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44

THE

BRITISH FLORA,

THE

BRITISH FLORA;

IN TWO VOLUMES.
VOL. I.;

COMPRISING THE

PHÆNOGAMOUS, OR FLOWERING PLANTS,

AND

THE FERNS;

By SIR WILLIAM JACKSON HOOKER,

K.H. LL.D. F.R., A. & L.S.

HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY ; MEMBER OF THE
IMPERIAL ACADEMY CÆSAR. LEOPOLD. NATURÆ CURIOSORUM, OF THE
IMPERIAL SOCIETY CÆSAR. NATURÆ CURIOSORUM OF MOSCOW ; OF THE
ROYAL ACADEMIES OF SWEDEN, PRUSSIA, LUND ; OF THE ACACEMIES OF
PHILADELPHIA, NEW YORK, BOSTON; OF THE NAT. HIST. SOCIETY OF
MONTREAL, ETC. ETC, ETC.,

AND

REGIUS PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW.

THE FOURTH EDITION,

WITH ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS, AND NUMEROUS FIGURES ILLUSTRATIVE OF
THE GRASSES AND UMBELLIFEROUS PLANTS,

“ Call the vales, and bid them hither cast
Their bells and flow’rets ofa thousand hues.”

LONDON:
LONGMAN, ORME, BROWN, GREEN, & LONGMANS.
MDCCCXXXVIII.

26

Glasgow : Edward Khull, Printer to the University.

TO

ROBERT GRAHAM, M.D., F.R.S. Enin., F.L.8.
&c. &c. &c.

AND

REGIUS PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH.

My DEAR ÑIR, .

FELLOW.LABOURERS as we are in the
same field, occupied professionally in the same pursuit in Sister
Universities of this country, and alike anxious for the advancement
of our favourite science ;—these may be considered, in themselves,
sufficient reasons why I should wish to dedicate the following pages
to you. But T have a still stronger inducement ; namely, that I
may thereby record the friendship which has, I believe, almost from
the first of our acquaintance, subsisted between us, and which I
fervently hope may continue during the remainder of our lives.
That this work may be found useful to your students, as well as to
my own, and that your zealous endeavours to promote the interests
of your Class, and of Botany in general, may be rewarded by the

most happy success, are amongst the sincerest wishes of,
Dear Sir,
Your faithful and affectionate Friend,

THE AUTHOR..

INTRODUCTION.

Tus object which the Author proposed to himself, in preparing
a new Flora of the British Empire, was of a twofold nature :
Istly, to provide the young Student with a description of our
native plants, arranged according to the simplest method ; and
2dly, to afford to the more experienced Botanist, a manual, that
. should be useful in the field as well as in the closet. In regard
to the first object, the experience of nearly an hundred years
has proved to every unprejudiced mind, that no system has
appeared which can be compared to that of the immortal Swede
for the facility with which it enables any one, hitherto unprac-
tised in Botany, to arrive at a knowledge of the Genus and |
Species of a plant.—' The Linnzan Method is, therefore, here
still, though not exclusively, adopted. , i

It has been the opinion of the author, and of many of his
friends, that, in most of the Floras hitherto published, however
excellent in other respects, either too much or too little space
has been devoted to the generic and specific descriptions and
synonyms; in the one case, swelling the book to a size which
entails both expense on the purchaser and difficulty in consult-
ing the several volumes ; in the other, reducing the technical
characters to the shortest possible compass, so that they can
scarcely be made available, except to those who are already
partially acquainted with the plant under examination, or with
some of its near allies. Between these extremes, the author
has attempted to steer a middle course, by giving diagnostic
remarks where, and where only, they have appeared to him
necessary ; confining the synonyms, with few exceptions, to
those of the writer who first described the plant, to a good
figure, and a reference to a single Flora of Great Britain; and

viii - JNTRODCUTION.

by adopting such an arrangement of the subject-matter as would
best occupy every portion of the page, without rendering it
obscure to the reader. How far his endeavours have proved
successful, must be left to the experience and judgment of those
. for whose use the work is particularly intended. Should it be
- useful in advancing the cause of Botanical Science in this coun-
try, as the demand for four very large impressions, in the brief
space of 7 years, leads him to believe, the end which was fondly
anticipated at the commencement of the undertaking will be
. fully accomplished. During the progress of the labour, it oc-
curred to the Author that he might give additional interest to
_ the volumes by subjoining short notices of tlie uses aud proper:
ties of, or some little historical remarks relative to, the species,
the origin of the generic names, &c. : thereby recommending
the pursuit of which it treats, to the attention of the many, who
are. still apt to look upon Botany as a dry and profitless em-
ployment, a system of hard words, destitute of any real utility
to mankind.

Mirbel has well remarked, that « Ceux qui proscrivent l'usage
des méthodes artificielles n'en ont point saisi le véritable esprit ;
ceux qui ne s'attachent qu' à ces classifieations arbitraires, et
qui négligent l'etude des rapports naturels, ignorent la beauté et
la dignité de la science ;"—a maxim which it is to be wished
were more generally acknowledged. For it is unfortunately
too much the practice of the day, for the one party, having
devoted an exclusive attention to one or other of these Methods,
to deery thát with which he is unacquainted, or the advantages
of which he has never had the good fortune to experience. The
more easy the commencement of a study is made, the more
votaries will be drawn to it; and though they should attain to
no further knowledge of a Natural Method than what has been
taught by the imperishable. writings of a Linnzus and of a
Smith, yet let them be assured that in plants, taken individually,
and in an isolated manner, there are subjects that will give
ample scope for the employment of the talents of the greatest
Philosophers : in the due contemplation of which they may de-
rive both pleasure and advantage themselves, and be the means
of communicating them to others,

S ** "The well-directed sight
Brings, in each flower, an universe to light.”

INTRODUCTION. ix

Lyonet aequired at least as much honour, and rendered as great
service to mankind by his intimate acquaintance with the ana-
‘tomy and functions of the organs of a single caterpillar, as-if he id
had spent his life in arranging all the known insects of the
world according to a new and Natural System. The Linnzan
Method, as alate writer in the * Magazine of Nat. History” has
well observed, is not opposed to that of Jussieu or De Candolle,
“but is rather an easy and pleasing preface or index to their
more extended inquiries.” . l
Let it not be supposed that the author is advocating the cause
of an Artificial System, to the exclusion of a natural one; for
if any one can be more alive than another to the real advantage
derivable from a knowledge of the characters of plants when
naturally combined, it is assuredly he, whose duty it is to teach
the Science to those who are destined for the profession of
medicine. The former method will soon enable the student to
ascertain the Foxglove, the Cinchona, the Squill, and many
other plants of which he would be ashamed to be ignorant: but
the study of the latter will alone put it in his power to extend
his inquiries, and with a prospect of success, to analyze other
plants of the same Natural Order, among which he may expect
to find similar or more powerfal principles than what are hither-
to known to us. This subject lays open a wide field of use-
fulness to the Botanist and the Physician ; and with the view
to so desirable an object, the name of the Natural Order to
which each Genus belongs is mentioned in the following pages ;
and in the Appendix will be found a complete list with char-
acters of all the Orders, so far as British Botany is concerned,
together with an enumeration of the Genera belonging to them,
and references to the pages of the present volume, where the
genera and species are described; to these are added brief no-
- tices of other Orders of foreign countries, which are remarkable
for the useful or interesting plants they contain. To those who
wish for fuller information respecting the natural affinities of
Plants, especially as concerns universal Botany, the following
works may be studied with advantage: Dr Lindley’s “ Intro-
duction to Botany,” and his * Natural System of Botany,” Mr
Arnott's “ Treatise on the Natural Arrangement of Plants” under
the article * Botany,” in the 5th vol. of the 7th edition of the
Encyclopedia Britannica ; and the 7th and last edition of Sir

X INTRODUCTION.

J. E. Smith's “ Introduction to Botany,” where we have ourselves
given the characters of all the Natural Orders. Dr Lindley’s
* Synopsis of the British Flora,’* and Dr Macreight’s * Manual
of British Botany,” are arranged exclusively according to the
Natural System. d

The labour of compiling the Flora of a country, by a careful
examination and comparison of specimens themselves, whether
in a living or dried state, can only be appreciated by those who
have been engaged in an employment of the same kind. The
collecting of materials, indeed, in their native hills and valleys,
upon the sea-shore, in the woods, and among the majestic alpine
scenery with which.the northern parts of our island eminently
abound, generally in the society of friends of a congenial taste,
or students full of ardour and enthusiasm, has been a very de-
lightful occupation, especially when taken in conjunction with
“ anticipations of the pleasure we may have to bestow on kindred
minds with our own, when sharing with them our discoveries
and our acquisitions.” And the task of describing them has, in
the present instance, been considerably lightened by the valuable
assistance afforded by many of the most able Botanists of our
country, whose names are mentioned, as far as it was consistent
with the nature of the undertaking, when treating of the re-
spective plants they have tended to illustrate. Mr Borrer, Mr
W. Wilson, the Rev. Professor Henslow, the Rev. M. J. Ber-
keley, the late Rev. J. S. Tozer, the Rev. G. E. Smith, Mrs
Griffiths, Miss Warren,t Dr Dewar, Mr Babington, Mr Christy, -
Mr H. C. Watson, Dr Graham, Mr Macnab, Mr J. E. Bowman,
and Mr R. B. Bowman, have, in an especial manner, rendered
service both by notes and illustrative specimens. "The first of
these gentlemen has kindly undertaken a complete revision of
the genera Myosotis, Rosa, and Rubus ; whilst to Mr Wilson,
whose acuteness and botanical ardour are beyond all praise, I
am indebted for many important remarks in the present as well
as in the preceding editions. Mr Babington has obligingly
communicated to me, and permitted me to use his MS. notes
on the new and rare species of Plants which he and Mr Christy

* Of which the 2d edition appeared in 1835.
Tf A highly accomplished Devonshire botanist, who has lately published an
interesting Botanical Chart, in which much valuable and useful information
is given.

INTRODUCTION. .. : xi

detected on their visit to the Channel islands, during the sum-
mer of last year, of which I have gladly availed myself.

'The design of this work would not allow of so many stations
being given for the rarer plants as could have been wished: and
indeed the Author has been rather anxious to indicate the range
of the species, than the precise spot where any particular one is
found. The admirable “ Botanist's Guide” of Messrs Turner and
Dillwyn; the interesting * Outlines of the Geographical Distri-
bution of British Plants” and the New ** Botanist's Guide," by
H. C. Watson, Esq. ; Mr J. T. Mackay’s valuable “ Flora Hiber-
nica,” and the various local Floras which are now happily become
exceedingly numerous, may, for information on this head, be
consulted with great advantage.

Mr J. E. Bowman has, with his accustomed good judgment,
suggested the propriety of erasing from the British Flora such
plants as Bufonia tenuifolia, Swertia perennis, Gentiana acau-
lis, Stipa pennata, and some others universally acknowledged to
be neither indigenous to the British isles nor naturalized
amongst us: and my first impression was to adopt this sugges-
tion. But upon further consideration, I retain them, out of
respect to the memory of Sir Jas. Smith, who saw reason to
consider them British, and who introduced them as such, not
only into his * Flora. Britannica,” but into « English Botany" and
the “ English Flora ;" works of so high a character that they may
well be considered as standard authority for such plants as
were deemed indigenous to Britain at the period of their pub-
lication. I have, nevertheless, thought proper to place an as-
terisk (*) against the names not only of such species as no longer
exist in the given localities, but also against others which have
become naturalized through the agency of man. I cannot, how-
. ever, consent to admit every plant that recent research has de-
- tected in uncultivated ground, merely because Oenothera. biennis
and Datura Stramonium have, without sufficient consideration,
found a place in our Flora. The Martagon Lily and the Ame-
rican Touch-me-Not can have no claim to be considered British
plants. |

It may be well to remark here, that the figures which follow
the season of flowering of the plants in the descriptive pages,

viz, :— (9, d, Uf, and h, signify :

xii | INTRODUCTION,

© (The Sun), implying that the plant is of annual duration, because
the earth requires a year in performing a revolution round the sun.

á (Mars), a biennial plant ; because that planet is two years in per-
forming a similar revolution.

9L (d upiter) a perennial plant or root ; because of the great length of
time, 4332 days, required by that planet for such a revolution.

h (Saturn), a shrub or tree, whieh, living for a great number of years,
is represented by a planet requiring nearly 30 years to revolve
round the sun. l

The present volume terminates with the Ferns. A second

(which also forms the fifth of Sir J. E. Smith's « English

Flora") including the rest of the Class CRYPTOGAMIA, is now

published, and completes the Flora of the British dominions.

Grasaow, March 1, 1838.

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CLASSES AND ORDERS

or

THE LINNJEAN SYSTEM OF BOTANY.

F

s

Class.

]. MoNANDRIA,
9. DIANDRIA,

9. TRIANDRIA, .
4. TETRANDRIA,
5. PENTANDRIA,
6. HEXANDRIA,
7. HEPTANDRIA;
8. OcTANDRIA,
9. ENNEANDRIA,
10. DECANDRIA,

11. DoDECANDRIA, .

12. IcosANDRIA;
13. PoLyANDRIA,
14. DipyNAMIA,

15. TETRADYNAMIA,

16. MoNADELPHIA, .
17. DIADELPHIA,

18. PoLYADELPHIA,
19. SYNGENESIA, .
90, GYNANDRARIA, »

1 Stamen in each flower.
9 Stamens
3
e eeta EQual in height.
5
6 ananena eQual in height.
7
UB
xU
eo AOE ee
from 12 to 19.
. 90 or more, on the calyz.
. 90 or more, on the receptacle.
. . 4; 2 long and 2 short.

d ; 4 long and 2 short.
OI die Flowers cruciform.

Filaments united at the base into one set.

. Filaments united in two sets; Flowers

mostly papilionaceous. ` `
. Filaments united in three or more sets.
. Anthers united ; Flowers compound.
. Stamens inserted on the Pistil.

21. MowoECrA, . . Stamens and Pistils in separate Flowers on

99. D10ECIA, . «+ >»

99. POLYGAMIA,» .

94, CRYPTOGAMIA; .

The twenty-four

the same plant.

Stamens and Pistils in separate Flowers on

two separate plants.

Stamens and Pistils separate in some flowers,
united in others, either on the same plant,
or on fwo or three distinct ones.

Fructification concealed.

Classes are subdivided into ORDERS.

(See the characters of the Orders in the next page.)

XlV CLASSES AND ORDERS OF LINNZEAN SYSTEM.

The Orders of the first thirteen Classes are founded on the number of
Styles in each flower ;

Monoeynta, 1 Style; Dieyntia, 2; Trieynia, 8; TETRAGYNIA, 4;
- PENTAGYNIA, 5; Hexaeynta, 6; Hepracynia, 7; OcrAGYNIA, 8;
Decaeynia, 10; Porvavwria, many Styles.

The Orders of the 14th Class are two;

1. GYMNOSPERMIA, Seeds 4, apparently naked.

2. AwGrOSPERMIA, Seeds in a distinct seed-vessel.

The Orders of the 15th Class are two ;
l. SrLICULOsA, Seeds in a short Pod, or Pouch.
2. SILIQUOSA, Seeds in a long Pod.
In the 16th, 17th, and 18th Classes, the Orders are founded on the
number of Stamens in each set.
, TRIANDRIA, 3; PENTANDRIA, 5; DECANDRIA, 10; &c., in each set.
The Orders of the 19th Class are three, and are founded on the structure
of the flower, which is compound ;
l. ÆQUALIS, . meo o + All the florets perfect.
Florets of the disk perfect; of
2. SUPERFLUA, . C DRESS i the ray, with Pistil only.

9. FRUSTRANEA,

the ray, with neither Stamen

. € Florets of the disk perfect; of
| nor Pistil.

The Orders of the 20th Class are founded on the number of the
Stamens ;

Monanpria, 1; DIANDRIA, 2; &e.

The Orders of the 91st and 22d Classes are founded on the number,
union, and situation of the Stamens ;

Mownanprta, DIANDRIA, &c. MosADELPHIA, &c.

The Orders of the 23d Class are three, and are:

MowoEcta, united flowers accompanied with barren, or fertile ones,
or both, all on one plant ; Dioxcta, the same, on two different plants ;
Trioxcta, the same, on three different plants.

The Orders of the 24th Class are Natural Orders or Families.

1, Frriczs; 2. Musc. 5. CHARACEJE,
Subord. 3. HxPaTICA. 6. Aro.

l.LvcoropiNEx. 4. LICHENS. 7. Fuwcr.
2x MARSILEACE X.

3. EQUISETACE®.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

Page 41, between Poa distans, and P. procumbens, insert, :

P. Borreri ; panicle spreading, in fruit ascending and patent, spikelets
linear of about 4 flowers, florets free, outer glume of the corolla obso-
letely 5-nerved with a minute point. Glyceria Borreri, Bab. in E.
Bot. Suppl. t. 9797. :

.Drackish places in the south and south-east of England, often in company
with P. procumbens and distans. Mr Borrer, Mr Babington. Fl.—31[?—*May
be distinguished from P. distans by its ascending branches when in fruit, the
Spikes seldom more than 4-flowered, the exterior glume of the corolla pointed,
and its dorsal nerve extending to the apex ;—from P. procumbens by its patent
branches, its spikelets not more than half the size, its exterior pointed glume
9f the corolla and the erect stalk ;—from P. maritima by the patent branches, its
Spikes about half the size, and the flat leaves." Bab.

P. 67. 1. 7.— After 2. spikes cylindrical, insert, S. media.
p. 76. For JastNE, read JasioNE. i A
p. 192. For Agrimonia Eupatoria, read Agrimonia Eupatorium.

p. 199. After the specific character of Rosa Wilsoni, add, Borr. in
Br. Flora, ed. 3, p. 231.

p. 255. For Brassica Wapa, read Brassica Rapa.
p. 273. Oxytropis Rralensis, read Oxytropis Uralensis.

BRITISH FLORA.

CLASS I. MONANDRIA.! 1 Stamen,
ORD. I. MONOGYNIA2. 1 Style.

l. SarrcónxrA. Perianth single, turbinate, fleshy, obscurely
lobed. Style short. Stigmas bi-trifid. Fruit, an one-seeded Utri-
cle, included in the enlarged Perianth.— Nat. Ord. CHENOFODEZ,
Vent.—Named from sal, salt, and cornu, a horn, from the horn-
like branches and saline nature of the plants.

2. Hreptris, Perianth single, superior, forming a very in-
distinct rim to the germen. Fruit, a small one-seeded Nut.—
Nat. Ord. HALORAGE®, Br.—Named from ixaos, a horse, and
oven, a tail.

(See Valeriana rubra 3 in CL. III.; Alchemilla arv. in CL. IV, ;
Zostera, in CL. XXL ; Chara, in CL. XXIV.) >

(Ord. 2. Diavwia. 2 Styles. See Callitriche in CL. XXL)

.MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

l. SALICÓRNIA. Linn. Glasswort.

l. S. herbácea, L. (jointed G'lasswort): stem herbaceous, ar-
ticulations compressed somewhat thickened upwards and notch-
ed, spikes cylindrical slightly tapering at the extremity.—o. stem
erect. S. herbacea, E. Fl. v. i. p. 9.—5S. annua, E. Bot. t. 415.
—f. stem procumbent. S. procumbens, E. Bot. t. 2475.

Salt-marshes, plentiful. FZ. Aug. Sept. ©.—Plant leafless, much
branched and jointed; articulations a little thickened upwards, very
Succulent, shrinking much when dry, in which state the upper extremity
of each articulation forms a two-lobed membranous socket or short
Sheath, which receives the base of the articulation above it. Spikes of
Jlowers dense, lateral and terminal, jointed like the stem, and bearing,
at the base of every short articulation, on two opposite sides, a cluster
of 3 flowers, each composed of a single perianth, apparently quite
Closed at the top, and pierced, as it were, by the bi- or trifid stigma and
the single or two stamens: when two, appearing in succession. Mr

1 From poves, one, and «yng, inthis sense applicable to the stamen, one stumen.

3 From (eves, One, and yun, here made applicable to the pistil, or style, an es-
sential part of the pistil. When the style is so short as not to be visible, the
Stigmas are counted. i

* 'The anomalous genera and species (that is, such species as vary in the
tal number of stamens or styles, or such genera as have been placed in the
: lass and Order in question by other authors), are here given in italics and
n parentheses, and thus referred to their proper places.

VOL. I. B

9 DIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. [ Veronica.

"Wilson observes that the central flower (of the erect var. at least) has
two stamens, one placed below, the other above, the laterally-com-
pressed germen ; and that the side-flowers have only one, placed above
the germen.

2. S. radícans, Sm. (creeping Glasswort); stem woody pro-
cumbent and rooting, articulations compressed spreading and
notched at the top, spikes oblong obtuse. Æ. Bot. t. 1691, & t.
2467, (S. fruticosa).

Muddy sea-shores, rare ; on the Norfolk and Sussex coasts. In the
Isle of Sheppey, Kent. ‘Near Newry, Ireland. Fi. Aug. Sept. 2f.
—This scarcely differs from the preceding, except in its more branching,
straggling and perennial stem, quite woody below, often growing at the
edge of a low muddy bank, and depending from it. The true S. fruti-
cosa is a very different plant, and confined to the south of Europe and
north of Africa.— The various species of this genus, as well as others
belonging to the same natural family, and growing abundantly on the
coasts in the south of Europe and north of Africa, yield a vast quantity
of soda, so much employed in making both soap and glass ; whence their
English name, Gilasswort.

9. Hieptris. Linn. Mare’s Tail.

1. H. vulgaris, L. (common Mare's- Tail); leaves linear 6—8
or 10 in a whorl. E. Bot. t. 763.

Ditches and, usually, stagnant waters; less frequent in Scotland.
Fl, June, July. 2.— Stem erect, simple, jointed. Whorls of about
8 leaves, which are callous at the point. Flowers at the base of each
of the upper leaves, not unfrequently destitute of stamen.. Germen oval,
inferior ; within its minute rim or border, at the summit, which consti-
tutes the calyx, is situated the stamen, with its large two-lobed anther ;
when young, having the style passing between the two lobes. Seed
fixed to the top of the cell of the pericarp, and thus inverted. In deep
streams of water this plant attains to 2 or 3 feet, with the leaves exces-
sively crowded, 3 and even 4 inches in length, pellucid, with an opaque
nerve, their points not callous ; the whole plant submerged and barren.

CLASS II. DIANDRIA. 2 Stamens.
ORD. I. MONOGYNIA. 1 Style.
* Perianth double, inferior, monopetalous, regular.
l. LicósrRUM. Cor. 4-cleft. Berry 2-celled, with the cells
9.seeded.—JVat. Ord. Jasminem, Juss.—Named from ligo, to

bind; on account of the use sometimes made of its long and pliant
branches. !

** Perianth double, inferior, monopetalous, irregular. Seeds
enclosed in a pericarp which forms one piece.
9. Veronica. Cor. 4-cleft, rotate, lower segment narrower.
Caps. 2-celled.—Nat. Ord. ScRoPHULARINEJ, Juss.—Name of
' doubtful origin. |

Lemna] | DIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. 3

_3. Pinevicuna. Cal. 9-lipped, upper lip of 3, lower of 1,
bifid segment. Cor. ringent, spurred. Germen globose. Stigma
large, of 2 unequal plates or lobes. Caps. l-celled ; Seeds at-
tached to a central receptacle.— Vat. Ord. LenT1BULARIA, Rich.
—Named from pinguis, fat ; the leaves being thick and greasy
to the touch.

4. UrricunArta. Cal.2-leaved, equal. Cor. personate, spur-
red. Stigma 2-lipped. Caps. globose, of 1 cell; Seeds fixed to
a central receptacle.— Wat. Ord. LENTIBULARIX, Rich.—Named
from utriculus, a little bladder. B

*** Perianth double, inferior, monopetalous, irregular... Ger-
men or pericarp deeply 4-lobed, or, apparently, formed of 4 seeds.

9. Lycopus. Cal. tubular, 5-cleft. Cor. tubular; limb nearly
equal, 4-cleft, upper segment broader and notched. Stam.
distant, simple.— Nat. Ord. LABIATA, Juss.— Name, from Auxog
a wolf, and rovs, a foot, from a fancied resemblance in the cut
leaves of this plant, to a wolf’s paw :—der Wolfsfuss, in Germ. ;
—in English, Gypsy-wort, because the plant yields a black dye,
which is employed by Gypsies to render their skins darker.

6. SÁLviA. Cal, 2-lipped, tubular. Cor. labiate; the tube di-
lated upwards and compressed. Filaments with 2 divaricating
branches, 1 only bearing a perfect, single cell of an anther.—
Nat. Ord. Lanta Ts, Juss—Named from salvo, to save, or heal,
in allusion to its balmy or healing qualities.

**** Perianth double, superior.

‘7. Circa. Cal. 2-leaved, but united into a short tube at the
base. Cor. of 2 petals. Caps. 2-celled; cells 1-seeded.— Nat,
Ord. ONAGRARIÆ, Juss—Named from the enchantress Circe,
either from the prettiness of its flowers, or, as some say, from
its growing in damp, shady places, where plants used for incan-
tations are found.

*KEEE Perianth single, or none.
8. FrAxinus, Cal.0, or 4-cleft. Cor. 0, or of 4 petals. Caps.
. 2-celled, 2-seeded, compressed and foliaceous at the extremity
(a Samara). Seeds solitary, pendulous. (Flowers sometimes
without stamens. )—Nat. Ord: JASMINER, Juss.—Named from
peačıs, a separation, in allusion to the facility with which the
wood may be split.

9. Limna. Perianth single, monophyllous, membranaceous,
urceolate. Fruit utricular. Fronds without distinct stem or
leaves, floating on the surface of the water, and increasing, not
only by seeds, but, far more abundantly, by gemm:e or buds,
concealed in lateral clefts of the parent frond, which, growing out
on 2 opposite sides into new plants, and these again producing
offspring im the same way, while still attached to their parent,

HI
ib
iia
|
E

od DIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. [ Veronica.

present a most curious appearance.! — Nat. Ord. PIsTIACER, Rich.
—Name, Acme, of the Greeks, it is said from Acc, a scale.

10. CuApium. Perianth single, glumaceous. Glumes of 1
piece or valve, 1-flowered, imbricating; outer ones sterile. Fruit,
a nut with a loose external coat, destitute of bristles at the base.
— Nat. Ord. CYPERACEE, Juss.—Named from xAa«9oc, a branch ;
so called, perhaps, from the many branches bearing spikelets.

(See Salicornia in CL. I. Schenus, CL. III. Carex, CL. XXI.
Lepidium and Coronopus, CL. XV.)

ORD. II. DIGYNIA. 2 Styles.

l.AwTnoxÁNTHUM. (Tab.1.f.1.) Cal. of 2 valves, gluma-
ceous, 1-flowered. Cor. double, each of 2 valves ; the ext, awned;
the inf. small, awnless.—JVat. Ord. Graminex, Juss.—Name,
cvdos, a flower, and Savdos, yellow ; from the yellowish hue of
the spikes, especially in age.
(See Hierochloe, CL. III.) k

DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
1. LicósTRUM. Linn. Privet.
1. L. vulgáre, L. (Privet); leaves elliptico-lanceolate, panicle
compact. F. Bot. t. 764.

_Thickets, and more frequently in hedges. 77. June, July. h —A bush
with opposite, evergreen /eaves, frequently used for fences, as the plant
bears clipping. Flowers small, white. Berries black, globose.

2. Veronica. Linn. Speedwell.
* Spikes or racemes terminal? (Root perennial.)

1. V. spicáta, L. (spiked Speedwell); raceme spicate, leaves ob-
long obtuse serrated pubescent, the lower ones broader ovate
or obovate and stalked, stem ascending branching only at the
very base, capsule obcordate hairy with a long style. E. Bot. t.
9.— f. stem-leaves broader approaching to elliptical. V. hybrida,
L.—E. Bot. t. 678.

Rare. In dry chalky pastures about Newmarket and Bury.—8. in
Lancashire, and in Wales. Fl. July, Aug. Y.

9. V. serpyllifólia, L. (thyme-leaved Speedwell); raceme some-
what spiked many-flowered, leaves broadly ovate or elliptical
very obtuse nearly entire glabrous, capsules inversely reniform
as long as the style. J7. Bot. t. 1075.— B. alpina ; stems pros-
trate often rooting, racemes short. V. humifusa, Dicks.

1 For a more complete analysis and history of this genus than I am here able
to give, see Lemna minor, trisulca and gibba in the New Series of Londinensis
Flora; and for an admirable account of the germination of the seeds in the
latter species, see a Memoir by W. Wilson, Esq. in Part II. of the Botanical
Miscellany. :

2 V. arvensis, triphyllos, and verna, are placed in the third division, on account
of their annual roots ; although their inflorescence may more strictly be con-
sidered as spicate or racemose, than as consisting of solitary and axillary flowers.

Veronica.] DIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA.- E

Pastures and roadsides, abundant.—. On high mountains. F7. May
—July. 2t. — The var. P. is a singular and very beautiful one, and is
often gathered and mistaken for V. alpina. ln both, the stems, and
sometimes the leaves, are more or less pubescent.

3. V. alpína, L. (alpine Speedwell); racemes corymbose few-
flowered, leaves elliptic-ovate serrated, calyx and bracteas ci-
liated, capsule obovate notched tipped with the very short style.
E. Bot. t. 484. sut

Near the summits of the Highland Mountains, but rare. FI. July,
Aug. 2f.— About 4 inches high, turning black when dry. Best dis-
tinguished from all the varieties of V. serpyllifolia by its more upright
growth; larger, more acute, and more decidedly serrated leaves; by
the fewer, more dense, brighter blue flowers, which are more hairy
about the calyx and bracteas ; and by the obovate capsule with its very
Short style. ;

‘4. V. saxátilis, L. (blue Rock Speedwell) ; raceme lax few-
flowered corymbose, leaves elliptical subserrate, stems spread-
ing, capsule ovate its valves bifid. Æ. Bot. t. 1027.

Growing on perpendicular exposed rocks in Scotland, rare. On the
Breadalbane and Clova mountains. FI. July. 2£.—Stems slender, pro-
cumbent, woody, much branched. Leaves glabrous, bright green, when
dry almost black, but semipellucid, thin and distinctly veiny. Flowers
large, of a most brilliant blue, in corymbs.

5. V. fruticulósa, L. (flesh-colowred Speedwell); raceme many-
flowered subspicate, leaves elliptico-lanceolate subserrated coria-
ceous, stems ascending woody branched at the base, capsule
ovate its valves bifid. Æ. Bot. t. 1028.

On Ben Cruachan, Argyleshire; Dr Walker ; upon Ben Lawers,
R. Brown. Fil. July. 2[.—1 am not aware that any Botanist except.
those just mentioned has ever detected this plant truly wild in the-
British dominions: nor have I been able to see a native specimen.

** Racemes axillary. (Root perennial.)

6. V. scutelláta, L. (Marsh Speedwell) ; racemes alternate, pe-
dicels divaricated reflexed in fruit, leaves linear somewhat toothed,
stem nearly erect. Æ. Bot. t. 782.

Wet places and sides of ditches. J. July, Aug. ?[.— Racemes

nearly opposite. Capsule of 2 flattened, orbicular, membranous lobes.
. Blowers flesh-coloured with darker bluish veins.

7. V. Anagállis, L.( Water Speedwell); racemes opposite, leaves
lanceolate serrated, stem erect. Æ. Bot. t. 781. i

Ditches ånd watery places ; less frequent in Scotland than in England.
Fl. July, Aug. 2f.— Intermediate in appearance between V. scutell. .
and V. Beccab., yet abundantly distinct from both. Stems succulent, .
a foot or more high. Leaves varying somewhat in width. Hacemes.
long, many-flowered. Pedicels short, never reflexed. Flowers bluish.
or inclining to purple.

8. V. Beccabánga, L. (Brooklime); racemes opposite, leaves
elliptical obtuse subserrated glabrous, stem procumbent at the-
base and rooting. Æ. Bot. t. 635.

6. DIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. [ Veronica.

Ditches and water-courses, frequent. FZ. Summer months, 2[.—
Whole plant glabrous and. very succulent. Racemes of many bright
blue flowers.

9. V. officindlis, L. (common Speedwell) ; racemes spicate,
leaves broadly ovate serrated rough with pubescence, stem very
downy procumbent, capsule obovate deeply notched. Æ. Bot. t.
765.—§. nearly glabrous. E. FL v. i. p. 22.—^. leaves ovato-
anceolate, capsule obcordate entire abortive. V. hirsuta; Hopk.
Fil. Glott. p. 9. Hook. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 9673.— V. setigera,
DD. Don.

Abundant in woods: and pastures, especially in dry situations,—g.
On mountains in Scotland and Ireland.—y. dry heaths in Ayrshire; Mr
Js. Smith. Fl. May—July. 2£.—4A very variable plant, especially in

size. .Leaves astringent and bitter; hence sometimes used medicinally
and made into tea.

10. V. montána, L. (Mountain Speedwell); racemes lax few-
flowered, leaves cordato-ovate petiolate serrated, stem hairy all
round, capsule orbicular two-lobed membranous much larger than
the calyx. Æ. Bot. t. 766.

Moist woods, not unfrequent. FV. May, June. 2£ .—Stem:a foot and
more long, weak, trailing. Leaves large, on stalks about equal to them
inlength. Capsules large, quite flat, and resembling those of a Biscu«
tella, veiny, their edges denticulate and slightly ciliated.

11. V. Chamédrys, L. ( Germander Speedwell); racemes elon-
gated many-flowered, leaves cordato-ovate sessile inciso-serrate,
stem bifariously hairy, capsule obeordate shorter than the calyx.
E. Bot. t. 623.

Woods, pastures and hedge-banks, frequent. Fl. May, June. 2£.—
Stem procumbent, as in the last species, having two opposite hairy lines,
and these lines taking different sides above and below each pair of leaves,
or decussate. Leaves wrinkled, deeply cut in a subalpine variety found
by Mr Wilson in North Wales. Flowers large, numerous, very bright
blue, greeting us at an early season of the year, and hence rendering the
plant a general favourite. In a var. found by Prof. Henslow, the
blossoms. are small.and chocolate-coloured.

*** Flowers axillary, solitary. (Root annual.)

12. V. hederifolia, L. (Ivy-leaved Speedwell) ; leaves all pe-
tiolate cordate with 5—7 large teeth or lobes, segments of the
calyx cordate ciliated, capsule of two turgid lobes, stem pro-
cumbent. EH. Bot. t. 784.

Fields and hedge-banks, common. FY. April—June. GO .— Stem:
weak. Leaves rather fleshy, slightly hairy, the upper young leaves
alone sessile or nearly so; the terminal tooth or lobe the largest,
Peduncles longer than the leaves, recurved when bearing fruit. Caps.
of two rounded, glabrous lobes, each lobe having 2 large, black,
transversely wrinkled, oval, gibbous seeds, which are hollowed on the:
under side.

183. V. agréstis, L. (green procumbent Field Speedwell); leaves
all petiolate cordato-ovate inciso-serrate as long as the flower-
stalks, segments of the calyx oblong obtuse, stem procumbent,

Veronica.] DIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. 7

capsule of 2 turgid keeled lobes, cells about 6-seeded. Bor. in
E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2608.

Fields and waste places, abundant. FI. Apr.—Sept. © .—Prostrate.
Stems 3—4 inches long, slightly hairy. Peduncles longer than the
leaves. Fruit of two round tumid lobes, much. smaller than the calyx.
Seeds large, cupped.

14. V. políta, Fries, (grey procumbent Field Speedwell); leaves.
all petiolate cordato-ovate inciso-serrate shorter than the flower-
stalks, segments of the calyx ovate acute, stem procumbent,
capsule of 2 turgid lobes, cells many-seeded. Reich, Iconogr.
v: iii. p. 45. t. 246.— V. agrestis, E. Bot. t. 783.

Cultivated fields and waste places, often: with the preceding. F7.
throughout the summer. (9.—Mr Borrer has well illustrated this and
the foregoing, V. agrestis, in the Supplement to E. Bot. t.:2603.
These two species and the V. opaca of Fries, (with spathulate segments
to the calyx,) border very closely upon each other, and are probably
often confounded by Botanists.

*15. V. Buxbéumii, Ten. (Buabaum’s Speedwell); leaves all
petiolate cordato-ovate inciso-serrate shorter than the flower-
stalks, segments of the calyx lanceolate acute, stem procumbent,
capsule obcordate of two turgid divaricated lobes which are
compressed upwards and sharply keeled, cells about 8-seeded.
Borr. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2769. Hook. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 8.—
V. Persica, Stev.—V. filiformis, Johnst. Fl. of Berw. p. 225,
with fig. (not of Vahl.) Hook. Br. Fl. ed. 1. p. 6.— V. agrestis,
B. Hook, Brit. Fl. ed. 2. p. 6.

Fields and cultivated places. Shrubbery at Whiterig, Berwickshire.
Clover-field at Chalk-hole, near Margate. Plentiful among turneps in a
field adjoining the Bird-in-hand Inn, Burford, Oxfordshire. Near New-
eastle, along with V. polita and V. agrestis. Syderstrand, Norfolk,
under a sunny wall; Miss Anna Gurney. Near Dunfermline ; D7
Dewar, Aug. 1836. Near Glasgow. FI. Spring to autumn. ©.—
Our acute friend Mr Borrer grounds the distinguishing marks of this
plant, as separating it from V. agrestis and V. polita, upon its larger
size, and greater hairiness, the divaricated lobes of the capsule, which
are compressed upwards and sharply carinated, and in the larger corolla,
rivalling in size and beauty that of V. Chamedrys. Mr Borrer has in
the Engl. Bot., by mistake, made it appear that we had, in the 2d ed.
of this work, referred this plant to a variety: of “ arvensis,” instead of
polita (agrestis of Eng. Bot.)

16. V. arvénsis, L. ( Wall Speedwell) ; leaves: cordato-ovate
serrated the lower ones petiolate, the upper or bracteas sessile
lanceolate longer than the flowers which are subspicate, stems
ascending. E. Bot. t. 734.

Fields and walls, plentiful, 77. in the spring months, and in early
summer. © .— Very different from the three last, especially in its inflores-
cence, which, if the upper leaves be considered bracteas, as they really
are (for they differ both in size and shape from the cauline ones), ist
truly racemose or subspicate. The same may be said of the two next
Species, and of some continental ones, especially V. acinifolia.

DIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA,. [Pinguicula.

17. V. triphgllos, L: (blunt-fingered Speedwell.); leaves broadly
ovate incised, lowermost ones petiolate, upper or bracteas sessile
digitate, the segments obtuse, flowers sub-racemose, the pedi-
cels longer than the bracteas or the calyx. E. Bot, t. 26.

Rare ; in sandy fields, about Bury and on the confines of Norfolk
and Suffolk. FZ. Apr. (3.—93— 4 inches high, with spreading branches.
Flowers a very deep blue, the lowermost often on very long pedicels.

18. V. vérna, L. (vernal Speedwell) ; leaves inciso-pinnatifid
the upper ones or bracteas lanceolate entire, flowers subrace--
mose, pedicels shorter than the calyx. Æ. Bot. t. 95.

Very rare. About Bury and Thetford, Suffolk. FZ Apr. © .—A.
very small, upright, scarcely branching plant, allied to V. arvensis,

9. PiNavícuLA. Linn. Butterwort.

7 1. P. vulgaris, L. (common Dutterwort); spur subulato-cylin-
drical, as long as the veinless limb of the corolla whose segments
are very unequal rounded even and all entire. Æ. Bot. t. 70.
Bogs, moist banks, and heaths; most abundant in the North. FT.
June. 2.—Foliage radical, covered with minute raised crystalline
points, fleshy, the margins involute. Scapes single-flowered. “Flowers
purple, very handsome, drooping; palate covered with white, compactly
jointed hairs. -Anthers 1-celled, vertical, placed just beneath the large
horizontal plate or lobe of the stigma. Style short. Caps. ovate,
one-celled, ‘ bursting half-way into 2 valves. Seeds numerous, oblong,
rough.— The leaves are said to coagulate milk, whence the English name.

~ 9. P. grandiflóra, Willd. (large-flowered Butterwort) ; spur
notched subulato-cylindrical as long as the veined limb of the
corolla whose segments are very unequal truncated, the middle
one of the lower lip notched. Æ. Bot. t. 2184.

Western part of the county of Cork, in marshy ground ; and at Ken-
mare. Fl- May. 2f.— This plant, apparently as rare upon the conti-
nent as in Britain, and perfectly distinct from P. vulgaris, may be
easily cultivated for a succession of years. sin the P. vulgaris, the
old leaves die away in winter, and buds or hybernacula are formed,
which expand into perfect individuals in the spring. Few plants can
exhibit a more beautiful appearance, early in the year, than a cluster of
P. grandiflora, blossoming under the shelter. of ‘a common frame. It

is a mass of large deep and rich purple-coloured flowers, well contrasted
with the pale but bright hue of the leaves.

3. P. alpina, L. (alpine Butterwort) ; spur conical shorter
than the unequal limb of the corolla and curved towards the
lower retuse lip, scape glabrous. Grah. in E. Bot. Suppl. t.
2747. Hook. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 10.

Bogs in Scotland, very rare. Isle of Skye, Mr James Mackay, in
Smith's Herb. (Graham! ). Bogs of Aughterflow and Shannon, on

* I understand there are two specimens in the
Herbarium of Sir J. E. Smith, upon the same paper with P. Lusitantca,
marked as sent to him by Mr Jumes Mackay, in September, 1794, from the
Isle of Skye." ,

1 Dr Graham says, l. c.,

Utricularia] ^—— DIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. 9

the Rose Haugh property, Ross-shire, Rev. G. Gordon. Fl. June.
2f.—Leaves and Jlowers about the size of P. Lusitanica ; but the
texture of the foliage most resembles that of P. vulgaris. Corolla
yellowish, within on the under-side is a tuft of deep yellow, crystalline

hairs, Spur remarkably short and conical, curved towards the lower
lip of the corolla. à

4. P. Lusitánica, L. (pale Butlerwort) ; spur cylindrical obtuse
decurved shorter than the almost equal limb of the corolla,
leaves veiny and as well as the scape hairy. Æ. Bot. t. 145.

arshy places and wet moors, mostly confined to the west side of
the kingdom : never, I believe, found on the east side, and rarely in
the interior, Plentiful in the Hebrides and Ireland : but most abundant
1n the extreme north of Scotland, near Cape Wrath, growing among Jun-
germannia cochleariformis and Arbutus alpina. Fl. June, July. 2f. ,

4. UTRICULÁRIA. Linn. Bladderwort.1

1. U. vulgaris, L. (greater Bladderwort) ; spur conical, upper
. lip as long as the projecting palate, leaves pinnato-multifid. Æ.
Bot. t. 253.

Ditches and deep pools, not unfrequent. FZ. June, July. 21.— Roots:
much branched. Shoots or runners floating horizontally in the water,

clothed with capillary multifid Zeaves, bristly at the margin and bearing
little erested bladders. Scape erect, 4—6 inches high, with 6—8 bright
yellow flowers ina raceme. Lower lip convex, much larger and broader

than the upper one, and having a projecting palate closing the mouth. |

Spur Short, deflexed. Filaments curved, thick, resembling those of
Pinguicula, Stigma large.

2. U. intermédia, Hayne, (intermediate Bladderwort) ; spur

€onical, upper lip twice as long as the palate, leaves tripartite,.

their segments linear dichotomous. Æ. Bot. t. 2489.

Ditches and deep pools, much less frequent than the preceding.
About Dublin and Bantry in Ireland, and in Rescobie Lake, Forfar ;
also near Elgin. F7. June, July. 2{.—This has probably been passed
by asthe U. vulgaris: but its flowers are smaller, of a paler yellow,
and have a longer lip. The stems are more leafy, and the bladders
arise from branched stalks, not from the leaves. It propagates itself by
buds or gemme which proceed from the ends of the shoots, as does U.
minor, and perhaps U. vulgaris.

| S. U. minor, L. (lesser Bladderwort) ; spur extremely short
obtuse keeled, upper lip as long as the palate, leaves subtripar-
tite, the segments linear dichotomous. Æ. Bot. t. 954.

! The British species of this genus are all aquaties: and their roots, stems
and even leaves are furnished with numerous, membranaceous, reticulated
vesicles, which, according to Hayne, are filled with water, till it is necessary
the plant should rise to the surface and expand its blossoms above that fluid,
The vesicles are then found to contain only air, by aid of which the plant

floats: this air again in autumn gives place to water, and the plant descends-

to ripen its seeds at the bottom. Mr Wilson observes, on the bladders of
©. vulgaris, that “they have an orifice closed by an elastic valve, opening in-
wards, and of much thinner texture than the bladder, to which it is attached,

Where the crest is placed. Aquatic insects often enter these bladders, and are,
9f course, confined there.”

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10 DIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. [ Circa,

' Ditches and pools, rare ; though not unfrequent in many parts of Scot-
land, extending its range even to Skye. Fl. June; July. 2£.—Smaller
than the last. Vesicles mixed with the leaves, which latter are glabrous
at the margin. Flowers very pale yellow, and small. Spur scarcely
any. Lower lip almost plane ; palate: scarcely closing: the: mouth, not
projecting beyond the lip.

5. Lycopus. Linn. Gypsy-wort.

1, L. Huropéus, L. (common Gypsy-wort) ; leaves deeply and
irregularly pinnatifido-serrate. E. Bot. t. 1105.

Ditches and river banks ; less frequent in Scotland. FZ. June; July.
.— Stems 2 feet high. Leaves opposite, nearly sessile, ovato-lanceo-
late, wrinkled, very deeply sinuato-serrate, almost pinnatifid. Flowers
small, sessile, in dense whorls at the base of the superior leaves, whitish
with purple dots, hairy within.

6. SÁLvIA. Linn: Sage or Clary.

* L. S. praténsis, Linn. (Meadow Clary or Sage); lower leaves
cordato-oblong irregularly crenate stalked, those of the stem
semiamplexicaul, bracteas very small, corolla twice as long as.
the calyx glandular and viscid at the summit. Æ. Bot. t. 153.

Dry meadows and about hedges, England, but rare: near Cobham
im Kent. FI. July. 2£.—Varying in size, from 6 inches to 2 feet high.

2. S. Verbenáca, L. (wild English Clary or Sage); leaves
sinuated and serrated, corolla much narrower and. scarcely
longer than the calyx. Æ. Bot. t. 154.

Dry pastures and banks, especially in a chalky or gravelly soil : not
uncommon in England, but in Scotland only found about Edinburgh.
Fl. June, July. 2f.—One to two feet high. Lower leaves petiolate,
ovate, upper ones sessile and acute, less lobed, but more serrated : all’
wrinkled with veins. Bracteas 2, under each whorl of flowers, cordate,
acute, entire, ciliated. Cal. hairy, segments mucronate. Cor. small
in proportion to the calyx, purple. Upper lip:concave, compressed.

7. Circa. Linn. Enchanter’s Nightshade:

1. C. Lutetidna, L. (common: Einehanter’s Nightshade) ; stem
erect pubescent, leaves ovate acuminate toothed opaque longer
than the petiole. Æ. Bot. t. 1056.

Woods and coppices in shady situations, common. 7. June, July.
Y.—Root creeping. Stem 1—14 foot high. Leaves scarcely cordate
at. the base, upper ones narrow-ovate. Racemes, as well as the stems,
more or less branched. Flowers white or rose-coloured. Calycine
leaflets reflexed. Petals obcordate, patent. Germen very hispid, the
hairs hooked at the extremity. The nectary which surrounds the. base
of the filament is more prominent than in the following species.

_ 2. C. alpina, L. (alpine Enchanter’s Nightshade) ; stem ascend-
ing nearly glabrous, leaves cordate toothed shining as long as
the petioles, Æ. Bot: t. 1057. f. major; larger and more:
pubescent. Sm.—C. intermedia, Ehrh.

Woods, coppices and stony places, especially by the sides of lakes in
the North of England and Seotland.—5. In similar situations. Smith.
Fi. July, Aug. 4 .—-This comes very near, it must be confessed, to the’

Lemna.) DIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA, I1

preceding : but is much. smaller, the leaves decidedly cordate and the
petioles longer. Fruit, which is abundant. on C. Lutetiana, l have
never observed on this plant.

8. FRÁxIiNUs. Linn. Asha.

LE excélsior, L. (common Ash); leaves pinnated, leaflets
ovato-lanceolate acuminate serrated, flowers without either calyx.
9r corolla. E. Bot. t. 1692.—8. heterophylla (simple-leaved

Ash) ; leaves simple and pinnated. F. heterophylla, Vahl.—.

E. Bot. t. 2476.—F. simplicifolia, Willd.
», Woods and hedges throughout the country.—8. Rare in England.
I have specimens, from Mrs Griffiths, gathered in Devonshire. Fl.
in’ April: and May, before the leaves appear. .—One of the noblest
Or our trees, remarkable in old. individuals for the curving upwards of
the extremities of their lower pendent branches. There are many vari-
eties. The weeping Ash is said to have been first discovered in a field
at Gamlingay. By Lochlomond side the trees vary much in the width
of the leaflets, some have them all ovate, others quite lanceolate. The
F, heterophylla may be considered a sort of monstrosity, often with the
leaflets united so as to form one single leaf.— The Jlowers are very sim-
ple. There is no calyx or corolla. The pistil and stamens, often one
9f each, are sometimes separate, and rise at once from the extremity of
the flower-stalk. The wood is valuable for many purposes, especially
or implements of husbandry, the young copse-wood for making hurdles,
and the older for hop-poles. The roots are injurious to pastures by

their me to a great extent, and extracting the nourishment from
e soil,

9. Limna. Linn. Duckweed.

L L. trisálca, L. (Ivy-leaved Duckweed) ; fronds thin ellip-
tico-lanceolate caudate at one extremity, at the other serrated, .
roots solitary. Æ. Bot. t. 926.

Clear stagnant waters, Less frequent in Scotland than in England.
El. June, July. ©.—Fronds 4—2 of an inch in length, pellucid at the
Margins, reticulated. Roots solitary, tipped at the extremity, as are

d pantat the rare and beautiful aquatic, Pontederia. azurea, with a small
neath.

2. L. minor, L. (lesser Duckweed); fronds nearly ovate
compressed, roots solitary. Æ. Bot. t. 1095.

Stagnant waters, common.—F7. July. @.—About a line or a line.
rie a half long; ofa rather thick and succulent, but compact texture, .
Süghtly convex beneath, This is the most abundant of all the species,.

Covering the surface of ditches and harbouring numerous insects and
Molluscee, the food of ducks and other waterfowl, whence the English
name of Duckweed. The young fronds constitute the Lemna arhiza
of the French authors. The capsule is single-seeded ; seed transverse,
With its hilum “directed towards the narrow end of the frond.” Wilson.

3. L. polyrrhiza, L. (greater Duckweed) ; fronds obovato-
"otundate compressed, roots numerous clustered, Æ, Dot.t.9458.
Stagnant waters. Flowers unknown in Britain. ©.—The largest of
. the species, half an inch long and nearly as broad, succulent, firm,

f : :
“tly striated ; a little convex below, where, and.at the margin above;

UTE ENTRE, ASUNT uiis SANA TRE

a anan m n e A E n

—— a rer Lk aa lg ull 00— S as. Cpe -- ted
—" ————M o — d ás —

~r

iaaii, aeei rina n

12 TRIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA, [ Valeriana.

itis of a deep purple colour. Roots numerous from a central point.
The fructification of this species is a great desideratum.

4. L. gibba, L. (gibbous Duckweed) ; fronds obovate nearly
plane above, hemispherical beneath. Æ. Bot. t. 1233.

Stagnant water, but not very frequent. Rare in Scotland. FZ. June
—Sept. (9.— Size of L. minor, but readily distinguished by its gibbous
or even hemispherical lower surface, which is, moreover, white, pellucid,
and beautifully cellular, upper side plane,-green, opaque. “ Capsule
4-seeded. Seeds furrowed, not transversely placed, but with the hilum
towards the top of the capsule." Wilson. :

10. CLÁDivM. Schrad, Twig-rush.

1. C. Mariscus, Br. (prickly Twig-rush); panicle much di-
vided leafy, spikelets capitato-conglomerate, stem rounded leafy,
margins of the leaves and keel rough. E. Bot. t. 950, (Schenus
Mariscus, L.)

Boggy and fenny places, in several parts of England, as in Norfolk,
Cambridge, Kent, &c.; Cheshire. Plentiful in Galloway, Scotland.
Sutherlandskire, Dr Graham.— Fl. July, Aug. Y .— Plant 3—5 feet
high, leafy. Leaves rough, almost prickly at the margin and keel.

- Glumes ovate, brown, 6—7 in an ovate spikelet ; inner ones the longest,
generally the two or sometimes three innermost ones are floriferous; of
which one (‘‘sometimes 2, more rarely all,” Wilson) bears a coated

nut, almost as large as the spikelet. Stigmas generally two, sometimes
cloven. ( Wilson.)

DIANDRIA DIGYNIA.

1l. ANTHoxÁNTHUM. Zinn. Vernal-Grass, -

l. A. odorátum, L. (sweet-scented Vernal- Grass); panicle
spiked oblong, flowers upon partial stalks and longer than their
awns. FE. Bot. t. 647. |

Meadows, woods, and pastures, abundant, often very alpine. FV.
May, June. 2£.— A. foot high, yielding an agreeable smell in the act of
drying, like that of Woodruff (Asperula odorata), and giving the well-
known scent to new-made hay. .Leaves short. Panicle compact,
spiked, yellow in age. Valves of the calyx very unequal: this calyx
Mr Brown justly considers as 3-flowered; and what are here called the
two outer valves of a double corolla, he looks upon as two imperfect
outer and lower flowers, each reduced to a single awned valve ; while
the two inner awnless valves belong to a central perfect flower. Sta- -
mens only 2, in which particular it differs from all our other grasses.
Mr Wilson observes, that the germen is spurred at the base, and that
there is no scale there, as in most Graminec.

CLASS III. TRIANDRIA. 3 Stamens.
ORD. I. MONOGYNIA. 1 Style.

- * Flowers superior.

1, VALERIÁNA. Cal.athickened margin at the top of the ger-
men, at length unfolding into a feathery pappus. Cor. monope-

Rhynchospora.] TRIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. ., MS

talous, 5-cleft, gibbous or spurred at the base. Fruit 1-seeded,
crowned with the feathery pappus.—Nat. Ord. V ALERIANE/E,
DC—Named from valeo, to be powerful, on account of the
medicinal effects. à

2. F£p1A. - Cal. small, unequally toothed, crowning the fruit.
Cor. monopetalous, 5-cleft, gibbous at the base. Capsule inde-
hiscent, 3-celled, 3-seeded: 2 cells generally abortive.— Nat.
Ord.V aLERtANEm, D C.—Name given by Adanson, but its mean-
Ing is not accurately known : according to Smith, F'edus is syn-

_ 9nymous with hedus, a kid.

3. Crocus. Perianth single, coloured; tube very long ; limb
cut into 6 equal segments. Stigma 3-lobed, plaited.—Nat. Ord.
Inuipgz, Juss.—Named from zgoxz, a thread or filament, from
the appearance of the saffron of the shops, which is the dried
stigmas of Crocus sativus.:

4. Tricnonima. Perianth single, petaloid, in 6 deep, equal
segments; £ube shorter than the limb. Filaments hairy. Stigma
bipartite, slender. Seeds globose.— Nat. Ord. ĪRIDES, Juss.—
Named from (p£, a hair, and vna, a filament.

5. Ints. Perianth single, petaloid, 6-cleft, each alternate
Segment longer and reflexed. Stigmas 3, petaloid, covering the
Stamens.— Nat. Ord. IRIDE®, Juss.—Named from the beautiful
and varied colours of its flowers.

** Flowers inferior, glumaceous* (dry and chaffy). Seed one.

6. Cypéirus. Spikelets two-ranked, many-flowered ; glumes
of one valve, keeled, mostly all fertile, equal. Bristles none.
Style inarticulated, deciduous.——JVat. Ord. CyPERACEm, Juss.—
Named from zuzesgos of the Greeks, an appellation given to one
of this genus.

darn rir rr Ma Ie Pt tertii
t —

7. Sonus. Spikelets two-ranked, 1—3-flowered, outer
glumes smaller, empty. Brisiles small or none. Style deciduous.
—JNat. Ord. Cyperacem, Juss.—Name from oyoios, a cord,

ete a kind of cordage was anciently made from plants of this
tribe, `

—— a —— UR

——:

8. RuvucnósPona. Spikelets few-flowered, the glumes one-

1 This little groupe (with the exception of Nardus, which is a Grass)
together with Cladium in the 9d Class and Kobresia and Carex in the 21st,
constitute the Nat. Ord. Cyperacee : and the structure of their flowers is so
different from that of our other British plants, that thesame terms can hardly
be applied to their coverings. They are collected into little spikes, and each
within a chaffy scale, here called, as in I. Flora, a glume, (bractea in Lindl.
Syn.) ; within this, is often another covering (the true perianth), membranous

. and urceolate in Carex, in the present groupe consisting of hairs or bristles,
which accompany the fruit, and are called hypogynous; but Mr Wilson bas
proved that they are not placed immediately at the base of the germen between
a de stamens, as Smith supposes, ( E. Fl. v. i. p. 50.) ; but on the out-

€ of the latter: hence Mr Brown rightly looked upon :
Perianth of the flower. pire TEES Sere n

14 TRIANDRIA—DIGYNIA. [Nardus.

valved, imbricated on all sides, the lower ones smaller, empty.
Bristles several, included, toothed. Style subulate, bifid, dilated
at the base. Nut crowned with the persistent, more or less
articulated, style—WNat. Ord. CyPpERACER, Juss.—Named from
euyos, a beak, and 67020, a seed. (Very different in habit from
Eleocharis, but too near in generic character.)

9. Scirpus. Glumes of one valve, imbricated on all sides,
equal, 1 or 2 of the outer ones sometimes sterile. Bristles
sometimes wanting. Style inarticulated, deciduous, leaving
only a small muero.—/Vat. Ord. CYPERACES, Juss.—Name,
according to Théis, from Cirs, in Celtic, which makes Cors in
the plural, whence chorda in Latin, and cord in English; the
stems having been formerly employed for the same purposes as
those of Schenus.,

10. Buysmus. Spikelets bracteated, arranged on a zigzag
rachis into a distichous compressed spike. Glumes of one valve,
imbricated on all sides, the outermost gradually the largest,
empty. Bristles several or none. Fruit compressed, oval,
gradually tapering into the persistent s/yle.— Vat. Ord. Cy-
PERACE®, Juss.—Named from 9Xvopoc, source or spring, near
which the species usually grow.

. M. ErEócHARIs. Glumes of one valve, imbricated on all
‘sides, uniform, scarcely any empty. Bristles (4—12) toothed,
rarely none. Style 2—3-fid, its dilated base jointed upon the
germen. Nué mostly lenticular, crowned with the broad base
of the indurated style.— Marsh plants. Stems simple, leafless,
shéathed at the base. Spike solitary, terminal, erect, not leafy.
Br.—Nat. Ord. CYPERACER, Juss.—Name, eos, A205, a marsh,
and yaw, to delight, from its place of growth.—This genus, if
it ought to be kept distinct from Scirpus, is better distinguished
by its solitary spike than by any character taken from the
jointed or dilated base of the style. It is again divided by
some Botanists; and the genera Zsolepis, Br. and Eleogiton,
Link, constituted.

12. Ert6pHorum. Glumes of one valve, imbricated on all sides,
nearly equal. Fruit accompanied by very long silky hairs.— Wat.
Ord. CyPERACE A, Juss.—Named from sgio», wool,and osoo, to bear.

13. Nánpvs. (Tab. I. f. 2.) Cal. 0. Cor. of 2 valves.— Nat.
Ord. GRAMINES, Juss.—Named from vaedos, formerly given to
an odoriferous substance, but not applicable in this case.

(Some Junci; see in CL. VI.)

ORD. II. DIGYNIA. 2 Styles.

All in this Order, together with the preceding genus Nardus,
and Anthoxanthum in the 2d Class, constitute the true GRAssEs.:

1 Here too we have a structure in the flower, and a habit in the whole plant,
so different from those of other flowering plants, that in the former especially,

Gastridium.] TRIANDRIA—DIGYNIA. 15

* Flowers panicled. (Tab. II. f. 18. d.) Panicle often very
compact, so as to appear spiked. (Tab. LI. f. 18. c.)

T Calyx single-flowered.

14. Anoprctirus. (Tab. I.f.3.) Cal. 2-valved; valves nearly
equal, mostly connate at the base. Cor. of 1 valve with an awn
rising from the base. —Named from arwrn%, a fox, and oven, a tail.

15. Poduaris. (Tab. I. f. 4.) Cal. of two, erect, carinated
valves, larger than the two-valved, at length, indurated corolla,
which is accompanied at the base by one or two valves of other
imperfect florets. Fruit invested with the hardened corolla.—
Named from occ, shining :— Canary-seed being very glossy.

16. AwMóPHILA. (Tab. I. f. 5.) Panicle spiked. Cal. of 2
nearly equal, keeled valves, longer than the corolla, surrounded
at the base by a tuft of hairs.—Named from «upos, sand, and
Piroc, a lover.

17. Putéum. (Tab. I. f.6.) Panicle compact. Cal. of 2 valves `
nearly equal, acuminate, or mucronato-aristate, including the cor.
of 2 awnless valves. Seed free.— Named from pacos, or PAewe,
formerly applied, as is supposed, to the Reed-mace (Typha), to
which our grass bears some distant resemblance.

18. Lactrus. (Tab. I.f.7.) Panicle spiked. Cal. glumes of
2 fringed valves, lengthened into feathery awns. Outer valves
of the cor. bifid at the apex, with a dorsal awn.—Named from
Acywoc, a hare, and ovea, a tail.

__ 19. Minium. (Tab. I. f. 8.) Panicle spreading. Cal. 2-valved,
flattish, herbaceous, rather acute, longer than the cor. Fruit in-
vested with the permanent hardened cor.— Named either from

mille, a thousand, on account of its fertility ; or, according to
Théis, from the Celtic mill, a stone, from the hardness of its fruit.

20. Gastripium. (Tab. I. f. 9.) Panicle contracted, spiked.
Cal. 2-valved, acute, ventricose at the base, membranaceous,
much longer than the cor. Cor. of 2 valves and investing the

peculiar names have been given to its different parts, which itmay be desirable
to explain. The floral coverings, as they are termed, are glumaceous or chaffys
he outer of these which do not immediately contain stamen on pistil, and `
are composed of one (See Tab. 1I. f. 12. a.) two (Tab. I. f. 3. a.) or three
pieces, “are here called the calyx, and the pieces the glumes or valves, and they
seem to hold the place of a calyx in the two-valved, single-flowered genera; |
but often they include many flowers, (Tab. I. f. 23. a.) and with justice are
considered bracteas. These Messrs Brown and Lindley call glumes. The inner,
generally of a thinner texture, is here, asby Linnzus and Smith, named corolla ;
its pieces, one ( Tab. I. f. 3. b.) or two (Tab. I. f. 5. b.) in number, glumes
or valves. ‘This is the true perianth and so called by Brown, (palee, by Beauv.
and Lindl.) Within this, and at the base of the germen, are generally 2 colla-
_ teral, rarely I, small scales, (Tab. 11. f. 18. a.) nectary of Linn. and Sm. The
stem is mostly hollow, and jointed, and called aculm. It bears at each joint
a leaf, which is sheathing at the base and split up on one side, and at the top
of the sheath, just where it expands into the blade, is frequently a small pro-
Jecting membrane, called a ligule (Tab. II. f. 18. b.)

<s

E A TENE

|

16 TRIANDRIA—DIGYNIA, LHolcus.

fruit outer one mostly with a dorsal awn.—Named from yaevpiduov,
a ventricle, or little swelling, as is seen at the base of the ealyx.

21. Sripa. (Tab. T. f. 10.) Panicle erect, compact. Cal. of
2 valves, longer than the cor, Cor. cartilaginous, involute, ter-
minated with a very long twisted awn, jointed at the base, and
finally separating at the joint.—Named from erum, tow, Or

faz, from the flaxen or silky appearance of the common species
of the gardens.

22. Potypéeon. (Tab. I. f. 11.) Panicle compact, somewhat
spiked. Cal. of 2 valves, equal, larger than the cor., awned at
the'extremity. Cor. of 2 unequal valves; the outer obtuse, awned
at the very extremity——Named from Tov, many, and rwywy, a
beard: from the bearded appearance of the panicle.

23, CALAMAGRÓSTIS. (Tab. I. f. 12.) Panicle loose. Cal. of
2 valves, longer than the 2 valves of the corolla, which is sur-
rounded by hairs at the base, and has the outer valve awned.
—Named from xoXagpoc, one of the Palms, and ayeooric,a genus
of grasses ; a barbarous denomination, and only admissible on
the ground of its being now generally adopted.

24. Agrostis. (Tab. I. f. 13.) Panicle loose. Cal. of 2
unequal glumes, longer than the cor. Corolla of 2 unequal
valves ; the inner sometimes wanting, the outer with or without
an awn. Seed free.—Name ; given by the Greeks to Grasses,
from aygoc, a field, because they are so abundant in open places.

Tt Calyx 2- or rarely 3-flowered.

25. CaTABRÓSA. (Tab. I. f. 14.) Panicle spreading. Cal. of
2 valves, membranaceous, very obtuse, much shorter than the
spikelets, 2- or 3-flowered, often with a 4th imperfect floret. Cor.
2-valved, coriaceous, membranous only at the extremity, rib-
bed, truncated, awnless, erose, nearly equal.—Named from
xaruSeacic, a gnawing; from the erose extremity of the glumes.

26. Afra, (Tab. I. f. 15.) Cal. of 2 valves, unequal, con-
taining two perfect florets. Cor. two-valved, membranaceous
and thin; the outer one awned (rarely awnless) near the base.
Fruit free.—Named from azo, to destroy. This name was an-
ciently applied to the Lolium temulentum, (bearded Darnel,) on
account of its injurious effects: and now to the present genus
of grasses, though having little in common with it.

"27. Méuica. (Tab. I.f. 16.) Panicle lax. Cal. of 2 valves,
about 2-flowered, with the rudiment of a third floret. Cor,
2-valved, awnless. Fruit free, covered by the cartilaginous
cor.—Name, Melica or Melliga, given in Italy to the Sorghum
vulgare, on account of the sweet flavour of its stem (mel, honey):
applied by Linnzeus to this somewhat allied genus.

28. Hórcus. (Tab. I. f. 17.) Panicle lax. Cal of 2 valves,
nearly equal, 2-flowered. Cor. 2-valved; upper floret with sta-

ABriza.] TRIANDRIA—DIGYNIA, 17
mens only and awned; lower, perfect and awnless, Fruit covered
by the indurated cor.—Named 0A.xog, from £Axo, to extract; be-

. cause it was supposed to have the property of drawing out
thorns from the flesh. —

29. AnnHxNATHÉRUM. (Tab. I.f. 18.) Panicle lax. Cal. of
2 valves, 2-flowered: lowermost floret with stamens only and a
long twisted awn above the base ; upper one perfect with a short
Straight bristle below the point.— Named from «gen», male, and
cone, an awn.—This genus has altogether the habit of Avena,
from which it differs in the number and structure of its florets.

90. Hrerécuion. (Tab. I. f. 19.) Panicle mostly lax. Cal.
of 2 valves ; 3-flowered. Cor. of 2 valves: the lateral foorets tri-
androus, pistil 0; terminal (or central) one perfect, diandrous. Br.
Cor. permanently membranous. Fruit free. Sm.—Named from
i:goc, sacred, and xhou, or yon, a grass: so called by Gmelin,
because, in some parts of the Prussian dominions, it is dedi-
cated to the Virgin Mary, and strewed before the doors of the
churches on festival-days, as the Sweet-flag (Acorus Calamus)
is in England.

' 91. Sesuirta, (Tab. I. f. 20.) Panicle spiked. Cal. of 2
valves, nearly equal, somewhat awned. Cor. of 2 valves: the
outer jagged and awned; the inner bidentate. Fruitfree.—Named
from Leonard Sesler, an Italian Physician and Botanist.

32. Panicum. (Tab. I.f.21.) Panicle spiked; spikes com-
pound. Cal. 2-valved, unequal, 2-flowered: ext. valve minute,
Sometimes obsolete. Flores dissimilar: ext; with anthers only
Or neuter, 1—2-valved ; ext. valve with the texture of the calyx;
tnt. perfect, 2-valved, cartilaginous, enveloping, and somewhat
adhering to, the fruit. Br—Named from panis, bread ; the seeds
of some species being used for bread.

. 98. Serdria. (Tab. I. f. 22.) Panicle in a dense, cylindrical
Spike. Flowers as in Panicum, only subtended by a bristly invo-
Were, which includes 2—3 florets —Named from seta, a bristle.—
To this genus the true Millets belong.

Ttt Calyx 3- or, mostly, many-flowered.

34. Póa. (Tab. I. f. 23.) Panicle lax. Cal. 2-valved, shorter \ v
than the florets, Cor. 2-valved, valves subovate, bluntish, awn-
ess. Fruit free.— Name, rog, grass or pasturage, from maw, to

Jeed ; the whole genus affording an abundant pasturage for cattle.

95. Tridpra. (Tab. I. f. 24.) Panicle racemed. Cal.2-valved,
many-flowered, nearly equal. Cor. 2-valved; ext. one with three
nearly equal teeth, the middle one straight.— Named from T2815
three, and obovc, a tooth. |

36. Briza. (Tab. IT. f. 25.) Panicle lax. Cal, 2-valved.
Von, I, c

18 TRIANDRIA—DIGYNIA. [Hordeum.

Cor. 2-valved, awnless: ext. one ventricose; int. small and
flat. Fruit adnate with the cor—Name; Beila, some kind of
corn, probably from pio, to droop or bend down, as do the
spikelets, which are most delicately suspended.

37. DAcrvuis. (Tab. IT. f. 26.) Panicle with the secondary
branches short and very dense, subsecund. Cal. of 2 unequal
valves, the larger one keeled. Cor.of 2 lanceolate scarcely awned
valves, enclosing the frwit.— Except in habit this genus is scarce-
ly distinguishable from Festwca.— Named from à«xrvXoc, a finger.

88. Cynosurus. (Tab. II. f. 27.) Panicle spiked. Cal.2-valved,
^ equal, awned, having a pectinated involucre. Cor.2-valved, valves
linear-lanceolate; int; awned below the extremity or awnless.—
Named from zvo»,adog, and ouga, a tail; fromtheshape ofits spike.

39. Festtca. (Tab. IT. f. 28.) Panicle lax, or coarctate.
Cal. of 2 unequal valves. Cor. of 2 lanceolate valves: eat. acu-
minate or awned at the summit.— Named from the Celtic word
fest, according to Théis, which signifies food, pasturage.

40. Bromus. (Tab. II. f. 29.) Panicle lax. Cal. of 2 valves,
many-flowered. Cor. of 2 lanceolate valves; ert. one awned
below the bifid extremity. (Inner valve generally fringed at the
folds. Sm.)—Named’ from Pgwuoc, given by the Greeks to a
kind of oat, and that again from guma, food.

41. Av£NA. (Tab. II. f. 30.) Panicle lax. Cal. 2-valved, 2-,
or more, -flowered. Cor. of 2 lanceolate valves, firmly enclosing
the seed: ext. one bearing a twisted dorsal awn; upper florets
often imperfect.—Name of doubtful origin: the ancients ap-
plied it to the Brome-grass. Oat, Théis tells us, comes from
the Celtic word atan, the Oat; and that again from eéan, to eat.

42. Anówpo. (Tab. II. f.31.) Panicle loose. Cal. 2-valved,
unequal, many-flowered. Cor. of 2 very unequal valves ; all, ex-
cept the lower and imperfect one, surrounded by a tuft of hairs.
Fruit free, covered by the cor.—Name ; Arundo, the Latin for
a Reed; “ab arendo, quod cito arescat.” De Théis says it
comes from arn, the Celtic word for water. There is abundant
room for the exercise of imagination in the derivation of names.

3* Flowers spiked. (Solitary flowers, or spikelets, sessile upon
a common stalk.or rachis.—'Tab. IT. f. 49. e. f. g.)

+ Flowers or spikelets distichous, or inserted on all sides. (Tab.

I.f£42.ef). |

43. Exymus. (Tab. II. f. 32.) Spikelets 2 or 3 from the same
point. Cal. 2-valved, lateral (both the valves being on one side of
the spikelet), 2-3-flowered, all perfect. Cor. 2-valved.— Name,
eugoc, given by the Greeks to the Panic-grasses, perhaps be-
cause they grew abundantly about Elyma in Greece. ( Théis.)

44. HÓRDEUM. (Tab. II. f. 33.) Cal. lateral, 2-valved, single-

Spartina} | "TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA, * .. 29

flowered, ternate; central floret perfect, lateral ones mostly im-
perfect (having often at the back of the inner valve a bristle or
abortive floret.) Outer valve of cor. awned. Fruit incorporated
with the cor.—Name of dubious origin.

45. Triticum. (Tab. II. f. 84.) Cal. 2-valved, many-
flowered; its valves opposite, transverse, the sides (not the
back of one of them) directed to the rachis, nearly equal. Cor.
2-valved, valves lanceolate : ext. one acuminate or awned at the
extremity; ind. bifid at the point.— There are two natural
groupes in this genus: Ist, the large annual species, foreign to
our country, which are cultivated so extensively as Bread-corn ;
and, 2dly, the smaller perennial species, many of which are
natives with us. These some authors look upon as 2 distinct
genera; Triticum and Agropyrum, ( Beauv., Lindl.) We have
only the latter genus or groupe in Britain.—Name, Triticum,
“quod éritum est e spicis:” because it is thrashed or beaten

from the spikes.

46. Bracnypépium. (Tab. II. f. 35.) Spikelets alternate,
remote, cylindrical-compressed. Cal. 2-valved, many-flowered ;
valves opposite, transverse, unequal. Cor. 2-valved: valves
lanceolate: ext. one generally awned at the extremity; int.
retuse.—Named from Sgayus, short, and rouc, a foot; from the
sessile or nearly sessile spikelets.— These sessile spikelets and
the terminal awn distinguish this genus from Bromus, where the
British plants of this genus had been placed. There are many
continental species, which preserve the same habit ; and the indi-
viduals naturally come near to the British species of Triticum.

eauvois, perhaps with justice, refers 7'rit. loliaceum to it.

47. Lourum. (Tab. II. f. 36.) Cal. of one valve, solitary,
many-flowered. Cor. of two valves ; ext. awnless, or with an
awn below the extremity.—Name, “ quasi dolium, ouo», quod
dolosum sit vel adulterinum. Fit enim e corruptis Tritici ac
Hordei seminibus." The ancients as well as the moderns, at-
tributed poisonous qualities to the Z. temulentum; and even
now it is believed in some countries, that the Wheat changes
Into Darnel.. ;

48. RorrBÓLLIA. (Tab. IL. f.37.) Cal. of 2 valves; valves
unilateral, sometimes combined into one, 1—2-flowered. Cor.
2-valved, awnless, imbedded, as it were, in a thick racAis.—
Named from Rottböll, a professor of Botany at Copenhagen.

49. KNáPPrA. (Tab. II. f. 38.) Cal. single-flowered, of 2
truncated, nearly equal valves. Cor. of 2 unequal, hairy valves,
obtuse.—Named in honour of Mr. Knapp, an English Botanist,
author of a work on British grasses.

Td Flowers in unilateral spikes. (Tab. YI. £. 42. g.)
90. Spartina, (Tab. II. p. 39.) Spike compound. Spike-

20 TRIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. [ Valeriana,

lets unilateral. Cal. of 2 opposite, lanceolate, compressed, un-
equal, acuminate valves, one-flowered. Cor. of two compressed,
unequal, lanceolate valves. Styles united half-way up.—Name
derived from its similarity to the Lygeum Spartum, or Bastard

Mat-weed. | Esparto is a name given to Stipa tenacissima by the
Spaniards, who make ropes, &c. of it.

51. C£xopox. (Tab. II. f. 40.) Spikes digitate or racemose.
Spikelets unilateral. Cal. 1-flowered, of 2 nearly equal, patent,
boat-shaped valves. Cor. of two awnless valves; ext. boat-
shaped, compressed. Fruit coated with the hardened cor.—
Named from xvwy a dog, and odouc, a tooth.

52. DierrARIA. (Tab. II. f. 41.) Spikes compound. Spike-
its unilateral. Cal. 1-flowered, of 2—3 very unequal, close-
pressed, awnless valves ; ext. very small. Cor. of 2 awnless
valves; ext. convex, embracing the flattened iné. one. Fruit
coated with the hardened cor.— Named from digitus, a finger.

ORD. III. TRIGYNIA. 3 Styles.

53. Monta. Cal. of leaves. Cor. of 5 irregular petals united
at the base into one. Caps. 3-valved, 3-seeded.— Nat. Ord. Por-
TULACEÆ. Juss.—Named in honour of Joseph de Monti, a Pro-
fessor of Botany and Nat. History at Bologna.

54. HorósrEus. Cal. of 5 leaves. Pet. 5, jagged at the point.
Caps. 1-celled, opening at the extremity with 6 teeth. Seeds
furrowed on one side, dotted. Embryo folded.— Nat. Ord.
CARYOPHYLLEZ, Juss.—Named from óxoz, all, and oorzoy, bone,
by antiphrasis, the texture being the very reverse, soft and
delicate.

55. Poryodrpon. Cal. of 5 leaves. Pet. 5, emarginate. Stam.
3—5. Caps. 1-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded.— Nat. Ord. PARo-
NYcHIEm, St Hil.—Named from «Xv, many, and xogzoc, fruit ;
applied by the ancients to the Polygonum aviculare, to which
the present genus is somewhat similar.

TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
l. VALERIANA. Linn. Valerian.

1. * V. rábra, L. (red Valerian) ; corolla with along spur, sta-
men l, leaves ovato-lanceolate. E. Bot. t. 1589.— Centranthus,
DC. =

Chalk-pits and old walls in Kent, &c. Its native country is the south
of Europe. J. June—Sept. 2f.—One foot or more high, glabrous,
somewhat glaucous. Leaves, as in all the species of this and the fol-
lowing genus, opposite, entire or slightly toothed. Flowers fine deep
rose colour, arranged in numerous unilateral cymose spikes.

9. V. dioica, L. (small marsh Valerian); flowers dioecious,
corolla gibbous at the base, root-leaves ovato-spathulate, those
of the stem lyrato-pinnatifid. Æ. Bot. t. 628.

Fedia.] ` TRIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA, I

Marshy meadows, frequent. Fl. June. 2f.—Stem 6—8 inches high.
Leaves more or less serrated. Flowers of a pale rose colour.

3. V. officinális, L. (great wild Valerian) ; corolla gibbous at
the base, leaves all pinnated, leaflets lanceolate nearly uniform
Serrated. Æ. Bot. t. 698.

Ditches, sides of rivers and moist woods, abundant. Fi. June, July.
2f .— Roots tuberous, warm, aromatic and employed in medicine, as those
of the gov of Dioscorides, V. Dioscoridis, Sm. which is not the V. Phu
of Zinn. Cats are very fond of these roots, and their scent attracts rats.
The leaves are much used by the poor as an application to fresh wounds;
hence the plant has received the name of All-heal. Whole plant 2—4
feet high ; stems striated. Lower leaves on long foot-stalks. Flowers
pale flesh-coloured.
|. 4. * V. Pyrendica, L. (heart-leaved Valerian); corolla gibbous
at the base, leaves heart-shaped dentato-serrate petiolate, upper
ones with one or two pair of small lanceolate leaflets. Æ. Bot.
te 1591.

Woods in Scotland. It is peculiar, I believe, to the Pyrenées ; but
being frequently cultivated in gardens and the seeds very volatile, like
those of the Syngenesious plants, it is not wonderful that it should be
naturalized in other countries. FV. June, July. 21.— Habit of V. ofi-
cinalis, but very different in its foliage.

2. F£piA. Vahl. Corn-Sallad.

l. F. olitória, Vahl, (common Corn-Sallad or Lamb's Lettuce) s
capsule subglobose inflated glabrous, crowned with the 3 obscure
inflexed teeth of the calyx, flowers capitate, Valeriana Lo-
custa, L—E. Bot. t. 811.

Banks and corn-fields, especially in a light soil. Z7. April—June. ©.
—3 inches to a foot high, dichotomous, more or less rough. Root-leaves
Spathulate ; those of the stem oblong, obtuse, entire or the upper ones a
little toothed. Flowers pale blue, in terminal compact heads, at the
base of which are linear-oblong, often divided bracteas, forming a kind
of involucre.— Frequently cultivated as a salad.

2. F. dentáta, Vahl, (smooth narrow-fruited Corn-Salad) s
capsule ovate ribbed in front acuminate crowned with the pro-
minent cup-shaped oblique unequally 4-toothed calyx, flowers
corymbose, a sessile flower in the forks.—a. capsule glabrous,
cup of the calyx small. Valeriana dentata, Willd.—. E. Bot. t.
1970.—£. capsule clothed with spreading incurved rigid hairs,
cup of the calyx small. F. mixta, Vahl—Dufr. Val. p. 58. —
63. f. 6. Brit. Fl. ed. 2. v. i. p. 23.—y. capsule clothed with.
spreading incurved rigid hairs, cup of the calyx large. F.
eriocarpa, Roem. et Sch. — Dufr. Val. p. 39. t. 8. n. 4. Hook. Br.
FT. ed. 2. v. i. p. 94.

æ, Corn-fields and hedge-banks, but not common. Cornwall, Essex
and Cambridgeshire, and about Edinburgh. North Wales, Long Lane
Quarries, Cheney Longville, Shropshire. Mr W. A. Leighton. Jersey.
Babington & Christy.—8. Hedge-banks, near Halesworth, Suffolk.—
x. Ormeshead, Caernarvonshire, Fi. June, July. (9 .— Perhaps often:

22 TRIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. [ Crocus.

confounded with the last, from which it is perfectly distinct. Leaves
narrower, the upper ones more toothed and even pectinated.. Flowers
flesh-coloured. Fruit obpyriform, convex on the back where is the larger
and perfect cell nearly plane in front; where are the two abortive cells,-
and these are shrunk so as to form two projecting lines or ribs, whieh
are terminated by two small subulate teeth ; between them is often an-
other little tooth, while the perfect cell is lengthened out;into a large.
broad and sharp tooth, which has generally at its base two smaller slightly.
inflexed teeth, one on eachside. The whole fruit is.glabrous: or nearly —
so, in æ.: ing. and y. which Mr Wilson by the most accurate investi-
gations has satisfied me are different states of this species, it is clothed
with patent incurved rigid hairs. - SOE Ee den E

3. F. Auricula, Gaud. (sharp-fruited Corn-Sallad) ; capsule
ovate acuminated somewhat inflated slightly grooved in front
glabrous crowned with the single entire tooth of the limb of the
calyx, flowers corymbose, a sessile flower in the forks. Reich.
Jc. Bot. v. i. t. 63.—Valerianella Auricula, De Cand. Fl. Fr.
Suppl. p. 499. Coll. Mem. t. 3. f. 6. ( fruit.)—B. Woods MS.
F. trident. “Stev” — Reich. Ic. Bot. t. 64.

a. Hastings, in fields below Ore Lane. Dr Bromfield. Slaughter
‘Farm, near Bourton on the water. Rev. J. R. T. Billingsley. Hen-
bury, near Bristol. Dr Stewart. Jersey. Babington & Christy. Fife-
shire. Mr G. M'Nab.—g Lindulph, Cornwall. Rev. R. T. Bree.
J une, July. (o .— The fruit is certainly considerably different from the last
species, being broader and more inflated, obscurely furrowed in front (not
ribbed) and erowned with a small single tooth of the limb of the calyx.

4. F. carinata, Stev. (carinated Fedia); capsule oblong ri-
moso-carinate glabrous the 2 sterile cells nearly equal to the
fertile one, crowned with the straight single tooth of the limb
of the calyx.— Valerianella carinata, Loisel.— Reich. Icon. Bot.

£61. De Cand. Prodr. v. iv. p. 629. Mém. sur les Valer. t. 3.
fit sar x

Hedge-bank of a bye-road about a mile from the Craven Arms,
. Shropshire (10 miles west of Ludlow), and between Gresford and
Wrexham. J. E. Bowman, Esq., to whom I am indebted for very
characteristic specimens. Jersey. Babington and Christy.

9. Crocus. Linn. Crocus.

1. *C. sativus, L. (Saffron Crocus); stigma in three deep
linear divisions protruded drooping. E. Bot. t. 343 ( C. autum-
nalis.) E. Fl. v. i. p. 46. "ior |

Meadows ; as about Saffron- Walden in Essex, where it is cultivated
for the sake of its fragrant stigmas, which constitute saffron. FI. Sept. 4,

9. * C, vérnus, Willd. (purple Spring Crocus) ; stigma within
the flower erect cut into 3 jagged wedge-shaped lobes. E. Bot. t.

. 944.— C. sativus B. L. :
Meadows and fields. : Plentiful about Nottingham. Fl, March. ?f.

8. * C. minimus, Red. (least purple Crocus) ; stigmas erect, longer
than the stamens included in the solitary flower, leaves linear-
filiform, bulb with a membranous coat. Red. Pl. Lil. v. ii. (, 81.

Lrichonema.] ^ TRIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA.. 23

Hook. in Bot. Mag. t.2991.—C. precoz, Haw.in E. Bot. Suppl.
t. 2645. C. reticulatus, E. Fl. v. iv. p. 262, (not Bieb.)
In Sir H. Bunbury's park at Barton, Suffolk. Fl. March. Y.

4.* C. atireus, Sm. (golden Crocus); 2-flowered, stamens longer
than the stigma, segments of the corolla oblong incurvo-patent,
bulb coated with compact fibres. FU. Gree. v. i. p. 25. t. 35.
Hook. in Bot. Mag. t. 92986. Haw. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2646.

With the preceding, and equally the outeast of gardens. FZ. March.
24.—This Mr Borrer considers not specifically distinct from C. masi-
acus, Gawl. (C. vernus, Curtis in Bot. Mag.) |

s 5. * C. nudiflórus, Sm. (naked-flowering Crocus) ; stigma with-
In the flower erect in 3 deeply laciniated tufted segments equal
n height with the stamens, flowers appearing before the leaves. -

E. Bot. t. 491. X

Between Nottingham Castle and the Trent. FZ. Oct. 2£.— Flowers
pale purple. I possess specimens from the station now mentioned, sent
by Dr Jowitt, which precisely accord with the plant of E. Bot.

In all this Genus, the germen is concealed under-ground, elevated by:
a short peduncle from the root ; which pedunele elongates, after the
decay of the flower, and the capsules appear above-ground.

6. * C. speciósus, M. Bieb. (showy autumnal Crocus); stigma
within the flower erect in 3 deeply laciniated segments longer
than the stamens, flowers appearing before the leaves. “ M.
Bieb. Casp. 199." Wils. in. E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2752. not Reich.

Meadows near Warwick. Dr Lloyd. Meadow about Warrington.
Mr W. Wilson; and about Halifax. (Hook. Herb.) Fl. Oct. U.—
I mentioned the discovery in the 2d. ed. of this Flora, but did not ven-
ture to add another to the already too greatly extended list of species of
this Genus: all that can be said in favour of its introduction is, that it
is as much entitled to a place in our Flora as the preceding species.

4. TricHonima. Ker. Trichonema.

_ 1. T. Colámne, Reich. (Columna’s Trichonema) ; scape sin-
gle-flowered mostly solitary slightly drooping, leaves filiform
compressed furrowed flexuose, spathas longer than the tube of
the corolla, style shorter than the stamens, stigmas bifid at the
apex.— Romulea Columne, Mauri, Fl. Rom. p. 18.—Trichonema
Bulbocodium, Sm. E. Fl. v. i. p. 48. (excl. most of the syn.)—Ixia
Bulbocodium, E. Bot. t. 2549 (not of Linn. 2) Redout. Lil. t. 88,
Jf. A. —1. Bulbocodium, var. B. Tenor.— Sisyrinchium Theophras-
a, Column. Eephr. i. p. 897.

Grassy pastures in- Guernsey and Jersey. The Warren, Dawlish,
March, 1834; Mr Trevelyan. Fl. March, Apr. Y.—A small bulbous
plant, with pale bluish-purple and yellow flowers.—Mauri appears to
have well distinguished the two European species of this Genus: but it
is doubtful which Linnzeus had in view, or whether he had not both
when he described the plant in the Spec. Pl.; for he refers in one syn.
(Tournefort) to the large-flowered kind, the T. Bulbocodium of our
gardens, and of Curt. Bot. Mag. t. 265; and also to Columna, which
is our small-flowered plant. The difference in the size of the inflorescence
both in the native and wild specimens, is indeed very striking.

94 TRIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. - [Schenus.

5. Ints. Linn. Iris or Flower de Luce.

1. I. Pseud-ácorus, L. (yellow water Iris or Corn-flag) ; leaves
sword-shaped, perianth beardless its inner segments smaller than
the stigma. Æ. Bot. t. 578.—Q. citrina ; flowers smaller, seg-
ments of the perianth narrower, the inner ones more acute, stem
taller. Bot. Mag. t. 2289,

Watery places, wet meadows and in woods, frequent.—g. found in
Ayrshire by Mr James Smith of Ayr. Fi. June, July. 21.— Flowers
large, deep yellow in æ., much paler in £. Root large, horizontal, very
acrid. A piece of it held between the teeth is said to cure the tooth-
ach, and is otherwise used medicinally; also for giving a black dye,
and making ink. The seeds, when roasted, are recommended as a sub-
stitute for coffee.

- 2. I. feetidissima, L. (stinking Iris); leaves sword-shaped, peri-
anth beardless its inner segments spreading about as large as the
stigmas, stem one-angled. E. Bot. t. 596. E. Fl. v. i. p. 49.

Woods, thickets and pastures ; frequent in the southern and western
parts of England, rare in the middle and northern counties: not known,
in a wild state, in Scotland. FZ May. 24.— Flowers much smaller than
the last, dull livid purple. The eaves, when bruised, yield a very dis-
agreeable smell, which some have, however, compared to roast-beef,
whence its common English name, Roast-beef plant. In Devonshire
it is so frequent that you can hardly avoid walking among it when her-
borizing, and being annoyed by the smell.

6. Cypérus. Linn. Cyperus or Galingale.

1. C. longus, L. (sweet Cyperus or English Galingale); spike-
lets linear-lanceolate erecto-patent in doubly compound umbels,
general involucre very long leafy, partial small, stem triangular,
A pa 6130 2

Very rare. Marsh near St David's and at Walton in Gordon, So-
mersetshire. Near Sea-brooke, Kent. Boyton, Wilts. Guernsey and
Jersey. Fl. July. 2£.— Root very aromatic aud astringent.

2. * C. fáscus, L. (brown Cyperus); spikelets linear-lanceolate
fasciculato-corymbose, glumes patent, involucre of 3 unequal
leaves, stem triangular, stigmas 3. Hook. in Fl. Lond. New
Series, t. 85, in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2626. ; ;

Meadow near Little Chelsea, where it was discovered by Mr Ha-
worth. Fl. Sept.©.—A small plant, only a few inches high.—Of the
Genus Cyperus, 237 species are described in Sprengel’s Syst. Vegeta-
bilium. Most of them are tropical : they gradually diminish in number
as we recede from the tropies; so that though 2 species have been
found in England, none exists in Scotland.

7. Scud&Nus. Linn. Bog-rush.

1. S. nigricans, L. (black Bog-rush); stem rounded, spikelets
collected into a rounded head shorter than the outer bracteas.
E. Bot. t. 1121. i

Wet moors and boggy places. Rare in Scotland, except on the West
coast. FI. June, July. 21.— Remarkable for its rigid habit, nearly se-
taceous leaves, and the dark brown almost black heads of flowers. The

Scirpus.] TRIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. 25

Style is jointed upon the germen and darker than it. “ Bristles small,
reddish-brown, spiny, the spines pointing upwards.” (Mr Wilson.)

8. Ruyncnéspora. Vahl. Beak-rush.

1. R. álba, Vahl, (white Beak-rush) ; spikelets in a compact
corymb as long as the outer bracteas, leaves narrow-linear. Æ,
Bot, t. 985 (Schenus alb. L.) :

Wet pastures and turfy bogs. Fl. June— Aug. 2[.— Spikelets of flowers
White or whitish, collected so as to form a level surface at the top. In
the flowers are 8—11 bristles, with reflexed teeth, much longer than the
germen, and decidedly placed outside the 2 stamens. Fruit, in this and
R. fusca, obovate, compressed, distinctly margined, tapering at the base
into a short stalk. Style persistent, thin, pellucid, often greenish, dilated
at the base, which is not articulated, nor so broad as the seed, but im-
mediately distinguishable from the shining nut by its colour and texture.

f R. aurea, the first species described by Vahl, is to be considered the
type of the genus, then must our two British species be separated from
it, if the fruit and the style are to afford characters: for in R. aurea the .
nut is obovate, indeed, but not at all compressed nor margined ; the
style is very large, thick, corky, swollen at the base, and remarkably
constricted where it is set upon the germen ; it is moreover grooved on
two sides. I find but one flower in the spikelets of R. aurea, two in
those of R. alba. in

2. R. fusca, Sm. (brown Beah-rush); spikelets in an oval head
much shorter than the outer bracteas, leaves almost filiform.
E. Bot. t. 1575 (Schenus fuse. L.) l

Bogs, principally in the south-west of England and Ireland. F}
July, Aug. 4 .— Habit of the last, though very different in specific
Character. Heads of flowers oval, rich brown ; spikelets larger and the
Sfigmas more protruded. Stamens 8. Smith and Sturm have figured
and described only 8 bristles to each flower: I find 6 (which have erect

teeth, Wilson) in the British, as well as in American specimens, which
tatter are in no respect different from ours.

9. Scirpus. Lina. Club-rush.

l. S. lacástris, L. (Lake Club-rush or Bull-rush) ; spikelets in
compound lateral umbels mostly shorter than the rounded almost
eafless stem. Æ. Bot. t. 666.—8. glaucus ; smaller and glaucous.
+S. glaucus, E. Bot. t. 9312.

Plentiful on the margins of lakes and ponds.—8, In similar situations,
Fi. July, August. 2f.—Root much creeping. Anfiorescence truly lateral
near the extremity of the stalks, which are very variable in size, 2—6
or 8 feet high, and as thick as a finger at the base. Spikelets often al-
most sessile. Glumes brown, fringed. Stigmas 2—3. Fruit obovato-
triquetrous, accompanied by 5 or 6 bristles. The stems are much used

for mats, chair-bottoms, &c., and they constitute a considerable article
of trade. Coopers employ them for filling up spaces between the seams
of casks, and their spongy nature well adapts them to this purpose. Mr
Wilson observes that var. 8. has the seed more elliptical and compressed,
ànd of a pale-brown colour; not shining or polished as in the true S.
lacustris.

. 2. S. Holoschánus, L. (round-cluster-headed Club-rush) ; stem
rounded, spikelets lateral collected into compact globular sessile

26 TRIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. [Scirpus

or stalked heads, leaves subulate ehannelled, bristles to the flowe
none. E. Bot. t. 1612.—4solepis, Nees. n

. Sandy sea-shores, only found in the extreme southern and western
parts of England. Fl. Sept. ?f. z ;

8. S. setáceus, L. (bristle-stalked Club-rush) ; stem compressed
with 1 or 2 leaves at the base, spikelets about 2 terminal, gene-
ral bractea erect leafy much shorter than the stem, fruit ribbed
obovate and marked with transverse lines, bristles none. Æ.
Bot. t. 1693.—TIsolepis setacea, Br. E

Moist gravelly places, frequent. ` F7. July, Aug. 2f.—Stems tufted,
2—5 inches high, very slender. Stam. 2. Stigmas 3. i

4. S. Sávii, Spreng. (Savis Club-rush) ; stem round leafy
below, spikelets 1—3 terminal shorter than the unequally two-
leaved involucre, fruit subglobose rough with slightly elevated
points, bristles none. Hook. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2782.— Isolepis
Saviana, Roem. et Sch.—Scirpus filiformis, Savi.—8. monosta-
chys; spikelet solitary withashorter involucralbractea. Hook. l.c.

Wet bogs, Ireland, and in the west of England and Scotland, Jersey,
&c.—. Cork, Mr Sealy. Fl. July. 2f£.—1n habit much resembling
the last species, as the var. $. does the Eleocharis acicularis ; but the
fruit is quite peculiar. Stamens 3.

5. S. triqueter,! L. (triangular. Club-rush) ; stem acutely tri-
quetrous straight at the point, its sheaths leafy, spikelets ovate
or oblongo-ovate clustered sessile and stalked naked, stigmas 2,
fruit smooth. Æ. Bot. t. 1694.

Muddy banks of rivers, near London ; a var. with spikelets all sessile
was foundin Jersey by Sherard ; perhaps the S.pungens, Vahl. F7. Aug. 2f.

6. S. carinátus, Sm. (blunt-edged Club-rush); stem rounded at
the base bluntly triangular upwards, its sheaths leafless, cyme

‘terminal decompound, involucre of 2 unequal leaves, spikelets
oblong, stigmas 2. E. Bot. t. 1983.

Banks of rivers, very rare. About London and on the banks of the
Arun, Sussex. Fil. July, Aug. H. 2

7. S. maritimus, L. (salt-marsh Club-rush) ; stem leafy trian-
gular, spikelets terminal clustered stalked and sessile, involucre
of many foliaceous leaflets, glumes with a mucro between the
acute segments of the notch. Æ. Bot. t. 542.

Salt-marshes, frequent. Fl. July, Aug. 2f.— Root creeping, some-
times swelling into knots or tubers. Leaves frequently longer than the
stem, flat, acuminate. Stigmas 3. Bristles 3—4, accompanying the
smooth, obovato-triangular fruit.

* Mr Babington separates from this :—** S. pungens, Vahl (sharp Club-rush)
stem triquetrous, spikes 1—3 sessile lateral, glumes smooth pointed emargi-
nate slightly fringed their lobes acute, stigmas 2, apex of the anthers subulate
and ciliated, root creeping. Bab. in E. Bot. Suppl. ined.—ej. Prim. Fl.
Sarn. ined.—Sc. Rothii, Gaud. Fl. Helv. 1. 194.— Sc. tenuifolius, DC. Fl.
Franc..5. 100. Bot. Gall. 1. p. 497. — Sc. triqueter. 8. Sm. Engl. Fl. 1. 60.
Juncus acutus maritimus, caule triquetro rigido, mucrone pungente. Ray, Syn.
499.— On the wet sandy banks of St Ouen's Pond, Jersey, first noticed by
Sherard, as recorded in Ray's Syn.,—since re-discovered by Mr Jos. Woods.
Fl. July. 2[.— Distinguished from Sc. triqueter, by its acutely lobed glumes
and the subulate point to its anthers."— Bab.

-Eleocharis.] TRIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA, 27

8. S. Sylváticus, L. (wood Club-rush) ; stem triangular leafy,
¢yme terminal many times compound, involucre of many foliace-
ous leaflets, glume entire acute. E. Bot. t. 919.

Moist woods and banks of rivers. Abundant in South Kent; about
Killin, at the head of Loch Tay, Perthshire, and in very many places
in the south of Scotland. It seems to be less frequent in England. FT.

uly. 22.—A handsome species, bearing innumerable small, greenish,
Ovate spikelets. Stem 2—3 feet high. Leaves broadly linear. Fruit
with rather long bristles.

10. Buysmus. Panz. Blysmus. PRETAS

.. L B. compréssus, Panz. (broad-leaved Blysmus) ; lowermost

bractea subulate somewhat. leafy, bristles 5—6 as long as the

permanent style, leaves linear channelled.—Schænus compres-

Sus, L.—E. Bot. t. 791.— Retz.— Scirpus caricinus, E. Fl. v. i.
p. 58.— Carex uliginosa, L.

Boggy pastures, by river-sides and near the sea: not uncommon. 77.
July. 2f.—Stem 6—8 inches high, leafy. Glumes brown, striated.
Sristles with reflexed spines. — The habit of this and the following species
is quite peculiar. l

2. B. rúfus, Link, (narrow-leaved Blysmus) ; bracteas all
equal membranaceous, bristles none, leaves very narrow grooved.
Schenus rufus, E. Bot. t. 1010.—Seirpus rufus, Schrad.—.E.
FI. v. i. p. 59. ;

Marshy plains ; especially near the sea, partieularly in Scotland, as

-faras Shetland. On the coast of Wales, west of England and west of
Treland. Fil. July. 2{,—Slenderer and more rigid than the last, more
Upright: spikes darker ; the glumes more membranaceous, thin, not stri-
ated and more obtuse: in both very broad and convolute.
1l. ELEócHARIs. Br. Spike-rush.

l. E. palástris, Br. (creeping Sptke-rush) ; stem rounded, root
much creeping, stigmas 2, fruit lenticular plano-convex shorter
than the 4 bristles, outer glume smaller than the rest. Æ. Bot.
& 131, (Scirpus, L.) l

Sides of ditches and wet marshy places, frequent. F/. June, July. Uf.
—“ Root creeping (to a great length), black and shining, as well as the
external sheaths of the stem. Bristles, in the flower only 4, longer
than the ripe fruit, flattened, dilated at the base, and broader than the

laments. Receptacle elongated below the insertion of the filaments, so
that the flower appears to be not quite sessile, as it is in Æ. multicaulis.
Germen shorter and broader than in the next species, the style is also
shorter. Again, the section of the stem is different from that of E.
multic., without any central pith, but with larger membranous tubes sur-
rounded by smaller ones.”— Wilson MSS.

2. E. multicáulis, Sm. (many-stalked Spike-rush) ; stem round-
ed, root scarcely creeping, stigmas 3, fruit obovate triquetrous
longer than the 6 bristles, outer glumes smaller than the rest.
E. Bot. t. 1187 (Scirpus multic.)—Scirpus palustris B. Linn.
Lapp. ed. 2. Tie

Not uncommon, probably, in marshy places throughout the kingdom ;

2S .- TRIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. LEleocAaris..

but frequently passed by for the E. palustris. Fl. July. 2f.—“ Root
not creeping.! Sheaths of the stem brown, not shining ; the stems are,
always inclined, frequently bent and almost prostrate. Brisiles 6, shorter
and narrower than in the former species, the base not dilated, shorter
than the ripe fruit. The receptacle is elongated above the insertion of
the filaments ; hence the germen seems to be attenuated below. Stem
with a stout central pith, with membranous tubes of looser texture
interposed between it and the external part. Some of the bristles in
the flower seem to be attached to the receptacle higher up than the base
of the filaments, but still 3 of these bristles are at the exterior base of
those filaments." . Wilson MSS.

8. E. pauciflóra, Link, (chocolate-headed Spike-rush) ; stem
rounded its sheaths leafless, spike ovate naked, the 2 outer
glumes the largest obtuse but shorter than the spike, stigmas 3,
style scarcely deciduous, not jointed.—.Scirpus pauciflorus, E.
Bot. t. 1029.— S. Beothryon, Ehrh.

Moors in Scotland, not unfrequent. In England, rare ; near Yar-
mouth, Norfolk ; Anglesea, and Bangor in Wales. Fv. July, Aug. H.
— Habit of small plants of Æ. palustris. Fruit pale, obovate, trique-
trous, terminated by the withered rigid style, not swollen at the base
nor jointed, gradually tapering from the obtuse point of the fruit. Roots
fibrous, sending out jointed runners.

.. 4. E. cespitósa, Link, (scaly-stalked Spike-rush); stem rounded,
or slightly compressed ( Wilson), sheaths with subulate leaves,
the two outermost glumes (fertile) longer than the very small
spikes and terminating in long rigid points, stigmas 3, style de-
ciduous, fruit mucronated with the narrow persistent base of the
style.— Scirpus cespitosus, E. Bot. t. 1029.

Moors and moist heathy places, every where. FL June, July. 2[.—
A small species, 2—6 inches high. Bristles 6. Fruit obovate, trique-
trous, pale yellow, tipped with a mucro, as in most of the true Scirpi.—
This plant is called ** Deer’s Hair" in the Highlands, and yields an
abundant food to sheep on the mountains in spring. Upon Ben Lawers
I have found a variety, having the larger of the 2 outer glumes an inch
long, 4 times the length ofthe spike. _ .

5. E. aciculáris, Roem. et Sch. (least Spthe-rush) ; stem seta-
ceous almost round, sheaths leafless, spike ovate acute, glumes
equal acute, stigmas 3, bristles 2—3.— Scirpus acic., E. Bot.
t. 749.— Isolepis, Schlecht.—Scirpidium, Nees.

Sides of lakes, and wet, sandy and marshy places, frequent. FZ July,
Aug. 2[.— The most slender and delicate of the Spike-rushes. Root
fibrous with filiform runners. Fruit obovate, oblong, compressed, pale
yellow, beautifully impressed with dotted lines, tipped with the almost
globose dark base of the style.

L

1 Not, indeed, as in E. palustris; but it certainly sends out root-stocks to the
length of 2 or 3 inches, from which fibres proceed below and new shoots above.
The roots cannot be called simply tufted. I dwell much on the characters of
this and the preceding species, because I had myself fallen into an error in the
Fl. Scot. in considering them varieties of each other. Sir J. E. Smith has
well distinguished them in the Engl. Flora ; and my friend Mr Wilson, with
his usual sagacity, has confirmed Smith's character and detected others, which
I give in his own words.

*

Eriophorum] ^ TRIANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. 29

6. E. flúitans, ( floating Spike-rush) ; stem (or rather floating
root) compressed branched, spikes ovate, glumes nearly equal
obtuse, stigmas 2, bristles none, fruit obovate plano-convex tip-
ped with thenarrow base of the style.— Scirpus fluit. L.—E. Bot.
t 216. Isolepis, Br.—Eleogiton, Link, Lindl.

Ditches and still lakes, and pools of water which are sometimes dried
Up. F7. June, July. H.

12. Enióenonvw. Linn. Cotton-grass.
| * Spike solitary.

l. E. alpinum, L. (alpine Cotton-grass) ; stem triangular,
eaves much shorter than the sheaths, spikes oblongo-ovate. E.
Bett SLi ce id

It was discovered in the Moss of Restenet near Forfar, by Mr Brown
and Mr G. Don: but that bog is drained and the plant has disappeared.
Fl, June. UY. — : `

2. E. vaginátum, L. ( Hair's-tail Cotton-grass) ; stem above
triangular, sheaths below with long setaceous leaves, above leaf-
less obtuse inflated, spike ovate. Æ. Bot. t. 878. |

_Turf-bogs and barren moors, not unfrequent, especially in the moun
fainous parts of the north. Fi. March— May. 4.

9. E. capitátum, Host, (round-headed Cotton-grass) ; stem

rounded, sheaths below bearing linear subulate leaves, above
leafless inflated obtuse, spike almost globose. Æ. Bot. t. 2387.
en Lawers, by the side of a rivulet near perpetual snow. G. Don.
Fi. July, Aug. 2f. s
** Spikes many.

4. E. polystáchion, L. (broad-leaved Cotton-grass); “stem
round, leaves flat with a triangular point, stalks of the spikes
Smooth, hairs thrice the length of the spikes." Æ. Bot t. 563.

Bogs. Fi. April—June. 3f.

9. E. pubéscens, Sm. (downy-stalked Cotton-grass) ; “ stem
gular upwards, leaves flat lanceolate with a triangular point,
Stalks of the spikes downy, hairs twice the length of the spike.”
E. Fi. v. i, p. 68. Hook. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 9633.— E. angustif.
Poit.— E, latifolium, Schrad. Germ. v. i. p. 154, (exel. syn.) —
Bogs and marshes, Scotland and Cambridgeshire, (Sm.) Anglesea,
Mr Wilson. South Kent, Rev. G. E. Smith. Fl. April—June. ?f.
6. E. angustifolium, Roth, (common Cotton-grass) ; “ stem
nearly round, leaves linear triangular channelled towards the
base, stalks of the spikes smooth, hairs 4 times thelength of the
spike." E. Bot. t. 564.
Turf-bogs, and muddy meadows, common. Fl April. 2f.

7. E. grácile, Roth, (slender mountain Cotton-grass) ; “ stem.
round with 3 slight angles, leaves triangular channelled towards
the base, spikes longer than the bractea, hairs twice the length of
the spike," E, Bot. t. 2402. ;

an

ga pons i a aen n

y li ear lg v

30 TRIANDRIA—DIGYNIA. ` LAlopecurus.

On Ben Lawers and the Clova Mountains, in micaceous soil, Cwm
Idwell, North Wales. Near Croft, Mr Jos. Woods. Fi. July. 2£.—I cane
not satisfy myself of the validity of the characters of the many-spiked spe-
cies of Eriophorum. With regard to the E. pubescens, it is certainly very
common both in America and this country, and I had always taken it for
E. polystachion. It is assuredly the Æ. latifolium of Schrader, for he
makes its character to depend on the scabrous (not really pubescent)
peduncles. Mr Wilson is disposed to consider Mr Woods’ E. gracile
as a good species, easily recognized by its many-ribbed glumes and de-
cidedly pubescent fruit-stalks, as also by its very narrow short leaves.

13. NArpus. Linn. Mat-grass.

1. N. stricta, L. (Mat-grass) ; spike erect slender, the florets
all pointing one way. E. Bot. t. 290.

Moors and heaths, most abundant. FZ. June. 2£ .—A grass of simple
structure, growing in short tufts, so coarse and rigid that cattle will not
eat it. Culms and leaves setaceous. Spike long, erect, grooved, and
toothed at short distances for the insertion of the florets. Valves of
the cor. lanceolate: outer one coriaceous, purplish-green, tapering gra-
dually into an awn; inner smaller, awnless, membranous.

TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.
14. Auoprctrus. Linn. Fox-tail-grass. |

1. A. praténsis, L. (Meadow Fox-tail-grass) ; culm erect,
smooth, panicle spiked cylindrical obtuse, calyx-glumes lanceo-
late acute hairy connate at the base, awn twice the length of the
corolla. Æ. Bot. t. 759.

Meadows and pastures, common, | £7. May, June. 2f.—13 to 2 feet
high : an excellent grass for cattle. Panicle of a yellow-green colour
with silvery hairs. Cal. and Cor. much ciliated ; in this, as in all the
species, remarkably compressed. :

2. A. alpinus, Sm. (alpine Fox-tail-grass) : culm ascending
smooth, panicle spiked ovate, cal.-glumes ovate abruptly acute
- hairy united at the base, awn scarcely longer than the corolla,
upper sheath inflated thrice as long as its lanceolate leaf, Æ.
Bot. t. 1126.
Discovered by Mr R. Brown on Loch na Gaar, in Aberdeenshire.
It was pointed out to me by Mr T. Drummond on wet rocks by a water
fall at Loch Whorol, Clova. White water and other streams of Clova,
Mr H. C. Watson, Dr Graham. Fi. July, Aug. 2f.—This plant,
which, even at first sight, is readily distinguishable by its ovate panicle
and short broad upper deaf, with its inflated sheath (as first observed by
Mr Brown in the Appendix to Parry's 1st Voyage), seems to be quite
unknown to Botanists abroad, and is very rare indeed in this country.
It is, however, plentiful in North America and Spitzbergen.

3. A. agréstis, L. (slender Fox-tail-grass) ; culm erect scabrous
above, panicle spiked cylindrical acuminate, calyx-glumes acute -
almost glabrous united as far as the middle. Æ. Bor. t. 848.

Fields and way.sides. June, July. (2.— Readily known by its at-
tenuated panicles or spikes, frequently of a purplish colour, and by the
lanceolate acute cal.-glumes, which are glabrous or a little rough at the

:Ammophila.| TRIANDRIA—DIGYNIA. . 9

keel. Corolla quite smooth. Not indigenous to Scotland. See Mur-
rays Northern Flora. ,

4. A. bulbósus, L. (tuberous F'ox-tail-grass) ; culm erect, panicle
Spiked cylindrical acuminate, calyx-glumes acute slightly hairy
free, root tuberous. Æ. Bot. t. 1249.

Wet salt-marshes in England, but rare: near Yarmouth and Wey-.
mouth. In Cardiff marshes, Wales. Fl. July. 21.— The inflorescence,
though very dense, is not a true spike. The pedicels mostly bear single
flowers, but often another very small abortive one. Calyx-glumes en-
urely distinct to the base.

_ 9. A. geniculátus, L. ( floating Fox-tail-grass) ; culm ascend-
dng bent at the joints, panicle spiked cylindrical obtuse, calyx-
glumes united at the base obtuse slightly hairy and fringed, awn
twice as long as the corolla. Æ. Bot. t. 1950. -

In pools and wet and marshy places, sometimes on dry ground. FZ.
July, Aug. 2f. ;

6. A. fülvus, Sm. (orange-spiked Fox-tail-grass) : culms ascend-
ing bent at the joints, panicle spiked cylindrical obtuse, calyx-
glumes united at the base obtuse slightly hairy and fringed, awn
the length of the calyx. Æ. Bot. t. 1467. Hook. Scot. i. p. 22 (un-
der A. geniculatus.) —À. geniculatus, Host, Gram. Austr.v.ii.t. 82.

Ponds and ditches ; near Birmingham; Norwich; Essex; Wrexham;
andin Angus and Fifeshire, 77. July. 2£.—I had certainly considered
this plant, in F7. Scotica, as not different from A. geniculatus. Aun
Inserted higher up than in A. genic.; spike more slender and paler. An-

[e]
thers orange-coloured.

15. PHÁLARIs. Linn. Canary-grass.

1.* P. Canariénsis, L. (cultivated Canary-grass); panicle spiked
vate, cal.-glumes boat-shaped entire at the point accompanied
by the single valves of 2 other florets. 77. Bot. t. 1310.

Naturalized in many parts of England and Scotland. Fl. July. ©.—

—2 feet high, glaucous. Leaves broad. Spikes handsome, composed
9f large, pale, yellow-green calyz-glumes, marked with deeper lines and
Singularly keeled at the back. Cunary-seed, as we see it, is not only the
Seed of this plant, but the seed invested closely (as all grass-seeds are)
with the pericarp, and that again with the hardened corolla, which occa-
Sions its glossy appearance and pointed form.

2. P. arundinácea, L. (Reed Canary-grass); panicle erect its
branches patent, florets clustered secund, imperfect floret con-
sisting of a small hairy valve. Æ. Bot. t. 402, and t. 2160, f. 2.
—Arundo colorata, Fi. Br.—Digraphis, Trin. Lindl. ,

Sides of lakes and rivers, common. FZ, July, Aug. 2f.— Frequent in
gardens, with variegated leaves and called ribband-grass. Very different
from the last in general habit, but not in essential character. Pahħicle
large, 6—8 inches long, often brownish or purplish green. Excellent for
securing river banks ; its roots are creeping, and here and there tufted,

16. ÄMMÓPHILA. Host. Sea-reed.

l. A, arundinácea, Host, (common Sea-reed, Marum, or Mat-

39 TRIANDRIA—DIGYNIA. [Phleum.

weed); panicle cylindrical acuminate, glumes acute, hairs one
third of the length of the corolla.—Arundo arenaria, E. Bot. t.
590.— Psamma, Beauv.
Sandy sea-shores, frequent. — F7. July. 2f.— Root much creeping.
Leaves long, narrow, rigid, involute, glaucous. Culm 2—3 feet high.
Cor. far more rigid than the calyz, the larger valves with a small sinus
below the point.—Extensively employed in Norfolk and Holland for
preserving the banks of sand which protect those countries from the in-

roads of the sea. A second species, A. Baltica, is found on the
shores of the Baltic.

l7. Parum. Linn. Cat's-tail-grass.

1. P. praténse, L. (Cat's-tail-grass, Timothy-grass); panicle
spiked cylindrical, glumes truncated mucronate aristate ciliated
at the back longer than the awn. E. Bot. t. 1076.

Meadows and pastures, very common. Fl. June. 2£.— Root some-
times tuberous, and then the plant is the P. nodosum, Willd.— Cal.-
glumes, as in all the species, extremely compressed, keeled with a dor-

sal green nerve running out into a spreading awn, scarcely half so long
as the valve.

2. P. alpinum, L. (alpine Cat's-tail-grass); panicle spiked ova
to-oblong, cal.-glumes truncated mucronato-aristate ciliated at
the back equal in length to the awn. E. Bot. t. 519. .

Rare ; on the Breadalbane mountains and Garway Moor. F7. July.
H .— Spike short, purplish.

3. P. dsperum, Jacq. (rough Cat's-tail-grass) ; panicle spiked
cylindrical, cal.-glumes wedge-shaped mueronate rough, stem
often branched. E. Bot. t. 1077 (P. paniculatum).

Rare in dry open fields, in the western and midland parts of England.

Fil, July. ©.—Culms very leafy, and the long spikes are partly con-
cealed among them. Cal.-glumes tumid upwards.

4. P. Boehméri, Schrad. ( purple-stalked Cat's-tail-grass) ; pani-
cle spiked cylindrical, cal.-glumes linear-lanceolate acuminato-
aristate downyat thekeel. Æ. Bot. t. 459 ( Phalaris phleoides, L.).

Dry sandy and chalky fields, rare; principally in Norfolk and Cam-

bridgeshire. Fi. July. 2£.—Culms simple, erect, sparingly leafy, slen-
der, shining purple.

5. P. Michélii, All. (Michelian Cat's-tail-grass); panicle spiked
cylindrical, cal.-glumes lanceolate acuminate strongly ciliated at
the back. JE. Bot. t. 2265.— Phalaris alpina, Henke.

Rocky parts of the high mountains of Clova, Scotland. FZ July,
Aug. 1f.— Distinguishable at once from the preceding species by its
gradually tapering glumes.

6: P. arenárium, L. (sea Cat's-tail-grass) ; panicle spiked ob-
longo-obovate, cal.-glumes lanceolate acute ciliated at the back.
E. Bot. t. 222 ( Phalaris aren.) Hook. Scot. i. p. 24.

On loose sand, especially near the sea. £7. May. June. ©.— Culms

5—6 inches high, many from the same root. Cor. twice as short as the
cal., membranous, truncated, ath

Calama: rostis. TRIANDRIA—DIGYNIA.
9.

18. Lactrus. Linn. Hare's-tail-grass."

l. L. ovátus, L. (ovate Hare's-tail-grass). E. Bot.t. 1334.
ery rare. Sandy grounds in the north and west of Guernsey. FI

. June, (5.—'The only species of the genus ; remarkable for its soft 'and

pale heads of Stowers, from among which the long awns are protruded.

19. Mírivw. Linn. Millet-grass.

. l. M. effüsum, L. (spreading Millet-grass); panicle glabrous
its branches subverticillate, leaves lanceolate, ligule obtuse. Æ.
Dot. t. 1006.

Moist shady woods. Fl. June. 2£.— Culms 3—4 feet high.
i 20. GASTRÍDIUM. Beauv. Nit-grass.

l. G. lendigerum, Beauv. (awned Nit-grass); cal.-valves lan-
ceolate acuminate, awn twice their length.—Milium lendigerum,

E. Bot. t. 1107.

Places where water has stagnated near the sea, rare. In Sheppey ; at

Weymouth ; and at Gillingham in Norfolk. 77. Aug. 2£.—4 to 6 or 8
inches high, with numerous glossy florets, singularly swollen at the base.

21. Stipa. Linn. Feather-grass. |

1. * S. pennáta, L. (common Feather-grass) ; leaves rigid seta-
ceous grooved, awns exceedingly long feathering to the point.
E. Bot. t. 1356.

Said to have been found in Dillenius’ time in Westmoreland. F7.

une, 2f,—A great ornament to our gardens in the summer, and to our
Tooms in the winter, for if gathered before the seed is ripe, the long

eathery awns remain, and a tuft of them is almost as beautiful as the
famed tail of the Bird of Paradise. *

22. PoLyPócon. Desf. Beard-grass.

l. P. Monspeliénsis, Desf. (annual Beard-grass); awns thrice
as long as the rather obtuse rough valves of the cal., root annual.
E. Bot. t. 1704. (Agrostis panicea )— Phleum crinitum, Br. Fl.

Rare, in moist pastures near the sea. In Hampshire and Essex; near
Cley, Norfolk. Guernsey. North-fleet Hope, Thames. Mr G, Fran-
cs. Inverkeithing. R. Andr. Robertson, jun. FI. July, Aug. (Q.—

beautiful grass, rare, but undoubtedly wild in our country ; most
abundant in the warmer parts of Europe.

2. P. dittorális, Sm. ( perennial Beard-grass\ ; awns equal in
length to the almost glabrous acute valves of the calyx, root
Perennial. E. Bot. t. 1951 (Agrostis littoralis).
Muddy salt-märshes, rare. Near Cley, Norfolk ; in Essex, and near
Woolwich. FZ. July. 21.— Very different from the last species ; but
rightly referred, by Sir J. E. Smith, to Polypogon. The calyx-valves
are more acuminated than in P. Monsp., and they taper more gradually
into the much shorter awn ; outer valve of the cor. truncate and toothed
at the points in both.—Tt was long supposed peculiar to England, but
is now found in Germany.

23. CALAMAGROSTIS. Adans. Small-reed.

8. C. Epigéjos, Roth, (wood Small-reed); cal.-glumes subulate
VOL. I. D

V ged ees RAND NES vtitur

84 TRIANDRIA-—DIGYNIA. [ Agrostis.

their keel rough, panicle erect close, * flowers crowded unilateral,
corolla with a dorsal awn nearly as long as the calyx.— Arundo
Epigejos, L. E. Bot: t.403. E. Fl. v.i. p. 169 (excl. the syn. of
Hook. Scot., Arundo Calamagrostis.)

Inshady moist places. About London and Norwich. Kent. Dalrymple
Wood, Ayr, Scotland. Aberdeenshire. Dr A. Murray. Fl. July. 4.

2. C. lanceoléta, Roth, ( purple-flowered Smail-reed) ; cal.-
glumes lanceolate their keel smooth, panicle erect loose, flowers
scattered spreading, corolla with a very short terminal awn be-
tween the bifid point—Arundo Calamagrostis, Linn. E. Bot. t.
2159.

Moist hedges in fenny countries, not uncommon. FI, June. 1f.—
Panicle much smaller and looser than the last; flowers more purple
and shining.

3. C. Lappónica, Hartm. (Lapland Small-reed); panicle erect

elose, cal.-glumes broadly lanceolate acute a little rough on the
keel, corolla as long as the ealyx equal in height with the calyx
and the awn, which latter is inserted near the base.—Arundo,
Wahl. Lapp. p. 27. t. 1. a. e.—JDeyeuzia ? Kunth.
. Lough Neagh, and other places in the County of Antrim. Mr D.
- Moore. Fil. June, July. 2f.— This is one of several interesting dis-
coveries, for which we are indebted to Mr Moore's unwearied exertions
in Ireland. It is from to 24 to 3 feet high; its leaves narrow, rigid,
convolute when dry, and like the following species has a minute scale or
short’ pedicel, the rudiment of a second flower, bearing a tuft of hairs at
the extremity ; the distinguishing character of Deyeuxia. The flowers
are at first singularly tinged with purplish-blue, in age becoming yellow-
ish-brown. Branches of the panicle spreading during the short period
of flowering ; before and after, erect, compact.

4. C. stricta, Nutt, (narrow Small-reed); panicle erect close,
eal.-glumes broadly lanceolate-acute, a little rough on the keel,
corolla as long as the calyx much longer than the hairs, with an
awn equal to it in height, inserted above the middle.— Arundo
stricta, E. Bot. t. 9160. Deyeuxia, Kunth.

In Scotland; very rare. Discovered by Mr G. Don, at White Muir
Marsh, near Forfar ; but it does not now exist there. Near Rescobie,
4 miles from Forfar. FZ. June. 2f.—The smallest of the genus. Pan-
tele 1—4 inches long. Cal. brown, smooth, except at the keel. Cor.
brownish, truncate. Hairs not half the length of the corolla.

24. Aerostis. Linn. Bent-grass.

1. A. canina, L. (brown Bent-grass); branches of the panicle
long slender erecto-patent, cal.-valves unequal lanceolate rough
at the keel, corolla of 1 valve with a dorsal awn from below the
middle, leaves linear. Æ. Bot. t. 1856.—Tvrichodium, Schrad.

Moist heaths and moory places, abundant. Fl. June, July. 2[.—
Very variable in the size and colour of its flowers, purple or green, and

? Open at the exact time of flowering. W. Wilson.

Agrostis.] TRIANDRIA—DIGYNIA. 39

in the length of the dorsal awn, which is sometimes included within the
calyx, at other times considerably exserted. I have never seen more
than one valve to the corolla, not even the rudiment of a second; andit.
is from this circumstance that Schrader has constituted of it the genus ^

T'richodiuim. But other species of Agrostis have a very reduced co-

rolla, and A. setacea, placed in Trichodium by Dr Lindley, has assur- T

edly an inner corolla, and that constantly. Smith and Leers have de-
tected an inner valve, even in A. canina; hence, as the former observes,
its presence or absence does not afford even a specific character. -

9. A. selácea, Curt. (bristle-leaved Bent-grass); branches of the
panicle short close, spreading in flower, cal.-valves unequal lan-
ceolate rough at the keel, outer valve of the corolla with a long
Seniculated twisted awn from its base, inner very minute, leaves
setaceous. Æ. Bot. t. 1188.— Trichodium, R. & S.

Very local, almost wholly confined to the dry downs of the extreme
south and south-west parts of England ; as Hampshire, Devonshire, and
Cornwall. Fl. June, July. 4 .— Larger valves of the corolla white, thin,
and membranous, truncate at the top, with 4 green nerves, of which two,
the lateral ones, project into mucros. Awn from the very base, rough,
truly geniculated and twisted. Inner valves very small, truncate and
- toothed, accompanied on each side at the base by a pencil of white hairs.

3. A. Spica vénti, L. (silky Bent-grass) ; panicle spreading,
cal.-valves unequal lanceolate rough at the keel, outer valve of
the corolla bifid terminated by a long straight awn, inner one
smaller with a small barren pedicel at its base. Æ. Bot. t 951.
—Anemagrostis, Trin.

Rare, in sandy fields which are occasionally flooded, principally about
London: in Norfolk and Lancashire. Fl. June, July. ©.—A beautiful
grass, with very slender branches to its ample panicle, which is wavy
and glossy like silk, well named by old Parkinson ** Gramen agrorum
venti spica." Awn many times longer than the cor., rough. Inner valve
of cor. not much less than the outer: at its base is a little pedicel, des-
titute of flower, which has a small tuft of hair on each side.

4. A. vulgáris, With. ( fine Bent-grass); branches of the pani-
cle smoothish its branchlets diverging, outer valve of the cor. 3-
nerved, ligule extremely short and truneate, Æ. Bot. t. 1671.—
P. aristata ; outer valve of the cor. awned. A. canina, With.—
y. pumila ; scarcely three inches high. A. pumila, Lightf. Scot.
P- 1081. fig. in title-page.

Meadows, pastures, and banks, common everywhere. Fl. June, July.

«— Root creeping, throwing out many, mostly ascending culms; 1 or
lj foot high. Panicle purplish ; rachis smooth and the branchlets
nearly so. Cal.-glumes lanceolate, smooth, shining, rough on the back.
Cor.-glume of 2 thin, delicate, membranous, unequal valves ; outer one
a little shorter than the ca/., 3-nerved, tridentate, awnless in 2; bearing
an awn of uncertain length, but mostly short in £, arising from the cen-
tral nerve, a little below the middle of the back ; inner valve half as
small, 2-nerved, bifid.—1 possess specimens of this species bearing the
rudiment of a second flower upon a rather long foot-stalk, in the same
Calyx,

9. A.dlba, L. (marsh Beni-grass); branches of the panicle his-

36 TRIANDRIA—DIGY NIA. [ Azra.

pid, branchlets patent, outer valve of cor. 5-nerved, ligule oblong.
E. Bot. t. 1489: .E. Fl. v.i. p. 93. Schrad. Germ. p. 209 (descr.
excellent). — A. stolonifera, Linn. E. Bot. t. 1539.

Pastures, roadsides, and in various other situations, abundant. FZ
July, August. 2f.— Plant stouter than the last, and generally taller.
Culms ascending, often rooting at the base, and throwing out runners.
Panicle rather contracted, pale green or purplish, branchlets patent. Cal.-
glumes like those in A. vulgaris, as are those of the cor., but the outer
valve has 5 nerves and as many teeth, and the inner one is only faintly
\ 2- or 8-nerved at the base, nearly entire and obtuse at the extremity.

, In some there is a short awn at the base of the outer valve of the cor.,
\ this constitutes the A. compressa, Willd., and occasionally the flowers
| |are viviparous, which is the A. sylvatica, Linn. I believe all are now
‘agreed that the A. stolonzfera of authors is the same as A. alba. The
famous Fiorin-grass of Dr Richardson and the Irish agriculturalists is
what I have called A. alba, as I ascertained by the aid of specimens
gathered in the company of Dr Richardson himself. I know not of any
British awnless Agrostides, which may not be reduced either to A. vul-

garis or A. alba. The two species are indeed themselves very closely
allied. -

25. CATABRÓsA. Beauv. W horl-grass.

1. C. aquática, Beauv. (water Whorl-grass) ; panicle with
whorled patent branches, leaves broadly linear obtuse.—Aira
aquatica, Linn. E. Bot. t. 1557. :

Banks of rivers, and floating in pools of water. Fl. May, June. 2f.—
This is very different in habit and generic character from Aira, and from
any other grass I am acquainted with. Mertens unites it to the long-
spikeleted Poas, which now, according to Smith, form the genus Glyceria;
but it does not naturally combine with them. Root or caudex very long,
branched, floating, jointed, sending from the joints fibrous radicles below,
and culms above, a foot or more long, stout with short broad leaves. Cal.
scarcely nerved, thin and membranous, broadly oval, obtuse. Cor. of a
thick texture, brownish-green, white and diaphanous at the blunted ex-
tremity. Mr Wilson finds in the wet sand of the north shore at Liver-
pool, a var. not two inches high, each calyx containing in general but
one perfect flower.

26. Aira. Linn. Hair-grass.

* Corolla awnless. Panicle spiked. (Keeleria, Pers. Airochloa,
Link, Lindl.)

- L. A. eristdta, L. (crested Hair-grass) ; panicle spiked smooth-
ish, leaves hairy. Æ. Bot. t: 648.—Poa, Linn.

Dry pastures ; most frequent in the north, and especially near the
sea. Fl. June, July. 21.—6—8 inches high. Leaves linear, short, glau-
cous. Spike shining, ovato-lanceolate. Glumes of the cal. acute or
slightly acuminate, lanceolate, compressed, glabrous or downy and a little
rough at the keel. Inner valves of the corolla rough, white, delicate,
reticulated, bifid, with two longitudinal folds.

** Corolla awned. Panicle lax. :

2. A. cespitésa, L. (turfy Hair-grass); panicle diffuse, branches
scabrous, florets hairy at the base rather longer than the cal., awn

Aia] | TRIANDRIA—DIGYNIA. 37

straight inserted near the base of, and not exceeding in length,
the corolla. Æ. Bot. t. 1432.— Deschampsia, Beauv.

Moist shady places, and borders of fields, plentiful. 77. June—Aug. -
Y .—Muċh tufted. Culms 2—4 feet high. Zeaves linear, acuminate,
Tough at the margin. Panicle large, silvery-grey or greenish, much
branched. Spikelets acute. Cal. valves unequal, lanceolate, subglabrous,
rather acute, erose. Florets with a few longish hairs at the base, upper
Ones peduneulated ; their valves ovate, obtuse, erose, the outer one
with 5 short teeth, the inner bifid. Mr Wilson finds it on Snowdon,
Viviparous, with the awn inserted above the middle of the valve ; and
at Llanberris with a small panicle and purple florets.

3. A. alpína, L. (smooth alpine Hair-grass); panicle subcoare-
tate, branches and pedicels perfectly smooth, florets villous at the
base as long as the calyx, awn inserted above the middle and
scarcely exceeding the cor. in length, leaves linear.— Æ. Bot. t.
2102 (A. kevigata). [

.. Moist rocks on the higher Scottish mountains and in Wales, and often
viviparous. F/. June, July. 2£ .— About 1 foot high, very smooth. Leaves
only scabrous to the touch on the upper side, short. Panicle rather
small, branches erect; the lower ones, when viviparous (which they
mostly are) patent aud even drooping. Spikelets not numerous, larger
than in A. cespitosa, and more resembling, as does the whole plant, A.
Jlevuosa. Cal.-valves equal, quite smooth, Florets with a short tuft
of hairs at the base: upper one not pedicellate. Valves of the cor. lan-
ceolate, acute, not compressed.—In A. atropurpurea, Wahl. the pani-
ien is fewer flowered, and the florets are considerably shorter than the
calyx. : ARE ‘

_ 4. A. flexuósa, L. (waved Hair-grass); panicle (when flower-
Ing) diffuse, florets villous at the base as long as the cal., awn
JOinted inserted near the base of, but much longer than, the cal.,
leaves setaceous. Æ. Bot. t. 1519.

Heaths and hilly places; abundant. F7. July. 2f .— Habit of the last,
but taller. Florets larger and the awns protruded considerably beyond
- the calyx. Valves of the cor. as in the two last species,

9. A. canéscens, L. (grey Hair-grass) ; panicle rather dense,
florets shorter than the calyx, awn clavate shorter than the
calyx, leaves setaceous. Æ. Bot. t. 1190.— Corynephorus, Beauv.

On the/sandy sea-coasts of Norfolk and Suffolk. J ersey ; Christy and
Babington. Fi. July. 21 .—Remarkable in this genus for having its awn
clavate, and bearing, at the joint, a tuft of hairs.

6. A. caryophijllea, L. (silvery Hair-grass); panicle divaricated,
florets scarcely villous at the base shorter than the cal., awn in-
serted below the middle jointed longer than the cal., leaves seta-
ceous. E. Bot. t. 812.

Gravelly hills and pastures, frequent. | F7. June, July. Y.—2—6 or
S inches high. Leaves short, few. Panicle trichotomous. Florets silvery
grey. | Cal.-valves nearly equal, lanceolate, the upper part pellucid and
White. Valves of the cor. scabrous at the back, unequal, apex bifid.

7. A. précox, L. (early Hair-grass); panicle somewhat spik-
ed, florets scarcely villous at the base about as long as the cal.,

38 TRIANDRIA—- DIGYNIA. | Holcus.

awn twisted inserted below the middle longer than the cal.,

leaves setaceous. Æ. Bot. t. 1296, .
Sandy hills and pastures. FJ. May, June. (9.—1—3 inches high.

Panicle few-Howered, pale silvery -green. Valves of the cal. lanceolate,

scabrous, when seen under a good glass ; those of the cor. narrow, acu-
minate, scabrous, the point bifid,

27. Méutica. Linn. Melic-grass.

1. M. nátans, L. (Mountain Melie-grass); panicle nearly sim-
ple racemed secund, spikelets drooping ovate 2-flowered. E. Bot.
t. 1059.

Woods in somewhat mountainous countries ; especially in the north
of England and Scotland. Fl. May, June. 2{.—One foot or more high,
leafy. Leaves linear-lanceolate. Cal.-glumes ovate, convex, nerved, deep
purple-brown, margin pale. Valves of the cor. cartilaginous, unequal,
nerved, outer one large. Between the two perfect florets is the rudiment
of a third, which is pedicellate, consisting of a 2-valved hardened cor.
without either pistil or stamen.

2. M.unifidra, L.( Wood Melic-grass); panicle branched slightly
drooping, spikelets erect ovate with only one perfect floret. Æ:
Bot. t. 1058. path

Shady woods, frequent... May—July. 2£.—Imperfect floret on
rather a long footstalk. Leaves broader than the last, and whole plant

larger. Scale of one piece, orange-coloured, thick, **covered by the outer
glume of the corolla.” ( Wilson.)

3. M. cærúlea, L. (purple Melic-grass); panicle erect subco-
arctate, spikelets erect oblongo-cylindrical, floret much longer
than the calyx. Æ. Bot. t. 750.—Molinia, Schrank.—8. panicle
pale green, spikelets fewer-flowered. M. alpina, Don—M. de-
pauperata, Lindl.

Wet heathy places and moors, frequent.—5. Clova Mountains. FZ.
Aug. 2{.—Habit very different from the last, but scarcely distinguish-
able in generic character. Culms 1—2 feet high or more. All the |
leaves, which are long, linear, and acuminated, springing from the base
or from a single joint immediately above it. Panicle from 2—8 inches
in length, bluish- purple, rarely and perhaps only when growing in much
sheltered situations, green. Cal.-valves lanceolate, nearly equal. FZo-
rets generally 2 perfect and 1 sterile. Anthers large, purple.— Brooms
are made of the culms in England, according to Withering ; and in
Skye, Lightfoot says, the fishermen twist them into excellent ropes for
their nets.

28. HóLcvs. Lina. Soft-grass.

1. H. móllis, L. (creeping Soft-grass); cal.-valves acuminate,
imperfect floret with an exserted geniculated awn, joints of the
culm with a tuft of hairs, root creeping. Æ. Bot. t. 1170.

Pastures and hedges, common. FZ July. 2£.—Mr Wilson well ob-
serves that this species is distinguished by the acute (or almost acumi-
nate) calyx-glumes and downy joints of the culm.

2. H. landtus, L. (Meadow Soft-grass); cal.-valves rather ob-
tuse mucronate, imperfect floret with a curved awn included

Panicum] _ TRIANDRIA—DIGYNIA, 39

areia cal., no tuft of hairs at the joints, root fibrous. Æ. Bot.

Meadows, pastures, and woods, common. 77. June, July. 2{.—Much
resembling the last in general appearance, but clothed with a softer and
more abundant pubescence.

29. ARRHENATHERUM. Beauv. Oat-like grass.

l. A.avenáceum, Beauv. (common Oat-like grass). Lindl. Syn.
p. 905.— Holcus avenaceus, Scop.—H. Bot. t. 813.— Avena ela-
or, Linn. à

Hedges and pastures, frequent. FZ. June, July. 4.—I am not aware
that more than one species exists of this genus. The Avena precatoria
of Thuill, Avena nodosa of Cullum., Arrh. bulbosum, Dunal and
Lindl., are but varieties with a knotted or tuberous base to the stem.—
2—3 feet high. Panicle long, loose. Spikelets greenish-brown.

30. HiEeRÓócHLOE. Gmel. Holy-grass.

1. H. boreális, R. et S. (northern Holy-grass); panicle subse-
cund, peduncles glabrous, florets awnless, outer valves of the cor.
ciliated at the margin. Hook. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2641.— Holcus
odoratus, Linn. Sm.— Hole. borealis, Schrad.

In a narrow mountain-valley, called Kella, in Angus-shire, G. Don.
Ft. July. 21.— A valuable discovery of the late acute Mr G. Don. About
1 f. high, glabrous. Leaves linear-acuminate. Panicle brownish, glossy.
Spikelets broadly ovate. Cal.-valves ovate, acute, rather unequal, some-
times a little serrated at the point. Florets rather longer than the cal.
and the outer valves of a firmer texture, scabrous when highly magnified,
distinctly fringed at the margin, the point sharp, but not awned. Central
floret the smallest.—Smell resembling that of Anxthoxanthum odoratum.
In Iceland it is so plentiful as to be used by the people to scent their
apartments and clothes.

31. SEsLÉRIA. Linn. Moor-grass. - iX
l. S. cerdálea, Scop. (blue Moor-grass); panicle spiked ovate
bracteated, outer valve of the cor. with one short terminal awn.

E. Bot. t. 1613.— Cynosurus, L.

. Mountains in the north of England and Scotland, especially abundant
in limestone regions. Fi. April—June. ?f.— One of our earliest grasses
and a very beautiful one. The roots much tufted ; plants 6—12 or 18
inches high. Zeaves linear, obtuse. Spike of a shining bluish-grey, with -
large yellow anthers tipped with purple. Spikelets generally in pairs,
9blong-ovate, the lower ones with an ovate ciliated and toothed bractea
at the base. Cal.-vailves ovato-lanceolate, 3-toothed, middle tooth length-
ened into an awn and often bifid, pubescent at the keel and margin.
Florets longer than the cal. Valves of the cor. oblong-ovate : ext. one
ribbed, pubescent and ciliated or jagged with about 5 teeth, the middle
tooth lengthened into a short awn; int. valve bifid at the point.

32. PAnicum. Linn. Panick-grass.

1. * P. Crus-galli, L. (loose Panick-grass) ; spikes alternate
secund divided or simple, florets imbricated, the cal. and ext.
valve of the cor. of the neuter floret hispid awned or mucro-

40 TRIANDRIA—DIGYNIA. [ Poa.

nated, int. valve of the cor. of the perfect floret with a hispid
mucro, rachis hispid. r.— E. Bot. t. 876. — P. Crus-corvi, Linn.
— Echinochloa, Beauv. Lindl.

Fields near London. F}, July. ©,

33. SETÁRIA. Beauv. Bristle-grass.

1. *S. verticilláta, Beauv. (rough Bristle-grass); panicle spiked
lobed below, branches whorled, bristles of the involucre rough
with reversed teeth.— Panicum verticillatum, L.—E. Bot. t. 874.

In cultivated fields, about London and Norwich. F4 July, Aug. ©.

2. * S. viridis, Beauv. (green Bristle-grass) ; panicle spiked
continuous, bristles of the involucre rough with erect teeth. —
Panicum viride, Linn. —.E. Bot. t. 875.

Fields, about London and Norwich, Fl. July, Aug. Xf.

94. Póa. Linn. Meadow-grass.

* Spikelets linear or subcylindrical. (Glyceria, Sm., andin part Br.)
l. P. aquática, L. (reed Meadow-grass) ; panicle erect very
much branched, spikelets linear of about 6 obtuse florets which
have 7 ribs. Æ. Bot. t. 1315.—Hydrochloa, Hartman, Lindl.
Sides of rivers, ponds and ditches. Fv. July, Aug. 21.—4—6 feet
high, erect. Leaves linear, lanceolate, rough. Ligule short, obtuse.
Cal.-valves small, ovate, obtuse, membranous, smoothish. Ext. valves
of cor. twice as large as the calyx ; int. narrower and bifid at the point,

2. P. flúitans, Scop. ( floating Meadow-grass); panicle nearly
erect slightly branched, spikelets linear appressed of from 7 to 11
obtuse florets which have seven ribs with short intermediate ones
at the base, root creeping. E. Bot. t. 1590.— Festuca, L.

Ditches and stagnant waters, abundant. F7. July, Aug. Y.— Culms
1—3 feet high, thick and succulent. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute.
Ligule oblong, pointed. Panicle subsecund, very long, slender ; cal.-
valves unequal, small, ovate, membranous, obtuse. Cor. valves ovato-
oblong, thrice as long as the cal.; outer ones scabrous. ‘The scale is
of 1 thick fleshy piece, which is the principal character of Mr Brown's
genus Glyceria.—This species is found in New Holland. It yields the
Manna-seeds of our shops, which are gathered abundantly in Holland,
where, as well as in Poland and Germany, they are used for food.

3. P. maritima, Huds. (creeping Sea Meadow-grass) ; panicle
erect subcoarctate (rigid), spikelets linear of about 5 obtuse
florets which are obsoletely 5-nerved, leaves convolute, root
creeping. JE. Bot. t. 1140.— Sclerochloa, Lindl.

Sea-coast, frequent. F7. July, Aug. 21.—8—12 inches high, rigid,
glaucous, Leaves involute, somewhat pungent. Ligue ovate, bluntish.
Glumes all firm, cartilaginous, purplish. Cal.-valves nearly as large as
the cor., with mostly 3 ribs. — Florets hairy at the base.

4. P. distans, L. (reflexed Meadow-grass); panicle spreading,
branches at length deflexed, spikelets linear of about 5 obtuse

florets which are obsoletely 5-nerved, leaves plane, root fibrous.
E. Bot. t. 986.

Poa.) TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. 41

Sandy ground, principally near the sea. Near Dublin. Fl. July, Aug.
- 4. — One foot high. Leaves linear, plane, not pungent. Ligule short,
obtuse. . Branches of the panicle singularly deflexed, slender. Spikelets
much shorter than in the last species. Glumes membranous, softer.
Cal.-valves much smaller than the cor., unequal, larger one obscurely
3-nerved.— Allied to the last, but very distinct.

9. P. procámbens, Curt. (procumbent Sea Meadow-grass); pani-
cle compact ovato-lanceolate disticho. secund (rigid), spikelets
linear lanceolate of about 4 florets which are 5-ribbed. E. Bot.
t. 532.— Sclerochloa, Beauv. Lindl.

Salt-marshes in various places, apparently not uncommon. FZ. June,
Aa ©.—Culms procumbent, 6—8 inches long, glaucous. Leaves
ear, obtuse. Ligule short, very blunt. Panicle about 2 inches long;
branches patent, distichous, their spikelets secund. — Cal.-valves smaller
than the floret, obtuse, strongly ribbed. Florets oblong, distant upon
the rachis. Inner valve of cor. membranous, bifid at the point.

_ 6. P. rígida, L. (hard Meadow-grass); panicle lanceolate dis-
ticho-secund (rigid), spikelets linear acute of about 7 florets which -
are almost ribless, root fibrous, E. Bot. t. 137 1l.— Sclerochloa,
Beauv. Lindl.

Walls, rocks, and dry barren soils, frequent. FV. June. ©.— Whole
plant very rigid and wiry, 3—5_inches long, ascendent or erect. Leaves

rigid, linear, setaceous. Ligule oblong, jagged. Rachis angled, some-
times at once bearing the spikelets (when it much resembles Triticum
O&aceum), but more usually throwing out branches. Cal.-valves nearly
as long as the cor., ribbed. Florets almost entirely ribless, linear-oblong,

rather distant, smooth, bluntish.

7. P. compréssa, L. ( flat-stemmed Meadow-grass); panicle sub-
Secund spreading (afterwards subcoarctate), spikelets oblong of
9— 7 obtuse florets connected by a web culm compressed, root
Creeping. E. Bot. t. 365.

On walls, and in dry barren ground, frequent. FZ. June, July. 2£.—

he foot or more high, rather glaucous. Culms compressed, procum-
ent at the base. Leaves short, linear, acute. Ligule very short, blunt.
Panicle not much branched. Cal.-valves ribbed, acute. Valves of cor.
Sdtuse, outer one very obsoletely ribbed ; the lower florets webbed at
in d base. — Intermediate, as it were, between the present and the follow-

8 division, i
** Spikelets ovate or nearly so. (Poa, Sm.)

; 8. P. alpína, L. (alpine Meadow-grass); panicle diffuse, spike-
ets ovate of 4—5 acute florets hairy below (but not webbed),
eaves broadly linear obtuse, ligule of the upper leaves oblong
acute, of the lower ones short obtuse. Æ. Bot. t. 1003.— 4. glo-
merata; spikelets densely crowded.

Extremely abundant on the lofty mountains of Scotland and Wales,
and very generally viviparous.—, Banks of the Esk, G. Don. Fl,
July, Aug. Y .—6— 12 inches high, nearly erect. Leaves short, linear,
Obtuse, with a very small muero. Spikelets rather large, close. Cal.-
valves Ovato-lanceolate, much compressed ; dorsal rib scabrous, termi-
lating in a very short point or awn, with a short lateral rib or nerve at

INNAM

42 TRIANDRIA—DIGYNIA. | Poa.

the base. xt. valves of the cor. ovato-lanceolate, acute; dorsal rib
scabrous, no lateral ones: lower part villous, upper part glabrous, purple,
margin diaphanous: int. valves notched or bifid at the extremity.

9. P. laxa, Heenk. (wavy Meadow-grass); panicle contracted
lax slightly drooping, spikelets ovate of about 3 acute florets
connected by a web, leaves narrow linear acute, ligules all lanceo-
late.— Pea flexuosa, E. Bot. t. 1123. j 3

Found on Ben Nevis by the late Mr John Mackay. Fl. July. Y .—
A very slender subglaucous grass, scarcely able to support the weight
of its own panicle, which consequently droops slightly. Zeaves more
numerous than in P. alpina, and much narrower. Florets very obscurely
ribbed, all very acute, green and purple, with diaphanous margins. Cal-
valves nearly equal, pubescent on the keel, as is the cor., which is also
webbed.

10. P. bulbósa, L. (bulbous Meadow-grass); panicle close snb-
spicate, spikelets ovate 4-flowered, florets downy at the keel con-
nected by a web, leaves with a white, narrow serrated cartilagi-
nous margin, stems swollen at the very base. Æ. Bot. t. 1071.

East and south of England, principally on sandy sea-shores. F7. Apr.
May. 2£.—A singular and very distinctly marked species, soon wither-
ing after flowering, and then its bulbs are blown about in large quantities
on the surface of the sand. It forms a great part of the herbage on the
Denes at Yarmouth.

l1. P. triviális, L. (roughish Meadow-grass) ; panicle diffuse,
spikelets oblong-ovate of about 3 florets which are acute 5-
nerved connected with a web, culms and sheaths roughish, ligule
oblong, root fibrous. Æ. Bot. t. 1072.

Meadows and pastures, common. FZ. June, July, 2f.—1—2 feet high.
Leaves linear, acute. Panicle much branched.— An excellent grass for
pasturage and for hay : as is the following species.

12. P. praténsis, L. (smooth-stalked Meadow-grass); panicle
diffuse, spikelets oblong-ovate of about 4 florets which are
acute 5-nerved webbed, culm and sheath smooth, ligule short,
root creeping. Æ. Bot. t. 1073.—£. angustifolia ; smaller and
with narrower leaves. P. angustifolia, Linn.—y. subcerulea ;
smaller and glaucous. P. humilis, Ehrh.—P. subcerulea, E. Bot.
t. 1004. | |

Meadows and pastures, frequent.— 6. “ in woods.”—y. on walls or dry
places, especially in alpine countries. 77, June, July. 4.— Allied to the

last, but very constant to the character above given.—g. and y. appear
to be starved states of the plant.

13. P. énnua, L. (annual Meadow-grass); panicle subsecund
divaricated, spikelets oblong-ovate of about 5 florets which
are a little remote 5-ribbed destitute of web, culm ascending,
compressed, root fibrous. Æ. Bot. t. 1141.

