen-roosts.

The nidification of A. chelensis is said to resemble that of the European A. nisus, but
Messrs. Philippi and Landbeck have not yet succeeded in obtaining specimens of the eggs.

Our figures of this bird are taken from specimens now in the British Museum, which
were formerly in the Zoological Society’s Museum, and were collected by Captain King in the
Straits of Magellan. The front figure is reduced to two-thirds of the natural size.

DECEMBER, 1867.

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Puate XXXVIIL

LEUCOPTERNIS SUPERCILIARIS.

(KAUP’S BUZZARD).

Leucopternis superciliaris ; Pelz. Sitz. Ak. Wien xliv. p. 10, et Orn. Bras. p. 3.
a i Bs oh ; Scl. et Saly. P.Z.S. 1867, p. 589.

Leucopternis Kuhli E ‘ . Bp..Consp. i. p. 19 (?)

Buteo Kaupi ; : : G. R. Gray, in Mus. Brit. (unde),

Leucopternis Kaupi : ; ; Bp. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 481.

Fumido-niger nucha et cervice posticd albo variegatis: striga superciliari alba: subtus albus, cervice laterali nigro
striata: cauda nigra, albo vittata et angusté terminata : rostro nigro, cera flava ; pedibus flavis, unguibus nigris: long.
tota 14:0, ale 8-0, caudex 6:0, tarsi 2°5.

Hab. Brasil. bor., Para. (Wallace): Borba (Natt.).

The late Prince Charles Bonaparte, who had an unhappy trick of publishing new names
for birds without any descriptions attached to them or with diagnoses so short as to leave them
practicably unrecognizable, appears to have twice essayed to bestow a specific designation upon
the present Buzzard. In his “Conspectus,” “ Lewcopternds Kuhh,’ characterized as “ similis
precedenti, (i.e. L. melanopi) sed capite migricante, unguibus albis,” is probably intended for the
present bird, as we know of no other species to which the phrase would be suitable. In some
cursory notes upon the Rapacious Birds contributed to the Revue de Zoologie for 1850 a new
species is again somewhat similarly described* as “ Leucopternis Kaupt.” But in this case we
have been able positively to identify the bird, by reference to the marked specimens of it in the
British Museum.

We cannot, however, think that it would be right to supersede in favour of either of these
names, Herr von Pelzeln’s term swpereciliaris, which, although published subsequently, is
accompanied by a full and excellent description.

Natterer, upon whose specimens v. Pelzeln founds his species, obtained three examples of
this Buzzard in Northern Brazil; at Borba on the Madeira, and at Para. At the latter locality
Mr. Wallace also procured a single specimen, which he has kindly loaned to us for the purpose
of the present work. Our figure represents this bird at a reduction of two-thirds of its natural
size.

* Semblable au L. melanops, mais a téte noire et ongles blancs, J. ¢. p. 481.

A)ECEMBER, 1867.

[ 75 ]

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Plate .XXXIX.

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Puate XXXIX.

GEOTRYGON CHIRIQUENSIS

LZ, we Ae VIM,
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go

AH

\ | | (WHITE-FACED GROUND-PIGEON).

i Geotrygon chiriquensis . . .., Sclater, P.Z.S, 1856, p. 143 et 1857, p. 206.
F Fe - , o . «| Spe Rexinip.943.(1so6).

Peristera mexicana . : G. R. Gray, List of Spec. in B. M. iii. p. 15 (1844).

Peristera albifacies . ; : G. R. Gray, List of Spec. of Columbe, in B. M. p. 55 (1856).
| Geotrygon albifacies . ; Scl. et Salv. Ibis, 1860, p. 401.

Supra castaneo-brunneus, interscapulio purpurascente; pileo summo ceerulescenti-griseo, facie tota albicante :
subtus grisescenti-cinnamomeus, gula et ventre medio lactescenti-albis : gutturis plumis angustatis, colorem plumarum
inferiorem obscurum ostendentibus ; remigibus alarum subtus obscuré schistaceis: tectricibus subalaribus saturaté

a cinnamomeis ; caudd supra dorso feré concolore, subtts plumbescente tincti, apice brunnescentiore: rostro nigro
a pedibus rubellis: long. tota 11:5, ale 6-2, caudew 3°7, tarsi 1:6.—Fem. mari similis, sed paulo minor.
Hab. Chiriqui (Bridges): Guatemala (Salvin): Mexico, merid. Jalapa (Sallé).

In the year 1856 Sclater described a species of Geotrygon, which formed part of a

= small collection of birds made by the late Mr. Bridges, in the vicinity of the town of David,
| in Chiriqui, and subsequently recognized the same bird in one of M. Sallé’s collections from
' S. Mexico.

Both of these specimens were unfortunately lost sight of, and when the bird was afterwards
obtained in Guatemala by Salvin, the name albifacies, taken from Mr. G. R. Gray’s M8.
in the British Museum, was applied to it. Other elements of confusion were introduced into
the nomenclature of this species by Sclater having described in the “ Proceedings” of the
r Zoological Society for 1858 Leptoptila albifrons under the name Geotrygon albifacies, and by
Prince Bonaparte having, in one of his fugitive papers, published in the “ Comptes Rendus,”
miswritten Mr. Gray’s manuscript name of the present bird “ albifrons.”

We trust that the accompanying figure of this well-marked species will prevent further
errors on the subject. |

Geotrygon chiriquensis appears to be widely distributed throughout Central America,

\ from Chiriqui to Jalapa in Mexico. We have already mentioned the authorities for its
occurrence at these extreme limits of its range, as at present known to us. In Guatemala, Messrs.
ae Salvin and Godman met with it abundantly in the forests of the eastern slope of the Volcan

de Fuego, at an elevation of from 6000 to 7000 feet, though it is also occasionally met with

[77]

lower down. It is a strictly forest bird, being usually observed on the ground amongst the
dead leaves and thin brush-wood, where the highest trees grow. When disturbed it takes a
short flight and settles again upon the ground. Its flesh is excellent, and renders the bird an
object of eager pursuit to the Indian hunters of Duefas. The species also occurs in Vera Paz,
one of Salvin’s hunters having procured a single specimen near Choctum, which is referred to
in the “ Ibis” for 1860, as Geotrygon albifacies.

Our figure of this Pigeon, three-fourths of the natural size, is taken from a specimen in
the collection of Messrs. Salvin and Godman, which was obtained at Savana Grande below the
village of Alotenango, in Guatemala, in September 1862.

Besides the present species, the only other member of the genus. found on the Continent
north of the Isthmus of Panama that we are acquainted with is G'eotrygon montana (Linn.),
which is common in Guatemala and occurs as far north as Southern Mexico. We have not
yet been fortunate enough to meet with either of the species described by Mr. Lawrence as
G. albiventris (Proc. Ac. Phil. 1865, p. 106) from Panama, and G. veraguens?s (Ann. Lye.
N. Y. viii. June 1866) from Veragua.

Dercewueer, 1867.

[ 78 |

—————

Tdstoenog NOOAM LOWS

Guat JAeULTEE Ny BV

carne.

cultiinc}

Pruate XL.

GHOTRYGON BOURCIERI

(BOURCIER'S GROUND-PIGEON).

Geotrygon bourctert . Bp. Consp. ii. p. 71, (1857).
ss - : : Scl. P.Z.S. 1860, p. 72.
Peristera erythropareia ; G. R. Gray, List of Spec. of Colombe in Brit. Mus. (1856).

Supra brunnea, interscapulio violaceo tincto: nucha ccerulescenti-grised, fronte et capitis lateribus pallidé rufis :
linea rictali nigra: subtus dilutior, plumbeo lavata, gulé albicante, ventre medio pallidiore: alis subtts plumbeo-
nigricantibus: rostro nigro, pedibus rubris: long. tota 12°5, ale 6°2, caude 4°0, tarsi 1°6.

Hab. Keuador, Valley of Lloa (Bourcier): Pallatanga (Fraser).

Obs. Similis G. lineari, sed genis rufis et corpore subtus fuscescentiore.

‘This Geotrygon was first described by Prince Bonaparte in the second part of his
“Conspectus” from specimens obtained by M. Bourcier m the valley of Lloa in Ecuador,
and dedicated to its discoverer. It had, however, previously received the manuscript name
erythropareta in the British Museum, and is thus designated by Mr. G. R. Gray in his list of
Columbe, although no characters accompany the proposed new name. |

During his sojourn at Pallatanga,in 1858, Mr. Fraser obtained many specimens of a
Geotrygon, which we believe to have belonged to this species, although they have been dispersed,
and are now beyond our reach, so that we cannot identify them positively. Mr. Fraser notes
the bill as black, and the “legs in front and toes above red.” The bird was found on the ground,
and the food ascertained to be “ fruit, and in one instance grasshoppers. ”

Our figure is taken from the specimen in the British Museum, which forms the type of
Mr. Gray’s Peristera erythropareza, and which was acquired by purchase of M. Verreaux in 1855.

Several other species of G'eotrygon occur on the southern continent of America besides the
present.—These are, as far as we are acquainted with them,—

1. G. linearis (Knip et Prév.): Knip. Pig. ii. t. 55, from New Granada.

2. G. montana (Linn.), widely spread over 8S. America.—Chamicurros, E, Peru (Hauawell): 8. E. Brazil (Maz. et
Burm.): Paraguay (Azara).

3. G. violacea (Temm.), Brazil, Bahia (Mus. Brit.).

We have not yet met with examples of G. frenata (Tsch.) or G. melancholica (‘Tsch.).

DxEcEMBER, 1867.

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CHLOROPHONIA FRONTALIS.

(YELLOW-FRONTED CHLOROPHONE)

Huphonia frontalis : : Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 89. |
Chlorophonia frontalis Sclater, P.Z.S. 1856, p. 270, et Cat. Am. Birds, p. 55.

Clare viridis, cervice postica oculorum ambitu et dorso postico toto late cceruleis: fronte et abdomine toto flavis :
rostro nigro, pedibus corylinis: long. tota 4°7, ale 2:6, caude 1°6.
flab, in Venezuela, prov. Caracas (Levraud.)

This Tanager was first described by Sclater in his Synopsis of the genus Huphonia,
published in the “ Contributions to Ornithology” for 1851, under a MS. name bestowed upon
it by Prince Bonaparte. The locality then assigned to it upon the faith of M. Verreaux’s label
was Ecuador, but its correct “ habitat” has since been ascertained to be Venezuela; examples of
it forming part of the large series of birds transmitted by M. Levraud to the Museum of the
Jardin des Plantes from the vicinity of Caracas.

The nearest ally of this species is C. wirddis, of the wood-region of South-Eastern Brazil;
from which, however, it may be immediately distinguished by its yellow forehead and green back.
We regret to say that the female is unknown to us, but we may conjecture that it nearly
resembles that of the ally above-mentioned.

Our figure of this Tanager is taken from the specimen in Sclater’s collection, which formed
the type of his original description. Besides those at Paris, others are in the Berlin Museum,
and in the fine collection of Herr Ferdinand Heine, of Halberstadt.

APRIL, 1868.

[81 |

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PuaTeE XLI. (Fig. 2.)

CHLOROPHONIA LONGIPENNIS.

(LONG-WINGED CHLOROPHONE).

Euphonia longipennis . ; Du Bus, Bull. Acad. Brux. xxii. p. 156, (1855).
Chlorophonia longipennis : : Scl. P.Z.S. 1855, p. 158; 1856, p. 270; et Cat. Am. Birds, p. 55.

Claré viridis cervice posticé et dorso imo cum oculorum ambitu ceruleis, interscapulio eodem colore lavato:
abdomine toto lete flavo: rostro nigro, pedibus corylinis: long. tota 4°5, alee 2.55, caudex 1:2.—Fem. viridis, cervice
postica et oculorum ambitu solum ceruleis: abdomine flavescenti-viridi.

Hab. in Nova Granada int.

The Viscomte Du Bus de Gisignies first characterized the present Tanager in a communi-
cation on new Birds made to the Royal Academy of Sciences of Belgium in 1855. As the
describer allows, the bird is very closely allied to CO. viridis of the South-Eastern wood-region
of Brazil, and it is not without some hesitation that we admit the two species as distinct. But
C. longipennis seems, as M. Du Bus has pointed out, to be smaller in size, brighter in colouring,
and to have the wings proportionately longer than the allied species. In the adult C. viridis
also, the whole back is of a nearly uniform blue, whereas in C. longdpennis a green tinge pervades
the space between the shoulders, even in the most adult specimens we have met with.

M. Du Bus gives Antioquia in the Cauca valley, in New Granada, as the habitat of
C. longypenmis. Specimens in Sclater’s collection, from one of which our figure is taken, are
of the ordinary Bogota make.

APRIL, 1868.

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PLATE XLII.

CHLOROPHONIA OCCIPITALIS.

(THE BLUE-CROWNED CHLOROPHONE).

Huphonia occipitalis ; ; ’ Du Bus, Esq. Orn. t. 14. 9 (1847).
5 i : ' 5 Bp. Consp. I. p. 283.
- a i ; : Scl. Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 90.
Chlorophonia occipitalis Bp. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 138, et Note sur les Tang. p. 12.
5 is Cass. Rep. U. 8. N. Astr. Exp. ii, p. 182, t. 20, f. 2.

4 “ ; Sel. P.Z.S. 1856, p. 270 ; 1857, p. 205; 1859, p. 364;
et Cat. Am. Birds, p. 55.
p 7 : Scl. & Saly. Ibis, 1859, p. 17.

Clare viridis, occipite et lined cervicali utrinque coeruleis: torque pectorali obscuré castanea: abdomine medio flavo:

rostro nigricanti-plumbeo, pedibus corylinis: long. tota 5-0, ale 3:1, caude 1:8.—Fem. torque pectorali nullo;
abdomine medio flavicante.

Hab. in Mexico Meridionali et Guatemala.

This is the most northern representative of the genus Chlorophonia, and one of the finest
and largest members of the group. It was originally characterized by the Vicomte Du Bus
in his “ Esquisses Ornithologiques,” from a female specimen stated to have been received from
Mexico. The male was first described by Sclater, in the “Contributions to Ornithology” for
1851, from a specimen in the British Museum obtained by Delattre probably in the vicinity of
Coban in Vera Paz.

Recent collectors in the Southern States of Mexico have made this bird better known to
us, both M. Sallé and M. de Oca having obtained specimens in the vicinity of Jalapa. In
Guatemala Salvin met with it in tolerable abundance near Coban, where it resorts to the
patches of forest left among the clearings. like the rest of the typical Tanagers it is a
fruit-eater, and in this district may be always found during the months of November and
December in the branches of such trees as bear fruit at this season. It is also a favourite cage-
bird in Guatemala, its showy plumage rendering it attractive, though it has no power of song.
Skins obtained by Salvin fully agree with Mexican specimens, so that Sclater’s conjecture,
(Ibis, 1859, p. 232) that the Guatemalan bird might turn out to be C. cyanodorsalis, proves to
be incorrect. Indeed, we have never yet met with an example of the latter bird, and
think it probable that the locality of “ Guatemala’ has been erroneously assigned to it.

| 83 |

Our figures of this species are taken from specimens in Sclater’s collection, the male being
one of de Oca’s skins, and the female one of the Coban specimens obtained in January,

1860.
The genus Chlorophonia comprises the following eight species :—

. C. viridis (Vieill.) : Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 55—from the South-Eastern Wood Region of Brazil.

. O. longipennis (Du Bus): Ex. Orn. t. xli. f, 2—from the interior of New Granada.
. C. frontalis, Scl.: Ex. Orn. t, xli. f. 1—from Venezuela.

. O flavirostris, Scl.: Cat. Am. B. p. 55—from Ecuador.

. C. pretrit (Lafr.) : Sel. 1. c. p. 55—from the interior of New Granada.

. © oceipitalis (Du Bus): Ex. Orn. t. xliii—from Mexico and Guatemala.

. C. callophrys (Cab.): Prigliphidia callophrys, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1860, p. 8381—Acrocompsa callophrys, Cab. |. c.
1861, p. 88—from Costa Rica.

. C. cyanodorsalis, Dubois, Rev. Zool. 1859, p. 49, t. 2—said to be from Guatemala.

We possess specimens of all these species except the last two. Salvin has examined the
typical specimen of C. callophrys in the Berlin Museum, and is satisfied as to its distinctness.

‘APRIL, 1868.

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PLATE XLITI.

MELANOTIS HYPOLEUCUS.

(WHITE-BREASTED MOCKING BIRD).

Melanotis hypoleucus : ; Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1852, p. 460.
“h x : : : Sel. and Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 7.
i re : Scl. P.Z.S. 1859, p. 387, et Cat. Am. Birds, p. 7.
<4 x : Baird, Rev. Am. B. i. p. 57.

Schistaceo-cceruleus, loris et capitis lateribus cum alis et cauda intis nigris: subtus candidus, hypochondriis et
erisso dorso concoloribus: rostro et pedibus nigris: long. tota 10:0, ale 4°3, caude: 5°0. Pullus nigricans feré unicolor,
subtis albo variegatus.

Hab. in Guatemala.

This southern representative of the well known Mexican WM. coerulescens is one of the most
characteristic species of the highlands of Guatemala, being seldom found at an elevation
below 3,500 feet, which is also about the lower limit of the evergreen Oaks ((Quercus) in that
country. In the vicinity of Duefias (nearly 5,000 feet above the sea-level) it is by no means
uncommon, frequenting the thick bushes and underwood. It is shy, and eludes observation
rather by skulking than by flight. Its song in February is short and disjointed, but a little
later, towards the breeding season, improves in quality. About the month of May it forms a
slight nest placed in a thick bush, some nine or ten feet above the ground. ‘he structure
consists of small twigs and is lined with fine roots. The eggs are three in number—rather
elongated in form and of a uniform greenish blue in colour. They measure axis 1:2
diameter 0°95. In July, 1859, Salvin shot a young bird of this species, which had apparently
just left the nest. Besides the vicinity of Duefias this Mock-bird 1s also found in the elevated
parts of Vera Paz. Specimens were obtained by Salvin at San Geronimo, and again in the
vicinity of Coban—in both of which localities it appeared to be abundant. |

The Melanotis hypoleucus was first described by Dr. Hartlaub in 1852 from specimens sent
by M. Giadechens to the Museum at Hamburgh. It forms a second species of the genus
Melanotis, the type of which is M. ccerulescens of Mexico. In form it perfectly agrees with the
latter, but is readily distinguishable by the pure white colour of the body below.

Our figures of this bird are taken from skins in the collection of Messrs. Salvin and
Godman—the immature bird being the individual above alluded to, shot near Duefias in
1359.

APRIL, 1868.

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PLATE XLIV.

TINAMUS ROBUSTUS.

(ROBUST TINAMOU).

Tinamus major (?) : : : Moore, P.Z.S. 1859, p. 63.
“3 aoe ‘ ; 5 Sel. and Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 226.
Tinamus robustus : ?; : Sclater, P.Z.S. 1860, p. 2538, et 1864, p- 871.
in i - . . — Saly. Ibis, 1861, p. 855, et P.Z.8. 1867, p. 159.
i 3 : ) : Parker, Trans. Z. 8. v. p. 205 et seq.
su e : : Lawrence, Ann, N. Y. Lye. vii. p. 477.
3 ‘ : : ‘ G. R. Gray, List of Galline (1867), p. 97.

Supra brunnescenti-olivaceus, nigro irregulariter transfasciatus: cervice immaculata; pileo nuchaque nigris, hae
ferrugineo punctata: subtus pallidé olivacescenti-cinereus, gula alb4; lateribus capitis et gutture inferiore nigro et rufes-
cente variegatis; ventre medio albicantiore, nigro obsolete transradiolato ; tibiis et tectricibus caudex inferioribus
nigricante et fulvo variegatis ; tectricibus alarum inferioribus fuliginosis ; remigibus primariis nigricantibus unicolori-
bus ; rectricibus plumbeo-nigris, apicibus olivacescenti-brunneis ; maxillA nigricanti-olivaced, mandibula albicante, pedibus
obscuré olivaceis: long. tota 15:0, ale 9°50, caude 3°50, rostri a rictu 1:7 O, tarsi 2°60.

Hab. ia Mexico Meridionali (Sallé): Guatemala (Salvin): Rep. Honduratensi et Belize (Leyland): Veragua
(4rcé): Isth. Panama (McLeannan).

Obs. Similis T. majori, sed crassitie majore, pileo nigricante nec rufescente, et supra magis distincte maculatus.

The typical Tinamous, for which Cabanis proposed the generic name Trachypelmus, constitute
a very well marked section of this peculiar group, characterized by the elevation of the upper
edges.of the posterior tarsal scutes, which form a kind of rasp on the plantar surface. The
only species of this genus found in America north of the isthmus of Panama, as far as our
present knowledge extends, is the one herewith figured from a Guatemalan specimen in the
collection of Messrs. Salvin and Godman.

When first met with this species was hardly distinguished from its southern representative
in the wood-region of Brazil, and was consequently referred to (with doubt) in our earlier articles
on the birds of Central America, as Tinamus major. In 1860, however, on the receipt of
excellent specimens collected by M. Sallé in the State of Vera Cruz, Sclater came to the
conclusion that the bird was truly distinct, and proposed to call it robustus, from its powerful
form.

Like a large number of other Central American species of birds Tinamus robustus extends
from Southern Mexico down to Panama, but does not appear to occur in any more southern
locality,—unless Mr. Cassin’s Tinamus major, obtained by Mr. Wood on the Truando* be,

* Proc. Acad. Se. Phil. 1860, Datoo.

| 87 ]

as we suspect, referable to it. In Honduras, Leyland tells us it is common throughout the
district of Omoa, and known to the English Mahogany-cutters as the “ Ground Partridge,”—
a name probably also applied to the other species of the group met with in the same district.
It is stated to lay its eggs in ‘a slight depression scratched in the angles formed by the
projecting buttress-like roots of the Mahogany-trees.”

In the adjoining state of Guatemala, Salvin found this bird abundant throughout the
low-lying forest-district of Northern Vera Paz, especially along the tract which leads from
Cahabon to Peten. Every day during his journey along this route, in the month of March 1862,
specimens of it were shot, and formed a material addition to the scanty supply of animal food
obtainable in these forests. The flesh is excellent, the pectoral muscle, which in the fresh bird has
a greenish tinge, being large and tender. Other observers have stated that this bird is shy and
difficult of access, but Salvin usually found them running along the track a little in advance of
the party, and seldom taking flight before they were within shot. When once on the wing,
however, their flight is strong, although the distance traversed is not usually very great.

Salvin obtained many specimens of the eggs of this Tinamou, in different parts of Kastern
Guatemala. They are much more rounded in form than other eggs of this family, measuring
only 2°3 in. in length and 2:0 in. in diameter, but exhibit the same shining glossy texture, quite
different from what is met with in any other group of birds. Their colour is of a bright uniform
ereenish blue, like that of the egg of Tinamus major. In Guatemala these eggs are much admired,
and may be often seen suspended as offerings to adorn the shrine of some way-side image.

APRIL, 1868.

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PLATE XLV.

CRYPTURUS SALLAL

(SALLE'S TINAMOD).

Tinamus (Nothura) cinnamomea Less. Rev. Zool. 1842, p. 210 (?).

Tinamus cinnamomeus , , : Scl. et Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 226.
Tinamus delattrit ) : Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxviii. p. 668 (?).
Nothocercus sallei . Bp. Compt. Rend. xlu. p. 954.
3 = , : : : ; . Sclater, P.Z.S. 1856, p. 310.
Tinamus sallet : E ; : Sel. P.Z.S. 1859, pp. 369, 392.
as ‘s ‘ G. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. 312. _
" = ; 4 ; ; ; : G. R. Gray, List of Galline (1867), p. 100.

Nigricans, rufo undulatus: alarum vittis latioribus et flavescentioribus: cervice posticd et dorso superiore feré
puris: pileo nigricante; nuché rufescente, nigro undulaté: lateribus capitis rufis: subtus cinnamomeo-rufus: cervice
cinerea, gula nived ; lateribus et crisso nigro variegatis: rostro corneo: mandibuld et pedibus flavis: long. tota 10:0,
ale 6:2, tarsi 1-8, rostri a rictu 1°5— Fam. pileo toto fulvo transfasciato: pectore et gula nigro et fulvo distincte
transradiolatis: fasciis laterum distinctioribus.

Hab. In Mexico meridionali (Sallé) : Guatemala (Salvin) : Costa Rica (Arcé).

The first name certacnly applicable to this Tinamou is that which we have adopted for its
designation, although it is probable that the two earlier terms quoted as doubtful in our
synonymy may have been based upon individuals of this species. But in each case the
description is too short and vague to be recognizable, and, the type-specimens not being available,
it is impossible to ascertain with certainty what species was intended.

The original specimens of Sallé’s Tinamou were obtained by M. Auguste Sallé, whose
name it bears, at Cordova in the State of Vera Cruz. Other examples were procured by De Oca
in the vicinity of Jalapa, and by Boucard at Playa Vicente on the Rio Tesechoacan, go that
it is probably not an uncommon bird in the eastern forests of Southern Mexico. In Guatemala
Salvin found this species tolerably abundant in the forests below Alotenango, on the southern slope
of the Volcanoes of Agua and Fuego, but in no other part of the republic. Like the rest of
the family in Guatemala it is a strictly forest-bird, beg known to the Creoles of that
country as the Gallina del Monte or “ forest fowl.” The flesh is as good as that of Tinamus
robustus, of which we have already spoken, and renders the bird a favourite object of pursuit
of the Indian hunters. A specimen obtained alive and kept some time in captivity was frequent! y
observed to rest upon its tarsi, as depicted in the figure of the preceding species.

| 89 |

Tl
t
ih
|
ae
‘i
af
3
aa
a4
He
a

a a Se a ee

SS eee —— = =
7 = - — — ae

Southwards of Guatemala this Tinamou was met with in Western Honduras by
Mr. G. C. Taylor, during his journey across the proposed Interoceanic Railway-route, and at
Bebedero, on the Gulf of Nicoya, by Arcé. From the latter collector we have received two
specimens, which agree sufficiently well with northern examples.

The front figure of Plate XLV. represents what we consider to be an adult male of this
species. It is taken from a specimen (marked male) procured near Vera Cruz, in November,
1864, by M. Boucard. The figure in the back-ground is that of one of Salvin’s Guatemalan
specimens, which we believe to be a female, shot in the forests of the Pacific coast region, near
the hacienda “ El Zapote.” Both these specimens are now in the collection of Messrs. Salvin
and Godman. As pointed out in the characters above-given, the female differs from the male
in the greater development of the transverse markings, which in this sex cover the top of
the head, the front of the breast, and the whole of the sides of the body below. In some of the
adult males the bars on the ee and sides are almost entirely evanescent, even more so than
is represented in our figure.

Aprit, 1868.

[ 90 |

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PLATE XLVL

CRYPTURUS BOUCARDL

(BOUCARD'S TINAMOU).

Tinamus boucardi ' : Sclater, P.Z.S. 1859, p. 391.
Salvin, Ibis, 1861, p. 356.

me 7 . ; G. R. Gray, List of Galline (1867), p. 100.
Tinamus sallec ; é Salv. Ibis, 1861, p. 356 (err.).

99 39

Obscuré cinereus; dorso toto et alis extus brunneis, his nigro minutissime vermiculatis: remigibus alarum fusco-
nigris fusco paululum variegatis: subtus dilutior, gula sordidé alba, ventre fulvescenti-brunneo lavato: crisso et
tectricibus subcaudalibus nigro variegatis: rostri maxill4é plumbed mandibula albida, pedibus claré corylino-flavis: long.
tota 10-0, alee 6°5, tarsi 2:0, rostri a rictu 1°3.— vem. Mari similis, sed dorso imo, tectricibus caude superioribus, et
secundariis extus cum tectricibus alarum nigro et fulvo distincte transtasciatis.

Hab. In Mexico meridionali (Bowcard) : Vera Pace, Guatemala (Salvin).

In form, size, and general appearance, Boucard’s Tinamou presents a close resemblance
to the bird which bears the name of M. Sallé, who along with M. Boucard has done so much
to advance our knowledge of Mexican Ornithology. But in every stage of plumage the present
species may be recognized by the uniform dark slaty colour of the chest and neck below, which
bear no traces of transverse markings. :

Boucard’s Tinamou seems to be rather more restricted m its range than its allied
species. It was first discovered in the mountains of Oaxaca by the well-known collector
whose name it bears, and described in Sclater’s article upon M. Boucard’s collection in the
Zoological Society’s “ Proceedings’ for 1859. In Guatemala Salvin found this bird common
in the forest-district of Northern Vera Paz. It is known to the Indians of Coban by the name
of the “ Baa-look,” derived from its peculiar cail, which is prolonged into a sort of melancholy
wail. Like the rest of its congeners in Central America, although of strictly terrestrial habits, it
is only met with in the dense forests. Numerous specimens were procured in the vicinity of
Choctum and other adjoining villages of Vera Paz, and afforded a material contribution to the
scanty supply of fresh meat obtainable in those districts. In Western Guatemala this Tinamou
appears to be quite unknown, its place being taken in the forests of the Pacific slope by the

ee, iE a ae a

allied Crypturus salle.
As shewn by our figures of this and the preceding species, a not inconsiderable diversity in

the markings of the plumage is exhibited upon comparison of a series of individuals. This most

[ 91 ]

siberta Guasiat erties: shin —- ~ ‘A - paren se. : =z TF tate eS x
eee — Tost SS SS = nS as Te neem aire eit
ee eee ates irre > —— ane eae .
——— —— = 5 = n . ca 7 - ——- Sere 7 |

probably arises from difference of sex. In the present bird we believe that the figure in the
back-ground represents the adult dress of the female. The specimen from which the drawing
was taken was obtained by Salvin during his stay at Choctum, in the month of Februar , 1862,
and turned out to be a female on dissection. Another of the same sex, and in precisely similar
plumage, was brought in by an Indian on the same occasion. Unfortunately we have not quite
such positive information respecting the male of this species, but our front figure is taken from
one of the type-specimens obtained by M. Boucard at Teotalcingo, in March, 1859, which is
marked as being of this sex,—and is, we believe, in nearly adult plumage. ‘This specimen,
as well as the two former, is now in Messrs. Salvin and Godman’s collection.

If these suppositions are correct, the female of Boucard’s Tinamou differs from the male in
having the lower back, secondaries, and wing-coverts strongly banded across with light yellowish
brown; and the markings on the wing-coverts of the male specimen figured in our plate
are the remains of the mottled plumage, which would wholly disappear in the perfectly adult
bird. The correctness of this view is strengthened by some specimens from Vera Paz being

nearly destitute of markings on the wings and coverts, while others have them more strongly
shewn.

APprit, 1868,

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PratTe XLVI.

CRYPTURUS MESERYTHRUS

(RED-BELLIED TINAMOU).

Tinamus meserythrus ; Sclater, P.Z.S. 1859, p. 392.

555 5 , : Salv. Ibis, 1861, p. 356.

i e , Scl, et Salv. P.Z.S. 1864, p. 371.

- sh 3 : G. R. Gray, List of Galline (1867), p. 99.
Tinamus pileatus ; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 334.

Ex olivaceo rufescens: alarum remigibus nigricantibus: pileo toto nigricante cinereo: subtus saturaté ferrugineo-
rufus, medialiter clarior, crisso pallide cinnamomeo, hypochondriis et pectore antico obscurioribus, nigricante adumbratis :
remigibus subtus pallide schistaceis : rostri maxilld plumbed, mandibula albicanté : pedibus claré corylinis: long. tota
9'5, alee 5:2, tarsi 1:5, rostri a rictu 1:15.— Hem. mari similis, sed crisso nigro paulim variegato.

Hab. In Mexico merid. (Boucard): Guatemala (Salvin): Veragua (Areé): Panama (McLeannan): Chepo (Arcé).

It is somewhat questionable, we admit, whether this Tinamou,—the fourth and last of
the family met with north of the Isthmus of Panama,—can be maintained as distinct from the
southern Crypturus pileatus, to which it is undoubtedly very closely allied. But we have
given a figure of it, taken from the type-specimen now in the collection of Messrs. Salvin and
Godman, in order to complete our account of the Central American species of this little known
group. Nine specimens of this Tinamou from the various localities indicated in the foregoing
list, present but very trifling differences when compared together, except that the younger birds
are not so bright below, and the females (so labelled) present some traces of black markings on
the crissum. ‘They appear to differ from Brazilian skins of Crypturus pileatus only in the darker
chest, darker flanks in contrast to the bright rufous belly, purer white throat and larger tarsi.

