GOELDIANA Zoologia ISSN 0103-6076 Número 14 A New Species of Marmoset, Genus Callithrix Erxleben, 1777 (Callitrichidae, Primates) from the Rio Maués Region, State of Amazonas, Central Brazílian Amazônia Russell A. Mittermeier Marco Schwarz José Márcio Ayres 12 de Outubro de 1992 1 SciELO ;;w í ... '••'• :';í- •í\'‘ . é, . Goeldiana Zoologia Número 14: 12 de Outubro de 1992 A New Species of Marmoset, Genus Callithrix Erxleben, 1777 (Cailitrichidae, Primates), from the Rio Maués Region, State of Amazonas, Central Brazilian Amazônia Russell A. Mittermeier' Marco Schwarz^ José Márcio Ayres^ ABSTRACT — A new species of marmoset, Callithrix mauesi sp. n., is described from the west bank of the Rio Maués, Amazonas State, central Brazilian Amazônia. The animal is a member of the Callithrix argentata group of marmosets, which in- cludes C. argentata, C. leucippe, C. melanura, C. emiliae, C. humeralifera, C. chrysoleuca, C. intermedia, and the recently described C. nigriceps. It appears to be most closely related to C. humeralifera and C. chrysoleuca, but is easily distinguish- ed from them. The most readily noticeable differences are in the shape and nature of the ear tufts, the darker pelage color, and the absence of a distinct, light-colored mantle. The two groups of C. mauesi observed in the wild were in dense primary forest. The species does not appear to be endangered at this time. With its discovery, the total number of species of Callithrix is increased to 15, of which 14 are endemic to Brazil. The total number of primate species for Brazil as a whole increases to 68, by far the highest in the world, with 30 (44.1%) being endemie. KEY WORDS — primates, Cailitrichidae, marmoset, Callithrix mauesi sp. n., Callithrix humeralifera, Callithrix chrysoleuca, Brazil, Amazônia. RESUMO — Descrição de uma nova espécie de sagüi, Callithrix mauesi sp. n., da Amazônia Central Brasileira, margem ocidental do Rio Maués, Amazonas. O animal é um membro do grupo de sagüis Callithrix argentata (que inelui C. argentata, C. leucippe, C. melanura, C. emiliae, C. humeralifera, C. chrysoleuca, C. intermedia e a recentemente descrita C. nigriceps. Esta espécie parece ter maior parentesco com C. humeralifera e C. chrysoleuca, ainda que muito distinta destas. As diferenças mais notáveis se relacionam ao formato e natureza dos tufos das orelhas, à cor mais escura da pelagem e à ausência de uma manta de cor clara. Os dois únicos grupos de C. mauesi observados foram encontrados em floresta primária densa. A espécie não parece estar em perigo de extinção no momento. Com esta descoberta, o número total de Callithrix cresceu para 15, dos quais 14 são endêmicos do Brasil. O número total de espécies de primatas existentes no Brasil cresceu para 68, de longe a mais alta ocorrência de primatas no mundo. Destas espécies, 30 (44.1%) são endêmicas. PALAVRAS-CHAVE — primates, Cailitrichidae, sauim, Callithrix mauesi sp. n., Callithrix humeralifera, Callithrix chrysoleuca. Brasil, Amazônia. 'Conservation International, 1015 18th St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036, U.S.A. ^Zoobotânico Marco Schwarz, Caixa Postal 18.004, 80.511 Curitiba-PR, Brazil. ^Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Av. Magalhães Barata, 376, 66.040 Belém-Pará. Brazil; and Wildlife Conservation International, New York Zoological Society, Bronx, NY 10460. cm SciELO 10 11 12 13 14 15 Callithrix mauesi sp.n. INTRODUCTION The marmoset genus Callithrix Erxleben, 1777, is an almost exclusively Brazilian group of monkeys with 13-14 distinct taxa recognized to date, including a new species, Callithrix nigriceps, just described from the State of Rondônia by Ferrari and Lopes (1992). Two major revisions of this genus have been carried out in the last two decades, one by Hershkovitz (1977), which recognized only three species and 11 taxa, and the other by de Vivo (1988, 1991), which recognizes 12 taxa and elevates them all to full species status. Mittermeier et al. (1988) agree with de Vivo’s decision to elevate five eastern Brazilian taxa of Callithrix (jacchus, penicillata, geojfroyi, flaviceps, aiirita), something that had been recommendcd by Coimbra-Filho and Mittermeier (1973) 15 years earlier, and also recognize a sixth species, C. kithlii, which de Vivo does not consider valid. Mittermeier et al. (1988) did