Meadows and pastures, and by road-sides, every where. FZ. all spring
and summer. © .— Culms 6—10 inches long, below prostrate and throw-

ing out roots. Leaves distichous, linear, rather blunt, flaccid, often
waved, bright-green. Zigule oblong, acute. Cal.-valves very unequal,

Briza.] TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA. 43

©vato-lanceolate, rough at the back, nerved. zt. valve of cor. ovato-
anceolate, aeute, white and diaphanous at the margin.

.14. P. nemorális, L. (wood Meadow-grass); panicle slender
slightly leaning one way lax attenuate, spikelets ovato-lanceo-
ate of about 3 rather distant slightly webbed florets, ligule
short truncate, culms subcompressed and sheaths glabrous, root
Scarcely creeping. E. Bot. t. 1265.—@. glauca ; smaller and
everywhere glaucous. Hook. Scot. i. p. 35.—P. glauca, E. Bot.
t. 1720. P. cesia, E. Bot. t. 1719.—P. glauca, B. Wahl.
S Common in woods and thickets —p. abundant on the Welsh and
Scotch Alps. FZ June, July.21.— 1— 3 feet high, slender and delicate
In all its parts. Leaves narrow, linear, acute. Panicle with the branches
almost erecto-patent. Spikelets scattered. Cal. valves unequal, ovato-
anceolate, acute, rather obscurely ribbed. #’zt. valve of the cor. lanceo-
ate, obscurely ribbed, pubescent on the keel and hairy at the base, very
3 lghtly webbed. Inner valves, as I believe, in most, if not all of the
Genus, bifid at the point.—Sir J. E. Smith has, in Æ. FL, united his
-cesia with P. glauca; making it his var. f. ; and now when I learn
tom the same author that it is a plant gathered by Mr Turner and my-
Self on Ben Lawers, I am more persuaded than ever that it is but an
alpine state of P. nemoralis. Mr Wilson thinks the same, and founds
'S opinion on a most careful examination of specimens collected in
ales and Scotland.

35. Triépia. Br. Heath-grass.

l. T. dectimbens, Beauv. (decumbent Heath-grass); panicle of
few racemed spikelets, cal. as long as the florets, ligule a tuft
of hairs.— Poa decumbens, E. Bot. t. 181.—Festuca, L.

Abundant in dry mountain-pastures, heaths and moors. FV. July. 2f.
— 1 foot long, procumbent ; flowering culms only erect. Leaves linear,
acuminate, hairy as wellas the sheaths. Cal.-vaives nearly equal, lanceo-
ate, acute, nerved, with broad thin margins, scabrous on their keels.

xt. valve of the cor. ovate, nerved or ribbed, having a small tuft of

airs on each side at the base; apex with three teeth. Int. valve obtuse,
entire at the point, ciliated at the angles of the fold—In habit very dis-
tinct from Poa.

36. Briza. Linn. Quaking-grass.

l. B. média, L. (common Quaking-grass); spikelets broadly
vate of about 7 florets, cal. shorter than the florets. E. Bot. t. 340.

Nate,
Spikele

2. B. minor, L. (small Quaking-grass); spikelets triangular
about 7-flowered, cal. longer than the florets. Æ. Bot. t. 1316.
Fields in the extreme south of England, very rare. About Bath, in
ia Guernsey, and Jersey. FV. July. © —Whole plant much
er than the last. Stipules elongated, acute.

TRIANDRIA—DIGYNIA. [| Festuca.

97. DÁcTYLIs. Linn. Cock's-foot-grass.

1. D. glomerdta, L. (rough Cock’s-foot-grass); panicle crowded
secund, cor. acuminate somewhat awned. Æ. Bot. t. 385.
; Way-sides, meadows, and woods, abundant. 77. July. 2f.—1—2
feet high. Leaves rather broadly linear, acuminate, scabrous. Panicles
secund. Spikelets of 3—4 florets, thickly clustered on the branches,
clusters ovate. Valves of the cal. membranous, smaller than the cor.,
lanceolate, acuminate, unequal, glabrous, scabrous at the back of the
valves, which are more or less obliquely keeled. Ext. valve of cor. sub-
cartilaginous, lanceolate, much compressed, scabrous, ribbed, ciliated at
the keel, with a short awn at the point : dnt. bifid at the extremity.—
Said to be advantageously cultivated for cattle.

98. Cynostrus. Linn. Dog's-tail-grass.

l. C. cristétus, L. (crested Dog’s-tail-grass); raceme spiked
linear, florets with a very short awn. E. Bot. t. 316.

Dry pastures, frequent. Fi. July. 2£.—1—14 foot high, slender.
Leaves narrow, linear, acuminate. Raceme secund. JInvolucres beauti-
fully pectinated, one at the base of each spikelet, their divisions linear,
acute, greenish, subglumaceous, a little curved, rough. Spikelets 3—5-
flowered. Cal. valves lanceolate, nearly equal, membranous, rough at
the keel, as long as the floret. Ext. valve of cor. lanceolate, obscurely
nerved, green, scabrous, especially at the keel, terminating in a short

rough awn ; int. white, bifid, pubescent at the angles of the fold.—A
valuable grass,

2. C. echindtus, L. (rough Dog's-tail-grass); raceme in an ovate
spike, florets with awns as long as the cor. Æ. Bot. t. 1388.

Sandy sea-shores of the extreme south of England, as Kent and Sus-
sex ; but principally in Jersey. FZ July. ©.

39. Festuca. Linn. Fescue-grass.

l. F. ovina, L. (Sheep's Fescue-grass); panicle subsecund
subeoarctate, spikelets oblong of about 4—5 florets with short
awns, culms square upward, leaves setaceous. Æ. Bot. t. 585.—
B. (Sm.) rubra; panicle purplish. F. rubra, Vith.—^. (Sm.)
ccsia; plant glaucous. E. Fl.—F. cesia, E. Bot. t. 1917. —8.
(Sm.) tenuifolia; leaves longer and very slender more numer-
ous, florets acuminate awnless. F., tenuifolia, Sibth.—e. vivipara ;
plant taller, florets viviparous. F. ovina, 8. Linn. Hook.—y.
Schrad.— F'. vivipara, E. Bot. t. 1355. E. Fl. v. i. p. 140.

. Abundant on dry elevated pastures.—e. Frequent on the mountains
of Wales and Scotland. F7. June, J uly. 2f. — Leaves mostly short, often
curved, smooth, or slightly seabrous, much tufted and affording excel-
lent food for sheep. Culm 4—8 inches or a foot high, in the upper
part more or less distinctly 4-sided. Cal. valves much shorter than the
cor., acute, subglabrous. Cor., ext. valve more or less glabrous, some-
times pubescent upward or even hairy, (F. hirsuta, Host,) terminated
by an awn, which, though varying in size, and in 3, obsolete, at the ut-
most does not exceed half the length of the valve. Whole plant more
or less glaucous and having a purple tint in the spikelets. F. vivipara,
Sm. affords no character by which it may be distinguished from F, ovina.

Festuca.] TRIANDRIA—DIGYNIA. 45

L should be more inclined to consider the F. tenuifolia of Sibth. dis-
inct, than any other of the vars.

2. F. duriúscula, L. (hard Fescue-grass); panicle subsecund
subcoarctate, spikelets oblong of about 6 florets with short
awns, stem-leaves nearly plane, radical ones subsetaceous, root

brous. E. Bot. t. 470. .

Pastures and waste ground. FZ. June, July. 2f. — The leaves on the
stem are sometimes convolute, and then they appear setaceous. 1—14
5 high, by whieh size and its stouter habit, it is better distinguished
Tom F, ovina, than by any character I can discover. It is possible that

aoe states of this may be confounded with the F. vivipara of
nith,

3. F. mibra, L. (ereeping Fescue-grass); “panicle unilateral
Spreading, florets longer than their awns, leaves downy on their
Upper side, more or less involute, root extensively creeping.”
E. Bot. t. 9056.—F. duriuscula, B. Hook. Scot. i. p. 38.

Light sandy pastures, near the sea, plentiful; and “in mountain pas-
ures and alpine precipices.” F/. July. 2f.—In deference to the opinion
9f the lamented author of Z. Bot. and other able Botanists, I again
restore this plant, which I had before considered a var. of F. duriuscula,
to the rank of a species. At the same time I must observe that its only
Character exists in the creeping root.

4. F. bromoídes, L. (barren Fescue-grass); panicle secund ra-
Semed, florets shorter than the awn monandrous, culm above
leafless. Æ. Bot. t. 1411.

ry pastures and on walls ; less frequent in Scotland, but not rare .
about Edin. F7. June. ©. (d. Schrad.)—6—S8 inches high. Leaves
mear, setaceous, complicate. Cal.-valves very unequal, lanceolate,
acuminate, nerved, rough at the keel. Florets about 6 in each spikelet.

xt. valve of cor. linear-lanceolate, scabrous, tapering into a straight
awn, thrice the length of the valve.

5. F. Myárus, L. (Wall Fescue-grass); panicle secund elon-
fated contracted, florets shorter than the awn monandrous, culm
eafy in its upper part. Æ. Bot. t. 1412.
alls and barren places ; frequent'in England, not common in Scot-
and. — F7, June, (j.— Much resembling the last, but taller. 1 f. high.
€aves shorter, their sheaths longer, and springing even from the upper
Part of the culm. Panicle often 4—5 inches in length. Cal.-valves and
Orets narrow, rather more scabrous than in F. bromoides ; awns longer.

6. F. unighimis, Soland. (single-glumed Fescue-grass); panicle

4 simple erect two-ranked subsecund raceme, one valve of the

calyx obsolete. Æ. Bot. t. 1430.

n the sandy sea-coast, principally of Sussex. On the coasts of Es-

Sex, Suffolk, Dorsetshire and Anglesea. Fl. June ©. (8 - iSm.)— This

Plant is remarkable for the suppression of one of the valves of its cal.,
Y Which the species is at once known.

7. F. calamária, Sm. (Reed Fescue-grass); panicle subsecund

uch branched spreading nearly erect, spikelets oblong awnless
: —9-flowered, leaves linear-lanceolate. #. Bot. t. 1005.—

46 TRIANDRIA—DIGYNIA. [Bromus.

Schedonorus sylvaticus, Beauv. Lindl.—. minor; E. Fl. v. i.
p. 146.—F. decidua, E. Bot. t. 2266.

Mountain woods, not uncommon. FZ. July. Y.—2—3 feet high, with
broad leaves. Cal.-valves narrow, linear-lanceolate, very unequal,
smaller one single-nerved, larger with 3 nerves. Jlorets rather distant
on the rachis, zt. valve of cor. scabrous, lanceolate-acuminate.

8. F. loliácea, Huds: (spiked F'escue-grass); raceme spiked
distichous, spikelets linear-oblong nearly sessile remote, florets
cylindrical awnless, outer valve of cor. obtuse. Z. Bot. t. 1821.
— Schedonorus, Dumort. Lindl. |

Moist pastures and meadows, not unfrequent. FZ. June, July. 2£.—
2 feet high. Leaves few, short, linear, acute. Racemes 2—5 inches
long ; rachis flexnose ; spikelets nearly sessile, especially the upper ones,
5—6-flowered. Cal.-valves unequal, lanceolate-acute, 7-ribbed. Outer
valves of the cor. ovato-lanceolate, nerved, diaphanous at the apex and
obtuse, (hence scarcely agreeing with the generic character ;) slightly
scabrous only on the nerves.

9. F. praténsis, Huds. (meadow Fescue-grass); panicle patent
branched, spikelets linear many-flowered, florets cylindrical awn-
less, outer valve of cor. acute, leaves linear, root fibrous. A. Bot.
t. 1592.—Schedonorus, Beauv. Lindl.

Moist meadows and pastures, common. FY. June, July. 21,—1—2 f.
high. Distinguished at first sight from the preceding by its panicled,
(not spiked) raceme ; also by the florets, which, though much resembling
the last, have their outer valve more acute.

10. F. elátior, L. (tall Feseue-grass); panicle patent very
much branched, spikelets ovato-lanceolate many-flowered, flo-
rets cylindrical subaristate, leaves linear-lanceolate, root creep-
ing. E. Bot. t. 1593.— Schedonorus, Lindl. |

Moist meadows, banks of rivers, &c. ; not common. 77. June, July. Xf.

40. Bromus. Linn. Brome-grass.

l. B. gigánteus, Vill. (tall Brome-grass); panicle branched

drooping towards one side, spikelets lanceolate compressed,
florets shorter than the awn, leaves linear-lanceolate ribbed.
Linn.— Festuca gigantea E. Bot. t. 1820.— . triflorus; panicle
more erect slenderer with 3 florets, leaves narrower. Æ, FL
v. i. p. 144.— Festuca triflora, E. Bot. t. 1918.
. Shady woods and moist hedges.—g. in Norfolk and near Forfar in
Scotland: probably not unfrequent. F7. July, Aug. 2f.— A sea-side grass.
3—4 feet high, with broad leaves, having the habit and essential charac-
ter of Bromus, but sometimes arranged by authors with Festuca. Pani-
cle large. Spikelets with 3—6 Jiorets. Cal.-valves very unequal, larger
Ones with 3 ribs. Outer valve of cor. lanceolate, obscurely ribbed,
nearly glabrous, membranous at the edge upward. Awn very long, inserte
ed a little below the bifid point.

2. B. dsper, L. (hairy Wood Brome-grass) ; panicle branched
drooping, spikelets linear-lanceolate compressed, florets remote
subcylindrical hairy longer than the straight awn, leaves uniform
the lower ones hairy. Æ. Bot. f. 1172. mas

Bromus.] ` TRIANDRIA—DIGYNIA. 47

i Moist woods and hedges. F7. June, July. © or d. Sm. Qf. Schrad.)
—4—6 f. high: leaves broad.

3. B. stérilis, L. (barren Brome-grass); panicle drooping slight-
y branched, spikelets linear lanceolate, florets remote subcylin-
rical scabrous shorter than the straight awn, leaves pubescent.
E. Bot. t. 1030. : foc:
of n ground, fields, and hedges ; common. 77. June, July. (9.—

- nigh. Remarkable for its long, narrow, much awned and drooping
Spikelets. ; >

4. B. diándrus, Curt. (upright annual Brome-grass) ; panicle
erect slightly branched, spikelets linear lanceolate, florets remote
Subeylindrical subscabrous about as long as the straight awn,
Stamens 2 (3, Schrad.), leaves subglabrous. E. Bot. t. 1006.—

: Madritensis, Linn. d :

Rare, on sandy barren wastes; principally in the south of England.
About Kinross, Scotland ; Inverkeithing, Rev. A. Robertson. Fl. June,
July, @.—One foot high. Allied to B. sterilis; but the panicle is
Smaller, erect or erecto-patent, often purplish.

5. B. maximus, Desf. (great Brome-grass); “panicle erect lax at
length nodding, spikelets lanceolate downy, after flowering upon
Ong stalks, awns 2 or 8 times as long as the glumes, leaves

Owny on both sides.” Bab. in Engl. Bot. Suppl. ined. ej. Prim.

"l. Sarn. ined.

On the sands of St Aubin's Bay; the Gréve d'Azette and the
Quenvais, Jersey. Babington and Christy.— Fl. June, July. (9.— Dis-
tinguished by its long awns.” (Bab.) Í "
|, 6. B. secálinus, L. (smooth Rye-Brome-grass); panicle spread-
mg, peduncles but little branched, spikelets oblongo-ovate com-
Pressed of about 10 subcylindrical glabrous rather remote florets
longer than the awn. Æ. Bot. t. 1171. :

Corn-fields ; not rare. FU. July, Aug. ©.—2—3 feet high. Leaves
Somewhat hairy. Cal. and ezt, valve of cor. broadly ovate ; int. valve

Yid at the point, the margin strongly ciliated. When the seeds ripen,
€ upper spikelets are pendulous, and the florets exhibit more evidently

&r distant mode of insertion. A

7. B. vèlutínus, Schrad. (downy Rye-Brome-grass); * panicle
Spreading scarcely subdivided, spikelets ovato-oblong of 10—15
Crowded elliptical downy florets, awns as long as the glumes,
leaves slightly hairy." Sm. E. Fl. v. i. p. 152.— D. multiflorus,
“. Bot, t. 1884.

Corn.fields, between Edinburgh and Newhaven, Sir J. E. Smith,

782. Fy. June, July. ©. Eve

8. B. móllis, L. (soft Brome-grass) ; panicle erect close com-
Pound, spikelets ovate subcompressed, florets imbricated com-
Pressed pubescent, awn straight about as long as the glume,
Caves very soft pubescent. E. Bot. t. 1078.—6. spikelets and
Sheaths of the leaves densely clothed with hairs. .

Meadows, pastures, banks, road-sides, fields, &c. every where.—é.
‘andy ground, Lizard, Cornwall, Mr Johns. Fi.June. ¢.—1—2 f. high.

48 TRIANDRIA—-DIGYNIA. [. Avena.

Panicle 2—3 inches long. Spikelets standing nearly erect. Florets
5—10. Ext. valve of the cor. convex; by no means forming such cylin-
drical florets as in the two last species. I had considered var. £. as be-
longing to the preceding (of which, indeed, the only published station is
that above given), but Mr Borrer refers it unhesitatingly to B. mollis.

9. B. racemósus, L. (smooth Brome-grass); panicle erect, pe-
duncles simple, spikelets ovate subcompressed glabrous, florets
imbricated compressed, awn straight about as long as the glume,
leaves slightly hairy. Æ. Bot.t.1079.—B. pratensis, E. Bot.t.920.

Meadows and pastures. FZ. June, July. ©. (4. Schrad.)—1l fear
scarcely different from the preceding, except in being more glabrous.

10. * B. squarrósus, L. (corn Brome-grass); panicle drooping,
peduncles simple, spikelets ovato-lanceolate subcompressed,
florets nearly glabrous imbricated compressed, awn divaricating,
leaves pubescent. Æ. Bot. t. 1885. :

Corn-fields ; Somersetshire and Sussex. Fv. June, July. ©.—A
most distinct species, remarkable for its spreading awns.

11.* B. arvénsis, L. (taper field Brome-grass); panicle spread-
ing (at length drooping), peduncles branched. spikelets lanceolate
compressed, florets imbricated compressed glabrous about as
long as the straight awn, leaves hairy. Æ. Bot. t. 1984,

Corn-fields, rare. Fil. June, July. ©.—2—3 f. high. Distinguished
by its rather large, but slender and at length drooping panicle, and by
the spikelets which have mostly a purplish tinge.

12. B. eréctus, Huds. (upright Brome-grass) ; panicle erect,
spikelets linear-lanceolate compressed, florets subcylindrical re-
mote glabrous longer than the straight awn, root-leaves very
narrow ciliated. E. Bot. t. 471. i

In fields and by road-sides, especially in a sandy soil over chalk. In
the King's Park, Edinburgh. FI. July. Y .—2—3 f. high. This is truly -
perennial, which does not appear to be the case with any other Bromus.

Its habit is that of Brachypodium sylvaticum. The root-leaves are
narrow ; spikelets erect. ;

41. Avina. Linn. Oat, or Oat-grass.

1. A. fatua, L. (wild Oat) ; panicle erect, spikelets drooping
of about 3 scabrous much awned florets smaller than the calyx
villous below, root fibrous. E. Bot. ¢. 2221.

orn-fields, frequent. Fl. June, Aug. ©.—2—3 f. high. Leaves
linear-lanceolate. Cal.-valves large, membranous, ovato-lanceolate, shin-
ing at the margins, keeled, acuminate, ribbed. zt. valve of cor. with
long fulvous hairs at its base, bifid at the point. Awn of each floret
lone and twisted, and constituting an excellent hygrometer.— The cul-
tivated Oat, A. sativa, differs from this in having one or more upper
florets imperfect and awnless, in the shorter awn and absence of hairs
at the base of the florets.

2. A. strigósæ, Schrad. (bristle-pointed Oat) ; panicle erect,
branches all secund, spikelets of 2 perfect florets each awned as
long as the calyx and terminated by 2 bristles. Æ. Bot. t. 1266.

Avena.] - TRIANDRIA—DIGYNIA. 49

Corn-fields ; common both in England and Scotland. F7. June, July.
-—-Omitted in F7. Scot., though not an uncommon plant in that
Country. I have gathered itin the Isle of Skye, and by Dee-side above
ar-Lodge, Aberdeenshire. : )

3. A. praténsis, L. (narrow-leaved Oat-grass) ; raceme erect.

simple, spikelets erect oblong of about 3—5 florets longer than
the calyx, leaves glabrous finely serrated, lower ones involute,
sheaths scarcely scabrous. Æ. Bot. t. 1204.

ry pastures, heathy and mountainous places. FU. July. Y .— Leaves

t, finely serrated with minute cartilaginous teeth at the margins,
the lower ones involüte.

shor

4. A. alpina, Sm. (great alpine Oat-grass) ; raceme slightly
compound, spikelets erect oblong of about 5—6 florets longer
than the cal., leaves glabrous linear aenminated flat minutely ser-
rated, sheaths rounded subscabrous, culm cylindrical. Sm. in
Linn. Trans. v. x. p.835.—A. planiculmis, E. Bot. t. 1241. Hook.
Scot. v. i. p. 48, (not of Schrad.)

Rocky places on mountains. Fl. June, July. 2f.—This, it must be
allowed, comes very near the last species, and is principally distinguished
by its stouter habit, slightly compound raceme, and: especially by the
roader flat leaves.

b

9. A. planicilmis, Schrad. ( flat-stemmed Oat-grass) ; panicle

erect compound, spikelets erect linear-oblong of 5—7 florets
much longer than the calyx, leaves scabrous broadly linear sud-
denly acute minutely serrated, sheaths flat sharply carinated
Scabrous, lower part of the culm slightly compressed two-edged.
Schrad, Fl. Germ, v. i. p. 381. t. 6. f. 2, (not E. Bot. t. 2141,
nor Hook. Scot.) E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2684, s

Glen Sannox, on the ascent of Goat-fell from Loch Rannoch, Isle of
Arran, Scotland ; Mr Stuart Murray. Fl. July. 21.—Mr Murray had
the good fortune to discover this interesting grass in 1826, and has ever
Since cultivated it in the Glasgow Botanic Garden, where it preserves all
its characters, of which none are so striking as the flat, sharply carinated
Sheaths and the great breadth of its leaves; in cultivated specimens,
(where the plant is nearly 3 feet high,) $ an inch in breadth. They are,
too, almost equal in width throughout; at the extremity suddenly com-
jg to a sharp point. Panicle with many, but short branches. Spthelets
much longer and larger than in A. alpina. Florets smaller.

_ 0. A. pubéscens, L. (downy Oat-grass) ; panicle erect nearly.
Simple, spikelets erect of about 3 florets, a little longer than the
Sal, outer valves of cor. jagged, leaves plane downy edges smooth.

a Bot. t. 1640.— Trisetum pub. Pers.

ty pastures, especially in chalky or limestone countries. FI. June,

July. a .— Nothing, as it appears to me, can be more unnatural than to -

Place this plant in a different genus from the two preceding. In habit
It partakes of the character of the larger-flowered and “field species,” if
may so eal] them, of this Genus, (A. fatua and strigósa,) and of the
following smaller-flowered one. Mr Lindley confines the Genus Trise-
tum to T., pubescens and T. flavescens. M. Dumortier adds to it our
' Pratensis and Aira precoz.
VOL. I, E

50 TRIANDRIA—DIGYNIA. [ Elymus.

7. A. flavéscens, L. (yellow Oat-grass); panicle much branched
lax, spikelets of about 3 florets equal in length to the longer of
the very unequal cal.-valves, outer valve of the cor. with two
terminal bristles. E. Bot. t. 952. .

Dry meadows, and pastures, frequent. FZ. July. 2f .—It has the small-
est flowers of all our Oat-grasses, and may readily be distinguished by
that circumstance, by the two terminal bristles on the outer valve of the
cor. and by the unequal cal.-valves. Floral pedicels downy with a small
tuft of hairs at the top, and there is a terminal abortive flower, reduced
to a pedicellated bristle, hairy at its base. i ;

42. ARÓNDO. Linn. Reed.

1. A. Phragmites, L. (common Reed); panicle spreading, cal.-
valves acuminate coloured ribbed and about 5-flowered, leaves
lanceolate acuminato-cuspidate. Æ. Bot. t. 401.

Abundant in ditches, margins of lakes, rivers, &e. FZ. July. 21.—
6 f. or more high; the tallest of our Grasses. Panicle large, purple-
brown, at length drooping, very handsome. Valves of the cal, very un-
equal: ext. ovato-lanceolate, many-ribbed ; inf. twice as long, thin,
membranous, obsoletely ribbed. As the flowers advance, the tufts of
hair increase, at length becoming very silky.—This plant frequently
forms patches of immense extent, called Reed-ronds in some parts of the
east of England, which harbour many aquatic birds and the rare Parus
biarmicus or bearded Tit-mouse. An extensive use is made of the culms
for thatching, garden-screens, for walls and floors which are afterwards
covered with clay, &c.

LA ;
43. Ervwvus. Linn. Lyme-grass. Be

1. E. arenárius, L. (upright Sea Lyme-grass); spike close erect,
spikelets in pairs hairy, florets awnless as long as the lanceolate
valves of the cal., leaves involute pungent. Æ. Bot. t. 1672.

Sandy sea-shores, frequent. Fi. (rarely) July. Y .— Root much creep-
ing in the loose soil ; hence it becomes of great value, like the Ammo-
phila arenaria, for preserving a considerable extent of our own coasts
and those of Holland from the encroachments of the sea. Culms 3—4
f. high, glabrous. Zeaves glaucous, pungent. Spike 4—6 inches long.
‘Spikelets of about 3 flowers on the rachis. Ca/.-valves 2, lanceolate, acu-
minate. Valves of the cor. resembling them, but the ezt. one broader ;
int. bifid at the point, angles of the folds ciliated. The seeds are said
to be made into bread in Iceland.

2, E. geniculdtus, Curt. (pendulous Sea Lyme-grass); spike
lax bent downwards with one angle, spikelets in remote pairs,
cal.-valves subulate glabrous longer than the florets, leaves in-
volute pungent. E. Bot. t. 1586.

Near Gravesend, in a salt-marsh : very rare. F7. July. 2£.— 4A very
remarkable plant, apparently quite distinct from the preceding ; yet I can-
not but wish some one would study it in its locality, Gravesend, which is
the only station recorded for it. I possess something very like it in a
diseased state of Æ. arenarius, gathered in Scotland by Mr M‘Nab.

9. E. Buropéus, L. (wood Lyme-grass); spike erect compact
glabrous, spikelets ternate 1-2-flowered, cal.-valves setaceous,
florets terminated by a long awn, leaves flat. Æ. Bot. t. 1317.

Triticum.] TRIANDRIA—DIGYNIA. 51

. Woods and thickets, especially in a chalky soil : apparently not rare
in the midland and northern parts of England, but unknown to Scotland.
Fi. June. Y .—It would appear to me much more natural to unite this
With Hordeum, as Hudson has done. My specimens have the calyx
mostly one-flowered, and I do not see how it differs from those Hordea
which have their Zateral flower fertile. In habit too it quite accords,
as well as in the long awns and subulate cal.-valves.

44. Hérpeum. Linn. Barley.

a cL murinum, L. (wall Barley); cal-valves of the inter-
mediate floret linear-lanceolate ciliated, those of the lateral flo-
rets setaceous scabrous. E. Bot, t. 1971.

Waste ground, by walls and road-sides : common in England, rare in

Scotland. About Edinburgh ; and at Elgin, Rev. G. Gordon, which
18 its most northerly range. FV. June, J cate © rm

` 2. H. praténse, Huds. (meadow Barley); all the cal.-valves
setaceous and scabrous. Æ. Bot. t. 409.

Moist meadows and pastures in England, frequent: rare in Scotland ;
Mr Neill finds it about Salisbury Craigs. FZ July. ©:

3. H. maritimum, With. (sea-side Barley); cal.-valves smooth- -
ish, the intertor one of the lateral florets semi-lanceolate, the
rest setaceous. Æ. Bot. t. 1905.

Light dry pastures and sandy ground near the sea, not rare in England.
In Scotland it has only been found in Angus-shire. 77. July. (9.—All
our British species of this genus are admirably characterized by the form,

€. of their cal.-valves. The present is the smallest species, procumbent
at the base and glaucous.

45. Triticum. Linn. Wheat or Wheat-grass.
; * Spikelets distichous. - .
1. T. caninum, Huds. ( fibrous-rooted Wheat-grass); cal.-valves
awned with 3—5 ribs and about 5 awned florets; leaves plane,
root fibrous. Æ. Bot. t. 18397.— Elymus, L.

Woods and banks, frequent, FJ. July. 2£.— Best distinguished from
the following by its fibrous root.

2. T. répens, L. (creeping Wheat-grass or Couch-grass); cal.-
valves many-ribbed with from 4— 8 awned ( rarely awnless) flo-
rets, leaves plane; root creeping. E. Bot. t. 909.

Fields and waste places, every where. FY. throughout the summer
months, 2f.—In habit between the preceding and following, having a
8’aucous tint when growing near the sea. Leaves plane or nearly so.
Spikelets smaller and less compressed than in T. junceum. Cal. -and
ext. valves of the cor. with from 5—9 nerves, acute or terminated by an
awn of greater or less length.—This pest of the corn-fields is difficult to
be extirpated on account of its long creeping roots.

9. T. júnceum, L. (rushy sea Wheat-grass); valves of the
cal. obtuse much ribbed with 4—5 awnless florets, leaves invo-
ute pungent, root creeping. E. Bot. t. 814.

: Sandy sea-shores, frequent. 77. July. 2f.— Whole plant glaucous,
ngid, 13—3 f. high. Spike long. Spikelets oblong, much compressed,

59 TRIANDRIA—DIGYNIA. [ Lolium.

distant, sessile. Cal.-valves oblong-lanceolate, often with 3 teeth at
the point. uxt. valves of the cor. similar, with 5 nerves.

4. T. * eristátum, Schreb. (crested Wheat-grass); valves of the
cal. subulate keeled awned scarcely nerved with about 4 awned
florets, spikelets much crowded. #..Bot. t. 2267.

Sea-side between Arbroath and Montrose. G. Don. Fi. July. X.

** Spikelets secund.

5. T. loliáceum, Sm. (dwarf sea Wheat-grass); valves of the
cal. indistinctly 3-nerved obtuse of many awnless florets, root
fibrous annual. E. Bot. t. 221.— Catapodium, Link.

. Sandy sea-shores of Norfolk, Suffolk, and Essex. North Wales and
Isle of Man. East coast of Scotland. FI. June, July. (9.—Singularly
stiff and wiry, as much so as Poa rigida, which it greatly resembles ;
branching from the very base, 3—4 inches high. Leaves linear, rigid,
plane. Spikelets more or less distant, secund, lower ones sometimes com-
pound. Lt. valve of the cor. broadly ovate, concave.

46. Bracnypépium. Beauv. False Brome-grass.

1. B. sylváticum, Beauv. (slender False Brome-grass); spike
drooping, spikelets nearly cylindrical secund hairy, awns longer
than the florets. Festuca, E. Fl. v. i. p. 149.—Bromus, Poll.—
E. Bot. t. 729.

Woods and hedges, not frequent. FZ. July, 2f.—2 f. high. Leaves
broadly linear-lanceolate, very hairy. — Cal.-valves unequal, lanceolato-
acuminate, much nerved. Hit. valve of cor. linear-lanceolate, much
nerved, scabrous, rarely hairy ; ind. one truncate, margins ciliated.

. 9. B. pinnátum, Beauv. (heath False Brome-grass); spike
erect, spikelets nearly cylindrical distichous hairy, awns shorter
than the florets. Lindl. Syn. p. 297.—Festuca, E. Fl. v. i. p.
150.— Bromus, L.—H. Bot. t. 780.

Open fields and heathy places, on chalky soil ; in Yorkshire, Oxford-
shire, and Kent.- Fi. July. 2£.—A very graceful plant.

47. Léurum. Linn. Darnel. :

l. L. perénne, L. (perennial Darnel or Rye-grass); spikelets
much longer than the cal, florets awnless linear-oblong com-
pressed, root perennial. E. Bot. t. 315, -

Way-sides, pastures and waste places, frequent. Fl. June, July, 2£.— -
1—2 f. high. Spike with the general aspeet of Triticum repens ; some-
times, from luxuriance, compound. Florets linear-oblong, nerved.— A
most valuable grass for the agrieulturist, and frequently employed with
clover for artificial pasture. and hay, M bo !
.—.9. Le temuléntum, L. (bearded Darnel); spikelets equal in
length with the cal., florets as long as the rigid awns, root an-
nual. E. Bot. t. 194.—8. florets with short soft imperfect awns.
—L. arvense, With. E. Bot. t. 1125. js

Corn-fields, not common in Scotland. Fl. July. ©.—The seeds mix-
ed with wheat and made into bread have proved highly injurious to those
who have eaten it, "The L.arvense of Withering can only be consider-
ed a var. of the present with an imperfect awn.

Cynodoh.] | ^ — TRIANDRIA— DIGYNIA, 53

. 48. RorrBóLLIA. Linn. Hard-grass. ;
10 Ruineurvéta, L. (sea Hard-grass); spike cylindraceo-subu-

. late, cal.2-valved, valves united at the base. E. Bot. t.760.— Ophi-

urus, Beauv.—. spike filiform nearly erect. R. filiformis, Roth.

Sea-shores ; but not common. On the south-west and east of Scot-
land.—£. near Aberlady, Scotland. Near Dublin. F7. July, Aug. ©.—
Plant from 2—6 or 8 inches high, more or less curved, especially in the `
curious spike.—2, Inverkeithing, R. Andrew Robertson.

49. KnAppia. Sm. Knappia. .
__1..K. agrostidéa, Sm. (early Knappia). E. Bot. t. 1127. E.
Fl. v. i. p. 84.— Agrostis minima, Linn.—Mibora, Adans. Lindl.
—Chamagrostis, Bork.—Sturmia, Hopp. i n

Sandy pastures by. the sea, rare. Essex, near the mouth of the
. Thames; Wales, and S: W. coast of Anglesea, frequent. FZ. March,
April. ©.—A beautiful and minute grass, of which only one species is
known. Root fibrous. ‘Stems several from the same root. Leaves
short, linear, rough, equal in length with their white, inflated sheaths.
al. of 2. dorsally compressed, truncated, purplish valves. Cor. of 9
white, delicate, very hairy, jagged valves, the outer one much the largest
and embracing the inner. Mr. Wilson finds no-scale. Styles long, fili-
form, hairy. Fruit beautifully dotted. ; ei Ps

.50. Spartina. Willd. Cord-grass.

1. S. stricta, Sm. (twin-spiked Cord-grass); spikes 2—3, flowers
very hairy, larger cal.-valve acuminate, leaves shorter than the
spikes tapering at the: base articulated upon the sheath lower `
Ones deciduous, rachis scarcely produced beyond the terminal
florets of each partial spike. E. Fl. v. i. p. 185.—Dactylis stricta,
E. Bot. t. 389. d fea
` Muddy salt-marshes on the east and south-east- coasts of England.
FL Aug. Y.— A remarkably stiff, rigid plant. Stems 6—8 inches, or a
foot and more high. Cudms concealed by the sheathing bases of the
short pungent involute leaves. e '

. 2.8. alternifléra, Loisel. (many-spiked. Cord-grass); spikes
numerous, flowers glabrous, larger cal.-valve. with strong lateral
nerves emarginate below the apex, leaves equal to or longer than
the spikes dilated at the base continuous with the sheath, and
all persistent, rachis much produced into a flexuose awn-like
Point. Bromf. in Comp. to Bot. Mag. v. iii. p. 254.—S. glabra,
Mul, — S. levigata, Link. ; o

Itchen Ferry, Southampton. Dr Bromfield. Fl. Aug. 2f.—Much
taller than the preceding. and a very distinct species, well characterized
in the Memoir of Dr Bromfield.

^51. C*wopow. Rich. Dog's-Tooth grass.

zko, Dáctylon, Pers. (ereeping JDog's- Tooth grass) ; spikes
digitate 3—5, cor. glabrous subciliated longer than the cal.
With a beardless bristle at the base of the interior valve. Br.
—Panicum, L.— E. Bot. t. 850.

Bare: on the sandy shores of Cornwall, near Penzance. Fi. July,

£i Uum

54 TRIANDRIA—'TRIGYNIA. - [ Polycarpon.

52. DIGITARIA. Scop. F inger-grass.

1. D. * sanguinális, Scop. (hairy Cock's-foot or Finger-grass);
leaves and sheaths hairy, florets oblong glabrous their margins
scabrous.— Panicum, Linn.— E. Bot. t. 849.

Rare, in sandy cultivated fields : it formerly grew in Battersea fields,
near London. Other habitats, given in the British Floras for this plant,
belong, in Mr Borrer's opinion, to the next species. Fl. July, August.
Q .— From a span to a foot high, branched at the base, erect or ascend-
ing. Leaves and sheaths hairy, the latter with small tubercles from
which the hairs spring. Spikes 3—5, digitated. Spikelets secund, 2
together, appressed to the flattened rachis. Cal., outer valves very
small; inner nearly equal, plane, of which the ezt. one is oblong, ribbed
and downy or slightly scabrous at the margin, ribs glabrous.

2. D. * humifisa, Pers. (glabrous Cock's-foot or Finger-grass);
leaves and sheaths glabrous, florets ovate pubescent. Hook. in
E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2613.—Syntherisma glabrum, Schrad. Germ.
v. i. p. 163. t. 3. f. 6. |

Rare: on loose sand at Weybridge, Sussex, Mr Borrer ; who says
that the Ipswich D. sanguinalis is this, and who thinks that the Norfolk
and Suffolk stations, assigned to that plant in Zngl. FI. probably belong
to the present. Fl. July, Aug. (9.— Generally smaller and more de-
pressed than the preceding, of a purpler hue. Leaves and sheaths quite
glabrous. Spikes fewer, 2—4 in Mr Borrer’s specimens. Florets more
ovate and more convex, outer of the two larger calycine valves purple,
downy, and ribbed. Richard in Pers. Syn. appears to have been the

first who discriminated this as a species, and Sehrader has admirably
described it and figured the flower. í

TRIANDRIA—TRIGY NIA.
53. Monria. Linn. Blinks.

1. M. fontána, L. ( Water-Blinks or Chichkweed). E.Bot.t. 1206.

Rills, springy and wet places. FJ. June, July. (9.—W hole plant suc-
culent, varying considerably in size. Stem prostrate and rooting. Leaves
small, opposite, spathulate. Peduncles nearly terminal, often forked.
Flowers white, at first drooping. Stam. upon the corolla, short. Ger-
men and capsule roundish. Seeds 3, subreniform, dotted.— The 8. ma-
jor of Willd. and De Cand. (M. repens of Gmel. Fl. Bad.) is not un-
common in Scotland, and is found in Caernarvonshire.

54. HorósrEuM. Linn. Jagged-Chickweed.

1. H. umbellátum, L. (umbelliferous Jagged- Chickweed); leaves
elliptical ovate acute, flowers umbellate, peduncle pubescent vis- -
cid, pedicels reflexed after flowering at length erect. Æ. Bot. t.
27.— Cerastium, Huds. $ Hook. in Fl. Lond. N. Ser. t. 13.

Rare, on old walls about Norwich and Bury. Fl. April. ©.—A sin-
gular and interesting plant, the original Holosteum of Linnzus.

55. PonvcÁnPoN. Linn. All-seed. _

1. P. tetraphállum, L. ( four-leaved. All-seed ); triandrous, pe-
tals notched, stem-leaves in fours, those of the branches oppo-
site. E. Dot. t. 1081,

Asperula.] TETRANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. 55

Southern coasts of England ; particularly Devonshire, Dorsetshire,

and Portland Island, Jersey and Guernsey. F7. summer months. ©-

CLASS IV. TETRANDRIA.
(4 Stamens, equal in height.)
ORD. L MONOGYNIA. 1 Style.

* Perianth double. Cor. monopetalous, superior. Seed 1.

l. DíPsAcus. Znvolucre many-leaved. Cal. double ; ext. very
minute, forming a thickened limb to the germen; int. cup-
Shaped, entire. Receptacle chaffy, spinous. Fruit angular, with
8 pores or depressed points, crowned with the double cal.
(Flowers densely capitate.)—Nat. Ord. Dipsacem, Juss.—
Named from daw, to be thirsty ; the upper connate leaves con-
taining water in their hollows.

2. KnAutia. Involucre many-leaved. Cal. double: eat. mi-
nute ; int. cup-shaped. Fruit upon a short stalk, compressed,
with 4 pores or depressed points.—JVat. Ord. DIPSACE®, Juss.
-—Named in honour of Christopher Knaut, a Botanist of Saxony,
who flourished in the latter half of the 17th century.

3. ScaBiésa. Involucre many-leaved. Cal. double: ext. mostly
membranaceous and plaited ; in¢. with about 5 bristles. Fruit
subcylindrical, crowned with the double cal. (Flowers densely
capitate).— Nat. Ord. DIPSACE®, Juss.—Named from Scabies,
the leprosy, an infusion or decoction of some of the species
having formerly been employed in curing cutaneous diseases.

** Perianth double. Cor. monopetalous, superior. Seeds 2.!
(Leaves whorled.—Rubiacez.)

4. GAuium. Cor. rotate, 4-cleft. Fruit a dry, 2-lobed, inde-
hiscent pericarp, without any distinct margin to the calyx.—
Nat. Ord. Rupiacex, Juss.—Named from yada, milk: the
plant having been used to curdle milk.

5. Rusia. Cor. rotate or campanulate, 3—5-cleft. Fruit a
2-lobed berry.—Nat. Ord. RUBIACE®, Juss.—Named from ru-
ber, red, from the red dye afforded by its species, especially
Rubia tinctorum, which produces the true Madder or T'urkey-red
9f commerce. :

- 6. AsPÉRULA. Cor. funnel-shaped. Fruit without any dis-

! This little groupe belongs to the first division of the RunBrAcE of Juss.,
TELLATA, Linn. Lindl. ln some of the Genera, especially Galium, the cal.
orms so small a rim or margin to the germen as to be scarcely visible: the

tubular part being incorporated with the germen.

56 TETRANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. [ Parietaria.

tinct margin to the caz.— Nat. Ord. RUBIACE®, Juss.—Named

from asper, rough, owing to the roughness of some species of
the genus.

7. SHERARDIA. Cor. funnel-shaped. Fruit crowned with the
cal.— Nat. Ord. Rustacem, Juss.—Named in honour of Jas
Sherard, an English Botanist and Patron of that science, whose

fine garden at Eltham in Kent gave rise to the famous “ Hor-
tus Elthamensis” of Dillenius.

*** Perianth double. Cor. monopetalous, inferior. Seeds 2 or
many.

8. Exacum. Cal. 4-cleft. Cor. 4-cleft, salver-shaped, marees-
cent, the tube swelling. Anthers opening longitudinally. Stigma
entire. Caps. l-celled, 2-valved. Seeds attached to 2 sutural
receptacles, which at length separate with the opening of the
two-valved caps.—Nat. Ord. GENTIANEZ, Juss.—Name, e,
out, and «yw, to conduct, anciently applied to the Erythrea Cen-
taurium, a genus allied to this, and which was supposed to have
the property of ejecting poison from the stomach.

9. PraxTÁGO. Cor. 4-cleft, the segments reflexed. Stam.
very long. Caps. of 2 cells, 2- or many-seeded, bursting all
round transversely.—Nat. Ord, PLANTAGINER, Juss.—Name
of doubtful origin.—All the species are mucilaginous and as-
tringent.

10. Centtncunus. Cor. tubular, 4-partite. Stam. short.
Caps. of Y cell, many-seeded, bursting all round transversely.—
Nat, Ord. PRIMULACEZ, Vent. —Name, it appears, anciently given
to the Pimpernel, a genus allied to this ; and derived, according
to Théis, from Cento, a covering, because it was a little weed
that covered the cultivated fields.
© (Some Gentiane. See Cr. V. Orv. IL)

EX Perianth double. Cor. of ^ petals.
1l. Epimiprum. Cal. of 4 leaves, caducous. Pet. inferior,
with an inflated zectary on the upper side. Pod 1-celled, 2-
valved, many-seeded.— Nat. Ord. BerBERIDEm, Vent. —Name

of obscure origin ; applied by Dioscorides to some plant which
grew plentifully in Media. ,

12. Cornus. Cal. of 4 teeth. Petals without a nectary, su-
perior. Nut of the drupe with 2 cells and 2 seeds.—JVat. Ord.

ConNEA, D C.—Named from cornu, a horn; owing to the hard
nature of the wood.

(See Euonymus in Cu. V. Cardamine and Coronopus, in Cr. XV.)
AC Perianth single.

13. PanrETÁRIA, Perianth 4-fid, inferior. Filaments of th !
stam. at first ineurved, then expanding with elastic force. Fruit

Potamogeton.) ^ TETRANDRIA—TETRAGYNIA. 57

l-seeded, enclosed by the enlarged perianth. (One or more of
the central florets without stamens.)— Nat. Ord. URTICE®, Juss.

—Named from paries, a wall, the species frequently growing
on old walls.

14. ArcnEMÍLLA. Perianth inferior, 8-cleft, the 4 alternate
and outer segments the smallest. rut l- or 2-seeded, sur-
rounded by the persistent perianth.—.NVat. Ord. Rosacea, Juss.
—Named from the Arabic alkémelyeh, alchemy, from its pre-
tended alchemical virtues. -

15, IsnArpia. Cal. 4-cleft, superior. Petals 4, or wanting.
Stigma capitate. Capsule obovate, 4-angular, 4-valved, 4-celled,
many-seeded, crowned with the calyx.— Nat. Ord. ONAGRARIE.

uss.— Named after Antoine d Isnard, a Botanist and Professor
at Paris, in the beginning of the last century.—As the Genus
1$ now defined here, and by De Candolle, it contains many spe-
cies of Ludwigia. SESS DEAE s

16. SaxaursónBA. Perianth 4-lobed, superior, coloured, with
4 scales or bracteas at the base. Fruit l- or 2-seeded, sur-
rounded by the persistent base only of the perianth.— Vat. Ord.

OSACEJE, J'uss.—Named from sanguis, blood, and sorbeo, to take
Up or absorb ; from the supposed vulnerary properties of the plant.

ORD. II. DIGYNIA. 2 Styles.

17. BurróNia. Cal. of 4 leaves. Cor. of 4 entire petals.
Caps. flattened, 1-celled, 2-valved, 2-seeded.— Wat. Ord. CARY-
OPHYLLEE, Juss.—Name given by Sauvages in honour of the
celebrated Buffon, ** who had indeed very slender pretensions
to botanical honour ; a circumstance supposed to have been in-
dicated by Linnzus in the specific name tenuifolia.” ( Sm.) .
(See Alchemilla in Or». II. Some Gentiang and Cuscuta in Cr. V.)

ORD. IIl. TETRAGYNIA. 4 Styles.

18. Inex. Cal. 4—5-toothed. Cor. rotate, 4—5-cleft. Stig- |
Mas 4, sessile. Berry spherical, including 4, l-seeded nuts.
Some flowers destitute of pistil).— Nat. Ord. IntciNEzx, Br.
—Named from ac, sharp, in Celtic, according to Théis; but `
this is à very forced derivation.
19. Poramoctron. Flowers sessile upon a spike or spadix,
ga issues from a sheathing bractea or spatha. Perianth single,
á Scales. Anthers sessile, opposite the scales of the perianth.
tstils 4, which become 4 small nuts; Embryo curved.—WNat.
h a N AIADES, Juss.—Named from corapos, a river, and yeirwy,
A neighbour, All the species grow in the water, and often pre-
Sent as beautiful an appearance in clear streams and ponds, as
the Fuci do in the ocean: They protect the spawn of fish, and
carbour innumerable aquatic insects, their roots and seeds af-
°rding food to water-birds.—Chamisso and Schlechtendal have

Well illustrated this genus ; see Linnea, v. ii. p. 159.

58 TETRANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. [.Dipsacus.

77" 90. Ropria. Flowers 2, on a spadix arising from the sheathing
bases of the leaves, which perform the office of a spatha. Peri-
anth 0. Drupes 4, pedicellate, their nuts one-seeded.— Nat. Ord.

NNAIADES, Juss.— Named after Henry Bernard Ruppius, author,
in 1718, of Flora Jenensis.

21. SAGÍNA. Cal. of 4 leaves. Petals 4, (shorter than the
calyx.) Capsule 1-celled, 4-valved.— Vat. Ord. CARYOPHYLLEZ,
Juss.— The name (signifying meat which fattens) is little appli-
cable to any of the minute plants belonging to this genus.

22. Mdncura. Cal. of 4 leaves. Petals 4 (as long as the cal.)
Caps. of one cell, opening with 8 teeth at the extremity.— Nar.
Ord. CARYOPHYLLEÆ, Juss.—Name given in compliment to
Conrad Meench, Professor of Botany at Hesse Cassel.

23. TiLLÉA. Cal. 3—4-partite. Pet. 3 or 4. Caps. 3 or 4,
two-seeded.—_ Nat. Ord. CRAssuLAGCEJE, De Cand.—Named after
Michael Angelo Tiili, an Italian Botanist who wrote in 1723 a
catalogue of the plants iu the Medical Garden of Pisa.

24. RApíoLA. Cal. of 4 leaves united up to their middle, and
mostly 3-cleft. Petals 4. Caps. of 8 cells and 8 valves.— Nat.
Ord. LiNEz, De Cand.— Named from radius, a ray, I presume
in consequence of the ray-like segments of the calyx.

(See Cerastium tetrandrum in Cu. X. Orp. III.)
TETRANDRIA—MONOGYNIA.
. l. Dipsacus. Linn. Teasel.

l. D. * Fullónum, L. (Fuller's Teasel); leaves subconnate,
scales of the receptacle hooked at the extremity, involucres
spreading (reflexed, Sm.) Æ. Bot. t. 2080.

Waste places and hedge-banks ; rare. FI. July, Aug. d .— Stem 4—5.
feet high, very angular and prickly. Leaves large, oblong, or oblong-
lanceolate, obtusely and irregularly serrated, sometimes, especially the
upper ones, connate. Involucre spreading, about as long as the head of
flowers. Flowers in oval heads, pale purple or whitish.— Used in dressing
cloth, for which purpose the hooked scales of the receptacle are admira-
. bly calculated. These hooks become obsolete by long cultivation in a
poor soil, and there is reason to believe that D. Fullonum is but a var.
of D. sylvestris. NTC

2. D. sylvéstris, L. (wild. Teasel); leaves opposite rarely con-
nate, scales of the receptacle straight at the extremity, invo-
lucres curved upward. Æ. Bot. t. 1032.

Road-sides and hedges, not rare in England ; less frequent in Scot-
land. Fi, July. d.

3. D. pilósus, L. (small Teasel); leaves petiolate with a small
leaflet at the base on each side, involucres shortly deflexed. Æ.
Dot. t. 877.

Moist hedges, but not common. In several places in Norfolk and
Suffolk, Sussex and Surrey. Rare in Scotland. FI. Aug. Sept. 4 .—

Galium,] TETRANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. 59

ciem slender, 2—4 f. high, angular, rough with short reflexed prickles,

o are longer and resembling- bristles on the peduncles. Leaves

small "acuminate, serrated, eared at the base. Heads of flowers rather

ex E round, hairy. Scales straight ; blossoms white. -Anthers white,
cà protruded. Fruit 4-sided, with 2 depressed dots, according to
t Coulter, on each face in the upper part. n

9. KNÁuTIA. Linn. Knautia.

l. K. arvénsis, Coult. (field Knautia); heads of many flowers,
Suter calyx with very minute teeth, inner with 8—16 somewhat
awned cilia. Cowlt.— Scabiosa arvensis, Linn.—E. Bot. t. 659.

Pastures and corn-fields, frequent. Fl. July. 2[.—2—3 f. high. Radi-
Cal leaves lanceolate, slightly serrated, hairy. Heads of flowers large,
convex, lilac-purple ; outer florets large, with their segments unequal,
$0 that the lower ones form a sort of ray around the head ; inner florets
With equal segments. _
; 3. SCABIÓSA. Linn. Scabious.

l. S. succísa, L. (Devil’s-bit Scabious); corollas 4-cleft their
Segments nearly equal, cauline leaves dentate, heads of flowers
Nearly globose. Æ. Bot. t. 878.

Meadows and pastures, common. FV. July— Oct. 4.—Root as it were
Cut off abruptly, or bitten (radix premorsa). Stems nearly simple.
: eaves hairy, rather stiff ; radical ones ovate, mostly petiolate, those of

€ stem oblong. Flowers purplish-blue.

. 9. S. columbária, L. (small Scabious); corollas 5-cleft radia-
ting, stem hairy, radical leaves oblong-ovate crenate or lyrate,
those of the stem pinnatifid with linear segments, Æ. Bot. t. 1311.
S Pastures and waste places, most abundant in chalk countries : rare in
Scotland; near Arbroath, with white fl.; plentiful near Montrose, and
"t Blackford. Fl. July, Aug. 21.—Scarcely a foot high, hairy. Lower
eaves on rather long footstalks ; cauline ones cut into narrow, linear or
Setaceous pinnee. Flowers purplish-blue. Involucre of narrow leaves,
Onger than the flowers. Inner cal. with 5 bristles.

4. GÁurUM, Linn. Bed-straw.
* Fruit glabrous. Flowers yellow.

LG. vérum, L. (yellow Bed-straw) ; leaves about 8 in a whorl
ear grooved above, flowers in dense panicles. Æ. Bot. t. 660.
- Fl. v. i. p. 208.
"y banks, sandy places and sea-shores, common. 77. July, Aug. ?f.
"^. veadily distinguished by its yellow flowers, and linear, deflexed leaves.
pall, ording to Lightfoot the Highlanders employ the roots,! and princi-
in Y the bark of them, to dye red ; boiling them with the yarn and add-
se ae to fix the colour. They also use the plant as a Rennet to
di lle milk combined with the leaves of the stinging Nettle ( Urtica
orca) and a little salt. 2

2. G. eruciátum, L. ( Cross-wort Bed-straw, Mug-wort); leaves

lin

60 TETRANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. [Galium.

4 in a whorl ovate hairy, flowers polygamous clustered lateral,
peduncles 2-leaved. Æ. Bot. t. 143. à
Hedge-banks and thickets, common. Fi. May, June. Y.

** Fruit glabrous. Flowers white. —

_ 3. G. palástre, L. (white water Bed-straw); leaves 4—6 in a
whorl oblongo-lanceolate obtuse tapering at the base, and as well
T the lax spreading branched stem, more or less rough. Hook.
Scot. i. p. 51.—4a. stem and leaves smoothish. G. palustre, E.
Bot. t. 1857.—4. nerves at the back and margins of the leaves
and angles of the stem, distinctly rough with mostly reflexed
prickles. G, Witheringii, E. Bot. t. 2206.

Sides of ditches, lakes and rivulets. FZ July. 2£.— The transition
from the smooth to the rough state of this plant may be observed on the
borders of pools, and it is only in very wet spots that it corresponds
with the description in E. Fl. of G. palustre. In dry situations, especially
by road-sides (in Wales) where the earth has been recently disturbed (in
`. the. neighbourhood of marshes) it assumes the state of G. Witheringii,

but is very luxuriant and branched. In-marshes not liable to be over-
flowed, and in boggy ground, it is in every respect like that described in
- E. Fl. under G. Witheringit.” Wilson MSS. The plant turns blackish
in drying ; and the upper leaves are generally of unequal size.

4. G. uliginósum, L. (rough marsh Bed-straw) ; leaves 6 in a
whorl lanceolate mucronate their margins and the stem rough
with reflexed prickles. E. Bot. t. 1972.

Wet meadows and sides of ditches. Fl. Aug. 2£.—Distinguished by
the lanceolate leaves, tapering at the base, and shortly acuminated at `
their points into 4 mucro. Bristles on the plant all reflexed. wm

5. G. saxátile, L. (smooth heath Bed-straw) ; leaves 6 in a
whorl obovate mucronate, stem very much branched prostrate
smooth. Z. Bot. t. 815. su). "Mia.

Heathy spots and hilly and mountainous pastures, abundant, in some
places the ground being almost. white with it during summer. F7. June —
Aug. 4.— Plant small, turning almost black in drying. Leaves often
rough at the margins, of a thickish and rather soft texture. Fruit, as
Sir J. E. Smith well observes, becoming reddish after the corollas fall,
and then, when fertile, minutely granulated on the surface.

6. G. eréctum, Huds. (upright Bed-straw); leaves about 8 in a
whorl lanceolate mucronate their margins rough with prickles
pointing forward, panicle much branched, stem glabrous flaccid,
segments of the corolla mueronato-acuminate. Æ. Bot. t. 2067.
—f. leaves downy beneath.

Hedges and pastures, not common. In Norfolk : at Portslade, Sussex,
and near Cambridge. Portobello, near Edinburgh.— p. near Plymouth.
FT. June, July. 21.—* Differs from G. uliginosum by the edges and ad-
joining portion of the disk of the leaves above, bearing a double row of
hooked priekles all pointing forward, in its larger size, stouter habit,
glaucous hue, and larger, less obovate, leaves. The flowers are larger,
far more numerous and crowded into dense, terminal compound panicles ;
each segment of the corolla tipped with an awn-like point. Sm. in E. Fl
—Scarcely any genus requires illustration more than Galium. The pre-

Galium] : TETRANDRIA—MONOGYNIA: 61

e Species is by Sprengel considered the same as G. lucidum of Al-
~ ; and G. rigidum, Vill. Roemer and Schultes, again, pronounce
c provinciale, Lam.— Prof. Mertens refers it with certainty, upon

€ authority of a specimen received from Mr Turner, to G. lucidum.

t Danks has sent me an individual, agreeing in every particular with the
à eos plant ; except that the leaves are all minutely, but distinctly
ad thickly, downy beneath.

7. G. cinéreum, All. (grey spreading Bed-straw): “leaves 6—8
m a whorl linear bristle-pointed with marginal prickles all
pointing forward, stem weak much branched, fruit smooth, co-
rolla (with the segments) taper-pointed." —. 7. Bot. Suppl. t.
e G. diffusum, Don, in Hook. Scot. i. p. 52, (aecording to

mith, ;

id of the river Leith near Slateford, 3 m. from Edinburgh, and
Near Kinnaird, Angus-shire. F/. Aug. 2£.—Of this I know nothing but
Tom the notes of Mr G. Don, which I published in Fl. Scot. and from
the description of Smith, who says that it comes very near G. erectum,
and that experience must prove how far its differences are constant.

8. G. aristátum, L. (bearded Bed-straw); * leaves 6 in a whorl
Stalked lanceolate flat reticulated with veins bristle-pointed with
Minute marginal prickles pointing forward, stem much branched
Spreading smooth, seeds smooth kidney-shaped separated, co-
rolla taper-pointed." E. Fl. v. i. p. 204.—E. Bot. Suppl. t. 9784.

In Angus-shire, but not common; G. Don. Fi. July, Aug. ?f. .
9. G. Mollúgo, L. (great hedge Bed-Straw); leaves 8 in a
whorl elliptical mucronate rough at the margin, flowers in loose
oe panicles, segments of the corolla mucronate. Æ. Bot. t.

Hedges and thickets; less frequent in Scotland. 77. July, Aug. 2f.—
Stems very long and straggling. Prickles on the margins of the -leaves
Pointing forward. ;
. l0. G. pusillum, L. (least mountain Bed-straw); “leaves 8
™ a whorl linear-lanceolate hair-pointed entire somewhat hairy,
Panicles terminal forked, fruit very smooth." E. Bot. t. 74.
imestone hills, near Kendal and about Matlock, Derbyshire : and
pear the lake of Killarney, Ireland. Pentland and Strathblane hills and
“en rocks of Clova in Scotland, FZ. July, Aug. 4.—I have never
Mit So fortunate as to see this plant in a good state, and foreign authors
C m to be little, if at all, acquainted with it. Mr Wilson is inclined to
| “Unk the plant of Killarney only a var. of G. saxatile. :
* G. Parisiénse, L. (wall Bed-straw); leaves about: 6 in
a whorl lanceolate mucronate rough at the margins, peduncles
axillary their branches divaricated slender subtrichotomous,
ems slender rough.—a. fruit hispid. G. Parisiense, BiG:
tigiosum, DC. Ic. Pl. Gall. p. 8. t. 26.—G. gracile, Wallr.—
* gracile, x. Mert. and Koch.—®. fruit glabrous, slightly tu-
*reulated. G. Parisiense, Ten.— G. Anglicum, Huds.—E. Bot.
t 884... os gracile, 3. Mertens and Koch. A
à * Walls and dry sandy soils, but rare : in Kent and various parts of
east and south-east of England, especially on old walls. F7. June.

62 TETRANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. [ Rubia.

(9.—On comparing this with the G. Parisiense of continental authors,
I think it will appear evident that it is but a glabrous-fruited var., such

as is also found on the continent, The G. Parisiense of Tenore, for
example, has the fruit quite glabrous.

12. G. saccharátum, All. (warty-fruited Bed-straw); leaves 6
in a whorl lanceolate their margins rough with prickles point-
ing forward, peduncles axillary 3-flowered, fruit reflexed wart-
ed.— G. verrucosum, E. Bot. t. 2173.— Valantia Aparine, Linn.

Corn-fields, rare. Corn-fields in the Carse of Gowrie, Scotland.
Near Malton, Yorkshire. FZ. June— Aug. ©.—Prickles of the stem
reflexed. ‘The 2 lateral flowers on each peduncle are sterile, and fall
away, one from each side of the large warted fruit, which together with
the marginal prickles of the leaves pointing forwards, essentially distin-
guish this from G. tricorne,

13. G. tricórne, With. (rough-fruited corn Bed-straw); leaves
about 8 in a whorl lanceolate their margins midrib and angles
of the stem rough with reflexed prickles, peduncles axillary 3-
flowered, fruit reflexed granulated. Æ. Bot. t. 1641.

Dry chalky fields, in England: Isle of Thanet, in Surrey and near
Stamford, Lincolnshire. In Oxfordshire, Yorkshire, Gloucestershire,
Norfolk, Suffolk, and the Isle of Wight. Fi. July. ©.

14. G. * spúrium, L. (smooth-fruited corn Bed-straw); leaves
about 8 in a whorl their margins as well as the stem rough with
reflexed prickles, peduncles axillary many-flowered, fruit smooth
spreading. Æ. Bot. t. 1871.

Corn-fields near Forfar, rare. F7. July. © .—Allied to the 9 last spe-
cies in its short axillary peduncles : but in general habit coming so near
G. Aparine, that except by the glabrous fruit, it is scarcely to be dis-
tinguished. Sprengel asserts them to be the same.

X Fruit hispid. Flowers white.

15. G. boreále, L. '(eross-leaved Bed-straw); leaves 4 in a
whorl lanceolate 3-nerved glabrous, stems erect, fruit muricated.
E. Bot. t. 105. xm

Moist rocks, frequent in the North of England; Wales, and Ireland.
Fi, June, July. 1f.—In very shaded places and clefts of rocks, the stems

are long and straggling. Flowers numerous, crowded, white. Bristles
of the fruit hooked.

16. G. Aparine, L. ( Goose-grass or Cleavers); leaves 6—8 in
a whorl lanceolate, hispid their margins midrib and angles of
the stem very rough with reflexed bristles, peduncles axillary,
stem weak, fruit hispid. Æ. Bot. t. 816.

Hedges, abundant. Fl. June, July. ©.—Habit of spec. 12, 13, 14;
and, like them, annual. Plant straggling among bushes. Flowers few,
2 or 3 together, on short, simple footstalks, arising from the axils of the
leaves. Bristles of the fruit hooked, which by their means catches hold
of the coats of animals, and is widely dispersed. The seeds have been
recommended as a substitute for coffee.

5. Rusia. Linn. Madder. : |
l. R. peregrina, L. (wild .Madder); leaves 4—6 in a whorl,

Ezacum.] . TETRANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. 63

lanceolate persistent glossy the margin and keel rough with re-
exed prickles, flowers 5-cleft. Æ. Bot. t. 851.

- tony and sandy ground, in the south-west of England. Anglesea.
iod EC Aug. Y .— Very nearly allied to R. tinctorum ; from which,
iin. Ing to De Candolle, it is distinguished by its “ firmer and harsher
lob ure, its persistent leaves, its larger flower, always 5-cleft, with the
on es of the corolla broad and oval at their base, suddenly contracted

9 an acerose point.” ‘Again, Mr Wilson justly remarks that the
s IS rather rotate than campanulate, (or funnel-shaped, as in R.
‘nctorum) ; the segments, after the escape of the pollen, spreading with
Convex surfaces, concave in the newly opened flowers.

6. AsPÉRULA. Linn. Woodruff,

l. A. odoráta, L. (sweet Woodruff); leaves about 8 in a whorl
anceolate, flowers panicled on long stalks. Æ, Bot. t. 755.
. Woods and shady places, plentiful. FZ. May, June. 2£.—About 6 .
Mches high, erect. Flowers white. Whole plant very fragrant, like
Anthoxanthum, especially when drying.

2. A. Cynánchica, L. (small Woodruff, Squinancy-wort) ;
eaves linear 4 in a whorl, upper whorls with 2 opposite leaves
reduced to stipules. Æ. Bot. t. 83. >

arm banks, especially in chalky countries. Lime-rocks, Swansea
and Tenby, S. Wales. J. E. Bowman, Esq. Not found in Scotland.
Gower, Glamorganshire. J. A. Babington, Esg., 1835. Fl. June,
duly, 2¢.— Flowers generally lilac. One pair, in the whorl of the up-
Permost leaves, is reduced to small lanceolate stipules, exhibiting beauti-
ully the real character of the stipules of the shrubby Rubiaceae,

3. A. * arvénsis, L. (field Woodruff); annual, leaves 6—10
in à whorl linear-lanceolate obtuse, flowers aggregate terminal
Surrounded by long ciliated bracteas, fruit glabrous, Banks, in
Plym. and Davenp.'Fl.—E.. Bot. Suppl. t. 2792.

Near Davenport, Mr C. A. Johns ; now extinct. ©.—The root is
annual, and the flowers bright blue: the fruit large and very conspicuous.

7. SHERARDIA. Linn. Sherardia or Field-Madder.

l. S. arvénsis, L. (blue Sherardia); leaves about 6 in a whorl,
flowers terminal sessile capitate. Æ. Bot. t. 891.
orn-fields, especially in a light gravelly soil, frequent. Fl. June—
2m ©.—A small, slender, branched and spreading plant. Leaves
an 1 3to-lanceolate, acute, their margins rough, upper ones 7—8, forming
= involucre to a small sessile umbel of pale blue flowers. Cal. of 4
in. ents, two opposite ones bifid; these bifid ones correspond to the
is c Where the fruit divides into two one-seeded portions, each of which
the TOWned with three teeth ; one being the single tooth or segment of

Cal. ; the other two, each half of a double one.

8. Exdcum. Linn. Gentianella.
L. E. filifórme, Sm. (least Gentianella); leaves linear-lanceo-
* sessile, stem dichotomous slender, peduncles elongated. Æ.
Ot. t. 935. Hook. in Fl. Lond. N. Ser. t. 86.— Gentiana, Linn.

Indy turf-bogs : in the extreme south and south-west of England.
"reland, it is found near Cork, upon Durscy Island, and at Glengariff.

lat

64 TETRANDRIA—MONOGY NIA. [Plantago.

Fl. July. ©.—A small, slender and graceful plant, with yellow flowers,
differing from Gentiana in the number of stamens and divisions to the
cal. and corolla.

9. PLANTAGO. Linn. Plantain.

l. P. májor, L. (greater Plantain) ; leaves broadly ovate
mostly on longish foot-stalks, scape rounded, spikes long cylin-
drical, dissepiment of the capsule plane, each cell many-seeded.
E. Bot. t. 1558.

Pastures and road-sides, frequent. FZ. June, July. 2f .— Leaves all
radical, more or less spreading, with 7 nerves, entire or toothed, glab-
rous or pubescent. Petioles varying in length, sometimes as long as
the leaf, ribbed. Spike dense. At the base of each flower is a concave

bractea. Cal. of 4 minute leaflets. Caps. ovate, with 6 or 8 seeds
in each cell.

2. P. média, L. (hoary Plantain); leaves ovate sessile or ta-
pering into short and broad footstalks, scape rounded, spike
cylindrical, dissepiment of the capsule plane, each cell 1-seeded.
E. Bot. t. 1559. ;

Meadows and pastures, less frequent in Scotland. F% June, July. 2f.
— Stamens long, with dark purple filaments. Spike shorter than in P.
major, and more silvery from the shining scariose corollas ; but a more

essential difference existsin the cells of the capsule, which are but 1-seeded.

_ 9. P. lanceolata, L. (Ribwort Plantain); leaves lanceolate,
scape angular, spike ovate or ovato-lanceolate, dissepiment of
the capsule plane, each cell 1-seeded. E. Bot. t. 175.

Meadows and pastures, often too abundant. 7. June, July. 2£.—
The deaves and scape are observed by Mr S. Murray to yield strong
fibres. The spike has its bracteas sometimes, by luxuriance, converted
into leaves; and sometimes a new scape and spike grow out horizontally
from among the bracteas. Lightfoot mentions a var. with globular
heads: this is probably the same as I have found at a considerable ele-
vation upon the mountains of Scotland, with short /eaves, long and slen-
der scapes, hairy and scarcely angular, with small dark brown almost
globular heads, and the bracteas more or less hairy. This is scarcely
different from the P. montana of authors.

4. P. marítima, L. (sea-side Plantain); leaves linear grooved
fleshy woolly at their base, scape rounded, spike cylindrical,
dissepiment of the capsule plane, each cell l-seeded. Æ. Bot. t.
175.—(. major; leaves almost plane inclining to lanceolate
toothed glabrous, scape densely hairy.—y: minor ; leaves linear-
lanceolate densely hairy as well as the scape.

Grassy pastures by the sea-side; frequent near the margin of fresh
water lakes and on the bases of mountains sloping down to them, as by
Loch-Lomond, also on the summits of the highest mountains.—6. On
the island of Cumrae, among rocks.—y. Among rocks by the House
of Skail, Pomona, Orkney; G. Anderson, Esq.. Fl. June— Sept. Y.
— Varying much in size and in the breadth and hairiness of its caves
and scapes: sometimes the leaves are almost filiform, often lanceolate ;
in the curious var. found by Mr Anderson, they are clothed with short,
dense hairs ;—always very succulent.

Cornus.] TETRANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. 65

5. P. Corónopus, L. (Buch's-horn Plantain); leaves linear pin-

. natifid, scape rounded, dissepiment of the capsule with 4 angles
(thus forming 4 cells), 1 seed in each cell. E. Bot. t. 892.

ravelly sterile soils, inland and upon the coast. F7. June, July. ©.

— Leaves mostly spreading, very variable in size and pubescence, pinna-

tfd ; segments often toothed or again divided. Scape hairy. Spike

mostly cylindrical. In small plants growing on Staffa, I have seen the

Spike ovate, composed of not more than 7 or 8 flowers; whilst the leaves

and seapes were quite hispid.

10. CENTÜNCULUs. Zinn. Chaffweed.

l. C. minimus, L. (small Chaffweed or Bastard Pimpernel);
flowers sessile, corolla without glands at the base. Æ. Bot. t. 531.

Moist sandy or gravelly places, about London, in Kent, Bedfordshire,
Norfolk, Suffolk, the south of Ireland, and lowlands of Scotland ; not
frequent : probably, however, often overlooked on account of its small
Size. Il. June, July, (9.— Plant 1—2 inches high, more or less
branched. Leaves alternate, ovate, glabrous. Flowers extremely minute,
sessile, axillary, solitary. Cor. pale rose colour, withering.

ll. Epmmépium. Zinn. Barrenwort.

1.* E. alpinum, L. (alpine Barrenwort); root-leaves none,
stem-leaf twice ternate. E. Bot. t. 438.

Subalpine woods. Bingley woods, Yorkshire. On Carrock Fell and
Skiddaw, Cumberland. Near Glasgow and Edinburgh. FV. May. 21.—
Stems several from the same root, erect, simple, bearing each a triternate
leaf, base of the petiole swollen : leaflets heart-shaped, extremely deli-
Cate, ciliated at the margin, hairy beneath, serrated; lateral ones in-
equilateral. Panicle shorter than the leaf, springing from the swollen
base of the petiole. Flowers reddish ; nectary yellowish, resembling an
Inflated membrane. Anthers very curious, of 2 cells, opening by two
valves which spring back upwards, and suffer the pollen to escape.

12, Cornus, Linn. Cornel.

I. C. sanguinea, L. (wild Cornel or Dogwood); arborescent,
branches straight, leaves opposite ovate green on both sides,
cymes destitute of involucre, E. Bot. t. 249.

. Woods and thickets, particularly on a chalk or limestone soil ; scarcely
Wild in Scotland. FV. June, July. h.—5—6 feet high. Bark in the
Older branches dark-red, as are the leaves before they fall; these are
Strongly nerved, entire, slightly hairy beneath. Cymes of numerous white
?'térs at the ends of the branches.

2. C. Suéciea, L. (dwarf Cornel); herbaceous, leaves all op-
Posite ovate glabrous, flowers few umbellate surrounded by a
-eaved petaloid involucre, and springing from the axil of the
orked extremity of the stem. &. Bot. t. 310. ee
Pine pastures in Northumberland and Scotland: especially in turf
983 on the Highland mountains. FU. July, Aug. 21.— Root creeping.
tems about 6 inches high. | Umbel terminal, from the axil of 2 young
ranches, which do not exceed the general flowerstalk in height, till the
Tut is ripe, Drupes red, said by the Highlanders to create appetite,
TENE called Zus-a-chraois, plant of gluttony. (Lightf)
OL. I, F

=

hi
1
i
=|
il
|

Y
TW

E

66 TETRANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. [Jsnardia.

. 418. PanrETÁRIA. Lin». Wall-Pellitory.

1. P.officindlis, L. (common Pellitory-of-the-wall); leaves ovato-
lanceolate 3-nerved above the base, “involucre two-leaved, 7-
flowered, the central one fertile, leaves of the involucre with 7
ovate segments.” Wéilson.—H. Bot. t. 597.

Old walls and waste places, among rubbish. FZ. during the summer
months. 2f.— Stems often procumbent upon the wall, reddish, pubes-
cent. Leaves alternate. Flowers small, hairy, purplish, clustered in
the axils of the leaves. “ Znvolucre in 2 portions, of about 7 segments
each, and between them is placed a fertile flower, whose perianth is en-
tire, closely surrounding the pistil. In each portion of the involuere are
3 flowers apparently fertile," (Wilson), but of which the central one
has only a pistil. The lateral ones have stamens and pistil. Filaments
jointed, in which peculiarity exists the elastic property by which the
pollen is so copiously discharged. This is remarkably the case in a hot
summer's day. Fruit black, shining. Pericarp closely investing the
seed. For à full account of the curious structure of the flowers of this
plant see Flora Londinensis.

14. ALcHEMiLLA. Linn. Lady’s Mantle.t

1. A. vulgáris, L. (common Ladys Mantle); leaves plaited
many-lobed serrated. Æ. Bot. t. 597.—(. minor ; leaves very pu-
bescent. A. hybrida, Pers.

Alpine pastures, abundant. F7. June, July. 2£.—One foot high, or
more. Radical leaves large, on long footstalks, those of the stem with
connate toothed stipules, upper ones sessile and very small, lobes 6—9.
Flowers in many rather lax, corymbose, terminal clusters, yellow-green.
Germens 1—2. Seeds 1—2. Style lateral.

9. A. alpina, L. (alpine Lady's Mantle); leaves digitate ser-
rated white and satiny beneath. Æ. Bot. t. 244.

Mountains in the north of England, and especially Scotland. On
Brandon mountain, Ireland. FZ July, Aug. 2f.— One of the most
elegant of our native plants.

9. A. arvénsis, Sm. (field Lady's Mantle or Parsley Piert);
leaves trifid pubescent, lobes deeply cut, flowers sessile axillary.
E. Bot. t. 1011.—4. Aphanes, Willd.—Aphanes arvensis, L.

Fields and gravelly soils, and on wall-tops, where there is any cover-
ing of soil. Fé. May—July. (9.— Stems branched, leafy, 4—5 inches
long, frequently prostrate. Leaves alternate; stipules large. Stam.
varying in number. Germens l or 2.

15. IsNÁRDIA. Linn. Isnardia.

1. I. paléstris, L. (marsh Isnardia); stem procumbent root-
ing glabrous, leaves opposite ovate acute stalked, flowers axil-
lary solitary sessile apetalous. E. Fl. v. iv. App. p. 264. Hook.
in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2598.

Very rare.. Ina pool at Buxstead, Sussex ; Mr Borrer. Abundant
in a bog on Petersfield Heath, Hampshire, discovered by Miss Rickman

1 Mantle of Our Lady (the Virgin Mary), therefore not “Ladies? Mantle,”
as written by many authors, ©

Mex.) TETRANDRIA—TETRAGYNIA, 67

= J. Barton, Esq. Jersey; Mr Haslam, Mr Christy (1837). FL:
DU. ©.—A most interesting addition to our British Flora, discovered
in 1827, [tis frequent on the continent of Europe, in North America:
and the temperate parts of Asia.

16. SANGUIsÓRBAa. Linn. Burnet. `

l. $8. officinális, L. (great Burnet); glabrous, spikes ovate,
stamens about as long as the perianth. Æ. Bot. t. 13812.—6.
spikes cylindrical. Sm. E. Fl v. is pe Ie
Ow moist meadows and pastures, on a calcareous soil ; chiefly in the
North of England ; more rare in the lowlands of Scotland.—. West of -
Scotland, G. Don. Fl. June, July. Y .—1—2 f. high, branching up-
Ward. Leaves pinnate with a terminal leaflet; the rest of the leaflets
Opposite, all ovate, somewhat cordate at the base, glabrous, strongly
Serrated, petioled : at the base of each pair of petioles are two small
toothed appendages in the larger leaves ; these are wanting in some spe-
Cimens. Heads of flowers much crowded, dark purple. Zimb of the
Perianth in 4 ovate segments, its tube enveloping the germen and hav:
ing at its base 4 ciliated scales or bracteas (calyx of many authors),
Seed 1, rarely 2.

TETRANDRIA—DIGYNIA.

17. Burrénta. Sauv. Buffonia.

1 * B. dnnua, DC. (annual Bufonia); stem loosely panicled
from the base, branches spreading short firm, striæ on the calyx

Straight parallel, capsules scarcely so long as the cal., leaves
Subulate spreading at the base. DC.—B. tenuifolia, E. Bot. t.
1813, (not of Linn. which is B. perennis, DC.)
Said to have been found in Plukenet's and Dillenius time, about
Oston in Lincolnshire, and on Hounslow Heath: but no one has seen it:
ere since. Sir Joseph Banks was persuaded that, in Lincolnshire, the
upleurum tenuissimum had been mistaken for it. Fl. June. ©. (Sm.)

TETRANDRIA—TETRAGYNIA.

18. fis: Linn. Holly.

_ LT. Aquifólium, L. (common Holly); leaves ovate acute shin-
ing waved with spinous teeth, peduncles axillary short many-
Owered, flowers subumbellate. Æ. Bot. t. 496.
Tequent in hedges and woods, especially in a light or gravelly soil.
FL. ‘tay, June. T; .— A small evergreen tree of great beauty, with smooth
STayish bark, Leaves alternate, deep shining green, very rigid, the upper
Ones quite entire, the lower ones generally edged with strong sharp
spines, This difference in the foliage has not escaped the notice of
vets, The flowers are somewhat umbellate, and spring from the axils
9f the leaves. Cal. slightly hairy, small. Cor. white. Berries bright
Scarlet.— Excellent for fences; as-it bears clipping. The wood is hard
and white and presents a beautiful surface; whence it is much em-
ployed for turnery work, for drawing upon, for knife-handles, &e. Of
© bark, bird-lime is made. With the leaves and berries our houses,
and Churches are adorned at Christmas, a relic. probably of Druidism,,
uning the prevalence of which Dr. Chandler tells us, “ houses were

68 TETRANDRIA—TETRAGYNIA. [Potamogeton.

decked with them, that the sylvan spirits might repair thither and remain

unnipped by frost and cold winds, until a milder season had renewed the
foliage of their darling abodes.”

19. PorAMoefToN. Linn. Pond-weed.
* Leaves all opposite; stipules none.

1. P. dénsus, L. (opposite-leaved Pond-weed) ; leaves all op-
posite amplexicaul ovato-acuminate or lanceolate. Æ. Bot. t. 397.

Ditches, frequent. FI. June, July. 2[.— Peduncles short. Head of
flowers small, rounded. . Leaves keeled below, middle nerve or rib of
many longitudinal cells, with 2 and sometimes 3 lateral parallel veins on
each side, the inner one the strongest.

** Leaves alternate, all submersed, with adnate stipules.

9. P. pectindtus, L. (fennel-leaved Pond-weed); leaves dis-
tichous setaceous or linear single-nerved sheathing by means of
their adnate stipules, spike interrupted. Æ. Bot. t. 323.— P. ma-
rinus, L.

Rivers, lakes, and salt-water ditches. FZ. July. 2£.— General habit
not much unlike Ruppia maritima. Chamisso and Schlechtendal make
2 species of this; the one having small fruit or nuts, not keeled at the
back, (their P. filiformis): the other having large fruit, twice the size
of the former and keeled at the back, (their P. pectinatus). . I scarcely
know whether these characters are sufficient to constitute species. If
they are, our plants, at least all that I have seen in fructification, and
there is no difference in the foliage, will belong to P. filiformis. The lat-

- ter I possess from Gouan, marked P. marinus. Probably it is the one
alluded to by Dillenius as having * large heads of flowers" when grow-
ing in salt-water, (see E. FI. p. 237) ; and should be sought for by those
who live in the neighbourhood of salt-marshes.

*** Leaves alternate, all linear, submersed; stipules free.

3. P. pusillus, L. (small Pond-weed); leaves narrow-linear
3—5 nerved with obscure connecting veins, peduncles elongated.
Ei. Bot.t. 215.—. major; stem more compressed, leaves broader,
spike somewhat interrupted. P. compressus, Linn.—E. Bot. t.
418. :

Ditches and still waters. Fi. July. 2.—The stem is here, as in all of
this division, more or less compressed. The /eaves are more or less
acute ; the spikes oblong, compact or a little interrupted. I quite agree
with Chamisso and Schlechtendal who unite the P. compressus with P.
pusillus.

4. P. gramineus, L. (grassy Pond-weed); leaves broadly lin-
ear obtuse 9-nerved with few and obscure connecting veins,
peduncle scarcely longer than the oblong-oval spike. Æ. Bot. t.
2258.— P. obtusifolius, Mert. and Koch.— Cham. et Schlecht. in
Linnea, v. ii. p. 178. t. 4. f. 8.

Ponds and ditches; Deptford, Norwick, Yorkshire (E. FL), Lan-
cashire. FU. July. 2f .— Nearly allied, to the last, but stouter, darker-
eoloured and with short peduncles, scarcely longer than the stipule of
the leaf from the axil of which they spring. The middle nerve or rib is

Potamogeton.) ^ TETRANDRIA—TETRAGYNIA. 69

accompanied by many parallel oblong reticulations, as is well observed
by Smith,’ Ea eine, ‘box

5. P. acutifélius, Link, (sharp-leaved Pond-weed); leaves li-
near acuminate with 3 principal and numerous close parallel in-
termediate nerves occupying the whole surface, spikes oval com-
pact about equal in length with the short peduncle. Hook. in E.
Bot. Suppl. t. 2609.

Rare? Hitherto only found in marsh-ditches at Amberley, Henfield
and Lewes, Sussex, Mr Borrer. Fi. July. 2f.— The numerous, closely

placed, parallel nerves well distinguish this and the following species
from their congeners.

6. P. zosterefélius, Schum. (grass wrach-like Pond-weed) ;
leaves broadly linear acute with 3 principal and numerous close
parallel intermediate nerves oceupying the whole surface, spikes
cylindrical upon long peduncles. Reichenb. Iconogr. t. 175. FK.
908. Cham. et Schlecht. in Linnea, v. ii. p. 182. t. 4. f. 10. E.
Bot. Suppl. t. 2685.— P. cuspidatus, Schrad.—E. Fl. v. i. p. 934.

Rare? Rivulet at Hovingham, Yorkshire. Lakes of Rescobie and
Forfar. Fl July. 2.— Larger than the last; with peduncles 3—4 in-
ches long, and spikes cylindrical, an inch in length.

*** Leaves alternate, ovate, lanceolate or oblong, all submerseds
Stipules free. `

7. P. eríspus, L. (curled Pond-weed); leaves lanceolate waved
and serrated 3-nerved, fruit beaked. £. Bot. t, 1012.
Ditches and rivers, frequent. — F7. June, July. 2f.

8. P. perfoliátus, L. (perfoliate Pond-weed); leaves cordato-
Ovate amplexicaul 7-nerved with smaller intermediate nerves.
E. Bot. t. 168.

Ditches and lakes, frequent. £7. July. 2£.— Peduncles rather short,
thick. Spikes oblong-ovate.

9. P. licens, L. (shining Pond-weed); leaves elliptic-lanceolate
mucronate with several opposite pairs of parallel nerves spring-
Ing from the midrib connected by reticulations, spikes cylindri-
cal many-flowered. E. Bot. t. 376.

Lakes, pools, and streams, abundant. FZ. June, J uly. Y .— The largest .
9! our species, and very beautiful in the nervation of its leaves. Chamisso
and Schlechtendal include this in a division of the Genus which has.
»9metimes floating and coriaceous leaves ( folia accessoria), (as it is found-
Y Mr Wilson at Llyn Maclog) they change its name to P. Proteus,.
and Consider the P. heterophyllus a variety of it. To me they appear

‘Stinct ; but aquatic plants of all kinds are extremely liable to vary.
lipules large and with 2 prominent wings at the back. Stem thinner
an the flower-stalk, which is thickened upwards and about the same
length as the spike. Spikes cylindrical, 2 inches long. Nerve promi-
nent on both sides of the leaf. Upper leaves smaller than the lower
Ones, and all suddenly contracted towards the point.— Coriaceous leaves
Fare, Ovato-lanceolate, moderately acute, less evidently stalked than in
` Aeterophyllus ; foliage more crowded and stipules larger and (in pro-
9ron) narrower than in that species, Spikes twice as- long, Wilson

40 TETRANDRIA—TETRAGYNIA. [Potamogeton.

(, 10. P. prelóngus, Wulff. (long-stalked Pond- Weed) ; leaves
oblong obtuse, with 3 principal and several lesser parallel nerves
arising from the base connected by reticulations, peduncles elon-
gated, spikes cylindrical many-flowered. Cham. in Linnea, v. ii.
p. 191. Reich. Iconogr. t. 185.—8. foliis angustioribus.

Lakes and pools, Berwickshire. Moss of Litie, Nairnshire. Loch-
leven, along with 6. Fi. July. 2[.— This is best distinguished by its
truly oblong (by no means elliptical) Zeaves, nerved from the base, where
they are semiamplexicaul, and by the lengthened peduncle. In size it

almost equals P. lucens. Reichenbach has given an admirable repre-
sentation of this species. `

seek Leaves alternate, upper ones floating, broader than the
vest; stipules free.

ll. P. heterophyllus, Schreb. (various-leaved Pond-weed) ;
* upper leaves elliptical stalked floating slightly coriaceous,
lower ones lanceolate membranaceous sessile, flower-stalks
swelling upwards." Æ. Bot. t. 1985.

Pools and ditches, in various parts of the country. Fl. June, July.
U.—Mr Wilson finds this sometimes without floating leaves, when it
seems intermediate between P. lanceolatus and P. rufescens. “ The
stipules are not dorsally winged, short and broad, yet with 2 stout principal
xibs, ovate and blunt ; both they, and the leaves subtending the Bower-
stalk, widely spreading. Leaves distantly inserted on the stem ; upper
ones considerably larger than the rest.—Distinguished by these marks
and the clavate flower-stalk, from P. rufescens and lanceolatus.” Wilson.

12. P. lanceolátus, Sm. (lanceolate Pond-weed) ; submersed
leaves lanceolate tapering at the base membranaceous with about
5—7 nerves and transverse veins, near the middle nerve are
small chain-like reticulations, floating leaves elliptic-lanceolate
subcoriaceous many-nerved petiolate, peduncle about as long as
‘the leaves, spikes ellipticals. floating leaves none. P. /anceo-
latus, E. Bot. t. 1985. :

Pools and ditehes.—^. and B. growing together in a rivulet in Angle-
sea. Angus-shire, Kincardineshire. In the Lossie, by Elgin. F7. July.
2[.— This plant had been very little understood till Mr Wilson found
it growing in a small rivulet in Anglesea, having a moderately swift
stream. Floating leaves are always found where the current is slow.
The chain-like reticulations are only distinguishable near the mid-rib on
the submersed leaves, the floating leaves being elegantlyzoverspread by
them.” ( Wilson in litt.) 'This is quite correct, and the portion of chain-
like reticulations increases gradually upwards. The difficulty is now to
distinguish this plant from the preceding, than which, however, itis much
smaller and more delicate in all its parts. Sir J. E. Smith considered
the P. setaceus of Linn. and Huds. and F7. Brit. to be probably the
same as the present ; but this can hardly be.

13. P. ruféscens, Schrad. (reddish Pond-weed) ; submersed
“Jeaves lanceolate membranaceous many-nerved with connecting
| veins and many linear reticulations at the midrib, floating ones
subcoriaceous on long stalks. Cham. et Schlecht. in Linnea, v.

ii, p. 210.—7P. fluitans, E. Bot. t. 1286.

Ruppia.] TETRANDRIA—TETRAGYNIA, rai

Ditches and slow streams in many parts of England; Anglesea. Near
asgow and Forfar; in the Gaddie, at Premnay, Aberdeenshire. FL
uly. 2f.—* This does, in some situations, much resemble P. lucens.
The Coriaceous floating leaves are nearly as acute as the lower ones,
iffering only in their firmer texture and in being stalked, the ribs, shape,
and size are much the same in both. ‘The lateral ribs or nerves are by:
no means separate to the base of the leaf, but arise from various parts
of the central rib; some of them one-third the length of the leaf from
its base ; they are from 6—7 in number on each side, 2 of them more
evident than the rest : flower-stalk not thickened upwards.” (Wilson ir
litt.) It is remarkable for its reddish-olive colour, and is perhaps better
known by its general aspect, size, and hue, than by any character that
can be applied to it. To me, the above species with floating leaves seem
Sradually to pass into one another.

14. P. ndtans, L. (sharp-fruited broad-leaved Pond-weed);
lower leaves linear submembranaceous or wanting, upper ellip-
tical coriaceous floating, all on long stalks many-nerved distinctly
cellular, fruit carinated. Æ. Bot. t. 1822. E. Fl. v. i. p. 228.

Stagnant waters and slow streams, frequent. F. June, July 2£.— Very
variable, in the size of the plant, and in the shape of its floating leaves,
which are more or less elongated, sometimes linear-lanceolate, obtuse at
the base or decurrent at the footstalks. The dower leaves appear to me
to differ from the submersed leaves of all the others in having their sub-
Stance composed of the same small, but distinct, cells or reticulations as
the floating ones. These submersed leaves are frequently wholly want-
ing, especially when the plant grows in very shallow water. Chamisso
and Schlechtendal describe the lower petioles as leafless, but this assured-
ly is not always the case.

20. Ruppia. Linn. Ruppia.

l. R. marítima, L. (sea Ruppia). E. Bot. t. 136. Hook. in
Fl. Lond. t. 50.

Salt-water pools, and ditches. #7. July, Aug. 2f.—Stems slender, fili-
form, flexuose, branched, leafy. Leaves linear-setaceous, with sheaths
sometimes narrow and small, at other times large and inflated. Spadix
at first very short, included in the sheath or spatha, with 2 green flowers
one above another on opposite sides, and quite destitute of perianth, An-
thers large, sessile, subquadrate, bursting horizontally, 1-celled. Mertens
and Koch say that each pair is, in fact, the 2 cells of 1 anther; and that
there are in reality, but 2 sessile stamens. Pollen, a tube with 3 globules,
1 in the middle and 1 at each end of the tube. Germens resembling
4 minute tubercles in the centre between the anthers. At the time of

Owering, the spadix lengthens remarkably, to the height of 5 or 6 inches
Or more, and becomes spirally twisted, so as to bring the blossoms to the
surface of water: but Mr Wilson observes the fruit to be submersed in
every stage. When the germens swell, their base is elongated into a
footstalk, one or two inches long. Each then becomes an oblique, ovate,
acuminated drupe. This drupe is sometimes more beaked than at other
times, and the sheaths of the leaves are sometimes but little dilated ; then
the plant becomes R. rostellata of Koch, and of Reichenbach in his
Iconog. t, 174. f. 306, which indeed is the more common state of the
plant with us. I have only seen such large sheaths as are figured for the
true R, maritima, Linn. (Reichenb, Zconog. t. 174. f. 807.), on speci-

72 TETRANDRIA—TETRAGYNIA. [ Tillea.

mens from the south of Europe. Yet the latter author quotes my figures
in Flora Lond. as admirably characteristic of his maritima.

21. Sagina. Linn. Pearl-wort.

1. S. procúmbens, L. (procumbent Pearl-wort); perennial, gla-
brous, stems procumbent, leaves shortly mucronate, petals much
shorter than the calyx. E. Bot. t. 880.

Waste places, and dry pastures, frequent. Z7. May—Aug. 2f. — Stems
spreading, 2—4 inches long, in alpine situations growing amongst Sper-
gula subulata, from which it is with difficulty distinguished ; and often
sendiug out roots from different parts of the stem at the insertion of the
leaves, and these throwing up new plants. Zeaves linear-subulate, con-
nate, membranous at the margins at the base, tipped with a short pellu-
cid point or mucro. Peduncles solitary, axillary and terminal, about an
inch long. Flowers at first drooping.

2. S. apétala, L. (annual small-flowered Pearl-wort); annual,
stems slighty hairy erect or ascending, leaves aristate fringed,
petals much smaller than the calyx. Æ. Bot. t. 881.

Dry gravelly places, on walls, &c. frequent and sometimes growing
upon the sea-shore with the following species. Fl. May, June, ©.—
Slenderer than the last, smaller and annual. Zeaves narrower, more
bristle-pointed, more glaucous and slightly hairy at the margins, some-
times glabrous. Stems also hairy. Petals always present, according to
Mr W. Wilson, obcordate, or wedge-shaped and truncated.

3. S. maritima, Don, (sea Pearl-wort); annual glabrous, stems
erect or procumbent only at the base, leaves fleshy obtuse, petals
none, calyx rather longer than the capsule, Don’s Hort. Sicc.
Br. n. 155. E. Bot. t. 2195. Hook. in Fl. Lond. N.S. t. 115.—8.
stricta, Fries, and Svensk, Bot. t. 562. gr 8.

Sea-coast of England, Ireland, and Scotland, not unfrequent. FI. May,
Aug. ©.—A very distinct and well-marked species, with a reddish or
purplish tinge, especially on the stems and calyces. Quite glabrous.
Petals altogether wanting. Cal. blunt, longer than the capsule. .Leuves
without any apiculus, fleshy, ** rounded at the back," ( Wilson).

22. MÆNCHIA. Ehrh. Moenchia.

l. M. erécta, Sm. (upright Menchia). E. Fl. v.i. p. 241.—M.
glauca, Pers.—Sagina erecta, Linn.—.H. Bot. t. 609.

Pastures, in a gravelly soil. Fl. May. ©.—Stem 2—4 inches high,
erect or frequently a little reclining at the base, glabrous as well as the
leaves which are opposite, linear-lanceolate, acute, rigid, glaucous. Cal.
leaves large, acuminate, white and membranous at the margin. Pet.
lanceolate, entire, as long as the calyx. Capsule as in Cerastium.

93. Tirnua. Linn. Tillea.

1. T. muscósa, L. (mossy Tillea); stems branched and decum-
bent at the base, flowers axillary sessile mostly 3-cleft. E. Bot.
t, 116.

On moist barren, sandy heaths, in various parts of England, not found
in Scotland. A troublesome weed in gravel walks in some parts of Nor-
folk and near London. FZ. May, June. ©.—A minute succulent plant,
scarcely 2 inches high, allied to Sedum: with small, reddish, opposite,

Lycopsis.] PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. 78

oe um leaves. Cal. leaves mostly 3, bristle-pointed. Petals very
» almost subulate, white, or tipped with rose-colour.

24. RApíoLa. Gmel. Flax-seed.

M R. Millegrána, Sm. (thyme-leaved Flazx-seed). E. Bot. t.
0—R, linoides, Gmel.— Linum Radiola, Linn.
oist gravelly and boggy soils, in many places. Fl. July, Aug. (9.—
ie minute plant, 1—2 inches high, repeatedly dichotomous. Leaves
à ant, ovate, entire, glabrous, under a high power of the microscope
ki ae dotted. Flowers axillary and terminal, stalked, solitary, on
" peduncles. Cal. segments united so as to form a monophyllous
any-toothed calyx.

CLASS V.—PENTANDRIA. 5 Stamens.
ORD. I. MONOGYNIA. 1 Style.

* Perianth double, inferior. Corolla monopetalous. Germen.
deeply 4-lobed. Fruit of 4 seeds or nuts. Nat. Ord. BoraGiIne&,,
€ Cand. ( Asperifolie, Linn.)

T Throat of the Corolla naked.

i
l Ecurum. Cor. irregular, its throat dilated, open and naked..

oe deeply cloven.—Named from xis, a viper ; because,

3 us, or some allied plant, was supposed to be an effectual remedy
8ainst the bite of that animal.

T 2. PurwoNÁm1a. Cal. with 5 angles, 5-cleft. Cor. funnel-
aped, its throat naked.— Named from pulmo, the lungs ; from.

the use formerly made of this and other Boraginee in pulmo-
ary affections. In the present instance, the spotted leaves,

"ésembling the lungs, were the principal recommendation.

Nes Lirnospirmum. Cal. in 5 deep segments. Cor. funnel-
> aped, its mouth naked (or with very minute scales.) —Named..
"ten Abos, a stone, and omega, a Seed ; from its very hard shin-
s Seeds or nuts. The English name Gromwell has the same-
'8' in the Celtic: graun, a seed, and mil, a stone.
tt Throat of the corolla more or less closed with scales.

Sa Stupuyrum. Cal. 5-cleft, or 5-partite. Cor.'enlarged up- -
fy "5 its throat closed with connivent subulate scales.—Named"
CULPuw, to unite; from its imagined healing qualities.

With Borgo. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. rotate, having its mouth closed
ea 5 obtuse and emarginate teeth.—Named from cor, the

rél and ago, to bring ; thence corrupted into Borago.

i 6. Lycépsts, Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. funnel-shaped, with a curved
^ the mouth closed with convex, connivent scales. Nuts con-

-— Hence the old adage; “1 Borage, always bring Courage,”

44 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. [Primulas

cave at the base—Named from Avxoc, a wolf, and opis, a face;

from a fancied resemblance in its gaping flower to the head of
a wolf.

7. Ancntsa. Cal. 5-cleft, or 5-partite. Cor. funnel-shaped,
tube straight, its mouth closed with convex, connivent scales.
Nuts concave at the base.—Named from «yyouca, paint. The

roots of one species, A. tinctoria, yield a red dye which was used
in former times to stain the face.

8. Myosétis. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. salver-shaped, the lobes
obtuse, the mouth half closed with short rounded valves. Nuts
perforated at the base.— Named from uus, muog, a mouse, and ove,
wros, an ear ; from the shape of the leaves.

9. Aspertco. Cal. 5-cleft, unequal, with alternate smaller
teeth. Cor. (short) funnel-shaped, its mouth closed with con-
vex connivent scales. Nuts covered by the folded and com-
pressed calyx.—Named from asper, rough; eminently applicable
to this, even among the groupe of Asperifolic.

10. Cvxoaróssuw. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. (short) funnel-shaped,
its mouth closed with convex, connivent scales. Nuts depressed;
fixed to the style or central column.— Named from xvov, a dog;
and yXocca, a tongue; from the shape and texture of the leaf.

** Perianth double, inferior. Corolla monopetalous. Germer
or fruit of one piece or covering, with several. seeds.

1l. AxAGÁLLISs. Cal. 5-partite. Cor. rotate. Stamens hairy:
Capsule bursting all round transversely.—Nat. Ord. PRIMU-
LACEX, Vent.— Named from avwyeruw, to laugh. Pliny says the
Anagallis excites pleasure: and Dioscorides that it removes
obstructions of the liver which create sadness.

12. LysrmAcnra. Cal. 5-partite. Cor. rotate. Stam. nof
distinctly hairy. Caps. l-celled, 10-valved.— Nat. Ord. PRIMU*
nAcEX, Vent.—Named in honour of king Lysimachus, accord"
ing to some; according to others, from Aucic, a dissolving, an
warn, battle. The English name, it will be at once seen, has ?
similar meaning. Pliny says it tames restive. horses.

13. C¥cotamEN. Cal. campanulate, } five-cleft. Cor. rotates
the mouth prominent, the segments reflexed. Caps. globose”
1-celled, opening with 5 teeth—Nat. Ord. PRIMULACEA, Vents
— Named from xuxàos, a circle, probably from the circles forme
by the spiral peduncles ; in French, Pain de Porgeau, and ™
English Sow-bread, because the large tuberous roots are eager y
sought by swine, notwithstanding their highly acrid nature.

14. Primuna. Cal. tubular, 9-toothed. Cor. salver-shaped
its tube cylindrical, its mouth open. Caps. opening with
teeth.—JVat. Ord. PrimunacE®, Vent.—Named from primu’

Verbascum,] PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA, 75

Sitst, on account of the early appearance of the flowers in the
more common species,

$ 15. Horréxta. Cal. 5-partite. Cor. salver-shaped, with a
Sort tube. Stamens inserted at the mouth of the tube. Stigma
S obose. Caps. globose, (valveless, Spr.—opening with 5 teeth,
Sm.) tipped with the long style.—Nat. Ord. Primutacnm, Vent.
—Named after Pierre Hotton, a Professor at Leyden during
the latter half of the 17th century.

16. MEeNvÁNTHEs. Cal. 5-partite. Cor. funnel-shaped, the
Segments hairy within. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 1-celled ; seeds
Parietal.— Nat. Ord. GzxTIAxEA, Juss.—Name, un, a month,
and aoc, a flower ;—some say from the duration of the flower.

l7. VinuArsta. Cal. 5-partite. Cor. rotate, the limb often
ciliated. Caps. 1-celled. Seeds parietal.— Nat. Ord. GENTIANE®,
Juss, —Named in compliment to M. de Villars, author of Flore
du Dauphiné. l

, 18. EnvrHR £a. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. fannel-shaped, withering,
its limb short. Anthers at length spirally twisted. Style erect.
Stigmas 9. Caps. linear, 2-celled. Br.—JNat. Ord. GENTIANEZ,
“Uss.— Named from egudgoc, red, the colour of the flowers in most
*f the species.

19. Dartra. Cal. tubular, deciduous. Cor. funnel-shaped,
Plaited. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 1 four-celled, 4-valved.— Nat.
rd. Souannm, Juss—Named from its Arabie appellation Ta-
torah, (Forskal). In some parts of the East Indies it is called
aturo.

20. Hyoscýamus. Cal. tubular, 5-cleft. ‘Cor. fannel-shaped,
‘Oblique. Caps. 2-celled, opening with a lid.— Nat. Ord. Soua-
Nem, Juss.— Named from $c, doc, a hog, and xvamoc, a bean.
“togs are said to eat the fruit, which bears some resemblance
to a bean. The seeds do not prove injurious, though the plant

* esteemed poisonous.

21. Arropa. Cal. d-partite. Cor. campanulate, the lobes
"qual. Stam. distant. Berry of 2 cells.— Nat. Ord. SonANEZ,
n dss Named from Atropos, one of the Fates, in allusion to its

deadly quality: whence also its Eng. name dwale, (deuil, Fr.,
dolor. Lat.)

?2. SonAnum. Cal. of 5—10 segments. Cor. rotate. Anthers
JPening with 2 pores at the extremity. Berry roundish, 2- or
More elled. Nat, Ord. SoLANEJ, Juss.—Name of doubtful
Origin, According to some from solamen, on account of the com-
rt or solace derived from some species as a medicine,

d 23. VerpAscum. Cal. 5-partite. Cor. rotate, irregular. Stam.
clined, often hairy. Caps. of 2 cells and 2 valves.—4JVat. Ord.

16 PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. [Lobelia.

ScROPHULARINE.—Name altered from Barbascum, from barba;
a beard ; in allusion to the shaggy nature of its foliage.

24. CoNvóLvULUs. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. campanulate, plicate.
Stigmas 2. Caps. of 1—8—4 cells, with as many valves. Cells
1—2 seeded.— Nat. Ord. CoxvoLvurAcEx, Juss.—Named from
convolvo, to entwine; whence, too, the English name Bindweed.

25. PorEMÓNiUM. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. rotate. Stam. inserted
upon the 5 teeth or valves which close the mouth of the corolla.
Stigmas 3. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved.— Nat. Ord. PornEwo-
NIACEJE, Juss.—Named from qoreucc, war; according to Pliny
this plant having caused a war between two kings who laid
claim to its discovery.

26. AzÁLEA. Cal. 5-partite. Cor. shortly campanulate, regu-
lar. Stam. straight, inserted at the base of the cor. Anthers burst-
ing longitudinally. Caps. 2—8-valved, 2—8-celled; dissepiment
formed by the inflexed margins of the bifid valves. Seeds at-
tached to a central, at length free, receptacle-—Nat. Ord. ERI-
CEZX, Juss.—Named from aCaAeoc, parched, arid: because in
such places the plant grows.

27. Vinca. Cal. 5-partite. Cor. salver-shaped, the segments
oblique, spirally imbricated in the bud. Follicles 2, erect. Seeds
naked (destitute of seed- down ).—Nat. Ord. APocyNES, Juss.—
Name, supposed from víncio, to bind, as the trailing stems do
those plants which grow in its neighbourhood.

(See Gentiana in Or. II.)

X Perianth double, superior. Corolla monopetalous.

98. SÁMoLus. Cal.5-cleft. Cor. salver-shaped, its tube short,
with 5 scales (imperfect stamens) at its mouth, alternating with
the lobes. Capsule half-inferior, 1-celled, many-seeded, opening
with 5 valves. Seeds upon a large central free receptacle.-—Nat.
Ord. allied to PRIMULACE®, Br.—Named, some say, from the
island of Samos, where Valerandus, a botanist of the 16th cen-
tury, is alleged to have gathered our Samolus Valerandi.

29. Jasin. Cor. rotate, in 5 deep segments. Anthers united
at their base. Stigma club-shaped. Caps. 2-celled, opening at
the top. (Flowers collected into a head, within a many-leaved in-
volucre.)—Nat. Ord. CAMPANULACER, Juss.—Name, supposed
from son, a violet, from the blue colour of the flowers; but ap-
plied by Pliny to an esculent plant.

30. Los£LIA. Cor. irregular, 2-lipped, cleft longitudinally on
the upper side. Anthers united. Stigma hairy. Capsule 2—3-
celled, the upper free part 2.valved. Nat. Ord. CAMPANULA-
CEA, Juss.—Named in honour of Matthias Lobel or L’ Obel, 4
Fleming, but settled in England, where he published several
learned botanical works.

Ribes.] PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. TW

.31. PAYTEÓMA. Cor. rotate, in 5 deep segments. Filaments
dilated at the base, Stigma 2—3-cleft. Caps. of 2—8 cells, burst-
ing at the side, (Flowers in dense bracteated spikes or heads.)—

at. Ord. CAMPANULACER, Juss.— Name, gurevua (the same as
Puro», the plant), given, par excellence, to some medicinal plant

y the ancients, but which probably bore little or no relation
With the present,

32. CAMPÁNULA. Cor. campanulate or subrotate, with 5 broad

~ Shallow segments. Filaments dilated at the base. Stigma

~—5-fid, Caps. 2—5-celled, bursting laterally, rarely at the

extremity. — Nat. Ord. CAMPANULACER, Juss.—Named from
e usual form of the corolla, campana, a bell.

33. Lonicira. Cor. irregular. Berry 1—3-celled, many-
Seeded.— Vat. Ord. CaPRIFOLIACER, Juss.—Named in honour
9f Adam Lonicer, a German Botanist.

(Viburnum. See On». III.)

**x* Perianth double, inferior. Corolla of 4 or 5 petals.

_ 94. Rudmnus. Cal. urceolate,4—5-cleft. Petals 4—5, some-

times wanting, Stamens opposite the petals. Berry 2—4-celled,
—4-seeded.— Nat. Ord. Ruamnem, Juss.—Name, gapyoc, in
reek, a branch; from its numerous branches.

35. Evénymus. Cal. flat, 4—5-cleft, having a peltate disk

Within. Per 4.5. Stam. alternating with the petals, inserted
"pon an annular disk. Caps. with 3—5 angles, and as many
Cells and valves. Seeds with a coloured fleshy arillus.— Nat.

"d. CeLASTRINER, Br.—Named from Euonyme, mother to the
Furies, in allusion to the injurious effects produced by the fruit
9f this plant.

. 96. ImpAriens. Cal. of 2 deciduous leaves. Pet. 4, very

"regular, lower one cucullate with a spur. Anthers united.

Kepsule of 5 elastic valves.—Nat. Ord. Bausaminem, Rich—
ame (impatient), from the sudden opening of the valves of
!€ capsule, when the fruit is touched.

87. Víora. Cal. of 5 leaves extended at the base. Pet. 5, un-
“qual, the under one spurred at the base. Anthers connate, 2-
em spurred behind. Capsule of 1 cell, and 3 valves.—Nat.

Ord. Vronanigm, DC.—Name of doubtful origin.

***#* Perianth double, superior. Corolla of 5 petals.

38, Rigs. Cal 5-cleft, bearing the petals and the stamens.
Style divided, yo: 1-celled, Fée ges ils, Ord. Gros-
SULARI Æ, De Cand.—Name : Ribes was a word applied by the

atic Physicians to a species of Rhubarb, Rheum Ribes, | Qur
B er Botanists believed that it was our gooseberry ; and hence
uhin called that plant Ribes acidum.

18 PENTANDRIA—DIGYNIA, [ Umbellifera..

| HíprRa. Cal. of 5 teeth. Pet. broadest at the base.
Style single. Berry with 3—5: seeds, crowned by the calyx.—
Nat. Ord. ARALIACER, Juss.—Name of uncertain origin.

HERE Flowers incomplete.

40. Guavx.. Perianth single, inferior, campanulate, coloured,
of 1 piece, 5-lobed. Caps. globose, 1-celled, 5-valved, with about’
5 seeds.—Nat. Ord. Primutacem, Vent.—Named. from yhauxrov
given to a plant of a sea-green colour, or because it grew near
the sea.

4l. InrícEBRUM. Cal. of 5 leaves, cartilaginous, subcucullate,
ending in an awl-shaped point. Pet. 0, or reduced to 5 subulate’
scales. Capsule superior, with one seed, covered by the calyx.—
Nat. Ord. PAnoNvoniz, St Hil.—Name, illecebra, an entice-
ment or attraction, anciently given to a showy tribe of plants,
now confined to a genus possessing few charms.

49. Tnísrow. Perianth 4—5-cleft, persistent. Stam. with a
small fascicle of hairs. Mut inferior, somewhat drupaceous,—
Nat.. Ord. SANTALACEJ, Gr.—Name of doubtful origin.

. ORD. II. DIGYNIA.—2 Styles.
* Perianth double, inferior. Cor. monopetalous.

43. SwfnTIA. Cal.A4—-5-partite. Cor. rotate, with 2 necta-
riferous glands at the base of each segment. Caps. 1-celled, 2-
valved.— Nat. Ord. GENTIANuz, Juss.—Named after Emmanuel
Swert, a; Dutch botanist, who published a Florilegium in 1612.

44. GENTIANA. Cal. 4—5-cleft. Cor. subcampanulate, fun-
nel- or salver-shaped, tubular at the base, destitute of nectarife-
rous glands. Styles often combined. Caps. of 1 cell, 2-valved.
—WNat. Ord: GEwTrIANEZ; Juss—Named from Gentius; king of
Illyria, who, according to: Pliny, brought into use the species so
much valued in medicine, the bitter Gentian, G. lutea.

45. CóscuTA. Cal. 4—5-cleft. Cor. campanulate, 4—5-lobed.
Caps. bursting all round transversely at the base, 2-celled, with
the cells 2-seeded.— Parasitical leafless plants, with long twin-
ing filiform stems.—Nat. Ord. Convonvunacna, Juss.— Name,
the same as xaoovdo, probably from the Arabic Keshout. ( Théis.)

x* Perianth double) superior. Petals 5. Seeds 2.
Nat. Ord. UMBELLIFERE. (Gen. 46—85.)

This is so extensive and so perfectly natural a groupe, and the genera
which compose it are with such difficulty distinguished the one from
the other, that I shall here offer a few remarks, with a view to render

1 In this, so much of the calyx. is incorporated with the germen, and so
minute are the segments, or free portions, that at first sight (as in the2d Dive
of the Cl, IV., Galium, &c.), it appears as if no calyx were present,

Conium.| PENTANDRIA——DIGYNIA. 79

the study of them more easy to the young botanist. All our Umbelli-
“rous plants are herbaceous ; they have leaves which are alternate,
aedy very compound, with dilated and sheathing bases. But what
qnaracterises them best, and gives the name to the Natural Family, is
i © circumstance of the flowers, in almost every instance, being arranged
4 compound umbels, with or without involucres. The germen is in-
erior (enveloped by, and adherent with, the tube of the calyx), 2-celled,
Presenting just below where the petals are inserted, a thickened margin,
Or sometimes teeth or segments, the only free part of the calyx. There
nre 5 petals, entire or obcordate, often bifid, with an incurved point
etween the 2 lobes, equal or unequal. Stam. 5, spreading: these, as
Well as the petals, are inserted beneath the dilated base of the styles.
Styles 2, united at their base into a 2-lobed, fleshy disk, which covers
the top of the germen. Stigmas capitate. Fruit of 2, single-seeded,
indehiscent pericarps, or carpels, as they may be conveniently called,
eventually separating, each with its style and for a time suspended by a
Central, filiform, and generally bipartite column or azis. They are
variously shaped, and variously marked with longitudinal ribs or ridges.
he number of these ribs upon each carpel is 5, more or less apparent,
sometimes obliterated. Within the coat of the carpels, generally in the
interstices, are often longitudinal ducts, or canals, replete with an oily
9T resinous substance, and usually coloured ; so that they are sometimes
Visible without dissection. These are called vie. The parts on which
the marks of distinction depend are assuredly minute, and in vain will.
€ student hope to make himself master of this extensive and important
"be of plants, without devoting his earnest attention to the subject, and
the SS examining the structure of the flowers, and more especially of
ruit

I. Umbels simple or imperfectly compound.

46. HvpnocórvnE. (Tab. III. f. 1.) Fruit of 2 flat nearly
°rbicular lobes or carpels, each with 5 more or less distinct fili-
form ribs. Cal.-teeth obsolete. Pet. ovate. ( Leaves orbicular, pel-
late).—— Named from jo, water, and xoruA, a cup or vase. The.
faves are a little depressed and stalked in the centre, and may
thence somewhat resemble a cup or platter. The plant grows
™ watery places.

47. SaxÍcULA. (Tab. ITI. f. 2.) Fruit ovate, densely clothed
th hooked prickles. Cal.-teeth leafy. Pet. erect, obovate, with
ong inflected points (some flowers abortive).—Name derived.
tom sanio, to heals because this plant was supposed “to make

fe and sound all inward wounds and outward hurts."

vo Enfaruw. (Tab. III. f. 8.) Fruit ovate, clothed with
x laffy Scales or bristles. Cal.-teeth leafy. Pet. erect, oblong, with
9ng inflected points.—(Involucre of many leaves. Flowers in a
Pact head upon a scaly receptacle).—Name sgvyyrv, of Dio-

n
SCorides,

II. Umbels compound, or perfect. —
_ AL Fruit not prickly nor beaked; laterally compressed.

49. Conium, (Tab, III. f. 4.) Fruit broadly ovate. Carpels

MG MN Uo epe, ugue

caet

i
i

lii
Hi

80 PENTANDRIA—DIGYNIA. [ Helosciadium-

-with 5 prominent waved or crenated ribs. Cal.-teeth obsolete.

: Petals obeordate. (Involucre of few leaves; partial of 3 leaves
on one side.)—N ame, xovaov, of Theophrastus, from xzavos, a cone
or a top, whose whirling motion resembles the giddiness pro-

duced on the human constitution by the poisonous juice of this
plant.

50. Paysospinmum. (Tab. IIl. f. 5.) Fruit of 2 ovato-glo-
bose lobes or carpels, each with 5 indistinct ribs, and single
vittæ between them. Cal.-teeth evident. Pet. obcordate. (Invo-
lucre and partial involucre of many leaves).—Named from puig,
a bladder, and orezua, a seed, from the loose covering to the seed.

51. Smyrnium. (Tab. III. f. 6.) Fruit of 2 nearly globose
lobes or carpels, each with 3 dorsal prominent sharp ribs, the 2
Jateral ones obsolete. Several vitte in the interstices. Pet. lan-
-ceolate or elliptical, with an inflected point—Named from
cuvgsa, synonymous with pugea, myrrh, from the scent of the

‘juice of some species.

52. CicóTA. (Tab. III. f. 7.) Fruit rotundato-cordate of
:9, almost globose lobes or carpels, with 5 broad flattened ribs,

-and evident single vitfe in the interstices. Cal.-teeth acute. Pet.

obcordate. (Partial involucre of many leaves.)—Name ; Cicuta

-was a term given by the Latins to those spaces between the

joints of a reed of which their pipes were made ; and the stem
of this plant is equally formed of hollow articulations.

53. Aprum. (Tab. ITI. f. 8.) Fruit roundish-ovate, didymous-
Carpels with 5 slender ribs, with vite in the flat interstices.
Cal.-teeth obsolete. Pet. roundish, entire, with a small involute

„point. (Involucres 0).—Name, apon, water, in Celtic, from the
.places where the plant grows.

54. PETRosELÍNUM. (Tab. III. f. 9.) Fruit ovate. Carpels :
with 5 slender ribs, and vitte in the interstices. Cal.-teeth obso~’
dete. Pet. roundish, with a narrow incurved point. (Involucre
of few, partial of many, leaves).—Name sergoc, a stone ; being
_a native of rocky or stony places.

55. Trinta. (Tab. II. f. 10.) Diceious. Fruit ovate. Car-
pels with 5 prominent ribs, and single vitte beneath them. Cal.
‘teeth obsolete. Pet. of the barren ft. lanceolate with a narrow in-
volute point ; of the fertile ovate, with a short inflected point.—
Named in honour of Dr C. B. Trinius, a learned Russian bo-
tanist, author of “ Species Graminum,” &c.

56. HexoscrApium. (Tab. IIT. f. 11.) Fruit broadly ovate
or oblong. Carpels with 5, slender, prominent ribs, with single
vitte in the interstices. Cal.-teeth often obsolete: Pet. ovate, ob-
tuse with an apiculus.—Name éAoc, à marsh, and oxicadsoy, 81
umbel,

M —— —— — T I TE —

a ne

{Enanthe,] PENTANDRIA—DIGYNIA. _ 8l

_ 97. Sison, (Tab. III. f. 12.) Fruit ovate. Carpels with 5
ribs, and single vitte in the interstices. Cal.-teeth obsolete. Pet.

roadly obcordate, deeply notched and curved, with an inflected
Point. (Involucres of few leaves: partial subdimidiate).—Name ;
“zun, signifying in Celtic a running brook; some of the plants.
‘Ormerly placed in this genus delighting in such situations.

58. /Ecopópruw. (Tab. III. f. 18.) Fruit oblong. Carpels
With 5 slender ridges ; without vitte. Cal.-teeth obsolete. Pet.
9beordate, with an inflexed point. (Involucre 0).— Named from
sib» &loc, a goat, and rovg, a. foot ; the leaves being cleft some-
t Ing like the foot of that animal.

99. CArum. (Tab. III. f. 14.) F'ruit oblong. Carpels with
ribs, and single viét@ in the interstices. Cal. obsolete. Pet.
dcordate, with an inflected point.—Name derived, according
to Pliny, from that of the country, Caria. :

60. Bósruw. (Tab. III. f. 15.) Fruit oblong, erowned with
the conical bases of the nearly straight styles. Carpels with 5
Slender, obtuse ribs, and many vite. Cal.-teeth obsolete. Pet.
Obeordate, with an inflected point. (Involucre 0: partial of few

caves.) —Named from foc, a hill, where the plant delights to
grow,

61. PIMPINÉLLA. (Tab. III. f. 16.) Fruit ovate, crowned
with the swollen base of the reflexed styles. Carpels with 5
Slender ribs, the interstices furrowed, with many vitte. Cal.
feeth obsolete, Pet. obcordate, with an inflected point. (Invo-
Ucres 0.)—-Name altered, as Linnzeus informs us, from bipen-
Rula, or twice-pinnated, in allusion to the divisions of the leaves, |

62. Sfum. (Tab. ITI. f. 17.) Fruit ovate or globose, subdi-
ymous, crowned with the depressed base of the reflexed styles,
Carpels with 5, rather obtuse ribs, and many vitíe in the inter-
Stices. Cal.-teeth small or obsolete. Pet. obcordate, with an in-
“ected point. (Partial involucre of many leaves.)—Name ; ac-
“ording to Théis, from the Celtic word, siw, water.

63. BUPLEÚRUM. (Tab. III. f. 18.) Fruit ovato-oblong,
Crowned with the depressed base of the styles. Carpels with 5,

“re or less prominent ribs, with or without vitte. Cal.-teeth
obsolete, Pet. roundish, retuse with an involute point. (Leaves
divided.) Named from ovs, an ox, and mAcvgov, a rib, in al-
“sion to the ribbed leaves of some species.

B, Fry not prickly nor beaked, ovate or elliptical, rounded on a
transverse section.

: Ni. Ono ons. (Tab. III. f. 19.) Fruit ovato-cylindrical,
“Owned with the straight styles. Carpels more or less corky;

With 5 blunt, convex ribs, and single vite in the interstices,
VOL, I. G

"$89 PENTANDRIA—DIGYNIA. [ Crithmum.

Cal.-teeth lanceolate. Pet. obcordate, with an inflected point, ra-
diant. (Partial involucre of many rays.) Flowers of the circum-
ference on long stalks and sterile: those of the centre sessile, or
nearly so, and fertile. —Named trom omy, a vine, and «boc, a
flower, alluding to the vinous smell of the blossoms.

65. Æruúsa. (Tab. III. f. 20.) Fruit ovato-globose. Car-
pels with 5 acutely carinated ribs ; interstices deeply acutangular
with single vitte. Cal.-teeth minute. Pet. obcordate, with an in-
flected point. (Involucre 0: partial of 3 drooping leaves on one
side.)—N amefrom «iu, to burn, on account of its acrid quality.

66. Fanicutum. (Tab. IV. f. 1.) Fruit oblong. Carpels with
5 prominent, obtuse, keeled ribs, with single vitte in the inter-
stices. Cal.-teeth obsolete. Pet. roundish, the involute segment
obtuse. (Involucres 0.)—Named from fænum, hay, its smell hav-
ing been compared to that of hay. —

67. Siseur., (Tab. IV. f. 2.) Fruit oval or oblong, crowned
with the reflexed styles. Carpels with 5 prominent, corky ribs,
with single eite in the interstices. Cal.-teeth acute. Pet. obcor-
date, with an inflexed point. (Partial involucre of many leaves. )—
Named from osos, originally applied to some plant of this kind.

68. Lietsticum. (Tab. 1V.f.3.) Fruit elliptical. Carpels with
5 sharp, somewhat winged ribs, with many vitte in the inter- -
stices. Cal.-teeth sometimes obsolete. Pet. obcordate, with an in-
flected point. (Partial involucre of many leaves.) —Named from
Liguria, where the old Ligusticum Levisticum abounds. Hence,
too, comes our word Lovage.

69. SiLÁus. (Tab. IV. f. 4.) Fruit oval. Carpels with 5
sharp, somewhat winged ribs, with many cite in the interstices. -
Cal. obsolete. Pet. obovate, subemarginate with an inflected
point, appendaged; or sessile and truncated at the base. (Par-
tial involucre of many leaves.) —Searcely_ different from Ligustz-
cum, except in its yellowish, nearly entire (not acutely emar-
ginate) petals, truncated and sessile at the base.—Name of du-
pious origin. It was applied by Pliny to some herb.

. 70. Méum. (Tab. IV. f. 5.) Fruit elliptical. Carpels with 5
prominent, carinated, e qual ribs, with many vitte in the inter-
stices. Cal.-teeth obsolete. Pet. entire, elliptical, the point in-
curved. (Partial involuere of many leaves.)—Name supp pun
to be the uno» of Dioscorides.

71. Critumum. (Tab. IV. f. 6.) Fruit elliptical. Carpels
spongy, with 5 elevated, sharp, somewhat winged ribs, and as
well as the seed abundantly marked with vite. Cal.-teeth obso-
lete. Pet. elliptical, entire, involute. (Involucres of many leaves.)
—Name from xgidn, barley ; from the resemblance between the
fruit of this plant and a grain of barley.

Torilis.] PENTANDRIA—DIGYNIA. 83.

C. Fruit not Prickly nor beaked ; much and dorsally compressed. -
72. ANGÉLICA. (including AncmaNeELICA.) (Tab. IV. £7.)
Fruit flat, Carpels with 8 elevated dorsal ribs, the lateral ones
Spreading into the broad wings of the fruit. Cal.-teeth obsolete.’
ci. elliptical-lanceolate, entire and inflected at the point.—
amed Angelic, from its cordial and medicinal properties,

13. PEUCÉDANUM. (Tab. IV. f. 8.) Fruit flat, with a broad:
thin border. Carpels with 3 slightly prominent ribs, 2 lateral
Ones obsolete, single vit&e in the interstices. Pet. obovate or
Obcordate, with an inflected point. (Partial involucre of many
eaves.) — Named from revin, a pine-tree, and davoc, dwarf, on ac-
count ofa resinous substance,said to exude from some ofthespecies.

74. PasTINÁCA. (Tab. IV. f. 9.) Fruit flat, with a broad
border, Carpels with 3 dorsal and 2 distant marginal ribs ow
the border, with single filiform eit&e in the interstices. Cal.-teeth
Nearly obsolete. Pet. roundish, entire, involute, with a sharp
point. (Involueres of few leaves.) —Differs from Heracleum in
the entire involute petals and filiform, not clubbed, vittæ.—
Name derived from pastus, food.

75. HeRACLEUM. (Tab. IV. f. 10.) Fruit flat, with a broad
Order. Carpels with 8 dorsal ribs and 2 distant marginal ones,
and club-shaped vétte in the interstices. Pet. obcordate, point
inflected ; outer ones radiant. (Involucre deciduous ; partial of
many leaves.)— Named from Hercules, who is said to have
rought this or some allied plant into use.

76. Tonpfriuw. (Tab. IV. f. 11.) Fruit flat, with a broad
thick erenated or waved accessory margin. Carpels with indis-
tinet ribs, 3 dorsal and 2 distant marginal ones, with 1 or 3
vitte in the interstices. Pet. radiant—Name; the rogdumioy of

the Greeks,

D. Fruit clothed with prickles, or with a prickly involucre. (Not
beaked.)

77. Datcus. (Tab. IV. f. 12.) Fruit dorsally compressed,
S liptic-oblong. Carpels with the 5 ribs (9 in the inner face)
"stly, the interstices very prominent and crowned with a single
Mes of long flat prickles. Pet. radiant ; those of the ray deeply
Ifid, (Involueres often pinnatifíd.) —Name, the davxoc of Dios-
Corides,
78. CAócALIs. (Tab. IV. f. 13.) Fruit slightly laterally
compressed, Carpels with the 5 ribs (2 in the inner face) bristly,
le interstices with hooked prickles. Pet. radiant; those of the
"ay deeply bifid. (Involucres many-leaved.)— Named from za,
to lie along, and zasos, a stem ;—trailing upon the ground.
79. Tonírrs. (Tab. IV. f. 14.) Fruit contracted at the side. -
arpels with 8 dorsal bristly ribs, and 2 in the inner face of the

84 PENTANDRIA—DIGYNIA, [ Coriandrum.

carpels : the interstices clothed with prickles. Pet. obcordate,
outer ones radiant.—( Partial involucre of many leaves.) —Name
of doubtful origin, perhaps as Smith suggests, from rogew, to
carve or emboss ; in allusion to the appearance of the fruit.

80. Ecuinopuora. (Tab. IV. f. 15.) Fruit ovate, lodged in -
a prickly receptacle, with a prickly involucre. Carpels with 5
depressed, waved and striated, equal ridges, and simple vitte in
the interstices which are covered with a cobweb-like membrane.
Pet. obcordate, with an inflected point. (Involucres many-leaved.)
Name derived from coc, a hedgehog, and psgw, to bear ; in re-
ference to the prickly nature of the plant.

E. Fruit more or less beaked ; not prickly.

81. ScAnprx. (Tab. IV. f. 16.) Fruit laterally compressed,
with a very long beak. Curpels with 5 obtuse ribs. Cal.-teeth
obsolete. Pet. obovate, with an inflected point. (Partial involu-
cre of 5—7 leaves.)—Name, from oxzw, to prick; because of
the sharp and long points to the fruit.

82. AwTHRÍscus. (Tab. IV. f.17.) Fruit constricted at the
suture, with a short beak. Carpels without ribs. Cal.-teeth ob-
solete. Pet. obcordate. (Partial involucre of many leaves.)—
Name given by Pliny to a plant, allied probably to this genus,
‘but whose derivation we are ignorant of.

83. CHÆROPHÝLĽUM. (Tab.IV.f.18.) Fruit laterally com-
pressed or constricted, with a short beak. Carpels with 5 ob-
tuse ribs on the inner face of the carpels. Cal.-teeth obsolete.
Pet. obcordate, with an inflected point. (Partial involucre of
many leaves.)—Named from yaigu, to rejoice, and QuAXov, a leaf :
hence our word Chervil, applied to the cultivated Anthriscus
Cerefolium, whose leaves have an agreeable smell.

84. Myrruts. (Tab. IV. f. 19.) Fruit laterally compressed,
with a deep furrow at the suture. Carpels with 5 very promi-
nent, acutely carinated ribs. Cal.-teeth obsolete. Pet. obcordate,
with an inflected point. (Partial involucre of many leaves. Many
of the partial umbels abortive.)—Name perhaps derived from
ugga, myrrh ; the foliage of one species at least possessing an
agreeable scent. j

F. Fruit globose ; not prickly.

85. CoRIÁNDRUM. (Tab. IV. f. 20.) Fruit globose. Carpels
closely cohering, the ribs obsolete, broad, interstices prominent,
slender. Petals obcordate with an inflected point; outer ones ra-
diant. (Involucre 0. Partial on one side.) — Name from xogis, a
bug ; in allusion to the intolerably fetid smell of the bruised
foliage. ;

*** Perianth double, inferior. Petals 5.
(See Staphylea in Orv. III.)

Staphylea.] PENTANDRIA—TRIGYNIA. 85

l **EX Perianth single.

86. CHENOPÓDIUM. Perianth single, inferior, 5-cleft, persis-
tent and unaltered, closing upon, but not wholly enveloping,
the fruit. Seed solitary, lenticular.— Nat. Ord. CHENOPODEJE,

€ Cand.—Named fróm XN" KNVS, a goose, and sous, a foot;
from the shape of the leaves in some species. They are more
or less employed as potherbs. i

87. Bira. Perianth single, half-inferior, 5-cleft, persistent.
Seed 1, reniform, imbedded in the fleshy base of the calyx.—
vat. Ord. CHENOPODE®, De Cand.—Name derived from the
Celtic bett, according to Théis, which means red.

88. SAusoua. Perianth single, inferior, 5-parted, persistent,
enveloping the fruit with its base, and crowning it with its
road, scariose limb. Seed solitary, its cotyledon spiral.— Nat.
Ord. CHENoPopEz, De Cand—Named from sal, salt. From
many of this tribe abundance of alkaline salt is obtained, as is
implied by the name of our only British species.

89. HERNIARIA. Cal. deeply 5-cleft, persistent. Stam., 5
fertile and 5 sterile filaments inserted upon a fleshy disk. Stig-
mas nearly sessile. Fruit indehiscent, ]-seeded, covered by the
calyx.— Nat. Ord. Panonycninm, St Hil._Named from the
Plant having been supposed to be useful in the cure of Hernia.

90. Unmus. Perianth single, inferior, persistent, 4—5-cleft.
Capsule compressed, winged all round (hence a Samara), 1-
Seeded.—_Nat. Ord. Urmacem, Mirb.— Named, according to
Théis, from the Anglo-Saxon En. Ulm is, however, still the.

erman word for this tree. -

(See Scleranthus in Cu. X. Polygonum in Cr. VIII.)
ORD. III. TRIGYNIA. 3 Styles.

* Flowers superior.
91. VrBÓnNUM. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. of 1 petal, 5-lobedi.

Berry inferior, usually l-seeded.. (Leaves simple.)—Nat, Ord.
APRIFOLIACER, Juss.—Name of doubtful origin.

m SaMBÜcUs. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. of 1 petal, rotate, 5-lobed:
erry inferior, 3- or 4-seeded. (Leaves pinnated).—Nat. Ord:
AP RIFOLIACER, Juss.—Named from oaufouxy, a musical in-

: tument, in the construction of which this wood is said to have
“en employed.

** Flowers inferior.

a. 99. STaArHyLÉA. Cal. 5-partite, coloured, with an urceolate

disk at the base. Pet.5. Styles 2—3. Capsule membranaceous,

i 2—3 cells. Nat. Ord. CELASTRINEE, Br., De Cand. (Sta-

4 BYLEAGE E, Lindl.)—Named from oraguan, a bunch of grapes,

Owers being in racemes. - Fi

86 PENTANDRIA—HEXAGYNIA. Drosera.

94, TAmarix. Cal. 5-partite, persistent. Cor. of 5 petals.
Stam. 5—10. Stigmas sessile, feathery. Caps. l-celled, 3-
valved, many-seeded. Seeds pappose.—Nat. Ord. TAMARISCI-
nua, Desvaua.—Named from the Tamarisci, a people who in-
habited the banks of the Tamaris, now Tambra, in Spain, where
the Tamarisk abounds.

95. Corricfoua. Cal. inferior, of 5 leaves, permanent. Pet.
5, not exceeding the calyx. Seed solitary, naked.—/NVat. Ord.
PARONYCHIE, St Hil.— Named from corrigia, a strap or thong ;
formerly applied to the Polygonum aviculare on account of its
long pliant stems; and now to a plant which is somewhat si-
milar to it in habit.

(See Chenopodium in Orv. Il. Stellaria in Cr. X.)

ORD. IV. TETRAGYNIA. 4 Styles.

96. Panwássia. Cal. deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5. Nectaries 5,
heart-shaped, fringed with globular-headed filaments. Capsule
1-celled, 4-valved, each valve bearing a longitudinal, linear re-
eeptacle with numerous seeds.— Nat. Ord. HyPERICINER, Don.
—Named from Mount Parnassus; to which place, indeed, the
plant is by no means peculiar.

ORD. V. PENTAGYNIA. 5 Styles.

97. SrÁTICE. Cal. of 1 piece, funnel-shaped, plaited, dry and
membranaceous, Pet. 5, united at the base, bearing the sta-
mens. Capsule with 1 seed invested with the ealyx.— Nat. Ord.
PLUMBAGINEZ, Juss.—Named from eruit, to stop, from its
supposed qualities in checking dysentery. \

98. Linum. Cal. of 5 leaves, persistent. Pet. 5. Caps. glo-
bose, mucronate, with 10 valves and 10 cells. Seeds ovate, com-
pressed.— Nat. Ord. Lines, De Cand.—Named from Lin, thread,
in Celtic, ( Théis); the parent of many words in Latin, English,
and French. ;

99. SisBArpra. Cal. in 10 alternately large and small seg-
ments. Pet. 5, inserted on the calyx. Capsules 5, indehiscent,
in the bottom of the calyx, l-seeded. (The number of stamens
is very liable to vary, and the capsules are sometimes 10.)—
Nat. Ord. RosacEz, Juss.—Name given in honour of Robert
Sibbald, who wrote on the Nat. History of Scotland about. the
latter end of the 17th century, and who published a figure of
our Scottish species of this. genus.

(See Cerastium and Spergula in Cr. X.)

ORD. VI. HEXAGYNIA. 6 Styles.

. 100. DnósERA. Cal.5-cleft. Pet. 5. Caps. \-celled, 3-valved;
many-seeded.—( Plants with leaves clothed with beautiful glandular

Pulmonaria] ^ PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. 87

fairs.) — Nat, Ord. Droszeracem, De Cand.—Name derived
rom dgosuc, dew, The glands exude a pellucid fluid, which
makes this plant appear as if it were covered with dew. In
atin it is ealled fos-solis, the same as the English Sun-dew. E

ORD. VIL POLYGYNIA. Many Styles.

101. Mvosónus. Cal. of 5 leaves, prolonged at the base.
Pet, 5, their claws tubular (nectariferous). Pericarps numerous,
indehiscent, I-seeded, collected upon a very long columnar re-
Ceptacle.— Nat. Ord. RANUNCULACER, Juss.—Name, wus, puoc,
a Mouse, and ovgs, a tail; from the elongated receptacle of the
Sermens or seed-vessels.

(See Ranunculus Ficaria in Cr. XIII.)

PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA.
1. Ecurum. Linn. Vipers Bugloss.

l. E. vulgare, L. (common Viper's Bugloss); stem herbaceous
simple hispid with tubercles, leaves linear-lanceolate hispid,
flowers in lateral short spikes, stamens longer than the corolla.
E. Bot. t. 181.— Var. flowers white.—Z. Italicum, Sm. E. Bot.
& 2081. (not L.)

On old walls, fields, and waste grounds, especially in a sandy or gras
velly soil: common on the Surrey hills, with pale fl. FZ. June, July. 4 .
—2—3 f. high. Root-leaves spreading, petioled. Spikes of flowers la-
feral, secund, recurved, forming in fact one long compound spike or ra-
ceme. Corolla very beautiful, at first reddish-purple, then brilliant blue,
Sometimes white. Echium Italicum is not now considered a British plant.

2. E. violáceum, L. (violet-flowered Bugloss) ; stem herbace-
9us diffuse branched piloso-hispid, lower leaves ovato-oblong
petiolate, upper ones oblong cordate and somewhat amplexicaul
at the base, spikes elongated, stamens scarcely longer than
the corolla. LZ. Mant. p. 49.— E. plantagineum, L. Mant. p.
*02.—Lycopsis, Ray, Syn. p. 227.

Plentiful on the sandy grounds about St. Hélier, Jersey. Fi. Aug. d.

5 — This is quite a distinct species from Æ. vulgare and certainly the
* violaceum of Linnzus and the continental Botanists. It is much less
'Spid than Æ. vulgare, destitute of tubercles. The stem is branched,
reading, often decumbent. The spikes much elongated, bearing more.
stant flowers. The stamens are very unequal, 2 of them much longer
an the corolla, 2 of them about the same length and one shorter. i
1 2. PULMONÁRIA, Linn. Lungwort.
di l. p, officinális, L. (common Lungwort); leaves scabrous, ra-
lcàl ones ovato-cordate petiolate, upper ones of the stem ses-.
Sile Ovate. E. Bot. t. 118 (excl. the root-leaves). ‘
Oods and thickets, rare. Durham and Bedfordshire ; more fres
quent in Hampshire. Near Edinburgh and Glasgow ; but scarcely wild.
; KS ay. 2t. — About 1 foot high. . Stem-leaves all more or less ovate 5

Wer ones petiolate, upper ones sessile; all with short hairs and fre~

Wently spotted. Flowers purple. à a 3537

88 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. [Lithospermum

2. P. angustifólia, L. (narrow-leaved Lungwort); leaves sca-
brous, radical ones petiolate, upper ones sessile, all lanceolate.
E. Bot. t. 1628.

Woods and thickets, rare. Isle of Wight, and New Forest, Hamp-
shire ; and in Flintshire. Fil. May, June. ?f .— Much taller than the
preceding and very different in the shape of its foliage, which is seldom
spotted. Mr Bromfield, however, seems of opinion that the two ought
to be united,

9. Lirnospirmum. Linn. Gromwell.

1. L. officinále, L. (common Gromwell, Grey Mill or Grey
Millet); stem erect very much branched, leaves broadly lance-
olate acute nerved rough above, hairy beneath, tube of the
corolla as long as the calyx, nuts smooth. Æ. Bot. t. 184.

Dry, waste and uncultivated places, and among rubbish: rare in
Scotland. FZ, June. 2f.—1 to 14 foot high. Fl pale-yellow. Nuts
whitish-brown, highly polished ; seldom more than 2 or 3 ripening in
each calyx.. My friend Captain Le Hunte has submitted these seeds
or nuts to analysis, and obtained the following results. The stony shells
of 60 seeds weighed upwards of 7 grains. Heated to redness, these 7
were reduced to 3, of which 4-10ths of a grain were pure silica. There
was also a considerable quantity of phosphate of lime and iron.

2. L. arvénse, L. (corn Gromwell or Bastard Alkanet); stem
erect branched, leaves lanceolate acute hairy, calyx a little
shorter than the corolla its segments patent when containing
the ripe wrinkled nuts. Æ. Bot. t. 123.

Corn-fields and waste ground. F7. May, June. (9.— Corollas white.
Calycine segments thrice as long as the fruit.

3. L. purpuro-cerileum, L. (creeping or purple Gromwell);
barren stems prostrate, leaves lanceolate acute, corolla much
longer than the calyx. Æ. Bot. t. 117.

Thickets in a chalky soil, rare. Near Denbigh, in Wales; and
Taunton, Somersetshire ; Marychurch, Devon; Darenthwood and
Greenhithe, Kent; Carsewell Bay, Glamorganshire. FZ. June, July.
Y.— Distinguished from the 2 preceding species by its large and bright
blue flowers.

4. L. maritimum, Lehm. (sea-side Gromwell); stems procum-
bent branched, leaves ovate rough with callous dots, upper ones
lanceolate, all fleshy and glaucous, nuts smooth. Hook. Scots i.
p. 68.—Pulmonaria maritima, L.—.E. Bot. t. 368.

Sea-coast among sand or loose stones, rare, and only in the North of
England: Wales; plentiful in the north and west of Scotland. Be-
tween Portran and Skerries, Ireland. 77. May, June. ?f.— This is quite
a northern plant, extending to the arctic regions: and in habit is suz
generis. Lower leaves on footstalks; upper ones sessile. Flowers
somewhat racemed, of a beautiful purplish-blue : tube of the cor. short,
with minute teeth at the mouth. Whole plant very glaucous ; and
when the bloom is rubbed off, rough callous points appear, which become
white and almost stony in drying, when the rest of the plant turns nearly
black. Mr S. Murray has observed that the flavour of the plant resem-
bles that of oysters,

Anchusa, _ PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA, —— 89

4. S¥mpayrum. Linn. Comfrey.

l. S. officinále, L. (common Comfrey); stem winged above,
eaves ovato-lanceolate attenuated at the base and very decur-
Tent. FE. Dor t. 817.

anks of rivers and watery places, frequent. FI. May, June. 2¢.—
=—8 f. high, branched above. Root-leaves ovate, petiolated. tacemes |
IN pairs, secund, drooping. Corollas large, yellowish-white, often purple.

2. S. tuberósum, L. (tuberous-rooted Comfrey); stem simple,
leaves ovato-oblong attenuated at the base, upper ones only
slightly decurrent. Æ. Bot. t. 1509.

ady woods and river-banks ; frequent in Scotland, particularly in
the lowlands : rare in England. Durham. FL June, July. 2f. —Re-
Sembling the last; but it is very distinct. Upper Zeaves, from which
© peduncles spring, generally in pairs, large, ovato-lanceolate, a little
current ; whereas those of S. officinale are very narrow, and run
Own into winged appendages to the stem.
9. Boníao. Linn. Borage.

1. B. officinális, L. (common Borage); lower leaves obovate
attenuated at the base, segments of the corolla ovate acute
Spreading. E. Bot. t. 86.

Among rubbish and waste ground. Fl. June, July. 4.— Whole
plant very hispid. Stem-leaves petiolate and eared at the base ; upper-
Most ones sessile, Cor. large, brilliant blue, with very prominent sta-.
Mens. It forms an ingredient with wine, water, lemon and sugar, in a
‘Vourite English drink called a cool tankard.

6. Lycépsis. Linn. Bugloss.

l L. arvénsis, L. (small Bugloss); leaves lanceolate repando-
denticulate very hispid, calyx erect while in flower. Z. Bot.
* 990.— Anchusa arvensis, Lehm.

Corn-fields and hedge-banks, frequent. FU. June, July. Q.— Whole
ant very hispid ; hairs or bristles seated on a white, callous tubercle.
; Ower leaves lengthened into a petiole; upper ones sessile, semiamplexi-

pl

aul. - Racemes leafy. Flowers small, bright blue ; differing from those
A of Anchusa in the curvature of the tube. :

7. ANCHÜSA. Linn. Alkanet.

l A, * officinális, L. (common Alkanet) ; leaves oblongo-lan-
p elate, spikes crowded unilateral, bracteas ovato-lanceolate as
ng as the calyx. E. Bot. t. 662. ;
Kil aste ground, rare. On the Links at Hartley Pans, Northumberland.
Ju Syth and Arnbrae ; and at Addington, 8 miles from Glasgow. F7.
the ^ July. Y.—1—2 feet high, rough and hispid. Cor. deep purple,
Segments of the limb rather narrow. :
2. AU sempervirens, L. (evergreen Alkanet); leaves ovate, lower
es upon long stalks, peduncles axillary, flowers subcapitate
companied by two leaves. E. Bot. t. 45.
este ground, among ruins and by roadsides, in many places both in
gland and Scotland. £7. May, June. 2f.— Flowers of a beautiful blue.
es ape of the corolla is, as Sir J. E. Smith ‘observes, rather salver

on
üc

90 |PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. [ Myosotis.

than funnel-shaped, and thus the genus is with difficulty distinguishable
from Myosotis. Daily experience teaches us that the more natural the
families, the greater is the difficulty of framing decided marks of distinc-
tion in the genera.

8. Myosétis. Linn. Scorpion-grass.

(For the specifie characters, synonyms, &c., I am indebted to my
valued friend, W. Borrer, Esq. See ed. 3, of this Flora for many valu-
able criticisms by the same hand.)

1. M. palistris, * Kiphoff,” (great water Scorpion-grass or
Forget-me-not); calyx with straight appressed bristles, when in
fruit campanulate open shorter than the divergent pedicels,
limb of the corolla flat longer than the tube, pubescence of the
stem spreading (or wanting.) Æ. Bot. t. 1973. Hook. Scot. i. p.
67 (including M. cespitosa).—M. scorpioides palustris, L. Sm.
Fl. Brit. v. i. p. 212.

Ditches and sides of rivers, abundant. Fl. during the summer months.
U.—A very beautiful, though common plant, and considered to be the
emblem. of friendship in almost every part of Europe. About 1 foot
high. Flowers among the largest of our species, bright blue with a yel-
low eye, and a small white ray at the base of each segment.

2. M. répens, Don, (creeping water Scorpion-grass) ; calyx
with straight appressed bristles deeply 5-cleft, when in fruit
mostly connivent, shorter than the divergent pedicel, limb of

„the corolla flat, longer than the tube, lobes somewhat emarginate.
‘—Don MSS. Reichenb. in Sturm, cwm ic. Borr. E. Fl. Suppl.
t. 2703. —4M. palustris, 8. Hook. Fl. Scot. i. p. 67. Br. Fl. ed. 3,
p. 102.—à. Mert. et Koch.—1M. secunda ? Murr. N. FI.
Moist boggy situations in Scotland and England.—77. May— Aug. H.

3. M: cespitésa, Schultz, (tufted water Scorpion-grass); calyx
with straight appressed bristles, when in fruit campanulate open
shorter than the divergent pedicels, limb of the corolla concave -
equalling the tube, pubescence of the stem appressed. Reich. in
Sturm, cum ic. Borr. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2661.—M. lingulata,
Lehm.

Common in watery places, both on clay and bog. FV. May, June,
©. or d. Qf. or d. Sm.)—Root fibrous, not creeping, annual or bien-
nial, Stem throwing out fibres from the lower joints. Calyz sparingly
sprinkled with appressed white bristles, cleft more deeply than in M.

palustris, perhaps less than in M. repens. Corolla varying in size, but
usually not much exceeding the calyx,

4. M. alpéstris, Schmidt, (rock Seorpion-grass) ; calyx with
straight and a few curved bristles deeply 5-cleft, when in fruit
campanulate straight shorter than the slightly spreading pedi-
cels, limb of the corolla flat longer than the tube, root-leaves.
on long stalks. Lehm. Asperif. p- 86.— M. rupicola, E. Bot. t.
2559.— M. suaveolens, Waldst. et Kit.—M. sylvatica, B. Fries. |
, Highland mountains, at a great elevation ; but I am not sure that it

Myosotis.] PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. 91

; qna except on the Breadalbane range: extending as far as Sehe- —
Portu Fil. July, Aug. 21.—4—6 inches or even a foot high, with
Aene eaves. Lower leaves on very long footstalks, Nothing can ex-
seas EM beauty of the large blue flowers, which are at first so compact
e almost eapitate, then lengthened into racemes. Austrian speci-

ens have rather a larger proportion of curved bristles on the calyx than
Our British ones.