Salvin found this species quite common in the forests of Vera Paz,—the same district as
that inhabited by Crypturus boucardi, with which it also agrees in habits and manners. On
several occasions its eggs were brought in by the Indians of Choctum, who are very familiar
with the bird, and have a distinct name for it. The eggs are oval, alike at both ends, and
measure axis 1°7 in., diameter 1:3 in. Their colour is of a uniform rich red chocolate-brown.

The only Mexican specimens of this Timamou we have met with are those obtained by
M. Boucard at Playa Vicente on the Rio Tesechoacan. It would appear to be more abundant
further south, having been obtamed by Arcé in Veragua, although accidentally omitted from
Salvin’s list of the birds of that country,* and by McLeannan on the Panama Railway. On the
Isthmus, the latter collector tells us it is very common, being found on the ground in the jungles,
and eating corn and rice in captivity.

* In Proce. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 129.
APRIL, 1868. |

ral itt nisin Tanai in i caahamrninicitinentominanitainiinantin

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78 ee

Piatt XLVITI.

TIGRISOMA CABANISI.

(CABANIS’ TIGER-BITTERN),

Tigrisoma cabanisi Heine, Journ. f. Orn. 1859, p. 407.
Ardea cabanisi ; j Schl. Mus. d. P. B. Ardeg, p. 51.
Tigrisoma tigrinum . : . Sel. P.Z.S. 1858, p. 859 ; 1860, p. 253.

G. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1859, p. 151.
Scl. & Saly. Ibis, 1859, p. 226.

; ; ; Salv. Ibis, 1865, p. 191.
Tigrisoma brasiliense . Moore, P.Z.S. 1859, p. 63.

93 29

3) 2)

Supra nigricanti-olivaceum, fulvescente fasciolatum: pileo nigro, capitis lateribus cinereis: alis caudAque
coerulescenti-nigris, primariis albo terminatis : subtus gutture toto nudo, cervice et pectore nigricantibus sicut in dorso,
sed latius fulvescente transfasciolatis ; cervice media (utrinque nigro marginata) cum abdomine toto fulvescenti-rufis ;
rostro nigricante, hujus basi viridescenti-flavo, pedibus obscuré olivaceis : long. tota 28:0, ale 140, caude 6:0, tarsi 44,
rostri a rictu 5°5.—Junior. supra omnind fulvo et nigricante transradiatus, alis caudaque plumbeo-nigricantibus albo
transfasciatis ; subtus dilutior, sordido cinnamomeo et nigro transfasciatus, fasciis in ventre latioribus et minus

frequentibus.
Hab. in Mexico meridionali; Guatemala et Honduras.

This Bittern has, until recently, been confounded with its southern representative Tigrisoma
brasitense, from which, however, it may be at once distinguished by its wholly bare throat,
a character which is possessed by no other American representative of the genus. In addition
to this there are conspicuous differences between the plumages of the two species, the head in
the present bird being black instead of rufous, and the whole upper plumage generally of a
darker character, while the abdomen is dark cinnamomeous instead of rufous-erey, and wants
the black and white marks on the flanks. In short, the differences between the two allies are
So conspicuous that it would not be possible to confound them on comparison. Such then being
its distinguishing characters, it is strange, indeed, that this species should have been mistaken
for 7. brasiliense, yet most authors who have mentioned the Central American bird, have
assigned to it the name of 7. tigrinum, under which the young of 7. brasiliense has been usually
denominated. Herr Ferdinand Heine, Junior, was the first to discover this mistake, and in
the “Journal fiir Ornithologie” for the year 1859, described and named the northern species
after Dr. J. Cabanis, his coadjutor in the latter portion of the well known work the “Museum
Hemeanum.” This name is adopted by Dr. Schlegel, as quoted above.

[ 95 |

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as 0 A ee PL eS bE LT NE EPP cD ™
—— ae - os =

The range of Cabanis’ Tiger Bittern seems to be confined to the northern portion of the
great Central American Isthmus. M. Sallé obtained specimens in the neighbourhood of
Orizaba in Southern Mexico. Mr. Joseph Leyland also found it in Honduras, and tells us that
it is known to the Mahogany-cutters of that district as the “ Barking Garling,” and is common
at Aloor River and Omoa, remaining at the latter place throughout the year. It also occurs at
Tigré Island in the Gulf of Fonseca, as recorded by Mr. G. C. Taylor. In Guatemala on
several occasions it came under Salvin’s notice. In April, 1862, one was shot on the bank of
a small stagnant pool near the village of Juntecholol, on the track from Vera Paz to Peten.
It was by no means shy, and in all its actions shewed the deliberate movements so well known
in the common Bittern of Europe (Botaurus stellaris). On the Pacific coast the brackish and
salt-lagoons in the neighbourhood of Chiapam and Huamuchal were found to be a very
favourite resort for the bird, and hardly a day passed without one or more of them being seen.

Southwards of Guatemala we have not traced the occurrence of this bird with certainty.
As yet we have seen no specimens from Costa Rica, and on the Isthmus of Panama the southern
bird 7. brasilense seems to entirely supplant it. It follows, therefore, that the range of T.
cabamst extends over Southern Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras, but that it may also occur
in Costa Rica. 2

Our illustrations of this species are taken from specimens in Messrs. Salvin and Godman’s
collection, The larger figure which represents a bird in almost adult plumage is from the
specimen obtained at Juntecholol, as above mentioned. The figure in the back-ground which
shews the immature dress, is from an example shot at Chiapam, in September, 1862. In the
latter a few of the feathers of the adult plumage shew themselves,

EEE

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PLaTE XLIX.

LEUCOPTERNIS PALLIATA.

(GREY-BACKED BUZZARD).

Leucopternis palliata , ; Pelz. Sitz. Ak. Wien. xliv. p. 11: Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien,
| pp. 141, 184; et Orn. Bras. p. 3.
Buteo polionotus foe eye Gray, List of Accipitres, 1844, p. 17.
Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 212.
; ' : Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 37.
Leucopternis polionota Bp. Consp. 1. p. 19.

Alba ; alis, interscapulio et dorso inferiore cum dimidio caudew basali obscuré schistaceis : primariis quinque internis_
et secundariis omnibus albo terminatis: dorsi plumis partim albo extis marginatis et interne albo fasciatis : remigibus
et rectricibus in caude parte basali pallidé griscis, schistaceo transfaciatis: rostro nigro, cera pallide flava ; pedibus
flavis, unguibus nigris: long. tota 21:0, ale 16:5, caude 8-0, rostri & rictu 1. d. 1°8, tarsi 3°6. Was. feminz similis,
sed minor.

Hiab. in Brasilia meridionali orient. (Natt.).

No description ever having been published of Mr. G. R. Gray’s “ Buteo polonotus,”
although the name has been quoted by several authors, we have felt ourselves bound to adopt
Herr v. Pelzeln’s designation “palliata” for the present bird, accompanied, as it is, by an
excellent diagnosis and full particulars respecting the distinctive characters of the species.
We have less hesitation in adopting this course as, if manuscript names are to be considered at
all, Natterer’s term palliatus (which v. Pelzeln employed) has in all probability higher claims
to antiquity than any that our friend Mr. Gray could urge in favour of his appellation.

Natterer’s unique specimen of this well marked species (an old female) was obtained at
Ypanema, in the eastern portion of the Brazilian province of §. Paulo, in oly, E822) die his
MS. notes, subsequently published by von Pelzeln, he describes the iris as not very dark brown,
and the cere as pale yellow, the feet as yellow passing into orange, and the claws black.
Natterer adds that he observed other specimens of this species in the mountains near Rio Janeiro.

As in the case of other species of Leucopternis all examples of the present bird that we
have met with present a remarkable uniformity in their appearance. In very old birds it is
possible that the white edgings to the feathers of the back and wings, which are more apparent
in some specimens than in others, may wholly disappear; but we have no evidence to shew
that there exists in this genus any peculiar dress of immaturity, such as is usually the case in
typical Luteo and its affines.

[97]

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Our figure of this bird, which is half the natural size, is taken from a specimen in the
collection of Messrs. Salvin and Godman, purchased of Verreaux. It is marked “ Brazil” and

was in-all probability obtained in the vicinity of Rio.

figured in Temminck’s Planche Coloriée, No. 427, under the name Falco lacernulatus.
Juty, 1868.

present species has much the same general coloration as the latter,
distinguished by its larger size, and by having the whole of the apical

white without any black cross-band.

ee ee te a
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PuatTE LL.

SCOPS FLAMMEOLA.

(FLAMMULATED OWLET),

Scops flammeola ; Licht. in Mus. Berol.: Nomencel. p. 7.
» of Kaup, Trans. Z. S. iv, p. 226.
s $5 2 Schlegel, Mus. de P. B. Oti, p. 27.

- 53 : : Sclater, P.Z.S. 1858, p. 96.
» ts : , , Scl. et Salv. P.Z.S. 1868, p. 57.

Supra grisescenti-fuscus, nigro striatus et vermiculatus, scapularium marginibus et capitis plumis partim rufo
variegatis ; remigum primariorum pogoniis externis maculis quadratis albis ornatis: subtus grisescenti-albus, plumis
omnibus strigé rachidali et fasciis numerosis transversis nigris instructis: gulA et pectore rufescente partim tinctis:
tarsis omnino plumosis, albis, nigro paulum variegatis: rostro pallidé corneo, apice flavicante; pedibus fuscis: long.
tota 7:0, ale 5°5, caude 1°6, tarsi 0°9. .

Hab. in Mexico merid.: Jalapa (Sallé): Orizaba (Sumichrast): California boreali (Feilner): Guatemala (Salvin).

This Owl is one of the many Mexican species named but never described by the late
Professor Lichtenstein. Dr. Kaup, however, has given full characters of it, in his memoir on
the Strigide published in the Zoological Society’s “ Transactions’, under Lichtenstein’s MS.
name which has been generally adopted.

Scops flammeola is readily distinguishable from every other American species of the genus
(except Scops barbarus) by its diminutive size, which is nearly the same as that of our familiar
European bird. Its plumage below presents the same character of markings as that of S. aszo
and S. trichopsis, but, besides its size, the wholly bare toes at once distinguish the present bird.
The third and fourth primaries of the wing are very nearly equal and longest, the fitth being
slightly shorter, and the second of the same length as the sixth. The edgings of the external
scapularies form a rufous line between the wing and the back, which we have not noticed in any
other species of the group. ‘This feature is well represented in our figure, which is taken from
a specimen obtained by Salvin at Duenas in Guatemala in January 1863.

Besides Mexico and Guatemala, which we have already mentioned as localities for this
Owl, a portion of the Western United States is likewise embraced within its range. A skin
collected by Mr. Feilner in August 1860, at Fort Crook, in Northern California, in the collection of
the Smithsonian Institution (No. 24,172) undoubtedly belongs to this species. A second specimen
in the same collection was obtained by Professor Sumichrast in the mountains of Orizava. It
is marked “ iris golden-yellow, cere olive-yellow.” We have to record our great obligations to
the authorities of the Smithsonian Institution for the loan of these and many other specimens
of American Owls.

Juty, 1868.

[99 J

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PLATE LI.

SCOPS BARBARUS.
GUATEMALAN OWLED.

Scops flammeola ‘ , : Salvin, Ibis, 1861, p. 855 (err.).
Scops barbarus Scl. et Salv. P.Z.S. 1868, p. 56.

Niger, pallido rufo punctatus et variegatus: superciliis in torquem nuchalem transeuntibus albo guttatis: scapu-
larium pogoniis externis distincte albo ocellatis: primariis fusco-nigris, in pogonio externo rufescenti-albo septies
transfasciatis: cauda nigricante, rufescente quinquies transfasciata: subtus nigricans, precipue in ventre ocellis albis
frequenter aspersus ; crisso albicante, nigro punctato: tarsis pro majore parte dense vestitis; horum autem parte
augusta terminali cum digitis omnino nudis: long. tota 7:0, ale 5-4, caude 2°5, tarsi 1:0.

Hab. in Guatemala, prov. Vere Pacis (Salvin).

In his additional list of Guatemalan birds, published in the “Ibis” for 1861, Salvin has
referred to a specimen of Scops flammeola, obtained by Mr. Robert Owen in the mountains of
Santa Barbara near San Geronimo, Vera Paz. A recent examination of this skin has convinced
us that it was wrongly determined, and belongs to a species essentially distinct from that figured
in the foregoing plate. Scops barbarus is, as we have already stated, of about the same size as
S. flammeola, but, as is shewn in our original description of this bird, may be at once
distinguished by a comparison of the tarsi of the two species. In Scops flammeola (Fig. 1) the
tarsus is wholly covered all round by short thick-set feathers, which extend down to the basal
phalanges of the toes, quite up to if not slightly beyond the jomts. In the present species (Fig. 2)
the feathering of the tarsus does not descend quite so far, and leaves the distal extremity
bare like the toes. This will be readily observed in the accompanying figures of the feet of
the two birds, to which is added, for the sake of comparison, a corresponding figure of the foot
of Scops nudipes (Fig. 3).

A
HBS

Other well-marked characters ‘of plumage accompany the diversity already noticed. In

[ 101 ]

Scops barbarus there are no traces of the strongly marked black shaft-spots, which ornament the
under plumage of Scops flammeola, but.the whole surface is thickly strewn with white ocellations
upon a dark brown ground. The same character of markings also pervades the face, hinder-neck,
and scapularies. ‘The fourth and fifth primaries are equal and longest in the present species,
the sixth equalling the third. The first is 1:5 im. shorter than the fourth and fifth. The first
three primaries do not appear to be so deeply excised as in the allied species.

The front figure in our plate represents what we believe to be the normal plumage of this
species, while the hinder figure represents the hepatic form so frequently met with in this family
of birds. Both the specimens figured are from Vera Paz, and are now in Messrs. Salvin and
Godman’s collection. The only other individual we have seen, which is in the collection of the
Smithsonian Institution (No. 42,776), was also obtained in Vera Paz by Mr. Henry Hague of
San Geronimo. ‘This bird is intermediate in colour between the two we have figured.

Since we treated of this group of Owls in the “ Proceedings” of the Zoological Society we
have seen the type-specimens of S. portoricensds in the Paris Museum, but have been unable to
distinguish it from S. brasilianus. S. lophotes of Lesson, of which we have also seen the type
is probably only a paler form of the same bird. There remain, therefore, only seven
well-marked species of this genus in America, namely :—

| a. Digitis setosis.
(1) S. asio (Linn.) Baird’s B. N. A. p. 51, ex America septéentr. universa.
(2) S. kennicottr, Elliot, Proe. Ac. Phil. 1867, p. 99, ex America bor. occ.
(8) S. érichopsis, Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 276. S. maccalli, Cassin. Ex. Texas, Mexico, et Guatemala.

b. Digitis omnino nudis.
(4) S. fammeola, ex California Mexico et Guatemala.

(5) S. barbarus, ex Guatemala.

(6) S. brasilianus, (Gm.). 8. choliba, Vieill. SS. erucigera, Spix. 8S. portoricensis, Less. 8. ustus, Sclater.
S. atricapilla, Temm., Ex Americé meridionali tropica.

e. Digitis cum tarsorum dimidio basali nudis.
(7) S. nudipes (Vieill.). Bubo nudipes, Vieill. Ois. de Am, Sept. i. p. 53, t. 22. Ephialtes nudipes, Cassin,
List of Owls. Ex Costa Ricé (dreé): Bogot& (Cassin).

JULY, 1868.

[ 102 }

——————————— —
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PLATE LIL.

CHATURA SEMICOLLARIS.

(HALF-COLLARED SPINE-TAILED SWIFT),

Acanthylis semicollaris . : : De Saussure, Rev. Zool. 1859, p. 118.
Chetura semicollaris : : Sclater, Cat. A. B. p. 282: P.Z.S. 1863, p. 99, et 1865, p. 609.

Fuscescenti-nigra: torque semicollari postico albo; long. tota 10.0, ale 10.0, caude 3.0, tarsi 1:05. —
HTab. Mexico (De Saussure). |

This fine Spine-tailed Swift is closely allied in structure to the well-known and widely
distributed Chetura zonaris, but considerably exceeds it in size, and 1s, in fact, the largest and
most powerful bird of the whole family. It appears to be very scarce in European collections ;
the specimen in Sclater’s possession, whence our figure is taken, being the only one we have yet
met with. This is the more to be wondered at, as the country which it inhabits has lately been
explored by several intelligent collectors, who could hardly have passed over so striking a species
had it come before their notice.

M. H. de Saussure—the discoverer and describer of this species—gives us no information
concerning it, except that it inhabits the “great forests of Mexico.” He has not even thought
fit to record the province of that extensive country in which it was obtained. His specimens
were deposited in the Geneva Museum, from which Sclater’s example was obtained by purchase.

A complete account of the synonymy and distribution of .the American species of this
group having been lately published by Sclater in the Zoological Society’s “ Proceedings,”™ we
think it will be sufficient on the present occasion to give a list of them in a tabular form,
inserting in their places two species more recently described: namely C. sclatera, Pelzeln, Orn.
Bras. p. 56, from the vicinity of Borba, and C. brachycerca, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. 5. 1867, p. 758, t.
xxxiv, from Xeberos in Hastern Peru.

a. HEMIPROCNE.
CO. semicollaris (De Saussure), ex Mexico, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 609.

C. biscutata, Sciater, ex Brasil. mer. or. J. c. p. 609.
C. zonaris (Shaw), ex Am. merid. et centr. J. ¢. p. 609.

ba

SU

6b. CHETURA.
O. pelasgia (L.), ex Am. bor. orient. /. ¢. p. 610.
C. vauxii (Towns.), ex Am. bor. occ. et central, 7. ¢. 611.
OC. poliura (Temm.), ex Cayenna, /. ¢. p. 611.
C. brachycerca, Scl. et Salv., ex Amazonia Peruv.
C. cinereiventris, Scl., ex Brasil. mer, or. Ll. ¢. p. 612.
O. sclateri, v. Pelz., ex Amazonia.
C. spinicauda (Temm.), ex Cayenna, J. ¢. p. 612.
OC. rutila (Vieill.), ex Guatemala et Mexico, /. ¢. p. 613.

i

On

ODD

1

on
Lo

* 1865, p. 593 et seq.

Jury, 1868. ;
[ 103 |

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TO
a)

; PLATE LITLI.

PORZANA HAUXWELLI

(HAUXWELL'S CRAKE).

Corethrura sp. . : . ' Scl. et Salv. P.Z.S. 1866, p. 200.
Porzana fasciata : : Scl. et Salv. P.Z.S. 1867, p. 981.

Fuscescenti-olivacea, alis obscurioribus, capite toto cum collo et corpore subttis ad imum pectus eastaneis:
abdomine rufo nigroque transfasciato: subalaribus rufis nigro maculatis: rostro obscuré corneo, pedibus saturate
corylinis: long. tota 6°5, ale 3°5, caude 1:2, tarsi 1°6, rostri a rictu °85.
/ Hab. in Amazonia Peruviana: fl. Ucayali (Bartlett): Chamicurros et Pebas (Hauawell).

The vast water-basin of the Amazons, so constantly overflowed by the rising of its
numerous affluents, would naturally be supposed to be a very fit habitation for Rallide of every
description. Yet the species of this group met with within its area are certainly not numerous.
Not a single Coot (Fulica) and only one true Waterhen (Galliénula) occurs, as far as we know,
anywhere within its limits, and but three or four other members of the family have as yet been
registered as appertaining to the Amazonian Fauna. But the recent exertions of collectors
upon the Upper Amazon and its tributaries have brought to light one or two new species of the
group, and others perhaps remain to be discovered, as from their skulking habits these birds
easily elude observation.

We first made the acquaintance of the present species of Crake in Mr. E. Bartlett’s first
collection from the Ucayali, but were not then sufficiently acquainted with the group to venture
to describe it as new. Subsequent researches, into which we were led by the receipt of a second
specimen in Mr. Hauxwell’s collection from Pebas, convinced us that it was unknown to science,
but we unluckily selected for it a name which had been already appropriated to a member of
the same group. Under these circumstances we now propose to rename it after Mr. Hauxwell,
who besides the specimen just mentioned had previously obtained an example of the same bird
in his large collection made at Chamicurros and on the Huallaga in 1854. The last mentioned
specimen, as also that obtained by Mr. Bartlett, are now in the British Museum. Mr.
Hauxwell’s skin from Pebas, from which our figure and description have been taken, is in the
collection of Messrs. Salvin and Godman.

Hauxwell’s Crake is a well-marked species, and hardly liable to be confounded with any
other American member of the family. In style of colour it appears to unite the two sections
called by the late Prince Bonaparte Laterirallus and Rufirallus, having the banded sides of the

former, whilst in general plumage it more nearly resembles Porzana concolor and certain
other members of the latter group.

JuLy, 1868.
[ 105

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3 PLATE LIV.

PORZANA MELANOPHAA.

(RED-VENTED CRAKE),

Ypecaha pardo obseuro . ; 3 Azara, Apunt. iil. p. 280, No. 376.
Rallus melanophaius Vieill. N. D. xxvii. p. 549, et Enc. Meth. p. 1064.
Corethrura melanophea . , Hartl. Ind. Az. p. 24.
. i Gray, Gen. i. p. 595.
Crex lateralis Licht. Doubl. p. 79.
Gallinula lateralis : Max. Beitr. iv. p. 805.
Ortygometra lateralis. Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. p. 387.
Gallinula albifrons é Sw. An. in Menag. p. 3388.

Fuscescenti-olivacea, alis extts et dorso postico obscurioribus: subtus alba, lateribus cervicis et pectoris cum crisso
toto rufis; hypochrondriis albo nigroque transfasciatis : rostro olivaceo apice flavicante ; pedibus pallide corylinis: long.
tota 6°3, ale 3-1, caude 1°5, tarsi 1°25, rostri a rictu 0°8.

Hab. in Brasil. merid. (Burmeister): Paraguaya (Azara): Bolivié, Chiquitos (D’Orbigny): Venezuelé, Cumana
(Beauperthuy), Caracas, (Levraud).

This well-known Crake appears to be widely spread over South America, as will be seen
by the list of localities above given. It was first described by Azara, as an inhabitant of
Paraguay, where, however, it does not appear to be very abundant. In the wood region of
South-Eastern Brazil it is certainly a common species, many specimens being met with in the
ordinary sets of birdskins sent from the vicinity of Rio and Bahia. In the marshes of this
district also the Prince Max of Neuwied met with it, but gives us few particulars as to its
habits, merely mentioning that it has a light flight and that its flesh is good to eat.

During a recent examination of the specimens belonging to this family of birds in the
collection of the Jardin des Plantes we found skins of this species marked as having been
obtained by d’Orbigny in the province of Chiquitos in Bolivia, and by M. M. Beauperthuy,
and Levraud in Venezuela. The extension of its range so far northwards indicated by the
two latter localities is a new fact to us, and seems somewhat strange, when we consider that
the bird 1s not known to occur in Guiana nor in any part of the great basin of the Amazon.

Our figure of P. melanophea is taken from a specimen in the collection of Messrs. Salvin
and Godman which is of the ordinary Brazilian “make” and is probably from Rio or Bahia.

JuLY, 1868,

[ 107 J

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Plate LV.

Banhart

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2.
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PLATE LV.

SSS SE eg a er 2 ee ree
a i a et = _—-_-_-_ 2 __—_-_, Fre -
——————— ——

Se as

SSeS e ESS

\ PORZANA ALBIGULARIS.

pee

Sn

(WHITE-THROATED CRAKE).

BSS Ee Se
= e a SFI mune = :
v = = = ‘

t Corethrura albigularis : Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vii. p. 302.
RK 3 -, Scl. and Salv. P.Z.S. 1864, p. 372.
Porzana albigularis : Pe yt Scl. and Salv. P.Z.S. 1867, p. 280.

Supra fusca, lateribus capitis et cervice posticaé castaneis: subtus alba, pectore castaneo perfuso: hypochondriis,

yentris lateribus et crisso albo nigroque transfasciatis: rostro olivaceo, pedibus fuscis: long. tota 5'5, ale 2°9, caude
1-1, tarsi 1°1, rostri a rictu 09.

Hab. in Isthm. Panama (MMcLeannan): Costa Rica (Arcé) : Mosquitia (Wickham).

This little Crake is a northern representative of the foregoing species, but is distinguishable
by well marked characters. The chestnut neck and breast, the regularly barred crissum and the
smaller size render it easily recognizable when compared with its southern ally.

The White-throated Crake is one of Mr. MeLeannan’s numerous discoveries on the Isthmus
of Panama, and was first described by Mr. Lawrence in 1861 from specimens transmitted to him
by that well-known collector. The bird would appear to be not uncommon in this locality,
Mr. McLeannan having likewise supplied the collection of Messrs. Salvin and Godman with
several examples of it, from one of which our illustration has been prepared. In these figures
it will be noticed that the wings are wholly unspotted, but it should be stated that one of the
Panama skins shews black and white bars on the greater and lesser wing coverts, and that a
second has some traces of the same character. These markings would, however, probably
disappear in the adult bird.

Northwards of Panama we have traced the occurrence of this Crake into Costa Rica,
\ whence a single specimen, obtained at Barranca on the gulf of Nicoya, has been transmitted
| to us by Arcé, and up the eastern coast of Central America as far as the Blewfields river,
where Mr. Henry Wickham met with it during his excursion into the Mosquito territory.

JULY, 1868.

[ 109 J

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PLatTeE LVI.

PORZANA LEUCOPYRRHA

(RED AND WHITE CRAKE).

Ypecaha pardo acanelado y blanco Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 228, No. 375.

Rallus leucopyrrhus . : : Vieill, N. D. xxviii. p. 550, et Enc. Meth. p. 1064.
a . . . . y. Schreiber, Isis, 1823, p. 1063.
Corethrura leucopyrrha ‘ : Hartl. Ind. Az. p. 24.
Ky is . ; Gray, Gen. ii. p. 595.
‘i 5 ; : Burm. La-Plata-Reise 11. p. 505.-
Corethrura hypoleucos : : Licht. in Mus. Berol.: Nomenel. p. 96.
Laterirallus hypoleucus . Bp. C. BR. xl. p. 599.

Fuscescenti-olivacea, capite rufescente, alis extus et cauda cum dorso postico obseurioribus: subtus alba; lateribus
capitis cervicis et pectoris castaneis, hypochondriis albo nigroque transfasciatis: crisso medio nigro, lateraliter albo:
rostro olivaceo, pedibus flavidis: long. tota 6°75, ale 3:1, caudee 1:9, tarsi 1°3, rostri a rictu 0°8.

Hab. in Paraguaya (Azara): rep. Argentina, Tucuman (Burm.): Brasil. merid. (dus. Berol.).

This species of Crake, though closely allied to P. melanophea, was recognized by its
discoverer Azara as distinct, and described under a separate name in his well-known work on
the birds of Paraguay. Burmeister, almost the only other naturalist who has met with it,
obtained specimens in the Province of Tucuman in the Argentine Republic, where, he tells us, it
is usually seen in the early morning on the banks of rivers in marshy spots. Natterer also
collected specimens of this bird somewhere in Southern Brazil, as has been recorded in the
“Tsis” for 1823, but his notes on this portion of his collection are not yet published, so that we
cannot tell the exact locality. It would appear, however, from Lichtenstein’s ‘‘ Nomenclator”’
that this Rail occurs in Minas Geraes, whence a single example has been transmitted to the Berlin
Museum. In form and general appearance P. lewcopyrrha most nearly resembles P. melanophea,
but is readily distinguishable by its chestnut head and neck, by tts black crissum, margined on
each side with white, and by the generally purer and more extended white of the under surface.

Our figure of this bird is from a specimen in the collection of Messrs. Salvin and Godman,
recently purchased from M. Verreaux, and stated to have been received from the Brazilian
Province of Rio Grande.

There are four American Crakes, which have the back nearly uniformly coloured and the
flanks barred, and constitute the section Laterzrallus of Prince Bonaparte: namely

1. PorzanA HAUXWELLI, Pl. LIII, from the Upper Amazon.
2. PoRzANA MeLANoPHmA, Pl. LIV, from S. E. Brasil, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Venezuela.

3. PoRZANA ALBIGULABIS, Pl. LV, from Panama, Costa Rica, and Mosquitia.
4, PoRzZaANA LEUvOPYRRHA, Pl. LVI, from 8. Brazil, Paraguay and La Plata..

JuLY, 1868. 7
[111 J

-

a i aa

puPEP A

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Fe

C

FULICA ARDESIA

ONES IRE eR eel

Sim Irth,

J

- ee Sage GPa ae + ae Se ae a ew

ap ees ©

SSS

“= sS,

ee ee ee el

E eaee ee
(oe

Peas FFE
ee

—-

Puate LVI.

FULICA ARDESIAGCA.

( (ISCHUDES COOT).

Fulica ardesiaca . ‘Tsch, Faun. Per. Aves, p. 303.
, : . . Sel. eb Saly. P.Z.8. 1868, p. 464.
Lysca ardesiacea é Reich. Nat. Syst. p. xx1.
Fulica chilensis ; Des Murs, in Gay’s Fauna Chilena, viii, p. 474, Atlas, t. 10.
a A: ; ; Hartl. Journ. f. Orn. 1853, Extra-h. p. 81.
Pe * : : . Sel. P.Z.S. 1860, p. 82.
3 . eb 3 2 We Selaen Salva. 2.52 S68 ep a 46,

Obscuré schistacea: capite undique nigricante: flexura alari et remigis externi margine albis: crisso nigro
lateraliter albo mixto: clypeo frontali tuberositatem parallelogrammicam formante, a rostro lined impressa diviso:
pedibus obscuré schistaceis: long. tota 16°5, ale 8°5, caude 2°2, rostri a rictu 1°5, tarsi 2°6, dig. med. cum ungue 3°8.

Hab, in Bolivia alta (D’ Orb. : Cast. et Dev.): in Peruvia occidentali (Zsch. et Whitely): rep. Aiquator. (Fraser).

The first satisfactory description of this Coot was given by Dr. Hartlaub in his excellent
article on the birds of the genus fulica, published in the “ Extra-Heft” of Cabanis’ “ Journal fiir
Ornithologie” for 1853, under the name fulica chilensis, taken from Des Murs’ MS. We have,
however, ascertained by inspection of the type-specimen of Fulica ardesiaca, which has been
kindly lent to us by M. Coulon, of Neuchatel, that the same bird had been previously described
} by Tschudi in his “ Fauna Peruana,” under the latter name. We, therefore, adopt T'schudi’s
/ appellation for this species, although his description is irrecognizable, superseding the name
chilensis with less regret, inasmuch as it seems to be very doubtful whether the bird has ever
occurred in Chili.

The present species belongs to the second section of the genus ulica as arranged by Dr.
Hartlaub, in which the undertail-coverts are black with merely a slight white edging on each
side. In this respect it resembles its gigantic neighbours of the same country, /. gigantea and
F. cornuta. From the former it may be distinguished by its smaller size and olive-coloured
feet, from the latter by the absence of the prominent caruncle on the forehead. In the present
species, however, the head-shield projects considerably beyond the line of the culmen, and

[ 113 J

By
2 AE A SE A ——
= +

ate 8 ae te
a nn tt

forms an oblong protuberance, which is rounded off towards the vertical extremity, and divided
from the base of the bill by a distinct line as shewn in the accompanying cut. The bend of

the wing in the present bird and a narrow margin of the basal portion of the outer primary
are white. The specimen, now in the collection of Messrs. Salvin and Godman, from which

our description and figure are taken, was procured on the lagoon of Tambo, in the month of

November, 1857, by Mr. Henry Whitely. In this bird, the bill is marked “ lavender-colour,”

and the head-shield “white.” But this would appear to be different in the breeding season,

as Dr. Hartlaub describes the head-shield as red in one of his specimens, and this is also the

case In an example of this species in the collection of the British Museum.

The specimens of this species, in the Paris Museum, from which Hartlaub’s description and
Gay’s figure were taken, were collected during the voyages of D’Orbigny and Castelnau
and Deville in various parts of Bolivia. Those of the latter travellers are stated to have been
procured in the vicinity of La Paz. Under these circumstances it appears strange that the
name chelensts should have been applied to them; Gay’s assertion, that this species is “very
common” in that country being unquestionably incorrect.