not have the opportunity to review de Vivo’s work on the Callithrix argentata group at the time they went to press, and continued to recognize only three species and seven taxa for these Amazo- nian/central Brazilian monkeys. However, we now concur with his decision to recognize all of these as full species as well. (See Table 1 for a comparison of these three classification schemes, and the one adopted in this paper.) The purpose of this paper is to describe yet another distinct species from Brazilian Amazônia, Callithrix mauesi, from the region of the Rio Maués, Amazonas State, central Brazilian Amazônia (Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 8a). This species is most closely related to Callithrix humeralifera and Callithrix chrysoleuca (Figs. 8b, 8c, 9), with which it is parapatric, and occurs within the area shown in Hershkovitz’s map (1977, p. 569) as part of the range of C. humeralifera. However, it is quite different from both of these species, which are more closely related to one another, and clearly deserves recognition as a full species. This new species was First discovered by Marco Schwarz on April 15, 1985, dur- ing a field trip to the region. He observed two groups of the animais and succeeded in obtaining seven live specimens (Table 2), one of which is the adult male now being designated as the holotype (skin, skull). Five remained in the region while a female was transported with the holotype to Schwarz’s collection at Morretes in the State of Paraná, Brazil. The female and two offspring born in captivity are still alive in that collection. cm SciELO 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Goeldiana Zoologia, Número 14, 1992 3 o y g F| ■a, D, note, -5 •c 5 .i3 c 5 O O Cj O r'3 O o 2 3 ^ ^ C C) <5J «Ü .i ^ ;í‘ ! •S, cx ao'^ Q -S -«-«•«:•« -s; ,a a O O L) Ü U «3 ^ ■>- C) 3 ^ ^ Si? ^ S ^ ^ 'C ^ g «ij a S 25 •S, G, 6o';3, a -5< •i3 .i3 .i5 -S -is c c c c c: c •5 *5 "S -S *3 *3 "q "q "3 "q O U U ü õ O 0 S 0J5 ^ s. s|:5è,l a ^ ^ !jj ^ 3 S -S, Ci. 60 »^ 3 1 'g -g -g •S -5 333333 O ü cj O a c 3 3 ^ ^ c 5 ci, 3 ?« 3 ^ 3 ■3 •g .g .g 5 -2? 53 *“ •« 2? 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T3 ■o tl " ü 2 o X X c 2 .§ âõ5 ■p (J -o 1 ) ^ ÍJ rsl -R tC ca »o.« a í 3 .g é 1 00*" ci fl ^ iC ^ ^ <ü sr* o p o ■o -o -o > := 'tÕ c !> ,0 3 0 3"^^ O í O ü (U O S.^ . .'J ^ ca t 3 a S 2 cã 5 3Í il, .ca Ü ■5 ^ 2i&3-a a^g u T^-So^Pog^j SbÍ^.|B3S i I g P K ? * |^ll|-s sia c ^ I *2 õSSütuw^^PC-oSC- y3yQíXijg£§íi.g.g Callithrix mauesi sp.n. Figure 1. Photograph of a live, late juvenile male Callithrix mauesi (photo by R.A. Mittermeier). cm CallUhrLx moiiesi sp.n. Callithrix mauesi sp. n. Holotype: MPEG 22177, adult male, stuffed skin, skull. Collected by Marco Schwarz on April 15, 1985, at the type locality. Type Locality: West bank of the Rio Maués-Açú, directly across the river from the town of Maués, Amazonas State, Brazil (Fig. 5). This region is located in central Brazilian Amazônia, south of the Rio Amazonas and between the Rio Madeira and the Rio Tapajós (Fig. 6). Coordinates for the type locality are 3°23'S, 57°46'W. Geographical distribution: The species is thus far known only from the immediate vicinity of the type locality. However, based on information from people working in the region, it appears to be found along the Rio Maués to the south of the type locality and also to the west as far as the Rios Urariá and Abacaxis (Fig. 5). Its range would thus appear to be entirely enclosed within the range given for C. humeralifera by Hershkovitz (1977, p. 569). Habitat: The two groups observed in the wild were found in dense primary forest. No further details on habitat are available at this time. Diagnosis: A marmoset of the Callithrix argentata group (sensii Hershkovitz, 1977), but quite distinct from its closest relatives, C. humeralifera and C. chiysoleuca, with which it is parapatric. The darkest (and least advanced phaeomelanically, sensu Hersh- kovitz, 1977) of these three species, it is especially distinguished by the shape and placement of the ear tufts and their erect, “neatly trimmed”appearance relative to C. humeralifera and C. chrysoleuca, by its darker coloration, and by the absence of the characteristic light mantle of C. humeralifera (Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9). The light orange