5. M. sylvática, Hoffm. (upright wood Scorpion-grass); calyx
With spreading uncinate bristles deeply 5-cleft when in fruit
vate closed shorter than the divergent pedicels, limb of the
Corolla flat longer than the tube, root-leaves on short dilated
Stalks, Zehm. Asperif. p. 85. Borrer in E. Bot. t. 2630.—
M. scorpioides, y. Huds.—Fl. Brit. v. i. p. 213. i

In dry shady places; chiefly in the North of England and lowlands
of Scotland: Essex and Kent. Holt, Norfolk. FL June, July. 2[.—

lowers very large and handsome. Various authors and eultivators
Pronounce this plant perennial, (Fries say “perennans,” Wahlenberg
"subperennans,") whilst the following species is indubitably annual,
tween which and the present individual I can point out no other dis-
tinctive characters more satisfactory than the somewhat more deeply-
üvided calyx of M. sylvatica, its shorter and less remarkably-hooked
o: the broader and flatter corolla, and the greater size of the whole

ant, $ i

6. M. arvénsis, Hoffm. (field Scorpion-grass); calyx with
Spreading uncinate bristles 3 5-cleft, when in fruit ovate closed
Shorter than the divergent pedicels, limb of the corolla concave
equalling the tube. Lehm. Asperif. p. 90. Borr. in E. Bot.
Suppl, t. 2629.— M. intermedia, Link.—M. scorpioides, o. arven-
Ss. Fh Brit... 212.

Very common in cultivated ground, hedgebanks, groves, &c. FI. June
—Aug. (9.— Although Linnzus included other plants, now regarded as
Species, in his ideas of M. scorpioides and arvensis, and even preserved
as such in his herbarium a specimen of the next species, yet, as it is
evident from F7. Suec. that this is what he held to be the type of the
var., I think it best to follow those botanists who have named it M.
QPvensis. Fries asserts that every Swedish botanist knows it to be the
f lpsissimam AZ. arvensem, Linn.” It is, moreover, the only one usually
9und in cultivated fields. This species and M. sylvatica are inextri-
fably confounded in Æ. Fi.

7. M. collina, Hoffm. (early field Scorpion-grass); calyx with
*"Preading uncinate bristles, when in fruit ventricose open equal-
mg the diverging pedicels, limb of the corolla concave shorter
than the tube, (raceme usually with one distant flower at the
ase.) Borr. in E. Bot. Suppl. sub fol. 2629.—M. arvensis, Link.
- Bot. t. 2558.—M. arvensis, y. Wahl. Fl. Suec. v. i. p. 120.
(excl, syn.)—M. hispida, “ Schlecht.”
On sandy banks, wall-tops and other very dry places. 77. April,
di Ay ; usually quite dried up by mid-summer. © .—May at all times be
‘tinguished from M. versicolor at a glance, by its brilliant blue flowers,
Which do not expand till by the uncurling of the raceme they are brought

ciliis) v ——— x aaa
SS a ene ; REC :

92 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA, [Anagallis:

into a perpendicular position, but continue open till the next 2 or 3 above
them are expanded. Colour an unchangeable blue.”—.7. E. Bowman, litt:

8. M. versicolor, Lehm. (yellow and blue Scorpion-grass) ;
calyx with spreading uncinate bristles, when in fruit oblong
(closed) longer than the almost erect pedicels, limb of the cor-
olla concave shorter than the exserted tube. E. Bot. t. 2558,
(ad calc.)— M. arvensis, y. versicolor, Pers.—M. arvensis, (2.
minor, Roth.—M. scorpioides collina, Ehrh. Pl. Exsicc. n. 51,
(according to Smith's copy).— M. scorpioides, 8. Huds. E. Bot.
t. 480. (fig. sinist.) — M. scorpioides, y. Linn.

Common in wet meadows, &c. as well as dry places; hence varying
much in height. Fl. Apr.—June. (9.— M. versicolor is distinguishable
at once from AM. stricta, (which is M. versicolor, B. Lehm.) by its stalked
racemes. In M. stricta, the flowers begin among the leaves, sometimes
from the very base of the stem ; I believe, too, that none of them are
yellow, and that they have a much shorter tube. “In M. versicolor
the flowers are first yellow, then they acquire a tinge of blue, and finally
become quite blue as the corolla shrivels. They also expand on the curled
portion of the raceme, while they are inverted, and by the time they be-
come erect are shrivelled.” J. E. Bowman, in litt.

9. AsPERÓGO. Linn. Madwort. .
1. A. procúmbens, L. (German Madwort). E. Bot. t. 86.

Waste places in the north: Durham. About Dunbar, and near Edin-
burgh. Purfleet. F7. June, July. ©. Stems procumbent, angular, rough
with short hooked prickles. Leaves oblongo-lanceolate, solitary or op-
posite, or 3—4 nearly from the same point of the stem; lower ones pe-
tiolate, all rough and slightly hispid. Flowers blue, axillary, solitary.
Peduncles short, at first erect, then curved downward. Cai. small, much
enlarged in fruit.

. 10. CvNoeróssuM. Linn. Hound’s-tongue.

1. C. officinále, L. (common Hound’s-tongue) ; stem-leaves
lanceolate attenuate at the base sessile downy, stamens shorter
than the corolla. Æ. Bot. t. 921. |

Waste grounds and by road-sides ; less frequent in Scotland. FZ, June, |
July. d .— Whole plant soft to the touch, dull green, with a fetid smell;

often 2 feet high. Lower leaves on long footstalks. Flowers purplish-
red. Fruit very rough.

2. C. sylváticum, Henke, (green-leaved Hound's tongue); stem-
leaves lanceolate broad at the base shining sessile slightly hairy
and scabrous especially beneath, stamens shorter than the corol-
la. E. Bot. t. 1642.

Shady places, by road-sides, &c. in the middle and east of England,
rare. Carse of Gowrie in Scotland. Near Balbriggan, Ireland. FU. June;
July. ¢ .— Distinguished readily from the last by its more or less shin-
ing and brighter-coloured /eaves, free from pubescence, and their differ-
ent figure. Root-leaves ovato-lanceolate, on very long footstalks.

ll. AwaGALLIs. Linn. Pimpernel.

+

1. A. arvénsis, L. (scarlet Pimpernel or Poor Man’s Weather-
glass); leaves ovate sessile dotted beneath, margin of the corolla

Cyclamen] . ^ PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. 93

renate piloso-glandulose. E. Bot. t. 529.—(. cerulea ; margins

9f the corolla toothed scarcely at all glandulose. A. cerulea,
chreb.—E. Bot. t. 1823.

Corn-fields, frequent. £. not rare in similar situations. FZ. June,

Je Y- O.— Flowers generally bright scarlet, sometimes blue, and Mr
ohn Dillwyn has found at Penllegare, S. Wales, specimens with the
OWers pure white, with a small, well-defined, bright purplish-pink

Pye in the centre of every corolla. The Rev. Professor Henslow has

fae: by cultivation from seed, that A. cerulea and A. arvensis are
Arléties of the same species. . :

2. A. tenélla, L. (bog Pimpernel) ; stem creeping filiform,
aves ovate or roundish stalked. Æ. Bot. è 530.

J et mossy bogs ; frequent in England, more rare in Scotland. FZ.
uly, Aug. 2{.—A beautiful little plant, as are all of this Genus :—
.—1 inches long. Leaves small. Flowers large in proportion to the

Sze of the plant, on rather long footstalks. Cor. pink.

12. LysimAcuia. Linn. Loosestrife.

l. L. vulgaris, L. (great yellow Loosestrife); leaves ovato-
lanceolate opposite or ter-quaternate, panicle many-flowered
terminal. Æ. Bot. t. 761.

Sides of rivers and wet shady places : less frequent in Scotland. FZ.
July, lf.—Erect, 2—3 feet high. Leaves nearly sessile, glabrous or
downy beneath. Panicle large, leafy, much branched. Corollas large,
Yellow, handsome.—I omit L. punctata, L. in the present ed, of the
è Ora : its existence on the banks of the Skerne not having been con-

"med, and probably a var. of L. vulgaris was taken for it.

9. L. thyrsiflóra, L. (tufted Loosestrife); leaves opposite lance-
“ate, racemes many-flowered stalked lateral. Æ. Bot. t. 176.
et marshes and water-sides, very rare in England ; Yorkshire,
Hertfordshire and Anglesea. More frequent in Scotland: near Forfar,
and at Duddingston Loch on the east; Canal-side near Possil, and near
9ssdhu, by Loch Lomond: in the former place most abundant and
Srowing in the water. Fi. J uly. 2£.—1—2 feet high. Flowers numer-
Ous, small, collected into dense, axillary, peduncled racemes. Number
3! the parts of the flower very variable. Cor. deeply cut into very nar-
OW segments, yellow, and as well as the cad. spotted with orange.

l 3. L. Némorum, L. (yellow Pimpernel, or Wood Loosestrife) ;
“aves ovate acute, stem creeping, peduncles l-flowered soli-
mate calycine segments linear-subulate, stamens smooth. E. Bot.
Sr..

* Woods and shady places, frequent. 77. during the summer months. 2f.

4. L. Nummulária, L. (creeping Loosestrife, Money-wort or
Herb. Twopence); leaves subcordate or ovate obtuse, stem pro-
Strate, peduncles l-flowered solitary, calycine segments ovate
cute, filaments glandular. Æ. Bot. t. 528. E. Fl. v. 1. p. 279.

ady places and pastures. F2. June, July. 2.

18. C€cLAMEN. Linn. Sow-bread.
l C. hederefolium, Willd. (Sow-bread) ; “leaves heart-

94 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. [ Primula. E

shaped angular finely toothed their ribs and footstalks rough-
ish. JE. FL v. i. p. 973.— C. Europeum, E. Bot. t. 548.

On a bank at Bramfield, Suffolk. Sandhurst Green and Goudhurst,
Kent. Fi. April. 2f.— Leaves springing from the top of the large,
tuberous root. Cor. white or flesh-coloured. Scapes spirally twisted
after flowering, so as to bury the seed-vessels in the earth.

14. PnímULA. Linn. Primrose.

l. P. vulgáris, Huds. (common Primrose); leaves toothed
wrinkled, scape single-flowered, limb of the corolla flat. Æ. Bot.
t, 4. — P. veris, y. acaulis, Linn.

Woods, hedge-banks and pastures, abundant. 77. April, May, and
till June on the mountains of Scotland. 2£.—If the scapes are traced
to their very base, they will be found to spring from one common point,
and to constitute a sessile umbel. The Rev. G. E. Smith finds the
flowers sometimes with styliferous filaments. :

2. P. elátior, With. (Oxlip Primrose); leaves toothed wrink-
led contracted below the middle, scape umbellate, limb of the
‘corolla flat. E. Bot. t. 513.—P. veris, B. elatior, Linn.

Woods and thickets, not common ; still rarer in Scotland. About
‘Dublin. Z7. Apr. May. 2{.—Mr Wilson finds specimens of this with
some scapes bearing solitary and others umbellate flowers; so that:
whatever may be thought of the following species, this cannot be con-
sidered really distinct from P, acaulis.

| 3. P. véris, L. (common Cowslip or Paigle); leaves toothed
wrinkled contracted below the middle, scape umbellate, caly-
cine teeth obtuse, limb of the corolla concave. Æ. Bot. t. 5.—
P. veris, a. officinalis, Henslow.

Meadows and pastures, frequent in a clayey soil in England : very
rare in Scotland. Near Edinburgh. Introduced about Glasgow. Fl.
Apr. May. 1{.—Various are the opinions respecting the above 3 Pri-.
mulas, as to the permanence of their specific characters. Professor
Henslow has seen them all produced from the same root: and thus, in
his useful little Catalogue of British Plants arranged according to the
Nat. System, has reduced them to vars. of P. veris, as Linnzus had
done. Few plants, however, can be more constant to the characters
here laid down than these are, as generally seen growing in their wild
stations. They rarely are found intermixed, and in Scotland the two
last kinds are scarcely known. Some are of opinion that the P. elatior
is a hybrid between the other two: but Mr H. F. Talbot found, upon
the summit of a high mountain, near the Lake of Thun, in Switzerland,
P. elatior in abundance, while P. veris was confined to the base of the
hill, and P. vulgaris was not found within 50 miles of it.

4. P. farinósa, L. (Bird's-eye Primrose); leaves obovato-lan-
ceolate mealy crenulated, calyx oblongo-ovate, limb of the co-
rolla plane its mouth obscurely glandular, the segments obcor-
date attenuated at the base distant * nearly as long as the tube.”
E. Bot. t. 6.

Mountainous pastures in the North of England, especially Yorkshire:
not unfrequent. Very rare in Scotland ; only seen, I believe, south 9
Edinburgh: the stations given in FJ. Scotica all belonging to the fol-

TUE IINE c reet

Villarsia.] PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. 95

lowing species. Not found in Ireland. FZ. June, July. 21.— One of
-° most elegant of plants, scarcely yielding in beauty to the next spe-
Ces, Tho powdery substance on the leaves, scape, and calyx, has a
Musky smell. Flowers pale lilac-purple, with a yellow eye.

5. P. Scética, Hook. ( Scottish Primrose); leaves obovato-lan-
ceolate mealy denticulate, calyx ventricose, limb of the corolla
flat its mouth glandular, the segments broadly obcordate ap-
proximate “half the length of the tube. Hook. in Fl. Lond. N.
5. t. 133, et in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2608.

p North coast of Caithness, discovered by Mr W. Gibb of Inverness.
;Tequent also on the north coast of Sutherland, and in the Orkney
Slands; growing upon the sandy shores. FZ. July. 2[.— A most dis-
tinct and rare species of Primrose, not half the size of the preceding,
ut with a stouter habit. Flowers deep bluish-purple, with a yellow
eye. In P. farinosa, the germen is broadly obovate and the stigma
Capitate : here the germen is globose, and the stigma with 5 points.

T Graham first observed the difference in the relative length of the
Segments of the corolla, a character which he thinks may be advantage.
Susly employed in distinguishing other allied species of Primula, This

as no affinity with P. stricta of Hornemann, to which Smith, though
doubtfully, referred it; nor have I yet seen specimens from any country
Save the north of Scotland.

15. Horronra. Linn. Water-Violet.

l. H. palistris, L. (common Water-Violet or Featherfoil) ;
flowers whorled on a long solitary cylindrical stalk, corolla.
nger than the calyx, leaves pectinated. Æ. Bot. t. 364.

Ditches and pools in England: not found in Scotland. Downpatrick,
Teland. Fl: June. 2.— Root creeping. Leaves all submerged. Flowers
arge, handsome, pale purple, rising above the water.

16. MENvÁNTHEs. Lin». Buckbean.

1. M. trifoliáta, L. (Buckbean or Marsh T'refoil). E. Bot.t.495.

Marshy places, boggy ground, &c. frequent. Fi. June, July. 2f.—

oots densely creeping and matted, so as often to render the boggy
Stound firm where the plant grows. Leaves ternate, stalked: leaflets
Obovate, obscurely toothed. The base of the leaf is sheathing, whence
Wises a fowerstalk supporting a compound raceme or thyrsus, of many
White flowers, tipped externally with red and beautifully fringed with
White filaments within.

17. Vinránsra. Vent. Villarsia,

l. V. nympheotdes, Vent. (Nymphea-like Villarsia) ; leaves
9rbieular-cordate floating, peduncles aggregate single-flowered,
©orollas ciliated. Hook. in Fl. Lond. N. S. t. 168.—Menyanthes,

nn.— E. Bot. t. 217. :

are; in rivers and still waters. In the Thames. Abundant in the
Canal near Downham Market and Wisbeach. In Yorkshire. F7. July,
ug. Y—A beautiful plant, easy of cultivation, and difficult to be
fradicated. Flower large, yellow, curiously plaited. The canals in Hol-
nd are sometimes covered with this plant, which has quite a different
habit from the true Menyanthes, Stigma 5-cleft. The ripe fruit I have:

96 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. [Erythrea.

not seen. Mr Brown says that in all the aquatic species of this genus,
the capsule is valveless ; 9-valved in the others.

18. ERYTHRÆA. Renealm. Centaury.

1. E. Centaárium, Pers. (common Centaury) ; stem nearly
simple, leaves ovato-oblong, flowers sessile (or nearly so) fasci-
culato-paniculate, calyx half as long as the tube of the corolla.
Chironia. Curt.—H. Bot. t. 417. (Gentiana.)

Dry pastures, frequent. Fl July, Aug. (9.—8—-10 inches to a foot
high. Root-leaves spreading, three-nerved, broader than those of the
stem, which are in distant pairs. Panicles of flowers fascicled near the

top of the stem, and forming a sort of corymb. Corolla handsome,
rose-coloured.

2. E. pulchélla, Hook. (dwarf branched Centaury); stem much
branched, leaves ovato-oblong, flowers pedicellate in lax pani-
cles, calyx nearly as long as the tube of the corolla. Hook.
Scot. i. p. 79.—Chironia pulchella, Willd.—.E. Bot, t. 458.—
Gentiana pulchella, Swartz.—G. Centarium, 8. L.

Sandy sea-shores ; England and Scotland. Cape Clear Island, Ire-
land. Fl. Aug. Sept. ©.—Stems 2—4 or 6 inches high, slender and
much branched from near the base. Panicle spreading, leafy, dicho-
tomous, with a single flowerstalk between the branches.— Probably only
a var. of the preceding. Cor. dark purplish-pink. Miss Warren.

3. E. littorális, Hook. (dwarf tufted Centaury) ; stem simple
er branched, leaves ovato-oblong, flowers sessile capitato-pani-
culate, calyx as long as the tube deeply cleft. Hook. Scot. i. p.
80.— Chironia, Turn. and Dillw. Bot. Guide, p. 469. E. Bot.
t. 2305.— C. pulchella, Don, Fl. Brit. fasc. i. n. 7.

Sandy coasts of Northumberland, Lancashire, Wales, Scotland. Port-
marnock sands, Ireland. F7. June, July. (9.— Varying in height from |
2—6 inches. Leaves all narrow. Cal. segments very long, as long as
the tube of the corolla, in my specimens scarcely united by a membrane
as in the 2 preceding species : but most of the characters given for this
Species, are said by Mr Turner, its founder, to vary in individuals he
has seen: and I fear it has little right to be kept distinct from Æ. Cen-
taurium. Mr Wilson finds many specimens which cannot be referred
to either, owing to differential marks as slight as those attributed to this
and the preceding one.

4. E. latifolia, Sm. (broad-leaved tufted Centaury); stem 3-
cleft at the top, flowers in dense forked tufts, calyx as long as
the tube, segments of the corolla lanceolate, lower leaves broadly
elliptical with 5 or 7 ribs. E. Bot. Suppl. t. 9719.— Chironia.
Centaurium, var. 9. Sm. Fl. Brit. p. 1393.

Sea-shore of Lancashire: sandy ground near the sea, to the north of
Liverpool. Near Holy-head. County of Down, Ireland. Isle of Staffa.
Fi. July. ©.—This has more the appearance of a species than either
of the two last. Some of my Irish specimens have the /eaves an inch
and a half long, and $ of an inch broad, not confined to the root, and.

rising one pair close above the other. Yet I can hardly persuade mysel
it is distinct from E. Centaurium.

-Vérbascum.] ^ PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA, ‘OF

19. Daróna. Linn. Thorn-Apple.

l. D.*Straménium, L. (common Thorn-apple) ; herbaceous,
“aves ovate angulato-sinuate glabrous, fruit ovate erect clothed
With numerous nearly equal spines. EF. Bot. t. 1988.

„Waste ground in England. FU, J uly. © .— The narcotic qualities of
this plant are well known. The capsule has 4 cells below, divided by

‘Donen’ Piments of which two only reach the top; hence the summit is
“celled, `

20. Hyoscyamus. Zinn. Henbane.

l. H. níger, L. (common Henbane) ; leaves amplexicaul sinu-
ated, flowers nearly sessile, Æ. Bot. t. 591. Z
Waste places, especially in a chalky soil; often near towns and vil-
ages. FZ. July. ©.—Stem much branched, rounded. Whole plant
Covered with unctuous fetid hairs. Leaves subovate. Calyx veined, as .
4S the large dingy yellow corolla, with purplish-brown lines ; its tubular
Part swells and firmly encloses the capsule, of which the upper part falls
Off like alid. Plant highly narcotic. ae

E 21. ATnÓPA. Linn. Dwale.

l. A. Belladónna, L, (common Dwale or deadly Nightshade) ;

stem herbaceous, leaves ovate undivided, flowers axillary on short
Peduncles. Æ. Bor. t. 592.

Hedges and waste places ; especially among ruins and near towns. FY,
June, U .—3 feet and more high. Leaves entire, some very large, but
placed iu pairs of unequal sizes. Flowers drooping, lurid purple. Berries
Shining, black, highly injurious when taken internally. Their effects are
Said to be best counteracted by drinking plentifully of vinegar.

22. SonÁwuM. Linn. Nightshade.

1. S. Duleaméra, L. (woody Nightshade or Bittersweet); stem
Without thorns shrubby climbing, leaves cordate, upper ones has-
"m corymbs drooping inserted opposite the leaves. Æ. Bot.t.
965. -
„Moist hedges and thickets : not common in Scotland. About Dublin.
: June, July. h .—Flowers purple, with 2 green tubercles at the base
of each segment. Anthers large, yellow, united in a pyramidal or cone-
Shaped figure. Berries ovate, red.—This has been much employed in
medicine, especially in rustic practice. A hairy var. is mentioned by
Ray, as growing on the southern coast of England.

2. S. nigrum, L. (common or garden Nightshade); stem with-
ut thorns herbaceous, leaves ovate bluntly toothed and waved,
Unbels lateral drooping. ŒE. Bot. t. 566. ` ig
p ate places, fields, &c., frequent. Fl June—Sept. © .— Flowers
White, Berries globose, black.

23. VerBAscum. Zinn. Mullein.

SRy, Thápsus, L. (great Mullein) ; leaves decurrent woolly

9n both sides, stem simple, spike of flowers very dense, 2 stamens
“ger glabrous. Æ. Bot. t. 549.

anks and waste ground, ina light, sandy, gravelly or chalky soil. F7.
VOL. 1, H

“98 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA, [Verbascum

July, Aug. d —BStem 4—5 feet high, angular, winged. Leaves thick,
excessively woolly, ovate or oblong. Spike long, cylindrical. Flowers
handsome, golden-yellow; when dried in the sun, giving out a fatty mat-
ter used in Alsace as a cataplasm in hemorrhoidal complaints. 3 of the
stamens hairy ; the 2 longer ones glabrous. l

2. V. Lychnitis, L. (white Mullein); leaves oblong wedge-
shaped nearly glabrous above, stem angular and panicled. Æ.
Bot. t. 58.

Road-sides, pastures, and fields, especially in a chalky soil. On clay-
slate, near Truro. FL. July, Aug. d .— Flowers numerous, rather small,
~eream-coloured. Leaves very woolly below. Stamens hairy.

— 8. V. *thapsifórme, Schrad.” (Thapsus-like Mullein); “stem
simple, leaves lanceolato-ovate, raceme spiked dense, bracteas.
longer than the woolly calyx, segments of the corolla obovate
rounded, 2 anthers oblong. D.C. Lindi. Syn. p. 181.—* y.
thapsoides, Willd”

* By road sides in Kent. F7. July, Aug. ¢.” Lindley.

4. V. pulveruléntum, Vill. (yellow hoary Mullein) ; leaves
. ovato-oblong subserrated pulverulento-tomentose on both sides,
stem rounded panicled. Æ. Bot. t. 487.

Road-sides on a gravelly or chalky soil : frequent in Norfolk and Suf-
folk. Den near Cullen, Scotland. “Fl. July. 4 .— Remarkable for the
mealy down on the eaves, which is easily removed from the surface.
Flowers large, handsome. “If the plant be struck suddenly and violently,
the expanded corollas will ina short time fall off, and the calyx will close
over the germen." Sm.)

5. V. nigrum, L. (dark Mullein) ; leaves oblongo-cordate
petioled crenate subpubescent. Æ. Dot. t. 59.

Banks and way-sides, particularly in a gravelly or chalky soil. Rare
‘in Scotland. Between Seton and Gosford. Banks of the Esk, and
Borthwick Castle. FZ. July, Aug. 11.— Leaves nearly glabrous, dark
green. Flowers in clusters on the almost simple long spike. Cor.
rather large, yellow. Stam. with bright purple hairs.

6. V. virgátum, With. (large-flowered Primrose-leaved Mul-
lein) ; “leaves ovato-lanceolate toothed sessile, radical ones
downy somewhat lyrate, stem branched, flowers aggregate part-
ly sessile." Æ. Bot. t. 550.

Fields, and by road-sides, rare. Near Wrexham, Mrs Nash ; also,
Bevere, near Worcester, (naturalized.) Perfectly wild about Gresford.
Mr J. E. Bowman. ` Near Plymouth and Lincoln. "Torpoint, Cors-
wall, George Oman; Esq. Fl. Aug. d$ .—Allied to the following.

7. V. Blattária, L. (Moth Mullein) ; leaves amplexicaul cre-
nate oblong glabrous radical ones sinuate, upper ones acuminate,
flowers stalked remote collected into an elongated branche

‘raceme. Æ. Bot. t. 393.

Banks in a gravelly soil, rare. In several places in Kent, (whence
specimens have been sent to me, from Cobham,) and not unfrequent in
‘Devonshire and Cornwall. . -F7 July. ©.

Azalea.) PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA, | 99

94. CoxvórnvuLvs. Linn. Bindweed.

l. C. arvénsis, L. (small Bindweed); stem climbing, leaves
Sagittate their lobes acute, peduncles mostly single-flowered,
"lacteas minute distant from the flowers. Æ. Bot. t. 312.
=~ Corn-fields, hedges, &c. especially in a light soil. FV. June, July, 2f.
~ lowers rather small, rose-coloured. Root running very deep into
the ground and difficult of extirpation.

2. C. sépium, L. (great Bindweed) ; stem climbing, leaves

Sagittate their lobes truncate, peduncles 4-sided single-flowered,

racteas large heart-shaped close to the flower. E. Bot. t 313.
—Calystegia, Br.

Moist woods and hedges, FZ July, Aug. 2£.—Much larger than the
ast in every part. Flowers very large, showy, pure white, (sometimes
Striped with pink. Wilson.) ; EA :

3. C. Soldanella, L. (sea-side Bindweed); stem prostrate,
leaves reniform fleshy, peduncles 4-sided single-flowered their

angles winged, bracteas large ovate close to the calyx. E. Bot.
t. 314.— Calystegia, Br. .

-. Sea-shore in sandy places, frequent. 77. June— Aug. 2£.—Root long,
creeping. Flowers few, large, rose-coloured. Capsules 1-celled.

25. PornEMÓNIUM. Linn. Jacob’s Ladder. !
l. P. cærúleum, L. (blue Jacob's Ladder) ; leaves pinnated

glabrous, leaflets oblongo-lanceolate. Æ. Bot. t. 14.

Banks and bushy places, rare ; chiefly found in the north. In Derby-
Shire and Yorkshire. About Queensferry, Arniston and Delvine woods,
Seotland. . Knockmaron Hill, Ireland. Fl. June, July. Y.—1—2 feet

igh. Stem angular. lowers large, blue, sometimes white,

26. AZzÁLEA. Linn. Azalea.

1. A. prociimbens, L. (trailing Azalea). E. Bot. t. 865.—
Chameledon, Link.—Loiseleuria, Desvaux.

Dry moory ground, on most of the Scottish Highland mountains,
among grass and moss; especially abundant in the north and nowhere
Perhaps more plentiful than on the Cairngorum range, where it forms
large dark green patches. £7. May, June. h.—A low shrub, with very
Woody tortuous stems, and crowded leafy branches. Leaves smali,
almost like those of Thyme, but quite smooth and glossy above, rigid,
“hannelled, their margins remarkably revolute ; midrib below broad and
Prominent. Flowers in short terminal racemes. Pedicels with short
vate bracteas at the base, swollen upwards. Cal. purple, deeply 5-
Sometimes 6-partite, segments oblong, fleshy. Corolla flesh-coloured,
Subeampanulate, with 5 oblong, moderately spreading, sometimes un-
“qual, obtuse segments. Stamens inserted upon a fleshy disk or base to
the germen, a little shorter than the corolla. Anthers of 2 oval cells,
Opening distinctly by a longitudinal fissure, lead-coloured. Germen
Upon a fleshy base or disk scarcely broader than itself, ovate, 2- or 3-
Celled, Style about equal to it in length; stigma capitate, obscurely
lobe - Capsule broadly ovate, with a somewhat spongy coat, purplish-
Town, opening by 2 or 3 valves, according as the cells are 9 or 3; the
Margins of the valves entering into the capsule and thus forming the dis-

(100 ,PENTANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. LLobelia.

sepiments ; again each valve is deeply cleft; so that on looking at the
upper half of an open capsule we find 4 or 6 valves or segments, each
having one of its sides introflexed, to form (with the introflexed side of
the neighbouring segment) a dissepiment of a double plate. Seeds fixed
to 9 or 3 lobes of a central, at length (when the valves open) free column
„or receptacle, oval, pale brown, dotted.

97. Vinca. Linn. Periwinkle.

l. V. mínor, L. (lesser Periwinkle) ; stem procumbent, leaves
oblongo-lanceolate their margins as well as the small lanceolate
teeth of the calyx glabrous. Æ. Bot. t. 917. — .

Hedges and banks in woods ; decidedly wild in Devon, with blue and
white fl. FI. May, June. 2£.— Wood of the shoots very tough ; not so
‘in the following species.

9. V. *mdjor, L. (greater Periwinkle) ; stem suberect, leaves
ovato-cordate their margins as well as those of the elongated
subulate segments of the calyx ciliated. Æ. Bot. t. 514.

Woods and thickets. FZ. May. 2£.—Twice the size of the former
‘in all its parts. Corolla mostly purple in both, but varying in intensity.
The anthers, stigma, and fruit(a follicle) are highly curious in this genus.

98. SAmouus. Linn. Brook-weed.

1. S. Valerándi, L. (Brook-weed or Water-Pimpernel) ; leaves
obtuse, racemes many-flowered, pedicels with a small bractea.
4. Bot. t. 708.

Marshy and watery places, especially in a gravelly soil. FJ. July.
2t.— This plant is very generally dispersed throughout the world. Stem
8-—10 inches high, rounded, glabrous, as well as the ovate, subpetiolate,
entire, fleshy leaves. Flowers small, white. Cal. small, 5-cleft, per-
sistent ; the segments crowning the rounded capsule.

29. JasíoxE. Linn. Sheep’s-bit.

1. J. montána, Li. (annual Sheep's-bit or Sheep's- Scabious) ;
leaves linear waved hispid, peduncles solitary elongated, root
annual. Æ. Bot. t. 882.

Dry heathy pastures, in a light gravelly or heathy soil. FZ. June,
July. ©.—Stem 6—10 inches high, branched. Flowers bright blue,
in terminal, dense, hemispherical heads, surrounded by a many-leaved
involucre. Cal. small, superior, 5-toothed. Cor. in 5 deep and narrow
segments. Anthers united at the base. The whole inflorescence has,
indeed, a very near affinity with that of the Class Syngenesia, where
Linn:zus placed it. :

90. LoBÉLIA. Linn. Lobelia.

1. L. úrens, L. (acrid Lobelia) ; leaves toothed nearly glabrous,
radical ones obovate petioled, upper ones lanceolate sessile, ra-
ceme terminal bracteated, calyx rough. Æ. Bot. t. 953.

Heathy ground, very rare ; only found near Axminster, F} Aug.
Sept. 24¢.—Milky, and, as its name implies, very acrid. One foot or
more high, with distant Jeaves and axillary branches. Flowers deep-
purple, slightly downy externally.

2, L. Dortmánna, L. (water Lobelia); leaves radical sub-

Campanula] ^^ PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA, DOUMNER

cylindrical and obtuse of two parallel tubes, stem scarcely leafy,
Owers racemed. E. Bot. t. 140. d
akes in the north and north-west of England, Scotland and Ireland,
especially in the mountainous parts, frequent ; often forming a green
apet at the bottom of the water with its densely-matted foliage. - F7.
uly, Aug. 2£.—Root a small, thick, fleshy stock, from which descend
Many fibres, and sending forth creeping filiform runners, (Mr W. Wilson).
eaves 2—83 inches long, a little recurved, formed of two parallel tubes
Or cells. Scape, or almost leafless stem, a foot or more high, according
. to the depth of the water. Flowers pale blue, drooping ; fruit erect.

31. PuvrEÓMa. Linn. Rampion.

l. P. orbiculáre, L. (round-headed Rampion); head of flowers.
Toundish, radical leaves ovato-oblong petiolate crenate those of
the stem as well as the bracteas lanceolate. J£. Bot. t. 142.

Chalky soils, to the south of London; but rare. On the downs of
Sussex and Hampshire; in Surrey and Kent. Z7. Aug. 2[.— Stem 1
foot high. Root-leaves numerous, but often withering while the stem
is yet in perfection, as is the case with those of Campanula rotundi-
Jolia : cauline ones remote, gradually becoming smaller upwards. Heads
of flowers of a most beautiful blue colour. The capsules too form a
Curious oval head, with their persistent calyces, each calyx spreading in
à stellated manner.

9. P.* spicátum, L. (spiked Rampion); flowers in an oblongo-
cylindrical spike, radical leaves cordato-oblong petiolatesomewhat

Oubly serrated, upper ones and bracteas linear-lanceolate short
Sessile. Lindl. Syn. p. 135. Borrer, in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2598.
— Woods, thickets, hedges and fields recently cleared of wood, in
Several stations about Mayfield and Waldron, Sussex, Mr Borrer.
irst detected in the former place in 1825 by the Rev. Ralph Price.
Fl. June, July. 21.—Formerly cultivated, and the root eaten as a sallad
or boiled. Much taller than the last. Spike of flowers 2—4 inches
Ong, greenish-white. Upper part of the stem almost bare of leaves,

82. CAMPANULA. Linn, Bell-flower.
* Corolla campanulate.
l. C. rotundifolia, L. (round-leaved Bell-flower or Harebell);

S'abrous, root-leaves subrotundo-cordate crenate (very soon
Withering) those of the stem linear entire. Æ. Bot. t. 866.
Dry and hilly pastures, borders of fields, walls, &c., abundant, some-
‘mes varying with white flowers. FV. July—Sept. 21 .— Panicle few-
9wered, lax. Flowers drooping. Whole plant slender and graceful.
* Wen the slight Hare-bell raised its head,
Elastic from her airy tread.”
2. C. pátula, L. (spreading Bell-flower); stem angular sca-
brous, leaves roughish dentato-crenate those of the root obovato-
anceolate subpetiolate those of the stem linear-lanceolate, pani-
Cles“ spreading, calycine segments toothed, corolla spreading.
* Bot. t, 42, i
astures and hedges, chiefly confined to the middle and south-eastern
Counties of England, and even there by no means frequent. FV. July -

M

102 ; PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. [ Campanula.

Aug. Q. (4. Sm.)—Somewhat allied to C. rotundifolia, but much
taller; with more branched panicles ; larger, more: spreading, more
purple flowers ; rough stems and leaves, and toothed or serrated caly-
cine segments.

3. C. Rapúnculus, L. ( Rampion Bell-flower); stem somewhat
angular hairy below, leaves roughish those of the root obovato-
oblong stalked crenate upper ones narrow-lanceolate, panicle
erect racemose, calycine segments entire, limb of the corolla
patent. Æ. Bot. t. 283.

In Kent, Surrey, Norfolk, and Hampshire, in a gravelly soil: and in
several of the midland counties, as far north as Yorkshire. Fl. July,
Aug. 14.— Taller (2—3 feet high), more erect and less panicled than the
last. Flowers almost racemed, little spreading at the mouth, more truly
campanulate. Calycine segments narrower and entire. The roots con-
stitute Ramps, and used to be much cultivated for the table. Now
they are principally confined to the kitchen-gardens of the curious.

4. C. *persicifólia, L. (peach-leaved Bell-flower) ; glabrous,
stem rounded few-flowered, root-leaves obovate stalked crenate
those of the stem linear-lanceolate subserrate sessile, calycine
segments entire, corollas spreading. Æ. Bot. Suppl. t. 2778.

Woods near Cullen, Scotland. F7. July. 2£.— Corolla large, spread-
ing. In wild specimens, the flowers are often solitary upon the stem.

5. C. latifólia, ( Giant Bell-flower); stem quite simple rounded,
leaves ovato-lanceolate acute seabrous erenato-serrate, peduncles
erect single-flowered, calyx glabrous its segments entire, fruit
drooping. LZ. Bor. t. 302. l

Moist. shady woods. In Norfolk, Suffolk, Bedfordshire and Derby-
shire, but rare ; less unfrequent in the north of England, and very com-
mon in woody glens in Scotland. New-Ross, Ireland. Fv. July, Aug.
Y.—2—3 feet high. Corolla very large, blue, often white in the
Scottish woods, This is the finest and most stately of our species.

6. C. rapunculoides, L. (creeping Bell-flower); stem. slightly
branched, leaves cordato-lanceolate scabrous crenate, flowers
solitary unilateral drooping axillary forming a leafy raceme,
segments of the calyx reflexed. Æ. Bot. t. 1369.

Woods and fields, rare. Oxfordshire. (Buddle’s Herbarium), On
the magnesian limestone between Went-bridge and Darlington, York-
shire. Blair in Athol, Scotland ; and found plentifully in corn-fields 2
miles N. W. of Kirkcaldy, by the late Alexander Chalmers, Esq? Fi.
July, Aug. 2£.—2f. high. eaves gradually narrower in the upper
part of the stem. Flowers large. ` Calycine segments entire, rough. .

7. C. Trachélium, L. (nettle-leaved Bell-flower); hispid, stem
angular, leaves petiolate cordate acuminate inciso-serrate, pedun-
cles axillary few-flowered, calycine segments erect. E. Bot. t. 12.

Woods. in. England, frequent. Fl. July, Aug. 2£.—.Leaves much:
like those of the Nettle, whence its English name.

8. C. glomeráta, L: (clustered Bell-flower); stem angular sim-
ple nearly smooth, leaves scabrous crenate oblongo-lanceolate;.
root-leaves petiolate those of the stem semiamplexicaul, flowers
sessile mostly in a terminal cluster. He Bot. t. 90.

Lonicera.] PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. 103

: In dry, principally chalky and clayey pastures; England. Hilly pas-
me In Scotland; but confined, I believe, to the east side, between the
ith of Forth and Montrose. 77. July, Aug. 2£.— Varying: much in
eight, from 3 or 4 inches to a foot. Flowers rather large, erect. Many’
Sight varieties of this plant are considered as species by the continental

otanists.

9. C. hederácea, L. (ivy-leaved Bell-flower); stem weak fili-
orm, leaves all stalked cordate angulato-dentate glabrous. Æ.

ot. t. 73.

In moist shady woods, in the south of England, and the west of Scot=:
land ; Wales, and Ireland. F. July, Aug. 2f.— A most graceful little
plant, growing in lax tufts like Sibthorpia Europea. | Peduncles long,
slender, mostly terminal. Flowers half an inch or more in length, at
first drooping, then erect ; pale purplish-blue. Fruit, which I have om

autiful specimens communicated to me by Mr W. Wilson, from North: -
Wales, an almost globose capsule, #ths adhering to the calyx, opening,
hot at the sides, but in the upper free part, between the persistent seg-
ments of the calyx. This is included in the genus Wahlenbergia of |
Sehrader. But it has not the habit of the other Wahlenbergie, which are,
as M. Alphonse de Candolle observed to me, all natives of the south-
ern hemisphere.

*** Corolla. nearly rotate.

10. C. hgbrida, L. (corn Bell-flower); stem simple or often

ranched from the base, leaves oblong crenate waved, corolla

Widely spreading shorter than the calycine segments, capsule
elongated triangular. E. Bot. t. 375.

Corn-fields of a dry and chalky nature, chiefly confined to the middle
and southern parts of England: near Guillon, Edinburgh ; Dr Balfour.
FL. Aug. ©. ; TU

93. LowicÉRA. Linn. Honey-suckle. i

1. L.* Caprifólium, L. (pale perfoliate Honey-suckle); flowers
tingent whorled terminal sessile, upper leaves connato-perfo-
late. Æ. Bot. t. 799. |

Woods and thickets, rare. Oxfordshire and Cambridgeshire. In
Collinton woods and on Corstorphine hill near Edinburgh, and in hedges
at Dalmeny, Linlithgowshire. Fl. June. h.—Berries smooth, of an
9rànge-colour.

2. L. Pericljmenum, L. (common Honey-suckle ; Woodbine);
flowers ringent capitate terminal, leavesall distinct. Æ. Bot. t. 800.

Frequent in woods and hedges ;

« And honey-suckle loves to crawl

Up the low crag and ruined wall.”
Fi, June—Oct. h — Berries red. The stems of this and the last spe~
Cles invariably twine in one and the same direction.

3. L.* Xylósteum, L. (upright fly-Honey-suckle); peduncles 2-
flowered, berries distinct, leaves ovate acuminate entire downy.
E. Bot. t, 916.

Thickets ; near Sewenshele, Northumberland. Near Houghton Bridge,
4 miles from Arundel, Sussex. Fl. July. T; .— An erect shrub; with pale
Yellowish, small, scentless flowers, succeeded by bright scarlet berries. |

104 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. ~ [ Viola.

84. RuAmnus. Linn. Buckthorn.

|. 1. R.cathárticus, L. (common Buckthorn); spines terminal, flow-
ers 4-cleft dicecious, leaves ovate sharply serrated. E. Bot.é. 1629.

. Woods, hedges and thickets ; not unfrequent in England. About
Dumfries, Scotland. Near Cork and Lough Earnin Ireland. FI. May,
June. h.—A spreading shrub. Leaves with 4 or 6 strong lateral nerves
parallel with the margin or rib ; serratures glandular. Flowers in dense
fascicles. ‘‘ Inthe barren flower the tube of the cal. is campanulate, the
segments ovate, 2-ribbed. Pet. 4, oblongo-ovate, inserted below the
mouth of the cal., alternate with its segments : Stam. inserted just below
the petals : there is an abortive germen visible. In the fertile flower the
petals are linear, incurved above. Stam. abortive. Styles 4, united
half-way up, spreading. Stigmas small, slightly decurrent along the in-
ner edge ofthe styles. Germen superior" (Wilson.). Berries black,
nauseous, powerfully cathartic. They afford a yellow dye in an unripe
state ; the bark a green dye.

2. R. Frángula, L. (Berry-bearing Alder; Alder Buckthorn);
unarmed, flowers perfect, leaves obovate entire. Æ. Bot. t. 250.

Woods and thickets in England. Near Auchincruive, Ayrshire. FZ.
May. h.—A small shrub. Flowers pedunculate, axillary, somewhat
fascicled, whitish-green. Petals very minute. Berries dark-purple,
with two seeds, purgative.

35. Evénymus. Linn. Spindle-tree.

l. E. Buropéus, L. (common Spindle-tree) ; flowers mostly
tetrandrous, petals acute, branches glabrous, leaves ovato-lan-
ceolate minutely serrated. Æ. Bot. t. 362. de:

Woods and hedges ; frequent in England, and the south of Ireland :
rare in Scotland. King’s Park, near Edinburgh. 7. May. h.—WShrub
3—5 feet high. . Bark green, smooth. Leaves glabrous. Peduncle
bearing a few-flowered umbel, . Flowers small, white. Fruit obtusely
angular, very beautiful, rose-coloured. Arillus orange-coloured.—The
berries and even leaves are said to be dangerous, and the whole plant
is fetid. Of its tough white wood, skewers and spindles are made, and
Linnzeus tells us it affords the best charcoal for drawing.

. 86. ImPÁTIENS. Zinn. Balsam.

1. I. * Noli-me-téngere, L. (yellow Balsam or Touch-me-not);
joints of the stem swelling, leaves ovate serrated petiolate, pe-
duncles solitary many-flowered. Æ. Bot. t. 937.

Moist shady woods in Yorkshire and Westmoreland. Abundant in
a wet glen at Castlemilk, near Glasgow. Fi. July, Aug. ©.— Stem 1
foot high, rounded, succulent, fragile. Flowers large, yellow, spotted
with orange. : Capsule bursting elastically and scattering its seeds with
considerable force : the valves are then spirally twisted.— 7, fulva of.
N. America, (Borr. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2794), grows on the banks
of the Wey, near Guildford. ;

37. Vioua. Linn. Violet.
* Stemless, or nearly so.

1. V. Arta, L. (hairy Violet) ; leaves cordate rough as well:
as the petioles and capsules with hairs, calyx-leaves obtuse;.

Viola. PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. 105

latera] 1 : i
petals with a hairy central line, creeping sevons none.
E. Bot. t. 894. : deir aea

oods and pastures in England, principally in a chalky or limestone
m are in Scotland, and, I believe, found only in the neighbourhood
s dinburgh. FL April, May. Y.—Stigma an oblique point, in this.
nd the 4 following species. Flowers pale, rather dingy blue, scentless..
early allied to V odorata ; distinguished, as Mr Curtis well observed,.
a le short not creeping scyons, by the greater hairiness of the plant,.
Y the situation of the little bracteas of the scape; here below, in
` Sdorata, above the middle. “ Leaves crenate, rough underneath,
E narrower than in V. odorata. I finda monstrosity near Gresford,
c^ petal having a spur, and each anther having a process which en-
ers into the spur; the limb also with many dark purple streaks, and.
fc. ateral petals without the usual hairy tuft.” Mr Bowman. The
OWers of this and the following species are often destitute of petals,
and yet bear fruit. :

2y; odoráta, L. (sweet Violet); leaves cordate and as well:
35 the petioles nearly glabrous, calyx-leaves obtuse, lateral pe-
tals with a hairy line, scyons creeping. E. Bot. t.619.—6. Fl.

ite, lateral petals without the hairy line. V. suavis, Bieb.
oods, banks and pastures ; frequent in England, very rare in Scot-
Near Slateford and Collinton woods, Edinburgh. Wood near
stle Rock, Stirling. Hedges between Killiney hill and Bray,
and.— 5, Shropshire, Mr Leighton. Fl. March, April. 2t .— Flowers:
ae purple, fragrant, often white ; in many parts of Devonshire, in the

i Ted soil about Torquay especially, I have seen them very commonly

3 lilac colour. Bracteas inserted above the middle of the scape. Mr
ilson observes that the hairs of the scapes and leaf-stalks are de-
» Which is not the case with V. hirta.

3. V. palástris, L. (marsh Violet); leaves cordate or kidney-
Shaped quite glabrous veiny beneath, spur very short, lateral
Petals scarcely hairy, scyons none. J£. Bot. t. 444.

9gs and marshy grounds, less frequent in the south ; abundant in.

the mountains of Scotland, and at a very considerable elevation. FJ,

Pt June, and even in July in the colder regions. Y .— Flowers very

: I blue, with purple streaks. The petals are slightly hairy on one:

n € at the base, as Mr W. Wilson well observes ; the lateral ones have
9t a distinct line of hairs.

** Furnished with an evident stem.

4. V. canina, L. (Dog Violet); stem at length ascending chan-
st lled, leaves cordate acute, leaflets of the calyx acuminate,
A !pules long ciliato-dentate, bracteas subulate entire. Æ. Bot.
1,020. — , minor. V. flavicornis, Sm. E. Fl. v. i. p. 804. Forst..
* E. Bot. Suppl. t. $796. — f
t Woods, banks and dry pastures, frequent ; and in clefts of rocks upon
able ;oUntains at a considerable elevation. F7. April—Aug. 2f .— Vari-
M regard to size; but, as it appears to me, very constant to the
€ characters. In mountainous situations, the blossoms are often:
sa merous and large in proportion to the size of the plant. Flowers:
Entless, blue, purple or sometimes almost white. On the sandy Denes
in all mouth, and. other dry and barren places, this plant is very small
its parts, and becomes the V. flavicornis.

lang.
the Ca
BU

flexed

106 PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. [Ribes-

5. V. láctea, Sm. (cream-coloured Violet) ; stem ascending;
leaves ovato-lanceolate glabrous, stipules dentate, calyx-leaflets
acuminate. J£. Bot. t. 445.

On mountains and boggy heaths. Near Tunbridge Wells, and in
Cornwall. Near Peebles. Brandon Mountain, Ireland. £7. May. ?f.
— A small plant, with its eaves almost lanceolate, and narrower than in
the last species, and with pale blue or almost white flowers. But it ap-
pears very doubtful if it be really distinct. De Candolle makes it a var»
of V. montana of Linn. ; and it seems to agree also with V. lancifolia
of Thore, which again De Candolle considers to belong to V. pumila of
Villars ; to which indeed Mr Borrer would refer this and our var. minor
of V. canina.— Capsule scarcely longer than the cal., and turbinate or
flattened at top. Miss Warren.

6. V. tricolor, L. (pansy Violet or Heart's Ease) ; mostly an-
nual, stem angled branched, leaves oblong deeply crenate, sti-
pules lyrate pinnatifid——e. petals longer than the calyx.— V.
tricolor, L.—E. Bot. t. 1981.— V. Curtisii. Forst. in E. Bot.
Suppl. t. 2693.—86., petals shorter than the calyx. V. arvensis;
Murr.—Forst. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2712.

Banks and cultivated fields, frequent. 8. Corn-fields. Fv. the whole
summer. ©. d. or 2[.—Extremely variable, especially in the size and
colour of its flowers; yellow in V. Curtisti of Forster. Stigma, in
this and the following species, capitate, obliquely perforated.

7. V. látea, Huds. (yellow mountain Violet or yellow Pansy);
perennial, stem much branched at the base filiform, leaves ovato-
oblong crenate, stipules subpalmato-pinnatifid. Æ. Bot. t. 721.—
V. grandiflora, Huds.,—not Linn. 2— V. Sudetica, Willd.—8..
flowers all purple. V. amena, Sym.—y., leaves broadly ovate
subcoriaceous, flowers deep yellow.

Mountainous pastures; frequent in Wales, the north of England and
Scotland; «. and f. often growing together. y. Isle of Arran, Mr S.
Murray. A small yellow var. is found by Mr Tozer at the Land's End,
Cornwall. Fl. May—Sept. 2[.— The flowers are generally of a pale

yellow or sulphur colour, much larger than those of V. tricolor: often

the upper petals are purple, and in f. all are purple. Sir J. E. Smith
distinguishes V. lutea from the V. grandiflora, L. by the shortness of it$
spur; but M. Gay considers them identical. Distinct, however, as this is
from V. tricolor, it is very difficult to define the characters in words.

38. Rises. Linn. Currant and Gooseberry.

I. R. rübrum, L. (common or red Currant); without thorns
racemes mostly glabrous and pendulous, bracteas very small,
flowers nearly plane, petals obtuse. Æ. Bot. t. 1289.—8. pt
treum ; racemes slightly downy, erect in flower, in fruit pendu*
lous. R. petreum, Wulf. in Jacq. Austr, v. i. t. 49 (bad). E. Bol
è. 705.—y. spicatum; racemes spicate erect in flower and it-
fruit. R. spicatum, Robs. in Linn. Tr. v. iii, p. 240. t. 21. "n
Bot. t. 2290.

Alpine woods : by the Tees-side in England. In Islay, one of the
Hebrides, and about Culross in Scotland : not unfrequent in hedge
but scarcely wild in such situations.—@. North of England and Scotla®

Glauz] PENTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. 107

—

di Woods near Richmond, Yorkshire. F7. May. h .—JLeaves 5-lobed,

-Y Serrated, on longish stalks. Flowers greenish. Fruit usually

Quite m gardens white and rose-coloured. Mr Ward finds specimens

‘sf intermediate between R. rubrum and R, petreum ; and I am sa-
that R. spicatum is only another var.

th 2. R. alpinum, L. (tasteless Mountain Currant); without
n rns, racemes erect both in flower and fruit, flowers plane
Orter than the bracteas, leaves shining beneath. E. Bot. t. 704.
odds, in the north of England. About Bradford and Ripon, York-
.., Woods, and fissures of rocks, in Scotland. Woods at Cadzow
Eo near Hamilton. .F/. May. h.—Leaves small, frequently 3-
ema] ; lobes acute, deeply serrated. Racemes few-flowered : flowers:
al. Berries red.— Well distinguished by the length of its bracteas.

Shire

l 3. R. nigrum, L. (black Currant); without thorns; racemes
E downy pendulous with a separate simple flower-stalk at
their base, flowers campanulate, leaves dotted with glands be-
Meath, E. BorLt.1991. . : |

ü oods and river-sides, in various situations. Fl. May. h .—Berries
je largest of our Currants, black, much esteemed medicinally and for
mg jelly. The glands of the leaves yield a peculiar smell when
Sed, which has been compared to that of Savin, (Juniperus Sabini.)

brui

i 4. R. * Grossulária, L. (common Gooseberry) ; thorny, leaves
dunded and lobed, peduncles hairy single-flowered with a pair
Minute bracteas, fruit more or less hairy. Æ. Bot. t. 1999. —
U va-crispa, L—E. Bot. t. 2057. 3
edges and thickets. Apparently indigenous in Hamilton woods;
Cotland, Fi. April, May. h.— horns immediately beneath a fasci-
* of leaves, solitary, or 2—3 combined at the base, spreading. Fruit
Cf esteemed in cool and temperate climates, where alone it comes to
fen eetion ; and varying exceedingly by cultivation, in size, colour, and
“Our, }

39. Hipera. Linn. Ivy.

3 l. H. Hélix, L. (common Ivy) ; leaves ovate or cordate and
—5 lobed, lobes angular, umbel erect. E. Bot, t. 1967.
edges, woods, old buildings, or rocks and trunks of trees, frequent.
"00 ct. Nov. h.—Stems very long, creeping, throwing” out numerous
dare by which they adhere to hard substances. Leaves very shining,
Steen, often veined with whitish lines. Flowers small, pale green.
-teeth very minute. Petals reflexed. Berries smooth and black.
vas lety called the Irish Ivy is much cultivated. on. account of the
Y larger size of its foliage, and its very rapid growth. / :

40. GEAUX. Linn. Sea-Milkwort.

à 5 G. marítima, L. (.Sea- Millwort, or black Saltwort). E. Bot.

9 Sea-shore and muddy salt-marshes, abundant. FZ. July. 2f. — Stems

lis 9r 5 inches long, stout, branched, often procumbent, Leaves op-

soli ovate, glabrous, fleshy, entire, sessile, small. Flowers sessile,
aY, axillary, rose-coloured, with 5 obtuse, spreading lobes.

10& PENTANDRIA —DIGY NIA. [ Gentiana

41. ILLÉCEBRUM. Linn. Knot-grass.

1. I. verticillátum, L. (whorled Knot-grass); stems procum-
bent filiform glabrous, leaves broadly ovate, flowers axillary in.
crowded whorls. Æ. Bot. t. 895.

Marshy or. boggy ground, in Devonshire and Cornwall. FZ, July.
2[.—A small plant, with spreading and procumbent stems ; whites.
scariose stipules jagged at the margin ; and numerous whitish flowers.

49. TnuísruM. Zinn. Bastard-Toadflax.

1. T. linophýllum, L. (lint-leaved Bastard- Toadflax); leaves
linear-lanceolate, racemes panicled leafy, peduncles and pedicels
bracteated, fruit nearly globose. EF. Bot. t. 247.

Elevated chalky pactures, Cambridgeshire, Norfolk, Suffolk and Dor-
setshire. Ranmar hills, near Dorking, Surrey. FZ. July. UY .— Roots
woody, sending forth several herbaceous, spreading, leafy stems, termi-
nated by the somewhat paniculated leafy racemes. Segments of the
perianth white. Fruit strongly ribbed.

PENTANDRIA—DIGYNIA.
43. Sw£nRTIA. Linn. Felwort.

1. * S. perénnis, L. (marsh Felwort or Swertia); radical leaves
nerved ovate attenuated at each extremity, peduncles corymbose; |
segments of the corolla lanceolate acute. E. Dot. t. 1441.

Wales? Dr Richardson, accordiug to Hudson. But there is reason
to apprehend some mistake, and that it was never found wild in Britain.
Fi. Aug. M.

44. GeNTIÁNA. Linn. Gentian.
* Cor. subcampanulate, the mouth naked.

1. G. *acaális, L. (dwarf Gentian); leaves oblongo-lanceo-
late acute, flower solitary 5-cleft about as long as the quadran-
gular stem. Æ. Bot. t. 1594. — ;

Near Haverford- West, M. de S Amans';—the outcast of a garden,
not even naturalized. Fl. June, July. 2f. : :

9. G. Pneumonánthe, L. (marsh Gentian); leaves linear
flowers terminal and axillary sessile, corolla 5-cleft. Æ. Bor. t. 28-
+ Moist heathy places, in several parts of England. FZ Aug., Sept
2[.— Stem upright, 4 to 6 or 8 inches tall. Corolla large, deep blue.
within, having 5 broad greenish lines corresponding with the segments:

** Cor. somewhat funnel- or salver-shaped, with 5 large and 5
smaller segments.

3. G. vérna, L. (Spring Gentian); stem 1-flowered, leave’
crowded ovate, corolla salver-shaped with 5 large and 5 small
alternate bifid segments. Æ. Bot. t. 493. 4

Alpine pastures, rare ; between Gort and Galway, Ireland : on lime”

stone rocks in the Barony of Burren in the same country. Middleto?
in Teesdale, Durham. — F7. April, ?f. ,

4. G. nivális, L. (small alpine Gentian) ; branches single*

“ Cuscuta,] PENTANDRIA—DIGYNIA. - 109

lowered, leaves elliptical, corolla salver-shaped 5-cleft with in-
b. mediate small bifid segments, angles of the calyx acute
(brown). E. Bot. t. 896. .

onl ountains of Scotland, exceedingly rare, having been long gathered
"e 7 on Ben Lawers, by Mr Dickson ; but since found abundantly on
Cr ‘s on both sides of Glen Isla, Clova, by Dr Wight and Dr Graham.

tify Palleaeh, Mr F. Adamson. Fl. Aug. © .—This rare and beau-
; ul little alpine plant varies in height from 1 to 6 inches.

E Cor. 4—5-cleft, somewhat salver-shaped, fringed at the
oat, ——

b 9. G. Amarélla, L. (autumnal Gentian); stem very much
ranched many flowered, leaves ovato-lanceolate, calycine seg-
Ments nearly equal, corolla 5-cleft. Æ. Bot. t. 236.

I astures, particularly in subalpine situations, England, Scotland, and
reland ; especially abundant in limestone countries, Fl. Apr.—June,
and often through the whole summer and autumn. (3.—From 3 inches

. à foot high, branched from the base, and covered with flowers of a
Pale rather dingy purple. .

6. G. campéstris, L. ( field Gentian); stem very much branched

Many-flowered, leaves ovato-lanceolate, 2 outer segments of the
alyx very large ovate, corolla 4-cleft. Æ. Bot. t. 937.

illy pastures, frequent on a limestone or chalky soil in England and

and. Abundant in Scotland, especially near the sea. FI. Aug.—

ES © .— Flowers larger than in the preceding species, and so nume-

"S in specimens gathered on the Isle of Skye that I counted 86 on

9ne plant.
; 45. CóscuTA. Linn. Dodder.

l. C. Européa, L. (greater Dodder); heads of many flowers, -
Styles included, corolla (in flower) with a cylindrical tube longer
than the close-pressed calyx. E. Bot. t. 378. Hook. in Fl. Lond.

AS «^67. - ;

Parasitical on nettles, thistles, &c., not very general. F/. Aug., Sept.
sen Stems very long, red, having small tubercles or papillæ, which
“Se as roots. Flowers clustered, of a pale yellowish-rose colour.
Cales exist in the corolla, according to some authors, but are wanting,
“cording to others.

" 2. Q. Epilinum, Weihe, ( flax Dodder) ; heads of about 5
eshy flowers, styles included, corolla with a globose tube scarce-
aa than the spreading campanulate calyx. Reich. Ic. Bot.

a

got flax, Ellesmere, J. E. Bowman, Esq. Fl. Aug., Sept. Q.—'
et simple, yellowish-green. Flowers fewer in a head, and much
"e Succulent than in the preceding species, and cellular when seen

‘Talens. Tube of corolla always globose ; filaments very short.
br" broad and spreading, with 5 broad acute teeth.—lI believe this
Wa © quite a distinct species. It is abundant in Germany (whence it
the Probably introduced with flax-seed to us) and is very injurious to

“tops of this plant upon which it is a parasite.

3. "C. Epithymum, L. (lesser Dodder); styles exserted, heads

u

rusa at e p i a E E:

110 PENTANDRIA—DIGYNIA. [ Conium-

_of many small flowers, corolla with a straight tube longer that
_ the funnel-shaped calyx. H. Bot. t..55 (C. Europea).

Frequent on furze, heath and thyme, in exposed situations in Eng-

land and Scotland. #7. July, Aug. ©.—Smaller than the 2 preceding
species, especially in the flowers. Calya-segments acuminate.

46. HYDROCÓTYLE. Linn. White-rot.

1. H. vulgaris, L. (common White-rot, marsh Pennywort) ;
, leaves peltate orbicular somewhat lobed and crenate, heads 0
about 5 flowers. Æ. Bot. t. 751. A
Bogs, marshes, and banks of lakes, frequent. FI. May, June, 2f.—
Stems creeping ; producing, from their joints, clusters of petiolated
leaves and simple flower-stalks, which are much shorter than the pe-
tioles. lowers often with a reddish tinge.

- 47. SANÍCULA. Linn. Sanicle.

1. S. Europa, L. (wood Sanicle); lower leaves palmate with
the lobes trifid inciso-serrate, flowers all sessile. Z7. Bot. t. 98-

Woods and thickets, frequent. Fl. May, June. Y .— Leaves mostly
radical, finely serrated, almost ciliated. Heads of flowers small, white-

48. Eryneium. Linn. Eryngo.

1. E. maritimum, L. (sea Eryngo, Sea-Holly); radical leaves
roundish plaited spinous stalked, upper ones lobed palmated
amplexicaul rigid, involucres longer than the heads, scales of
the receptacle 3-cleft. Æ. Bot. t. 718.

Sandy sea-shores, frequent. FV. July, Aug. 21.— Whole plant very
stiff and rigid, glaucous. Leaves and involucres beautifully veiny-
Flowers blue, in dense heads, having at first sight more the appearance
of a compound flower (of the Class Syngenesia) than of an wmbellifer-
ous plant. The roots are well tasted, when candied, and they are con-
sidered stimulating and restorative, having been so employed in thé
days of Shakspeare. Linnsus recommends the bleached shoots as ?
substitute for Asparagus.

2. E. * campéstre, L. (field Eryngo); radical leaves subter-
nate, lobes pinnatifid, cauline ones bipinnatifid amplexicaul al
with spinous teeth, involucres lanceolate spinous, scales of the
receptacle undivided. Æ. Bot. t. 57.

Very rare ; found in Ray's time, near Plymouth, whence My Banks
has sent me beautiful specimens. Ballast hills on the Tyne, Mr Winch.
Near Daventry. Sandy fields, near Lismore, Waterford, Ireland. Z^
July, Aug. 2f.

49. Conium. Linn. Hemlock.

1. C. maculátum, L. (common Hemlock); stem glabrous spo — |
ted, leaves tripinnate, leaflets lanceolate pinnatifid with acut?
and often eut segments. Æ. Bot. t. 1191,

_ Waste places, banks, and under walls, not unfrequent. £7. Jun’
July. 4 .— Root fusiform. Stem 2—4 feet high, striated and spotte
_with purple, much branched upwards. Leaves large, much divided, whe?
bruised extremely fetid, yielding an extract which has been extensiv@?
employed in the cure both of scrophulous and cancerous maladies, 4”

Cicuta] `` PENTANDRIA—DIGYNIA, Seal

for the purpose of lowering the pulse. So powerful a plant should be

xr diseriminated from its allies; and it is best distinguished by its
"Aes stem, fetid smell, and by the unilateral partial involucres, toge-
"€t with the wayed ridges of the fruit. > ; j

50. Puysospirmum. Cuss. Bladder-seed.

l. P. Cornubiénse, (Cornish Bladder-seed).— P. aquilegifolium,
Koch — p. commutatum, Spreng. Umbell. Spec. p. 22. t. 4. f.
, 8.— Danaa aquilegifolia, All. Ped. n. 1392. t. 63.—Ligusticum
Iquilegifolium, Willd. Sp. Pl. v. i. p. 1425.—L. Cornubiense, L.
P. Pl. p. 359. E. Bot. t. 688.— Smyrnium tenuifolium nostras,
UL in Raii Syn. p. 209, t. 8. (fig. bad). i
Bushy fields in Cornwall; about Bodmin. FJ. July. 2f.—iStem a foot
and a half to 2 feet high, erect, striated, glabrous, panicled above.
Caves mostly radical, on long stalks, triternate ; leaflets wedge-shaped,
Cut and laciniated or deeply tripartite, the segments acute, glabrous or
Minutely downy on the veins and margins. Cauline leaves few, small,
ess divided, the segments longer and slenderer. Umbels on long ter-
Minal stalks, of 10—12 spreading, lax rays. Universal and partial in-
volucres of from 1—4 or 5 lanceolate, somewhat membranaceous leaves.
; rtial umbels spreading, rather lax, of many flowers ; of which several
n the centre bear only stamens and are consequently abortive. Cal.
vident. Petals rather long, almost unguiculate, white. Germen ovato-
Blobose. laterally compressed, furrowed; ovules very loose within.
"uit almost globose, laterally compressed, and contracted between the
arpels, so as to be didymous. Carpels reniform, globose, with 5
"ges: the coat crustaceous and so loose that the seed is free within.
N the first edition of this work, I have fully given my reasons for refer-
"Ing to this plant the P. aquilegifolium of Koch.

51. Smyrnium. Linn. Alexanders.

l. S. Olusátrum, L. (common Alexanders); cauline leaves ter-
Nate petiolate serrate. H. Bot. t. 230.

Waste ground and among ruins, especially near the sea; not unfre-
Went. F7. May, June. 4 .—Stem 3—4 feet high, very stout, furrowed.
ee bright yellow-green ; twice (or the lower ones thrice) ternate,
‘Sy: a very broad membranous base ; leaflets very large, broadly ovate,
E ed and serrated. Flowers yellow-green, in very dense, numerous,
ended umbels. Involucres nome. Fruit almost black when ripe.—

tomatic, but too strong and pungent to be agreeable. It was formerly
» as a potherb, and takes its specific name from olus, a potherb and

‘er, black ; in allusion, apparently, to the black colour of the fruit.

59. CrcóTA. Linn. Cowbane.

l. C. virósa, L. ( Cowbane.or water Hemlock). E. Bot. t. 479.
ha ditches, and about the margins of rivers and lakes in England and
a lowlands of Scotland ; but not very frequent. FI. July, Aug. Xf.
vatem 3—4 feet high, branched. Root and lower part of the stem,
"oin is very large, hollow, and divided by transverse partitions into large

i. 5. Leaves biternate, the radical ones pinnated ; leaflets lanceolate,

"rated. Umbels pedunculated.—A deadly poison to man, but cattle

* Said to eat the leaves with impunity,

'412 _ PENTANDRIA—DIGYNIA, [Helosciadium- —

58. Arium. Linn. Celery.

1. A. gravéolens, L. (Smallage or wild Celery). E. Bot. t-
1210.

Marshy places, especially near the sea; not unfrequent in England.
Musselburgh, Scotland. £7. Aug. ¢.—Stem furrowed, 2 feet high.
Leaves ternate; leaflets large, wedge-shaped, lobed and cut at the ex-
.tremity : the lower leaves are upon long stalks with their leaflets
rounder and truncate at the base. Umbels often sessile; peduncled ones

-of few flowers.-—'This is the origin of our garden Celery.

54. PrETRosELÍNUM. Hoffm. Parsley.

1. P. * sativum, Hoffm. (common Parsley); leaves decompound
‘shining, lower leaflets ovato-cuneate trifid and toothed, upper
ones lanceolate nearly entire, partial involucres filiform. Borr-
in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2793.—Apium Petroselinum, L.

_ Frequent on old walls, especially in the south-west of England.
Blarney Castle, near Cork. Fv. June, July. 4 .— introduce this at the
suggestion of my friend Mr Edward Forster, who remarks that it has #

stronger claim to a place in a British Flora than many plants that are

«universally admitted.

2. P. ségetum, Koch, (corn Parsley); radical leaves pinnated;
leaflets ovate lobed cut and serrated, upper leaves with linear
very imperfect leaflets, rays of the umbels few and unequal.—
„Sison segetum, L.— E. Bot. t. 228.

Moist fields, chiefly on calcareous soil, in several parts of the middle
-and south of England. Sea-shore, between Bognor and Little Hamp“
ton: and between Esher and West Moulsey, Surrey. Fl. Aug. ©. oF
d .—1 foot to 14 high, wiry, spreading, branched. Leaves few, mostly
radical. Universal involucre of about 2 leaves. Fruit ovate, strongly

ribbed.
| 55. Trixia. Hoffm. Honewort.

l. T. glabérrima, Hoffm. (glabrous Honewort) ; glabrous:
Aeaves tripinnate, leaflets linear filiform, involucre none.— Pim-
pinella dioica, E. Bot. t. æ1209.— Seseli pumilum, L. (Sm.).

Limestone, rare. Near Bristol on St Vincent’s Rocks ; at Uphill,
“Somersetshire ; Whorle Hill, Somerset ; near Athboy, county of Meath»
Ireland. FV. May, June. 2f.— Whole herb glaucous-green, pale, Te
markable for the narrow segments of its leaves, and its dicecious flowers
Root fusiform.

56. HexoscrAprum. Koch. Marsh-wort.

1. H. nodiflórum, Koch, (procumbent Marsh-wort); stem pro
cumbent, leaves pinnate, leaflets ovate subequally serrated, unt"
els sessile opposite to the leaves.—Sium nodiflorum, L.—*
Bot. t. 639.

Sides of lakes and rivulets. FZ. July, Aug. 2f£.—11..9 feet high
Leaflets of the radical leaves sometimes with a lobe at the base, on t 4
upper margin. Petals slightly incurved at the apex.

2. H. répens, Koch, (creeping Marsh-wort); stem creeping

E
Carum.] PENTANDRIA—DIGYNIA, 113

leaflets broadly ovate inciso-dentate, umbels on peduncles oppo-
Site to the leaves.— Sium repens, L.— E. Bot. t. 1481.
did Bey meadows and watery places in Oxfordshire, Cambridgeshire
Md 'edfordshire. Side of the Fergus, above the bridge of Ennis ; aud
uillon, Scotland. Fi. July, Aug. 2f.—Stems 6—10 inches long.
eaflets 5—9.—Searcely distinct from H. nodiff.

3. H. inundátum, Koch, (least Marsh-wort); stems creeping,
Wer leaves capillaceo-multipartite upper ones pinnatifid, un:-
ets generally of 2 rays.— Sium inundatum, Wiggers.— E. FI.
"CH. 5. 58. Son inundatum, E. Bot. t. 227.

sakes and pools that are dried upin summer. Z7. May, July. d ?
‘—Stems 4—6 inches long ; most of them capillaceo-multifid, with
Segments small and lanceolate. Partial umbels minute, scarcely
er than their énvolucres. Univ. involucre none. Fruit large in pro-
Portion to the size of the plant, striated. `

the
long

: 57. Sison. Linn. Bastard Stone- Parsley.

à E: S. Amómum, L. (Hedge Bastard Stone- Parsley.) E. Bot.
: 354,

si Paky, rather moist ground, under hedges, in England. Near Cold-
zeam, Scotland. Fl. Aug. ©. or $.—2—83 feet high. Lower leaves
Planated with lobed, inciso-serrate, ovate leaflets; upper ones cut into
“trow segments, Petals broad. Fruit roundish-ovate.— Smith says that

sa Seeds are pungent and aromatic ; and that they and the whole plant,
Vien bruised, emit a strong smell resembling that of Bugs.

58. /EcoPópniUM. Linn. Gout-Weed.

l. Æ. Podagrária, L. (Gout-weed). E. Bot. t. 940.

Gardens and wet places. Fl. May, June. 2f. — A foot and a half high.
Radical leaves twice ternate, upper ones ternate ; leaflets ovate, acumi-
tate, unequally serrated. The creeping root is pungent and aromatic. |

59. CÁnuM. Linn. Caraway.

E C. Cárui, L. (common Caraway) ; stem branched, partial
"!volaere none, universal scarcely any. Æ. Bot. t. 1503.
Meadows and pastures, in several places both in England and Scotland.
Ün, une. d .—Stem 1—2 feet high. Leaves doubly pinnated, cut into
“ar segments, of'which the lowermost are decussate. Umbels dense.
à pels agreeably aromatic, and well known in the kitchen and Pharma-
peia, under the name of Caraway seeds. /

2. C. verticillátum, Koch, (whorled Caraway) ; leaflets all
“Apillary in short whorled segments.— Sium, B. Fl. v. ii. p. 59.
“Sison L.—H. Bot. t. 895. RD |
1 In England, very rare; near Carlisle, 7. C. Heysham, Esq. 1836.
“i the flat parts of Wales; Killarney ; and near Bantry Bay, Ireland,
ES remely abundant in moist hilly pasturages on the West of Scotlaud,
l Pecially near the sea. FL July, Aug. Y .—Leuves mostly radical ; a
lei S common petiole bears a number of opposite multifid capillary leaf-
S, whose spreading makes them appear whorled. Stem a foot high,
Umbels few, terminal. Involucre very small,

I

== ee

SS See

TE mem

n

114 PENTANDRIA—DIGYNIA. [Bupleurum.

60. BóNiuM. Koch. Earth-nut.

1. B. flexuósum, With. (common Earth-nut). E. Bot. t. 988.
B. denudatum, DC.—B. Bulbocastanum, Huds.—Curt. Fl.
Lond. t. 24.— Conopodium, Koch.

Woods and pastures, frequent. Fl, May, June. Y .— Root a solitary
tuber, much sought after by children and pigs. Stem solitary, erect,
flexuose, with few Jeaves much divided into very slender, linear, or almost
setaceous segments. Fruit oblong, moderately ribbed, a little narrower
upwards, crowned with the straight s£y/es, which have conical, very tumid
bases. The true Bunium Bulbocastanum is a very different plant from
this, and has never been found in Britain.

61. PIMPINÉLLA. Linn. Burnet-Saxifrage. `

1. P. Saxifraga, L. (common Burnet- Saxifrage) ; radical leaves
pinnate their leaflets roundish sharply serrate or cut, those of the
stem bipinnate linear. Æ. Bot. t. 407.

Dry pastures, frequent. FZ. July, Aug. 2f.— Stem-leaves few; lower
and radical ones upon long stalks. Leaflets of the latter, often deeply
and pinnatifidly cut, and sometimes even bipinnatifid. :

2. P. mágna, L. (greater Burnet- Saxifrage) ; leaves all pin-
nate, leaflets ovato-serrate subincised the terminal one (rarely
the lateral ones) 3-lobed. Æ. Bot. t. 408.

Shady places, on a chalky or limestone soil, in several parts of Eng-
land. Near Cork, Mucruss and Killarney. Fu July, Aug. 2f.— Larger
in all'its parts than the foregoing, and the leaflets of the upper leaves
much broader and less divided.

62. Sium. Linn. Water-Parsnep.

1. S. latifólium, L. (broad-leaved Water-Parsnep); stem erect,
leaves pinnated, leaflets oblongo-lanceolate equally serrated,
umbels terminal. E. Bot. t. 204.

River-sides, ditches and watery places ; rather rare in Scotland. Fi
July, Aug. Y.— Stems 3—4 feet high, furrowed. Fruit small. Leaflets
distant, 5—9 on a leaf.

9. S. angustifólium, L. (narrow-leaved Water-Parsnep) ; stem
erect, leaflets unequally lobed and serrated, umbels pedunculate
opposite to the leaves. Æ. Bot. t. 139.

Ditches and rivulets, frequent ; not common in Scotland. Fi. July,
Aug. 21.—Smaller than the last. Stem striated: leaflets of the upper
leaves most unequal and laciniated ; radical leaves ovate, their lower- .
most leaflets distant.

63. BUPLEÚRUM. Linn. Hare's Ear.

1. B. Odontites, L. (narrow-leaved Hare's Ear) ; universal
and partial involucre each about 4—5-leayed, leaflets lanceolate
cuspidate longer than the umbels, leaves linear 3-nerved, sten?
panicled. E. Bot. t. 2468.

Rocks in the neighbourhood of Torquay. Fl. July 9.—AÀ small
plant, 3—6 inches or more high, with rigid, striated, pale yellow-gree?s
pungent leaves, Flowers in terminal, much involucrated umbels, |

`

CEnanthe.] ^ PENTANDRIA—DIGYNIA. 115

2. B.* rotundifólium, L. common Hare's Ear, or Thorow-wax);
Universal involucre wanting, partial involucres mucronate, leaves
perfoliate ronndish-oval; Æ. Bot. t. 99.

Corn-fields in England, on chalky soil. Abundant about Swaffham,
and in Cambridgeshire. Streatly, Berkshire, FZ July. (9. -

3. B. tenuissimum, L. (slender Hare's Ear); stem very much
branched, leaves linear, umbels lateral very minute few-flowered
Shorter (usually) than the setaceous involueres; Æ. Bot. t. 478.

Salt-marshes on the south and east coasts of England. Banks of the
Dee, below Chester. Mr Jas. Priceand Mr J. E. Bowman.— Fl. Aug.

ept, O.— Stems very wiry, slender. Leaves remote, very sharp,
Mostly 8-nerved. Umbels inconspicuous, often sessile, axillary.

4. B. * faleátum, L. ( falcate-leaved Hare's Ear); stem erect
Panicled, radical leaves obovate on long stalks, upper sessile lin-
far-lanceolate, partial involucre of 5 lanceolate leaves as long as
the flowers, universal 5-leaved. Corder, in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2763.

Norton Heath, near Ongar, Essex, growing by the road-side for nearly
à mile, Mr T. Corder, Jun. Fi. Aug. 2f .— [Itis observed by Mr Forster,
that Gerarde and Parkinson mention this as a native of Britain, but
Coupled with other species, such as B. longifolium and B. rigidum, L.,
Which have never been considered as aboriginal natives by any other
author; so that their authority, in this instance, is perhaps little to be de-
Pended upon. i

64. CENANTHE. Linn. Water-Dropwort.

.l. Œ. fistulésa, L. (common Water- Dropwort) ; root stolo-
Uferous, stem-leaves pinnated their main stalk as well as stem
cylindrical fistulose, umbels of very few rays. .E. Bot. t. 363. ;

, Ditches and rivulets, common. FZ. July, Aug. 2f.— Plant 2—3 feet
high, remarkably tubular and fistulose. Stem-leaves distant; the leaflets,
Which are few and small, are confined to the upper extremity of the leaves,

mbels small; the fruit large, turbinate, corky, tipped with the long
rather diverging styles, and forming dense globose heads as large as a
marble. Univ. involucre often wanting.

2. Œ. pimpinelloides, L. (Parsley Water-Dropwort); leaflets
9f the radical leaves wedge-shaped cloven, those of the stem
near entire very ‘long, universal involucre of several linear
Saves, E. Bot. t. 947.

Salt-marshes, not unfrequent ; less common in Scotland, and princi-
Pally confined to the West coast. Fl. July. 2f.—2 feet or more high.
Mbellules thickly crowded, forming almost spheerical heads with their

o
ost elliptical fruit, tapering at the base, straited, but not corky.

1 3. Œ. peucedanifolia, Poll. (Sulphur-weed Water-Dropwort);
®aflets all linear, universal involucre none, knots of the root
Sessile elliptical. (Sm.) E. Bot. t. 348.
resh-water ditches and bogs in Oxfordshire, Bedfordshire, and Suf-
folk, In Sussex. FZ. June. 2f.— Allied to the last ; found only, as it
DEBES: near fresh water: My specimens of this are from the Sussex
x ation, and far from perfect or satisfactory. Whether this and the pre-
ng be distinct or not, they are certainly not the species so called by

al

116 PENTANDRIA—DIGYNIA. t [Seseli.

De Candolle and other continental writers. The Œ. peucedanifolia
of Sm. is referred to Œ. silaifolia of Bieb. The Œ. pimpinelloides
of DC., of which specimens are distributed by the Unio Itineraria, from
Sardinia, has the fruit cylindrical, with a remarkably truncated callous base.

4, Œ. erocáta, L. (Hemlock Water-Dropwort) ; leaves tri-

: quadripinnate, leaflets cuneato-ovate cut and serrated those of
the upper leaves narrower, general involucre of few leaves. JE.
Bot. t. 2313.— Œ. apiifolia, Brot.— Hook. Br. Fl. ed. 2, p. 129.

Watery places, by ditches and rivers; frequent. FZ. July. 211.— Root
consisting of large fusiform tubers. . Plant 3—5 feet high : different from
all the preceding in the great breadth of its leaflets, and Jarge, much
ramified stems, full, it is said, of a poisonous yellow juice. But this juice
is by no means constantly present, as ascertained by M? Banks, Dr
Johnston and many others : hence appears to have risen another species,
the Œ. apüfolia, differing in no respect from the present but in the

` colourless nature of the juices.

5. Œ. Phellándrium, Spreng. ( fine-leaved Water-Dropwort) ;
leaves decompound nearly uniform with narrow oblong short
divaricated segments, pedun cles lateral, general involucre scarce-
ly any. Phellandrium aquaticum, L.—E. Bot. t. 684.

Ditches and pools.. Fi. July. 4.—Stem 2—3 feet high, very thick
below, much branched; branches spreading. Umbels rather small;
mostly perfect in every flower. ! i

65. /ErnÜósa. Linn. Fools Parsley.

1. Æ. Cynápium, L. (common Fool's Parsley, or lesser Hem-
lock) ; leaves uniform, leaflets wedge-shaped decurrent with
lanceolate segments. Æ. Bot. t. 1192.

Fields and gardens. FZ. July, Aug. (Q.—1 ft. high. Stem striated,
branched, very leafy. Leaves glabrous, doubly, or the lower ones trebly,
pinnate; segments ovato-lanceolate, variously cut. Umbels terminal,
on long stalks. Umbellules small, distant. Universal involucre none;
partial involucres of 3, long, pendent leaves all on one side, by which
this is readily known from all other umbelliferous plants.— The smell is
nauseous, and it is esteemed very unwholesome..

66. FawícunuM. Hoffm. Fennel.

1. F. eulgáre, Gertn. (common Fennel); leaves biternate,
leaflets linear-filiform pinnatifid, segments awl-shaped.— Ane-
thum Feniculum, L.—.E. Bot. t. 1208.— Meum Feeniculum, Spr.
E. Fl v. ii. p. 85.

Plentiful on chalky cliffs in England, near the sea, (Sm.) and in the
neighbourhood of towns and villages of Norfolk and Suffolk, at short
distances from the coast. Fl. July, Aug. Y .—Slem 3—4 feet high,
fistulose. Leaves much divided, with very slender segments. Flowers
dark yellow: the base of the styles very glutinous.—This is the true
Fennel of the gardens, and its seeds are esteemed as carminative. The

be. leaves are served up with Mackerel on the eastern coasts of Eng-
land. :

67. SísELI. Linn. Meadow-Saxifrage.
1. 8. Libanótis, Koch, (mountain Meadow-Saaifrage) ; stem

Crithmum.) PENTANDRIA—DIGYNIA. 117

furrowed, leaves bipinnatifid, leaflets incised the segments lan-

ceolate very acute, umbels kemispherical, universal involucre

of many leaves.—Athamanta Libanotis, L.—EH. Bet. t. 1883.—
ibanotis vulgaris, DC.

Chalky pastures, very rare. Gogmagog hills, Cambridgeshire (Ray) ;
and I possess fine specimens from the same county, through the kindness
of my friend Prof. Henslow. Between St Albans and Stony-Stratford.
Fl. Aug. 24..—Root fusiform, crowned with the fibrous bases of the old
leaves. Stem lito 2 feet high, Fruit hairy.

68. Liatsticum. Linn, . Loveage.

l. L. Scotieum, L. (Scottish Lovage) ; leaves twice ternate,
leaflets subrhomboid dentato-serrate not glossy, general involu-
cre of about 6 narrow leaves, calyx 5-toothed. Æ. Bot. t. 1207.
... Rocky sea-coasts, in the north of England and Scotland, frequent.
FL July. 4 .— Root fusiform, acrid but aromatic. Stem nearly simple.
Leaves mostly radical; leaflets large, deeply serrated, rather fleshy.— In
the island of Skye this plant is eaten raw and called Shunis.—The true
Loveage, common in gardens, Ligusticum Levisticum (now, the genus
Levisticum), has truly winged ridges to the fruit, and fewer vite; but
ìn other respects is nearly allied to this. It may, however, at once be
own by its larger size, branched stems, and more compound shining
eaves,

69. SinÁus. Besser. Pepper-Saxifrage.

l. S. praténsis, Besser, (meadow Pepper-Saxifrage) ; leaves-

tripinnate, leaflets linear-lanceolate opposite, general involucre -
of 1 or 2 leaves.— Peucedanum Silaus, L.—E. Bot. t. 2142.—
Cnidium Silaus, Spr.—E. Fl. v. ii. p. 91.

Pastures and meadows, not unfrequent in England. Near Oxenford
Castle and Kelso, Scotland. FZ. July— Sept. 4.— 1—2 feet high. Partial
umbels small, distant. Flowers pale yellow. Whole plant fetid when
bruised, apparently rejected by cattle.

70. Mum. Tourn. Spignel.

l. M. athamánticum, J aeq. (Spignel, Meu, or Bald-money) ;
all the leaflets multipartite, segments bristle-shaped. E. Bot. t..
2249.— Athamanta Meum, L.—Ligusticum Meum, Crantz.

. Dry alpine pastures, in the north of England and Scotland ; especially
in the Highlands, frequent. 77. June, July. 21.— Root fusiform, caten
by the Highlanders as an aromatie and carminative: at its summit are
the fibrous remains of former years’ leaves. Leaves long, dark-green,
soubly-pinnate. Flowers yellowish.— Remarkable for its setaceo-multi-

d leaf and powerfully aromatic smell. Bald, or Bald-money, is a cor-
ruption of Balder, the Apollo of the northern nations ; to whom this

plant was dedicated. 4

7]. Critamoum. Linn. Samphire.

uu marttimum, L. (sea Samphire) ; leaflets lanceolate fleshy,
Caves of the involucre ovate. — Z7. Bot. t. 819.

ocks by the sea-side : rare in Scotland, found only, I believe, on the

coast of Galloway and thence northward to Colzean Castle, Ayrshire;

N

118 PENTANDRIA—DIGYNIA. [ Peucedanum.

and at Aberlady, Haddingtonshire. Fl. Aug. 2f.— Whole plant very
succulent, pale green. Leaves bi-triternate.— When the process of dry-
ing this plant for the Herbarium is aided by immersion in hot water, a
number of white dots, as Mr W. Wilson observes, make their appear-
ance on the surface, which are quite opaque. Samphire makes a warm
aromatic pickle, and is sold for this purpose in England; being very
superior to the Salicornia herbacea, which often passes under the name
of Samphire, and is used in the same way.

79. ANGÉLICA. Linn. Angelica.

1. A. * Archangélica, L. (garden Angelica) ; terminal leaflet
lobed, seed free marked with numerous vittze. Æ. Bot. t. 2561.
—Archangelica officinalis, Hoffm.

Watery places, rare. Near Birmingham; upon the Thames’ side,
near Dorking; also in Durham. FU. June—Sept. d .—Stem 4—5 feet
high, and from 1—2 inches in the thickest diameter, glabrous, fistulose.
Leaves bipinnate ; flowers greenish-white.— Candied Angelica, a well-
known article in confectionary, consists of the prepared stalks of this
plant, and in that state is agreeable ; otherwise, the flavour, though aroma-
tic, is too powerful and pungent to be pleasant. Itis called Archangelica,
zen implying its imagined superiority in virtue to the following species.

2. A. sylvéstris, L. (wild Angelica); leaflets equal ovate
serrated at the base somewhat lobed, fruit with the interstices
of the ridges having single vitte. Æ. Dot. t. 1128.

Moist woods and marshy places, especially near rivers, frequent. £7.

July. 2f.— Plant 2—3 feet high. Stem purplish, pubescent. above, as
well as-the umbels.— Inferior in its qualities to the former species.

73. Peucipanum. Linn. Hog’s Fennel.

1. P. officinale, L. (sea Hog's Fennel, or sea Sulphur-weed ) ;
leaves 5 times tripartite, leaflets linear-filiform flaccid, involu-
eres few linear deciduous. Æ. Bot. t. 1767.

In salt-marshes, very rare. In Kent and Sussex ; on the coast of Essex.
Fl. July—Sept. 2£.—Remarkable for its large umbels of yellow flowers,
and its long and extremely narrow leaflets. The whole plant, espe-
cially the root, has a strong sulphureous smell, and the latter yields a
resinous substance, reckoned stimulant, but of dangerous internal use.

2. P. palustre, Moench, (marsh Hog’s Fennel, or Milk Pars-
ley); milky, leaves ternately decompound, leaflets opposite pin-
natifid, segments linear-lanceolate with a hard point, rays of the
umbel rough, involucres of many persistent lanceolate leaves.—
Selinum palustre, E. Bot. t. 229.

Marshy and boggy places, but apparently very local. Yorkshire and
Lancashire; about Norwich and the Isle of Ely. Ardineaple on the
Clyde. Fl. July. Uf. or d .—4—5 feet high, with very compound deaves ; `
abounding in a milky juice, which dries to a brown resin. The root is

said to be used by the Russians instead of Ginger.

3. P.* Ostráthium, Koch, (broad-leaved Hog's Fennel, or Mas-
ter- Wort); leaves biternate, leaflets broadly ovate lobed inciso-
serrate unequal at the base, sheaths very large, fruit with a very

Tordylium.] PENTANDRIA-——DIGYNIA. 119

broad margin, universal involucre none. Imperatoria Ostruth.
E. Bot. t, 1380.
oist pastures in various parts of Scotland ; the plant was formerly
much cultivated as a pot-herb. Fl. June. 2£.— Flowers white. Partial
"volucres several, subulate. De Candolle still keeps this distinet from
€ucedanum, on account of the obsolete calyx. —

74. PastinAca. Linn. Parsnep.

L. P. sativa, L. (common wild Parsnep); leaves pinnate downy

neath, leaflets ovate cut and serrated ultimate one 3-lobed.

: Bot. t. 556.

Borders of fields and pastures in a chalky or gravelly soil. About

ambridge : Crosby, by Liverpool. Abundant in Essex. FZ. July. d.
~Root fusiform ; the origin of our garden Parsnep. Leaves generally
Saning, Petals very convex, involute, yellow.

75. HERÁCLEUM. Linn. Cow-Parsnep.

l. H. Sphondylium,: L. (common Cow-Parsnep, or Hog-
weed); leaves pinnated rough hairy, leaflets pinnatifid cut sinu-
ated ultimate one somewhat palmated, petals unequal, fruit gla-
brous. Æ. Bot. t. 939.—4. leaves more deeply cut, lobes nar-
Tower. H. angustifolium, Sm. Fl. Brit. p. 307. | Jacq. Austr.
8d. 179.

Hedges, pastures and bushy places, frequent. FU. July. $.—4A
tall rank weed, 4—5 feet high. eaves coarsely serrated, sheaths
mflated.— Hogs are fond of this plant, and it is said to be wholesome
and nourishing for cattle in general. i

76. ToRDÝLIUM. Linn. Hart-wort.

1, * T. officindle, L. (small Hart-wort); 2 outer petals of the
flowers of the ray each with one very large lobe, involucres seta-
Ceous as long as the umbels, fruit with the thickened border beau-
tifully crenated and glabrous. Æ. Bot. t. 2440.— Condylocarpus,
Koch. |

Near London? Ray and Petiver. Fl. June, July. CO .—Hairy, 1
foot high : leaflets few, ovate, lobed and notched, upper ones confluent.

lowers beautiful, with the outer large lobes of the petals white. Fruit
Tough on the surface, and having a very thick, pale, deeply notched or
almost beaded border.

2. * T. máximum, L. (great Hart-woré); 2 outer petals of the
flowers of the ray each with 2 equal lobes, involucre linear
Shorter than the umbel, fruit with the thickened border scarcely
Notched and as well as the disk rough with appressed bristles.
E. Bot, t. 1173. 3

vare; in waste ground, about London, Oxford, and Eton. Between
Twickenham and Isleworth. Mr G. Francis. 1837. Fl. June, July.
À -~Much taller than the last, and with a greater number of more
anceolate leaflets. Involucre very short. Petals all comparatively
Small, rose-coloured. :

1 : E is
From eroydurve, the vertebra of the back, to which the jointed stems were

"RS
Ancied to bear some resemblance.

s

120 PENTANDRIA—DIGYNIA. [ Torilis.

- 77. Datcus. Linn. Carrot.

1. D. Caréta, L. (wild Carrot); bristles of the seed slender,
leaves tripinnate, leaflets pinnatifid, segments linear-lanceolate
acute, umbels with a solitary coloured abortive flower in the
centre, when in seed concave. Æ. Bot. t. 1174.

Pastures and borders of fields, very frequent. FU. July. 4 .— This
is the origin of our garden Carrot; a name derived, as Théis tells us,
from Car, red, in Celtic ; whence also comes Garance, the French name

for the red Madder-roots. Professor Henslow finds a var. with vivipa-
rous flowers, near Cambridge.

9. D. maritimus, With. (sea-side Carrot) ; bristles of the seed
flattened, leaves tripinnate, leaflets pinnatifid lanceolate fleshy,
segments rounded, umbels destitute of abortive flower, convex
when in seed. E. Bot. t.2560.—D. gummifer, DC. ( Woods).—
D. Carota, y. Fl. Brit. p. 300.

Sea coast of Kent and Cornwall." Anglesea. Island of Lismore, Scot-
land. Ireland. Æ} July, Aug. ¢.—Smaller than the preceding, with
broader and more fleshy leaves ; but I fear scarcely permanently distinct.

78. Catcauis. Linn. Bur-Parsley.

1. C. daucoides, L. (small Bur-Parsley); leaves bi-tripinna
tifid, segments short, umbels of few rays, general involucre none,
partial umbels of few flowers, their involucres of about 3 small
leaves. Æ. Bot. t. 197.
|. Corn-fields, on a chalky soil, principally in the east and south-east of
England. £7, June. ©.—Peduneles lateral and terminal.

2. C. latifolia, L. (great Bur-Parsley; hispid leaves pinnate,
leaflets decurrent pinnatifid and serrate, involucres ovate mem-
branous. Æ. Bot. t. 198.— Turgenia latifolia, Koch.— Tordylium, L.

Fields in a chalky soil, rare ; abundant in Cambridgeshire. Fl. July. ©-
— À very striking plant, and entirely different from the preceding. Leaves
broad for this tribe of Umbellifere, and comparatively little divided.
Flowers rose-coloured, large ; fruit large and abundantly aculeated.

79. Tonírnis. Adans. Hedge-Parsley.

J. T. Anthriscus, Gærtn. (upright Hedge-Parsley); stem erect
branched, leaves bipinnate, leaflets lanceolate inciso-serrate at-
tenuate, umbels terminal, involueres of many small subulate
leaves. E. FL v. ii. p. 48.— Caucalis, Huds.—E. Bot. t. 987.

Hedges and waste places. FU. July. ©.—Stems 2—8 feet high.
Fruit densely clothed with incurved bristles.

2. T. infésta, Spr. (spreading Hedge- Parsley); leaves bipin-
nate, leaflets ovate inciso-pinnatifid serrated, general involucre
of one, partial of few subulate leaves. Æ. Fl. ev. ii. p.43.—
Caucalis, Curt.—E. Bot. t. 1314.

Fields and way-sides, common. FZ. July. ©.—“ Fruit rough with
spreading hooked bristles, and 2 rows of straight appressed ones.” Wils-

3. T. nodosa, Gaertn. (knotted Hedge-Pursley); stem prostrate,

Anthriscus.) PENTANDRIA—DIGYNIA, — 121

cubels lateral simple subsessile, fruit sometimes warted.—
qucalis, E. Bot. t. 199.— Tordylium, L. nd

d. aste places by road-sides, frequent ; especially in dry, gravelly, or
dalky soils. F/. May, June. (9.— Leaves bipinnate; leaflets ovate,

Pinnatifid, segments linear, acute, short. Umbels capitate, opposite the
ase of a leaf. Flowers reddish. Outer fruits of the umbel most

“istly ; inner ones partially tubercled.

80. Ecuixépuora. Linn. Prickly Samphire. :

l. E. * spinósa, S. (sea-side Prickly Samphire, or Sea-Pars-
nep); leaves bipinnatifid the segments trifid subulate spinous,
'mvolucres entire spinous. ŒE. Bot. t. 2413.

) andy sea.shores, Lancashire and Kent. Fl. July. 2£.— A very prick-
Y and singular plant; but now, I fear, quite lost as a native of Britain.

81. ScAnpix. Linn. Shepherd’s Needle.

l. S. Pécten, L. ( Venus’ Comb; Shepherd's Needle ;) fruit
eee leaflets eut into many linear short segments. Æ. Bot.
* 1396.

f Corn-fields, abundant. FZ. June, July. ©.—Stem 4-—6 inches to a

ə t high, roughish. Leaves triply pinnate. Umbels of very few rays,
"i Partial involucres pinnatifid, or bipinnatifid. Fruit of singular

qb Pearance, and very large in proportion to the size of the plant and of
ie flowers that produce it,

82. AnTuriscus. Pars. Beaked-Parsley.
* Fruit smooth.
AA. sylvéstris, Koch, (wild Beaked-Parsley); umbels ter-
Minal stalked, stem glabrous, a little swelling below each joint.
—~Cherophyllum, Ln Begg 4 52.
nder the hedges and borders of fields, frequent. F. April—June.
—3 feet or more high, branched. eaves triply pinnate ; leaflets
°Vato.lanceolate, deeply cut. Umbels ‘at first slightly drooping. Partial
volucres of several ovato-lanceolate leaves. Fruit linear-oblong, with
à much less evident beak than in A. Cerefolium. This beak, alone, is
arked with a few ribs,

2. A. * Cerefólium, Koch, (garden Beaked- Parsley) ; umbels
eral sessile, leaves tripartite decompound, leaflets ovate pin-
natifid the ‘segments obtuse.— Scandix, L.— E. Bot. t. 1268.—

lærophyllum sativum, Hook. Scot. i. p. 98. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 48.

edges and about gardens. . Clifton, Notts. Dr Howitt. FL July.
ex. Slem slender, 13—2 feet high. Leaves pale yellow-green, deli-
uL Umbels sessile, lateral, of few rays, pubescent. Partial involucres

few, about 3, leaves, unilateral, linear. Umbellules small. Fruit large,
Perfectly glabrous, linear, tapering upwards.—Known as a sallad and
Pot-herip under the name of Garden Chervil.

lat

** Fruit muricated.

i 3. A. vulgáris, Pers. (common Beaked-Parsley); stem smooth,
e

Pers ternately decompound the segments obtuse, umbels oppo-
ite the leaves, fruit ovately conical hispid about twice as long

M ear art

Hos

CTS stc won ca

122 ‘PENTANDRIA—DIGYNIA. [ Myrrhis-

as the glabrous beak. Hook. Scot, i. p. 93.—Scandix Anthris- —
cus, E. Dot. t. 818. Es '

Waste places, by road-sides, especially near towns and' villages. FI
May, June. © .—2 feet or more high, swelling under each joint. Leaves -
slightly hairy. Partial umbels small, with small involucres. Fruit rathet
large, with a distinct furrow on each side which extends to the beak,
covered with hooked bristles.

83. CHEROPHYLLUM. Linn. Chervil.

1. C. temuléntum, L. (rough Chervil); fruit with obtuse ribs;
stem rough (spotted) swelling below each joint, partial invo-
lueres reflexed. E. Bot. t. 1521.— Myrrhis temulenta, E. Fl.
v. ii. p. 51. i i

Hedges and copses, common. FZI. June, July. 2£.—3 feet or more

high ; rough with hairs. Leaves doubly pinnate ; leaflets pinnatifid oF
inciso-lobate. ruit linear-oblong, striated. Umbels at first drooping-

2. C.*atreum, L. (tawny-seeded Chervil); pubescent, fruit
with obtuse ribs coloured, stem slightly swelling below the
joints, leaflets very acuminate inciso-pinnatifid. Æ. Bot. t. 2103.
—Myrrhis aurea, Spr.—E. Fl. v. ii. p. 52.

Fields, between Arbroath and Montrose, Near Corstorphine, Edin-
burgh, Mr G. Don. Fil. June. 1{.—3 feet or more high, branched, aro-
matic, Leaves tripinnate ; leaflets peculiarly attenuated, at least on the
upper leaves (for the radical ones are more obtuse), a character whic
distinguishes this from every other British species.

3. C. *aromáticum, L. (broad-leaved Chervil); fruit with ob-
tuse ribs, leaves subternate bipinnate, leaflets ovato-oblong sub-
acuminate serrate undivided. Don, in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2636-
Myrrhis aromatica, Spr-—E. Fl. v. ii. p. 52. ;

Road-side near Guthrie, leading from Forfar to Arbroath. Mr G-
Don. Fi. June. 21.—2—39 feet high, slightly pubescent below, glabrous
above. Leaves biternate ; leaflets large, undivided or rarely with @
small lobe near the base, pubescent beneath, In this, as well as in
aureum, there is sometimes a small general involucre. Leaves, 95
Persoon observes, resembling those of ZEgopodium Podograria ; the!
smell is aromatic. (Mr G. Don.)

84. MÝRRHIS. "os. Cicely.

1. M. odordta, Seop. (sweet Cicely); fruit large with very
sharp ribs and deep furrows between them.— Scandix odoratt:
L.—.H. Bot. t. 697. :

Pastures in mountainous countries, especially in the north of Eng’
land and lowlands of Scotland, generally near houses. FZ, May, June:
2f.— Whole plant highly aromatic, 2 feet and more high. Leaves larg?
triply pinnate ; leaflets pinnatifid, ovato-lanceolate, inciso-serrate. Many
of the partial umbels of this species, especially the inner ones, 8?
sometimes even entire umbels, prove abortive. The fruits are remar e
able for their large size and powerful fragrance, and, as Sir J. E. Smith
well observes, make a part of the humble luxuries and simple medicine?
of the mountain cottager.

Chenopodium.) . PENTANDRIA—DIGYNIA,

85. CORIANDRUM. Linn. Coriander.

" C. * sativum, L. (common. Coriander).— E. Bot. t. 67.

lelds and waste places, about Ipswich and in Essex, &c. F7. June.
medici ra is the only-true species of the genus, and is well known as a
E na plant. The seeds are highly aromatic, and sold enveloped in
hate. a Coriander comfits. Stem erect, leafy. Lower leaves bipin-
the the pinnze pinnatifid with broad, wedge-shaped, toothed segments:
ao leaves gradually more compound, with the segments very

Sho and linear, those of the uppermost leaves nearly setaceous.
Side IUS curious ; each carpel is hemispherical ; on its inner and flat
Ohe Boas a projecting margin, which :so combines with the opposite
bets E leave no line or furrow between the two, and they form a com-
ele ittle ball or globe ;. having, however when quite ripe, 10 obscure

Vated lines or ribs.

86. CnENoPÓDIUM. Linn, Goose-foot. -
* Leaves semicylindrical ; flowers with two bracteas each. `

" l. C. fruticósum, Schrad. (shrubby sea-side Goose-foot); leaves
“Micylindrieal, styles often 3 combined at the base, stem shrub-
Y— Salsola fruticosa, L.—H. Bot. t. 635.

Sets u the Norfolk coasts, especially at Cley; and those of Suffolk, Dor-

f... ae, Devonshire, and Cornwall: but rare. Fl. July, Aug. 2f.—3

axilla more high, with many erect, leafy branches. Flowers in small

the o 7 Clusters, sometimes solitary. Calyx unchanged in fruit, as in
9/'owing species.

* C. maritimum, L. (annual sea-side Goose-foot); leaves semi-

drieal a little tapering upwards, styles 2, stem herbaceous.

2
Ylin
Bot. t. 638.
the Ta-shore, frequent. FZ. July, Aug. (9 .— This has quite the habit of
: pe species : but is much smaller and an annual. Flowers solitary,
op 70 in the axils of the leaves, and each subtended by two small,
te, acute, narrow bracteas. Seeds horizontal. Wiis. 3

Ryo X
Leaves plane, undivided ; bracteas under each flower none.

ey C. ólidum, Curt. (stinking Goose-foot); leaves ovato-rhom-
id entire, flowers in dense clustered spikes, stem diffuse, Æ.
S t. 1034.— C. vulvaria, Linn. a,
œg ‘Ste places and under walls, especially near the sea. F7. Aug. ©.
Youn small, petiolate, greasy to the touch and covered with a pul-
Semblis. Substance, which, when bruised, yields.a detestable odour, re-
S that of putrid fish. Seeds horizontal. Wis.

ke C. polyspérmum, L. (many-seeded Goose-foot) ; leaves ovate
Stem. Spikes elongated subcymose. Hook. Scot. i. p. 83.—a.

- pol S all prostrate, leaves obtuse, spikes cymose leafless. C.
er USPer mu, E. Bot. t. 1480. E. FL v. ii. p. 15.—. stem
my, Caves acute, spikes leafy scarcely cymose. C. polysper-
m Curt, Lond. t. 17.—C. acutifolium, E. Bot. t. 1480. E.

ES 5 15

n ^ 9Tnwall.— 58. not unfrequent in waste places and among rubbish.
S. Sept. ().— The spikes of flowers are more or less cymose,

124 PENTANDRIA— DIGYNIA. [ Chenopodium

leafy and leafless upon the same individual: and I can by no means
assent to the opinion that the C. acutifolium is permanently distinct
from C. polyspermum, of which Wallroth, an excellent observer, says
~ ** variat foliis ovatis, obtusis, emarginatis, rubro-marginatis, acutis ; cymis
aphyllis et foliosis expansis." It is remarkable for its very numerous
dark brown, shining seed (which is horizontal, Wils.), in part only €!
veloped by the perianth.

*** Leaves plane, toothed, angled or lobed.

5. C. Bonus Henricus, L, (Mercury Goose-foot or good King
Henry); leaves triangular arrow-shaped (mostly) entire, spike
compound terminal and axillary erect leafless. Æ. Bot. t. 1033+

Waste places and way-sides ; frequent. FI. Aug. Y.— Stems | foo
high, striated. Leaves large, dark green, used, when boiled, instead 9
spinach. Calyx quite campanulate, 5.cleft half way down. Seed veh
tical, coated with a true pellicle, besides the capsular integument, s"
removing which the seed is smooth and shining. Wis.

6. C. intermédium, Mert. et Koch, (upright Goose-foot) ; leaves
triangular toothed, spikes long erect approaching the stem su?”
sim ple nearly leafless, flowers scattered on the spikes. C. urbi
cum, E. Bot. t. 717 (not Linn. according to Borrer).

Waste places, under walls, and about towns and villages, F} Aug
©.—Stem erect, angular. Leaves large, truncate or subcuneate at tP
base, of a light or subglaucous green, their margins deeply and irreg"*
larly toothed. Flowers on the spikes, in rather small, but remote, clus
ters; spikes very long and erect. Seeds or fruits (horizontal, roug
coated very tightly with a papillose, fragile pellicle, Wils.), large "m
comparison with those of the following species, “ almost as big as rap”
seed." ( Curtis.) :

7. C. rábrum, L. (red Goose-foot); leaves triangular som,
what rhomboid toothed and serrated, spikes erect compot”
leafy, flowers crowded on the spikes. Æ. Bot. t. 1711. Ka |

Dunghills and under walls. 7. Aug. Sept. ©.—Of a darker go
than the last. Stems frequently reddish.. Leaves always more oF €
attenuated at the base, by no means truncate. Spikes very compour
thick.—The salt (or alkali) contained in the juice of this plant crys
lizes upon the surface of the stem. Cal. in 3 deep segments. F j
seeds are vertical, small, smooth, enveloped in a very loose bladde’
skin. Wils.

8. C. botryódes, Sm. (many-spiked Goose-foot); * leaves tri?
gular shortly attenuated at the base scarcely toothed, spikes €” et
compound leafy.” E. Bot. t. 9247. -

At Yarmouth, Norfolk; and cliffs by the sea at Lowestoft. shor?
at South Shoebury. FI. Aug., Sept. © .—Much resembling the Jash
but smaller and less toothed in the margins of its Zeaves. This is 9”
different from the C. Botrys of Linn.

9. C. murále, L. (nettle-leaved Goose-foot); leaves ovate a
proaching to rhomboid acute toothed shining, spikes mu
branched eymose leafless. Æ. Bot. t. 1722, d

Waste places near towns and villages. Fi. Aug. (9.— Branche?
the spikes spreading. Flowers rather distant. Smell unpleasant-

Salsola.] PENTANDRIA—DIGYNIA, 125

vd C. hjbridum, L. (maple-leaved Goose-foot) ; leaves cor-
dd ngulato-dentate acuminate, spikes very much branched
^ymose divaricated leafless. Æ. Bot.t. 1919.
Tin places and in cultivated fields, not common : about London,
Bo Dedham, Ely, and Edinburgh. F7. Aug. (9.— Stems slen-
ib tho eaves large, with very prominent teeth or angles. Spikes similar
Zonta] ge but the branches are more remote and spreading. Seed hori-
G ils.
ğ E C. álbum, L. (white Goose-foot); leaves ovate inclining
fp ‘omboid erose entire at the base, upper ones oblong per-
x Y entire, spikes branched somewhat leafy, fruit smooth. Æ.
"M t. 1723.—8. leaves green more entire, spikes elongated
re branched. C. viride, L.
dk aste places, dunghills, &e., common. FZ. July, Aug. © .— Leaves
à Ted with a whitish and mealy substance, varying in their width, and
le erosion, or blunt toothing, of the upper half of their margins.
en these are nearly entire it is the C. viride of Linn.

Sg C. ficifolium, L. (fig-leaved Goose-foot) ; leaves ovato-
mg toothed and sinuated at the margin somewhat hastate,
Dper ones oblong quite entire, fruit dotted. H. Bot. t. 1724.

Se, "hills and waste ground, about London and Yarmouth. F7. Aug.
— PE ©. Seed horizontal.

b 13. c. glaúcum, L. (oak-leaved Goose-foot) ; leaves all ob-
bas toothed and sinuated at the margin glaucous and mealy
Neat} E ^ °
1, spikes compound leafless, seed very minutely dotted.
V20t. t. 1434.
aste ground, especially on a sandy soil about London. Fu. Aug. ©.
“ds vertical. Cal. in 3 deep segments, Stam. 1—3. Wils.

87. BÉTA. Linn. Beet. i

l. B. marítima, L. (Sea-Beet); stems procumbent at the
ES flowers solitary or in pairs, calycine segments entire,
` Bot, t, 985,
diit Shores, especially in a muddy soil, England; and the south, prin-
taj 9? Of Scotland. F7. Aug. 21.— Root large, thick and fleshy. Stem
S : Tanched, angular. Root-leaves subovate, succulent, entire, waved.
k es of flowers numerous, leafy ; leaves small, at the base of each
n or pair of flowers, which are greenish.—De Candolle says this is
havin a} and distinguishes it from the cultivated Beet, B. vulgaris, in
lea S One or two, instead of 3—4 flowers, in the axil of the upper

M Smith observes that, according to Linnzus, it differs from B.

E P .

a Me in the keel of the calyx being entire. The present is esteemed
alw 9lesome food when boiled. Mr W. Wilson finds that there are
ofte JS 3 styles, and that the germen is 3-seeded, that the flowers are

together, and that when the seed is ripe the germen becomes
and granulated.
88. SÁLsoLA. Linn. Saltwort.
S. Káli, L. (prickly Saltwort ); stems herbaceous pros-
dares, Ves subulate spinous scabrous, segments of the perianth
Sitled scariose. Æ. Bot. t. 634. |

Purple

n
ake

126 PENTANDRIA—DIGY NIA. [ Ulmus»

Sandy sea-shores, frequent. Fl. July. ©.— Stem angled, very much
branched. Flowers solitary, pale-greenish, sessile with three leaf-lik€
bracteas at the base of each.

89. HERNIÁRIA. Linn. Rupture-wort.

1. H. glabra, L. (glabrous Rupture-wort); stems herbaceous
prostrate clothed with very minute decurved hairs, leaves oval-
oblong glabrous, clusters of sessile flowers axillary. JE. Bot.
206. Bab. in Linn. Trans. v. xvii. p. 452. :

Near Newmarket. Rev. Mr Hemsted. Jersey and Guernsey; Ba
bington & Christy. Fl. Jane—Aug. 2f. ;

9. H. ciliata, Bab. (ciliated Rupture-wort); stems herbaceous
prostrate clothed with very minute decurved hairs, leaves ovaté
ciliated, clusters of sessile flowers axillary. Bab. in Linn. Trans
v. xvii. p. 453.—H. glabra, Guss.—Herniaria, Raii Syn. p. 160.

Near the Lizard point, Cornwall, Ray. Fl. June—Aug. Y4.—I had
considered this and the preceding to be mere varieties, but’ at the sug
gestion of Mr Borrer, I now separate them, and employ the character?
given by Mr Babington.

9. H. Airsáta, L. (hairy Rupture-wort) ; stems herbaceous
prostrate clothed with patent hairs, leaves oval-oblong, clusters
of sessile flowers axillary. (Bab.) E. Bot. t. 1379. Bab. in
Linn. Trans. v. xvii. p. 451.

Sandy ground near Barnet, G. Hudson ; but no one has since found
it, FL July, Aug. 2f,

' 90. ÜrMvs. Linn. Elm.

(With the English species of this genus, I confess myself
not to be well acquainted: and Scotland, so far as I can ascet”
tain, possesses but one really native kind, the broad-leaved Eim,
Ulmus montana. Dr Lindley appears to have made them ?
particular object of his study, and on him I have relied for the
following eharacters.)

1. U. campéstris, L. (common small-leaved Elm); leaves rhom*
boid-ovate acuminate wedge-shaped and oblique at the base
always scabrous above doubly and irregularly serrated, downy
beneath, serrature incurved, branches wiry slightly corky, whet
young bright-brown pubescent, fruit oblong deeply cloven naked
Lindl. Syn. p. 226. E. Bot. t. 1886. E. FI. v. ii. p. 20.

Hampshire, Sussex, and especially in Norfolk, frequent. FV. Marcel»
April. h —A large tree with rugged bark. Flowers in dense heads
each subtended by a small scale or bractea. This yields the best w09
of all the Elms, and is consequently employed for a great variety
purposes, particularly for articles that require to be exposed to moisture,
—The Hertfordshire Elm is supposed by Dr Lindley to be a va” z
this. :

2. U. suberósa, Ehrh. (common cork-barked Elm) ; leave
nearly orbicular acute obliquely cordate at the base, sharps,
regularly and doubly serrated always scabrous above, pubesce"

Ulmus, PENTANDRIA—DIGYNIA. 127

below,

b chiefly hairy in the axils, branches spreading bright:
Town

VD Winged with corky exerescences, when young very hairy,
ruit nearly round deeply cloven: naked; Lindl: Syn. p. 226.
‘Bot, t.2161...B. FI, v. ii. p. 21.— U. campestris; Lightf. Scot.
2:151. Hook. Scot. i. p. 85.
Wedges in all parts of England (Sm), and in Scotland; but scarcely
‘Senous, FZ March. b.—Remarkable for the cork-like covering
? the branches, which is full of deep fissures.
3 U. mdjor, Sm. (Dutch cork-barked Elm); leaves ovato-acu-.
inate very oblique at the base, sharply doubly and regularly
errated, always scabrous above, pubescent below with dense
Mts of white hairs in the axils, branches spreading bright
Town winged with corky excrescences, when young nearly
Smooth, fruit obovate slightly cloven naked.. Lindl. Syn. p.
BÉ. E: Bort. 2542. E: FEO. p Bt. |
Hedges in the neighbourhood of London, a doubtful native; (Sm.)
* March. 5.— More corky in its bark even than the.preceding, and
Probably not specifically. distinct from it.
4. U. carpinifólia, Lindl. (hornbeam-leaved Elm); leaves
E acute coriaceous strongly veined simply crenate serrate
s Shtly oblique and cordate at, the base shining but rather
s brous above, smooth beneath, branches bright brown nearly
"Tooth, fruit —? Lindl. Syn. p. 226.
Lj Our miles from Stratford-upon- Avon, on the road to Alcester; Prof:
Ndley. T. y
E U. glabra, Mill. (smooth-leaved Elm); leaves ovato-lanceo-
or acuminate doubly and evenly crenato-serrate cuneate and
‘que at the base becoming quite smooth above, smooth or
Slandular beneath with a few hairs in the axils, branches bright
ro smooth wiry weeping, fruit obovate naked deeply cloven.
-nqp, Syn. p. 926. Hi. Bot. t. 2248. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 23.—.
Vang sa ; leaves very glandular beneath. Lindl.—y. latifolia ;
“Yes oblong acute very broad. Lindl.
ods and hedges, in Essex, In Scotland ?—8. near Ludlow, Prof.
they — y, Claybury, Essex, Mr E. Forster. Fl. March. h.—To
jj, "Pecies Dr Lindley thinks that the Downton Elm and Scampston
of the Nurseries may probably belong.

U. stricta, Lindl. ( Cornish Elm) ; leaves obovate cuspidate
te at the base, evenly and nearly doubly crenato-serrate
ongly veined coriaceous very smooth and shining above,
t 99th beneath with hairy axils, branches bright brown smooth
a erect very compact, fruit —? Lindl. Syn. p. 227.—Pf.
"Volia ; leaves much smaller less oblique at the base finely
regularly crenated acuminate rather than cuspidate. Lindl,
In Cornwall and North Devon ;— f. less common. b.
E U. montána, Bauh. (broad-leaved or Wych Elm) ; leaves
tien ae cuspidate doubly and. coarsely serrated cuneate and
tly equal at the base al ways exceedingly scabrous above, even-

Oy

6.
nea

3:25 step ee

cto Re teet I mh i

128 PENTANDRIA—TRIGYNIA. [ Sambucus:

ly downy beneath, branches not corky cinerous smooth, fruit
rhomboid-oblong scarcely cloven naked. Lindl. Syn. p. 227.
E. Bot. t. 1887. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 22.— U. campestris, Willd.
Woods and hedges, frequent. Abundant in Scotland and certainly
wild. Z7. March, Apr. kh .—Distinguished at first sight by its large
spreading branches and broad leaves, appearing just as the “ hop-like
fruit” comes to perfection, A variety is called the weeping Elm. The
wood is of inferior quality. Of this species Dr Lindley says that the
Giant Elm and Chichester Elm are varieties. He observes, too, that
it is often confounded by foreign Botanists with U. pedunculata, a very
different species, not found in England, and closely related to U. rubra
of N. America.

PENTANDRIA—TRIGYNIA.
91. ViBónNuM. Linn. Guelder-rose.

l. V. Lantána, L. (mealy Guelder-rose or Wayfuring-tree);
leaves elliptic serrated veined downy beneath. Æ. Bot. t. 331.

Woods and hedges, especially in a chalky or limestone soil. Dun-
glass glen, Scotland. Fv. June. h.—A large shrub, much branched»
with the young shoots very downy. Flowers in large dense cymes
white. Cal-teeth very minute. Berry purplish-black.— The young
shoots are much esteemed in the Crimea for the tubes of tobacco pipes

t J
9. V. Opulus, L. (common Guelder-rose or Water- Elder) ;
leaves glabrous three-lobed acuminate and serrate, petioles wit
glands. E. Bot. t. 332.
Woods and coppices, not unfrequent in England, and Scotland. FL
June, July. h.—A small tree, very glabrous. Leaves large, subcordate

"broad. Cymes large, with white flowers ; the perfect ones small an

resembling the last ; abortive ones in the circumference, consisting of ?
very large, plane, 5-lobed petal, without either stamen or pistil. Flow-
ers erect. Berries reddish-purple, drooping.

92, SamBtcus. Linn. Elder.

F j e

1. S. Ebulus, L. (dwarf Elder or Dane-wort) ; cymes with
3 principal branches, leaflets lanceolate, stipules foliaceous, ste"
herbaceous. E. Bot. t. 475.

Way-sides and in waste places, not uncommon in England and Scot-
land and Ireland. 77. July. 2f.— Stem 2—3 feet high, angular a"
furrowed. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets serrated. Cymes large, termina’
purplish. Anthers large, purple. Berries spheerical, black.— ‘1b?
plant has a fetid smell and is violently purgative.

2. S. nigra, L. (common Elder); cymes with 5 principal
branches, leaflets ovate, stem arboreous, .E. Bot. t. 476.
leaves laciniated. E

Woods, coppices, &c., frequent. —£. Near Ayr. Fi. June. h —
small £ree, having the stems and branches full of pith. Leaves pinnate ’
leaflets serrated. Cymes terminal, large, cream-coloured, smelling, un
pleasantly. Anthers small, yellow. Berries purple-black, sometime

white.— The bark and flowers are used by country practitioners medic

nally, and the fruit is employed for making wines and preserves.

Statice,]

PENTANDRIA—PENTAGYNIA. 129

93. SraPHYLÉA. Linn. Bladder-nut.

l S.* pinnáta, L. (common Bladder-nut) ; leaves pinnated,
Webs without glands, styles 2, capsules bladdered. Æ. Bot.

X Thickets and hedges in Yorkshire ; My Hailstone. About Ashford,

ent, It is frequent in gardens. 77. June. b.

94. Tamarix. Linn. "Tamarisk.

l. T.*Gállica, L. (French Tamarisk) ; leaves minute am-
Plexicaul appressed acute, spikes lateral somewhat panicled
Slender much longer than broad. Æ. Bot. t. 1318.

Rocks, cliffs, and sandy shores by the sea, about the Lizard and St

ichael’s, Cornwall; Hurst Castle and Hastings. Near Landguard Fort;

Ut evidently planted. FV. July. b.
95. ConRieíOLA. Linn. Strapwort.

Ia. littorális, L. (sand Strapwort) ; stem leafy among the

flowers. E. Bot. t. 668.

are; on the south-western coast of England. On Slapham sands and
near the Star-point, Devon; and at Helston, Cornwall. - Fi. July, Aug.
~—Stems numerous from the top of the root, spreading, slender. Leaves
“ar, obtuse, somewhat fleshy and very glaucous. Stipules small, mem-
Tanaceous, white. Flowers small, in little branching clusters, from the
axils of the upper leaves. -

PENTANDRIA—TETRAGYNIA.
96. PARNÁSssIA. Linn. Grass of Parnassus.

th 1. Pp, palustris, L. (common Grass of Parnassus) ; bristles of
Bunnary 9—13, leaves cordate cauline one amplexicaul. Æ.
ot. t, 82, |
Bogs and wet places; frequent in the north. FZ. Aug.—Oct. 2f.—
Leaves mostly radical, on long footstalks, cordate, entire, nerved ; one
on the stem below the middle, sessile. Stem angular, from 1 inch (as
ij, e seen it in N. Ronaldsha, Orkney, with perfect flowers) to 8—10
Aches hish,- Flowers solitary, terminal, large, yellowish-white, hand-
nud Petals broadly obovate. Nectaries, each an obcordate scale,
Pposite the petals, fringed with white hairs along the margin which are
minated by a yellow pellucid globular gland.

PENTANDRIA—PENTAGYNIA. |
1 97. SrAtice. Linn. Thrift.

Flowers collected into a rounded head. (Armeria, De Cand.)
li l. S. Arméria, L. (common Thrift, or Sea- Gilliflower); leaves
drm Scape simple bearing a rounded head, awns of the calyx -

Wt. FF. Bot. t. 226. í
ou Muddy sea-shores, among rocks by the sea-side and upon the tops of

" highest mountains. FZ. July, Aug. ?f.— Leaves all radical, nume.
Inte: Heads of flowers rose-coloured, (white in Cornwall, G. Æ. Smith),
lea 'ülixed: with scales, and having, besides, a brown, membranous, 3-
E “c.-tnvolucre, terminating below in a sheathing, jagged covering to

Upper part of the scapes -- ` GAT TUE it hal

Vor, 1, - K

lin

130 PENTANDRIA—PENTAGYNIA. (Statice.

2. S. plantaginea, AM. (Plantain-leaved Thrift) ; leaves linear-
lanceolate 3—5-nerved, scape simple bearing a rounded head,
leaves of the involucre cuspidate, awns of the calyx long. All.
Ped. n. 1606.—S. scorzonerifolia, Willi.— 5S. cephalotes, Ait.—
Armeria alliacea, Willd.— Reich. Ic. t. 966. 1

Found in Aug. 1833, growing abundantly in the sandy district of
Quenvais on the west side of the Island of Jersey ; W. C. Trevelyan,
Esq. Fl. June, July. 2£.—Other synonyms might probably with safety
be brought, could we compare our plant, (which is certainly the S. plan-
taginea of the French, Swiss, and, I think, the German Botanists) with
authentic specimens. Itis readily distinguished from S. Armeria by the
strongly cuspidate involucre, broad leaves, and long setaceous teeth to
the calyx. Flowers pale purple.

** Flowers unilateral on a paniculated scape.

3. S. Limónium, L. ( spreading-spiked Thrift or Sea- Lavander ) i
leaves elliptic-lanceolate stalked mucronate single-ribbed, scape
angular with a much branched spreading corymb at the top,
calyx with deep acute plaited segments and intermediate teeth.
E. Bot. t. 102. ;

Frequent on the muddy shores and salt-marshes of England and Ire-
land : rare in Seotland, and confined, I believe, to the southern coasts-
Fl. July, Aug. 2£.— Leaves 4 inches to a span high, 4 or 3ths as tall as
the scape, single-ribbed with lateral oblique veins, mucronated : the mucro
is recurved, being ** a continuation of the margin of the leaf, and is chan-
nelled. Scape angular, often furrowed above, with a coarse uneven sut-
face." Panicle truly corymbose and level-topped, with spreading, oT
sometimes, recurved branches, in which respect it differs remarkably from
the following species. Ca/., as Mr Wilson observes, “ with deep ovato-
oblong, toothed, acute, spreading segments, reflexed in the margin an
with intermediate teeth. Anthers yellow. Pollen with 3 pellucid dots,
compressed. Germen granulated. Stigmas rough with prominent but
minute papilla.” — Notwithstanding the similarity. of appearance in the
blue blossoms of this plant to those of the Lavander, it is still but

« The sea-lavander, ‘ which lacks perfume.’ ”— CRABBE.

4. S. spathuláta, Desf. (upright-spiked Thrift) ; leaves spa-
thulate with a short mucro glaucous 3-nerved at the base, scape
branched from below the middle, panicle elongated, branches
distichous, spikes erect, calyx with plane blunt segments with-
out intermediate teeth. Desf. Fl. Atl. v.i. p. 2975. — S. cordata
G. E. Smith, in Cat. of Pl. of Kent. p. 18, t. 9. f. 2, (vix Linn.)
__S. binervosa, G. E. Smith in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2663.—S:
Limonium, 8. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 116.

Coast of Kent in several places. Harwich. Rocks near Holyhead,
and St Bees’ Head, near Whitehaven. Devon. Somerset. Mull of Gal-
loway, Scotland, Dublin, and N. of Ireland. FI. Aug. 21 .—Much credit
is due to the Rev. G. E. Smith, who published this plant in 1829, an
clearly distinguished it from 5. Limonium ; and no less to Mr W. Wilso?
' and Mr Goldie, both of whom had previously sent it to me as distinct
from S. Limonium : though they at first fell into the very natural error

of considering it to be the S. reticulata. Mr Wilson has so well T€
corded its discriminating characters in a letter to me of August 1923;

Linum] PENTANDRIA—PENTAGYNIA. 131

that T should do him injustice were I not to introduce them here. “ The
eaves (which are coriaceous and short in proportion to the height of the
Scape), have the midrib somewhat pellucid when held between the eye
and the light ; and there are besides, two parallel ribs or nerves extend-
‘Ng beyond the middle ; footstalhs bordered, so as to constitute of the
= ole a spathulate leaf. Mucro very small, always dorsal, not formed
or à Continuation of the (cartilaginous) margin, for that is continued round
the apex of the leaf, and above the mucro which is not channelled. Scape
round, With an even surface, a little zig-zag or wavy above, taking a fresh

rection at every branch of the panicle. Anthers white. Pollen with
—S5 pellucid dots, compressed. Germen smooth. Stigmas covered
With a teticulation of vesicles, not prominent, much larger than the
Dapille of S. Limonium.” The lower branches of the panicle are now
and then abortive or destitute of flowers, in both species.

5. S. reticuláta, L. (matted Thrift) ; leaves spathulate, scapes

Paniculated almost from the base with numerous slender zigzag

Istinctly bracteated branches, of which the upper ones only bear
9Wwers, flowers crowded. Æ. Bot. t. 328.

Muddy salt-marshes, but rare. Norfolk, principally at Cley, and
E Isbeach. FU. July, Aug. 2£.— Much smaller than either of the two
“st; with very short Jeaves. Scapes several from the same root, re-
Markable for their numerous, slender, entangled, barren branches, and
all, crowded flowers, in secund terminal spikes. The finest specimens

have seen of this species are sent to me by Professor Henslow from
Cley, gathered July 1829. They are 6 inches long and with such numer-
-"I3 barren branches as to satisfy me that the S. Caspia, of Willdenow,

the same ; as Marschal Bieberstein had rightly determined.

98. Linum. Linn. Flax.

l. L.* usitatissimum, L. (common Flax); leaves alternate
lanceolate, calycine leaves ovate acute 3-nerved, petals crenate,
Stem subsolitary. Æ. Bot. t. 1357. i

Corn-fields, not unfrequent. FZ. July. C .—One or one foot and a
half high, slender, branched above. Leaves distant. Flowers large,
Purplish-blue.— This, as may be inferred from its name, yields in the
Strong fibres of its bark the valuable flax of commerce ; while from the
TÉ a precious oil is expressed, known by the name of Lint-seed oil.
-. 68e seeds, too, are highly mucilaginous, and much employed in poul-
Ces, fomentations, &c.

2. L. perénne, L. (perennial blue Flax); leaves alternate
ĉar acute, calycine leaves obovate obtuse obscurely 5-ribbed
Sla rous, stems numerous from the same root. Æ. Bot. t. 40.
m halky hills : Cambridgeshire; Hinton, Northamptonshire; West-
Tuy. id Norfolk and Suffolk, Near Monkstown, Ireland. FZ J une,
al" L. angustifólium, Huds. (narrow-leaved pale F laa) ; leaves
ely nate linear-lanceolate acuminate 3-nerved, calycine leaves
Ptical three-ribbed mucronate. Æ. Bot. t. 881.
Nc andy and chalky pastures, principally near the sea. Kent, Sussex,
aran, Suffolk ; near Liverpool. Cornwall ; and near Plymouth.
t out Dublin. Fi. July. f.—All the three species of this division have
Steat Similarity in their habit. - The best characters, as observed by

lin

132 PENTANDRIA—HEXAGYNIA.: [ Drosera.

Sir J. E. Smith, are taken from the calyx. In the present the petals
are of a paler blue than in the preceding species, and smaller in propor-
tion to the size of the calyx.

4. L.cathárticum, L, (purging Flax) ; leaves opposite oblong;
stem dichotomous above, petals acute. Æ. Bot. t. 382.

Pastures, everywhere abundant. 7. June, July. ©.—Stem slender,
upright, 2—6 inches high. Flowers gracefully drooping before expan-
sion, white, small.

.99. SIBBÁLDIA. Linn. Sibbaldia.

. 1. S. procámbens, L. (procumbent Sibbaldia) ; leaves ternate,
leaflets wedge-shaped tridentate. Æ. Bot, t. 175.

Near, and upon, the summits of the Highland mountains of Scotland,
abundant. FY. July. 2.—Asmall,‘glaucous, slightly hairy plant, woody
at the base and roots. Petals small, yellow, sometimes wanting. Stam.
5—7. Pistils 5—8 or 10.—Nearly allied to Potentilla, as Mr W.
Wilson well observes.

PENTANDRIA—HEXAGYNIA.
100. DnósERA. Linn. Sun-dew.

1. D. rotundifólia, L. (round-leaved Sun-dew) ; leaves radical
orbicular spreading, petioles hairy, seeds chaffy. Æ. Bot. t. 867.

Bogs and moist heathy ground, frequent. Jv. July. 2[.— Leaves;
in all our species, covered with red pedunculated viscid glands, which
retain insects. Scape 2—5 inches high, glabrous. Flowers racemed,
secund, small, * each, as it successively occupies the apex of the perpendi-
cular part of the scape, expanding, but if the day be not sunny, it never
expands at all ; but the next above it does when it arrives at the apex.”
(J. E. Bowman). Styles variable in number.

2. D. longifolia, L. (spathulate-leaved Sun-dew) ; leaves radi-
cal spathulate very obtuse erect on long glabrous petioles, seeds
with a compact rough coat not chaffy. E. Bot. t. 868.

Bogs and moist heathy ground, not uncommon, but more frequent 18
the south than in the north. South of Ireland. F7. July. 21.— Well
distinguished from the following, by its rough, and not loose, coat to the
seeds, a character long ago observed and figured by Heyne Sehkuhr and
confirmed by Mr W. Wilson. Styles often 8; stigmas deeply cloven-
Mr W. Wilson detected a curious monstrosity in the flower of this, having
“one germen enclosed within another, and a third within the second 5
the external one open at the top and fringed with styles and abortive
anthers. Rudiments of seeds lined the inner surface as usual. The
inner germen had styles and anthers intermixed, and was closed at the
top, the innermost was more imperfectly formed, but with rudiments OF .
styles. There were 8 petals and about 6 perfect stamens in the flower. -
The same acute Botanist, too, observed that ‘‘ specimens* gathered 19
Cheshire abounded in colouring matter and stained the paper in whic!
e

f

years; so that the form of the leaves, seapes, and flowers is distinctly repre
sented through to the backs of the sheets on which they are fastened, a?

also upon the backs of several others. which may have, at different times?
lain above them ; and this though the specimens are perfectly dry. à

! With me, in the Herbarium, both D. Anglica and D. longifolia retain th
property of staining the papers that lie next to them for a great number ?

Peplis] . HEXANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. 133

they were placed, after having been dried, of a deep, rusty red colour,
Wi ich also penetrated several contiguous sheets ;—and that D. rotun-
difolia, on the same sheet, was found to possess a similar property, but
™ à much slighter degree."

,
3. D. Anglica, Huds. (great Sun-dew) ; leaves radical linear-
JPathulate erect on very long glabrous petioles, seeds with a.
90se chaffy coat. E. Bot. t. 369.
N On bogs in several parts of Scotland, as far north as Ardnamurchan.
near Warrington, Lancashire. Bedfordshire, Norfolk, and probably in
Other counties. F7. July, Aug. 2£.— This has much longer and narrower
„saves than the last, and would better deserve the name of longifolia.
“ut that character has never been considered (though I believe it is very
Constant) sufficient to separate this species from the last ; and a general
Opinion has prevailed, with myself as well as others, that the present was
Ut a variety of dongifolia.. Now, however, that Heyne and Mr Wilson
have Observed the true nature of its seed, an important and invariable
Character is established. Here the seed, as in Pyrola and Orchis and
in 7) rotundifolia, has a very loose, reticulated, even coat. In D.
longifolia the coat firmly adheres to the rest of the seed, and is rough
9T papillose. “ Embryo at the lower end of the seed, dicotyledonous,”
Wilson,

PENTANDRIA—POLYGYNIA.
101. Myostrus. Linn. Mouse-tail.
l. M. minimus, L. (common Mouse-tail.) E. Bot, t. 435.

N Corn-fields and waste places in England, in a gravelly or chalky soil.
>“ Of Ireland, Mr Niven. Fi. May. ©.—A small plant, from 2—6
ches in height.. Leaves erect, narrow, linear-spathulate, fleshy. Scapes
ender, bearing a single, small, greenish; flower. ^ Receptacle with
Numerous oblong germens, at first short, then lengthening out to from
779 inches, and resembling a mouse's tail. ;

D

CLASS VL—HEXANDRIA.6Stamens (equal in height):
ORD. I. MONOGYNIA. 1 Style.

* Flowers complete, having a double perianth (cal. and cor.).

: l. Bí£nnEnis. Cal. of 6 concave, coloured, inferior, decidu-

o? leaves. Pet. 6, each with two glands at the base. Berry
E 3-seeded.— Vat. Ord. BERBERIDEX, Vent.—Name; Ber-
"ys, according to de Théis, is the Arabic name of this fruit.

us Franxiénra. Cal. of 1 piece, inferior. Cor. of 6 petals.
À 'gmas 3. Caps. of 1 cell, 3—4-valved ; valves bearing many
eeds at their margins.— Nat. Ord. FRANKENIACEJE, St Hil. —
5 “med from John Franken, a Swedish botanist and Professor
edicine at Upsal, who died in 1661.

a Prus. Cal. campanulate, with 6 large and 6 al ternating
all teeth. Pet, 6, inserted upon the calyx, often wanting.

134 HEXANDRIA-—MONOGYNIA. [Ornihogalum-

Caps. superior, 2-celled, many- seeded.— Nat. Ord. LvrTHRARIEZ;
Juss.—Named from zerAsy, anciently applied to the genus Por-
tulaca, now to one somewhat similar in habit.

(See Lythrum in CL. XII.)

**- Perianth single, superior.

4. LEvoójuM. Perianth campanulate, superior, petaloid, of
6 equal pieces, a little thickened at the point. Flowers from a
spatha.— Nat. Ord. AMARYLLIDEA, Br.—Named from 2svxoc;
white, and io», a violet.

5. GarÁNTHUs. Perianth petaloid, of 6 pieces, 3 outer ones
spreading, 3 inner smaller, erect, emarginate. Flowers from à
spatha.— Nat. Ord. AMARYLLIDEH, Br.—Named from yado%
milk, and «doc, a flower. The French name, perce-neige, is very
expressive.

6. Narcissus. Perianth superior, coloured, with a spread-
ing 6-partite limb, and a campanulate or cup-shaped crown oF
nectary, within which are the stamens. ` Flowers from a spatha.
— Nat. Ord. AMARYLLIDEE, Br.—Named from vægan, stupor,
in allusion to the powerful and injurious smell of the flowers.
More immediately derivable from the youth Narcissus, who was.
fabled to be changed into this plant, an inhabitant sometimes
of watery places, by the banks of streams.

*** Perianth single, inferior, petaloid.

7. CoxvaLLARIA. Perianth inferior, petaloid, deciduous, 6-
cleft, globose or cylindrical. Berry 3-celled. Seeds 1—2 in
each cell.— Nat. Ord. SMILACE®, Br.—Name, convallis, a val-
ley ; from the locality of the species.

8. Árriuw. Perianth inferior, petaloid, of 6 ovate spreading
pieces. Caps. triquetrous. (Flowers umbellate, arising from @
2-leaved spatha.)—Nat. Ord. ASPHODELE®, Br.—Named from
the Celtic all, which signifies acrid, burning. ( Théis.)

9. G&aEA. Perianth coloured, of 6 persistent pieces, con-
nivent below, spreading above. Filaments not dilated at the
base. Capsule triangular. (Flowers corymbose or umbellate,
yellow, with foliaceous bracteas.)—Nat. Ord. AsPHODELEZ, Br.
— Named in honour of the late Sir Thos. Gage, Baronet, an ex
cellent British botanist. |

10. OnxiTHÓGALUM. Perianth inferior, petaloid, of 6 per
sistent pieces. Siam. alternately larger or dilated at the base
Capsules with 8 angles and 3 furrows. (Flowers racemose or
corymbose. Bracteas membranaceous.)— Nat. Ord. AsPHODELE
Br.—Named from ogc, a bird, and yore, milk. Linnzus 1m
agines that the roots of O. umbellatum are the “ Dove's Dung:
which was sold so dear at the siege of Samaria, as mentioned 1?

Tulipa.) HEXANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. 135

2d book of Kings. They are.still much used as food in the
Levant, (See E. Bot. t. 180.)

. ll. Scínra. Perianth inferior, of 6 leaves, petaloid, spread-
vig and deciduous. Filaments filiform, glabrous, inserted at the

ase of the perianth. (Lowers racemed.)—Nat. Ord. AsPno-
PELEm, Br.—Named from oxvAdw, to injure: in Arabic also,
asgyl. The root of S. maritima is said to be highly poisonous,
and it affords a valuable medicine.

12. HvacíxwTHus. Perianth inferior, of 1 piece, petaloid, 6-
deft or 6-partite, tubular, reflexed at the extremity. Stamens
Included. — Nat. Ord. AsPHODELEJE, Br.—Named from the
Youth Zyacinthus, who, being killed by Apollo, was by him
changed into a plant, whose foliage bore in dark streaks. the
Mitials of his name. Our only British species, having no mark
or figure on the leaf, was hence called non-scriptus.

. 18. Móscanr Perianth inferior, of 1 piece, petaloid, ovate,
inflated, 6-toothed. Capsule trigonous, with prominent angles ;
Cells 9-seeded. Duby.—Nat. Ord. AsPHODELER, Br.—Named
Tom pooryos, musk, a smell yielded by one species.

14. Anruiricum. Perianth inferior, petaloid, of 6 equal,
Spreading, elliptical pieces. Stam. ‘filiform, mostly bearded.
Capsule roundish, 3-celled ; seeds angular.— Vat. Ord. AsPno-
DELE, Br.—Named from avbegixos, applied by the Greeks to

the stem of the Asphodel.

15. AspAraeus. Perianth inferior, 6-partite, deciduous.
Stigmas 3. Berry globose, 3-celled. Seeds few. | Embryo ex-
Centrice.— Nat. Ord. AsPHODELEm, Br.—Name «oragayos, in
Greek, from oragaoow, to tear; many of the species being armed

With spines. -

16. Narruictum. Perianth inferior, petaloid, of 6 linear-
anceolate, spreading pieces. Stam. woolly. Germen pyramidal.
Caps, 3-celled, 3-valved. Seeds with an appendage at each ex-
ir emity.— Nat. Ord. Juncem, Juss.—Named from vaedne, a rod,
Probably from the elongated straight raceme of flowers. It is
remarkable that this word is an anagram of Anthericum, a genus
With which Linnzus had united it.

l7. FRITILLÁRIA. Perianth campanulate, inferior, of 6 pieces,
Sach with a nectariferous cavity. Stigmas 3. Capsule 3-celled,
S-valved, oblong. Seeds flat.—Nat. Ord. Lintacem, Juss.—
ame derived from fritillus, a dice-board. .

18. Tuxfpa. Perianth campanulate, inferior, of 6 pieces,
€claries 0, Stigma sessile, 3-lobed. Capsule trigonous. Seeds
at.— Nat. Ord. LILIACE®, Juss—Name from toliban, the Per-
‘lan name for a Turban, whose gay colours are similar to those

of the Tulip. ( Théis.)

136 HEXANDRIA—TRIGYNIA. [ Triglochin»

| 19. Áconus. Flowers arranged upon a spadix. Spatha 0.
Perianth of 6 pieces or scales, inferior. Stigma sessile. Cap-
sule indehiscent, many-seeded.—JVat. Ord. AnorpExm, Juss.—
Named from «, without, and xogiov, or xogn, the pupil of the eye;
the diseases of which it was supposed to remove.

**** Perianth single, inferior, glumaceous.

90. Juncus. Perianth inferior, of 6 leaves, glumaceous.
Caps. 3-celled, 8-valved ; valves with the seed-bearing dissepi-
ments in their middle. (Leaves rigid, mostly rounded, rarely
plane, glabrous.)—Nat. Ord. JuxcEx, Juss.—Named from jungo;
to join ; the leaves and stems of this genus having been employ-
ed as eordage.

21. LózuLA. Perianth inferior, of 6 leaves, glumaceous.
Caps. 1-celled, 3-valved ; valves without dissepiments. Seeds
3, at the bottom of the cell. (Leaves soft, plane, generally hairy).
— Nat. Ord. Juncem, Juss.—Name :—the Gramen Luzule o
Bauhin. Zuzula, Smith tells us, is altered from lucciola, or luz-
ziola, a glow-worm : because the heads of the flowers, wet with
dew, and sparkling by moonlight, gave the elegant Italians an
idea of those brilliant insects. Hence the learned author of the
English Flora contends for Luciola as the proper orthography:

(See Peplis in Orv. I. Polygonum in Cr. VIII.)

ORD. II. DIGYNIA. 2 Styles.

99. Oxfnra. Cal. of 9 leaves. Cor. of 2 petals, a little
larger than the cal. Nut triquetrous, with a broad membranous
margin. Embryo erect, inverted.—JVat. Ord. Pon veoNEz, Juss.
— Named from ofus, sharp or acid ; from the acid flavour of this,
as of many other plants belonging to the same natural family.

ORD. III. TRIGYNIA. 3 Styles.

23. RówEx. Cal. of 3 leaves combined at the base. Cor. of
9 petals. Stigmas multifid. Nut triquetrous, covered by the
enlarged petals, which often bear tubercles.—Nat. Ord. Porv-
GONE, Juss.—Name of unknown origin.

24. Toriéip1s. Perianth single, 6-partite, having a small
8-partite involucre. Stamens glabrous. Caps. 3—6-celled ; cells
united at the base, many-seeded.— Nat. Ord. MELANTHACEZ; -
Br.—Named in honour of Mr Tofield, an English botanist.

95. SCHEUCHZÉRIA. Perianth single, petaloid, of 6 leaves.
Anthers elongated. Capsules 3, inflated, 2-valved, 1—2-seeded-
— Nat. Ord. JUNCAGINEX, Rich.—Named in honour of the 3
Scheuchzers, Swiss botanists.

26. TRíaLooniw. Perianth of 6, concave, deciduous leaves;
3 outer, and 3 inner. Anthers sessile, lodged in the leaves 9

Frankenia.) HEXANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. 137 |

the Perianth, with their backs towards the pistil. Capsules 3—6, -
eil ed, united by a longitudinal receptacle, from which they
3 y separate at the base.—Nat. Ord. JUNCAGINER, Rich.—
mead from recs, three, and yaAwyis, a point; from the three
Points of the capsules.

27. Cónonrcuw. Perianth single, tubular, very long, rising

om à spatha; limb campanulate, 6-partite, petaloid. Caps. 3-

3: ed; cells united at the base.— Nat. Ord. MELANTHACE®, Dr.
amed from Colchis, where it was said to grow abundantly.

(See Elatine in Cr. VIII.) ;

ORD. IV. HEXAGYNIA. 6 Styles.

28. Actinocarpus. Cal. of 3 leaves. Petals 3. Germens 6—8.

9 apsules combined at the base, spreading in a radiated manner,

“Seeded. Embryo much curved.— Nat. Ord. Auismacem, De

se, —Named from az», a ray, and Apoc, a fruit ; in con-
quence of its curiously radiated fruit resembling a star.fish.

ORD. V. POLYGYNIA. Many Styles.

E ALÍísMA. Cal. of 3 leaves. Petals 3. Capsules many, clus-

Ss distinct, indehiscent, one-seeded. Embryo much curved.

hs E Ur. ALISMACEE, De Cand.—Named from alis, water,
Celtic. The genus is altogether aquatic. .

HEXANDRIA—MONOGYNIA.
1. BénBERIs. Linn. Barberry.

P l. B. vulgáris, L. (common Barberry); racemes pendulous,
Pines 3-forked, leaves obovate ciliato-serrate. Z. Bot. t. 49.
Trey 9Pses, woods and hedges, in England and Scotland. Near Fermoy,
‘eland, Fl. June. h .—Shrub with upright, twiggy stems. Flowers
galow, smelling disagreeably. Stamens highly curious in their forma-
ý x and in their elastic property when touched. Berries oblong; a little
ber red, tipped with the black style: they are agreeably acid and
used for preserves. :

9. FRANKENIA. Linn. Sea-Heath.

t Ax F. lévis, L. (smooth Sea- Heath); leaves linear revolute at

. 4 argin glabrous ciliated at the base. Æ. Bot. t. 205.

of uddy salt-marshes, about Yarmouth and the other eastern coasts

be Ngland. Isle of Sheppey, Kent. Fi. July. 4.—A humble procum-

Dale Plant, with wiry stems and numerous fascicled leaves. Flowers
TOse-coloured, terminal or from the axils of the branches. .

M F. * pulverulénta, L. (powdery Sea- Heath); leaves obovate

d glabrous above, downy and pulverulent beneath, petiole
ited. E. Bot. t. 2222. ;

Ound in the time of Dillenius and Hudson on the sea-coast of Sus-

> small l. July. ©.— Stems prostrate, repeatedly dichotomous. Flowers

er than in the preceding.

138 HEXANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. [Narcissus

8. PíPLIs. Linn. Purslane.

1. P. Pórtula, L. (water Purslane); flowers axillary solitary:
leaves obovate. Æ. Bot. t. 1911.

Watery places, not unfrequent. F/. July, Aug. (9.— Plant prostrate,
5—6 inches leng, creeping, little branched, Leaves opposite, glabrous
tapering at the base.

4. Leucésum. Linn. Snowflake.

1. L. *estívum, L. (Summer Snowflake); spatha many-flowe™
ed, style club-shaped. Æ. Bot. t. 621.

Moist meadows; Thames’ side, below Greenwich, especially the
Kentish shore; in Suffolk, Berkshire, Westmoreland, Northumberlan®
&c. » Fl. May. 2£.—Root bulbous. Leaves long, linear, keeled ; scape
2-edged. Flowers white, drooping.

5. GanaANTHUs. Linn. Snowdrop.
1. G. *nivdlis, L. (Snowdrop). E. Bot. t. 19.

Woods, orchards, meadows, pastures, &c., in very many places iB
England, Scotland, and Ireland. —F/. Feb. 2f.— Bulb ovate. Leavé
2, broadly linear, glaucous-green. Flowers solitary, drooping, elegant
rendering this plant a general favourite.

* Like pendent flakes of vegetating snow
'The early herald of the infant year,

Ere yet the adventurous Crocus dares to blow
Beneath the orchard boughs thy buds appear."

6. Narcissus. Linn. Daffodil.

1. N. Pseudo-narcíssus, L. (common Daffodil); spatha single
flowered, nectary campanulate erect crisped at the margin 0”
soletely 6-cleft, as long as the ovate segments of the periant?
KE. Bot. t. 17.