On the lagoon of Tambo, in the valley of the same name on the western coast of Southern
Peru, Whitely met with large numbers of this Coot, but found them shy and difficult to shoot.
Uschudi informs us that the species occurs all along the western slope of Peru, from the sea-
shore up to an elevation of 14,000 feet. In the lagoon of Junin he tells us it was very
common, and was killed by the Indians, dried and kept for food.

The only other locality recorded for this species is the highlands of Ecuador between
Riobamba and Mocha, where Fraser procured a single example in 1859. Fraser describes the
frontal-shield of his specimen as “ delicate orange blending into lemon at the sides and back,”
the bill as “ flesh-coloured, the point being blueish,” and the “legs and feet delicate slate-colour.”
Fraser’s specimen is now in the Bremen Museum.

Our figure represents the bird reduced to one half its natural size.

Avaust, 1868,

[114]

ee eee

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= : = ioe =

Plate .LVIIE,

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cs at | —— | SS = ; 7 == — = SS Bg x
ae SS SS = ss = = — _ ss = = > aa ‘,

eC cr —~“<~;3C; PV

PLATE LVIIL.

FULICA ARMILLATA.
(RED-GARTERED OOD),

Focha de ligas roxas Azara, Apunt. i. p. 474, No. 448.

Fulica armillata ; : Vieill. N. D. xii. p. 47, et Enc. Meth. p. 343.
=) 9 : : : Hartl. Ind. Az. p. 28, et Journ. f. Orn. 1858, Extra-h. p. 82.
se > : Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 390, et La-Plata-Reise, ii. p. 505.
ES ¥ : : , 5 : Sel. et Salv. P.Z.S. 1868, p. 465.
Huliea chilensis j 5 Landbeck, Wiegm. Arch. 1862, p. 221.
Fulica frontata 5 ; : G. R. Gray, in Mus. Brit.
Fulica gallinuloides . ; King, Zool. Journ. IV. p. 96. (?)

Obscuré schistacea, capite toto nigricante: flexurd alari et remigis externi margine albis: crisso albo, plumis
quibusdam medialibus nigris: rostro flavo, maculis basalibus rubris: clypeo frontali magno, ovali, flavo, rubro margi-
nato: pedibus maximis, flavicanti-olivaceis: tibiarum parte im4 et tarsis anticé ruberrimis : long. tota 16°5, ale 7°8,
caude 2°0, rostri a rictu 1°4, tarsi 2°8, digiti medii cum ungue 4:0.

Hab. in Paraguaya, (Bonpland): Brasil. merid. et rep. Argentina (Burmeister): Patagonia (D’ Orbigny): Chilid
(Landbeck).

This Coot is the largest species belonging to Dr. Hartlaub’s third division of the genus, in
which the undertail coverts are white with a small black median patch. It is also readily
distinguishable by the great size of the feet and legs, particularly by the length of the middle
toe, and by the bright red markings at the base of the yellow bill. The head-shield varies
much in size in different individuals as will be seen by our figures, but is always broadly oval

[115 J

at its upper termination. The bend of the wing and a rather broad margin of the outer web
of the outer primary are white. The legs and feet are yellowish-olive, and the lower naked portion
of the tibia and the front of the tarsus are described as coral-red: in the living bird, but this
colour fades away very much in the dried skin.

Azara, the original discoverer of this species, describes it in his well known work on the
birds of Paraguay as the “ Focha de ligas roxas,” from the red markings on the legs. Azara
met with it in the neighbourhood of Buenos Ayres. Professor Burmeister tells us that it is
generally distributed over the lagoons of the Argentine Republic, and that he obtained
specimens near Mendoza and again near Parana. In Southern Brazil the same author, as quoted
by Hartlaub, gives the province of Sta. Catherina as a locality for this species, but it does not
seem to occur much further north—not bemg mentioned by Prince Max and other authorities
upon Brazilian Ornithology.

In Chili Pulica armellata appears to be the commonest of the three species, which, according
to Herr Landbeck, are so widely distributed and so numerous in the fresh waters of that
country. Herr Landbeck has given us an excellent description of the bird, and many details
as to its habits and history, but has unfortunately misidentified it with Gay’s Fulica chilensis,
which we have already shewn is the same as Tschudi’s F. ardestaca. In Southern Chili, Herr
Landbeck informs us, this species and F. leucoptera are migratory, or at any rate leave the lakes
in the winter, and keep more about the river-banks. In Northern Chili, however, this is not the
case, the lakes there not being swollen by a rainy season.

We have examined the specimen in the British Museum upon which Mr. George Gray
founded his MS. name /’ frontata, and believe it to be merely an individual of the present

species with the head-shield extraordinarily developed, as shewn in our figure. We also think it
probable that Fulkca gallinuloides of King is referable to this same species, of which. there are
Patagonian specimens (obtained by D’Orbigny) in the Paris Museum.

Our figure of this Coot, which is reduced to half the size of nature, is taken from a Chilian
specimen collected by the late Mr. Bridges in August, 1862, now in the Derby Museum,
Liverpool. We have to record our great obligations to Mr. T. Moore and the authorities of
that Institution for the loan of this and other examples of the same group of birds.

Avaust, 1868.
[ 116 ]

ae aoe ie

oS AE ANE -_
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Se hae te Dk ern

pes RAR AARNE mI fat e LIT L RA

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Plat £ Li IX 4

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, Prats LIX.

FULICA LEUCOPYGA

| (RED-SHIELDED COOT).

’ | Fulica leucopyga ‘ , - Licht. in Mus. Berol.
| * os ; : . | Hartl. Journ. f. Orn. 1853, Extra-h. p. 84.
if es ’ : : Schlegel, Mus. d. P. B. Ralli, p. 64.
: . : Scl. et Salv. P.Z.S. 1868, p. 467.
Fulica rufifrons : : Landbeck, Wiegm. Arch. 1862, p. 228.
Fulica chloropoides . 5 King, Zool. Journ. IV, p. 95 (?) |

» 99 ; ; : Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 157.

Obscuré ardesiaca, capite toto nigricante: crisso albo, plumis quibusdam medialibus nigris : remigis externi margine
concolore : rostri apice flavo, basi cum clypeo frontali ruberrimo ; hoc angusto, supra acuté angulato ; pedibus olivaceis :
long. tota 160, ale 6:8, caude 2°4, rostri a rictu 1°3, tarsi 3-2, dig. med. cum ungue 3°5.

flab. in rep. Uruguayensi (Sellow) : Chilia (Landbeck): Patagonia (King): Inss. Falklandicis (Mus. Brit.).

In a letter addressed to Mr. Vigors, and subsequently published in the fourth volume of the
‘Zoological Journal,’ the late Captain King gave some very short and insufficient descriptions
4 of supposed new species of birds discovered during his survey of the Magellan-Straits in 1826.
. Amongst the birds thus characterized as new to science were two Coots, named by Capt. King
Fulica chloropordes and F. gallinuloides. In order to ascertain positively what species were
designated by these names it would be necessary to inspect the typical specimens, which, if ever
sent home to this country, have unfortunately disappeared. It is only, therefore, by a process
of guess-work, that we can refer F. gallinuloides of King to P. armillata and his LP’. chloropoides
to the present bird.

Tt would not, however, be right to allow Capt. King’s name, which can only be conjecturally
applied to this Coot, to supersede the appellation under which Dr. Hartlaub described it in
1860, in his already mentioned memoir upon this group. Dr. Hartlaub adopted for the bird
the name leucopyga, by which it had been designated by Lichtenstein in the Berlin Museum.
It is true this is by no means a specially appropriate name, inasmuch as it would apply equally
well to three or four other species of the genus, but this is not a valid reason for rejecting it.

In 1862 Herr Landbeck, Sub-director of the Museum of Santiago in Chili, being unfortunately
unacquainted with Dr. Hartlaub’s article, redescribed this species under the name Fulica rufifrons.

\

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This Coot is very readily distinguishable from other known species by the peculiar shape of
the frontal shield, which is narrow and elongated, and instead of being rounded above,

terminates in an acute angle, as shewn in our figure. In the living bird this shield is described as
of a dark blood-red, and it appears to retain nearly the same colour in the dried skin. A second
character, which absolutely distinguishes this Coot from all others of the white-rumped section,
is the absence of the white margin of the first primary. There are, however, a few whitish
edgings to the small feathers on the bend of the wing.

This Coot appears to have nearly the same distribution as Fulica armillata. Although it has
not yet been recorded from the Argentine Republic, it must certainly occur there, if the locality
of Uruguay, given by Hartlaub on the authority of Sellow, is correct.. In Chili it is one of the
three species of which Herr Landbeck has given us such an excellent account. The late Mr.
Bridges likewise obtained. specimens of it in Chili, from one of which, now in the Derby
Museum at Liverpool, our figure has been prepared. King’s Fulica chloropoides, if we are
right in referring it to this species, was obtained in Patagonia. There is a specimen of this
bird in the British Museum said to have been obtained during the surveying-voyage of the
“ Erebus and Terror” in the Falkland Islands, and in 1859 Capt. Abbott shot a single example,
believed to have been of this species, in the same country.

Our figure of this bird, as likewise of the other Coots in this Part, is one half of the size of
nature.

Aveust, 1868,

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PLATE LX.

FULICA LEUCOPTERA

(STRICKLAND’S COOT),

Focha Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 472, No. 44/7.
Fulica leucoptera Vieill. N. D. xii. p. 48; et Enc. Méth. p. 343.
= fs Hartl. Ind. Az. p. 28.
7 a ' Scl. et Salv. P.Z.8. 1868, p. 468.
f; : : ; Burm. La-Plata-Reise, iii. p. 505.
FPulica stricklandi , J Hartlaub, Journ. f. Orn. 1853, Extrah. p. 86.
Fulica chloropoides . ‘ ; Landbeck, Wiegm. Arch. 1862, p. 218.

Obscuré ardesiaca, capite undique nigricante : crisso albo, plumis quibusdam medialibus nigris: flexura alari et
remigis externi margine angusto necnon secondariorum quorumdam apicibus albis: rostro flavo, clypeo frontali minore,
supra rotundato, aurantiaco: pedibus olivaceis: long. tota 15:0, ale 7:8, caude 2°3, rostri a rictu 1:25, tarsi 2°4, dig.
med. c. ungue 375.

Hab. in Paraguaya et rep. Argentina (Azara): rep. Uruguayensi (Sellow): Parand (Burmeister): Bolivia int.
(Behn): Chilid (Landbeck).

We think there can be no doubt that this species of Coot, which was first correctly described

_ by Dr. Hartlaub in 1853, and proposed to be called F. stricklandi, is the same as that termed

by Azara in 1852 “ La Focha,” upon which Vieillot established his F. leucoptera. We have,
therefore, followed Burmeister in using the latter name, and trust that our excellent friend Dr.
Hartlaub will excuse us for doing so.

Azara obtained specimens of this bird in Paraguay and in the vicinity of Buenos Ayres.
Burmeister met with it on the lagoons near Parané in the Argentine Republic. Sellow
transmitted examples to the Berlin Museum from the vicinity of Santa Lucia in the republic of
Uruguay. Professor Behn of Kiel, as we are informed by Dr. Hartlaub, shot a specimen of it
in the month of June on a pool near San Miguel in the Bolivian Province of Chiquitos. It
would thus appear that this species has a considerable range over the southern portion of South
America on this side of the Andes. Westward of the great mountain-chain it is one of the
three Chilian species concerning which Herr Landbeck has lately given us so many interesting
details, but we do not know how far it ranges to the south upon this coast.

Fulica leucoptera is easily distinguishable from all its South American congeners by having
the ends of the first five or six secondaries next adjoining the primaries tipped with white,
resembling in this particular the northern /. americana. The white margin to the outer

[119 J

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ma arrer greeny —mapenneee mane

Sra i ae

primary in this species is very narrow, but quite discernible. These two characters and the |
different form of the head-shield, which is broadly rounded at the upper extremity will serve to

=) \ ~~ i i f D,
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if

separate it from /. leucopyga. 3 |
Our figure of this Coot is taken from the typical specimen of Dr. Hartlaub’s Fulica stricklandi |

which has been kindly lent to us from the treasures of the Bremen Museum.
Besides the species here figured we are acquainted with three other American Coots, making

altogether seven of this genus in the New World—namely

1, Funica cornvra. |
Fulica cornuta, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxvii. p. 925, (1853): Hartl. J. f Orn. 1853, Extra-h. p. 82: Lycornis

cornuta, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 600: ex Bolivia.

2. FULICA GIGANTEA.
Hulica gigantea, Hyd. et Soul. Voy. Bon. Zool. p. 102, t. 8: Tsch. F. P. p. 802: Hartl. J. f. Orn. 1853, Extra-h.

p- 80: Phalaria gigantea, Reich. Nat. Syst. p. xxi.: ex Peruvia alta.

3. FULICA AMERICANA. |
Hulica americana, Gm. : Baird, Birds N. Am. p. 751: Hartl. J. f£. Orn. 1858, Extra-h. p. 87 : ex America Bor. univ.

America Centr. et inss. Antillensibus.

The following table, taken from our paper on the American Rallide recently read before
the Zoological Society, may assist in determining these seven species.

A. Clypeo frontali carunculato : . ; : 1. cornuta.
B. Clypeo frontali non-carunculato :
a crisso preecipué nigro, lateraliter albo mixto :
major, flexura alari nigra. : 2. gigantea.
minor, flexura alari alba : . ; 3. ardesiaca.
b’ crisso precipué albo, medialiter nigro
a’ secundariis ommino concoloribus :

margine alari albo : ; A. armillata.
margine alari concolore 5. leucopyga.
b” secundariis albo terminatis :
major: rostro flavo ; : ‘ 6. leucoptera. |
minor: rostro rubro notato ay : 7. americana. |

Aveusr, 1868.

[ 120 |

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EMIPLUMBEUS.

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7

PuatTE LXI.

LEUCOPTERNIS SEMIPLUMBEA.

(SEMIPLUMBEOUS BUZZARD).

Leucopternis semiplumbeus ; Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 288.

Supra plumbea, alis caud&que nigricantibus: hujus fasciis duabus angustis, alter’ inferiore perfecta, altera
superiore imperfecta, cum toto corpore subtis albis: rostro nigro, basi et cera cum pedibus aurantiacis ; unguibus
nigris: long. tota 14:0, ale 8:0, caudex 5:0, rostri a rictu 1:1, tarsi 2:2.

Hb. in Isthmo Panamensi (McLeannan): rep. Costa-Ricensi (Carmiol).

In 1861 Mr. George N. Lawrence described this distinct species of Buzzard from a single
specimen obtained by Mr. J. McLeannan on the Panama railway-line. The bird, however,
remained quite unknown to us until a short time since, when we had the oratification of
recognizing a single individual in a Costa-Rican collection received from Mr. J. Carmiol. This
skin, from which our figure (reduced to two-thirds of the natural dimensions) has been prepared,
is now in the collection of Messrs. Salvin and Godman. It was procured at Valza in Costa
Rica in February of the present year. It is marked as a female, but appears to be rather
smaller in dimensions than the specimen described by Mr. Lawrence.

In form Leucopternis semiplumbea appears to be a typical species of this genus, but is
easily recognizable by its small size, and by the uniform plumbeous colour of the whole upper
surface. ‘There are some slight indications of narrow shaft-stripes on the neck, but the plumage
below is otherwise of a pure white. The under-wing-coverts and greater part of the remiges
below are of the same spotless colour, but the apical portions of the latter are slaty with darker
margins and cross-bands. ‘The fifth primary is rather longer than the fourth, and longest—the
first being shorter than the secondaries and measuring 5°8 in. from the carpal joint.

The known species of Leucopternis are eight in number. We have now seen specimens of
all of them, and propose to arrange them as follows :—

A—Corpore subtus omnin6 albo.
a. capite toto albo.

1. L. GHIESBREGHTI.

Buteo ghiesbreghti, Du Bus, Esq. Orn. t. 1: Sel. & Salvy. Ibis, 1859, p. 217: Scl. P.Z.S. 1857, p. 227: Salv. P.Z.S.
1867, p. 158: Lawr. Ann, Lye. N.Y. vii., p. 288: Cab. J. f. Orn. 1858, p. 88. Asturina ghiesbreghti, Schl. Mus.

! des P. B. Asturine, p. 11.

Hab. America centralis a Mexico merid. ad. isthm. Panamensem.

[ 121 J

2. L. pattiata, tab. XLIX., p. 97.

Hab. Brasilia meridionalis.

3. L. SCOTOPTERA.

Buteo scotopterus, Max. Beitr. ii., p. 204: Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii., p. 51. Leucopternis scotoptera, Pelz. Verh.
Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, 1862, p. 19, et Orn. Bras. p. 8. Asturina scotoptera, Schl. Mus. d. P. B. Asturina, p. 10.
Falco lacernulatus, Temm. Pl. Col. 487. Leucopternis lacernulatus, Bp. Consp. I., p. 19.

Hab. Brasilia meridionalis,

4, Li. ALBICOLLIS.

Falco albicollis, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 36. Buteo albicollis, Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 79. Leucopternis albicollis, Pelz.
Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien. 1862, p. 140, et Orn. Bras. p. 8. Asturina albicollis, Schl. Mus. des P. B. Asturine,
p. 9. Falco peecilonotus, Temm. Pl. Col. 9. Buteo pecilonotus, Leotaud, Ois. de Trinidad, p. 7. Buteo melanotus,
Vieill. N. D. iv. p. 472, et Enc. Meth. iii., p. 1221; Puch. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 84.

Hab, Amazonia, Venezuela, et ins. Trinitatis..

b. capite nigro striato.

5. L. MELANOPS.
Falco melanops, Lath. Ind. Orn. p.. 87: Temm. Pl. Col. 105. Buteo melanops, Schl. Mus. d. P. B. Asturine, p. 10.
Leucopternis melanops, Bp. Consp. |. p. 19: Pelz. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, 1862, p. 140, et Orn. Bras. ps3:

Hab. Guiana et Amazonia.
6. L. surerciuraris, tab. XX XVIIL, p. 75.
Hab. Amazonia.
ce. eapite supra plumbeo, dorso concolore.
7. L. sEMIPLUMBEA, tab. LXI., p. 121.
flab. Isthmus Panamensis et Costa Rica.
B.—Corpore subtis albo, plumbeo transfasciato.
8. L. PRINCEPs.
Leucopternis princeps, Scl. P.Z.S. 1865, p. 429, t. xxxiv.
Hab. Costa Rica.

August, 1868.

[ 122 J

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Pruate LXII.

GEOTRYGON CHIRIQUENSIS.

(CHIRIQUIAN GROUND-PIGEON),

Geotrygon chiriquensis ; : k Sclater, P.Z.S. 1856, p. 143.
Salvin, P.Z.S. 1867, pp. 180, 159.

99 99

Supra saturaté castaneo-brunneus, interscapulio purpurascente tincto: pileo toto schistaceo, frontem versus dilutiore:
faciei lateribus albicantibus, a gula alba lined irregulari nigra divisis: subtis cinnamomeus, pectore toto et lateribus
cum tectricibus subalaribus castaneis: remigibus alarum schistacescenti-nigris; caud& supra fere concolore, subtus
nigricante, cinnamomeo terminata: rostro nigro, mandibule basi et pedibus rubris: long. tota 11°5, alee 6:0, caude 4:0,
tarsi 1°6.

Hab. in Veragua (Bridges et Arcé),

Simce preparing our article upon the Ground-pigeon figured in Plate XX XIX of this work
as Geotrygon chiriquensis, we have received in one of Arcé’s collections from Veragua the bird
we now figure under the same name, which is without any doubt the rightful owner ot the
appellation, while the former ought to be called Geotrygon albifacies. So soon as we saw the
present bird we suspected that a fresh mistake had been added to the long list of errors
connected with the White-faced Ground-pigeon of Mexico and Guatemala, in regarding it as
identical with Geotrygon chiriquensis. For it was obvious at first sight that the bird just arrived
from Veragua was quite distinct, and it was hardly probable that the two allies would occur in
the same country. Our suspicion was converted into certainty, when, on a recent visit to Paris,
we had the satisfaction of finding the original type of Sclater’s description of Greotrygon
chirtquensis, which was formerly in the collection of the late Prmce Bonaparte, but has lately
been transferred to the Gallery of the Jardin des Plantes.

It remains, therefore, only to ask pardon for our error, and as some atonement for it to
present our readers with a figure and description of the true Geotrygon chiriquensis, taken from
Arcé’s specimen, which is now in Messrs. Salvin and Godman’s collection. At the same time
we request them to alter the title of Plate XX XIX to Geotrygon albifactes.

The original specimen of Sclater’s Geotrygon chirequensis was obtained by the late Mr.
Bridges in 1856 near David in Southern Veragua. Arcé’s skins were collected at Castillo and
Calovevora in the northern slope of the same country, but rather more to the eastward. We
are not aware that the species has been met with by other collectors.

Geotrygon chiriquensis is easily distinguished from. G. albifacees by the uniform slaty colour
of the top of the head and nape, the latter in G. albzfactes being purplish like the back;

[123 J

by the much darker colouring of the body below, particularly on the breast and sides; and by
the absence of the curious scale-like feathers on the front and sides of the neck, which, as far
as we know, are peculiar to G. albifacies.

As regards the description of G. cherzquensis given by Bonaparte (Compt. Rend. xxi,
p- 948) which originally led us into error, we are still in doubt whether it was meant for the
true G. chiriquensis, or for G. albifacies. It would appear most applicable to the former, but if
the specimen was really received from Jalapa, was no doubt intended for the latter. The other
synonyms of these two species may, we believe, be correctly stated as follows :—

(1) G. ALBIFACIES, TAB. XXXIX.
Peristera mexicana, Gray, List of Spec. in B. M., ii., p. 15 (1844). Peristera albifacies, Gray, List of Spec. of

Colombe in B. M., p. 55 (1856). Geotrygon albifacies, Scl. et Salv. Ibis, 1860, p. 401. Geotrygon chiriquensis,
Scl. P.Z.S. 1857, p. 206; Sel. et Salv. Ex Orn. t. XX XIX., p. 77.

Hab. Mexico meridionalis et Guatemala.

Diagn. Pileo summo ceerulescenti-griseo antice albicante, postice sicut in dorso rufescenti-cinnamomeo: gutturis
plumis angustatis, colorem plumarum inferiorem obscurum ostendentibus: pectore pallide cinnamomeo.

(2) G. CHIRIQUENSIS, TAB. LXII. 3
Geotrygon chiriquensis, Scl. P.Z.S. 1856, p. 148. Salv. P.Z.S. 1867, pp. 180, 159.
Hab. Veragua.

Diagn. Pileo toto et nucha schistaceis, fronte dilutiore: gutturis plumis normalibus: pectore castaneo.

Avaust, 1868.

[| 124 |

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Prate LXITI,.

CARDINALIS PHNICEUS.

(VENEZUELAN CARDINAL).

Cardinalis pheniceus : : Bp. P.Z.8. 1837, p. 111, et Consp. I. p. 501.
0» 9 : Sel. Cat. Am. B. p. 100.
45 ; : Sel. et Salv, P.Z.S. 1868, p. 170.

Coccineus, loris et mento nigris, alis intus fuscis, extus cum interscapulio et cauda testaceo-rubris: crista elongata,
coccinea : rostro pallidé corneo, pedibus fuscis: long. tota 70, ale 3:4, caude 3'3, tarsi 95. Fem. Supra fusco-cinerea,
crista elongata nigricante, coccineo tinct, loris et mento nigricantibus: subtus ochracea; caudd schistacea, coccineo
perfusa.

fab. in Venezuela littorali (Goering).

The Venezuelan Cardinal is a beautiful representative of the well-known northern species,
the “ Red-bird” or “‘ Virginian Cardinal” of the United States. It is of nearly the same form,
but is readily distinguishable by its smaller size, longer crest, and the want of the black band
on the forehead. | |

This bird was first described by the late Prince Bonaparte in a paper published in the
Zoological Society’s “ Proceedings” for 1837, under the MS, name applied to it by Mr. Gould
in his collection. The habitat there given is somewhat vague, being described as “the country
southward of the Bay of Honduras.” We are, however, enabled to state with certainty that
its true patria is the littoral of Venezuela. Mr. Anton Goering’s first collection from this
district, of which we have lately given an account in the Zoological Society’s ‘ Proceedings”

contained a pair of this fine species. Mr. Goering, who obtained these birds in the vicinity of

Carupano, informs us that it is strictly confined to the neighbourhood of the coast, being never
met with beyond a few leagues in the interior.

Our figure of the male of this bird is from a specimen purchased of Verreaux, that of the
female from the example obtained by Mr. Goering as above-mentioned. Both these birds are
now in Sclater’s collection.

The only well-established species of Cardinal besides the present is the Virginian
Cardinal, which extends from the Southern United States through Mexico to Yucatan and
Belize. Our friend Professor Baird has separated the western bird obtained by Mr. John
Xanthus at Cape St. Lucas in Lower California under the name Cardinals agneus (Proc. Acad.
Phil. 1859, p.305, and Elhot B. N. Am. Part I, t. iv.) But judging from a specimen in Sclater’s
collection and from the characters assigned to it by the describer, we can scarcely regard this
as more than a slight local race of C. vérgenianus.

August, 1868.
[125 J

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Puate LXIV. Fig. 1.

a

—

PYRGISOMA RUBRICATUM.

(RED-NAPED GROUND-FINCH).

Tanagra rubricata - licht. in Mus. Berol.

Atlapetes rubricatus . ; Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 140.

Melozone rubricata . : Cab. J. f. Orn. 1860, p. 418, et 1866, p. 234.
Pyrgisoma xanthust . : Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vii., p. 480.
Pyrgisoma rubricatum ' ; Sel. et Salv. P.Z.S. 1868, p. 326. |

Supra cinereum fusco vix tinctum ; pileo postico cum nucha et linea cervicali utrinque ad gulam extensa rufis:
macula ante-oculari et ciliis oculorum albis: fronte et facie sub oculis nigricanti-schistaceis: plumis auricularibus dorso
concoloribus: subtus album, plagé pectorali nigra, crisso rufescente, hypochondriis dorso concoloribus: subalaribus et
flexura alari albis: rostro nigro, pedibus pallidé corylinis: long. tota 7:0, ale 3:2, caudw 3°0, tarsi 1:0. Fem. mari
similis, sed pauld minor.

Hab. in Mexico Meridionali, in terra frigid&: La Puebla (Boucard): Colima (Xantus).

This Ground-finch is one of the many Mexican species in the Berlin Museum named but
never described by the late Professor Lichtenstein. Although discovered probably some thirty
or forty years ago, it was not characterized until 1851, when Dr. Cabanis gave a short
description of it in a foot-note to the first volume of his “ Museum Heineanum” from a
specimen stated to have been obtained at Real-Arriba in Central Mexico, and placed it in the
genus Ailapetes. It is very difficult to define the exact limits between the nearly allied forms
of Ground-finches denominated Atlapetes, Pyrgisoma, Pipilo and Chameospiza, but it seems
better to associate the present species with Pyrgzsoma brarcuatum, as subsequently suggested by
Dr. Cabanis.*

We have not seen specimens of Professor Baird’s Pyrgisoma axanthust lately described by
Mr. Lawrence from examples obtained by Xanthus in the plains of Colima in Western Mexico,
but have little doubt, that it must be referred to P. rubricatum, the more so as the author
appears to have altogether overlooked Dr. Cabanis’ description of the latter. The only species
of Pyrgisoma at all resembling the present bird in colouring is the true P. kxenert of Bonaparte,
of which we propose to give a figure in our next number. But it should be recollected that, as
we have already shewn f, there has been a series of errors respecting this latter bird, and that
the species called P. kienert by Mr. Lawrence is our P. cabanis?.

During his recent travels in Southern Mexico M. Adolphe Boucard obtained specimens of
P. rubricatum at Atlisco in the highlands of the State of La Puebla. A pair of these are now
in Messrs. Salvin and Godman’s collection, from the male of which our figure has been taken.

* Journ. f. Orn. 1860, p. 412. + P.Z.S8. 1868, p. 325.

Avaust, 1868.

[127 J

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Phare LXIV. Fig. 2.

PYRGISOMA LEUCOTE.

(WHITE-EARED GROUND-FINCH).

Chameospiza torquata : : Scl. et Salv. Ibis, 1860, p. 274, (err.)
Melozone leucotis . é : Cab. J. f. Orn. 1860, p. 418.

za 2 : : : Cassin, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1865, p. 169.
Pyrgisoma leucote . : : Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 205.

Scl. et Salv. P.Z.S. 1868, p. 326.

99 93

Supra fuscum, dorso superiore cinerascente tincto: pileo medio cinereo, utrinque nigro ; loris, ciliis oculorum et
regione auriculari albis, hac nigro circumdata ; strig& post-oculari utrinque cum torque cervicali postico conjuncta et
flexura alari flavicanti-olivaceis: subtus cinereum, medialiter albicans; gutture toto et plagd pectoris medii nigris :
crisso rufescente, hypochondriis eodem colore perfusis: rostro nigro, pedibus corylinis: long. tota 7:0, alw 2°9,
caude 2°8, tarsi 1°1.

Hab. in Costa-Rica et Guatemala.

One of Salvin’s favourite shooting-grounds, when he was resident at Duefias in Guatemala,
was the slope of the Volcan de Fuego, which rises over the village to a height of upwards of
thirteen thousand feet above the sea-level. Here it was, in September, 1859, that the first specimen
of the present Ground-finch was obtained. This example, however, being in quite immature
plumage, was wrongly referred to Chamcospiza torquata. In his succeeding visits to Duefias
Salvin collected other skins of this bird in perfect plumage, but before our error was detected,
Dr. Cabanis had already described the species from Costa-Rican specimens transmitted to the
Berlin Museum by Hoffman and v. Frantzius.

In habits P. lewcote much resembles P. béarcuatwum—one of the most familiar species in the
highlands of Guatemala. It is generally seen on or near the ground in the scrubby forests
which cover the eastern slopes of the volcano up to an elevation of six thousand feet. It seeks
its food amongst the dead leaves, which it scratches about vigorously. with its strong feet. It does
not appear to be widely distributed, not having been met with by Salvin in other parts of Guate-
mala, but itmay be mentioned that the collection of M. Bocourt recently transmitted to Paris
contains a single skin of this species, which was probably obtained in Vera Paz.

Our figure of this bird is from one of Salvin’s skins obtained on the slopes of the Volcan
de Fuego below the village of Alotenango in 1862. The irides, according to Hoffmann’s
notes as given by Dr. Cabanis, are coloured yellow.

Avaust, 1368.

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PYRGISOMA CABANISI

/

(CABANIS' GROUND-FINCH),

Melozone biarcuata ; : : j Cab. J. £. O. 1860, p. 412.

Pyrgisoma kienert . : 5 : : : Cassin, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1865, p. 169; Lawrence,
Ann. L. N. Y. viii. p. 481.

Pyrgisoma biarcuatum et P. kienert : : Lawr. Ann. L. N. Y. ix, p. 103.

Pyrgisoma cabanist : : : : Sel. et Salv. P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 824.

Supra fuscum, pileo et plumis auricularibus castaneis: fronte nigra, loris et regione oculari albis: subtus cinereum,
medialiter album, striga utrinque rictali et plaga pectorali media nigris: subalaribus albis: rostro nigro, pedibus
corylinis: long. tota 5:5, ale 2°8, caude 2°3, rostri a rictu 0°6, tarsi 1:0.

Hab. in Costa Rica (Hoffmann).

Although several eminent Naturalists have met with specimens of this Ground-Finch they
have in every case identified it wrongly. These errors have been mainly caused by the confusion
which has hitherto prevailed concerning the bird characterized in Bonaparte’s “ Conspectus”
under the name Pyrgisoma kienert. This vexata questio we have already attempted to solve
in a lately published article in the “ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,” and
we hope to set all doubts upon the subject completely at rest on the present occasion.

Dr. Cabanis, the first describer of this species, called it Melozone bearcuata, believing it to be
the same as the common Guatemalan Pyrgisoma biarcuatum to which we have already alluded.
From this bird, however, it is easily distinguishable by its wholly red ear-coverts and distinct
pectoral spot. Our American friends Messrs. Cassin and Lawrence have both wrongly referred
this Pyrgisoma to the succeeding species P. kvener?, from which we shall point out its distinctions
below. Under these circumstances we have proposed for it the new name cabanis?, after the
well-known Editor of the “Journal fiir Ornithologie.”