tint to the underparts also distinguishes C. mauesi from C. humeralifera, whereas C. mauesi and C. chrysoleuca are easily distinguished both by the shape of the ear tufts and by coloration, C. chrysoleuca being an entirely white animal. The differences between C. mauesi and its two relatives can be easily seen in the color illustrations in Figs. 1 and 8 and the photos in Figs. 2, 4, and 9. Description of the holotype: Face thinly haired and distinctly pinkish in color in life (the pink disappearing in the dry skin); an area of blaek circumbuccal hairs begins at the edge of the nostrils and extends to the chin; immediately lateral to these are larger cheek patches of dirty silvery brown; crown very dark brown grading to sílvery gray in the occipital area and the forehead; a dark brown swatch is located at the center of the forehead and is flanked by lighter areas of dirty silvery brown; zonation of hairs in these areas of dirty silvery brown is dark brown at base with silvery tip (Figs. 3, 4). Back and shoulders lacking the distinct whitish mantle characteristic of humeralifera; shoulders to mid-back marbled very dark brown and white, the marbling being far more evident in live animais than in skins; zonation of hairs on the back is black-white-black, which provides the marbled pattern (Fig. 2). Upper back and shoulders have a slight reddish tint compared to the lower back. Light silvery hip patch present as in C. humeralifera, but not especially distinct; thighs and lower legs silvery gray in live animais with a black base-silvery tip zonation; feet slightly darker than legs and with a faint orange tint. Tail black with faint alternating bands of dirty cm SciELO 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Goeldiana Zoologia, Número 14, 1992 Figure 3. Lateral views of the head and ear region of Calliíhrix mauesi (above) and Callithrix humeralifera (below). Note especially the differences ín patterns of emergence of hair in the ear region and the muzzle pígmentation (íllustratíon by Stephen D. Nash). SciELO Callithrix mauesi sp.n o» ^ ox Q a «*- SciELO cm Goeldiana Zoologia, Número 14, 1992 9 silvery gray and black, the bands being much more evident in the living animal than in the skin (Figs. 2,8). Underparts buffy with distinct orange tint, more so than in C. humeralifera. Arms in the live animal dark brown washed with dirty silvery col- oration, the zonation of hairs being dark brown at base with silvery tips; hands slight- ly darker than arms. Scrotum pinkish white in the live animal, the pinkish color disap- pearing in the dry skin. Pinna with dirty silvery brown hairs emerging mainly from the inner part of the ear, with some hairs growing on the dorsal surface as well; hair long on upper part of ear, short at bottom; the tufts cover the pinna entirely but have an erect, “neatly trimmed” appearance quite distinct from the tassels of C. humeralifera and C. chrysoleuca (Figs. 3,4). (The three living specimens resemble the adult male holotype in every detail, with minor variations in distinctiveness of the tail bands and marbling on the back, and in the shape of the dark forehead patch.) Weight of adult male holotype: 375 g. Body measurements of adult male holotype: head-body length - 207 mm; tail length - 350 mm; hind foot - 64 mm; hand - 43 mm; ear - 34 mm. (See Table 2 for measurements of six other individuais.) Skull and dentition resemble those of other members of the C. humeralifera group, but detailed statistical com- parisons have not yet been made because only one C. mauesi skull is available (Fig. 7). Its measurements are given in Table 3. Origin of the nanie: This monkey is thus far known only from the type locality on the west bank of the Rio Maués-Açü, across the river from the town of Maués in central Brazilian Amazônia. It is named after this river, to place it geographically relative to its congeners. The name Maués-Açú simply means “large Maués” in Tupi- Guaraní, the Maués-Açú being a widening of the Rio Maués in the vicinity of the town of the same name. Vernacular name: This marmoset is referred to as sauim or souim by the local peo- ple, these being the names most often used for marmosets in Brazilian Amazônia. For an English name, we suggest Rio Maués marmoset. Table 2. Measurements and weights of seven adult specimens of