Moist woods and thickets. Rare in Scotland ; about Culross and

Dunoon, but scarcely indigenous. Near Templeogue, Ireland. F/. Mare
Apr. 2f.— Flowers large, yellow.

. 2. N, * poéticus, L. (Narcissus of the Poets); spatha mostly
- single-flowered, nectary very short concave membranous and
crenate at the margin, leaves with an obtuse keel. E. Bot. t- 975.

Heathy open fields on a sandy soil, said to be wild in Norfolk 2”
Kent. Fl. May. 1{.—Larger than the last, with a Jlower of a verf
different structure, and with a deeply coloured border to the nectar%
Its beauty and delicious odour have recommended it to general culture
Smith says this is the true Narcissus of the Greek writers, as cleat!
described by Dioscorides,

3. N. *biflórus, Curt. (pale Narcissus); spatha 2-flowere
nectary very short concave membranous and crenate at the
margin, leaves acutely keeled. : Æ. Bot. t. 276. i

Sandy fields, in Kent and Herts ; near. Totness, Devon : and abo
Dublin, frequent. FZ. April, May. 21.—Similar to the last in the gu
ral form of the flowers, but these are smaller, not of so pure a white, wit
out the coloured border to the nectary, and with a less agreeable scene

Allium) HEXANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. 139

7. CoxvarrÁnia. Linn. Lily of the Valley, or Solomon's seal.
gl C. majális, L. (Lilly of the Valley); scape semi-cylindri-
th faves 2 ovato-lanceolate radical, flowers racemed globoso-
«mpanulate drooping. ŒE. Bot. t. 1035.

Sods and coppices, particularly in a light soil : frequent in England
n several places in Scotland. FZ. May. 2{.—#lowers very pure
c, fragrant, segments recurved, Berries red, globose.

and i
Whit

1 2. C. verticilláta, L. narrow-leaved Solomon’s seal); leaves
"Mceolate whorled, flowers cylindrical. Æ. Bot. t. 128.

R ods and glens, very rare, and only found in Scotland. Den of
> echip, 4 miles N.E. of Dunkeld, Mr A. Bruce. It has been pointed
"t to My James Macnab as indigenous in the woods at Blair in Athol.
Fy, une, 21, —2 f. high. Leaves numerous, bright green, 3—4 in a whorl.
“overs solitary, or with branched footstalks, drooping.

3. C. multiflóra, L. (common Solomon's seal); leaves ovato-
elliptical alternate half-embracing the rounded stem, peduncles
axillary one- or many-flowered, flowers cylindrical, filaments
ary, — E. Bot. t. 279.

Se 9ods and coppices, in various parts of England and the south of
9land : also at Kingusie, 7 miles from Aberdeen. Fl. May, June.
San f. high, bare of leaves below. Leaves large, marked with longi-
whine nerves, secund; the flowers drooping in an opposite direction, |
€, greenish at the tips. Berries bluish-black.

D^ C. Polygonátum, L. (angular Solomon's seal); leaves ovato-
'Ptical alternate half embracing the angular stem, peduncles
Ostly single-flowered, flowers cylindrical, filaments glabrous.
- Bot. t, 280. ; i |

Oods in England, rare; in Yorkshire, Somerset, and Kent. Fl
ay, June. 2£.— Smaller than the last. Flowers greener, fragrant.

8. ALLIUM. Linn. Onion.
* Stem-leaves plane.

b l. A. * Ampeloprásum, L. (great round-headed Garlic); um-
EC £lobose without bulbs, leaves linear keeled acuminate, 3
ternate stamens deeply 3-cleft. Æ. Bot. t. 1657.
Qul les on Holmes Island in the Severn, Ray: the remains of ancient
li. ation, Borrer. Fl. Aug. 2[.—2— 3 f. high, with broad acuminated
WS and large heads of purplish-white flowers : allied to A. Porrum,
bull eek, in habit, but differing in its perennial and clustered young
oS. The specific name, zízsAes, a vine, and ease», a leek, means
of the vineyard. Porrum, says Théis, is from pori, to eat, 1n
; whence comes our word Porridge.

RT A. arenárium, L. (Sand- Garlic); umbels bearing bulbs
te, Pact spherical, leaves linear with cylindrical sheaths, 3 al-
pate stamens 3-cleft, leaves of the spatha short obtuse. Æ.
of. t. 1358.
à p Mountainous woods and fields, in sandy soil, principally in: the north
Ngland, Perthshire and Angus-shire. Portmarnock sands, Ireland.

umo usc apo accetti SONO

ovate, obtuse segments.

140 HEXANDRIA— MONOGYNIA. | [Allium

Fl. July. Y4.— Stem 2—3 f. high, leafy below, rounded, glabrous. Heads
dense, with purple flowers, rather small. Spatha often of 3 very shots

3. A. carinátum, L. (Mountain Garlic); umbels bearing bulbs

-lax, leaves linear keeled, stamens all simple, leaves of the spath@

very unequal. Æ. Bot. t. 1658.

Sandy ground on the south-east coast-of England, and mountainous
situations in the north. Banks of the Isla, Scotland. Near Dublin.
July. 4.—3 f. high, Stems rounded, glabrous, leafy below. Flowers
upon long wavy peduncles, pale brownish-white. Smith considers it t°
differ from the following only in its more compressed leaves.

** Stem-leaves rounded.

4. A. oleráceum, L. (streaked Field- Garlic); umbel lax beat
ing bulbs, leaves grooved above, stamens all simple, leaves 9
the spatha with long points. Æ. Bot. t. 488. .

Borders of fields in Essex, about Bristol, in Norfolk, Westmoreland:
and Yorkshire. St David's, Scotland. FL July. ?f.

. 5. A. vineále, L. (Crow Garlic); umbel bearing numerous
bulbs, leaves fistulose, stamens deeply 3-cleft. Æ. Bor. t. 1974
Corn-fields, waste places, &c., not unfrequent throughout England and
the south of Scotland: and near Dublin, Ireland. F. June. 21,— Stem
14 to 2 feet high. Bulbs numerous. Spatha of 2 rather small, decid-
uous leaves. Flowers on longish peduncles, which are thickened up’
wards, few, erect, reddish, green on the keels, shorter than the stamens
whose filaments as well as the anthers are protruded. |

6. A. spherocéphalum, L. (small round-headed Garlic); scape
leafy below, leaves subcylindrical channelled above smooth fistu*
lar, spatha 2-valved, umbel globular without bulbs, stamens
twice as long as the perianth the alternate ones 3-cleft, capsule
obtusely trigonous, bulb accompanied by stalked offsets. Bab.
in Engl. Bot. Suppl. ined.— Curt. Bot. Mag. t. 251.

On the sands of St Aubin’s Bay, Jersey. Babington & Christy. Fl.
June, July. 2f. à

*** Leaves all radical.

7. A. ursinum, L. (broad-leaved Garlic or Ramsons); umbel
nearly plane, leaves ovato-lanceolate on footstalks, scape trian“
gular. Æ. Bot. t. 122.

‘ “Moist woods and hedge-banks, frequent. FZ. June. 2f.—Flowé!®

white. Umbels without bulbs, level-topped. Spatha of 2, ovato-lanct"
olate leaves.

8. A. Schænoprásum, L. (Chive Garlic); leaves rounded sub*
ulato-filiform fistulose, scape rounded as long as the leave?
E. Bot. t. 2441.

Scilla] >- | HEXANDRIA—MONOGYNIA: 141

9. GÁaEA. Salisb. Gagea.

ii G. hitea, Ker, (yellow Gagea); radical leaves 1—2 linear-

Md Date longer than the angular scape, umbel simple, bracteas

d ar-lanceolate longer than the umbel, leaves of the perianth
tuse.— Ornithogalum, E. Bot. t. 21.

Oods and pastures, in several parts of England and Lowlands of
Scotland. Z7. March, Apr. 2f.

10. OnxrrBÓóGALUM. Linn. Star of Bethlehem.

à O. Pyrenáicum, L. (spiked Star of Bethlehem); vacemes
E^ seated, filaments all dilated, peduncles equal spreading erect
tuit, EF. Bot. t. 499. i
Pastures in Somersetshire, Sussex and Bedfordshire. FZ
» July. 2t.— Bulb ovate. Leaves long, linear, acuminate, chan-
m Scape li to 2 f. long. Raceme elongated. Flowers much
“maller than in the two following species, greenish-white.

, 2. O. * umbellátum, L. (common Star of Bethlehem); racemes
lard bose, peduncles longer than the bracteas, filaments subu-
€ E. Bot. t. 130.

pi Meadows and pastures in various parts of England. Near Glasgow.
Broo pr. May. 2£.—8—10 inches high. Leaves linear, acuminate,
the; ved. Flowers large, few, 6—9, lower pedicels very long, so that
ing, Bowers reach to the same height with the upper ones, thus form-
of Corymb, each having a membranous lanceolate bractea. Segments
1€ perianth green, with a white margin and white within.

E O.* ntitans, L. (drooping Star of Bethlehem); flowers pen-
he 9us unilateral, filaments broad eloven alternately longer and
th deeper lobes. Æ. Bot. t. 1997. .

A lelds and orchards, Bedfordshire, Suffolk, Derby and Nottingham. F}.
an * ay. 2[.— Flowers in a true, but lax, raceme, larger than the last, -
having the filaments of their stamens of a very peculiar structure,

1l. Scfuta. Linn. Squill.

1, S. vérna, Huds. (vernal Squill); bulb coated, raceme in an
k Misphærical few-flowered corymb, bracteas lanceolate obtuse,
“Aves linear channelled. | ZZ. Bot. t. 28. —
te Ommon on the coasts of the west and northern parts of Great Britain,
Quent in Orkney and Shetland. In Ireland. 77. April. 21.— Plant.
fr E Inches high. Leaves few, nearly as long as the scape. Flowers
aceon deep blue. Filaments dilated downwards; bracteas membra-

. S.* bifólia, L. (two-leaved Squill); bulb coated, raceme lax
orymbose, bracteas obsolete, leaves lanceolate mostly 2.
ROOL t. 94. ;

Very dubi i It exists in Buddles Herbarium, and was
Tena ~Y Qubious native. [ ^

iired from the West of England by Mr Sims of Norwich. ..F/. March,
I 21. Flowers pale blue. xa. ETHER i
T

S. autumnális, L. (autumnal Squill);. bulb coated, raceme.

142 HEXANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. [Asparagus

scarcely corymbose, bracteas none, pedicels and stamens about
as long as.the perianth, leaves linear several. Æ. Bot. t. 78.

. Dry pastures and rocks, in Cornwall, and near Bristol. Moulsey
Hurst, Ray. Blackheath and Richmond, abundant. Flagpost-hill, Tor-
quay. Jersey. FI. Sept. Y.—Flowers pinkish-purple, in perfection be-
fore the Zeaves appear. E. A. Warren.

12. Hyacinruus. Linn. Hyacinth. ©

_ 1. H. non-seriptus, L. (wild Hyacinth or Blue-bell); flower?
in a raceme drooping, perianth 6-partite the extremities reflex’
ed, bracteas in pairs. —— Scilla nutans, E. Bot. t. 377.

Woods, copses, and hedge-rows ; varying with white and more rarely
rose-coloured flowers. FI. May. 1.— Leaves long, linear, channelle^
acuminate. Scape 1 f. high, with 2 bracteas at the base of each shot
pedicel.—The habit of this plant is surely more that of H. orientalis
than of any true Scilla.

13. MÚSCARI. Tourn. Grape-Hyacinth.

l. M.*racemósum, Mill. (Starch Grape- Hyacinth); flower
crowded ovate upper ones sessile, leaves linear flaccid keele
longer than the scape.— Hyacinthus, L.— E. Bot. t. 1931.

GEMRE fields, &c. Fl. May. 2¢.—Flowers deep blue, smelling like
starch.

14. AwTBÉRICUM. Linn. Spider-wort.

1. A. serótinum, L. (mountain Spider-wort); leaves semi-cylin*
drical, cauline ones dilated at their base, flowers mostly solitary’
E. Bot. t. 193.

Rare, on the Welsh mountains. On Snowdon, Crib y Ddescil, neat
Llanberis ; and Cwm Idwel, Caernarvonshire, (Æ. FL) ** On Snowdon:
as well as on rocks by Twll dû, and near the summit of Glyder Faw?’
all neighbouring, but distinct situations.” Mr W. Wilson. FI. Jun?
2[.—4—96 inches high. “ Flower-stalk invested with its own sheath an
separated by an elongation of the root from the leaves, of which the most
distant encloses within its fleshy base the rudiment of the plant of the 107
lowing season. The plant is increased by offsets or creeping shoots wit
a bulb at the extremity, the point of the bulb directed towards the pare?
root. Perianth permanent, withering : its segments nectariferous. Sta
mens not attached to the perianth, beardless. The lateral ribs at the
back of the leaf are one on each side of the keel, not * of the leaf? TWO
flowered specimens are very unfrequent." W, Wilson.

15. AspAracus. Linn. Asparagus.’

l. A. officinális, L. (common Asparagus); unarmed, stem he"
baceous mostly erect rounded very much branched, leaves set
ceous fasciculate flexible, peduncles jointed in the middle. #
Bot. t. 839.—. procumbent. FE

In several parts of the south, and south-west coasts of England. ^
an island, thence called “Asparagus Island,” Kynance Cove, Cornwal 4
Links near Gosford, Scotland.—5. south-west coast of Anglesea, rare
Mr W. Wilson. Fl. Aug. 14.— Root creeping, throwing up numero :
scaly erect stems, which, when cultivated, form the Asparagus of oU

Juncus.] HEXANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. 143

pes rarely, in a wild state, exceeding a foot in height. Flowers
ping, greenish-white. "Berries bright red.

16. Nartuicium. Huds. Bog-Asphodel |

l. N. ossifragum, Huds. (Lancashire Bog-Asphodel); leaves
ene uniform, pedicels with bracteas above the middle, stamens
^^ shorter than the perianth. Æ. Bot. t. 535.

et places in moors, and mountains, frequent. Fl July, Aug. 2f.—
— nes high, decumbent at the base. Roots creeping. Leaves all

» al, uniform, equitant, striated, about $ as long as the scape which has

e A scales or bracteas. Stamens considerably shorter than the perianth.
attach With a very long arillus forming an appendage to each extremity,
E ed to a longitudinal receptacle on each valve : the receptacles

m the dissepiments.

17. FRITILLÁRIA. Linn. Fritillary.
ete F. Meleágris, L. (common Fritillary); stem single-flow-
i *d, leaves alternate linear-lanceolate, points of the perianth
nflexed, nectary linear. &. Bot. t. 622.
€adows and pastures, principally in the east and south of England.

the ED. Y .— Varies with white flowers. Specific name derived from
som, nidia Meleagris, or Pintado, whose plumage is chequered in a
Newhat similar manner.

j 18. TuríPA. Linn. Tulip.

wh T. *sylvéstris, L. (wild Tulip); stem 1-flowered some-
b. » drooping, leaves of the perianth ovato-acuminate bearded
Bo i Serenity stamens hairy at the base, stigma obtuse. Æ.
Je talk-pits in Norfolk, Suffolk, Hertfordshire and Middlesex. In
rai and, near Hamilton and Brechin ; and in an old quarry at Bennie
A '8, Firth of Forth. Petreane and Otterstone, Dr Dewar. Fi.

"ll. 2t. Flowers yellow, fragrant. -Anthers and pollen yellow.
gy tes linear-lanceolate. The wild Tulip increases by throwing out
T nS stout fibre from its root, at the extremity of which a bulb appears.

ue 18 a new individual planted at a considerable distance from the
nt.

lin

19. Áconus. Linn. Sweet Sedge.

we A. Cálamus, L. (common Sweet Sedge) 3 scape ancipitate
aS much above the spadix. Æ. Bot. t. 356.
atery places on the banks of rivers, in the middle and south-eastern

TA
ties of England ; abundant in Norfolk and Suffolk. Rare in Scot-

J Ayrshire. Loch Winnoch, Renfrewshire. Castle Semple Loch.
Une. 2f .— Root aromatic. Scape similar to the leaves, ensiformi-
ate, The agreeable scent of this plant has recommended it for
üds, and for strewing on the floor of the cathedral at Norwich on
ays.

`

val-da

* rn 20. Juncus. Linn. Rush.
Caves none. Barren scapes resembling leaves. Panicle lateral.
1 ; Flowers scattered.
vigig J. glaácus, Sibth. (hard Rush); scape deeply striated
» Panicle much branched, leaves of the perianth lanceolate

144 HEXANDRIA —MONOGYNIA:: [Juncus

subulate nearly equal, longer than the elliptical capsule. E
Bot. t. 665. :
Wet pastures and by road-sides. 7. July. 2[.— Root creeping:
Scapes 1—2 f. high, glaucous, rigid, at the base covered with deep
purple-brown, membranaceous, shining sheaths. Panicle lax, eret"
Flowers slender, pale brown, with a broad green line down the middle
of each leaflet of the perianth. Bracteas also small and acuminate.

2. J. effiisus, L. (soft Rush); scape very faintly striated soft,
panicle loose very much branched, spreading leaflets of the p€
rianth lanceolate nearly acuminate rather longer than the obo".
vate obtuse capsule. Æ. Bot. t. 836.

Marshy ground, common. FZ. July. 2£.—Distinguishable from the
last, by its soft, pliable, almost smooth (scarcely striated) scapes, an
spreading denser and shorter panicles, in which particulars it approac’ f
the following species. Stam. 3 or 6.— Excellent, as is the followings,
for plaiting into mats, chair-bottoms, &c. Wicks of candles are made 9
the pith.

3. J. conglomerdtus, L. (common Rush) ; scapes very faintly
striated (soft), panicle much branched very dense globose, leat
lets of the perianth lanceolate acute nearly equal about as long
as the broadly ovate very obtuse capsule, stamens 3. E. Bot:
t. 1835.

Marshy ground, frequent. F7. July. 21.— Panicle very dense. Scap?
resembling the last, and employed for the same purposes.

4. J. Balticus, Willd. (Baltic Rush); scapes very obscurely
striated, panicle erect branched, leaflets of the perianth neat y
equal very acute as long as the elliptical capsule, stamens 7
Hook. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2621.—J. arcticus, Hook. in FI. Lond
t 151. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 163, (not Willd.) "

Sandy sea-shores in Scotland ; near Dundee. Mr T. Drummon™
Farr, and Cape Wrath, Sutherland. Dr Graham. Aberdeenshit®
Stotfield, 6 m. from Elgin; and between Findhorn and Spey, ont
banks of the Lossie, 7 m. from the sea ; and at St Andrew's Llanbridg&
where the sea formerly reached. Fl. July. M£.— This comes so nea
the true J. arcticus, that I had myself considered it as the same, or only
a large var. of it. It is, however, assuredly the J. Balticus of willde
now, and differs from J. arcticus in its much taller and more rigid scape
larger and decidedly branched panicle, and rounded, not trigonoU*
capsules. Both have exceedingly creeping roofs, more so than an)
other species I am acquainted with. Flowers dark brown, with a palé
line down the centre of each segment.

5. J. filiformis, L. (thread Rush); scapes filiform, panicle simpl
of few flowers from near the middle of the scape, leaflets of th
perianth lanceolate acuminate nearly equal larger than the 9
vate capsule, stamens 6. Æ. Bot. t. 1175. ‘
- Stony margins of lakes in Cumberland, Westmoreland, and Lanc"
shire: Ben-Lawers, and several parts of Scotland; but I have pe d
‘seen Scottish specimens. Fv. July, Aug.. Y .— Root creeping. PES l
remarkable for its slender scapes, greatly extended beyond the pane M
for its pale greenish flowers and short capsulesid dadar oisint (es

dis

Jeu] HEXANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. 145

*
i * Leaves none. Barren scapes resembling leaves. Panicle
mal Flowers aggregated.

á 9. J. marítimus, Sm. (lesser sharp Sea Rush); barren scapes
nd Cuter bracteas pungent, panicle very compound, clusters
—8-flowered, leaflets of the perianth equal lanceolate acute as

long as the elliptical mucronated capsule. E. Bot. t. 1725.—J.
Ucutus, 8. E.
Salt-

Cen marshes in various parts of England, but not frequent. St An-
Ws

E Scotland. Coast of Ayrshire. Kingstown and other places in
E and, F/, Aug. 2f.—In this and the following, the outer bractea,
Rouen that rises above the panicle, is broad and membranous at the
th ^ and less like a continuation of the scape than in the species of
* preceding division.
7. J. acátus, L. (great sharp Sea Rush); barren scapes and
Outer bracteas pungent, panicle very compound mostly compact, -
Clusters 2—4-flowered, leaflets of the perianth equal, interior
Mmes with a broad membranous margin at the apex shorter than
€ broadly ovate suddenly acuminated capsule. 77. Bot. t. 1614.
W andy sea-shores, principally on the south and west of England and
r.3les' Norfolk. Wicklow and Arklow, Ireland. Fi. July. 2f.—
«ger and stouter than the last, especially the capsules, which are of
"slderable size, much protruded, rich brown and glossy. .

ü *** Stems leafy. Leaves rounded or subcompressed and dis-

Netly jointed internally. Panicle terminal. Flowers aggregated
ascicled. f

E- J. acutiflórus, Ehrh. (sharp-flowered jointed Rush); leaves
compressed, panicle very compound pyramidal, clusters 5—6-
)wered, leaflets of the perianth unequal lanceolate very acute
arly as long as the narrow-ovate subacuminate capsule. Æ.
0. t. 2143.— J. articulatus, E. Bot. t. 288.
L ogs, very common. 77. June— Aug. 1f.—1—2 feet high, erect.
ses 3—4 on a stem, distinctly nodoso-articulate when dry. Panicle
"Se, in fruit spreading. Flowers several together, greenish-brown.

yy eral bracteas short, membranaceous, scarcely leafy. Capsules
Pale-coloured,

E J. lampocárpus, Ehrh. (shining-fruited jointed Rush); stem
dg ga and as well as the leaves compressed, panicle com-
e spreading, clusters 4—6- or 8-flowered, leaflets of the
oti th equal rather obtuse shorter than the acute triquetrous
; tar B9-lanceolate capsule. Æ. Bot. t. 2143.—-8. panicles less
p, ched, clusters of more numerous flowers. J. polycephalus,

W, MSS —J. nigritellus, Don, E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2643.
Ver S8 grounds and watery places, frequent. £7. July, Aug. 2f.—
ing 7, milar to the last; but with larger flowers, and deep brown shin-
or p Psules. The var. P. has more numerous Jlowers in each cluster
ead, sharper leaflets to the perianth, pale capsules, and it seems

to unite J. acutiflorus with J. lampocarpus.

: J. obtusiflórus, Ehrh. (blunt-flowered jointed Rush); stem

“aves erect rounded, panicle very compound spreading and
jos L

10

146 HEXANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. {Juncus

divaricated, clusters 3—6-flowered, leaflets of the perianth equal
rather obtuse about equal in length with the oval trigonous
capsule. E. Bot. t. 2144.

«Wet pastures and marshes, not unfrequent. #7. Aug. 21 .—Distinct

as this species assuredly is, it has very frequently been confounded witb
the preceding ones of this division.

1l. J. uligindsus, Sibth. (lesser Bog jointed Rush); stem
erect and often swollen at the base or decumbent and rooting»
leaves bristle-shaped, panicle nearly simple irregular, cluster?
few or many-flowered, leaflets of the perianth equal oblong
subacute nearly as long as the elliptical capsule. Æ. Bot. t. 801.—
J. bulbosus, L.—J. subverticillatus, Wulf.— Host, Gram. Austr:
v. iil. t; 88.

Boggy and swampy places, and often partly floating in shallow water
Fl. Aug. M.—'This is indeed an extremely variable plant, depending
' much for its appearance on soil and situation. In rather dry places Ï
often rises erect, 3—4 inches high, having a bulbous or swollen base
and is then the original J. bulbosus, L. At other times the stems a
spreading or procumbent, when it becomes the J. subverlicillatus ©
Wulfen. Again, these procumbent stems often take root at intervals
and are proliferous ; or, when growing in water, they float upon th?
surface and spread their long flaccid branches in all directions. The 1%
mifications and panicles are exceedingly irregular; the latter few"
flowered. It is often extremely difficult to distinguish this from small
varieties of J. lampoecarpus.

3ocer Stems leafy. Leaves plane or grooved above ; not dis“
| tinctly jointed.

12. J. casténeus, Sm. (clustered alpine Rush); stem rounded
leaves hollow grooved above rounded at the back, heads 0
flowers generally single sessile or peduncled shorter than f
bractea, capsules ovate bluntly trigonal nearly twice as long ?
the perianth. Æ. Bot. t. 90. ace 4

Rare, on the elevated mountains of Breadalbane. Rocks at the he?
of Glen Callader, in Braemar. Dr Graham. In the county of DU 4
ham. Fl. July. 2[.—'* Root slightly creeping, with short runners o
lateral shoots.. Stem hollow. Leaves with. the channelled side very
thin and membranaceous ; and within are found distant transverse par
titions. Upper part of the leaf rounded and compressed. Leaflets y
the perianth elliptie-lanceolate, acute and 3-ribbed. Style breaking a:
at a joint. Capsule shining, and as well as the perianth and inne
bractea of a deep chocolate colour.” W. Wilson.

13. J. tréfidus, L. (three-leaved Rush); sheaths fringed thos?
at the base of the stem leafless, bracteas resembling the set
ceons solitary stem-leaf, heads of about three terminal flow?”
E. Bot. t. 1482.

. Rocky plaees, on the Highland mountains of Scotland. p. Je H
Aug. 2t.— Very unlike any other British Juneus. Root creeping:
Lower sheaths with at most a short awn, scarcely to be t ermeda bc
A solitary deaf is on the stem, generally near the summit, 2—3 inch "
long, linear-setaceous. Bracteas 2 under each head of 1—3 fow

Juncus.) HEXANDRIA—MONOGYNIA, 147

~ Capsule not at all angular, but rounded-elliptical with a furrowed
beak.” WW, Wilson. í

14. J. compréssus, Jacq. (round-fruited Rush); stem erect com-
Pressed, leaves linear-setaceous grooved, panicle terminal com-
Pound subcymose generally shorter than the bracteas, capsules
roundish ovate longer than the obtuse incurved leaflets of the
Perianth, Bich. in Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. xii. p. 307.—8. panicle
nearly simple few-flowered longer than the bracteas. Hook.
Cot. i, p. 107. — 7. Bothnicus, Wahl.—J. cenosus, Bich. in Linn.

b v. Xii. p. 309. Bich. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2680.

H „et marshy places, common.—$g. In salt marshes. FU. Aug. 2f.—
Bays now seen various specimens both of the J. cenosus of Mr -
cheno and J. Bothnicus of Wahlenberg, I feel confirmed in my
Pinion expressed in F7. Scotica, that they are but varieties of J.

compressus, E

15, J. ténuis, Willd. (slender spreading Rush); stem above
°rtly dichotomous panicled, leaves linear-setaceous grooved,
/Wers solitary approximate mostly sessile, capsules nearly sphze-
“cal shorter than the very acuminated leaflets of the perianth.

“rsh, Fl. Am. v.i. p. 228. Hook. Scot. i. p. 108.—J. gracilis,
“. Bot. t. 1794. —J.. Gesneri, E. Fl. v. ii. p. 167.
oist mountains of Clova, D. Don. FL July. 2f.—' This rare British
t seems abundant in America, and I possess specimens likewise from
Ous parts of Europe. It is allied to J. bufonius, yet really distinct.

adical leaves several ; stem bare of leaves up to the division near the
e Where is one leaf immediately beneath the foliaceous bracteas. In
he axils of the forks are 2 or 3 large, nearly sessile flowers, and 2 or 3
ateral ones on the branches. The capsule is very different from
at of the following species.

16. J. bufónius, L. (Toad Rush); stem dichotomous above
panicled, leaves filiform setaceous grooved, flowers solitary uni-
ateral mostly sessile, capsules elliptical ovate much shorter than

ê very acuminated leaflets of the perianth. Æ. Bot. t. 802.
Tequent in moist, or watery places, especially such as have been
towed in winter. FV. Aug. ©.—4—6 inches high. Leaves few,
sender, only one on the stem, generally near the middle. The divi-
fons, or ramifications of the stem, as they are called, belong more pro-
Eu. I think, to the panicle, at the base of which are foliaceous brac-
hole plant very pale-coloured. Flowers green, with white mem-
Ous margins to the leaflets of the perianth.

sh

lan
Yari

wni]

Ove

eq, S.
bran
\

ON Leaves all radical. Flowers terminal.

1. J. squarrósus, L. (Heath Rush); leaves setaceous (rigid)
Ere, panicle terminal elongated compound, capsules ellipti-
à ovate, Æ. Bot. t. 933. |
pl Cory and heathy ground, abundant. Fi, June, July. 2£.— Whole
ab : exceedingly rigid, 6 inches to a foot high. Leaves subsecund,
out half ag long as the scape. Bracteus lanceolate, membranaceous.
e flets of the perianth ovato-lanceolate, glossy brown with a pale line
E the middle, scariose at the edges. Capsule, as in almost all this
nus, tipped with a short mucro, the remains of the style, palish-brown.

148 HEXANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. (Zuzula:

18. J. capitátus, Willd. (capitate Rush); leaves filiform (soft)
plane or grooved above, heads of flowers sessile terminal shorter
than the bracteas, leaflets of the perianth acuminato-aristate-
Hook. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 9644.—/J. supinus, Bich.—J. ericeto-
rum, DC.

Jersey, Mr Hudson. FI. May, July. (9.— Plant 2—4 inches high,
flaccid. Leaves entirely radical, about half the length of the scape:
erect. Heads rather large, in proportion to the size of the plant, O
3—6 sessile flowers, occasionally proliferous. This species is well dis
tinguished by the setaceous inclined bractea (with its sheathing mem-
branaceous base), which is longer than the heads of flowers, and by the
acuminato-aristate perianth.

19. J. bighimis, L. (two-flowered Rush); leaves linear-subu-
late compressed (not channelled) gradually dilated into the
sheathing base, flowers 2, one of them pedicelled mostly shorte®
than the foliaceous involucre, capsule turbinate retuse rather
longer than the obtuse leaflets of the perianth. Æ. Bot. t. 898.

Boggy places on the Highland mountains : not unfrequent on the
Breadalbane range, but rare in other parts of Scotland. — F/. July, Aug:
2[.—9.—A4 inches high; growing not in tufts, but scattered; and 2
much rarer species than the following, small specimens of which havé
often been mistaken for it. ‘‘ Leaves with distant transverse partitions
within, but not longitudinally divided." Mr W. Wilson.

20. J. trighimis, L. (three-flowered Rush); leaves linear-subu-
late channelled bitubular their sheaths auricled above, flowers
mostly 3, generally as long as the membranaceous bractea, cap-
sule elliptical acute longer than the rather obtuse leaflets of the
perianth. Æ. Bot. t. 899.

Boggy places among the mountains in the north of England, Wales)
and especially the Highlands of Scotland. FZ. July, Aug. Y.— Mt
W. Wilson has well studied, in living plants, the character of this an^
the preceding species of Rush. ‘ Stems,” he says, of this plants
“several from the same root, perfectly rounded, not channelled on one
side, as in J. biglumis, naked above, and generally with 2, and some
times 3 leaves near the base. Leaves with dilated sheaths, which are
auricled at the top, setaceous, channelled, bitubular, with transverse
partitions ; radical leaves also setaceous, more slender and longer than
in J. biglumis. Sometimes 4 flowers are found together, the addition
ones placed lower down and separated from the rest. Outer dracte4
sometimes as large as in J. biglumis ; each flower has one bractea at 18
base. Cal.-leaves more membranous than in the last, narrower 2?
more acute. Capsule longer than the calyx, with a tapering, rath
acute extremity, and with indistinctly furrowed sides; colour almost

black." W. Wilson. ;

21. LúzuLa. De Cand. Wood-rush. . orn

1. L. sylvática, Bich. (great hairy Wood-rush); leaves hairy:

panicle subeymose, peduncles elongated of about 3 flowers, e?"

lets of the perianth aristate as long as the capsule.—Z. maxim
D C.—Juncus, Huds.— E. Bot. t. 737.—J. pilosus ò, L.

Woods, hilly places, and upon the mountains, frequent. FZ: May, June

2[.—1—14 ft. high. Leaves broad, shining, striated. Floral bractea?

Luzula.) HEXANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. 149

ate Caps. with a very sharp point, deep brown. Seeds elliptic-

> with scarcely any crested appendage on the top.

ae L. pilósa, Willd. (broad-leaved hairy Wood-rush); leaves
«3» Panicle subeymose, peduncles 1-flowered bent back, leaf-

nm of the perianth acuminate rather shorter than the obtuse
*Psule.— Juncus, L.—E. Bot. t. 736.

heat frequent. Fi. April, May. 2.—Much smaller than the last,

i e flowers standing singly on the panicle, dark brown. Seeds with
curved appendage at the top.

8. L. Forstéri, DC. (narrow-leaved hairy Wood-rush); leaves
a» panicle subeymose but little branched, peduncles 1-flow-
Ted erect, leaflets of the perianth narrow acuminated a little
anger than the acute capsule. Hook. Scot. i. p. 110.— Juncus,
7^ Bot. t. 1993.

“roves and thickets, especially on a calcareous or gravelly soil. (Æ.
(2 More common in Surrey than L. pilosa. About Forfar, and banks
the Doune, Ayrshire, Mr Jas. Wilson. Fl. May, June. 2f. —Much

“nderer than the last in every part and taller. Seed with a large ob-

"8 crested appendage on the top.

4. L. campéstris, Br. ( field Wood-rush); leaves hairy, spikes
Sile and pedunculated, leaflets of the perianth acuminate
= than the obtuse capsule.—Juncus, L.—E. Bot. t.67 2.—f.
i ae with the spikes of flowers collected into an almost orbi-
Mar head.— Z. congesta, Lej.—E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2718.

ods and dry pastures, frequent; æ. and £. growing together. Fl

Se

> May. 2{.—4—6 or 8 inches, or even a foot or more high. Flowers

April M
is ected into ovate or oblong, nearly erect spikes, of a reddish-brown

our

; Sometimes very pale. In 8. the spikes are nearly all sessile. De -

disc olle, whom Smith quotes'as the authority for considering this a.
Sünet species, himself now in the Bot. G'allicon, makes it a var..of

Phe stis. Indeed we find various intermediate states.—Even the

is Sudetica of DC. will probably prove not permanently distinct from
"pestris. j

b L. arcuáta, Hook. (curved Mountain Wood-rush); leaves
anne]leq hairy, panicle subumbellate of few 3—5-flowered

E S with long drooping peduncles, bracteas membranous

ac Sed, capsule ovato-globose shorter than the broadly lanceo-
* leaflets of the perianth. Hook. in Fl. Lond. N. S. t. 153.

tain n the barren stony summits of the great Cairngorum range of moun-
rQ pon Fonniven, a high mountain in Sutherland, and in AM,

the nraham, Fi. July. 2£.—The smallest of our Luzule and one 0

a c and most distinct. It comes nearer Mr Brown's L. hyper-

than any other, but that wants the curved peduncles.

S L. Spicáta, D C. (spiked Mountain Wood-rush); leaves some-

tat channelled, spike solitary drooping compound, spikelets
E ethan their subdiaphanous mucronated bracteas, leaflets
5 e perianth mucronato-aristate about as long as the rounded
Ere Hook. Seot. i; p. lll. Juncus, L.—E. Bot. t. 1176.

'8 ^ mountains in the north of England, and more abundantly in

150 | HEXANDRIA—TRIGYNIA. [Rumen

Scotland. Fl July. 21.—6—8 inches high, slender. Leaves small, nat-
row, hairy only at the margins of the sheaths. Spike dark-coloured;
interrupted near the base. Capsule very dark, shining brown, acute.—
Well distinguished by its drooping compound spike and narrow leaves-

"HEXANDRIA—DIGY NIA.
22. Oxfni4. Hill. Mountain-Sorrel.

1. O. renifórmis, Hook. (Ridney-shaped Mountain- Sorrel}
Hook. Scot. i. p. 111.— Rumex digynus, L.—E. Bot. t. 910.

North of England, Wales and Scotland, abundant in alpine situations,
especially amongst moist rocks and within reach of the spray of cas-
cades. Fl. July, Aug. Y.—Stems 8—10 inches bigh, with rarely more
than one leaf, often naked. Radical leaves numerous, all reniform, wit
a more or less evident obtuse sinus at the apex, on long footstalks,
having membranaceous stipules at their base. — Jtacemes and peduncles
branched, with minute, ovate, membranous bracteas at the base of each
ramification. Pedicels thickened upwards. Flowers erect, small. Stam
6, shorter than the petals. Pistil nearly orbicular, compressed, notches
with 2, spreading feathery styles. Fruit a nut, enclosed in an utrict®r
with a remarkably broad winged border, tipped with the styles situate
in rather a deep notch; and having at the base the pointed petals, nos
at all enlarged.

The leaves yield a most agreeably acid flavour, much resembling that

of the Wood-Sorrel ( Ozalis acetosella).

HEXANDRIA—TRIGYNIA.

23. Rumex. Linn. Dock and Sorrel.
* Plants not acid. lowers perfect. (Lapathum,—Dock.) 4

1. R. Hydrolápathum, Huds. (great Water Dock); enlarged
petals ovato-deltoid reticulated each with a tubercle entire:
leaves lanceolate the lower ones cordate at the base, whor?
mostly leafless. Reich. Ic. Bot. t. 310.—R. aquaticus, Sm. £^
Br. p. 394. E. Bot. t. 2104. | -

Ditches and river-sides, frequent. Fl. July, Aug. 2f.— The larges,
of our Docks, 8—5 feet high ; some of the lower leaves 13 ft. long. too
large, very astringent. Enlarged petals with prominent veins, and larg?
oblong tubercles.

2. R. crispus, L. (curled Dock); enlarged petals broadly cor"
date entire or crenulate reticulated, one only with a perfect
large coloured tubercle, leaves lanceolate waved acute, upp
whorls leafless. Æ. Bot. t. 1998.

Way-sides and near houses, pastures, &c., frequent. FI. June, J uly f
U.—2 or 3 feet high. Lower leaves the broadest, all waved and crisp
at the margins. Whorls of flowers very numerous and crowded. 5.
the enlarged petals are truly cordate. Most authors say that each ien 2
bears a fubercle ; but in my specimens, in those gathered by Mr Wis
in Laneashire, and in some that 1 have from Switzerland, one only be;
a large oblong orange-coloured tubercle, the others have only the mi
a little swollen at the base.

3. R. praténsis, Mert. et Koch, (meadow Dock); “ enlarge

Tunes] HEXANDRIA——TRIGYNIA. 151

Petals nne
point, on
Wavy,

qual toothed at the base with an entire triangular
e principally tuberculated, leaves oblong-lanceolate
clusters nearly leafless, whorls distinct,” Borrer, in E.
ot. Suppl. t. 9757.— R. eristatus, Wallr. and Fries.—R. acutus,
Preng., (according to Borr.). ,

arshes, in several counties. Fl. June, July. 2f.— Most allied to
` Crispus, but the clusters are less crowded, the enlarged valves are

"equal in size and more distinctly toothed, and the leaves are broader
and less curled.

b 4. R. aquáticus, L. (grainless Water Dock); enlarged petals
l'oadly cordate reticulated without tubercles, leaves lanceolate,
the lower ones cordato-oblong crisped and waved, whorls crowd-
ed Mostly leafless. Reich. Ic. Bot. t. 369. Svensk, Bot. t. 209.
Hook, in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2698. A
Moist places, near Ayr, Mr Goldie. Fi. July. 2{.—This was sent to
* asa new species of Rumer by Mr Goldie. i It comes, indeed, very
near R, crispus, but the enlarged petals are quite destitute of grains or —
ot proles, and in this respect it agrees exactly with the true aquaticus
Inn,

5. R.* alpinus, L. (alpine Dock, or Monk's Rhubarb) ; en-
"Sed petals cordate reticulated obscurely toothed at the margin,
€ bearing a small grain, leaves broadly cordate ample obtuse,
Whorls leafless crowded, flowers moncecious.— Hook. in E. Bot.
uppl. t. 2694.—R. cordifolius, Horn.— Reich. Ic, Bot. t. 487.
oad-side from Helensburgh to the head of the Gare Loch ; and in
ash 3 stations in that neighbourhood. Glen Luss. Near Dollar. One-
> Derbyshire, Mr Christy. Fl. July. 2f.—Its root was formerly
mp Oyed in lieu of Rhubarb. Leaves a span broad, cordate, very ob-
36, wrinkled and reticulated; upper ones ovato-lanceolate: whorls of
wers very dense. zie

la

6. R. sanguineus, L. (bloody-veined, and (8.) green-veined Dock);

*nlarged valves (small) oblong entire, one at least bearing a tu-
berle, leaveslanceolate somewhat cordate, whorls distant on long
Senerally leafless branches.—a. leaves with bright red veins. Zt.
“dnguineus, L.—E. Bot. t. 1533.— Q. leaves with green veins. R.
"iridis, Sibth.— Sm. Fl. Brit. p. 890.—R. Nemolapathum, Ehrh.

p; Ay pastures, woods and road-sides.—4. far more frequent than a.
^ July, 2f °

: 7. R. acátus, L. (sharp Dock); ** enlarged petals oblong ob-
"Urely toothed all tuberculated, leaves oblong-heart-shaped
Pointed, clusters leafy.” ŒE. Bot. t. 724. s
E deep soils, and in watery places, not uncommon. . Fi. July. X.
dig; uch resembling var. 2. of the last species, and appearing to me to
er chiefly in its leafy whorls and more coloured flowers. But Smith
ays it isa totally distinct plant, and that it always grows in watery places.

8. R. Pálcher, L. (Fiddle Dock); enlarged petals ovate deep-
toothed, one of them principally bearing a tubercle, root-
Yes panduriform, stem spreading. Æ. Bot. t. 15716.

ly
lea

152 HEXANDRIA—TRIGYNIA. [ T'ofieldia-

Pastures, way-sides, &c. Fl. Aug. M.— Stems very straggling; whorls
distant, on slender leafy branches.

9. R. obtusifólius, L. (broad-leaved Dock); enlarged petals
ovate toothed at the base, one principally bearing a tubercle;
root-leaves ovato-cordate, stem roughish. Æ. Bot. t. 1999.

Way-sides and waste places, too frequent. FZ. July. 21.—9—8 feet
high. Whorls rather close, somewhat leafy. Distinguishable by its broad
and obtuse radical leaves, which are generally crisped at the margin:
The entire terminal part of the enlarged -petals or valves is, as MF
Borrer observes, mostly oblong or almost ligulate. Stem scabrous be
tween the elevated lines or ridges.

10. R. marítimus, L. (golden Dock) ; enlarged petals deltoid
fringed with setaceous teeth and bearing grains, whorls much
crowded, leaves linear-lanceolate. H. Bot. t. 723.—R. aureus;
With. .

Marshes, principally near the sea. FU. July, Aug. 2[.— Well dis-
tinguished from every preceding species by its narrow leaves; excessive"
ly erowded flowers ; bright, almost orange-coloured, enlarged petals, an
their setaceous, or, I might almost say, spinous teeth.

11. R. palistris, Sm. (yellow Marsh Dock) ; enlarged petals
lanceolate with short setaceous teeth near the base and bearing
tubercles, whorls remote, leaves linear-lanceolate. Æ. Bot. t. 19327

Marshy places, remote from the sea. — F7. July. 2[.— Nearly allied to
the last, and I had an idea that it was not truly distinct: but Sir J. E
Smith considers it to be permanently different in the form of the petals,
when in seed, and in the number, shape, length, and situation of the teeth
which border them.

** Flowers diecious. Plants acid. (Acetosa or Sorrels.)

12. R. Acetésa, L. (common Sorrel); enlarged petals orbi-
culari-cordate reticulated scarcely tuberculated, leaves oblongo-
sagittate. E. Bot. t. 127.

Meadows and pastures, frequent. FZ. June, July. 21. —1— 2 feet high:
Petals becoming large, purplish, orbiculari-cordate, obtuse, membranous,
reticulated with veins; £ubercles very small, almost obsolete. I do not
find the enlarged petals to be ovate, as Sir J. E. Smith describes them +
nor does Mr Wilson ; but orbicular and cordate.

13. R. Acetosélla, L. (Sheep's Sorrel); enlarged petals ovate
not tuberculated, lower leaves lanceolato-hastate, lobes entire
E. Bot. t. 1674.

Dry pastures, frequent. FI. May—July. 2£.— Variable in its heights
from 2—10 inches, and in the form of its Jeaves ; for, frequently, only
the radical ones are of the shape above described, at other times ma")
of the cauline ones are so too; the rest are lanceolate, more or less P?
tiolate, entire. Every part is much smaller than the last. In very €.
situations and at the end of summer, the whole plant becomes of a TI -
red colour.

24. Tori£npiaA. Huds. Scottish Asphodel.

1. T. palistris, Huds. (Scottish Asphodel); spike ovate, stem
glabrous filiform nearly leafless, petals obovate obtuse, germ

Colchicum.) HEXANDRIA—TRIGYNIA. 153

9-lobed, involucre at the base of the pedicel. Æ. Bot. t. 536.—

. borealis, Wahl.— Anthericum calyculatum, L. à;
‘ Mountains of England, Scotland, and Ireland, in boggy places; not
are. Fl. July, Aug. 2f.—4—6 inches high. Leaves almost wholly

radical, in fascicles, linear, sword-shaped, equitant. Flowers small, pale
Yellowish-white.

95. SCHEUCHZÉRIA. Linn. Scheuchzeria.

l. S. palástris, L. (Marsh Scheuchzeria). E. Bot. t. 1801.
In a marsh at Lakeby Car, near Boroughbridge, discovered by the
n he James Dalton. Thorne Moor, near Doncaster. Bomerepool,
E Shrewsbury, C. Babington, Esq. Methven, near Perth, Mr Duff,
: ES . Fl. July. 2£.— 4 singular and very rare plant, having few, semi-
Y'indrieal, slender, rush-like /eaves ; and a scape with large bracteas,
erminated by a raceme of greenish flowers. Perianth and stamens re-
€xed. Germens 3, ovate, obtuse, with lateral, linear, downy stigmas.
Capsules singularly inflated.—I am indebted to my valued friend, Mr

arker, for specimens gathered at Methven by Mr Duff.

26. TRIGLÓCHIN. Linn. Arrow-grass.

i l. T. palástre, L. (marsh Arrow-grass) ; fruit 3-celled nearly
"hear. Æ. Bot. t. 366.
^ et meadows, and by the sides of rivers and ditches in marshy situa-
Ons, plentiful. FZ. Aug. Y.— Leaves all radical, linear, fleshy, slightly
Srooved on the upper side, sheathing and membranous at the base.
“ape 8—10 inches high, terminating in a lax, simple spike or raceme.
Owers small, greenish. Capsules 3, linear, united by a common re-

*eptacle, so as to form one 8-celled fruit, each cell separating at its base

and suspended by the extremity, containing one seed and not dehiscent.

m r W. Wilson finds that the leaves, when bruised, yield a very fetid

E and that the root, under certain cireumstances at least, is a creeping

B sending out jointed, scaly runners, with comparatively large, ovate,
9rtly acuminated bulbs at the extremity. These bulbs at the end of
€ jointed runners have very much the appearance of a scorpion's tail.

` 2. T. marítimum, L. (séa-side Arrow-grass); fruit, 6-celled
Ee E. Bot. t. 255.
^» marshes, not unfrequent. Fl. May, Aug. ?f.— Larger than the
and stouter, differing essentially in its fructification, which is formed of
frog ined capsules, constituting a broadly ovate fruit; not separating
wh the base and suspended by their summits, as in T. palustre. Even
"hin flower, the same form is observable in the germen as in the fruit

27. CétcHicum. Jinn. Meadow-Saffron.

bu: C. * autumnále, L. (common Meadow- Saffron); leaves plane

i adly lanceolate erect. . Bot. t. 183.— Var. with late green
Ortive flowers. E. Bot. t. 1482.

I €adows and pastures, chiefly in the north-west of England, Ray.
à uffolk, Oxfordshire, Staffordshire, Cheshire, and other places. Al-
i Scotland. Fl. Sept. Oct.—-Fruit and leaves in the spring. Y.—

With Solid. The flowers appear in succession, rising from the bulb,

i. P very long, narrow tube, surrounded at the base with a membran-
E ‘eath, The stamens are inserted on the oblong-ovate segments of

pale purple perianth. Germen at the base of the bulb, its long

154 HEXANDRIA—POLYGYNIA. ^O [Alisma

thread-like styles running up the whole length of the tube. The /eaves
and fruit appear in spring and are withered before summer. Its pro-
perties are said to be similar to those of the officinal Squill, and it has
been employed as a substitute for the famous Lau médicinale.

HEXANDRIA—HEXAGYNIA.
98. ActinocArpus. Dr. Star-fruit.

1. A. Damasónium, Br. (common Star-fruit) ; capsules 6
subulate compressed opening longitudinally, leaves 5-nerved.

Hook. in Fl. Lond. N. S. cum ic.—Alisma Damasonium, L.—
E. Bot.t. 1615.

Ditches and pools, mostly in a gravelly soil, and chiefly in the middle
and south-eastern counties of England. F7. June, July. Y.—Leaves
radical, on long petioles, floating, elliptical. Scapes with a termina
umbel, generally proliferous. Petals white, very delicate, obcordates
each having a yellow spot at the base. Capsules with two seeds upon
evident stalks, one from the upper angle, horizontal, the other from the
lower angle of the axis, erect, oblong, tubercled and transversely striated,
compressed, with a deep furrow on each side, occasioned by the form

of the embryo within, which is cylindrical, and bent double, somewhat
like a horse-shoe.

HEXANDRIA—POLYGYNIA.
29. Auisma. Linn. Water-Plantain.

1. A. Plantágo, L. (greater Water-Plantain); leaves ovate
acute, fruit depressed, capsules obtusely trigonal, E. Dot. t. 837.

Near the margins of lakes, rivers and ditches, frequent. F7. July. H;
—2—8 feet high. Leaves all radical, on long stalks. Scape branche
upwards; branches all whorled, bracteated, compound ; flowers of à
pale rose-colour. Embryo curved, as in Actinocarpus.

2. A. nátans, L. ( floating Water-Plantain); leaves elliptical
obtuse, stem floating and rooting, peduncles simple. Æ. Bot.
GT. ;

Lakes in North Wales and Cumberland : very rare in Scotland. Black
Loch, 6 miles from Stranraer. On Howth and in Cunnamara, Ireland.
Fl. July, Aug. 21.—At the base of the plant are long, linear-lanceolate

membranous scaées, or abortive root-leaves. Stem-leaves floating, °”
long stalks, scarcely nerved.

3. A. ranunculoides, L. (lesser Water- Plantain); leaves all
radical linear-lanceolate, scape umbellate, fruit globose squat
rose, capsules acute. Æ. Bot. t. 396.—. with creeping runners
A. repens, * Davies’ Welsh Bot. 86.” E. Bot. Suppl. t. 272?

Ditches and turfy bogs, not unfrequent in England, Scotland, ^:
Ireland.—4. In lakes, North Wales. FZ. Aug. Sept. 2L.—1In genera
appearance most allied to A. Plantago, especially the narrow-leav*.
Scottish variety of that plant. But it is much smaller, having larg »
Jlowers,which are pale-coloured, and arranged in often proliferous umbe
The most essential character is to be found in the germen and frut-

Menziesia.] OCTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA.

CLASS VIL. HEPTANDRIA. 7 Stamens.

ORD. I. MONOGYNIA. 1 Style.

> oT RENT Aus. Cal. of 7 leaves. Cor. monopetalous, iu

x P segments, regular and flat. Caps. 1-celled, with 7 valves,

E Bax seeds on a fleshy, central, free receptacle. Seeds with

i iculated tunic.—Nat, Ord. PrimuLacez, Juss.-—Name;
&m unknown.

(See Ulmus in Cr. V. Oro. il

HEPTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA.
l. TrrentTAuis. Rupp. Chickweed Winter-green.

H T. Européa, L. (European Chichweed Winter-green); leaves
x Pngo-obovate obtuse. E. Bot.t.15. Hook. in Fl. Lond. N. S.
: 161 À -

Woods in the north of England, but rare. Abundant in many parts
ofthe Highlands of Scotland. Not found in Ireland. FI. June. 4.—
Oot filiform, creeping. Stems 4—6 inches high, with 2 or 3 small,
stant Zeaves, and 4—7 terminal, whorled larger ones ; from the centre
: Which arise 1—4, slender, single-flowered peduncles. ` Cal.-leaflets
E most subulate, varying in number from 6—9, as do all the other parts
„the flower and the valves of the capsule. The fruit had always been
Misunderstood, till Sir J. E. Smith described it in Rees’ Cyclopedia.
€ beautiful covering, like the finest white lace, of its seeds, had been
€n for a pericarp ; because few Botanists had seen the very fugacious,
En valves ofits capsule. (See Fl. Lond. N. S. t. 161.) This is assur-
Y one of the most interesting of our Highland vegetable productions ;

"d, like Butomus; is the only British example of a plant of its Class.

CLASS VIII. OCTANDRIA. 8 Stamens.

ORD. I. MONOGYNIA. 1 Style.
* Flowers complete (having Cal. and Cor.).

Acer. Cal. inferior, 5-cleft. Pet. 5. Germen 2-lobed.
Qpsules 2, united at the base, each with a long winged mem-
"ane, (hence called a Samara), 1-celled, 1—2-seeded.—JVat.
"d. AcERINEJE, Juss.—Named from acer, sharp or hard (ac,
eltic), on account of the hardness of the wood, which was em-

Ployed in fabricating spears, pikes, &c.

2. Curóna. Cal. inferior, of 8 deep segments. Cor. of 1
Petal, nearly rotate. Stigmas 2, bifid. Caps. 1-celled, 2-valved,
s any seeded. — Nat. Ord. GENTIANER, Juss.—Name derived
lom XAweos, pale, or yellowish-green, in allusion to the colour of
lts flowers,

3. Menziésta. Cal. inferior, cleft to the base into 4—5 deep
Segments. Cor. of 1 petal, ventricose. Stam. 8—10. Capsule

e EE

156 ^ OCTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. [Daphne

4—5-celled, the dissepiments formed by the inflexed margins of.
the valves, and opening between these dissepiments.—/Va£. Ora
En1cEA, Juss.—Name, —“ Nomen dedi," says the learned foun-
der of this Genus, “in honorem Archibaldi Menzies Scotici, pere-
grinatoris et botanici indefessi, priscae fidei ac urbanitatis viri

4. Erica. Cal. inferior, of 4 leaves. Cor. of 1 petal, cam-
panulate or ovate, often ventricose. Capsule 4-celled, 4,-valved,
dissepiments from the middle of the valves.— Nat. Ord. ER1cE2»
Juss.—Named from egizw, to break ; because it was formerly sup-
posed to have the power of destroying calculi in the bladder.

5. CALLÓNA. Cal. inferior, of 4 coloured leaves, concealing
the cor., accompanied by 4 bracteas, resembling an outer caly%
Cor. campanulate. Caps. 4-celled, 4-valved ; dissepiments ad-
hering to the axis of the fruit; valves opening at the dissep!
ments and separating from them.—Nat. Ord. ERICEÆ, Juss.—
Named from xaAvvo, to cleanse or adorn, and hence peculiarly
applicable, as Sir J. E. Smith observes, to this plant, whether
we consider the beauty of its flowers, or the circumstance 0
Brooms being made of its twigs.

6. Vaccinium. Cal. superior, 4A—5-toothed. - Cor. of 1 petal,
ovate, campanulate or rotate, 4—5-fid. Anthers with two pores:
Berry globose, 4-celled, many-seeded.—Nat. Ord. V ACCINIE Æ;
De Cand.—Name ;—some say the iaxmog, of the Greeks, and

hence synonymous with Hyacinthus; but the true etymology
of the word is unknown.

7. GENoTHÉRA. Cal. superior, tubular, with a deeply 4-cleft
limb; the segments reflexed, more or less combined. Pet: 4
Caps. 4-valved, with many naked seeds.—JVat. Ord. OxAGRA"
RIEJE, Juss.— Named from oes, wine, and bnga, searching OF
catching, from the root having caught the perfume of wine.

8. EPILÓBIUM. Cal. superior, 4-partite, segments free, de-
ciduous. Pet. 4. Capsule elongated, 4-sided, 4-celled, 4-valved,
many-seeded. Seeds with a tuft of hairs at one extremity.—
‘Nat. Ord. ONAGRARIEE, Juss.—Named from ez, upon, an
zobos, a pod: the flower being placed upon the top of the elon
gated seed-vessel.

** Flowers incomplete.

9. DAdpune. Perianth single, inferior, often coloured, 4-fid-
Berry with one seed.—Nat. Ord. THYMELEE, Juss.—Named In
allusion to the Nymph Daphne, who was changed into a Laurel j
some of the plants of this Genus having the habit of Laurels:

(See Monotropa in Cu. X.)

(Drevwra. 2 Styles. —
See Polygonum in On». II., Chrysosplenium and Scleranthus in Cl» X.)

Chlora,) OCTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. 157

ORD. II. TRIGYNIA. 8 Styles.

10. Porfaeowuw. Perianth single, inferior, in 5 deep, co-
3 ured, persistent segments. Stam. 5—8. Styles 2, 3. Fruit
Š ne-seeded, compressed or trigonous nut.—Nat. Ord. Porv-
.ONEJE, Juss. Named from roug, many, and you, a knee or
Joint ; from the numerous joints of the stem.
ORD. III. TETRAGYNIA. 4 Styles.

& ll. Páris. Cal. of 4 leaves. Pet. 4, Cells of the anthers
E one on each side the middle of a subulate filament. Berry
“celled ; each cell with several seeds in two rows.—JVat. Ord.
ae LACE, DBr.—Named, it is said, from par, paris, (equal), on

"count of the regularity of its leaves and flowers. —

1 12. Apóxa. Cal. half-inferior, 3-cleft. Cor. superior, 4—5-

Cleft. Anther terminal, 1-celled. Berry 4—5-celled. The side
9wers have the corolla 5-cleft, the terminal one 4-cleft.— at.
rd. ARALIACER, 'Juss.—Named «, without, and dofa, glory ;
tom the humble and insignificant aspect of this little flower.

lo

3 13. EríTINE. Cal. inferior, 3—4-partite, persistent. Pet.
D Stam. 3—4? or 6—8. Styles 4 or 3, very short. Caps.

7—4-valved, 3—4-celled, many-seeded. Seeds cylindrical, fur-
d and transversely striated, attached to a central free recep-
: —JANat. Ord. ELATINEÆ, Camb.— Name said to be derived
a sar, a pine, from which nothing can be more dissimilar

tacle

our present plant.
(See Sagina in Cr. IV.)
OCTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA.
l. Acer. Linn. Maple.
1 EA. * Pseudo-plátanus, Linn. (greater Maple or Sycamore) ;
, ves 5-lobed unequally serrated, racemes pendulous. Æ. Bot.
:308. E. FI v. ii. p. 280.

In hedges, plantations, and about houses. 77. May, June. h.—A
E tree, with spreading branches and ample leaves. Flowers greenish.
EU with two long membranaceous wings, which greatly aidin its dis-
E The wood is used for bowls and trenchers and other turnery.

able L^ allied species, A. saccharinum, the Canadians extract a valu-
. ugar.
3. A. campéstre, L. (common Maple); lobes of the leaves

Ino EA :
tly 5 inciso-crenate, racemes upright subtomentose. Æ.
Dot, 1. 304. È

ing ods and thickets ; not common in Scotland, and perhaps neither
Welo there nor in Ireland. 7. May, June. h .—A small tree with
vein bark, full of deep fissures. Leaves small. Wood often beautifully

€d, and then much valued. ;

9. CHLÓRA. Linn. Yellow-wort.

E C. perfoliáta, L. (perfoliate Yellow-wort) ; leaves connato-
oliate ovate glaucous. Æ. Bot. t. 60.

rane ES

108 — OCTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. [Erica

Chalky and hilly pastures, chiefly in the middle and southern parts of
England. In Ireland, on gravelly soil about Dublin, frequent. -+
July—Sept.. ©.—Allied to the Gentians. Plant very glaucous, with
remote leaves ; panicled above, and bearing many bright yellow flowers *
—very bitter.

3. Menziista. Sm. Menziesia.

1. M. eerülea, Sm. (Scottish Menziesia) ; leaves scattered
numerous linear toothed, flower-stalks terminal aggregate simple
flowers 5-cleft decandrous. Æ. Bot. t. 2469.

Heathy moor on the ** Sow of Athol," at Dalnaspidal, Perthshire, Mr
Brown of Perth. Western isles of Shiant? Mr G. Don. FI. June
July. h.—A small shrub; stems branched, woody and naked belowe .
Peduncles 2 inches long, glandular, reddish. Flowers large, beautifuls
purple-blue. Cor. urceolate.— This plant is far more common in North
America than in Scotland, It scarcely yields in beauty to the following
species.

2. M. polifólia, Juss. (Irish Menziesia or St Dabeoe's Heath) i
leaves ovate, the margins revolute white and downy beneath
flowers 4-cleft octandrous in terminal leafy racemes. Eric?
Dabeoci, L.—E. Bot. t. 35.

~ Mountainous heathsin Ireland. Croagh Patrick, Co. Mayo. Abun-
dant in Cunnamara. Mr J. T. Mackay finds it also with pure white f.
Fl. June, July. b.

4. Erica. Linn. Heath.

1. E. Tétraliv, L. (cross-leaved Heath) ; anthers with tw?
acute awns at the base included, corolla ovate as long as thé
style, leaves 4 in a whorl linear ciliated, flowers capitate. ^^
Bot. t. 1015.

Heaths and moory ground, abundant. FU. July, Aug. h .—Flowers
rose-coloured, sometimes white, drooping. They have been found, clef
into several divisions and with the stamens turned into petaloid segments

2. E. Mackáii, Hook. (Mr Mackay's Heath) ; anthers with
2 acute awns at the base included, corolla ovate a little shore?
than the style, leaves 4 in a whorl ovate ciliated glabrous abov?
almost white beneath, flowers capitate. Hook. Comp. to pot
Mag. v. i. p. 159. Dur. Plant. Sel. Hispano-Lusit, sect. *
Asturice, n. 974. Iter. Astur. in Ann. des. Sc. Nat. v. vi. P
125.—E. Mackaiana, Bab. in Linn. Trans. v. xvii. p. 456.

Craigha Moira, Cunnamara. Mr Wm. Mac Calla. FL Aug. Sept. he
—The broad, almost exactly ovate leaves, with a great proportion °
almost white surface beneath, would seem at first sight to distinguish thi
specifically from the preceding, and it is a remarkable fact that it was dis?
covered on the Sierra del Peral in Asturia in the same year as in Trelan™
No other station is‘at present known for it. Can Sir J. E. Smith have
had this in view when he describes the leaves of E. Tetraliz as “ ovat”
or lanceolate ? Near Truro, Mr Watson finds what is probably a hybP
between the latter and Z. ciliaris, much resembling our Æ. Mackat

3. E. cinérea, L. ( fine-leaved Heath) ; anthers with 2 serrate
appendages at the base, style a little exserted, corolla ovale
stigma capitate, leaves ternate. Æ. Dot. t. 1015.

Erica.) OCTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA, 159

ái Heaths, abundant. Fi. July, Aug. h.—Flowers in rather large

ied racemes, drooping, reddish-purple. Leaves nearly linear, gla-

ha This plant is used for various ceconomical purposes ; its flowers
Sometimes white. Ke ie

4. E. Mediterrénea, L. (Mediterranean Heath) ; anthers with-
ut awns and as well as the style exserted, corolla narrow
ürceolato, bracteas above the middle of the peduncle, calyx col-
ured, flowers in leafy racemes, leaves 4 in a whorl linear. Bot,
; 9, é 471.—1.; flowering branches and style shorter. Hook.
in E, Bot. Suppl.t. 9774. — !

M oggy ground, on Urrisbeg Mountain, Cunnamara, Ireland, covering
s, Pace of at least 2 acres. J. T. Mackay, Esq. Fi. April. h.—In
“ptember, 1830, Mr Mackay first communicated to me this important
iSCovery, This var. seems intermediate between the Æ. Mediterranea
of Bot, Mag. and Æ. carnea.

9. E. cárnea, L. ( ‘flesh-coloured Heath); anthers without awns
and as well as the style much exserted, corolla nearly cylindri-
cal, bracteas above the middle of the peduncle, calyx coloured,

®Wers in leafy racemes, leaves 4 in a whorl linear.—.£. herbacea,

—Curt. Bot. Mag. t. 11.

Ireland, 8 miles west of Galway, Miss Martin. Fl.— Y) .— À specimen
Re Oore me, gathered by Miss Martin in the above-mentioned station,
Eu tallies with my continental specimens of E. carnea, and differs
" lkingly from the Irish Zi. Mediterranea, in the greater length and more

Jündrical form of the corolla, and in the much more exserted stamens.

bi 6. E, vágans, L. (Cornish Heath); anthers without awns
tfiq and as well as the style exserted, corolla campanulate,
faves 3—4 in a whorl, flowers axillary crowded. Æ. Bot. t. 3.
DE, multiflora, Huds. (not L.) As
On heaths in Cornwall, abundant. (E. F7.). The late Rev. J. S. Tozer
Led me that it is confined to the serpentine district of Goonnely and
'skeard, near the Lizard, and is thence called ** Goonnely," not Cornish
fy ath; but Miss Warren of Flushing finds it in a furze croft in Mylor,
e Om any serpentine ; a parish, as that lady observes, remarkable for
all ne the only one among the 11,700 parishes of England, that produces
the known species and varieties of English Heath.* Islet on the coast
aterford, near Tramore, Ireland. Dr Burkett. Fl. July, Aug. 5.
Ovat ell distinguished from all our British Æricæ by its campanulate, not
©, corollas.

hr E. ciliéris, L. (ciliated Heath); anthers without awns bifid
gl "ded, corolla ovate inflated, leaves ovate 4 in a whorl ciliato-
‘ndulose, flowers in terminal unilateral racemes. Hook. in
` Bot. Suppl. t. 2618.
B ox SSy ground, Cornwall Near Truro and Penryn, (on dry ground,
Case") frequent, and on the north coast of Cornwall. Near Corfe
oe Dorset, FZ June, July. h .— Unquestionably the most interest-
"d and beautiful addition that has been made to our British Flora for
an J years. The flowers are as large as those of Menziesia cerulea,
hai more highly coloured ; while the Jeaves are elegantly fringed with
* and each hair is tipped with a gland.

160 OCTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. [ Vaccinium

5. CALLÓNA. Salisb. Ling.

1. C. vulgáris, Salisb. (common Ling.) Erica, L.—E. Bot. t
1013.

Heaths and moors, common; sometimes with white f. FZ. June—
Aug. h.—A low, much branching, tufted shrub. Leaves small, opp?”
site, with two small decurrent spurs at the base, more or less pubescent,
and even hairy in £. of Sm. (the E. ciliaris, Huds., not Linn.), closely
imbricated in 4 rows. Flowers small, reddish, drooping, nearly sessile:
ovate ;—a most beautiful double var. is found wild near Carclew, Cor?
wall, by Mr Booth. It varies much in the colour of its flowers 2?
degree of pubescence of the leaves.

This plant is much employed for brooms and for fuel. It makes 4”
excellent edging to garden-plots, and bears clipping as well as Boz.

6. Vaccinium. Linn. Whortleberry.
* Leaves deciduous. Anthers with 2 dorsal awns.

l. V. Myrtillus, L. (Bilberry or Whortleberry) ; peduncles
1-flowered, leaves ovate serrate deciduous, stem angular, stamen’
8—10. E. Bot. t. 456.

Woods and heathy places, chiefly in mountainous or alpine district?
abundant. Fi. May. h.—A small shrub, about | foot high. Flower’
drooping, urceolate, almost waxy, greenish with a red tinge. Anthers
tubular, each cell opening by a pore at the extremity, and having a hor?
at the back. Berries black, glaucous, very agreeable to the taste, a?
much eaten in the Highlands of Scotland.

2. V. uligindsum, L. (great Bilberry ov bog Wortleberry)
peduncles 1-flowered, leaves obovate entire veined deciduous,
stems rounded. JZ. Bot. t. 381. E

In mountain-bogs, Cumberland and Westmoreland; more frequent P
the Highlands of Scotland, ascending even nearly to the summits of tl
mountains. | Fl. May. b .— Leaves glaucous, especially beneath. Cot
ovate, flesh-coloured, smaller than in the last ; anthers similar. Berni
agreeable, but inferior in flavour to those of V. Myrtillus.—The leave

are added to Lycopodium alpinum by the Icelanders, in order to p!?'
duce a yellow dye, for colouring woollens.

** Leaves persistent, evergreen. Anthers awnless at the back

9. V. Vitis Idéa, L. (red Whortleberry, Cow-berry); racemes
terminal drooping, flowers campanulate, leaves evergreen 02”
vate dotted beneath, their margins slightly revolute nearly &™
tire. FE. Bot. t. 598. ; -

Dry places on heaths, mountains and in woods, in the north of E"
land, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. F7. May, June. b.—4A low, som?”
what straggling shrub, with leaves resembling those of the Box. Flow
pale flesh-coloured, open at the mouth, and with deeper and more spr€?*
ing segments than the two preceding species.

4. V. Oxycéccos, L. (marsh Whortleberry, Cranberry); pedar

cles terminal single-flowered, leaves ovate evergreen glaucoU

- beneath, their margins revolute and entire, cor. 4-partite rev
lute, stem filiform. Æ. Bot. t. 319.—Oaycoccos palustris; ei

Epilobium.) OCTANDRIA-—MONOGYNIA. 161
L4 : "

, eoat bogs, especially among Sphagnum, in various parts of England,

inches | » and Ireland. FJ. June. b — Stems | straggling, wiry, 8—10

“tes BN. E Leaves small. „Flowers of a bright rose-colour. Cor.

Rs vided, the segments singularly revolute ; on which account this

is leurs been by some Botanists removed from Vaccinium. The fruit

bords y agreeable, making the best of tarts; at Longtown, on the
ers of Cumberland, it forms no inconsiderable article of trade.

7. (ENoTHÉÍRA. Linn. Evening-primrose.

E Œ. * biénnis, L. (common Evening-primrose); leaves ovato-
: \ceolate toothed, stem somewhat hairy, flowers sessile, sub-
E stamens about as long as the corolla, capsules nearly
Y'indriea] 4-toothed. Æ. Bot. t. 1534.
andy soils near Liverpool, also in Suffolk and Warwickshire. F7.
hie} —Sept. d .—This Genus is altogether American. Plant 2—3 feet
Sa. Siem roughish. Flowers yellow, fragrant, expanding in the
Evening, 2
8. ErILôBIUM. Linn. Willow-herb.
Flowers irregular. Stamens bent down.

te l. E. angustifólium, L. (Rose-bay Willow-herb); leaves scat-

: ted linear-lanceolate veined glabrous, flowers irregular sub-

Picate, stamens declined. Æ. Bot. t. 1947. | GaL

li oist banks and margins of woods ; rare in England, less so in Scot-

Ste Near Enniskerry, Ireland, Mr J. T. Mackay. Fl. July. Y.—
ms 4._6 feet high. Whole plant very handsome.

** Flowers regular. Stamens erect. Stigmas 4-cleft.

2. E. hirsátum, L. (great hairy Willow-herb); leaves semi-am-
9Xleau] ovato-lanceolate deeply serrated hairy,stem very much
"anched hairy, root creeping, stigma 4-cleft. Æ. Bot. t. 838.
e ides of ditches, rivers and lakes, frequent. Fl. July. UY .— Almost
Wal in size to the last. Root perennial, creeping. lowers corym-
e, large. :
os E. parviflórum, Schreb. (small-flowered hairy Willow-
si ); leaves sessile lanceolate slightly toothed downy on both
den” Stem nearly simple very downy, root fibrous, stigma 4-
M. E. Bot. t. 795.
muy sees and banks of lakes and rivers, frequent. FZ. July. 2£.— The
Smaller size of this species in all its parts, being scarcely more
1— 13 ft. high, besides the above characters, serves to distinguish
m the preceding, with which it has been confounded. !

w E. montánum, L. (broad . smooth-leaved Wüllow-herb) ;
Ton eS ovate acute shortly petiolate glabrous all toothed, stem
t ee pubescent as well as the fruit, stigma 4-cleft. E. Bot.
iiy shady banks, walls, roofs of cottages, &c., frequent. F7. July. Y,
tial] a es to 1 foot high. Much resembling the following ; but essen-
late" distinguished by its 4-fid stigma. It has, too, more shortly petio-
' deeply toothed leaves ; and larger flowers. -
ER ot M

e etes SET.

= : i

—— gen UE NISL ma ae =
rom - gusce

a E DE RUBIA, GRAUIS en

162 OCTANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. ^ [Daphne

«#* Flowers regular. Stamens erect. Stigma undivided.

5. E. réseum, Schreb: (pale smooth-leaved Willow-herb); leave?
ovato-lanceolate stalked finely toothed, stem erect somewhat 47
edged, stigma clavate. Æ. Dot. t. 693.

About London, in Essex and Sussex. Forfarshire. FI. July. #7
Distinguishable from Æ. montanum by its clavate entire stigma, aP

from EL. tetragonum by its broader petiolate leaves, and stem not as
tinctly 4-sided.

6. E. éetragénum, L. (square-stalked Willow-herb) ; leave?
lanceolate sessile denticulate, stem with 4 angles nearly glabrous
stigma undivided. Æ. Bot. t. 1948.

Sides of ditches and watery places, common. FV. July. 2.

7. E. palustre, L. (narrow-leaved Marsh Willow-herb); leave?
narrow-lanceolate sessile nearly entire and as well as the roun
ed erect stem subglabrous, stigma undivided. Æ. Bot. t. 346.

Boggy places and the sides of lakes.and ditches. Fl. July.2¢.—Abowt
afoot high. Flowers small.

8. E. alsinifólium, Vill. ( Chickweed-leaved Willow-herb); leave?
lucid ovato-acuminate nearly sessile glabrous lowermost ones
entire, the rest toothed, stem rounded, its upper part and ger
men slightly pubescent, stigma entire. Æ. Bot. t. 2000.

Sides of alpine rivulets. On the Cheviots. Aber waterfall, N. Wales
Frequent on the Scottish, especially the Highland mountains. 77. July
2¢.—This has many of the characters, in its leaves and stem, of E. mo
tanum ; but the stigma is entire, clubbed, and the Zeaves have a flacci^
subpellucid appearance, so that the eye readily distinguishes the specie?

The germen is pubescent; but in my specimens the down disappe?

before the fruit is ripe. Wahlenberg considers it a variety of the r
lowing; and I must confess that I have gathered, on the mountains,
Clova, specimens that seem intermediate. The more usual forms 0 u
plant do indeed appear to be very different. Let it be observed, that?

: Wales, where Æ. alsinifolium is found, E. alpinum is never seen.

9. E. alpínum, L. (alpine Willow-herb); leaves elliptical gia

‘prous on short footstalks nearly entire, stem nearly glabrous 4”

fruit entirely so, stigma undivided. Æ. Bot. t. 2001.
Wet places near springs, and by the sides of rivulets on all the
land mountains. F7. July. 2f.—9.—4 inches high. Root creeping.
with two lines of very obscure pubescence, procumbent at the
Flowers seldom more than 1 or 2 from the summit of the stalk, at P

gracefully drooping, bright purple-red. Fruit erect, often as long aS
plant itself.

9. DApune. Linn. Mezereon and Spurge- Laurel. i

1. D. * Mezéreum, L. (common Mezereon) ; flowers subte
nate lateral sessile appearing before the deciduous lanceol

leaves, tube of the perianth hairy. Æ. Bot. t. 1381. E

' Rare,in woods in England ; Hampshire, Sussex, Suffolk, Staff),

shire, Worcestershire, Berkshire, and Oxfordshire. — F7. March. and

The well-known Mezereon of the gardens, whose early blossom® sby
delightful fragrance have attracted general notice, It forms 4 =

Polygonum. OCTANDRIA—TRIGYNIA, 163

Shr . .
ES bearing its numerous purple flowers before the leaves, and red
‘és nestled among the foliage. Flowers sometimes white.

E 2. D. Lauréola, L. (Spurge Laurel); racemes axillary of about
~ «oWers, leaves lanceolate glabrous evergreen. Æ. Bot. t. 119.
oods, thickets and hedges throughout England, especially in a clay .
om Rare in Scotland ; about Rosslyn and Bothwell. F7. March. b.
s Dus rather stout, erect, 1—3 feet high, but little branched, naked
Flo,” leafy above, and hence bearing some resemblance to a Palm.
Ev drooping, each accompanied by an ovate, concave bractea.
k Euh funnel-shaped, pale yellowish-gréen ; Zimb 4-cleft. Stam. in-
a ed, Standing in two rows of 4 each; filaments very short. Berry
© ‘ate, bluish-black.

i OCTANDRIA—TRIGYNIA.
* PoLYaoxuw. Linn. Persicaria, Bistort, Knot-grass and
Buck-wheat.
js * Styles 3, and the fruit triquetrous.
N P. Bistórta, L. (Bistort or Snakeweed); stem simple bear- .
= One spiked raceme, leaves ovate waved, the radical ones
Pering into a footstalk. H. Bot. t. 509.
Ry ae meadows in various parts of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
Spi une, 2f.-—1—I1} foot high. Upper leaves with long sheaths.
with € cylindrical, dense. Flowers flesh.coloured, on short foot-stalks,
tuo Small bracteas at their base. Stam. 8. Styles 3. Root large, tor-
5e, very astringent.

Soil,

E. P. viviparum, L. (viviparous alpine Bistort); stem simple
tie ing one spike, leaves linear-lanceolate, the lower ones ellip-
3! petiolate, their margins revolute. Æ. Bot. t. 669.

Hig. tain pastures in the north of England, and abundant on the
sleg and mountains of Scotland. Fl. June. 2[.—4—8 inches high,
Qus ES Spike linear; lower part of it generally bearing little vivipar-
flesh ulbs of a fine red colour. Stam. 8. Styles 3. Perianth pale
d coloured, almost white.— This species increases much by the bulbs,
ttle, if at all, by seed, its triquetrous germen proving abortive.

3 £ P" LJ]
` P. aviculáre, L. (common Knot-grass); flowers axillary,

e ges í í :
Aves elliptico-lanceolate, stipules much shorter than the inter-

n
haces With about 6 distant nerves, stem mostly procumbent
a epus, fruit shorter than the perianth striated with raised
ts. Æ. Bot. t. 1252,
aste places and way-sides, abundant. FZ. May— Sept. ©.
E P : Robérti, Lois. ( Robert's Knot-grass); flowers axillary,
th. 53 distant elliptico-lanceolate, stipules much shorter than
ste ternodes with very few indistinct nerves at length torn,
Quite Proeumbent herbaceous, fruit shorter than the perianth
Xvii Smooth on the surface. P. Ra, Bab. in Linn. Trans. v.
in o & 458, and in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 92805.— P. acetosum, Hook.
Razi Comp. to E. Fl. ed. 2, p. 85 (not Bicb.).— P. maritimum,,.
&qp 14^. p. 147.— P. aviculare, B. Br. Fl. ed. 3, p. 185.—
` l. v. ii. p. 238 ? . (5 ETT

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164 OCTANDRIA—TRIGYNIA. [Polygonum

Sandy sea-shores in the west of England, Wales, and Scotland, and
about Dublin. Fv. Aug. Sept. ©.—A large straggling species, ap-

` pearing, as Mr Babington well observes, exactly intermediate between

P. aviculare and P. maritimum.

5. P. maritimum, L. (sea-side Knot-grass); flowers axillary:
leaves crowded elliptico-lanceolate fleshy glaucous, stipules about
as long as the internodes with about 12 nerves at length tor?
stem procumbent woody below, fruit longer than the periant?
quite smooth on the surface. Bab. in Linn. Trans. v. xvii. p. 451:
and in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2804.

Christ-Church Head, on the sandy shore towards Muddiford, whet?
it was recently discovered by Mr Borrer. Herm Sands, Jersey,
Trevelyan ; and. Grand Havre, Guernsey, Babington and Christy:
Fl. Aug. Sept. 2£.—This, which is considered by Mr Borrer as the true
P. maritimum, has nevertheless stipules shorter than the internodes, a!
with fewer nerves than the continental specimens. `

6. P.*Fagopyrum, L. (Buck- Wheat); leaves cordato-sagif"
tate, stem nearly upright without prickles, angles of the fruit
even. E. Bot. t. 1044. .

Dunghills and about cultivated land. — F7. July, Aug. © .— Stem
nearly erect, waved, 1 foot high, branched. Flowers in spreading pant
cles, terminal and lateral, pale reddish. An excellent food for poultry

7. P. Convólvulus, L. (climbing Buck- Wheat); leaves cot
dato-sagittate, stem twining angular, segments of the periant?
bluntly keeled, fruit opaque striated with minute points.
Bot. t. 941. à; :

Corn-fields, frequent. Fl. July, Aug. ©.—Very long, climbing
Spikes lateral and leafy, of 4 whorled greenish flowers. .

8. P.*dumetórum, L. (copse Buck-wheat); leaves cordato"
sagittate, stem twining striated, segments of the perianth with ?
membranous wing, fruit quite smooth and shining on the surface

. Wood at Wimbledon. Mr J. A. Hankey. Hedge by Wood's Nu

sery, near Maresfield, Sussex. Mr Borrer. Fl. Sept. ©.

** Styles mostly 2, and fruit compressed, or 2-edged.

9. P. amphibium, L. (amphibious Persicaria); flowers penta”
drous, styles forked, spike oblongo-ovate, leaves petiolate cor
dato-lanceolate rough at the margins. Æ. Bot. t. 486.— u. aqu"
ticum; leaves floating broadly lanceolate glabrous, spikes oblong
—/. terrestre ; nearly erect, leaves narrow-lanceolate rough with
short rigid appressed hairs on both sides, spikes ovate.

Margins of ponds, lakes and ditches, frequent. FJ. July, Aug. pr
Stem 2—3 feet long, scarcely branched when growing in the water
Leaves arising from long tubular sheaths or stipules ; glabrous P fe
but hispid in 6. Spikes mostly solitary, terminal, of a bright rose-co on"
This is the only perennial species of the Persicaria groupe.

10. P. Persicária, L. (spotted Persicaria); flowers hexandrou®
styles forked, leaves lanceolate (often spotted), spikes oblone
erect their peduncles smooth, stipules fringed. E, Bot. t. 750s

Polygonum] OCTANDRIA—TRIGYNIA. 165

eir ground and waste plaees, frequent. ; Fl. Aug. ©.— Stems

Bees 1—2 feet high. Spikes terminal and lateral, dense,

glabr }, the tips of the flowers rose-coloured. Leaves nearly sessile,
Ous ; but there are said to be varieties with hoary leaves.!

M E 3a lapathifólium, L. (pale-flowered Persicaria); flowers
peti i rous with 2 distinct styles, leaves ovato-lanceolate shortly
iN ate, spikes oblong erect their peduncles rough, stipules not
oed. Æ. Bot. t. 1382.
ope and dunghills, frequent. Fl. Aug. Q.—1— 14 ft. high. A
M Variable species ; but the above characters, so ably pointed out by
times E as distinguishing it from P. Persicaria, are constant. Some-
Are eit] e stem is spotted, and sometimes the Zeaf is hoary. The flowers
ermin her pale green, almost white, or of a reddish tint. Spikes dense,
al and lateral.
E P. mite, Schrank, (lax-flowered Persicaria); flowers hex-
drous without glands, styles forked, leaves lanceolate, stipules
Airy with long ciliz, spikes lax filiform drooping.—P. laxi-
rum, Weihe—P. Braunii, Bluff and Fingerh—P. Hydro-
Piper, var, Curt. Sarton
About London; Lagasca, and Mr Borrer. Near Cambridge. Mr
in Pington. Fi. Aug. © .— Allied to the following, differing from it chiefly
lize Been of glands to the flowers, and from P. minus, in the greater
. ^ broader leaves, and larger flowers and fruit. Flowers red.
ia P. Hydrépiper, L. (biting Persicaria); flowers hexandrous
andular, styles forked, leaves lanceolate waved and spotless, |
IPules with short cilize, spikes lax filiform drooping, stem erect.
™ Bot. t. 989. :
fee gout by the sides of lakes and ditches. 77. Aug. Sept. (9.—1—3
in igh, erect. Remarkable for its slender, long, more or less droop-
8 Spikes of distant, reddish flowers; they are lateral and terminal. |
ac P. minus, Huds. (small creeping Persicaria); flowers hex-
drous without glands, style nearly undivided, leaves linear-
“Neeolate plane very shortly petiolate, stipules with long cilize,
'Kes slender erect, stem rooting at the base. Æ. Bot. t. 1043.
n gravelly, watery commons ; about London, Worcestershire, Che-
oM and Lancashire. Moist fields round Forfar. Near Cork, Ireland. £7.
lo^ ^ O.—Allied to P. Hydropiper ; but much smaller, procumbent be-
> With upright spikes, narrower leaves, and nearly undivided stigmas,

3

l .
ang te Borrer suggests that there should be inserted between P. Persicaria
eub rr apathifolium, as re-uniting these two, if not itself a species,
folate tum, ( Reich.) ; * hexandrous semidigynous, stem ascending, leaves lan-
Spikes Slightly waved, stipules with slender cili; those of the flowers horned,
Cong, (thyrsi) slender crowded, peduncles and petioles strigoso-hispid. Reich.
E Dot. t. 492.— Watery places, probably common. — Sussex, Essex. Mr
Erte ©.—Reichenbach himself seems disposed to consider it a hybrid, and
Close] ns and Koch remark, that they have seen forms of P. lapathifolium,
ee resembling this.

OCTANDRIA—TETRAGYNIA. [Elatine

OCTANDRIA—TETRAGYNIA.
1l. PÁnis. Linn. Herb Paris.

1. P. quadrifólia, L. (common Herb Paris); leaves ovate 4 ™
a whorl. E. Bot. t. 7.

Moist and wet shady woods, in many parts of England and Scotland:
Killarney, Ireland. 77. May, June. 2f.—Stem 1 f. high, with 4, rarely
5, whorled, large, ovate, acute leaves at its summit, the rest leafles*
Flower single, terminal, on a footstalk about 2 inches long. . Cal. 9
linear-lanceolate, green leaflets ; petals similar to these, but narrow?!
and more yellow. Roots purgative. Berry esteemed poisonous; b"
it has been employed in curing inflammation in the eyes.

19. Anéed. Zinn. Mohit

1. A. moschatéllina, L. (tuberous Moschatell). E. Bot. t. 463.

Woods, hedge-banks and shady places; not unfrequent at a great
elevation and even upon the tops of Highland mountains. FZ. Apr?
May. 2£.— Root composed of tooth-like scales, creeping. Stem abou
a span high. Leaves 2—3, radical, on very long footstalks, triternate
lobed and cut, 2 cauline ones small and simply ternate. Peduncle singles
terminal, with a head of 4, verticillate flowers, and a fifth terminal one.
Stamens united in pairs, or they may be considered as 4—5 forke
stamens, each ramification terminated by the single cell of an anthé”
and all springing from a fleshy ring that surrounds the upper part of the
germen. The flowers have an evident musky smell in the evening, of
early in the morning while the dew is on them.

13. EvAtine. Linn. Water-wort.

l. E. hexándra, De Cand. (small hexandrous Water-wort)
leaves opposite spathulate, flowers alternate pedicellate ere
hexandrous tripetalous, capsule turbinate concave at the summ!
3-celled, seeds about twelve in each cell straight ascending
Reich. Ic. Bot. t. 413.—E. tripetala, E. Fl. v. ii. p. 248.—
Hydropiper, E. Bot. t. 955. (not L.)

Margins of ponds and ditches, rare. Bomere pool, near Condove"
Shropshire, Rev. E. Williams ; near Binfield, Berks, Mr T. F. Forste”™
Near Crawley, Sussex, Mr Borrer. Coleshill pool, Warwiekshire
Dr Lloydd. Very rare in Scotland, and only found at Loch Ruisky:
near Callander, by Mr G. Lyon. Fl. July, Aug. ©.—A minute, P%
eumbent, much branching plant, with axillary solitary flowers. Petals
rose-coloured. Seeds most beautifully ribbed and transversely striated:

2. E. Hydrópiper, L. (small octandrous Water-wort); leaves
opposite spathulate, flowers alternate sessile erect octandroU
tetrapetalous, calyx shorter than the petals, segments ligulate
eapsule roundish depressed 4-celled, seeds 16 in each cell pe
dulous much curved. Hook. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 9670. (not p

Discovered in 1830, by Mr J. E. Bowman, at the E. end of Ly’
Coron, Anglesea, growing with Æ. hexandra. Ireland, near New?
Mr Thompson of Belfast: and at the Lagan canal where it ent"
Loch Neagh, the same spot where Sherard first discovered the S#
ularia aquatica, upwards of a century ago, Mr D. Moore.

Arbutus.) DECANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. 167

CLASS IX. ENNEANDRIA. | 9 Stamens.
I. HEXAGYNIA. 6 Styles.

l. Boromus. Perianth single, coloured, 6-partite, inferior.
Ee 6, many-seeded. Seeds fixed to the inner lining of
i: e capsule.— Nat. Ord. Buromem, Rich.—Named from £ooc,

“ox, and veuva, to cut; because the sharp leaves injure the
mouths of cattle that browze upon them. i

ENNEANDRIA—HEXAGYNIA.
l. Búromus. Linn. Flowering-rush.

l. B. umbellátus, L. (common Flowering-rush); leaves linear-
Subulate trigonous, spatha of 3 leaves. Æ. Bot. t. 651.

itches and ponds, frequent in England and Ireland. Duddingston

Loch, and Loch of Clunie, Scotland, where I believe it has been planted.

. June, July. 2£.— Root white, tuberous. . Leaves all radical, 2—3
*et long, linear, acuminate, acutely trigonous, more or less spirally
Wisted at the extremity. Scape longer than the leaves, rounded.
"mbel of many rose-coloured flowers, on pedicels about 4 inches long,
With scariose sheathing bracteas at the base; and these having a tri-
yllous membranous spatha or invoiucre beneath them. Germens ovate,
Compressed. Style about as long as the germen, with a recurved, cleft
‘gma. Seeds parietal, or fixed to the inner surface of the pericarp, -
*Xtremely small.— A highly ornamental plant.

CLASS X. DECANDRIA. 10 Stamens.
“ORD: I. MONOGYNIA. L Style.

- l.MowórRno»a. Perianth single, of 4—5 leaves, eucullate
at the base. Anthers 1-celled, 2-lipped. Caps. superior, 4—5-
celled, Seeds numerous, invested with a long arillus—WNat.

rd. MONOTROPEÆ, Nutt.—Named from movos, one, and gea,
© turn ; the flowers all pointing one way. !

b 2. Prora. Cal. 5-cleft. Petals 5, often connected at the
ase. Anthers opening with 2 pores. Caps. superior, 5-celled.
eds numerous, invested with a long arillus.—JNat. Ord. Mo-

re, ROPEAR, Nutt.—Named from Pyrus, a pear; from a fancied
Semblance in its leaves to those of a Pear-tree.

3. AxpRóMEDA. Cal. deeply 5-cleft. Cor. 1-petaled, ovate
% campanulate. Anthers with awns. Caps. superior, 4—5-
celled, the dissepiments from the middleof the valves.—4JVat. Ord.

"RICE S, Juss.—Named in allusion to the fable of Andromeda,
Who was chained to a rock, and exposed to the attack of a sea-
Monster: so does this beautiful tribe of plants growin dreary and
northern wastes, feigned to be the abode of prseternatural beings.

4. AnBuTUs. Cal. deeply 5-cleft. Cor. 1-petaled, ovate.

168 DECANDRIA—TRIGYNIA. _ [Stellarit-

Berry superior, 5-celled, many-seeded.—/Vat. Ord. ERICE®»
Juss.—Named, according to Théis, from ar, rough, or austere
and boise, a bush, in Celtic.

(See Menziesia and Vaccinium in Cr. VIIL)

ORD. II. DIGYNIA. 2 Styles.

5. SCLERÁNTHUS. Cal. of l piece, 5-cleft. Cor.0, Stam
inserted upon the cal., 5 frequently abortive or wanting. Cap-
sule 1-seeded, covered by the calyx.— Nat. Ord. PARON YCHIEJ»
St Hil.—Named from cxdngos, hard, and avbos, a flower; from
the indurated nature of the floral covering.

6. CHRYSOSPLÉNIUM. Cal. superior, 4—5-cleft, somewhat
coloured. Cor. 0. Capsule with 2 beaks, many-seeded.—
Nat. Ord. SAXIFRAGE®, Juss.—Named from xguo0s, gold, ant
ca^, the spleen ; a disease, for which this plant was suppose
to be a cure.

7. Saxirraaa. Cal. superior, or inferior, or 1 inferior, U'
5 segments. Cor. of 5 petals. Caps. with 2 beaks, 2-celled;
many-seeded, opening between the beaks. Seeds upon a recep"
tacle attached to the dissepiment.—Nat. Ord. SAXIFRAGE//
Juss—Named from saxum, a stone, and frango, to break; in
allusion to the supposed medicinal virtues of this plant: 0%
perhaps, to its roots penetrating the crevices of rocks and stones
among which the different species generally grow.

8. SaPoNÁRIA. Cal. monophyllous, . tubular, 5-toothed,
without bracteas at the base. Pet. 6, clawed. Capsule oblong»
1-celled.— Nat. Ord. CARYOPAYLLEÆ, Juss.—Named from sap
soap : the plant yielding a mucilaginous juice, which has bee?
employed in lieu of that useful article.

|... 9. DiAnruus. Cal. monophyllous, tubular, 5-toothed, with
about 4, imbricated, opposite scales or bracteas at the base. Pet,
5, clawed. Caps. cylindrical, 1-celled.—JVa£. Ord. CARvoPHYTI"
LER, Juss.—Name derived from Zevs, Aros, Jupiter, and vos
a flower : dedicated as it were to Deity itself; to express the
high value that was set upon this charming genus of plants.

ORD. III. TRIGYNIA. 3 Styles,

10. SıLÉNE.. Cal. monophyllous, tubular, often ventricose
` B-toothed. Pet. 5, clawed, mostly crowned at the mouth, an®
the limb generally notched or bifid. Caps. 3-celled, 6-tootheds

many-seeded.—Nat. Ord. CaRYOPHYLLE®, Juss.—Name sup"
posed to arise from ciao, saliva, in allusion to the viscid mos
ture on the stalks of many species; hence, too, the Englis

name Catchfly.

“11, SrELLÁRIA. Cal. of 5 leaves. Pet. 5, deeply clove:

Cerastium.] DECANDRIA—PENTAGYNIA. 169

Caps. opening with 6 teeth, many-seeded.—JVat. Ord. CaRYo-
i BYLLEZX, Juss.—Named from stella, a star ; because the corolla
* Spread in a star-shaped manner.

12. ArenAria. Cal. of 5 leaves. Pet. 5, undivided. Cap-
Sule l-celled, many-seeded.— Vat. Ord. CARYOPHYLLEÆ, Juss.
—Named from arena, sand; the greater number of species
Srowing in sandy soils.

13. CuerLÉRIA. Cal. of 5 leaves united at the base. Pet.
> extremely minute, notched. Stam. with glands at the base. -
aps. ]-celled, opening with 8 valves, many-seeded.— Nat. Ord.
ARYOPHyrLEJE, Juss—Named in honour of John Henry

erler, a friend and coadjutor of John Bauhin.

(See Polygonum in Cr. VIIL)

ORD. IV. PENTAGYNIA. 5 Styles.

l4. CorvrfpoN. Cal. 5-partite. Cor. monopetalous, tubu-
lar, 5-cleft. Capsules 5, each with a gland or nectariferous
Scale at its base.—/Vat. Ord. CRAssULACEX, De Cand.—Named
Tom xorvan, a cup, to which the leaves of some of the species
May bear a distant resemblance.

Ow SEpum. Cal. in 5 (sometimes 4—8) deep segments,
€n resembling the leaves. Petals 5, patent. Germens 5,
ĉach with a nectariferous scale at its base.—JVa£. Ord. CRAssU-
ACEX, De Cand.—Named from sedo, to sit ; from the humble
S'owth of these plants on their native rocks.

b 16. Ox&ris. Cal. 5-partite. Pet. 5, often united by the
ases of their claws. Filaments often combined below, 5 outer
Nes shorter. Caps. angular, 5-celled : cells 2- or many-seeded. —
*eds with an elastic arillus.—JNat. Ord. OxariDEX, De Cand.
—Named from c£vc, sharp or acid. The leaves of O. acetosella

Toduce oxalic acid in the state of binoxalate of Potash.

t. Acrostéimma. Cal. monophyllous, tubular, coriaceous,

ith 5 teeth. Pet. 5, clawed, their border undivided. Caps.

Finns with 5 teeth, 1-celled.—JVat. Ord. CARYOPAYLLEE,

cabl name ; aygou oreua., Crown of the field, peculiarly appli-
© to our species, which is a great ornament to corn-fields.

5 18. LyY¥cunis. Cal. monophyllous, tubular, 5-toothed. Pet.
E clawed, crowned at the mouth, mostly divided at the border.
am, ^ Ord. CARYOPHYLLE®, Juss.—Named from Avxy0¢ à
P; the thick cottony substance on the leaves of some species,
Some similar plant, having been employed as wicks to lamps.

bi. CerAstium. Cal. of 5 leaves. Pet. 5, cloven. Caps.
à Sting at the top with 10 teeth (5 in C. aquaticum).— Nat.

- rat] b: ARYOPHYLLEJ, Juss.—Named,—xegus, a horn, from the
ter long and curved capsules of some species.

170 DECANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. [Pyrola

90. Spireuua. Cal. 5-leaved. Pet. 5, undivided. Caps:
ovate, 5-celled, 5-valved.— Nat. Ord. CARYOPHYLLES, Jusset
Named from spargo, to scatter ; from the seeds being so widely
dispersed. 1 i

(See Silene and Stellaria in Orp. IIT.—.4doza in Cr. VIII.)

DECANDRIA—MONOGYNIA.
1l. Monétrropa. Linn. Bird’s Nest.

1. M. Hypópitys, L. (yellow Bird’s Nest) ; lateral flowers with
§ stamens, terminal one with 10. Æ. Bot. (. 713. —

Beech and Fir-woods, where the soil is dry ; but not common eithet
in England or Scotland. In Sussex, occurring in rings sometimes 15 feet
in diameter, and comprising many trees within the circumference. M
this analogous to the Fairy rings of Fungi ?" (Rev. G. E. Smith-)
Counties of Dublin and Louth, Ireland. FI. June, July. 1t .— Root
fibrous, parasitic ? Stem stout, erect, 6—9 inches high, simple or slightly
branched, instead of eaves having numerous ovate scattered scales, ©
the same dingy yellow hue as the stem. Raceme terminal, a continua
tion of the stem, at first drooping, then erect. Flowers on short scaly
or bracteated pedicels, large, of the same colour as the rest of the plant:
Stamens alternately smaller. Germen 4—5-lobed, ovate. Stigma large:
peltate. Seeds very minute, rarely perfect, enveloped in a reticulate
arillus.

2. PYnoLa. Linn. Winter-green.

1. P. uniflora, L. (single-flowered Winter-green) ; stem bear"
ing a solitary flower, leaves orbicular. Æ. Bot. t. 146.

Woods in Scotland, rare. Fir wood near Brodie House, Forres
Woods at Scone. Coul, Ross-shire. In the Oak wood, Knock ?
Alves, near Elgin. Fl. July. 2[.— Stem scarcely any, bearing à few
petiolated and obscurely serrated leaves; and a single peduncle, Wit
one large, nearly white, very fragrant flower. Style short, stralg""
Stigma large, with 8 erect rays.

2. P. secánda, L. (serrated Winter-green) ; flowers all leaning
one way racemed, leaves ovate serrated. Æ. Bot. t. 307.

Rare in England ; Yorkshire, Ray. Not unfrequent in. Fir woods
in Scotland, especially in the Highlands. F7. July. 2f.— Stems rathet
straggling, branched. Peduncles 4—5 inches high, with several 0Y?
scales or bracteas. Flowers small, greenish-white. Petals erect
Style much protruded. Stigma 5-lobed.

3. P. rotundifolia, L. (round-leaved Winter-green) ; flowers
drooping racemed, leaves obovato-rotundate slightly crenate
style bent down curved upwards at the extremity, much longe
than the ascending stamens. Æ. Bot. t. 213. k

Moist woods and bushy places, rare. Bradwell and Middleton, Suffol
Larlingford, Norfolk. Kent. Guernsey, among tall reeds near the se”
Messrs Christy and Babington. .Gonnacha Wood, Forfarshire, J. D. s
Many other places in Scotland, and some in Yorkshire have also ee
assigned as stations of this plant, which is so often confounded with t 1
two following species, that I cannot quote them with equal certain
Fl, July—Sept. 21.— The largest of the Pyrole, with white, spreae?”

Arbutus.) DECANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. 171

Sowers : well distinguished by the direction and relative length of its
pe and style. ‘The latter is more than twice as long as the fully-
"med capsule and is singularly curved. Stigma with 5 erect points.

Bi P. média, Swartz, (intermediate Winter-green); leaves
: ato-rotundate crenate, stamens erect much shorter than the
Straight or slightly decurved style, stigma with 5 erect points.
* Bot. t. 1945.
00ds, principally in the north ; very general in Scotland, often taken
P. rotund. Oxfordshire. County of Antrim, &c. Ireland. FZ

» Aug. 2f.— Style ptotruded beyond the flower, straight.

d 9. P. mínor, L. (lesser Winter-green) ; leaves ovato-rotun-
ate crenate, stamens erect as long 'as the very short straight
Style which is included within the flower, stigma large with 5
lVergent rays. . E. Bot. t. 158, (not good). Hook. in FI. Lond.
5 154. D. rosea, E. Bot. t. 2543.

Woods in the north of England and Scotland ; most frequent in the
Western Highlands and Hebrides. FZ. July. 2£.— This is smaller than
E last, essentially distinguished from it, and at once characterised by

€ shortness of its style and large radiated stigma, quite included within

* concave corolla.

3. ANDRÓMEDA. Linn. Andromeda.

l. A. polifólia, L, (Marsh Andromeda) ; leaves alternate lan-
teolate their margins revolute glaucous beneath, flowers in short
*rminal racemes. Æ. Bot. t. 713.
of gat bogs, Larlingford, Norfolk. The north of England, Lowlands
cotland, and in the Queen's county and Kerry, Ireland. 7. June.
cg small ever-green shrub, with beautiful oval or urceolate, rose-
E drooping flowers, a good deal concealed among the terminal

4. ARBUTUs. Linn. Strawberry-tree. Bear-berry.

l. A. Unédo, L. (Strawberry-tree); stem arboreous, leaves
elliptie.Janceolate serrated, panicles terminal, berries tubercled.
` Bot. t. 9377.
à About the Lakes of Killarney, in woods at Mucruss and at Glengariff
Nt Bantry, Ireland. FZ. Sept. Oct.— The fruit ripens the following
Soret: h.— This beautiful evergreen is said to be truly wild in the
uth of Ireland; though some are of opinion that it has been intro-
-— by the Monks of Mucruss Abbey. ‘The young leaves are clothed
bon: glandular hairs. The flowers are large, pale greenish-white. The
utt red, ungrateful, (Smith); and hence, it is reported, arises the specifie
ame Unedo, because those who had eaten one would not care to eat
pe Mr Wilson finds it palatable when fully ripe. It is a tree which, -
Te its frequency and beauty of foliage, adds greatly to the charms of
ake scenery of Killarney, and contributes to give it a preference
the Scottish Lakes.

* 2. A. alpina, L. (black Bear-berry); stem procumbent, leaves

rnkleq serrated, racemes terminal. Æ. Bot. t. 2030.
Seg 1 barren grounds on many of the Highland mountains; Ben Nevis,
€ lake; and more frequent on the northern mountains and in

Over

172 DECANDRIA—DIGYNIA. [Chrysosplenium

Sutherland. Hoy hill, Orkney, , Fl. May. h.—A trailing shrub, with
- obovate, marscescent leaves which taper down into a footstalk, and be-
come, in autumn, of a fine red colour. "There are a few hairs on the
-leaf-stalks, and ciliated bracteas at the base of the flower-stalks. C0-
rollas urceolate, very pale rose-colour, almost white. Berry black.

9. A. Uva Ursi, L. (red Bear-berry) ; stems procumbent, leaves
obovate entire evergreen, racemes terminal. Æ. Bot. t. 714.

North of England and Ireland; especially abundant in the Highlands
and Western Isles of Scotland, growing in dry heathy and rocky places
Fl. May. h .— Stems very strong and trailing; /eaves obovate, stiff, rigid,
glabrous, their margins revolute. Flowers in small crowded termina
racemes, of a beautiful rose-colour. Berry small, red, austere, mealy;
but yielding excellent food for the moor-fowl.

DECANDRIA—DIGYNIA.
5. SCLERÁNTHUS. Linn. Knawel.

1. S. ánnuus, L. (annual Knawel) ; calyx of the fruit with
erecto-patent rather acute segments, stems spreading, root annua”
E. Bot. t. 851. EF. Fl. v. ii. p. 282. :

Corn-fields, frequent. FU. July. ©.— Stem many, much branched 15
a dichotomous manner, slender, subpubescent, straggling. Leaves
linear-subulate, keeled, opposite and combined at the base by a mem
branous fringed margin. Flowers green, inconspicuous, in axillary:
leafy clusters. Cal. urceolate, ribbed, with 5 ovato-lanceolate teeth, i?
my specimens white and membranous at the edge as in the following:
spreading when in flower, almost erect when in fruit, as represented 1?
E. Bot. t. 351, left-hand figure.

2. S. perénnis, L. (perennial Knawel) ; calyx of the fruit with
obtuse closed segments edged with a broad white membrane
stems procumbent, root perennial Æ. Bot. t. 352. EB. Fl.”
li. p. 283.—S. polycarpos, Lightf. Scot. p. 1143?

Open dry sandy fields, in Norfolk and Suffolk. Near Forfar. F}
Aug.— Oct. Y.

6. CHRYSOSPLÉNIUM. Linn. Golden-Saxifrage.

1, C. alternifolium, L. (alternate-leaved Golden-Saxifrage) $
leaves alternate, lower ones subreniform upon very long foot
stalks. Æ. Bot. t. 54.

Boggy places among rocks and springs. Cheshire, rare. Norfolk :
more frequent in Scotland. Rosslyn Woods, Bilston-burn, and St Ber,
nard’s Well, Edinburgh: Castlemilk glen, and Beetle's-burn, vale °
Clyde. Near Belfast, Ireland. Æ. March, April. 21.—4—5 inches
high, branched near the summit. Leaves petiolate, crenate. F Towers
in small umbels, deep yellow, mostly with 8 stamens.

2. C. oppositifolium, L. (common Golden-Saxifrage) ; leaves
opposite cordato-rotundate. Æ. Bot. t. 490. E

Sides of rivulets in shady places, common. Abundant near a
source of rivulets in very alpine situations, in the Highlands. FV. APY)
—July.21.— Generally more branched at the base than the last, o
paler colour in all its parts, Stamens usually 8.

Saxifraga.) DECANDRIA—DIGYNIA.

7. SAXÍFRAGA. Linn. Saxifrage.
_. * Cal. reflexed, inferior. Flowers panicled.
i l. S. Géum, L. (kidney-shaped Saxifrage); leaves rotundato-
“eniform acutely crenate more or less hairy, footstalks linear.
Channelled, scape panicled, capsules superior.—a. leaves hairy
9n both sides, their under surface beautifully reticulated with
Purple, Mackay.—8. leaves glabrous on both sides, more sharply
toothed. Mackay. S. Geum, E. Bot. t. 1561 (leaves smaller than
Usual) y, leaves light green glabrous and shining sharply
toothed. Mackay.—6. leaves orbicular dark-green glabrous on
oth sides, footstalks short. Mackay. S. elegans, Mackay.—:.
raves hairy on both sides smaller than in any of the preceding,
9Wers cream-coloured spotless, scape slender. Mackay.
ountains, in the south of Ireland. Fl. June. 2f.— This species has
the margin of the teeth cartilaginous, but less so than the two following.
2. S. hirsáta, L. (hairy oval-leaved Saxifrage); leaves more
or less cordate at the base slightly hairy, footstalks linear, scape
Panicled, capsule superior. Æ. Bot. t. 2322.
R Gap of Dunloe, near Killarney, Mr J. T. Mackay. Fl. June. Y.—
eadily distinguished, Mr Mackay observes, from S. Geum, by its oval
pes which are of a deep green colour. But my friend, the Rev. W.
E Bree, who has cultivated and studied the Saxifrages very assidu-
toj 22° that it is certainly a hybrid between the preceding and the
ring. :
3. S. umbrósa, L. (London-pride Saxifrage or None-so-pretty);
aves roundish-oval with cartilaginous teeth tapering gradually
Ito a broad footstalk, panicle small, capsule superior. Æ. Bot.
: 663.— 8. leaves roundish with sharp tooth-like serratures,
“Ultstalks elongated. Mackay. S. punctata, Haworth (not Sm.).
vy: leaves oblongo-ovate glabrous light green with deep acute
Serratures, Mackay. Robertsonia serrata, Haworth. ;
. Plentiful on mountains in the south and west of Ireland. This species
9und in woods at Wetherby and in Craven, Yorkshire, and about Edin-
rsh and Glasgow, but not really wild. Fl. June. 4.— Well known in
T gardens, even amid the smoke of London; hence, and in conse-
A of its beautifully spotted flower, it is called, with us, London-
€; in Ireland, St Patrick's Cabbage.
i S. stelláris, L. (starry Saxifrage); leaves oblongo-cunei-
m angulato-serrate scarcely petiolate, panicle subcorymbose
few flowers, capsule superior. Æ. Bot. t. 167.—4. leaves
Wite entire, \

le

ides of rivulets and wet rocks, in the mountainous parts of the north
M, "gland, Scotland and Ireland.—g. Rocks on Ben-Nevis, Mr. S.
“ray. FI June—Aug. Uf .— Stems short, growing frequently in tufts.
ibt with coarse teeth ; in £. quite entire, and thence having so dif-
Fry an aspect, that, at first sight, Mr Murray as well as myself con-
“ted it to be a totally distinct species.

* Calyx spreading, half-superior. Scape with a head of flowers.
- S. nivális, L. (clustered alpine Saxifrage); leaves obovate

174 DECANDRIA — DIGYNIA. [Saxifragt

subpetiolate acutely crenate subcoriaceous, scape terminated by
a dense cluster of flowers, capsule half-inferior. E. Bot. t. 449
Mountains of Wales, and frequent in the rocky clefts of the Highland
mountains of Scotland. FV. Aug. 2f.— Leaves subcoriaceous, glabrous
above. Scape glanduloso-pubescent, sometimes a little branched.

*** Calyx partly or entirely inferior. Stem leafy. Leaves
undivided.

6. S. oppositifólia, L. (purple Mountain Saxifrage); leaves
ovate opposite imbricated ciliated, flowers solitary termina’
E. Bot. t. 9. E. Fl. v. it. p. 266.

Moist alpine rocks. Ingleborough. Snowdon and other Welsh moun-
tains. Frequent on the Highland mountains of Scotland. £7. April,
May. 2£.—Grows in straggling tufts, with a habit quite different from
that of any other British Sazifrage. Flowers large in proportion to the
size of the plant, purple, very beautiful. The /eaves are retuse, cilia-
ted, and have a pore at the extremity. Capsule half-inferior.

7. S. Hírculus, L. (yellow Marsh Saxifrage); stem erect, leaves
alternate lanceolate, those from the root attenuated into a petiole,
calyx inferior at length reflexed obtuse downy at the margin as
well as the upper part of the stem. Æ. Bot. t. 1099.

Wet moors, very rare. Knutsford, Cheshire. Cotherstone fell,
Yorkshire. Moor, south of Langton Lees Farm-house, Berwickshire
plentiful. Queen's County, Ireland. Fl. Aug. 2f.— Flowers yellow:
large, solitary. Petals almost elliptical. It is singular that this plant,
which I have seen abundantly in Iceland, and which was found so plenti"
fully by our arctic American voyagers and travellers, is found no further
north in Britain than Berwickshire.

8. S. aizoídes, L. (yellow Mountain Saxifrage); lower leave?
of the stem numerous crowded, the rest scattered linear-lance*
olate fleshy more or less ciliated, stem branched ascending
calyx spreading, capsule half-superior. Æ. Bot. t. 39.

Abundant near alpine rills, and in springy places, in mountainous
countries ; north of England, Wales, Scotland, and Treland. Fi. J uly
—Sept. 2£.—5—7 inches high, branching below. Flowers panicled:
subcorymbose, bright yellow; each petal beautifully spotted with orangê!

**** Calyx spreading. Leaves more or less divided. Flowering-
stems erect, more or less leafy,

9. S. granuláta, L. (white Meadow Saxifrage); radical leave?
reniform on long footstalks obtusely lobed, those of the uppe"
part of the stem nearly sessile acutely lobed, stem panicles
root granulated. Æ. Dot, t. 500.

Hedge-banks, meadows and pastures, especially on a gravelly soil. e
many parts of the south of Scotland ; but scarcely known in the E
lands, Between Beldoyle and Portmarnock, Ireland. 77. May, Jorg
2f.— Root consisting of numerous, small, clustered tubers. Stem gr?
inches high, glanduloso-pilose. Leaves mostly radical, glabrous ; pe K
oles glandular. Flowers large, white. Germen and capsule half-infer!™,

10. S. cérnua, L, (drooping bulbous Sacifrage); radical leave

Sazifraga.] DECANDRIA—DIGYNIA. 175

*eniform on long footstalks palmato-lobate, superior ones nearly
Sessile subtrifid, stem simple bulbiferous with one terminal
ower. E. Bot. t. 664.
E rocks (not about rills) on the highest of the Breadalbane moun-
Ms; summit of Ben Lawers, and on Craigalleach. F7. June—A ug.
^^ ma or 5 inches high, slender. Leaves glabrous, and the stem,
2 ich droops at the extremity, nearly so. In the axils of the small
Pper leaves, instead of. flowers, are clusters of minute reddish bulbs.
un quently there is no flower, and I have never seen more than one
-Pon a stem, and that is terminal, large in proportion to the size of the
pent, and white ; petals retuse. In the E. Bot. figure, the root-leaves
te much less deeply lobed than in my specimens.

ll. S. rivuléris, L. (alpine Brook Saxifrage); leaves 3—5-
obed palmated glabrous on long stalks, stem slender branched
Pu escent, branches few-flowered, bracteas oblong sessile 3-

obed and entire, capsule half-inferior. Æ. Bot, t. 2275,

N. Oist alpine rocks in Scotland; rare. Near the summit of Ben
evis, but very scarce, as it is likewise on Ben Lawers. Plentiful
Och-na-gar, in Forfarshire. FI. Aug. Sept. ?f.

12. S. tridactylites, L. (rue-leaved Saxifrage); glandular and

Scid, leaves cuneate 3—5-fid, the uppermost bracteas undi- `

"ded, stem panicled, pedicels single-flowered, capsule inferior.
* Bot. t. 501.

ommon on walls and dry barren ground, in England and the Low-

S of Scotland ; rare however in the west of Scotland, and especially

he Highlands. Fl. May, June. @.—2—4 inches high. Whole

Ee covered with viscid hairs. Petals small, pure white, scarcely
nger than the segments of the calyx. Capsule almost wholly inferior.

vi

land
In t

E 13. s. hypnoides, L. (mossy Saxifrage); root-leaves 3 or 5- j

eft, those of the procumbent shoot undivided or 3-cleft all bris-
tle-Pointed and more or less fringed, segments of the calyx ovate
Pointed, petals roundish-obovate.—«. leaves of the procumbent
“wots undivided, sometimes with axillary buds. S. hypnoides,
E. Bot. t. 454.— 8. leptophylla, Pers.—JDon.— E. FI v. ii.
à 279..— 8. leaves of the procumbent shoots either undivided or
“left, petals usually broad. ©. platypetala, E. Bot. t. 2276.
: hirta, Don.—E. Bot. t. 2291.
Ing, quent in rocky mountainous situations, England, Scotland, and
and. FZ. May—July. 2£.— An abundant and rather variable plant :
On] I fear the five following species of Mr Don, or Sir J. E. Smith, are
Y slightly modified forms of the true hypnoides.

8. affinis, Don; ‘ radical leaves 5-cleft, those of the trailing shoots
> 9-eleft, lobes linear pointed, segments of the calyx awl-shaped
0 gelled pointed recurved, petals oblong inflexed at the edges." Tr,
Bu. Soc. v. xii. p. 418. E. FT. v. ii. p. 275. On the top of
de mountain, Ireland.
those
Calygj
Linn,

Most]

S. incurvifólia, Don, * somewhat glabrous, radical leaves 5-cleft,
ot the trailing shoots 3-cleft, segments lanceolate obtuse ineurved,
ne segments ovate acute, petals roundish emarginate," Tr. of
Soc. v. xiii. p. 423. E. Fi. v. ii. p. 277.—Alpine rocks, Ireland.

176 DECANDRIA— DIGYNIA. [Saponaria-

3. S. denudáta, Don, “somewhat glabrous, radical leaves 5-clefts
those of the trailing shoots tripartite, segments linear-subulate acutes
calycine segments lanceolate mucronulate, petals obovate emarginate-

2!

Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. xiii. p. 424.—Mountains of Angus-shire.

4. S. elongélla, Sm. “ radical leaves 3- or 5-cleft, those of the upright
short shoots undivided or 3-cleft all bristle-pointed slightly fringe’
primary flower-stalks very long simple and naked, calyx pointed, peta
obovate.” .E. Bot. t. 2277.—Mboist rocks, Angus-shire, Fl June.
= 5. S. letevirens, Don, “ trailing shoots procumbent elongated, leaves
5- or 3-parted, segments linear acute, calycine segments lanceolate mu
cronate, petals spathulate emarginate." Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. xiii. p. 45}:

—E. Fl. v. ii. p. 280.—Mountains of Angus-shire, Aberdeenshire 2?
north of Loch Lomond.

14. S. cespitésa, L. (tufted alpine Saxifrage) ; root-leaves
crowded 3—5-cleft obtuse veiny fringed, lowermost undivide4
germen hairy, calyx smoother obtuse, petals roundish-obovat©
a. smaller. S. cespitosa, L—E. Bot.t. 794.—S. Greenlandic
Gunn. Norv. v. ii. p. 80. t. 7. f. 1.—8. larger. E. Fl. v. ii. P
274.— S. decipiens, Ehrh.—Sternb. Saxifr. p. 55. t. 93.—^?'.
palmata, E. Bot. t. 455.

Mountains, rare. Rocks of Twll dá, and Cwm-Idwell, N. Wales
Brandon, co. Kerry. Ben-na-bord, Aberdeenshire, Dr Graham. Be”
Nevis, J. Woods, Esq.—This I believe to be quite distinct from S. AYP"
noides, though nearly allied to it. The procumbent shoots are very shor
or wholly wanting ; the flowers are fewer; the leaves almost all 3.cleft
and with obtuse segments.— Valuable remarks, on this and the preceding
mre will be found in the third edition of this work, pp. 199, 200
and 201.

15. S. *muscoides, Wulf. (mossy alpine Saxifrage) 5 radical
leaves crowded linear obtuse entire and trifid, stem nearly nake
few-flowered, petals oblong obtuse (buff-coloured) a little longe"
than the superior calyx. Æ. Dot. t. 2314.

Mountains above Ambleside, Westmoreland. Huds. (D. Don.)—*
Highlands of Scotland (?). Mr J. Don. Fl. May. 2.—A very dub
ous native.

16. S. pedatifida, Ehrh. (pedatifid-leaved Saxifrage) ; lowe"
leaves and those of the rather short sterile shoots upon very
long footstalks divided into 3 deep linear-lanceolate acut?
spreading segments the lateral ones bifid, panicle cymose, c y
superior as long as the germen. —.E...Bot. t. 2278.

Rocks near the head of Clova, Angus-shire, G. Don, (and found 2
him only). Fl. May. 2¢.—A distinct species, which does not appear Pa
be noticed in Sternberg’s valuable work, though coming near his ^*^
danifera and S. pentadactylis.

oe Soa

8. SapondRia. Linn. Soapwort.
1. S. * officinalis, L. (common Soapwort) ; leaves ovato-
ceolate, calyx cylindrical glabrous. E. Bot. t. 1060. t
Road-sides, margins of woods, and hedge-banks, especially near ^.
tages. FL July, Aug. 2£.—1—1} foot high, with a rather stout cy

]an*

Dianthus.) | DECANDRIA—DIGYNIA. 177

drical stem. Leaves ribbed, opposite and connate. Panicle of nu-

merous large, rose-coloured flowers. Limb of the corolla obcordate.—
3 plant makes a lather with water.

9. DiáNTHUs. Zinn. Pink.
* Flowers clustered.

l. D. Arméria, L. (Deptford Pink) ; flowers clustered fascicled,

Scales of the calyx lanceolate downy as long as the tube. Æ,
ot. t, 317.

feig’stttes and hedges ; not uncommon in England and Scotland. In

Sat Carse, Angus-shire. Leetown in the Carse of Gowrie. Fi.
uly, Aug. ©.—1—14 foot high, branched upwards. . Leaves linear,
)Pposite and connate, slightly pubescent; upper ones acute. Limb of
the Petals rose-coloured, with white (not red, as mentioned in Æ. Bot.)
dots, Crenate at the margin. Flowers scentless. :

2. D. prolifer, L. (proliferous Pink) ; flowers clustered capi- -
tate, scales of the calyx ovate blunt membranous longer than the
tube, leaves rough at the edge. E. Bot. t. 956.
ravelly pastures, in England, rare: Selsey island, Sussex; near

Hampton-court ; near Norwich ; and at Hanby Castle, Worcestershire.
Erde, Isle of Wight. Jersey, Babington and Christy. Fl. J uly.© .—

fadily distinguished by its small, deep-coloured flowers, of which only
ne in a head expands at a time, and by the large, dry, brown and mem-
lanaceous scales which envelop the calyces of several flowers. Limb
the petals obcordate, notched.

*** Flower solitary s one or more on the same stem. -

3. D.* Caryophijllus, L. (Clove Pink, Carnation or Clove
ly flower) ; stem branched, flowers mostly solitary, scales of
e calyx 4 very short ovate submucronate, petals broad cre-
"ated, leaves linear-subulate grooved glaucous. /. Bot. t. 914.
n ruined walls, as at Norwich ; old arch of Westonhanger, and on
the Castles of Deal, Sandown, Rochester, &e. Fl. July. 21.—Few per-
qus, on seeing this plant as it grows on old walls, would suppose it was
© origin of one of the “ fairest flowers o' the season,”
** The curious choice Clove July-flower,”
fe Carnation of our gardens, with its endless diversity of colour and
E" ; yet such it is always considered to be. It varies, with the limb
of *s bearded, and rarely, with a beautiful deep purple bar at the base
lai e limb ; the pet. doubly cut and jagged ; stam. often exserted.—A.
"Y var. is also found in Kent. Rev. G. E. Smith.

th 4. D. deltoides, L.( Maiden Pink) ; flowers solitary, scales of
E Calyx about 2 ovato-acuminate short, leaves bluntish some-
of downy, petals crenate glabrous. Æ. Bot. t. 61.—8. scales
the calyx mostly 4, petals nearly white. D. glaucus, L.
E Orders of fields, banks and hedges, on a gravelly-or sandy soil, in
Rar and and Scotland, extending as far north as Ross-shire. About
Hen urgh, &e., where, in the King’s Park, grows the var. £. “Fl. July,
tals n A small plant, much branched even from: its very base. Pe-
` end ve Y beautiful, rose-coloured, spotted with white, with à white eye
9Sed in a deep purple ring. - une
N

178. DECANDRIA—TRIGYNIA. [ Siene-
5. D. edsius, Sm. (mountain Pink); stems mostly single-
flowered, scales of the calyx short roundish, leaves scabrous at
the margin, petals unequally jagged. E. Bot. t. 62.
On limestone rocks at Cheddar, Somersetshire. FI. June, July. M.
— This exceedingly rare plant has very glaucous foliage ; and, compara
tively large, fragrant flowers, of a delicate rose-colour.

DECANDRIA—TRIGYNIA.
10. Sinéne. Linn. Catchfly.
* Stems tufted, short. Peduncles single-flowered.

1. S. acatlis, L. (Moss Campion); cxespitose, leaves linear cili-
ated at the base, peduncles solitary single-flowered, petals crowt-
ed slightly notched. E. Bot. t. 1081. ;

Rocky places on Snowdon. Abundant on all the Scottish mountains.
Fi. June, July. 2£ .—Stems short, 2—3 inches high, much branched an
tufted. Leaves patent. Flowers beautiful purple ; and apparently
dicecious.—One of the greatest ornaments of our Alps ; not unfrequently
found with white flowers.

3k Stems elongated. Flowers solitary or panicled. Calyx in-
flated, bladdery.

2. S. infláta, Sm. (Bladder Campion) ; flowers numerous
panicled, petals deeply cloven with narrow segments scarcely

crowned, calyx inflated reticulated, stem erect, leaves ovato-lan-
ceolate.— Cucubalus Behen, E. Bot. t. 164.—8. calyx, stem and
leaves downy.

` Pastures and road-sides, common.—. near Cromer, Norfolk. Banks
of the Clyde. FI. June— Aug. 2[.— Whole plant glaucous, variable 1
the size and shape of its leaves, and in the more or less numerous
flowers. Petals pure white. ‘The downy variety maintains its charac”
ters after many years’ cultivation in the Glasgow Botanic Garden.—
Young seeds white. Talbot.

3. S. maritima, With. (Sea Campion or Catchfly) 5 panicles
few-flowered, petals with a shallow cleft and broad segments
crowned, calyx inflated reticulated, stems spreading, leaves
ovato-lanceolate or spathulate. Æ. Bot. t. 957.—S. inflata, 8
Hook. Scot. i. p. 185. j

Frequent upon the sea-shore in sandy and stony places, as well a$ by
alpine tills. FU. June— Aug. 2f .— This, although it has smaller stems
and leaves than the last, has larger flowers; yet I will not say
done right in again raising it to the rank of a species. Mr W. Wi
finds a var. in Caernarvonshire with a panicle of 7 flowers. In this a?
the preceding, the styles are variable in number.— Young seeds of a ËP
lively purple. Talbot. |

33e Stems elongated. Flowers in racemes and whorled.

A. S. Otites, Sm. ( Spanish Catchfly) ; stems erect nearly simple
with few leaves, flowers in whorls dicecious, petals linear entire
leaves spathulate.— Cucubalus Otites, E. Bot. t. 85.

Silene.) DECANDRIA-—TRIGYNIA. 179

Sandy fields, chiefly in Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cambridgeshire. FX.
^de Aug. 2f.— Remarkable for its small, unassuming, dicecious flowers,
with their linear, yellowish, entire petals. Ale,
V C* Stems elongated, branched. Flowers in leafy racemes,
alternate. j

5. S. Anglica, L. (English Catchfly) ; hairy and viscid, petals
(small) crownedslightly bifid, calyces with setaceous teeth ovate
n fruit and sometimes reflexed. ` Æ. Bot. t. 1178.

Sandy and gravelly fields ; in Surrey, Cambridgeshire, Hertfordshire,
and Norfolk ; South Port, Lancashire, and North Wales. Cornwall.

tween Dundee and St Andrew’s ; near Perth. Fl. June, July. (9.—

ore or less viscid. Leaves lanceolate, the lower ones spathulate.

Owers solitary from the axils of the upper leaves. Calyz at first
Cylindrical, scarcely shorter than the petals, erect; at length the ower
Ones, when in fruit, have their pedicels often singularly reflected. Petals
Mostly white, sometimes with a faint tinge of red in the middle, in which
“se the whole plant much resembles the following species.

_ 6. S.*guinguevilnera, L. (variegated Catchfly) ; pubescent,
limb of the petals roundish entire, flowers secund, calyces with
“etaceous teeth and always erect very hairy. Æ. Bot. t. 86.
Sandy corn-fields, near Wrotham, Kent. Duppa’s Hill, by Croydon.
; ^ June, July. ©.—A common annual in our gardens, which derives
bi atin specific name from the 5 deep red spots on its petals resem-
ing marks of blood, but which become more or less faint in cultivation.

xxxx* Stems panicled, leafy. Calyx not bladdery.

7. S. nütans, L. (Nottingham Catchfiy) ; flowers panicled se-
Und cernuous, branches opposite, calyx cylindrical ventricose,
Petals deeply cloven their segments linear crowned, leaves (of
ê stem) lanceolate pubescent. Æ. Bot. t. 465. uon
imestone rocks, and chalky cliffs in England. About Nottingham.
tmeshead, Caernarvonshire. Knaresborough, Yorkshire ; Dove Dale,
J erbyshire. North Queensferry and near Arbroath, Scotland. 77.
d July. 21£.—1—14 ft. high. Zoot-leaves spathulate, acute. Petals
ather lareo. white, (expanding only at night.) Talbot,

8. S.* Itálica, DC. (Italian Catchfly) ; flowers panicled nearly
ect, branches opposite, calyx long clavate, petals deeply bifid
t crowned the segments broad, radical leaves spathulate on
sf Stalks, cauline ones sessile linear-lanceolate.—S. paradoxa,
sn Fl. Brit. p. 467, (not of Linn.) Reichenb. Icon. Bot. t.292,
“Xcellent).—S. patens, Peete, in E. Bot. Suppl. t 9148. —-
a at Dover, Mr Peete. Fl. June, July. 4 .—This may M" at
the. own from S. nutans by the much longer and more clavate sais
Betas 8° of a crown to its petals, and their broader hggnisnta. hese
Shots are white. The whole plantis more or less downy, t e panicles
'ghtly viscid,
S. cónica, L. (striated Corn Catchfly) ; panicle forked,
bifid crowned, leaves linear downy, calyx in fruit conical
umerous furrows. H. Bot. t. 922.

er

9.
Petals
With n

180 DECANDRIA—TRIGYNIA, [Stellaria

At New Romney and Sandown Castle, Kent. Near Bury, Mr M.
A. Blake. Fl. July. © .—Petals purple, small Calyx of the flowet
almost tubular, of the fruit so broad and swollen at its base as to be
nearly conical. Itis moreover finely striated.

10. S. noctiflóra, L. (night-flowering Catchfly) ; panicle forked,
petals bifid, calyx with long teeth oblong in fruit with 10 con-
nected ribs, leaves lanceolate lower ones spathulate. - E. Bot. t
291. x

Corn-fields in a sandy or gravelly soil, in several counties of England.
Coast of Angus-shire, Scotland. Near Inveresk. F7. July. o —1 foot
or more high. Leaves much like the last, pubescent. Upper part ©
the stem many times dichotomous, each branchlet terminated with a single
flower, and a solitary flower in the axil of the fork. Flowers rathet
large, sweet-scented, pale-reddish, almost white. Peduntces viscid.

xx##x* Stems elongated. Flowers corymbose. Calyx clavate:

11. S.*Arméria, L. (common or Lobel's Catchfly) ; panicles fork-
ed corymbose with crowded flowers, petals notched and crowne
with awl-shaped scales, calyx clavate and as well as the leaves
glabrous, leaves ovato-lanceolate, stem viscid. Æ. Bot. t. 1398:

Banks of the Dee, half a milefrom Chester ; now extinct. J. E. Bow’
man, Esq. Fl. July, Aug. © .— Extremely common in gardens.

1]. STELLÁRIA. Linn. Stitchwort.

1. S. némorum, L. (Wood Stitchwort); leaves petiolate cor-
date, upper ones ovate sessile, panicle dichotomous. Æ. Bot. t. 92.

In moist woods, principally in the North of England and Lowlands
of Scotland. FI. May. June. 2f .—Stems weak, 1—1} feet high, pubes-
cent above. Leaves very large, glabrous, but rough with extremely
minute elevated dots, sometimes ciliated at the margin. Calyz-leavts
white at the edges. Petals narrow, deeply bifid, pure white.

2. S. média, With. (common Chichweed or Stitchwort); leave?
ovate, stems procumbent with an alternate line of hairs on one
side, petals 2-partite, stamens 5—10. &. Bot. t. 537.— Alsint
media, L. i À ead

Road-sides and waste places, abundant. FI. almost the whole ye”
© -—Stem weak, with alternate lines of hairs between each pair of leave?
by whieh the species is admirably distinguished. Leaves, except UP
uppermost, glabrous ; on footstalks which are fringed with hairs. Flow.
ers small, white, on solitary, axillary and terminal stalks.— t is a gan
pot-herb, and small birds are very fond of the seeds.

3. S. holóstea, L. (greater Stitchwort); stem nearly erect
leaves lanceolate much acuminated finely ciliated, petals bis
twice as long as the nerveless calyx. Æ. Bot. t. 211. i

Woods and hedges, frequent. F7. May. 2¢.—Plant 1—13 foot ee
rather rigid and brittle, somewhat glaucous. Flowers large and We
much broader petals than the two following, pure white. Panici?
few flowers, leafy.— Calyz sometimes proliferous, CH. F. Talbot, 5g

á s es
4. S. graminea, L. (lesser Stitehwort); stem nearly erect, De.
lanceolate acute entire, panicle much branched, petals ve

Stella; ia.) DECANDRIA—TRIGYNIA. 181

deeply cleft, segments linear scarcely longer than the 3-nerved
leaves of the calyx. Æ. Bot. t. 803.

Dry pastures, fields and heaths, common. FZ. May. 2£.—1 foot high,
More slender than the last, and readily distinguishable by its much
Smaller fowers ; large and branching panicle ; 3-nerved calyx ; and en:
tire leaves, which are, moreover, by no means so much acuminated.

5. S. glatica, With. (glaucous Marsh Stitchwort); stem nearly
erect, leaves linear-lanceolate entire glaucous, flowers upon long
Solitary axillary footstalks, petals very deeply cleft their seg-
“ents much longer than the 3-nerved calyx. Æ. Bot. t. 825.

Wet, marshy places, margins of lakes, &c. Fl. June, July. 2f.—

qually slender with the last, 1 foot high. Flowers next in size to those
9! S. holostea. Readily known from that and S. graminea by its nar--
rower, glaucous leaves ; solitary, axillary flowers ; and the narrow calyx-
eaves, which, as in the last, are three-nerved.

6. S. uliginósa, Murr. (Bog Stitchwort); leaves ovato-lanceo-
late entire with a callous tip, flowers in dichotomous panicles,
Petals bipartite shorter.than the leaflets of the calyx which are
Combined at the base. E. Bot. t. 1074.— S. graminea, B. L.

. In ditches and rivulets, frequent. Fl, June. (9.— This species, be-
Sides having the calyz-leaves combined at the base, has truly perigynous
Stamens and petals. St Hilaire, who makes of it his Genus Larbrea
m honour of the Abbé de Larbre,) seems to think it, more allied to his

rder Paronychiez than to the Caryophyllee. Its general habit, how-
Per, is surely that of a Stellaria, from all the other species of which it
5 distinguished by the comparatively minute petals.

ZA S. cerastoides, L. (alpine Stitchwort); stems decumbent
With an alternate hairy line, leaves oblongo-spathulate, pedun-
“les 2 or 3 mostly terminal downy as is the calyx which is about
half the length of the bifid corolla. Æ. Bot. t. 911.
readalbane mountains of Scotland, and mountains to the north of
that great range. FV. July, Aug. 21.—4—6 inches long. Lower part
of the stem bare of leaves and much branched. Leaves glabrous or
hairy, subsecund and subfaleate, as observed by Wahlenberg; their
Points callous. Flowers large, pure white. Sir J. E. Smith states
at the styles are sometimes 4 and 5 ; and the capsules, on my speci-
“ns, have some 6 and some 10 teeth; so that this plant has as great
~ Claim to rank with the Cerastia as with the Stellaric.

8. S, scapigera, Willd. (many-stalked Stitchwort); stem short-
* than the flowerstalks, leaves linear-lanceolate crowded pubes-
“enti-scabrous at the margin, calyx 3-nerved as long as the
Petals, E. Bot. t. 1269 (leaves too broad).

J Hills to the north of Dunkeld and about Loch Nevis, G. Don. Fi.
Pii Y .—I possess only cultivated specimens of this remarkable plant,
ich was first described by Willdenow. He attributes to it single-flow-
"we Peduncles ; but in my plants these peduncles, of which many arise
m ™ the extremity of very short stems, are mostly branched in the mid-

$ where they have 2 small, ovate, acute, membranaceous bracteas, .

DECANDRIA—TRIGYNIA. [ Arenaria.

19. ARENÁRIA. Linn. Sandwort.
* Stipules none.

1, A. peploides, L.(Sea-side Sandwort); glabrous, leaves ovate
acute fleshy, calyx obtuse ribless. Æ. Bot. t. 189.—Adenarium

On sandy sea-shores, frequent. FZ. July. 21.— Root long and creep
ing, slender. Stems decumbent at the base : branches erect, leafy, up-
wards. Leaves large, decussate, connate, fleshy, shining, a little recurved-
Flowers solitary or 2—3 together, in the axils of the upper leaves, nearly
sessile, closing in the shade. Petals white, small, scarcely longer that
the calyx, distant, broadly ovate} shortly clawed. Surrounding the g€?*
men are 10 glands, alternating with the stamens. Capsule large, round-
ish, 8—5-valved, with comparatively few, large, and black seeds. —The
habit of this is very different from the rest of the Genus, and it is sal
that the flowers are dicecious. It is certain that very extensive patches
of the plant have abortive flowers.

2. A. trinérvis, L. (three-nerved Sandwort); leaves ovate acute
petiolate 3-(rarely 5-) nerved ciliated, flowers solitary, calyce?
rough on the keel with 3 obscure ribs. E. Bot. t. 1483.

Shady woods and moist places. Fl. May. ©.—Siems 1 foot high,
much branched, pubescent. Upper eaves sessile. Flowerstalks an ine’
or more long, from the forkings of the extremities of the stem ; in fruit
spreading, the upper part deflexed. Petals oblongo-obovate, white:
scarcely longer than the acute segments of the calyx.

3. A. serpyllifolia, L. (thyme-leaved Sandwort); leaves ovate
acute subscabrous sessile, calyx hairy its outer leaves 5-ribbe®
E. Bot. t. 993.

Walls and dry waste places, frequent. FI. June. ©.—2—6 inches
in length, erect or procumbent, much branched, pubescent. Leaves
small, rather rigid. Flowers white, on short stalks, from the forkings T
the upper part of the stem or the axils of the leaves. Petals as long as lr
calyz.—Mr W. Wilson finds a var. at Bangor, with five stamens, a?
the petals only i as long as the calyx, which has prominent ribs.

4. A. cilidta, L. ( fringed Sandwort); rigid, leaves spathulate
roughish ciliated, stems much branched procumbent downy?
branchlets 1—2-flowered, calyx-leaves half as long as the €07
rolla lanceolate acute with 3—5 prominent ribs, Æ. Bot. t. 1745:

Mountains in Ireland, rare. Limestone cliffs, near Ben Bulben, ?
mountain in Sligo; Mr J. T. Mackay. FI, Aug. Sept. YỌ. j

5. A. Norvégica, Gunn, (Norwegian Sandwort); leaves spath-
ulate fleshy glabrous as well as the much branched procumbe?
stems, branchlets 1—3-flowered, calyx-leaves half as long $
cor. ovate acute with 3—5 obscure ribs. Fl. Dan. t. 1269.—
A. ciliata, B. Willd. 4

Unst, in the Shetland islands, first discovered by Mr Thomas E d
monstone, Jun. an enthusiastic naturalist only eleven years of age; ?

: dad
ascertained to be new to Britain, by Dr JM*Nab, on his visit t
those islands in 1837. Fi. July. 24.—A plant with altogether the ec
of growth and general aspect of A. ciliata; but the leaves are suc”

Arenaria] - DECANDRIA—TRIGYNIA. 183

lent and every where glabrous, and the calyz-leaves are broader and.
obscurely ribbed. |

6. A. vérna, L. (vernal Sandwort); stems numerous panicled
above, leaves subulate acute when dry 3-nerved, petals obovate
and as well as the capsule about as long as the lanceolate acu-
minated 3-nerved calyx. E. Bot. t. 512.

^ Rocky and mountainous pastures, in the north of England and Wales ;
abundant on Arthur's Seat and in other places about Edinburgh ; Mael

un Crosk, Breadalbane ; not found at all in the west of Scotland. 77.
ay, June. 2f.— Stems 3—4 inches high, slightly hairy, as are the caly-
ces and peduncles. Lower leaves crowded, often curved.

T. A. rubélla, Hook. (alpine Sandwort); stems numerous,
Peduncles terminal downy single-flowered, leaves linear-subulate
Obtuse 3-nerved, petals elliptico-lanceolate and as well as the 4-
valved capsule shorter than the lanceolate very acute 3-nerved
Calyx. Hook. in Parry's 2d. Voy. App.—in Fl. Lond. N. S. t.
200. Don in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2638.—Alsine rubella, Wahl.—
Arenaria quadrivalvis, Br. —

Near the summits of the Breadalbane mountains, among soil and
Token rocks ; very rare. On Craigalleach; Dr Eari. On Ben Lawers ;
'st found, it now appears, by Mr Don; since by Mr Murray, Dr
Greville, and in one spot most abundantly by Mr W. Wilson and Dr

Graham. Ben Hope, Sutherland, Dr Graham. Fl. July. 2£.— This
'S quite an alpine or arctic plant. It loves to grow with its root buried

nder a loose piece of rock, and late in the summer often acquires a
Teddish tinge. Stamens from a glandular disk. Styles 3, 4 or 5; the
valves of the capsule, consequently, equally variable. — :

8. A. tenuifólia, L. ( fine-leaved Sandwort); stems much
branched ‘dichotomous panicled above, leaves narrow linear-
Subulate, petals lanceolate much shorter than the narrow lance-
Slate 3.nerved calyx, capsule 3-valved as long as the calyx.
E. Bot. t. 219.

Sandy fields; Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, Oxfordshire, &c. Cramond
Island, Firth of Forth ; and near Pettycur Harbour, Scotland ; Mr
i alden and G. Don. Fl. June. ©.—Stems 4—6 inches high, gla-

rous; throughout remarkably slender, especially the peduncles.

9. A. fastigidta, Sm. (level-topped Sandwort); stems erect
Straight, leaves fascicled subulato-setaceous erect, flowers fas-
Slcled, calyx much acuminated (white) with two central (green)
"bs twice as long as the ovate petals. Æ. Bot. t. 1744.

n Fifeshire and mountains of Angus-shire, Mr Don. Fl. June.

2.—Sir J. E. Smith rightly distinguishes this, the A. fasciculata of
leds from the species so named by Gouan ; of which very rare plant
me ssess Gouan’s original specimen. Scottish individuals I have never
thy With ; but, judging from the figure in Æ. Bot., L do not see how
1518 to be separated from the A. mucronata of DC. (Alsine, Gouan).
The Very peculiar in habit and quite unlike any other British species.

€ seeds “ are beautifully toothed at the margin, each on a long stalk.”

** Stipules at the base of each patr of leaves.
l0. A. rúbra, L. (purple Sandwort); stems prostrate, leaves

184 DECAN DRIA— PENTAGYNIA. [ Cotyledon.

narrow-linear acute plane somewhat fleshy tipped with a very
minute bristle, stipules ovate cloven, capsule as long as the
calyx, seeds compressed angular roughish. - E. Bot. t. 852.
Gravelly or sandy soils, frequent. FI. June. (9.— Very much branch-
ed and spreading. Stipules, a pair of ovate, acute, white, membrana-
ceous scales, united at their base. Flowers numerous, in the axils of the
upper leaves, solitary. Calyx nerveless, and, as well as the rather short
peduncles, glandular and viscid. Petals ovate, red, about as long as the
calyx. Peduncles, after flowering, slightly bent back.— The seeds con-

stitute the essential character by which this is known from the following -
species.

11. A. marina, Oed. (Sea-side Spurrey Sandwort); stems
prostrate, leaves semicylindrical fleshy awnless, stipules ovate
cloven, capsule longer than the calyx, seed compressed smooth
with a broad membranous pellucid border. Æ. Bot. t. 958.—
A. rubra, È. L. |

Frequent upon the sea-coast. Fl. June, July. ©. or á .—Mucb
larger and stouter in all its parts than the last, independent of the differ-
ence existing in the seed : still I am not sure that these marks may not
depend upon situation. Indeed I have now before me a pubescent
variety, gathered in the Isle of Man by Mr Wilson, in which the seeds

are rough without a border; and another with the seeds smooth an
without a border.

13. CHERLÉRIA, Linn. Cyphel.
1. C. sedoides, L. (mossy Cyphel, or Cherleria). E. Bot. t. 1212.

.' Summits of the Highland mountains, especially those of the Bread"
albane range. FV. June—Aug. 2f.—Roots exceedingly long, running
deep into the earth; bearing, above, innumerable short, forked stems
and forming a dense mass which scarcely rises above the surface of the
'soil. Leaves crowded, linear-subulate, channelled above, slightly ciliate®
and glandular at the edge. Flowers solitary, imbedded among the
dense mass of leaves, yellow-green. Cal. membranous at the edge.

DECANDRIA—PENTAGYNIA.
14. Corvrípow. Linn. Pennywort.

l. C. Umbilicus, Huds. (wall Pennywort); leaves peltat?
crenate depressed in the centre, stem with a (usually) simp T
raceme of pendulous flowers, upper bracteas minute entire
E. Bat. t. 325.— Umbilicus pendulinus, DC. i

Rocks, walls and old buildings, especially in subalpine countries.
Fl. June— Aug. 21.— Whole plant succulent. Stems from 6 inches
a foot high, rounded. Leaves mostly radical. Flowers cylindric?
yellowish-green.

= 2, C.*látea, Huds. (yellow Pennywort) ; lower leaves "€
somewhat peltate crenate, raceme with erect flowers, bract
subdentate. Æ. Bot. t. 1599.— Umbilicus erectus, DC.

: . in
Said to have been found in the West Riding of Yorkshire, and '
Somersetshire. Fi. July. Y. +

Sedum] DECANDRIA—PENTAGYNIA,

15. Stpum. Linn. Orpine and Stonecrop.

* Leaves plane.
M S. Teléphium, L. (Orpine, or Live-long); leaves oval-
9ng plane serrated, corymbs leafy, stems erect. Æ. Bot. ¢.1319.
Jul Orders of fields, hedge-banks, and waste places among bushes. FV,
ins FU IW feet high. Stem spotted. Leaves broad. Flowers
i NA, ery unlike any of the following species, and in habit resem-
"8 Rhodiola rosea.

2 *%* Leaves terete. Flowers white or reddish.

(b 2. S. dasyplijllum, L. (thick-leaved Stonecrop) ; leaves opposite
Xcept on the flowering-stems) ovato-globose fleshy, panicles
WMinous, Æ. Bot. t. 656.

jr alls and rocks, in several parts of England. Conway, Wales.

^ is linton woods, Edinburgh. Cork. 77. June. 1{.—Stems slender, pro-

Umbent below, slightly viscid. —/owering-stems 2—3 inches high.

a aves short, singularly thick and fleshy, glaucous with a reddish tinge

"d dotted. Flowers tinged with rose-colour. Petals and pistils 5—8,

€

u 8. S. Anglicum, Huds. (English Stonecrop); leaves alternate
Yate gibbous fleshy produced at the base, cymes few-flowered,
Petals very sharp at the point. Æ. Bot. ¢.171. .

andy and rocky places, especially near the sea; common in N.

“les; most abundant in Scotland and Ireland, on rocks inland as well
ta Y the sea-shores. FV. June, July. (9.—2—3 inches high, much
te Ed, procumbent below. Leaves glaucous-green, often tinged with
Star} lowers few in each cyme, but very conspicuous from their white,
to ike appearance, and their purple anthers. Itis a great ornament

*ome of the most barren rocks in the Highlands and Hebrides.

i 4. S. álbum, L. (white Stonecrop); leaves scattered oblongo-
Vindrical obtuse spreading, cyme much branched. Æ. Bot.t. 1578.
8 Ocks, walls, and roofs of houses; in Middlesex, Worcestershire,
Qk, and about Peterborough. Wich Cliffs, Somerset. Forfar and
à mmis: Scotland. . F7, July 2¢.—<Stems prostrate below, the flower-
some only erect, 3—5 inches high. Leaves pale glaucous-green,
vig mes tinged with red. Flowers crowded, white or only tinged

Tose-colour. à

ES S. villósum, L. (hairy Stonecrop); leaves scattered oblong
lened above and as well as the peduncles and stems hairy

a :

"d viscid. E. Bot. t. 994.

En p and moist places, by the sides of rills, frequent in the north of

Jue and and Scotland; especially in the subalpine parts. FZ. June,
RA 4. (Sm.)—3—4 inches high, reddish-purple. Leaves, on the

n shoots, almost exactly cylindrical.: Flowers few, of a pale
ur.

x Leaves terete. Flowers yellow.

Na S. dere, L. (biting Stonecrop or Wall-pepper) ; leaves erect
gla ate ovate gibbous fleshy produced at the base, cymes trifid
rous leafy. Æ. Bot. t. 839.

186 DECANDRIA—PENTAGYNIA. . poh

Walls, rocks, and sandy ground, frequent. £7. June. 1L. — Dist"
guished among our yellow-flowered species, by its upright, short a!
very succulent Jeaves, closely imbrieated on the barren shoots. VO
biting when chewed; and hence its name of Wall-pepper.