As far as we know the range of this Ground-Finch is restricted to the highlands of Costa
Rica, whence the origmal specimens were sent to the Berlin Museum by Drs. Hoffmann and
Ellendorf. ‘These were collected in the vicinity of San José, where the bird is stated to be
not uncommon. Other examples have since been obtained in the same neighbourhood by the
Messrs. Carmiol, as recorded by Mr. Lawrence in his recently published catalogue of the birds
found in Costa Rica. There is likewise a single stuffed specimen of this species in the gallery
of the Paris Museum, but no locality is attached to it.

Our figure of this bird is taken from one of Dr. Hoffmann’s skins, now in Sclater’s collection,
which was received in exchange from the Berlin Museum.

i DEcEMBER, 1868.
i

[ 129 ]

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Prats LXV. (Fig. 2.)

PYRGISOMA KIENERI.

(KTENER'S GROUND-FINCH),

Pyrgisoma kieneri : ; : ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 486.
” 5 Sclat. et Salv. P. Z. 8S. 1868, p. 325.

Fuscum, pileo et capitis lateribus rufis: plumis auricularibus dorso concoloribus, harum autem apicibus castaneis,
loris albescentibus, fronte et genis fuscescenti-nigris: subtus album, hypochondriis dorso concoloribus, maculA pectorali
indistincté nigra; crisso rufescente; rostro nigricanti-corneo, pedibus pallide corylinis: long. tota 7:3, ale 3:3, caude
2°9, tarsi 1:0.

Hab. in Mexico Occident. (?) |

The figure we now give of the Pyrgisoma hieneri of Bonaparte, which by the kind
permission of the authorities of the Jardin des Plantes of Paris has been taken from the type-
specimen belonging to that institution, will, we think, convince Ornithologists that this bird
is perfectly distinct from P. cabanisi with which, as already stated, it has been frequently
confounded. In general plumage, in fact, it is much more like P. rubricatum, fivured on the
preceding plate, but is distinguishable from that species by its larger size, stouter bill, and much
stronger feet and tarsi. P. rubricatum also differs in possessing a white eye-ring, which is
wanting in the present species, and in having the summit of the head brown like the back
instead of bright rufous. It was no doubt the much stronger conformation of this species that
induced Prince Bonaparte subsequently to remove it from Pyrgisoma and to associate it with
the Brown Pipilos (P. fuscus, &c.) as a separate genus Kieneria.* It is, in fact, rather difficult
to decide whether to arrange Pyrg’soma kienert with the other Pyrgisomas or with these Pipilos.
Upon the whole, we prefer to adopt the former course, as it would be unnatural to dissociate it
from P. rubricatum, with which it so closely agrees in plumage. But P. rubricatwm is certainly
a typical species of Pyrgisoma, as is allowed by all writers upon the group.

It is unfortunate that we are unable to give the exact habitat of P. kéener’, The type-
specimen, which as far as we know is unique, is marked as having been procured in May
1843, during the expedition of the “Danaide” by M. J aurés, but no locality is attached
to the label. It was, however, in all probability obtained on some part of the western coast
of Mexico.

The five species of Pyrgcsoma known to us may be arranged as follows :—

Sect. a. Species pileo castaneo, gutture albo.
a’, pectore immaculate.
1. PyRGISOMA BIARCUATUM.
Pyrgita biarcuata, Prév. Voy. Vénus, Ois. t. 6.
Pyrgisoma biarcuatum, Bp. Consp. p. 486; Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1859, pp. 5,18; P. ZS. 1868, y. 325.
Hab, Guatemala.
b’. plagd pectorali nigra.
2. Pyrersoma CABANISI, nobis. (t. lxv. fig. 1.)
Hab. Costa Rica.
3. PYRGISOMA RUBRICATUM. (t. lxiv, fig 1.)
Hab. Mexico, Plains of Colima (Xanthus) ; Atlisco (Boucard).
4. PYR@isoMa KIENERI. (t. lxv. fig. 2.)
Hab. Western Mexico (?). ,
Sect. b. Pileo medio cinereo, lateraliter nigro : gutture toto mgro.
5. PyreisoMa LEUCOTE. (bt. lxiv. figs?)
Hab. Costa Rica (Hoffmann, Carmiol) ; Guatemala (Salvin).

* Compt. Rend. xl. p. 856, (1855).
[ 130 J

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PLATE LXVI.

OXYRHAMPHUS FRATER,

(SHORT-TAILED OXYRHAMPHUS),

Oxyrhynchus flammiceps ; Lawr. Ann. L.N. Y. ix. p. 106.
Oxyrhamphus frater . ; : 3 Sclat. et Salv. P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 326.

Clare viridis ; pileo nigro variegato, crista mediali coccinea : alis caudaque nigris extus viridi limbatis ; secundariorum
et tectricum marginibus externis et caudee apice extrema pallide flavis: subtus pallide flavus, nigro squamatus, ventris
medii et crissi maculis fere evanescentibus: rostro corneo, pedibus plumbeis: long. tota 6°5, alee 3°5, caude 2:1, rostri
a rictu 0°85, tarsi 0°8.

Hab. in Veragua (Areé): Costa Rica (v. Frantzius.)

It is a remarkable fact that in some cases the fauna of Central America presents us with
species niore intimately allied with those of the wood-region of South Eastern Brazil than with
any found in the intermediate country. For instance, Neomorphus salvint of Veragua is much
more nearly allied to NV. geoffroyt of Brazil than to NV. rufipennis of Guiana. Butno more striking
example of the recurrence of Brazilian forms north of the Isthmus of Panama can be given than
that of the present species. Oxyrhamphus has been hitherto justly regarded as one of the most
characteristic types of the Ornis of South Eastern Brazil, and as absolutely unknown in every
other part of the neotropical region. But now we find in Veragua a species so closely allied
to the Brazilian form that even the experienced eye of our friend Mr. G. N. Lawrence was
unable to detect the differences.

Our original description of Oxyrhamphus frater was based upon two specimens obtained by
Arcé at Calovevora in Veragua in 1867. Since their receipt a subsequent collection from the
same locality has arrived containing a more ample supply of specimens. ‘These fully confirm
the differences which we have already pointed out as subsisting between the two species, viz.,
the much shorter tail, the generally brighter plumage, and the rather broader cream-coloured
edgings to the outer webs of the secondaries and wing-coverts i the Veraguan form.

Mr. Lawrence’s recently published Catalogue of the Birds of Costa Rica shews us that this
Oxyrhamphus occurs also in that country, specimens having been forwarded to the Smithsonian
Institution from the vicinity of San José by Dr. v. Frantzius. But, as has been already remarked,
Mr. Lawrence has not distinguished this bird from its Brazilian ally. .

The genus Oxyrhamphus is a very isolated type, and there is great difficulty in assigning
it a proper systematic position in the natural series. The presence of ten fully developed
primaries and the structure of the tarsi seem to prove that Cabanis was right in arranging it
amongst the Zracheophone. But we can hardly follow him so far as to regard this peculiar

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ty in the genus Oxyrhamphus is the serration of the
Pipe.

il

and apparently hitherto unnoticed peculiai
figure without the red crown represents a young bird

it to be restricted to the adult males, as younger birds and
from which, however, the male

é, do not possess it.
Our figures of this species are taken from the original specimens, which are now in Salvin

and Godman’s Collection.

The upper

form as a genus of Anabatide, or, as we prefer to call them, Dendrocolaptide. It would seem
DxEcEMBER, 1868.

more natural to consider it as constituting a sub-family, if not a family, per se.
outer web of the external primary. This is very strongly marked in some specimens of both the

the lower figure an adult female ;

females, as determined by Arc
colouring.

_known species, but we believe

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THYRORHINA SCHOMBURGKI.

Crea schomburgki

99 P)

Micropygia schomburgi
Ortygometra schomburgki
Thyrorhina schomburg kt

Supra olivacea albo guttata, his maculis albis nigro circumdatis: subtus rubiginosa, gula albicante, abdomine
medio albo: rostro corneo, mandibule apice flava: pedibus aurantiacis: long. tota 5:0, ale 8°38, caudw 1:4, rostria

PuaTe LXVII.

(SSCHOMBURGK’S CRAKE).

Cab. in Schomb. Guian. ii. p. 245, et iii. p. 760.
Scl. & Salv. P.Z.S. 1868, p. 169.
Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 599.

Bp. Bull. Soe. Linn. de Normandie, p. 40 ; et Cat. Ois. Cayenne, p. 16.

Scl. et Salv. P.Z.S. 1868, p. 458.

rictu 0°6, tarsi 0°85, dig. med. cum ungue 0°9.

Hab. in Guiana Brit. (Schomb.): Cayenna (Deplanches): Venezuela, Caripé (Goering): Caraccas (Levraud, in

Mus. Paris.)

The peculiar form of the nasal openings, which are partly covered over in front by a
horny membrane and are completely divided from each other by a median septum, has induced
us to refer this species to a new genus, these characters not occurring in any other American
form of Lallince. In other respects this little Crake agrees generally with the smaller American
The form of the wing corresponds nearly with that of P. noveboracensis,
the second and next three following primaries being nearly equal and longest, and the external
secondaries elongated, so as to be longer than the outer primary. The toes are slender, the
middle toe with its nail hardly exceeding the tarsus in length. The tibiee are feathered nearly
down to the jomt. The tail is rather longer than is usual among the smaller Rallide, and not
so much concealed by the coverts.

species of Porzana.

* dpoc, porta, et pic, nasus.

Head of Thyrorhina schomburgki.*

[ 133 ]

2 Stee . =
SL oe a SI Se

Dr. Schlegel’s Porzana schomburgki (Mus. de P. B. Raili, p. 37) can hardly be of this species
if his description is correct.* It would appear to be more like Sclater’s P. erythrops, to which,
therefore, we have provisionally referred it.

The original. discoverer of this Rail was Dr. Richard Schomburgk, who obtained a pair of
the species during his excursion to the Roraima mountains of British Guiana in November, 1842,
at an elevation of about 3300 feet above the sea-level, and gave a short description of it in
the second volume of his well-known travels. Dr. Schomburgk tells us that it is very easy to
catch it alive, as after a short flight it endeavours to conceal itself in the grass. He thus
captured a male and female and kept them for some time in a cage. From Guiana and
Cayenne, it appears to extend into Venezuela, whence specimens have been forwarded by M.
Levraud to the Paris Museum. The single specimen in the collection of Messrs. Salvin and

Godman from which our figure is taken is from the latter country, and was obtained by Mr.

Anton Goering near Caripé.

* Dessus d’un brun olivatre. Dessous gris d’ardoise; bas ventre et sous-caudales noires avec des bandelettes
blanches.

DECEMBER, 1868,

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Pratt LXVIII.

CHLOROPHONIA CALOPHRYS.

(YELLOW-BROWED CHLOROPHON®).

Lriglyphidia callophrys ; : Cab. J. f. Orn. 1860, p. 881.
Acrocompsa callophrys Cab. J. f Orn. 1861, p. 88.
Chlorophonia callophrys ; Sel. & Salv. Ex. Orn. p. 84.

* . : ; . Lawr. Ann. N. Y. Lye. ix. p. 98.

Clare viridis, occipite et linea cervicali posticé saturat® cooruleis, fronte et superciliis latis ad nucham extensis
aureo-flavis: torque pectorali obscuré castanea; abdomine medio flavissimo : rostro nigro, pedibus obscuré corylinis,

long. tota 5:0, alee 8:0, caude 1:8. Fem. mari similis, sed fronte et superciliis viridibus, torque pectorali nullo et
abdomine minus flavicante.

fab. In Costa Ricé (Hoffmann): Veragua (Arcé).

Since we published our summary of the known species of Chlorophonia in the letterpress
accompanying the forty-second Plate of this work, we have been so fortunate as to obtain
specimens of the present species, before only known to us from the original example in the
Berlin Museum. Enrique Arcé, during a recent excursion to the mountainous district upon the
northern slope of the Cordillera of Veragua, obtained six specimens of this lovely Tanager—
two males and four females. These are all marked as having been shot near the village of
Calovevora, where many other interesting species were also met with. By Mr. G. N.
Lawrence’s recently published catalogue of the Costa-Rican birds in the collection of the
Smithsonian Institution, we find that additional specimens of this bird have also been procured
in that country, where the original example described by Dr. Cabanis was obtained. The
localities of its occurrence noted by Mr. Lawrence are Rancho Redondo, San José, and
Burris.

As will be apparent from our illustration, the Yellow-browed Chlorophone is closely allied
to the Mexican and Guatemalan Chlorophonia occipitalis, both sexes of which we have already
figured. But it is nevertheless a very well marked species—conspicuously distinct by its
golden-yellow front and broad superciliaries, of which colour there are no traces in its
northern congener. In the present bird, likewise, the blue on the crown instead of being
restricted to an occipital spot, is extended over the nape and is of a deeper and more
purplish hue.

Our figures of this Tanager are taken from a pair of Arcé’s specimens, which are now in
Messrs. Salvin and Godman’s collection.

DrceMBeEr, 1868.

[135 J

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PuatTE LXIX.

ACCIPITER BICOLOR

| | (VIEILLOTS SPARROW-HAWK),

Sparvius bicolor j : : Vieill. N. D. x. p. 825 (1816), et Enc. Méth. p. 1265.
i “ Nisus variatus, Ouy.” 5 Less. Tr. d’Orn. p. 61 (1881).
Accipiter sexfascratus : : Sw. An. in Menag. p. 282 (1888).
y Nisus sexfasciatus . : Cab. in Schomb. Guian. ili. p. 736.
F ‘* Micrastur dynastes, Verreaux.” Bp. Notes Orn. p. 4.
i Accwpiter pileatus . : Scl. P.Z.S. 1859, p. 389.
i Ey ' : : Salv. Ibis, 1861, p. 355.
i * : ; : Lawr. Ann. Lye. N.S. vii. p. 289, et ix. p. 184.
Accipiter erythrocnemius . : Scl. P.Z.S. 1860, p. 96, (err.)
| Supra saturate cineraceo-nigricans, pileo nigro: subtus schistaceus, lineolis angustis nigris in plumarum rachidibus

ornatus, subalaribus et ventre imo cum crisso albis; tibiis saturaté ferrugineis: remigibus subtus nigricantibus, albo
i frequentér transfasciatis ; cauda subtus nigra albo trivittaté: long. tota 15-0, ale 8°5, caude 6:5, tarsi 2°4, dig. med.
c.u. 1:9. Fem. mari similis, sed major, long. tota 17-0, ale 9°7, caude 7°5, tarsi 2°6, dig. med. c.u.2°2. Junior.
Supra omnino fumido-brunneus, torque angusto collari albicante: subtis unicolor lactescenti-albus, fulvo perfusus,
tibiis pallidé rufescentibus. | .
Hab. in Americé continentali tropicd a Mexico meridionali usque ad Guianam: Mexico merid. (Bouwcard) ;
Guatemala (Salvin) ; Costa Rica (Carmiol); Veragua (Arcé); Panama (McCleannan); Nov. Granada int. Bogota
(Mus. S—G.); rep. Aiquator. (Hraser) ; Venezuela (Levraud) ; Guiana (Schomburgk) ; Cayenna (Poiteau et Leblond).

After examination of a large number of specimens of Acczpiter pileatus (usually so called)
from various parts of Tropical America, we have come to the conclusion that two species
remain confounded under this name besides the <Accipiter chilensis, of which we have already
given a figure. The most noticeable points of distinction between these two birds are as follows.
In the true A. pileatus of Prince Max., the adult of which is well figured in Temminck’s
Planches Coloriées (205), the under-wing-coverts are deep red of nearly the same hue as the
thighs. Again, the young bird of the Brazilian species, which appears to be represented by
the same author (PI. Col. 295) as the young of his Falco poligaster, is always conspicuously
spotted beneath, more especially on the flanks. But in the northern representative, which we
now illustrate, it will be apparent that the under-wing-coverts of the adult are white, and
that, if our views are correct, in the immature stage the under-surface is of a uniform pale
fulvous without spots of any kind.

The name pileatus being retained for the Brazilian bird it remains to discover what is the
oldest specific term strictly applicable to the northern species. ‘This, as will be seen from our

iam

list of synonyms, appears to be bzcolor of Vieillot. In the Museum of Paris, where Vieillot
states that the type of his Sparvius bicolor is to be found, is an immature female specimen of
the present bird, in the same dress as is figured on our plate, marked as the original of that
author’s description, with which it likewise well agrees. In his laborious studies of the types in
this Museum Dr. Pucheran has already shewn* that this specimen is the same as the larger of
the two individuals (belonging to different species), upon which Cuvier bestowed the name
Nisus variatus, and it appears to be that also which Lesson, in 1831, described under Cuvier’s
name. We may add that the smaller type of Cuvier’s N. variatus seems to us to be a young
male of the true Accipiter pileatus of Brazil.

Two other names appear to have been subsequently based upon the young dress of
the present species—Accrpiter sexfaciatus by Swainson and Micrastur dynastes by Verreaux.
Typical specimens of both these supposed species are in the British Museum, where we have
had the advantage of consulting them. In its adult stage this Sparrowhawk seems never yet
to have been distinguished from the true A. pileatus.

The range of this northern species appears to be much more extensive than that of its
southern congener, as will be seen by the list of localities above given. In Guatemala Salvin
found it sparingly distributed throughout the forests of the lowland districts, and obtained
specimens of it in various states of plumage. It was generally observed in the vicinity of
villages situated in the outskirts of the forest, and was well known to the inhabitants as an
audacious depredator of their hen roosts. It keeps, however, exclusively to the lower forests,
while in the highland portions of Guatemala its northern congener Acciptter cooper? appears
to take its place. |

Our figures of this species represent Guatemalan skins in the collection of Messrs.
Salvin and Godman at two-thirds of their natural dimensions. The adult bird is a male, shot
at Savana Grande on the southern slope of the Volcan de. Fuego, in 1862. The young one is
a female from Choctum in Vera Paz obtained in January, 1861.

* Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 6.

DxEcEMBER, 1868.

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PLATE LXX.

TURDUS GIGAS.

(GIGANTIC THRUSH).

Turdus gigas , : : Fraser, P.Z.S. 1840, p. 59.
" r ; Bp. Consp. p. 275. |
¥ y , ; Scl. P.Z.S. 1855, p. 144: 1858, pp. 451, 550, et 1859, pp. 186, 332: Cat. A. B. p. 5.

Fusco-nigricans; subtus pauld dilutior, subalaribus concoloribus; rostro et pedibus flavis; primario externo
elongatiore quam solet: long. tota 18:0, ale 6:2, rem. prim. ext. 3:0, caudee 6:0, tarsi 1°7.
Hab. in Nova Granada et rep. Avquator., in regione elevata. :

This Thrush, which is .at once distinguishable from every other known species of the
genus by its large size, is an inhabitant of the highlands of New Granada and Ecuador. It
was first described by Mr. Fraser in 1840 from skins in the collection of the late Lord Derby
received from Bogota and probably collected in the immediate vicinity of that capital, which 1s
situated at an elevation of nearly 9000 feet above the sea-level. To the same Naturalist we are
also indebted for the little that is known concerning the habits and mode of life of this species.

During his expedition to Ecuador in 1857 and the following years Mr. Fraser met with it in
several localities, namely, Cuenca, Titiacun, Matos, and Pallatanga. At Titiacun and Matos
on the plateau of Riobamba Mr. Fraser found this Thrush common, and noted it as “rather a
eood songster.” Along with skins of it obtained in this district Mr. Fraser forwarded a nest
with two eggs, which are now in the British Museum. The nest is made of stalks and grass,
lined with fine hay. The eggs appear rather small for the bird measuring 1:3 by 1:0 inch.
They are of the usual character of Turdus as regards colour, being of a bluish green minutely
freckled with pale red.

Turdus gigas belongs to a small group of Thrushes which are found in different parts of
the chain of the Andes. The most northern of these is Turdus nigrescens * of the highlands of
Costa Rica. Others are 7. chiguanco of Western Peru and Ecuador, and Turdus fuscater of
the Andes of Bolivia, which also occurs in the vicinity of Mendoza in the Argentine Republic.

In all these species, we believe, the sexes are coloured exactly alike, im which respect they
differ from the true Blackbirds (Merula), which are also found in South America. In his
synopsis of the genus Turdus, published in 1859, Sclater proposed as a subgeneric title for
this group the term Semdmerula, which Professor Baird subsequently advanced to the rank
of a genus, but, as it appears to us, on insufficient grounds.

Our figure of this Thrush is taken from a ‘“‘Bogota” skin in Sclater’s collection. It is repre-
sented three quarters of the size of life.

* Cab. J. f. Orn. 1860, p. 325.
DecEMBER, 1868.

[139 J

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PuatTe LXXI.

TURDUS ALBICOLLIS.

(WHITE-NECKED THRUSH).

Turdus albicollis : ; Vieill. N. D. xx. p. 227, et Enc. Méth. p. 640.
3 5 ; : : Cab. Mus. Hein. I. p. 5.
F Pe ; : Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 125.
13 e : : : Sel. P.Z.S. 1859, p. 829, et Cat. Am. B. p. 4.
= s 5 : ' Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 93.

Cinnamomeo-brunnens, subtus pallidé cinereus; guld alba nigro striat&; collo antico, ventre medio et crisso albis :
subalaribus et lateribus ventris saturate cinnamomeo-rufis: rostro superiore nigro, inferiore flavo: pedibus claré fuscis :
long. tota 9°4, ale 4°8, caude 4:0.

Hab. In Brasilia orientali merid.: Minas Geraes (Burmeister): Rio Janeiro et 8. Paolo (Natterer).

There can be little doubt after an attentive perusal of Vieillot’s description, that the Thrush
we now figure is the true Turdus albicollis of that author, as described from specimens collected
by the younger Delalande in Brazil, but not the Zurdus albicollis of Spix. Cabanis and
Burmeister have both taken this view of the case, and we see no reason to alter their decision,
though the accurate arrangement of the synonyms of the closely allied species of Brazilian
Thrushes upon which we are now engaged is by no means an easy task. The White-necked
Thrush may be at once distinguished from all its allies by the deep cinnamomeous red of the
flanks and sides of the belly, of which colour there are no traces in the other three species. The
whole of the under-wing-coverts are likewise cinnamon red, not quite so dark as the flanks,
but the inner webs of the remiges below are without this colouring. This renders it easily
distinguishable from the true 7. albiventris, in which the cinnamomeous colouring of the under-
wing-coverts is continued over the under surface of the quills.

As far as we know this Thrush is confined to the southern provinces of Brazil. Burmeister
tells us that it occurs in the brushwood of the interior, and is much more arboreal in its habits
than 7. leucomelas. His son procured one specimen near Lagoa Santa. From Herr von
| Pelzeln’s recently published catalogue of Natterer’s collection we learn that that indefatigable

"| traveller obtained seven examples of this Thrush in the Provinces of Rio Janeiro and Sao
| Paolo—the exact localities given being Rio Janeiro, Registro do Sai, and Ypanema.

i 7 Our figure of this species is taken from a skin in Sclater’s collection which is believed to
i have been obtained in the vicinity of Rio. We have seen others in collections from the same
A district, but not in those from Bahia, where T. crotopezus seems to take its place.

DeEcEMBER, 1868.

h. [ 141 ]

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PLuaTe LXXII.

e

TURDUS LEUCOMELAS.

(AZARA’S THRUSH),

Zoreal obscuro y blanco : : Azara, Apunt. I., p. 841, no. Ixxx.
Turdus leucomelas : Vieill. N. D. xx. p. 238, et Enc. Méth. p. 644.

i . : , ‘ , Hartl. Ind. Az. p. 6.

me ms : j . : Sel. & Salv. P.Z.S, 1868, p. 188.

3 9 ; ; : f Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 93.
Turdus amaurochalinus , ; Cab. Mus. Hein. I. p. 5.

- 5 5 ; : Scl. P.Z.S. 1859, p. 329.

be 2 F : : Scl. & Saly. P.Z.S. 1867, pp. 568, 749.
Turdus albiventer, @ . : : : Spix, Av. Bras. I. p. 70, t. 69, fig. 2.
Turdus albiventris ; AES Toes ; Sel. P.Z.S. 1858, p. 451, et 1859, p. 328, et Cat. Am, B. p. 3 (err,).
Turdus crotopezus : Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 123, et La Plata-Reise, i. p. 474.
Turdus ignobilis ; ; ; Scl. P.Z.S. 1857, p. 273; 1859, p. 328, et Cat. Am. B. p. 3.
Turdus olivaceus : : Lafr. et d’Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 1837, p. 17.
Turdus rufiventris,Q . : : d’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 203.

Supra cinerascenti-olivaceus, feré unicolor: loris nigris: subtus pallide cinereus, guld alba fusco striata: collo
angusto, ventre imo et crisso albis: subalaribus dilute fulvis: long. tota 85, ale 4°5, caudex 3°5. ,

Hab. In Paraguaya (Azara): Rep. Argentina (Hudson): Brasilia merid. orient. prov. 8. Pauli (Watterer) : Minas
Geraes (Burmeister) : Bolivia (d’ Orbigny) : Peruvia orient. Ucayali (Bartlett): Rep. Aiquator. occ. (Fraser): Nov.
Granada int. (Jfus. P. LZ, S.): Cayenna (dus. P. L. 8.)

This Thrush has been united by different authors with T. albwentris, T. crotopezus, and even
with the very distinct 7. rufiventris, of which d’Orbigny gravely tells us that it is the female.
The confusion thus caused has led to its having received three additional names besides
the one originally bestowed upon it by Vieillot. We hope that the figure of it herewith
given, under what we believe to be its oldest designation, will render it easily recognizable
| by future Ornithologists.
| Azara’s description of his Zorzal obscuro y blanco is, we must admit, as Dr. Cabanis has

already complained, a little obscure, but the fact of this being the only member of the section
found in Paraguay and the Argentine Republic leads us to believe that it is in all probability
Azara’s species. It is certainly Zurdus amaurochalinus of Cabanis, as a specimen of it thus
marked in that author's own handwriting is in Sclater’s collection. Spix appears to have
ficured this bird as the female of his 7. albiventris, and Sclater employed the same term for it
in his “ Synopsis of American Thrushes,” not being then acquainted with the bird legitimately
| entitled to bear that name, of which we shall give a drawing in our next part. In both his

~

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works on South American Ornithology Burmeister seems to have indicated this species under
the name 7. crotopezus, having been no doubt misled by Lichtenstein’s reference to Azara in his
original description of that species. But, as we shall presently shew, the true J. crotopezus, so
well described by Prince Max., is a different species, distinguishable from the present bird by the
rich reddish brown of the plumage above, the more densely striated throat, and other differences
which we shall hereafter point out.

In 1857, Sclater described a Thrush from Bogota, under the name Yurdus dgnobilis, from
specimens in his own collection and in that of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
After carefully comparing the New Granadian bird with a series of skins from other localities,
we are now of opinion that there are scarcely sufficient grounds for separating it from the present
species. The only points of difference are the lighter coloured lores, and somewhat darker
breast in some specimens. But in more recently obtained examples, these distinctions do not
seem to be constant.

How d’Orbigny came to make the mistake of regarding this Thrush as the female of
T. rufiventris, we cannot explain; suffice it to say that, as Burmeister observes, they do not
even inhabit the same sort of country; 7. rufiventris beg a forest-loving species, whereas the
present bird seems to be peculiar to the Campos, and more open districts.

As will be seen by the list of localities above given, as well as from what has been
already stated, the range of Azara’s Thrush in South America is very extensive, stretching from
New Granada and Ecuador in the north to the Pampas of Buenos Ayres in the south, but from
what has been recorded of its habits, it would appear to shun the densely wooded districts and
to occur only in the savannas. In the vicinity of Lagoa Santa, where Burmeister tells us that
it is by no means scarce, its terrestrial habits are stated to cause it to be subject to the attacks
of the “jigger” (Pulex penetrans)—a well-known pest of the American tropics.
| Our figure of this species is taken from a skin in Sclater’s collection, which from the mode
of its preparation appears to be from Cayenne.

DECEMBER, 1868.

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PLATE LXXIII.

TURDUS CROTOPEZUS

(LICHTENSTEIN’S THRUSH).

Turdus crotopezus 3 : Licht. Doubl. p. 88 (1828).

x ¥, : : . Max. Beitr. i. p. 646 (18381).

J hel i : : Cab. Mus. Hein. I. p. 4.

4 us : : : Sclater, P.Z.S. 1859, p. 327, et Cat. Am. B. p. 3.
Turdus albicollis : : : Spy Aya bras. tape vdleat, a0)

Olivaceo-brunneus, pileo obscuriore, cauda cineraceo-nigricante : subtis pallidé cinereus, gula densé nigro striata ;
plaga subgutturali et ventre medio cum crisso puré albis, lateribus fulvescentibus ; subalaribus pallidé cinnamomeis :
rostri maxilla cornea, mandibula flava: pedibus pallidé carneis: long. tota 8°5, alee 4.4, caude 3°3, tarsi 1:2. Fem.
mari similis sed coloribus paulé obscurioribus. .

Hab. in Brasil merid. orient. prov. Bahiensi.

This Thrush has been frequently confounded with Turdus leucomelas figured in our last
plate, from which, however, it is readily distinguishable by the brownish olive back, and the
pure white neck-spot and belly. But it isa much more difficult task to differentiate it from
some forms of its variable northern representative Twrdus trist’s, under which denomination we
propose to unite the birds hitherto called Turdus assimilis* and T. leucauchen, as well as the
Merula trists, of Swainson. As a general rule, as Dr. Cabanis remarks, the Brazilian species
may be distinguished by the deep olive-brown tinge of the upper surface, but in two skins of
Lurdus tristis, obtained in the highlands of Guatemala near Duefias, nearly the same colour is
exhibited on the back, though these birds. are easily distinguishable from their southern ally
by the darker colouring of the chest and flanks.

Turdus crotopezus was first shortly described by Lichtenstein, in his “list of duplicates of
the Berlin Museum,” published in 1823. Through Dr. Peters’ kindness in lending us the type-
specimen, we have been able to ascertain positively that the Bahian bird characterized by
that author as the male of his 7’. crotopezus (No. 436) is of the same species as the specimen
now figured, although Azara’s “ Girive blanche et noirrdtre,” (i.e. T. leucomelas) is referred to

as being identical with it. Lichtenstein’s “ 7. crotopezus fem.” (No. 437,) may probably be the
true 7. leucomelas. |

* It seems certain that this is the only Mexican species to which Swainson’s short description (Phil. Mag. 1827,
p. 369,) is applicable. Dr. Cabanis’ Turdus tristis, Mus. Hein. I. p. 4, the type-specimen of which Dr. Peters has
lately sent to us for comparison, is, in our opinion, merely a somewhat lighter-coloured example of the bird described
by Dr. Cabanis in the same work as Turdus assimilis. This, as we learn from a MS. note on the label, is now algo
Dr. Cabanis’ view.

[ 145 J

For the first really satisfactory description of T'urdus crotopezus we must turn to the pages
of Prince Max’s well-known “ Beitrage.” Prince Max, however, gives us very little information
concerning the life of this bird, merely stating that it is found in the dense forests of the
coast-region, and has the same habits as other species of the genus. He never heard it sing.

Our figure of this Thrush is taken from a specimen in Sclater’s collection, believed to have
been collected in the vicinity of Bahia, which is, in fact, the only locality that can with certainty

be given for its occurrence.

JANUARY, 1869.

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PuatTeE LXXIV.

TURDUS ALBIVENTRIS.
(SPIX'S THRUSH.

Turdus albiventer Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 70, t. 69, f. 1.
Cab. in Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 666 et Mus. Hein. p. 4,
Scl. & Salv. P.Z.S. 1867, p. 568.

59 » : : 5 Burm. Syst. Ueb. i. p. 124.
Turdus ephippialis . : ; Scl. P.Z.S. 1862, p. 109 et Cat. Am. B. App. p. 358.
Turdus humilis : Licht. in Mus. Berol.: Nomencel. p. 26.

Supra olivaceo-brunneus, capite colloque cineracescentibus: subtus pallide cineraceus; gula alba fusco striata ;
ventre medio crissoque puré albis: subalaribus et remigum marginibus internis leté cinnamomeis: rostro et pedibus
fuscis: long. tota 9:0, ale 5°6, caude 3°75.

Hab. in Brasilia orientali, Bahia (Wucherer): Mexiana (Wallace): Para (Spix): Guiana Brit. (Schomburgk) :
Venezuela; Cumana (Beauperthuy in Mus. Par.): Nov. Granada int. (lus. P.L.S.).