Cailithrix mauesi (in millimeters). Sex Head-body Tail Male (holotype) 207 350 Male 198 341 Male 212 376 Male 226 356 Female 211 346 Female 214 339 Female 226 356 Hind foot Hand Ear Weight 64 43 34 375 g 63 42 32 - 63 41 - 315 g 66 44 30 - 59 42 37 - 66 38 - 390 g 64 46 - 405 g 10 Callithrix mauesi sp.n. TYPE LOCALITY AND PRESUMED DISTRIBUTION OF CALLITHRIX MAUESI Distribution based on Information from people working in region A Type locality Figure 5. Location of the type locality and presumed distribution of Callithrix mauesi in central Brazilian Amazônia (iliustration by Stepben D. Nash). Goeldiana Zoologia, Número 14, 1992 11 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE CALLITHRIX ARGENTATA GROUP^ o Cailithrix emiliae T Cailithrix melanura ♦ Calliihrix humeralifera 'Based on Hershkovitz (1977), de Vivo (1991) and Ferrari and Lopes (1992). Figure 6. Map of lhe distribution of the Cailithrix argentata group of marmosets showing lhe location of the typc locality of C. mauesi (illustration by Stephen D. Nash). 12 Callithrix mauesi sp.n. Figure 7. Views of the skull of the adult male holotype of Callithrix mauesi. Goeldiana Zoologia, Número 14, 1992 13 Table 3. Cranial and dental measurements of the holotype (cT) of Cailithrix mauesi (in millimeters). Skull and mandible Greatest Skull Length (SL) 47.57 Zygomatic Width (ZW) 31.03 Biorbital Width (BW) 25.72 Postorbital Width (PW) 23.40 Nasion-Basion 32.93 Basion-Prosthion 35.72 Biauricular Breadth 27.50 Height of Canine (CH) 5.25 Length of Mandible (ML) 32.20 Across First Molars (AM) 16.40 Condylar Length (CL) 32.21 Condylar Height (CoH) 13.60 Across Canines 11.90 Dental Field (P 2 — M 2 ) 9.91 Premaxillary Height 7.97 Intradentale Superior to Premaxilla-Maxilla Junction at Alveolus (IS-PM) 4.85 Intradentale Superior to Nasion (IS-NA) 14.00 Intradentale Superior to Posterior Nasal Spine (IS-PNS) 16.30 Bregma to Nasion (BR-NA) 25.31 Nasion to Fronto-Malar Junction at Orbit (NA-FM) 14.60 Fronto-Malar Junction to Pterion 8.14 Fronto-Malar Junction to Zygomaxillare Superior (FM-ZS) 7.41 Fronto-Malar Junction to Maxillary Tuberosity (FM-MT) 13.48 Zygomaxillare Inferior to Premaxilla-Maxilla Junction at Alveolus (ZI-PM) 13.67 Zygomaxillare Inferior to Zygomaxillare Superior (ZI-ZS) 8.80 Zygomaxillare Inferior to Maxillary Tuberosity (ZI-MT) 6.90 Anterior Teeth Cheek Teeth I' Length 1.88 (MD) P 2 Length 2.86 F Breadth 1.77 (LL) P 2 Breadth 1.78 I' Height 3.71 P 4 Length 2.14 F Length 2.20 (MD) P 4 Breadth 1.66 H Breadth 1.88 (LL) Ml Length 2.52 I, Length 1.27 (M2) M, Width 2.13 Ii Breadth 1.72 (LL) M 2 Length 2.03 I, Height 3.50 I 2 Length 1.56 (MD); 2.44 (BL) I 2 Height 4.0 (LL) Cl Length 2.88 C| Breadth 1.81 M 2 Width 1.74 MD — Mesio-distal length LL — Labio-lingual breadth BL — Bucco-lingual breadth 14 Cailithrix maiiesi sp.n. CONSERVATION STATUS OF THE NEW SPECIES Very little is known of the conservation status of Cailithrix mauesi, since it has thus far been observed in only one locality, the west bank of the Rio Maués-Açú across from the town of Maués. However, the area in which it occurs is stili in good condi- tion, and little disturbed. Assuming that the animal is as adaptable to secondary forests and other man-induced habitat modifications as are other Amazonian Cailithrix, it is probably not in any immediate danger at this time. PRIMATE DIVERSITY IN BRAZIL The addition of Cailithrix mauesi to the primate fauna of Brazil, together with the recent descriptions of Cailithrix nigriceps (Ferrari and Lopes, 1992) and Leontopithecus caissara (Lorini and Persson, 1990), brings the total number of primate species in Brazil to 68 in two (or three if the Callimiconidae is considered distinct) families and 16 genera. This is by far the richest primate fauna in the world (Table 4), and underlines yet again the great importance of Brazil in international efforts to conserve a represen- tative cross-section of the Order Primates. These 68 species represent more than one quarter of all living primate species, and fully 30 (44. 