7. S. sexanguláre, L. (tasteless yellow Stonecrop) ; leaves gener
ally in 6 rows whorled on the barren shoots cylindrical fe
spreading produced at the base, cymes trifid. Æ. Dot. t. 1940"

Old walls in the east of England, rare. Isle of Sheppey; Greenwie™
Park; in Cambridgeshire, and Old Sarum. FV. July. 4.— Well dis
guished from the last by its spreading, larger and slenderer leaves, 9?
by their insertion. _

8. S. reflévum, L. (crooked yellow Stonecrop); leaves aW
shaped scattered spurred at the base, the lowermost recurve”?
flowers cymose, segments of the calyx ovate. Sm.— E. Bot. t. 6? i

Walls, roofs of houses and thatched buildings, frequent. FZ. July- 7;
— Sterile branches with thickly placed leaves, often reflexed. Flow" à
ing-stems 6—8 inches high. Cyme large, yellow. Flowers numer? : s
often with 6 petals and I2 stamens. Very similar to this are the t :
following species.

9. S. glaticum, Donn, (glaucous yellow Stonecrop) ;. “ leave
glaucous awl-shaped scattered produced at the base, those si
the branches thread-shaped, flowers cymose, segments of f
calyx lanceolate.” Æ. Bot. t. 2477.

Rough hills near Mildenhall, Suffolk. Sunday’s-well and Glaske&?
Ireland. Fl. July. Aug. 2f.—* Differs from the last in being of à m
glaucous hue, with much slenderer leaves, especially on the radic
shoots. The branches of the cyme are more uniformly spreading "
the segments of the calyx are narrower and more pointed," $m.

5
10. S. rupéstre, L. (St Vincents Rock Stonecrop); “ leav’

glaucous produced at the base, those of the branches awl-shap^,

erect in five close rows, flowers imperfectly cymose, seg ie?
of the calyx elliptical obtuse." Æ. Bot. t. 170. d
St Vincent and Cheddar rocks, Somersetshire. Walls about p.
lington, Yorkshire. FZ. July. 2f. — "
11. S. Forsteriánum, Sm. (Welsh Rock Stonecrop) ; “ lea? ig
produced at the base, those of the branches semicylindr! i
bluntish pointed spreading in many rows, flowers cymosé id
ments of the calyx elliptical obtuse.” Æ. Bot. t. 1802. d
Rocks in Wales; fall of Rhydoll, Cardiganshire. Hisvae, valley ne
Nant-phrancon. Little Ormeshead. F7. June, July.—“ Perhap® ich
compact, hemispheerical or round-topped cyme is the best mark by ¥
to distinguish this from ©. reflexum?” Mr W. Wilson.

16. OxAurs. Linn. Wood-sorrel. |

: ic
1. O. Acetosélla, L. (common Wood-sorrel); leaves all radi
ternate, leaflets inversely heart-shaped hairy, scape gin
flowered, root scaly. Æ. Bot. t. 762. :
Woods and shady places, frequent ; also at a great elevation 0 oust
mountains, among shady rocks. F7. May, and on the Alps, till igh
2f.—Leafstalks long and slender, reddish. Leaflets drooping at?

Lychnis] DECANDRIA—PENTAGYNIA, 187

Se ; i ,
ite’ With two sealy bracteas. Flowers handsome, drooping, white,
purplish veins, The eaves have a most agreeably acid flavour.

2 O. corniculáta, L. (yellow procumbent Wood-sorrel); stem
: "ada branches procumbent, peduncles mostly 2-flowered
stalk than the leaves, stipules united to the base of the foot-

s E. Bot. t. 1726. :

Sex hady waste ground, chiefly in the extreme south of England; Sus-
Yer and Devonshire. Fi. through the summer. ©.—This is indeed
he nearly allied to O. stricta, but that species has a more upright,
lonon tached stem; more numerous and often whorled leaves ; with
inn, Jlowerstalks and several flowers in an umbel; and no evident

4$ at the base of the petioles.

17. Acrostimma. Linn. Cockle.

PA. Githago, L. (Corn Cockle) ; calyx much longer than
* corolla, petals entire destitute of a crown. E. Bot. t. 741.
dig 9Tn-fields, too frequent. FI. June, July. 4.—A Genus scarcely
lay eet from Lychnis. 1—2 feet high, branched, erect. Leaves linear- -
lane laté, Cal. ribbed, its segments very long and slender. Flowers
the? Purple. Seeds from their number and size injuring the quality of
the Sain, with which they are thrashed. Gut or Gith, Théis says, is
Qu. tic name for a peculiarly large and black seed; whence comes
go. l f

th

18. Lfcnuwis. Linn. Catchfly.

gt L. Flos-Cáculi, L. (Meadow Lychnis or Ragged Robin) ;
Wers loosely panicled, petals 4-cleft. Æ. Bot. t. 573.
Mt meadows and pastures, frequent. F. June. Y .—1—2 ft. high,
ang” elow, reddish-green, clammy above. Leaves lanceolate. Calyx
Cwerstalks reddish-purple. Petals rose-coloured.

>. L. Viscária, L. (red German Catchfly) ; petals slightly
at the extremity, capsule 5-celled stalked, stem clammy
joi E. Bot. t. 788.

Eg 1Y alpine rocks ; on. Craig Breiddin, Montgomeryshire ; and about
of pourgh, Newburgh, near Airly Castle, Bridge of Earne, and Den
Leq althayock, Perthshire. F7. June. Y.— One foot high, glabrous.
tos, 59 lanceolate, acuminate. Flowers in a compact panicle, large,

i 3€-e9 Oured. ,

fo L. alpína, L. (red alpine Campion) ; glabrous, petals bifid,

"gs corymboso-capitate, capsule l-celled. 2. Bot. t. 9254.
the cks on the summit of the Clova mountains, G. Don. Since found
the abundantly at an elevation of about 3200 feet above the level of
June 7b by Sir John Ogilvie, Mr M*Nab and Dr Graham. Ft.
toj, Daly. Y .—5—6 inches high, by no means viscid. Leaves lan-
that E Flowers rather small, rose-coloured. Dr Graham remarks

© young capsule is 5-celled.

* dioica, L. (red or white Campion) ; flowers dicecious,
of 1 cell.—g. flowers red. L. dioica, E. Bot. t. 1579.—

Zue
whines Sibth—L, sylvestris, Hop.— De Cand.—§. flowers

Bot. t, 1580.—L. vespertina, Sibth.—^. flowers flesh-

“loured o
"ted with stamens and pistils together. Sim.

188 DECANDRIA—PENTAGYNIA. [ Cerastiu™

Under hedges and in grass-fields, common.—2. Frequent in D
and Cornwall ; rare in Cambridge.—8. Common in Cambridge; rat á
rare in Devon and Cornwall.—y. Dundee; with hermaphrodite flow?’
Mr W. Gardiner, jun.— Fl.—«. May and June—8. and y. June— 2m
2[.—1—2 ft. high, panicled above, pubescent, viscid in a slight deg
about the joints of the stem. Leaves ovate, or ovato-lanceolate. Caly? i
the anther-bearing flowers sub-cylindrical, in the fruit-bearing ones e
In £. the petals are pure white and the flowers fragrant in the event?

19. CerAstium. Linn. Mouse-ear Chickweed.

* Petals not longer than the calyx.

1. C. culgátum, L. (broad-leaved Mouse-ear Chichweed ); hair
nearly erect viscid above, leaves ovate, bracteas herbaceo™
petals as long as the calyx, flowers subcapitate, calyces ober
longer than their pedicels. Æ. Bot. t. 789.—C. viscosum, P

Fields, pastures, and road.sides, common. Fl. April—June. ou
10 inches high, branched below, dichotomous above. Petals nat f
bifid at the extremity. Caps. cylindrical, as long again as the cat
curved upward.

9. C. viscósum, L. (narrow-leaved Mouse-ear Chickweed) - pair
viscid spreading, leaves oblongo-lanceolate, bracteas membra
ceous at the margin, flowers somewhat panicled, calyces oblor
shorter than the pedicels. Æ. Bot. t. 790.— C. vulgatum, Hu

Pastures and waste places, wall-tops, &c. F7. the whole summer M
—Much resembling the last, but a larger, coarser, and spreading ples
with longer and narrower leaves ; calyces shorter than their foots?
in general, especially when in fruit. i

3. C. semidecándrum, L. (little Mouse-ear Chickweed ) ; hai
viscid suberect, leaves oblong-ovate, bracteas membranaceou
the margin, flowers somewhat panicled, calyces ovate shorter E
the pedicel, segments with broad membranaceous margins; p
slightly cloven, stam. 5. Æ. Bot. t. 1630.— C. pumilum, o

. Dry waste places, in sandy soil, on wall-tops, &c., frequent. FL. A
April. ©.—This displays itself, as Sir J. E. Smith well observes, in f
spring, on every wall, and withers away before the C. viscosum
to put forth its far less conspicuous blossoms. Calyx-segments ?
not ‘ obtuse," longer than the petals. Reichenbach’s figure (le
t. 181.) represents the petals deeply bifid, as in Smith's var. B., aP d
capsule scarcely longer than the calyx; whereas in E. Bot. it is 5
twice as long and quite straight: which differences I find to exist ™ jy
own specimens.—Mr W. Wilson thinks that this may be but 4 f
flowering state of C. viscosum.

j
4. C. tetrándrum, Curt. ( four-cleft. Mouse-ear Chickweet
* hairy and somewhat viscid, flowers four-cleft with fours
mens, petals inversely heart-shaped shorter than the taper Fi,
ed calyx which is nearly as long as the capsule.” ( Sm.)
Scot. i. p. 143.— Sagina cerastoides, E. Bot. t. 166. 0r
-. Waste ground, walls, and sandy places, especially near the se je?

the east of England, (Yarmouth,) the south, (Sussex,) and In "nage
About Edinburgh, Banks of Tweed. Howth, Ireland. #7. May»

Cerastium. 1 DECANDRIA—PENTAGYNIA. 189
0)

En J. E. Smith seems to consider this plant peculiar to the neigh-
With Pa o diio ; but I have received specimens corresponding
and dinburgh plant from the three most opposite points of Eng-
consid t the request of my excellent friend Mr Borrer, I have again
Com the opinion I offered in FV. Scot. that this should not be kept
lom 4 rom C. semidecandrum. The number of parts assuredly varies
aPpea —5, and in regard to all the other marks of distinction, it does
B,, t to me that they rest on very slender grounds. The figure in Æ.
" x rawn from a cultivated specimen, only tends to mislead; in Æ.
keep E Observed that the “‘taper-pointed calyx" is alone sufficient to
in the distinct from C. semidecandrum ; whereas I find no difference
A calyx whatever ; except perhaps that in C. semidecandrum there
" rore distinctly membranaceous margin, as there is also to the floral
es or bracteas. In other respects I must confess that Mr Borrer's

! Specimens of the 9 plants, do seem to me to be truly the same. See,

t
d Dr Greville's remarks in FU. Edinensis, p. 103. Mr Wilson, how-

: e
disti

> Observes that this plant, though a difficult species, is, in his opinion,
Het 1

** Petals longer than the calyx.

b^ C. arvénse, L. ( field Chickweed) ; leaves linear-lanceolate

E^ or less pubescent especially at the base, petals twice as
8 as the calyx. E. Bot. t. 93. ;

Jul ty, sandy, and gravelly places. Less frequent in Scotland. F7. June,

tle lf.— Stems branched and decumbent at the base, aspan long,

Seay €r. Flowers large, pure white, 2 or 3 on terminal stalks. Capsule
cely longer than the calyz.

AW C. alpinum, L. (hairy alpine Chickweed) ; subglabrous or

Pan; ed with long white soft silky hairs, leaves elliptical ovate,

v, ; icle dichotomous. Æ. Bot. t. 472.— C. latifolium, Lightf. Scot.
v D- 242. t, 9.

ang Quent on the Highland mountains of Scotland. Very rare in Wales:

ed not now to be found on Snowdon. £7. July, Aug. 2f.— Much branch-

la, OW and creeping, then erect, 3—5 inches high. Flowers large,

Some, white. Petals bifid at the point.

b: C. latifólium, L. (broad-leaved alpine Chickweed) ; subgla-
d or clothed with short rigid yellowish pubescence, leaves
Ptical-ovate, branches mostly single-flowered. E. Bot. t. 473.

1
it, this first division of the genus, variable as are most assuredly the species
ot Babington has added what he is led to consider two new British

* ** C. pedunculatum, ( Bab. in Mag. of Zool. and Bot. v. ii. p. 200, t. 6);

te or oblong, petals much shorter than the calyx, sepals lanceolate-

Sug thovered with short glandular hairs their apex and margins membran-
ling- margins of the bractee slightly membranous, capsule straight sub-
Pedun teal equal to, or longer than the calyx, always erect, the fruit-bearing
to es two or three times as long as the calyx, stems repeatedly dicho-
Ort Jan © 9-partitums | 8. 4-partitum. Isle of Wight and Essex. Petit
Wate Tey; Babington.—2. C. atrovirens,( Bab. l. c. p. 317. t. 9); leaves broadly
Slang, Petals much shorter than the calyx, sepals lanceolate-acute covered with
top. ar hairs their apex and margins narrowly membranous, bracteæ herba-
pedun “apsule obovate or subcylindrical shorter than the calyx, fruit-bearing
Weed, °S two or three times as long as the calyx and erect. Berwick-upon-.
absta; tit Port, Jersey: and near Itchen Ferry, Southampton: Babington.”
i from offering an opinion upon them, as I have not seen authentic

190 DECANDRIA—PENTAGYNIAs [Spergult

Mountains of Wales and Scotland. Clogwyn y Garnedd, near Llan”
beris ; Snowdon, but rare. Very rare on Ben Lomond ; more freque”
on Ben Nevis. Fl July, Aug. Y.—Never clothed with long white
hairs; of a deeper green than C. alpinum, sometimes almost glabrous,
The stems are dichotomous and bare of leaves below, and much burle
under rocks and stones. Flowers solitary, rarely 2, terminal on i
branches.—I agree with Mr W. Wilson in thinking that there exist
scarcely any difference either in the flower and fruit between this 2?
the preceding. In both, the capsules are broadly oblong, shining, neal
twice as long as the calyx, straight, opening with 10 teeth.

8. C. aquáticum, L. (water Chickweed); upper leaves cordato"
ovate sessile, flowers solitary, fruit pendulous. Æ. Bot. t. 53°:

Sides of rivers and ditches. FZ. July. 4.—Stems 1—2 feet Jone
branched and straggling. Leaves large, lower ones only on footsta i.

Stel

with short scattered hairs on their surface and margins ; whilst in * of
laria nemorum, (to which it is closely allied,) besides that the latte
species has but 3 styles, the Zeaves are only ciliated on the margin, 9.
appear when seen under the microscope to be very minutely dotted W!
raised points. Stems viscid upwards. The capsule opens with 5 tee
or valves.

20. SPínevLA. Linn. Spurrey.

1. S. arvénsis, L. ( Corn Spurrey); leaves whorled with minut?
membranaceous stipules at their base, stalk of the fruit reflex€7
seeds more or less margined. Æ. Bot. t. 1536.— S. pentandra, 3
Bot. t. 1535. -

Corn-fields, too frequent, especially on light stony soils. F7. June
Aug. ©.— Stems 6—12 inches high, swollen at the joints. Leaves E ;
inches long, narrow, linear, terete, glabrous or a little pubescent, in i
fascicles from each joint,spreading in a whorled manner. Panicle of ma 1
flowers. Pet. white, ovate, rather longer than the calyx. Stam. "
5. Seed varying exceedingly in the width of its margins.— Cattle
fond of this plant, and it is an object of culture in Holland.

are

ite
2. S. nodósa, L. (knotted Spurrey); leaves subulate oppo?
glabrous connate, the lower ones sheathing, upper ones bear! fi
clusters of young leaves, petals much longer than the calyX-
Bot. t. 694. ;

Wet, sandy, and marshy places, frequent. F7. July, Aug.

inches high; branched, and decumbent at the base, where the leaves a
3 of an inch long, but they gradually become smaller upwards. E Js.
large, white, 2—3 on the terminal branches, peduncled. Whole pla
glabrous. Cal. nerveless.

3. S. saginoídes, L. ( Pearl-wort Spurrey); glabrous, leaves ff

bulate acute awnless, peduncles solitary very long, petals sh?
than the calyx, capsule twice as long. Æ. Bot. t. 2105. oo
Highland mountains, frequent. Fl. June, July. Y.— Stems many ug
the root, procumbent below, 2 or 3 inches in length. Leaves num "m
and rather long at the base, shorter and in remote pairs upon the ?

Flower drooping before and after expansion ; capsule erect. jate
4 ya
4. S. subuláta, Swartz, (awl-shaped Spurrey); leaves subu "a

subciliated tipped with a bristly point, peduncles solitary

Asarug DODECANDRIA—MONOGYNIA, .-. POT
]
Pe petals and capsule as long as the calyx. Æ. Bot. t. 1082.
^w saginoides, Curt. —.S. laricina, Lighf-—Fl. Dan. t. 858.—
Jina procumbens, B. Linn.
"Ys gravelly, and stony pastures. FV. July, Aug. 2f .— This comes
std near the last species, nor is it easy at all times to discriminate be-
lq M "them. Mr W. Wilson cannot distinguish the Anelesea S. subu-
al rom the Ben Lawers S. saginoides ; which latter perhaps is but
d Pine var, of the former, though the original species of Zinn. Both
very much the habit of Sagina procumbens. Eo Y

CLASS XI. DODECANDRIA. 12 (—19) Stamens.
ORD. I. MONOGYNIA. 1 Style. —
l. ÁsAnuM. Perianth single, 3-cleft, superior. Caps. 6-celled.

Tw
scat. Ord. ARISTOLOCHIÆ, Juss.—Named from a, not, and
$% a band because it was rejected from the garlands of flowers

“ployed by the ancients.

i» LfrvHRuM. Cal. inferior, tubular, with 12 teeth, alter-

d Y smaller. Petals 6, inserted upon the calyx. Capsule ob- -

lj s 2-celled.— Nat. Ord. LvrRRARUE, Juss.—Name,—2vgoy,
»—1t is said from the red colour of the flowers.

ORD. II. DIGYNIA. 2 Styles.

b A GRIMÓNIA. Cal. turbinate, covered with hooked bristles,
P. b inferior. Pet. 5, inserted upon the calyx. Stam. 7—20.
tal tt of 2 small, indehiscent capsules invested by the hardened

a Nat. Ord. RosACEZ, Juss.—Name corrupted from Arge-
hus? Siven by the Greeks to a plant supposed to cure the cata-

in the eye, called «gyzuc.

ORD III. TRIGYNIA. 3 Styles.

i’ Rusépa. Cal. of 1 piece, many-parted. Petals more or .

Bec divided and unequal, Caps. of 1 cell, opening at the top.—

ftom E Resrepacem, De Cand.— Name from resedo, to calm ;
i

S supposed sedative qualities.

(TETRAGYNIA, 4 Styles.
See T'ormentilla in Cr. XII.)

ORD. IV. DODECAGYNIA. 12 Styles.
Nw Semprrvivum. Cal. 12-cleft. Pet. 12. Capsules 19.—

Dep E CnaAssULACEZ, De Cand.—Name derived from sem-

* Always, and vivo, to live; because it is always green.
DODECANDRIA—MONOGYNIA.

l l. Asarum. Linn. Asarabacca.

obtu d *Européum, L. (Asarabacca) ; leaves binate reniform
` E. Bot. t. 1083.

192 DODECANDRIA—TRIGYNIA. [Reseda

Woods in the north ; Lancashire and Westmoreland. Near Hali
Near Linlithgow. Fl. May. H .— Stem very short. Leaves 2, petio Ke
shining; from the axil of these 2 leaves springs a solitary, rather i :
drooping flower, upon a short footstalk, of a greenish-brown colour 2
coriaceous substance. Segments of the períanth incurved. Filame" s
produced beyond the cells of the anthers, as in the genus Paris, RO
aromatic, and said to be purgative and emetic.

2. L¥rurum. Linn. Purple-Loosestrife.

l. L. Salicária, L. (spiked Purple-Loosestrife) ; leaves opp
site lanceolate cordate at the base, flowers in whorled lea
spikes with 12 stamens. Æ. Bot. t. 1061. dh

Watery and marshy places, frequent. Fl July, 2[.—2—38 feet ne
erect. Stems 4-sided. Spikes very long, of beautiful, purple tout
Cal. striated. Petals oblong, cuneiform. Stam, within the tube oft
calyz, 6 long and 6 short ones.

9. L. Ayssopifólium, L. (hyssop-leaved Purple- Loosestr if)
leaves mostly alternate linear-lanceolate obtuse, flowers axilla
solitary, stamens about 6. Æ. Bot. t. 292. |

Moist and occasionally inundated places, chiefly in the east of E
land. Fl. Aug. @.—A humble annual, 4—6 inches high, with sm
axillary flowers.
DODECANDRIA—DIGYNIA.

3. AenrMÓNiA. Linn. Agrimony.

1. A. Eupatória, L. (common Agrimony) ; cauline leaves inte,
ruptedly pinnate, terminal leaflet on a footstalk. Æ. Bot. t. 13 p

Borders of fields, waste places and road-sides. Fv. June, July- = nes
2 ft. or more high. Leaflets deeply serrated ; intermediate smaller 9

"T
3—5-cleft. Flowers yellow, in along simple or branched spike, with
3-cleft bractea at their bases. /

DODECANDRIA—TRIGYNIA.
4. Resipa. Linn. Rocket. PE
1. R. Lutéola, L. (Dyer's Rocket, Yellow-weed or e
leaves lanceolate undivided, calyx 4-partite. Æ. Bot. t. 32 «by
Waste places ; frequent on a chalky soil. FI. July. © .—2—8 ft. gr
branched. Racemes long, of numerous yellowish flowers, with promi,
stamens. Nectary large, green, crenate, on the upper side of the ^a $
3 of the petals 3-cleft, segments linear ; two lower petals entire.
sules broad, depressed.— Used in dyeing woollen stuffs yellow. >

2, R. lútea, L. (base Rocket, Wild Mignonette) ; leaves j
cleft or pinnatifid lower ones pinnated, calyx 6-partite, pet?
very unequal. Æ. Bot. t. 321.

: pe
Waste places and chalky hills. — F7. July, August. © or y- ‘

very variable, some bipinnatifid. Flowers deeper yellow than in ees j
Two upper petals with 2 wing-like lobes, lateral ones unequa 28
lower ones entire. Capsule oblong, wrinkled. red

3. R.* fruticuldsa, L. (shrubby base Rocket); leaves all pin aid
waved glaucous, calyx 5-partite, petals 5 nearly equal
Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. A14. Hook. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2628.

Crategus.] ICOSANDRIA—PENTAGYNIA, 193

4 Weston super-mare, Somersetshire. Unenclosed. sand-hills, Bootle,
os miles from Liverpool. The following stations, either for this or

$ alba, have also been communicated to me ;—about Dublin ;—be-
Ween Cork and Glenmire ; and near Gosport. £2. June. $ or Y.—Mr
» EON informs me that there are specimens of this and its near ally R.
uam the Linnzean Herbarium, and the difference between them appears
CY slight. X. alba has shorter flower-stalks and thence more cylin-
xu racemes, and the terminal lobe of its Zeaves is more similar to the
est, (less dilated than that of R. fruticulosa).

DODECANDRIA—DODECAGYNIA.
5. SEMPERVÍVUM. Linn. House-leek.

l.S. *tectorum, L. (common House-leek); leaves ciliated, offsets
‘Preading, petals entire and hairy at the margins. Æ. Bot.t. 1320.
k Ouse-tops and on walls. Fl. July. 21.—'The Jlowers of this well-

nown and rustic medicinal plant are no less beautiful than they are
Curious in their structure. The number of stamens is in reality 24; of

Dich 12, inserted 1 at the base of each petal, are perfect ; the rest

E! ternating with the petals, small and abortive ; some, bearing anthers,

Open longitudinally and laterally, producing, instead of pollen, abortive
: Wules? others resemble a cuneate pointed scale, in the inside of which,
quon a longitudinal receptacle, are likewise ranged abortive ovules, in

* same manner as in the real germen ;—thus exhibiting the most
qo'üplete transition from stamens to germens, in the same individual
wer, See the ig. in Fl. Lond. ed. 2. i

CLASS XIL ICOSANDRIA. 200r more stamens,
3 +2 placed on the calya.! dae

ORD. I. MONOGYNIA. 1 Style.

d. Prinus. Cal. inferior, 5-cleft. Pet. 5+ Nut of the drupe
Nh slightly prominent seams.—/Vat. Ord. ROSACEÆ, Juss.—
amed «200; in Greek ; according to Theophrastus.

(See Crategus in Orv. PENTAGYNIA.)

ll. PENTAGYNIA. 5 Styles, (variable in most of the
Genera.) `
te MíspiLUs. Cal. segments superior, foliaceous. Pet. round-
by. Disk large, secreting much honey. Styles 2—5,. gla-
a Us. Fruit turbinate, with the upper ends of the cells, which
* bony, exposed. Lindl.— Nat. Ord. Rosacem, Juss.—Named

f
rom somiy, the Greek word for Medlar.

iq, Char ovs. Cal. segments superior, acute. Pet. round-

ena Yles 1—5. Fruit oval or round, concealing the upper
J. 9f the cells which are bony. Lindl.— Nat. Ord. RosAcEm,
55.— Named from xgovroc, strength, in allusion to the extreme

ha j
tdness of the wood.
1

BU This Class comprises a most natural groupe, belonging to the Jussieuan
GARGS Crm. :
VOL, T.

(0)

194 ICOSANDRIA—POLYGYNIA. [ Tormentilla.

4. CoroNEÁsTER. Flowers polygamous. Cal. turbinate, with
5 short teeth. Pet. 5, small, erect. Stam. erect, the length of the
teeth of the cal. Fruit turbinate, with its nuts adhering to the in~;
side. of the cal., but not cohering in the centre.— Nat. Ord. Ros-
ACER, Juss—Named from Cotoneum, (xvdavov, Gr.) the Quince:

5. P¥rus. Cal. superior, of 5 segments. Pet. 5. Styles
2—5. Fruit fleshy (a Pome or Apple), with 5 cartilaginous,
9.seeded celis. Nat. Ord. Rosacem, Juss—Name derive? |
from the Celtic -peren, a pear. In Greek aros, from api
Celtic ;-whenee apple in English ; apfel, German.

6. Sprr#a. Cal. inferior, 5-cleft, persistent. Pet. 5. Cap
sules 8—12, l-celled, 2-valved, with few seeds.— Nat. Ord:
RosACEZ, Juss.—Name supposed to be the ovegem of Theo-
phrastus. — aks !

ORD. III. POLYGYNIA. Many Styles.

7. Rósa. Cal. urn-shaped, fleshy, contracted at the orifices
terminating in 5 segments. Pet. 5. Pericarps (or carpels
numerotis, bristly, fixed to the inside of the calyx.—JNa. Ort -
Rosacem, Juss.—Named from the Celtic Rhos, (from rhodd,
red); whence also the Greek name for a rose, Poóoy was pr?”
bably derived. - T x. E

8. RónBus. Cal. 5-cleft. Pet. 5. Fruit superior, of several

_single-seeded juicy drupes, placed upon a protuberant spongy.
receptacle.— Nat. Ord. Rosackm, Linn.—Name of uncertai® .
origin; perhaps from the Latin ruber, or the Celtic, rub, red-—
- 9. FracAria. Cal. 10-cleft, segments alternately smaller. Per
5. Fruit, consisting of. many minute nuts, placed upon a large

fleshy deciduous receptacle.—Nat. Ord. Rosacex, Juss — Namet
from fragrans, odorous ; on account of its fragrant smell- —

10. Cémarum. Cal. 10-(or more) cleft, segments alternately
smaller. Pet. 5, (or more), shorter than the calyx. Pericarp —
inserted on a large spongy, permanent receptacle — Nat. 01%
Rosacem, Juss.—Named from žouægos, a term applied by
Theophrastus to some plants of the Arbutus tribe. |

11. PorENTÍLLA. Cal. 10-cleft, segments alternately smaller
Pet. 5. -Fruit consisting of numerous minute nuts, placed upon
a smal] dry receptacle.—Nat. Ord. Rosacea, Juss.—Namec
from potens, powerful, from the medicinal properties attribute
to some of the species. — ;

12. TonwENTÍLLA. Cal. 8-cleft, segments alternately smäll
er. Pet. 4. Fruit consisting of numerous minute nuts, place
upon a small dry receptacle.— Jat. Ord. RosacEz, J u$.
Named from tormina, the dysentery, in the cure of which it wa?
employed on account of its astringent qualities.

Prunus] ` 1COSANDRIA—MONOGYNIÁ., 195

13. G£uw... Cal. 10-cleft, alternate segments minute. Pet. 5.
ericarps with long geniculated awns. Receptacle elongated.—
at. Ord. Rosacem®, Juss.—Named from yun, to yield an agree-

able flavour, The roots of G. urbanum are aromatic.

14. Drfas. Cal. 8—10-cleft, its segments equal. Pet. 5—8.
ericarps with long feathery awns.—Nat. Ord. Rosacem, Juss.

le amed dgus, the oak, from a distant similarity between their
eaves, . -

ICOSANDRIA—M ONOGYNIA.
l. PRóNvs. Linn. Plum and Cherry.
` Fruit covered with bloom. Young leaves convolute,

l. P. * doméstica, L. (wild Plum-tree); peduncles solitary
r two together, leaves ovato-lanceolate somewhat downy be- -
Neath, branches without spines. Æ. Bot. t. 1783.

Woods and hedges, occasionally. F7. May. }.—The original stock

Sur garden plum, but probably a var. of the following; indeed Mr
ES is disposed to unite them and P. spinosa, as forming only one

cies, e

) 2. P. insititia, L. (wild Bullace-tree) ; peduncles in pairs
ĉaves ovato-lanceolate downy beneath, branches ending in a
‘Pine, Æ, Bot. t 841. `

b Woods and hedges. FZ. May. }.—A small free, bearing black, glo-
ular ruit, with a fine bloom. IO

X 3. P, spinósa, L. (Black-thorn or Sloe); peduncles (mostly)
olitary, leaves elliptico-lanceolate somewhat downy beneath, .
"anches very spinous. Æ. Bot. t, 842. ;
edges and coppices, frequent. F/. Apr. May. h.—It is difficult in
i W words to distinguish this species from the last. It is much smaller
n all its parts, and the branches are more crooked and spinous. In the
th. @Sititia, the leaves are rather considerably advanced at the time of
tj, blossoms' appearing ; in this, the flowers are generally past before
© leaves appear. Fruit small, very austere ; used to adulterate Port
€; as the /eaves are to mix with tea.

** Fruit without bloom. Young leaves conduplicate.
E b. Pádus, L. (.Dird- Cherry) ; flowers in racemes, leaves

Weciduous obovate or oval glabrous with two glands at the sum-
t of the footstalk. Æ. Bot. t. 1383,— Cerasus, DC.

n 90ds and coppices, frequent ; especially in the north. F7. May. b.

Dy, Small free, with acute, doubly serrated deaves. Flowers white. |
Pes small, black ; nut rugose-

E P, Cérasus, L. (wild Cherry) s flowers in nearly sessile
Bo, oy leaves ovato-lanceolate somewhat downy beneath. Æ.

706.— Cerasus Avium, Mench.
Oods and hedges, Fl. May. b.—The origin of the garden Cherry.

196 ICOSANDRIA—PENTAGYNIA. [Pyrus-

ICOSANDRIA—PENTAGYNIA.
2. MÉsPILUs. Linn. Medlar.

1. M.* Germánica, L. (common Medlar) ; leaves lanceolate
a little downy, flowers solitary nearly sessile terminal, styles 9-
. E. Bot. t. 1528. l

Hedges, in Cheshire and Sussex. Red-hill, Surrey; and in its wild,
thorny state, in a hedge, between Reigate and Nutfield, J. S. Mill, Esq-
Jersey, Mr. Trevelyan. Fl. May. h.

3. CRATÁGUs. Linn. Hawthorn.

1. C. Oxyacántha, L. ( Hawthorn, White-thorn or May); spiny:
leaves glabrous cut into 3 or 5 deeply serrated segments cuneate
at the base, flowers corymbose, style 1 or 2. Hook. Scot. i. p!
151.— Mespilus, Gert—E. Bot. t. 2504.—C. monogyna, Jacq.

Woods and hedges. FU. May, June. h .— Variable in the form of its
leaves, in the downiness of the cal., and in the colour of the flower an

fruit. The latter, usually red, Mr J. Wilson finds of a greenish-orang?
on some bushes in Ayrshire: The fruit or haws afford abundant foo
for small birds during hard winters. Few of our native plants present ®
more beautiful appearance than a well-grown tree of **Hawthorn hoar
with its massy foliage and innumerable white and fragrant blossoms.

« From the White-thorn the May-flower shed
lts dewy fragrance round our head.”
4. CoToNEASTER. Lindl. Cotoneaster.

1. C. vulgáris, Lindl. (common Cotoneaster); leaves oval,
calyx glabrous, peduncles slightly downy. Hook. in FI. Lond-
N.S. t. 911. E. Bot. Suppl. t. 9713.— Mespilus Cotoneaster, Linn

Limestone Cliffs at Ormeshead, Caernarvonshire ; Mr Griffith (1783)
and Mr W. Wilson. Fl. July. h.

5. Pínus. Linn. Pear, Apple, and Service.

l. P. .comminis, L. (wild Pear-tree); leaves simple ovate
serrated, peduncles corymbose, fruit turbinate. Æ. Bot. t. 1784
Woods and hedges, F7. April, May. T;.—Origin of our Pear.

2. P. Malus, L. ( Crab-apple); leaves ovate acute serrated
flowers in a sessile umbel, styles combined below, fruit globos’
KE. Be AF E

Woods and hedges. Fl. May. h.—Ori
austere, of which verjuice is made.

gin of our Apple. Fru

3. P. torminális, Sm. (wild Service-tree) ; leaves ovate oF
cordate lobed and serrated, lower lobes spreading, peduncles
corymbose. Crategus, L.—E. Bot. t. 298.

Woods and hedges, chiefly in the middle and south of England.

April, May. h .—F lowers rather large, white. Fruit small, greenish
brown, spotted. j

. s 1 à
4. P. doméstica, Sm. (true Service-tree); leaves pinnan,
downy beneath, leaflets serrated upwards, flowers panicle
fruit obovate. E. Bot. t. 850.— Sorbus domestica, L>

Spirea.] ICOSANDRIA—PENTAGYNIA. 197

Mountainous parts of Cornwall and in Staffordshire, rare. FI. May.
2 — Habit of the following ; but differing in its inflorescence and the
ate size of its fruit, which resembles a small pear, an inch long.

9. P. aucupária, Gærtn." ( Quicken-tree, Mountain-ash, or
Owan-tree) ; leaves pinnated glabrous, leaflets serrated, flowers
“orymbose, fruit (small) globose, Hook. Scot. i. p. 151.—Sorbus,
: Bot. t. 987.
ountainous woods and hedges, frequent, especially in the Highlands
9f Scotland,

« Where clings the Rowan to the rock,
And through the foliage shows his head
With narrow leaves and berries red."
FI, May, June. }.—The wood is valued for its compactness, and the
tree is often planted near houses and villages in the Highlands, to pro-
tect them from evil spirits. The berries are not unfrequently eaten.

6. P. Artal, Sm. (white Beam-tree); leaves ovate cut and ser-
Tated white and downy beneath, flowers corymbose, fruit glo-
Pose. EF. Bot. t. 1858.—Crategus, L.—f. pinnatifida ; leaves
Pinnatifid and even pinnated. P. pinnatifida, Ehrh—E. Bot.
& 2331.— Sorbus hybrida, L.

" Mountainous woods, especially in a chalk or limestone country ;
"gland and Scotland. Cunnamara and Killarney, Ireland. g. Isle of
Tran, and near Dartford. FI. June. b. Fruit red.

6. Sein £a. Linn. Spiræa, Dropwort or Meadow-sweet.

l. S.* salicifélia, L. (willow-leaved Spirea); shrubby, leaves
Clliptico-lanceolate serrated glabrous, racemes terminal com-
Pound. Æ. Bot. t. 1468. Sete

Moist woods in several parts of the north of England, and Scotland.
F. July. h.—A small branching shrub. Flowers rose-coloured, in
Towded racemes.

. 2. S. Filipéndula, L. (common Dropwort); herbaceous, leaves

"terruptedly pinnated, all the leaflets uniform deeply cut and

Serrated, flowers paniculato-cymose. JE. Bot. t. 284. .

H ry pastures, especially in a chalky or gravelly soil; rare in Scotland.
- July. 2£.—Root with rather long tubers. Stema foot high, panicled

ove, Leafiets small, lanceolate, alternate ones not half their size.

ples united, serrated. Flowers yellowish-white, tipped with rose-
Our, :

h 3. S. Ulmária, L. (Meadow-sweet, Queen of the Meadows);
€rbaceous, leaves interruptedly pinnated serrated downy
“Neath, terminal leaflet largest and lobed, flowers in compound
and as it were proliferous) cymes. &. Bot. t. 960.

8t eadows, and banks of ponds and ditches, frequent. 7. July. 4.—

s 3—4 feet high, branched upward. Leaflets ovate, acuminate,

Y large, especially the terminal (generally) 3-lobed one; alternate

9 x papa:
nes minute. Flowers yellowish-white, numerous, sweet-scented.

ICOSANDRIA POLYGYNIA.

ICOSANDRIA—POLYGYNIA.
= 7. Rosa. Linn. Rose.

* Shoots setigerous, prickles scarcely curved.

l. Bracteas large.

1. R. Dickséni, Lindl. (Dickson's Rose); “ shoots setige-
rous,” prickles scattered slender subulate, leaflets oval coarsely
and irregularly serrated hoary, sparingly glandulose beneath,
calyx-segments long simple, fruit ovato-urceolate. Lindl. 1%%
Trans. of Hort. Soc. v. vii. p. 224.— Borr. in E. Bot. Suppl. t
2707.—R. Dicksoniana, Lindl. Syn.

Ireland : discovered by Mr J. Drummond. (Lindley). Fl. June. h:

.2. R.” einnamómea, L. (Cinnamon Rose); shoots setigerous
prickles seattered slender subulate, leaflets lanceolato-oblong
simply serrated, downy and glandulose beneath, calyx-segments
long simple, fruit small ovate. Æ. Bot. t. 2388, (exel. the fruit):
Woods, in Trans. of Linn. Soc. v. xii. p. 175. Lindl. Ros. p. 28+
E. Fl. v. ii. p.372. Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, p. 703.—R. acuminata,
Swartz.

In the wood at Aketon Pasture, near Pontefract, Yorkshire ; Mr
Salisbury ; in E. Bot. Mr Sabine has, however, sought for it there 19
vain. At Birkhill, Galston, Ayrshire; Miss Brown. Fl. May, aud
irregularly through the summer. h.

2. Bracteas small or wanting.

8. R. rubélla, Sm. (red-fruited dwarf Rose); stem and branche?
densely setigerous throughout, prickles few slender nearly
straight, leaflets simply serrated naked, their disk eglandulos®
fruit oblong or urceolate. Æ. Bot. t. 2521, and fruit t, 2601
Woods, l c. p. 177. Lindl. Ros. p. 40. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 374—#
alpina, 0. Serin. De Cand.

Rare. Sandy sea-coast of Northumberland, sparingly ; Mr Winch
Banks of the Dee about Abergeldy, Anderson. Fl. May. b.

4. R. spinosissima, L. (burnet-leaved Rose); prickles crowded
unequal mostly straight, intermixed with setz, leaflets sma
simply serrated their disk eglandulose, calyx simple, fruit nearly
globular. Æ. Bot. t. 187. Woods, l. c. p. 178. Lindl. Ros. P"
50. E. Fi. v. ii. p. 375.—R. pimpinellifolia, Linn. Sabine-—
Ser, in De Cand. Prod.—. pilosa ; * very dwarf, leaves acute
hairy on the under surface.” Lindl. Syn. p. 100.

Heaths, &c. chiefly on sand and chalk ; most common towards the
sea.—f. Ireland. Fl. May. h.

. 9. R. Hibérnica, Sm. (Irish Rose); shoots and ramuli spat
ingly setigerous, prickles scattered unequal, larger someW a
! For the characters and synonyms of all the species of this most dition!”

Genus, l am indebted to Mr Borrer. Copious illustrative remarks,

which there is not room in the present volume, may be found in the 29
edition of this work, p. 226, &c. ES

Rosa.} ICOSANDRIA—POLYGYNIA, 199

m; leaflets simply serrated hairy beneath, their disk eglan- .
ulose, calyx pinnate, fruit nearly globular. Æ. Bot. t. 9196.
Woods, 1. c. p.222. Lindl. Ros. p. 82. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 393.

p ounties of Derry and Down, particularly near Belfast harbour ; Mr

-empleton. Fl. * June—Nov." Smith. h.
6. R. Wilsóni, ( Wilson's Rose); prickles crowded unequal
Straight intermixed with setz, leaflets simply serrated hairy,
their disk eglandulose, calyx simple, fruit ovato-urceolate,
On a declivity by the Menai, near Bangor, Mr W. Wilson.—* One
9! the endless varieties of R. mollis.” Lindl. Syn. ed. 2.
7T. R. involita, Sm. (prickly unexpanded Rose); prickles
crowded unequal straight intermixed with sete, leaflets doubly
Serrated hairy, glandulose beneath, stem dwarfish. Æ. Bot. t. l
2068, and fruit ¢ 2601. Woods, l c. p. 183. Lindl. Ros. p.
96. E Fl. v. ii. p. 877.
Hebrides, and Western Highlands of Scotland. Near Meggarnie in
Glen Lyon; Rev. Dr Stuart. Isla, Morvern, and elsewhere in the
plighlands ; Rev. Dr Walker. Isle of Arran; Mr G. Don. Fi.
ne. b.
8. R. Sabíni, Woods, (Sabine's Rose); shoots and ramuli seti-
8erous, prickles scattered unequal straight or nearly so, leaflets
9ubly serrated hairy, glandulose beneath, calyx somewhat pin-
Nate. Woods, l. c. p. 188. Lindl. Ros. p. 59. E. Fl. v. ii. p.
980. E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2594. X
ET prickles more numerous, leaves very hairy, calyx almost simple.
: ud Ros. p. 59.—R. Doniana, Woods, l. c. p. 185, E. FI. v. li. p.
8. E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2601.!
} Y. larger prickles falcate, calyx almost simple. R. gracilis, Woods,
' € p. 186. E. Fi. v. ii. p. 379.—R. villosa, E. Bot. t. 583. (fig. only).?

Scotland and N. of England.—. Sussex, and near Edinburgh. -War-
Wickshire, Rev. W. T. Bree.—y. Near Darlington, Mr Robson. Pooley
Sridge, Cumberland, and near Keswick, Woods. Between Pooley and
Lowther, Mr Robertson. Fil. June. b.

** Shoots mostly without sete.
1. Leaves glandulose.
a. Prickles uniform or nearly so; sete none or very few.

9. R. villésa, Linn. (villous Rose) ; prickles uniform nearly
‘Straight, leaflets doubly serrated downy glandulose, calyx slightly
Pinnate, root-shoots straight. Woods, l. c. p. 189. HE. Fi. v.i.
P.381. Linn. Herb.— R. mollis, E. Bot. t. 2459. Lindl. Syn.
BR. mollissima, Willd.— R. heterophylla, Woods, l. c. p.
9.— R. pulchella, Woods, l. c. p. 196 ?
- of England, Scotland, Wales; Ireland, Mr J. T. Mackay. Fi.
une, July, T$. M :

: 1 ee

This is the R. sylvestris, &c. Raii. Syn. ed. 8. p. 478, found by-Sherard,
2r Kingston-upon- Thames, where it still grows.

e Rose contemplated in the description was R. pomifera, See E. Fl.

200 ICOSANDRIA—FOLYGYNIA. (Rosa:

10. R. tomentésa, Sm. (downy-leaved Rose) ; prickles mostly
uniform straight or curved, leaflets doubly serrated downy
glandulose, calyx copiously pinnate. Æ. Bot. t. 990. Woods,
Le p. 197. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 383. Lindl. Syn. p. 100. Hook. ^
FI. Lond. N. Ser. t. 194. Pers.—2De Cand.— Ser.

B. R. scabriuscula, Winch. Geog. Distr. ed. 2, p. 45. .E. Bot. t. 1896-
(fig. only ?) Woods, l. c. p. 198.

Hedges and thickets, not unfrequent.—8. About Newcastle, W inch
Fi. June, July. h.

11. R. inodóra, Fries, (slightly-scented Briar); prickles uni-
form uncinate, leaves doubly serrated hairy mostly glandulose
beneath, calyx-segments closely pinnate mostly deciduous, ramut!
without sete, fruit elliptical or nearly globular. Fries “
Holland."— E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2610, ad calcem. Ser. in Dt
Cand.— R. Borreri, Woods, l. c. p. 210. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 388. E.
Bot. Suppl. t. 2723.—R. dumetorum, E. Bot. t. 2579.—R. rubi-
ginosa, var. inodora, Lindl. Ros. p. 88. Fl. Lond. N.S. t. 117.
— Wahl.— Fries, Nov. ed. 9.—(. leaves hairy on both sides
Woods.—y. leaves more copiously glandulose, calyx-segment$
elongated persistent.

Thickets and hedges, chiefly in the S. of England.—$. near Edinburgh
and elsewhere.—y. Glen Goy, Inverness-shire. Near Newcastle, Mr
Robertson. Fi. June, July. h. '

12. R. micréntha, Smith, (small-flowered Sweet-Briar) i
prickles uniform uncinate, leaflets doubly serrated hairy, glan-
dulose beneath, calyx-segments and pinnz elongated deciduous,
fruit small elliptical and ovate, ramuli sparingly setigerous-
E. Bot. t. 2490. Woods, l. c. p. 209. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 887. (nob
De Cand.)— R. rubiginosa, 8. Lindl. Ros. p. 87. |

Open bushy commons, thickets and hedges, in the S. of England.
Abundant on chalk and gravel in some parts of Sussex and Surrey.
e. ind Forster. South of Ireland, Mr Drummond. Fl. June;

uly. b. à;

b. Prickles various, intermixed with sete.

13. R. rubiginósa, Linn. (true Sweet-Briar) ; prickles nume-
rous, larger uncinate, smaller subulate, leaflets doubly serrate
hairy, glandulose beneath, mostly rounded at the base, caly*
segments and pinne elongated persistent, primordial fruit pea!
shaped. Æ. Bot. t. 991. E. Fi. v. ii, p. 385.—R. rubiginosth
a. Lindl. os. p. 86. Hock. Scot. i. p.157.—De Cand.— Wahl.
—Fries—R. Eglanteria, Woods, l. c. p. 2906.— Huds.— R. sua-
vifolia, Lightf.

Open bushy places, chiefly in the S. of England. Abundant in soma
places on chalk ; more rare in moist hedges. About Edinburgh ; 2”
near Passage in Ireland. Fv. June, July. b. ;

14. R. sépium, ** Thuil.” (small-leaved Sweet- Briar) ; prickles
numerous, larger curved, smaller subulate, leaflets small doubly

Rosa. ICOSANDRIA—POLYGYNIA. 201

E hairy aeute at each end, glandulose beneath, calyx-
10] ents and pinne elongated, (fruit ovate?) Lindl, Syn. p.
a De Cand. Fl. Fr. ed. 8, v. vi. p. 5388; Borr. in E. Bot.
“Ppl. t. 9653,
Near U, Bridport, Warwickshire ; Rev. W. T. Bree. Heyford Leys,
pper Heyford, Oxfordshire ; Mr Bazter.

2. Leaves eglandulose.
a. Styles distinct, included or nearly so.

ed E R. canína, L. (common Dog-Rose); prickles uniform hook-

* “aves naked or slightly hairy, their disk eglandulose, calyx-

Sents fully pinnate deciduous, styles not united, shoots as-

; "gent, v, 5.2. Lindl. Ros. p. 98, (excl. some syns.) Hook. Scot.

v 157.— Fries.

By hickets, hedges, &c., very common. Fl June, July. .—The
lsh Roses answering to the character given above may be subdivid-
38 follows:—

..Caflets naked, carinate; serraturessimple. R. canina, Woods, l c.
?.223. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 894.
4. green. «. Woods. R. canina, E. Bot. t. 992.

B, s b. grey. p. Woods. -
se nentacea, Leaflets naked, carinate; serratures compound. R.
ny, énlacea, Woods, l. c. p. 218. E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2595.—R. ca-

na, Fl. Lond.
a. green. £. Woods. R. sarmentacea, Swartz?

NEU e Woods. R. glaucophylla, Winch.

w. Culosa. Leaflets naked, flat ; seratures simple. R. surculosa,
Pods, 1. c, p. 928. R. venosa, Swartz? R. canina, B. E. Fl.
a. green. . B. Woods.

à, je grey. a. Woods.

Metorum. Leaflets more or less hairy flat. sues
a. hairy on both sides. R. dumetorum, “ Thuil.” Woods, l. c. p.
217. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 399. Borr. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2610.
lb. hairy beneath only. R. collina, Jacq. trom the younger Jacquin,

S Pop I have not seen it British.]

o "Ci. Leaflets more or less hairy not flat. 2. collina, Woods, l.
L ` ER: Forsteri, E. Fl. v.i. p.392. Borr. in E. Bot. Suppl.

^ Concave, green. y. Woods. R. campestris, Swartz.
' Carinate, grey.
` y beneath only. 8, Woods. R. Forsteri, E. Bot. Suppl.
- 2611.
lg 2. hairy on both sides.
tube R. bractéscens, Woods, (bracteated Dog-Rose); “calyx-
bon, Blobose, prickles hooked, leaflets simply serrated downy
E Ep bracteas overtopping the fruit." Woods, l. c. p. 216.
Corp do Ii. p. 891.—R. dumetorum, Lindl. Syn. p. 102.—R.
Abo, d» ries, Nov. ed. ii. p. 147 ?
Ad o1 ut Ulverston, Lancashire; and a var. with nearly smooth stipules
ulose calyx-segments, at Ambleside, Westmoreland. Fi.—}h.

B césia, Sm. (glaucous Dog-Rose) ; prickles uniform

— m ——

-

pe-—-——

ed

"
v nc er
ERS — m rem

mr

4

202 ICOSANDRIA —POLYGYNIA. y [Rubus
uncinate, leaflets doubly serrated downy, their disk eglandulos
calyx sparingly pinnate, styles not united, shoots assurge"
E. Bot. t. 2367. Woods, l. e. p.212. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 389. [int
Syn. p. 103.-— R. canina, 2. Hook. Scot. i. p. 157. ;c

B. incana, prickles strongly uncinate from a much lengthened pas?"
fruit large oblong. R. tomentosa, o. incana, Woods, l. c. p. 203- , d

Highland valleys of Perthshire and Argyleshire. Northumber¥
and Durham. Mr Robertson.—p. sent from Scotland to Mr Sabine:
the late Mr G. Don. Fl. June, July. b.

b. Styles united in a column ; mostly exserted. ;

18. R. systyla, Woods, (close-styled Dog-Rose) ; prick
form uncinate, leaves simply serrated their disk eglan ^
calyx-segments sparingly pinnate deciduous, styles united pine
less, shoots assurgent. Woods, l. c. p. 230. E. Fl. v. ii. P. a
(excl. from both the foreign. syns.) Lindl. Ros. p. 111. (exel i
foreign syns., except R. dibracteata, DC. Fl. Fr. ed. 3, "*
p. 537.) —R. collina, E. Bot. t. 1895, (excl. syn.)

B. Woods. leaves shining, naked on both sides, except the.

y. leaves glaucescent, naked on both sides, except the mid-rib- ke

Thickets, hedges, &c. Sussex. Essex, Middlesex, Mr Foster. B of
shire, Mr Bicheno. Kent, Mr Woods. Niddrie, and hills to the N:
Milngavie, Hopkirk. Near Cork, Mr Drummond.—8. Henfield, Suss di
I have similar specimens from Fort-Augustus.—y. Newtimber, Sus
Fi. June, July. b.

les un”
dulos® :

he i

19. R. arvénsis, Huds. (trailing Dog- Hose) ; prickles |
cinate, those of the ramuli feeble, leaves simply serrate® g

ciduous (glaucescent beneath), their disk eglandulose,

ca
° ° : A ° $8
segments sparingly pinnate deciduous, styles united hairle

l
shoots trailing. Æ. Bot. t. 188. Woods. l. c. p. 232. w
Ros. p. 112. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 397. Hook. in Fl. Lond. N. "is
123. Linn.—ß8. (Woods); glands on the fruit.—y- sh
flexuose, leaves ovato-lanceolate shining. pat?

Woods, hedges, thickets, &c., common in the S. of England. d pr
in the mountainous districts, Mr Woods. Lowlands of Scotlant* gd
Burgess. Near Bray, Ireland, Mr J. T. Mackay.—y. Henfiel “shod
elsewhere in Sussex. Fl. June, July. h.—R. arvensis is disting” ys:
from all the other British species by its trailing habit. Some ofthe a^ )
so closely resemble the true Ayrshire Rose, (R.capreolata, Neill ap
that I know not where to draw the line of separation. Mr Sabine: and
ever, regards that plant as a deciduous var. of R. sempervirens the
points out the shining leaves, paler, but without glauceseence " "LI
under-side, and the hairy stigmas, with some other minute differen?
distinguishing it from R. arvensis.

8. RóBus. Linn. Bramble.!
* Leaves pinnate. — 3

A n ‘ or

1. R. idéus, L. (Raspberry); leaves pinnate with 5°
3)

a : 12, }
! For the characters of the species of Rubus (with the granar Fi T ga

I am indebted to Mr Borrer, whose copious observations will be t0

Tubus] ICOSANDRIA—POLYGYNIA. 203

ie hite and very downy beneath, footstalks channelled,

short nearly erect downy prickly, flowers drooping, petals as
nt as the calyx. B. Bot. t. 9443. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 407.

ods, especially in the north. Fl. May, June. h .— Stems woody.

Le
lets Somewhat cut and serrated. Fruit scarlet in a wild state.

** Leaves digitate or pedate.
1. Stem (mostly) biennial, woody.
a. nearly erect, not rooting.

Ee R. suberéctus, And. (upright Bramble); stem nearly erect
di iter ng obsoletely angular, prickles uniform few small, leaves .
Pani] quinate, leaflets flexible, lower pair sessile or nearly so,
L l6 e nearly simple. And. in Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. xi. p. 218.
S. E. Bot. t. 9572. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 406.
dig; e what boggy heaths, sides of streams, &c. chiefly in mountainous
Stok Cts in the north. Near Tunbridge Wells. By the large bog near
es Bay, Hampshire. 77. June, Aug. b.
3, R, plicátus, W. and N. (plaited. leaved Bramble) ; stem not

To À
2 mg nearly erect obsoletely angular smooth with small some-

= curved uniform prickles, leaves digitate of 5 stalked cor-

rig, ate pointed plicate leaflets paler green beneath, panicle

in oY nearly simple corymbose, calyx slightly reflexed. Borr.
- Bot. Suppl. t. 2714.—R. suberectus, 8. Borr. in Hook.

, “0. ed, 8, p. 246.—R. nitidus, Sm. E. Fi. v. ii. p. 404.

n quest districts of Sussex, in heathy and somewhat boggy places, chiefly

— ?? banks of streams, not rare. Mr Borrer. FI. June— Aug. h.

. b. Stem arched or prostrate, rooting.

% Prickles nearly uniform, confined to the angles of the stem.
"hu R. carpinifolius, W. and N. (hornbeam-leaved Bramble) ;
hair decumbent or arched obsoletely angular and furrowed
Y; prickles uniform deflexed curved, leaves digitate of 5

Sta i

lkeq ovate acuminate plicate leaflets pale beneath, panicle com-
Pregaas c

lo sing (3d) ed. of this work, p. 245, &c. This able Botanist distinguishes
ES of the fruticose or Bramble tribe. No less than 48 supposed species
a e Ibed and figured in the elaborate “ Rubi Germanici" of Weihe and
a tup nearly all of which are probably found in Britain. Dr Lindley
“Serve I8 kinds: but his remarks on the dubious character of these plants
nq th to be quoted, as they are the words of one who has made this Genus,
am bou Whole family to which it belongs, the object of his peculiar study. “ I
nd to declare, he says (Syn. of Br. Fl. p. 91.) that I can come to no
usd usion than that with which I first started, namely that we have to
Ween considering R. suberectus, fruticosus, corylifolius, and c@stus, as
€nuine British species, or adopting in a great measure the characters of
= them German Botanists above mentioned, who have so much distinguish-
thig poi Selves in the elaboration of the Genus. So clear is my opinion upon
ed nt, that, if it had been possible to prove the four species to which 1 have
he P e themselves physiologically distinct, I should at once have reduced
Wh thers to their original places ; but as it is in the highest degree uncer-
3 Der R. fruticosus, corylifolius, and cæsius are not as much varieties of
ana mid as those it would be necessary to reject, I have thought it better to
the other course, until some proof shall have been obtained, either one way

204 ICOSANDRIA—POLYGYNIA. [Rubus
pact hairy, branches ascending corymbose, calyx spreading: n
and N. t. 18. Borrer in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2664. W.

Hedges, &c. Sussex, Cheshire, Lancashire; N. Wales. Df
Wilson. Sussex, FI. July, Aug. h.

4. R. rhamnifólius, W. aud N. (Buckthorn-leaved Bramble);
stem arched obsoletely angular and furrowed nearly n? s
prickles uniform straightish (horizontal or deflexed), leaves e
tate of 5 stalked roundish acuminate coriaceous leaflets P^.
beneath, panicle repeatedly divided diffuse somewhat dorm ;
W. and N.t.6. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 401. EB. Bot. Suppl. t. 2 jl
Lindl. Syn. p. 92.—R. cordifolius, W. and N. t. 5. p
Syn. p. 92. "i

Common in hedges, thickets, and woods, at least in the S. of Engl?"
Fl. July, Aug. b.

5. R. fruticósus, L. (common Bramble or Blackberry)
arched angular furrowed mostly minutely hairy, prickles un
straightish (horizontal or deflexed), leaves digitate of 5
obovate coriaceous leaflets decurved at the edges, their
‘side and the elongated panicle white with close down. Qu:
Bot. t.715. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 899.— R. discolor, W. and N.t
Lindl. Syn. p. 93.—R. abruptus, Lindl. Syn. p. 92. sig

Extremely common in thickets and hedges in the more open distri
Fl. July, Aug. 5.

6. R. leucostáchys, Sm. (long-clustered; Bramble); stem uide
obsoletely angular and furrowed hairy, prickles uniform stralf
ish (horizontal or deflexed), leaves digitate of 5 stalked rori
ish flat coriaceous leaflets paler or white beneath, panicle € C
ated shaggy or downy. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 403. Lindl. Sy i
98. Borrer in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2631.—/. stem less shage
prickles very large. f pen

Woods, thickets, hedges. Hampshire and Berkshire, Mr Bich
—Bf. Essex, Mr Forster. Sussex. Fl. July, Aug. h.

nu
7. R. macrophgllus, W. and N. (large-leaved Bramble) i a
somewhat angular and furrowed, prickles uniform few 8n ae
leaves digitate of 3 or 5 stalked elliptical or ovate flexible Mi
lets, panicle repeatedly divided somewhat corymbose. wA
N. t. 12. Borrer in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2625.
Hedges, thickets, woods. Sussex. 7. July, Aug. b.

B. Prickles various, not confined to the angles of the ste™
8. R. Koehléri, W. and N. (Koehler’s Bramble) ; St™ s

curved somewhat angular and furrowed hairy glandular uw
prickles numerous unequal curved and straight, leaves "2 d
of 5 stalked ovate or elliptical leaflets, panicle much 8! 94
somewhat corymbose. W. and N. t. 25. Lindl. Sy” P 403,
E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2605.—R. glandulosus, E. Fl. v. M PL
(excl. syn. of Bellardi, and perhaps the others.) —B. B: fuse?

ste”
* f or
E

E : ; ;
"agaria.; ICOSANDRIA—POLYGYNIA. 205

Bu. | |

E" N. t, 96. Lindl—y. R. pallidus, W. and N. t. 29.

Ww — R. affinis, E. Fl. v. ii. p. 405, (excl. syn.) :
Sods, thickets, hedges. Fi. July, Aug. h g

A R. corylifólius, Sm. (hasel-leaved Bramble) ; stem: de-
ed roundish, prickles straight scattered somewhat unequal,

E ~“ passing insensibly into setæ, leaves digitate of 5 ovate
E de the outermost sessile and lapping over the others, calyx
ii E spreading orreflexed. Æ. Bot. t. 827. E. Fl. v.
Hedges and thickets. FZ. July, Aug. b.

M di R. ccesius, L. (Dewberry); stem prostrate glaucous round
i, ly so, prickles straight unequal passing insensibly into
ta” the length of the largest rarely equalling the diameter of the

m, leaves digitate of 3 or more rarely 5 ovate leaflets the
p Most sessile, calyx embracing the fruit. E. Bot. t. 826.
E EN. ii. p. 409. WW. &. N. t. 46. A.B. & C.— p. stem strong-
Ng spletely angular, leaflets generally 5. R. dumetorum, W. &

Thickets, hedge-banks, and borders of fields. — Z7. June, July. h .—

1

2, Stem herbaceous or nearly so.

E R. saxátilis, L. (Stone Bramble); leaflets 3 slightly
Ray, runners creeping herbaceous, panicle of few flowers.
«0t. t, 9933. i

Ere ony mountainous places, especially in the north. FI. June. 2f.—
the ct, slender, S—10 inches high, with a few weak straight prickles on

Sem. Leaves 2—3 ; leaflets ovate. Petals minute, narrow, green-
Yellow, Fruit of very few, red, (comparatively)large, clustered drupes.

12, R. * dreticus, L. (arctic Bramble); leaflets 3 glabrous ob-
uM serrated, runners none, stem without prickles bearing
tly) | flower, petals roundish notched. E. Bot. t. 1585.
We Ocky mountainous parts of the Isle of Mull, and on Ben-y-glo, but
Me, 3Ye searched these spots in vain for the plant. FZ. June. 2f.—
$ 4—6 inches high, slender, having 3—4 leaves. Flowers of a deep

Colour, large. Fruit purplish-red, highly prized by the Swedes.

ish

Toge.

- *** Leaves simple. on

18, R. Chamemérus, L. ( Cloudberry); dicecious, leaves lobed
"without prickles herbaceous single-flowered. E. Bot. t. 716.
June Pine moors, north of England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. #7.
large lt.—Erect, 8—10 inches high. Flowers large, white. Fruit
' Orange-red, of an agreeable flavour.

9. FnaGÁRIA. Linn. Strawberry.

i F. vésea, L. ( Wood Strawberry); calyx of the fruit reflex-
Cele tS of the peduncles widely spreading, those of the pedi-
in sy Ose-pressed silky. Æ. Bot. t. 1524.—]. atrovirens; Lindl,

Wont Suppl. t. 2742.—F. calycina, Lindl. Syn. P. 96.

Ste

Sand thickets, frequent. Fl. May—July. Y4.

illa:
206 ICOSANDRIA—POLYGYNIA. [Potentil

9. F.*elátior, Ehrh. ( Hautbo Strawberry); calyx of E
fruit reflexed, hairs of the M inne and pedicels widely sprea
ing, somewhat deflexed. Sm. E. Bot. t. 2197.—F. moscha
Duchésne.—Lindl.

Groves and hedges, in several places. £7. June— Sept. H.

^ 10. Cémarum. Linn. Marsh Cinque-foil.

.1. €. palástre, L. (purple Marsh Cinque-foil). E. Bot. t y,

Marshes and peat-bogs, frequent. Jl. July. U .— Stems ascendi
Leaves petioled, with 7 lanceolate, deeply serrated leaflets, upper © lk
quinate or ternate, sessile with a pair of ovate stipules. Flower-s!@
branched. Flowers of a deep dingy purple. :

112.

ll. PorENTÍLLA. Linn. Cinque-foil.
* Leaves pinnate.

1. P. fruticósa, L. (shrubby Cinque-foil; leaves pinnate, Jer
lets (generally 5) oblongo-lanceolate entire, stem shrubby:
Bot. t. 88. s P»

Rare: rocky and bushy places, in Middleton- Teesdale, Yorksh!
-Rock-forest, Clare, Ireland. #7. June. b.

.. 9. P. anserina, L. (Silver-weed); leaves interruptedly pi s
serrated silky especially beneath, peduncles axillary si08
flowered, stem creeping. Æ. Bot. t. 861. p

‘Moist meadows and road-sides, frequent. F7. June, July. be
Varying much in the degree of silkiness ; sometimes silky and white =
both sides. Flowers large, yellow. Leaflets lanceolate.

3. P. rupéstris, L. (Strawberry-flowered Cinque-foil); ston
erect dichotomous, leaves pinnate, leaflets cuneato-ovate *
rated hairy, of the root-leaves about 5, of the cauline 9.1289
Bot. t. 2058. othe .
< * Very rare, on Craig Breidhin, Montgomeryshire. F7. June. a
^ Flowers large, white. - a

v. ** Leaves digitate. "

. 4. P. argéntea, Li. (hoary Cinque-foil); leaves quinate, effe,

cuneiform cut white and downy beneath, their margins rev olu ;
stem decumbent. Æ. Bot. t. 89. à yp

Pastures and road-sides, especially in a gravelly soil. FL Jum

— Flowers terminal, small, yellow, subcorymbose. - ; i

5. P. vérna, L. (Spring, Cinque-foil); root-leaves quina?
leaflets obovate (green on both sides) sharply serrated upW? «he
hairy beneath and at the edge, petals obcordate longer t A
calyx, stem decumbent. Æ. Bot. t. 37. A orth

Dry pastures, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire, near Bristol, and in the oad
of England; Wales, and Scotland, especially about Edinburgh.
albane mountains. F/. May, June. 2f.—A small, woody; proc
plant, 3—5 inches in length. Flowers at the end of weak leafy 02

à i
6. P. alpéstris, Hal. fil. (orange alpine Cinque-foil); eda
leaves of five wedge-shaped somewhat hairy leaflets d

ca

Potentilla] ICOSANDRIA—POLYGYNIA. E

2 the upper half, upper stipules ovate, petals heart-shaped stem
ending.” E, Fl. v. ii. p. 418.— P. aurea, E. Bot. t. 561
E Er Salisburgensis, Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 490.—P. verna,
* Wahl, tare
mo Mountains of the north of England ; Wales. Breadalbane and Clova
fà Untains of Scotland. Fl. June, July. 2£.— With this I am very
iar, having gathered it for a succession of years on the Scottish
Uhtains and I have endeavoured to find some solid- character by
i it might be distinguished from P. verna, but in vain. The extreme
oh.” it is true, do appéar distinct, but they insensibly pass into each
riy, ? 3n opinion in which I am happy to be supported by such autho-
"à as Mr W. Wilson, who finds at Llandudno, a little above high-
d er mark, specimens of verna, which cannot be distinguished from
Pestris, Tf retained as a species, surely the name Salisburgensis
e preferred to the much more recent one of the younger Haller.

0

Sho

als P. opáca, L. (Saw-leaved hairy Cinque-foil); radical leaves
j, even hairy linear wedge-shaped leaflets deeply serrated
he Pughout, stem-leaves ternate mostly opposite, stems: recum-
“tt. E Bot. t. 2449.— P. intermedia, Nestl. Pot. t. 8.

E Hill; of Clova and Braes of Balquidder, Seotland, G. Don. FI. June.
king, am indebted for the only specimen I have ever seen of this to the
aq ess of Mr D. Don. . The leaflets are coarsely serrated to the base,
Wer this respect, as well as in its stouter habit, it differs from the two
D, N mg species. Mr Borrer has pointed out to me the synonym of

estler, - , A. : dcs
a P.*élba, L. (white Cinque-foil); stems filiform procumbent,
toy, aves quinate, upper ones ternate, leaflets oblong with
verging serratures silky beneath. Æ. Bot. t. 1884.

wg les (?) Mr Haviland ; (in Huds.) Fl. June, July. 2[.— Flowers
e. ; : ; :

- P. réptans, L. (common creeping Cinque-foil) ; stem filiform
p “eping, leaves quinate, leaflets obovato-cuneiform serrated,
p heles axillary single-flowered longer than the leaf. Æ.

` & 862, |

taki fadows, pastures, and way-sides. ` Fl. June— Aug. Ag ad

S Toot at the joints. Flowers yellow. | T

Bus. ; 39€* Leaves ternate. ;

“0, P. tridentata, Soland. (three-toothed Cinque-foil); leaves
mit e, leaflets oblongo-cuneiform three-toothed at the extre-
tay? Blabrous above hairy beneath, petals oval longer than the
-Q, Stem ascending. E. Bot. t. 2389. ` VA: anaE
"hite Werron hill, Clova. - G. Don. Fl. May, June. ap. — Flowers

E `P. F, ragariástrum, Ehrh. (Strawberry-leaved Cinque-foil); .

tiq, s ternate, leaflets obovate deeply serrated silky on both

te (especially beneath), petals obcordate as long as the calyx,

ENN Procumbent.—P. Fragaria, Poir.— Fragaria sterilis, L.
` Bot. t. 1785,

: :
208 ICOSANDRIA—POLYGYNIA. [Dry?

Woods, banks, and dry pastures, frequent. F7. March, April. udi
Flowers white. ]

19. TonRMENTÍLLA. Linn. Tormentil.

1. T. officinális, Sm. (common Tormentil); leaves ternate d
sessile, leaflets lanceolate inciso-serrate, stem ascending dic
tomous. E. Bot. t. 863.— Potentilla Tormentilla, Sibth. —

Moors and heathy places, frequent. FZ. June, July. 2 .— Roof i
and woody, used medicinally, and by the Laplanders for staining leat
of a red colour. JPeduncles axillary and terminal.

2. T. réptans, (trailing Tormentil); leaves ternate and qu
nate on footstalks obovato-cuneiform inciso-dentate, stem pr? j
trate. E. Bot. t. 864.— Potentilla nemoralis, Nestl.—Lehm. IA
t. 13, (excellent. ) y

Hedge-banks, borders of fields and waste places. FZ. June, J ul. lt
— This, as well as the last, varies with 5 petals, when it becomes diffic of
to be distinguished from Potentilla reptans, and many Botanists are "
opinion that the two plants are identical, their extremes being Ee 1
sented in Æ. Bot. Rarely is Potentilla reptans found so much cre d
ing as in E. Bot. t. 882 ; nor Torm. reptans so upright, or so decide
panicled as in Æ. Bot. t. 864.—1 am often at a loss to discriminate,
tween the two plants ; and while Mr Wilson finds them undistingU"
able, Mr Forster and Nestler think them quite distinct.

13. G&uw. Linn. Avens.

1. G. urbdnum, L. (common Avens, Herb Bennet); flow
erect, cauline leaves ternate, radical ones lyrato-pinnate-
Bot. t. 1400. : P

Woods and hedges, frequent. F7. June. 2¢.—1—2 feet high. Ro
leaves on long foot-stalks. Flowers small, yellow. Petals patent.

2. G. rivdle, L. (Water Avens); flowers drooping; p

eI?

ns
feathery, cauline leaves ternate, radical ones interruptedly
nate and lyrate. Æ. Bot. t. 106. : pine

Marshes and wet moory grounds, frequent ; sometimes very a ets
Fi. June, July. Y .—A shorter, but stouter plant than the last. FV? ge
much larger, with erect purplish calyces and erect dull purplish-07 t,
coloured petals, broadly obcordate, clawed. Head of fruit pedice g it
A var. is not uncommon which seems hybrid. Mr J. Wilson 9?
with semi-double flowers in Ayrshire.

14. Dryas. Linn. Dryas.

1. D. octopétala, L. (white Dryas or Mountain Avens); pet?
8, leaves simple serrated. E. Bot. t. 451. - eci

Frequent in alpine parts of England, Scotland, and Ireland; B 4t
ally on limestone : north coast of Sutherland, abundant. Fi. e
—Stem short, procumbent. Leaves ovato-elliptical, white and
beneath, petioled. Flowers large, white.

Js

Nymphea.] POLY ANDRIA—-MONOGYNIA.

CLASS XIII. POLYANDRIA.

Many Stamens, inserted upon the receptacle.
ORD. I. MONOGYNIA. 1 Style.
* Petals 4.

l. Papdver. Cal. of 2 caducous leaves. Pet. 4. Stigma
Sessile, radiated. Caps. superior; the seeds on parietal recep-
"cles projecting towards the centre of the single cell, and escap-
‘Ng by pores beneath the permanent stigma.— Nat. Ord. PAPA-
TERACE m,-Juss.—Named because it is administered with pop
Papa, in Celtic) to induce sleep.

_ 2. Meconopsis. Cal. of 9 caducous leaves. Pet. 4. Style
evident, Stigma of few rays. Capsule opening at the top by
4— 6 valves. Receptacles of the seeds filiform.— Nat. Ord. Pa-
PAveracem, Juss.—Named from wzxov, a Poppy, and oie, re-
Semblance. |

" 3. GrÁveruw. Cul. of 2 leaves, caducous. Pet. 4. Stigma
“lobed. Pod superior, linear, 2- (9- or 4-)celled, with as
Many valves. Seeds numerous, dotted. (Glaucium and Roe-
Meria, De Cand.)—Nat. Ord. PAPAVERACEJE, Juss.—Named
tom the glaucous or sea-green hue of the stems and leaves.

3 4. CrrgripóxiuM. Cal. of 2 leaves, caducous. Pet. 4. Stigma
“lobed. Pod superior, linear, 1-celled, 2-valved. Seeds nume-
tous, crested.— Nat. Ord. PAPAVERACEA, Juss.—Named from
Xda», a swallow ; probably from the plant flowering about the

lme of the arrival of those birds.

Ed. Acr£A. Cal. of 4leaves, caducous. Pet. 4. Berry 1-celled.

Seeds numerous.—JVat. Ord. RANUNCULACEJE, Juss.—Named

"Om c» the Lider; the leaves somewhat resembling those of
der

** Petals five. i
6. HELIÁNTHEMUM. Cal. of 3 equal leaves, or 5, of which
rar ater ones are smaller. Pet. 5. Stigma capitate. Caps. 3-
n ed. Nat. Ord. CISTINEÆ, Juss.—Named from 74103, the
"^; and avios, a flower: the same as Helianthus.

à Ms Tinta. Cal. 5-partite, deciduous. Pet. 5, with or without
cel retary at the base. Fruit coriaceous, 5-celled, without valves;
obs; l—5, 2-seeded.—Nat, Ord. TILIACE®, Juss.— Name of
Cure origin,
*** Petals numerous.
8. Nvupna. Cal. of 4—5 leaves. Pet. numerous, inserted,
Well as the stamens, upon a fleshy disk or covering to the ger-
Eo (so as apparently to arise from it.) Berry many-celled,
x J-sceded, deliquescent; seeds in an arillus.—JVat. Ord. Nym-
OL. I, P

ag

e er €

210 POLYANDRIA—POLYGYNIA. [ Thalictrum

puEACEX, De Cand.—Name,—the Nuugouo of the Greeks, 80
called from its inhabiting the waters, as the Nymphs or Nala E
were wont to do.

9. NóPHaR. Cal. of 5—6 leaves. Pet. numerous, inserted,
as well as the stamens, upon the receptacle. Berry superior»
many-celled, many-seeded.— Nat. Ord. Nyu Pt maces, De Cand:
—Name, the Noupap of Dioscorides, applied to this plant, The
. Arabic name is Nadfar, according to Fórskal. - ;

ORD. II. PENTAGYNIA. Styles variable, 2—6.

10. HELLÉBORUS. Cal. of 5 persistent leaves. Pet. g—10;
small, tubular, and nectariferous. Follicles nearly erect, many"
seeded.— Nat. Ord. RANUNCULACER, Juss.—Name,—<A<i; to
injure, and foga, food, from the poisonous nature of the plant.

11. Pxówx1ia. Cal. of 5 leaves. Pet. 5—10, concave. Follicles
2—5, with many seeds, and crowned with the bilamellated s£t^
mas.—Nat. Ord. RaNUNCULACER, Juss.—lamed in honour 9
the Physician Pon, who is said to have cured Pluto with it
of a wound received from Hercules.

19. DELPHÍNIOM. Cal. coloured, deciduous, irregular, upp?”
leaflet produced at the base into a spur. Pet. 4; 2 upper ones
with appendages included within the spur.—Nat. Ord. RANUN"
CULACEJE, Juss.—Named from Delphinus, or 02er, a Dolphin?
on account of the shape of the upper calycine leaf.

13. Aconitum. Cal.petaloid, irregular, upper leaflet helmet
shaped; 2 upper petals or nectaries on long stalks, and conce? f
ed within the helmet-shaped leaflet.— Nat.Ord. Ran UNCULACEZ?
Juss.—Name derived, it is said, from Acone in Bithynia; or from
azon, a rock or stone ; ;

« Quæ quia nascuntur dura vivacia caute
Agrestes Aconita vocant.— Ovidii Metam;

14. AquiLÉGra. Cal. of 5 leaves, deciduous, coloured. Pel.
5, terminating below in a horn-shaped spur, or nectary.— ale
Ord. RANUNCULACEA, Juss—Named from Aquila, an Eagl^
whose claws the nectaries resemble.

15. Srratiéres. Spatha of 2 leaves. Cal. 3-cleft. Cor. of
39 petals. Berry inferior, angular, with 6 cells, many-seede pif
Nat. Ord. HypRocHARIDE®, Rich.—Named from orgaros, army:
on account of the numerous sword-like leaves. )
(See Reseda in Cr. XI. and Trollius and Caltha in Orv. Porsas" |

ORD. III. POLYGYNIA. Many Styles.
| * Germens small, roundish, 1-seeded. . fe
16. Tuaticrrum. Cal. of 4—5 leaves. Cor. O. Perictr?

Papaver.) POLYANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. SI

-— awns.— Nat. Ord. RANUNCULACEZ, Juss.—Named from
‘Oo, to be green or flourishing.

17. Cuémartis. Cal. of 4—6 leaves. Pet. 0. Pericarps termi-
nated by a long, mostly feathery, awn.—JVat. Ord. RANUNCU-
LACE, Juss.—Named from zz, the shoot of a vine, which its
ong branches somewhat resemble.

18. Aweméne. Involucre of 3 divided leaves, more or less
Temote from the flower. Cal. petaloid, of 5—9 leaves. Cor.
Nat. Ord. Ranuncunacem, Juss.—Named from ovsuoc, the

wind; because many of the species grow in very exposed situa-

19. Apóxis. Cal. of 5 leaves. Pet. 5—10, without a nec-
tary, Pericarps without awns.—at. Ord. RANUNCULACEZE, ©
"Ss. — Name :—its deep red colour suggested the idea of its being
Stained by the blood of Adonis, who was killed by a boar while
ünting.

20, RANÚNCULUS. Cal. of 5 (rarely 3) leaves. Pet. 5 (rarely
Many), with a nectary at the base. Pericarps without awns.
n the pore or nectary of the petals of this, and of Myosurus, we
Sbserve"an affinity with the tubular petals of Helleborus, and even
of Trollius ; only, in the two latter, the petals are more altered -
shape.J]—Nat. Ord. Ranuncunacem, Juss.—Named from
E frog; these plants delighting to grow where frogs
ound,

** Germens elongated, many-seeded.

21. TnórnLIUs. Cal. of 5, or many, coloured leaves. Pet. 5,
% many, small, linear, with an obscure depression above the
“Ontracted base. Follicles many-seeded.— Nat. Ord. Ranuncu-
Lack, Juss.—Name said to be “ derived from troll or trolen,”
- A ball or globe in old German, and bearing.the same meaning as
ur English word Globe-flower.

n CAurua. Cal. of 5 or more petaloid leaves. Pit;none.

ollicles several, compressed, spreading, with many seeds.— at.

i rd. RANUNCULACE®; Juss.—Named from xaAcados, a cup, which
5 flowers resemble. . e

' (See Helleborus in On». II.)

POLYANDRIA—MONOGYNIA.

l. PapAver. Linn. Poppy:
3 I, p, Argeméne, L. (long-prickly-headed Poppy); capsule cla-
Uwe hispid ribbed, stem leafy many-flowered, leaves bipinnatifid.
* Bot. t. 643. |
a °rn-fields, not unfrequent. Fl, June. @.—Flowers small. Petals
Tow, scarlet

212 POLYANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. [ Glauciume

2. P. hybridum, L. (round-rough-headed Poppy); capsule sub-
globose hispid furrowed, stem leafy many-flowered, leaves doubly
pinnatifid. Æ. Bot. t. 43.

Sandy and chalky fields in England, rather rare. Norfolk, Durham,
Cornwall, Kent, Essex. Ormeshead. Ireland. 7. July. ©.

3. P. dábium, L. (long-smooth-headed Poppy); capsule gla
brous oblong, stem many-flowered hairy, bristles of the flower"
stalks appressed, leaves pinnatifid. E. Bot. t. 644.

Corn-fields, not unfrequent. Fl. July. ©.—Stems 1—2 feet high;
hispid with spreading hairs. Flowers large. Petals broad, palish scarlet

4. P. Rhéas, L. (common red Poppy); capsule glabrous nearly
globose, stem many-flowered bristly, its bristles and those of the
flowerstalks spreading, leaves pinnatifid.” E. Bot. t. 645.

Abundant in corn-fields; but rare in the West of Scotland. £7. June
July. © .— Distinguished from the last by its short capsule and the spreat
ing hairs of the flowerstalks. Pet. broad, deep scarlet.

5. P.*somníferum, L. (white Poppy); glaucous, capsule glo-
bose glabrous as well as the stem and amplexicaul leaves. ^
Bot. t. 2145.

In Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, and other places where the plant has
been cultivated. Most abundant for miles a little eastward of the
burning cliff, near Weymouth; Rev. W. S. Bayton. Fl. July. O7
Flowers generally white, with a purple eye; but varying much as 9
colour. From the unripe capsules, opium (from the Greek ozes, juice)
is prepared.

2. Meconépsis. Viguier. Welsh-Poppy.
1. M. Cambrica, Vig. (common Welsh- Poppy); capsule gla-
brous, leaves mostly petiolate. D C.— Papaver, L.—E. Bot. t. 65

Rare: rocky and shady places. Foot of Lidford cascade, Devori

Cheddar rocks, Somerset, called there “ yellow tulip.” N. Wales an

Westmoreland. About Edinb. Rostrevor hill, Ireland, Fl June. 7°

Tay hedves on long stalks, pinnated, the pinnæ pinnatifid. Flowers large
yellow. l

3, GrÁvoiuM. Tourn. Horned-Poppy.
3. G. Záteúm, L. (yellow Horned- Poppy); pod minutely tuber
- &ulated, cauline leaves amplexicaul sinuate, stem glabrous.

Bot. t. 8.— Chelidonium Glaucium, L. -
Sandy sea-shores, frequent. FZ. July, Aug. © .—1—2 feet high, Y d-

7 i H ; na
glaucous, much branched. Leaves scabrous. Flowers very large, p re
o E í $ y £
some, succeeded by pods 6—10 inches long. Dissepiment spongy»

* the following species.

9. G.*phaníceum, Gert. (scarlet Horned- Poppy) pos
nuline leaves deeply pinnatifid and cut, stem hairy.
1438.— Chelidonium corniculatum, L. june?
Said to have been found on Portland island, and in Norfolk. Z7.
July. © — Petals scarlet, with a black spot at their base.

a $ .ed
3. G.*violdceum, Juss. (violet Horned- Poppy ); pod 3-val

Helianthemum.] POLYANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. 213:

With membranous dissepiments, leaves tripinnatifid, the segments
near scabrous, stem glabrous. Chelidonium hybridum, L.—E.
9t. t. 201. Roemeria, DC.
Corn-fields, rare. Norfolk and Cambridgeshire. F7. May, June. ©.

4. CnELIDÓNIUM. Linn. Celandine.

l. C. május, L. (common Celandine). E. Bot. t. 1581.— 8. leaf-
3 and petals jagged.— C. laciniatum, DC.
aste places, especially near towns and villages. FJ. May, June. Y.
~About 2 feet high, slightly hairy, brittle, full of a yellow fetid juice.
eaves pinnated, with about 5 decurrent leaflets, which are broadly ovate,
99ed and erenated. Flowers in long-stalked umbels, yellow, rather small.
od long, somewhat turgid.

let

5. Acta. Linn. Bane-berry.

pi. A. spicata, L. (Bane-berry, or herb Christopher); raceme
Simple elongated, petals as long as the stamens, pedicels of the
"uit slender. Æ. Bot. t. 918.

t Bushy places, especially in limestone tracts in Yorkshire ; near Hali-
E- FI. May. Y.—1—2 feet high. Leaves petiolate, 3-ternate ; leaf-
“ts ovate, deeply cut and serrated.

6. HgrrANTHEMUM.! Tourn. Rock-rose.

al. H. eánum, Dun. (hoary dwarf Rock-rose); shrubby without
Stipules, leaves opposite ovate or oblong petiolate flat hoary be-
eath, racemes terminal bracteated, cal.-leaves 5, the inner with

ribs, style twisted at the base reflexed, at the apex inflexed,
Seeds blackish. Benth.—Lindl. Syn. p. 36.— Cistus canus, Jacq.
77 C. Anglicus, L.— C. marifolius, E. Bot. t.896. (not L.?) Hook.
"^ Fl. Lond. N. S. t. 171.
i are: alpine rocks in the north of England, Lancashire, Westmore-
and ; on Cronkley Fell, Yorkshire ; and in Wales. 77. May, June.2£.—
A low shrubby plant, with hoary leaves, and rather small yellow flowers.

à 2. H. guttátum, Miller, (spotted annual Rock-rose) ; annual
“ct without stipules, leaves oblongo-lanceolate or linear, the
b opposite, the upper alternate, racemes without bracteas, .
leaves 5, style straight very short, stigma capitate. Benth...
Lindl, Syn. p. 37.— Cistus guttatus, L.—E. Bot, t. 544.
ery rare. Jersey. Holyhead mountain. 77. June, July. ©.

E H -*ledifolium, Willd. (Ledum-leaved Rock-rose) ; herbace--
so ic lightly downy with stipules, leaves lanceolate, flowerstalks
Strat Y erect, opposite to the leaves shorter than the calyx, styles
(a ight, capsule polished. Lindl. Syn. p. 97, — Cistus ledifolius,
Nitoticus). L——H. Bot. 2414, -
X ry rare. On Brean downs, Somersetshire, Huds. Fl. June, July.
7l have never seen British specimens of this-plant. It is certainly :

I ye Very happy to be able to avail myself of the specific characters of
è he ritish species of this difficult genus, given by Mr Bentham in
5 5ynopsis.

214 POLYANDRIA—MONOGYNIA. [ Tilia.

the Cistus Niloticus of Linneus; his C. ledifolius being glabrous, and
probably the cultivated state of the plant.

4. H. vulgare, Gaert. (common Rock-rose); shrubby procul
bent stipuled, leaves opposite ovate or oblong nearly flat green
above, racemes terminal bracteated, cal.-leaves 5, the inner fur-
rowed and scariose at the edge, style bent at the base, some
what clavate at the apex, seeds black. Benth.—Lindl. Syn. pP
37.—Cistus Helianthemum, L.—E. Bot. t. 1391.— C. tomento-
sus, E. Bot. t. 2908.— 6. petals lanceolate, often cut. Cistus
Surrejanus, L. ?—E. Bot. t, 2207?

Frequent in dry pastures, especially in a gravelly or chalky soil.—?.
Croydon, Surrey. FZ. July, Aug. 2£.—I am indebted for specimens of
the Croydon plant to my friend Mr Christy, who proves it by culture
to be a var. or rather a monstrosity of H. vulgare, with imperfect petals.
Mr Borrer observes that the garden plant of E. Bot. is different, but be
knows not to which it should be referred.

5. H. polifolium, (white Mountain Rock-rose); shrubby pro*
cumbent stipuled hoary, leaves opposite ovato-oblong or 07
longo-linear more or less revolute at the edge, racemes termi-
nal bracteated, cal.-leaves 5, the inner furrowed and scariose 4
the edge, style bent at the base, somewhat clavate at the apex
seeds black. Benth—H. Apenninum, DC.—Lindl. Syn. p. 37.
— Cistus poli^olius, L.—H. Bot. t. 1322.

Rare ; in thesouth of England. Brean downs, Somersetshire ; Torquay
and Babbicombe rocks. Fl. July, Aug. 2£.—F lowers white. The H. pol-
folium of DC. is not the plant of Linn., but the splendens of Lamarck

7. Tinta. Linn. Lime.

1. T. *Europ&a, L. (common Lime or Linden-tree); nectaries
none, leaves twice the length of the footstalks quite glabrous
except a woolly tuft at the origin of each vein beneath, cymes
many-flowered, fruit coriaceous downy. E. Bot, t. 610.—~*"
intermedia, DC.

Woods and hedge-rows, probably not indigenous. FZ. July. hey
A large and handsome (ree ; its flowers, “at dewy eve distilling odours
yellowish-green, on a stalked cyme, springing from a large lanceo'?"
foliaceous bractea, which falls off with the fructified cymes. Fn
generally 1-celled and 1-seeded.—Linneus is said to have derived be
own name from the Swedish Zin, our Linden or Lime-tree.

9. T.*grandifólia, Ehrh. (broad-leaved downy Lime-tree); nec
taries none, leaves downy especially beneath, origin of the vein
woolly, branches hairy, umbels 3-flowered, fruit woody downy
turbinate with prominentangles. Forst. in E. Bot. Suppl. t- 2790

Woods and hedges, in several places; scareely wild. Blair in Atho"
Scotland. Near Edinburgh. Fl. June, July. b. =

3. T.* parvifolia, Ehrh. (small-leaved Lime-tree); nectarie’
none, leaves smooth above, glaucous beneath with scattered 1
well as axillary hairy blotches, flowered, fruit roundish pritt?
nearly glabrous. Sm. E. Bot. t. 1705.— T. microphylia, Vent

Woods in Essex, Lincolnshire, &c. Fl. Aug. h.

Peonia.} POLYANDRIA—PENTAGYNÍA. 215

8. NvwPna. Linn. White Water-Lily.

B 1 N. - alba, L. (great White Water-Lily); leaves cordate en-
re, stigma of 16 ascending rays. E. Bot. t. 160. Hook. in
l. Lond. N. S. t. 140. | S:

à Lakes and still waters, frequent. FZ July. 2f.—In the quiet reces-
ês of the Highland lakes, especially, —

* The water-lily to the light,
Her chalice rears of silver bright."

9. NóPHaR. Sm. Yellow Water-Lily.

L. N. lútea, Sm. (common. Yellow Water-Lily); leaves cordate
their lobes approximate, cal. of 5 leaves, stigma expanded entire
With from 14—20 rays. Hook. im Fl. Lond. N. S. t. 141.
—Nymphea, L—E. Bot. t. 159. :

Lakes and ditches, frequent. FZ. July. 2f.—Flowers large, smelling
Somewhat like brandy ; which circumstance, in conjunction as I presume
With its flagon-shaped seed-vessels, has led to the name Brandy-bottle,

.5y which this plant is known in many parts of England.

2. N. pámila, DC. (least Yellow Water- Lily); leaves cordate
the lobes approximate, stigma (green) with 8 or 9 teeth and as
Many (yellow) rays, fruit furrowed upwards. Hook in Fl. Lond.
N. S. è 170.—N. Kalmiana, Hook. Scot. i. p. 169. (an Aiton ?)
—N. minima, E. Bot. t. 2292. i

n several of the small Highland lakes. Mugdoch, near Glasgow.

artners Lough, Northumberland. FZ. July, Aug. 2£.—I am even
Ow far from certain that this ought not to be united with the American
"A Kalmiana. All the differences I can find between the two, I have

ully detailed in F7. Lond. :

POLYANDRIA—PENTAGYNIA.
10. HELLÉBORUS. Linn. Hellebore.

l. H.* viridis, L. (green Hellebore); stem few-flowered leafy,
faves digitate, cal. spreading. Æ. Bot. t. 200.
., Woods, thickets and hedges, especially in a chalky soil. Dunglass
Glen and Laswade, Scotland. F7. April, May. ?[.—1 ft. high. Leaves
j, ual, large, on a broad stalk; upper ones sessile; segments linear-
auceoláte, serrated at the extremity. Cal. large, greenish-yellow. This
E the following have been often employed medicinally, instead of the

ue, ancient or Greek Hellebore, (H. officinalis, Sibth. and Smith).

2. H.* fétidus, L. (stinking Hellebore); stem many-flowered
ĉafy, leaves pedate, calyx converging. Æ. Bot. t. 613.
tyr, atures and thickets, especially in chalky counties, in England. Blan-
te and Barncluish ; and by the Doune, Ayr, on the west, and near
f "struther on the east of Scotland. F7. Apr. 2{.—A bushy plant, 2
cet high. Leaves evergreen, uppermost ones gradually becoming
peteas. Flowers globose ; calyx often tipped with a purple tinge,

etid and powerfully cathartic.

11. PuóN1A. Linn. Peony.
l. Px corallina, Retz, (entire-leaved Peony); herbaceous,

216 POLYANDRIA—POLYGYNIA, [ Thalictrum

follicles downy recurved, leaves biternate glabrous, segments
ovate entire. |. Bot. t. 1513.

On the island called Steep- Holmes, in the Severn. Said to have |
been found near Gravesend. F/. May, June. ?f.

12. DzriPuiNiUM. Linn. Larkspur.
1. D.* Consólida, L. ( Field Larkspur); stem erect branched:

flowers in lax racemes, petals combined, inner spur of one piece
pedicels shorter than the bracteas, capsule glabrous. E. Bot-
4. 1839. ;
.. Sandy or chalky fields ; Suffolk, Kent. “About Cambridge, at Quay:
the hills are quite blue with it; it also occurs red, pink, and white, a?
yet Ray does not mention it." Henslow. Fl. June, July. ©.

13. Aconitum. Linn. Wolf's-bane.

1. A. * Napéllus, L. (common Wolf’s-bane or Monks’ -hood;)
upper leaflet of the calyx arched at the back, spur of the nec
tary nearly conical bent down, wings of the stamens cuspidat?
or none, lobes of the leaves cuneate pinnatifid, germens 3—
glabrous or hairy. DC.—Forst. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2730.

Teme, Herefordshire. Below Staverton Bridge, Devon. West 0

` Somerset. Mr Thomas Clark. About Mylor-bridge, Cornwall, most
abundant. Miss Warren. “Undoubtedly wild,” in several places 1”
Denbighshire. J. E. Bowman, Esq. Fl. June, July. X.

14. Aquinéara. Linn. Columbine.

1. A. vulgáris, L. (common Columbine); spur of the petals
incurved, capsules hairy, stem leafy many-flowered, leaves nearly
glabrous, styles as long as the stamens. Æ. Bot. t. 97. —

Woods and coppices, in several places. F7. June. 1f,.—Inner stamens
frequently imperfect.

15. SrRATIÓTEs. Linn. Water-Soldier.

1. S. aloides, L. ( Water- Soldier); leaves sword-shaped trian?
gular aculeato-serrate. Æ. Bot. t. 379.

Lakes and ditches, particularly in the fenny parts of Norfolk and
Lincolnshire. Rare in the north : planted in the Lochs of Duddingsto™
Forfar, and Cluny, Scotland. Fi. July. 2£.— A singular plant, with
numerous radical leaves thrown up from creeping runners, which pe?
trate far into the mud. Scape 4—6 inches long, compressed, 2-edg€**
Flowers white, from a compressed 2-leaved spatha. Sometimes ! :
flowers are dicecious, and sometimes the stamens are on the same flow® T
with 5—6 cleft styles.

POLYANDRIA—POLYGYNIA.
16. TuaLictrum. Linn. Meadow-Rue.

1. T. alpinum, L. (alpine Meadow-Rue); stem simple nearly
leafless, raceme simple terminal, flowers drooping. Æ. Bot. t- 262
Mountains in the north of England, Wales, and in Scotland, frequen’
Fi. July. U..—Root-leaves upon long stalks, biternate ; leaflets roun e

crenate or lobed, dark-green, Stam.10—12. Germens2—4. Flowers fev

Anemone} ^ ^ POLYANDRIA—POLYGYNIA. 217

le ^ T. mínus, L. (lesser Meadow- Rue); leaves 8—4-pinnate,
Hets roundish glabrous trifid and toothed glaucous beneath,
p anicle diffuse its branches alternate or whorled, flowers mostly
pi Ping. Jacq. Austr. t. 419. E. Bot. t-11, (excellent.) E.
* 9. 11, p. 41.—6. segments of the leaves much acuminated.
CU majus. T. majus, Jacg.—E. Bot. t. 611. -
Analg pastures, not unfrequent, especially in limestone or chalky
p Sandhills, on the coast near S. Shields and Yarmouth.—£.
` ¿pally in the north of England and in Scotland. F7. June, July.2f.
E zigzag, about a foot high, mostly glaucous. Leaflets small. Fruit
Ow, ovate, sulcate. There are assuredly no permanent characters by

Whi : de a S :
ch the 7^ majus of Jacq. can be distinguished from the Linnean
` Minus,

f T Jiávum, L. (common JMeadow- Fue); stem erect branched
roweq leaves bipinnate, leaflets broadly obovate or wedge-
Shaped trifid, panicle compact subcorymbose, flowers erect. Æ,
o. t. 367.—. leaflets broadly ovate almost rotundate.
in Banks of rivers and ditches, and in moist meadows. Less frequent
b Seotland, and principally found in the vale of Clyde.—8. Isle of
E Fi. June, July. Y .—2—3 ft. high. Flowers very numerous,
mW. Lobes of the leaves varying in breadth. In 2. the leaflets are
"ch broader than usual.

17. CLíMATIs. Linn. Traveller’s Joy.

le l. C. Vitálba, L. (common Traveller's Joy); stem climbing,

i “Yes pinnate, leaflets cordato-ovate inciso-lobate, petioles twin-
» Peduncles rather shorter than the leaves. Æ. Bot. t. 612.

Ma edges; abundant in a calcareous soil. Rare in tbe north. FZ

E June. b.— Petioles acting as tendrils. | Flowers greenish-white,
stant, Fruit very beautiful, with long white feathery awns.

18. ANEMÓNE. Linn. Anemone.

a l. A. Pulsatílla, L. (Pasque-flower Anemone); leaves as well

N the involucre with doubly pinnatifid linear segments, flower

p ined, calyx-leaves 6, pericarps with long feathery awns.
poot t. 5].

te 7, chalky pastures, in several parts of England. F7. Apr. May. ?f.

Wers purple, externally silky, very handsome.

late A. nemorésa, L. ( Wood Anemone); leaves ternate, leaf
Ste, lanceolate lobed and cut, involucre similar to them petiolate,
les. Single-flowered, calyx-leaves 6 elliptical, pericarps awn-

` £. Bot. t. 855.

M, ist Woods and pastures, and on the high mountains. Fl. April,
J- 2f.— Flowers white, tinged with purple on the outside.

3. A.* Anennina, L. (blue Mountain Anemone); leaves tri-

te 4 3

E ate, Segments lanceolate cut and toothed, involucres petiolate
» Hate and cut, calycine leaflets 12—14, pericarp without awns.
"Hot, t, 355 i

218 POLYANDRIA—POLYGYNIA. — [Ranunoulus

Wimbledon woods, growing with Eranthis hyemalis; near Harrow
Luton Hoe, Bedfordshire ; and near Berkhamstead, Essex. Fl AP
2[.— Flowers light and bright blue.

|. 4. A. *ranunculoides, L. (yellow Wood Anemone); leaves y^
or quinate, leaflets subtrifid cut and toothed, involucres short
stalked ternate cut and toothed, calycine segments 5—6 ellip
cal, pericarps without awns. Æ. Bot. t. 1484.

1
Woods, rare; King's Langley, Herts; and Wrotham, Kent. F
April. 21.— Flower brightish yellow.

19. ApóNis. Linn. Pheasant’s Eye.

1. A. *autumnális, L. ( Corn Adonis or Pheasant's Eye); petals
concave connivent scarcely longer than the glabrous cay?
pericarps reticulated collected into an ovate head, stem brane?
E. Bot. t. 308. -

Amongst corn, about London, Norfolk, Gloucestershire, Glasgow "
Dublin. Fl. Sept. Oct. © .— Leaves thrice compound, with linear ' z

i «e
ments. Petals bright scarlet, such as might well be supposed to ‘
sprung from the blood of Adonis.

20. RaxóNcuLUs. Linn. Crowfoot.
* Pericarps transversely wrinkled. Petals white.

1. R. aquátilis, L. ( Water Crowfoot); stem submersed, Jeav®
capillaceo-multifid, floating ones tripartite their lobes cut, pet?
obovate larger than the calyx, pericarps glabrous or hisp!
E. Bot. t, 101.— f. all the leaves capillaceo-multifid. R., ;
thriv, DC.—y. all the leaves orbicular in their circumscrip "m
deeply cut into fine capillary segments. R. circinnatus; 5i
— R. cespitosus, DC. I"

Lakes, ditches and rivers; abundant. FZ. May, June. y he
much in the length of the stems and form of the leaves, according t°
depth and stillness of the water. i ; 0s

2. R. hederáceus, L. (Ivy Crowfoot) ; stem creeping, leaf,
roundish kidney-shaped with 3—5 rounded entire lobes, P*"..
small scarcely longer than the calyx, stamens 5—10, perica?
glabrous. Æ. Bot. t. 2003.

Wet places, shallow pools of water, and where water has stood
through the summer. 2f.

A Pericarps not transversely wrinkled. Nectary with a small
scale. Fi. yellow (except R. alpestris.)

T Leaves undivided.

er*
3. R. Lingua, L. (great Spear-wort); leaves lanceolate subio.
rated sessile semiamplexicaul, stem erect glabrous. B. Bol.”

Marshes, sides of lakes and ditches ; not very general. F4 Jay

—Stem 2—3 feet high. Flowers large, handsome. ý
£ D ce
4. R. Flámmula, L. (lesser Spear-wort) ; leaves linear-Ja¥

Ranunculus.) POLYANDRIA—POLYGYNIA, 219

Stem m entire petiolate, the lower ones ovato-lanceolate,

eclined at the base and rooting. E. Bot. t. 387. —8. much
o. »Stem creeping filiform. R.reptans, Lightf. Scot.p.289. t.1.
gw of lakes and ditches, abundant.—g. Margins of the Highland
5 In barren stony places. Fv. July, Aug. 2f.
I R *gramineus, L. (grassy Crowfoot); leaves linear-lanceo-
tub p tiated entire, stem erect glabrous, scale of the nectary
«ar, root fascicled. Æ. Bot. t. 2806.
: tought from N. Wales by Mr Pritchard.” With. Fl. June. 2f.

cond R, Ficária, L. (Pilewort Crowfoot, lesser Celandine); leaves

È E petiolate angular or crenate, calyx of 3 leaves, petals 9.

- 370. t, 584.— Ficaria ranunculoides, DC.

DN ; tures, woods, bushy places, &c. F7. April, May. 2£.—Root con-

lg lg of many long fasciculated tubers. Leaves petiolate, 2—3 on the
ÜWered stem. Flowers glossy, yellow.

Tk dones divided. | Pericarps smooth. Perennial.

b^ R. alpéstris, L. (alpine white Crowfoot); leaves glabrous
leular deeply 3-lobed, lobes at the extremity crenate, stem
Sly 1-flowered, petals obeordate (white). Æ. Bot.t. 2390.
inch, es of rills on the Clova mountains, G. Don. FI. May. 2f.—4—5
ès high. — Leaves mostly radical, petiolate.: Flowers white, large.

8. R, auricomus, L. ( Wood Crowfoot); leaves glabrous, radi-
hao Wes reniform 3-partite and cut, stem-leaves divided to the
thas Into linear subdentate segments, calyx pubescent shorter

+ the petals, head of fruit globose. Æ. Bot. t: 624.
ajg OCs and coppices, not unfrequent. FZ. April, May. Ua Not

* 8$ are most of the other Crowfoots. . e
R. scelerátus, L. Celery-leaved Crowfoot); leaves glabrous,
al ones petiolate tripartite, lobes cut very obtuse, upper
In 3 linear cut segments, calyx glabrous, pericarps collected

9
tadic
-
g an oblong head. Æ. Bot. t. 681.

WW, 58 of pools and ditches. FZ June. Y.—Stem stout, succulent,
ttem ct high. Lower leaves very broad and glossy. Flowers ex-
“Y small, pale yellow. s 5

S R. áeris, L. (upright Meadow Crowfoot); calyx spreading, -
"des rounded (not furrowed), leaves tripartite their seg-
3 acute trifid and cut, upper ones linear. Æ. Bot. t. 652.

dows, pastures and mountainous situations. — Z7. June, July. H.

"wi R. répens, L. (creeping Crowfoot); calyx spreading; flower-
ts

furrowed, scyons creeping, leaves with 3 petiolated leaf-
Ich are 3-lobed or 3-partite and cut. Æ. Bot. t. 516.
its 5 Stures, too frequent. 77. June—Aug. 2f.— Well distinguished by
“eping scyons.

hs. R. bulbésus, L. (bulbous Crowfoot); calyx reflexed, pedun-
“Towed, stem upright many-flowered, leaves cut into 3

—ÀOÓ €

i

220 |" POLYANDRIA—POLYGYNIA. [Cal
t

petiolated leaflets which are 3-lobed or 3-partite and cut, roo
bulbous. Æ. Dot. t. 515. P se
. Meadows and pastures, frequent. FZ. May. 2f.—1 ft. high, na a
Lobes of the lower leaves subovate ; upper leaves cut into linear seb

ments. P

e ; b
T T T Leaves divided. Pericarps tuberculated or muricated. Annut

13. R. hirsátus, Curt, (pale hairy Crowfoot) ; calyx reflex
stem erect many-flowered hairy, leaves 3-lobed or 3-parll s
lobes obtuse cut, root fibrous, pericarps margined and tube!
lated. E. Bot.t. 1501.—R. Philonotis, Ehrh.

.. Meadows and waste ground. FZ. June—Oct. (9.— Varying ext!*
ly in size. When very small it is R. parvulus.

14. R. arvénsis, L. (Corn Crowfoot) ; calyx spreading; ster
erect many-flowered, leaves 3-cleft their lobes generally 48 ‘
3-cleft into linear entire or bi-tridentate segments, perical?
muricated. Æ. Bot. t. 135. P

Corn-fields. FZ. June. © .—Pericarps very large and prickly. Flo
ers small, pale yellow.—Said to be extremely injurious to cattle.

15. R. parviflórus, L. (small-flowered Crowfoot) ; stem spread”
ing, leaves hairy 3-lobed and cut; peduncles opposite the leave
calyx as long as the petals, pericarps muricated. Æ. Bot. t. 1 fi

Corn.fields about London, Norwich, and in the S. and S. W.
England. Chelmsford. Hackfall. Ormeshead. Cork. Sand-hills bt
tween Beldoyle and Howth, Dublin. FZ. May—June. ©.—Well y^
tinguished by its spreading stems, lateral flower-stalks, and small parto
petals, one or two of which are often wanting.

21. TróLLIUs. Linn.» Globe-flower.

: t

1. T. Europus, L. (Mountain Globe-flower) ; calyx of abo
15 concave erect leaves, petals nearly as long as the stanie”
E. Bot. t. 98. nd

Moist mountain-pastures in the north of England and of Irola
Wales and Scotland. FZ. June, July. 2£ .— Leaves in 5, deep seg” gls
which are again cut and serrated. Flowers large, handsome. fu
often partly concealed by the spreading of the stamens.

me

e^

22. CÁrTHa. Linn. Marsh-marigold.

1. C. palústris, L. (common Marsh-marigold) ; leaves orbit
lari- cordate orreniform crenate, calyx-leaves 5—6 oval. Æ ly
t. 506.—(. stem creeping, leaves cordato-triangular sharP
crenate. C. radicans, Forst.— E. Bot. t. 2175. i

Marshy places, common.—. Scotland, especially in mountain? d
gions ; but I have rarely seen it wild with leaves so decidedly pow

as a plant long cultivated as such in the Edin. Bot. Gard. FZ, Ma
June. Yf. .

e
g T
u at

Ajuga.] DIDYNAMIA—GYMNOSPERMIA,

CLASS XIV.—DIDYNAMIA.

4 Stam. ; 2 longer than the other 2.
ORD, I. GYMNOSPERMIA. Germen or pericarp deeply 4-

lobed, or apparently of 4 seeds; yuuvoc, naked, and oregua, the

Seeq, (All belonging to the Nat. Ord. Lariarx, Juss.)

MBE].— Tube of the Cor. scarcely longer than the cal., its limb
Boot nearly regular. Stam. distant. MENTHOIDER,
ent
l, Minrna. Cal. equal, 5-toothed, its mouth naked or rarely
. Us. Cor. nearly regular, 4-cleft, its tube very short. Stam.
Stant, exserted or included. Filaments naked. Anthers with
i lel cells. Benth —Name,—pvda or u07, an ancient Greek

el

Tune II. Corolla two-lipped, the tube about as long as the calyx :
Ps nearly equal in length ; upper one nearly plane. Stam.
Slant, SATUREINEE, Benth. e.

T Taymus. Flowers whorled or capitate. Cal. with 10 ribs,

gar, 2-lipped: upper lip 3-toothed ; lower one bifid, the

ed oat hairy. Cor. with the upper lip erect, nearly plane, notch-

fro lower patent and trifid. Benth—Named duos, strength ;
Its balsamic odour, strengthening the animal spirits.

We Origanum. Spikes (or heads) of flowers 4-sided, resem-
m "8 acatkin, imbricated with bracteas. Cor. with the upper lip
E^ nearly plane; lower one patent, trifid. Benth. Name,
th >à hill, and yavs, joy ; from the dry hilly places of which
. §Pecies are the ornament. -

“ie II, Upper lip of the Corolla abbreviated or apparently
nting, Stamens much exserted. AJUGOIDES, Benth,
Ng Teúcrium. Cal. tubular, 5-toothed, nearly equal or 2-
aged Cor. with the upper lip bipartite; lower one patent,
Wy... Stam. much exserted. Cells of the anthers confluent,
tn iding.— Named from Teucer, Prince of Troy, who first
9yed this plant medicinally. |
tube Axéeaa. Cal. ovate, nearly equal, 5-cleft. Cor. with the
lowe, Xserted : upper lip short, erect, entire or emarginate ;
aboy, ne larger, patent, trifid. Slam. 4, aspe dine Drotaded
loq the upper lip.—Name altered from the Abiga, (abigo,

.
>

ve away) of the Latins, a medicinal plant allied to this.

"Be Iy, Cor. 2-lipped. Stamens ascending, shorter than the
per lip, NEPETEZ, Benth. 1

IT
buys here availed myself of the excellent arrangement of the Lubiate,

d in the Bot, Register, t. 1282, et seq.

anne "TIT = t€ ap
raaes m l3

Rice Ice
-— ——

eque

D
222 DIDYNAMIA—GYMNOSPERMIA. [Nep

* Cal. equal or oblique, 5—10-toothed, not 9-lipped-
T Stamens longer than the tube of the corolla.

6. BALLÓTA. Cal. salver-shaped, equal, with 10 ribs and
broad mucronated teeth, naked within. Cor. with the uppe" ©
erect, concave ; lower one trifid, middle lobe the largest, €7' om
ginate. Cells of the anthers spreading. —Named Bar» fr
Baro, to reject ; on account of its disagreeable smell.

7. Leontrus. Cal. with 5 or 10 ribs, equal, with 5 subula
teeth, the throat. naked. Cor. with the upper lip very wa
above, entire ; lower one patent, trifid. Anthers sprinkle v
shining dots. —Named from 2s», a lion, and ove, a tail ;

a fancied resemblance in the plant to a lion’s tail.

8. GarnEóBDoLON. Cal. campanulate, 5-ribbed, nearly eat
5-toothed. Upper lip of the cor. incurved, arched, entire; p^
one smaller, in 3 nearly equal, acute lobes. Named from De y
a weasel, and (88oXoc, a fetid scent: formerly considered syn?
mous with Galeopsis, from which genus it is now removed.

9. GarróPsrs. Cal. campanulate, equal, 5-toothed, teot!
mucronate: Cor.. with the tube exserted, the throat inflat? 0
upper Zip arched ; lower one with 3 unequal lobes, having : d
teeth on its upper side.—Named yadzn, a weasel, and ois, asp
or appearance ; from a resemblance in the lips of the flowe
the snout of an animal.

10. LAmium. Cal. campanulate, 10-ribbed, 5-toothed, 2
equal. Cor. with the throat inflated: upper lip entire, ar sido
lower one patent, 2-lobed, with one or two teeth on each pde
at the base.— Named from Aamos, the throat ; on account 9
shape of the flower.

| d
11. Berénica. Cal, ovate, 10-ribbed, teeth equal, a
Cor. with the. tube exserted, cylindrical: upper lip ascend! i
lower one patent trifid, its middle lobe entire, or nearly md
Name altered from Bentonic, in Celtic: Ben, meaning heat

ton, good, or tonic. Its properties are cephalic.

ay Di
19. SrAcuys. Cal. subcampanulate, 10-ribbed; teeth ug
nearly equal, acuminate. Cor. with the tube as long obet
calyx: upper lip mostly arched, entire; lower one 3- “ets
with the two lateral lobes reflexed.— This genus scarcely a
from Betonica but in the shorter tube of its corolla.—Na™
oraxus, a spike, from the nature of the inflorescence. i
13. N£PETA. © Cal. tubular, many-(15-)ribbed, its -—
little oblique, 5-toothed. Cor. with the tube exserted : »

0
,
1

p^
pe
s o sil
lip emarginate ; lower 3-fid, the lateral lobes reflexed, t Ne"
dle one broad, concave, notched.—Named, some say fro?

Pr Unella.) DIDYNAMIA—GYMNOSPERMIA. 223

a town in Ital

this p] Y ; others from Nepa, a scorpion, for whose bite
Plant was considered a cure.

Tm GLEcHóMa. Cal. tubular, many-(15-) nerved, equal,

3] pthed, Cor. with the tube exserted : upper lip bifid ; lower

; 9Ded, middle lobe emarginate, plane. Anthers, before burst-

„© *Pproaching in pairs and forming a eross.—Name, YANK,
*Pplied by the Greeks to.a kind of Thyme.

+f Stamens included within the tube of the corolla.

SA Marrizium. Cal. with 10 ribs and 5 or 10 spreading

li > the throat hairy. Cor. with the tube exserted : upper

lar Straight, linear, cloven ; lower one 3-lobed, middle lobe the

ass emarginate.—Name of doubtful origin ; some say from
wn so called in Italy. E

** Calyx two-lipped. '
an Acinos. Whorls few-flowered. Cal. 13-nerved, tubular,
be ous at the base below: upper lip 3-, lower 2-fid, throat
ni Cor. with the upper lip nearly plane; lower one trifid,

(dle lobe nearly entire.—Name applied by the Greeks to
è aromatic plant. DUE ;

e CALAMÍNTHA. Flowers axillary, somewhat solitary, or
ena In loose bracteated cymes. Cal. tubular, 13-nerved, nearly
th, al at the base: upper lip 3-toothed; lower one bifid, the
tr’ mostly hairy. Cor. with the upper Zip nearly plane,
S ginate ; lower one trifid, middle lobe emarginate.—Name,
eco good, and jivda, mint : a plant whose scent drove away

his,

hes Cirvorépium. Whorls many-flowered, with numerous
_ bracteas, forming a sort of involucre. Cal. tubular, 13-
ded nearly equal at the base, often curved: upper lip

Ma, thed ; lower one bifid. Cor. with the upper lip nearly

«N^? emarginate ; lower one 3-lobed, middle lobe emarginate.
f
ad ame; xry, a bed, and rovs, rodeos, a foot; from the compact
Stalked head of flowers.

amp MzrírTIs. Cal. with branching veins, campanulate,
Ora upper lip 2—38-toothed ; lower 2-lobed, lobes broadly
Rat, * Cor. with the tube much exserted; upper lip nearly
Na ttire; lower one 3-lobed, lobes rounded, nearly equal.—
Yield; the same as je2uccx, a Bee; from m:a, honey ; because
"tg honey to Bees. |

is Pnuxírnna. Cal. ovate: upper lip plane, more or less
Reg atly 3-toothed ; lower one bifid. Cor. with the upper lip
i; Y entire, arched ; lower one 3-lobed. Filaments with two

th at the extremity, one bearing the anther.—Named from

224 DIDYNAMIA—ANGIOSPERMIA, —[Lathr?t

the German, braüne, the quinsy, whence comes Brunella of Ray:
softened into Prunella.

z ' . : 3
21. SCUTELLÁRIA. Cal. broadly ovate, having a conspicuol

concave tooth or scale on the upper side; its 2 nearly equ.

entire lips closed after flowering. Cor. with the tube moe
exserted : upper lip straight, arched ; lower one trifid—Nam

from scutella, a little dish or cup, which the calyx with !

appendage or ear somewhat resembles.

ORD. II. ANGIOSPERMIA.! (Seeds enclosed in a disi!
capsule).
* Cal. 4-cleft.

29. BÁRTSsIA. Cal. tubular, mostly coloured. Cor. ringe
with a contracted orifice: upper lip arched, entire ; lower oa
in 3 equal, reflexed lobes. Anthers mostly hairy. Caps. oval i
compressed, with 2 cells and many angular seeds.— Nat. w
ScRoPHULARINEJ, Juss.—Named in honour of John Barit?
a Prussian Botanist,and friend of Linnæus, who died at Surin”

23. EupuarAsia. Cal. tubular. Upper lip of the Cor. ae
vided ; lower one of 8 nearly equal lobes. Cells of the anth
spurred at the base. Caps. ovato-oblong, 2-celled. Seeds strial™
—JNat. Ord. SCROPHULARINER, Juss.—Name from Euphrosy!^
expressive of joy and pleasure, in allusion to its properties

24. RuixÁNTHUS. Cal. inflated. Upper lip of the Cor. cot"
pressed laterally; lower one plane, 3-lobed. Caps. of 2 cel i
obtuse, compressed, with many imbrieated, flat and marg?"
seeds. — Nat. Ord. ScRoPRULARINEA, Juss.—Name,—e, à y
and «vlos, a flower: in allusion to the beaked upper lip of f
corolla, which is very remarkable in the R. Elephas.

25. MELAMPÝRUM. Cal. tubular. Upper lip of the Co
laterally compressed, turned back at the margin ; lower lip ©),
Caps. oblong, 2-celled, oblique, opening on one side. Ces,
seeded. Seeds gibbous at the base.—Nat. Ord. ScnoPBt" "
RINEJE, Juss. — Named from juzras, black, and zveoc, wheal q
seeds resemble grains of wheat, and they are said, when D
ed with flour, to make the bread black.

26. LaATHR £A. Cal. campanulate. Cor. tubular, a-Jipptt
the upper lip concave. A depressed gland is at the base ? y
germen, Capsule 2-valved, one-celled, having two spongy is y
tacles in the middle of each valve.— Plants leafless, colour” y
Nat. Ord. OnoBANCHES, Rich.—Name,— Xaecuos, hid or

AH 3 the plant growing much concealed by the earth oF
eaves,

0
jo

se d | P - t at V E . = 41
Ned :0y. 2 or ea; sule, € h * N hich surro uds or en loses ore
* I u 1 €

Verbena.) DiDYNAMIA—ANGIOSPERMIA. | 225

** Calyx 5-cleft, (in Pedicularis irregular).

27. PepicunAris. Cal. inflated, 5-cleft, or unequally 2—3-
bed, Jagged, somewhat leafy. Upper lip of the Cor. laterally
“ompressed, arched ; lower one plane, 3-lobed. Caps. oblique,
compressed, 2-celled. Seeds angular.—Nat. Ord. ScnoPnvu-
IARINEx, Juss.—Name derived from its supposed property of
Producing the lousy disease in sheep that feed upon it, but which
"ather arises from the wet pastures where such plants grow.

lo

28. AxTIRRBÍNUM. Cal. 5-partite. Cor. personate, gibbous
at the base, (no distinct spur;) its mouth closed by a projecting
Palate, Caps. 2-celled, oblique, opening by three pores at the
*xtremity.—Nat. Ord. SCROPHULARINER, Juss.—Name,—ar!,
resembling, gi», A NOSE, muffler or mask, from the appearance of
—. "lé flowers. i z

29. LIiNÁRIA. Cal. 5-partite. Cor. personate, spurred at
the base ; its mouth closed by a projecting palate. Capsule ven-
tricose, 2-celled, opening by valves or teeth.—Nat, Ord. Scro-
PHULARINEJ, Juss.—Named from Linum, flax, which the leaves

Some species resemble.

30. ScRoeHuLÁRIA. Cal. 5-lobed, (or in S. vernalis deeply
3-deft), Cor. subglobose; its limb contracted with 2 short
‘PS; the upper with 2 lobes and frequently a small scale or
Abortive stamen within it; the lower 3-lobed. Caps. 2-celled,
"Yalved, the margins of the valves turned inwards.—WNat. Ord.
"ÜROPHULARINEJE, Juss.—Named from the Scrophula, a disease
ich this plant was supposed to cure.

3l. DiarrÁLIs. Cal. in 5, deep, unequal segments. . Cor.
“ampanulate, inflated beneath; limb obliquely 4—5-lobed,
equal. Caps. ovate, of 2 cells and many seeds.—Nat. Ord.
ScropHULARINER, Juss.—Name,—digitale, the finger of a glove,
Which its flowers resemble. Hence Fox-glove in English, and

"gts de la Vierge, gants de notre Dame, &c. in French.

- 92. Limosénna. Cal. 5-cleft, equal. Cor. shortly 5-cleft,
"Imbanulate, equal. Stam. nearly equal.: Stigma capitate.
NDS globose, 2-valved.—JVat. Ord. ScroPHuULARINER, Br.—

amed from limus, mud : the plant growing in muddy places.

33. SiprnÓRPIA. Cal. in 5, deep, spreading segments. Cor.

“cleft, rotate, the two lowermost segments the narrowest.

“gma dilated. Capsule nearly orbicular, compressed, 2-celled,

~ valved. Nat. Ord. SCROPHULARINES, Juss.—Name given

" honour of Dr Humphrey Sibthorpe, the successor of Dillenius
- ‘àe botanica] chair at Oxford.

34. Verpéna. Cal. tubular, with 5 teeth, one of them
Benerally shorter than the rest. Cor. tubular, with the limb
M Stamens included, (sometimes only 2).

Q

226 DIDYNAMIA—GYMNOSPERMIA. { Mentha:

Seeds 2 or 4, enclosed in a thin evanescent pericarp.— Nat. Ord.
VERBENACES, Juss.—Name,—ferfaen in Celtic, derived fro"
fer, to drive away, and faen a stone, from having been suppose
to cure the complaint so called. Théis.

35. LINN £a. Cal. 5-cleft, superior. Cor. campanulate, 5
cleft, equal. Fruit a dry, 3-celled berry, with one cell only
bearing a perfect seed. Involucre of about 4 leaves at the base
of the germen.— Nat. Ord. CAPRIFOLIACE®, Juss.—Name :—
It was this “little northern plant, long overlooked, depressed;
abject, flowering early," which Linn:zus himself selected 3
therefore most appropriate to transmit hisname to posterity. 5”

*** Calyx lateral, in 2, generally combined, often bifid segments

36. OROBANCHE. Cal. of 2 lateral, often combined and pifid
segments, bracteated. Cor. ringent, 4—5-cleft. A gland at the
base of the germen beneath. Stigma capitate. Capsule 2-val-
ved, bearing numerous minute seeds, on parietal longitudin?
receptacles.— Leafless, brown or purplish, herbaceous, scaly plants
often attached to the roots of other plants.—Nat. Ord. OROBAN"
CHE, Vent.—Named from ogo(9oc, a leguminose, or pea-like plants ;
arid aye, to strangle; thé roots, being often attached to plant?
of that description, are supposed to injure them.

DIDYNAMIA—GYMNOSPERMIA.

l. MéNTHAa. Linn. Mint.

1. M. sylvéstris, L. (Horse Mint) ; leaves ovato-oblong very
acute unequally serrated downy hoary beneath, spikes almos
cylindrical scarcely interrupted, bracteas subulate, calyx very
hairy. Æ. Bot. t. 686. m.

Moist waste ground; not uncommon in England. Siedlaw hil 2
Forfarshire. Ireland. Fl. Aug. Sept. 2£.—Mr Drummond's specimeni
and others gathered by Mr Banks near Plymouth, have the part
bracteas much longer than the flower, and far more conspicuous that” —
my other specimens and the figure in E. Bot. d

2. M. rotundifólia, L. (round-leaved Mint); leaves ellipti
obtuse sharply serrated wrinkled downy shaggy beneath, sp! :
interrupted, bracteas lanceolate, calyx somewhat hairy. Æ. po
t. 446.

— Moist places, in waste ground ; not unfrequent in many parts o

and
England. Anglesea, but scarcely wild. Near Auchindenny, Scot?"
Near Cove, Ireland. F7. Aug. Sept. 2. :

3. M. *viridis, L. ( Spear-Mint); leaves lanceolate acute glabro
serrated sessile, spikes interrupted, bracteas setaceous somen gy,
hairy as well as the calyx, pedicels glabrous. Æ. Bot. t 2 ;
=y. crispa, Benth. (6. Sm.) . ; ii

Marshy places, in many parts of England, according.to Sm.

Cait
PU
hill, near Edinb.— y. Glen Farg, Perths., along with M, viridis ^ "

Mentha.) l DIDYNAMIA—GYMNOSPERMIA: 291

M. piperita, Fl. Àug.1f.— Cultivated for culinary purposes, being aros
t€ and pungent,

Win M. piperita, Sm. ( Pepper- Mint) ; leaves ovato-lanceolate
| ongly serrated acute slightly hairy stalked, spikes interrupted,
nacteas lanceolate, calyx glandular quite glabrous at the base.
* Bot. t. 687. i
Bird atery places in many parts of. England ; but often the outcast of
ens. Alford, Aberdeenshire. North Queensferry, Dr Dewar. Fi.
=a Sept. 2£.— Much cultivated for the sake of its essential oil, which
ides in minute glands, conspicuous on the leaves and especially on
€ cal, Mr W. Wilson finds a var. near Warrington in which these
mu are not visible even with a microscope: *'its odour is sweet and
Ud, without the pungency of the common sort cultivated in gardens."

5. M. *eitráta, Ehrh. (Bergamot- Mint) ; leaves broadly ovate
cordate strongly serrated acute glabrous on both sides, spikes
*aitate very obtuse, calyx and pedicels quite glabrous.— M.
dorata, Sole —E. Bot. t. 1025. l
n atery places, rare. Cheshire; near Bedford and in N. Wales.
E Aug. Sept. 2L.—1 have only seen garden specimens of this. It
the much the habit of M. hirsuta ; but is quite glabrous, and “has
e. smell of the Bergamot. Orange or of the herbage of Monarda
yma” Sm.

6. M. Airsáta, L. (hairy Mint); leaves ovate serrated pubes-
Sent Stalked, flowers capitate or whorled, calyx hairy, pedicels
With reflexed hairs. E. Bot.t. 447.— M. sativa, L.—E. Bot. t. 448.
$ Banks of rivers and marshes, frequent. F7. Aug. Sept. ?[.— Very
able, Leaves often much crisped. Sometimes the flowers are ca-
litate, sometimes whorled, and sometimes the whorls are placed so close
N the extremity of the branches as to form a spike.

7. M. acutifólia, Sm. (sharp-leaved Mint) ; leaves ovato-
““Neeolate tapering at each end, flowers whorled, calyx hairy

over, hairs of the flowerstalks spreading. Æ. Bot, t. 2415. _
DM. arvensis, Benth.

_ Banks of the Medway. FI. Sept.?— Very closely related to the last
Pecies ( Sj), —and probably a mere variety.

8. M. rübra, Sm. (tall ved Mint); “stem upright zigzag,”
(Sm.), leaves ovate serrated subglabrous stalked, flowers
i orled, pedicels and lower part of the calyx quite glabrous,
Seth hairy. ŒE. Bot. t. 1413.—JM. arvensis. 6. Benth. :

y Vet places in hedges and thickets and banks of rivers. — £7. Sept.
74 5 feet high. Flowers purplish-red, with linear, somewhat hispid
"acteas at the base. à

9. M, gentílis, L. (bushy ved Mint); *fowers whorled, leaves
ÜVate stem much branched spreading, flower-stalks and base
of the bell-shaped calyx nearly glabrous." —. £. Bot. t. 21 18.—M.

tensis, n, Benthe . : l .
H atery places, rare. North Wales. River-side above Warrington.

olt, in Norfolk; and in Somersetshire. FZ. Aug. 2£.—I have seen

Scottish specimens of this plant. Mine are from the Holt station,

228 DIDYNAMIA—GYMNOSPERMIA. [ Origanum-

and such as are figured in E. Bot. On comparing them witha Yorkshire
specimen of M. rubra from Mr Turner, I find them to be the same’
and was hence led in FZ. Scot. to doubt of their real difference-
this I am corrected by Sir J. E. Smith. The present has much smaller
flowers than the last, not so much confined to the axils as in M. rubra:
— Cultivated for its agreeable scent, which is improved and rendere
more powerful by a dry soil.

10. M. grácilis, Sm. (narrow-leaved Mint); * flowers whorled,
leaves lanceolate nearly sessile, stem upright much branche®
flower-stalks and base of the calyx quite smooth” — M. gentilis
E. Bot. t. 449.— M. arvensis, n. Benth.

Watery places in moist meadows, (Sm.) Fi. Aug. Sept. 2£.—ÀP"

parently very nearly allied to the preceding, and first published by Sir
J. E. Smith, as M. gentilis. s ;

11. M. arvénsis, L. (Corn Mint); flowers whorled, leaves
ovate hairy serrated, calyx campanulate and clothed wit
spreading hairs. Æ. Bot. t. 2119.

Corn-fields. FZ. Aug. Sept. ?[.— The short and campanulate cali
well distinguishes this species. Peduncles glabrous or hairy. ^
smell has been compared to that of decayed cheese. »

19. M. agréstis, Sole, (rugged Field-mint); “flowers whorleds
leaves somewhat heart-shaped strongly serrated rugose, ste!"
erect, calyx bell-shaped covered all over with horizontal hail:
E. Bot. t. 2120.—M. arvensis, e. Benth.

Corn-fields and neglected gardens, Somersetshire ; plentiful in Susse*
Fl. Aug. Sept. 21.—** Whether this be a distinct species or not” (fro?
the preceding), * I will not dare to assert, nor do I know any perso?
competent to decide the question." Sm.

13. M. Pulégium, L. (Penny-royal); flowers whorled, leaves
ovate downy obtuse subcrenate, stem prostrate, flowerstals
slightly and calyx very pubescent, teeth of the latter fringed
E. Bot. t. 1026. .

Wet commons and margins of brooks, England and south of Ireland
Rare in Scotland and probably not indigenous. FZ. Aug. Sept. H:
The smallest of the genus, readily known by its prostrate stems ?
small frequently recurved leaves, both of which are thickly covet?
with short hairs. Smell powerful. Much employed medicinally.

9i Tufwvs. Linn. Thyme.

1. T. Serpyllum, L. (wild Thyme); flowers capitate, stems
branched decumbent, leaves plane ovate obtuse entire petiola f
more or less ciliated at the base. Æ. Bot. t. 1514. :

Hills and dry pastures, abundant. FV. July, Aug. 2f. — Variable m
size, and in the hairiness, and scent of its foliage, which is sometime,
all over hoary, and smells like lemon. Flowers purple.—The oth 2.
species of Linnean Thymus, are referred to Acinos and Calamint

3. OníaaNuM. Linn. Marjoram.
l. O. vulgare, L. (common Marjoram); heads. of flowe?

Ajuga.) DIDYNAMIA—GYMNOSPERMIA. 229

roundish panicled crowded glabrous, bracteas ovate longer than

8 calyx, leaves ovate entire. E. Bot. t. 1143. i

d hilly and bushy places, not unfrequent. FZ. July, Aug. 2f.—

» E L foot high. Flowers purple; bracteas tinged with the same
r. Fragrant and aromatic. :

* The Thyme strong-scented ‘neath one's feet,
And Marjoram so doubly sweet.”— Clare.

4.-Trtcrium. Linn. . Germander.

th iz Scorodónia, L. (Wood Germander or Sage); leaves
b: ate petiolate downy crenate, flowers in lateral and terminal
""é-sided racemes, stem erect. Æ. Bot. t. 1543.
90ds and dry stony places, frequent. FZ. July, Aug. 2[.—Stems
feet high. Leaves very much wrinkled. Flowers yellowish-white.
ti E purplish-red.— The plant is extremely bitter, and has been some-
*8 substituted for Hops. x
d *. T. Scórdium, L. (Water Germander); leaves oblong sessile
he "ny serrated, flowers few in the axils stalked, stem procum-
“t, B. Bot. t. 828. | | |
thir 9w wet meadows, rare. Cambridgeshire ; near Highbridge, Oxford-
*. Near Castle Lyons, and Portumna bridge, Tipperary. FI. July,
ed E 2£.— Flowers rather small, pale purple.—Formerly much employ-
- ^ medicine. à s

E T. * Chamédrys, L. ( Wall Germander); leaves ovate inciso-
E uto tapering into a footstalk, flowers axillary in threes, stem
“ending. ' E. Bot. t. 680.
orders of fields and mostly ruined walls; Winchelsea Castle, Sussex;
5 q stead, Durham ; city walls of Norwich; plentiful. Near Forfar
Ds Kelly- Angus ; in Methvin wood, Perthshire. Near Cork, Mr
“mmond. FI. July. U..—Flowers reddish-purple, large, handsome,
*stly in the terminal axils. i
B. 5. Astea. Linn. Bugle. =
Tw A. réptans, L. (common Bugle) ; glabrous or downy, stem
‘tary with creeping scyons. Æ. Bot. t. 489.
lira st pastures and woods, abundant. 77. May, June. Y .— Leaves
tay.» Ovate, more or less crenate, lower ones and those on the runners
Fi, Ting into a footstalk. Flowering-stem erect, with sessile leaves.
ixi], 78 blue (sometimes white or flesh-coloured), in whorls, from the
* of the upper leaves or bracteas, which are often purplish. 4

T A. pyramidális, L. (pyramidal Bugle); hairy, whorls crowd-
ee a pyramidal and tetragonal form, scyons none, radical
t. 155, 9 Plengo-obovate large more or less crenate. Æ. Bot.

(de

go Highland pastures, rare. Ben Nevis; plentiful at the Burn of Killi-
tle t and on the Ord of Caithness. "Tor Aichaltie, near Brahan Cas-
» pess-shire, Appin. Strath Erric, Inverness-shire. Isle of Lewis,
Bowman. Fl. June. 2£.—4—6 inches high. Leaves gradu-

ng smaller from the base upwards. ; ;

3. A. alpina, L. (alpine Bugle) ; leaves almost glabrous un-

. B.

"
230 DIDYNAMIA—GYMNOSPERMIA. [Galeop?

equally toothed all nearly of the same size, whorls of flower
rather distant. Æ. Bot. t. 477. E

Mountains; rare. Wales, Derbyshire, Durham, and Castleton, na
bvshire. Fu. July.2f.—I have seen no British specimens of this plan
and the Scotch ones, so called, have proved only A. reptans.

4. A. Chamépitys, Sm. (ground-Pine or yellow Bugle); bat
stems spreading, leaves tripartite their segments linear-filifor
flowers axillary solitary shorter than the leaves. E. Bot. t
— Teucrium, Linn. po

Sandy or gravelly fields ; not unfrequent in Kent and Surrey. Top
low Heath, Cambridgeshire, and Purfleet, Essex. FI. Apr. May lov
— Very different in habit from the preceding species. Flowers yel i
spotted with red and nestled among the narrow segments of the lear d
of which the lowermost are much broader. Stem reddish-pu!P
glutinous. nis l
6. BAnLóTA. Linn. Horehound.

1. B.nigra, L. (black Horehound); leaves ovate crenato-serrep
teeth of the calyx shortly acuminate patent longer than the f
of the corolla. Æ. Bot. t. 46. fl
Waste places near towns and villages, less frequent 1n the north. d
July, Aug. 21.—9—3 ft. high. Flowers in whorls, purple, rarely whi
Whole plant fetid. ;
7. Leontrus. Linn. Motherwort.
1. L. Cardiaca, L. (Motherwort); leaves petiolate, lowe
ones cuneato-lanceolate 3-lobed, upper ones entire. Æ. Bot. t- 28 »
Hedges and waste places, in several parts of England. About pdin
South of Ireland. FZ. Aug. Y{.—Stem 3 feet high, branched. Flow

in crowded whorls, white with a reddish tinge ; upper lip of cor. shagg"
Cal. with pungent, spreading teeth.

8. GALEÓBDOLON. Huds. Weasel-snout. : f

1. G. lúteum, Huds. (yellow Weasel-snout or Archangel):
Bot. t. 787. ; ir

Woods and shady places, in England, the south of Scotland, and in^.
land. F7. May, June. 2£.— One foot or more high. Leaves Mr.
acuminate, petiolate, deeply serrated. Flowers whorled, yellow; 9
lip orange and spotted.

C7

9. GaLEOpsis. Linn. Hemp-nettle. . à
1. G. Ládanum, L. (red Hemp-neitle) ; stem not 'swoll^r
below the joints, leaves lanceolate subserrate hairy, upper ^!
the corolla slightly crenate. 4. Bot. t. 884. d
Gravelly or chalky fields, or limestonerubbish. Rare in Scotlant 7,
miles from Dunfermline. Dr Dewar. Fl. Sept. Oct. ©.—S™ e,
12 inches high, with opposite branches. Leaves rather small, peti?
hairy. Flowers purplish rose-coloured. "m
-2. G. villésa, Huds. (downy Hemp-nettle) ; stem not $m os
below the joints, leaves ovato-lanceolate serrated soft and do”
upper lip of the corolla deeply notched. Æ. Bot. t. 2353-

*

Lai, | DIDYNAMIA—GYMNOSPERMIA. ' 231

Sandy corn-fields, rare. Yorkshire, Lancashire, Nottinghamshire, and
ngor in Wales. Fl. July, Aug. (9.— Flowers large, pale yellow.

Mr G. Tetráhit, L. (common Hemp-nettle); stem hispid swollen

d ow the joints, leaves ovate hispid serrated, corolla with the
Pper lip erect ovate entire. Æ. Bot. t. 207.

y; om fields and cultivated grounds, frequent. F7. Aug. ©.—1—2 ft.
S». Flowers purplish, or often white.

: 4. G. versicolor, Curt. (large-flowered Hemp-nettle); stem hispid
sollen below the joints, leaves ovate hispid serrated, corolla
ith the upper lip horizontal inflated. Æ. Bot. t. 667.
aj orn-fields, Norfolk ; common about Warrington. Near Llanrwst.
undant in Scotland, especially in the Highlands. Ireland. FZ. July,
vwd (9.— Quite different from the last, (though the distinguishing marks
ES difficult to be described,) and very beautiful. Often 2—3 feet high,
ith large rank foliage. Flowers showy, yellow, with a broad purple
‘Pot on the lower lip.

10. LAmium. Linn. Dead-nettle.

l. L. álbum, L. (white Dead-nettle); leaves cordato-acuminate
feply serrated, calycine teeth long subulate, tube of the corolla
"urved upwards the throat dilated, upper lip oblong, lateral lobes
ofthe lower one with a long subulate tooth.—L. vulgatum, Benth.
Rg flowers white. L. album, E. Bot. t. 768.—5. flowers purple,
faves spotless. Z.levigatum, L.— Reich. Ic. Bot.t.216.— L.rugo-
Sum, Ait.— Reich. l. c. t. 217.— L. maculatum, Sm. E. Bot. t.2550.
"A leaves smaller with white blotches. LZ. maculatum, L. Reich.

Be 15.215.

B Borders of fields and waste places, abundant.—é. Naturalized near
tistol, London and Fifeshire, in Scotland ; Dr Dewar.—y. Fifeshire,
" Dewar; indigenous ?— Fl. spring and summer. 7{.—I have follow-

ed Mr Bentham in uniting the Z. levigatum and maculatum of L., and

L. rugosum of Aiton with the album :—and indeed in Fifeshire and else-

Where the white flowers of the latter are often tinged with red or purple,
Nd the plant seems to pass gradually into levigatum.

d 21. purpáreum, L. (red Dead-nettle); leaves roandish-cor-

E crenate uppermost crowded longer than the flowers, tube

dil the corolla straight within having a hairy ring the throat
Eos lobes of the lower lip with a short tooth. Æ.
EA T9399. "4

Borders of fields and in hedges, plentiful. F.. May—Sept. ©.—

“Caves, especially the upper ones, with a silky hairiness, and a purplish

Mo

Sè on the floral ones.

L. intermédium, Fries, (intermediate Dead-nettle); leaves
ular inciso-crenate the floral ones sessile, teeth of the calyx

N ; 3.

bic

: ulate longer'than the tube, tube of the corolla straight with a

“ty indistinct hairy ring within (none, Benth.) lateral lobe of

79; lower lip with a short tooth. Reich. Ic. Bot. t. 224, et f.
*. Tyacke in Trans. of Bot. Soc. Ed.; 1887, p. 27.

MILL oom cU NE

LAT ET

232 * .DIDYNAMIA —GYMNOSPERMIA. [ Stachys:

' Waste places about Edinburgh. Mr Tyacke, Mr W. H. Campbell.
Garden at Shrewsbury, Mr Leighton. Fl. March—June. Qi
nearly allied, I fear, to the following to be deemed a good species. .

` 4. L. amplexicdule, L. ( Henbit-nettle); leaves orbicular wr!“
kled inciso-crenate the floral ones sessile, teeth of the calyx lat"
ceolato-subulate about as long as the tube, tube of the coro "
straight naked within, tooth of the lateral lobes of the low"
lip obsolete. . E. Bot. t. 77. |

Waste places, sandy fields and gardens. Fl. March—June. © -—
Corolla of a fine deep rose-colour, with a very slender tube.

5. L. incisum, Willd. (cut-leaved Dead-nettle); leaves broadly
cordate or deltoideo-cuneate deeply inciso-crenateall stalked, the
uppermost crowded, teeth of the calyx subulate about as long
as the tube, tube of the corolla straight with a hairy ring within
lateral lobes of the lower lip with a short-tooth. Æ. Bot. t. 195%

Cultivated and waste ground, growing very large in the Hebrides-
Fl. May, June. ©.

` 1l. Berénica. Linn. Betony. ieee

1. B. officindlis, L. (Wood Betony); spike interrupted shorts
leaves cordato-oblong crenate, middle lobe of the lower lip 0
the corolla somewhat notched. Æ. Bot.t. 1142. .

Woods and thickets, frequent ; not common in Scotland. FJ. July:
Aug. 2{.—Stem 1—2 feet high, hairy ; with few leaves, the lowermost
ones on long footstalks, upper ones sessile. Spikes oblongo-ovate.

12. SrAcuys. Linn. Woundwort.

1. S. sylvática, L. (Hedge Woundwort); whorls of 6 flower?
leaves cordato-ovate acute stalked. . E. Bot. £ 416... "

Woods and shady places. Fl. July, Aug. 2[.— T wo to 3 feet up
hairy. Leaves truly cordate-and tapering from below the middle to

point, in which respect it differs from the following. Flowers purP A
whorls of about 6 flowers; i

2. S. ambígua, Sm. (ambiguous Woundwort); whorls of j
flowers, leaves oblongo-cordate acute stalked. Æ. Bot. t. 208
" Fields and waste places. Abundant in Scotland, especially 1n Fl
West Highlands. Poynings, Sussex. Leicestershire. Ireland. ^.
Aug. Sept. 2£.— Hairy, with soft, silky hairs, especially about the stem
Almost intermediate between the preceding and the following, pr?
bly only a var. of the latter. It is found in Germany and Sweden-

3. S. palistris, L. ( Marsh- Woundwort); whorls of 6 or v
flowers, leaves linear-lanceolate mostly sessile and semi-amp "
icaul. Æ. Bot. t. 1075.

. River-banks and watery or moist places, frequent. F1. Aug.

27
d
Mr Borrer finds this plant at Siddlesham, with broader, shortly-stalke

leaves, and hence approaching to S. ambigua. i

4. S. Germánica, L. (downy Woundwort); whorls gu
flowered, leaves oblongo-ovate crenate densely silky, stem ©
woolly. E. Bor. t. 829. |

Acinos.] DIDYNAMIA—GYMNOSPERMIA. 208

Ea and hedges in England, on a limestone soil, and chiefly in Ox-

"s ire and Bedfordshire. Ducklington, Berks. Fl. Sept. 2[.—HRe-

wi able for its dense covering of silky hairs or wool. Frequently culti-
ed in gardens:

= S. arvénsis, L. (Corn Woundwort); whorls of 6 flowers,

a m weak, leaves cordate obtuse crenate slightly hairy, corolla
àrcely longer than the calyx. Æ. Bot. t. 1154.

Dry corn-fields, frequent. FU. July, Aug. © .— Distinguished by its

; , Inutive size, weak stems, small and obtuse mostly stalked leaves, and
pale purplish corollas, which scarcely exceed the calyx in length,

E S. * dnnua, L. (pale annual Woundwort); annual erect
3. "ny, leaves oblongo-lanceolate rather acute crenato-serrate

Nerved, the lower ones stalked, whorls of about 6 flowers spi-
Me, cal, hairy its segments subulate, seeds roundish glossy.
“00k, in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2669.

Field between Gadshill and Rochester. J. Woods, Esq. Fl. Aug. © J

l 13. NÉPETA. Linn. Cat-mint.

LN, Catária, L. ( Cat-mint); flowers in spiked subpeduncu-
ed whorls, leaves stalked cordate dentato-serrate. Æ. Bot.t. 137.
Eng dges and waste places, especially in a chalky or gravelly soil in
oe and: rare in Scotland ; hedges near Craig Nethan Castle, Glas-
t A and between Culross and Kincardine. At Rathfarnan ; and by
9 Shannon, opposite Limerick, Ireland. FZ. July, Aug. 2f.— Stems
m feet high, downy, as well as the leaves, and whitish. lowers

€, tinged and spotted with rose colour. Anthers reddish.

lat

14. Guecuéma. Linn. Ground-Ivy.

B G. Aederácea, L. ( Ground-Ivy); leaves reniform crenate.
‘Bot. t. 858. | sm !

on, edges and waste places, frequent. F7. Apr. May. 2f .— Plant much

being: Leaves stalked, downy. Flowers large, in threes, axillary,

Cast : they were found pure white near Derby by the late Mrs, Hard-

15. Marrtsium. Linn. White Horehound.

di l. M. vulgáre, L. ( White Horehound); stem erect, leaves roun-
te ovate toothed wrinkled, calyx with 10 setaceous hooked
Sh. E. Bor, t. 410. :

bs places and way-sides : frequent in England ; less common in
v i One to a foot and a half high, bushy ; every where hoary with a
(roy thick pubescence or woolliness. Flowers small, almost white, 1n
Mug ed whorls, Smell aromatic; flavour bitter. This plant has been
. An use for coughs and asthmas. ;

16. Ácixos.* Manch. 5. Basil-Thyme.
Sinn A. vulgáris, Pers. (common Basil- Thyme); , flowerstalks
i Ple about 6 in a whorl, stem ascending branched, leaves ob-
= 9n short stalks acute serrated more or less ciliated at the
S Thymus Acinos, L.—E. Bot. t. 411.

and, where it is found near Edinburgh; and in Ireland. Fl. Aug. _

meme MÀ À

re

—

"
= M ena Aaa > -— EER SEEE ss a boss — M cá D = —
MM DER EUR — ver Sr ee a en cem T 4 : — ~ — E =
7 " P M = —À
m teri ens mm nene i senem ee re mee c morc Me A ES - — zx Mri iii BM

meque ti padri

234 = DIDYNAMIA—GYMNOSPERMIA. p Melitits

‘ e
Cultivated fields, especially in a gravelly, sandy, or chalky soil : es

in Seotland. Hills. North Queensferry. Dr Dewar. Fi. Aug. S.

-6—8 inches long. Leaves sometimes almost entire.

purple. Lower lip of the corolla with the middle segment ema

Smell fragrant, aromatic.

17. CaraMíNTHA. Mench, Calamint.

1. C. officinális, Mcench, (common Calamint); whorls on fork
ed many-flowered stalks, leaves with shallow serratures, hairs!
the mouth of the calyx not prominent.— Melissa Calamint™
L.—Thymus Calamintha, Scop.—E. Bot. t. 1676. “

Way-sides and borders of fields, chiefly in gravelly soils ; not unke
quentin England. South of Ireland. FZ. July, Aug. 4.—Plant ar
matic and employed to make Herb-Tea. i

2. C. Népeta, Pursh, (lesser Calamint); whorls on forked

many-flowered stalks longer than the adjoining leaf, leaves ge y
rated, hairs in the mouth of the calyx prominent.— Melissa
peta, L.— Thymus Nepeta, E. Bot. t. 1414. . "P o

Dry banks and way-sides, on a chalky soil, in England; plentiful. «al
Aug. 4 .—“ Rather smaller in all its parts than the last; especi® n
the leaves, which are more strongly serrated. Odour strong, rese
bling Mentha Pulegium. The prominent white hairs in the mouth
the calyx distinguish this from the preceding.” Sm.—lI fear this 4 f
hardly be considered really distinct from C. officin, My specimens, 2
the two from the Rev. Prof. Henslow, gathered in Cambridgesh™)
show that the serratures of the /eaves and the hairs in the caly% ?
often the same in both. L

(Melissa officinalis is found apparently wild, by the Rev. J. c. ©
lins, about Bridgewater.)

18. CuiNoPóniUM. Linn. Wild Basil.

1. C. vulgáre, L. (Wild Basil); leaves ovate obscurely i^
rated, whorls hairy, bracteas setaceous, pedicels branched.
Bot. t. 1041. j

Hills and dry bushy places, not uncommon. Fl. Aug. y.— On
a foot and a half high, with soft hairs. Flowers in crowded who
large, purple. Smell aromatic.

e to
ris

19. MEgríTrTIs. Linn. Bastard-Balm,

1. M. Melissophylium, L. (Bastard Balm); leaves oblong’;
ovate or somewhat cordate, upper lip of the calyx with 2 at p
teeth.——«. leaves oblongo-ovate, middle lobe of the lowe" pl
purple with a white margin.—M. Melissophyllum, L. SP B.
—M. grandiflora, E. Bot. t. 636, (excl. syn. of Curtis)" gy

ddish, the lower lip m°?