There can be no question, we think, that, as Dr. Cabanis has pointed out, the bird figured
by Spix as the male of his Zurdus albiventer is this Thrush, which may be immediately
distinguished from the species figured in the three preceding plates by the deep cinnamomeous
under-wing coverts, and by this colour being extended over the inner edges of the remiges.
In this character it resembles Turdus rufiventris, T. fumigatus and T. grayt ; from which, however,
it is easily distinguishable by other decided differences. From TL’ albicollis, with which it has
been likewise confounded, this Thrush is easily recognisable by the complete absence of the
white neck-spot, more nearly resembling 7. leucomelas in this respect.

In contrast to what we have observed as regards the last species the present bird appears
to have an extended range in South America, from the neighbourhood of Bahia in Brazil
to the vicinity of Bogota in New Granada. It occurs, not unfrequently, in collections formed
in the province of Bahia, whence Dr. Wucherer has recently forwarded us specimens.
Mr. Wallace collected examples in the island of Mexiana near Para, thus confirming one of
the localities assigned to it by Spix. The other locality given to it by the latter Naturalist
“Minas Geraes,” is probably mtended for Turdus lewcomelas, which, as has been already noted,
is figured as by Spix the female of the present species.

Proceeding northwards we find this Thrush occurring in Schomburek’s list of the birds
of British Guiana, and recorded by Cabanis as existing in the Berlin Museum from Cayenne.

[ 147 J

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The same institution likewise possesses examples from Venezuela, while specimens in the Paris |
Museum were collected near Cumana in the same country.. Our authority for its extension into |
New Granada is a specimen in Sclater’s collection, of the usual unmistakeable Bogota “ make,”
upon which his Turdus ephippralis was established. This bird, however, as we have already |
stated, 1s certainly identical with TJ. albwentris; of which, at the time when the new name was |
proposed, the synonymy had been wrongly interpreted.

Our figure of this Thrush is taken from a Brazilian specimen in Sclater’s collection.

JANUARY, 1869.

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PLuatTE LXXYV.

TURDUS PHAOPYGUS.

(CABANIS’ THRUSH),

Turdus pleopygus : Cab. in Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 666 et Mus. Hein. i. p. 4.
- Fe ; ; Sclater, P.Z.S. 1858, p. 64, 1859, p. 827 et Cat. Am. B. p. 8.
x mi : : : Scl. & Salv. P.Z.S. 1867, p. 568, et p. 754, t. xxix.
rs : : ; Leotaud, Ois. Trin. p. 197.

Turdus jamaicensis : : Jardine, Ann. & Mag. N. H. xx. p. 329 (1847).

Supra saturaté olivaceo-brunneus, uropygio cinereo: subtus pallidé cinereus, gula alba nigro striata; collo antico
angusté et ventre imo cum crisso albis: subalaribus cinereis: long. tot 7°5, ale 3.9, caude 3:0, tarsi 1:1.

Hab. in Guiand Brit. (Schomb.): Surinam (Mus. Berol.): Cayenni (Mus. P. ZL. 8.): Para et Rio Negro
(Wallace): Peruv. orient. Chayavetas (Bartlett): Aiquatoria orient. fl. Napo.: Nov. Granada int. Bogota (Mus.
S.-G.): ins. Trinitatis (Zeotaud) : ins. Tobago (Kirk).

This Thrush, although a well-marked species and widely distributed in South America,
seems to have escaped the notice of Naturalists until the year 1848, when it was described
by Dr. Cabanis in the third volume of Schomburgk’s “Travels in British Guiana.”
Dr. Schomburgk states that in habits it does not differ from other species of the genus which
he met with in that country, being found in the forests, and usually observed on the ground or
in low bushes. ‘The species is also met with in Surinam and Cayenne, specimens from those
countries being in the Berlin Museum and in Sclater’s collection; and extends as far southwards
as Para, where Mr. Wallace obtained examples. The same Naturalist also collected specimens
of it at Cobati on the Rio Negro. Proceeding westwards into upper Amazonia, we find it
occurring at Chayavetas, in Eastern Peru, where Mr. E. Bartlett met with it in Aucust 1866,
and on the Rio Napo, whence Verreaux’s collectors have transmitted skins. It also occurs
occasionally in Bogota collections. We have, as yet, no record of its being met with in
Venezuela, though it is doubtless found there, as in Trinidad, as we are informed by M. Leotaud,
it is a constant resident, and the birds of Trinidad are all likewise inhabitants of the adjacent
mainland.

In Trinidad, M. Leotaud tells us, this species is usually met with in the forests of the
interior in small flocks, except during the breeding season, when they separate into pairs.
It is lively and active in its motions, and has a sweet, loud and rather varied song, which is
usually heard during the middle of the day, as in the morning and evening it is occupied in
searching for the berries which constitute its food. M. Leotaud adds that its flesh is excellent
for the table.
| [ 149 ]

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In the adjoining island of Tobago, Mr. Kirk has likewise noted that it feeds upon the
small berries and seeds, and is particularly shy and restless.

In his articles on Mr. Kirk’s collections Sir William Jardine has canned this Thrush Turdus
jamencensis, but Sclater, who has examined the specimens, is satisfied that they really belong
to the present bird.

Lurdus pheopygus belongs strictly to the same group of species as those we have already
figured, but is considerably smaller in dimensions than any of its allies. From 7. crotopezus,
which, as Dr. Cabanis remarks, is perhaps its nearest ally, it may be readily distinguished by
its grey rump, and the pure ashy colour of the under-wing coverts; which, as is also the case
in 7. jamaicensis, have no trace of a cinnamomeous tinge. The last mentioned species, with
which Sa W. Jardine confounded it, is at once recognizable by its larger size and coffee brown
head, contrasting with its grey back.

Our figures of this Thrush are taken from specimens in Sclater’s collection, that of the
adult from a Cayenne skin, that of the younger bird from askin obtained on the Maroni River
in Surinam by Mr. C. Bartlett. The latter has already figured in the Proceedings of the
Zoological Society for 1867, t. 29.

A a NE ee SR

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SS TS SPS easlhesesiee? Sas streey sneemnenenn

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JANUARY, 1869.

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PuatTE LXXVL.

TURDUS GYMNOPHTHALMUS

(NAKED-EYED THRUSH).

Turdus gymnophthalmus : 5 Cab. in Schomb. Guian. i. p. 665 (1848).

55 es : 4 . ° Sclater, P.Z.S. 1859, p. 329, et Cat. Am. B. p. 4.
Turdus nudigenis : : Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 4.

a} . : ; : Leotaud, Ois, Trin. p. 201.
Turdus gymnopsis , ; Temm. Mus. Lugd.

39 29 . . . . Bp. Consp. p: 272, (1850).

Supra-fuscescenti-cineraceus olivaceo vix tinctus: orbitis laté nudis: subtis sordidé cineraceus ; gutture albescente,
fusco striato ; ventre medio et crisso albis ; subalaribus pallidé cinnamomeis: rostro flavo, ad basin fuscescente ; pedibus
corylinis: long. tota 9:0, ale 4:5, caude 3°8, tarsi 1.2.

Hab. Venezuela in vicin. urbis Caraccas (Sallé): ins. Trinitatis (Zeotaud): Tobago (Kirk): Guiana Brit.
(Schomburgk) : Surinam (Hering, in Mus. Acad. Phil.): Nov. Granada int. (Mus. G. WV. Lawrence).

For our first knowledge of this Thrush we are also indebted to the exertions of
Dr. Richard Schomburgk, who obtained it during his travels in British Guiana in 1840-44.
In his description of these specimens Dr. Cabanis informs us that the Berlin Museum possesses
examples of the same species from Cayenne, La Guayra, and Caraccas. About the same period,
specimens from the latter locality reached the well-known French Ornithologist, the late
Baron F. de Lafresnaye, who described the species as Zurdus nudigenis. Though Latresnaye
does not mention this fact, we believe that these skins were collected (along with those of
Turdus atrosericeus and T. olivater, described in the same article) by M. Auguste Sallé, on the
mountain ridge between La Guayra and Caraccas. Two years subsequently Prince Bonaparte
gave the species the third name of Turdus gymnopsis—a manuscript term, which had been attached
to specimens of it in the Leyden Museum by Temminck. Prince Bonaparte gives its locality as
“ Brazil,” but we do not believe it really occurs so far south in America. ‘The only continental
localities for it we can add to those already enumerated, are Surinam and the interior of New
Granada. From the former country, specimens have been sent by Mr. Hering to the Museum
of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; and from the latter Mr. George N.
Lawrence, of New York, has received skins of undoubted “ Bogota” make. Besides this it
certainly occurs in the islands of Trinidad and Tobago. In the latter island, Mr. Kirk obtained
it, and sent examples to Sir W. Jardine. In Trinidad, M. Léotaud tells us, it is common
everywhere, and permanently resident; being, however, most frequently met with in the
vicinity of habitations. It feeds in flocks, principally on berries, and in the evening makes its

[151 ]

presence known by a song, which is more remarkable for variety than for sweetness. For its
roosting place it usually selects the small palm trees, which grow in damp situations, where the
arrival of each additional member of the flock is greeted with a cackling, which does not cease
until darkness sets in. M. Léotaud adds that the gourmands of Trinidad highly appreciate
this Thrush, particularly at the season when it feeds on certain aromatic berries.

Turdus gymnophthalmus may be readily distinguished from all its congeners in America,
by the broad naked skin round the eye, which, in life, is of a bright yellow. Hence its trivial
name in Trinidad is “ Le Grive a paupieres gaunes.” }

Our figure of this Thrush is taken from a Venezuelan specimen in Sclater’s collection.

JanvaRyY, 1869.

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PLATE LXXVIT.

BUCCO STRIOLATUS.

(STRIPED PUFF-BIRD),

i Capito striolatus Natt. in Mus. Vindob.
| Bucco striolatus : ; Pelzeln, Sitz. Acad. Wien. xx. pp. 500, 509 (1856) et Orn. Bras. p. 22.
Mystalus striolatus . Cab. & Hein. Mus. Hein. iv. p. 140.

Supra fusco-nigricans, plumis omnibus rufescente marginatis et fasciatis: nucha lata, capitis lateribus et torque
ry pectorali saturaté ochraceis nigro punctatis et striolatis; loris et gula albicantibus: abdomine sericeo-albo, lateraliter
¥ fulvescente tincto, ventre summo et hypochondriis nigro distincté striolatis: subalaribus et remigum pogoniis
, interioribus ad basin cinnamomeis; cauda tota brunnescenti-nigra, rectricibus omnibus et in pogonio utroque ochraceo-
rufo frequenter transfasciatis: rostro nigricante, tomiis et mandibule basi flavicantibus: pedibus fuscis: long.
tota 7°5, alee 3°3, caude 3°1, rostri a rictu 1°6, tarsi 0°75.

Hab. in prov. “ Matogrosso” Brasil. int. (Watterer).

This Puff-bird is one of the many ornithological discoveries made by that prince of
collectors, the late Johann Natterer, in the interior of Brazil. During his travels in the
province of Mato-grosso, in the year 1826, Natterer passed the four months from July to
October at the sugar-plantation of the then deceased Captain Gama. This was situated about
fifteen leagues from Villabella de Mato-grosso, in the forest district, either on the river Gua-
| poré or not far from its banks. Here, and at a neighbouring station called “ Dourado,”
eight specimens of the present Bucco were obtained, but lay unnoticed in the stores of the
Vienna Museum, until they were described by Herr vy. Pelzeln, in 1856. We are not aware
that the species has ever been met with by other collectors.

W Bucco striolatus is closely allied to B. radiatus of New Granada, B. striatipectus of Bolivia,
and Lb. maculatus of the coast-region of Brazil, but is readily distinguishable from all these
species on comparison. Its billis comparatively short and widened at the base, as in B. radzatus ;
which, however, may be immediately distinguished by the absence of the ochraceous pectoral

| band, and by its black nape. Both b. maculatus and its Bolivian representative B. striatipectus

| have longer, more attenuated bills, and have the neck below of a pure rufous, without any

\ longitudinal markings. ,

\ ef} . ’ '
\ Natterer’s MS. notes, as published by Von Pelzeln, inform us that in this species the bill
* in the living bird is olive-green, with the end and the basal half of the culmen blackish brown ;
| the iris he describes as dirty yellowish white, the feet as olive-green, the tarsi as rather brownish
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above, the claws blackish. No details are given of its habits, but like other species of the
group, it probably frequents the higher trees of the dense forest.

Our figure of this bird is taken from a Nattererian specimen now in Sclater’s collection,
obtained in exchange from the Vienna Museum. It is a female, and was shot at Dourado on

\ the 6th July, 1826.

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PuaTeE LXXVILL

PORZANA CASTANEICEPS.
(CHESINULHEADED ORAKE)

Porzana castaneiceps ‘

Scl. & Salv. P.Z.S. 1868, p. 453.

Supra olivacea; capite undique et corpore subtus ad imum pectus castaneis, gula dulutiore: ventre imo, tibiis
et hypochondriis dorso concoloribus : long. tota 8-0, ale 4:4, rostri a rictu 11, tarsi 2:0.
Hab. in repub. Aiquator. ad ripas fl. Napo.

The eastern provinces of the Republic of Ecuador have as yet had but little attention
bestowed upon them by travelling Naturalists, though perhaps scarcely a richer field for
discovery remains unexplored in the whole continent of South America. The only localities
in this district whence any considerable collections of bird-skins have reached Europe are
Puerto del Napo and other villages on the River Napo in the province of Quixos, where this
affluent of the mighty Amazon first becomes navigable. In 1854 Mr. Gould received a small
series of bird-skins from this district, and in 1858 a more extensive collection from the same
country reached the late M. Verreaux of Paris.* Since that period several other smaller
collections have been forwarded to Mr. Gould, but most of them have consisted mainly of
Trochilide, which were especially required for the perfecting of his well-known Monograph
of that family. It was in one of these smaller collections, if we are not mistaken, that the
single example of the Crake which we now figure occurred. This specimen, which is the only
one we have ever seen, is now in the gallery of the British Museum, and has formed the type
of our description in the “ Proceedings of the Zoological Society,” as also of the present figure.

The Chestnut-headed Crake is generally of the same form as the Pozana concolor, and
nearly resembles that species, but is immediately recognizable by the chestnut colouring
extending only over the head and front of the body below, the rest of the plumage being of an
olive-green. In P. concolor the whole plumage is of a nearly uniform rusty red, being rather
brighter below.

The present species forms the fifth member of the uniformly coloured section of Porzana,
which Prince Bonaparte has called Rujirallus. It is perhaps hardly worth while to reprint
here the synopsis of this group, which we have recently published in the ‘“ Proceedings of the
Zoological Society ;” but we may take this opportunity to make an addition to the list of
synonyms there given. M. Coulon, of Neuchatel, having most kindly lent us the typical
example of T'schudi’s Crea facialis, we find that this presumed species, which we were
obliged to leave undetermined in our paper, is nothing more than a very young example of
Porzana cayennensis.

* See Sclater’s articles on these two collections, in P.Z.S. 1854, p. 109 & 1858, p. 99.

JANUARY, 1869.

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PLATE LXXIX.

ATTAGIS CHIMBORAZENSIS.

(CHIMBORAZIAN ATTAGIS),

} Attagis chimborazensis : : ‘ Scl. P.Z.S. 1860, p. 82.
” » . G. BR. Gray, List of Galline in Mus. Brit. p. 95 (1867).

Supra niger, plumis omnibus lineis ochracescenti-rufis duplicitér marginatis et intus notatis: remigibus primariis
alarum nigricanti-cinereis, horum scapis albis: subtus ochracescenti-rufus, nigro, sicut in dorso, variegatus ; abdomine
medio puré cinnamomeo-rufo, lateribus et subcaudalibus nigro variegatis : rectricibus obscuré cinereis, harum pogoniis
externis lineis pallidé cinnamomeis frequentér transfasciatis: tectricibus subalaribus pallidé cinnamomescenti-albidis :
\ rostro et pedibus obscuré fuscis: long. tot& 11:0, ale 7:3, caude 3:0, tarsi 1:0.

1} flab. in monte Chimborazo, ad alt. 14,000 pedum.

One of the most elevated localities yet visited by ornithological explorers in any part of

the world’s surface is Panza, a spot situated on the southern slope of Chimborazo, on the track

between Guaranda and Ambato, at an elevation of about 14,000 feet above the sea-level.

Mr. Fraser passed several days at this station in January 1859, and obtained specimens of

| seventeen species of birds in this dreary and inhospitable solitude. Amongst them were three

A _ examples of the present Attag?s, which, in one of his papers on Fraser’s collections, Sclater has

named after the celebrated Volcano upon the slopes of which it was obtained. Mr. Fraser

tells us that the bird is found among the bare rocks, and has a note ‘ chay-lac, chay-lac, chay-lac.’

The stomachs contained vegetable matter and grit. The Chimborazian <Attagis is about the

same size as A. gayt and A. latreili, but is immediately distinguishable from these closely-allied

species by its darker colouring, the black markings being much more prominent in the present
bird.

The genera Attagis and Thnocorus together constitute the family Thinocoride—one of the
most peculiar forms of the Neotropical Ornis. With much of the external appearance of the
Ptarmigans of the Northern hemisphere, they combine the essential structure of the Plovers,
and must be placed in the natural series in the neighbourhood of Glareola and Hematopus.
Like several other genera belonging to the Patagonian province they are found at the sea-level
in high southern latitudes, but attain a greater elevation as they advance northwards, until
under the equator, as we have seen, they frequent the highest localities capable of maintaining

bird-life.

Our figure of this Adtags is taken from a specimen in the British Museum, purchased of

M. Parzudaki of Paris.

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There are four recognized species of Attag’s, which may be enumerated as follows:

1. ATTAGIS GAYT.
Attagis gayi, Geoftr. et Less. Cent. Zool. p. 185, t. 47: Cassin, Gillis’s Exp. ii. p. 192: Gould, Zool. Voy. Beagle,
ul. p. 117: Gay, Faun. Chil. Aves, p. 884: Selater, P.Z.S. 1867, pp. 331, 389.
Hab. Chili; Cordilleras of Coquimbo and Copiapo (Darwin): prov. of Santiago (Leybold).
2. ATTAGIS LATREILLII. :
Attages latreilin, Less. Bull. des Se. Nat. xxv. p. 243: Ill. de Zool. t. 11: Gray and Mitch. Gen. of Birds
t. 185: Gray, Faun. Chil. Aves, p. 385: Attagis gayi, Bridges, P.Z.S. 1847, p. 29.
Hab. Bolivia, Tapaquilcha, between Calam4 and Potosi, alt. 14,000 ft. (Bridges).

F)

3. ATTAGIS CHIMBORAZENSIs, tab. LX XIX.

4. ATTAGIS MALOUINA.
“ Calle des Isles Malouines,” Buff. Pl. Enl. 222, (undd) Zetrao malouina, Bodd.

Voy. Beagle, ii. p. 117: Gay, Faun. Chil. Aves, p. 385: Sel. & Salv. Ibis, 1868, p. 188.
Hab. East Falkland Isl. (Abbott) : Tierra del Fuego (Darwin, Cunningham).

a ANUARY, 1869,

Attagis malowina, Scl. P.Z.S.
1861, p. 46: Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 154. etrao falklandica, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 762: Attagis falklandica, Gould. Zool.

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PLATE LXXX.

FORMICIVORA STRIGILATA
STREAKED ANT-THRUSH).

Myothera strigqulata : Max. Beitr. i. p. 1064.

Formicivora strigilata . =. Ménetriés, Mém. Ac. Imp. St. Pet. ser. vi. Sc. Nat. I. p. 493 (18385) :
Mon. des Myioth. p. 51.

Sel. P.Z.S. 1858, p. 242.

Supra castanea, nigro striata; alis nigris albo limbatis: superciliis et corpore subtus albis; gutture toto cum
pectore nigris, hypochondriis fulvo perfusis; caud& nigra albo terminatd, rectricibus duabus mediis castaneis :
subalaribus albis: rostro nigricante, pedibus fuscis: long. tot& 5°5, ale 2°4, caude rectr. med. 2°4, rectr. ext. 1S,
rostri a rictu 0°8, tarsi 1:15. Fem. Mari similis, sed subtis omnino sordidé alba, pectoris lateribus nigro striatis.

Hab. in prov. Bahiensi Brasil. orient. (dlaz.).

The late Prince Maximilian of Neuwied—our best original authority upon the birds of
the wood-region of Eastern Brazil, described this beautiful Ant-Thrush in 1831, and still
remains the only writer who has spoken of it from personal observation. Prince Max. tells
us that he met with it singly and in pairs, in the dense thickets of the forests of Bahia. It 1s
cenerally seen running upon the ground, or hopping among the lower branches about a foot
from the earth. Its call consists of three notes, which are audible at some distance, and 1s
common to the two sexes.

Formicivora strigilata is a typical member of the genus, though of rather larger dimensions
and stronger form than its immediate allies. It does not very closely resemble any other
described species, but appears to come nearest to I’. rufatra of Selater’s Catalogue, of which
Myothera rufa of Prince Max. is the female. In the latter species, as i the present bird,
the black throat and breast are characteristic of the male sex, and are replaced by striations in
the female.

Though bird-skins are collected in the neighbourhood of Bahia in large quantities, the
present Ant-Thrush seems to be by no means of common occurrence. At the date of the
compilation of his Catalogue of American Birds Sclater was not in possession of specimens of
it, but has since obtained of the dealers in Paris examples of both sexes, from which our figures
have been taken. These specimens present the usual form of skins of Bahian preparation,
and, we have little doubt, were originally received from that province ; indeed, as far as we are
aware, the species is confined to this district of the Brazilian Empire, for neither Burmeister
nor Natterer, nor any other collector in the more southern provinces appears to have met with it.

JANUARY, 1869.

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PLATE LXXXLI.

CONURUS HOFFMANNI

(HOFFMANN’S CONURD,

Conurus hoffmannt . . . Cab. Sitz. Ges. Nat. Freunde z. Berlin, 18 Nov. 1861 et J. f.
Orn. 1862, p. 335.
5 5 : ; 5 Finsch, Papageien, I. p. 553.
i " : 5 : Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 181.

Viridis ; macula auriculari rubra: capitis et gutturis plumis aureo limbatis: secundariorum plumis ad basin
aureis: cauda subtus rubricante: rostro pallidissimé corneo; pedibus obscure carneis: iride flava: long. totA 9:0,
ale 5:2, caudee 45.

Hab. in Costa Rica.

The tract of land bounded on the north by the depression occupied by the Lakes of
Nicaragua and Managua and on the south by the Isthmus of Panama contains a very well-
marked sub-division of the Central-American Fauna. ‘This state of things, as has been pointed
out by Salvin in his recently published article on the birds of Veragua,* evidently originated
in a previous geological epoch, in which this portion of the Isthmus was isolated from both
Continents by channels connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. No better illustration of
this well-established fact of Zoological geography can be given than is afforded by the numerous
striking forms lately brought to light by the various collectors who have recently investigated
the Ornithology of Costa Rica. Amongst the foremost and most energetic of these were
Messrs. von Frantzius, Hoffman, and Ellendorf,—Prussian scientific travellers, for some time
resident at San José and its neighbourhood. To the exertions of these gentlemen the Royal
Museum of Berlin owes the valuable series of Costa-Rican birds, which contained the original
example of the present species.

Hoffman’s Conure, which has been deservedly dedicated to the memory of one of the
Naturalists by whom it was discovered, is so well marked a species as hardly to need comparison
with any other of the group known to us. It belongs to a very well-defined section of the
genus (Pyrrhura) mm which the under-surface of the tail feathers is more or less of a purple-red,
and is the only member of this section found north of the Isthmus of Panama.

The specimens of this Parrot upon which Dr. Cabanis founded the species were obtained

* P.Z.S8. 1867, p. 129.

[161 |

by Dr. Hoffman at Agua Caliente, near Cartago, in Costa Rica. Subsequently examples were
also sent to Berlin by Dr. v. Frantzius. In Mr. Lawrence’s Catalogue of Costa-Rican birds
it is stated that the Smithsonian Institution possesses skins of this species obtained at Angostura
and Frailes by the Messrs. Carmiol, and by Mr. J. Cooper at Navarro. Mr. Julian Carmiol
has also forwarded to Messrs. Salvin and Godman a single skin of a male of this Parrot from
Angostura. From this individual our figure has been taken. As far as we know, this is the

only specimen of Conurus hoffmannt in this country, but we learn from Dr. Finsch’s recently

published work that examples of it have been lately acquired by the Leyden Museum.

Apnrt, 1869.

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Pruate LXXXIL.

RALLUS ANTARCTICUS.

(RUFOUS-WINGED RAID).

Rallus antarcticus ; : King, Zool. Journ. rv. p. 95 (1828).

F . . . Sel. & Saly. P.Z.8. 1868, p. 445.
Rallus rufopennis i : G. R. Gray, List of Specimens of Birds in Brit. Mus. iii. p. 116 (1844).
Rallus uliginosus é Philippi, Wiegm. Arch. 1858, I. p. 83.

Supra brunneus nigro flammulatus, alis extts diluté rufis: alarum remigibus nigricantibus, unicoloribus: subtus
plumbeus: lateribus et subalaribus nigris albo transfasciatis: long. tota 8:0, ale 3-7, caude 1:5, rostri a rictu 1:3,
tarsi 1:2.

Hab. in Chilia et Patagonia.

This Rail-was first characterized by Captain King in 1828, in a letter on the animals met
with during his survey of the Straits of Magellan of which extracts were published in the
third and fourth volumes of the Zoological Journal. The description there given, though
brief, 1s sufficient, we think, to justify us in adopting the name antarcticus for this species,
regard being had to the fact that there is no other known Rail likely to be met with in Antarctic
America to which Capt. King’s description is at all applicable. But Capt. King gives us no
information whatever as to the habits of this bird, nor does he mention the exact locality in
which he obtained it.

A more satisfactory account of this Rail is that of Dr. R. A. Philippi—a well-known
German Zoologist, who is now Director of the National Museum of Santiago, Chili. Dr. Philippi
describes this bird very accurately under the name of Rallus uliginosus, and tells us that a
single specimen of it was procured by Dr. Eulogio Salinas on his estate in the plain of Santiago,
and presented to the Museum of that city. Other specimens appear to have subsequently
occurred, for a collection of Humming-birds sent by Dr. Philippi to Mr. Gould a short time
since contained an example of it which passed into the collection of Salvin and Godman and has
formed the subject of our figure and description.

The British Museum contains a single stuffed specimen of this Rail, procured in Chili by
the late Mr. Bridges. Mr. G. R. Gray has conferred upon it the name [allus rufopennis, but
has never published any description of it.

This Rail is of the same form as the well-known Lallus virginianus, of North America ;
from which, however, it is readily distinguishable by its plumbeous colour below. A third
American species of this group, which also contains the European frallus aquaticus, is figured
in the next following plate.

Apri, 1869.
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PLATE LX XXIII.

RALLUS SEMIPLUMBEUS.

(SLATY-BREASTED RAIL).

Rallus semiplumbeus ; ; : Sclater, P.Z.S. 1856, p. 31.
Schlegel, Mus. d. P.B. Ralli, p. 11.
Scl. et Salv. P.Z.S. 1868, p. 445.

Supra brunnescenti-olivaceus, nigro flammulatus: alis caudaque nigricanti-brunneis: alarum tectricibus extus
lete rufis: capitis lateribus et corpore toto subtus plumbeis: tectricibus subcaudalibus albis nigro maculatis: hypo-
chondriis imis albo transfasciatis ; rostro flavo, culmine et apice obseuris; pedibus claré corylinis: long. tota 8°5, ale
4°4, caude 1°8, rostri a rictu 1°7.

Hab. in Nova Granada interiore.

The Ornithology of the district surrounding the capital of the Republic of New Granada,
or, as it is now called, the United States of Columbia, has been more thoroughly explored than
perhaps any other portion of the South American continent. About thirty years ago bird-
skins were first received in Paris from a French collector then resident m Bogot&; and since
that time, the native Indians having been taught the method of preparing skins, large collections
have been constantly imported into England, France, and America, from the same district.
We have thus become well acquainted with its rich and varied Avifauna. The city itself beg
9000 feet above the sea level, it is evident that the greater number of so-called “ Bogota” skins,
which consist of tropical forms, must be obtained from the low-lying valleys, which intersect
this part of the Cordillera in every direction. Along with these, however, are intermingled
species of genera only to be met with in an Alpine climate, such as Phrygzlus, Diglossa and
Otocorys. Amongst these highland forms we believe the present Rail must be included, as it
is a close ally of the preceding species, which is confined to the extreme southern portion of
the South American continent, and is, doubtless, its southern representative.

Rallus semiplumbeus was originally described by Sclater in one of a series of articles on
the birds of New Granada, published in the Zoological Society’s “* Proceedings,” from a specimen
forwarded to him for examination by M. M. Verreaux. It is, as we have already said, closely
allied to R. antarcticus, figured in our last plate, but may be distinguished by its larger and more
brightly-coloured bill, the paler rufous of the wing-coverts, and the absence of transverse white
markings on the upper part of the flanks.

Our figure of this species is taken from a “ Bogot&” skin, m_the collection of Salvin
and Godman. ‘There are likewise specimens of this Rail in the British and Leyden Museums.

[ 165 ]

a a oe — a

In our memoir on the American Rallidee, recently published in the Zoological Society’s
‘ Proceedings,”* we have given a complete account of the species of Rallus which inhabit the
New World.

The two birds now figured belong to the second section of our arrangement, and along
with £. virgintanus form a group of small species which have the back variegated with brown,
and are, in fact, the American representatives of the well-known Water-rail (fallus aquaticus,)

ae ge

of HKurope.
These three species may be distinguished as follows :—

1. #. virginianus.
Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 263: Scl. et Salv. P.Z.S..1868, p. 445.
Diagn. Subtus rufescens.
Hab. Whole of North America (Baird) : Mexico: Guatemala (Salvin).

Ce ee a

2. R. antarcticus, tab. 1xxxii.
Diagn. Subtus plumbeus: lateribus distincté albo vittatis.

Hab, Chili (Philippi): Patagonia (King).

3. Le. semiplumbeus, tab. Ixxxiii.
Diagn. Subtus feré omnind plumbeus.
Hab. Interior of New Granada.

* P.Z.S. 1868, p. 4438.

Aprit, 1869.

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Puate LXXXIV.

PITYLUS HUMERALIS.

(YELLOW-SHOULDERED PITYLUS).

Pitylus (Caryothraustes) humeralis : Lawr. Ann. L. N. Y. viii. p. 467.

w.

Supra flavo-viridis, pileo cinereo ; loris et regione auriculari nigris; alis caudaque intis nigricantibus, extts dorso
concoloribus ; campterio alari flavissimo: subtis pallidé cinereus, gutture nigro variegato, ventre medio albescente,
crisso flavo: rostro superiore nigro, inferiore piamubec, ad tomias et ad apicem nigricante: pedibus nigris: long. tota
6:0, alee 3°5, caudee 3:0, tarsi 0°8.

Hab. in Nova Granada int. et in rep. Avquatoriali ad ripas fl. Napo.

Mr. George N. Lawrence, the well-known Ornithologist of New York, has lately described

this remarkable species of Tanager in a paper on new American birds read before the Lyceum

: of Natural History of that city on the 18th of May, 1867. More recently a specimen of the
same bird, from which our figure has been prepared, has come into Sclater’s possession from a
dealer in Paris. Mr. Lawrence’s example is stated to have been derived from a Bogota collection,
while Sclater’s is labelled as having been received from the Rio Napo. This is not an unusual
range, and the bird may probably inhabit the eastern slopes of the Andes, drained by the
affluents of the Orimoco and Upper Amazon.

The present Tanager, though conspicuously different from its nearest allies in colour,
belongs strictly to the section Caryothraustes of the genus Pitylus according to Sclater’s
arrangement.* ‘The bill is rather longer and the culmen more arched than in P. veridis, the
type of the genus, with which it otherwise agrees in structure.

The four species of this sub-division of the genus Petylus now known to us may be

arranged as follows :—

A.—Species ventre flayo.

1, P. vIRIDIS.

Lowia canadensis, Linn. 8.N.i. p.304: Buff, Pl. Enl. 152, f. 2. Pitylus canadensis, Cab. in Schomb. Guian. ii. p.
677. Coccothraustes viridis, Vieill. Enc. Meth. p. 1017. Caryothraustes viridis, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 144.
Caryothraustes cayennensis, Bp. Consp. p. 504 (partim). Pitylus personatus, Less. R. Z. 1839, p. 42. Canada
grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Hist. v. p. 282. Pitylus viridis, Scl. P.Z.8. 1856, p. 65: Cat. Am. B. p. 99: Scl. et

| Salv. P.Z.S. 1867, p. 572.