1 %) of these are endemic to Brazil and found nowhere else on earth. These 68 species also represent more than three-quarters of all primate species in the Neotropics (68/87 spp. or 78.2%). In in- ternational terms, only Madagascar, Indonésia and Zaire can compare to Brazil, and none of these has even half the number of species (although Madagascar has five families, 14 genera, 30 species and approximately 50 taxa, all but two of which are endemic). Table 4. Top countries in the world for primate diversity. Country tt genera tt species tt endemics % endemics 1. Brazil 16 68 30 44.1% 2. Madagascar 14 30 28 93.3% 3. Zaire 13-15 30-32 3 - 10% 4, Peru 12 30 4 13.3% -S. Indonésia 9 34 18 53% The addition of two new species to the genus Cailithrix in 1992, the recognition of 12 Cailithrix as full species by de Vivo (1988) and a thirteenth, C. kuhlii, by Mit- termeier et al. (1988), gives this genus the largest number of species (15) of all Neotropical primate genera, at least for the time bcing. However, it is likely that it will be excecded by Saguinus, currently with 12 species and 33 taxa, Callicelms, with 13 species and 24 taxa, and perhaps even Aotiis (9 species, 1 1 taxa), when other new cm SciELO 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 6 Callithrix mauesi sp.n. forms are described and thorough revisions made. Unlike these other very diverse genera, Callithrix is almost entirely endemic to Brazil, with only one species, C. melanura, extending into non-Brazilian territory in Bolivia and Paraguay (Hershkovitz, 1977; Stallings and Mittermeier, 1983). The discovery of C. mauesi and C. nigriceps also demonstrates how little we still know of the vast Amazon region, even with relatively well-studied groups like the nonhuman primates, and emphasizes yet again the need for more basic research and exploration. Figure 9. Photographs of live Callithrix humeralifera (left) and Callithrix chrysoleuca (right). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank Stephen Nash for producing the drawings that il- lustrate this paper, John Fleagle for his help in describing the skull, and Mario de Vivo for his criticai comments on early drafts of the manuscript. The sênior author would like to express his special thanks to Pierce Onthank for first having pointed out the existence of this species to him, and to David Oren for his input at various stages of this project. Support for this publication was provided by Conservation International. cm SciELO REFERENCES Goeldicma Zoologia, número 14, 1992 17 AVILA-PIRES, F.D. 1986. On the validity and geographical distribution of Callithrix argentata emiliae Thomas, 1920 (Primates, Cailitrichidae). In: de Mello, M.T. A Primalologia no Brazil, v. 2, Sociedade Brasileira de Primatologia. COIMBRA-FILHO, A.F. & MITTFRMFIFR, R.A. 1973. New data on the taxonomy of the Brazilian marmosets of the genus CallithrLx Frxleben, 1777. Folia primatoL, 20:241-264. HFRSHKOVITZ, P. 1968. Metachronism or the principie of evolutionary change in mammalian tegumentary colors. Evolution, 22: 556-575. HFRSHKOVITZ, P. 1977. Living New World Monkeys, v. 1 , Chicago, University of Chicago Press, xvi 4-1117 pp. HFRSHKOVITZ, P. 1990. Origin, speciation, and distribution of South American titi monkeys, genus Callicebus (Family Cebidac, Platyrrhini). Proc. Acad. Nai. Sei. Philadel, 140 (1): 240-272. FERRARI, S.F. & LOPES, M.A. 1992. A new species of marmoset, genus Callithrix Frxleben, 1777 (Cailitrichidae, Primates), from western Brazilian Amazônia. Goeldiana Zoologia, no. 12. LORINI, M. & PERSSON, V.G. 1990. Nova espécie de Leontopilhecus Lesson, 1840, do sul do Brasil (Primates, Cailitrichidae). Boi. Mu.seu Nacional (Zoologia) 138: 1-14. MITTERMEIER, R.A., RYLANDS, A.B., & COIMBRA-FILHO, A.F. 1988. Systematies: Species and sub.species — an update. In: Mittermeier, R.A., Rylands, A.B., Coimbra-Filho, A.F. and Fonseca, G.A.B. (eds.) Ecology and Behavior of Neotropical Primates, v. 2, Washington, D.C., World Wildiife Fund-U.S, STALLINGS, J. & MITTERMEIER, R.A. 1983. The black-tailed marmoset (CallithrLx argentata melanura) recorded from Paraguay. Amer. J. PrimatoL, 4: 159-163. de VIVO, M. 1985. On some monkeys from Rondônia, Brasil (Primates: Cailitrichidae, Cebidae), Pap. Avulsos Zoo., São Paulo, 36: 103-1 10. de VIVO, M. 1988. Sistemática de Callithrix Erxleben, 1777. Ph.D. thesis, University of São Paulo. de VIVO, M. 1991. Taxonomia de CallithrLx Erxleben, 1777 (Cailitrichidae, Primates). Fundação Biodiver- sitas. Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. 105 pp. cm SciELO 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 "V »