Bartsia.] DIDYNAMIA—ANGIOSPERMIA. 235

leaves, and in the toothing of the’ calyx, very variable. The plant,

E = growing, is said to have a disagreable smell ; but when dried it

X tagrant, like the Anthoxanthum odoratum, and the scent is retained
T many years in the herbarium. :

90. PRuNÉLLA. Linn. Self-heal.

i l. P. vulgáris, L. (Self-heal); leaves stalked oblongo-ovate,
Pper lip of the calyx truncated, its teeth almost obsolete. Æ.
ot, ibe 961.

s, Mois and barren pastures, frequent. FI. July, Aug. Y .— Flowers
TY densely whorled, so as to form an imbricated oblong spike, with

f Pair of Jeaves at its base, and a pair of broad, obcordate bracteas be-

E each whorl. Cor. violet-blue, its lower Zip finely toothed at the

EE ein, VU Vau

9]. ScvrELLÁRIA. Linn. Skull-cap.

l. S. galericuláta, L. (common Skull-cap); leaves lanceolate
Ee at the base crenate, flowers axillary in pairs. Æ. Bot.
y Banks of rivers and lakes, especially in stony places. Fv. July, Aug.

—8 or 10 inches to a foot high. Flowers rather large, blue, downy.

3. S. minor, L. (lesser Skull-cap); leaves oblongo-ovate on
Very short stalks entire cordate at the base, flowers axillary in
B. E Bot. t. 624.

Moist heathy places and by the sides of lakes ; less frequent than the
receding. Bog between Luss and Helensburgh, Dumbartonshire ; F.
o damson, Esq. Fl. July, Aug. 2f.— Fourto six inches high. Lower
t ves sometimes with one or two teeth at the base, and hence sub-has-
~e; upper ones much narrower and quite entire. Flowers pale red-
sh, almost white. Lower Zip spotted.

DIDYNAMIA—ANGIOSPERMIA.
29. BArrsia. Linn. Bartsia.
l. B. alpina, L. (alpine Bartsia) ; leaves opposite cordato-
Mate obtusely serrated, flowers in a terminal short leafy spike,
‘Nthers hairy. Æ. Bot. 1.361. ——
o, 9eky alpine pastures ; rare, Near Orton, Westmoreland. Middle-
M, eesdale, on the Yorkshire and Durham sides of the river. On

y ghyrdhy and Ben Lawers, in Breadalbane ; Scotland. F7. June, July.
T— Stem about a span high, simple. Upper deaves or bracteas often

t
“ged with purple. Flowers large, deep purplish-blue, downy ; dips of
qual length.
* 2. B. viscósa, L. (yellow viscid Bartsia) ; leaves lanceolate inci-
lo Tate, upper ones alternate, flowers solitary axillary distant,
Wer lip large with two tubercles, anthers hairy. Æ. Bot.t. 1045.

astures, in many places in the west of England and Wales, and south-
est of Scotland and south of Ireland. Jersey. FL Aug. (9.— Habit

f the last. Flowers yellow, handsome.

à 3. B, Odontites, Huds. (red Bartsia); leaves lanceolate serrated,
eer ones (or bracteas) alternate, flowers in unilateral racemes,
thers nearly glabrous, stem branched. Æ. Bot. t. 1415.

> — » " PET 7
— €. II REB RR, aia

236 DIDYNAMIA—ANGIOSPERMIA. [Melampyru™

Corn-fields and waste places, frequent. F7. July, Aug.© .— Racemnts
many, long, erect. : Flowers reddish-purple.

23. EuPHRÁsIA. Linn. Eye-bright.

1. E. officinális, L. (common Eye-bright) ; leaves ovate deeply
toothed, lobes of the lower lip emarginate. E. Bot.t. 1416.

Pastures in the plains and on the mountains, abundant. Fv. July. o.
— Varying from one inch, with often only a single flower, to 6 an
inches, in the Highland pastures, where it becomes very much branche?
Flowers axillary, but crowded at the extremities of the branches, whit
or reddish, streaked with purple. The plant is still much used in rustl?
practice as a remedy for diseases of the eye. Milton represents
Archangel Michael as employing it to remove the film from the eye °
our first parent, occasioned by eating the forbidden fruit :

“then purged with Euphrasy and Rue
The visual nerve, for he had much to see."

94. RurNANTHUS. Linn. Yellow-rattle.

1. R. Crista- Galli, L. (common Yellow-rattle) ; leaves lance
late serrated, flowers in lax spikes, calyx glabrous, style inclu
ed, seeds with a broad membranous border. Æ. Bot. t. 657. |

Meadows and pastures, abundant. Fi. June. (9.— One to 2 feet hig”
glabrous, often much branched and more or less spotted with purp oy
Leaves veiny. Flowers axillary in the upper leaves or bracteas, 2”
hence loosely spiked. When the fruit is ripe, the seeds rattle in t»?
husky capsule, and indicate to the Swedish peasantry the season fot
gathering in their hay. In England, Mr Curtis well observes the ba
making begins when this plant is in full lower. How far the follow
may be considered as really distinct, I cannot say, as I have not hadt
opportunity of studying the living plant. `

2. R. májor, Ehrh. (large bushy Yellow-rattle) ; leaves linea
lanceolate, upper ones especially acuminated, flowers in crow

ed spikes, calyx glabrous, style a little exserted, seeds with

narrow membranous border. E. Bot. Suppl. t. 273T.— R. Crist
Galli, G. La.’ we $ or
Corn-fields in the north of England. FI. July, 2 or 3 weeks p
than the preceding species. ©.—Mr Backhouse observes, that the P"
sent plant has denser and more bushy spikes, and yellowish brache e
each terminated by an elongated green point. The segments oft $
upper lip of the corolla are wedge-shaped, purple; the germen is
rower and more tumid : the style prominent: the nectary heart-shape
more spreading and greenish. The seeds are thick at the edge an n
quite destitute of a membranous margin. It is frequent upon the contine? *

25. MELAMPYRUM. Linn. Cow-wheat. ` E.
1. M. eristátum, L. (crested Cow-wheat) ; spikes densely am

bricated 4-sided, bracteas cordate acuminated finely ciliato-de

tate. . E. Bot. t. 41. isis Cam"

Woods, thickets and sometimes in corn-fields, chiefly in Norfolk, = A
bridgeshire, Bedfordshire, and Huntingdonshire. FU. July. © "dre
beautiful plant, as is the following. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, €"
Bracteas rose-coloured at the base. Flowers yellow, purple within ©
upper lip. ;

Pedicularis] | DYDYNAMIA—ANGIOSPERMIA. 237

^h) arvénse, L. (purple Cow-wheat); spikes oblong lax, bract-
"P anceolate pinnatifid with setaceous segments, teeth of the
Eu longer than the tube, lips of the corolla closed. Æ.
Corn-fields and dry gravelly banks ; principally in Norfolk, and near
“wich, Isle of Wight, Dr Bromfield. FI. July. ©.—Spikes of
es much larger than in the preceding, and exceedingly handsome
th m the bright varied colour, yellow, purple, rose-colour and green, of
-ossoms and bracteas. j
E M. praténse, L. (common yellow Cow-wheat) ; flowers axil-
"uu secund, leaves in distant pairs, corolla 4 times as long as the
YX closed, the lower lip protruded, upper bracteas mostly pin-
àtifid or toothed atthe base. E. Bot. t. 113.— 6. smaller, seime-
àt succulent, bracteas quite entire. JM. montanum, Johnst. Fl.
9 Ber, :
Toves and thickets (not in meadows, as the name would imply), fre-
dient, — g, Mountains. 77. July, Aug. ©.—One foot or more high,
ender, with straggling opposite branches. Flowers large, pale yellow.
à 4. M. sylváticum, L. (lesser-flowered yellow Cow-wheat); flowers
p Uary secund, leaves in distant pairs, corolla scarcely twice as
t om the calyx, the lips equal in length a little open. Æ. Bot.

Alpine woods, rare, in the north of England ; more general, but very

0 al, in Scotland. In several parts of Perthshire ; Auchindrane, woods

E Doune, Craigs of Ness, &c., Ayrshire. FJ. July. (9.— 1 ft. high.

fro teas always entire. Cor. deep yellow, very small, quite different
the preceding.

.. 26. LATHRÁEA. Linn. Tooth-wort.

lL, squamária, L. (greater Tooth-wort); stem simple, flowers
Pendulons in one-sided racemes, lower lip of the corolla 3-cleft

“Bot. t. 50. :
Rp 90ds and coppices, apparently parasitic on the roots of Hasels,
lan X and other trees, in various parts of- England, Scotland, and Ire-
Sigg, £7. Apr. May. Y.—Branching from the very base. Whole plant
Or rUlent, with many, fleshy, tooth-like scales. Bracteas broadly ovate -
ture "ceolate, Flowers purplish.—See a valuable paper on the struc-
% and growth of this plant, by J. E. Bowman, Esq. in Zinn. Trans.

! P. 2, accompanied by a beautiful plate.

27. PEDICULÁRIs. Linn. Louse-wort.

NN P. palustris, L. (Marsh Louse-wort or tall Red- Rattle) ;

tibh Solitary branched upwards erect, calyx broadly ovate hairy
*d with crenated nearly equal lobes. Æ. Bot. t. 399.

With et and marshy pastures. F7. June, July. 2 ?—Stem 1 foot high, -

Þinn Many lateral branches. Leaves pinnate ; pinne ovate, almost
atifid, Flowers large, handsome, deep rose-colour.

Se E p: Sylvática, L. (Pasture Louse-wort or Dwarf Red- Rattle) ;
ranched from the base and spreading, calyx oblong

n
È ^w Blabrous in 5 unequal crenate and almost leafy segments.
: &. 399,

TR A DIDYNAMIA—ANGIOSPERMIA. (Linari^

Moist pastures and heaths, common. FZ. July. 21.—5
inches long. Lower leaves pinnatifid, the rest pinnate i
serrated pinne. Flowers large, handsome, pale rose-coloured ;
are occasionally found with a salver-shaped, 6-cleft regular corolla, 9?
6 stamens, 4 long and 2 short. Mr F. J. White sends white-floweT?,
specimens from between the King's House and Fort William ; and suc
are found not uncommonly in the West Highlands.

28. ÅNTIRRHÍNUM. Linn. Snapdragon.

1. A.*mdjus, L. (great Snapdragon); leaves lanceolate alte"
nate those of the branches opposite, flowers spiked, segme”
of the calyx ovate obtuse. Æ. Bot. t. 129.

-Old walls and chalk-hills, frequently originating from neighbour
gardens. Fl. July, Aug. 2f.—One to two feet high. Flowers ve
large, mostly purplish-red, but often varying to white.

9. A. Oróntium, L. (lesser Snapdragon); leaves mostly alte"
nate linear-lanceolate, spikes very few-flowered lax, segmen
of the calyx longer than the corolla. E. Bot. t. 1155. ©

Corn-fields in a dry soil, in many parts, especially of the e
south, of England. Fi. July, Aug. ©.— Flowers purple, remark
the great length of the calyz-segments, particularly after flowering:

99. LiNÁRIA. Juss. Toadflax.

1. L. * Cymbaldria, Mill. (Jvy-leaved Toadflax) ; leaves ©
date 5-lobed alternate glabrous, stems trailing. —Antirrhinw
Cymbalaria, L.—E. Bot. t. 502. he

On old walls, in many places ; the outcast of gardens. Fi. all f C
summer. .— Stem very long, filiform. Leaves petioled, often pul?
beneath. Flowers small, pale blue, or purplish.

9. L. spária, Mill. (round-leaved Toadflaz) ;
downy mostly alternate, branches trailing, cor. with a sub
curved spur.— Antirrhinum spurium, L.—E. Bot. t. 691.
Sandy corn-fields, mostly confined to the east and south-east of
land. ‘Abundant in many parts of Norfolk and Suffolk,
Sept. ©.—Flowers small, yellowish ; upper Zip purple.
3. L. Elátine, Desf. (sharp-pointed Fluellen or
leaves broadly hastate acute, lowermost ovate opposite,
trailing hairy, cor. with a subulate straight spur.— Antir
Elatine, L.—HE. Bot. t. 692. j^
Corn-fields in a dry, gravelly or chalky soil, England. F! det
Sept. (9.—Similar to the last, yet distinct; smaller in all its PY
Miss Warren pointed out to me the distinction in the spur. jin?
i

Y
4. L. répens, Ait. (creeping pale-blue Toadflax) ; leave < she
whorled or scattered, stem erect panicled, calyx glabrous.
length of the spur, (corolla striated.)—Antirrhinum 7 epe
KE. Bot. t. 1253, cab jn tb
Chalky banks and rocky places near the sea, rare ; principally Mos
south of England and Ireland. Near Colzean, Ayrshire, and nea 1 foo!
selburgh, Scotland. Fv. July— Sept. 2[.— Stems erect, 1 to | * ner?
high, slender, branched. . Leaves somewhat whorled below, b! "ello
soon dying away. Flowers in panicled racemes, bluish; palate 3

8, 3
"Ophalarig] DIDYNAMIA—ANGIOSPERMIA: 239

OD,
linear-lan
\Dricated

and in hedges, abundant. FI. Aug. 2f.—One

, glaucous. Flowers large, yellow. A remarkable but

uncommon monstrosity of this is the * Peloria var.” (figured
ot. t. 260), with 5 spurs and 5 usually imperfect stamens.

* L. minor, Desf. (least Toadflax); leaves linear-lanceolate
ea] use mostly alternate downy, stem erect much branched,
YX longer than the spur. Æ. Dot. t, 2014.

andy fields ; principally, I believe, in the eastern and south-eastern
E of England, Rare in Scotland and only found in the vicinity of
hip, SOW. At Sunday's wellin Ireland. FZ. June, July. 9.—6—8 inches
EUN With small purplish-yellow flowers, which are stalked, solitary and

ary. Seeds beautifully furrowed. |

30. ScRoPnuLAnRIA. Linn. Figwort.
* Calyx with 5 rounded lobes ; flowers purple.

ko S. nodósa, L. (knotted Figwort) ; leaves cordato-triangular

mi doubly serrated glabrous, stem with 4 rather obtuse angles,
M tuberous. Æ. Bot. t. 1544.

ang Sods and moist grounds, frequent. Fi. July. Y .—Root large, thick

terms notty, Stem 2—8 feet high. Flowers in dichotomous, axillary and

"nen 2 bracteated panicles. Cor. greenish-purple, with a scale in the

Ta S. aquática, L. ( Water Figwort, Water Betony) ; glabrous,
s Yes crenato-dentate elliptical-ovate mostlycordate atthe base,
. «à winged at the angles. &. Bot. t. 854. :
hi des of rivers and in wet places. 77. July. 1{.—Three to four feet
ds ' Panicles terminal, bracteated, with remote branches. Flowers
With Purple at the mouth, with a scale in the upper lip. Cal. margined
Purple. : i
"v S5. Scorodénia, L. (Balm-leaved Figwort) ; downy, leaves
È dato-triangular with large double serratures, panicles leafy.
` Bot. t, 9909,
ing olst places, only in the extreme south and south-west of England,
all at Tralee in Iréland. Jersey. Fl. July. 2f.— Distinguished from
Wess Preceding by being downy, by its eaves wrinkled like balm, Miss
by vA ; having large teeth or serratures which are again serrated, and
à Seay, leaves which accompany the panicle. Flowers dull purple, with
Side “inside. The Rev. Mr Bree has sent me a plant which he con-
St I a hybrid between S. Scorodonia and S. aquatica, brought from
= °S, and cultivated in his garden.

ide Calyx with 5 deep, acute segments ; flowers yellow. |
to 8. vernális, L. (yellow Figwort) ; hairy, leaves broadly
fre e doubly inciso-serrate acute, peduncles axillary solitary
ed leafy, scale of the upper lip wanting. Æ. Bot. t. 567.

9ad-sideg and waste places, in many parts of England and Scotland;

-—-——
240 DIDYNAMIA—ANGIOSPERMIA. [Linn@

"T jn
but nowhere general. Fl. April, May. UY .— Considerably different gl
many points from all the precediug, and as Sir James E. Smith has ¥
observed, exhibiting a great affinity with the pretty Peruvian Genus T
ceolaria. Styles and stamens, which latter arise from the base 9

yellow corolla, protruded from its very contracted mouth.

31. Drerrárzs. Linn. Foxglove.

Rr
1. D. purpirea, L. (purple Foxglove); segments of the caly

ovate acute, corolla obtuse its upper lip or lobe scarcely divide

leaves ovato-lanceolate crenate downy. E. Bot. t. 1297.

ed great reputation as a medicine.
large, veiny. Spikes very long, of numerous, drooping, purple,
white) flowers spotted within.

32. LiwosfLLA. Linn. Mudwort.

1. L. aquática, L. (common Mudwort); leaves lanceolate 1
thulate on long stalks, scapes shorter than the petioles. Æ-
AGYA 3 "2

Muddy places, and where water has stood, in several parts of P
land, Scotland, and Ireland; but often overlooked on account of its * gf
size. Fl. July, Aug. (9.— Root creeping, filiform, throwing up clus.
of glabrous Jeaves one or two inches long, including their petiole. Flow
minute, peduncled, arising from the base of the leaf-stalks. COT pa
rose-coloured. Anthers purplish-blue, one-celled. Seeds with a furt
on the back and numerous transverse strize.

33. SIBTHÓRPIA. Linn. Sibthorpia.
, ; ; um : ey”

1. S. Europea, L. (creeping Sibthorpia, or Cornish Mont
wort). E. Bot. t. 649. ° | MES

‘Moist shady places, in Devonshire, Cornwall, and the Scilly if
Near Nettlecombe, Somerset, and in Jersey and Guernsey. At x
hill, near Dingle; and near Brandon, Ireland. Fl. July. Aug. ™
graceful little plant, hairy, with creeping, filiform stems and a te easy?
orbiculari-reniform, broadly crenate leaves. Flowers axillary, $9
on short stalks, pinkish-white, very small.

94. Verpina. Linn. | Vervain.

t
1. V. officinális, L. (common Vervain); stamens 4, stem s
somewhat hispid, leaves rough lanceolate inciso-serrate is led
fid with the segments cut, spikes filiform somewhat panic
flowers rather remote. Æ. Bot. t. 767. e s
Road-sides and waste ground, frequent in England. Rare 1"
land. Inverkeithing, Scotland. FU. July. ?f. i

35. LiNN £A. Gronov. Linnea.

1. L. boreális, Gronov. (two-flowered Linnea). E. Bot.
Hook. Fl. Lond. N. S. t. 199.

Woods in Scotland, especially of Fir, as well as, more rarely;

A 1291

n:
in Of?

Orobanche.] DIDYNAMIA—ANGIOSPERMIA. 24]

rocky and mossy situations, (probably where trees have been) in many
iuis of Perthshire, Inverness-shire, and Aberdeenshire. In addition
d the several habitats already given in Flora Scotica for this most in-
“resting plant, I may mention, near Brahan Castle, Ross-shire. King-
Sussie, 7 m. from Aberdeen. Knock of Alves (along with the still rarer

Yrola uniflora) near Elgin, covering from 12 to 20 Square yards, and
wering abundantly, 1828. Fionlarig Park, by Loch Tay. Clova
Mountains, but flowering only among Alder and Birch, above the White
* ater river. . Banks of the Esk, at Dalhousie.—In England, only one
Ston for it is known ; viz. in a plantation of Scotch Firs at Catcher-
Ide, in the parish of Hartburn, Northumberland, Miss Emma T'revelyan.
l. May, June. Y .— Stems trailing, filiform, branched. Leaves opposite,

roadly ovate, stalked, obscurely érenate. Peduncles axillary, long, erect,

lowered. Flowers fragrant, graceful, drooping; pedicels, bracteas,
*Nvolucre, globose germen and calyx, all clothed with glandular hairs.
9r, rose-coloured, yellowish within. ‘

36. Orosancue. Linn. Broom-rape.
.* Bracteas solitary under each flower.

l. O. major, L. (greater Broom-rape) ; stem simple, corolla
tubular its upper lip undivided, lower one in 3 nearly equal seg-
Ments, the lateral ones acute the terminal one larger obtuse,
"mens glabrous, style downy. E. Bot. t. 421.
$ On the roots of Broom and Furze and other leguminose plants, not
le equent. Fi. June, July. 2f.— One to one foot and a half high, leaf-
the Whole plant dingy purplish-brown, pubescent. Stem swelling at

€ base and very scaly: scales more distant upwards and becoming

"acteas among the flowers; one at the base of each. Flowers in a
Ong Spike. Calyx of 2 lateral, lanceolate leaves. ^ Cor. large.;

, 3. O. caryophyllácea, Sm. (clove-scented Broom-rape) } stem

Simple, tube of the corolla inflated especially above, limb spread-
‘he 2-lipped, upper lip broad emarginate, lower with 3 lobes, all
the segments obtuse wavy, stamens hairy, especially at the base

Within, style pubescent, stigma dark purple. G. £. Smith, Pl.

S Kent, p. 94. t. 8. f. 4. Hook. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2639.—0.
Gal; Dub. —

y On the roots of Galium Mollugo, Rubus fruticosus, &c., in South
Snt. < F7, July. 2f.

E^ O. elátior, Sutt. (tall Broom-rape); stem simple, corolla
Stan shaped, lower lip with acute nearly equal segments,
mens downy, style glabrous. Sm.—Sutt. in Linn. Tr. v. iv.
P 178. £. 17. E. Bot. t. 568. :
lover-felds and bushy places in a light gravelly soil, in several parts
e q; gland, Fl. July, Aug. ?f.— Taller and yellower than the 2 pre-
"8. Flowers with their upper lip lobed.
SE O. mínor, Sm. (lesser Broom-rape); stem simple, corolla
i arly cylindrical, lower lip with curled segments, the middle
By Atgest and lobed, stamens fringed, style glabrous. Æ,
“E 429, L
over fields, abundant in Norfolk, Kent, Surrey, and Brecknockshire.
EN R

Pete oe NEAT g

a e -
a aem e ait t iic

242 TETRADYNAMIA—SILICULOSA. [Crambe

ch

Upon Ivy, in many parts of Ireland. Fil. July, Aug. oM

smaller than any of the preceding and more slender. Cor. not at
tumid, upper lip unequally notched.

Ex O: rubra, Sm. (red Broom-rape); stem simple, corolla
tubular its upper lip 2-lobed, lower one in 3 equal obtuse ]obes
stamens partially glanduloso-pilose, style glabrous. E. Bot.
1786, (bad.) Hook. in Fl. Lond. N. SS. t. 105.

Frequent upon basalt and trap rocks in the Hebrides and adjacent

shores of the mainland. Near Kirkaldy. Cave hill near Belfast, r
land. F4. July. 4.

** Bracteas 3 under each flower.

6. O. cerilea, Vill. (purple Broom-rape); stem simple
bracteas 3, upper lip of the corolla cloven and notched, lowe
in 3 equal entire segments, style downy. E. Bot. t. 423.

Grassy pastures near the sea; rare: principally found in Norfolk. f^
July. 2¢.—More inclining to purplish-blue than any of the preceding"

7. O. ramósa, L. (branched Broom-rape); stem branched
bracteas 3, upper lip of the corolla deeply cloven, lower equa
'8-lobed, segments all rounded and entire. E. Bot. t. 184.

On hemp-roots, chiefly in Norfolk and Suffolk. Sark, Fi. Aug
Sept. ©.

CLASS XV. TETRADYNAMIA.! 6 Stamens, 4 lo?
and 2 short, —(Nat. Ord. CRucIFERA, Juss.)

ORD. I. SILICULOSA. Fruit a short pod or pouch

1. CakírE. Pouch angular, of 2, 1-seeded, indehiscent joint’
the upper joint deciduous, bearing an upright, sessile seed,
lower one (sometimes abortive) pendulous. Cotyledons accu”

bent (o=).—Name,—an old Arabic word, applied probably 4

this or some allied genus.

9. Cn&amr. Pouch with the upper joint globose, indehist^;
deciduous, bearing one inverted seed, upon a stalk arising "
1 From zeree, 4, and 3w«jus, à power, or superiority in length of 4 over
other 2 stamens. This Class is a most natural one, entirely correspond 5
with the CavcrrEmuE of Juss. The Calyx is of 4 pieces ; the Corolla of 4
placed in a cross-shaped manner. Pistil single. Fruit either a short P
pouch, Silicula ; or along pod, Siliqua ; from which rather arbitrary disti?“ iu
the characters of the two Orders aredrawn. In every extensive natura
the difficulty is great in defining the generic characters. So it is here, a? .
are mainly depending upon the fruit. Even the Embryo is taken intoaCC ing
It is curved ; the radicle is turned upwards, and is either dorsal, origin dons
from the back of, and applied to, one of the cotyledons ( OI| ), he

fore x
dop

e embryo.—1 have 8 $
character of the Gen

Cochlearia. TETRADYNAMIA—SILICULOSA. 243

the bottom of the cell; lower joint abortive, resembling a

Ene. Cotyledons conduplicate (O>>).—Name,—xeuuSog of
€ Greeks,

ES ConówoPus. Pouch 2-lobed, without valves or wings.
eeds solitary in each cell. Cotyledons linear, incumbent CIDE
— Named from xogan, a Crow, and moug, a foot; the cut leaves

Somewhat resembling a bird's foot.

S 4. IsÁTIS. Pouch 1-celled, 1-seeded, laterally compressed ;
alves keeled, eventually separating. Cotyledons incumbent ;
9||).—Named_ from iaa, to make even; because it was
pesa to have the property of reducing inequalities of the
A, .
5. VíLLA. Pouch swollen, with a dilated, flat, winged style,
twice as long as the valves. Cotyledons conduplicate (07 ).
al. erect.—Named from veler, in Celtic, the Cress.

6. 'THtÁsPr Pouch laterally compressed, emarginate;
valves winged at the back, many-seeded. Cotyledons accum-
oy (o=).—Named from bxw, to flatten ; on account, proba- —

ly, of its compressed seeds or seed-vessels.

7. CAPSÉLLA. Pouch laterally compressed, obcordato-
“Uneate ; the valves sharply keeled, without wings, many-seeded.

Ctyledons incumbent (0 || ).—Name,—the diminutive of Cap-
Sula ; a little capsule or box. i
8. Hurcninsta. Pouch elliptical, entire ; the valves keeled,
Without wings; cells 9-seeded. Filaments simple. Cotyledons
*ccumbent (o =). Br.—Named in honour of the late. Miss

utchins, of Bantry, Ireland, who explored most successfully
the Botany of her native country, and added many new species
to its Cryptogamia.

9. T&EsDÁLIA. Pouch emarginate ; the valves keeled ; the
sls 2.seeded. Filaments having a little scale within at the
E" . Cotyledons accumbent (0 =). Br. —Named in honour of

r Robert Teesdale, a Yorkshire Botanist. :

10. Infris. Pouch emarginate ; valves keeled and winged;
fells }-seeded, Petals unequal. Cotyledons accumbent (o =).

”.—-Named from Zberia, or Spain; where many of the species
Tow,

k ll, Lepipium. Pouch with the cells one-seeded ; the valves

®eled. Petals equal. Cotyledons incumbent (o ||); rarely
*ccumbent (o =). Br—Name,—acmis, a scale, from the form
f the little pouches. ;

12, CocuitgÁRIA. Pouch oval or globose, many-seeded ;

the valves turgid. Filaments simple. Seeds not margined.

244 © TETRADYNAMIA—SILIQUOSA. [Nasturtium

UE ER inr amem

=e
Sa S

Cal. patent. Cotyledons accumbent (o=). Br.— Name,—~
cochlear, a spoon, from the shape of the leaves.

18. SUBULÁRIA. Pouch oval, pointless, many-seeded ; valves
turgid. Cotyledons incumbent (o ||), linear, curyed.—Name,
from subula, an awl; the leaves being subulate or awl-shapec

14. DnÁBA. Pouch entire, oval (or oblong); valves plane
or slightly convex ; cells many-seeded. Seeds not margine
Cotyledons accumbent (0 =). Filaments simple. (Draba an
Erophila, DC.)—Named from 6287, aerid, as are the leaves‘?
many of this tribe.

15. CAMELÍNA. Pouch subovate, many-seeded ; valves inflated:
Cotyledons incumbent (o ||). Filaments simple. Br.—Name
from yaua, dwarf or humble, and Linum, flax.

16. Kéntea. Pouch subovate ; valves nearly plane; cells V
seeded ; seed-stalks with their base adnate to the dissepiment
Seeds (mostly) margined. Cotyledons accumbent (o =). Me
patent. Pet. entire. Hypogynous glands 81 Filaments SW —
ple.—Name,— Konig of Adanson; Koniga of Mr Brown, b
whom it is intended “to commemorate the important service?
rendered to Botany by Mr Kénig of the British Museum."

ORD. II. SILIQUOSA. Fruit a long narrow pod.

17. DENTÁRIA. Pod narrow-lanceolate, tapering; the valve
flat, generally separating elastically, nerveless. Seed-stalks broat
Cotyledons accumbent (o =).—Name,—dens, a tooth, from th”
tooth-like scales of the root.

18. Carpamfne. Pod linear; the valves flat, generally P
parating elastically, nerveless. — Seed-stalks slender. Cotyledon
accumbent (o = ).—Name,—zagdia, the heart, and ayaw,
fortify : from its supposed strengthening qualities. _

19. ÁnanBis. Pod linear, crowned with the nearly sessile
stigma ; valves veiny or nerved. Seeds in one row. . Cotyle m
accumbent (0 =). Cal. erect. Br.—So named, because orig
nally an Arabian genus. j

20. Turritis. Pod elongated, 2-edged ; valves nerved p
keeled. Seeds in a double row. Cotyledons accumbent (0 =)
Br.— Named from turris, a tower ; the leaves become gradua y
smaller upwards, and the plant.assumes a pyramidal form.

21. BAnBARÉA. Pod 4-angled and somewhat 2-edged-
tyledons accumbent (o =). Seeds in a single row. Ox
erect. Glands between the shorter filaments. Br.—Name
this plant was formerly dedicated to St Barbara.

22. NAsTÓRTIUM. Pod nearly cylindrical (sometimes S

eer
—

—— Pt

C ERE:
SK e o

IE

hor t) ;

, . ^Y d
' valves concave, neither nerved nor keeled. Cotyledons -—
bent (o =). Cal. patent. Br—Named from Nasus tor”

Cakite.] TETRADYNAMIA—SILICULOSA. 245

Convulsed nose, an effect supposed to be produced by the acrid
and pungent quality of this plant.

23. Sis¥mprium. Pod rounded or angular. Cotyledons in-
sumbent (o ||) (sometimes oblique), plane. Calyx patent, some-
mes erect, r.— Name, oicvuSeiov; given by the ancients to
*ome plant, perhaps allied to this. E

24. Erysimum. Pod 4-sided. Seeds not margined. Cofyle-

ons incumbent (0 |). Stigma capitate, sometimes emarginate,

With the lobes patent. Cal. erect. Br.—Named from <guw, to
“ure, on account of the supposed virtues of the plant.

25. CHEIRÁNTHUS. Pod compressed or 9-edged. Cotyle-
ons accumbent (o =). Cal. erect, opposite leaflets saccate at
the base. Stigma placed on a style, 2-lobed, the lobes patent
or capitate. Br.— Named from the Arabic KAeyry, not however
: Originally applied to this Genus.

26. MaTTHÍOLA. Pod (rounded or compressed) crowned

With the connivent 2-lobed stigma, the lobes either thickened `

àt the back, when the cotyledons are incumbent (o ll), or with
à point at the base. Cal. erect. Longer filaments dilated.
Br. Named in honour of an Italian physician, P. A. Matthiolus.

. 27. HísPERIs. Pod 4-sided or 2-edged. Stigma nearly

*essile, the lobes connivent. Cotyledons incumbent (o ||), plane.

wal. erect. Br.—Named from éo72205, the evening ; at which time
e flowers yield a powerful fragrance.

28. BrAssica. Pod 2-valved (with a sterile, one- or many-
eded beak). Cotyledons conduplicate (0 >>). Calyx erect.
. ?r.— Name derived from the Celtic Bresic, a Cabbage. —

99. SzxÁPIS. Pod 2-valved (sometimes of 2 joints, of which
the upper one is without valves). Cotyledons conduplicate
(oss), - Cal. patent. Br. (Sinapis and Diplotaxis, DC.)—
Named from the Greek cnar, which again Théis derives from

the Celtic Nap, a turnep or cabbage.

E 30. RÁrnaNus. Pod without valves. Cotyledons condupli-
pe (07). Cal. erect. Br.—Name,—ea, quickly, and goivopuu,
? appear ; from its rapid vegetation.

TETRADYNAMIA—SILICULOSA.
1. CakíLE. Gert. Sea-Rocket.

l. C, marítima, Willd. (purple Sea- Rocket) ; joints of the
Pouch two-edged, the upper one with two teeth at the. base,
faves fleshy pinnatifid somewhat toothed —Bunias Cakile, L.
7E. Bot. t. 231. l
ere dy sea-shores, frequent. Fi. June, July. ©.—Bushy. Branches
rane and, as well as the whole plant, succulent. Flowers purplish,
ately White. Pouch thick, fleshy, at length somewhat woody.

- —(

Vcl mmm. cratere Re nnm ne nter mer

246 | TETRADYNAMIA —SILICULOSA. [ TAlasp"

9. CRÁMBE. Linn. Kale.

(0. C. maritima, L., (Sea Kale) ; longer filaments forked, pouch
pointless, leaves roundish sinuated waved toothed glaucous au
as well as the stem glabrous, Æ. Bot. t. 1660.
Sea-coast in sandy or stony soils, in various places; but not very
general. Fil. June. 2[.—Root thick, fleshy. Flowers white. l
known as an excellent culinary vegetable when cultivated and blanche
9. Corénopus. Gert. Wart-cress.
1. C. Ruéllii, Sm. (common Wart-cress, Swine's cress) ; pouch
undivided crested with little sharp points, style prominent. E.
-. Bot. t. 1660.—Senebiera Coronopus, D C.— Cochlearia, L.
Waste ground, not unfrequent in England. Rare in Scotland and
mostly found about Edinburgh. F7. June—Sept. ©.—A much branche
spreading weed. Leaves bipinnate, their segments linear. Flowers ve.
small, white, in lateral, axillary corymbs. Pouch large in proportion "
the flower, curiously crested. í
- 9. C. didyma, Sm. (lesser Wart-cress) ; pouch emarginate of
two wrinkled lobes, style very short.— Senebiera didyma, E. :
v. iii. p. 180.—S. pinnatifida, DD C.— Lepidium. didymum, E
Bot. t. 248.
Waste ground near the sea, in the south and south-west of England

only. About Exeter, Truro, Penryn, Milfordhaven. Shore near Caer
narvon. South of Ireland. F}. July. ©.

4, IsÁTIs. Linn. Woad.

1. I. *zinctória, L. (Dyer's Woad) ; pouch obovato-oblon?
glabrous, radical leaves oblong crenate, those of the stem sag!”
tite... dy uo tL

Cultivated fields, about Ely, Durham, &c. F7. July. 4 .— Flowe
yellow. . Cultivated for the sake of the blue dye which it yields, an
used by the ancient Britons to paint their bodies.

5. VLLA. Linn. Cress-rocket. j
1. V.*ánnua, L. (annual Cress-rochet) ; leaves bipinnatif i

fruit pendulous. E. Bot. t. 1442.— Carrichtera Velle, DC.
Sandy fields. Salisbury Plains, Ray. Fl. June. ©.

6. TurásPr Linn. Penny-cress.

1. T. arvénse, L. (Mithridate Mustard or Penny-cress) ; pouc?
orbicular with a broad longitudinal wing, seeds concentrical Y
striated, leaves oblong arrow-shaped toothed glabrous. "
t. 1659. : l.

Fields and by road-sides, in various places ; but not common.
June, July. @.—One foot high, branched above. Flowers extre
small, white. Pouch very large, with unusually broad wings.

j el
2. T. perfoliátum, L. (perfoliate Penny-cress); pouch dn
date, style included within the notch, cauline leaves cordate 8°
what toothed glabrous. Æ. Bot. t. 2354.

; à " cov"
Rare. Limestone pastures. Burford, Oxfordshire: recently oF d
ered growing abundantly at Upper Slaughter and the neighbour

mely

Lepidium] TETRADYNAMIA—SILICULOSA. 247

Gloucestershire. Rev. J. R. F. Billingsley, and .E. F. Witts, Esq.
Eo on stone walls about Kineton. Rev. J. Walker. Fi. April,
3. T. alpéstre, L. (alpine Penny-cress); pouch obovate retuse,
tells 4—6- seeded, style exserted, stamens as long as the petals,
“auline leaves cordato-sagittate, stem simple. Æ. Bot. t. 81.
Limestone pastures in the north of England: Derbyshire and York-
July > okan Glen Isla, Clova, Dr Graham. Fl. June,
7. Capsitta. DC. Shepherd’s Purse. i
l. C. Púrsa-Pastoris, DC. (common Shepherds Purse).—
Thlaspi, L.—E. Bot. t. 1485. |
orn-fields and waste places, every where, most abundant. FV. the whole
Summer, (5.— Very variable, from 3 inches to 1—2 feet high. Radical
Caves more or less pinnatifid, cauline ones lanceolato-sagittate, all gene-
Tally toothed and rough with hairs. Flowers small.

8. Hurcuinsta. Br. (not of Agardh.) Hutchinsia.

l. H. petréa, Br. (Rock Hutchinsia) ; leaves pinnate entire,
Petals scarcely longer than the calyx, pouch obtuse at both ex-
Yemities, stigma sessile.— Lepidium, E. Bot. t. 111, l

Limestone rocks, west of England, and as far as Yorkshire. Wall of
Eltham church-yard, Kent. Fl. March, Apr. ©.—A small plant, 2—4
Inches high. f

9. TEEsDÁLIA. Br. Teesdalia.
; l. T. nudicáulis, Br.(naked-stalked Teesdalia).— Iberis, E. Bot.
: 927. à
Sandy and gravelly banks, in many places. F7. May, June. Q.—
“eaves almost entirely radical, lyrato-pinnatifid. Stems 2—4 inches high,
Ith sometimes 1—2 small, entire or cut leaves. Flowers white, two
of the petals longer than the other two.
10. Iséris. Zinn. Candy-tuft.

l. L*amára, L. (bitter Candy-tuft); herbaceous, leaves lan-
.feolate acute somewhat toothed glabrous, flowers racemose. Æ,
Bot. t. 59.
Chalky fields, rare ; not unfrequent in Oxfordshire and Berkshire.
: July. (9.—)Stems spreading, often a foot high. Leaves very variable
their toothing. Whole plant, as its name implies, very bitter.
11. Lepipium. Linn. Pepper-wort.

i 1. L. latifólium, L. (broad-leaved Pepper-wort); leaves ovato-
3nceolate undivided serrated or entire, pouch oval entire. Æ.
ot. t. 182.
Wet shady places, near the sea and salt-marshes ; in Norfolk, Essex,
and Yorkshire ; at Weems in Fifeshire, and Donibristle, seat of Lord
lurray, Dr Dewar. Fl. July. -4 .-—2—3 feet high, branched, erect, -
With large leaves. Flowers numerous, small, in many terminal and ax-
llary, clustered racemes.
2. L.*Drdba, Br. (Whitlow Pepper-wort) ; leaves amplexi-
“aul broadly oblong or lanceolate entire or toothed, pouch cor-

in

n... 44444—4*4—————————ÁÀDLS[S[Àlr E£ LL

Ua T e rt ar P ttr s

ER RR EM

248 TETRADYNAMIA—SILICULOSA. [ Cochlearia:

date entire at the apex crowned with a style about its own
length. Hook. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2683.— Cochlearia, L.

. Fields and hedges, rare. Swansea. At St Peters and Ramsgates
Isle of Thanet. Left bank of the Dee below Chester, J. E. Bowma™
Fl. June. Y%.—8—10 inches to a foot high, branched, with large:
distant Jeaves and almost umbellate corymbs of numerous small flowers.
Pedicels very long, I received specimens many years ago, gathere
as wild, by the late Mr James Turner, at Swansea; and in 1829 the
Rev. M. J. Berkeley found it at the two places above-mentioned ; “ at
the one, spread over the greater part of a clover field ; at the other:
growing on a road-side, and abundantly in waste ground on the othe?
side of the hedge."

3. L. ruderále, L. (narrow-leaved Pepperwort) ; flowers dian“
drous without petals, radical leaves pinnatifid, those of t j
branches linear entire, pouch emarginate patent. Æ. Bot. t
1595.

Waste places near the sea, and among rubbish. FZ. June. (j.— Ste"
sometimes a foot high, much branched. Seed-vessels numerous. Cotyle-
dons incumbent, as in most of this genus ; whereas those of its very neat
affinity, Z. Virginicum, are accumbent.

4. L. campéstre, Br. (common Mithridate Pepperwort) ; pouch
ovate emarginate winged rough with minute scales, style scarcely
longer than the notch, cauline leaves sagittate toothed.— Thlasp*
campestre, L.—E. Bot, t. 1885.

Corn-fields and dry gravelly soils, not uncommon ; in England and
Scotland. Fi. July. ©.—10—12 inches high. Stems solitary, branche
above. Lower /eaves almost spathulate, all slightly pubescent, as well
as the racemes and pedicels.. Pouch curiously scaly.

5. L. Smíthii, (smooth Field Pepperwort) ; pouch ovate emat"
ginate winged glabrous quite smooth or occasionally very
minutely scaly on the back, style much exserted beyond the
notch, cauline leaves sagittate toothed.—L. hirtum, Hook. Su
i. p. 195. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 167 (not DC).— Thlaspi hirtum, P"
Brit. p. 604 (not L). E. Bot. t. 1803.

Borders of fields and hedges in Norfolk and Suffolk ; very common
in Caernarvonshire and Anglesea. Frequent in Scotland. Warte?
Point, near Belfast, and about Dublin, plentiful. FZ. June, July. UA.
—6—8 inches high. Stems many, from the same perennial, or perhap
biennial, root. Much resembling the last, but truly distinct, wit
whiter and more abundant pubescence. Stem and racemes*hairy. 4? t
with a much longer style, quite glabrous, and smooth or even; excep
that rarely, in the middle of the back, there are a few very minute scale:
The true L. Airtum,* of the south of France, is also very different 1 :
this, being smaller, more hairy and even shaggy all over, especially Y ?
seed-vessels, which aré less truly ovate and considerably larger. | |
plant seems not to be known on the continent and with us is probab y
often confounded with the preceding.

12. COCHLEÁRIA. Linn. Scurvy-grass. —
l. C. officinális, L. (common Scurvy-grass) ; pouch globos

' Rudely but faithfully figured in Bauhin Pin. v. ii. p. 922

Draba.) TETRADYNAMIA—SILICULOSA. 249

. ical leaves petiolate cordato-reniform entire or sinuated, cau-
* Ones sessile oblong sinuated. Æ. Bot. t. 351. |

bos 3 and muddy places by the sea-coast ; as well as on the elevated

St "oni Dr Hughes finds a var. with the leaves oblong, by no means

tire. aped. FU. May, June. ©. Leaves succulent, more or less en-
è Cauline ones semi-amplexicaul, their bases generally toothed.

2. C. Grænlándica, L. (Greenland Scurvy-Grass) ; pouch

8lobose, leaves kidney shaped (or cordate) fleshy entire, upper-

m

t Sea-shores and Highland mountains. FU. June, July. ©.—This has

3 Caves of the following, and the pouch of the preceding species ;

i m which latter I fear it is not distinct. It is frequent on the High-
Mountains, and is there more dwarfish.

3. €. Ánglica, L. (English Scurvy-grass) ; pouch elliptical
“ny, radical leaves petiolate cordate entire, cauline ones mostly
°° oblong more or less toothed near the base. Æ. Bot. t.

Muddy and rocky sea-shores and margins of salt rivers; frequent.
ao wdon, FI. May, June. © .—Generally smaller than C. officinalis,
th more entire Zeaves and elliptical pouches. . .
ti 4. C. Danica, L. (Danish Scurvy-grass); pouch ovato-ellip-

cal veiny, leaves all petiolate nearly deltoid. Æ. Bot. t. 697.
m ea-coast in a stony and muddy soil, frequent. F7. May. ©.—The

allest of the species, with very angular and stalked leaves.

P C.* Armorácia, L. (Horse Radish); pouch oblong, stigma
al nearly sessile, radical leaves oblong on long footstalks
b Nate, cauline ones elongato-lanceolate serrate or entire. Æ.
V. t. 2323. 3

aid to be wild in the mountainous parts of the north of England’; and
ou tioned as a native of Scotland, by Sibbald; but it is too often the
sound ; well known at our tables, and esteemed for their pungent fla-

ur. Leaves much veined. Fruit compressed, seldom perfect.

Y

13. SuBUuLÁRIA. Linn. Awl-wort.

n S. aquática, L.: (Awl-wort). E. Bot. t. 732. Hook. in
gend. N. S. t. 195. . | |
dy hallow margins of alpine lakes, frequent. Fi. July. 2£.— Roots of
ing “tous, long, white fibres. Leaves few, radical, awl-shaped, 1—3
Ne ong. Scape 2—4 inches high. Flowers. small, which I have
ing @ perfection though entirely submerged. Pouch nearly approach-
with at. of Draba, but with more turgid or convex valves. Embryo
base lts cotyledons linear, long, and the curvature takes place above the

14. DRÁBA. Linn. Whitlow-grass. |
i D. vérna, L. (common Whitlow-grass); scapes naked, petals
Ply cloven, leaves lanceolate somewhat toothed hairy. Æ.
ne 586.— Erophila vulgaris, DC.—. pouch swollen.

p ^ : oblong. E. Bot. t. 2403.—C. officinalis, var. Hook. Scot. i.
5, l

Cast of gardens. FZ. May. 2.— Roots long, running deep into the _

of the cotyledons, not at the very base as in most other Crucifere. |

= = = << EET ae a Mme as en

me e

Soe eRe

Meer i tme

i
250 TETRADYNAMIA—SILICULOSA. [ Camelin

ing
Frequent on walls, rocks and dry banks.—. abundant on shel
rocks on Ben Lawers, above the lake. F. March—May. © we
var. P. is a very singular one, which I have watched for many success
years in the above station, and never found it to vary, but alway*,
have the pouch as much inflated as that of Subularia. Nor is it alte
by cultivation from seed in a garden.

2. D. aizoides, L. (yellow alpine Whitlow-grass); scapes lee
glabrous, petals slightly notched twice the length of the ca T, i
pouch with a long style, leaves lanceolate rigid glossy kee
and ciliated. Æ. Bot. t. 1971. À

Walls and rocks near Swansea, S. Wales. FZ. March, April. ko

Remarkable for its bright yellow flowers, and glossy Jeaves marg!"
with hairs.

3. D. rupéstris, Br. (Rock Whitlow-grass); scape leafless o
rarely with one leaf, petals undivided, pouch oblongo-oval e i
ped with a very short style, leaves plane lanceolate hairy.. p.
Scot. i. p. 196.—D. hirta, E. Bot. t. 1338. (not Linn.) soot

Mountain summits: rare. Upon Ben Lawers and Cairngorum, ne
land. Ben Hope. Z7. July. 2£.—The slender, perennial 7oof Pe oy
trates deep among mosses and the crevices of rocks, bearing above T iro
short branches, each crowned with a tuft of lanceolate, soft, plane, en he
or. rarely obscurely toothed, hairy Zeaves ; their margins ciliated; ily
hairs mostly simple, sometimes branched, on the surface not unfrequer c
stellated : scapes several from the same root, 1—14 inch high, slen"7
simple, stellato-pubescent. Pedicels short, pubescent, or rarely g "
brous. Cal. mostly downy. Pouch oval-oblong, pubescent or glabr? i

4. D. incána, L. (twisted-podded Whitlow-grass); caulinelea¥ i
several lanceolate toothed hoary with starry pubescence, e
oblong somewhat twisted. Æ. Bot. t. 888, (from a cult. specimen,

Mountain rocks, in much less elevated situations, and far more 4
quent than the last ; in Wales, the N. of England, and Scotland.
June, July. ¢.—4—6 inches to a foot or more high, sometimes t
ing out lateral branches. Lower leaves frequently entire, uppe?
deeply toothed, almost cut, acute. Pouch erect, glabrous in b
specimens. ye

5. D. murális, L. (Speedwell-leaved Whitlow-grass); P NU
branched, leaves ovate obtuse amplexicaul toothed, pouch p^
glabrous. E. Bot. t. 912.

Limestone mountainous countries, on rocks and walls. Craven
shire. Wardon hills, Bedfordshire. Emborough, Somersetshire.
Forfar, Edinb. and Chelsea, where it has probably escaped from gar
Blarney Castle, Ireland. .F7. May. © .—Six inches to one foot
Leaves scabrous. Pouch elliptical.

15. CAMELÍNA. Crantz. Gold of Pleasure.

0"
|. l. C.* sativa, Crantz, (common Gold of Pleasure); p uch om”
vate margined, stigma simple, leaves lanceolate sagitta"
Myagrum, L——Alyssum, E. Bot. t. 1255. 4

Fields, occasionally among flax, with which it has been importe:
June, July. © .—2—3 feet high, panicled above. Flowers SP"
low. Pouches very large, on long stalks.

r

siti?

ord
out
ps
nigh

Cardumine.] TETRADYNAMIA—SILIQUOSA,

1 16. Kówiea. Adans. Br. Koniga.

l K.* maritima, Br. (sea-side Koniga).—Alyssum, Willd.—E.
9. t. 1729,.—A. halamifolium, Bot. Mag—A. minimum, and
Ypeola maritima, L.— Glyce maritima, Lindl.
ve ifs by the sea, naturalized ; near Aberdeen. Budleigh Salterton,
Yon. Wall at Newlyn, Mount’s Bay, Cornwall. —F/. Aug. Sept.
ov. Stem somewhat woody at the base. Leaves linear-lanceolate,
hon with bipartite appressed hairs. Flowers white and fragrant,
Rey-scented. The plant is much cultivated.

ORD. H. SILIQUOSA. Fruit a long pod.
17. DENTÁRIA. Zinn. Coral-root.

l. D. bulbifera, L. (bulbiferous Coral-root); stem quite simple,

lower leaves pinnated, upper ones simple with axillary bulbs.

* Bot. t. 309.— Cardamine, Br.
oods and shady places, rare. Sussex, Middlesex. Near Dupplin
d Banks of the Esk, below Dalkeith. Fl. April, May. 2£.— Root
“ening, bearing thick, fleshy scales or tooth-like processes. Stem
~l} foot high. Leaflets lanceolate, as are the upper leaves them-
"Ves, serrated, somewhat fleshy, often having a small bulb in their
Mis, Flowers rather large, purple.

18. CARDAMÍNE. Linn. Bitter-cress.

à l. C. amára, L. (large-flowered Bitter-eress) ; leaves pinnated,

tdieal leaflets roundish, cauline ones dentato-angulate, style obli-

‘te, stigmarather acute, stem rooting at the base. Æ. Bot. t. 1000.

et meadows, near rivulets : not unfrequent. FI. Apr. June. 2f.

ne foot high. Well distinguished from the following by the broad

“Ngulato-dentate leaflets of its upper leaves, and the large white flowers,
tch have purple anthers.

2. C. praténsis, L. (common Bitter-cress); leaves pinnate, radi-
cal leaflets roundish dentate, cauline ones lanceolate nearly en-
ite, style straight, stigma capitate. E. Bot. t. 776.

oist meadows, abundant. FI. May. U.—1—2 ft. high. Flowers
age, blushscoloured: sometimes found double, in which state the leaf-
the are known to produce new plants, when they come in contact with

* ground, while still attached to the parent plant.

I" 3. €. impátiens, L. (narrow-leaved Bitter-cress); leaves pin-
äte, leaflets lanceolate somewhat cut or entire, stipules cili-
d, petals linear or none. Æ. Bot. t. 80.

Ne oist rocks, rare; Derbyshire, Westmoreland and Cumberland. |
a

* the falls of the Clyde and banks of the Doune. F. May, June.
piu foot high ; well distinguished by the fringed stipules at the
€ of each leaf. Flowers minute, white. ;
Bop C. hirsúta, L: (hairy Bitter-eress); leaves all pinnated and
shout stipules, leaflets petiolate, radical ones roundish, sta-
Res 4—6 equal in length to the petals, stigma nearly sessile.

` Bot. t. 492.—C. flexuosa, With..— C. parviflora, L.
Moist shady places, abundant. Fl. March—June. ©.— Varying

ory earner

a

a mins

Memo s ARR NANT Fe scr Rs terrm rem -

252 TETRADYNAMIA—SILIQUOSA. [ Z'urrifis*

much in size and luxuriance, according to soil and situation ; from :
inches to 1 foot and more in height, as in C. sylvatica of author fs
Leaflets more or less angled or toothed, upper ones ovate or even linear ?
hairy or glabrous. Flowers small, white.

5. C.* bellidifólia, L. (Daisy-leaved Bitter-cress); leaves SY
ple ovate entire upon rather long footstalks. Æ. Bot. f. 235%
Scotland, (Mr Milne, in With.) County of Clare ?—Not a nau" -
FI. Aug. 2£.—1—3 inches high. Flowers white. ;

19. ÁraBIs. Linn. Rock-cress.

1. A. stricta, Huds. (Bristol Rock-cress); leaves toothed dx
tuse hispid, radical leaves somewhat lyrate, stems hairy, pet?
and pods erect. ŒE. Dot. t. 614. fi

Rare; St Vincent’s rocks, near Bristol; among limestone. i
March. 2£.—Habit of Sisymbrium- thalianum, but perennial: a
leaves strongly ciliated, with frequently forked or trifid sete, and rat
hispid than hairy : flowers twice the size ; stem-leaves few, small.

2. A. petr&a, DC. (alpine Rock-cress); radical leaves yr
pinnatifid stalked, cauline ones undivided sessile, pods spread! Z
twice as long as the pedicels.—A. hispida, L.— Cardaminé p

- Alpine rocks in North Wales.
the west and north of Scotland ; on the Cairngorum range.
especially Skye. Ross-shire and Sutherland, Prof. Graham. FI 25 y,
July. 2£.—3— 6 inches high, slender, glabrous or more or less half?
Flowers moderately large, with a purplish tinge.

3. A. ciliáta, Br. ( fringed Rock-cress); leaves somewhat t
ed oval glabrous ciliated, radical ones nearly sessile obf?
those of the simple stem semiamplexicaul.— Turritis alpina, L
E. Bot. t. 1746. s

By the sea-side at Rinville, Cunnamara, Ireland. Rocks near Pt
Lea in Glen Esk, Scotland. Fu. July. ¢.—4—6 inches high. all
leaves several, oval, or obovato-oblong, obtuse ; cauline ones SP
Pods nearly erect.

goth
ge

4. A. hirsáta, Br. (hairy Rock-cress); leaves all hispid EU
tate, cauline ones semiamplexicaul, pods straight.— urn
hirsuta, L.—E. Bot. t. 587. | pd

Walls, rocks and banks: frequent in many parts of England a

Scotland. F7. June. g.—One foot or more high, erect, stiff.
rough with spreading hairs, bearing many leaves. Flowers small,
Pods numerous, erect.

5. A.* Turrita, L. ( Tower Wall-cress); leaves amplex
pods recurved flat and linear with the margins incrassate®%
teas foliaceous. Æ. Bot. t. 178. d
^ Walls of Trinity and St. John's Colleges, Cambridge ; and Mag
College, Oxford. Cleish Castle, Kinross. Fl. May. d. :

pite

icat
prac

ale?

20. Turritis. Linn. Tower-Mustard.

ves
1. T. glabra, L. (long-podded Tower-Mustard); radical le?

Nasturtium} TETRADYNAMIA—SILIQUOSA. 253

poed hairy, cauline ones amplexicaul entire glabrous. Æ.
0777.

nar ts and road-sides in many parts of England, but not general ; ap-
Eu most frequent in Norfolk and Suffolk. Bowling Bay, Scot-
lance Fi. May, June. ©-—One to two feet high. Leaves oblongo-
eo, iate, glaucous: radical ones toothed or sinuated at the base;
Wh "hé. ones sagittate. Flowers yellowish-white. Pods long, erect.
Ole plant very erect and straight.

21. BARBARÉA. Dr. Winter-cress.

h l B. vulgaris, Br. (bitter Winter-cress, yellow Rocket); lower
Wes lyrate, the terminal lobe rounded, the superior ones obo-
Ate toothed often pinnatifid at the base, pods linear tereti-4-
liBled acuminate.— Erysimum Barbarea, L.— E. Bot. t. 443.

H astures and hedges, frequent. PY. May— Aug. ?f.—1—2 feet high,
"t, furrowed, branched, glabrous. Flowers yellow. The Rev. C.
mith finds by Loch Awe, a var. with all the /eaves lyrato-pinnatifid.
2. B.*précoxr, Br. (early Winter-eress); lower leaves lyrate,

oper ones pinnatifid, segments linear-oblong entire, pods linear
tuse compressed.— Erysimum precoz, E. Bot. t. 1129. —

1, aste places, in Devonshire and elsewhere. F7. Apr.—Oct. $.—

SM ft, high ; slenderer than the last in every part. Flowers smaller ;
ds longer, £5 UL

22. Nasturtium. Br. Cress.

l. N. officinale, Br. ( Water-Cress); leaves pinnate, leaflets

‘te subcordate sinuato-dentate.—Sisymbrium Nasturtium, L.

E. Bot. t. 855. |

any 00ks and rivulets, frequent. Fl. July. 2£.—A well known aquatic
;., 41 excellent and wholesome salad. Lower leaves large ; of 5—7

ly Ut leaflets, the terminal one the largest and roundest ; cawline leaf-

e Subovate, all rather succulent, glabrous, more or less waved or tooth-

Flowers white. Pods about an inch long, patent.

le 2. N. sylvéstre, Br. (creeping Nasturtium); leaves pinnate,
"lets lanceolate cut, those of the uppermost leaves entire.

"ymbrium sylvestre, L.—E. Bot. t. 2324.

~p 3ter-sides and waste places, but not common. Fl. July, Aug. X.

Yel, os much creeping. Stem 1 foot high, angular, branched. Flowers

Cp, Petals much longer than the calyx. Pods short, patent or
ved a little upwards.

latis N. terréstre, Br. (Marsh Nasturtium) ; leaves lyrato-pin-

No d unequally toothed glabrous, root simply fibrous, petals

Wi longer than the calyx.—JV. palustre, DC.— Sisymbrium,

Md. — s. amphibium, var. L.—S. terrestre, E. Bot. t. 1747.

Sept atery places, in many parts of England and Scotland. F7. June—

las; OQ .— One foot high, branched. Distinguished readily from the

Tho Y its pinnatifid not pinnated leaves, its minute (yellow) petals and

* turgid pods.

Pin N. amphibium, Br. (amphibious Nasturtium); leaves oblong

the atifid or serrated, root simply fibrous, petals longer than
calyx.— Sisymbrium amphib. L.—E. Bot. t. 1840.

oy:

A
1

i
V

E

i?

$

- 7 Pony ep tih
954 TETRADYNAMIA-——SILIQUOSA. [Erys

Watery places, frequent. Fl June—Aug. Y.—2—3 feet high olf
any leaves grow under water, they are deeply pinnatifid, otherwise
serrated. Pods short, small, but turgid, erecto-patent.

.98. SisymBrium. Linn. Hedge-Mustard.

1. S. officinale, L. (common Hedge- Mustard) ; pods subulat?
pubescent close pressed to the main-stalk, leaves runcinate hair
stem hispid.— Erysimum officinale, L.—E. Bot. t. 735. one

Waste places and by way-sides, plentiful. .F/. June, July. O-— ot
to two feet high, branched. The deep and cut, serrated lobes af? |]
always sufficiently decurved to constitute a runcinate leaf: the termi of
lobe is very large, roundish in the lower deaves, and oblong in the uP
. ones. Flowers very small, pale yellow. E
2. S. Irio, L. (broad Hedge- Mustard, London Rocket) ; leat
runcinate toothed and as well as the stem glabrous, pods neat
erect, E. Bot. t. 1631. T:

Waste places, chiefly about London ; in which city it covere e
ground immediately after the great fire. Faulkbourn, Essex and "m
wick upon Tweed. Dublin. JJ. July, Aug. ©.—Flowers yê
Pods 2 inches long, erect. à

3. S. Sophia, L. (fine-leaved Hedge-Mustard, or Flaxw ajs
leaves doubly pinnatifid slightly hairy, lobes linear or oval, p°
shorter than the calyx. Æ. Bot. t. 963.

Waste places, among rubbish; frequent. F7. Aug. (9.— TWO
high, branched. Flowers small, yellow. Pods linear, slender, e!
but not appressed, the footstalk being a little patent.

t
4. S. thaliánum, (common Thale-cress); leaves somew!?
toothed hairy, radical ones oblong subpetiolate, stem branch?
pods ascending.—Arabis, L.—.E. Bot. t. 901.
Walls, dry banks and gravelly soils, common. F/.. Apr. May.

feet
ech

9^
; ical
Six to ten inches high, slender, with few eaves, and those mostly be h
Flowers small, white. The cotyledons are incumbent here, not 46^.

t
: Ae : : +, hab!
bent asin the true Arabis, with which, however, it agrees better 1? h

94. Er¥simum. Linn. "Treacle- Mustard.

1. E. cheiranthoides, L. ( Worm-seed Treacle- Mustard) i
lanceolate entire or slightly toothed with stellato-tripartite
pods nearly erect their pedicels spreading, stigma un iv
nearly sessile. Æ. Bot. t. 942.

Fields, gardens and waste places. 77. July, Aug. ©.
branched. Flowers small, yellow.

2. E. Alliória, L. (Garlic Treacle- Mustard, Jack-by-the
or Sauce-alone) ; leaves heart-shaped stalked sinuato- b
E. Bot, t. 196.— Alliaria officinalis, DC. thre

Hedge-banks and waste places. F. May, June. ĝ „—Two to
feet high, branched. Leaves large, veined, well known by the
like smell. Flowers white. Pods between erect and patent. :

3. E. orientále Br. (Hares-ear Treacle- Mustard) ; Ee
cordato-amplexicaul, radical ones obovate, all glabrous gl
and entire.— Brassica orientalis, L.—E. Bot. t. 1804.

Brassica] TETRADYNAMIA——SILIQUOSA. 295

Fields and cliffs near the sea: Essex, Suffolk, Sussex. FJ. June. ©-
25. CuxiÁNTHUS. Linn. Wall-flower.

ac

. Fi. Apr. May. h.—A variety, with larger, more highly
nd more flaccid petals, is commonly cultivated in gardens.

26. MarrHÍOLA. Br. Stock.

" L M. incdna, Br. (hoary shrubby Stock); stem shrubby up-
ght branched, leaves lanceolate entire, pods cylindrical without
ands.— Cheiranthus incanus, L.—E. Bot. t. 1985.

Wells to the eastward of Hastings ; but not wild. Ventnor, Isle of

g ght, Mr Winterbottom. Fl. May, June. h.—The origin of the
ock Gilly-flower of our gardens; where it is generally treated as an
tual or biennial.

. 2. M. sinudta, Br. (great Sea Stock) ; stem herbaceous, spread-

M leaves downy, lower ones sinuated, pods compressed muri-
= Cheiranthus, L.—E. Bot. t. 462.

yeendy shores of Wales and Cornwall. Jersey and Guernsey. FI
*Y—Aug. g.—Flowers purple, large, fragrant at night.

27. Hispreris. Linn. Dame's Violet.

e l. H. * matronális, L. (common Dames Violet); stem erect,
ee ovato-lanceolate toothed, limb of the petals obovate, pods
Bor torulose their margins not thickened. ZZ. inodora, L.—H.
E. 781.
Hilly pastures, in several parts of Great Britain. 7. May, June, ?f,

28. BnássICA. Linn. Cabbage, Turnep.

A L, B. * Nápus, L. (wild Navew, Rape, or Cole-seed); root
p alescent fusiform, leaves. smooth, upper ones cordato-lanceo-
te amplexicaul, lower ones lyrate toothed. Æ. Bot. t. 2146.
fec ?rn-fields and waste ground, frequent, 77. May, June. 4 1-2
Som high. Lobes of the lower leaves crenate ; upper leaves entire,
Que hat glaucous. Petals yellow, rather small. Pods torulose.—
fy, vated for the oil produced by its seeds, which after pressure are

ed into cakes, and used as manure and for feeding cattle.

Y B. * Nápa, L. (common Turnep); root caulescent orbi-
ar

the depressed fleshy, radical leaves lyrate scabrous, those of

Stem nearly entire smooth. Æ. Bot. t. 2176. ih

yog, ers of fields and waste places. 7. April May. d .— Varying

Oya, ingly in height, according to soil Upper leaves amplexicaul,
“acuminate, subglaucous ; all more or less toothed.

wy B. olerácea, L. (Sea Cabbage); root caulescent cylindrical

Bo, o a Ae leaves glabrous glaucous waved and lobed. Æ.

apts:
256 TETRADYNAMIA—SILIQUOSA. [ Sinap

_ Cliffs by the sea: Devonshire, Dover, Wales, Cornwall, Yorksh ‘th
and in the Firth of Forth. FZ May, June. ¢.—Varying in hee}
1—2 feet. Leaves thick, subcarnose, the uppermost undiviae@s A
toothed. Flowers large, yellow.—The origin of our garden cai

4. B. Monénsis, Br. (Isle-of-Man Cabbage) ; leaves pinnat! "
stem nearly leafless glabrous, pods smooth, beak, 1-(—3)-see p
Sisymbrium, L.—E. Bot. t. 962.

On the isles and shores of the Clyde, and on both sides of te
Channel. In Lorn, Scotland. 7. June, July. 2[.— Stems pro rv"
slightly hispid, greedily eaten by cattle and sheep, and probably dese
ing of being cultivated as fodder. ke

5. B. Cheiranthus, Vill. ( Wall-flower Cabbage) ; leaves stal E
ed hispidall deeply pinnatifid, lobes oval-oblong unequally ton
ed in the upper one linear, base of the stem hispid, pods € l
drical the valves 3-nerved, the beak 1—2 seeded. Dc.—P
Gall. i. 51. Bab. Prim. Fl. Sarn. ined. Ir

Sands of St Aubin's bay, Jersey. Babington and Christy. Fl. Ke
Aug. d ?— The seeds in the rostrum distinguish this plant from alte
British species, except B. Monensis ; but that has nearly a leafless E,
brous and usually prostrate stem. In this plant the stems are upre
Babington. A

6. B. campéstris, L. (common wild -Navew) ; root and y
slender, leaves cordate acuminate amplexicaul, lower ones ]yr?
dentate subhispid. Æ. Bot. t. 2234. à

Corn-fields, and sides of rivers and ditches, in many places. Fi A
July. ©.—Root fusiform, but slender. Stem hispid below.
yellow. Pod upright, cylindrical or obscurely 4-angular, veiny : *
forming slight prominences ; beak awl-shaped, striated.

99. SrNÁPIs. Linn. Mustard. "

-. 1. S. arvénsis, L. (wild Mustard, Charlock) ; pods with mê É
angles turgid and knotty longer than the two-edged beak.
Bot. t. 1748. :

Corn-fields, too frequent.—
à « O’er the young corn the Charlock throws a shade,
And clasping Tares cling round the sickly blade."

Fi. May, June. (9.—1—92 ft. high, rough. Flowers rather large

2. S. álba, L. (white Mustard) ; pods hispid turgid shor
than the ensiform beak, leaves pinnatifid. E. Bot. t. 1677. irf

Waste places, frequent. FZ. July. ©.— Stem 1—14 foot high, Ao
Lobes of the leaves variously cut and toothed, or erose. Flowers n a
yellow. Well distinguished by its long beak.— This plant, while ope
young state, is eaten under the name of Mustard, with Cresses (
dium sativum.)

3. S. nigra, L. (common Mustard) ; pods appressed glab
tetragonous, style short subulate, upper leaves linear-lance?
entire glabrous. Æ. Bot. t. 969. pig?

Under hedges and in waste places. FV. June. @©.—3—4 ft. very
Lower leaves large, lyrate, rough. Flowers yellow. Pod with ai
short beak, or rather only the persistent style and stigma at 1t -

, yellow"
ter

ous

Erodium] MONADELPHIA—PENTANDRIA. 257

ae Mdrangular, its surface scarcely rugged.— The seeds yield the mustard
°C our tables,

- 4.8. incána, L. (hoary Mustard); pods appressed turgid with
* short 1-seeded beak, leaves lyrate hispid, cauline ones linear-
miceolate, stem much branched. DC, Bot. Gall. i. 52. Bab.

"m. Fl. Sarn. ined.
SS the Quenvais, Jersey, but rare. Fi. July, Aug. à -— Podela-
"S or hairy with a glabrous beak, eàch of its valves with 1 nerve.
“ed ovate, compressed.” Babington.

5. S. tenuifolia, Br. ( fine-leaved Mustard); pods linear gla-
Tous shortly beaked erect, peduncles spreading, leaves lanceo-
“very acute pinnatifid or bipinnatifid, stem glabrous.— Sisym-
"um, L.—E. Bot. t. 525.—Diplotaxis, DC. i

k Old walls about great towns, in the south, south-west, and east of

jagland ; as London, Bristol, Yarmouth, Chester. Coast of Fife. FZ.

ho 7, Aug. 2[f.— Root thick, woody. Stem 1—1} ft. high. Flowers
8$, yellow. This plant smells very disagreeably. | :

Isle of Thanet, and below Bristol. Dunfermline. JF Aug.
t. Q.— Very near the preceding, but annual. :

90. RApHanus. Linn. Radish. |

} L R. Raphanistrum, L. (wild Radish or jointed Charlock);
pees simply lyrate, pods of one cell jointed striated. E. Bot.
856. )

st Com-fields, frequent. FZ. June, July. © .—1—14 ft. high. Leaves
alked, rough. Flowers yellow, veined.
E R. maritimus, Sm. (sea Radish); leaves interruptedly ly-
Ne, pods of one cell jointed striated. Æ. Bot. t. 1643.
ùd &achy.head, Sussex. Jersey and Guernsey. Sea-shore in Bute
to Galloway, Scotland.’ FZ. June. ¢.—8—4 feet high. All the leaves
lao and the lobes toothed. Flowers rather large, yellow.—** Pods
NO than in the preceding, and (especially when dry) channelled with
the T, broader, and deeper furrows, and sharp intermediate prominences ;
~g 2k also is smoother, as is the upper portion of the plant generally."
'** Bowman. Is it really a distinct species ?

CLASS XVI MONADELPHIA. filaments com-

bined in one set.1

ORD. I. PENTANDRIA. 5 perfect Stamens. —
E Enópivy, Style 1. Cal. of 5 leaves. Cor. of 5 petals.

the i Erodium and Geranium the union of the filaments takes place only at
ase, and is with difficulty seen.

L. T, S

IOS E e a s e

"WS SE E — ——— MÀ

258. MONADELPHIA—PENTANDRIA. [Erodium:

Glands 5. Five alternate stamens imperfect. Fruit peaked,
separating into 5-, l-seeded capsules, each with a long Spir?
awn, bearded on the inside.—/JVat. Ord. GERANIACEZ, Juss.

Name,-—:goórc, a Heron ; the fruit resembling the beak of that

bird.

(See Linum in Cr. V. Orv. I.— Geran. pusillumin ORD. Decanp3is+)
Ozalis in Cr. X.

ORD. II. DECANDRIA. 10 Stamens.

2. GurAntum. Siyle 1. Cal. of 5 leaves. Cor. of 5 regular
petals. Glands 5. Fruit beaked, separating into 5, 1-seede
capsules, each with a long naked awn.—Nat. Ord. GERANIACE»)
Juss.—Name,— seaviov. of the Greeks, from ysgowos, a Cranes
the fruit resembling the beak of a Crane.

(See some Leguminose, in Cr. XVII. On». 1.)

ORD. III. POLYANDRIA. Many Stamens.

3. LAVATÉRA. Styles numerous. Cal. double; ext. 3-lobed.
Capsules numerous, circularly arranged, 1-seeded.—Nat. Ore
MALVACEZ, Juss—Named in honour of the two Lavater’
friends of. Tournefort.

4. MAtva. Styles numerous. Cal. double; ext. of 9 leave®
Capsules numerous, circularly arranged, 1-seeded.—Naé. 07"
Matvacem®, Juss.—Name altered from uoo», soft; in alla
sion to the emollient nature of the species.

5. ALTHÉA. Styles numerous. Cal. double ; ext. of 6— :
leaves. Capsules numerous, circularly arranged, 1-seeded—
Nat. Ord. MALVACES, Juss.—Name,—a?.a, to cure ; from?
healing properties.

MONA DELPHIA—PENTANDRIA.

1. Erépium. L Hérit. Stork’s-bill.

1. E. eicutárium, Sm. (Hemlock Stork’s-bill); peduncles many”
flowered, leaves pinnate, leaflets sessile pinnatifid and cut p P
tals longer than the calyx, stems prostrate hairy. Æ. Bol.
1768.— Geranium, L. at

Waste ground, frequent. FJ. Summer months, ©.— Whole p?
hairy. Flowers in small umbels, purplish, or sometimes white. i

2. E. moschdtum, Sm. (musky Stork’s-bill); peduncles ma
flowered, leaves pinnate, leaflets nearly sessile ovate une iy
cut, perfect stamens toothed at the base, stems depressed h
E. Bot. t. 902.— Geranium, L. ; Jer

Mountainous pastures, rare. Frequent in Guernsey and
Babington and. Christy. In the Craven of Yorkshire, and in
moreland. Near Bristol; Shotover Hill Oxford, and on a
warren, Bedfordshire. Near Plymouth, Simmond’s Court, ;

Geranium. MONADELPHIA—DECANDRIA, 259.

ford Castle, and. Monkstown Church ; Ireland. Bank near Countess
hey Bridge, on the Exe, Devon. Near Gresford. J. E. Bowman.

l. June, July. Q.—Larger than the last, and with much less deeply
Cut leaflets, which yield a powerful smell of musk.; :

3. E. marítimum, Sm. (sea Stork’s-bill); peduncles 1- or few-
flowered, leaves simple ovato-cordate stalked lobed and crenate,
Stems depressed slightly hairy. JE. Bot. i 646.— Geranium, L.

Sandy and gravelly sea-coasts, but rare ; as in Sussex,’ Wales, and
Cornwall. Steep-Holmes, and near Bristol, far from the sea. Glen] uce,

alloway; Dr Graham. Hill of Howth, Ireland. F7. May—Sept. 2f.
~Flowers exceedingly small and inconspicuous. Petals fugacious.

MONADELPHIA—DECANDRIA.
9. GERÁNIUM. Linn. Crane's-bill.
*- Peduncles 1-flowered.

l. G. sanguineum, L. (bloody Crane’s-bill) ; peduncles 1-
flowered, leaves nearly orbicular in 5—7 deep lobes each. of
Which is trifid. E. Bot. t. 272.

Alpine or limestone pastures, in many places; but not very general.
FI, July. 21.—1—14 ft. high, swelling at the joints. Peduncles axil-

‘ty, long. Flowers large, handsome, purple, varying to flesh-colour,
With purple veins.

** Peduncles 2-flowered.

2. G. phéum, L. (dusky Crane’s-bill); peduncles 2-flowered
YPposite the leaves, calyx slightly awned, petals waved, capsules
keeled hairy below wrinkled above, stem erect. Æ. Bot. t. 822.

Voods and thickets, in many places, but often the outcast of a garden.

ir J. E. Smith considers it to be perhaps most truly wild in the moun-
üinous parts of Yorkshire and Lancashire. With white fl. at the sands

Barrie near Dundee. 7. May, June. 1f.—Stem 2 feet or more high,

ichotomously branched. Leaves 3—7-lobed, lobes acute, cut and ser-
“ated. Flowers very dingy, purple-black,

3. G. nodósum, L. (knotty Crane’s-bill); peduncles 2-flowered,
leaves opposite 5- or 3-lobed pointed serrated, capsules even
.9wny all over. Sm. E. Bot. t. 1091.

Said to have been found in the mountainous parts of Cumberland, and
between Hatfield and Welwyn, Harts ; but I have never seen British
"Pecimens, FJ. May—Aug. Y.

4. G. sylváticum, L. ( Wood Crane’s-bill); peduncles 2-flower-
*d, leaves subpeltate with 5 or 7 deep and acute lobes which are
čut and serrated, stem erect corymbose, petals slightly notched,
es fringed, capsules keeled hairy not wrinkled. Æ. Bot. t.

Woods, thickets and sides of rivers, chiefly in subalpine countries,
l June, July. Y..—1—8 ft: high. Flowers purple, rather larger than
those of G, pheum; but much smaller than in the following species.

Boy he sandy shore on which it grew in Sussex, has been long washed away.
er, ;

elc TEL ET

o

us

|

mem E
€ s TI m cé -

mr a CE

260 . MONADELPHIA —DECANDRIA. [ Geranium

5. G. praténse, L. (blue Meadow Crane s-bill) ; peduncles 2-
flowered, leaves 5-partite, lobes multipartite all the segments
acute, stamens glabrous dilated at the base, capsules hairy not
wrinkled. &. Bot. t. 404.

Pastures and moist thickets, particularly near cascades in mountainous
countries : and about London. FZ. June, July. 4 .—1—2 ft. high. Dis-
tinguished by its large purple flowers and multipartite leaves.

6. G. Pyrendicum, L. (Mountain Crane’s-bill); peduncles PA
flowered, leaves reniform 5—7-lobed, lobes oblong obtuse trifi
and toothed at the extremity, stem erect branched, petals with
a deep notch twice as long as the calyx. E. Bot. t. 405.

Meadows and pastures in many places, but not frequent. — 77. "June;
July. 21.—9—93 ft. high, much branched. Distinguished by the very
obtuse segments of its lower leaves (for the upper ones are acute a?
less divided), and its rather small, numerous, purple flowers, with clelt
petals,

7. G. lácidum, L. (shining Crane’s-bill); peduncles 2-flower-
ed, leaves roundish 5-lobed, lobes trifid and notched obtuse wit#

a short mucro, calyx pyramidal angular dentato-tuberculates

capsules wrinkled. Æ. Bot. t. 15.

‘Rocks, walls, and roofs of houses, especially in mountainous countries
Frequent in Surrey and Bucks. FZ. June, July. © .— Stems spreading:
shining (as are the leaves), brittle, swelling at the joints. Leaves smalls
lower ones often of a fine red. Flowers small, rose-coloured.

8. G. robertiánum, L. (stinking Crane s-bill or Herb Robert);
peduncles 2-flowered, leaves ternate or quinate, leaflets pinnatt
fid, segments mucronate, calyx angular hairy, capsules wrinkle
E. Bot. t. 1486. :

Woods, thickets, stony and waste ground, frequent. A small var. $
common by the sea-side, the 8. of Smith, and which is the G. purp%
reum of Mill. and of Forster in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2648; G. Jat»
Lindl, Syn. p. 57. Fl. Summer months. © .—Sitems spreading; red
brittle. Flowers purple, sometimes white.

9. G. mólle, L. (Dove’s-foot Crane’s-bill); peduncles 9-flowe?"
ed, leaves rounded or reniform lobed and eut downy, petals
notched scarcely longer than. the calyx, capsules transversely
wrinkled, seeds without dots. Æ. Bot. t. 778.

Dry pastures and waste places, common. FI. Apr.— Aug. ©
Stems spreading, procumbent, with long hairs. Leaves lobed ; /o
broad, eut. Flowers small, purple. Seeds smooth.

10. G. rotundifólium, L. (round-leaved Crane s-bill); peduncles
2-flowered, leaves roundish or reniform lobed and cut downy?
petals entire the length of the calyx, capsules smooth hairy?
seeds dotted. Æ. Bot. t. 157. á

Pastures and waste ground in England, but not common. w-
fidinb. Fl. June, July. ©.— Distinguished from the preceding by en
„entire petals, and according to Sir Jas. E, Smith, by its smooth or e
capsules and dotted seeds. ;

-
bes

Mawa.) MONADELPHIA—POLYANDRIA. 261

11. G. pusillum, L. (small-flowered Crane's-bill); peduncles
"lowered, flowers pentandrous, petals notched, leaves rounded
or reniform in 5—7 deep lobes, lobes trifid, capsules smooth
"armated downy with erect appressed hairs, seeds smooth. Æ.
ot, t. 385.
l Waste ground and in gravelly soils, frequent ; less common in Scot-
and. About Edinb. and Glasgow. FL June—Sept. ©.— Stem weak,
Prostrate. Leaves deeply lobed. Flowers very small, bluish-purple.

19. G. disséctum, L. (.jagged-leaved Crane’s-bill) ; peduncles
2-flowered, petals notched rather shorter than the much awned
calyx, leaves 5-partite, lobes linear trifid or cut, capsules smooth

ary, seeds dotted. Æ. Bot. t. 753.

. Hedges and pastures, gravelly and waste places. FJ. May, June. ©.
—Stems spreading. Distinguished by the much divided Zeaves and the
Short foot-stalks of the blossoms, which, as Curtis observes, thus appear
as if sitting among the leaves. ;

13. G. columbinum, L. (long-stalked Crane's-bill) ; peduncles
2-flowered longer than the leaves which are 5-partite, the lobes

lvided into many acute segments, petals. entire as long as the
much awned calyx, capsules smooth glabrous, seeds dotted. Æ.

ot. t, 259.

Dry pastures in several parts of Great Britain; especially in a
Sravelly or limestone soil. FZ June, July. ©.— Stem very slender,
Procumbent, its hairs, as in G. dissectum, reflexed. Capsules quite
S'abrous, |

MONADELPHIA—POLYANDRIA.
“3. LavarÉRA. Linn. Tree-Mallow.

l. L. arbórea, L. (sea Tree-Mallow); stem arborescent, leaves
With about 7 angles downy plaited, peduncles axillary clustered
Single-flowered. E. Bot. t. 1814.

On maritime, always insulated rocks in the south and west of Eng-.
land. Islet off the coast of Anglesea. Isles in the Firth of Forth. Ire--

and, F7, July, Aug. ¢.—3—5 feet high. Flowers large, purple rose-
Coloured, shining, darker at the base of the petals.

4,MAtva. Linn. Mallow.

l. M. sylvéstris, L. (common Mallow); stem erect herbaceous»
aves with 7 rather acute lobes, peduncles and petioles hairy:
* Bot. t. 671. : s ia
Waste places and way-sides ; not common in Scotland. King’s Park,
Edinb, Cross-basket, near Glasgow. Kirkbean, Galloway. Frequent
™ Ireland. FZ, June— Aug. Y.—Stem 2—3 feet or more high, branched,
Owers large, 3 or 4 together, axillary. - Petals large, obcordate, of a
Purplish rose.colour with deeper veins, combined by the bases of their
aws. Whole plant, especially the fruit, mucilaginous and emollient,

2 M. rotundifolia, L. (dwarf Mallow); stem prostrate, leaves
"Oundish. cordate 5-lobed, fruitstalks bent down. Æ. Bot. t. 1092,
—P. petals as short as the ealyx. E. Fi. v. iii. p. 247.— M.
Pusilla, E, pot, t. 242. |

le

á
262 -DPIADELPHIA—HEXANDRIA. [Fumaria

Waste-places and way-sides, frequent. Fl. June—Sept. aL— Stems
10—12 inches long, branching only from the root. lowers smat
roundish,

3. M. moscháta, L. (Musk Mallow); stem erect, radical leaves
reniform in 5 or 7 broad cut lobes, cauline ones 5-partite pinna
to-multifid their segments linear, calyx hairy, leaflets of the ext,
calyx linear. H. Bot. t. 754. t

Meadows, pastures and road-sides, especially in a gravelly soil ; d
unfrequent. Fl. July, Aug. 2f.—2—3 feet high. Flowers large, beanie
ful, rose-coloured, 1—2 from the axils of the terminal leaves.
foliage yields a faint musky smell if drawn through the hand.

b. AnrHÁA. Linn. Marsh-mallow.

1. A. officindlis, L. (common Marsh-mallow) ; leaves soft and
downy on both sides cordate or ovate toothed, entire or 3-lobe é
peduncles axillary many-flowered much shorter than the leave:
E. Bot. t. 147. d
. Marshes, mostly near the sea: rare in Scotland ; Solway Firth, aed
near Campsie. FI, Aug. Sept. 2.—2—8 feet high, remarkable fort d
dense, exquisitely soft and starry pubescence of the leaves and stem
Flowers 3—4 together, on axillary stalks, large, pale rose-colour.—
fords an abundant mucilage, and a decoction of it is in very general use
In France it is made into lozenges, called Pátes de Guimauve.

9. A.*hirsáta, L. (hispid Marsh-mallow); leaves cordat?
rough with hairs, lower ones obtusely upper acutely lobed c£%
nate, stem hispid, peduncles single-flowered longer than s
leaves. Cav. Diss. v. ii. £. 29..f. 1. Hook. in E. Bot. Suppl”
2674,

Fields and waste places, rare. In a field near Cobham, Mr J. Raye"
At the same station, that is, between Cobham and Caxton, the R6

Prof. Henslow finds it abundantly. Fl. June, July. O .— Remarkable

for its very hispid stems and calyces.

CLASS XVIL DIADELPHIA. Filaments combined
in two sets ;— (except in the first division of the 3d Orde!

ORD. I. HEXANDRIA. 6 Stamens.

1. ConfpaLIs Cal. of 2, small, deciduous leaves. Pe A
one of them gibbous or spurred at the base. Pod 2-valv?"
compressed, many-seeded.—/Naz. Ord. FUMARIACEZ, m
Named from zogudaasc, the Greek name for the Fumitory, w

which the present genus was, till lately, united. -

2. FuwÁRIA. Cal. of 2, deciduous leaves. Pet. 4, 02°
them gibbous or spurred at the base. Fruit indehiscen’,
seeded, the style deciduous,—Nat. Ord. FUMARIACEJE; c^
Named from fumus, smoke, it is said on-account of the smell.

of

o

Vicia.) DIADELPHIA—DECANDRIA. 263

ORD. II. OCTANDRIA. 8 Stamens.

3. PorfGALA. Cal. of 5 leaves, 2 of them wing-shaped, and
coloured. Petals eombined by their claws with the filaments,
the lowerone keeled. Capsules compressed. Seeds downy, crested
at the hilum.—Nai. Ord. PoLYGALE®, Juss.—Name, «0v,
Much, and yara, milk, from some fancied property in the plant.

ORD. III. DECANDRIA. 10 Stamens. (All belonging to
the Nat. Ord. Leguminos# ; having the fruit a Legume, and
the flowers papillionaceous, with the leaves mostly compound.)

* Filaments all connected at the base or monadelphous.

4. ÜLEx. Cal. of 2 leaves, with a small scale or bractea on
each side at the base. Legume turgid, scarcely longer than the
calyx.—Name,—According,to Théis, its root is ec or ae, a sharp
Point, in Celtic: whence too arises the French name ajonc, or
Q6jonc, a sharp or spiny rush.

5. GeNÍsTA. Cal. 2-lipped ; upper lip with 2 deep segments,
lower one with 3 teeth. Standard oblong. Legume flat or tur-
gid, many-seeded.—Named from Gen, a shrub, in Celtic.

_ 6. CYrisus. Cal. 2-lipped ; upper lip nearly entire or with
2 small teeth, lower one 8-toothed. Standard large, broadly
9vate. Keel very blunt, including the stamens. Legume flat-
tened, many-seeded.—Name ;—xurcoc, of the ancient Greeks ;
Said to be: so called because it came from the island of Cythnos,
. One of the Cyclades.

7. Onénis. Cal. 5-cleft, its segments linear. Standard large,
Striated. Legume turgid, sessile, few-seeded.—Named from ovos,
an ass; because the plant is eaten by that animal.

8. AwTHYLLIS. Cal. inflated, 5-toothed. Petals nearly
equal in length. Legume oval, 1—8-seeded, enclosed in the
permanent calyx.—JName,—ooc, a flower, and. 1003.06, a beard or
down, from the downy calyces.

*%* Stamens diadelphous, 9 united and 1 Sree.

+ Style downy beneath the stigma. (VICIEZE, DC.)

9. Ónonvs. Style linear, downy above. Cal. obtuse at the
hase, oblique at the mouth, its upper segments deeper and
Shorter.—Leaves without tendrils—Name,—oguw, to strengthen
_ % invigorate, and. Sous, an ox; because yielding food for cattle.

10. LAruyrus. . Style plane, downy above, broader upwards.

Cal. with its mouth. oblique, its upper segments shortest.

eaves with tendrils—Name,—Aadveos ; a leguminose plant of
eophrastus.

7 ll. Víora. Style with a tuft of hair beneath the Stigma.—

Climbing plants. Leaves with fendrils.—Name originally de-

264 . DIADELPHIA—DECANDRIA. L Trifolium

rived, according to Théis, from Gwig, Celtic; Wicken in Ger-
man; fimov in Greek; Fesce in French; in English, Vetch.

19. Énvuw. Stigma capitate, downy all over.—Name de-
rived, according to Théis, from the Celtic erw, a ploughed fields
of which it is the pest.

t+ Style glabrous. -

-+ Legume of 2, more or less complete, longitudinal cells.

13. AsrRÁGArLUs. Keel of the corolla obtuse. Legume 9.celle
(more or less perfectly) ; cells formed by the inflexed margi"?
of the lower suture. — Named from aoreuyanos, one of the bones
of the heel, in allusion to the knotted root of that individu?
plant to which it was formerly applied.

14. Ox¢rropis. Keel of the cor. with a narrow point. £4
gume 2-celled (more or less perfectly); cells formed by the 1”
flexed margins of the upper suture.—Named from ous, sharp
and roriç, a heel, one of the essential characters of this Genus .
as distinguishing it from the preceding.

4-4- Legume more or less jointed.

.15. OnxíTHoPUus. Legume compressed, curved, of many closer
single-seeded joints, whose sides are equal; keel very small
—Name, oguc, ogudog, a bird, and sous, a foot, from the simila-
rity of the seed-vessels to a bird’s foot.

16. ARTHROLÓBIUM. Legume cylindrical, curved, of many:
close, single-seeded joints, whose sides are equal. Keel very
small.—Name ; aebeoy, a joint, and XoCoc, a pod ; from the jointe
character of the seed-vessel.

17. Hippocripis. Legume compressed, submembranaceou* -
of numerous joints, which are curved like a horse-shoe, so that
each legume has many deep notches on one side.— Name, 1770%
a horse, and xenmis, a shoe, from the form of the fruit.

+-+- Legume of one cell, one- or many-seeded, (not formed of
many joints).

18. OxónBRvours. Legume sessile, of one indehiscent joints
compressed, coriaceous, prickly, crested, or winged.—Nam
from ovos, an ass, and Bevyw, to eat; the plant affording a valu-
able fodder. i t

19. MgrILÓTUs. Legume l- or few-seeded, indehiscent, long?
than the cal. Petals distinct, deciduous.— Flowers racemos”

50
Leaves ternate—Name,—mel, honey, and Lotus, the Genus *

called, t

E T2 f,

20. T'RzrónrUM. Legume l- or more-seeded, indehisce?;

shorter than the calyx by which it is enclosed, (except P? ^
ornithopodiodes). Petals mostly combined by their claws al

Fumaria.] DIADELPHIA—HEXANDRIA. 265

Persistent.— Flowers capitate. Leaves ternate.— Named in allu-
‘on to its 3 leaves or leaflets.

Legume cylindrical, somewhat spongy within,

imperfectly many-celled. Keel acuminated.— Name,— sup-
Posed to be one of the three kinds (the herbaceous) of the Awros,
of the Greeks.

22. Mevichao. Legume faleate or spirally twisted._Name
the uedinn of the Greeks, so called because it was introduced
nto Greece by the Medes.

DIADELPHIA—HEXANDRIA.

1. Corpais. De Cand. Corydalis.

l. C.* sólida, (solid-rooted Corydalis); stem simple erect with
“Scale beneath the lower leaf, leaves 3—4 biternate their leaf-
*ts cuneate or oblong and as well as the bracteas cut, root
Solid. Æ. Bot. t. 1471.— Corydalis bulbosa, D C.— Fumaria Hal-
loi, Witla. ;

Groves and thickets: at Kendal, (an old garden). Wickham, Hamp-
shire; and near Birmingham. 77. April May. 2f.— Flowers large,
Pürplish ; Zeaves glaucous.

2. C.* látea, Lindl. (yellow Corydalis); stem angular erect,
faves bipinnate, leaflets broadly cuneate cut or trifid, bracteas
Minute, pods nearly cylindrical shorter than the pedicels.— Fu-
"aria lutea, Linn. Mant.—B. Bot. t. 588. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 253.
7" Corydalis capnoides, B. lutea, DC.
On old walls. Near Castleton, Derbyshire; Fountain’s Abbey,
Orkshire, Fl. May. 1{.—Flowers yellow.
3. C. claviculáta, DC. (white climbing Corydalis); stem much
branched climbing, leaves pinnate, pinne stalked ternate or pe-
te, leaflets elliptical entire, petioles ending in tendrils, pedicels
“ty short scarcely so long as the minute bracteas.—F'umaria,
LLE. Bot. t. 103. :
cushy and shady places, in gravelly or stony soil. In Scotland, most
dant on walls and roofs of houses, especially in the Highlands, 77.
lige July. ©.— Stems long, very slender. Whole plant extremely de-
*. Flowers small, pale yellow, almost white.

9. FuMÁRIA. Linn. ` Fumitory.

1 l, F. capreoláta, L. (ramping Fumitory); calycine leaves broad-
M Oval scarcely acute toothed at the base entire above twice as
thee as the globose fruit, bracteas a little shorter (about 4) than

: fruit-bearing pedicel. Arn.—Z. Bot. t. 943.
abe "-fields and gardens, frequent. F7. May— Aug. © .—A very vari-
bi © plant, Stems generally climbing, sometimes only diffuse. Leaves
nate, Leaflets usually very broad; rarely, as about Edinburgh,
ed "OW. On the continent, the fructiferous pedicels are mostly recury-
W. and Occasionally so in the south of England; but in Scotland and

ales they are seldom more than patent. Best distinguished by its -

266 DIADELPHIA—DECANDRIA. ule

large petals and calycine leaves.— am indebted to Mr Arnott, a rol
paid particular attention to this genus both in Britain and upon the ie
tinent, forthe characters and remarks upon this and the 2 following spec
2. F. officinális, L. (common Fumitory); calycine leaflets exit

lanceolate acute sharply toothed scarcely so long as the globo u
very abrupt or obcordate fruit, bracteas 2 or 3 times shorter t "
the fruit-bearing pedicel. Arn.—a. erect, very glaucous, Jea "
narrow. Arn. MSS. F. officinalis, Ei. Bot. t. 589.—. dili
or climbing, green, leaflets broad. Arn. MSS. F. media,’ yy

æ. In dry fields and road-sides, common.—f. also frequent, in hig f
cultivated fields and gardens. F. through the summer. © .— 19 iet -
media, of De Candolle, does indeed, at first sight, appear to be dist of
from the more upright state of officinalis, and even to approach neal
to F. capreolata : but the flowers and calyx are scarcely more than
the size of the latter; and it is very constant to these characters.

ine
3. F. parviflóra, Lam. (small-flowered Fumitory) ; caly,
leaves very minute, fruit globose slightly pointed, bractea” tie
first as long as the flower, afterwards about as short as the fru 4i
ferous pedicel, leaflets linear channelled. Arn.—«. flowers Y
coloured, leaves of a lively or yellowish-green. Arn. MS»:
parvif. E. Bot. t. 590.—. flowers white tipped with dark p
leaves glaucous. Arn. MSS. F. parvif. DC.—F. leucantha, |
æ. Fields ; rare. Woldham, near Rochester, and near Epsom. In Dad
turned up ground for building, at Hill-side, north of the Calton Hill; E eil
burgh.—g. Brookham, Surrey. Mr Waddel’s grounds at Hermitage n ;
Leith. Fl Aug. Sept. © .— The more common of these two vars. e
with white fls. Viviani is not quite correct, when he-says there P gs
apiculus to the fruit of his F. Jeucantha. It exists on all the spe erf
found about Montpellier. The purple or rose-colour var. comes "
near F. Vaillantii ; and. perhaps is the F. Vaillantii of Prof. Henslo"
Loud. Nat. Mag. vol. v. p. 88.

DIADELPHIA—OCTANDRIA.
3. Pon£G6ALA. Linn. Milkwort. à

1.: P. vulgáris, L. (common Milkwort) ; keel crested, as
in a terminal raceme, wings of the calyx ovate about as Jon 5 of
the corolla, stems simple herbaceous procumbent, leaves line a
oblong. E. Bot. t. 76.— P. amara, Don, in E. Bot. Suppl. t.4
Dry hilly pastures, frequent. #7. June, July. 2f.—Stems 4—81 a
long. Cor. beautifully crested, blue, purple, pink or'white, Ca^ y
persistent; enclosing the fruite My specimens of P. amar® gem
gathered by Mr Christy at Cuxton, Kent, in 1831, I can by n9 jade
separate from P. vulgaris, of which they are but a slight var. with b!
and shorter leaves. The P. amara of De Candolle and most 9

DIADELPHIA—DECANDRIA.

4. ÜrEx. Linn. Furze. . alf
1. U. Europus, L. (common Furze, Whin or Gorse) i

Cytisus,] DIADELPHIA—DECANDRIA. ‘267

“me teeth obsolete, bracteas ovate lax, branchlets erect. E. Bot.
' /42.— G. minor, branches compact. U. strictus, Mackay.
th cathy places, especially in sandy or gravelly soils; rare in the Scot-
Highlands, F7. early in spring, and throughout the summer. h .—
dl rub 3—4 or more feet high, with innumerable green striated branches,
othed with acute branching spines, and having at their base a few leaves
uch are lanceolate, a little hairy, very minute. Cad. pubescent. Cor.
Nght yellow. Var. B. was discovered in the Marquess of Londonderry’s
ü ark, County of Down, by Mr J. White ; itis readily propagated by cut-
ags, and now well known in our gardens and nurseries under the name of
] p Furze. It bears few flowers; but may be at all times distinguished
m U, Europeus by its smaller size ; by its dense and compact, rather
a nal, mode of growth and its very upright branehes, which are so soft
ko succulent, that sheep and cattle are extremely fond of them; so that
T Murray of the Glasgow Bot. Garden, strongly, and very judiciously,
"commends it to be planted for early spring-feed.

3. U. nánus, Forst. (dwarf Furze) ; teeth of the calyx lanceo-
ite spreading, bracteas minute close-pressed, branches reclining.
* Bot. t. 748.

8 Dry heaths, in many parts of England and Ireland. Pentland Hills,
q and, FI. mostly in autumn. h .—Smaller than the last in all its parts.

€ essential character, according to Sir J. E. Smith, consists in the
Ore distinct and spreading calyz-leaves, and the more minute, rounded,
Ose- pressed, and often hardly discernible bracteas.

l

5. GENÍSTA. Linn. | Green-weed.
l. G. tinctória, L. (Dyer's Green-weed, Woad- Wagen); unarm-
»€rect, leaves lanceolate nearly glabrous, branches rounded stri-
ated, flowers spicato-racemose, legumes glabrous. Æ. Bot. t. 44.
L Pastures, thickets, and borders of fields, frequent, in England and the
9Wlands of Scotland. Between Killiney-hill and Bray, Ireland. F7.
uly, Aug. h.—I]—2 feet high. Leaves rather distant. Flowers pale
Yellow, almost sessile, with a small floral leaf or bractea at the base.—
Employed to dye yarn of a yellow colour.

2. G. pilósa, L. (hairy Green-weed); unarmed, procumbent,
faves lanceolate complicate silky beneath, flowers axillary on
ort pedicels, legumes downy. Æ. Bot. t208.
194 sandy or gravelly heaths. About Bury. On the forest, by the
ES from Maresfield to Groombridge, Sussex. Mr Hankey. Near
Lizard, Cornwall. Foot of Cader Idris, N. Wales. FI. May, and
ig in Sept. h.—A small, much branched, tortuose, woody-stemmed
“nt, Flowers small, bright yellow. — 3
1 3. G. Anglica, L. (Needle Green-weed or Petty- Whin); spinous,
“aves ovato-lanceolate glabrous, spines simple, none on the
l Wering branches, flowers axillary somewhat racemed, legumes
Sabrons, E. Bot. t. 182. - chr enn DONE
oist heaths and moory ground, not unfrequent. Z7, June. h .—Stems
ned, very spinous. Leaves very small. Flowers yellow.

decli

6. Cxrisus. Linn. Cytisus or Broom.
1g, seopdrius, DC. (common Broom); branches angled gla-

" ‘Se
268 DIADELPHIA—DECANDRIA. [ Orobu

ets oblong :
he marg!

Dry hills and bushy places, frequent. F/. June. b. . ;
high. Branches long, straight, green. Flowers large, bright Y° m-
keel broad; standard and wings much spreading. Legumes large
pressed. dark brown.—'The young green tops are said to be powe

7

purgative and diuretic ; and they are very bitter.
7. Onoénis. Linn. Rest-harrow.

1. O. arvénsis, L. (common Rest- Harrow) ; shrubby, bait)
branches spinous, leaves often sessile, lower ones ternate, the EK ^
simple serrated at the base, flowers mostly solitary subsess i
calyx much shorter than the corolla, much longer than the ° l
liquely rhomboid 2—3 seeded legume. E. Bot. t. 682. and Supp
t. 2659. very

Barren pastures and borders of fields. F7. June—Aug. 2¢.—4 ie
variable plant, erect or procumbent and rooting, more or less spin 08
leaves ovate or cuneate; flowers rather large, rose-coloured, somet! qi
white. Smith enumerates 3 vars., and De Candolle makes of them
species, O. procurrens and O. spinosa.

2. O: reclindta, L. (small spreading Rest- Harrow); herbace
spreading viscid and hairy, leaves all stalked ternate, stip"),
broadly ovate, peduncles 1-flowered, calyx about as long 8 r
corolla, shorter than the closely reflexed cylindrical legum
which have 14—16 warted seeds. pr

Steep bank, close by the sea, 2 m. west from Tarbert, Galloway: di
Graham, 1836, Fl. July. ©.—This little species has been gather? yp
he above extremely wild locality, in considerable quantity, by Dr Gra!
and his students. It is a South of Europe plant. The O. Cherie gt
from Montpellier (Thomas), from Smyrna (Unio Itiner.), and at
Sicily (Swainson) ; and the O. mollis, of Tenore (Herb. Hook
not distinct from it.

8. ANTHYLLIs. Linn. Kidney-vetch. 9

PP
l. A. vulnerdria, L. (common Kidney-vetch or Lady's fing
herbaceous, leaves pinnated unequal, heads of flowers in Hec
E. Bot. t. 104. i "m
Dry pastures, frequent. With red and sometimes white of Y the
coloured fl., in Devonshire, Wales, and south of Ireland, mostly bI pter
sea. #7. June—Aug. Y .— Stem ascending. Leaflets 5—9, lance? i
entire, hairy, terminal one the largest. lowers in crowded heads;
hairy calyces, and large digitate or palmated bracteas.

9. ÓROBUS. Linn. Bitter-vetch.

; ith
1. O. tuberósus, L. (tuberous Orobus); leaves pinnated "ic,
2—4 pairs of elliptical lanceolate leaflets glaucous beneat Pee
: pules half arrow-shaped toothed at the base, stem simp E
E. Bot. t. 1153.—ß. leaflets linear. O. tenuifolius, Roth., :
Mountain thickets, frequent ; very common in Surrey.—fP- Kinm?,
and Moy Woods, Inverness-shire. Near Elgin. Fl. May, J une neil”
Roots tuberous, eaten by the Highlanders under the name of Cof

ous

aird j
=

<

*

Lathyrys,) DIADELPHIA—DECANDRIA, 269

Avery small quantity being said to allay and prevent hunger. Stem 1
veine ee winged. Flowers in long-stalked, axillary racemes, purple,
" * Legume long, pendulous, cylindrical, black.
: O. niger, L. (black Bitter-vetch); leaves pinnate with 3—6
ten or elliptical pairs of leaflets, stipules linear-lanceolate acute,
branched angular erect. Hook. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2788.
tock adeq rocks, Scotland. Den of Airly, Forfarshire. Craiganain, a
-.pithin 2 miles of Moy House, Inverness-shire. P7. June, July. 2f.
markable for turning black when drying.
S O. sylváticus, L. (Wood Bitter-vetch); leaves pinnate hairy
ar 7—10 pairs of ovato-oblong acute leaflets, stipules half
XW-shaped, stem branched decumbent hairy. Æ. Bot. t. 518.

oy

Ting SY and mountainous woods and thickets in the north. Fl May,

— Flowers purplish-white, in unilateral racemes. .
l0. LAruyrus. Linn. Vetchling and Everlasting- Pea.

te l. L: Aphaca, L. (yellow Vetchling); peduncles single-flowered,
üdrils without leaves, stipules very large foliaceous cordato-
"ittate, Æ. Bot. t. 1167.
thin Orders of sandy and gravelly fields, rare. Cambridgeshire, Oxford-
each, Norfolk, and near London. Fl. June—Aug. ©.—True leaves,
hj. Consisting of a single pair of leaflets, are rare, and only exist on
Singular plant in the early germination. Flowers yellow.
E L. Nissólia, L. (crimson Vetchling or grass Vetch); peduncles
wig single-flowered, leaves simple linear-lanceolate sessile
put tendrils, stipules subulate. Æ. Bot. t. 112.
Ushy places, and grassy borders of fields, in England. 77. May.©.

R sL. hirsútus, L.(rough-podded Vetchling); peduncles 2-flower-
ha Sach tendril with a pair of linear-lanceolate leaflets, legumes
a seeds rough, stem and petiole winged. Æ. Bot. t. 1255.
Q Ultivated fields, rare; Essex; between Bath and Bristol. FI. July.

Flowers pale, except the standard, which is bright crimson.

: An praténsis, L. (meadow Vetchling); peduncles es

tha tendrils with 2 lanceolate 3-nerved leaflets, stipules arrow-

E as large as the leaflets. Æ. Bot. t. 670.

l Ast meadows and pastures, frequent. J. July, Aug. ?f.—Stems

tong eet long, climbing. Flowers yellow.—Cattle are said to be very
of this common plant.

EL Sylvéstris, L. (narrow-leaved Everlasting- Pea); peduncles

Win "lowered, tendrils with a pair of sword-shaped leaflets, stem
ed. . E. Bot. t. 805. | |

Jho tickets and hedges, in the middle and S. of England. N. Wales.

Bank. Near Whitehaven. , Salisbury Craigs and coast of Angus-shire.

SRS of the White Adder, Berwickshire. F4 July, Aug. 2[.— Stem

Vin, fet long, broadly winged. Flowers large, greenish, with purple

T4 Lx latifolius, L, (broad-leaved Everlasting Pea); peduncles
lt, J-owered, tendrils with 2 ovato-elliptical mucronated leaf-
' Stem winged. =. Bot, t. 1108.

1 DOT SEN wie SEEDER M I. e e ree

x Ji —

crm Ren

cac

ss

on rete equi ee a

270 DIADELPHIA—DECANDRIA. EX

Woods, rare, too often the outcast of gardens. Cambridgeshire; o
berland, Worcestershire, Bedfordshire. Apparently wild in. an ja
quarry, near Stapleton, Gloucestershire, Near Kirkcudbright, Scotlan f
Fi. July, Aug. 2£.—A. well known climber and a great ornamen
cottage gardens.. Somewhat resembling the last, but with leaves a gre
deal broader and flowers larger and more purple.

7. L. palistris, Li. (blue Marsh Vetchling); peduncle
flowered, tendrils with 2—4 pairsof linear lanceolate acute lea
stipules half arrow-shaped lanceolate, stem winged. E. Bot. x odd

Boggy meadows and thickets in several parts of England ; neat pa
don, in Berkshire, Leicestershire, Laneashire, Yorkshire, and I belie"
not unfrequently in Norfolk. Galloway, Scotland. FZ. July, Aug

. SE e $
—Stem 2—3 feet high, climbing. Leaflets about 2 incheslong. f' lowe
bluish-purple.

8. L. maritimus; Big. (sea-side Everlasting- Pea) ; pedun
many-flowered shorter than.the leaves, tendrils with 3—4 r
of oval leaflets, stipules as large as the leaflets unequally c0!
to-hastate with the angles acute, stem angled without wings ;
Pisum, L.—E. Bot. t. 1046.—L. pisiformis, Br. Fl. ed. 2, p. i |
(scarcely of L.)— compact robust, leaflets obovato-ellip ;
obtuse on a recurved common petiole. Graham.—(. stragg d
slender, leaflets elliptical-lanceolate acute, common pe”
straight. Graham. al

Pebbly beach of Lincolnshire, Suffolk, and the south coast of Engla” é
Kerry, ‘Ireland. —¢. Shetland, Mr Thos. Edmondston. Dr MA
Fl. July. 2f, —Upon a careful examination of the style of this plane g
feel assured that it ought to be removed to Lathyrus, where Dig. nd
indeed has placed it. The var. B., brought by Dr M‘Nab from Shet o
in 1837, in its slender straggling habit and narrow leaves comes ' gd
near the L. Altaicus, Ledeb., but. that has much smaller stipules ^d
cylindrical legumes. The same state is found in Iceland aud
America,

11. Vícra. Linn. Vetch.
* Peduncles elongated, many-flowered.

; ed

1. V. sylvatica, L. (Wood Vetch); peduncles many-floW* g
longer than the leaves, leaflets elliptico-oblong mueronate
pules lunate deeply toothed at their base. Æ. Bot. t. 79+ | and

Bushy places in mountainous countries, in Scotland, the north os
north-west of England, Wales, and Ireland. It has been found ne?" ept
market and in Oxfordshire ; and between Lyminge and Eltham of i
Fi July Aug. 2f.—Stem 3—6 feet high, climbing by mean” tify
branching tendrils. Leaflets 6—8 or 10 pairs. Flowers very be
numerous, white, streaked with bluish veins.

2. V. Crácca, L. (tufted Vetch); peduncles many-fl í
ger than the leaves, flowers imbricated, leaflets lanceolate *, 7
ly hairy, stipules half arrow-shaped nearly entire. E. Bot. fs f

Bushy places. FU. July, Aug, 21.—2—8 feet high. Flowers”
ous, crowded, drooping and imbricated, of a fine bluish-purple-

Vicia] DIADELPHIA—DECANDRIA. omq

** Flowers axillary, mostly subsessile:

8 y, s

e ativa; L. (common Vetch) ; flowers mostly in pairs
sti Uy sessile, leaflets elliptic-oblong the lower ones: retuse,
Pules toothed impressed with a more or less evident dark spot,
“eds smooth. Æ. Bot. t. 234.
ultivated ground, frequent. £7. June. ©.—One foot or more high.
y fets variable in width and in number,2 to 6 pairs or more oma petiole.
Swers large, purple and blue, or red.

he V. angustifolia, Sibth. (narrow-leaved crimson Vetch) ;
meets mostly solitary nearly sessile, leaflets linear lowermost
. $ inversely heart-shaped, stipules toothed with a pale depres-
"on beneath, seeds smooth. Hook. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2614.-—
= Robartii, Forst. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2708.— V. sativa, B. and
f Fl. Brit. p. 770. :

Ty pastures in a sandy or gravelly soil, in many places, FZ. June.
B Too nearly allied, 1 fear, to the last species.

5. V. lathyroides; Ta. (Spring Vetch) ; flowers sessile solitary,
gumes glabrous, leaves generally in 8 pairs lower ones retuse,
t Pules entire not impressed with a dark spot, seeds “ cubic”
Ubercled. Æ. Bot. t. 30.

M Oad-sides and dry pastures, not unfrequent. .F/. April, May. (9.—
uch resembling a starved state of V. sativa, or especially V. angustif. ;

9I both of which it may be known by its small size, 3—5 inches high ;

aller, more purple flower, scarcely so large as the leaflets, with a less
y xed vexillum, and by the rough or dotted seeds. Here, too, the

els are fewer on a petiole, the tendri? is simple, the stem procumbent.

6. V. Itea, L. (rough-podded yellow Vetch) ; flowers sessile
`olitary, standard glabrous, legumes reflexed hairy, stems diffuse,
"ipules coloured. Æ. Bot. t. 481.

G Ocky or stony ground, especially near the sea. Suffolk, Sussex. On
lastonbury Tor-hill. Mearnshire; between Montrose and Arbroath ;
ad hills at Queensferry, G. Don: at which latter place Dr Graham

S it annually and in great plenty, but confined to one spot. Rocks,
jure Castle, abundant. Fl. June, July. 1f.—Stems 6—12 inches
go weak. Leaflets elliptical-lanceolate, hairy beneath andat the edges,

~9 pairs on a petiole, Flowers large; yellow. Legumes compressed.

à 7, V. kýbrida, L. (hairy-flowered yellow Vetch) ; flowers nearly
Sile solitary, standard hairy, legumes reflexed hairy, stems

“tending, leaflets abrupt, stipulesovate unstained. Æ. Bot.t.482.

yon Glastonbury Tor-hill. Swan-pool, near Lincoln. Æ. June, July.
Similar to the last, but distinguished by its hairy standard.

8. V. levigáta, Sm. (smooth-podded. Vetch) ; flowers solitary
tele sessile, legumes reflexed glabrous, stems ascending,
poles cloven unstained, leaflets bluntish very glabrous. Æ.

^^ t. 483,

Ên the pebbly shore of Weymouth, Dorsetshire. FZ. July, Aug. 2f.
sg ied to the two last in its herbage. Petals ** pale blue or whitish,
9m yellowish, all quite glabrous.” Smith.

= Sa ala

e

Rd p.

272 DIADELPHIA—DECANDRIA. [ Astragalus.

9. V. sépium, L. (Bush Vetch); flowers mostly in fours some-
what stalked, legumes upright glabrous, leaflets ovate obtuse
gradually smaller upwards upon the petiole. Æ. Bot. t. 79+

Woods and shady places, frequent. FV. J une, July. 2£.—1—2 ft. high
Leaflets large.

10. V. Bithynica, L. (rough-podded purple Vetch) ; flowet?
stalked mostly solitary, legumes upright rough, petioles het
two pairs of lanceol&te leaflets, stipules toothed. Æ. Bot. t. 1847

Bushy places in gravelly soil, mostly near the sea, but rare. Neat
Doncaster; in Dorsetshire and Hampshire. Frindsbury, Kent. Nes
Cardiff, J. E. Bowman. FI, July, Aug. Y .— Flowers purple, all bu
the wings which are whitish.

f.
19. Ervum. Linn. Tare.

. l. E. hirsátum, L. (hairy Tare) ; peduncles many-flowered
legumes hairy 2-seeded, leaflets linear-oblong truncated. ^^
Bot. t. 971. 3

Corn-fields and hedges ; too frequent. Fl. June. ©.— Stems 2~*
feet long, weak, straggling and climbing. Leaflets numerous. Flow j
very insignificant, purplish-blue.

2. E. tetraspérmum, L. (smooth Tare); peduncles 2-flowereb
legumes glabrous 4-seeded, leaflets linear-oblong obtuse. ^
Bot. t. 1923.

Moist corn-fields, hedges, &c. FZ. June. ().— Smaller and slende!t -
than the last. Leaflets fewer.

18. AsTRAGALUs. Linn.” Milk-vetch. :
1. A. glycyphzllus, L. (sweet Milk-vetch); stem prostrate, les

; : 5
gumes somewhat triangular curved sessile glabrous, leav?

longer than the peduncles, leaflets oval. Æ. Bot. t. 203.

Woods and thickets, in a gravelly or caleareous soil; rare in Scot
land: about Edinburgh. Fi. July. 2£.—Well distinguished by its 312°
Stem prostrate, 2—3 feet long. Leaves with large, ovate, acute stip% e$
Flowers dingy yellow. Legumes an inch or more in length, curved:

2. A. hypoglóttis, L. (purple Mountain Milk-vetch) ; stem
prostrate, leaflets slightly emarginate, legumes erect capit@
hairy their cells 1-seeded. Æ. Bot. t. 274. 1

Dry gravelly or chalky pastures ; chiefly in the E. of England a”
Scotland, as far N. as Blair in Athol. FU. July. 2f .— Stem weak,
few inches in length. Leaflets elliptic-ovate, retuse, hairy. edunt
longer than the leaves, curved upwards. Heads of flowers larger
proportion to the size of the plant, bluish-purple, sometimes white-
gumes ovate, acuminate, hairy.

Stipitate pendulous clothed with black hairs. Grah. in E.
Suppl. t. 2717.—Phaca astragalina, DC. and others. —
Head of the Glen of the Dole, Clova; Mr Brand, Dr Greville,
Graham. Fl. July. 2%.—This interesting addition to the British
was made in 1831, upon ground frequently visited by Botanists 9

pr

Hippocrepis.) DIADELPHIA—DECANDRIA. 273

Eran fame, who appear entirely to have overlooked it. Stem slender,
uch and diffusely branched. Racemes of few, spreading or drooping
ters, white, tipped with purple.

14. Oxytropis. De Cand. Oxytropis.

j l. O. Rralénsis, DC. (hairy Mountain Oxytropis) ; silky,
temless, scape longer than the leaves, legumes erect ovato-cy-
p drical inflated pubescent 2-celled, style persistent.— Astraga-
“s, L.— F. Bot. t. 466.
f Ty mountain pastures, in Scotland. Queensferry ; Montrose; Mull
alloway. Frequent on the coast of Sutherland. FV. June, July.
" 74A very beautiful plant, clothed with silky pubescence, especially
E the young leaves. Leaflets 8—12 pairs with an odd one, narrow,
ites acute. Scape, when in fr., 4—6 inches high. Flowers capitate,
"ght purple. .
2. O. campéstris, DC. (yellowish Mountain Oxytropis); some-
at silky, stemless, scape about the same length as the leaves,
*gumes erect ovate inflated pubescent semibilocular.— Astra-
Jülus, L.—E. Bot. t. 2522.
Qi rocks facing the south, a little to the north of Bradooney, in the
lova mountains. Fl. July. ?f.— Leaflets elliptical-lanceolate. Flowers
“apitate, yellowish, tinged with purple.

fel Coronilla varia, L. has been found in Devon, at Bury-head, by Dr Brom-
3 and at Linton, by the Rev. Mr Levett, in situations apparently wild.)

15. ORNÍTHOPUS. Linn. Bird’s-foot.

l. O. perpusillus, L. (common Bird’s-foot); leaves pinnated

b th 6—9 pairs of leaflets and a terminal one, flowers capitate

'aeteated, legumes curved upwards. Æ. Bot. t. 369.

i Sandy and dry gravelly soil; not frequent in Scotland. Very fine
in soil upon whinstone at Touch, Stirling: Dr Graham. Sandy

fie ds in Kinross-shire ; Mr Arnott. Near Dumbarton. Fl. June. ©.

>Stems 2—6 inches high, much branched at the base and spreading.

Leaflets oval. Flowers white with red lines.

Wi

16. ARTHROLOBIUM. Desv. Joint-vetch.

d LA, ebracteátum, DC. (sand Joint-vetch); stem filiform, pe-
"cles about equal to the leaves 2—4-flowered, stipules very
"nate. leaves pinnated with many pairs of equal elliptic-oblong

.tiets, the lower ones remote from the stem. DC. Bot. Gall.

* 146, Bab. Prim. Fl. Sarn. ined.— Ornithopus, Brot.

q andy ground near Grand Havre, Guernsey, but rare. Babington
"d Christy. Fl. July, Aug. ©. (Bab.)

17. Hirepocrépis. Zinn. Horse-shoe Vetch.

l. H. comósa, L. (tufted Horse-shoe Vetch) ; legumes 5—8

clustered pedunculated curved scabrous sinuated at each mar-

i. E. Bot. t. 81. its

tieş alky and limestone banks and pastures, plentiful in the chalk coun-
9f England. Dundonald near Ayr, Scotland. FJ. July. 2f.—

VOL, 1. T

r rq ead£aluume
274 DIADELPHTA—DECANDRIA. [ Trifolium

Stems 4—6 inches high, much branched and woody at the p
Leaflets 4—6 pairs, with an odd one, obovato. elliptical. Pedunc a
long. Flowers pale-yellow, much resembling those of Lotus corme
latus ; but the legume is quite different and very remarkable.

18. ONóBRvcurs. Tourn, Saint-foin.

1. O. sativa, Lam. (common Saint-foin); leaves pinnated
nearly glabrous, legumes toothed at the margin and ribs, wing
of the corolla not longer than the calyx, stem elongated. Sm.
—Hedysarum Onobrychis, L—E. Bot. t. 96. ]

Dry chalky hills and open downs, in various parts of England. d:
June, July. 2£.— A plant cultivated to great advantage in dry, and €"
pecially chalky, soils.

19. MELILÓTUs. Tourn. Melilot.

1. M. officinális, Lam. (common yellow Melilot); legume
seeded ovate wrinkled, racemes lax, corolla more than twi
long as the calyx, petals nearly equal in length, stem erect
Trifolium Melilotus, L.—.E. Bot. t. 1340. ft

Bushy places and way-sides, frequent. F7. June, July. ©.—? -39 2
high. Leaves obovate, serrated. Flowers yellow, in unilateral, pedir
culated, axillary racemes.—This plant, while drying, smells like Antho
anthum odoratum.

2. M. leucántha, Koch, (white Melilot) ; legumes 2.seede?
ovate wrinkled, racemes lax, corolla twice as long as the caly*

s?
e a

keel and wings shorter than the standard, stem erect. Hook. a
E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2689.— M. vulgaris, Willd.— Trifolium 0 "
nale, 9. L.

I
Denes at Yarmouth. Near Warrington. Chipstead, Surrey. Nes
Putney, Near Edinburgh. FZ. July, Aug. H.

20. Trirétium. Linn. Trefoil.
* Legumes with several seeds.

1. T. ornithopodioides, L, ( Bird’s-foot Trefoil) ; flowers abo
3 together, legumes naked with about 8 seeds twice as lon
the calyx, leaflets obcordate toothed at the extremity, stem
cumbent. E. Bot. t. 1047.— Trigonella, DC. *

Dry sandy pastures, but not very general; mostly on the East coas
About Edinburgh. Fl. June. ©.—Stems spreading, 3—5 ine ee of

length. Flowers small. The long legumes, petals, and the hab
this plant do not accord with this genus, nor yet with Trigonella-

2. T. répens, L. (white Trefoil or Dutch Clover); heads ume
late globose, legumes with 4 seeds, calyx-teeth unequal, le
obcordate serrulate, stems creeping. Æ. Bot. t. 1769. =

Meadows and pastures, frequent. FY. through the summer. omes
Heads of flowers white. Each flower is on a footstalk which bec nd
recurved after flowering, and then all the Zegumes are droop!n? | pe-
covered with the withered brown corollas. This Trefoil is in gre? ith
pute for pastures. The leaflets have often a dark spot at their base
a white line bordering it near the middle.

Prifolium.] DIADELPHIA—DECANDRIA. 275

n Legumes l-or 2-seeded. Standard deciduous or unaltered.
Calyx not inflated, mostly hairy.

E =. subterráneum, L. (subteyraneous Trefoil); heads lateral
E ed hairy of few flowers, at length deflexed and throwing

t from their centre thick fibres palmated at the extremity
abortive calyces) which are closely bent down over the reflex-
ed fruit. E. Bot. t. 54.

Ty gravelly pastures in England. 77. May. ©.—3—6 or 8 inches

Ry decumbent, hairy, with large, ovate, membranaceous stipules.

°wers long and very slender, almost white. Peduncles at length
;hgated, so that the heads of flowers reach the ground. The young
pe then becomes deflexed, and from the top of the peduncle there arise
; any thick short fibres with 5 palmated teeth at their extremity, which
90n become recurved over the fruit and serve to bury it in the soil.
qom the number of teeth terminating each of the above-mentioned
Tes, as well as from their comparative length and thickness, it is natu-
3! to conclude, with De Candolle, that the latter are abortive calyces.
etals partially caducous. Legumes large, ovato-globose.

A. T. ochrole&cum, L. (sulphur-coloured Trefoil) ; heads ter-
Minal solitary, teeth of the calyx subulate, lower one much longer

an the rest, leaflets elliptic or obovate, those of the lower
“aves heart-shaped, stem ascending downy. &. Bot. t. 1224.
alee tures and way-sides in England, on gravel or chalk. Frequent
E. in the clayey soil of Norfolk and Suffolk. F. July, Aug. Y —A
of gc more high. Petioles long. Stipules subulate, ribbed. Heads
vyflowers large, at first hemispheerical, at length oval, cream-coloured.

€ corolla turns brown and is persistent.

9. T. praténse, L. (common purple Trefoil) ; heads dense ovate,
teeth of the calyx setaceous, lower one longer than the rest } as
long as the tube of.the corolla, stipules ovate bristle-pointed,
leaflets oval or obcordate, stems ascending. Æ. Bot. t. 1770.

Meadows and pastures, frequent. Fl. summer months. Y.— Flowers
N dish-purple. ‘This is the common Clover, so much cultivated for
"n The leaflets are oval, obovate, or obcordate, often marked with a

Ite lunulate spot.

6. T. médium, L. (zigzag Trefoil); heads of flowers lax sub-
Slobose solitary terminal, ealyx-teeth setaceous, lower one long-

"than the rest about equal to the tube of the corolla, stipules
*üceolate acuminate, leaflets elliptical, stems branched zigzag.
* Bot, t, 190.
astures, frequent. J. July. 2f.— Stem remarkably zigzag. Heads
x J"owers larger than the last, deeper purple. Leaves spotless. Inferior
quality to 7. pratense, but better fitted for pasture on light soils.

el

7. T. maritimum, Huds. ( Teasel-headed Trefoil); heads ovato-

Blobose stalked terminal, teeth of the calyx broad acuminate

'Sid, the lower one much longer and larger than the rest short-

« than the claws of the petals, all of them at length enlarged

i». Spreading, stipules subulato-lanceolate, leaflets oblongo-
9vate, stem ascending. LH. Bot. t. 220.

RE EM

s

m . P ni,
276 DIADELPHIA—DECANDRIA. [ Trifoliu

f
Salt-marshes on the East as far north as Norfolk, and South coast 9

England, as far as Somersetshire. Newport, Monmouthshire,
Bowman. Near Kilbarick Church, Ireland. FZ. June, July. ©-

8. T. * stellátum, L. (starry-headed Trefoil) ; heads terminal
globose stalked hairy, calyx-teeth longer than the cor? mi
setaceous at length dilated veined and spreading, its tube close
with hairs, stipules broadly ovate crenate ribbed, leaves obcor*
date. E. Bot. t. 1545. Hook. in Fl. Lond. N. S. t. 95. í

Sea-coast, Sussex, between Shoreham harbour and the sea, in ge
plenty. Fl. July, Aug. ©.—A singular and beautiful species, “a
long calyces, and, at first, straight, setaceous teeth, which conceal t £
small cream-coloured corolla, and then become greatly enlarged, spte#
ing in a stellated manner.

9. T. arvénse, L. ( Hare s-foot Trefoil) ; heads very hairy Jg
nearly cylindrical terminal stalked, calyx-teeth longer than bs
corolla permanently setaceous, at length somewhat spreading?
stipules ovato-acuminate, leaflets lanceolate obtuse, stems ere
much branched. E. Bot. t. 944.

Corn-fields and dry pastures, abundant. FU. July, Aug. Q.— Siar
6—12 inches high. Flowers very minute, almost white. Remarkab
for its numerous, subcylindrical, soft, hairy heads or spikes.

10. T. scábrum, L. (rough rigid Trefoil) ; heads terminal and

axilary sessile ovate, calyx-teeth unequal subulate very rig
l-nerved at length patent, leaflets obcordate serrulate, stem
procumbent. Æ. Bot. t. 908.

Chalky or dry sandy fields, in several parts of England. Angles
Sea-shores, near Edinb. and Dunbar. FI. May, June. ©.—A o:
spreading plant, with many terminal and axillary, sessile, ovate hea’
very rigid in fruit. Leaflets strongly nerved.

11. T. glomerátum, L. (smooth round-headed T'refoil) 5 head?
terminal and axillary sessile globose, calyx-teeth ovate very acu :
leafy veiny at length reflexed, leaflets obcordate toothed, sten
procumbent. Æ. Bot. t. 1068. fi.

Gravelly heaths and pastures in the East and South of England. det,
June. ©.—Similar to the last ; but with rounder eads, and broa
greener, and more foliaceous and spreading teeth to the calyz. :

12. T. suffocátum, L. (suffocated Trefoil); heads lateral sessile
roundish, petals shorter than the membranaceous faintly str!à g”
calyx whose teeth are broadly subulate spreading, legumes f
seeded. - Æ. Bot. t. 1049. aif

Sandy sea-shores, rare. On the coasts of Norfolk and Suffolk. HS
ings. Anglesea. S. Kent. FV. June, July. (QQ.— Stems 3—4 E
long. Remarkable for its dense sessile heads of inconspicuous flow
aud for its thin, delicate, scarcely striated calyz. i

13. T. striátum, L. (soft knotted Trefoil); downy, heads terni
nal and axillary ovate subsolitary sessile, calyx striated very B
hairy with unequal straight small setaceous teeth, leaflets 00°
date nearly entire, stems ascending. Æ. Bot. t. 1843.

Tr ifoliun,] DIADELPHIA—DECANDRIA. 277

Dry pastures and fields, frequent. FZ. June. ©.—4—8 or 10 inches
ong, more or less procumbent or reclined, pubescent. Flowers small,
Purplish-red. Cal. deeply furrowed, oval, a little swollen, with 5, almost

5 :
Ctaceous, straight, not curved teeth.

E* Cal. remarkably inflated after flowering and arched above.
Standard of the corolla deciduous.

14. T. fragiferum, L. (Strawberry-headed Trefoil); heads glo-
se upon long lateral stalks, calyx after flowering inflated mem-
Tanaceous reticulated downy with two of the teeth bent down,

Stem creeping, leaflets obcordate serrated. Æ. Bot. t. 1050.
eadows and pastures. F4. July, Aug. 2f.— Flowers very small,

Purplish-red. The heads of flowers, an inch in diameter, are often
Nore or less coloured, so as not unaptly to represent a Strawberry. Mouth

the caZyz, as in the following species, singularly contracted when en-
Closing the fruit.

i5. T.*resupindtum, L. (reversed Trefoit); heads hemispherical,
3t length globose, on stalks at first only about as long as the peti-
9e, corollas resupinate, calyx after flowering membranaceous re-
üeulated inflated hairy acute, two of the teeth longer patent,
faflets obovate, stem prostrate. Sow. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2789.

Meadows near Bristol, and near Poole. Fi. July.©.

hie Standard of the corolla persistent, deflexed, dry, enveloping
the fruit. (Flowers yellow.)

E16. T. procámbens, L. (Hop Trefoil); heads broadly oval many-
lowered dense, standard at length deflexed furrowed, leaves stalk-
èd, leaflets obcordate, central one stalked.— o. stems procumbent,
duncles longer than the leaves. E. Bot. ¢.945.—(. stems erect,
Peduncles shorter than the leaves. D C.— T. campestre, Schreb.
Dry pastures and borders of fields, frequent.—-6. In sandy soil. Near
Edinb. Fi. June, July.©.— This is well distinguished from the following
Y its large, dense, hop-like heads of flowers, and the standard which is
‘tiated when old. Itis more difficult to distinguish the erect var. B.
tom the true T. agrarium of Linn. That plant is however larger and
longer in all its parts, and has oblong nearly sessile leaflets, which are
“uch shorter than the peduncles.
l7. T. filifórme, L. (lesser yellow Trefoil); heads of few lax
‘omewhat racemose flowers, standard with its sides at length de-
&xed nearly even, leaves almost sessile, leaflets obcordate, cen-
vg one mostly on a short stalk, stems procumbent.—«. major ;
sens heads many-flowered, peduncles much longer than the
faves, 7’ filiforme, Sturm, Deutschl. Fl. cum Ic, and foreign
Tuthors.— "Ti minus, Relh.— E. Bot. t. 1956.—. microphyllum,
C. Prod. v. ii. p. 206.); smaller, heads of a very few distant
OWers, peduncles frequently not exceeding the leaves. T. lu-
linum, minimum; Dill. in Rai. Syn. p. 831. t. 14. f. 4.— T.
Fliforme, F. Bot. t. 1257. |
Ty pastures, and road-sides, frequent. FV. June, July. ©.—A care-

ul *xamination of numerous specimens of this Z'refoil, from various parts

278 DIADELPHIA —DECANDRIA. [ Lotus:
of England and the Continent, have satisfied me that Dillenius’ plant nf
Ray, t. 14. f. 4, is only a starved state of the commoner appearance j
T. filiforme, and the same as the var. microphyllum of Seringe In 7
Candolle. The E. Bot. T. filiforme is a little more luxuriant, and ie
termediate states may be seen between it and the, acknowledged fi :

forme of continental writers. Mr W. Wilson, however, considers them
distinct. In all, the flowers are pedicellated, and in the few-flower®
varieties the pedicels are more evident, and thus appear more truly race

mose.

2]. Lórus. Linn. Bird s-foot-trefoil.

1. L. corniculdtus, L. (common Dird's-foot-trefoil) ; heads de
pressed umbellate 8—10- flowered, stems decumbent, leaflets ob-
ovate, peduncles very long, claw of the standard inflated above
—v«, vulgaris; every where glabrous or nearly so. L. cornice d
tus, L.— E. Bot. t. 2090.—8. villosus; stem, leaves, and caly*
clothed with very long spreading hairs. Z. corniculatus, y. DY
Prod. v. ii. p. 214.

Pastures every where, abundant.—6. rare. Higham, Kent. Budle ;
Salterton. Dr Loydd. Sandgate. Fi. July, Aug. 2f. — The var. f. HM
very remarkable one, (the vidlosus of Thuillier’s Flora of Paris) and at leas
as deserving of being considered a distinct species as the two following.

2. L. ténuis, Waldst. et Kit. (slender Bird's-foot-trefoil); heads
depressed umbellate 6—10-flowered, stems prostrate slendeP
leaflets lanceolate, peduncles very long, claw of the standard 1%
flated above. Borr. et Hook. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2615.—/7
corniculatus, var. tenuifolius, Poll.—L. decumbens, Forst. Tont:
86. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 2615.— L. depressus et humifusus, Willd. fi

Dry and waste places, in many parts of England and Scotland. ^
July.2f.—1 am really unable to point out any marks by which this p
be known from the preceding, except its more slender and straggling ha?
and narrower foliage. It is by no means an uncommon plant.

3. L. májor, Scop. (narrow-leaved Bird’s-foot-trefoil) ;
depressed umbellate 8—10-flowered, stems nearly erect tu fs
leaflets obovate, peduncles very long, claw of the standard n^
row. E. Bot. t. 2091.—L. cornic. y. Fl. Br. p. 794.

Sides of ditches and moist bushy places, by no means unfreq" g
Fl. July, Aug. ?£.— The place of growth of this plant, in moister pur
tions than L. corniculatus, consequently inducing a greater develop,
of every part, is I think, in itself, almost sufficient to account for "i
trifling variations which are said to distinguish it from that welken
species. The difference of breadth in their filaments, mentioned by , t0
Mr Wilson finds not to be constant. L. corniculatus, he adds, “* seems el
be characterised chiefly by the vaulted or gibbous appearance of the put
part ofthe claw of the standard,which raises up the two teeth of the €? d
above," Butis this mark constant? Smith says the claw of the sta” ige
of our present plant * though linear, is vaulted." Mr Borrer dwells 15.
on the “decided character” in the calyx of Z. major, pointed out "m
Beeke in Bot. Guide, p. 528, viz. that “‘ its teeth are always dive,
rom their first visible formation.” Yn several of my specimens 1 Bae
cornic., the calycine teeth are as divergent as in any of Le major»
sess à very hairy state of this plant, gathered in Ireland.

ighe

heads
bula?

pent.

Medicago. DIADELPHIA—DECANDRIA, 279
g

a 4. L. angustissimus, L. (slender Bird’s-foot-trefoil) ; villous,
E solitary or in pairs or3—4 in a head, their peduncles about
vice as long as the leaves, leaflets ovato-lanceolate, calyx-teeth
Very long, stems procumbent, legumes very slender.—«. minor;
fads 1. 9.flowered, peduncles short. L. hispidus, Desf. 2—
` diffusus, E. Bot. t. 925.—. major ; heads 3—4-flowered,
Peduncles elongated, legumes shorter and broader.
S South of England, very rare.—2«. On the rocky beach at Hastings,
ùssex : at Kingsteignton and Bishopsteignton, Devon. Strand, near
ig sage, Ireland. The St Vincent’s-Rocks station, mentioned by Smith,
Considered to belong to L.£enuis.—f. Cornwall, near the Lizard and
€nzance. Dartmouth, and Channel islands; Mr Jos. Woods. Fi.
fr ay, June, @.—Flowers much smaller and general aspect very different
om any of the preceding.

29. Mepicdgo. Linn. Medick.

l. M.*falcáta, L. (yellow Sickle Medick); decumbent, nearly gla-
brous, leaflets ovato-oblong toothed, peduncles racemed, legumes
alcate and very slightly twisted glabrous. Æ. Bot. t. 1749.

Pastures and borders of fields. Fi. June, July. Y .— Flowers yellow.

2. M.*sativa, L. (purple Medick or Lucerne); erect, glabrous,
L fets obovato-oblong toothed, peduncles racemed, legumes
vosely spirally twisted. Æ. Bot. t. 1749.
Bory gravelly banks and pastures, not wild. 77. June, July. 2f.—
y 18 has purple flowers and a spirally-twisted pod, and bears much re-
à mblance to the preceding, having been suspected to be only a culti-
ated state of it, In habit, the two differ remarkably from the following.
l 3. M. lupulina, L. (black Medick or Nonsuch) ; procumbent,
faflets obovato-euneate, stipules nearly entire, flowers capitato-
‘Picate, legumes kidney-shaped 1-seeded. Æ. Bot. t. 971. .
Abundant in waste grounds and cultivated fields. F7. May—Aug. ©.
A valuable plant in agriculture, very similar in habit to Trifolium
Yorme. Flowers crowded, small, yellow. Legumes small, rugged,
à black colour when ripe.

4. M. maculáta, Sibth. (spotted Medick); procumbent, leaflets
" cordate, stipules toothed, peduncles 3—5-flowered, legumes
Ompaot] y spiral eempressed, the spires furrowed at the edge
and fringed with a double row of long spreading curved spines.
- polymorpha, E. Bot. t. 1616.
N ravelly pastures in the middle and south of England. Ormeshead,
in gh es: Fl. May, June. ©.—Leafilets marked with a purple spot
e centre.
9. M. muricáta, All. (flat-toothed Medick) ; procumbent,
aflets obcordate downy, stipules toothed, peduncles |—3-flow-
ered, legumes compactly spiral subglobose, the spires keeled at
® margin and fringed with a close double row of short subu-
‘ted curved spines.— JM. polymorpha, 2. L. s
hs n the sea-bank, Orford, Suffolk ; Ray. Fi. June, July. 24.— Leaves
TY with fine pubescence. In common with Sir J. E. Smith, I have

le

deerat ~
T€ nee e ,

280 '"POLYADELPHIA—POLYANDRiA. — [Hypericul™®

é a
seen no native plants of this, and have drawn up my character ne
south of France specimen given me by Mr Bentham, who has stu
this genus with great attention.

6. M. minima, L. (little Bur-Medick) ; procumbent, leaflets
obcordate downy, stipules nearly entire, peduncles 1-540
ered, legumes compactly spiral subglobose, the spires pue
keeled at the margin with a compact double row of unc ;
prickles. Benth. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2635.—. stems and leav"
hoary. M. minima, 8. canescens. DC. oat

Sandy fields and waste places, rare. Narburgh, Norfolk ; and p
Newmarket. Between Sandwich and Pegwell, Kent. Landen.
Fort, Suffolk, and 6. Pegwell Bay, Isle of Thanet. F7. June, July g
—It is possible that Ray’s plant, taken for M. muricata (see prece ast.
sp.) may be the present, which Prof. Henslow finds on the same co
The latter plant precisely accords with specimens from. Mr Bentham
the true M. minima. *

7. M. denticuláta, Willd. (reticulated Medick) ; nearly $ ae
brous, leaflets obcordate, stipules laciniated, peduncles 2
flowered, legumes broad loosely spiral and flat with
volutions reticulated, the margin thin keeled with
compact row of subulate curved prickles. G. E. Smith, Pl.
S. Kent, p. 48. t. 1. f. 4. Benth. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2634-
M. maculata, 6. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 319. h

Upon exposed sandy banks on the coast of Kent. Near Weymout n
Cley, Norfolk. F7. April—June. ©.—The Rev. G. E. Smith has y^
distinguished the present species in the little work just mentioned. 44,
legumes are very beautiful and quite unlike any of the preceding. ter
Smith speaks of 2 vars., one with long and the other with sho” fr
spines ; which, in all probability, correspond with the «. and £. of
Bentham in his Cat. of Pl. of the Pyr. and Lang. p. 103.

CLASS XVIIL—POLYADELPHIA. Filaments

combined in more than two sets.

ORD. I. POLYANDRIA. Many Stamens.

l. Hypiricum. Cal. 5-partite or 5-leaved, inferior. P% 5
Filaments united at the base into 8 or 5 sets. Capsule many

‘ ov
seeded.— Nat. Ord. HvPERICINEA, Juss.—Name,—the 17%"

of Dioscorides.

POLYADELPHIA—POLYANDRIA.
t. Hypfricum. Ling. St. John's-wort.
* Styles 5. E
1. H.* calycinum, L. (large-flowered St John’s-wort); StY pe
flowers solitary, segments of the calyx unequal obovate obt
leaves oblong, stem shrubby branched square. Æ. Bot. t 2

s

Hypericum.) POLYADELPHIA—POLYANDRIA. 281

pehy places. Largs, and Balmacarra, Scotland ; but I fear not truly
Ud, as it is commonly cultivated in shrubberies on account of its beauty.
~ear Cork, Ireland. FZ July—Sept. T; .—Flowers very large, yellow,.
as in all the Genus. Sets of stamens 5.

** Styles 3. Cal.-segments entire at the margins.

2. H. Androsémum, L. (Tutsan); styles 3, capsule pulpy,
Stem shrubby compressed, calyx-leaflets unequal, leaves ovate
Sessile. Æ. Bot. t. 1225.—Androsemum officinale, All.

G Hedges and shrubby places; Norfolk, Herts. Between Dorking and
uildford, and at Gt. Marlow, Bucks. Not rare in Devon andCornwall.
Téquent in Ireland, and on the W. of Scotland. 77. July.— h .2 ft. high,
Caves large. Cymes terminal, of rather large flowers. Berry black.

3. H. quadrángulum, L. (square-stalked St John's-wort); styles
» Stem herbaceous 4-angled somewhat branched, leaves ovate
With pellucid dots, calyx-leaves lanceolate. Æ. Bot. t. 370.
. Moist pastures, sides of ditches and rivulets. — F7. July. 4.—1—2 ft.
high, Panicles terminal.

4. H. perforátum, L. (common perforated St John's-wort); styles
> Stem 2-edged, leaves elliptic-oblong obtuse with pellucid dots,
Segments of the calyx lanceolate. Æ. Bot. t. 295.
Woods, thickets, hedges, &c. abundant. Fi. July. Y%.—1—2 ft.
r more high, branched. There are minute black dots on the tips of
€ cal., cor., and often on the leaves. This plant is variously comme-
‘torated by Physicians and Poets, as ** Balm of the Warrior's wound,”
e to its healing properties ; while its profusion of flowers is thus
1ced,

** Hypericum, all bloom, so thick a swarm
« Of flowers, like flies, clothing its slender rods
« That scarce a leaf appears."

5. H. dábium, L. (imperforate St John's-wort); styles 3, stem
Obsoletely quadrangular, leaves elliptic-ovate obtuse destitute of
Pellucid dots, segments of the calyx elliptical. Æ. Bot. t. 296.

Rather mountainous woods in various places, but no where in great
Plenty, Fi. July, Aug. 2¢.—Similar in many respects to the last; for

dich, perhaps, it is not unfrequently mistaken. Corolla often marked
Mith small black dots.

A E H. humifisum, L. (trailing St John's-wort) ; styles 3,
°Wers terminal subcymose, stem compressed prostrate, leaves
oblong obtuse glabrous. Æ. Bot. t. 1226.

Gravelly, heathy and boggy pastures, stone walls, &c. in many places.
^ July. 2¢.—Stem slender, about a span long. : Cor. with black dots,
a Well as the calyx, on which they are frequently seen near the edge,

hot, in my specimens, so distinctly as to justify the plant being placed
‘the next division.
p Styles 3. Margins of the calycine segments with glandular
serratures.

7. H. montánum, L. (Mountain St John's-wort) ; styles 3,
Wers paniculato-corymbose, calyx with glandular serratures,

flo

a

&

282 POLYADELPHIA—POLYANDRIA, [ Hypericum.

stem erect rounded and as well as the ovate leaves glabrous
E. Bot. t. 371. E

Bushy hills, especially in a chalky or gravelly soil. Fi. July. ?f- ,
13—2 ft. high. Leaves rather large, more or less perforated, -
especially above ; their margins having black glandular serratures, V!
which the bracteas and calyx are beautifully fringed.

8. * H. barbátum, Jacq. (bearded St John's-wort); styles ^
corymbs terminal, calyx fringed with long stalked glands, E
erect rounded, leaves ovate with (black) scattered dots beneath!
E. Bot. t. 1986. ;

Side of a hedge near Aberdalgy in Strathearn, Perthshire. 77. seri
Oct. 2£.—1 ft. or more high. Very distinct in the long glandular ha!
ofits calyz. "The petals, too, are often toothed at the extremity.

9. H. linearifólium, Vahl, (linear-leaved St John's-wort); styles
3, flowers terminal cymose, sepals lanceolate acute their margin
with numerous black spots and glandular serratures, leaves linea
obtuse the margins revolute, stem terete. Bab. in Prim. ^"
Sarn. ined.

On dry slopes of hills in several parts of Jersey, particularly on à
between Anna Porta, and St Catharine’s bay. Fl. July— Aug. y
Flowers rather large, yellow. Stem procumbent below. Babington.

10. H. hirsátum, L. (hairy St John's-wort); styles 3, calyx with
(black) glandular serratures, stem erectrounded pubescent, leave"
ovate slightly downy beneath. Æ. Bot. t. 116. ü

Woods and thickets, especially in a chalky soil. FU. July. 2f.—2 "
high. Leaves rather large, more or less downy, especially beneath.

11. H. pilehrum, L. (small upright St John's-wort) ; styles i
calyx with (black) glandular serratures, stem erect, leaves ©
date amplexicaul glabrous. Æ. Bot. t. 1227. 1

Dry woods and heaths, frequent. FZ. July. 4.—1—2 ft. high, se
der, erect, rigid, branched. Flowers beautiful, in loose panicles, yello
tipped, before expansion, with red. Anthers red.

12. H. elódes, L. (Marsh St John's-wort); styles 3, calyx with
(reddish) glandular serratures glabrous, leaves roundish shag8 Ý
stem rounded creeping, panicle of few flowers. E. Bot. t. 10%

Spongy bogs, not unfrequent. Fl. July, Aug. Y.—A span lone"
Flowers few, panicled, terminal, pale yellow.

pill

Crepis.) SYNGENESIA—ÆQUALIS. 283

CLASS XIX. SYNGENESIA.! Anthers united into
“tube, Flowers compound.—( Nat. Ord. COMPOSITÆ, Juss.)

ORD. I. /EQUALIS. All the florets perfect.

* All the Corollas ligulate or strap-shaped. (CICHORACE®, Juss.
Endive Tribe.)

, l.'TRAGoPóGoN. Fruit longitudinally striated, beaked. Pappus

eathery, Receptacle naked. | /nvolucre simple, of several scales.

m Name—rgayos, a goat, and «wyw», a beard ; from the beauti-

ully bearded fruit.

2. Hetminraia. Fruit transversely striated, beaked. Pappus
Sathery. Receptacle naked. Jnvolucre double; inner of 8 close
Seales, outer of 4 (or 5) large, lax, leafy ones.—Name ; awe,
*Auivdoc, a worm, and bnxn, a case ; from the form of the fruit.

3. Picris. Fruit transversely striated without a beak. Pappus
With the inner hairs feathery. Meceptaclenaked. Involucre of many
“ompact, upright, equal scales, with several small lax, linear ones.
~Name, aineos, bitter, as are many of this tribe.

4. ApARGIA. Fruit beaked. Pappus feathery. Receptacle
Naked. Involucre unequally imbricated, with hirsute black scales.
—Name of uncertain origin.

5. Turincra. Fruit tapering into a beak. Pappus of the
Orets within the leaves of the involucre forming a short scaly
"up; of the rest long, feathery. Receptacle naked. —Jmvolucre
Imbricated,. Named from Sgrxoc, a feather, in allusion to the
*athery pappus. 3 z

6. Hyrocucnris. "ruit striated, often beaked. Pappus
feathery. Receptacle chaffy. Involucre oblong, imbricated.—
ame from ôro, for, and xogos, a hog, the roots being eaten by
that animal.

7. Lacróca. Fruit with a long beak. Pappus pilose. Re-
"ébtacle naked. Involucre imbricated, cylindrical, few-flowered ;
its Scales with a membranous margin.—N amed from Lae, milk,
Which flows from this and many plants of the tribe when broken.

8. Crépis. Fruit narrower upwards, striated. Pappus pilose,
“Opious, soft, mostly white, deciduous. Receptacle naked. {n-

E This is an extensive and most natural Class, corresponding with the Com-
aa of the Nat. Arrangement, (the curious genus Xanthium being alone
R cluded. ) In all the species, the flowersialk is enlarged at the summit into a

Ceptacle, which bears a great number of distinct, but closely placed, small
wers op florets, surrounded by a many-leaved involucre, so that the whole
toks like one flower. Each floret has an inferior germen, the upper part fre-
{tently expanding into a hairy or feathery calyx called a pappus, and becom-
ü 8 à l.seeded fruit, (achenium.) The corolla is of one petal, either tubular or

T at £N " 3 a Y, *
EUlate. — Suomens 5. Style single. Stigma bil d.