Diagn. Minor: rostro debiliore; gula augustiore nigra.

Hab. Cayenne (Buffon) : Brit. Guiana (Schomburgk) : Para (Wallace).

* P.Z.8. 1856, p. 65, et Cat. Am. B. p. 99.

[ 167 |

£

2. P. BRASILIENSIS.
Fringilla viridis, Max. Beitr. in. p. 555. Hringilla eayennensis, Licht. Verz. d. Doubl. p. 22 (excel. syn.).

Caryothraustes brasiliensis, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. 144: Burm. Syst. iii, p. 208. Pitylus brasiliensis, Scl.
P.Z.S. 1856, p. 66 et Cat. Am. B. p. 99.
Diagn. Major: rostro fortiore: gula latiore nigra. |
Hab. Wood region of 8. E. Brazil (lax. et Burmeister.)
B. Species ventre cinereo.

3. P. POLIOGASTER.
Pitylus poliogaster, Du Bus, Bull. Ac. Brux. xiv. pt. 2, p. 105; Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 245, et Esquiss. Orn. t. 22:
.

Sel. P.Z.S. 1856, pp. 66, 302, et 1859, p. 376: Scl. et Salv. Ibis, 1860, p. 382: P.Z.S. 1864, p. 852: Salv.
P.Z.8. 1867, p. 141: Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 102. Pitylus flavocinereus, Cassin. Pr. Ac. Phil. 1848,
p. 67: Caryothraustes episcopus, Bp. Cousp. p. 504.

Diagn. Pileo et pectore flavis ; crisso cinereo.

Hab. Southern Mexico (Sallé): Guatemala (Salvin): Costa Rica (Carmiol); Veragua (Arcé): Panama
(McLeannan).

4, P. HumERALIS, tab. Ixxxiv.
Diagn. Pileo et pectore cinereis: crisso flavo.
Hab. New Granada and Ecuador.

APRIL, 1869,

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PLATE LXXXY.

ACCIPITER GUTTATUS

(AZARA’S SPARROW-HAWK), |

Esparvero pardo y goteado ; Azara, Apunt. 1. p. 118, N. 24.
Sparvius guttatus . : : s : Vieillot, N. D. @H. N. x. p. 825 et HE. M. p. 1266.
Accipiter guttatus . ; : Strickl. Orn. Syn. p. 110.

Supra fumido-niger, pileo obscuriore, capitis lateribus plumbeis: subtis rufus, gutture plumbescentiore, maculis
indistinctis albis omnino notatus : tibiis ferrugineo-rufis ; crisso puré albo: subalaribus rufis: remigibus intus albis
nigricante transvittatis: caudaé supra fumido-nigra, subtts cinerascenti-alba nigro irregulariter transvittat&: rostro
nigro, cera flavicante: pedibus flavis, unguibus nigris: long. toté 140, ale 7°9, caude 65, tarsi 2°2. Kem. Mari
similis, sed major, long. tota 19:0, ale 9°7, caude 8°0, tarsi 2:0.

Hab. in Paraguaya (Azara): Bolivia (Mus. Brit.).

We first met with examples of this Sparrow-hawk in the collection of the British Museum,
and, recognizing its distinctness from the nearly allied Acczpiter chilensis and A. coopert, were for
some time inclined to regard it as undescribed. Buta patient study of the complicated synonymy
of this group of birds has brought us to the belief that it may possibly be the Hsparvero pardo
y goteado of Azara, upon which Vieillot established his Sparvius guttatus, and it seems better
to employ this otherwise useless name for it than to mvent a new one. The specimens first
spoken of by Azara seem to have been immature, but the example described by his friend
Noseda (/. ¢. p. 114) in which the breast was cinnamomeous, appears to indicate a species
resembling the adult of the present bird. 3

In general form and dimensions this Hawk closely resembles Accipiter chilensis, of which
it is no doubt the representative in the forests of the eastern side of the Andes; but it
is at once distinguishable by the full rufous of the under plumage. On the breast and belly
this is variegated by numerous incomplete white cross-bands, which occupy both webs of each
feather, leaving the centre rufous. These cross-bands are less apparent on the flanks, and
totally disappear on the thighs and under wing-coverts; the chin and throat are suffused with
slate colour. Next to A. chilensis, Azara’s Sparrow-hawk presents greater resemblance to
A, cooperz than to any other species of the group with which we are acquainted, though, judging
from Mr. Lawrence’s description, it cannot be unlike the Cuban A. gundlacht, a species we have

y not yet been fortunate enough to meet with. From <A. cooper, the present bird is readily
y distinguishable by the more cimnamomeous colouring below, and the pure unspotted rufous of

i the thighs and under wing-coverts. In A. cooperd also the sides of the head and ear-coverts
+) are finely striped, which is not the case in A. guttatus.

[ 169 ]

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said to have been received from Bolivia, we have only met with one other example of this species
—a mounted specimen in the Norwich Museum, from which our figure has been prepared.

The following are the known American species of Accepiter of the present group, which
embraces the larger species allied to A. peleatus and A. cooper’, Prince Bonaparte has applied
to them the barbarous name Cooper-astur(!) (Rev. Zool. 1854, p. 538.)

Besides the two examples in the British Museum, which were purchased in 1851 and are

Sect. A. Species uniformly coloured beneath, as in A. peleatus,—

1. A. PILEATUS.
Falco pileatus, Temm. Pl. Col. 205; Max. Beitr. iii. p. 107: MNisws pileatus, Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. p. 78: Aceipiter
pileatus, Lawr. Ann. N. Y. Lye. vii. p. 254. “ Msus variatus—Cuyv.”’ in Mus. Par. (partim.)
Hab. 8, EH. Brazil.

2, A. Bicotor. Ex. Orn. tab. lxix. p. 187.
Hab, Guiana, Upper Amazon, Ecuador, and northwards to North America.

Sect. B. Species more or less mottled beneath, as in A. cooper’,—

3. A. COOPERI,
Falco cooperi, Bp. Am. Orn. ii. t.1. FF. stanleyi, Aud. Orn. Biogr. p.186, Accipiter cooperi, Cassin, in Baird’s
Birds of N. Am. p. 16. Scl. P.Z.S. 1859, p. 889: 1866, p. 804: Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1860, p. 401: Lawr.
Ann. lye. N. Y. ix. p. 184. Ace. mewicanus Sw. et auctt. Americ. (?)
Hab. Temperate N. America, and southwards to Costa Rica.

4, A. GUNDLACHI.
Accipiter cooperi, Lembeye, Aves de Cuba, p. 17: Nisus pileatus, Lembeye, |. c. p. 125. Astur pileatus, Cab.
et Gundl. J. f. Orn. 1854, Extra-h. p, Ixxxii. Accipiter gundlachi, Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. vii. p. 252:
Gundl. Rep. F. N.i. p. 224. |
Hab. Cuba.

5. A. aurratvs. Ex. Orn. tab. lxxxv. p. 169.
Hab, Bolivia and Paraguay.

6. A. cHiLensts, Ex. Orn. tab. xxxvii. p. 78,
Hab. Chili and Patagonia.

Sect. C. Species broadly barred below, and with the breast rufous,—

7. A, PECTORALIS.
Falco pectoralis, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 490—Ace. pectoralis, Sclater, Ibis, 1861, p. 318, t. 10 et P.Z.S. 1866,
p. 804—Astur pectoralis, Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 6—Schlegel, Mus. de P. B. Astures, p. 18.
flab. Brazil: Ypanema and Borba, (Watt.)

APRIL, 1869,

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PLATE LXXXVI.

AMPELION ARCUATUS.

(BANDED COTINGA).

Ampelis arcuatus : : : Lafr. Rev. Zool. 18438, p. 98.

Pyrrhorhynchus arcuatus . Bp. Consp. p. 177.

Ampelion arcuatus . : : Sel. P.Z.S. 1855, p. 152, 1858, p. 553 et 1860, p. 89.
Ampelio arcuatus : ’ : Sel. Cat. Am. B. p. 255.

Viridis, capite et gutture toto nigris: alis cauddque nigris extts viridi partim limbatis; tectricibus majoribuys et
secondarlis in pogoniis externis flavido maculatis, horum necnon caude rectricum apicibus albo angusté terminatis -
subtus flavus, nigro regulariter transfasciatus: rostro rubro, pedibus aurantiacis: long. tota 9°38, ale 4:5, caude 3°5,
tarsi l‘1. Hem. Mari similis, sed capite viridi, guld parcé nigro trans-lineata.

Hab. in montibus Nove Granadie et reipubl. Aiquatorialis.

The late Baron de Lafresnay first described this fine species of Cotinga in one of his papers
on new American birds published in the “ Revue Zoologique.” The locality there given to it is
New Granada. It is not, however, of very frequent occurrence in Bogoté collections, but few
specimens having come under our examination in the many thousands of bird-skins we have
seen from this district.

In his journey to Western Ecuador in 1858-60 Mr. Fraser met with this bird in two
localities—at Matos on the plateau of Riobamba, and above Puellaro, a village on the Rio
Perucho north of Quito, where his collecting-ground was about 8000 feet above the sea-level.
Mr. Fraser states that the stomachs of specimens examined contained fruit, and that the bird
frequents the trees on the mountain-tops and has a sweet note. He describes the irides as
“ grayish,” or “ light-hazel,” the legs and feet “ deep orange,” and the bill “ red.”

This Cotinga belongs to the strongly-formed green group allied to Pipreola which
Dr. Cabanis has called Ampeleon,* and subsequently Ampelio.t Its nearest ally seems to be
Ampelion melanocephalus, figured in Swainson’s “ Zoological Illustrations” (series i. t. 25),
but it is immediately recognizable by its red bill and distinctly barred under-surface—in the
former point approaching more nearly to the genus Pipreola.

Our figures of this species are taken from specimens in Sclater’s collection. The male is a
“ Bogota” skin, and the female one of Fraser’s examples, killed at Matos.

* Tschudi’s Faun. Per. Aves, p. 187. + Mus. Hein. 1. p. 104,

[171]

i ————————_—— eee

The four species of this genus of Cotingas known to us may be arranged as follows :—

A. Species rostro debiliore: gula et loris cum capite toto nigris.
a. interscapulio brunneo.

1. AMPELION CUCULLATUS.
Procnias cucullata, Sw. Zool. Il. i. t. 87: Ampelis cucullatus, Temm. Pl. Col. 863: Ampelion eucullatus,
Cab. in Tsch. F. P. p. 1387: Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. p. 482: Ampelio cucullatus, Cab. & Hein. Mus.
Hein. ii. p. 104: Scl. Cat. Am. Birds, p. 255: Carpornis cucullata, Bp. Consp. p. 176.

Hab. 8. Ei. Brazil.
b. interscapulio viridi.

a’ rostro corallino, corpore subtus distincté nigro transfasciato.

2. AMPELION ARovATUS, tab. lxxxvi. p. 171.
Hab. Ecuador: New Granada.

b’ rostro nigro, corpore subtus fasciis indistinctis notata.

3. AMPELION MELANOCEPHALUS.
Ampelis melanocephalus, Max. Reise i. p. 168 et Beitr. ili. p. 401: Procnias melanocephalus, Sw. Zool. Il.

1. t. 25: Ampelion melanocephalus, Cab. in Tsch. F. P. p. 187: Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. p. 482: Ampelio
melanocephalus, Cab. & Hein. Mus. Hein. ii. p. 104: Scl. Cat. Am. Birds, p. 255: Carpornis
melanocephala, Bp. Consp. p. 176.

Hab. Wood-region of 8. E. Brazil.

B. Species rostro fortiore: gulé et loris flavidis: pileo nigerrimo.

4, AMPELION CINCTUS. |
Ampelis cinctus, Tsch. Wiegm. Arch. 18438, p. 885, et F. P. p. 186: Ootinga tschudii, Gray, Gen. Birds, i.

p. 279: Ampelion cinetus, Scl. P.Z.S. 1855, p. 152, pl. 104, et 1860, p. 89: Ampelio cinetus, Scl. Cat.
Am. Birds, p. 255: Ampelioides flavitorques, Verr. Nouv. Arch. de Mus. iii. Bull. p. 5, pl. 2, fig. 1.
Hab. Hastern Peru (Tsch.) : Ecuador (Fraser): New Granada (Mus. P. L. S.).

Apnit, 1869.

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PLraTeE LXXXVITI.

ASTURINA NATTERERI

(NATTERER'S BUZZARD-HAWK).

Falco magnirostris : . ; Max. Beitr. ii. p. 102.

Fs os Temm. Pl. Col. 86.
Astur magnirostris : ’ Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 6.
Nisus magnirostris , Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. p. 76.
Falco magnirostris : ; Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 18 (partim).
Asturina natterert ; : : Sel. et Salv. P.Z.S. 1869, p. 182.

Supra fusca, pileo cineraceo perfuso: remigibus primariis ferrugineis nigro transfasciatis, intus in pogonio
interiore lactescenti-albis, ad apicem fuscis: cauda fusca, subtus dilutiore, feré albescente, nigro tri-vittata et in rectrice
extima ad basin variegatéa: subtts saturaté rufa; gutture cinereo, albo variegato: ventre toto et tibiis albicescente
| cinnamomeo frequentér transfasciatis: crisso albo: tectricibus subalaribus cinnamomeis, rufo fasciolatis: rostro

nigricante, cera flava, pedibus flavidis: long. tot& 13:0, ale 8-0, caude 5°75, tarsi 23. Junior. Supra plumis rufescente
marginatis; subtts albidus, pectore nigro flammulato: ventre rufescente transfasciato.

Hab. in Brasilia meridional.

As we have lately shewn in our paper on the genus Astwrina published in the first part of
the Zoological Society’s “ Proceedings” for the present year, there has hitherto prevailed much
confusion amongst the different species of Hawks which constitute this genus. We hope
that the figures given in this and the next following plates will serve to assist Naturalists to
accomplish the difficult task we have commenced of endeavouring to restore order to the group.

The Falco magnirostris of Gmelin rests upon the bird figured in Buffon’s Planche
Enluminée, no. 116, under the name ‘ Hperwer a gros bec de Cayenne.” 'The name magnirostres
must therefore be retained for the Guianan representative of this section of the genus, from
which the present species may be easily distinguished by the rich rufous colouring of the under-
surface, particularly of the flanks and thighs. Astwrena magnirostris is of nearly a pure
cinereous below, slight indications of rufescent tinge being only seen upon the darker bands of
the belly and the thighs. In A. nattererd the throat is darker cinereous, and distinctly striped
with white longitudinally ; the breast is rich rufous in very adult birds, almost without cross
markings; the belly is very pale fulvous, or almost cream-colour, with numerous cross-bands
of deep ferruginous; the thighs are covered by minute, cross-bands of the same colour. In
A. magnirostris the thighs are pure white, cross-banded with pale cinereous, with merely a slight
rufescent tinge. The upper plumage in A. magnirostris is also clear cinereous, instead of brown.

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The first Naturalist who appears to have distinguished these two allies was Natterer, who,
however, in his manuscripts unfortunately called the present bird magnirostris, and named its
Guianan representative (the true magnirostris) macrorhynchus. This we have been enabled to
ascertain positively from one of Natterer’s marked specimens, now in the collection of Messrs.
Salvin and Godman.

As will be seen from von Pelzeln’s list, Natterer collected a large number of this species
in various parts of Southern and Inner Brazil; but the specimens referred to as obtained by
him at Barra do Rio Negro are more probably referable to the true A. magnirostri’s. An
excellent series of examples of this Hawk, collected in the vicinity of Bahia, has lately been
received by Salvin from Dr. Wucherer. We have also to thank the authorities of the Norfolk
and Norwich Museum for the loan of many specimens of this and other species of the group
from their fine collection of Rapacious birds.

Prince Max. of Neuweid, tells us this Hawk is one of the commonest birds of prey in
all the provinces of Brazil which he visited, and was met with in the open districts as well as

in the forests. It appears to frequent most such parts of the country as are varied with bushes,

woods and roads, and may be often seen perched on the branch of a moderately sized tree,
watching for its prey, which consists of all sorts of small animals. In its crop Prince Max.
usually found grasshoppers, and the remains of birds, mice, and other small mammals. The
flight and cry of this bird are stated to resemble those of the European Buzzard.

It is very difficult to decide positively whether Spix’s figure of Falco insectivorus (Av. Bras.
I. t. VIII. a) is intended to represent the present bird or the true A. magnirostris. As far as we
can make out from his text, he appears to have had both species under view. We have,
therefore, thought it better to call the present bird nattererd, after the illustrious Naturalist
who first appreciated the differences between the two species.

Our figure of the adult of this bird is taken from a Brazilian specimen in the Norwich
Museum: that of the younger bird from a skin transmitted to us by Dr, Wucherer.

APRIL, 1869,

[ 174 ]

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Puats LXXXVIII.

ASTURINA RUFICAUDA

(RED-TAILED BUZZARD-HAWK),

Asturina magnirostris ; ; : Sclater, P.Z.S. 1856, p. 285, 1859, p. 368, 1864, p. 178.
. 5 J . i Scl. et Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 217.
i) a ; : B Lawr. Ann. L. N.Y. vii. p. 316, viii. -p. 178.
.9 4 ; Moore, P.Z.S. 1859, p. 52.

Asturina ruficauda . : Scl. et Salv. P.Z.S. 1869, p. 188.

Supra obscuré cinerea; remigibus primariis ad basin ferrugineis, nigro transfasciatis, ints in pogonio interiore
cinnamomeis, ad apices nigricantibus: subtis gula et pectore obscure cinereis: ventre toto cum tibiis ferrugineo et
pallido fulvo frequenter transfasciatis; crisso cinnamomeo: caud4 nigra, ferrugineo laté trivittaté et terminata:
tectricibus subalaribus cinnamomeis: rostro nigro, cera flava; pedibus flavis, unguibus nigris: long. tota 14:0, ale 8°5,
caude 6°0, tarsi 2°5. Junior. Supra fusca; gutture fusco flammulato, ventris maculis sagittatis fuscis.

Hab. in America centrali a Mexico merid. usque ad isthmum Panamensem.

As we have already shown in our paper before referred to, the northern representative of
the present group of Asturine appears in its adult dress to be readily distinguishable from the
southern forms, and to require specific separation. From <A. magnirostris and A. natterer? it
differs in the deep red tail-bands, the corresponding colour in the two last-mentioned species
being pale cinereous. In younger specimens of A. ruficauda these bands are likewise cinereous,
but in nearly every case show traces of rufescent colouring beginning to appear. In the
general colour of its under plumage A. ruicawda more nearly resembles .A. nattererd than
A. magnirostris, having the belly, flanks, and thighs of the same rich ferruginous tinge which
distinguishes A. natiererz; but in the present bird the throat and chest are usually of a pale
cinereous, thus more resembling A. magnirostrts.

We have seen a great number of specimens of this species from various parts of Southern
Mexico and Central America. In Guatemala, where it is one of the commonest species of
Hawk, Salvin obtained examples from the plains of Zacapa, the Pacific coast-region, the valley
of the River Polochic, Choctum in the forest-region of Vera Paz, and the savanas of the district
of Peten. :

Asturina ruficauda, though thus widely distributed, is not found in the elevated mountain
districts, but frequents the lowland plains up to an elevation of about 2500 feet above the
sea-level. Its food in Guatemala consists almost entirely of small snakes and lizards; in one
specimen, collected at Chimalapa, on the plain of Zacapa, the stomach is noted as having
contained “ centipedes.”

Southwards of Guatemala this Buzzard-hawk is generally distributed over the Central-

a Ss ee
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American Isthmus down to the Panama railway-line. We have received specimens from
Costa Rica and Veragua, and a considerable series from Panama collected by Messrs.
McCleannan and Hughes. In the adult Panama birds, the rufous of the tail is particularly
bright, and the black bars well defined; and the cinereous breast is rather more pure than in
Guatemalan examples. Our principal figure. is taken from one of these Panama specimens
in the collection of Messrs. Salvin and Godman. ‘The younger bird, represented in the back-
ground, was obtained by Salvin on the southern slope of the Volcan de Fuego in Guatemala.

Aprin, 1869.

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[ 176 ]

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ASTURINA

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Prats LXXXIX.

ASTURINA PUCHERANL

(PUCHERAN’S BUZZARD-HAWK),

Esparvero indayé Azara, Apunt. I. p. 181, no. 30.
Astur magnirostris . ; Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 2.
3 - ; : : D’Orb: Voy. Ois. p. 91.
Nisus magnirostris , j : Burm. P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 633. (?)
Asturina pucherant : ; J. et EH. Verreaux, R. Z. 1855, p. 350.
Kalco gularis : : Licht. in Mus. Berol.
Rupornis gularis : : Licht. Nomenel. p. 3.
Asturina gularis ; , ; Schlegel, Mus. de P. B. Asturine, p. 4 (1862).

Asturina pucherani : : Sel. et Salv. P.Z.S. 1869, p. 133.

Supra obscure fusca: capite obscuriore ; remigibus primariis ad basin ferrugineis nigro transfasciatis, intts in
pogonio interiore cinnamomeis ad apicem nigris: gula fusco-nigra: pectore et ventre toto cum tibiis pallidé fulvis, lineis
angustis ferrugineis parcé transfasciatis: caud& nigricante, rufo laté trivittaté et terminatd; rostro nigro, cera et
pedibus flavis: unguibus nigris: long. toté 15°5, ale 10:0, caudex 6'5, tarsi 3:0. Junior. Supra fuscescentior, plumarum
marginibus pallidis: fronte et superciliis fulvescentibus: gula albid&: pectore sparsim nigro flammulato.

Hab. in rep. Argentina, Paraguaya, et Bolivia.

We now give a figure of a third species of Asturina, belonging to the same group ag those
represented in the preceding plates, but occupying, as is usually the case with such near allies,
a distinct area, in which it plays a corresponding part in the economy of nature.

The earliest author after the time of Azara, that seems to have noticed this Asturina is
d’Orbigny, who, in speaking of his so-called Astur magnirostris, draws especial attention to the
differences between his series of this bird from Corrientes and Bolivia, and that in the Paris
Museum from Brazil, and concludes that they form “two distinct and constant varieties.”
But the first specific name directly applied to it appears to be pucherant, under which title the
MM. Verreaux described the immature dress of this species in the “Revue de Zoologie” for
1855. A mounted specimen belonging to the Norwich Museum is marked as the original of
this description in the handwriting of M. Jules Verreaux, and perfectly accords with the
characters given. We believe we are correct in referring it to the immature dress of the present
species. A nearly similar specimen is in the British Museum, also received from Verreaux
under the name Asturina pucherant, but with “Guatemala” attached as a locality. This is
undoubtedly an error, as it does not correspond with any one of our extensive series of the
Central-American form.

[17]

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At the time when our notes on the genus Astwrena published in the Zoological Society’s
‘‘ Proceedings’ for 1869 were written, we were not perfectly certain whether Schlegel’s Asturina
gularis in the Leyden Museum was referable to the present bird. Soon afterwards, our
artist, Mr. Smit, being in Leyden, we requested him to make a coloured drawing of Schlegel’s
type-specimen, which, by the kindness of the authorities of that celebrated institution, he was
permitted todo. Upon his return to this country with the drawing we had no difficulty in
recognizing in it the adult dress of Asturina pucherant.

Of the three other species belonging to the present section this Astwrina appears to resemble
most nearly the northern A. ruficauda, having the tail-bands rufous instead of pale cinereous.
But it is immediately distinguishable in the adult dress by its dark throat (from which, no doubt,
Lichtenstein derived his name gularis), and by the pale ochraceous colouring of the lower
surface. | | |

There isa single adult specimen of this Hawk in the Gallery of the British Museum said
to have been received from Bolivia.

Our principal figure of this species is copied from the drawing already spoken of, which |
was made by Mr. Smit from the typical specimen of Asturina gularis in the Leyden Museum, |
and represents it at two-thirds of the natural size. The figure in the back-ground is taken from
the typical specimen of Asturina pucherand in the Norwich Museum, which has been kindly lent
to us for this purpose. | :

May, 1869.

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ASTURINA PLAGIATA.

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PLATE XC.

ASTURINA PLAGIATA.

(LICHTENSTEIN’S BUZZARD-HAWK),

Falco plagiatus oan : Licht. in Mus. Berol.
Asturina plagiata . ; : Schlegel, Mus. d. P. B., Asturime, p. 1.
+ 4 é . ‘ Scl. et Salv. P.Z.S. 1869, p. 180.
Asturina nitida ; : Cassin, in Baird’s Birds of N. A. p. 35.
5 Me : : ‘ Sel. P.Z.S. 1857, pp. 201, 227 ; 1859, pp. 868, 389: 1864, p. 369.
a 3 : i . Sel. et Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 217.
3 ss : : ; Salvin, Ibis, 1861, p. 68.
5 MS 5 : : Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 188.

Supra cinerea: subtus dilutior, fasctis angustis albis omnind, nisi in gutture, transvittata; crisso et tectricibus
caudee superioribus albis: tectricibus alarum inferioribus et remigum pogontis internis albis, fasciis quibusdam cinereis:
cauda nigra, albo trivittaté et angusté terminata: rostro nigro, cera et pedibus flavis: long. tot&é 145, alee 9:4, caudz
6:0, tarsi 2°8. Hem. Mari similis, sed major; long. tot. 17, ale 10°5, caudex 6°8, tarsi 3°0. Junior. Supra nigricanti-
brunnea, fulvo paululim mixta; subtus alba, nigricanti-fusco guttata, tibiis hoc colore frequentér transfasciatis: caud&

: supra fumido-fusca, subtus cinerea ; nigro frequenter transfasciata.

Hab. in Mexico, Guatemala, et Cost& Rica. |

Although, as will be seen from our list of synonyms, numerous specimens of this Hawk
have from time to time passed through our hands, we have, until recently, failed to distinguish
it from its southern representative. Nor have the American naturalists, who have met with
this species upon the southern confines of the great Republic been more discriminating, as they
also have associated it with the well-known Asturina nitida. The two species are, nevertheless,
separated by very conspicuous characters, as is amply shewn by the series of specimens contained
in the collection of Salvin and Godman which is now before us.

In the adult of the present bird the whole upper surface is uniform dark cinereous, without
any traces of cross-bars externally, except some faint markings upon the lesser wing-coverts.
In A. needa, on the contrary, the whole upper surface is regularly crossed with transverse bars,
which are narrower and more frequent upon the upper part of the head and neck. The lower
surfaces of the two allies are very similar, except that the throat in the northern bird is cinereous
instead of being of a pure white. The lower white tail-band in A. plagzata is likewise narrower
than in A. nitida. In comparing the immature birds of the two species certain differences are
also apparent. In the first plumage of the present bird the thighs are distinctly crossed with
numerous brownish-black bands upon a white ground, while in A. mitida these parts are rufous,
more or less intense, but without any traces of these markings.

[179 ]

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This Hawk has an extensive range in Central America, reaching from the northern frontiers of
Mexico down to Costa Rica. In consequence of its having been obtained by Lieut. D. N. Couch
in the Mexican province of New Leon in 1853 Prof. Baird has included it in his work on the
birds of North America, but we have not yet heard whether it has since been found north of the
frontier-line.

In Southern Mexico it would appear to be common, having been included in most of the
collections made by M. Sallé and his correspondents in Vera Cruz and the adjoining States,
as well as in Mr. White’s series from the vicinity of the city of Mexico. In Guatemala Salvin
found this Hawk likewise abundant in the lowlands and up to an elevation of about 3000 feet.
Here it is generally seen singly, watching for its prey amongst the trees that are scattered over
the more open districts, or in the outskirts of the forest clearings. Its food is principally Lizards
of various sorts (such as Zropidolepis torquatus, Cnemidophorus undulatus, and various species
of Anolis), which abound in such localities. Many skins of this bird were obtained both in
Vera Paz and in the Pacific coast-region. In the former district, near San Geronimo,
Mr. Robert Owen found it breeding, in April, 1860, as recorded in “ The Ibis,” Mr. Owen
tells us that its nest is placed in the high trees which are scattered over the plains, and not
unfrequently within a few yards of the Indian ranchos.

The number of eggs in one nest is two. ‘They are white, without any markings, but have
the inner coating of a sea-green, as in Astur palumbarius.

Our authority for the occurrence of this species in Costa Rica rests upon a single specimen
shot by Arcé at La Barranca on the Pacific slope in March 1864. This bird is in immature
plumage, but presents traces of the adult dress on various parts of the back, so that there can
be no doubt of its belonging to the present species, and not to the true A. nda, which, though
common on the Panama Railway-line, does not appear to range further north.

Our figure of the adult of this bird (two-thirds of the natural size) is from a Guatemalan
skin obtained by Messrs. Salvin and Godman, in December, 1861, on the southern slopes of the
Volcan de Fuego. That of the immature bird in the back-ground, is from the typical specimen of
A. plageata in the Berlin Museum, which Dr. Peters has most kindly lent to us for this purpose.

altiie subjomed table may, es assist in distinguishing the seven species of the genus
Asturina, in their adult dress :—

A. Supra cinerex aut fusce : subtis plus minusve transfasciate—
a. prim. pogoniis internis albis nigro transfasciatis ;
supra transfasciata 4 ; 1. nitida.
supra unicolor . ; ; ; 2. plagiata.
6. prim. pogon. int, rufis nigro transfasciatis :
a’. caude fasciis cinereis :

tibiis albis, cinereo transfasciatis : 3. magnirostris,
tibiis fulvis, rufo transfasciatis . : 4. nattereri.
b’. caude fasciis rufis :
gula et pectore cinereis ; 5. ruficauda.
gula obscuré fusca, pect. ene ; 6. pucherani.
Gi Supra et subtus unicolor niger ; : ’ : 7. lewcorrhoa.

May, 1869,

[ 180 ]

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Plate. XC1.

M.& N.Hanhart imp.

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PLATE XCI.

BOTAURUS PINNATUS.

(BAR-WINGED BITTERN),

Ardea pinnata : : Licht. in Mus. Berol.: Nomencl. p. 89.
in a : , : Wagl. Isis, 1829, p. 662.
a 9 . : Burm. Syst. Ueb. i. p. 408.
" * : ; : Schlegel, Mus. d. P. B. Ardea, p. 49.
Botawrus pinnatus : : Bp. Consp. i. p. 1386.

Cab. in Schomb. Guian. i. p. 754.
Léotaud, Ois. de Trin. p. 429.

as ie . ; : Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 184.
Ardea brasiliensis ; , Max. Beitr. iv. p. 642 (1833).

Supra ochraceo-flavescens ; cervice posticd, alis extis et dorso inferiore nigro frequentér transfasciatis ; interscapulio
nigro flammulato: pileo nigricante, plumis ochraceo limbatis : remigibus nigris, precipué in secondariis ochraceo ter-
minatis et notatis: rectricibus acutis, nigris, preecipué ad margines ochraceo variegatis: subtus albus, in pectore fulvo
lavatus, et flammulis elongatis rufescenti-ochraceis ornatus ; hypochondriis et tibiis extus nigricante frequentér trans-
fasciatis: rostro flavicante, culmine obscuro: pedibus claré corneis: long. tota 26:0, ale 11:0, caude 4:0, rostri a rictu
45, tarsi 4, digiti medii cum ungue 4°5, dig. post. c. u. 3°3.

Had. in Brasilia merid, orient. (Max. et Burm.): Guiana Brit. (Schomb.): ins. Trinitatis (Leotaud) : Nicaragua
(Holland).

The late Professor Lichtenstein was the first to discriminate this, as well as many other
rare species of American birds, but contented himself with affixing to it the name Ardea pinnata,
in the Berlin Museum. Under this title it was first described by Wagler, in one of his papers
in the “Isis” containing additions and emendations to his Systema Avium. Wagler, as usual,
gives an excellent account of the bird, and clearly points out the many marked characters in
which it differs from its allies of the same genus. A few years later, Prince Max. of Neuwied,
likewise published an accurate description of this Bittern, but unfortunately referred it to the
Linnean Ardea brasiliensis, which is a species of Tiger-Bittern. Prince Max. tells us that it is
not so common in Brazil as the bird called by him Ardea lineata, which is the Tiger-Bittern
figured in our next plate. Both the Prince and Burmeister state that 1t does not differ in habits
from other species of the genus.

Besides the present bird, only one true Bittern is known to inhabit any portion of the
New World—that is the Botaurus lentiginosus of authors, which occasionally strays on to the
western shores of Europe.