984 SYNGENESIA—EQUALIS. [ Serratula:

volucre scaly at the base.—Name nenmis, a slipper or last, ®
Greek, but why applied to this plant is not known.

9. Soncuus. Fruit transversely wrinkled, without a bealt
Pappus pilose. Receptacle naked. — Involucre imbricated ye
2 rows of unequal at length connivent scales, tumid at the p
—Named coryoc, in Greek, from cowoos, soft, in allusion to w
soft nature of the stems. k

10. LeóNTopoN. Fruit with a very long slender EO |
Pappus pilose. Receptacle naked. — /nvolucre imbricated W!
scales, of which the outermost are frequently lax and flaccid
Named from Acor, a Lion, and odovg, a tooth, from the tooth-li
margins of the leaves.

ll. BonkHÁUsIa. Fruit transversely wrinkled, with a ie
subulate beak. Pappus pilose. Receptacle naked. Involl je
oval, with deciduous subulate scales, at length ribbed and fu
rowed.—Named in honour of Moritz Borkhausen, a Germ?
Botanist.

12. HrerActum. Fruit angular, furrowed, with an entire 0
toothed margin at the top. Pappus pilose, in one row, sess! ;
frequently brownish, persistent. Receptacle nearly naked, dott
Involucre imbricated.—Name «o£, a hawk; because birds
prey were supposed to employ this plant to strengthen tb
powers of vision.

13. LapsAna. Fruit compressed, striated. Pappus 0. E
ceptacle naked. | Involucre in a single row of erect scales, W7
small ones at the base.—Name from AX«zaZo, to purge, from ?
laxative qualities. :

14. CicHorfum. Fruit turbinate, striated. Pappus ses! y
scaly, shorter than the fruit. Receptacle naked or slightly el
Involucre of 8 scales, surrounded by 5 smaller ones at the ba 9s
(Flowers blue).—Name ; chikouryeh, in Arabic. The Egypt?
eat a vast quantity of this vegetable.

ell

Je

ü

** Corollas all tubular and generally spreading so as to fom E

hemispherical head, style jointed upwards. (This divisio?» ^
gether with the ORD. FRUSTRANEA, constitutes the CINAP

CEPHALJE, Juss. Artichoke or Thistle Tribe.)

15. Arctium. Fruit 4-sided. Pappus short, pilose- E
ceptacle chaffy. Involucre globose, the scales with an Ine oe
hook at the point.—Name ; agxros, a bear, from the coarse
ture of the involucres.

af
16. SERRÁTULA. .Diccious. Fruit obovate. Pappus »
—4 rows, of which the interior is the longest. Receptacle we
or chaffy. Znvolucre oblong, imbricated with unarmed S aar"
Anthers muticous, —Name ; serrula, a little saw, which the
gins of the leaves represent.

Diotis.] SYNGENESIA—EQUALIS. « 285

b 17. Sausstrea. Pappus double, sessile, ext. of short rough

“istles ; inner feathery. Receptacle bristly or chaffy. Involucre
blong, imbricated with unarmed scales. Anthers below setose.
7 Named in honour of the two Saussures, father and son.

b 18. CárDuus. Pappus pilose, rough, united by a ring at the

àse, and deciduous. Receptacle bristly. Znvolucre tumid, imbri-
“ated with spinous scales.—Name ; Théis derives this from
ard, in Celtic, a point; whence also agdog, in Greek ; arduus, in
atin, &e.

! 19. Cxífcus. Pappus feathery, united by a ring at the base
ànd deciduous. Receptacle bristly. Involucre tumid, imbricat-
“d with spinous scales.— Named from xuw, to prick or wound.

20. Onopérpum. Fruit 4-angled. Pappus pilose, rough,
‘ited into a ring at the base, and deciduous. Receptacle honey-
“ombed. Jnvolucre tumid, imbricated; the scales spreading and
Pinoge.—_Name, ovos, an ass, and arsgòw, pedere, such being the
ect, according to Pliny, upon the ass who eats of it.

21. CaRrLÍNA. Pappus feathery. Receptacle chaffy. — Invo-
lucre imbricated, tumid, the outer scales with numerous spines,
le inner coloured, spreading, resembling a ray.—Name; the
‘ame as Carolina, from a tradition that the root was shown by
àn angel to Charlemagne as a remedy for the plague which pre-
Yailed in his army.
(See Centaurea in Orv. FrustRANEA.)

iia Corollas all tubular but parallel, erect and crowded, forming
a level top, without a ray, except casually.! (Part of Corym-
iferæ, Juss.) i
29. Bípens. Pappus of 2—5 persistent awns, which are
tough with minute deflexed prickles. Receptacle chaffy. In-
voluere of many scales ; the outer ones or bracteas often leafy.
°rollas sometimes radiant).—Name ; bis, double, and dens, a
Ooth, ; from the two awns or teeth which crown the fruit.

23. Evupatérium. Pappus pilose aud rough or feathery.
€centacle naked. Involucre imbricated, oblong. Florets few.
Yles much exserted.—Named from Zupator, the surname of
‘thridates, king of Pontus, who brought the plant into use.

24. Linos¥ris. Pappus pilose, rough. Receptacle alveolate.
nvolucre in one row of leafy scales. Cor. deeply 5-cleft. Styles
Varce]y longer than the florets.—Named from Linum, flax, and
‘yris, an appellation given by Pliny to a plant with supple
"ànches and leaves like flax.

25. Diétis. Pappus 0. Cor. with two ears at the base,
Which border the germen and remain upon the fruit. Receptacle

! In. Bidens, Artemisia and Tanacetum there is sometimes a ray.

286 SYNGENESIA—SUPERFLUA. [Aster
chaffy, its scales fringed. Znvolucre imbricated, hemispherical. —
Named from ôç, two, and ous, wroc, an ear, from the ear-like ap
pendages io the fruit.
96. TaNacírUM. Fruit crowned with a membranous ber
gin or pappus. Receptacle naked. — Involucre hemispheerical, pi
brieated. Florets of the ray trifid, sometimes wanting. —Nam Á
altered from Athanasia ; a, not, and davaroc, death ; oF tha
which does not quickly fade.
2°97, AnTEMÍsIA. Pappus 0. Involucre few-flowered, ovat?
or rounded, imbricated. florets of the ray, if any, slende"
awl-shaped.—Named from Artemis, the Diana of the Greeks

28. GNAPHÁLIUM. Pappus pilose, the hairs often thickened
upwards. Receptacle naked. Involucre scariose, imbricate 5
often coloured. Florets of the.circumference filiform.—S0” h
times diwcious—Name,—yvagudroy, soft down, or wool, W
which the leaves are clothed.

29. FinAeo. Pappus pilose, caducous. Receptacle chaffy j
the circumference. Jnvolucre imbricated, conical, of few af
minated scales. Florets 4-toothed, those of the circumfere??
filiform.—Name,—/ilum, thread, the whole plant being cover?
with slender thread-like hairs.

30. PETAsÍTES. Nearly dicecious. Pappus pilose. Involut?"
imbricated in two rows of lanceolate scales. Scapes many-floW? :
ed, appearing before the leaves.—Name,— 74606, a coverin
to the head, or an umbrella, from the great size of the foliag®

(See Aster, and some species of Senecio, in the following Onve®)

ORD. II. SUPERFLUA. Florets of the centre tubular; P
fect (having anthers and pistils); those of the circumference " ji
pistils only (thus as it were superfluous) and ligulate, for"
a ray, all bearing seed.

* Pappus pilose. iB
31. TussiLÁGo. Pappus pilose. Florets of the ray long a

row, numerous ; of the disk few, (both yellow). Receptacle B®” 5

Involucre formed of a single row of equal, linear scales. (Ser

single-flowered, appearing before the leaves.)—Name altered f ^d.

tussis, a cough, in the cure of which the plant has been employ?

32. EnícERoN. Pappus pilose, rough. Florets of the ye
numerous, in many rows, very narrow, (mostly of a differ
colour from the disk.) Receptacle naked. Involucre imbri? a)
with linear scales.— Name from sg, early, and yzguv, an ol T i
from the bald heads of the receptacles after the flowers and
have fallen.

cle naked,

0
HT) UNS . " "els
£nvolucre imbricated, a few scales on the peduncle. Flor

Qo ^ . n
33. ÁsTEn. Pappus pilose, in many rows. |. /ecepía

Pyrethrum,) SYNGENESIA—SUPERFLUA. 287

the disk yellow, of the ray usually purple, and in 1 or 2 rows.
“Na me,— Aster, a star, which the flowers resemble.

94. SENÉCIO. Pappus pilose. Receptacle naked. Inwolucre
Sylindrica], its scales linear, equal, with several smaller ones at
ie base, their tips often brown.—( lowers, in the British species,
elow, their ray sometimes wanting.)—Name, from senex, an
man. (See Erigeron.)

.. 95. CINERÁRIA. “Pappus pilose. Receptacle naked. Involucre
*ylindrical, of many equal, erect scales. (Flowers yellow).—

: p oe, cineres, ashes; from the ashen colour of the underside
"the leaves in some species.

36. SorrpAeo. Pappus pilose, rough, in 1 row. Receptacle
aked, Involucre closely imbricated. Florets of the ray few,
E row, and as well as those of the disk, yellow.—Name, —
Slidari, to unite, from the vulnerary properties that have been
‘tributed to some species.

97. Inuta. Fruit beaked. Pappus pilose,in 1 row. Recep-
tacle naked. Involucre imbricated. (Flowers yellow. Anthers
With bristles at their base.)—N ame said to be the same as

elenium, having sprung from the tears of Helen.

98. PuLicÁRIA. Fruit not beaked. Pappus double: outer
Che short, cup-shaped, membranous, toothed ; inner pilose, rough.
*ceptacle naked. Involucre hemispherical, closely imbricated,
ith numerous scales. (Flowers yellow. Anthers with bristles at
their base).—-Name,—pulex, a flea, which is supposed to be
“ven away by its powerful smell.

39. Dorénicum. Pappus pilose, wanting to the florets of the
us Receptacle naked, or nearly so. {nvolucre with the scales
"Qual, in a double row. (Flowers yellow).—Named from dagoy,
“Nft, and vixy, victory, because it is said to have been formerly

Sed to destroy wild beasts.

** Pappus chaffy or none.

40. B£rnrs. Pappus none. Receptacle naked, conical. Jn-
lucre hemisphærical, its scales obtuse, equal, in a single row.
( Cape single-flowered).— Named from bellus, pretty. And who

ere, whether in youth or in age, that is not sensible of the
arms of this “ modest crimson-tipped flower?" It is there-
fe? in France, called Marguerite, a term expressive of beauty,

Um margarita, a pearl. i
} 41. CarysANTHEMUM. Pappus 0. Receptacle naked. Invo-
cre hemispherical or nearly flat ; the scales imbricated, mem-
rtaceous at their margins. —Name,—zxguooc, gold, and ayvéos, a

Ji

Pwer, from the colour of the blossoms in some of the species.

lg

42. PyngrunuM. Fruit crowned with a membranaceous

288 SYNGENESIA——JEQUALIS. [ Zragopogon-

border. Receptacle naked. Involucre hemispherical or nearly
flat, the scales imbricated, membranaceous at their margins.
Named from its resemblance to the mugelgov, of Dioscorides, $
called from «ve, fire, on account of its acrid roots.

43. MaTRICÁRIA. Pappus 0. Receptacle naked. Involueri
hemispherical or nearly flat, the scales imbricated, obtuse, P?
membranaceous at their margins.—Named from its repute
medicinal virtues.

44. Anruemis. Pappus a membranaceous border, or 0. Re
ceptacle convex, chaffy. Involucre hemisphzerical or nearly plan
the scales imbricated, membranaceous at their margins.— Nate
—«vbeuoy, a flower, from the profusion of its blossoms.

45. AcnILLÁA. Pappus 0. Receptacle flat, chaffy. Iwobi
cre ovate, imbricated. Florets of the ray 5—10, roundish

obcordate.—So named because its healing virtues were sai
be first discovered by Achilles.

; NH . AR
(See Bidens, Artemisia, Tanacetum, in Orv. /EquALIs. Div. )

ORD. III. FRUSTRANEA.

yi : ; 7
Florets of the disk perfect and fertile ; those of the circumfer ent
neuter ; all tubular. (Part of CINAROCEPHALA, Juss.)

46. CENTÁUREA. Pappus pilose, or 0. Receptacle bristlf:

Involucre imbricated. Florets of the ray narrow, funnel-shap®”’
irregular, longer than those of the disk (sometimes wanting) —
So named, because with this plant it is said the Centaur Chi?
cured himself of a wound received in the foot from Hercule*

(See Anthemis Cotula, in Orv. SUPERFLUA).

SYNGENESIA—AQUALIS.
1. TRAcoPócoN. Linn. Goat’s-beard.

l. T. praténsis, L. (yellow Goat's-beard ;) involucre about a
long as the corollas, Jeaves undivided glabrous acumina e
channelled, peduncles cylindrical. Æ. Bot. t. 434.— f. involuc.
longer than the corollas, peduncle slightly thickened upwa"
T. major, Jacq.

Meadows and pastures. Scotland. Ireland. Fv. June. 4
ft. high. Flowers yellow, closing every day before noon ; head of fr
large. Pappus very feathery, elevated on a long stalk.

2. T. * porrifólius, L. (purple Goat's-beard or Salsafy) 3 ™
luere much longer than the corollas, leaves undivided str?!
peduncles thickened upwards. Æ, Bot. t. 638.

Moist meadows in several parts of England; but very local. 4
Glasgow. FY, May, June. 2f.—3—4 feet high. Flowers large D. u

. . . i. à C
closing before noon, or in rainy weather. The root was former!y
vated for culinary purposes.

nvo*

Thrincia] SYNGENESIA—QUALIS. 289

:2. HELMÍNTHIA, Juss. Ox-tongue.
l. H. echioides, Geertn. (bristly Ox-tongue).— Picris, L.—E.
Bot. t. 979.
Borders of fields, especially in a clayey soil. Not found in Scotland.
bout Dublin. FU. J une, July. 2f.—2—3 feet high, stout, hispid with
Numerous rigid hairs, springing from tubercles. Lower leaves lanceolate ;
Pper ones cordate, amplexicaul. Flowers small, yellow. Outer invo-
Ucre large, with heart-shaped scales.
3. Picris. Linn. Picris.

l. P. hieracioides, L. (Hawk-weed Picris); stem rough with
oked bristles, leaves lanceolate rough toothed, flowers corym-
Ose, peduncles with many bracteas. Æ. Bot. t. 196.
Road-sides and borders of fields, frequent. FZ July, Aug. ¢ .— Stems
2—3 feet high. Flowers yellow.
4. APÁRGIA. Schreb. Hawkbit..
l. A. hispida, Willd. (rough Hawhbit) ; scape single-flowered,
leaves runcinate hispid with forked hairs, flowers drooping in
ud, «florets hairy at their orifice glandulose at the tip," invo-
lucre hairy.—Hedypnois, Huds.— FE. Bot. t. 554.—Leontodon, L.
vL. hastile, «. vulgaris, Koch.—Thrincia hisp, Macreight, Br.
Bot, (certainly not of Roth.)
eadows, pastures, and gravelly heaths ; frequent. F7. June, July. ?f.

2. A. autumnális, Willd. (autumnal Hawkbit) ; scape branched
Scaly upwards, leaves lanceolate toothed or pinnatifid nearly
Blabrous, peduncles swollen beneath the somewhat downy in-
Volucres.— Hedypnois, KE. Bot. t. 830.— Leontodon, L.— Oporina,

€ss.—. involucre and upper part of the flowerstalk clothed
With blackish hairs. Mieractum Taraxaci, L.—.Apargia Tar.,
Willd. Sm.—Hook.—(not of Lois. and others)—Hedypnois, E.
ot. t. 1109.—H. autumnale, s. Huds.-—A. pratensis, Link.—
Oporina, Lois. .

Meadows and pastures, frequent. FI. Aug. Y.—Dwolucre cylindri-
fal, and tapering gradually into the pedicel. Flowers moderately large,
Yellow, Pappus brownish-white.—var. b. the original Hieracium

arazaci, L., found by Dr Solander in Lapland, proves to be only a var.

his L. autumnale; and is a very different plant from the Apargia
""raxüci of Willd. and other continental authors, which has a pure
b lte pappus with the outer series of hairs very short, and a short un-
'anched scape without scales. i
5. Turinera. Roth. Thrincia.

l. T. hirta, Roth, (hairy Thrincia); leaves lanceolate sub-
nuato-dentate somewhat hispid with frequently forked hairs, -
Capes single-flowered ascending glabrous as well as the invo-
lucre. Hook. Fl. Lond. N. S. cum Ic.— Apargia, Hoffm.—E.
l v. iii, p. 859. — Hedypnois, E. Bot. t. 555.— Leontodon hirt., L,
ravelly pastures and moors. Fi. July, Aug. 2f.—In small, starved

wj Cimens, the leaves are frequently runcinate. The outer pericarps,

i, €^ have scales for a pappus, are often abortive and smooth ; the

ho

si

ner ones are most beautifully striated and marked with raised dots.
VOL, 1, U

290 SYNGENESIA—JEQUALIS. [ Lactuct-

6. Hvyprocnd&Ris. Linn. Cat's-ear.

1. H. glabra, L. (smooth Cat’s-ear) ; nearly glabrous, inv
lucre oblong regularly imbricated, stem branched somew??
leafy, radical leaves dentato-sinuate. Æ. Bot. t. 575. ]

Fields and gravelly soils in many places, but not very common. fi ;
July, Aug.©.—A foot or more high. Leaves oblong, slightly hairy
Flowers small, yellow. Pappus of the central florets stalked, that 0
the circumference sessile.

2. H. maculdta, L. (spotted Cat's-ear) ; stem almost leafless .
solitary, leaves obovato-oblong undivided toothed (spotte™
above.) Æ. Bot. t. 225.—Achyrophorus, Gert—DC.

In open chalky and limestone pastures. Ormeshead, N. Wales. Dry
woods, east of Forfar. Fl. July. 21.— Leaves almost all radical, 8
brous. Stem or scape with one, or rarely 3—5, large, deep ye"9
flowers, and 2 or 3 small lanceolate scales or bracteas, and, as well as the
involucre, slightly hispid. f

3. H.radicáta, L. (long-rooted Caťs-ear); stem branched lea
less glabrous, peduncles with small scales, leaves runcinate obtuse
scabrous. Æ. Bot. t. 881.— Achyrophorus, Gert.—DC. f

Meadows, pastures and way-sides, frequent. FZ. July. Y.— Lea
all radical, spreading. Stem 1 ft. or more high. Peduncles a little thie
ened upward. Flowers rather large, yellow. Pappus stalked in fr.

7. Lacttca. Linn.. Lettuce.

1. L. virósa, L. (strong-scented Lettuce) ; leaves patent oblong
toothed two-eared and amplexicaul at the base, their keel prie "
ly, flowers panicled. Æ. Bot. t. 1957.

Banks and way-sides, especially in a chalky soil. Rare in Scotland :
about Edinb., Dunkeld, Coldstream, Melrose, and Stirling Castle. FV. A
d .—Stems 3—4 feet high, erect, prickly, with distant leaves. TM
leaves obovate, numerous.— The plant abounds with a milky and nare 4
tic juice, which has been considered by some as a gentle and safe op?
Flowers small, yellow. :

2. L. Scariola, L. (prickly Lettuce); leaves nearly upright Jan
ceolato-sagittate sinuated and ciliato-dentate, the keel prickly:
panicle leafy. — E. Bot. t. 268. y

Waste ground in Cambridgeshire. Southend, Essex; and (formerly,
near Islington. Fl. Aug. 2£.—Of milder quality and paler colour port
the last, with more upright branches and leaves. The garden Lettu?
is L. sativa, L., not a native. ; i

3. L. saligna, L. (least Lettuce) ; root-leavés lanceolate wit
few teeth, cauline ones linear-lanceolate entire sagittate, flower
lateral with small floral leaves. Æ. Bot. t. 707. d.

Chalky waste ground, near salt-marshes in the south-east of Englar s
Fi. Aug. d .— Whole plant slender ; branches twiggy ; the small flow
may be said to be almost spicate. prs

4. L. murális, Less. (Jvy-leaved Lettuce); florets 5, leaves ge?
to-pinnatifid and toothed the terminal lobe angled, panicle wi
divaricated branches. Prenanthes, L.—E. Bot. t. 457.

On old walls and in woods. Fl. July. 2f.—Stem 2 feet high,
cled above. Flowers small, yellow. ae

pani-

Crepis.] SYNGENESIA—JEQUALIS. — 291

8. Crépis. Linn. Hawk’s-beard. —

l. C. vérens, L. (smooth Hawk’ s-beard); leaves glabrous rune
nate the upper ones linear-sagittate amplexicaul the margins
Plane, stem glabrous, panicle subcorymbose, fruit oblong short-
er than the pappus which latter is almost as long as the invo-
Ucre, C, tectorum, E. Bot. t. 1111.

: Dry pastures, roofs of cottages, &c. Fl. July. ©.—Stems 1—3 feet
high, Radical leaves more orless pinnatifid or runcinate, their teeth
9T segments often horizontal, sometimes curved upwards. Flowers
‘mall, yellow, outer scales of the involucre very narrow, hispid. Mr
abington has clearly shown (Linn. Trans. v. xiii. p. 455) that the
* lectorum, of English authors, is the C. virens, L.

ei

2. C. biénnis, L. (rough HawNK's-beard); leaves rough runci-
Nato-pinnatifid their lobes toothed, involucre downy shorter -
than the pappus, fruit with a long beak, longer than the pappus..
E. Bot. t. 149. :

Chalky pastures in England; Kent, Suffolk, &c. Near Bangor, N.
Wales, Mr W. Wilson. Fl. June, July. d .—Stems 2—4 feet high,
Urrowed, rough above. F/owers much larger than in the preceding ;
Outer scales of the involucre almost glabrous. Pappus very white, and
Upon a fruit so attenuated upwards as to form a stalk.

3. C. pálchra, L. (small-flowered Hawk's-beard) ; leaves downy
toothed, radical ones oblongo-obovate, the rest sagittato-am-
Plexicaul, panicle corymbose spreading, fruit very obscurely
Striated slightly attenuated upwards about as long as the pap-
Pus, the latter equalling the glabrous involucre in length. £.—
E. Bot. t. 9895.— Prenanthes hieraciifolia, Willd.

Crumbling rocks on the hill of Turin, near Forfar, Scotland. 77.
June— Sept. ©.—Root-leaves tapering into a foot-stalk ; cauline ones

Toad, clasping the stem with their toothed bases; outer scales of the in-
Voluere very minute. I have never seen British specimens.

4. C. succisefolia, Tausch. (Succory-leaved Hawk’s-beard) ;
Stem tall panicled above, leaves oblong obtuse nearly glabrous
3hd entire the radical ones attenuated into a long petiole, fruit
. Much striated compressed slightly narrower upwards as long as
‘he pappus which latter is rather shorter than the involucre.

—Hieracium, All.—H. molle, Jacq.— E. Bot. t. 2210—H. Croa-
cum and Crepis hieracioides, W. et K.—Geractum Croaticum
and succisefolium, Reich. ;

Woods ; Scotland. Near Forfar, Falls of the Tummel, Glen Luss,
“so in Langton woods, and near Renton, Berwickshire. F7. July, Aug.

—— This plant varies in the hairiness of its leaves, and is, I cannot

Subt, notwithstanding the remarks of Sir J. E. Smith in Æ. F., the true

E succisefolium of Allioni, which Tausch has long ago, (Bot. Zeit. v. ii,
+

"ganz. p. 79.) together with the following species, referred to Crepis.
5. C. paludósa, Meench, (Marsh Hawh’s-beard) ; glabrous,
Stem erect branched upwards and subcorymbose, radical leaves
Vato-oblong runcinato-dentate attenuated into a foot-stalk,
“auline ones lanceolate toothed heart-shaped at the base and

292 SYNGENESIA——JEQUALIS. [Leontodon

amplexicaul much acuminated, involucre glanduloso-pilose, frait
striated scarcely narrower upwards, about as long as the pappus
Hieracium, L.—E. Bot. t. 1094.— Geracium, Reich.—Aracw™
Monn. !

Frequent in moist woods and rocky places. FI. Aug. H.
9. Séncuus. Linn. Sow-thistle.

1. S. alpinus, L. (blue alpine Sow-thistle) ; flower-stalks brat-
teas and involucre glanduloso-hispid racemose, stems glabrous
below, leaves glabrous lyrate arrow-shaped at the base, termin?
lobe very large deltoideo-hastate.— S. eeruleus, E. Bot. t. 2425-
Rocky places, near rivulets. Loch-na-gar and Clova mountains, an

in their vicinity, G. Don. * Found in five new stations in Glen Do
and Glen Isla by Dr Wight, Dr Greene, and Dr Greville.” FI July,
Aug. 2f .—I cannot but agree with Wahlenberg in considering this tO
the same as the true alpinus of Linn. I have gathered the plant at t FH
head of the White-water in the Clova mountains, and on a compariso
of those specimens with others of S. alpinus from Switzerland, for whi¢
I am indebted to Sir J. E. Smith himself, I find them identical.

2. S. palistris, L. (tall Marsh Sow-thistle) ; flower-stalks
eorymbose and involucre glanduloso-hispid, leaves denticulat?
runcinato-pinnatifid with few segments arrow-shaped at the
base, upper ones simply sagittate. Æ. Bot. t. 933.

Marshy places, rare.. Isle of Ely. Greenwich and Blackwall. CroY-
don. Wouldham, Kent. F7. July, Aug. 21.—6—8 feet high. Flowers
large, yellow.

3. S. arvénsis, L. (corn Sow-thistle) ; flower-stalks corymb0%?
and involucre glanduloso-hispid, leaves denticulate cordate ?
the base oblongo-lanceolate, lower ones sinuato-runcinate.
Bot. t. 674.

Corn-fields, frequent. F7. Aug. Y.— Stems 3—4 feet high. Flowel®
very large, yellow. 3

4. S. oleráceus, L. (common Sow-thistle) ; flower-stalks subu”
bellate, involucre glabrous, leaves more or less pinnatifid, lowe
ones stalked, upper ones lanceolate sagittato-amplexicaul at f
base, all dentato-ciliate, fruit cancellate. Æ. Bot. t. 849.7.
asper; leaves with rounded auricles, lower ones sessile, fruit
ribbed scarcely cancellate. S. oleraceus, y. and 6. L. et Sm-
S. asper, Hoffm—Borr. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2765 and 2766.

a, and 8. Waste places and cultivated ground, common. Fl. June-
Aug. ©.—2—3 ft. high. Flowers small, yellow. Involucre conic?
When in seed.

10. LeéntTopon. Linn. Dandelion.

pO. L. Tarázacum, L. (common Dandelion); outer scales of the
involucre reflexed, leaves runcinate glabrous toothed. Æ. He ^
510.— Taraxacum Dens Leonis, Hall. DC.—4. scales of #4

involucre erect appressed. Z. palustre, Sm. E. Bot. t. 553.

‘ 3 . IS.
Meadows and pastures, common.—g. Wet open pastures and moo

Hieracium.] SYNGENESIA—ZQUALIS. 293

E all summer. 2f.— Leaves all radical, segments "more or less deep.
"Cape with a single flower.

ll. BonknBHÁvsia. Mænch. Borkhausia.

. 1. B. fetida, DC. (stinking Borkhausia); leaves scabrous ses-
Sue runcinato-pinnatifid upper ones lanceolate cut at the base,
Stem hairy, involucre downy.— Crepis fetida, L.—E. Bot. t.406.
J Dry chalky ground ; Cambridgeshire, Norfolk and Kent. F7. June,

uly, 4 .—Stem spreading. Corollas red externally. The herb is very
milky, and said to diffuse a smell resembling bitter almonds.

12. Hiıerácium. Linn. Hawkweed.
* Scape leafless or rarely with one leaf, single-flowered.

. l. H. alpinum, L. (alpine single-flowered Hawkweed) ; scape
Ssingle-flowered nearly leafless hairy as well as the oblongo-
anceolate almost entire leaves, involuere thickly clothed with
long silky hairs. Æ. Bot. t. 1110.— 6. taller, radical leaves tooth-
ed. Æ. Halleri, and H. hybridum, Vill. —H. villosum, Sm. E. Bot.
t. 9379. (not of Jacq. Austr. t. 81.)
Elevated rocky mountains, especially in Scotland. Snowdon. Near
Llyn-y-Cwn, N. Wales. 6. Highland mountains of Scotland. F7. July,
ug. 21.—4—6 or more inches high. Leaves with numerous, whitish
hairs, especially at the base, where they taper into petioles. Hairs, on the
Upper part of the scape, black at the base, and often mixed with minute,
ack, glandulose ones. Involucre thickly clothed all over with dingy-
Coloured or fulvous, long silky hairs. Flower always solitary, large, of
a full yellow.
2. H. Pilosélla, L.(common Mouse-ear Hawkweed); scape one-
flowered leafless, leaves entire elliptico-lanceolate hairy, downy
eneath, scyons creeping. Æ. Bot. t. 1093.
Banks and dry pastures, frequent. FZ. May —July. ?f .— Distinguish-
E at all times, by its creeping scyons. Flowers of a pale lemon-
Yellow.

#* Scape leafless or rarely with one leaf, many-flowered.

3. H.*dábium, L. (branching Mouse-ear Hawkweed); scape
Many-flowered leafless (or with 1 small leaf), leaves entire ellip-
tico-lanceolate with only a few scattered hairs, scyons creeping.
E. Bot. t. 2352.

Said to have been found in Westmoreland and Scotland. FZ July.

— Taller and slenderer than the last, with smaller flowers.

4. H.*aurantiacum, L. (orange Hawkweed); scape nearly leaf-
less simple hairy bearing a corymb of many flowers, leaves obo-
Vato-lanceolate entire rough with longish hairs. Æ. Bot. t. 1469.

oods in Banffshire and near Tarref. Coalston woods, E. Lothian,
Woods east of Kenmore: Failsworth, near Manchester. Fl. July. 2.
—Hairs long on the upper part of the scape; black at the base, as they
are upon the involucre ; sometimes all black, hence often called Grim-
the. Collier. Flowers deep orange.

5. H.* Aurícula, L. (orange Mouse-ear Hawkweed) ; “ leaves

294 SYNGENESIA——JEQUALIS. [Hieracium

lanceolate acute nearly entire coarsely hairy green on both sides:
scyons scarcely so long as the leaves, scape downy and hairy
eorymbose, calyx shaggy. LZ. Bot. t. 2368. :

On Dalehead, near Grassmere, Cumberland; Hudson. Fi. July. 4°

*** Stem with few (1 or 2) leaves, many-jlowered.

6. H. murórum, L. ( Wall Hawkweed); stem with 1 petiolated
leaf branched upwards subcorymbose downy especially beneat
the involucre where are a few black glands, radical leaves ot
mostly toothed at the base and hairy as well as the longis :
petioles, involuere downy. Æ. Bot. t. 2082.—8. pulmonarium 5
softer and more hairy especially about the base of the ste?
and petioles of the leaves, which latter are narrower tapering
gradually into a footstalk and more toothed. H. pulmonarints
E. Bot. t. 2307.—H. Halleri, Hook. in Fl. Lond. N. S. t. p
(excl. syn.)—7. Lawsoni ; leaves nearly entire and as well as "?)
petioles very silky. H. Lawsoni, E. Bot. t. 2083. (an Vil.
9. small almost glabrous rigid single-flowered. s. small, flace!
single-flowered, involucre with copious black hairs. i

Woods, walls, and rocks, common. f. vallies of Scotland. y. elevate
mountains. >. Clova mountains. Drummond. s. Mountains near Gler
shee. Jos. Hooker.—In the last edition of this work, I had suggesté
that the H. Lawsoni and pulmonarium, Sm. were probably only va”
of H. murorum, and a more careful examination of the genus has bu
served to strengthen this opinion. The varieties indeed of this pla?

are almost endless, and when the stem is more than usually leafy, !
seems almost to pass into the following.

SOC. Stem with many leaves, many-flowered.

7. H. sylváticum, Sm. ( Wood Hawkweed); stem with several
leaves branched upwards and subcorymbose slightly hairy m
more or less downy beneath the involucre, leaves ovato-lance?
late or lanceolate toothed with the sharp teeth pointing upwa"
somewhat hairy, involucre with very short pubescence. Hoe
Scot. i. p. 231.—«a. leaves green ovato-lanceolate with rt
teeth. Hook. l. c.— H. sylvaticum, E. Bot. t. 2031.—H. vulg”
tum, Fries.—H. murorum, « Sm. Fl. Brit. p. 880.—g. leave
ovato-lanceolate spotted with dark purple, with large teet 5
Hook. l. c.— H. maculatum, E. Bot. t. 2121.—»^. leaves lance?
late spotted and clouded with purple. Hook. i c.— H. picti
Schleich. "i

Mountain woods, walls and banks, frequent—£. and y. not rare d
Scotland. F/. Aug. Yf.—1—2 ft. high, scarcely hairy on the stem. ler
leaves are usually numerous, more or less distinctly toothed. Mr Da?
finds it, near Plymouth, with quite entire foliage. "

8. H. eerinthoides, L. (Honeywort-leaved Hawhweed) ; pe
corymbose hairy with fulvous hairs, glandular upwards, lea "
glaucous hairy very slightly toothed, radical ones oblongo-9 da
vate petiolate, cauline ones oblong semiamplexicaul, involu
hairy. E. Bot. 1.9378.

`

Lapsana.] SYNGENESIA—ÆQUALIS. 295

Rocks in the Highlands, not uncommon, G. Don. Fl. Aug. M.—1
ave never seen a native specimen, except the one for which [ am in-
ebted to Mr D. Don ; it, however, quite agrees with Gouan's original :
Jrenean ones. Flowers large, handsome.

.9. H.*amplexicáule, L. (amplexicaul Hawkweed); glanduloso-
Pllose, stem corymbose, leaves toothed, radical ones oblongo- —
9vate petiolate, cauline ones cordate at the base amplexicaul.
Hook. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2690.
th Walls of the Castle of Cleish, Kinross-shire. Clova mountains. On

e walls of the Oxford Bot. Garden, Mr Bicheno. Fl. Aug. Y.—A
Most distinct and well-marked species, every where clothed with brownish
Slandular hairs, most dense on the peduncle and involucre. The lower
Cauline Zeaves are more or less oblong, the upper ones are truly cordate.

10. H. denticulátum, Sm. (small-toothed Hawkweed) ; “stem
erect leafy solid many-flowered cymose with downy glandular
Stalks, leaves sessile elliptic-lanceolate finely toothed nearly gla-

rous glaucous beneath." Æ. Bot. t. 212.—H. prenanthoides,
Sm, Fl. Br. p. 835. (not Vill.)

Woods at Loch Rannoch, Perthshire: near Selkirk; and Findhorn,

Elgin. Fl. July, Aug. 2f.—Is this really distinct from the following ?
11. H. prenanthoides, Vill. (rough-bordered Hawkweed); stem
erect leafy simple hairy, panicle corymbose with hispid and
glandular stalks, leaves oblong cordate and amplexicaul at the
ase, upper ones gradually smaller and ovato-cordate acuminate,
all glaucous beneath and remotely toothed. Æ. Bot. t. 2235.
. River-sides in Scotland ; but rare. Banks of the Esk ; near Pitmain ;
in Glen Lyon, and banks of the Don, in Braemar. FV. Aug. 2f.—3—
4 feet high, the Zeaves all cordate at the base, and remarkably amplex-
leaul, gradually smaller upwards. Znvolucre with black glandular hairs.

19. H. Sabaádum, L.? (shrubby broad-leaved Hawkweed); stem
erect copiously leafy mostly hairy, branches subcorymbose, leaves
9vato-lanceolate slightly hairy toothed the lower ones tapering
into a short petiole, involucre slightly hairy and as well as the
Peduncles destitute of glands. E. Bot. t. 949. (an L. ?) — H. bore-
ale, Fries.—H. sylvestre, Tausch. ;

Coppices, groves, thickets and walls; frequent. F7. Aug. Sept. H.
— Smith's figure of this plant is surely not characteristic of the true H,
Sabaudum. It isindeed the H. boreale of Fries, and scarcely differs from
Some states of H. prenanthoides, except in the absence of glandular hairs
9n the involucre and peduncles.
` 18. H. umbellátum, L. (narrow-leaved Hawkweed); stem erect
Simple rigid very leafy, leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate sub-

Slabrous slightly toothed, flowers subumbellate, peduncles downy,
Myolucres glabrous. E. Bot. t. 1771.—£. leaves broader.

Groves, or stony and rocky places.—£. Dunkerran, Co. Kerry. Dr
Taylor, who sends it as H. Steinbergii. Fl. Aug. Sept. 2f.— The
most decidedly marked of any individual in this troublesome genus.

13. LaPsÁNA. Linn. Nipple-wort.

l. L. comminis, L. (common Nipple-wort); involucre of the

296 SYNGENESIA—ZQUALIS. [ Carduus.

fruit angular, stem panicled, peduncles slender, leaves ovate
or cordate petiolate angulato-dentate. Æ. Bot. t. 844.

Waste and cultivated ground, common. F7. July, Aug. (9.— Stems
2—4 feet high. Leaves soft and thin, slightly hairy ; the radical one?
more or less lyrate. Flowers small, yellow.

2. L. pusilla, Willd. (dwarf Nipple-wort); seape branched
very thick and fistulose upwards, leaves obovato-oblong toothed
Hook. in Fl. Lond. N. S. t. 65.—L. minima, DC.—Hyose™
L.—H. Bot. t. 95.

Corn-fields, in gravelly soils. 7. June, July. ©.—Scapes ar
inches high, more or less branched, remarkable for their clavate 4?
fistulose extremities. Flowers small, yellow.

14. Cicnoníuw. Linn. Succory.

l. C. Intybus, L. (wild Succory); flowers sessile axillary in
pairs, leaves runcinate. Æ. Bot. t. 539. .

Borders of fields and waste places; chiefly in a light, gravelly %
chalky soil. F7. July, Aug. 2f.—Stem 1—3 ft. high, erect, branche 4
Flowers numerous, large, bright but pale blue.— The Endive or Suc —
cory of the gardens is C. Endivia, supposed to be a native of Indi^.
The specific name of both is derived from the Arabic Hendibeh.

15. Arcrium. Zinn. Burdock.

1. A. Láppa, L. (common Burdock); leaves cordate stalked
—02. involucre glabrous. A. Lappa, E. Bot. t. 98.—-6. involuct?
with a cobweb-like down. A. Bardana, Willd.— E, Bot. t. 247°

Waste places and way-sides, common. F7 July, Aug. 4 .— Three
feet or more high. Radical /eaves very large and often slightly toothed
Jnvolucre with hooked scales, which fasten themselves most pertina
ciously to clothes and the coats of animals. These scales are sometime
glabrous, and occasionally have a more or less abundant cottony pe
stance interwoven with them ; whence two species have been establishe
by some authors. Flowers purple.

.16. SERRÁTULA. Linn. Saw-wort. ;

1, S. tinctória, L. (common Saw-wort); leaves entire pinnat!

fid finely serrated, outer scales of the involucre ovate appresse®
inner ones linear coloured, Æ. Bot. t. 38.

Thickets and pastures, less frequent in Scotland. FZ. Aug. 217

2—3 ft. high, branched, stiff. Flowers purple.—It dyes cloth yellow:

l7. SaussónEA. De Cand. Saussurea.

1. S. alpina, DC. (alpine Saussurea); leaves toothed cottony
beneath lanceolate, those of the root ovato-lanceolate stalke?
flowers in a clustered umbel, Æ. Bot. t. 599. P

Moist alpine rocks. Snowdon. Frequent on the Highland mon
tains of Scotland. Fi. Aug. 2£.—Stem 8—12 inches high, erect, © :
ple, woolly. Leaves few upon the stem. Flowers rather large, PUP

18. CArpuus. Linn. Thistle.

* Leaves decurrent. —
1. C. nútans, L. (Mush Thistle); leaves deeurrent spinoU"

Y,
Cnicus,] SYNGENESIA—/JEQUALIS. 297

ders drooping, seales of the involuere lanceolate cottony,

er ones spreading. Æ. Bot. t. 1112.
gy aste ground, in dry, stony or chalky soils. FZ. July, Aug. 2. (©.
ed s feet high, not mueh branched, cottony, interruptedly wing-
lon: eaves oblong, deeply sinuated. Flowers solitary, large, hand-
E purple ; said to smell powerfully of musk in warm weather ; most

the evening, according to Lightfoot.,

T 2. C. acanthoides, L. (welted Thistle); leaves decurrent sin-
EM spinous, involucre globose nearly sessile, its scales linear
o ly recurved. ŒE. Bot. t. 973.— C. polyacanthos, Curt.—C.

tpus, L.

Jn ay-sides and waste places; varying with white flowers. FT. June,
du ©.—3—4 feet high, uninterruptedly winged, branched. Flowers
ered at the ends of the branches, deep purple.

3. C. tenuiflórus, Curt. (slender-flowered Thistle); leaves de-
"Urrent sinuated spinous somewhat cottony beneath, involucres
nearly cylindrical clustered sessile, their scales lanceolate erect.

Bot. t. 412,

Jy aste sandy places, especially near the sea, about towns. J’. June,
uly, @.—2—4 feet high, winged the whole way up the stem with the
“current bases of the leaves.

** Leaves sessile.

E 4. C. Mariánus, L. (milk Thistle); leaves amplexicaul waved
Pinous the radical ones pinnatifid, scales of the involucre sub-
syidceous recurved spinous at the margin. Æ. Bot. t. 976.—
tybum, Gert.—DC. :
anks and waste places: rare in Scotland. About Edinburgh, and
abl umbarton rock. FZ. July. g .—8—to 5 feet high. Distinguish-
sS at once by the milky veins on its leaves, and the great recurved
Cales of the involucre-—A drop of the Virgin Mary's milk was con-
Mered to have produced these white veins, as that of Juno was fabled
0 be the origin of the milky way.
19. Cxícus. Linn. Plume-thistle.
* Leaves decurrent.
s l. C. lanceoldtus, Willd. (Spear Plume-thistle); leaves decur-
EN hispid pinnatifid, their segments generally two-lobed spread-
3 8 spinous, involueres ovate tomentose, their scales lanceolate
Preading.— Carduus, L.— E. Bot. t. 107.
hi Eus and pastures, frequent. 77. July, Aug. $.—3—4 feet
he - Leaves downy beneath ; their points long and very sharp. Flow-
Standing singly, large.

3. C. palistris, Willd. (Marsh Plume-thistle); leaves decur-

r ADAE: & f
€nt scabrous pinnatifid spinous, involucres ovate clustered,

reir scales ovato-lanceolate mucronate appressed.— Carduus,
EH. Bot. t. 974.

hic oist meadows and shady places, frequent. FI. July. ¢.-—4—6 ft.

ih erect, copiously clothed with rather short spines. Remarkable for
S clustered heads of flowers, whose involucres have the scales broad,
Pressed, keeled and mucronated.

ini Cues
298 SYNGENESIA——/EQU ALIS. [ Cue?

** Leaves sessile, or nearly so. -

3. C. arvénsis, Hoffm. (creeping Plume-thistle); leaves sessile
pinnatifid spinous, stem panicled, involucre ovate its scales e
pressed mucronated.—Carduus, Curt.—ZE. Bot. t. 975.—
ratula, L. 7.

Fields and by way-sides, too abundant. Fi. July. 21.—1—3 feet hig
Root very creeping. Stems angular, but not winged.

4. C. Lorstéri, Sm. (branching Bog Plume-thistle); “ leave’
slightly decurrent pinnatifid spinous downy beneath, stem pan;
cled hollow, involucre ovate rather cottony, outer scales spinous:
E. Fi. v. iii. p. 390. got

Formerly found in boggy woods, near Frant, Sussex, 2 miles r ;
Tunbridge Wells. Foot of St. George's Hill, Weybridge. Garen? i
Derry; Mr D. Moore. Fi. July, Aug. 2f .—'* The fructification vw
accords with that of the last two sp., while the herbage and habt :
proach some of the following, or rather the exotic Cn. rivularis, Y",
Sim.— Mr Borrer suspects it to be a hybrid production between C
tensis and C. palustris.

$
5. C. erióphorus, Willd. (woolly-headed Plume-thistle); e
sessile pinnatifid every other segment pointing upwards SPI.
scabrous, involueres sphzrical woolly. Hook. Scot. i. p. z
, — Carduus, L.— HE. Bot. t. 386. "
Waste ground and road-sides, in a chalky and limestone soil. E
in Scotland. Near Edinb. ; Dumbarton and in Appin. FI. July- us.
— Stems much branched, furrowed, 3 feet high; the stoutest of the ge, aly
Leaves acuminated, white and downy beneath ; their lobes alternat d
pointing upwards and downwards, and terminated by sharp spines. ith
volucre very large ; its scales linear, mucronate, much interwoven
a woolly substance.

6. C. tuberósus, Willd. (tuberous Plume-thistle); “leaves p
ly pinnatifid.lobed fringed with prickles, lower ones on ies
stalks, stem almost single-flowered without wing or prio
scales of the involucre minutely spinous nearly glabrous,
creeping tuberous.” ^ £F. Bot. t. 2562. pe

Iu a copse-wood, called Great Ridge, on the Wiltshire down geg ;
tween Boyton house and Fonthill, abundantly; A. B. Lambert
Fi. Aug. Y.—A most distinct and handsome species.

- $

7. C. heterophyllus, Willd, (melancholy Plume-thistle); ag
semi-amplexicaul lanceolate soft ciliato-dentate undivided ry
laciniated white and downy beneath, flowers mostly soli -
— Carduus, L.—.H. Bot. t. 615,

Moist mountain pastures in the north, frequent. Z7. July. ^f
ft. high. Stems striated, and, as well as the underside of the
covered with a white cottony down. Leaves mostly radical an
olated. Involucre dark green ; its scales lanceolate, acuminate,
Spiny.

8. C. praténsis, Willd. (Meadow Plume-thistle); uppe
sessile lanceolate soft waved at the edge and unequally

?

yoo!

Eu
leav” i
l^

put 2%

r leave
spinow®

Bidens.) SYNGENESIA—JEQUALIS, 299

Pubescent cottony beneath, flowers mostly solitary.— Carduus,
"ds. — E, Bot. t. 177.

_ 20W wet pastures. Rare in Scotland; Isla and Arran. F7. July. ?f.

ki cont 1 foot high. Leaves waved, toothed and spiny. Flowers

imb ary. Scales of the involucre with short spines, lanceolate, closely
Neated, cobwebbed. ;

E 9. C. aedulis, Willd. (dwarf Plume-thistle); stemless, invo-
cre elabrous.— Carduus, L.—E. Bot. t. 161.
Tequent and destructive in dry gravelly or chalky pastures, in some:
E $ of England ; as Dorsetshire and Norfolk. Rare in Scotland. FZ.
the. : Y.— Leaves spreading close to the ground, oblong, pinnatifid, seg-
3 hts lobed and spinous, glabrous. From the centre of these deaves arises
With Sessile, purple flower. Involucre obovato-cylindrical, imbricated
close, appressed, lanceolate, acute, greenish scales, not spinous.

Part

20. ONOPÓRDUM. Linn. Cotton-thistle.

B. o. Acánthium, L. (common Cotton-thistle) ; scales of the

voluere spreading subulate, leaves ovato-oblong sinuated and

‘Pinous decurrent woolly on both sides. Æ. Bot. t. 977.

S aste-ground, road-sides, &c. ina gravelly soil. Less frequent in

gotland. F7 Aug. d .— Four to 6 feet high, branched and winged at
summit; wings very spinous. Involucre globose. Flowers purple.

hs seeds of this and of others of the Thistle tribe are much eaten by

8. It is cultivated in Scotland as the Scotch Thistle.

21. Carina. Linn. Carline-thistle.

l. c. vulgaris, L. (commen Carline-thistle) ; stem many-
)Wered corymbose pubescent, leaves lanceolate unequally spin-
wus and sinuated downy beneath. E. Bot. t. 1144. —
" Dry hilly pastures, and fields. Rare in the West of Scotland; Ben-
p ahead, Isle of Arran. FI. June. d .— One foot high; very spinous,
Ut the spines generally short. Est. scales or leaflets of the involucre
uch resembling the leaves, but smaller ; inner ones linear, membran-
48, Yellow, entire, spreading and forming an horizontal ray around the
Urplish florets. Anthers with 2 bristles at the base.

29. Bipuns. Linn. Bur-marigold.

l. B. cérnua, L. (nodding Bur-marigold) ; flowers drooping,
'acteas lanceolate entire (longer than the involucre), leaves
“Nceolate serrated undivided, bristles of the fruit about 3 erect.

^^ Bot, t. 1114.

ides of rivulets, ditches and lakes, frequent. J. June—Aug. ©-

~2 ft. and more high, branched and slightly hispid. Leaves gla-
ous, deeply serrated. Flowers large, greenish-yellow.

l 2. B. tripartita, L. (trifid Bur-marigold) ; leaves tripartite,

p Bets lanceolate deeply serrated, bristles of the fruit 2—3. E.
9t. t. 113,

Marshy places, sides of ponds and lakes. FI. July. © .—Readily
d ‘tinguished by its divided leaves. The flowers, which are slightly
%Oping, are smaller than those of B. cernua.

300 SYNGENESIA—SUPERFLUA. [Artemisié

23. EvuPATÓRIUM. Linn. Hemp-agrimony-

1. E. cannabinum, L. (common Hemp-agrimony); leaves OP
posite subpetiolate 3—5-partite, their segments lanceola
deeply serrated. E. Bot. t. 428. jm

Banks of rivers and watery places. Fl. July, Aug. 2¢.—Stems ae
feet high, branched. Leaves downy, the middle lobe the longest. Fi
ers very numerous, pale reddish-purple, thickly crowded in ter s
corymbs. Style longer than the cor., deeply cleft. Plant slightly ?
matic.

24. Linosyris. Cass. Goldylocks.

1. L. vulgáris, L. (flax-leaved Goldylocks) ; herbaceo™®
leaves linear glabrous, scales of the involucre loosely spreadi?
E. Bot. t. 2505. - à ie

Rocky clefts of Berryhead, Devon. Whorle-hill, Weston-supra-m s
Somerset. Ormeshead, abundant, Mr W. Wilson. Between Brig!
and Shoreham. Fl. Aug. Sept. ©.

25. DióTis. Desf. Cotton-weed.

»
l. D. maritima, Cass. (sea-side Cotton-weed). Hook. t F
Lond. N. S. t. 187.—Santolina, L.—E. Bot. t. 141. m

Sandy sea-shores, principally on the east and south of Englan A
Aug. Sept. Y.—Roots running deep into the sand. Leaves numer se
oblong, covered with a dense white tomentum, as are the scales 9 f
involucre, which in a great measure conceal the small yellow corolla

SYNGENESIA—SUPERFLUA.
26. TaNAcÉTUM. Linn. Tansy.

l. T. vulgáre, L. (common Tansy); leaves bipinnatifid ino
so-serrate. E. Bot. t. 1999. "m

Borders of fields and road.sides. Fi. Aug. Y.—1—3 feet beg
Flowers in a terminal corymb.— Whole plant bitter and aromatic, ?
used in medicine, and also in domestic economy.

rt
27. AnTEMÍSIA. Linn. Wormwood, Southernwood, Mug?
T. A. campéstris, L. ( field Southernwood); leaves bipinna g
glabrous above with linear segments, stems twiggy pro^
bent before flowering. H. Bot. t. 838. he

Rare. Dry sandy heaths; Norfolk and Suffolk, principally in |
vicinity of Thetford and Bury. F7. Aug. 2f. ;

2. A. marítima, L. (sea Wormwood) ; erect, leaves dow
bipinnatifid with linear segments, flowers racemed oblong 5,
ceptacle naked.—«. racemes drooping. £. Bot. t. 17065.
racemes erect. A. Gallica, Willd.— E. Bot. t. 1001, (A. ?"*

Sea-shores and in salt-marshes, where the two varieties may 9^
growing together, and sometimes from the same root. Fl. Sept ,.

M
3. A. Absinthium, L. (common Wormwood); leaves bip ors
fid clothed with short silky down, segments lanceolate; :
hemispherical drooping, receptacle hairy. Æ. Bot. t. 129%.

i^

Gnaphalium.] ^ SYNGENESIA—SUPERFLUA. e

foow aste places and about villages, in dry soils. Fl, Aug. 2f.—1—14

ki igh, erect. Panicles of flowers erect, leafy. Floral leaves un-

oft ed. Flowers dingy yellow, rather large, hemisphærical ; florets
€ ray very short.— Aromatic and bitter, much used in medicine.

E A. vulgáris, L. (Mugwort) ; leaves pinnatifid their seg-
€nts white and downy beneath, flowers somewhat racemed
Vate, receptacle naked. Æ. Bot. t. 978.

Hedges and waste places, common. F7. Aug. 4 .— Stems 3—4 feet .
Sh, furrowed. ;

wo: A.* ceruléscens, L. (bluish or Lavander-leaved Mugwort) ;
faves hoary most of them lanceolate undivided tapering at
? base, lower ones variously divided, flowers erect cylindrical,

'éceptacle naked.” E. Bot. t. 2426.

i Sea-coast near Boston, Lincolnshire, and in the Isle of Wight: but
Cannot be found there now. Fl. Aug. Sept. UY.

98. GuaPnHÁLIUM. Linn. Cudweed.
* Flowers dieciouws. (Antennaria, Gert.)

l. G. dioicum, L. (mountain Cudweed) ; shoots procumbent,
‘tems simple, corymbs crowded, root-leaves spathulate woolly
à lefly beneath, flowers dicecious, inner scales of the involucre
Slongated obtuse coloured. Æ. Bot. t. 267.—6. hyperboreum,
faves woolly on both sides.—Antennaria hyperb., D. Don in

* Bot. Suppl. t. 2640.

Mountain-heaths, abundant.—f. Isle of Skye. Fl. June, July. HY.

‘lowering-stems 3—4 inches high. Leaves greenish and naked

Ove when old, beneath white. Inner scales of the involucre often
"0se-coloured, especially in the sterile flower.

l 9. G. * margaritáceum, L. (American Cudweed, Pearly Ever-

“Sting); herbaceous, stem branched above, leaves linear-lanceo-

Ate acute alternate cottony especially beneath, flowers corym-

9se level-topped. Æ. Bot. t. 2018.— Antennaria, Gert.

oist meadows, near Bocking, Essex. Banks of the Rymny, South

; and near Dalgelly, Merionethshire. Wire Forest, Worcester-

pe’ and near Lichfield. Jersey and Guernsey. Babington and
“sty, Fl. Aug. Xf. ; ,

** Flowers perfect.

E G. luteo-dlbum, L. (Jersey Cudweed) ; herbaceous, leaves
Niamplexicaul linear-oblong waved woolly on both sides,
Ower ones obtuse, flowers densely tufted. Æ. Bot. t. 1002.
.“€tsey, Between Hanxtown and Little Shelford, Cambridgeshire.
tna at Larlingford, Norfolk. #7. July, Aug. Q.— Corollas yellow
distinct; while those of the following sp. are inconspicuous.
hd G. sylváticum, L. CHighland Cudweed); stem simple nearly
E Set downy, flowers axillary forming an interrupted leafy
m Ike, leaves linear-lanceolate downy.—«. leaves woolly on both
es. G, sylvaticum, E. Bot. t. 913.—. leaves nearly glabrous

302 SYNGENESIA—SUPERFLUA.

above, spike longer more interrupted. G. rectum, Huds.—^^

Bot. t. 124. : r
Groves, thickets, and pastures ; frequent in Scotland. F4 AUS. ap

—Scales of the involucre oblong, shining, with a broad, brown bore

5. G. supinum, L, (dwarf Cudweed); stem decumbent branch
ing only from the base, flowering-stems erect, flowers solitary
or racemed, leaves linear downy on both sides. Æ. Bot. t 1
—Onmoatotheca, D C.— G. alpinum, Lightf. Scot. t. 20. f. 2-

Summits of all the Highland mountains, abundant. FZ. July; BE
X .— Whole plant rarely exceeding 2—3 inches in height, clothed e
a white cottony substance. Very nearly allied to the preceding:

a truly distinct species.

6. G. uliginósum, L. (marsh Cudweed) s stem very
branched diffuse woolly, leaves linear-lanceolate downy, 4 d
in terminal crowded clusters which are shorter than the lea".
E. Bot. t. 1194. m

Sandy and wet places; especialy where water occasionally star's
FL Aug. Sept. ©.—A span high, much branched. Flowers ^,
together in the closely placed upper Jeaves, small, sessile, forming sg
long clusters at the extremity of the branches. Scales of the invo"!
yellowish-brown, shining, glabrous. :

29. FinÁao. Linn. Filago.
0”

1. F. Gállica, L. (narrow-leaved Filago); stem erect dicke
tomous, leaves linear-acuminate downy, flowers crowded ax
lary and terminal, clusters much shorter than the leaves.— 0”
phalium, Huds.— E. Bot. t. 2369. fn

Gravelly and sandy fields; about Castle Heveningham, EsseX* y,
Derbyshire. Kent. Near Forfar; and near Newburgh, Fifeshire. ^y.
July, Aug. (9.— Stem about a span high, slender, leafy. Flowers 5 es
oblong,in rather distant, leafy clusters.—The greater length of the je
seems chiefly to distinguish this from the following.

E 1 * ous
3. F. Germánica, L. (common Filago); stem erect pr oT e

at the summit, leaves lanceolate downy acute, flowers 8'9 fiut
capitate in the axils of the branches and terminal. Gnaphan
Huds.—E. Bot. t. 1946. Q^
Sandy and gravelly places and dry pastures. FV. June, July cad
Stems 6—8 inches high, erect, very leafy, terminated by a globu ar hort"
of small, ovate flowers, from beneath which spring 2—3 or more ad of
zontal branches, in a proliferous manner, each terminated by 4 "

B

Erigeron 1 SYNGENESIA—SUPERFLUA. 303

dowers, This curious mode of growth occasioned the term of Herba

E to be applied by the old Botanists to this plant, asif the offspring

ye e undutifully exalting itself above the parent. Scales of the involucre
wish, shining, very acute, submucronate.

30. PETAsíTEs. Desf. Butter-bur.

l. p. vulgaris, Desf. (common Butter-bur); thyrsus dense ob-
ng, leaves cordate unequally toothed downy beneath, the lobes
jProximate.— Tussilago Petasites, Hoppe.— A. flowers sterile,
png anthers, rarely seed. T. Petasites, L.— HE. Bot. t. 431.
E flowers fertile, bearing seed, rarely stamens. T. hybrida,
—E. Bot. t. 430.
wet meadows, to which it is very injurious, and river-sides. 77. Apr.
yl Sy, before the leaves. 2£.— Root extensively creeping, and thus multi-
ong the plant. Leaves very large. Flowers of a pale flesh colour,
paler, more lax, and in alonger thyrsus on the fertile plant. The early
ihe oming of this rank weed induces the Swedish farmers to plant it near

lo

H

*"Irbee-hives. Thus we see in our gardens the bees assembled on its af-
lies; D. alba and fragrans, at a season when scarcely any other flowers
te expanded.

31. TussmAco. Linn. Colt’s-foot.

3 P T. Fárfara, L. (Colt's-foot); scape single-flowered imbricat-
b With scales, leaves cordate angular toothed downy beneath.
* Bot. t. 499.

le dist and clayey soils, too abundant. 77. March, April, before the

E U .— Flowers yellow ; florets of the disk few. The down of the
E makes good tinder. The /eaves themselves have been used medi-
M ally, as an infusion, or smoked like tobacco, for the relief of asthma.
of . Wilson observes that the central tubular florets are barren, those

— the circumference generally fertile.

32. EnícERON. Linn. Flea-bane.

l E.* Canadénsis, L. (Canada Flea-bane); hairy, leaves lan-
“late nearly entire, flowers numerous panicled. Æ. Bot. t. 2019.
Sen ste and cultivated ground, in England, occasionally. FZ. Aug.

* Q.— Flowers yellowish-white.

u 2. E. deris, L. (blue Flea-bane); peduncles alternate (scarcely

ta emose”) single-flowered, pappus as long as the florets of the
Y; leaves lanceolate obtuse. Æ. Bot. t. 158.

hish? gravelly or chalky pastures, walls, &c. FI. Aug. 2£ .—1—14 foot

? whole plant scabrous, hispid, erect, panicled above and leafy;
k wers terminal, pedunculated from the axils of the leaves. Leaves be-
lo tapering into a footstalk. Flurets of the disk yellow; of the ray,
Sulate, purplish. Pappus very long and tawny.
3. R, alpinus, L. (alpine Flea-bane); stems with usually only
lan ower, pappus much shorter than the florets of the ray, leaves
L *eolate..- 5. stem 1 —3-flowered, involucre hairy. E. alpinus,
ws E. Bot. t. 464.—. stem single-flowered, calyx woolly. Æ,
florus, L—E. Bot. t. 2416.
'ghland mountains; not common, except on the Breadalbane range.

On

2ngcio-
304 SYNGENESIA—SUPERFLUA. [Senec

—w, and B. are both mentioned as growing on Ben Lawers, by Sv J. ^
Smith. Fl. July. 4.— Hairy or hispid, like the last; but with = à
much longer in proportion :—3—5 inches high, simple, with rarely ™
than one flower at the summit.

33. ÁsrER. Linn. Starwort.

nA: " : ry; stent
1. A. Tripólium, L.( Sea Starwort, or Michaelmas Daisy); St

^

glabrous corymbose, leaves linear-lanceolate fleshy obscurely t
nerved, scales of the involucre lanceolate membranous obtuse

igh. The

imbricated. Æ. Bot. t. 87.— T'ripolium vulgare, Nees.
Salt-marshes, frequent. FI. Aug. Sept. 2[.—1—3 feet h
florets of the ray are sometimes wanting.

94. SENÉcIO. Linn. Groundsel.
* Flowers without rays.

1. S. vulgáris, L. (common Groundsel); leaves semiamplen
caul pinnatifid toothed, flowers in clustered corymbs destit
of a ray. E. Bot. t. 747. d

Waste ground, fields and hedges, abundant. F7. all summer. Orne
A span to a foot high. Flowers small, yellow. Birds are fond 0
_ buds and young leaves.
** Flowers rayed, with the ray rolled back.

9. S. viscósus, L. (stinking Groundsel); ray revolute, leave
pinnatifid and viscid, scales of the involucre lax hairy; $
branching diffuse. Æ. Bot. t. 32.

Waste ground, especially on chalky or gravelly soil, in many pla
Fl. July, Aug. ©.— Stems 1—2 feet high, much branched and spre
ing :—remarkable for its viscid hairs and fetid smell.

ces
ad

e
8. S. sylváticus, L. (mountain Groundsel); ray revolute "
times wanting, leaves sessile pinnatifid lobed and toothed 9 Jae
eared at the base, outer scales of the involucre very short 48.
brous, stem erect straight, flowers corymbose. £. Bot. t “g,
—hf. leaves distinctly eared and amplexicaul at the base
lividus, L.?— HE. Bot. t. 2515. s j fe
Dry upland soils, banks, and gravelly pastures. F7. July. On.
high. Leaves finely divided. Plant with a disagreeable smell, b" cies
so powerful as S. viscosus. The S. lividus of Linn. is a Spanish spe
and unknown to me; but whatever it is, I fear the plant of Æ. Bot.
not be considered specifically distinct from the present. I form ye
nion from Mr Middleton’s original specimens, now before me- M
Wilson does not think it distinet ; nor does Mr Richmond, (Nat.
for Mar./1830, p. 197,) who observes that the green tips of t
scales, upon which much stress is laid, eventually become brown.

can"
0

xxx Flowers with patent rays. Leaves pinnatifid. i

4. S. squdlidus, L. (inelegant Ragwort); ray spreading 115
las elliptical entire, leaves glabrous pinnatifid with distant 2
and toothed segments. Æ. Bot. t. 600. m

on.
On walls in and about Oxford. Walls and rubbish at Biddefor hardly
Fil, June— Oct. ©.—A most distinct species, but which I have

coro!
plong

Cineraria.] SYNGENESIA——SUPERFLU A. 305

"ntured to consider indigenous, till its recent discovery in Devonshire,
Y Mr Forster,

E E S. tenuifolius, Jacq. (hoary Ragwort); ray spreading its co-
E las oblong, leaves closely pinnatifid their margins somewhat
gelato pale and downy beneath, stem erect loosely cottony, all
ie fruit hairy. Æ. Bot. t. 574.
T edges and road-sides in England, especially in a chalky or gravelly
E Woodhall, near Airdrie, Dr Graham. Anton’s-hill, near Cold-
Team and Swinton. FZ. July, Aug. ?f.— Allied to the following; but
With more regular, less divided, and less spreading segments to the leaves.

6. S. Jacobéa, L. (common Ragwort); ray spreading, leaves
Yrate bipinnatifid, segments divaricated toothed glabrous, stem
*reet, fruit hairy, that of the ray glabrous. Æ. Bot. t. 1180.

$ Way-sides and neglected pastures, too plentiful. F7. July, Aug. 2f.—
lems 2—3 feet high, striated, branched. Flowers large, golden-yellow,
M corymbs.—Dr Graham finds a var. in Sutherland without the rag, as
does Wr W. Wilson on Brandon Mountain.

7. S. aquáticus, Huds.(Marsh Ragwort); ray spreading, leaves
lyrate serrated glabrous the lowermost obovate and undivided,
Ihvolucre hemispherical, fruit all glabrous. Æ. Bot. t. 1131.

Wet places and by the sides of rivers and ditches. Fv. July, Aug. ?f.
"lowers larger than in the last species.

**** Flowers rayed. Leaves undivided.

8. S. paludósus, L. (great Fen Ragwort); ray spreading tooth-
d, leaves semiamplexicaul lanceolate sharply serrated somewhat
Woolly beneath, stem perfectly straight hollow rather woolly,
“orymbs terminal spreading, bracteas subulate. Æ. Bot. t. 650.
Rare ; ditches and fens in the east of England: Suffolk, Lincolnshire
and Cambridgeshire. F7. June, July. 2£.—Stem 5—6 feet high. Leaves
and flowers large, the latter of many linear, toothed rays.

9. S. Saracénicus, L. (broad-leaved Groundsel); ray spreading
Yearly entire, leaves lanceolate sessile minutely glanduloso-ser-
tate glabrous, stem erect solid glabrous, corymbs terminal of
"ather few flowers, bracteas linear-setaceous. E. Bot. t. 2211.

oist meadows and pastures, in several parts of England and Scot-
+ ; but very local, and probably often escaped from gardens. Woods

antry. FZ. July, Aug.2f.—3—5 feet high: habit of the last : flowers
Auch smaller, with broader florets of the circumference.

95. CINERARIA. Linn. Flea-wort.
b l. C. palástris, L. (Marsh Flea-wort); shaggy, stem much
"ànched fistulose, leaves broadly lanceolate sinuato-dentate,

awers corymbose. Æ. Bot. t. 151.
argins of pools and ditches, chiefly in Norfolk and Cambridgeshire,

FL June, July. 2.

ER C. campéstris, Willd. (Field Flea-wort) ; woolly, stem sim-

P'e, root-leaves elliptical nearly entire those of the stem (small)
Von. T, x

306 SYNGENESIA—SUPERFLUA. [ Pulicaritt

lanceolate, flowers umbellate. Hook, in Fl. Lond. t. 75.—C:
integrifolia, With.— E. Bot. t. 152. :

Chalky downs in the middle and S. of England.—g, maritime rocsss
Holyhead, Mr W. Wilson. FI. May, June. (4. ? ¢.?

96. SoLIDÁGO. Linn. Golden-rod.

1. S. Virgáurca, L. (common Golden-rod) ; cauline leaves lan-
ceolate the lower ones elliptical, racemes panicled erect crow ba
E. Bot. t. 301.—. small, with broader radical leaves. S. Cam
brica, Huds.

Woods and thickets.—8. in mountainous countries. FZ. July— Sep
2f .—Lower leaves broad, stalked :— very variable in its size, and 1!
more or less compact inflorescence. Used as a vulnerary and diuretl

37. ÍNuLA. Linn. Elecampane.

l. I. Helénium, L. (Elecampane); leaves amplexicaul s0017
what toothed ovate wrinkled downy beneath, scales of the 1”
voluere ovate downy. Æ: Bot. t. 1546. i

Moist pastures, rare ; but found in several places of England, so
land and Ireland. 77. July, Aug. 2£.—3-——5 feet high, branched. Flo’
large, terminal, solitary, with many narrow, tricuspidate, yellow rays

2. I. Congza, DC. (Ploughman’s Spikenard); leaves pube
cent ovato-lanceolate serrated the upper ones entire, stem 5
baceous corymbose, scales of the involucre recurved leafy:
Conyza squarrosa, L.—E. Bot. t. 1195.

Frequent on chalky or clayey soil. Rare, if really wild, in Scot" -
Fi. Sent. Oct. $ .— Stem 2—3 feet high. Panicle leafy, with the lea,

: gr
entire. Lower leaves stalked. Flowers yellow. Florets of the
eumference very small, ligulate.

3. I. crithmoides, L. ( Golden- Samphire) ; leaves linear fest
generally 3-toothed at the extremity.—.E. Bot. t. 68.— Limba”
tricuspis, Cass. ; nd
* South and west shores of England and Wales, in salt-marshess ? $
“on sea-side rocks ; and as far north as Galloway. Howth, Ireland. ob
Aug. 2[.—One foot high, a little branched at the summit, each bra
bearing a solitary flower.

; 38. PuULICÁRIA. Gerin. Flea-bane.

1. P. dysentérica, Cass. (common Flea-bane); leaves ob
cordate or sagittate and amplexicaul at the base wrinkled do”
stem woolly panicled, scales of the involucre setaceous.— n
L.—E. Bot. t. 1115. i
‘Moist and: watery places, frequent in England and in the coU?
‘Dublin : rare in Scotland ; Mull of Galloway, and Bennanhea® * pays
Fl. Aug. Y.— About 1 foot high. Flowers with moderately long a

2. P. vulgáris, Gsrtn. (small Flea-bane); leaves laneo ae
wavy hairy narrow at the base and semiamplexicaul, stem m.

ty of
ran.

-branched hairy, ray scarcely longer than the disk. Cass. i
pulicaria, L—E. Bot. t. 1196.

Pyrethrum] SYNGENESIA—SUPERFLUA, 307

à Moist sandy places, especially where water has stood, in England ;
‘Ot found in Scotland or Ireland. F7 Sept. ©.

39. Dorénicum. Zinn. Leopard’s-bane.

l D. * Pardaliánches, L. (great Leopard's-bane) ; leaves cor-
tte toothed the lowermost on long naked petioles, the inter-
mediate with the petioles dilated into two broad semiamplexi-
“aul ears at the base, the uppermost sessile and amplexicaul.
deg. Austr. t. 350. Hook. in Fl. Lond. t. 88. Borrer in E.
Bot. Suppl. t. 2654.

Catton, by Norwich. Mountains of Northumberland. Den of Dup-
Plin and Dalkeith park, &c., Scotland. FY. June, July. 2.

2. D. plantagineum, L.?. (plantain-leaved Leopard's-bane):;
aves toothed, radical ones on naked stalks ovate or slightly
;tdate produced at the base, cauline ones sessile except the

°west which has a winged stalk with amplexicaul auricles, in.
'rmediate ones cordato-oblong, upper ováto-acuminate. Borr,
* E. Bot. Suppl. under t. 9654.— D. Pardalianches, E. Bot. t.

A

le

. Salinghall, and Widdington, Essex. Saline, Fifeshire; and Cleish,
r Dewar. Fl. June, July. 2f.

40. BírLIs. Linn. Daisy.

l. B. perénnis, L. (common Daisy); scape single-flowered,
faves spathulate obovate crenate. Æ. Bot. t. 494.
Pastures, frequent. FZ. from early spring till the end of autumn. X .
41, CurysAntoemum. Linn. Ox-eye.
` l. C. Leucdnthemum, L. (great white Ox-eye); leaves oblong
obtuse cut and pinnatifid at the base, radical ones obovate petio-
ate, stem erect branched, (ray white). Æ. Bot. t. 601.

"Dry pastures, abundant. P7. June, July. ?f.—,Stems 1—2 feet high,
firrowed. Flowers large, their disk yellow, the ray white.

2. C. ségetum, L. (Corn Marigold, yellow Ox-eye); leaves
‘Mplexicaul glaucous inciso-serrated above toothed at the base,
Tay yellow). Æ. Bot. t. 540. ;
n Corn-fields, frequent ; rare about Edinburgh. 77. June—Aug. © .—
Üne foot or more high. Flowers large, deep yellow.

49. PyretHrum. Hall. Feverfew.

l. P. Parthénium, Sm. (common Leverfew); leaves petiolate
flat bipinnate the segments ovate cut, peduncles branched
“orymbose, stem erect, involucre hemispherical downy. Æ. Bot,
* 1231. Matricaria, L.

Waste places and in hedges. FV. July. 2£.—1—2 ft. high, branched.
Dish yellow ; ray very short, white. Plant bitter and tonic.

2. P. inodórum, Sm. (Corn Feverfew or scentless Mayweed) ;
‘ves sessile bipinnatifid the segments capillary, stem branched
"Preading, border of the fruit entire. Æ. Bot. t, 676, — Chrys-

Je

308 SYNGENESIA—SUPERFLUA. [Anthemis

anthemum, L.—(.maritimum; leaves fleshy. Matricaria maritimt:
L.—Pyrethrum, E. Bot. t. 971.

Fields and way-sides, common.— £f. sea-coast in many places, espe
cially in Scotland. Fl. Aug.—Oct. ©.—Stem about | foot hig”.
Flowers large, upon long, naked peduncles. Disk very convex ; ^
large. Plant slightly aromatic. ]

. 48. MATRICÁRIA. Linn. Wild Chamomile.

1. M. Chamomilla, L. (wild Chamomile); leaves glabrous
bipinnatifid the segments capillary, involucre nearly plane its
scales obtuse. Æ. Bot. t. 1232.

Corn-fields and waste ground, in various places. FZ. Aug. @.— Stem
about 1 foot high, erect and branched. Flowers with a conical disk;
the ray very obtuse, truncate and toothed. This has a bitter taste; an f
a faint but aromatic smell, not unlike that of the common or true
momile ( Anthemis nobilis).

44. Anruemis. Linn. Chamomile.

l. A. marítima, L. (Sea Chamomile) ; “leaves bipinnatifid
acute fleshy dotted somewhat hairy, stem prostrate, scales of f
receptacle prominent sharp-pointed.” Æ. Bot. t. 9870. , m

Sea-coast at Sunderland. Bear-Haven, in S. W. of Ireland. . Fi
July. ©. ;

2. A. nobilis, L. (common Chamomile); leaves bipinnate S°
ments linear-subulate a little downy, scales of the recepta"
membranaceous scarcely longer than the disk. Æ. Bot. t. 99%:

Dry gravelly pastures and waste places, in several parts of Engl?"
Isles of Cumbrae and Bute, Scotland. Kerry, Ireland. Fl. Aug.
Stem about a foot long, procumbent and much branched, each bral”
terminated by a single flower, whose disk is yellow, at length conic
and ray white. The whole plant is intensely bitter, highly arom ig
and much used medicinally. Its principal virtues are supposed to ree
in the involucre, which contains an essential oil.— Chamomile 15 is
rived from xzgei, dwarf, and undo, an apple, because the plant sme
like apples, or rather like qu?nces. wad

ti

3. A. arvénsis, L. (Corn Chamomile) ; leaves bipinn?’,
segments linear-lanceolate pubescent, receptacle conical its sod
lanceolate, fruit crowned with an entire pappus. E. Bot. t

Corn-fields and way-sides, in several places; but very local.
Dunfermline, Dr Dewar. Near Edinb. and Linlithgow. d, 33
J. E. Bowman. Fl. July. d .—Stem upright, much branched anii a
well as the leaves, hoary with down; each branch terminate wl
large flower, whose dish is yellow, the ray broad and white.

4. A. Cótula, L. (stinking Chamomile); leaves bipinnatifid 2
brous their segments subulate, receptacle conical its scales $
ceous, pappus none. E. Bot. t. 1772.— Maruta fætida, De »

Waste places, corn-fields and by road-sides. F7. July, AUB: ‘hei
Stem a foot or more high, glabrous. Flowers solitary, termina e
disk convex, pale yellow ; ray rather large, white, its florets ??
The whole plant has a fetid smell and is said to blister the han
those who gather it. When examined with a microscope, 1t is fou

ranch

Centaurea.) SYNGENESIA—FRUSTRANEA. 309

Probably lodged,

5. A. tinctória, L. (Ox-eye Chamomile); leaves bipinnatifid
"érrated downy beneath, stem erect branched subcorymbose.
E. Bot. t. 1472.
anks of the Tees, Durham, Essex ; and near Forfar, Scotland. F4
July, Aug. 2£.—Stem a foot or more high, cottony, as are the scales o

€ involucre. Flowers solitary, large, entirely yellow.

be sprinkled all over with little glands, in which the acrid matter is

45. ACHILLÆA. Linn. Yarrow.

l. A. Ptdrmica, L. (Sneeze-wort Yarrow); leaves linear-lan-

“eolate acuminate sharply serrated. Æ. Bot.t. 757.— f. leaves

eply serrated laciniated at the base, flowers smaller buff-co-
Oured. A. serrata, Retz ?—H. Bot. t. 2531.

Moist meadows and pastures ; especially in mountainous districts.—
8. Near Matlock. Fi. July, Aug. 2{.—Stem 1—3 feet high, erect,
terminating in a rather large corymb, the disk as well as ray of whose

Owers is white.— When dried and pulverized, the plant has been em-
Ployed to excite sneezing.

2. A. Millefolium, L. (common Yarrow or Milfoil); leaves
‘lightly hairy bipinnate, segments linear toothed acute, stems
furrowed. Æ. Bot. t. 758.

Pastures and way-sides, frequent. £7. all summer. 2f.— F7owers small,
White, or sometimes rose-coloured. The quality of this plant is highly

astringent, and the Highlanders are said to make an ointment of it, which
“Mies and heals wounds.

3. A.*tomentésa, L. (woolly yellow Milfoil or Yarrow) ;" leaves
Woolly bipinnatifid, segments crowded linear acute, corymbs
Tepeatedly compound. Æ. Bot. t. 2532.

Dry hilly pastures, in Scotland. Spittle-hill, north-west of Balvie,
Dumbartonshire ; and near Paisley. Ireland, (Æ. Bot.) Fl. Aug. Uf.—

Span or rather more in height. Readily. recognised by its small size,

Owny leaves, and much branched corymbs of yellow flowers.

SYNGENESIA—FRUSTRANEA.

46. CENTAUREA. Linn. Knapweed, Blue-bottle and Star-
thistle.

l. C. Jácea, L. (brown radiant Knapweed) ; scales of the in-
Volucre scariose torn the outer pinnatifid, leaves linear-lanceolate
e lower ones broader and toothed, flowers radiant, pappus
Very short in a single row. Æ. Bot. t. 1678. ua
Hedges and waste places ; Sussex. Frequent in Angus-shire. Near
Belfast. Fl. Aug. Sept. 1{.—Lower leaves obovato-lanceolate, petioled, -
toothed ; upper ones entire, sessile. Scales of the involucre pale brown,
Shining, the outer ones deeply pinnatifid, the inner or uppermost, torn ;
m which respects it differs strikingly from C. nigra. . Florets very,nu-
erous, spreading, purple.

|. 2. C. nigra, L. (black Knapweed); scales of the involucre ovate
Closely and deeply fringed with spreading capillary teeth, lower

310 SYNGENESIA—-FRUSTRANEA. [ Centaure®
leaves angulato-dentate sublyrate, upper ones lanceolate, with oF
without a ray, pappus very short tufted. E. Bot. t. 278.—^
flowers radiant.— C. nigrescens, Willd. 3
. Meadows and pastures, frequent. FZI. June—Aug. 2f.— Stem d
feet high. Leaves scabrous. Scales of the involucre almost black, t
teeth brown. | Florets purple, numerous. Sir J. E. Smith describes t
scales of the calyx as having erect teeth or ciliæ, which I do not wo in
be the case. The radiated var. appears to be not uncommon bot

England and Scotland.

3. C. Cyánus, L. (corn Blue-bottle); scales of the involucre pe
rated, leaves linear-entire the lowermost toothed. E. Bot. t. grr

Corn-fields, frequent, F. July, Aug. ©. —2—3 feet high, covert
with a loose, cottony down, especially on the stems and under-side "
the leaves. Florets of the disk small, purple; of the ray few, gee j
bright blue, spreading. Scales of the involucre greenish, their marg
brown.

4. C. Scabiósa, L. (greater Knapweed); scales of the invol P
ciliated ovate downy, leaves roughish pinnatifid, segments lance
late acute. Æ. Bot. t. 56. P

Barren pastures, corn-fields, and road-sides. FU. July; Aug. # d
2—3 feet high, erect, much branched. Znvolucres globose, very larg
their scales cottony, almost black, the fringe pale.

5. C. Isndrdi, L. (Jersey Star-thisile); scales of the involucel
with palmated spines, leaves somewhat lyrateand scabrous too
ed slightly amplexicaul, flowers terminal solitary with one?
more leaves at the base. Æ. Bot. t. 2256.

Pastures in Jersey and Guernséy. FU. July, Aug. H.

6. C. Calcitrapa, L. (common Star-thistle); flowers mostly si
sile lateral, scales of the involucre spinulose at the base, end! pi
in a long broad spine, stem divaricated, leaves unequally pin?
tifid spinuloso-dentate. Æ. Bot. t. 125. nd}

Gravelly, sandy and waste places, in the middle and S. of Engan o
especially near the sea. FV. July, Aug. (9.— Flowers purple.— ent
specific name is derived from the English word, Caltrops, (an instr um
of war with long points), latinized. lt)

7. C.*solstitiális, L. (yellow Star-thistle, St Barnaby s-thisl
flowers terminal solitary scales of the involucre palmato-sp!?" i
at the base, ending in a long slender spine, stem winged pe
the decurrent bases of the lanceolate unarmed leaves, radi
leaves lyrato-pinnatifid. Æ. Bot. t. 243.

Occasionally seen in fields and waste places, prineipally in the
S. of England, and near Dublin. FI. July—Sept. (9.— Flowers
as are the slender, needle-like spines of the involucre..

ucre

s eg

E. an
yell

Goodyera] | — GYNANDRIA— MONANDRIA, 31l.

CLASS XX. GYNANDRIA. Stamens situated upon

the style or column, above the germen.

ORD. I. MONANDRIA. 1 Stamen. (All belong to the
Nat. Ord. ORCHIDEE.)+

* Anther terminal. Pollen-masses stalked, having a gland at the
base.

l. Oncuis. Lip spurred. Glands of the stalks of the pollen-
Masses contained in a common little pouch.—Name—an ancient
appellation of the plant.

9. GYMNADÉNIA. Glands of the stalks of the pollen-masses
Naked, approximated.—_Named from jyuyvos, naked, and an, a
gland, one of the essential characters of this genus.

3. HABENÁRIA., Lip spurred. Glands of the stalks of the
pollen-masses naked, distant.—Named from habena, a thong or
lash, which the spur sometimes resembles.

4. ÁcERAs. Lip without a spur. Glands of the stalks of the
pollen-masses contained in a common little pouch.—Name-——«,
Without, and xegus, a horn ; in allusion to the absence of a spur.

5. Herminium. Lip without a spur. Glands of the stalks
of the pollen-masses naked, distinct.—IName probably derived
from ioun, &guuvog, fulerum tort, in allusion either to the thick,
though short, column of the flower, or to the stem or scape of
the flowers.

6. ÓPunvs. Lip without a spur. Glands of the stalks of the
pollen-masses each in a distinct little pouch.—Name-—ocevc, the
eye-brow, which Pliny says this plant was used to blacken.—
The flowers of all the species are beautiful and curious, and
More or less aptly resemble certain insects,

** Anther parallel with the stigma. Pollen-masses farinaceous, or
composed of angular grains, not stalked,

7. Goopyéra. The 2 lateral calyx-leaves including the gibbous
base of the lip which is entire at the extremity. Column free.

l In this beautiful tribe the British Genera have their roots often tuberous ;
the stems herbaceous ; the leaves striated, sheathing at the base. The flowers
ave 6 divisions, of which it is convenient, as Sir J. E. Smith has done, if
Not correct, to call the 3 outer a calyx, though they be often coloured, the 3
inner a corolla; of this latter the lower petal (so situated by the twisting of

e inferior germen), is mostly larger, differently shaped from the rest and
Called the lip. The style is represented by a column more or less elongated,
Which bears the stigma, on which, and frequently at the extremity, the anther
ls fixed. The cells of the anther contain pollen, which is either pulverulent,
90sely collected into a mass; OT composed of grains elastically cohering, fixed
to a stalk; or of a definite number of waxy masses.—1 have followed the gene-
Tal arrangement of Mr Brown, as by far the simplest and best of any I am
acquainted with.

9M
a mt tmm i T
———————————————Á— —

312 GYNANDRIA—MONANDRIA. [ Aristolochia:

Pollen angled.— Named in compliment to Mr John Goodyer ?
Hampshire Botanist of the time of Gerarde.

8. NeóTTIA. The 2 lateral calyz-leaves including the base of
the beardless lip. Column wingless. Pollen farinaceous. Dr-—
Named from vorrig, a Bird's nest, formerly applied by Dodonæus,
and even by Linnzus, to our Listera Nidus-Avis, on account 9
its densely tufted fibres; but subsequently abandoned. It has
Since been chosen by Jacquin for the present genus, and 3
sanctioned by the high authority of Swartz, Willdenow, Smith,
and Brown. It is Spiranthes of Richard.

9. Listéra. Lip 2-lobed. Column wingless. Anther fixed
by its base. Pollen farinaceous. Br.—Named in honour 9
Dr Martin. Lister, an eminent British Naturalist.

"** Anther terminal, persistent. Pollen-masses pulverulent, or
composed of angular granules.

10. EprpActis. Lip very concave at the base, the extremity
undivided or 3-lobed, the middle lobe large, and, as it were
jointed. Pollen farinaceous. Br—Name given to some ki
of Hellebore by the Greeks.

**** Anther terminal, deciduous. Pollen-masses waxy.

11. Maráxis. Lip without a spur, very small, superior, UP

divided : 2 lateral petals reflexed, smaller than the calyx-leave
Column very short. Pollen-masses in 2 pairs —Name— paratis
sofiness, from the tender nature of the plant.

12. LíPAnis. Perianth spreading, uniform, with linear seg”
ments. Lip inferior, undivided, reflexed. Column elongate :
Pollen-masses in 2 pairs.—Named from Mrugos, fat, or unctuou
to the touch.

18. CoRALLORHÍZA. Lip produced at the base; its spur adnat?
with the germen, or free. Column free. Pollen-masses 4, oblique
not parallel. r.—Name-——xceea22u0», coral, and gi2u, a mo
from the curious structnre of the root.

ORD.II. DIANDRIA. 2 Stamens.

14. CyPRIPÉDIUM. Lip large, inflated. Column with a larg?
terminal, dilated lobe (or sterile stamen) separating the anthe! 1
T wo lateral or lower calyz-leaves: often combined.—Nat-
OncnHipEX, Juss——Named from Kurgs, Venus, and 0010"
slipper ; i. e. Venus’ slipper.

ORD. II. HEXANDRIA. 6 Stamens.
often

15. ARISTOLÓCHIA. Perianth superior, single, tubular, ©
swelling at the base, the mouth dilated on one side. e 2
with 6 lobes. Capsule inferior, with 6 cel/s.—JNat. Ord.

Orchis] = GYNANDRIA—MONANDRIA. 313

T dis elis F?
es, Juss.—Name supposed to originate in Its medicinal
Irtues,

~GYNANDRIA—MONANDRIA.
1. Ononis. Linn. Orchis.
* Tubers 2, undivided.

l. O. Mório, L. (green-winged Meadow Orchis) ; lip 3-lobed

Somewhat crenate the middle lobe emarginate, calyx-leaves as- M

"ending ribbed connivent enclosing the two lateral petals, spur
OG blunt rather shorter than the germen. Æ. Bot. t.
*U59

Meadows and pastures, England. FI. June. 2.—Stem from a span
to a foot high. Flowers few, in a lax spike. Calyx purplish-green,
.9rming a sort of helmet over the rest of the flower. Lip purple, pale
M the middle, with purple spots.

9. O. máscula, L. (early purple Orchis) ; lip 3-lobed somewhat
frenate the middle lobe emarginate, two lateral calyx-leaves
Teflexed upwards, spur obtuse rather longer than the germen.—
E. Bot. t. 631.

Woods and pastures, frequent. Fv. June. 2f.— Stem 1 foot high.

eaves generally marked with dark purple spots. Flowers in a lax
95long spike, purple, sometimes fragrant ; the centre of the dip whitish
at the base and spotted, sometimes altogether white.

3. O. ustuláta, L. (dwarf dark-winged Orchis); lip 3-partite
Marked with discoloured raised spots, segments narrow the mid-

e one bifid, calyx-leaves connivent acute including the two
ateral petals, spur very short, bracteas as long as the germen.

: Bot. t. 18. . :

Dry chalky pastures, in England. F7. June. 2f.—4—5 inches high.
ip white, with purple, raised, not rough, spots, while the rest of the
Ower is a dark, dingy purple. Cal. forming a sharp helmet-like
jovering, within which are the 2, small, linear, lateral petals. Leaves
ànceolate, acute. f

1 4. O. fusca, Jaeq. (great brown-winged Orchis); lip deeply 3-
bed with raised rough dark points, lateral lobes linear-oblong,
intermediate- one large obcordate crenate and emarginate with a
Point in the sinus, calyx-leaves rather obtuse connivent including
€two lateral petals, spur obtuse about half as long as the germen.
770. militaris, E. Bot. t. 16.
8 Chalky pastures and borders of woods, in Kent. Fl. May. 2f.—
tem 1—2 feet high. Leaves ovato-oblong, obtuse. Flowers forming
andsome spike, with variegated purple petals ; the helmet of a dark
Steenish-purple, the dip much paler.

5. O. militáris, L. (Military Orchis); lip deeply 8-lobed with
Taised rough dark points, the two lateral lobes linear- oblong
Short, middle lobe dilated at the extremity and deeply emargin-

te with an intermediate point, calyx-leaves converging acumin-

OT ee iol À
i "
ne = e M T —

itii, Je — >

a

PS INIA e cms E II MAO t cum

7 -
wt MEA c erm ^ NES EE I T]
= , mum , -

314 GYNANDRIA—MONANDRIA. [Orchis.

ate including the 2 lateral petals, spur obtuse about half as long
as the germen. Bicheno, in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2675.
Chalky hills, principally about Reading, on both sides of the Than
Fl. May. 2£.—Intermediate, in the structure of its flowers, between t -
preceding and the following; but most allied to the former. Helme:
pale ash-coloured. _ Lip deep purple, white in the middle. Leave
oblong, rather acute. :

6. O. mdera, Lindl. (Monkey Orchis); lip 3-partite with smal
rough crystalline points the segments linear, intermediate pen
deeply bifid with a point in the sinus, calyx-leaves acumin@ i
connivent including the two lateral petals, spur half as long ?
the germen, bracteas very small. Lindi. Syn. Br. Fl. p. + i
— O. tephrosanthos, Bichen. in Linn. Trans. v. xii. p. 99. (70
Vill.)— Hook. in Fl. Lond. N. S. t. 82.—O. militaris, P
Bot. t. 1873.— 5s. Linn.?

Chalk hills in Berks, Oxfordshire and Kent. Fl. May. HỌ.
beautiful and curious sp. Dr Lindley considers to be quite distinct
O. tephrosanthos, with which it had been confounded, and peculiar ;
Britain. It is smaller and more slender than the last. „Spike shee
Flowers pale purple, spotted. Segments of the Zip narrow, deep pup’
covered with minute straight crystalline warts. Among specimens a
municated to me by Mr Bicheno, were some monstrous flowers, T
having 2 opposite horizontal Zips, two spurs, and only 2 opposite caly
leaves.

7. O. hircina, Scop. (Lizard Orchis); lip 3-partite waved af

the base, segments linear, intermediate one twisted very +°

: ‘ . : a
. bifid, calyx-leaves concavo-connivent including the small late

linear petals, spur very short. Satyrium, L.—E. Bot. t. 24.

Chalk hills and bushy places, in Kent and Surrey. Fl. July. 4 "per
most remarkable plant, which cannot be confounded with any pu^
The smell of its flowers is detestable, and similar to that of a
whence its Latin specific name.

8. O. pyramidális, L. (pyramidal Orchis); lip with 3 equal :
tire lobes and 2 protuberances at the base above, calyx-le n
spreading acuminate, spur subulato-filiform longer than theg "
men, stalks of the pollen-masses united by one gland. E. P^"
110.—Anacamptis, Bich.

Pastures and waste ground, England, ina chalky or clayey soil
of Colonsay, and in Fifeshire, Scotland. FZ. July. 2. i
acuminate. Flowers of a delicate rose-purple, sometimes white, §
arranged in a close, broad and ovate spike.

9* Tubers 2, palmated. :

9. O. latifolia, L. (Marsh Orchis); lip indistinctly 3-lobe
sides slightly reflexed crenate, calyx-leaves patent, 2
petals connivent, spur cylindrical shorter than the germen,
teas longer than the flower. Æ. Bot. t. 2808.

Marshes and moist meadows, common. Fi. June. U.
varying from a pale rose colour to deep purple, the dp

marked with purple lines ; white on the sands of Barrie, PET lip, it
(Mr Drummond). The species is known by its slightly-lobe

d it

Habenaria] GYNANDRIA—MONANDRIA, 315

| ; ; h
"n nearly erect, and acuminated leaves, and, especially, by the brac-
cas, which are leafy and longer than the germen.

10. O. maculáta, L. (spotted palmate Orchis); lip plane 3-lobed
Sometimes obscurely so, calyx-leaves spreading, 2 lateral petals
COnnivent, spur cylindrical shorter than, and bracteas as long as,

e germen. LF. Bot. t. 632.

. , Pastures and heaths, frequent. .F/. June, July. 2f.— 4A. foot high,
Slender. Leaves distant, spotted with purple. Flowers white or pale
Purple, more or less spotted and streaked, especially the dip. Its gene-
Tally deeply lobed Zip having the central lobe the longest and ovate,
gether with the small, subulate bracteas, constitute in themselves
Sufficient marks of distinction between this and O. latifolia.

2. GYMNADÉNIA. Br. Gymnadenia.

l. G. conópsea, Br. ( fragrant Gymnadenia.) Orchis, L.—E.
Bot. t. 10.

. Dry pastures and heaths, in mountainous or hilly countries, especially `

Scotland, most abundant: scenting the atmosphere with its fragrance.
FI, June—Aug. 2f.—Stem 1 foot high. Zubers palmate. Leaves
Mear-lanceolate, keeled. Flowers in an ovato-oblong, rather dense
Spike, rose-purple. Lip 3-lobed, not spotted, the lobes equal, entire,
unded. The 2 lateral calya-leaves spreading, their margins revolute ;
lateral petals connivent, Spur filiform, twice as long as the germen.
he 2 cells of the anthers are perforated at the base, through which the
Naked, large and oblong glands of the stalks of the pollen-masses appear.
~This genus is near the following in character, but differs in habit.
3. HapenAria. Br. Habenaria,
_ L. H. viridis, Br. (green Habenaria); spur very short 2-lobed,
Ip linear bifid with an intermediate tooth, bracteas much longer
an the flowers, tubers palmate.—Satyrium, L.—E. Bot. t. 94.
Dry hilly pastures, not unfrequent. Fl. June, July. 2f .—;Stem
—8 inches high ; lower leaves nearly ovate, obtuse ; calyx and lateral
Petals connivent and forming a helmet, green. Lip small, greenish-
Town,
_ 9. H. dlbida, Br. (small white Habenaria); spur obtuse much
Shorter than the germen, lip 3-cleft the segments acute, middle
me the longest, calyx-leaves and lateral petals nearly equal ovate
“oncave. Satyrium, L.—E. Bot. t. 505. —
ountain pastures, not unfrequent. Fl. June, July. Y.— About a
Span high. Leaves oblong, striated, lower ones obtuse. Flowers white,
Small, fragrant ; lip scarcely longer than the calyz, deflexed.

3. H. bifólia, Br. (Butterfly Habenaria); spur filiform twice as
long as the lanceolate entire obtuse lip, radical leaves 2 oblongo-
9bovate attenuated at the base.—a. anther-cells nearly parallel,
Orchis bip, L.—Platanthera bif., Lindl. (not of Reich. ?)—Ha-

“naria bif, Bab. in Linn. Trans. v. viii. p. 468.— Platanthera
rachyglossa, Reich.—[.anther-cells considerably diverging at the
ase, Orchis bif., E. Dot. f. 22.— Habenaria bif., Hook. in Fl. Lond.

* S. cum. Ic.— Platanthera chlorantha, Lindl. (scarcely of Reich.)
7 Habenaria chlorantha, Bab. l. c.

—"

j *
io me m eme m Mm age 1 SO itae —À

316 GYNANDRIA—MONANDRIA. [ Ophrys:

Moist copses, pastures and dry heaths, frequent. Fl. June. M
— Reichenbach in his Zconogr. Bot. t. 851, 852, and 853, figures
states of this plant; differing, besides in other minor points, 1. m
anther-cells being close and parallel (his Platanthera bifolia): 2. "
anther-cells moderately diverging at the base, and there having à pe
vature upward (P. brachyglossa, Wallr.): 8. with the anther-cells d 1
markably diverging at the base, and there having a curvature down"
CP. chlorantha, Cuss.). The Botanists who have particularly St" i^
our British species, are Dr Lindley and Mr Babington. The form
refers the bifolia and brachyglossa, Reich. to the real bifolia, L-
latter considers the brachyglossa alone to be the Linnean bifolia,
the bifolia of Reich. to be a new species. With regard to cAlora" i
this has now been very generally adopted as a species, and the 2% "De
of E. Bot. and of Fi. Lond. unhesitatirigly referred to it. Yet W ie
ever will be at the trouble of comparing these figures, may see at 07 J
that the chlorantha of Reich. is as different from that of Smith "m
Curtis, as the brachyglossa is from them. In short, that the true €?
rantha is an extreme state, with unusually diverging anther-cases, flow?
as green as the leaves, and quite sharp petals; such as, I confess, ! h
not seen in this country. If, then, it be right to make three specie? ok
of the Linnean bifolia, we must, to be consistent, make four. i
it more in accordance with what we know of the liability to vary 1”
flowers of the Orchidee, to consider all four as forms of one and the $4
species.

an
tha

f
4. AcEnRAs. Br. Man-Orchis.

1. A. anthropóphora, Br. (green Man- Orchis); lip longer tha?
the germen.-— Ophrys, L.—.E. Bot. t. 29. ^

Dry chalky or clayey pastures, in Surrey, Kent, Norfolk, and ^
folk. Fl. June. 2[.— T'ubers ovate. Stem about a foot high. FIRES a
in along spike. Lip tripartite, with linear segments, yellowish, wit "
red or brown margin, the middle lobe rather broad, deeply bifid. He "s
green, composed of the 3 connivent, concave calyz-leaves, including ob
2 small, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, lateral petals. Mr Wilson has e
served a monstrous state with the petals partly changed into anthers: ae
edge becoming pouched, sometimes both containing masses of polle
at variance with Dr Lindley, v. Intr. to the Nat. System,

5. Herminium. Br. Musk-Orchis.

1. H. monórchis, Br. (green Musk-Orchis); radical leave? A
lanceolate. , Hook. in Fl. Lond. N. S. t. 188.— Ophrys, L-—
Bot. t. 71. d

Chalky pastures, principally in the east and south. east of Englar
Fi. June, July. Y.— T'ubers 2, very unequal. Plant 4—6 inches v
slender; with two lanceolato-oblong leaves at the base, and a smal from
on the stem, or scape. Flowers small, green. Perianth bent doWn than
the top of the erect germen. Cal. of 3 equal, ovate leaves, shortet li»
the corolla. Lateral petals ovate, acuminate, undivided ; lower one € et;
3-fid, the two side-lobes rather small, intermediate one much c
linear. — Pollen-mass on a short footstalk, with a large white glan®

6. ÓPnnvs. Linn. Ophrys. re
l. O. apífera, Huds. (Bee Ophrys); lip tumid trifid and ale
flexed at the extremity, the intermediate lobe trifid, its ™

Goodyera.] | | GYNANDRIA—MONANDRIA. 317 .

Segment longest subulate, anther elongated with a hooked point.
- Bot. t. 65.— O. insectifera, i. L.
_Chalky and clayey soils in various parts of England, in pastures and
Pits. F July. Y .— Flowers large. Calyx purplish or greenish-white :
ateral petals oblong, very small, of the same colour. Lip velvety or
Silky, of a rich brown variegated with yellow.

2. O. arachnites, Willd. (late Spider Ophrys) ; “lip longer
than the calyx dilated somewhat tumid with 5 shallow inflexed
Marginal lobes, the terminal one flattened, calyx coloured,
Column (anther) with a hooked point, petals deltoid downy.”

: Fl, v. iv. p. 273. G. E. Smith in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2596.

Chalky downs of South Kent, between Folkstone and Sittingbourne.
Fi, May, June. 2£.—1 am indebted to Mr Winterbottom for authentic
Specimens of this, so well dried as to be beautifully expressive of the
€ssential characters of the species. The Rev. G. E. Smith speaks of it
as allied to O. apifera, “ with which, and probably O. fucifera, it forms
Tequent hybrids. The essential distinctions are to be sought in the
Position of the lobe at the base (extremity ?) of the lower lip, which is
Neyer recurved ; in the more or less deltoid form of the purplish or green
Petals ; in the more bent and short, as well as paler calyz-leaves ; and
n the proportion borne to them by the lip, which is either equal or
Onger, and which presents in the true plant a nearly entire margin, and
à more obvious shade of green in the various lines and spots upon its

ull or intensely brown disk."

3. O. aranífera, Huds. ( Spider Ophrys); lip tumid clothed
With short dense hairs 3-lobed, middle lobe large emarginate,
anther acute. Æ. Bot. t. 65.—ß. lip obovate undivided with a
Spreading wavy margin. O. fucifera, Sm. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 32.
G. E. Smith in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2649. |

Chalky and clayey pastures and pits.—. Kent. FI. Apr. May. Xf.
—Lip shorter and broader than in O. apifera ; its colour deep brown,
With paler lines not unfrequently resembling the Greek letter z. Calyx
Steen, Mr G. E. Smith is now satisfied that O. fucifera is only a var.

Of the present.

4. Q. muscífera, Huds. (Fiy Ophrys); lip oblong 3-fid middle
Segment larger 2-lobed, lateral petals filiform, anther short ob-
tuse, Æ. Bot. t. 64. E 3
chalky and clayey pastures in England, abundant in many parts of

Orfolk, Suffolk, Surrey, and Kent. Fl. June. 2£.— Well distinguished
gem all the preceding, by its very slender, lateral petals, which resemble
he antenn of an insect, and by its narrow Zip, 2-lobed at the extremity,
‘nd having a broad pale bluish spot in its centre.

7. Goopyéra. Br. Goodyera.

l. G. répens, Br. (creeping Goodyera); lower leaves ovate
Petiolate, calyx-leaves petals and lip ovato-lanceolate, root
"Teebing, Hook. in Fl. Lond. N. S. t. 144.—Satyrium, L.—

E. Bor, t. 289. | : i
Old fir forests in the north, and especially the N. Highlands of Scot-

318 GYNANDRIA—MONANDRIA. [Lister@:

land. £7. Aug. 2[.— Zeaves mostly radical. Stem a span high, bearing
bracteiform leaves. Flowers small, white. Column very short. P al
masses broadly oval, composed of large granules, eventually fixed to the —
. top of the stigma and falling away with a gland-like portion of it.

8. NEÓTTIA. Jacq. Lady's Tresses.

l. N. spirális, Rich. (fragrant Ladys Tresses); root-leaves
oblong subpetiolate, spike twisted unilateral, lip oblong. Ophrys
L.—E. Bot. t. 541. "

Dry hilly pastures in various parts of England, in a chalky or grave ;
soil FI. Aug. Sept. Uf.—Tubers oblong, 3—4. Stem 4—6 ine
high, rather bracteated than leafy. Flowers singularly spiral 0n a
stalk, greenish-white. Upper calyz-leaf and 2 inner petals combine:
Lip longer than the rest of the flower, oblong, broader and crena
at the apex. Stigma and anther both acuminate.

2. N. estivális, DC. (Summer Ladys Tresses); tubers cylin:
drical long, radical leaves oblong-lanceolate, cauline narrow
lanceolate, spike lax twisted. Bab. in Suppl. to E. Bot. m™
Ej. in Prim. Fl. Sarn. ined.

l d
Marshy land by St Ouen’s pond, Jersey. Messrs Babington an
Christy. Fl. July, Aug. 2t. (Bab.)

3. N. gemmípara, Sm. (proliferous Lady's Tresses) ; « leaves
lanceolate as tall as the stalk, spike 3-ranked twisted, bracte?
glabrous," Æ. FI. v. iv. p. 36. E. Bot. Suppl. t. 9786. (bad):

Dunbog, Bear-Haven, Ireland; Mr J. Drummond. Fl. Oct. 4
Nothing satisfactory is known of this.

9. LrsrfRA. Br. Bird's-nest or T wayblade.

l. L. ováta, Br. (common Twayblade) ; stem with only. j
ovato-elliptical opposite leaves, column of fructification ber
crest in which the anther is placed. Ophrys, L.—E. Bot.t. ba: 4

Woods and moist pastures, frequent. F7. June. 2f.—One foot 5 E
Leaves striated. Flowers distant upon the spike, yellowish-or 64, 3
Calyx-segments ovate ; two lateral petals linear-oblong ; Zip long: bi
without any teeth at the base. Bracteas very short.

2. L. cordáta, Br. (heart-leaved Twayblade); stem with |
2 cordate opposite leaves, column without any crest, lip wi!
tooth on each side at the base. Ophrys, L.E. Bot. t. 355 d

Sides of mountains in heathy spots, in the north of Englan js
Scotland. FI. July, Aug. Y .— Root a few long fleshy fibres. ae
8—5 inches high. Flowers few, very small, spiked, greenish-b? i,
Leaves of the perianth somewhat spreading, those of the calyx 9*
Lateral petals linear-oblong ; lip pendent, linear.

- 8. L. Midus-Avis, Hook. (common Bird’s-nest) ; stem ^
sheathing scales leafless, column without any crest, lip li pi
oblong with 2 spreading lobes, toothless at the base. 400
Fl. Lond. N. S. t. 58.— Ophrys, L.—E. Bot. t. 48.

Shady woods in many parts of England and Scotland. Z l.

May:

Lpipactis.] GYNANDRIA—MONANDRIA. 319

June, 2t — Root of many short, thick, densely aggregated, fleshy fibres.
Stem 1 foot high. Flowers spiked, of a dingy brown. Calyz-leaves
and lateral pedals oblong-oval, nearly equal. Lobes of the dip spread-
Mg.— This can scarcely be generically distinguished from the preceding.

10. EprpActis. Br. Helleborine.
l. E. latifólia, Sw. (broad-leaved Helleborine); leaves broadly

ovate amplexicaul, perianth connivent, lower bracteas longer
than the drooping flowers, lip 3-lobed, middle lobe roundish
Shortly acuminated. Hook. in Fl. Lond. N. S. t. 102.— Sera-
Dus, L.—E. Bot. t. 269. - "o
<. Woods in mountainous countries, not unfrequent. FZ. July, Aug.

— Root creeping, with long fibres. Stem 1—38 ft. high; upper leaves
anceolate. Flowers in a very long, lax spike, greenish-purple, but
Varying much in intensity, sometimes dark purple, when it becomes the
^. of Sm. and I fear his Æ. purpurata also. 5

2. E. purpuráta, Sm. (purple-leaved Helleborine); **leaves
°Vato-lanceolate, bracteas linear all twice as long as the flowers,
ip shorter than the calyx entire, germen downy.” E. FI. v. iv.
8. 42, Forbes in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 9775.

Shady woods, Woburn Abbey; Dr Abbot, Mr Forbes. FI. Aug. Y.

_ 9. E. palástris, Sw. (marsh Helleborine); leaves lanceolate, pe-
Nanth patent, bracteas mostly shorter than the slightly droop-
mg flowers, lip 3-lobed, middle lobe oval crenate retuse longer
t lan the rest of the perianth. Hook. in Fl. Lond. N. S. t. 89.
~Serapias, Scop.—H, Bot. t. 270.—S. longifolia, aL.

Moist and marshy places, especially in the vicinity of chalk. Fv. July.

-—Stem 1 foot high, purplish above. Calyx purple-green ; lateral
Petals and lip white, with rose-coloured streaks at the base.

4. E. grandiflora, Sm. (large white Helleborine); leaves ovato-
lanceolate sessile, bracteas much longer than the erect flowers,
Perianth patent, lip 3-lobed, middle lobe large oval retuse

À Shorter than the rest of the perianth.—E. pallens, Sw.— Hook.
» Fl. Lond. N. S. t. 76.—Serapias grandiflora, L.—£E. Bot. t.
i.

Woods and thickets, chiefly in a chalky soil. FJ. June. Y.— Stem

Oot or more high. Cal.-leaves and petals nearly equal, large, oblongo-
vate, white, concave, including the small Zip which is also white, but
Yellowish within. Column of fructification in this and the following
Species very long : in the preceding ones very short.

5. E. ensifólia, Sw. (narrow-leaved white Helleborine); leaves
lanceolate much acuminated subdistichous, bracteas very minute
Subulate, flowers erect, lip 3-lobed, middle lobe large roundish
9btuse much shorter than the rest of the perianth. Hook. in

l. Lond. N. S. t. 77.—Serapias, L—E. Bot. t. 494.

ountainous woods; but not general. FI. May, June. ?f.

6. E. rábra, Sw. (purple Helleborine); leaves lanceolate, brac-
leas longer than the downy germen, perianth spreading, lip

320 GYNANDRIA—DIANDRIA. [ Cypripedium
with its middle lobe acuminate marked with raised wavy Jines:
— Serapias, L.—E. Bot. t. 437. M

Rare in mountainous woods, in England. F7. May, June. X.
Calyx and inner petals purplish-red, Lip almost white.

11. Maráxis. Sw. Bog-Orchis.

= L M. paludósa, Sw. (marsh Bog-Orchis) ; leaves 4—5 oval

very concave papillose at the extremity,! lip concave acutes
E. Bot. t. 72. Hook. in Fl. Lond. N. S. t. 197.— Ophrys, =

Spongy bogs, in many places, but often overlooked on account of ^
small size. Frequent in the vallies of Clova, Dr Graham. FI. Aug
Sept. 21.—Stem 2—4 inches high. Flowers erect, minute, in à s
greenish spike. Calyx of 3, ovate, horizontally spreading leaves: v
of them erect, their bases embracing the base of the superior ip whic
is thus also erect. Two lateral petals recurved.

19. Liparts. Rich. Liparis.

l. L. Loesélit, Rich. (two-leaved Liparis); leaves 2 broad’
lanceolate, scape trigonal, lip entire longer than the periant™
—Malaxis, Sw.— Ophrys, L.—E. Bot. t. 47. r

Sandy bogs, in Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cambridgeshire. FY. July. »
—6—8 inches high. Flowers few, in a lax spike, yellowish-greens <
their general structure very similar to those of the tropical and paras!
tical L. foliosa, Bot. Mag. t. 2709.

183. Conanronníza. Hall. Coral-root.

1. C. innáta, Br. (spurless Coral-root); spur very short adnate:
Hook. in Fl. Lond. N. S. t. 142.— Ophrys corallorhiza, L-
E. Bot. t. 1547. pr

Marshy woods in several parts of Scotland. Woods near Culross;
Dewar. Fl. July. 2f .— Root of thick, interwoven, fleshy fibres. p
6—12 inches high, greenish-white, with 2—3 lanceolate, acute, she le
ing scales, rather than leaves. Flowers 6—8 in a short lax spike; P 2
yellowish-green. Calyzx-leaves linear-lanceolate, keeled, spreading ng)
lateral petals shorter than the calyx, erecto-connivent. Lip we
white, nearly entire, waved at the margin, with a few purple blote
deflexed. Column elongated.

GYNANDRIA—DIANDRIA.
14. Cypripépium. Linn. Lady’s Slipper.
1. C. Calcéolus, L. (common Lady's Slipper); stem leafy» n
minal lobe of the column nearly oval, lip shorter than the €? y
somewhat laterally compressed. Æ. Bot. t. 1. e of

Woods in the north of England, but rare. FZ. June. que
the most beautiful and interesting of our native plants.

b
. | These papillz the Rev. Professor Henslow has clearly ascertained Mag
little bulbous gemma, and as such has described and figured them in M SW.
of Nat. Hist. v. i. p. 442; a fact suspected previously, in 1824, by >
Wilson, who further finds an hybernaculum formed in the autumn am as one
decayed leaves. Thus, independent of seeds, this curious little plant

mode of perpetuating itself, and another of increase. -

Typha.) MONOECIA—TRIANDRIA.

GYNANDRIA—HEXANDRIA.
15. ARISTOLÓCHIA. Linn. Birthwort.
l. A.* Clematitis, L. (common Birthwort); stem erect, leaves
eart-shaped, flowers upright, lip oblong shortly acuminate.
E. Bot. t. 398.

Copses and pastures, and especially among old ruins in the E. and S.
of England. FZ. July, Aug. 21.— Flowers pale yellow.

CLASS XXI. MONOECIA. Stamens and Pistils in
separate flowers on the same plant.

ORD I. MONANDRIA. 1 Stamen.

1. EvPHónBIA. Jnvolucre of one piece, including several bar-
ren flowers and 1 fertile—Barr. fl. A single stamen without
calyx or corolla.—Fert. f£. A single pistil without calyx (or
rarely a very minute one) or corolla.— Germen 3-lobed. Styles
9, cleft. Caps. 3-seeded.— Nat. Ord. EUPHORBIACE®, Juss.—
Named from Euphorbus, Physician to Juba, king of Maurita-
nia, who brought the plant into use.

2. CALLİTRICHE. Barren fl. Perianth single, of 2 leaves
( they are, rather, 2 bracteas) or none. Anther of 1 cell.— Fert.
f. Germen 4-lobed, lobes laterally compressed, indehiscent,
With 4, 1-seeded cells.— Vat. Ord. Hanoracem, Br.—-Name—
X&Xoc, beautiful, and 0giZ, hair. Its stems are long and slender,
and resemble hairs.

9. ZANNICHELLIA. Barren fl. Perianth none.— Fert. fi. Peri-
anth single, of 1 leaf. Germens4 or more. Style 1. Stigma pel-
tate. Capsules nearly sessile.— Nat. Ord. NAIADES, Juss.—
Named in honour of John Jérome Zannichelli, a Venetian apothe-
Cary and botanist.

. 4. ZosTÉRA. Stamens and pistils inserted in 2 rows upon one
Side of a spadix. Spatha foliaceous. Anthers ovate, sessile,
alternating with the germens. Germen ovate. Style bifid. Fruit
With 1 seed, (bursting vertically, Wilson).—Nat. Ord. NatavEs,

uss.— Named from Cworng, a girdle, or ribbon, which the leaves .
Somewhat resemble.

(For Chara, see Cr. Cryprocamta.)

ORD. II. DIANDRIA. 2 Stamens.
(See Callitriche in Orv. I. Carex in Onn. III.)

ORD. III. TRIANDRIA. 3 Stamens.

5. T¥pua. Flowers collected into very dense, cylindrical
Spikes or catkins.— Darren fl. Perianth0. Stam. 3 together
VOL. I. a i

399 MONOECIA-—TETRANDRIA. [.Buxus.

upon a chaffy or hairy receptacle, united below into 1 filament:
—Fert. fl. Perianth 0. Pericarp pedicellate, surrounded at the
base with hairs resembling a pappus.—Nat. Ord. A ROIDEZE
Juss.—Named from ruos, a marsh, where the plant grows.

6. SPAnaÁNIUM. Flowers in spherical, dense heads.— Da"
ren fl. Perianth single, of 3 leaves.—Fertile fl. Perianth S^
gle, of 3 leaves. Drupe dry, with 1 seed.— Nat. Ord. AROIDEZ
Juss.—Name oragyavoy, a little band, from its narrow and long
leaves. :

7. CArex. Flowers collected into an imbricated spike. Caly%
(as it is usually called), a scale.— Barren fl. Cor. 0. — Fertile
fi. Cor. of 1 piece, urceolate, swollen. Stigmas 9.9. Nut
triquetrous, ineluded within the persistent corolla (which is thus
considered to form part of the fruit.)— Nat. Ord. CvPERACEZ»
Juss.— Name, supposed to be derived from xz:gu, to shear or ctt;
in allusion to its sharp leaves and stems.

8. EL£Na. Spikelets 2-flowered, upper one sterile, lower one
fertile, (sometimes 1 is wanting.) included in a broad sheathing
bractea, and each within a convolute scale. Cal. 0. Cor. 0.— Ba
ren fl. Stam. 3.— Fertile fl. Pistil 1. Stigmas 3. Nut obtusely tr!
gonal, surrounded by its convolute scale.—In habit nearly allie
to Scirpus, and still more closely to Blysmus ; but the flowers
are monoecious. It has not the urceolate corolla of Carez-—
Nat. Ord. Cyprracem, Juss.—Named, I presume, from £49
to involve or surround, which the scale does the flower.

ORD. IV. TETRANDRIA. 4 Stamens.

9. LITTORÉLLA. Barren fl. Cal. of 4 leaves. ^ Cor. 4-fid.
Stam. very long.—Fertile fl. Cal. 0, (unless three bracteas :
be so called.) Cor. urceolate, contracted at the mouth. SY ,
very long. Caps. l-seeded.— Nat. Ord. PrANTAGINEJ, JUS
— Named from littus, the shore, from its place of growth.

10. Arxus. Flowers collected into imbricated catkins:
Barren fl. Scale of the catkin 3-lobed, with 3 flowers. T n
anth single, 4-partite.— F'ertile fl. Scale of the catkin subtrifi
with 2 flowers. Perianth 0. Styles 29. Nut compressed.— ko
Ord. AMENTACEH, Juss.—Name, derived from the Celtic, 4^
near, and lan, the river-bank.

ll. Bixus. Flowers clustered, axillary.— Barren fi: Pe

: : . e
anth single, of 4 leaves, 2 opposite ones smaller (with jdn

bractea at the base). Rudiment of a germen.— Fertile f

as in the barren fi. (with 3 bracteas at the base).

Caps. with 3 beaks, 3-celled ; cells 2-seedeå.— Nat. Ord. -
PHORBIACER, Juss.— Name, altered from quZog, the Greek na?
for this tree.

Ceratophyllum] ^ MONOECIA—POLYANDRIA. 323

12. Urvica. Barren fl. Perianth single, of 4 leaves, con-
taining the cup-shaped rudiment of a pistil—Fertile fl. Peri-
anth single, of 2 leaves. Pericarp 1-seeded, shining. —Nat. Ord.

RTICEZ, Juss —Named from uro, to burn, in allusion to its
Stinging property.

(See Eriocaulon in Ord. VI. Myrica in Ce. XXIL.)

ORD. V. PENTANDRIA. 5 Stamens.

13. XAwruium. Barren fl. Involucre of few scales, with
Many small, capitate flowers, upon a common receptacle. Cal.
0. Cor. obovate, sessile. Anthers terminating a tube which is
Inserted at the base of the cor. Germen abortive.— Fertile fl.
Involucre single, prickly, with 2 beaks, entirely enclosing 2
flowers; the 2 stigmas only protruded from small apertures
Within the beaks. Cal. 0. Cor. 0. Fruit 1-seeded, included
in the enlarged and hardened involucre.— Nat. Ord. COMPOSITÆ,
Juss.—Named from Zavbos, yellow, or fair, because an infusion
of this plant was supposed to improve the colour of the hair.

14. AMARANTHUS. Barren fl. Perianth single, deeply 3—5-
partite, Stam. 3-—5.— F'rtile fl. Perianth single, deeply 3—
S-partite. Styles 8 or 9. Capsule of 1 cell, with 1 seed, bursting
all round transversely.— Vat. Ord. AMARANTHACED, Juss.—

amed from a, not, puganai, to fade; or, flowers which do not
fade, commonly called ** Everlasting Flowers." r

15. Bnvóu1a. Barren fl. Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5-cleft. Fila-
Ments 3. Anthers 5.—Fertile fl. Cal. 5-dentate. Cor. 5-cleft.
Style trifid. Berry inferior, globose, many-seeded.—JVat. Ord.
CucurBITACE®, Juss.—Named from (9guu, to shoot or grow
rapidly, in allusion to the quick growth of the stems,

(See Fagus and Quercus in Orv. Potyanpria. Atriplex in Crass
POLYGAMIA.)

ORD. VI. HEXANDRIA. 6 Stamens.

16. EnrocÁULOoN. Flowers collected into a compact, scaly
head.— Barren flowers in the centre. Perianth single, 4—6-cleft,
the inner segments united nearly to their summit. Stam. 4—6.
_ —Fertile flowers in the circumference. Perianth single, deeply
4-partite. Style 1. Stigmas 2—3. Capsule 2—8-lobed, 2—3-
celled. Cells 1-seeded.— Nat. Ord. RgsrrAcEm, Br.—Named
tom spov, wool, and xavaos, the stem ; in allusion to the downy
Stems or scapes of the species first known.

(See Quercus in On». PorvANDRIA.)

ORD. VII. POLYANDRIA. Many Stainens.

. M. CERATOPHÝLLUM. Barren fi. Cal. inferior, multipar-
tite. Cor. 0, Stam. 16—20.—Fertile fi. Cal. multipartite.

394 MONOECIA—POLY ANDRIA, [ Fagus.

Cor.0. Germen l. Style filiform, curved. Stigma simple.
Nut superior, 1-seeded.—Nat. Ord. CERaTOPHYLLEE, Gray.—
Name—xzgus, xegaros, a horn, and QuXJov, a leaf, from the forke
leaves.

18. Myriopayiium. Barren fl. Cal. inferior, of 4 leaves:
Pet.4. Stam. 8.— Fertile fl. Cal. of 4 leaves. Pet. 4. Sug-
mas 4, sessile. Nuts 4, sessile, subglobose, 1-seeded.—Nat. Ord.
Hatoracem, Br.—Name—uvgos, a myriad, and guadoy, a leas
from its numerous leaves.

19. SaerrTÁRIA. Barren fl. Cal. 3-leaved. Pet. 3. Stam
numerous.—Fertile fl. Cal. 3-leaved. Pet. 3. Pistils very
numerous, collected into a head. Pericarps 1-seeded, compressed,
margined.— Nat. Ord. AuisMAcEa&, Bich.—Named from sagitta
an arrow, on account of the shape of its leaves.

20. Arum. Spatha of one leaf, convolute at the base. Fes
rianth 0. Spadix with germens at the base. Stam. (sessile
near the middle of the spadix, which is naked above. Berry
with 1 cell and many seeds.— Nat. Ord. AROIDEA, Juss.—Name
formerly written Aron, and supposed to be an ancient Egyptia?
word by which one of this tribe was known.

21. Porérium. Flowers collected into a head, with 3 (or 4)
bracteas at the base of each; upper ones fertile.— Barren f
Cal. of 4 deep segments. Cor. 0. Stam. 30—40, with very
long, flaccid filaments.— Fertile fl. Cal. tubular, contracted a$
the mouth, with 4 deciduous teeth. Pistils2. Stigmas tufted-
Pericarps 2, 1-seeded, invested with the hardened 4-angled tube
of the calyx.—Nat. Ord. Rosa cx, Juss.—Named from pote
rium, a drinking cup: the plant having been used in the prepa!"
ation of a drink, called in England a cool-tankard.

22. Quirous. Barren fi. ina lax catkin or spike. Perianth
single, 5—7-cleft. Slam. 5—10.—Fertile fl. Involucre of many
little scales, united into a cup. Perianth single, closely investing
the germen, 6-toothed. Germen 3-celled. Style 1. Stigmas ?'
Nut (or acorn) 1-celled, 1-seeded, covered by the persistent, en-
, larged perianth, and surrounded at the base by the enlarged cP”

shaped involucre.—Nat. Ord. AMENTACER, Juss.—Named fro?
the Celtic quer, beautiful, and cuez, a tree. It produced the Mis
seltoe of the Druids, and was thence called also derw : hence.
Darach, Gaelic ; dgus, in Greek, and Dryades.

23. FAcus. Barren fl. in a globose cat&in. Perianth single,
of 1 leaf, campanulate, 6-cleft. Stam. 5—12.— Fertile y res
within a 4-lobed, prickly involucre. Perianth single, urceo eri
with 4—5 minute lobes.: Germen incorporated with the pert
anth, 3-celled, 2 becoming abortive. Styles 3. Nuts j-seededs
invested with the enlarged involucre.—Wat, Ord. AMENTACE*?

Pinus.] MONOECIA—MONADELPHIA, . 925

Juss.—Name— e«yos, in Greek, from gayw, to eat, on account
of the nutritive qualities of the fruit. à

24. CASTÁNEA. Barren fl.in a very long cylindrical catkins
Perianth single, of 1 leaf, 6-cleft. Stam. 5—20.— Fertile fl. 3,
Within a 4-lobed, thickly muricated involucre. Perianth single,
urceolate, 5—6-lobed, having the rudiments of 12 stam. Germen
incorporated with the perianth, 6-celled, each cell 2-seeded, 5 of
the cells mostly abortive. Styles 6. Nut 1—2-seeded, invested
With the enlarged involucre.— Nat. Ord. AMENTACEX, Juss.—
Named from Castanea, in Thessaly, which produced magnificent
Chestnut trees. i

25. Brura. Barren fi. in a cylindrical cathin ; its scales 3-
— flowered. Perianth 0. Stam. 10—12.— Fertile fl. Scale of the
catkin imperfectly 3-lobed, 3-flowered. Perianth 0. Styles 2.
Germen compressed, with 2 cells, 1 of which is abortive. Nuts
compressed, with a membranaceous margin, 1-seeded.—Wat.
Ord. AMENTACEE, Juss.—Name derived from betu, the Celtic
name for the Birch.

26. Carpinus. Barren fi. in a cylindrical cat&in ; its scales
roundish, ciliated at the base. Stam. 8—90.— Fertile fl. in a
lax catkin ; its scales large, foliaceous, 3-lobed, 1-flowered. Zn-
voluere 0. Perianth of | leaf, urceolate, 6-dentate, incorporated
with the 2-celled germen, of which 1 cell is abortive. | Styles 2.
Nut ovate, striated, 1-seeded.— Nat. Ord. AMENTACER, Juss.—
Named—car, wood, and pin, a head, in Celtic; it having been
the wood employed to make the yokes of oxen.

97. CóRYLUS. Barren fl.in a cylindrical catkin ; its scales
8-cleft. Perianth, O. Stam. 8. Anthers 1-celled.— Fertile fl.
Perianth obsolete. Germens several, surrounded by a scaly in-
volucre. Stigmas 2. Nut 1-seeded, invested at the base with
the enlarged, united, coriaceous scales of the involucre.— Nat.
Ord. AMENTACES, Juss.—Named from xogus, a casque or cap;
the fruit, with its involucre, appearing as if covered with a
bonnet.

ORD. VIII. MONADELPHIA. Stamens united into one set.

.98. Pinus. Barren fl. in crowded, racemose catkins; the |

Scales peltate, bearing 2, 1-celled, sessile anthers. Perianth 0.
— Fertile fi. in an ovate catkin ; its scales closely imbricated, 2-
flowered. Perianth 0. Pericarp l-seeded, terminated by a
ong winged appendage, and covered with the imbricated scales,
forming a cone (strobilus).— Nat. Ord. CoNIFERÆ,' Juss.— Name
—pin, or pen, means a crag or stony mountain, still so called in

ales (as Ben in Scotland) ; where the pine delights to grow,
“moored in the rifted rock."

= Enea

MONOECIA—MONANDRIA. (Euphorbia.

MONOECIA—MONANDRIA.
1. EuPnónzi4A. Linn. Spurge.
* Glands of the involucre rounded on the outside.

1, E. Péplis, L. (purple Spurge); stem procumbent forked,
leaves oblong heart-shaped nearly entire, glands of the involu-
cre with small membranaceous scales beneath, capsule smoot)
seeds smooth (white). Æ. Bot. t. 2002, ;

Sandy coast, in Devon and Cornwall. Channel islands. Babingto?
and Christy. Fl. July—Sept. ©.—Remarkable for its procumbent
stems, of a glaucous hue, much tinged with purple.

2. E. helioscópia, L. (Sun Spurge); umbel of 5 principal
branches, bracteas and leaves membranaceous obovato-cuneate
serrated upwards, capsule glabrous, seeds reticulated and pitted.
E. Bot. t. 883. S

Abundant in waste and cultivated ground. FZ. July, Aug. ©.—The
acrid milky juice is employed to destroy warts. à

3. * E. platyphylla, L. (broad-leaved warted Spurge); umbel of
about 5 principal branches and with frequently scattered pedun-
cles beneath, bracteas cordate, leaves membranaceous broadly
obovato-lanceolate acute finely serrulated hairy beneath, glands
of the invólucre oval, capsule warted, seeds smooth (brownish):
Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 876 (excellent). Sm. Fl. Brit. p. 517 .—.E. striel
LL. and E. Bot. t. 333 (starved specimens). E. Fl. v. iv. p. 64.

Corn-fields ; Albourne and near Henfield, Sussex, (exactly corre*
sponding with Jacquin's plant). Essex, Cambridgeshire, Kent, Tunbridge
Wells, Suffolk, and probably other counties. Fi. July, Aug. @.—I have
received it also from Canada, where perhaps it had been introduce
from Europe.

4. E. Hibérna, L. (Irish Spurge); umbel of about 5 principal
"branches, bracteas and leaves elliptical entire, glands of the 19-
volucre 4 kidney-shaped with intermediate rounded lobes, cap”
sule warted glabrous, seeds smooth. Æ. Bot. t. 1937.

In hedges and thickets, in the south of Ireland. Between Feversha®
and Sittingbourne, Kent; Huds. Fl. June. 4.—1}—2 feet high.*

5. E.* pilósa, L. (hairy Spurge); umbel of 3.5 principal
rays with several scattered inferior ones, bracteas broadly 0Y
entire and as well as the elliptical finely serrated leaves hairy
or glabrous, glands of the involucre 4 transversely oval with 1"
termediate rounded lobes, capsule warted or smooth hairy 97
glabrous, seeds glossy smooth.—a. (Roeper); capsules warte
shaggy. F. pilosa, L.— Reich. Ic. Bot. t. 145. Hook. Br: Fl. ed.
p. 382.—. (Roeper); capsules dotted with minute brown wa” we

1 While botanizing in the S. of Ireland, Mr W. Christy learned from id
Taylor, that this plant is extensively used by the peasantry of Kerry for ei
oning, or rather stupifying, fish; in the same manner as the exotic Æ. eet
toria. So powerful are its qualities, that a small creel or basket filled w!
the bruised plant, suffices to poison the fish for several miles down a river.

Euphorbia.] MONOECIA—MONANDRIA. 327

glabrous or obsoletely hairy. E. epithymoides, Babington, Fi.
Barth. p. 44. (not Linn.) — E. pilosa, Bab. in E. Bot. Suppl. t.
2787.—y. (Roeper); capsules quite smooth and glabrous. E.
villosa, Waldst. et Kit. Pl. Rar. Hung. v. i. p. 56. t. 93.— EH. pro-
cera, M. Bieb. Fl. Taur. Cauc. v. i. p. 378. Reich. Ic. Bot. t. 146.
a. * Abundant in the hedges at Slinfold, Sussex ;! naturalized ?” Mr
Borrer ; who observes that formerly Mr Manningham, Dillenius' friend,
was the incumbent there. It has, at any rate, as good a claim to be
Considered native, as some other species of this genus. Habit and size
of the last species, often tinged with purple.—4£. Plentiful in a lane and
wood near Prior Park Lodge, Mr E. Simms and Mr Heneage Gibbs ;
appearing to Mr Babington to be truly wild. 77. July. 2[.— After a
careful comparison of numerous and authentic specimens with the figure
and description, I arrive at the conclusion that the above synonyms
come properly under one species, and that the state which Mr Babington
has brought into notice is exactly intermediate between the Æ. villosa
of Waldstein and Kitaibel, and the J£. pilosa of Linn.

xx Glands of the Involucre pointed or angular.

6. E.* Esula, L. (leafy branched Spurge); umbel of many prin-
cipal branches and several scattered peduncles below, bracteas
cordate, leaves membranaceous oblongo-lanceolate most] y.entire,
glands of the involucre with two horns, germens glabrous (sca-
brous, Sm.) seeds obovate smooth. E. Bot. €. 1399.

Woods near Edinb. and at Slinfold, Sussex. Banks of Tweed near
Coldstream. Fi. July. ?f.

7. E.* Cyparíssias, L. (Cypress Spurge); umbel of many prin-
cipal branches and several scattered peduncles below, bracteas
cordate, leaves linear entire membranaceous glabrous, glands
of the involucre lunate, germens scabrous, seeds obovate smooth.
E. Bot. t. 840.

Woods, Staffordshire, Bedfordshire, Northumberland. F7. June, July.
21.— Readily distinguished by its narrow, linear leaves. — .

8. E. parália, L. (Sea Spurge); umbel of about 5 principal
branches often with inferior scattered ones, braeteas cordate con-
cave, leaves coriaceous obovato-and linear-lanceolate (generally)
imbricated glaucous entire concave, glands of the involucre (5)
lunate, capsules wrinkled, seeds smooth. Æ. Dot. t. 195.

Sandy sea-coast of England, and near Dublin; but not general. FI.
Aug. Sept. 2£.—Stems numerous from the same root, woody below.
Leaves very closely imbricated, especially on the young shoots. i

9. E. Portlándica, L. (Portland Spurge); umbel with about
5 principal dichotomous branches and several inferior scattered
ones, bracteas triangular-cordate, leaves membranaceous obova-
to-lanceolate generally obtuse and submucronate, glands of the
. involucre (4) lunate with two long points, capsule rough at the
angles, seeds dotted (almost white). Æ. Bot. t. 441.

! Mr Babington considers the Sussex plant to be E. coralloides. T fear
neither has a claim to be considered British. f

328 MONOECIA—MONANDRIA, [ Callitriche.

Sandy sea-coast, in the extreme south and west of England ; Wales ;
Isle of Man. South of Scotland. Dublin. Fi. Aug. 2[.—6—10 inches
high, This is very rare, if not unknown, on the continent.

10. E. exigua, L. (dwarf Spurge); umbel of generally 3 prin-
cipal branches, leaves linear-lanceolate as well as the bracteas
rather rigid entire glabrous often truncate and mucronate, glands
of the involucre with two horns, capsules nearly smooth, seeds
wrinkled,. Æ. Bot. t. 1336. ,

Corn-fields, in a light soil, frequent. FZ. July. ©.—4—6 inches
high, branched at the base. Seeds small, white. z

11. E. Péplus, L. (petty Spurge); umbel of about 3 princi-
pal branches, bracteas ovate, leaves membranaceous broadly obo-
vate on short stalks entire glabrous, glands of the involucre
lunate the horns very long, germen somewhat winged and sca-
brous, seeds dotted. Æ. Bot. t. 959.

Cultivated and waste ground, abundant. F7. July, Aug. ©.

12. E. * Láthyris, L. (Caper-Spurge); umbel of 3—4 princi-
pal branches, bracteas cordato-acuminate, leaves submembrana-
ceous 4-farious oblongo-lanceolate entire cordate at the base;
glands of the involucre bluntly lunate, germen glabrous, seeds
smooth. Æ. Bot. t. 2255.

Thickets about Ufton near Reading. Steep Holmes in the Severn-
Crawfurdland, near Kilmarnock. Comrie Den, near Dunfermline ; Dr
Dewar, | Fi. June, July, g.

13. E. amygdaloídes, L. ( Wood Spurge); umbel of about 6
principal branches and several scattered peduncles below, leaves
nearly membranaceous obovato-lanceolate hairy beneath atten-
uated at the base entire, bracteas perfoliated, glands of the in-
voluere lunate, capsules minutely dotted, seeds smooth. Æ. Bot.
t. 256.— E. sylvatica, L. ,

Woods and thickets in England, especially in clayey soil. South 0
Ireland. ` Fl. March, Apr. 2f.— Stems red, almost shrubby.

14. E.* Chardcias, L. (red shrubby Spurge); umbel of many
principal downy branches with several peduncles below, brac-
teas broad perfoliate acute, leaves lanceolate, glands of the in- -
voluere lunate, germens scabrous, seeds smooth. Æ. Bot. t. 442

In Needwood forest, Staffordshire. J’. March, Apr. h.—A large
and handsome species, not uncommon in gardens, whence it has been
an outcast.

2. CALLÍTRICHE. Linn. Water-starwort.:

1. C. vérna, L. (vernal Water-starwort); fructiferous pedun- —
cles very short with two bracteas at their base, fruit regularly
tetragonal, each portion bluntly keeled at the back. Arn.—
Fil. v. i. p. 10. Arn. in Ed. Journ. of Nat. and Geogr. Sc. v. 1- P*
426.— C. aquatica, E. Bot. t. 722. Hook. in Fl. Lond. N.S. t. 127.

Ditches, pools and slow streams, abundant. Fl Apr. May. Pe
This varies much, as do almost all aquatic plants, in its foliage. Leav

Lypha.] MONOECIA—TRIANDRIA. 329

aariably connate. ( W. Wilson.) Upper and floating ones generally oval
ind Stalked, 3-ribbed ; lower ones single-ribbed, linear ; rarely all linear.

f =. C. pedunculáta, De Cand. (pedunculated Water-starwort);

à Uctiferous peduncles more or less elongated without bracteas
tthe base, fruit regularly tetragonal, each portion bluntly keeled

‘tthe back. Arn. in Journ. of Nat.and Geogr. Sc. v. i.p.427.—C.

“utumnalis, Hook. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2606, (excl. the syn.)
Ditch at Amberley, Sussex ; Mr Borrer. Fl. June. ©.

3. C. autumnális, L. (autumnal Water-starwort); fructiferous
Peduncles very short without bracteas, fruit irregularly tetra-
Sonal, each portion broadly and acutely winged at the back

Tn.— E. Fl.v.i.p.10. Hook. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2732.—C,
"Quatica, y- E. Bot. t. 792, (the small figure).—y. terrestris.

Ditches, near London. Anglesea. Loch of Cluny, Scotland.—y.

tton, in Mr H. C. Watson’s garden. Fi. June—Oct. ©. Leaves
days sessile, (W. Wilson) Mr Arnott, I believe, !first correctly dis-
Neuished the 3 British species of Callitriche, and has published them,
ith many excellent remarks on the genus, in the work just mentioned,

3. ZANNICHÉLLIA. Linn. Horned-pondweed.
l. Z. palástris, L. (common Horned-pondweed); E. Bot. t. 1844.

itches and stagnant waters. FI. Aug. ©.— Floating. Stems long,
rm, branched. Leaves opposite, linear, entire, sometimes emargi-
E at the point. Flowers axillary, from a membranaceous bractea.
lerile fl. upon a very short stalk, from the base of which arises a single
aked anther, borne on a long white filament. -Anthers with 2—4-

_, 8.— The form of the stigma, the number of anther-cells, the size and
Ode of growth, and the fruits more or less stipitate, are very variable ;
ld several supposed species are described and figured by Reichenbach.

lifo

4. ZosTÉRA. Linn. Grass-wrack.

l. Z. marina, L. (common Grass-wrack); leaves entire, some-
What 3-nerved, stem roundish. Æ. Bot. t. 467. ;
th Creeks and salt-water ditches, and on the sea-shore, common. Fi.
gush the summer. 2{.— Stems various in length, as are the linear,
yj, (use, somewhat 3-nerved leaves, which have sheathing bases, Spadix
B arising from a sheathing portion of the leaf, which thus forms the
eia Flowers green, on one side of the spadiz, quite destitute of
an Both, in two rows. Pistils and anthers alternate, generally 2 anthers
y then 1 pistil; both ovate, or oblongo-ovate, the germen terminated
a long, filiform, bipartite style. Anthers bursting irregularly.— This
s.t is used in the packing of glass-bottles and earthenware. In the
p of Russia, Pallas tells us, it is found among pottery in old tombs.
its 5 are frequently made of it, especially in the north of Europe : and
Pin, Sold in our shops, under the name of “ Alva (Ulva or Alga) ma-

%,” for similar purposes.

MONOECIA—TRIANDRIA.
5. T£PHAa. Linn. Cat’s-tail or Reed-mace.

T. latifolia, L. (great Reed-mace) ; leaves linear nearly
‘Ne, sterile and fertile catkins continuous. Æ. Bot. t. 1455.

—

ON.

330 MONOECIA—TRIANDRIA. [ Care?

Borders of ponds and lakes. FI. July, Aug. 2f.— Stems 3—6 ie
high. Leaves very long, sometimes nearly an inch broad. Cathins Vs
long, close together ; fertile one greenish-brown ; sterile one yellow
with one or two large membranaceous bracteas.

2. T. angustifolia, L. (lesser Reed-mace); leaves linear grooved
below, sterile and fertile catkins a little distant from eat
other. 7. Bot. t. 1456. im

Pools and ditehes, less frequent than the preceding. About London’
not uncommon in the E. of England, as Norfolk, Suffolk and Ess
Loch of Lindore, Fife. 7. July. 2£.—Smaller than the last eai
much narrower leaves and catkins. Sterile fl. according to Sm. pu
in T. latifolia have hairs on the receptacle), mixed with chaffy scale

3. T. * minor, Sm. (dwarf Reed-mace) ; leaves linear-sef?7,
ous, barren and fertile catkins distant the latter elliptical.
Bot. t. 1457.—T. minima, Willd.—T. angustifolia, B. Line g

Said, by Dillenius, to have been found by Mr Dandridge on Hout
low Heath. F1 July. ?f.

6. SPARcÁNIUM. Linn. Bur-reed.

1. S. ramósum, Huds. (branched Bur-reed); leaves triangt!
at the base their sides concave, common flowerstalk branch
stigma linear. E. Bot. t. 744.—.S. erectum, L.

Banks of ditches, lakes and stagnant waters. 7. July. 2.
feet and more high, with a few, long, sword-shaped leaves or br ch
having broad membranous sheathing bases on the upper or bran
part. Root-leaves very long, linear, ensiform, triangular at the
their sides concave. Sterile flowers in spherical heads, dist
placed ; fertile ones below.

2. S. simplex, Huds. (unbranched upright Bur-reed) ; J de
triangular at the base their sides flat, common flowersta ks
ple, stigma linear. Æ. Bot. t. 745.—S. erectum, P. L.

Ditches and stagnant waters, especially in a gravelly soil.

2[.— Much smaller than the last. Stem rarely, if at all,
though the lower heads of flowers are stalked. ‘The sides of the
are plane, not concave or grooved. The flowers pale yellow.

3. S. nátans, L. (floating Bur-reed) ; leaves floating P

ar

base j
nds

Janes

‘common flowerstalk simple, stigma ovate very short, hea

sterile flowers mostly solitary. H. Bot. t. 273.

Lakes, ditches and stagnant waters; abundant in the north.
July. 2f.—Leaves very long, linear, pellucid,

7. CÁnEx.! Linn. Carex or Sedge.
* Spike simple. Stigmas 2.

, T Dicecious.

1. C. dioica, L. (creeping separate-headed Carex); spi
dicecious, fruit mostly ascending ovate shortly acuminat

ke simp!
ed yous

e
h

deep]?
! I am greatly indebted to my friend Dr Boott, who has of late oth Ls
studied the Carices, for many valuable remarks and improvements
the arrangement and definition of the following species.

Carex] MONOECIA—TRIANDRIA. 831

x the margin upwards, leaves and stem smoothish, root creep-
ng. E. Bot. t. 543. j 1
Spongy bogs. Fl. May, June. Y.—A span high. Stigmas 2.
" 2. C. Davalliána, Sm. (prickly separate-headed Carex); spike
Eble dicecious, fruit ovate much acuminated recurvato-deflexed
ough at the margin upwards, leaves and stem rough, root
tufted, E. Bot. t. 2123.
i Lansdown, near Bath. On the slope of a hill on whieh there is a
ump of firs. F7. June. Y.—A span to a foot high.
++ Androgynous.
b 3. C. pulicáris, L. (flea Carex); spike simple, upper half with
àrren flowers, fruit lax oblongo-lanceolate acuminate reflexed,
stigmas 2. Æ. Bot. t. 1051.

L Bogs, frequent. F7. May, June. 2{.—A span high. Stems smooth.
eaves setaceous or filiform. Fruit dark brown, shining, smooth. -

à ** Spike simple. Stigmas 3.
4. C. rupéstris, All. (Rock Carex); spike linear with a few
fertile lax flowers at the base, fruit obovate triquetrous ros-
tate appressed with an entire orifice scarcely longer than the
Obtuse or cuspidate scale. Schkh. Car. n. m. n. n. f. 200.—C.
Perego Wahl.—Schkh. k. k. k. f. 139.— C. attenuata, Br. in
Tankl. App. p. 753.
i iseovered in 1836, on shelves of rocks extending from the small
qund lake at the top of Glen Callader, eastward to the “ breakneck
all^ Mr Dickie and Mr Templeton. Fl. Aug. Y.—Root creeping.

lem 3—8 inches high, rough upwards. Leaves flat, ending in a long
tenuate; tortuous, rough, triangular point. Barren flowers most nume-
Tous : fertile 3—6, lax; lower scales sometimes acute or cuspidate. ( Boott.)

9. C. pauciflóra, Lightf. (few-flowered Carex); spike simple
x few flowers the uppermost barren, fruit lax lanceolato-subu-
ate patenti-reflexed, stigmas 9. E. Bot. t. 2041.— C. leucoglo-
hin, Ehrh. :

L Not unfrequent on the Highland mountains, in moory places. Crag
at, Northumb. Mr Winch. FI. June. 2[— Prwit pale yellowish,
lated,
*3* Spike compound, androgynous. Styles 2.

+ Spikelets capitate.

t 6. C. incárva, Lightf. (curved Carex); spikelets sterile. at
heir extremity collected into a roundish head, bracteas mem-
l"ànacegus shorter than the spikelets, fruit broadly ovate acu-
mated nearly entire at the point, stem obtusely angular, leaves
thannelled. E. Bot. t 927.— C. juncifolia, All.

i andy sea.shores in the N. of Scotland. Fi. June. 2[.— Root much
"eeping, Stems 2—4 inches high, curved. Head of flowers large.
++ Spikelets alternate, sterile at their base.

7. €. stelluláta, Gooden. (little prickly Carex); spikelets few

imis

Titi va. A

332- MONOECIA—TRIANDRIA, [ Caret:

(3—4) sterile at their base roundish distant, fruit ovate mai
attenuated plano-convex acute angular spreading rough at
margin. £. Bot. t. 806. wil

Marshes and heathy places. FU. May, June. 2£.—A span to go
high. Leaves nearly as long as the stem. Distinguished by its nd
much beaked capsules, placed in small distant roundish spikelets, ?
which spread, when ripe, in every direction.

8. C. leporina, L. ( Hare's-foot Carex) ; spikelets 3 ra /
ovate contiguous, fruit elliptic rostrate plano-convex smo iy
nerved with a scariose bidentate finally entire orifice soati a
longer than the ovate obtuse scales which are scariose at ‘y.
margins. Schkh. F. F. F. F. f. 199.—C. Lachenalii, Schk. of
J. 79.— C. lagopina, Wahl.— C. approximata, Hoppe, Gaud.("
Allion.).—C. parviflora, Gaud. (not Host). shite

Rocks on the west side of Loch-na-gar. Aug. 1836. Mr D
Fl. July. 2£.— Root fibrous. Stem 4—8 inches high, smooth, rat” a
rough below the spike. Leaves a line broad, shorter than the
Spikelets brown. Bracteas broad, ovate, obtuse, the lowest amis” g
rarely foliaceous and larger than the spikelet. Seed elliptic, plano-®
vex, pale yellow. (.Boott.) i

; 6
9. C. ovális, Gooden. (oval-spiked Carex); spikelets abore
sterile at the base oval approximate, fruit as long as the €?

ovato-acuminate compressed plano-convex striated with a e
membranous margin rough at the edge, the beak bifid. £

t. 806.

Bogs and marshy places. F7. June. 21.— Stems 1 foot high, triang ji
Spikelets brownish-green, shining. Calyx-scales concealing the ft
Bracteas small, uppermost ones resembling the calyx-scales. pei!

10. C. cúrta, Gooden. (white Carex); spikelets sterile at E
base about 5 rather distant elliptical, bracteas very minute A
cept the lower one), fruit broadly ovate acute plane Jong
slightly convex beneath subobtusangular faintly striated a5
as the scales. Æ. Bot. t. 1386. "

Bogs, in several places, not very general. FZ. June. jp nr
guished by its pale elliptical spikelets, and imbricated, compresse"
most elliptical fruit. ob-

11. C. elongáta, L. (elongated Carex); spikelets numeroU, gs,
long lax rather distant sterile with minute pointed rae
fruit plano-convex oblongo-acuminate scarcely bifid at the p 79,
patent longer than the scales. Host, Gram. Austr. v. 1} t
(excellent). E. Bot. t. 1920. ., deat

Marshes, very rare. Aldwark, Yorkshire, Mr Deakin. pit $ m
Over, Cheshire, 1827. Shropshire, J. E. Bowman. Fi. June. so
Roots tufted. Stems 1—14 foot high, with 3 acute angles:
rough, as well as the leaves. Spikelets brown. Fruit lax.,
debted to Mr Wilson for excellent specimens of this exceeding
yet very distinct Carez.