[ 181 ]

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The latter species extends over the whole of North and Central America, and, according
to Schomburgk, is found in the marshes of British Guiana, in company with the former.
It has not, however, as far as we are aware, been yet recorded as occurring in any more southern
locality, and in southern Brazil appears to give way entirely to the bird which we now figure.
On the other hand, the present species seems to advance as far northwards as Nicaragua, for,
though Mr. Lawrence expresses some doubt as to his identification of Mr. Holland’s bird, we
do not think there is any other species to which it can be referred.

Upon comparing B. pinnatus with B. lentiginosus, it is not difficult to point out many
obvious differences. ‘The under-plumage of the two birds is much alike, except that in the
former the throat is pure white, and wants the two conspicuous black stripes which in
B. lentiginosus border each side of the neck. Above the two allies are very different, the whole
upper plumage in B. pinnatus being conspicuously crossed by numerous transverse bars, which
are entirely wanting in Botawrus lentiginosus and are replaced on the scapularies, outer margins
of secondaries and wing-coverts with dense freckling. It is this difference in the wing-markings,
we suppose, which led Lichtenstein to call the present bird pennatus. Another conspicuous
character of this- Bittern is the length of the hind-toe and great size of the claw. In the
specimen now before us, the hind-toe is two inches, and its claw nearly one inch and a half
in length. In a skin of B. lenteginosus the corresponding dimensions are 1°5 in. and 1:1 in.
The tarsi of the two species hardly differ in length.

The Bar-winged Bittern is rare in collections. There is no specimen of it in the British
Museum. Our figure is taken from a fine skin belonging to Mr. Alexander Fry, to whom
we owe our best thanks for the loan of it. It was obtained by him during his residence at
Rio de Janeiro, in the yiety of that city. The bird is represented at half its natural size.

May, 1869.

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PLATE XCII.

TIGRISOMA FASCIATUM.

(BANDED TIGER-BITTERN),

Ardea fasciata : ; : Such, Zool. Journ. ii. p. 117 (1825).

, cd : i Wagler, Isis, 1829, p. 662.
Ardea lineata 4 : Max. Beitr. iv. p. 684 (1888).
ms a ; : ; Schlegel, Mus. d. Pays-Bas, Ardee, p. 58.

Supra eneo-nigricans, rufescente transfasciolatum: alis cauddque schistaceo-nigris albo terminatis, et, precipué in
pogonus interioribus, fasciis interruptis albis transyittatis: mandibula& nuda, sed ad basin linea e plumis albis composita
partim oecupata: gulé media plumosa, alba, lateralitér utrinque nuda: cervice anticd augusté alba, obscuro ochraceo
flammulaté: abdomine ochraceo; hypochondriis et tectricibus alarum inferioribus nigricanti-schistaceis, albo trans-
' fasciatis: campterio et margine alari externo albis: rostro fusco-nigro, mandibule margine inferiore flavido: pedibus
nigricantibus : long. tota 27-0, ale 13:0, caude 5°38, rostri a rictu 4°8; tarsi 3°6; digiti medii cum ungue 3:0. Avis
hornotina, supra cinnamomeo-rufa, nigro transfasciata ; subtis albescens cinnamomeo tincta, et nigro mints confertim
transfasciata, ould et ventre medio immaculatis.

Hab. In Brasilia orient. merid.

In general habit, as Wagler has already observed, this Tiger-bittern is closely allied to the
well-known T2grisoma brasiliense, of tropical America; but, besides the conspicuous difference of
the adult plumage, there is a well-marked structural character, which renders it easily recogni-
zable in every age and sex. ‘This is a small patch of feathers which occupies the basal portion
of the otherwise naked mandible, and advances forwards beyond the gape. Immediately below
this patch lies the naked space which borders the throat on each side, and which leaves only a
narrow median line covered by feathers. In 7. brasiliense the lateral portions of the throat
are likewise bare and the middle portion feathered. But in the latter species the whole of the
side of the mandible is denuded of feathers up to and even beyond, the gape; so that the bare
portion of the mandible is perfectly continuous with the denuded space on either side of the
throat. |

In the adult dress these two Tiger-bitterns are likewise very easily distinguishable in
plumage, the present species shewing no trace whatever of the rich chestnut head and neck of
T. brasiliense. The transverse markings of the upper plumage in the present bird are also
coarser and further apart.

The immature dress of J. fasccatum is very like that of its well-known ally, as figured in
the Planches Enluminées of Buffon (No. 790) under the name “ L’Honoré de Cayenne,” but,
judging from the single specimen before us, is rather blacker above, and may at all events be

[ 183 J

always distinguished by the feathered patch on the base of the mandible, which we have
already spoken of.

The earliest notice we have been able to find to this species, is that given by Dr. George
Such in the fifth number of the Zoological Journal, published m April, 1825. Dr. Such’s ©
description is not very complete, but we have little doubt that it was intended for this bird,
and there can be no question that this is the species to which Wagler has applied Dr. Such’s
name. In his “ Contributions to the Natural History of Brazil’ Prince Max. appears to have
described the present bird as Ardea lineata—a name established by Gmelin upon Buffon’s
Planche Enluminée No. 860, and which is therefore merely a synonym of Tegrisoma brasiliense.
Prof. Schlegel has proposed to follow this nomenclature, which, however, we cannot agree to,
more especially as Dr. Such’s appellation has a priority of some years.

In its mode of life, Prince Max. tells us, this Tiger-bittern much resembles the European
Botaurus stellaris, but is not quite so shy ; bemg not unfrequently observed in marshy districts
within a few hundred feet of human habitations.

For the loan of the beautiful specimens of this species, from which our figures have been
taken, we are again indebted to the liberality of Mr. Alexander Fry. As was the case with
Botaurus pinnatus his examples of this Bittern were likewise obtained in the vicinity of the

—

Brazilian capital.

We should mention that our front figure, which is half the size of life, represents an individual |
not quite mature. In the perfectly adult bird the transverse markings on the head and neck
are less apparent, and the tail-bands probably wholly disappear. There is a single adult
mounted specimen of this bird in the Gallery of the British Museum, but it bears no locality
attached to it. |

The three American species of Tiger-bitterns may be shortly distinguished as follows :—

A. Species gulé media plumosa, lateraliter nuda.

1. TIGRISOMA BRASILIENSE.

Ardea brasiliensis, Linn. 8. N. p. 289: Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. p. 410. TZigrisoma brasiliense, Cab. in Schomb.
Guian. ili. p. 754: Scl. P.Z.S8. 1857, p. 268, et 1860, p. 72: Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. p, 301: Scl.
& Salv. P.Z.S. 1867, p. 979: Léotaud, Ois de Trin. p. 426. Ardea lineata, Gm. S. N. p. 638 (ex Buff.
Pl. Enl. 860). Ardea soco, Wagl. Syst. Av. Ardea, sp. 30. Ardea tigrina, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 637 (ex
Buff. Pl. Enl. 790): Wagl. Syst. Av. Ardea, sp. 80a: Tsch. F. P. Aves, p. 50: Burm. Syst. Ueb. i.
p. 409. Tigrisoma tigrimum, Cab. in Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 753; Scl. P.Z.S. 1857, p. 268, 1858 p. 461, |
et 1860, p. 290.

Diagn. Mandibula ad basin nuda: pileo colloque supero castaneis.

Hab, Cayenne (Buffon) ; Guiana (Schomburgk): Upper Amazon (Hauawell): B, Peru (Tschudi): Western
Ecuador (#raser): Trinidad (Léotaud): Panama (MeLeannan).

2. TiaRisoMa FascraTumM, tab. xcrr. p. 1838.
Diagn. Mandibula ad basin partim plumosa: pileo colloque supero eneo-nigricantibus.
Hab. South Eastern Brazil (Such, Maz., Fry).

B. Species gulé omnino nuda.

3. TIGRISOMA CABANISI, tab. XLVIII. p. 95,
Hab. Central America, from Southern Mexico to Veragua.*

* Arcé has recently transmitted a skin of this species from Veragua, thus defining its prebable southern limit.

May, 1869,

[184 J

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Prats XCIILI.

THRIPADECTES FLAMMULATUS.
(STRIPED BUSH-HOPPER)

Anabates fiammulatus aoa Hyton, Contr. to Orn. 1849, p. 131.

. . . Selater, P.Z.S. 1855, p. 141.
Thripadectes flammulatus ; . Sclater, Cat. A. B. p. 157. -

Fusco-niger, plumis omnibus striga lata lineari pallidé fulva scapam occupante ornatis: alis extts et dorso postico
rufis: tectricibus supra-caudalibus cum cauda totd rubiginoso-rufis ; subalaribus cinnamomeis: rostro nigro: pedibus
corneis: long. tota 4°8, ale 3°8, caude rectr. med. 4°2, ext. 2°7, tarsi 1:2, rostri a rictu 1:0.

Hab. in Nova Granada interiore.

The generic name Anabates was first propounded by Temminck in 1820, in the “ Analyse
du Systeme Général d’Ornithologie’ attached to the second edition of his well-known Manual
of Ornithology, and has been very generally applied to the group of birds to which the species
we now figure belongs. It unfortunately happens, however, that Temminck has given as
the type of his genus the Motacilla guianensis of Gmelin,* which, as Messrs. Cabanis and Heine
have shewn, is a species of Synallaxis.— Under these circumstances Anabates can be correctly
regarded only as a useless synonym of Synallaxis, and the name Philydor of Spix, being the
next oldest in poit of date, must take its place.

The present bird, although agreeing with Phdlydor and its allies in general structure, and
obviously belonging to the same group, stands very much apart from every other known species.
Its short stout bill with the culmen strongly incurved is wider at the base and less compressed
laterally than is usual in this group. Mr. Eyton states that in this part of its structure it
resembles Anabates cristatus, Spix, the type of the genus Homorus. But in the present species
the bill is much shorter and more robust than in the last-named bird, and the form of the nostrils
is essentially different. In Homorus the nasal aperture is long and lineiform, and not depressed
below the surface of the bill; in the present species it is oval and sunk in a shallow sulcus.
We cannot therefore refer our bird to Homorus, nor to any other recognised division of the
group, and must continue Sclater’s practice of placing it as the type of an independent genus.

The wings of Thripadectes are short and rounded as in most forms of the group, the fifth
and sixth primaries being nearly equal and longest and the first more than an inch shorter.
The tail is likewise much graduated, the medial rectrices being 14 in. shorter than the external

* Founded on Buffon’s Pl. Enl. 686, fig. 2. t+ Mus. Hein. ii. p. 27.

[185 J

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ee eae = : - - - : - . ee a . = a Sage aE Sa es RN ca er rs er, ;

pair. On the whole we are inclined to think this bird approaches more nearly to Anabazenops
than to any other form of the group.

All specimens of Thripadectes that have yet come under notice have been “ Bogota” skins, ,
but whether they have been collected in the highlands or lowlands of the Columbian Republic |
we are unable to state. Mr. Eyton’s type is in his own collection, but he likewise speaks of two
specimens being in the Derby Museum. Our figure is taken from a skin in Sclater’s cabinet.
‘There is likewise an example in the collection of Salvin and Godman.

if
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May, 1869.

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PLATE XCIV.

ICTERUS ABEILLATL

(BLACK-SIDED HANG-NEST),

Aanthornus abeiller : Lesson, Rey. Zool. 1839, p. 101.
Icterus abewllii é Sclater, P.Z.S. 1860, p. 252, et 1864, p. 175: Cat. Am. Birds, p. 180.
Pendulinus aberlli ; Bp. Consp. 1. p. 488, et C. R. xxxvir. p. 884.
5 5; : Baird, Birds N. Am. p. 550.
Hyphantes abeillit ; : Cassin, Proc. Ac. Phil. 1867, p. 62.

Supra nigerrimus ; superciliis curtis aureis; tectricibus alarum majoribus in pogonio exteriore et remigum mar-
ginibus extus et intis albis: subtus aureo-flavus, gula media et lateribus totis nigris: cauda flava, rectricibus quatuor
mediis feré omnind nigris, ceterorum apicibus nigro terminatis; subalaribus flavis: rostro nigro; pedibus obscure
plumbeis: long. tot 7°5, ale 4:0, caude 3-4. Fem. Supra olivaceo-flava, interscapulio et alis extus nigricantibus, his
albo bifasciatis et limbatis: subtus flavescens, ventre medio et subalaribus griseo-albicantibus: cauda olivaceo-fiava
versus apicem grisescente.

Hab. in reipublice Mexicane regione elevata.

This well-marked Jcterus was first made known to science by the late French naturalist
René Primivers Lesson. This writer, although not a very high authority on Ornithology, pub-
lished descriptions of many rare birds, principally from the collection of the late Dr. Abeillé of
Bordeaux, to whose memory he dedicated the present species. Several recent authors have
since attempted to identify it with the Oriolus costototl of Gmelin, founded. upon an old descrip-
tion of Hernandez, which, however, it is not possible to determine satisfactorily.

The Black-sided Hang-nest, as we propose to term it from one of its most characteristic
features, is closely allied in structure to the Icterus bullock of Swainson, with which, indeed,
some authorities have erroneously stated it to be identical. The males of these birds when in
full plumage are, however, conspicuously different; the present species berg at once distin-
guishable by its black rump and upper tail coverts, aa the black sides of the body below. The
young male, of which there is a specimen in Sclater’ s collection, is also recognisable as soon as
the black feathers of the flanks commence to appear. But the only specimen of the female we
have seen, which is in the collection of Mr. H. 8. le Strange, is barely distinguishable from the
corresponding sex of the allied species. ‘These two birds along with the well-known “ Baltimore
Oriole’ of North America (Icterus baltimore) form a natural group of the genus /cterus, to which
the name Hyphantes has been applied.

Prof. Baird has given “ California” as a locality for this bird, probably from a misinter-
pretation of Bonaparte’s remark in the “Comptes Rendus” concerning Jeterus bullockw. But

[187 J ;

the only country from which we have seen specimens of it is the “ tierra fria” of Central and
Southern Mexico, M. Boucard obtained examples of it, near Orizava, and Mr. G. H. White in
the vicinity of the City of Mexico, as already recorded by Sclater. In a collection of birdskins
from the latter district, which has recently been submitted to our examination by Mr. H. 8.
le Strange, late of the British Legation in Mexico, is a fine pair of this species which, as that
gentleman tells us, were brought to him alive, and were kept for some time in an aviary.
Mr. le Strange informs us that the Mexican name of this bird as Calandria nicetera, while
Bullock’s Hang-nest, of which he hkewise procured examples, is called Calandria nogalera.

The three species of this section of the genus /cterus may be distinguished by the plumage
of the adult males as follows :—

1. JoTERUS BALTIMORE.

Oriolus baltimore, Linn. Icterus baltimore, Daud. Trait. d’Orn. ii. p. 8348: Baird B.N.A. p. 548.
Diagn. Capite toto cum gula nigris: uropygio flavo.
ffab. Atlantic States of N. America; Mexico: Guatemala, Costa Rica: Veragua: Panama.

2. IoTERUS BULLOOCKI.

Xanthornus bullocku. Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, i. p. 486: Ieterus bullocki, Bp.: Baird B.N.A. p. 549.
Diagn. Pileo nigro, superciliis elongatis et uropygio flavis.
fTab. Pacific States of N. America: Mexico.

3. IcTERUS ABEILLA&I, tab. xciv.

Diagn. Pileo et corpore toto supra nigris: superciliis curtis flavis.
Hab. Table-land of Mexico.

May, 1869.

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PLATE XCY.

CENTROPELMA MICROPTERUM.

(LITTLE-WINGED GREBE).

Podiceps micropterus ' ; Gould, P.Z.S. 1868, p. 220.

Supra fusco-nigricans, plumis medialiter obscurioribus: crist& capitis elongata et collo postico castaneis, plumarum
apicibus fuscescentibus: alis exttis nigricantibus, secundariorum apicibus angustis et pogoniis interioribus totis albis:
subtis sericeo-album, fusco et rufescente perfusum, gula et collo antico puré albis: hypochondriorum et vropygil
plumis ad basin albis, nigro terminatis et castaneo mixtis: tectricibus subalaribus albis: rostro, elongato, imeurvo,
crassiusculo, rubricanti-corneo ; mandibula flavicante: tarsi scutellis posterioribus longé eminentibus et spinosis: long.
tota 15:0, ale 4:5, tarsi 2:0, rostri a rictu 1°9, digiti externi cum ungue 2°8, medii 2°6, int. 2:1.

Hab. in lacu Titicacdé, Amer. merid.

This very remarkable Grebe was discovered by Mr. David Forbes, F.R.S., on the Lake of
Titicaca some years ago, and described by Mr. Gould at a meeting of the Zoological Society ot
London on the 26th of March, 1868. It was referred by Mr. Gould to Podzceps, but presents so
many points of distinction from the known members of that group, that we have thought it right
to remove it to a new genus. |

Mr. Forbes has favoured us with the following note on this bird.

“T found this Grebe in great numbers on Lake Titicaca—especially on the lower portion
or Lake of Huaqui—it is seen in large flocks of three or four hundred each. On the 17th ot
May, 1862, when on the island of Piriti, I shot several specimens, amongst which were those
brought home to this country. The Aymaras call the bird ‘ Quénocaya.’ Its skin is much
valued by the Bolivians and used for saddle-cloths—seven skins making one saddle-cloth. ‘The
bird is said to breed among the Tortoras—or large reeds, which abound in the lake.”

The general size of this bird.is rather less than that of the well-known Podiceps erestatus of
Europe. ‘The bill is rather shorter than in that species, less compressed, and generally broader
throughout, particularly at the sides of the base of the upper mandible. These project con-
siderably and leave a distinct groove between themselves and the gonys, in the interior extremity
of which the nasal openings are placed. The nostrils are thus situated relatively much farther
forward than in typical Podiceps. The commissure, instead of being straight as in P. cristatus,
is much incurved in the terminal portion of the bill.

The wings of this Grebe, although perfectly formed, are remarkably diminutive, so as to
render the specific name which Mr. Gould has bestowed upon it particularly apposite. Although,
as we have already said, the bird is nearly of the size of P. cristatus, the wings are hardly larger

[ 189]

a

Pm

than those of our common Dabchick (Sylbeocyclus minor), and can hardly, we should think, be
available for flight. The second and third primaries slightly exceed the first m length, and are

the longest in the wing.

The tarsus of this Grebe is considerably shorter than the middle toe without the nail. As
in all species of the genus, it is excessively compressed, and terminates posteriorly in a double
series of scales, which, however, are much more prominent than in any other Grebe we are
acquainted with, so as to constitute two rows of projecting spines, which run up the back of the
tarsus and are particularly well developed at the proximal extremity. This striking peculiarity
has induced us to bestow upon the bird the generic name Centropelma.*
formation occurs in the eommon Dabchick, but does not attain the same degree of development.

Our figure of the Grebe is taken from the same specimen as that described by Mr. Gould,
which is now in Salvin and Godman’s collection. The only other individual we have met with,
which is in the Gallery of the British Museum, was also obtained by Mr. Forbes on Lake Titicaca.
The species is, in all probability, exclusively confined to this enormous Alpine lake, which ig
situated among the Bolivian and Peruvian Andes at an elevation of upwards of 12,800 feet
above the level of the sea.

Mr. Coues has lately published a synopsis of the North American Podiapine.t The South
American species of this group with which we are acquainted are, besides the present, only

A somewhat similar

Pincnee —

four: namely—

1. PopIcEPS MAJOR. |
Grebe de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 404, f. i. (undé), Colymbus major, Bodd.: Colymbus cayennensis, Gm. 8. N. ii.

p. 593, Macas cornudo, Azara, Apunt. i. p, 457, No. 443. Podiceps bicornis, Licht. Doubl. p. 88: Hartl.

Ind. Az. p. 28: Burm, La Plata-Reise ii. p. 520: ‘“ Podiceps americanus,” Garnot, Mus. Paris. Podiceps
chilensis, Garnot, Zool. Voy. Coq. 1. p. 601: Darwin, Zool. Voy. Beagle, iii. p. 187. Podiceps leucopterus,

King, Zool. Journ. u. p. 101: Jard. et Selb. IU. Orn. t.107: Hartl. Naum. 1853, p.218. Podiceps albicollis,

Less. Trait. p. 594.
Hab, Cayenne (Buf.): Brazil, Rio Grande (Mus. Paris): Monte Video (Mus. Berol.); Paraguay (Azara) :

Magellan’s Straits (ing): Chil (Garnot).

2. PoDICEPS CALIPARAUS.
Podiceps calipareus, Less. Voy. Coq, Zool. p. 727, t. 45. Darwin, Zool. Beagle, iii. p. 1836; Hartl. Naum. 1853,
p. 218: T'sch. F. P. Aves, p. 815: Sel. P.Z.S. 1860, p. 889: Abbott, lbis, 1861, p. 162: Scl. et Salv. P.Z:S.

1869, p. 158.
flab. Chili: Bolivia, Potosi, (d’ Orb.) coasts of Southern Peru (Zschudi): Interior of Peru, Tinta (Whitely) :

Falkland Isl, (Abbott): Patagonia (Darwin).

3. PODICEPS ROLLANDT.
Podiceps rollandi, Q. et G. Voy. Uranie, Zool. p. 133, t. 86: Darwin, Voy. Beagle iii. p. 137: Hartl. Naum.
1853, p. 218; Scl. P.Z.S. 1860, p. 889: Abbott, This, 1861, p. 162: Scl. et Salv. P.Z.S, 1868, p. 146; et

1869, p. 158.
ffab, Falkland Islands (Darwin, Abbott): Argentine Rep, (Hudson) : Chili (Hartlaub) : Int. of Peru (Whitely).

4, SYLBEOCYCLUS DOMINICUS.

Colymbus dominicus, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 228. Max. Beitr. iv. p, 885: Spix Av. Bras. ii. p. 78, t. 101. Maecas
menor, Axara, Ap. ill. p. 467, No. 445. Podiceps dominicus, Hart]. Ind. Az. p. 28: Licht. Doubl. p. 87:
Gosse, Birds of Jam. p. 440: Scl. P.Z.8. 1857, p. 207, 1859, p, 869: Sallé P.Z.S. 1857, p. 237: Cab. in
Schomb. Guian. ii. p. 765. Scl. et Saly. Ibis, 1860, p. 278: Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. 317: Lawr. Ann. Lye.
N. Y. vu. p. 334: Scl. et Salv. P.Z.8. 1864, p. 873: Gundlach, Rep. F. N. i. p. 886. Sylbeocyclus
dominicus, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1862, p, 232.

Hab. Mexico (Sallé): Cuba ( Gundl.) : Jamaica (Gosse) : San Domingo (Sailé) : Guatemala (Salvin): Honduras
ae Veragua (Areé): Panama (McLeannan): Caraccas (Levraud): Brazil (Spix, Max.): Paraguay

eara).

* Kevrpov spina et rédwa planta pedis, + Proc. Acad. Se, Phil. 1862, p. 226, et p. 404.

May, 1869.

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PLATE XCVI.

CENTRITES OREAS.

(ANDEAN CENTRITES).

Anthus fulvus : : : @ Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 228 (partim).
Centrites niger. : Sel. et Salv. P.Z.S. 1867, p. 987, et 1868, p. 569.
Centrites oreas : : Scl. et Salv. P.Z.S. 1869, p. 154.

Niger: dorso castaneo: remigum primariorum pogoniis internis albicantibus: long. tota 5'5, ale 3:2, caude 2:0.
Fem. Fusca: dorso luridé castaneo: primariis, sicut in mari, albicantibus, sed cinnamomeo tinctis.
Hab. In montibus elevatis Peruvie et Bolivie.

When we first received specimens of this bird in one of Mr. Henry Whitely’s recent collec-
tions from Western Peru, we failed to detect its distinctness from the well-known Centrites niger
of Patagonia and the Argentine republic. At first sight, indeed, these differences are not very
apparent, and d’Orbigny before us had united the two birds under one name. But the receipt
of additional specimens in one of Mr. Whitely’s subsequent collections having induced us to
look more closely into the matter, we discovered certain constant differences between them, and
thereupon described the present species under the name Centrites oreas from its mountain habitat.

Centrites oreas, as we shall now show, differs from Centrites niger in two very noticeable
characters. In the first place it has the inner webs of the primaries dull white for the greater
portion of their length, passing, however, into brownish-black at their extremities. The outer
webs of the primaries are also much less deeply coloured than in C. neger, in which the whole
wing, both externally and internally, is of an uniform deep black. This whitish colouring of
the inner webs of the wing feathers is also found in the female of C. oreas: in the female of
C. niger, according to our specimens, the primaries are tinged with pale fulvous. A second
very obvious difference is in the colour of the back, which in the present bird is of a much duller
hue, and less tinged with chestnut than in C. niger. We have therefore little doubt that the
two species should be considered as distinct, and as representatives of each other in different
areas: the one occupying the low plains of the whole southern portion of the South American
continent, the other taking its place in the highlands of Peru and Bolivia.

D’Orbigny’s notes, which apply as well to this species and its ally, state that it is Ceeuerally,
met with in small flocks composed of a small number of males and many females or young birds,
and is usually found on well-watered plains or on the banks of brooks and rivers. Like the Larks
(Alauda), which it much resembles in habit, it seems to prefer beaten tracks and pathways,
and may be frequently noticed running rapidly in such spots or stalking gravely along in search

| | of the small worms and seeds which constitute the food. It is rather bold, taking but little :
ie notice of any one approaching it, and was never seen to perch on a tree. §
Ht To Dr. Cabanis is due the credit of first referring this somewhat isolated genus of birds to its
| Hi correct position in the natural series. Swainson associated it with the Motacillinae, and Lafresnaye
H I and d’Orbigny classed it as an Anthus. But there can be no doubt that, as shewn by Cabanis,
1 | the proper place for the genus Centrites is the next to Muscesaxzcola in the family Tyrannide, |
from which it is easily distinguishable by the Lark-like elongation of the hind claw. |
Our figures of this species are taken from two specimens, male and female, in Sclater’s

collection, which were collected by Mr. H. Whitely at Tinta, m the highlands of Peru, in May
and June, 1868.

May, 1869.

[192 ]

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PLATE XCVIL.

GALLINAGO IMPERIALIS.

(IMPERIAL SNIPE). — |

Gallinago imperialis : : ; Scl. et. Salv. P. Z. 8. 1869, p. 419.

Supra saturaté rufa, nigro variegata et transfasciata, facie paulo dilutiore, remigibus primariiy nigricantibus,
secundariis extus dorso concoloribus ; subtus gutture toto ad medium pectus nigro et rufo variegato; abdomine albo
nigroque regulariter transfasciato, cauda brevi, a tectricibus superioribus coperta, nigricante unicolore; tectricibus
subalaribus nigricantibus, fasciis paucis obscuris albis; tarsis brevibus, robustis, tibiis feré omnino plumis obtectis :
long. tot 11:0, ale 6:0, caude 1°5, tarsi 1:2, digiti medii cum ungue 1:7, rostri a rictu 3'3. |

Hab. in Nova Granada interiore.

We have lately described this singular bird from a specimen purchased by Salvin some
time ago of a dealer in London along with a number of other birds received direct from Bogota.
It should be mentioned that the specimen was not prepared after the usual well-known fashion
of ‘ Bogota” skins, having been roughly mounted. But the dealer stated that his correspondent
in New Granada had called his attention to the bird as being something rare, and that there
could be no doubt as to its origin.

Notwithstanding this statement, we were at first sight inclined to think that the bird might
be Scolopaa saturata of Java, which it somewhat resembles in general coloration, and that an
error had been made about the locality. This pomt was soon settled in the negative, by
reference to the original type-specimen of Horsfield. Scolopax satwrata possesses the character-
istic white terminations of the rectrices, and the cross patches on the back of the head, which
distinguish the veritable Woodcocks (Scolopax). ‘There can be no question, however, that our
bird shews considerable rapprochement towards true Scolopax, though we think it best to keep
it within the limits of Gallinago, its nearest structural allies being G. stricklandi and G. gamesone,
both of which have short robust tarsi, and the tibiee feathered, as in the present species, nearly
down to the tarsal joint. The wings of our single specimen of this bird are not in very
perfect condition, but, as far as we can tell, the third and fourth primaries would be rather
longer than the first and second, and longest. The secondaries, as in all Snipes, are very
long, and in the present bird quite reach to the points of the primaries when the wing is closed.
The tail-feathers are likewise deficient, only three of them remaining 7m situ. These shew no
traces of transverse markings whatever, in which respect this bird is more like true Scolopax
than Gallinago. But there are likewise no traces of the white terminations of the tail-feathers,
which are so conspicuous in the Woodcocks. |

Our figure of this bird is taken from the typical specimen in the collection of Salvin and
Godman, which at present remains unique.

1 193. |

Se a ee Ce a ee a =.

We are acquainted with nine American species of Snipes, which may be separated into
three groups as follows :—

a, Species tibiarum parte extrema denudata.
a’ rectrice extima integra 1. wilsont.
2. paraguaye.
3. frenata.

b’ rectrice extima angustata 4. nobilis.
5. undulata.

6. gigantea.

7. stricklandi.

6. Species tibiis fere omnino yestitis 8. jamesont. | |
9. imperialis. |

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JULY, 1869.

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PLatE XCYVIILI.

GALLINAGO NOBILIS.
(NOBLE SNIPE)

Gallinago nobilis : ; : . Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 31.

y >) : 5 ; Schlegel, Mus. d. P. B. Scolopaces, p. 9.
Gallinago granadensis 5 . , Bp. Mus, Brit. et C. R. xiii. p. 579 (1856).

Supra fusca, nigro et rufo (sictt in plerisque hujus generis speciebus) variegata: pileo summo nigro, vitt4 mediali
irregulari rufa: alis cineraceo-nigris, tectricum marginibus angustis albis: subtts, eutture albicante, pectore toto
cinnamomescenti-brunneo, nigricante flammulato; ventre albo, lateribus nigricante transfasciatis ; crisso cinnamomeo-
rufo, nigro variegato: caude rectricibus sedecem ; harum octo mediis nigris, claro rufo laté terminatis, hoc colore
iterum sub margine angusté nigro vittato; und utrinque proxima precedentibus assimili, sed colore nigro ochracescente
maculato et terminatione rufa non equé lata; tribus autem utrinque extimis ochracescentibus nigro irregulariter
transvittatis: subalaribus obscuré cinereis albo transfasciatis: rostro longissimo, obscuré corneo, apice nigricante ;
pedibus obscuré corylinis: long. tot& 12-0, ala 5-7, caudw 2-4, rostri a rictu 8°7, tarsi 1°6, digiti medii cum ungue 1°9.

Hab. in Nova Granada interiore.

This Snipe was originally described by Sclater in 1856, from specimens received in Bogota
collections. Since that period we have met with many examples of it from the same locality,
but have received no information of its occurrence in any other part of America. We conclude,
therefore, that its range is confined to the high plateau of the Columbian Andes, in which the
New Granadian capital is situated. Several travellers have noticed the occurrence of a large
Snipe in this district, and we have little doubt that this must be the species referred to. Prince
Bonaparte seems at one time to have bestowed the MS. name granadensis upon this bird, but in
his “Tableau” of the Order of Waders has merely used this term as a synonym of Sclater’s
already-published appellation. The chief distinguishing peculiarity of this Snipe is, as already
remarked by Schlegel, the great length of the beak in comparison with the size of the bird.
In his original description, Sclater has spoken of its bulk as being about equal to that of
Gallinago gigantea, but this is decidedly an error, the present bird being more nearly of the
size of our Double Snipe (G. major). G. gigantea, of which Temminck’s plate gives but a
very imperfect idea, is very much larger, the body alone measuring fully eleven inches in length.

The three outer pairs of rectrices of the present bird are considerably narrower than the
remaining pairs, but the outer pair are not nearly so attenuated as in G. paraguaye and
G. frenata.

Our figure is taken from the same specimen (now in Salvin and Godman’s collection) that
furnished the subject of Sclater’s original description.

The other eight American species of this genus known to us are the following :—

[195 ]

1. GALLINAGO WILSONTI. . alate:
Scolopax wilsoni, Temm. Pl. Col. v. (text) : Gallinago wilsoni, Cassin in Baird’s Birds N. Am. p.7 10: Dresser,
Ibis, 1866, p. 86: Sel. and Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 228 et P.Z.S. 1864, p. 372; Sclater, P.Z.S. 1864, p.

178: Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 205. ia . |
le of Nort ‘ Mexico (White): Guatemala (Salvin): Veragua
:

Hab. Whole of North America (Cassin): Texas (Dresser) :
(Arce): Panama (McLeannan).
This is the only true Snipe yet met with in America north of Panama. It is at once distinguishable from every
other species of the New World by the external pair of tail-feathers, which are not attenuated, but of the ordinary form,
as in the European species G', major and G. scolopacina.
2. GALLINAGO PARAGUAY. | As a |
Becassina prima, Azara, Apunt. iti. p. 271, no. 887. Scolopaw paraquaye, Vieill N. D. lil. p. 131, et Ene. |
Meéth. p. 1160: Hartl. Ind. Az. p. 24: Darwin, Zool. Voy. Beagle, iu. p. 181. Gallinago paraquaye, ,
Schlegel, Mus. de P. B. Scolopaces, p. 11: Sclater, P.Z.S. 1867, p. 8332: Scl. et Salv. P.Z.S, 1868, p. 144.
Hab. Paraguay (Azara): Chili (Leybold): Bolivia (Bridges in Mus. 8.-G.)
We are not yet quite satisfied as to the distinctness of this and the next species, but at present follow Darwin and
Schlegel in keeping them apart. The differences appear to consist in the larger size, longer wings, and narrower and
more pointed outer rectrices of the present bird.
3. GALLINAGO FRENATA. dio bei
Becassina seconda, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 275, no. 388. Scolopax frenata, Max, Beitr. iv. p. 712: Cab. in
Tsch. F. P. p. 299: Cab. in Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 758: Burm. Syst. Ueb. ii. p. 377, et La Plata-
Reise, ii. p. 588. Scolopax magellanicus, King, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 93: Scolopax (Lelmatias) magellanicus,
Gould, Zool. Beagle, iii. p. 181. Gallinago magellanica, Scl. P.Z.S. 1860, p. 887. Scolopax brasiliensis,
Sw. F. B. Am. p. 400. Gallinago frenata, Schlegel, Mus. de P. B. Scolopaces, p. 9: Scl. et Salv. P.Z.S.
1869, p. 156.
Hab. Gua (Schomburgk) : S. E. Brazil (Max et Burmeister): HE. Peru (Psch.): Paraguay (Azara): La
Plata (Burm.): Uruguay (Darwin): Falkland Islands (Packe).

ee

In one of our articles upon Mr. Hudson’s birds (P.Z.S. 1868, p. 144) we have remarked that Scolopax frenata of
Lichtenstein (Doubl. p. 75) is based upon Azara’s Becassina prima, and is therefore merely a synonym of Scolopax
paraguaye of Vieillot. This is certainly the case if we take Lichtenstein’s reference to Azara (No. 387) as literally
correct. But as Lichtenstein gives no description of S. frenata, we may also adopt the view that this name of
Hlliger was first properly characterized by Prince Max. and is therefore to be applied to the present species, if distinct

from the preceding. |

4, GALLINAGO NOBILIS—(tab. xeviii.). :

Hab. Int. of New Granada. . |

5. GALLINAGO UNDULATA. |

Becasse des Savannes de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 895, undé Seolopax undulata, Bodd. Scolopax paludosa, Gm. :

S.N.1. p. 661; Cab. in Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 758. Gallinago paludosa, Schl. Mus. de P. B. Scolopaces, p. 8. b

flab, Cayenne. i

6. GALLINAGO GIGANTHA. _

Scolopax gigantea, Temm. Pl. Col. 403: Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 376. Gallinago gigantea, Schlegel, Mus. d. P. B.

Scolopaces, p. 8. Scolopax lacunosa, Ill. in Mus. Berol. ;
Hab. Prov. of Goyaz, Brazil (Watterer).

The great size of this bird renders it quite unmistakeable. One of Natterer’s specimens (in Mus. S. & G.) has /
fourteen rectrices only, which is the number attributed by Schlegel (with some doubt) to this species. q

7. GALLINAGO STRICKLANDI.
Gallinago stricklandi, G. R. Gray, Voy. Ereb. and Terror, t. 28, and Cat. Grailw, p. 112. Scolopax meri-
dionalis, Peale, Zool. U. 8S. Expl. Exp. Birds, p. 229; Cassin, ibid. ed. ii. p. 310, t. 35, f. 1: Scolopaa
spectabilis, Hartl. Naum. 1853, p. 216. ,
Hab. Tierra del Fuego, Hermit Isl. (Ant. Exp.) : Orange Bay (Peale) : Straits of Magellan (Lynn Museum) :
Valdivia (Philippi). |
Schlegel has united this Snipe to G'allinago undulata, but it is certainly quite distinct, having the tarsi feathered
down to the joint, and the body below very rufescent and much less strongly marked. Besides the type in the British
Museum Salvin has examined a specimen in the Museum at King’s Lynn. Dr. Finsch has kindly re-examined for us
the type of Scolopas spectabilis, of Hartlaub, and agrees with us in considering it identical with G@. stricklandi. : |

ie Raa es Beh tent Be AAR a CSUN BONE ty eer oan OAS a ET GSR

Oe Ti CQ

8. GALLINAGO JAMESONI.
Xylocotta jamesoni, Bp. C. R. xli. p. 660: Gallinago — ? Scl. P.Z.S, 1860, p. 82.
flab. Heuador, near Quito (Jameson); Panza, Chimborazo (Fraser).

We have a single specimen of this Snipe, killed by Fraser on the slope of Chimborazo, and agreeing tolerably |
ae with sees oe It belongs to the section with the tarsi nearly completely feathered, and is, we f
elleve, quite a distinct species. It may be distinguished from the preceding by having the middle of + lly whi
and by the strong cross markings on the flanks and crissum. t ar j ase rene Tere |

2 . |

Juny, 1869.

[ 196 ]

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PLATE XCIX.

QUERQUEDULA PUNA

(PUNA DUCK).

Anas puna ; : Tsch. Faun. Per. Aves, p. 309.
Querquedula puna . . . Sel. et Saly. P.Z.S. 1869, p. 157.

' Supra pallidé fuscescenti-cinerea, fusco variegata, plumis medialitér obscurioribus; pileo toto et linea nuchali

. nigris ; alis extis fuscescenti-cinereis ; tectricibus minoribus plumbeo tinctis, et margine lato albo terminatis: secundariis

| in pogonio externo eneo-viridibus, albo laté terminatis: subtis ochraceo-alba, pectoris plumis fusco obsoleté guttatis ;
ventre toto et crisso nigricante minut’ trans-radiolatis ; tectricibus subalaribus et plumis axillaribus albis: rostro Gn
ave viva) cceruleo, culmine nigricante; pedibus ccerulescenti-schistaceis: long. toté 18°0, ale 8:5, caude 3, rostri a
rictu 2°1, tarsi 1'3, dig. med. cum ungue 1°9.

The first examples of this fine Duck that attracted our notice were those in the gallery of
the Jardin des Plantes at Paris, one of which is marked as having been obtained in the
province of Cochabamba in Bolivia by d’Orbigny, and the other in Chili by M. Gay. The
specimens were not named, and we were at first inclined to regard them as undescribed.
Subsequently, however, we received Peruvian skins of the same bird from Mr. H. Whitely,
j | and were thus induced to make a more accurate examination of it. This led to the discovery
f that it is the species described by Tschudi in his “Fauna Peruana” as Anas puna, from a
b specimen obtained by Philippi in the highlands of Peru, and transmitted to the Berlin Museum.
We should add that Sclater has recently examined the typical example of Anas puna in that
collection, and is convinced of its identity with that which we now figure.

Mr. Whitely obtained two examples of this Duck on the lagoon of Tungasuca, which is
situated in the Andes south-east of Cusco, at an elevation of about 12,000 feet above the sea-
level. The skins are both marked ag “females,” but the male would hardly differ, except,
perhaps, in possessing rather brighter plumage. Mr. Whitely states that in the living bird the
bill is light blue, with a streak of black down the centre of the upper mandible, the eye dark
hazel, the legs and toes bluish slate-colour. He adds that he met with this Duck in pairs, but
found it rather rare.

Querquedula puna is a very well-marked species, and can hardly be confounded with any
other member of the family. It seems most nearly allied to @. versicolor, but is readily
distinguishable by its larger and uniformly coloured bill, blacker head, whiter throat, and
by the finer markings above.

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PLATE C.

MERGANETTA TURNERI

(TURNER'S TORRENT-DUCK).

Merganetta leucogenys se Scl. et Salv. P.Z.S. 1869, p. 157.
Merganetta turnert . : ; : Scl. et Saly. P.Z.S. 1869, Nov. 25th.

Supra nigra, interscapulio et scapularibus rufo marginatis: capite colloque toto albis, lined rostrum cingente,
pileo medio in strigam nuchalem producto et linea utrinque collum descendente nigerrimis: alis exttis ccerulescenti-
cinereis; speculo alari sneo-viridi; tectricibus alarum et secundariis albo augusté terminatis: abdomine nigro, ventre
medio fusco variegato: crisso et uropygio nigris, albo minuté vermiculatis: cauda fuscescenti-cinered unicolore; tec-
tricibus subalaribus cinereis: rostro et pedibus obscure rubris: long. tota 16:0, ale 7:5, caude 5:0, rostri a rictu 1'5,
tarsi 1°8, digiti medii cum ungue 2°3. Fem. Supra cinerea, lateribus cervicis et uropygio albo nigroque minuté vermi-
culatis; dorso nigro flammulato; alis albo bifasciatis: speculo alari obscuré eneo-viridi; subtis fulvo-rufa unicolor ;
long. tota 16:0, ale 6°4, caudex 40, rostri a rictu 1°35.

Hab. In Andibus Peruvie meridionalis.

The pair of Torrent-Ducks which we now figure, were transmitted by Mr. H. Whitely
in one of his collections from Tinta, a village situated about 11,000 feet above the sea-level
in the highlands of Southern Peru, to the south-east of Cusco—the ancient Indian capital.

In our fourth article on Mr. Whitely’s collections from this district, published im the
“* Proceedings” of the Zoological Society of London, we have referred this bird to the species
described by Tschudi as Merganetta leucogenys. Having, however, more recently made a
re-investigation of the group, we have convinced ourselves that Tschudi’s bird is, as far as can
be decided by his figure and description, inseparable from the MJerganetta columbiana of New
Granada, and that the present species must be regarded as undescribed, being equally distinct
from the New Granadian form, and from the Chilian Merganetta armata. From the former it
differs in its larger size, and black breast and flanks, which are only relieved by some brownish
marks in the middle of the belly. In the New Granadian bird, which is well represented in
Des Murs “ Iconographie” (tab. vi.) the whole abdomen is white, sparingly striped with narrow
blackish markings, and the bill is narrower and much less elevated than in this species.
Merganetta armata, of which an excellent figure will be found in Gray and Mitchell’s “‘ Genera
of Birds,’ resembles the present bird in having a black breast, but the edges of the scapularies
are white instead of rufous, and the throat and fore neck are black, instead of being pure white
; asin its two northern allies. It would seem, therefore, that our new species occupies an
intermediate position as regards the differential characters of the male, as in geographical range,

[199 J

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between the two known species. As regards the female, our specimen does not appear to differ
in colour from the corresponding sex of Merganetta armata (Des Murs, Icon. t. xlviii). We
are not yet acquainted with the female of M. leucogenys, but in all probability it would also
bear a similar dress.

The male bird figured in the accompanying plate, was shot and skinned by Mr. Turner,
a friend of Mr. Whitely’s, near Tinta. We have, therefore, acceded to Mr. Whitely’s request
to call it, if new, after his friend’s name. The female was obtained by Mr. Whitely himself in
the same neighbourhood. Both these specimens are now in the collection of Salvin and Godman.
Mr. Whitely sends us no notes as to the habits of this species, but, like the other members of
this peculiar form, it isno doubt an inhabitant of the mountain-torrents of the higher Andean
ranges, and is an excellent swimmer and diver.”

If the view we have adopted as to M. leucogenys of Tschudi be correct, the synonymy of
the three known species of Merganetia will stand as follows :—

1. MERGANETTA ARMATA.
Merganetta armata, Gould, P.Z.S. 1841, p. 95: Des Murs, Icon. Orn. t. 48 (¢). Gray and Mitch. Gen. B.
t. 170: Cassin, in Gilliss’ Exp. ii. p. 204: Scl. P.Z.S. 1867, p. 840. Raphipterus chilensis, Gay, Faun.

Chil. Aves, p. 459. Merganetta chilensis, Des Murs, Icon. Orn. t. 5 (¢).

Diagn. Gula et collo antico nigris: interscapulii plumis albo marginatis : abdomine nigro fusco variegato.
Hab. Andes of Chili.

2, MERGANETTA TURNERI. (Ex. Orn. t. c.)
Diagn. Gula et collo antico albis: interscapulii plumis rufo marginatis : abdomine nigro fusco variegato.

Hab. Andes of Southern Peru.

8. MERGANETTA LEUCOGENYS.

Anas leucogenys, Tsch. Wiegm. Arch. 1848, p. 890. Erismatura leucogenys, Tsch. F. P. Aves, p. 811, t. xxxvi.

Merganetia columbiana, Des Murs, Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 179: Icon. Orn. t. 6.

Diagn. Gula et collo antico albis: interscapulii plumis rufo marginatis: abdomine albo fusco Sparsim notato.

Hab. Andes of Central Peru (Zschudi): New Granada (Goudot).

* Cf. Bridges, P.Z.S. 1841, p. 95.

NovempBer, 1869.

[ 200 |

nth

Ss

ed

ae eee ue

Acanthylis
semicollaris, 103.
Accipiter
bicolor, 1387, 170, tab. Ixix.
castanilius, 35, tab. xviii.
chilensis, 73, 187, 169, 170, tab.
XXXVI.
chionogaster, 27, 33, tab. xiv.
collaris, 35.
coopert, 73, 169, 170.
erythrocnemis, 25, 27, 33, 84, 137,
tab. xvii.
Suscus, 33.
gundlachi, 169.
guttatus, 169, 170, tab, Ixxxv.
nisus, 27.
pectoralis, 170.
pileatus, 37, 138, 173.
poliogaster, 73.
sexfasciatus, 187, 188.
striatus, 33.
ventralis, 25, tab. xiii.
Acrocompsa
callophrys, 84, 135.
Ampelion
arcuatus, 171, 172, tab. lxxxvi.
cucullatus, 172.
melanocephalus, 171.
Ampelioides
Jlavitorques, 172.
Ampelis
arcuatus, 171.
atropurpurea, 9.
cinctus, 172.
cineracea, 6.
cucullatus, 172.
hypopyrrha, 6.
melanocephala, 172.
purpurea, 9.
Anabates
cristatus, 185.
Anas
leucogenys, 200.
puna, 197.
flammulatus, 185.
Anthus
fulwus, 191.
Ardea
brasiliensis, 181, 184.
cabanisi, 95.
Sasciata, 188.
lineata, 181, 188, 184.
pinnata, 181.
soco, 184.

INDE X.

Ardea
tigrina, 184:
Astur
magnirostris, 173, 174, 175, 177.
palumbarius, 180.
pectoralis, 170.
pileatus, 170.
Asturina
albicollis, 122.
ghiesbreghtt, 121.
gularis, 177, 178.
leucorrhoa, 180.
magnirostris, 173, 180.
natterert,
lxxxvil.
nitida, 179, 180.
plagiata, 179, 180, tab. xe.

pucherant, 177, 178, 180, tab.

Ixxxix.

ruficauda, 175, 178, 180, tab.

Ixxxviil.
scotoptera, 122.
Atlapetes
rubricatus, 127.
Attagis

chimborazensis, 157, 158, tab. lxxix.

falklandica, 158.
gayi, 157, 158.
malouima, 158.
latreillet, 157, 158.
Aulia
hypopyrrha, 6.
Botaurus
lentiginosus, 181, 182.
pinnatus, 181, 182, 184, tab. xci.
stellaris, 95, 184.
Bubo |
nudipes, 102.
Bucco
— maculatus, 153.
radiatus, 153.
striatipectus, 153.
striolatus, 158, tab. Ixxvii.
Buteo
albicollas, 122.
gluesbreghtt, 121.
kaupi, 75.
melanops, 122.
melanotus, 122.
pecilonotus, 122.
polionotus, 97.
scotopterus, 122.
Capito
striolatus, 153.

173, 175, 180, tab.

Caprimulgus
@thereus, 40.
cornutus, 40.
grandis, 40.
jamaicensis, 40.
leucopterus, 40.
longicaudatus, 40.
rufus, 39.
Cardinalis
agneus, 125.
phoniceus, 125, tab. Lxiii.
vurgintanus, 125.
Carpornis
cucullata, 172.
melanocephala, 172.
Caryothraustes
brasiliensis, 168.
cayennensis, 167.
humeralis, 168.
episcopus, 168.
viridis, 167.
Centropelma
micropterum, 189, tab. xcv.
Centrites
oreas, 161, tab. xcvl.
niger, 191.
Cephalopterus
glabricollis, 63.
Cheetura
biscutata, 108.
brachycerca, 103.
cinerewwentris, 103
pelasgia, 108.
poliura, 108.
rutila, 103.
semicollaris, 103, tab. li.
spmicauda, 103.
sclatert, 103.
vauat, 103.
zonaris, 108.
Chameeospiza
torquata, 127.
Charadrius
bistriatus, 60.
Chasmorhynchus
tricarunculatus, 68.
Chloreenas
albilinea, 11.
Chlorophonia
calophrys, 11, 84, 185, tab. Ixviii.
cyanodorsalis, 83, 84.
Jiavirostris, 84. .
Srontahs, 81, 84, tab. xli., fig. 1.

202

Chlorophonia
longipennis, 82, tab. xli., fig. 2.

occipitalis, 11, 88, 84, 185, tab. xli.

pretrit, 84,
viridis, 81, 84.
Cichlopsis
leucogonys, 37, tab. xix.
Cinclocerthia
gutturalis, 23, tab. xi.
macrorhyncha, 21, tab. x1.
ruficauda, 19, tab. x.
Coccothraustes
viridis, 167.
Colymbus
cayennensis, 190.
dominicus, 190.
Conurus
hoffmanni, 161, tab. Ixxxi.
Corethrura
albigularis, 109.
hypoleucos, 111.
leucopyrrha, 111.
melanophea, 107.
rubra, 31.
Cotinga
purpurea, 9.
tschudii, 172.
Crex
Sacialis, 155.
lateralis, 107.
schomburgki, 188.
Crypturus
boucardt, 91, 93, tab. xlvi.
meserythrus, 93, tab. xlvii.
pileatus, 93.
sallei, 89, 91, tab. xlv.
Cyphorinus
cantans, 41.
lawrencit, 41, 43, tab. xxi.
modulator, 41, 4:3.
musicus, 41, 43.
pheocephalus, 41, 48, tab, xxii.
thoracicus, 48.
Dendrocolaptes
rubiginosus, 71.
major, 71, 72.
Dendrocopus
major, 71.
Diglossa
baritula, 11.
plumbea, 11.

‘Ephialtes

nudipes, 102,
Erismatura
leucogenys, 200.
Kuphonia
Jrontalis, 81.
hirundinacea, 61.
longipennis, 82, 84.
occipitalis, 88,
Falco
albicollis, 122,
gularis, 177.
insectivorus, 174),
lacernulatus, 98, 122.
magnirostris, 173,
melanops, 122.

INDEX.

Faleo
nisus, 33, 74.
pectoralis, 170.
plagiatus, 179.
peecilonotus, 122.
poliogaster, 187.
Figulus
albogularis, 7.
Formicarius
erythropterus, 18.
nigromaculatus, 17.
trivittatus, 18.
Formicivora
rufatra, 159.
strigilata, 159, tab. lxxx.
Fringilla
cayennensis, 168.
viridis, 168.
Fulica
americana, 119, 120.
ardesiaca, 113, 116, 120, tab. lvi.
armillata, 115, 116, 117, 118,
120, tab. lviii.
chilensis, 118, 115, 116.
chloropoides, i17, 118, 119.
cornuta, 118, 120.
Srontata, 115, 116.
gallinuloides, 115, 116, 117.
gigantea, 118, 120.
leucoptera, 116, 118, 119, 120,
tab. Ix.
leucopyga, 117, 120, tab. lix.
rufifrons, 117.
stricklandi, 119, 120.
Furnarius
cinnamomeus, 8.
figulus, 7.
griserceps, 8.
leucopus, 8.
longirostris, 8.
melanotis, 7.
minor, 8.
rufus, 7.
torridus, 7, 8, tab. iv.
Gallinula
albifrons, 107.
lateralis, 107.
Gallinago
Srenata, 194, 196.
gigantea, 194, 195, 196.
granadensis, 195.
empertalis, 193,194, 196, tab. xcyii.
jamesont, 193, 194, 196.
magellanica, 196.
major, 195, 196.
nobilis, 194, 195, 196, tab. xcviii.
paludosa, 196.
paraguaye@, 194, 196.
scolopacina, 196.
stricklandi, 193, 194, 196.
undulata, 194, 196,
wilsont, 194, 196.
Geotrygon
albifacies, 77, 78, 123, 124, tab.
BOSD
albiventris, 78.
bourcieri, 79, tab. x1.
chiriquensis, 77, 128, 124, tab, Ixii.

Geotrygon
Srenata, 79.
linearis, 79.
melancholica, 79.
montana, 78, 79.
veraguensis, 78.
violacea, 79.

Herminierus
guadeloupensis, 19.
nfaustus, 19.

Hylactes
castaneus, 57, 58, tab. xxix.
megapodius, 58.
tarnu, 57, 58.

Hyphantes
abeillei, 187.

Icterus
abeille@i, 187, 188, tab. xciv.
baltimore, 187, 188.
bullockii, 187, 188.
cucullatus, 4:7.
pustulatus, 47, tab. xxiv.
mentalis, 48.

Lanio
atricapillus, 64.
aurantius, 61, 64, tab. xxxi.

leucothorax, 61, 68, 64, tab. xxxii.

versicolor, 64.
Laniocera
sanguinaria, 6.
Lanius
chrysophrys, 18.
Laterirallus
hypoleucus, 111.
Lathria
cineracea, 6.
cinerea, 6.
Suscocinerea, 6.
Leptonyx
macropus, 58.
tarni, 58.
Leptoptila
albtfrons, 77.
Leucopternis
albicollis, 122.
ghiesbreghti, 121.
kaupt, 75.
kuhli, 75.
lacernulatus, 122.
melanops, 122.
palliata, 97, 122, tab. xlix.
poltonota, 97.
princeps, 122.
scotoptera, 98, 122.
semiplumbea, 121, 122, tab. 1x1.
superciliaris, 75, 122, tab, xXxxviil.
Lipaugus
cineraceus, 2, 3, 6.
Susco-cinereus, 6.
holerythrus, 6.
hypopyrrhus, 3, 5, 6.
lateralis, 5, 6.
plumbeus, 6.
rufescens, 5, 6, tab. iii.
sibilatriaz, 6.
simplex, 6.
subalaris, 3, 6, tab. ii.
unirufus, 1, 3, 6, tab, i.

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Lycornis

cornuta, 120.
Lysca

ardesiacea, 118.
Megalonyx

ruficeps, 58.

rufus, 58.
Melanotis

corulescens, 85.

hypoleucus, 85, tab. xin.
Melozone

biarcuata, 129.

leucotis, 127.

rubricata, 127.
Merganetta

armata, 199, 200.

chilensis, 200.

columbiana, 199, 200.

leuwcogenys, 199, 200.

turneri, 199, 200, tab. e.
Merops

rufus, 7.
Merula

tristis, 145.
Microchera

albi-coronata, 63.
Micrastur

dynastes, 1387, 188.
Micropygia

schomburgki, 138.
Mimus

gracilis, 50,
Motacilla

guianensis, 185.
Muscicapa

cinerascens, 6.

elizabeth, 55, 56.

plumbea, 6.

rustica, 6.

sibilatrixz, 6.

simplex, 6.

vociferans, 6.
Muscipeta

armillata, 538.

ralloides, 53.
Myiadestes

armillatus, 56.

elizabethe, 55, tab. xxvii.

genibarbis, 56.

griseiventer, 53.

leucotis, 37.

melanops, 50, 54.

obscurus, 49, 50, 51, 54, tab. xxv.

ralloides, 53, 54, tab. xxvii.
solitarius, 56.
townsend, 54:
unicolor, 49, 51, 54, tab. xxvi.
venezuelensis, 53.
Myiarchus
rusticus, 6.
Myiocichla
ochrata, 37.
Myiothera
nigromaculata, 17.
rufa, 159.
strigilata, 159.
Mystalus
striolatus, 153.

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INDEX.

Neomorphus
geoffroyt, 131.
rufipennis, 131.
salvini, 181.

Nisus
chionogaster, 27.
magnirostris, 173, 177.
pileatus, 170.
seafasciatus, 137.
striatus, 33, 34.
variatus, 34, 1387, 1388, 170.

~ Nothocercus

sallei, 89.
Nyctibius
ethereus, 40.
bracteatus, 39, 40, tab. xx.
grandis, 40.
jamaicensis, 40.
leucopterus, 40,
longicaudatus, 40.
pectoralis, 40.
rufus, 39. -
urutao, 40.
Cidicnemus
americanus, 69.
bistriatus, 59, 60.
superciliaris, 59, 60, tab. xxx.
vocifer, 59, 60.
Opetiorhynchus
rufus, 7.
ruficaudus, 7.
Oriolus
baltimore, 188.
costolotl, 187.
Ortygometra
lateralis, 107.
schomburgkt, 138.
Oxyrhamphus
Jlammiceps, 181.
Frater, 131, tab. Ixvi.
Panterpe
insignis, 63.
Pendulinus
abeillir, 187.
Peristera
albifacies, 77, 124.
erythropareia, 79.
mexicana, 77, 124:
Phlogopsis
erythroptera, 18.
macleannannt, 17, tab. ix.
nigromaculata, 17.
trivittata, 18.
Phalaria
gigantea, 120.
Picolaptes
cinnamomeus, 8.
Pipilo
Suscus, 180.
Pitylus
brasiliensis, 168.
canadensis, 167.
fiavo-cinereus, 168.
humeralis, 167, 168, tab. Ixxxiy.
personatus, 167.
poliogaster, 61, 168.
viridis, 167.

203
Platyurus
rubecula, 43.
Podiceps

albicollis, 190.
americanus, 190.
bicornis, 190.
caliparocus, 190.
chilensis, 190.
cristatus, 189.
dominicus, 190.
leucopterus, 190.
major, 190.
mucropterus, 189.
rollandt, 190.

Pogonothraupis
atricapilla, 6:

Porzana .
albigularis, 109, 111, tab. lv.
castaneiceps, 155, tab. Ixxviii.
cayennensis, 31, 155.
concolor, 155.
erythrops, 134.
fasciata, 105.
hauawelli, 105, 111, tab. li.
leucopyrrha, 111, tab. lvi.
melanophea, 107, 111, tab. liv.
noveboracensis, 138.
rubra, 31, tab. xvi.

Procnias
cucullata, 172.
melanocephalus, 172.

Psarocolius
pustulatus, 47, 48.

Pteroptochus
castaneus, 57.
tarni, 58.

Ptilogonys
caudatus, 11, tab. vi.
cinereus, 11, 12.
grisewenter, 53.
leucotis, 53.
townsendt, 54.

Pyranga
versicolor, 64.

Pyrgisoma
biarcuatum, 127, 129, 180.

_cabanist, 127, 129, 180, tab. Ixv.,
fig. 1.
kienert, 127, 129, 130, tab. Ixv.,
fig. 2.
lewcote, 127, 180, tab. lxiv., fig. 2.
rubricatum, 127, 130, tab. Ixiv.,
fio. 1.
xanthusi, 127.

Pyrgita
biarcuata, 1380.

Pyrrhorhynchus
arcuatus, 171.

Querula
Jusco-cinerea, 6.

Querquedula
puna, 197, tab. xcix.
versicolor, 197.

Rallus
aquaticus, 166.
antareticus, 168, 165, 166, tab.

Ixxxil.

leucopyrrhus, 111.

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204 INDEX.

Rallus Tachyphonus Turdus _ 3
melanophaius, 107. cristatus, 68. sr assimiles, 145.
rufopennis, 163. - delatirit, 67, 68, tab. xxx1v. atrosericeus, 151.
semiplumbeus, 165, 166, tab. lxxxiil. leucocampter, 65. eas badtus, 7.
uliginosus, 163. luctuosus, 68. cantans, 43.
virginianus, 163, 166. melaleucus, 68. ag chiguanco, 189.
Raphipterus pheniceus, 65, 68, tab. Xxxiil. erotopezus, 141, 148, 145, tab.
chilensis, 200. rufiventris, 68. Ixxii.
Rupicola rubrifrons, 68. ephippialis, 147, 148.
peruviana, 29, 30. saucius, 65. Sigulus, 7.
crocea, 29. surinamus, 68. Suscater, 139.
sanguinolenta, 29, 380, tab. xv. versicolor, 64. Wh umigatUs, 147.
saturata, 29, 30. aanthopygius, 68. gigas, 189, tab. xx.
Rupornis Tanagra grayn, 147. y
gularis, 177. atricapilla, 64. gymnophthalmus, 151, 152, tab.
Ramphocinclus diaconus, 61. Ixxvi.
gutturalis, 23. rubricata, 127. gymnopsis, 151.
tremulus, 19. Tetrao humilis, 147.
Sarochalinus falklandica, 158. agnobilis, 143.
rufogularis, 43. malouina, 158. jamaicensis, 149, 150.
Scolopax Thripadectes leucogonys, 37.
brasiliensis, 196. frammulatus, 185, tab. xeiii. leucauchen, 145. 2
JSrenata, 196. Thryothorus lewcomelas, 141,143, 145, 146, 147,
gigantea, 196. carinatus, 43. tab. xxi.
lacunosa, 196. modulator, 43. musicus, 43.
magellanicus, 196. Thryrorhina nigrescens, 139.
meridionalis, 196. schomburgkt, 183, tab. lxvii. nudigenis, 151.
paludosa, 196. Tigrisoma olivaceus, 14:3.
paraguaye, 196. brasiliense, 95, 188, 184). olivater, 151.
saturata, 193. cabanist, 95, 184, tab. xlviii. pheeopygus, 149, 150, tab. Ixxv.
spectabilis, 196. fasciatum, 183, 184, tab. xcii. rufiventris, 143, 147.
undulata, 196. tigrinum, 95, 184. tristis, 145,
wilsom, 196. Tinamus Tyrannus
Scops cinnamomeus, 89. calearatus, 6.
asio, 99, 102. delattrii, 89. Vireolanius
atricapilla, 102. major, 87. chlorogaster, 16.
barbarus, 99, 101, 102, tab. 11. meserythrus, 98. eximius, 16.
brastlianus, 102. pileatus, 93, acterophrys, 16.
choliba, 102. robustus, 87, tab. xliv. melitophrys, 18, 16, tab. vii.
erucigera, 102. sallei, 89, 91. pulchellus, 15, 16, tab. viii.
flammeola, 99, 101, 102, tab. 1. Triglyphidia Xanthornus
kennicottr, 102. callophrys, 84, 135. abeilli, 187,
lophotes, 102. Troglodytes bullocki, 188.
maccalli, 102. aedon, 46. Xiphocolaptes

nudipes, 101, 102.
portoricensis, 102.
trichopsis, 99, 102.
ustus, 102.

brunnetcollis, 46, tab. xxiii., fig. 2.
europeus, 46.

JSurous, 45.

hyemalis, 46.

albicollis, 69, 72.
emigrans, 69,72, tab. xxxv.
major, 71, tab. xxxvl.

procerus, 69, 72.

promeropirhynchus, 72.
Xipholena

atropurpurea, 9, 10, tab. v-

lamellipennis, 10.

pompadora, 9.

purpurea, 9.
Xylocotta

gamesoni, 196.
Zonotrichia

pileata, 33.

Sparvius

solstitialis, 45, tab. xxiil., fig. 1.
bicolor, 188.

Turdampelis
guttatus, 34, 169. rufococcyx, 37,

Stenorhynchus lanioides, 37.
ruficaudus, 19. Turdus

Sylbeocyclus albicollis, 141, 145, 147, tab. Ixxi.
minor, 100. albiventris, 141, 148, 147, 148,
dominicus, 190. tab. lxxiv.

Tachyphonus amaurochalinus, 143.
coronatus, 68. arada, 43.
cristatellus, 68.

FINIS.

a

G. NORMAN AND SON, PRINTERS, MAIDEN LANE, COVENT GARDEN.

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