12. €. remóta, L. (distant-spiked Carex); spikelets i
(small) sterile at their base very distant, fruit longer tha

ulat”

al
sever?
the

Cares] MONOECIA—TRIANDRIA. 333

calyx oblongo-ovate shortly acuminate plano-convex acute an-
Sular bifid at the point, bracteas very long and narrow leafy
“aching beyond the spike. Æ. Bot. t. 882.— C. tenella, Schkh.
Sw. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 88.

d Woods and moist shady places. FZ. June. 2f.— Whole plant very
s ader, pale green, one foot to 13 foot high. Resembling the follow-
in many respects; but “the stem has blunter angles; the lowest
clea is much longer than in that species ; the Jeaves are compresso-
“analiculate (with incurved sides) and much narrower ;—the cal.-scales,
°0, are narrower, their nerve quite smooth, discontinued below the
membranous summit." W. Wilson.

bra

13. C. azilláris, Gooden. (axillary-clustered Carex;) spikelets
Several sterile at their base very distant, fruit longer than the.
Calyx oblongo-ovate shortly acuminate plano-convex acute an-
Sular the beak deeply bifid, bracteas setaceous lower one long,

e rest scarcely so long as the spike. Æ. Bot. t. 993.

Marshes, rare. Putney, by London; and, Earsham, Norfolk. Over,
Cheshire. Killin, Scotland. Near Crichton Castle, Edinb. FZ. June.

—Stouter and taller than the last; spikelets with more numerous

Owers, lower one compound. Cal.-scales with 2, close, green, gene-
tal y rough nerves, reaching to the summit, hence more rigid.

+++ Spikelets alternate, sterile at their extremity.

i 14. C. intermédia, Gooden. (soft brown Carex); inferior and
*rminal spikelets fertile, all crowded into an oblong interrupted
Bad, the intermediate ones sterile, fruit acutely margined longer
han the calyx, bracteas membranaceous the lower ones some-
What leafy, stem triangular, leaves plane. Æ. Bot. t. 2042.

Marshy ground and wet meadows. Fl. June. ?[.— Root creeping,
"unning deep into the mud. Stems 1—14 foot high. Spikes, or heads
spikelets, similar in general appearance to the following. Fruit large,
lot So distinctly winged as gradually flattened towards the margin, more
Striated on its fat or inner side, the beak broader at its summit. Stem
Tuch taller and the leaves less confined to the lower part of it.

15. C. arenária, L. (Sea Carex); lower spikelets fertile, up-
Der ones sterile all crowded into an oblong interrupted head,
"uit with a membranous margin shorter than the calyx, brac-
ĉas membranaceous lower ones somewhat leafy, stem trian-
Sular, leaves plane. Æ. Bot. t. 928.
andy sea-shores, frequent, where it is of ereat service in binding the

Fi. June. 1.—Roots excessively long and creeping. Stems rough,

uches to a foot high. Fruit with a green membranous wing.

16. C. divisa, Huds. (bracteated Marsh Carex); spikelets
"'Owded into a somewhat ovate head, the lower ones simple or
pound with a leafy erect bractea at their base, fruit round-
Sh-ovate convex on one side slightly concave on the other
Acute] y angular cloven at the point. Æ. Bot. t. 1096.

arshy places, especially near the sea; principally in the east of
hi sland, and in Angus-shire. 77. May, June. ?f.— Stems about 1 foot
: lower bractéas mostly with a long leafy point.

Soi].

TU Rai.

e

334 : MONOECIA—TRIANDRIA. [ Care?-

17. C. muricáta, L. (greater prickly Carex); spike oblong o
4—6 compact or approximate spikelets with brownish ov?

x s ; À Á g
pointed scales, fruit ovato-acuminate spreading with acute rous

margins. Æ. Bot. t. 1097.— C. spicata, Huds.

Marshy and especially gravelly pastures. F7. May, June. 2£.—7^ i
feet high, slender. Bracteas small, lanceolate, subsetaceous. Fru
yellow-brown, broad, rather large. -

18. C. divilsa, Gooden. (grey Carex) ; spike elongated
consisting of 5—6 spikelets which are subremote below W'
pale membranous acute scales, fruit ovate acute suberect roug
at the point with blunt margins. (Booét.) E. Bot. t. 629, (young
—C. muricata, 8. Wahl. »

Moist shady pastures, not rare. JZ. May, June. 2f.— This spera
assuredly much resembles the preceding: the fruit I cannot, in any
spect, find different. The colour is paler, the spikes more elongate 3
slender, with more distant spikelets.

tttt Spikelets compound.

19. C. vulpina, L. (great Carex); spikelets compound col
ed into a cylindrical crowded spike, fruit ovato-acuminate plan f
convex acute angular divergent, stem very acutely triangu? "
leaves broad. Æ. Bot. t: 807.— C. nemorosa, W. Schkh.

Wet shady places, especially near water. 77. June. 2f.—' Two
or more high ; stem stout, rough, as well as the broad leaves a
margin. Bracteas small, setaceous. Spike large, greenish. Fruit P
rough at the margin of the lengthened beak, and bifid at the point-

spik?
s with
ce

1-2

lax

Ject-

20. C. teretiáscula, Gooden. (lesser panicled Carex) ;
compound oblong consisting of ovate compact spikelet
acute membranous scales, fruit subplano-convex with 3—4 i
tral nerves on the convex surface stipitate ovate ending 1? o
acuminate winged serrulate bidentate beak. (Boott.) E.
t. 1065.

Boggy, watery meadows, in various places. F/. May,
I had, in the F7. Scot., considered a var. of the following.
smaller, growing in separate tufts, with far narrower leaves, of à 8, h:
cous hue, blunter stems, 18—30 inches high, their angles roug
Bracteas membranous ovate, the lowest sometimes foliaceous.
1 to 13 inch long.

anicled

21. C. paniculáta, L. (great panicled Carex); spike pam.
consisting of ovate spikelets arranged on elongated divers? p^
branches of a common axis, fruit deltoid or subreniform P i.
convex many-nerved margined above and ending in an a 064.
nate winged serrated bidentate beak. (Boott.) E. Bot. t. fied:

Swampy and spongy bogs. Fl June. 2{.—Roots densely tv ted
Much larger than the last, and rougher, often 5 f. high. Stem p ng-
with 3 acute rough angles. Leaves broad. Spike 2—4 incher fruit
Bracteas ovate, acute or cuspidate, rarely foliaceous. Base of th itate
broad, truncated, with a central notch and thus less distinctly seh the
than the preceding, many-nerved on both surfaces. In this P

Carex.) MONOECIA—TRIANDRIA. 335

mer species a central, sometimes winged, line goes from the convex
"face of the fruit along the beak, giving it a triangular form, (Boott.)
ne C. paradoxa of continental writers appears to be almost interme-
late between them.

*** Terminal spike androgynous, the rest fertile. | Stigmas 3.

22. C. Váhlü, Schkh. (close-headed alpine Carex); spikes 3—4
'oundish or oblong aggregated the terminal one with barren
Wers at its base, stigmas 3, fruit obovate scabrous above with
minute crystalline prickles shortly beaked longer than the ovate
*btuse calyx, stem triangular rough at the edges. Grev. in E.

ot, Suppl. t. 2666.—C. alpina, Vahl. .

à Ocks above the head of Loch Callater in Braemar. Glen on the
uth side of Glen Dole. Fl. Aug. Sept. H.

23. C. canéscens, L.! (hoary Carex): spikelets 3—5, termi-
lal one barren at the base, fertile sessile except the lowest which
lon a short stalk and subremote, fruit oblong oval obtuse
tiquetrous nerved bidentate pellucidly asperate shorter than
the ovate cuspidate scales.—C. Bux baumii, Wahl— Willd.

‘ polygama, Schkh. X. G. g. f. 16.

On a small island in Lough Neagh, Ireland. Afr Moore. Fl. July. 4.
Root creeping. Stem 1—2 ft. high, erect, acutely triangular, rough,
Pur at the base, and clothed with purple sheaths which are torn and
,leulated at their edges. Leaves straight, shorter than the stem. Middle
pikes smallest, more or less approximate. Bracteas rough, auricled,

Ut without sheaths, the lowest sometimes longer than the stem ; upper
E" setaceous. Fruit glaucous-green, stained with brown, shorter at the
àse of the spikelets than the cuspidate scales, which are brown with a
ale green nerve.— Linngus confounded C. alpina, Vahl ( C. Vahlu,
SchAj, ) and C. curta, Good. with this species. The specimens from
y bland are of the present plant. C. curta was described by the late
ishop of Carlisle in the Linn. Traus. v. 2. p. 145, in 1792, eleveri years
fore Wahlenberg, in Act. Holm. (1803) described the present species
lder the name of C. Bux baumii» The original name of C. canescens

Ust be restored to it. (JBoott.) E ^

24. C. atráta, L. (black Carex); sheaths scarcely any, fertile
Pikes pedunculated ovate inclined, the terminal one with sterile

Wers at the base, bracteas subfoliaceous, fruit roundish-ovate
“Ompressed with the beak bifid at the point. Æ. Bot. t. 2044.
n the Welsh mountains; Snowdon, rare. Highland mountains,
f, land. Fi. June. 21.— About 1 foot high. Leaves unusually broad
the size of the plant. Calya-scales dark-brown, opaque. Fruit pale
Jellowist brown.
ecce Terminal spike barren solitary (or in 27, 28, and 29,
sometimes more than. 1); the rest fertile.
T Stigmas 2. l

25, C. cæspitósa, L. (tufted Bog Carex); sheaths none, brac-

teas foliaceous auricled at the base, fertile spikes sessile cylin-

1 Not Lightf., nor Fl. Dan., nor Wahl. :

d

Pa ——— M CAPE N

336 MONOECIA—TRIANDRIA. [ Care?

drical obtuse imbricated compact, fruit elliptical compressed

with a very short entire point, leaves mostly erect narrow-linea!
E. Bot. t. 1507.— C. angustifolia, E. Fl. v. iv. p. 127. ht

Marshes and wet pastures, frequent. 77. May, June. y-a
inches to a foot high. — ** Root creeping, but not tufted.. I suspect thé ;
it has been, in this respect, confounded with C. stricta. Stem Wa
blunter angles than C. rigida, or C. stricta. Stigmas nearly sessile ?
the corolla, spreading and flexuose, with coarse pubescence, similar ^
the following, but larger and more loose. Cor. sessile. Fruit with’
ribs (in a young state at least), also sessile : its beak like that of C. rg”
except that it is not cloven or notched.” Mr W. Wilson.

$Æ 26. C. rigida, Gooden. (rigid Carex); sheaths none, practeas

foliaceous auricled at the base, fertile spikes subcylindrical ob-
tuse loosely imbricated the lower one pedunculated, fruit oboY?
attenuated at the base slightly stalked with a very short entit
point, leaves mostly recurved broadly linear. Æ. Bot. t. 20
— C. cespitosa, B. Hook. Scot. i. p. 268.— C. saxatilis, Fl. pa
(not L.) d

On Snowdon, the Cheviots; and all the more elevated Highlan”?
hills, especially upon their summits. 7. June, July. Y.— Roots a
ing, 4—6 inches high. ‘‘ Bracteas often erect, not unfrequently 7.
curved. Stigmas nearly or quite sessile, erect, not spreading, minute?
papillose. Corolla with a short stalk. Nearly allied to C. cae spitos4?
nor is it distinguishable by any other marks than the broad [gate
stalked corolla, and neatly formed, erect stigmas, which peculiari?
if constant, may perhaps serve to keep it in the rank of a species." , d
W. Wilson.—I have preferred giving the remarks of my acute fn
Mr Wilson, made from living specimens, to my own ; and from ro
I think it will be seen that this is at any rate a very doubtful specie"
and my valued friend Dr Boott inclines to the same opinion.

27. C.aquátilis, W ahl.? (straight-leaved Water Carex); sheaths
none, bracteas long foliaceous, fertile spikes nearly sess.
cylindrical elongated attenuated below often acuminated 7:
barren flowers at the extremity, fruit roundish-obovate IE
short entire point, stem smooth obtusely triangular, leaves y A
straight narrow-linear not fibrous at their bases. Grev. 47,
Bot. Suppl. t. 2758.—C. rigida, B. Hook. Br. Fl. ed. 2. p- 9^

Gathered by Mr Drummond, Dr Greville, Mr Burchell, and mys? d
on the table lands in boggy situations in the mountains of Clovà 9
since by Dr Graham and his party in several places in the same “ t0
try. Fl. July, Aug. 2f.—One to two feet high.—Dr Boott is let got
doubt if this be really the C. aquatilis of Wahlenberg, since that a nicl
describes his plant as having scales much narrower than the fruits W^ so
is not the case in ours, and the place of growth and size as being T
very different; “in ipsis fluviis et lacubus"—** seepe altitudinem iy P
nam attingens"—* ad radicem ssepius pollicem crassa." Its affini
with C. acuta. :

.98. C. acúta, L. (slender-spiked Carex) ; stigmas 2, |
none, bracteas long foliaceous, fertile spikes long cyl

; : . A ing SU"
acuminate slender erect when in fruit, fruit oval swelling "

Care. MONOECIA—TRIANDRIA. 337

acuminate entire at the point, stem acutely angular scabrous.
E. Bot. t. 580.— C. gracilis, Curt. j

Moist meadows and wet pastures, frequent. Fl. May. Y.—Two to
8 feet high. Leaves broad, scarcely glaucous, rough. :

29. C. stricta, Gooden. (straight-leaved Carex); sheaths none,
racteas with small auricles at the base short subfoliaceous, fer-
tile spikes nearly sessile cylindrical elongated closely imbri-
. ated often acuminated with barren flowers at the extremity,
fruit ovate somewhat acute plane above on each side, on a very
Short stalk, stem acutely angular straight, leaves long straight
Barrow-linear their bases often reticulated. E. Bot. t. 914:— C.

Cespitosa, Huds.—(. Lightf.

Marshes, common. F7. April, May. Y.—2 ft. or more high. Leaves
Tough, filamentous at their sheathing bases. Spikes long, erect. | Ca.
$cales lanceolate, dark brown. The roots are fibrous and tufted, and
the plant is much taller than C. czspitosa. The fruit comes gradually
to à point, and Mr Wilson observes this point or mouth to be beset
With very minute spinules. The fertile spike he finds has very con-
Stantly 8 rows of fruit.

30. C. saxátilis, L., not Oed. (russet Carex); sheaths none,
bracteas foliaceous, fertile spikes ovate obtuse the lower one
Stalked, scales oblong, fruit spreading elliptical inflated with a
Very short beak bifid at the point.— C. pulla, Gooden.—E. Bot.
t. 2045.

_ Rare; near springs on the higher regions of the Scottish mountains.
Ben Lomond. Breadalbane range, not unfrequent. Glen Tilt. Clova,
Where it sometimes attains a height of 2 feet). Cairn Garidh, near
en Nevis. Mountains above Loch Scavig in Skye. FI. June. 2[.—
ix to 8 inches high. Leaves remarkably acuminated, slightly keeled
at the back, with trigonous points resembling some of the narrow-leaved
Species of Eriophorum. Spikes almost shaggy with the long white
Stigmas. Scales shining, of a deep chocolate brown. Fruit at first
Pale, dark brown when ripe.— This proves, from the Linnean Herba-
Num, and from a specimen in the Banksian Herbarium, from Dr So-
ander, to be the true sazatilis of Linneus, a plant which has been
Sreatly misunderstood. (Boott.) :

tt Stigmas 8.
-+ Fruit glabrous.
a. Fertile spikes abbreviated subsessile. |

3l. C. fldva, L. (yellow Carex) ; sheaths short about equal
to the flowerstalks, bracteas long leafy, sterile spike distinctly
Stalked, fertile spikes roundish-oval rather distant, fruit obovate
turgid spreading with a long more or less deflexed beak bifid
at the point. Æ. Bot. t. 1294.
hs Turfy bogs, frequent. Fl. May, June. 2f.—6—8 inches or a foot

‘Sh. Bracteas very foliaceous, the lower one resembling the broad

huminated leaves. Spikes, and indeed the whole plant, of a yellowish
e ^ á

VOL. I. Z

——.

me. S

stalks, beak smoother with a more distinct membranous

338 MONOECIA—TRIANDRIA. _ [Carez-

32. €. Oedéri, Ehrh. ( Oederían Carex); sheaths short about
equal to the flowerstalks, braeteas long leafy, sterile spike at-
most sessile, fertile ones roundish-oval approximate lowet one
subcompound, fruit obovate turgid spreading with a long near M
straight beak bifid at the point. 2, Dot. t. 1773.—C. flava, P
Hook. Scot. i. p. 266.

Bogs and moist heaths, frequent. F7. May, June. a[.—I scarcely
see how this is to be distinguishéd from the last, but by the characters
just mentioned: and these appear to depend very much upon *
stunted growth of the plant, which is not more than 4 or 5 inches high?
all the spikes also are more compact and almost clustered. Yet many
of our most acute British Botanists consider it distinct ; among them
Mr Dalton and Mr W. Wilson, to whose authority I yield.

33. C. exténsa, Gooden. (long-bracteated Carex); sheaths very
short (scarcely any) with extremely long foliaceous bracteas
fertile spikes nearly sessile oblong, scales slightly mucronate
fruit ovate striated with a short acuminated beak bifid at the
point, leaves very narrow, stem smooth. Æ. Bot. t. 835.

Marshes, rare, near the sea, on the E. and S. of England.
Liverpool and shores of the Menai. Coast of Fifeshire. Ireland.
June. 2f.— About 1 foot high. Quite distinct from C. flava,
which it has been confounded, in its very narrow convolute lea
never spreading and short beaked fruit.

b. Fertile spikes stalked, erect.

34, C. fulva, Gooden. (tawny Carex); sheaths elongated

shorter than the peduncles, bracteas foliaceous, scales acute

fertile spikes oblongo-ovate distant, fruit broadly ovate ascen
ing glabrous acuminated into a straight beak bifid at the pointy
stem scabrous. Æ. Bot. t. 1295.—(. female spikes 3 on long?
ori-
fice. C. speirostachya, Sw.—E. Bot. Suppl. t.2770.— C. Hosteant
DC.—C. Hornschuchiana, Hoppe. ;

Boggy meadows, not unfrequent.—£. Mugdoch and elsewhere y
Scotland. Fv. June. 2[.—1 ft. high; with the habit of C. distans» pa
smaller; with shorter, more lax, paler-coloured and fewer-flowered spikes
and acute, not mucronate, cal.-scales.

35. C. palléscens, L. (pale Carex) ; sheaths hardly any: fer"
tile spikes pedunculated oblongo-cylindrical searcely pendulo” d
bracteas subfoliaceous, fruit obovato-elliptical tumid striat?
obtuse glabrous. Æ. Bot. t. 2185. m

Marshy places, frequent. Fl. June. 2[.—AÀ. foot or more big e;
Leaves slightly downy. Spikes obtuse, pale green. Fruit very obtus

36. C. punctáta, Gaud., not Nees., (dotted-fruited Carex )i ier
ren spike 1 rarely 2 with obtuse ferruginous scales, fertile a
rarely 4 cylindrical erect stalked with sheathing bracteas, fr d
ovate tumid glabrous shining pellucidly punctate diverging b
a light green obsoletely nerved except at the margins W! les
linear bidentate beak larger than the ovate short aristate Toe"

Carex.) MONOECIA —TRIANDRIA, 339

Which are pale ferruginous with a green nerve. ( Boott.)— C. Hel-
vetica, Schleich. C. distans, B. Deslongch. Fl. Gall. p. 297.

Discovered several years ago, by Dawson Turner, Esq., near Beau-
maris, N. Wales, (Herb. Sm. in Mus. of Linn. Soc.) Banks of the
enai, near Bangor. Mr W. Wilson. Fl. June. 2[.— Root creep-
Ing, composed of strong woody fibres. Stem 19—18 inches high, erect,
Smooth, leafy at the base. Leaves shorter than the stem. Barren spikes
rarely geminate : scales rarely acute or subaristate, the lowest some-
times bracteæform. Fertile more or less remote, the two upper subap-
Proximate, the lowest rarely 3 inches from the middle one. Bracteas
With striated sheaths, varying in length. Peduncles rough. Beak
about one-third the length of the fruit. Seed triangular, pellucidly
Punetate like the fruit.— Differs from C. distans in its smaller size,
Its licht green, more approximate spikes, its more erect stem, and in its
fruit. (Booit.)

37. C. dístans, L. (loose Carex) s barren spike solitary with
obtuse scales, fertile 2—3 remote erect oblong stalked the bar-
ren stalks longer than the sheathing bracteas, scales mucronate,
fruit ovate triquetrous equally ribbed smooth or rough at the
Upper margins and at the edges of the narrow short bifid beak.
(Boott.) E. Bot. t. 1934.

Muddy marshes near the sea, probably in many places. About
Anglesea: with C. binerv., in boggy ground, coast of Kent. Coast
Near Montrose. Fi. June. 2[.—8 inches to 1 or 14 foot high, slender.
Spikes very distantly placed, their rather long peduncles entirely con-
cealed by the sheathing bases of the bracteas. Scales of the calyx ra-
ther pale brown. Fruit green, inclining to brown when ripe.

38. C. binérvis, Sm. (green-ribbed Carex); barren spike soli-
tary with obtuse scales, fertile 3—5 the upper ones sometimes
Subapproximate, the lower remote erect cylindrical often elon-
Sated bearing barren flowers in their upper half, and some of
them occasionally compound at the base the stalks longer than
the sheathing bracteas, scales mucronate, fruit ovato-triquetrous
With a smooth rather broad bifid beak, and two principal green
Submarginal nerves on the outer surface. ( Boott.) E. Bot. t. 1099.
: Dry heaths and moors, frequent. Fl. June. ?[.— Generally taller, —
ànd in every part more rigid, than the last. Calyz-scales and especially
le fruit, more highly coloured, the latter more acutely triquetrous,
ith two nerves near the margin on the back, which are always green,
Sugh the rest of the fruit be more or less brown. But there are states
X which Mr W. Wilson and I scarcely know whether they should be
"eferred to the one or to the other.

39, C. levigáta, Sm. (smooth-stalked beaked Carex); sheaths
"longated shorter than the flowerstalks, bracteas foliaceous,

ertile spikes drooping cylindrical, all the scales acuminated or

Ucronate, fruit ovate triangular striated with rather a long
àcuminated beak bifid at the point. Æ. Bot. t. 1387.

9 arshes and boggy thickets in several places both of England and
7 etland, Anglesea. Near Belfast. Fl. June. 2[.— 2.3 ft. high.

aves broad, but rather short. It has rarely more than one sterile

Pike, which is always triquetrous.

Ww

340 MONOECIA—TRIANDRIA, [Carex

40. C. panicéa, L. (Pink-leaved Carex); sheaths elongated
shorter than the flowerstalks, fertile spikes subcylindrical wit
distant flowers, bracteas leafy, fruit subglobose somewhat 1n*
flated obtuse glabrous entire at the point. Æ. Bot. t. 1505.

Marshy places and bogs, common. FI. June. ?[.— Stems 1—1$ foot
high. eaves rather broad, glaucous, rough at the edges, much resem-
bling, as Sir J. E. Smith observes, the foliage of C. recurva ; put the
characters of the two are widely different. Calyz-scales dark brown:
the keel green. Fruit greenish-brown.

41. C. pheostáchya, Sm. (short brown-spiked Carex); barre?
spike solitary, fertile ones 1—3 erect lax-flowered distant stalk-
ed, the stalks longer than the sheathing subfoliaceous bracteas,
fruit smooth obsoletely nerved elliptic-lanceolate with an acu-
minate obliquely bifid recurved beak, longer than the ovate
scale. (Boott.) Forst. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2731.— C. salin@s
Don, Herb. Brit. n. 216, (not Sw.)— C. Miclochoferi, Sm. Forst
in E. Bot. t. 2978.— C. Scotica, Spreng.— C. panicea, B. Wahl

Highland mountains. Craigchallaich. Borrer. Cairngorum and Den
y-mac-dowie. G. Don. Clova. J. D. Hooker. Fl. July. lee
ference to the opinion of Mr Borrer, I rank this as a species ; but it
is probably only a var. of C. panicea, with less glaucous (greener) het

bage and a bifid beak to the fruit. The above synonyms are referred
hither at the suggestion of Dr Boott.

49. C. depauperáta, Gooden. (starved Wood Carex); sheath
much shorter than the flower stalks, fertile spikes erect remote
very few-flowered, fruit large nearly globose inflated terminat-
ing in a long beaked bifid point. Æ. Bot. t. 1098. i

Dry woods, rare. Godalmin, Surrey ; Charlton woód, Kent; an
near Forfar. Fl. May, June. 2£.—1—13 ft. high. Spikes very distant 5
their few flowers, and large inflated beaked fruit, decidedly marking a
species.

c. Fertile spikes stalked, drooping.

a. Fertile spikes abbreviated.

- 48. C. capilldris, L. (dwarf capillary Carex); common sheath
half the length of the flowerstalks, fertile spikes few-flower®
lax drooping, fruit oblongo-obovate acuminate as long as f
ovate membranous deciduous calyx. E. Bot. t. 2069.

Plentiful on ‘some of the Highland mountains, especially the Bread
albane range. On Ben-y-Gloe. Fl. June, July. 21.—9—6 inches DES
Leaves mostly radical, scarcely half the length of the stem, soft. "

; : "Wee : l
single bractea includes with its sheathing base the lower part 9 "T
the peduncles. Sterile spike single, frequently below the fertile jj

Fruit dark brown, shining.

44. C. limósa, L. (Mud Carex); sheaths extremely
scarcely any, fertile spikes oblongo-ovate pendulous, br eo
subsetaceous, calyx acute as long as the fruit, fruit ellipt

rotundate striated shortly mucronated. Æ. Bot. t. 204

2 rn
Bogs and marshes. Rare in England; mostly found in the northe

Carex] MONOECIA—TRIANDRIA. 341

and mountainous parts: more frequent in Scotland and Ireland. FT.
une, Y .— Root ascending obliquely. Stems 8—10 inches high. Leaves

Very narrow. Fertile spikes 2; cal.-scales dark brown, subapiculate,
ruit greenish-brown.

45. C. rari óra Sm. (locse-flowered alpine Carex); sheaths
Very short almost none, fertile spikes narrow-oblong very few-
flowered lax pendulous, bracteas subsetaceous, calyx acute longer
and broader than the fruit, fruit ovate somewhat acute striate.
E. Bot. t. 2516.—C. limosa, y. Wahl. j
-. Bog at the head of Glen Dole, Angus-shire. Several stations in
Sutherland, as Oikel, Ben Hope, Ben Luyal. Mr M*Nab, Dr Graham,
Mr Home, and Mr Tyache. Fl. June. U.—Root creeping. Stems
about 6 inches high. Leaves about half as long, but broader than those
of the last, with which it has, I think, been improperly united by Wah-
enberg. Cail.-scales obtuse, very deep brown, with a pale dorsal line,
and forming a striking contrast with the pale-coloured fruit.

46. C. ustuláta, Willd. (scorched alpine Carex); sheaths elon-
gated shorter than the flowerstalks, fertile spikes oval pendu-

ous, bracteas scarcely leafy, fruit elliptical shortly acuminated
(black) bifid at the point. Æ. Bot. t. 2404. |
^ Ben Lawers, very rare. G. Don. FI. July. Y .— Stem about a span
high, with broad, short leaves, principally from the base, Fertile spikes
2 or 8, on slender drooping stalks, and of a deep purple black colour.
B. Fertile spikes elongated.

47. C. strigósa, Huds. (loose pendulous Carex); sheaths elon-
gated equal to the flowerstalks, fertile spikes slender filiform
nearly erect, fruit ovato-lanceolate nerved slightly recurved
loosely imbricated, leaves rather broad. Æ. Bot. t. 994.

Groves and thickets in several parts of the east and middle of Eng-
land, Arniston woods, Edinb. FV. May, June. ?f.—1—2 feet high.
Cal.-scales a little shorter than the fruit. E:

48. C. sylvática, Huds. (pendulous Wood Carex); sheaths half
às long as the flowerstalks, fertile spikes filiform rather slender
Slightly drooping, fruit broadly ovate much acuminated cleft at
the point, leaves narrow. Æ. Bot. t. 995.

Moist woods, frequent. .F/. May, June. ?f.—Similar to the last; but
the spikes are shorter and broader; the fruit very different, glabrous, and
80 acuminated as to terminate in a long beak. Cal.-scales longer in
Proportion. Linnæus tells us that this plant, when carded and dressed,
55 employed by the Laplanders to protect their feet from the cold.

49. C. péndula, Huds. (great pendulous Carex); sheaths elon-
Sated nearly equal te the flowerstalks, fertile spikes cylindrical
Very long and drooping, fruit ovate shortly acuminate bifid at
the extremity closely imbricated, leaves broad. &. Bot. t. 2315,

Moist, wooded and shady places, not very general. Fl. May, June.

—3—5 ft. high. Well distinguished by its long, pendulous, cylin-
driea] spikes.

50. C. Pseudo-cypérus, L. ( Cyperus-like Carex); sheaths
Scarcely any (except sometimes to the lowermost bractea), fer-

342 MONOECIA—TRIANDRIA. [ Caret.

tile spikes upon long footstalks cylindrical pendulous, bracteas
very leafy, calyx setaceous, fruit oblong very much acuminate
cloven at the tips striated. Æ. Bot. t. 242.

Moist places, by the sides of lakes and ponds ; not very general. Fil.
June. Y .— Stems 2—3 feet high, acutely triangular. Leaves j an Me
broad.—One of the best marked and most beautiful of the genus.

51. C. recárva, Huds. (glaucous Heath Carex); sheaths short
scarcely any, bracteas leafy, fertile spikes cylindrical scarce’Y
drooping densely imbricated on long slender stalks, fruit obovato"
globose slightly downy entire at the small point. Æ. Bot. t. 1506.
— C. Micheliana, E. Bot. t. 2236, (fr. glabrous).— C. stictocarp™
Sm.—D. Don, in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2772.

Moist meadows, moors, groves, and alpine rocks. FJ. June. 47
Leaves mostly radical, very glaucous. Stems about foot high. Fer tile
spikes 2, barren ones often 2 or 8. Fruit closely placed, brownish whe?
ripe.

k ++ Fruit downy.
a. Fertile spikes sessile.

59. C. précox, Jacq. (vernal Carex); sheaths short (scarcely
any) equal to the flowerstalks, fertile spikes oblong approx!
mate, scales elliptic-oblong, fruit obovate subtriquetrous acute
downy. ŒE. Bot. t. 1099.

Dry pastures and heaths. FV. April, May. 21.— Root creeping. Stem
3 inches to a foot high. — Leaves short, rather broad. Lower bractea’
small, but leafy ; upper ones very minute. Its numerous yellow anthers
are conspicuous at an early season of the year.

53. C. pilulifera, L. (round-headed Carex); sheaths none
bracteas small subfoliaceous, fertile spikes sessile roundish aP-
proximate, scales strongly mucronate, fruit obovato-globose
acute and downy, stems weak scabrous. Æ. Bot. t. 885.— C. mo”
tana, L. . š 3

Moory ground, frequent. Fl. June. 2f.—Sfems varying much H
height, from 6—12 inches, slender. Readily distinguished by the p"
_ bescent, almost spherical fruit, which gives name to the species.

b. Fertile spikes stalked.

94. C. tomentosa, L. (larger downy-fruited Carex) ; sheaths
scarcely any, fertile spikes about 2 nearly sessile shortly oyli-
drical obtuse with acute scales, fruit globose densely downy wit
a short beak scarcely bifid at the point. Æ. Bot. t. 2046.

Meadows near Merston Measy, Wiltshire. F7. June. y—A NT.
marked and very rare species, no other station being known for it;
Britain, than that just mentioned, whence I have an original specim?
given me by the Rev. James Dalton.

55. C. clandestina, Gooden. (dwarf silvery Carex); bractea
membranous, fertile spikes remote of very few flowers concea'
by the bracteas, fruit broadly obovato-triquetrous slightly vg
contraeted at the base, leaves longer than the stems channelle
rough rigid. £.. Bor. t. 2124, :

Carez.] MONOECIA—TRIANDRIA. 343

On the limestone rocks at St Vincent's, Bristol. Fl. May. 2f .—
Remarkable for the few flowers of its fertile spikes which are concealed
y the comparatively large, membranaceous bracteas, as the short stems
are by the leaves. .

56. C. digitáta, L. (fingered Carex); bracteas membranaceous
Sheathing, spikes filiform erect lax, fertile about 3, longer than
the barren one, fruit obovato-triquetrous downy on a shor
Stalk, leaves plane. Æ. Bot. t. 615.

Rare in woods in limestone countries: near Bath and Bristol; and
Thorp-arch and Mackershaw wood, Ripon, Yorkshire: Fl. May. 4 .—
Root of tufted fibres. Stem 8—10 inches high. Leaves soft, shorter than
the stem. I do not see how the C. ornithopoda, Willd. differs from this.

3oxeietet. Terminal spikes barren, 2 or more; the rest fertile.
Stigmas 3,
+ Fruit downy.

57. C. filiformis, L. (slender-leaved Carex); glabrous sheaths
scarcely any, bracteas long very narrow, fertile spikes shortly
pedunculate oblongo-cylindrical their scales euspidate, fruit
ovate shortly beaked deeply bifid at the point very pubescent.
E. Bot. t. 904.

Boggy marshes, rare; chiefly found in Scotland. Cheshire and
Anglesea, Fl. May. 2f.—1—2 ft. high. Leaves slender, their margins
involute, filamentous at their bases near the roots.

58. C. hirta, L. (hairy Carex); hairy, sheaths elongated near-
ly equal to the flowerstalks, bracteas long foliaceous, fertile
spikes short cylindrical distant the scales cuspidate, fruit hairy
ovate with a long beak. E. Bot. t. 685.

Wet pastures and woods, frequent. FI. May, June. ?f.—1—2 feet
high, more orless hairy in every part. Mr Turner finds a var. in York-
Shire, with the lower part of the fertile spike compound.

ELPI glabrous.

59. C. ampulldcea, Gooden. (slender-beaked Bottle Carex) ;
sheaths none, bracteas foliaceous, fertile spikes cylindrical long
nearly erect, scales lanceolate, fruit crowded subglobose inflated
Setaceo-rostrate slightly bifid at the point. Æ. Bot. t. 780.

Bogs and marshes ; more abundant in Scotland than in England. FZ.
June. 2¢.—Differs from C. vesicaria in the smooth and nearly rounded
stem, in the channelled glaucous eaves, and in the fruit which is brownish
and not half so large, with a narrower beak and different shape.

60, C. vesicária, L. (short-spiked Bladder Carex); sheathsnone,
bracteas foliaceous long, fertile spikes cylindrical slightly droop-
ing, scaleslanceolate, fruitbroadly ovate inflated subulato-rostrate
bifid at the point. E. Bot. t. 779.

Bogs and marshes : apparently most frequent in the north. Fl. May,

une. 2£.—143—2 feet high. Leaves rather broad. Stems acute, angular.
— Fruit tawny,very large, shining, much inflated.

61. C.*hordeiformis, Host, (Barley Carex); sheaths as long as

344 MONOECIA—'TETRANDRIA. ‘[Littorella.

the flowerstalks, bracteas foliaceons very long, sterile spikes about
2 remote, fertile oblong remote sessile, scales mucronate, fruit
oblong acuminate striated rough at the margin deeply bifid at
the point, stem smooth bluntly angular. Host, Gram. Austr.
v. i. p. 57. t. 76.— C. secalina, Wahl.— Schhuhr, t. S. f. 65. E
Fl. v. iv. p. 126.

Small valley about 3 miles west of Panmure, Forfar, rare; Mr T.
Drummond. Fi. June: 2t.— About | foot high, with very long bracteas
over-topping all the spikes. Sterile spikes slender ; fertile stout, erect
about 3, the 2 upper ones often approximate, the lower very remote:
Fruit large, resembling a grain of barley, whence Host's appropriate
name, which is, too, older than that of Wahlenberg.

62. C. paludósa, Gooden. (lesser common Carex); sheaths none:
bracteas very long foliaceous, calyx of the sterile spikes obtuse
fertile spikes cylindrical obtuse, fruit oblongo-ovate acute bifi
at the point striated. E. Bot. t. 807.—C. acuta, Curt.

Banks of rivers and ditches, common. FZ. May. 2f.— Two feet 0T
more high. Leaves very broad, keeled, rough.

63. €. riparia, Curt. (great common Carex); sheaths none, brac-
teas very long foliaceous, scales of the sterile spikes acuminate®
fertile spikes scarcely pedunculated broadly cylindrical acute:
fruit oblongo-ovate striated subacuminated deeply bifid at the
point. E. Bot. t.579.—C. acuta, Huds.

Sides of ditches and rivers, common. F. May. 2L.— Larger than the
last, with much broader leaves and spikes ; and well distinguished bY
the acuminated scales of its sterile spikes.

8. Exyna. Schrad. Elyna.

l. E. caricína, M. et K. (compound-headed Elyna); spikelets
aggregate compound.— Kobresia caricina, Willd.— Schanus mo-
noicus, E. Dot. t. 1410.

Moors, in Durham and Yorkshire. On Cronkley fell and about
Widdy bank in Teesdale Forest. On Shroine-ach-Lochan, Perthshire
Fl. Aug.2[.—Scarcely à span high, densely tufted, with narrow-line@?
leaves, shorter than the naked stem. Bracteas and scales remarkably
convolute, brown. Germen oblong, scarcely trigonal.—Z. scirpina ?
the continent is a 2d sp. of this genus.

MONOECIA—TETRANDRIA.
9. LITTORÊLLA. Linn. Shore-weed.

1. L. lacústris, L. (Plantain Shore-weed.) E. Bot. t. 468.—
Plantago uniflora, L.

In watery, sandy, and stony places: particularly abundant o
margins of the Highland lakes, where it forms a green turf. Fl J
2[.— Leaves ali radical, linear, fleshy, semicylindrical, about 2 inches
long, Scapes several. Sterile fl. solitary, sometimes 2 (Mr W. ve
son), pon a scape 2—3 inches long. Cor. white, with the tube m
ed. Fertile flowers sessile in the axils of the leaves, surrounding t°% ,
sterile scape. Germen oblong, green. ‘Style very long, filiform. Stig Gi
a mere point, : ache Y an

n the
une:

Urtica.] MONOECIA—TETRANDRIA,

10. Aunus. Tourn. Alder.

i l. A. glutinósa, Gært. (common Alder); leaves roundish-cunei-
orm obtuse lobed at the margin and serrated somewhat gluti-
Nous downy in-the axils of the nerves beneath. Hook. in Fl
Lond. N. S. t. 59.—Betula Alnus, Li—E. Bot. t. 1508.

Wet meadows and moist grounds by water, frequent.—‘* The Alders
dank that fringe the pool." Fl. March, Apr. h.—A well known tree,
Whose wood is employed for various purposes and is particularly valua-

le for the piles of bridges, as it remains undecayed under water for a
Considerable length of time; thus the celebrated and ancient bridge
Called the Rialto, at. Venice, is built on Alder-piles; as are many large
edifices at Amsterdam. The bark and leaves are employed in dyeing and
tanning leather: the former for staining sabots or wooden shoes, (which
are also made of the tree) and fishermen’s nets ; its astringent quality
Strongly recommending it for the latter purpose. Sterile catkins long,
arge and cylindrical, pendent, their footstalks branched, Fertile catkins
Small, ovate, with deep-red scales.

1l. Bóéxvus. Linn. Box.

1. B. sempervirens, L. (common Box-tree); leaves oval oblong
Tetuse convex coriaceous shining, their stalks slightly hairy,
anthers ovato-sagittate. E. Bot. t. 1341. `

Dry chalky hills, principally in the south of England. F7. April. h.

>A small free, if suffered to attain its natural stature. A dwarf var.
ls extensively employed as edgings in gardens. The wood is of great
Value for turning, carving, and engraving upon.

12. Urtica. Linn. Nettle.

1. U. pilulifera, L. (Roman Nettle); leaves opposite ovate ser-
rated with transverse nerves, fertile flowers in globular heads.
E. Bot. t. 148. :

Under walls and among rubbish, principally near the sea. In Norfolk
and Suffolk. Ballylickey, S. of Ireland. Fl. June, July. Ore tire
most venomous of our British JVettles. .

9. U. rens, L. (small Nettle); leaves opposite elliptical with
about 5 nearly parallel ribs, clusters of flowers sub-simple. Æ.
Bot. t. 1236.

Waste places and cultivated ground, frequent. FV. J une— Oct. ©.

3. U. dioica, L. (great Nettle); leaves ovate acuminate cordate
at the base, clusters much branched in pairs mostly dicecious.
XE. Bot. t. 1750.

Waste places, under walls and hedge-banks, frequent. F7. July, Aug.

-— The root, boiled with alum, dyes yarn yellow; from the fibres of

e stalk a kind of hemp is manufactured, as with the U. cannabina of

. America. . In Scotland the young tops of the nettles are boiled and
faten by the common people. *' Nae doubt I suld understand my ain
Tade of horticulture, seeing 1 was bred in the parish of Dreepdaily, near

asco’, where they raise lang-kail under glass and force the early net-

es for their spring-kail."— Andrew Fairservice, in “Rob. Roy.” — `

MONOECIA—HEXANDRIA. [Eriocaulon-

MONOECIA—PENTANDRIA.
13. XAnruium. Linn. Bur-weed.

1. X.*strumárium, L. (broad-leaved Bur-weed); stem unarm"
ed, leaves cordate angulato-dentate with 3 principal nerves at the
base, beaks of the fruit straight the prickles hooked. Æ. Bot. f.
2544.

Rare, in waste ground in the S. of England, and Kerry, Ireland. E l.
Aug. Sept: ©.—A rank, weed-like plant, remarkable for the curious
structure of its flowers, and the prickly involucres which surround the
Jertile ones, enlarging and becoming part of the fruit.

14. AMARÁNTHUS. Linn. Amaranth.

1. A.* Blitum, L. (wild Amaranth); flowers 3-cleft and t-
androus in small lateral clusters, the segments very obtuse, leave
ovate obtuse, stem spreading. ZH. Dot. t. 2212.

Low waste grounds and near dunghills : about Cambridge, Londo”
and in-Huntingdonshire. 7. Aug. ©.

15. Bnvóxra. Linn. Bryony. -

1. B. dioica, Jacq. (red-berried Bryony); leaves palmate rough

on both sides, flowers dicecious. Æ. Bot. t. 439.

Thickets and hedges, frequent in England; not indigenous to Scot
land. Fl. May.2¢.—Root very large, white and branched. Stem long:
slender, branched, weak and climbing, with simple tendrils. Leav®
large. Flowers in axillary bunches. Cor. whitish, with green veins
Berries red, The plant abounds with a fetid and acrid juice.

MONOECIA—HEXANDRIA.
16. EnrocAÓLON. Linn. Pipewort.

l. E. septanguláre, With. (jointed Pipewort); scapes striated
longer than the cellular compressed subulate glabrous leave?
flowers 4-cleft hairy at the extremities as well as the scales
stamens 4, capsule 2-celled. E. Bot. t. 793. Hook.in Fl. Lont
Naw. t. 52. . i

; à à of

Lakes in mountainous countries, rare. In Skye, Coll, and a few

the neighbouring islands of the Hebrides. Cunnamara, N. W. of Iraan
frequent. FZ. August. £ .— Roots creeping and throwing out innum?

able, white, curiously articulated fibres, which penetrate deep into y
mud. Leaves pellucid, beautifully cellular, as is the scape. Head 2
numerous, compact, minute flowers; each with an obovate, membran"
ous, concave scale, nearly as long as itself. Two outer segments © Eh
perianth duplicato-carinate, purplish; two inner white, of the cen be
sterile flowers united for a great proportion of the length, so as fO at
two-lipped at the extremity ; each lip bearing a stamen, and above ne
a black sessile gland; and on each side, between the two lips a sta” 2).
in the centre between these are 2 black, stalked glands, (abortive dt
In the fertile flowers, the 4 segments are almost equally divided D
base, the inner having a black, sessile gland at the extremity.

shortly stipitate. Germen of 2 globose lobes. Style short.

2, long, subulate-—In the Flora Londinensis I have not repr

the sterile flower correctly, as to its usual appearance ; nor the $!

Arum] — MONOECIA—POLYANDRIA. 347.

of the gland, which is not below, but above, the point of insertion of the
stamen. l

MONOECIA—POLYANDRIA.
17. CERATOPHÝLLUM. Linn. Hornwort.

1. C. demérsum, L. (common Hornwort); fruit armed with 2
Spines near the base and terminated by the curved subulate style.
E. Bot. t. 947.
` Frequent in slow streams and ditches. F7. July. 2¢.—Floating. Stem
ong, slender. Leaves setaceous, whorled, 2 or 3 times forked, distantly
Serrated. Flowers small, whorled in the axils of the leaves. Anthers
Sessile, crowded, spotted, 2-beaked, 2-celled.— The foliage of this plant
ls often inflated and jointed, so as to look like a Conferva.

9. C. submérsum, L. (unarmed Hornwort); fruit without spines.
E. Bot. t. 679.

- Ditches, in the east and south of England. F7. Sept. 4 .—Scarcely

different from the preceding, but in the absence of spines on the fruit.

18. MynrioPHfLLUM. Linn. Water-Milfoil.

1. M. spicátum, L. (spiked Water- Milfoil); sterile flowers form-
ing an interrupted leafless spike. Æ. Bot. t. 83.

Ditches and stagnant waters. FZ. July, Aug. 2[.— Stems slender,
much branched. Leaves 4in a whorl, finely pectinated and always sub-
merged. Spikes slender, 3—5 inches long.

2. M. verticillátum, L. (whorled Water-Milfoil); flowers all
axillary. Æ. Bot. t. 218.

Ponds and ditchesin Norfolkand Cambridgeshire; Cheshireand Angle-
sea. Fi. July 4.

19. SAGITTÁRIA. Linn. Arrow-head. |

1. S. sagittifólia, L. (common Arrow-head); leaves arrow-shap-
ed, the lobes lanceolate straight. Æ. Bot. t. 84.

Ditches and margins of rivers of England and Ireland. FV. July, Aug.
2t.— A beautiful aquatic, with large, truly arrow-shaped leaves, rising
above the surface of the water.

20. Arum. Linn, Cuckow-pint.

1. A. maculdtum, L. ( Cuchow-pint or Wake-robin); leaves all
radical hastato-sagittate, lobes deflexed, spadix club-shaped ob-
tuse shorter than the spatha. Æ. Bot. t. 1298. -

Groves and hedges, frequent in England; rare in Scotland and Ire-
lad. FZ. April, May. Y .— oot a tuber, affording an abundant amyla-
Ceous substance; which, if properly prepared and the acrid juice ex-
pressed, proves an excellent substitute for bread-flour, and is sold for
that purpose in great quantities at Weymouth and in Portland Island.

eaves large, shining, often spotted with black. Spatha large, convolute,
Above the germens, on the spadiz, is a ring or le of 2-celled, sessile
anthers, and above these, another ring of apparently imperfect germens.

he extremity of the spadiz is purplish. Berries remaining during
‘winter, after the leaves and spadix have decayed, crowded into an oblong
Spike of a bright scarlet colour.

348 MONOECIA—POLYANDRIA. [ Castanea.

91. Porérium. Linn. Salad-Burnet.

1. P. Sanguisórba, L. (common Salad-Burnet); spines none;
stem somewhat angular. Æ. Bot. t. 860. :

Dry and most frequently chalky pastures, abundant. Rather rare 1"
Scotland and Ireland. FZ. July. 14. —1.—2 feet high. ` Leaves pine
with ovate, serrated leaflets. Flowers dull purplish.— The leaves tas
and smell like cucumber, and are eaten in salad.

22. Qu£Rcus. Linn. Oak.

1. Q. Róbur, L. (common British Oak); leaves deciduous
shortly stalked oblongo-obovate deeply sinuate their sinuses
rather acute lobes obtuse, fruits 2—3 upon a long peduncle:
E. Bot. t. 1342.— Q. pedunculata, Willd. j

Woods and hedges. FV. April, May. h.—The uses of this most 1%
portant tree are universally known. Its acorns were formerly the eo
of our British ancestors, but are now leftto hogs and squirrels or f í
larger gallinaceous birds. The word Robur is derived from rove, anothé
Celtic word for the oak : whence arises robur, strength, in Latin.

2. Q. sessiliflóra, Salisb. (sessile-fruited Oak); leaves decidu-
ous on long stalks oblongo-obovate deeply sinuate their sinusé
rather acute lobes obtuse, fruits clustered upon a very sho"
stalk or sessile. Æ. Bot.-t. 1845.— Q. Robur, Willd. ^

Woods and hedges, not uncommon. FZ. April, May. h .— The specific
name is calculated to mislead. The flowers are sessile upon the pedufi
cle in both species. But here, the peduncle is very short, or almost want-
ing: in Q. Robur itis much elongated. The wood of the present specie?
is said to be much inferior to the last : and a general opinion having f

| vailed that it has been more extensively planted especially in Scotlan®
no little alarm was in consequence excited, lest our forests should
thereby deteriorated. An eminent modern author has, however, pe
expressed his opinion that itis the Q. sessiliflora which yields the My
timber for shipping. This subject deserves the serious consideratio®
the planter.1

23. FÁavs. Linn. Beech. b
l. F. sylvática, L. (common Beech); leaves ovate glabrous 07"
soletely dentate their margins ciliated. Æ. Bot. t. 1846.

Woods, especially on a chalky soil. Scarcely wild in Scotland the
abundant in forests in the south of England. FV. Apr. May. h.—

but

tree bears clipping, and then, as Mr Stewart Murray observed to mete

leaves are retained during winter. The wood is employed for an infi A

of purposes, by carpenters, turners, wheelwrights, &e. Swine are driV€
into the forests of Beech to feed upon the mast in Autumn.

94. CAsTANEA. Tourn. Chestnut.

1. C.* vulgáris, Lam. (Spanish Chestnut) ; leaves oblong”
lanceolate acuminate mucronato-serrate glabrous on each 51%

— Fagus Fa Rami Bot. t. 886.

, nty

! For more valuable remarks on this subject, see the ‘ Botany of Je me

of Sussex, by Mr T.-H. Cooper.” 1834. See also Lindl, Syn. of Brit. Fi; ber t9
it is affirmed that Q. sessiliflora is as superior in the quality of its tim

Q. Robur, as it is in beauty and vigour of growth.

Carpinus.] MONOECIA—POLYANDRIA, 349

Woods, apparently wild, in the S. and SW. of England. FZ. May.
b .—'This noble tree is much cultivated in plantations on account of its
timber, of which Evelyn says, “it hath formerly built agood part of our
ancient houses in the city of London," and that he had “one large barn
Near the city entirely framed of it." It affords excellent stakes for pali-
Sades and props for vines and hops. It is good for mill-timber and for
Water-works ; but if water touch the root of the growing tree, it spoils
both the fruit and wood. The nuts are used as an article of daily food
in the S. of Europe, and in parts of France I have had them served up
for breakfast, boiled in milk.

95. BírULA. Linn. Birch.

1. B. álba, L. (common Birch) ; leaves ovato-deltoid acute
doubly serrated glabrous. Æ. Bot. t. 2198.

Woods, especially in heathy soils and in mountainous countries. 7.
Apr. May. h .— There is a var. of this tree, (B. pendula, Roth.— Lindl.
Syn. p. 229,) with remarkably drooping branches, which are more ver-
Tucose than in the common appearance. It is not unfrequent in the
Highlands of Scotland, and generally known by the name of the droop-
tng birch. To this Scott alludes :

« Where weeps the Birch of silver bark,
With long dishevelled hair."

The wood is tough and white, and employed for various purposes. Much
is burnt into charcoal. Brooms are made of it, and well-known instru-
ments of castigation. Of the bark, in some countries, hats and drinking
Cups are formed ; and what is more important, the oil obtained from the
degot, or “ white rind,’ is used in tanning the well-known Russia leather.
t is moreover employed by the people of the same country as a vermi-
fuge, and a balsam in the cure of wounds. A wine is made of the sap
in Scotland. The whole tree diffuses an agreeable odour, and is noticed
by Burns as the ** fragrant birk.” J

9. B. nana, L. (Dwarf Birch); leaves orbicular erenate. Æ.
Bot. t. 9326.

In several parts of the Highlands of Scotland. Rare in the Lowlands.
FI. May. h.—This is a small shrubby plant, not exceeding 1—2 feet
in height. The /eaves are on short footstalks. Fertile catkins at the
extremity of the branches, small.— Even this humble shrub the poor
Laplander turns to use. It is almost all he meets with in certain situa-
tions that can be converted into fuel for cooking food and driving away
the gnats; and, covered with Rein-deer's skin, it serves him for a bed.

96. CARPÍNUS. Linn. Hornbeam.

1. €. Bétulus, L. (Hornbeam); scales or bracteas of the fruit
oblong serrated with 2 smaller lateral lobes. Æ. Bot. t. 2032.

In woods and hedges, in a meagre, damp, tenacious soil, forming a
Principal part of the ancient forests on the north and east sides of Lon-
don, Fi. May. h —Rather a small tree, with ovate or subcordate,
doubly-serrated, acute leaves, of which the veins — a and
Which are beautifully plaited when young. The w d of the Hornbeam
18 white, tough and hard, and burns like a candle. It is used in turnery
Work, for implements of husbandry, cogs of wheels, &c. The inner bark

Yields a yellow dye.

= T
ee wd cei A

Ste ge rna en pea

350 DIOECIA— TRIANDRIA. [ Empetrum.

97. CónvLvs. Linn. Hasel-nut.

1. C. Avellána, L. (common Hasel-nut); stipules oblong obtuse,
leaves roundish cordate pointed, involucre of the fruit campanu-
late rather spreading torn at the margin. E. Bot. t. 723. f

Hedges and copses, abundant. FZ. March, Apr. h.—The wood o
Hasel is employed for a number of domestic and agricultural purpose?
and makes an excellent charcoal for drawing. The nuts are well -—
at our tables. The young forked twigs of this plant constitute the ce r
brated divining-rod, (virgula divinatoria) : for an account of which EY
No. 44. of the Quarterly Review. From the Anglo-Saxons we uem
derived our word Hasel-nut, which they called Hasel-nutu, from Hast
a cap, and Knutu, a nut. l

MONOECIA—MONADELPHIA.
28. Pinus. Linn. Fir.

1, P. sylvéstris, L. (Scotch Fir); leaves in pairs rigid, cones
conico-ovate acute young ones stalked recurved as long as the
leaves generally in pairs, crest of the anthers very small. #
Bot, t. 2460. | ,

Highlands of Scotland, where it constitutes vast natural forests. Fr
May, June. 2¢.—A tree of great value but little beauty, except inde?
when it grows in large masses, as in some of tbe Highland forests.
affords the red or yellow deal. A plank from the largest tree that Wa?
cut down in the Duke of Gordon's forests of Glenmore, was shown t°
me by the late Duke at Gordon Castle ; it measured 54 feet in diameter.
The bark has been used with much success in tanning, and in the north 9
Europe is made into a wretched substitute for bread. Tar, pitch, a”
turpentine are the produce of this tree; and in the Highlands, the resi"
ous roots, dug up in the bogs, afford a succedaneum for candles.

CLASS XXII. DIOECIA. Stamens and pistils în
separate flowers and on different plants.

(Monanpria. 1 Stamen. For some Salices see ORD. II.)
ORD. I. DIANDRIA. Stamens 1—5, mostly 2.

l. SAurx. Barren fl. Scales of the catkin single-flowered:
imbricated, with a nectariferous gland. Perianth 0. Stam. 1— i-
—Fertile fl. Scales of the catkin single-flowered, imbricate
with a nectariferous gland. Perianth 0. Stigmas 2, often €! É
Caps. 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds domom ee
Ord. AMENTACE, Juss.—Named from sal, near, and lis, wai?
in Celtic.

ORD.' II. TRIANDRIA. 3 Stamens.

2 e H $ ° ° = S.
2. EwPíTRUM, Barren ff. Perianth, many imbricating aie :
of which the 3 inner are often regular, spreading and peía!o

Tamus.] DIOECIA—HEXANDRIA. 351

Stam, 8, with long filaments. Rudiment of a pistil with a many-
cleft stigma.— Fertile fi. Perianth as in the barren. Germen
globose. Style short. Stigma dilated, peltate, rayed. Berry

© Superior, globose, with 6—9 seeds.—JVat. Ord. EwPETREZX,

utt.— Named from s, in, and «7206, a stone; growing in stony
places. s

3. Ruscus. Barren fl. Perianth single, of 6 leaves. Fila-
ments combined at the base. Anthers 9—6.— Fertile fl. Perianth
Single, of 6 leaves. Nectary tubular. Style 1. Stigma l. Berry
Superior; 3-celled ; cells 2-seeded.— Nat. Ord. SMILACEZ, Br.
—Name—anciently Bruscus; from Beuskelen, in Celtic, Box-
Holly. ;

(See Valeriana dioica in Cr. III. Some Salices in Ord. I.)

ORD. III. TETRANDRIA. 4 Stamens.

4. Viscum. Barren fi. Cal. obsolete. Pet. 4, ovate, fleshy,
united at the base and bearing each a single anther adnate with
the upper surface.—Fertile ff. Cal. an obscure margin, supe-
rior. Petals 4, erect, ovate, very minute. Stigma sessile. Berry
inferior, bearing one seed, with 1—2 embryos (sometimes 3,
Mr W. Wilson).—Nat. Ord. LORANTHER, Juss.—Name—ié0s,
Greek, from gwid, Celtic, the shrub, par excellence, a sacred plant
With our ancestors.

5. HIPPóPHAE. Barren ff. collected into a small sort of
catkin, each scale bearing a flower. Perianth single, of 2 deep,
roundish valves. Anthers linear, sessile.— Fertile fl. solitary.
Perianth single, tubular, cloven at the summit. Germen supe-
rior. Style short. Stigma subulate, exserted. Nut one-seeded,
Surrounded by the large, coloured, berry-like calyxr.—Nat. Ord.
E_racnen, Br.—Name—iros, a horse, and paw, to brighten,

ut why so called cannot be determined.

6. Myrica. Barren fl. Scales of the catkin concave. Peri-
anth, 0.— Fertile fl. Scales of the catkin concave. Perianth 0.
Styles 9. Drupe 1l-celled, 1-seeded.— Nat. Ord. MvRICEZ,
Rich.—Name—pvgixn, in Greek, synonymous with the Tamarix.

(See Rhamnus in Cr. V. Urtica in Cr. XXL.)

ORD.IV. PENTANDRIA. 5 Stamens.

7. HówvLUs. Barren fl. Perianth single, of 5 leaves. Anthers
With 9 pores at the extremity.— Fertile ft. Scales of the catkin
arge, persistent, concave, entire, single-flowered. Perianth 0.
Styles 2, Seed 1.—Nat. Ord. URTICER, Juss.—Name—humus,
rich soil or mould, in which the plant flourishes.

(See Ribes in Cr. V. Bryonia in Cr. XXL. Salix in Oa». I.)

ORD. V. HEXANDRIA. 6 Stamens.
8. TAmus. Barren fl. Perianth single, in 6, deep segments.

352 DIOECIA— MONADELPHIA. [ Taxus.

—Fertile fl. Perianth single, superior, in 6 deep segments, con
tracted at the neck, superior. Stigmas 3. Berry of 3 cells.—
Nat. Ord. SMILACEZ, Juss.—Name, supposed to be the Uva
Taminia of Pliny, or Black Bryony.

(See Rumex in Cr. VI.)

ORD. VI. OCTANDRIA. 8 Stamens.

9. PóPuLus. Barren fl. Scales of the catkins jagged. e
thers 83—30, arising from a turbinate, oblique, entire, singl?
perianth.— Fertile fl. Scales of the catkin jagged. Periant
turbinate. Stigmas 4 or 8. Caps. superior, 2-celled, 2-valve®
. many-seeded. Seeds comose.—Nat. Ord. AMENTACER, JUSS
—Name—populus, or the tree of the people,.as it was esteemed t0
be in the time of the Romans and of the French revolution-

10. Rnopíona. Barren fl. Cal. 4-partite. Pet.4. Glands ^
emarginate.— Fertile fl. Cal. A-partite. Pet. 4. Glands 4, emat"
ginate. Germens 4. Caps.many-seeded.— "Vat. Ord. CRAssULA
cem, D C.—Name— 060, a rose; from the scent of the roots

ORD. VII. ENNEANDRIA, 9 Stamens.

ll. MEncumiÁLIs. Barren fl. Perianth single, tripartite
Stam. 9—12. Anthers of 2, globose lobes.— Fertile jt. Fas
anth single, tripartite. Styles 2. Caps. 2-celled ; cells 1-seeded
—WNat. Ord. EUPHORBIACE®, Juss.—So named, because tht
God Mercury is said to have discovered the virtues, of wh
kind soever they may be, of this plant.

12. Hyprocuaris. Flowers spathaceous.—Barren fl. Cal.
in 3 deep segments. Cor. of 3 petals. Stam. 9, in 3 row
within which are 3 imperfect styles.—Fertile fl. Cal. in 8 deep i
segments. Pet. 3. Styles 6, each with 2 stigmas.. Caps. ne
rior, coriaceous, roundish, 6-celled, many-seeded.— Vat. Ora
HYDROCHARIDES, Juss.—Named from b0up, water, and %8”
to rgoice ; being aquatic plants.

(Orv. Decandria. See Silene and Lychnis in Cr. X.—Orp. 1009
andria. See Rubus and Fragaria in Cz. XI1.—Onrp. Polyandria. See
Stratiotes in CL. XXI. See Populus in On». VI.)

ORD. VIII. MONADELPHIA. Stamens combined:

13. Juniperus. Barren fl. Scales of the catkin subpeltal®.
Perianth 0. Stam, 4—8, 1-celled.— Fertile fl. Scales of the
catkin few, united, at length fleshy and surrounding the 3-seec*
berry.— Nat. Ord. CONIFERÆ, Juss.—N ame—yeneprus, in Celtics
rude, rough, as is the plant itself.

14. TAxus. Barren Ji. Catkins oval, scaly at the base.
Stam. numerous. Anthers peltate, 6—8 celled; cells opening
beneath. Fertile Ji. solitary, scaly at the base. Style 0. Drup

)

Saliz.] DIOECIA —DIANDRIA., 353

fleshy, perforated at the extremity—Nat. Ord. Conirerm,

Juss.— Name-——ro£oy, an arrow; it is said because arrows were
poisoned with its juice.

DIOECIA—DIANDRIA.
1. SAurx. Linn. Willow, Sallow and Osier.

The many important uses, rendered by the different species of Willow
and Osier, serve to rank them among the first in our list of ceconomical
plants. The larger kinds, which are, too, of the most rapid growth,
yield timber and exceed 60 feet in height; whilst the least of them,
which grows on the summits of our Highland mountains (S. herbacea),
can scarcely be said to rise above the surface of the soil in which it
vegetates. Many are in great request for baskets, hoops, and crates :
their bark is used by the tanner, and that of one species ( S. Russelliana),
as a substitute for the true Peruvian bark. A correct knowledge of the
species, then, is of primary importance; no less to the cultivator than
to the botanist. Yet there is not in the whole range of the vegetable
creation, a genus, liable to more variation at different periods of growth,
in different soils and situations, and under different circumstances; so
that the accurate determination of its species has baffled the researches
of the ablest botanists. For myself, I acknowledge that I apply to the
description of them for the present work with no feigned reluctance ; the
more genuine from a consciousness that in my Z7ora Scotica, I had
unfortunately given offence to one who was infinitely my superior, both
in age and learning, the estimable author of the English Botany, by
stating my opinion too confidently in regard to the limits of species. I
will not say that a more devoted attention to the subject has materially
altered my view of the points in question; but I have here pursued a
different line of conduct, and at least when the union of any two or more
species may be considered a dubious procedure, I have adopted the species
of my illustrious predecessor, and given my ideas (and those of other
friends, when I could obtain them,) on the propriety of the measure, in
language, I trust, not caleulated to hurt the feelings of any one.

My able friend Mr Borrer has materially aided me by specimens and
by remarks ; and no one has ever studied the Willows, whether in the
growing or in the dried state, more deeply or with a less prejudiced
mind. He has himself extensively cultivated them; but the richest
collection of living Willows is, unquestionably, that at Woburn Abbey,
Bedfordshire, which has given rise to a splendid work, the “ Salictum
Woburnense" of His Grace the Duke of Bedford, of which a limited
number of copies only have been printed. It is truly gratifying to the
humbler botanist to find a man of that nobleman’s exalted rank in
society and the senate, not disdaining to take pleasure in the study’ of

1 His Grace was first led to devote his attention to plants by a severe attack
of illness, which unfitted him for the more important duties of his station: and
** if in this pursuit," he says in a former and almost equally beautiful book,
the * Hortus Ericeus Woburnensis,’ * I have been able to beguile even a single
hour of irksomeness, during a protracted period of sickness and suffering, I
am abundantly grateful to that Providence which, in its universal dispensa-
tions, has permitted me to indulge in a pursuit at once so pleasing and so ra-
tional" Every succeeding year finds this nobleman more charmed with
Botany and Horticulture, and he is the liberal and disinterested patron, not
only of many recent botanical works, but of several excellent practical botan-
ists, who are sacrificing their time and their health in collecting the vegetable
treasures of distant parts of the world.

VOL. I. 2A

354 DIOECIA—DIANDRIA. [Saliz.

nature, and even recommending it to the attention of others by works
which a private individual could never accomplish. We have then, 1n
the Salictum Woburnense, a standard set of figures of all our native,
amongst many exotic, species; which, together with those of Æ. Bo-
tany, do, it must be confessed, give to the British naturalist an advan-
tage over all that continental authors have published on the subject, an
to them I refer in every instance and with great satisfaction. The ar-
rangement of the species in the ** Salictum” is due to the botanical skill
and knowledge of Mr Forbes, head gardener at Woburn, which his Grace
has fully acknowledged : and that department does him great credit.

The arrangement here adopted of the British species is suggested by
my friend Mr Borrer. It is a natural one, undoubtedly, and like all
natural groups, difficult to be defined in words.

* Monandre. Borr. Filament 1, with a double anther, or, in
S. rubra, forked upwards and bearing two anthers. Trees 0
low stature, or shrubs, with twiggy branches and more or less
lanceolate and serrated leaves often broader upwards. Cathins
very compact.—“* The wild and willowed shores of Teviot,
Mr Borrer has found to afford some puzzling varieties of this
group.

l. S. purpárea, L. (bitter purple Willow); monandrous, de-
cumbent, leaves lanceolate broadest upwards attenuated below
serrated glabrous, germens ovate very pubescent sessile, stigma
ovate nearly sessile. Æ. Bot. t. 1388. Salict. Wob. p. 1, t. 1.

Meadows between Thorpe and Norwich. Eskdale, Melrose. FL
March. h.—A small shrub, with purple trailing branches. Leaves
glaucous, especially beneath. Fertile catkins singularly compact. This;
according to Sir Jas. E. Smith, is a valuable osier for basket-work an
for plaiting into low close fences, its bark being so intensely bitter that
hares and rabbits will not touch it.

2. S. Héliv, L. (Rose Willow); monandrous, erect, leaves lan-
ceolate broadest upwards attenuated below serrated glabrous
germens oblongo-ovate very pubescent sessile, style short, stig-
mas almost linear emarginate. Æ. Bot. t. 1348. Salict. Wob
p. 9, t. 9.

Marshes and the banks of rivers. FZ. March, Apr. 5.—In the hef-
barium, this ean scarcely be distinguished from the preceding, excep
by its larger catkins, longer germens and styles, bifid stigmas, an
yellow glossy bark. In a growing state, the plant is recognised bY
being upright and taller. The fertile catkins are represented much £09
broad in the Æ. Bot. figure, as Mr Borrer observes. They are ver
accurate, according to my specimens, in the Salictum Woburnense-—
The leaves and twigs, we are told, are less bitter than in the forme!
well adapted for basket-work (Mr Forbes) and more ornamental IP
plantations.

8. S. Lambertidna, Sm. (Boyton Willow); monandrous, erect
leaves lanceolate broadest upwards serrated glabrous, germens
shortly ovate very pubescent sessile, stigmas ovate emarginate-
E. Bot. t, 13859. Salict. Wob. p. 5, t. 8.

First discovered on the banks of the Willy at Boyton, Wilts, ese

Saliz.] DIOECIA—DIANDRIA, 355

Staines, by Aylmer Bourke Lambert, Esq.: and since in other parts of
England ; as near Icklingham, Suffolk ; near Norwich ; and at Henley
upon Thames. Near Edinburgh. FL Apr. h.—Very nearly allied to
the last, but distinguishable by its leaves, which are generally broader at
the base, and the purplish glaucous hue of the young shoots.

4. S.* Woollgariána, Borr. (Mr Woollgar’s Willow); monan-
drous, erect, leaves cuneato-lanceolate serrated glabrous, ger-
mens ovate very pubescent sessile downy, stigmas nearly sessile
ovate scarcely emarginate. Borrerin E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2651. —
S. monandra, Salict. Wob. p.i, t. 4 (excl. the syn. of Hoffm. ex-
cept that of t. 1, f. 1). S. monandra, var. Hoffm. Hist. Sal. v. i.
p. 21, t. 1, f. 1.

About Lewes, Sussex,in osier-holts, but scarcely wild. At King-
ston-upon-Thames, apparently wild. F7. May. h.—Under S. mon-
andra are included by Hoffm., not only S. purpurea and S. Helix, but
also, according to Mr Borrer, our present individual, distinguishing it
however as a var.; as such, therefore, it had been long known to Mr
Borrer and the late Mr Woollgar, though the latter gentleman was so
far of opinion that it was a distinct species, that he used to call it S. cunei-
folia, from the shape of its leaves, especially the upper ones. The name
monandra can now scarcely be retained without creating much needless
confusion, and I gladly adopt that given by Mr Borrer in compliment
to a gentleman who supplied Sir J. E. Smith with several of his willows
and who formed his opinion upon the species from long and accurate
Observations. The present one is alluded to in the Æ. F7. under S.
Lambertiana, with which it agrees in the stigmas ; while the catkins
are most like those of S. Forbyana and of a peculiarly soft texture. In
the Willow ground at Woburn Abbey, whither it was sent by Mr For-
ster as S. monandra, and consequently published under that name in the
* Salictum,” it attained only 6 feet in five years. Mr Forbes observes
that its shoots and twigs much resemble those of S. Helix, while the
leaves and stigmas are widely different.

5. S. Forbyána, Sm. (fine basket Osier); monandrous, erect,
leaves with small downy stipules lanceolato-oblong serrated
glabrous, style equal in length to the linear divided stigmas.
E. Bot. t. 1344. Salict. Wob. p. 9, t. 5.

Meadows and osier-grounds at Fincham, Norfolk (Zev. Jos. Forby),
and near Lynn. Cambridgeshire, truly wild ; Sm. Fl. Apr. h.—Stems
yellowish-green, glossy. Allied to S. Helix, especially in the fructifica-
tion ; but differing in foliage. This species is much esteemed by basket-
Makers for the finer sorts of wicker-work.

6. S. rábra, Huds. (green-leaved Osier); stamens 2 combined
at the base, leaves linear-lanceolate broader in the fertile plant,
acuminated serrated glabrous green on both sides, capsules
oblongo-ovate very pubescent sessile, style elongated, stigmas
linear undivided. Æ. Bot. t. 1145. Salict. Wob: p. 11, t. 6.—
S. fissa, Hoffm.

Low meadows and osier-holts, but rare; Maidenhead; Windsor;
hear Salisbury ; Cambridgeshire. Carlisle. Frequent in hedges and
Osier-grounds, Scotland. #7. Apr. May. b .—A small free, with longer
and more lanceolate and acuminated leaves than any other in the pre-

E

A a mnt
———À = ~

NE Te 0 E

356 DIOECIA—DIANDRIA. [.Saliz.
i

sent group : in the latter particular coming near, as Sir J. E. Smith

remarks, to S. viminalis, but wanting its dense white pubescence. The

stamens are always more or less combined, below only, into one fila-

ment, as in S. Croweana, which in other respects is quite a different

plant.

#* Triandre. Borr. Stam.3. Leaves lanceolate, approaching
to ovate, with evident deciduous stipules, serrated, glabrous. Cat-
kins lax. Germens stalked, mostly glabrous.—Most of the sP
constitute excellent osiers, and become trees if left to themselves

7. S. unduldta, Ehrh. (sharp-leaved triandrous Willow); t
androus, leaves lanceolate acuminated serrated glabrous, g€t-
mens stalked ovato-acuminate, style as long as the linear bi
stigmas, scales very villous. “ Ehrh. Beitr. v. vi. p. 161. AT?
108."—.S. lanceolata, Sm.—.E. Bot. t. 1436. Salict. Wob. p. 21,
t. 14.

Near Lewes, Sussex (the fertile plant), Mr Borrer, who does s
regard it as a native there. Angus-shire. Fl. Apr. May. h.—A sma
tree, which casts its bark annually. It is cultivated and eut down every
year for the use of basket-makers ; but Mr Forbes observes that it I
not so well calculated for the finer sorts of wicker-work as S. triandra:
Dr Meyer of Göttingen has sent me specimens of the S. undulata °
Ehrh. ; compared with the Ehrhartian Herbarium ; and Mr Borrer ^i
satisfied that they are identical with Smith's Zanceolata ; at least wit
the Sussex specimens communicated by Mr Woollgar to him, and which
are probably the same as the fertile individuals figured in E. Bot
Indeed that station is the only one mentioned by Sir J. E. Smith 2$
English. Mr Borrer has received German specimens of S. undulatd
with silky germens, and these are probably the S. undulata of the Sal-
ictum Woburnense, which differs only in that respect, and in its more
wavy leaves, from our present plant.

8. S. triándra, L. (long-leaved triandrous Willow); triandrous
leavesoblongo-lanceolate acute serrated glabrous, germens stalk
ed oblongo-ovate glabrous as well as the retuse scale, stigmas
sessile retuse. Æ. Bot. t. 1435. Salict. Wob. p. 29, t. 15.

Wet woods and osier-grounds, frequent. FZ. May and Aug. ( Sm.)
h .—'This becomes a tall tree, 20—30 feet high if left to itself, casting
its bark in autumn. It is abundantly cultivated and reckoned amore
the most valuable of the osiers. Mr Forbes speaks of another state
of the plant raised at Woburn, with larger and broader foliage *
which probably the leaves in Æ. Bot. may be referred; for they are
much larger and broader than as described by that author. Mr Wooll-
gar used to distinguish this species by the dark-barked smooth shoots 9
the fertile plant. The sterile one he never met with at Lewes. Nea
allied to this is the French Willow of the Sussex osier-grounds, whic "
grows (according to Smith) from 12 to 15 feet high, with /eaves of a
bright green and large yellow catkins, with stamens thrice the lengt der
the scales ; the leaves only half the size of triandra, with more lent "s
footstalks and larger stipules. This was the S. contorta, of Mr Crow ^t
garden; apparently the Hoppeana of Willd. (according to my zs

. a
A According to Sir J. E. Smith: but Mr E. Forster says that the N gonter
of Mr Crowe is a willow called ** S. triandria, undulata,” by Prof. Merter

Saliz.] DIOECIA—DIANDRIA. 357

mens from Saltzburg), differing only in the notched or retuse bracteas.
Mr Borrer seems to think that it is the S. triandra of Curt. Fl. Lond.

9. S. Hoffmanniána, Sm. (short-leaved triandrous Willow);
triandrous, leaves shortly and broadly lanceolate acute slightly
rounded at the base serrated glabrous, ** germens stalked ovate
compressed glabrous, stigmas nearly sessile. Æ. F7. v. iv. p. 168.
Salict. Wob. p. 81, t. 16. Borr, in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2620.—
S. triandra, Hoffm. Sal. v. i. p. 45. t. 9, 10, t. 23. f. (excl. the
vars.?) Borr.

Sides of streams, in Sussex (sterile plant); and near Cambridge. F7.
May. .—A much branched srub, or crooked tree ; scarcely exceed-
ing 12 ft. Bark of the stem and large branches deciduous, as in the
other triandrous Willows. The humbler growth, the short, flat, lance-
olate leaves more rounded at their base, with larger, rounded, ear-shaped
stipules, distinguish this plant from S. ériand., with which it is said to
agree in the fertile fl., as it does in wanting the deep furrows of the
young twigs, so remarkable in S. amygdalina.

10. S. amygdalina, L. (Almond-leaved Willow); triandrous,
leaves oblongo-ovate acute rounded at the base serrated gla-
brous, germens much stalked ovate glabrous, stigmas sessile
bifid, young branches furrowed. Æ. Bot. t. 1936. Salict. Wob.
p. 95, t. 18.

Banks of rivers and ditches ; Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire ; Scot-
land. FU. Apr. May and Aug. b.—A tree, growing to the height of
20—30 feet in the woods at Woburn, with much furrowed, yellowish,
young branches. The plant is considered inferior as an osier to S. éri-
andra, which it approaches very nearly in botanical character. About
Lewes, Mr Borrer says both the fertile and barren plants are confined
to the osier-beds, as are S. triandra, and “ S. triandra, undulata,” of
Mertens.

*** Pentandre. Borr. Stamens more than 3, usually 5, in each
catkin, so numerous and long as to render the flowers, which
too are in perfection at the same time with the foliage, quite hand-
some; while the tree itself is the most ornamental of the whole
Genus. Germens glabrous. Moderately-sized trees, with ample,
glossy, fragrant foliage, exuding a resin from the glandular ser-
ratures of the leaves.

11. S. pentándra, L. ( Sweet-Bay-leaved Willow); stamens 5,
leaves elliptical-lanceolate acuminated glanduloso-serrated gla-
brous with several glands at the base, germens lanceolate gla-
brous nearly sessile, style scarcely any, stigmas bifid. Æ. Bot.
t. 1805. Salict. Wob. p. 67. t. 34.—S. Meyeriana, Borr. in Br.
Fl, ed, 3. (not Willd.)

Banks of rivers and watery places; most frequent in the N. F7. May,
June. 5.—18— 90 ft. high. Its large and copious, shining foliage al-
most gives this plant the appearance of an evergreen. Sterile catkins
broad, fragrant, as well as the leaves. The tough flexible shoots, Mr

orbes says, are good for basket-work.— Mr Borrer doubts if the Ame-
rican S. lucida, (Salict. Wob. t. 82,) be different from this; and Mr

358 DIOECIA —DIANDRIA. (Salix.

Forbes states that species to have been confounded in gardens with the
following.

3e* Fragiles. Borr. Stamens 2, (as in the following groups).
Trees of considerable size, with lanceolate, glabrous, serrated,
stipulated leaves, and very lax catkins with elongated more or
less stalked glabrous germens.

12. S. decipiens, Hoffm. (white Welsh or varnished Willow) ;
leaves lanceolate pointed serrated very glabrous, floral ones
partly obovate and recurved, footstalks somewhat glandular,
germens tapering stalked glabrous, style longer than the cloven
stigmas, branches smooth highly polished. Sm. Æ. Bot. t. 1937.
Salict. Wob. p. 57. t. 99.

Low meadows, moist hedges and osier-grounds, in several parts of
England. Collinton^woods, Edinb. Fl. May. h.—Of this I am only
acquainted with the sterile plant; nor has Sir J. E. Smith, nor Mr
Forbes, figured any other. It is described as a lofty £ree ; when treate
as an Osier, producing, for a few years, good rods for basket-work, but
gradually becoming shorter, and not worth cultivating. Many botanists,
it is stated in Æ. FL, have confounded this with S. fragilis, to which it
is referred in Fl. Brit. Mr Borrer observes that it is the S. amerin@
of Walker.

13. S. frágilis, L. (crack Willow) ; leaves ovato-lanceolate
acute serrated glabrous, germens shortly pedicellate oblongo-
ovate glabrous, style short, stigmas bifid, scales pubescent and
much ciliated. Æ. Bot. t. 1807. Salict. Wob. p. 53, t. 27. (not
of Woodville ? and other medical writers ?)

Banks of rivers and marshy ground, frequent. FZ. Apr. May. h-—
** A tall bushy-headed £ree, whose branches are set on obliquely, some-
what crossing each other, not continued in a straight line, by which it
may readily be distinguished in winter.” Sim. These branches are fra-
gile, especially in spring, and hence the wood is of little or no value
Whatever good qualities have been attributed to the present species,
Sir J. E. Smith observes, belong to the following, which has often been
mistaken for it.

14. S. Russellidna, Sm. (Bedford Willow); leaves lanceolate
tapering at each extremity strongly serrated glabrous very pale
beneath, germens stalked lanceolate acuminate glabrous, style
as long as the bifid stigmas, scales narrow-lanceolate slightly
ciliated or pubescent. E. Bot. t. 1808. Salict. Wob. p. 55, t. 29-
and frontispiece, (the tree).— 8. fragilis, Woodville ? and other
medical writers.

Marshy woods, osier grounds and in many places. Fi. Apr. May
h .—This extremely valuable tree was first brought into notice by E?
Grace the late Duke of Bedford, and thence most appropriately honoure"
by bearing his name. Of the size to which it reaches, some interesting
details are given in the present Duke of Bedford’s Introduction to t :
Salictum Woburnense. It was one of this species, the favourite eo
of Dr Johnson at Litchfield, which was very recently destroyed od
hurricane, after it had attained a height of 60 feet, and a girth of 13 - ‘
Another tree at Gordon Castle, Scotland, at the age of 61, was 57 fee

`

Salix.] DIOECIA—DIANDRIA. 359

high, and above 11 feet in its greatest circumference. Great as is the
affinity, botanically speaking, between this plant and the preceding, its
properties are wholly different, So important is it as a plantation tree,
that Mr Lowe, in his Survey of the County of Notts, states that at 8
years growth, the poles yielded a net profit of 2147. per acre; and in 2
years longer, they would probably have produced 3007. per acre. The
late George Biggin, Esq. of Cosgrove Priory, an able chemist, ascer-
tained that the bark of this tree contains the tanning principle in a su-
perior degree to that of the Oak: and it is supposed that the medical
properties said to belong to S. fragilis, are attributed to it by mistake,
and should be refered to the present, The leaves are of a peculiarly
handsome shape when in perfection, deeply serrated and much attenuated.

*Gceek Albe. Borr. Trees of considerable elevation, having lan-
ceolate serrated leaves, with long silky hairs beneath, especially
in a young state, which give to the foliage a light or whitish hue:
the serratures glandular. Cathins lax: germens glabrous.

- 15. S. álba, L. (common white Willow) ; leaves elliptical-lan-
eeolate regularly glanduloso-serrate acute silky beneath often
so above, germens ovato-acuminate nearly sessile glabrous,
stigmas nearly sessile short recurved bifid, scales short pubes-
cent at the margin. E. Bot. t. 9430. Salict. Wob. p. 271, t. 136.
— B. under-side of the leaves less silky, often quite glabrous.
S. cerulea, (blue Willow). E. Bot. t. 2431. Salict. Wob. p.
273, t. 137.

River-sides, moist woods, &c. Fi, May. h.—A well known tree, of
considerable size, and of which the var. B. is of such exceedingly rapid
growth, that it is by many still deemed a distinct species; and Mr
Forbes observes that the new leaves, after the wood has been cut, are
of a larger size, and, as well as the twigs, of a darker hue than the real
S. alba. They seem to be alike valuable for their bark and their tim-
ber, and are both amply deserving of cultivation.

16. S. vitéllina, L. (yellow Willow or golden Osier); leaves
lanceolate with glandular serratures acuminate more or less
silky beneath often so above, germens lanceolate sessile gla-
brous, style short, stigmas bipartite, scales lanceolate. Æ. Bot. t.
2430. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 182. Salict. Wob. p. 39, t. 20.

Hedges and osier-grounds, in many places. Fl. May. h —This is
rendered striking by the bright yellow colour of its branches, and the
leaves often partake of the same tint. With this exception, the plant,

as Mr Borrer observes, is “ extremely nearly allied to S. alba” Hal-
ler, too, unites them. It is used as an Osier in many places.

* 6, Griseæ. Borr.

17. S. petioláris, Sm. (dark long-leaved Willow) ; leaves lan-
ceolate serrated when young grey with short silky hairs espe-
cially beneath, germens stalked ovato-lanceolate very silky,
stigmas divided nearly sessile, scales villous scarcely longer
than the pedicel. Æ. Bot. t. 1147. Salict. Wob. p. 45, t. 23.

Scotland. Angus-shire. Fl. Apr. h.—A very distinct species,
with dark branches, and dusky-coloured, greyish-green leaves, silky

eS

nc,

360 DIOECIA—DIANDRIA. [Salia*

with short soft hairs : in a young state, even silvery beneath. The cat-
kins are scarcely an inch long, rather lax ; much smaller in my speci-
mens and in the jig. in Salict. Wob, than in E. Bot., and remarkable
for the lengthened stalks of the germens and dense silky covering of
the latter. I have never seen native Specimens.!

* 7. Rosmarinifolie. Borr. Small, erect shrubs. Leaves linear-
lanceolate, entire, or with extremely minute, glandular teeth.
Cathins short, lax. Germens stalked, silky.

18. S. rosmarinifolia, L. (Rosemary-leaved Willow) ; leaves
linear-lanceolate silky, the young ones especially, quite entire
or with a few very minute glandular teeth, catkins shortly ob-
long curved lax, germens stalked silky lanceolate-acuminate,
style about as long as the linear divided stigmas, scales short
villous. Æ. Bot. t. 1865. Salict. Wob. p. 178, t. 87,

Found by Sherard. Sent by Mr Dickson to Mr Crowe. (Sm.) Fl.
Apr. h.—A slender, upright shrub, 2—3 feet high, with silky leaves,
nearly glabrous in the adult plant. Whole plant, when dry, turning
almost black, as does the following.

19. S. angustifolia, Wulf. ? (little Tree Willow) ; leaves lin-
ear-lanceolate nearly glabrous with minute glandular teeth, the
young leaves silky glaucous beneath, catkins ovate erect, ger-
mens ovato-acuminate densely silky stalked, style about as long
as the broad erect entire stigmas, scales very villous nearly as
long as the young germens.— S. Arbuscula, Sm. E. Bot. t.
1866. Salict. Wob. p. 171, t. 86. (not of continental authors.)

Highlands of Scotland. Clova mountains, Near Dumfries. Apr. b.
— Mr Forbes has well observed that the present is closely allied to the
last, and he is even disposed to consider them the same; and it is cer-
tainly a matter of surprise, that two plants so much resembling each
other, should be placed so far apart as they are in Æ. Fi. Still I agree
with Mr Borrer in thinking them distinct, though the difference lies
almost entirely in their germens ; these are shorter in the present plant,
with denser, less glossy and less truly silky hairs, with ovate and quite
entire stigmas, and more shaggy scales. Although this may be, as Sir
J. E. Smith assures us, the S. Arbuscula of Linn. Herb., yet Mr Bor-
rer, on a recent examination, has come to a different opinion, and the
plant is quite at variance with the Arbuscula of other continental authors»
and with the figures both of Linnzus and Wahlenberg, which repre-
sent the leaves distinctly serrated. This latter is well figured in the
Salictum Woburnense, t. 138, having been introduced to the gardens
at Woburn by Lord John Russell, from Switzerland. The name 9
our plant, I have, at the suggestion of Mr Borrer, changed to S. angus-
tifolia, as being, probably, the plant of Wulfen.

* 8. Fusce. Borr. Small shrubs, with generally procumbent
stems and leaves between elliptical and lanceolate, mostly. silky
beneath, nearly entire. Catkins ovate or cylindrical, Germens .
silky, stalked.— The habit of S. fusca rather approaches the
Monandree group.

! Dr Lindley says that this is not a British, nor even a European species:

Salis. DIOECIA— DIANDRIA. 361

. 90. S. Doniána, Sm. (Donian Willow); leaves partly oppo-
‘ite obovato-lanceolate acute slightly serrated even livid and
Somewhat silky beneath, stipules linear, branches erect, catkins
“rect cylindrical, germens stalked silky longer than the obovate
Scale. Hi. Fl. v. iv. p. 213. Borrer in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2599.
Salict, Wob, p. 169, t. 85.

È Scotland. FZ May. h.—Shrub 6 feet or more high, resembling S.

Purpurea, but the sterile flowers are unknown, and Mr Borrer considers

correctly placed in the present division, on account of its stalked

Sermens which have little resemblance to those of the Monandrce, but

àre closely analogous with those of S. fusca, to which species he thinks
ere is considerable affinity in the foliage also.

21. S. fásca, L. (dwarf silky Willow) ; leaves elliptical or
elliptic-lanceolate acute entire or with minute glandular serra-
tures somewhat downy glaucous and generally very silky beneath,
Sermens upon a long stalk lanceolate very silky, stigmas bifid,
Stems more or less procumbent.—/S. repens, Hook. Scot. 1. p.
284,_«. stem much branched upright, decumbent below, leaves
elliptical-lanceolate. S. fusca, E. Bot. t. 1960. Salict. Wob. p.
155, t, 83.-—@. stem depressed with short upright branches,
leaves elliptic-lanceolate. S. repens, E. Bot. t. 183, (with young
leaves only). Salict. Wob. p. 167, t. 84.—»^. stem prostrate with
elongated straight branches, leaves elliptic-oblong. S. pros-
trata,1 E. Bot. t. 1959. Salict. Wob. p. 163, t. 82.—ò. stem re-
"umbent, leaves elliptical. „S. fatida, E. Fl. v. iv. p. 208.—S.
adscendens, E. Bot. t. 1962. Salict. Wob. p. 159, t. 80.— subvar.
faves smaller. S. fætida, B. E. FL v. iv. p. 208.—S. parvifolia,
E. Bot. t. 1961. Salict. Wob. p. 161, t. 81.—«. stem procumbent,
eaves elliptic-lanceolate. S. incubacea, Linn.—.E. Fl. v. iv. p.
212, (excl. of all the other syns.? Borr.) Borrer in E. Bot. Suppl.
t 2600.—Z. stem erect or spreading, leaves elliptical with a re-
*urved point very silvery beneath. S. argentea, E. Bot. t. 1364.
E. Fl. v. iv. p. 207.

Moist and dry heaths, moors and sandy situations. FI. Apr. May. h.
~I am happy to learn, from Mr Borrer, that he not only consents to the
Union of the above-mentioned species of other authors, but has suggested
€ order of their arrangement ; with the single exception of S. fusca
1 Sm., which he is disposed to consider different from that of Linn., at
“ast as seen growing in the garden ; for he allows that ** the dried spe-
"mens show no character ;” in which latter opinion I cordially agree
With him.—The plant itself is usually a small procumbent shrub, with
"ather long straight branches ; but varying exceedingly, according to
Situation and other circumstances, as do the leaves also, which are more
iA less glabrous above, and more or less silky beneath where the nerves
te prominent.

of

9. Ambiguæ. Borr. |
22. S. ambigua, Ehrh. (ambiguous Willow); leaves obovato-

| The Epping- Forest “ prostrata," mentioned in E. Fl, is, on the authority

8 ae 7 4
f Mr E. Forster, one of the varieties of S, ambigua.

362 DIOECIA— DIANDRIA. [ Salit:

oblong slightly serrated upwards downy above, soft and silky
veiny beneath, catkins lax, germens lanceolato-subulate very
silky upon long hairy stalks, style more or less elongated, sU"
mas entire or divided obovate. Æ. Bot. Suppl. t. 2739.—
stigmas sessile or nearly so, leaves moderately hairy or silky:
S. ambigua, Ehrh. and Willd. (Borrer), not of Pursh, whos?
plant Mr Borrer says is very near S. fragilis, taller var.—
proteifolia, Schleich. Salict. Wob. p. 149, t. 7 5.—. stigmas
sile or nearly so (quite entire), leaves obovate very silky 9!
both sides.—^. style elongated, leaves oblong moderately hairy
or silky. S. spathulata, Willd..( Borr.).—-S. versifolia, Wale
Lapp. p. 971, t. 18. f. 2. Seringe, Saules de la Suisse, n. 66- i
æ. Epping-forest. Hopton, Suffolk ; Isle of Staffa.—5. Bogs "a
Forfar.—y. Epping-forest. Hopton, Suffolk; and between Balnag?)
and Aberfeldie, Scotland. .F/. May, h.—Shrub 3 to 5—6 feet hig i
with dingy-coloured bark, and hoary, more or less silvery leaves.. g,
Borrer was once disposed to consider the S. ambigua of Ehrh., the
proteifolia, Schleich., and the S. spathulata of Willd., distinct ; but 7"
subsequently was induced to unite the two former ; and I think, judg
from specimens communicated, by my friend, of the latter, that he het
not think me very wrong for combining the three. "They are altoget H
most ambiguous plants ; and put on very different appearances in diffe
ent stages of their growth. My var. B. is of the most peculiar aspect, 9
I have never seen any specimens but those gathered by Mr Drummon?*

10. Reticulate. Borr.

23. S. reticulata, L. (reticulated Willow) ; leaves nearly ellip à
tical-orbicular mostly glabrous remarkably reticulated with ve”

and glaucous beneath, germens sessile oblongo-ovate downy?
style short, stigmas bifid. Æ. Bot. t. 1908. Salict. Wob-?

138, t. 67.

Lofty mountains of the north of England, Wales? and espec
Scotland. FZ. June, July. h .— Stem short, very woody, much brane
proeumbent: when cultivated, forming a beautiful tuft of consider? ne
extent, with its curiously reticulated and large handsome leaves. fom
catkins and stems have a reddish or purplish tinge. I possess this a he
Arctic America with long silky hairs on both sides of the leaves:
young foliage indeed is often floccose.

* 11. Glauce. Borr. Small, erect, very closely allied shrubs
markable for their soft hairy and silky oblongo-lanceolate le
often white and cottony beneath. Germens sessile, very do”
or silky.

24. S. glauca, L. (glaucous Mountain Willow) ; leave
lanceolate entire downy snow-white and very cottony bene as
germens sessile narrow-elliptical ovate very downy, stig,
nearly sessile bifid. Æ. Bot. t. 1810. Salict. Wob. p. ae

Highlands of Scotland. Clova mountains. Fl. July. b 7 shorteh

ally

heo

LU
ess

0"
s oval
ath,

allied to the following ; but differing in the germen, which i
more obtuse and with nearly sessile stigmas.

E b-
25. S. arenária, L, (downy Mountain Willow); leaves z

Salix.) DIORCIA—DIANDRIA, 363

longo-lanceolate entire downy especially beneath, germens sessile
aneeolate thickly downy with a very long style, stigmas linear
often entire, scales very silky. Æ. Bot. t. 1809. Salict. Wob. .
P. 169, t. 70.— S. limosa, Wahl. Lapp. p. 265, t. 16, f. 4.
Highland mountains, especially those of Breadalbane and Clova. 7.
une, h .—1—2 ft. high, with dark-brown, glossy bark. Leaves clothed
With silky down, slightly so above, more so beneath where they are al-
Most white. Germen with a remarkably long, slender, dark coloured
Style. Scales almost black, very villous with long silky hairs.

96. S. Stuartiána, Sm. (small-leaved shaggy Willow); “leaves
nearly entire ovato-lanceolate acute shaggy above densely silky
Somewhat cottony beneath, style as long as the almost sessile
Woolly germen, stigmas capillary deeply divided the length of
the style." Æ. Bot. t. 2586. Hook. Scot. 1. p. 283, (under SS.
Gren.) Salict. Wob. p. 143, t. 72.—S. Lapponum, Walker.

Breadalbane mountains, Rev. Dr Stuart. Near the upper end of the

urn of Fionlarig. Fl. July, Aug. h.—I regret that, often as I have
Visited the Breadalbane mountains, I have not been able to distinguish
S. Stuartiana from the preceding. Mr Borrer says, “the leaves are
Sharp at each end, grey with hairs above, even when full grown.” So
are many of my acknowledged specimens of S. arenaria. It was named
in compliment to one of the best men and most learned scholars that
Scotland has produced; the late Rev. Dr Stuart of Luss.

* 12. Viminales. Borr. Trees of a more or less considerable
size ; with long pliant branches and lanceolate leaves. Germens
nearly sessile, hairy or silky; their styles elongated ; their stigmas
linear, mostly entire.

27. S. vimindlis, L. (common Osier); leaves linear-lanceolate
Obseurely crenate white and silky beneath, stipules very small
Sublanceolate, branches straight and twiggy, germens upon very
Short stalks lanceolato-subulate, style elongated, stigmas long
linear mostly entire. Æ. Bot. t. 1898. Salict. Wob. p. 265, t. 133.
. Wet places, osier grounds, &c. frequent. F7. Apr. May. h .— This
8 held in great esteem for basket work.

. 98. S. stipuláris, Sm. (auricled Osier); leaves lanceolate very
indistinctly crenate white and downy beneath, stipules large se-
Nicordate acute often with a tooth or lobe at the base, germens
Stalked lanceolate very downy, style elongated, stigmas linear
Undivided, scales very shaggy. Æ. Bot. t. 1214. Salict. Wob.
b. 263, t. 139.
Osier-holts, hedges and woods, near Bury St Edmunds. F7. March.
.— Allied to the preceding in fructification: differing in its large, and
Coarser Jeaves, less white beneath, and with large, very remarkable
Stipules.
29. S. Smithidna, Willd. (silky-leaved Osier); leaves lanceo-
late obscurely crenate white and covered with satiny pubescence
neath, stipules very small narrow acute, germens lanceolato-
Subulate very silky shortly stalked, style elongated, stigmas long

364 DIOECIA—DIANDRIA. [ Salit.

linear mostly entire. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 229. Salict. Wob. p. 367.
t. 234. — S. mollissima, Er. Bot. t. 1509. (not Ehrh.)

Meadows and osier-grounds. About Bury. Glamorganshire. Near
Warrington. Scotland. 77. Apr. May. b.

30. S. ferruginea, And. MSS. ( ferruginous Willow) ; « Jeaves
thin lanceolate with wavy crenatures and small teeth minute y
hairy on both sides, paler beneath, stipules small half-ovate,
scales oblongo-lanceolate, germen silky stalked, style about m
long as the oblong stigmas.” Borr.—Salict. Wob. p. 255, t. 128.
Borrer in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2665.

Near Carlisle; Fifeshire ; and banks of the Thames, Nuthurst, Susse*?
JMr Borrer, to whom I am indebted for specimens, and who observe
that it comes nearest to S. Smithiana. Fl. Apr. May. h.—It forms
bushy shrub, 12—14 feet high according to Mr Forbes.

31. S. acumindta, Sm. (long-leaved Willow); “leaves lance”
lato-oblong pointed wavy finely toothed glaucous and dow”
beneath, stipules half-ovate then kidney-shaped, catkins cylin:
drical, germen stalked ovate hairy, style as long as the undivi€
stigmas.” |Sm.— E. Bot. t. 1484. Salict. Wob. p. 261, t. 13L

Rather moist woods and hedges, frequent. F7. April. h.—In ™
specimens, the germens and scales of the catkins are remarkably shaggy:
Mr Borrer, who observes that this is the S. lanceolata of Seringe, 97
never gathered the species wild, nor has Mr Forbes, who, as well as sit
J. E. Smith, places it among the true Sallows, our ** Cineree tribe.”

32. S. holosericea, Willd. (soft shaggy-flowered Willow); leave
lanceolate acuminate serrated glabrous above, pale downy
strongly veined beneath, catkins cylindrical, germens sta

a
Iked
densely clothed with silky wool, stigmas ovate sessile, $€% p
(black) very shaggy. Willd. Sp. Pl. v. iv. p. 708? Bluff
Fing. Fl. Germ. v. ii. p. 565. ` Mf
About Lewes, Sussex. FI. Apr. May. b.— This is a plant which ^

Borrer received from Sir J. E. Smith, marked S. acuminata, var
gosa ; but which he thinks probably allied to the S. Ao/oserict?

: debui dé 3 a ; : e
Willd., and distinguishes it from the true acuminata, by its sessile pal

coloured stigmas and leaves greener and more rugose above and zi it

strongly veined beneath. Mr Forster says that Mr Crowe regarde

as a var. of S. Smithiana, or as an undescribed species.

* 13. Cinereæ. Borr. Trees or low shrubs ; with downy branches
and mostly obovate, grey, hoary, toothed, more or less wrin n
and stipuled leaves, very veiny beneath. Germens sericeo-to*
tose.— This group is usually denominated the Sallows.

33. S. cinérea, L. (grey Sallow); leaves obovato-elliptic#!
sometimes approaching to lanceolate more or less glaucous 4 4 y
beneath pubescent and reticulated with veins the margins slig bi
recurved, stipules semicordate, germens stalked lanceolato-5U 97.
late silky, styles short, stigmas mostly entire. Æ. Bot. t. 18
Salict. Wob. p. 249, t. 125. af

Banks of rivers and in moist woods, abundant. F4. Apr. b —A n
20—30 feet high, of no beauty and little use.

Salix.) DIOECIA—DIANDRIA. 365

34. S. aquática, Sm. ( Water Sallow); stem and branches erect,
leaves slightly serrated obovato-elliptical minutely downy flat
rather glaucous beneath, stipules rounded toothed, germens
Silky stalked, stigmas nearly sessile. Æ. Bot. t. 1437. Hook.
Scot. i. p. 284, (with S. cinerea). Salict. Wob. p. 258, t. 197.

Wet hedge-rows, swampy places, &c. FI. Apr. b.

35. S. oleifólia, Sm. (Olive-leaved Sallow); “stem erect,
branches straight spreading, leaves obovato-lanceolate flat rather
tigid minutely toothed acute glaucous reticulated and finely hairy
beneath, stipules small notched rounded, catkins oval nearly half
as broad as long." Sm. E. Bot. t. 1402. Hook. Scot, 1. p. 284,
(with S. cinerea). Salict. Wob. p. 251, t. 126.

Abundant in Norfolk: about Tunbridge, as well as in other parts of
England, andin Scotland. Fl. March. h.—Mr Forbes is disposed,
with Sir J. E. Smith, to consider this and the two preceding species
Teally distinct. Mr Borrer says, “ I do not venture to unite the three,
although I could never satisfy myself as to their characters. They all
vary much in foliage and in fructification.”

36. S. aurita, L. (round-eared Sallow); leaves obovate repan-
do-dentate wrinkled with veins more or less pubescent very
downy beneath, tipped with a small bent point recurved at the
Margins, stipules roundish semicordate, germens lanceolato-subu-
late stalked silky, style very short, stigmas generally entire.
E. Bot. t. 1487. Salict. Wob. p. 247, t. 194.

Moist woods and thickets, abundant. 7. May. h.—A small, bushy
tree ; with straggling branches. “ One' of the least equivoeal species;
although its eaves vary in length and in roundness. They are usually
much wrinkled and vaulted, the stipules large and stalked.” Borr. MS.

37. S. capréa, L. (great round-leaved Sallow); leaves ovato-
elliptical acute serrated and waved at the margin downy beneath,
Stipules semicordate, germens pedicellate lanceolato-subulate
Silky, stigmas sessile undivided. E. Bot. t. 1488. Salict. Wob.
p.249,4.192. —

Woods and dry pastures, common. FI. April, May. h.—A small
tree, distinguished by being in the spring loaded with handsome yellow
blossoms before any of its leaves appear. The catkins, of both kinds,
are broader and shorter than in most of the species with crowded flowers.
The Highlanders employ the bark to tan leather, and the handles of
Various agricultural implements are made of its wood. The bark has
even been used with success, instead of that from Peru.

38. S. sphaceluita, Sm. (withered-pointed Sallow); “stem erect,
eaves elliptico-obovate even veiny entire or slightly serrated
owny on both sides discoloured at the point, stipules half heart-

Shaped toothed erect, germs stalked ovato-lanceolate silky, stig-
mas notched longer than the style.” Sm. Æ. Bot. t. 2333. Salict.
Wob. p.241, t. 121. |

At Fionlarig, near the head of Loch Tay. F7. April, May. .— With

is I am unacquainted, and Mr Borrer doubts if it be a good species. .

366 DIOECIA—DIANDRIA, [Salix

* 14, Nigricantes. Borr. A group as difficult to define as are
the species which compose it. Many approach the last division
very nearly, having more or less ovate or obovate leaves, but
they are less wrinkled, and, when dry, generally become black,
whatever care may be taken in the preservation of them.—Shr ubs
with long branches, or small trees. Germens glabrous or silky,
stalked. Style more or less bifid.

39. S. cotinifólia, Sm. ( Quince-leaved Sallow); leaves ellipti-
cal-orbicular obsoletely toothed slightly downy above, more 8?
glaucous and veiny beneath, germens stalked lanceolato-acum™
nate, style bifid, stigmas roundish notched. Æ. Bot. t. 140?
Salict. Wob. p. 227, t. 114.

Norfolk; and near Glenluce and Forfar, Scotland. FJ. April, May. h H
—A low shrub, with leaves 2 or more inches long, shaped almost l!59
those of the garden Rhus Cotinus. In my plant the styles are distinctly
and deeply bifid, each segment bearing a short, emarginate stigma.

40. S. hirta, Sm. (hairy-branched Sallow); “stem erect,
branches densely hairy, leaves elliptic-heart-shaped pointed
finely crenate downy on both sides, stipules half-heart-shape
flat-toothed nearly glabrous." Sm. E. Bot. t. 1404. Salict. Wob.
p. 225, t. 113.

Norfolk. Castle Eden, Yorkshire. 77. April, May. h .— A small £re&
in many respects approaching the preceding: the leaves, however, in MY
specimens, are less broad at the base, or as Mr Forbes justly observes
less heart-shaped. The fertile catkin was unknown to Sir J. E. Smith
as it was to the author of the “ Sadictum,” till after the plate had bee?
engraved. But I have a fertile branch from Mr Borrer, as well as fro?
Mr Backhouse; in which, as in the preceding species, the style is bi^?
though only for a very short way, bearing capitate emarginate stigma?

Al. S. nigricans, Sm. (dark-leaved Willow); “leaves elliptic
lanceolate acute crenate glabrous with a downy rib above gla”
cous beneath, stamens 2 thrice the length of the hairy scales
germens lanceolate downy on a short downy stalk.” Sm.—~
Bat ; 1218. Salict. Wob. p. 73, t. 87.— S. phylicifolia, B. Lin"

m.

Fens, osier-grounds, woods, and thickets. Wrongay fen, Norfolk, and
near Shobden Court, Herefordshire. F7. April. h.—A large shrub; 9
dte it does not appear that the fertile catkins have been found!

ritain.

42. S. Andersoniána, Sm. (green Mountain Sallow); leaves el
liptic-oblong acute faintly crenato-dentate the upper ones € Me
ly subpubescent all glaucous beneath, stipules small sub-ovate
branches minutely downy, germens stalked linear-subulate ae
brous, style elongated bifid at the extremity, stigmas bifid, S62 s
fringed with a few long silky hairs. Æ. Bot, t. 2348. Sal
Wob. p. 217, t. 109. he

Sides of streams, among the Breadalbane mountains. Banks of t
Tyne, below Newcastle; Mr Winch, Fl. May, June. h.

aliz.] DIOECIA—DIANDRIA. 367

43. S. Damascéna, Forbes, (Damson-leaved Willow); “young
Shoots densely hairy, leaves ovate or rhomboidal bluntly toothed
Silky when young at length nearly naked green on both sides,
Stipules half-heart-shaped, catkins (in flower) longer than the
oral leaves, scales obovate, germen stalked naked, style divided
Oger than the diverging stigmas.” Borr.—Forbes in Salict.
Woburn. p- 285. Borr in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2709.
South of Scotland and the Borders. F7. (with the young leaves) April.
b .—* Perhaps too near S. Andersoniana to be properly regarded as a
Species," Borr. l. c.—1t would gratify me, and I am sure all true lovers
9f Botany, if Mr Borrer, who has so profound a knowledge of British
illows, Roses, and Brambles, would abolish, as species, all those whieh
? thinks too nearly allied to others, instead of sanctioning them by his
authority.

44. S. Forsteriána, Sm. (glaucous Mountain Sallow); ** stem
erect, branches minutely downy, leaves elliptic-obovate acute
frenate slightly downy glaucous beneath, stipules vaulted, cat-

ins elongated (Borr.), germens stalked awl-shaped silky, style
(at length bifid at the extremity) as long as the blunt emarginate
(or bifid) stigmas.” Sm. E. Bot. t. 2344. — Salict. Wob. p. 219,
5. 110.

Not rare in Scotland, Mr E. Forster: onthe Breadalbane mountains,

alone with the preceding. Heaton Dene, banks of the Tyne. Fv. May,
une, h .—Similar to the last: distinguishable by its more or less silky
Jermens, and, as Mr Borrer observes, longer catkins; to which Mr
Orster adds the crowded germens and the greater dissimilarity of colour
9n the two sides of the leaf.

45. S. rupéstris, Donn, (silky Rock Sallow); “stem trailing,
leaves obovate acute serrated flat even silky on both sides, sti-
Pules hairy, branches minutely downy, germens stalked awl-
Shaped silky, style as long as the blunt undivided stigmas.” Sm.
E. Bot. t. 2342. Salict. Wob. p. 221, t. 111.

Near Blanchland, Northumberland. Rocks of Craigalleach and Mael
Ghyrdy, Scotland. Fl. May. h.—I do not understand this species, I
Must confess ; notwithstanding that Mr Borrer has kindly assisted me
With specimens. Indeed he himself says * the germen is silky or naked,
Unless I unite different things.” Mr Forbes observes that it is very dis-
‘et from the two preceding and that its branches are tough and useful
r tying, &c.

46. S. petréa, And. MS. (dark-green Rock Sallow); ** erect,
Young shoots densely hairy, leaves oblong serrated carinate
Wisted reticulated with deeply sunken veins, beneath hairy
glaucous at Jength pale green, stipules large half-heart-shaped
attish with few glands, germen stalked naked wrinkled towards
e point, style divided, longer than the cloven stigmas.” Borr.
~Salict. Wob. p.193, t. 97. Borrer in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2725.
Breadalbane. Cultivated by the Duke of Bedford, Mr Forster, and-
Mr Borrer, from plants gathered in Britain by the late Mr G. Ander-
30n, who gave to the species the name of S. petrea. Fl. May. h .—My

———À—ÀX

m— il x

—

ee ff M

368 DIOECIA—DIANDRIA. [Salis

specimens have the germens lanceolate, acuminate, partially silky Or gla-
brous. A shrub, 6—7 feet high, according to Mr Forbes. :

47. S. propinqua, Borr. ( flat-leaved upright Mountain Wil-
low); “erect, young shoots minutely pubescent, leaves elliptica
obscurely crenate nearly flat with slightly sunken veins neat y
naked on both sides pale green beneath, stipules small vanes
glandulose, germen stalked silky towards the point, style long?
than the notched stigmas.” Borr. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2729 , ^

* Discovered in Britain by Mr Anderson." Fl. — Y .—* Finding
this some apparently distinctive characters, we venture, after much po
tation, to add another presumed species to a section of the genus of W ji
almost every species is doubtful,” Borr., who further suggests that 9!
specimens of S. petrea with partially silky germens, mentioned under!
last species, probably belong to the present.

* 15. Bicolores, Borr. Leaves glabrous, or nearly so, dark ge
above, very glaucous beneath, between obovate and lanceola
Germens very silky. Twiggy bushes.

48. S. teniior, Borr. (narrow-leaved intermediate Willow)
* Jeaves on slender stalks obovato-lanceolate acute obsolete
erenate flat naked on both sides glaucous beneath, stipules act
glandulose, catkins slender lax, scales acute longer than the 5!
stalk of the capsule, style longer than the ovate stigmas.” Bor"
in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2650. s

Banks of the Lochy, near Killin. F7. May. þh — Nearly allied t9 Ir
laurina, (S. bicolor, E. Bot. t. 1806,) with which, according tO M
Borrer, Sir J. E. Smith seems to have united it.

49. S. laurína, Sm. in Linn. Tr. (shining dark-green willow)
* leaves elliptic-oblong acute waved and slightly serrated, ne2" ‘
glabrous glaucous beneath, footstalks dilated at the p
stipules pointed serrated, scales obtuse hairy, half as long - í ;
densely downy ovate long-stalked germens." Sm.— S. bic? =i
E. Bot. t. 1806. Salict. Wob. p. 75, t. 38. May:

Woods and thickets, in various parts of Britain. Sm. Fi. Apr.
h .—This Mr Borrer considers a very distinct species. =

50. S. laxiflóra, Borr. (loose-flowered Willow); “ upri

m

ght,
young shoots slightly pubescent, leaves naked flat broadly -

A h
vate narrowed at the base slightly toothed glaucescent benens

upper ones acute, stipules small concave, catkins loose, ger? he
stalked bluntish naked in the lower part, style as long 8$
linear divided stigma.” Borr. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2749-. the

Killin in Breadalbane. F. Apr. h.—Resembles S. Jaurina ge
figure of the leaves; but that plant differs by its more acutely pii
ramification ; its mahogany-coloured twigs, densely cottony while Y oung
the abundance of short appressed hairs on both surfaces of the airs’
leaves ; the more subulate germen, white all over with cottony 4
and the shorter style, with short stigmas, the segments of which V
adhere together. Borr.

{0°
51. S. radícans, Sm. ( Tea-leaved Willow) ; leaves obovà

Saliz.] DIOECIA—DIANDRIA, 369

or elliptic-lanceolate with often wavy serratures glabrous glau-
cous beneath, germens lanceolate stalked very silky as well as
the scales, style elongated, stigmas entire or bifid. Hook. Scot. i.
p. 280.—S. phylicifolia, Linn.? (not Hook. Scot.) E. Bot.
#1958. Salict. Wob. p. 91, t. 46.

Breadalbane mountains of Scotland ; first found by the late Rev. Dr
Stuart. Fl. May. h.—“ As Linnæus, no doubt, included several other
Willows under his S. phylicifolia, it would be better to call this by
Smith's first name, radicans.” Borrer.

52. S. Borreriána, Sm. (Borrerian Willow); leaves broadly
lanceolate with shallow nearly even serratures very glabrous
glaucous beneath, stipules lanceolate small, branches erect, cat-
kins lax, germens lanceolato-subulate on long stalks quite gla-
brous, style long bifid, stigmas linear bifid, scales of the catkins
acute shaggy. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 174. Borr, in E. Bot. Suppl.
t. 2619. Salict. Wob. p. 89, t. 45.—.S. phylicifolia, Hook. Scot. i.
p. 981. Wahl. Lapp. p. 970, t. 17, f. 2.?

Highland mountain-vallies ; Glen Nevis and Breadalbane: first dis-
covered by Mr Borrer. Fl. April, before the leaves appear, and again,
in the willow garden of Woburn, in July, when the plant is in full leaf.
b.—Allied to the preceding, but distinguished by the accurate Mr
Borrer, even while its fertile catkins were unknown to him ; these, which
Mr W. Wilson and myself have found at Killin, still further strengthen
the character of the species.

53. S. Davalliána, Sm. ( Davallian Willow); * upright, leaves
obovato-lanceolate flattish very acutely pointed obscurely tooth-
ed or serrated naked on both sides somewhat glaucous beneath,
stipules minute, young shoots and leaf-stalks pubescent, calyx-
scales obovate silky, germen stalked silky, style as long as the
divided stigmas.” Æ. Fl. v. iv. p. 175. Salict. Wob. p. 93,t. 47.
Borr. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 9101.—,S. phylicifolia, Willd. (?)
omitting the syn. (Sm). — !

Brought from Scotland and cultivated by Mr G. Anderson. FI. May.
5.—Mr Borrer’s specimen, which he believes to be the same as the
E. Fi. plant, and which he received from the late Mr Anderson (under
the name of S. tetrapla, Wàlk.), has the germens very silky. The same
plant Mr Borrer sent to Sir J. E. Smith as ** fetrapla, Walk. ;" and also
as being named (erroneously Mr Borrer believes) “ S. pAylicifolia, Willd."

54. S. tétrapla, Walk. (four-ranked Willow); “leaves ellip-
tic-oblong pointed unequally serrated nearly glabrous glaucous
with prominent veins beneath, stipules half arrow-shaped, scales
mostly shorter than the hairy stalks of the ovato-oblong gla-
brous germens, style as long as the stigmas.” Sm.—“ Walk.
Ess. 468, according to Mr Anderson,” E. Fl. v. iv, p. 177,
Borr. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2702. | |

Gathered in Breadalbane by Mr Borrer. (Sm.) Fl. May. h.

55. S. Weigeliána, Willd. ( Weigelian Willow); **leaves ellip-
tical rhomboidal or almost round with a short point obsoletely
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370 - DIOECIA—DIANDRIA, [Saliz.

erenate naked on both sides glaucous beneath, stipules small,
catkins on short stalks, bracteas small, scales oblong hairy longer
than the hairy stalk of the germen, style longer than the stig-
mas." Borr.— Willd.— Hook. Br. Fl. ed. 1, p. 490 (not of Salict.
Wob.) Borr. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2656.—S. Wulfeniana, E. FL
v. iv. p. 176 (not of Willd.) Salict. Wob. p. 95, t. 48 (excl. the
foreign syn.). l

Mountainous parts of Great Britain, not uncommon. Yorkshire and
Westmoreland ; Breadalbane, Scotland. Fl. Apr. May. h .—Mr Borrer
suspects that the fertile S. Croweana of E. Fl. belongs to this species.

56. S. tenuifolia, Sm. Fl. Br. (thin-leaved Willow); * leaves
elliptical acute serrated nearly glabrous glaucous beneath, sti
pules small or. none, scales hairy, capsule ovate glabrous on ®
Short smooth stalk.” Sm. Fl. Brit. p. 1052 (not E. Bot., accord-
ing to Mr Borrer, which is S. bicolor of Ehrh., not Sm.). E. Fl.
v. iv. p. 179. Salict. Wob. p. 99, t. 50, (the true plant).

Above the bridge at Kirkby Lonsdale, 1783. FI. May, June. b 77
Of this Mr Borrer observes, that the best authenticated specimens he
has seen, scarcely differ from the preceding, but in having the germe?
and its stalk perfectly glabrous.

57. S. nitens, And. MSS. (shining-leaved Willow); ** leaves
ovate or elliptical acute slightly serrated nearly naked with
sunk veins above, naked and glaucous beneath, stipules small,
catkins on short stalks, bracteas small, calyx-scales oblong hairy
longer than the hairy stalk of the germen, style longer than the
stigmas.” Borr.—E. Fl. v. iv. p. 175. Salict. Wob. p. 87, t. 4
Borrer in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2655.

Found in Scotland by Mr G. Anderson. Teesdale. Fl. April. b.
—A bushy shrub, 10—12 feet high.

58. S. Croweána, Sm. ( Crowean Willow); stamens combined
below, leaves elliptical slightly serrated quite glabrous glaucous
beneath. E. Bot. t. 1146. Salict. Wob. p. 108, t. 52.

Swampy meadows and thickets: Norfolk. N. of England. FI. AP
May. b.—Mr Borrer presumes that the connate filaments were but 2?
accidental monstrosity in that individual from which all the plants, tha
he has examined, have originated : and Mr Forbes describes and figure?
in the “ Salictum,” a still more remarkable structure : “ the barren €4^^
kins changing into fertile ones, with the style and stigma perfect, as in
the fertile floret.” He has watched the progressive change and 09-
served that the monadelphous filaments appeared a little thicker in *®?
middle, where they were united and gradually became pistils.— A 51^
lar alteration has been remarked by Mr Borrer in S. oleifolia, and P
Mr R. Gee in S. cinerea. (See E. Fl. v. iv. p. 216, and 220.) Sir J. ^^
Smith describes the germens of S. Croweana as downy; Mr Borrer
finds them nearly glabrous, as figured in Salict. Wob.

. 59. S. bícolor, Ehrh. (&wo-coloured Willow); leaves elliptical
green and shining above, glabrous and glaucous beneath serrate

with oblique points, stipules crescent-shaped serrated, we
catkins copious bright yellow, filaments slightly bearded at $46

Salix.) | DIOECIA—DIANDRIA. 371

base. Forbes.—S. tenuifolia, E. Bot. t. 2186 (as to figure, not
Fl. Br.). Hook. Scot. i. p. 282.—S. floribunda, Forbes in Salict,
Wob. p. 107, t. 54.

Highlands of Scotland; in Glenlyon, 1810. Banks of the Ettrick.
Fl. Apr. and again in July (Forbes) h .—l believe the sterile plant
alone of this, is certainly known. In what Mr Borrer considers to be
its fertile state, the adult Jeaves, he says, are mostly quite without hairs,
whilst those of the sterile plant are rather plentifully but inconspicuously
sprinkled, especially on the under side: as Mr Forbes indeed observes
in the description of the young leaves of his floribunda, a plant received
by him from Mr E. Forster, as the S. tenuifolia, E. Bot.

60. S. phillyreifolia, Borr. ( Phillyrea-leaved Willow); leaves
elliptic-lanceolate acute at each end strongly serrated naked on
both sides glaucous beneath, stipules small, young shoots pubes-
cent, scales oblong hairy longer than the glabrous stalk of the
glabrous germen, style as long as the stigmas. Borr. in E.
Bot. Suppl. t. 2660.

Highland vallies of Scotland, in Inverness-shire and Perthshire. Fl-
Apr. h.—‘ A beautiful and apparently distinct Willow, bearing con-
siderable resemblance in its foliage to Phillyrea latifolia. It differs
from S. bicolor and S. Dicksoniana, which have leaves approaching to
obovate with a point, arid which are, for the most part, obsoletely ser-
rated.” Borr.

61. S. Dicksoniéna, Sm. (broad-leaved. Mountain Willow);
“ leaves elliptical acute slightly toothed glabrous glaucous be-
neath, young branches very glabrous, catkins ovate short erect,
germens stalked ovate silky, stigmas nearly sessile." Æ. Bot.
t. 1390. Salict. Wob. p. 109, t. 55, f. 2. :

Scotland. FZ. Apr. h.—I remarked, in Fl. Scot., that my speci-
mens of this plant from Mr Borrer, did not accord with the Æ. Bot.
figure, but closely resembled S. radicans. The same individuals have
been reviewed by Mr Borrer and returned without any observation ;
from which I infer that they'are what he still considers the true Dick-
soniana. Now these accord precisely with the S. Dicksoniana which
the Duke of Bedford received from various collections as such : and the
discrepance between it and the figure in Æ. Bot. did not escape the
notice of Mr Forbes, who has, in addition to the Woburn plant, repre-
“sented a catkin and pistil from Æ. Bot. I can therefore only repeat
what I have said in F7. Scot., that if S. Dicksoniana be a good species,
I am quite unacquainted with it.

* 16. Vacciniifolie. Borr. Small, procumbent or rarely erect
shrubs ; with leaves bearing a considerable resemblance to those
of a Vaccinium, opaque, glaucous beneath. Germens downy,
sessile.

62. S. vacciniifolia, Walk. Ess.’ (Bilberry-leaved Willow);
leaves lanceolate-ovate serrated glabrous and even above, glau-
cous and silky beneath, capsules ovate silky, stems decumbent.

E. Bot. t. 2341. Salict. Wob. p. 118. t. 57.—S. prunifolia,

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372 DIOECIA—DIANDRIA, [Saliz-

B. Hook. Scot. i. p. 282.—S. livida, Hook. Scot. i. p. 281. E.
Fl. v. iv. p. 199.

Highland mountains, not unfrequent. First found at the head of
Annandale, and described by the late Dr Walker. Hart-fell near Moffat.
Fl. Apr. (Sm. Forbes)—June in the Highlands. }.—A humble and
pretty little shrub, which I had referred to a variety of S. prunifolia-
This and the 3 following are all very closely allied.

63. S. carináta, Sm. ( folded-leaved Willow); leaves ovate
serrated glabrous glaucous beneath and frequently folded so as
to form a keel, germens sessile oblongo-ovate extremely silky,

-style short, stigmas emarginate. Æ. Bot. t. 1363. Salict. Wob.

p. AL st. 59.

Highlands of Scotland. F/. Apr.—June. h .— Two feet high. Taller
and stouter than the last, with more upright branches, and longer and
often keeled eaves.

64. S. prunifólia, Sm. (Plum-leaved Willow); leaves ovate
serrated more or less veiny glabrous glaucous beneath, germens
sessile oblong-ovate extremely silky, style short, stigmas emar-
ginate. FE. Bot. t. 1861. E. Fl.v.iv. p. 193. Salict. Wob.
p. 111, £ 57.— S. myrsinites, Lightf. (not Linn.)

Highland mountains of Scotland, frequent. F/. Apr.—June. b.

. 65. S. venulósa, Sm. (veiny-leaved Willow); “leaves ovate
serrated naked reticulated with prominent veins above rather _
glaucous beneath, capsules ovate silky, stem erect much branch-
ed." E. Bot. t. 1862. Hook. Scot, i. p. 282, (with S. pruni-
Jolia). Salict. Wob. p. 115, t. 58.

Highlands of Scotland. F7. Apr.-—June. h.—Mr E. Forster agrees
with me in considering this only a var. of S. prunifolia. The last fout
species, if such they may be called, I have gathered on the Breadalbane
mountains, for a succession of years, with blossoms in perfection in the
month of June. In gardens, they flower in April.

* 17. Myrsinites, Borr. Small, bushy plants ; with glossy, rigid, —
small, oval or broadly elliptical, serrated leaves, and downy
germens.

66. 7S. "myrsinítes, L. (green Whortle-leaved Willow); leaves
elliptical waved serrated shining often hairy with prominent
veins, catkins short lax, germens sessile lanceolate loosely silky:
style half their length, and as well as the linear stigmas bifid-
E. Bot. t. 1360. Salict. Wob. p. 119, t. 60.—5. leaves smaller
narrower. ©. arbutifolia, Sm.— S. myrsinites, Linn. Lapp. t. - J*
6. t. 8. f. f. Fl. Dan. t. 1054.

. Highland mountains, but rare. Craigalleach. Brae-Riach. CloYa
mountains.—£. Craigalleach. F7. June. h.—A low glossy bushy shrub,
with thick, much branching stems and leaves which Wahlenberg 2°

inaptly compares to those of Betula nana, and which frequently remain»

withered indeed, till the following year, being much and prominently,
veined. The flowers appear when the plant is in full leaf. Scales ^
the catkin small, blackish, with long silky hairs. Foliage very dark, ?

Saliz.] DIOECIA—DIANDRIA. 473

most black when dry. My Craigalleach specimens agree not only with
those from Lapland but also with one from the Linnzean Herb. in my
possession,

67. S. procámbens, Forbes, (smooth-leaved alpine Willow);
leaves oval (rarely acute) obscurely serrated shining quite gla-
brous, germens nearly sessile lanceolate very silky, style very
short cleft almost to the base, stigmas short bifid obtuse. Sal.
Wob. p. 121, t. 61. E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2753.—S. levis, Br. FI.
ed. l. p. 432.

Highlands of Scotland; Glen Coe. Breadalbane mountains, 1801.
Brae-Riach one of the Cairngorum range. FV. June. h.—A low shrub,
bearing a considerable resemblance to the last, but I think truly distinct.
I have long had from Mr Winch both cult. and wild specimens. This,
in all its parts, especially the foliage, catkins and germens, is twice the
size of the preceding, with fatter leaves, less serrated at the margin and

-

drying to a yellowish-brown colour. , The germen, style and stigma, too,
will be found to differ from those of S. myrszuites, and the scales are much
longer and more hairy. Itisa beautiful shrub, and has been cultivated
for years, in the Edinb. Bot. Garden, where it retains all its characters.
This seems to be the S. retusa, With. Bot. Arr. ed. 8. v. il, p. 49.

with a fig.

* 18. Herbaces. Borr. A minute shrub; remarkable for its small,
few-flowered catkins.

68. S. herbácea, L. (least Willow); leaves orbicular serrated
glabrous shining veined, germens sessile lanceolate glabrous,
style and stigmas bifid, catkins of few flowers. Æ. Bot. t. 1907.
Salict. Wob. p. 128, t. 62.

Snowdon and other Welsh mountains. On Skiddaw. Plentiful ~
upon the summits of all the Highland mountains. 77. June. h.—The
least of our British species ; though not so small as is generally suppos-
ed, for its stems divide and creep below the surface of the earth, scarcely
rising an inch above. In the Botanic Garden of Edinburgh it has
acquired a prostrate, woody stem, 2—3 feet long and nearly as thick as
the little finger. Dr Graham. A

* 19, Hastatæ. Borr. Low shrubs; with very broad leaves and
` exceedingly shaggy and silky catkins. ©

69. S. hastáta, L. (Apple-leaved Willow); leaves broadly el-
liptical waved thin and crackling quite glabrous glaucous beneath,
stipules large heart-shaped about as long as the footstalks, ger-
mens on a short stalk lanceolate acuminated glabrous, styles
elongated, stigmas cloven, scales very shaggy with long silky
hairs. Salict. Wob. p. 69, t. 35.—S. malifolia, Sm. Fl. Brit.
p. 1053. E. Bot.t. 1617. Salict Wob. p. 71, t. 36.

Scotland.. Sands of Barrie, near Dundee. Norfolk? 77. May. h.
—2+6 ft, high. Remarkable for its broadly elliptical, shortly acumi-
nated leaves, large stipules and very silky or shaggy compact catkins,
about 14 inch long. Mr Borrer assures me that S. malifolia, Sm. is
only a state of S. hastata, Linn., with a more attenuated base to its.
leaf, and this opinion is confirmed by Mr Forbes, who received from

374 DIOECIA—DIANDRIA. [Saliz.

Sir J. E. Smith plants of S. malifolia, and found that the leaves of
their vigorous shoots became cordate.

70. S. landta, L. (woolly broad-leaved Willow); leaves broadly
oval pointed entire shaggy glaucous beneath, catkins sessile
clothed with long yellow silky hairs, germen nearly. sessile lan-
ceolate glabrous longer than the style, stigmas undivided.

Fl. v. iv. p. 205. Hook. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2624. Salict. Wob.
p. 141, 4. 71. f. 2.—5. chrysantha, Fl. Dan. t. 1057?

Scottish mountains, rare. First found in Glen Callater by Mr G. Don.
Head ofthe Glen of Dole, 2 miles W. of Acharne, the uppermost farm-
house of Clova, Angus-shire. Fl. May. h.—About three feet high,
with large pale greyish shaggy foliage, and cathins that may be reckon-
ed among the handsomest of the genus. This species Wahlenberg
considers the most beautiful in Sweden, if not inthe whole world. ** The
splendid golden catkins,” he justly observes, “ at the ends of the young
branches, light up, as it were, the whole shrub, and are aecompanie
by the tender foliage, sparkling with gold and silver." The young plant
is clothed with copious, long, silky, yellowish hairs. Sir J. E. Smith
refers to the Fl. Dan. S. caprea, as this plant; but that has the style
cleft and the stigmas bipartite. Again, in the S. chrysantha of the same
work, though in other respects it represents our plant, there are 2 styles
given in the plate ; so that Mr Forbes with justice doubts if it be the
same. The stamens are 2 or 3 in the real S. lanata, with their filaments
more or less combined.

Dr Lindley, in the 2nd edition of his Synopsis, following the arrange-
ment of Koch, has reduced the British Satices to 30; and they staud
as follows :—9 I. FRAGILEs.—]1. S. pentandra, Z.—2. S. cuspidata,
Schultz (S. Meyeriana, Willd.)— 3. S. fragilis, Z. (S. decipiens, Hoffm.)
—4. S. Russelliana, Sm.—5. S. alba, Z. (S. cegrulea, Sm. SS. vitellina,
L.)—$ II. AMYGDALINEÆ.—6. S. amygdalina, L. (S. triandra, L. 5.
Hoffmanniana, Sm.)—7. S. undulata, Ehrh. (S. lanceolata, Sm.)—
§ III. PugPUREAE.—8. S. purpurea, Z.( S. monandra, Ehrh. S. Doniana;

Sm. S. Heliz, L. S. Woolgariana, Borr.)—9. S. rubra, Huds. (S. Forby- 5

ana, Sm).—$ IV. VruiNALES.—10. S. viminalis, Z.—11. S. stipularis
Sm.—19. S. acuminata, Sm. (S. mollissima, Sm. S. Smithiana, Willd.)
—§ V. CapnEX.—13. S. holosericea, Willd.—14, S. cinerea, L. (
aquatica, Sm. (S. oleifolia, Sm. S. ferruginea, Borr.)—15. S. capræa, &
—(S. sphacelata, Sm.)—16. S. aurita; Z.—17. S. livida, Wahl.—18.
S. phylicifolia, Z. (S. Andersoniana, Sm. S. Damascena, Borr. S. nt-
gricans, Sm. S. rupestris, Sm. S. Forsteriana, Sm. S. hirta, Sm.
cotinifolia, Sm. S. Borreriana, Sm.)—19. S. hastata, L. (S. Daval-
liana, Sm. S. malifolia, Sm. S. Wulfeniana, Willd.)—90. S. arbuscula,
Wahl. (S. phylicifolia, Sm. S. radicans, Sm. S. tetrapla, Walk. S.
Dicksoniana. Sm. S. petrea, And. S. laxiflora, Borr. S. propinqut;
Borr, S. myrtilloides, Sm. S. Weigeliana, Willd. S. tenuifolia, Sm. S.
nitens, And. S. tenuior, Borr. S. laurina, Sm. S. bicolor, Sm. S. Crowe
ana, Sm.)—§ VI. Arcenrem.—21. S. repens, L. (S. fusca, Sm. 5.
argentea, Sm, S. parvifolia, Sm. S. ascendens, Sin. S. incubacea, Thuill.
S. fetida, Sm.)—22. S. rosmarinifolia, Z. (S. incubacea, L. S. arbuscula
Sm. S. angustifolia, Wulf.) —923. S. ambigua, Ehrh. (S. prostrata, Sm.,
—§ VII. CarysanTHEÆ.—24, S. lanata, L.—$ VILI. FnicrID4E.— 29-
S. limosa, Wahl. S. arenaria, Sm, S. Stewartiana, S8m.)—926. S. glauca,

Myrica.| DIOECIA—TETRANDRIA. 375

L.—297. S. prunifolia, Sm. (S. venulosa, Sm. S. carinata, Sm. S. vacci-
niifolia, Sm. S. livida, Hook.)—98. S. Myrsinites, L. (S. retusa, Dicks.
S. arbutifolia, Willd. S. levis, Hook.)—$ IX. GracrALEs.—29. S. re-
tieulata, Z.—30. S. herbacea, L.

DIOECIA—TRIANDRIA.

2. Emefrrum. Linn. Crow-berry.

1. E. nigrum, L. (black Crow-berry or Crake-berry); procum-
bent, leaves linear-oblong. Æ. Bot. t. 526.

Mountainous heaths in the north, abundant. Fl. May. h.—A small,
procumbent, much branching shrub, whose leaves have their margins so
recurved as to meet behind. Flowers axillary towards the summit of
the branches, small, purplish. Berries black, clustered, affording abun-
dant food to the moor-game. »

3. Ruscus. Linn. Butcher’s-broom.
1. R.aculeátus, L. (common Butcher s-broom); stemrigid branch-

ed, leaves ovato-acuminate very rigid and pungent bearing the
solitary flower on their upper surface. A. Bot. t. 560.

Bushy and heathy places and woods, especially in a gravelly soil.
Abundant in the south of England ; rare in Scotland. Bothwell woods.
Skeldon woods near Ayr. Fl. March, Apr. 5; .— Flowers minute, white,

arising from the disk of the evergreen leaves. Berry red.

DIOECIA—TETRANDRIA.
— 4. Viscum. Linn. Misseltoe.

1. V. dlbum, L. (cominon Misseltoe); leaves obovato-lanceolate
obtuse, stems dichotomous, heads of flowers in the axils of an
upper pair of leaves. Æ. Bot. t. 1470.

Parasitic ; mostly on apple-trees, very seldom on the oak ; frequent
in the southern parts of England. On Acer campestre in Stoke Park,
near Stapylton, Gloucester; and on Lime-trees and Locust-trees (Jtobinia

pseudo-acacia), in immense abundance at Ampthill, Bedfordshire, the
charming seat of Lord Holland. Meikleour, Scotland, Mr S. Murray.
Fl, March— May. h .— Whole plant of a yellow hue, thick and succulent.
The Misseltoe was held sacred by the ancient Britons.

5. HiPPóPHAE. Linn. Sallow-thorn.

1. H. rhamnoides, L. (common Sallow-thorn, or Sea Buck-

thorn). E. Bot. t. 425. :

Sand-hills and cliffs upon the coast of the east and south-east of Eng-

land. Fl. May. h .—A thorny shrub, 4—5 feet high, larger when eulti-

vated in gardens, as it is on account of its silvery leaves, which are linear-

‘lanceolate. Flowers very small, axillary, coming out with the young
foliage. Fruit bright orange.

6. Myrica. Linn. Gale.

1. M. Gále, L. (sweet Gale or Dutch Myrtle); leaves lanceo-
late broader upwards serrated, stem shrubby. Æ. Bot. t. 562..
Bogs and moory ground, most abundant, especially in Scotland. Fi.
May. b.—The plant diffuses an agreeable smell, -
« Gale from the bog shall waft Arabian balm,”

SSS E ~ = ay = NUN tar nlt nn a i RE tate =
a
z cd ; — pP ME — À € QUA^ qaare mtl ttai qe wi

M

|

iaa.

M ERE ERE E em,

NE

376 DIOECIA—OCTANDRIA. [ Populus.

and the leaves have a bitter taste, hence they are sometimes employed
instead of hops. In Isla and Jura the inhabitants scent their clothes
with them, and, in many parts of Scotland, beds are made of the twigs-

DIOECIA—PENTANDRIA.
7. HówuLvs. Linn, Hop.
l. H. * Zápulus, L. (common Hop). E. Bot. t. 427.

Thickets and hedges in various places. Fl. July. Y.— Stems long;
weak and climbing, scabrous. Leaves petiolate, opposite, 3—5-lobed,
serrated, veiny, rough. Flowers greenish-yellow. The fragrant bitter,
so valuable in the manufacture of Beer, resides in the catkins, or cones
of the hop, as they are often called.

DIOECIA—HEXANDRIA.
8. TAmus. Linn. Black Bryony.

l. T. commánis, L. (common Black Bryony); leaves undivided
cordate acute. Æ. Bot. t. 91.

Hedges and thickets, England. FZ June. 21.— Root very large, acrid,
black externally, fleshy. Stems long, twining and reaching among trees
and bushes, to a great extent. Flowers greenish-white. Berry red.

DIOECIA—OCTANDRIA.
: .9. PóruLus. Linn. Poplar.

1. P. dlba, L. (great white Poplar or Abele); leaves roundish-
cordate lobed toothed glabrous above downy and very white
beneath, fertile catkins ovate, stigmas 4. Æ. Bot. t. 1618.

Moist and mountain woods. “A few stunted plants of P. alba com-
pose all the trees of the Island of Lewes.” M‘ Culloch. FL Apr. h.—
A large tree, with smooth bark and spreading branches; of very rapi
growth. The wood is white and soft and only used for coarse work.

2. P. canéscens, Sm. (grey Poplar); leaves roundish deeply
waved toothed hoary and downy beneath, fertile catkins cylin-
drical, stigmas 8. Æ. Bot. t. 1619.

Wet turfy meadows and dry heaths: frequent in Norfolk; (Sm.) FL
March. h .— Tree tall and handsome ; of slower growth than the pre-
ceding, and producing better wood.

3. P. trémula, L. (Aspen); leaves nearly orbicular broadly
toothed glabrous on both sides, stalks compressed, “ stigmas 4
erect auricled at the base.” Æ. Bot. t. 1909.

Moist woods; frequent in Scotland, and even at an elevation of 1500
feet above the level of the sea, on Ben More, in Mull; Mr Trevelyan-
Fi. March, Apr. b.—'This tree is well known by the tremulous move-
ment of its Zeaves with the slightest breath of wind. The motion is aide
by the compression of the stalk. The bark is said to be a favourite foo
of the beavers; and the wood serves for pack-saddles, milk-pails, &c.
Lightfoot tells us that the Highlanders entertain a superstitious notion
that our Saviour's cross was made of this tree, for which reason they
suppose that its leaves can never rest.

Juniperus.] DIOECIA—MONADELPHIA, 377

4. P. nigra, L. (black Poplar); leaves deltoid acute serrated
glabrous on both sides, fertile catkins cylindrical lax, “ stigmas
EN" X. Bot. t. 1910.

Watery places and river-banks. Scarcely indigenous to Scotland.
Fi, Apr. h.—A very large tree of quick growth, producing a light, not
pese wood; as is the case with most trees that come soon to per-
ection.

10. Rnopníora. Linn. Rose-root.
1. R. rósea, L. ( Rose-root). E. Bot. t. 508.

Wet rocks, on the high mountains of the north of England and Ire-
and and-i the north-west of Scotland, abundant; likewise on cliffs by
the sea-shore. FV. June. 21.— Root large, woody, when dry yielding a
smell that has been compared to that of Roses. Stem 6—8 or 10 inches
high, simple. Leaves numerous, obovato-oblong, serrated at the point,
and in the sterile plant often tipped with a reddish tinge. Flowers in
à small, compact, terminal cyme, yellow ; agreeing with Sedum in every
thing but the number of their parts, and having the habit of S. T'elephium.

DIOECIA—ENNEANDRIA.
11. MercuriAuts. Linn. Mercury.

l. M. perénnis, L. (perennial or Dog’s Mercury); stem perfectly
simple, leaves rough, root creeping perennial. Æ. Bot. t. 1872.

Woods and shady places, abundant. Fl. Apr. May. 2f.—About 1 foot
high. eaves mostly on the upper part of the stem, ovate, serrated.
Flowers in axillary, short, lax spikes. The plant in drying often becomes
of a bluish, or blackish green.

2. M. ánnua, L. (annual Mercury); stem with opposite branch-
es, leaves glabrous, root fibrous annual. Æ. Bot. é. 559.—. M.
ambigua, L. fil. — Bab. in E. Bot. Suppl. ined. Prim. Fl. Sarn. ined.

Waste places about towns and villages, not common. Fl. Aug. ©.
—1 ft. high. Sterile flowers in long, interrupted axillary spzkes.—B.
Jersey. Babington and Christy. (1837).

19. Hyprécuaris. Linn. Frog-bit.

1. H. Mórsus Réne, L. (common Frog-bit). E. Bot. t. 808.
Ditches and ponds in England and Ireland. Scarcely found in Scot-
land. FZ. July. 2[.— Floating, and sending down long radicles from the
horizontal stems. Leaves petioled, reniform, entire. Flowers subum-
bellate, large, white, delicate, arising from pellucid membranous spathas.

DIOECIA—MONADELPHIA.
13. Juniverus. Linn. Juniper.

l. J. comminis, L. (common Juniper) ; leaves 3 in a whorl
linear mucronate spreading or imbricated longer than the berry.
E. Bot. t. 1100.—8. nana, small, procumbent, leaves broader.
J. nana, Willd, —E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2743.

Woods and heaths, frequent.—. abundant in the mountains of Wales,

Cotland, and Ireland, and on low ground in the northern parts. Fi.
ay. h.—A shrub, extremely variable in size, bearing numerous, linear,

prar RE

LU

378 | POLYGAMIA— MONOECIA. [Atriplez

mucronate and pungent leaves. Flowers axillary, small. The berrtes$
which are bluish-black, form an important article of commerce in Hol
land, where they are employed in the manufacture of Geneva, and impart
to it that peculiar flavour which our distillers try to imitate by oil of tur-
pentine. The wood is reddish and serves for veneering.

14. TAxus. Linn. Yew.

1. T. baccáta, L. (common Yew) ; leaves 2-ranked crowded
linear acute, flowers axillary sessile. Æ. Bot. t.'746.

Mountain woods. £7. March. h .—A low tree, but with a trunk often
of considerable diameter. The noble yew which still remains in Forting?
Church-yard at the entrance to Glen Lyon, measures, according to Pet
nant, 563 feet in circumference, The wood is hard, beautifully veine®
much valued for Cabinet-maker’s work, and was formerly still more highly
prized for making bows, and on that account is said to have been plante
extensively by our ancestors in church-yards. Leaves distichous, linear,
persistent, deep green. Drupes red, esteemed poisonous. The Irish
or Florence-court Yew, now generally known in our gardens, has scat
tered leaves, and as Mr J. T. Mackay observes, a different habit from
the common kind, and is deserving of more accurate investigation. It 18
T. fastigiata of Lindl. Syn.; but if a species, is not wild in Britain.

CLASS XXIIL POLYGAMIA. Stamens and pistils
separate or united, on the same or on different plants, and

having 2 different kinds of perianth.
ORD. I. MONOECIA. Flowers different on the same plant.

l. ÅTRIPLEX. Sterile Jf. and united fl. Perianth single, 5-
partite, inferior. Stam. 5. Style bipartite. Pistilliferous d
Perianth single, of 2 valves. Stam. 0. Fruit l-seeded, covere
by the persistent enlarged perianth.— Nat. Ord. CugsoPoDEZ
Juss.— Named from g, not, and rgaupsm, to nourish.,

POLYGAMIA—MONORECIA.
l. Arrieuex. Linn. Orache.

1. A. portulacoídes, L. (shrubby Orache or Sea Purslane); stem
shrubby, leaves obovato-lanceolate entire silvery white. E. Bot.
t, 261.

Muddy sea-shores, England and Ireland. Mull of Galloway, Dr Gr e
ham; near Helensburgh, Scotland. F7. July, Aug. 2¢.—1—2 ft. an
more high, with small, yellowish flowers in axillary spikes.

2. A. lacinidta, L. (frosted Sea Orache); stem herbaceous
spreading, leaves ovato-deltoid dentato-sinuate very mealy =
neath. E. Bot. t. 165. ,

Sandy sea-shores, not uncommon. FZ. July, Aug. Q.— Whole pla"

hoary. Flowers: sterile ones in terminal spikes; the others axillary
nearly solitary.

Pilices] — CRYPTOGAMIA—FILICES. 319

3. A. pátula, L. (spreading Halberd-leaved Orache); stem her-
aceous spreading, leaves triangular-hastate glabrous above ir-
regularly toothed, the upper ones entire, perianth of the fruit
more or less tuberculated at the sides. Æ. Bot. t. 936.
Cultivated and waste ground, and in salt-marshes. Fl. July. (9.—
Stems straggling ; branches long, striated. Flowers in small clusters, on
Ong, interrupted, axillary sp?kes.

4. A. angustifolia, Sm. (spreading narrow-leaved Orache);
“stem herbaceous spreading, leaves lanceolate entire the lower
ones partly 3-lobed, calyx of the fruit halberd-shaped slightly
warty at the sides.” Sm. E. Bot. t. 1774.

Cultivated and waste ground. F4. July. ©.—This seems to be but
à narrow-leaved var. of the preceding. — -

—.- 9. A.erécta, Huds. (upright Spear-leaved Orache); ** stem her-
baceous erect, leaves ovato-lanceolate lower ones sinuated, calyx
of the fruit all over armed with sharp tubercles.” Sm. E. Bot.
t. 2223.

Waste ground, very rare. Near Battersea fields, (Sm.) FI. Aug.
©.—Messrs Mill and Cole, who find this plant in the same station,
Observe that it is covered with crystalline glands, rather than with pow-
der or scales, and that the calyz of the fruit is beset with sharp herbaceous
points.

6. A. littorális, L. ( Grass-leaved Sea Orache); stem herbaceous
erect, leaves all linear entire or toothed, perianth of the fruit
Sinuated and muricated at the back. Æ, Bot. t. 708.

Muddy salt-marshes, chiefly on the east coast. FZ. July. ©.—The
under side of the leaves and the flowers are mealy. The latter are in
rather crowded, axillary and terminal spikes.

7. A. pedunculáta, L. (stalked Sea Orache); stem herbaceous
zigzag with spreading branches, leaves obovato-lanceolate, seed-

earing flowers cuneate 2-horned on long stalks. Æ. Bot. t, 232.

On the east and south coast of England, in muddy salt-marshes. Cun-
Namara, Ireland. Fl. Aug. Sept. ©.— Whole plant covered with scaly
mealiness ; well distinguished from all the other species by its long pe-

- duncles and the peculiar shape of the seed-bearing perianth, especially
When the fruit is ripe. :

END OF THE PHZNOGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS.

CLASS XXIV. CRYPTOGAMIA (part of). Stam-
ens and pistils not visible. -

ORD. I. FILICES. Ferns.

Fructification only of one kind upon the same species. Cap-
sules generally collected into clusters of various shapes (sori)
mostly upon the back or margin of the frond, rarely spiked or
racemed, naked or covered with an involucre ; with or without

380 CRYPTOGAMIA—FILICES, [Pteris

an elastic ring. Seeds minute.— Perennial plants, having leafy
fronds with circinnate æstivation; in perfection during the greater
part of the year, especially the summer months.

* Capsules dorsal or marginal, annulate, opening transversely and
irregularly. (PorvPoprAcE, Kaulf.)

1. Gramnitis. Sori oblong or linear, straight, scattered:
Involucre none.—Name ; yea, a line ; from the lines of fruc
tifications.

2. PorvPópruM. Sori roundish. /nvolucre 0.—Named P
Tov, many, and rouc, woos, a foot ; from the numerous roots, 9
segments of the fronds.

9. Woopsta. Sori scattered, roundish, having, beneath, an
involucre which is cut at the edge into many, often capillary»
segments.— Named in compliment to Joseph Woods, Esq., author
of an excellent Monograph of the British Roses, &c.

4. Aspipium. Sori roundish, scattered. Jnvolucre orbiculats
or nearly so.— Name,—caozis, aowidos, a shield, which its involu-
cres resemble, especially in the species of the first division.

5. Cistéprerts. Sori roundish. —Znvolucre inserted, by 148
broad cucullate base, at the under-side of the sorus, opening by
a lengthened free extremity, which points towards the apex 9
the segment.—Name compounded of xr, a little box, an
vr:016, a fern.—] have taken a different view of the structure
of the involucre from that of Sir J. E. Smith, and I trust a cor^
rect one. Its texture is thin and delicate and altogether wide!y
different from Aspidium. Species with the above characte?
exist in N. and S. America, as well as in Europe.

6. AspLinium. Sori oblong or linear. Znvolueres of the same
shape, arising from the lateral veins and opening on one $! E
longitudinally towards the central nerve or midrib.—Name,—^:
not, and orAny, the spleen, the plant having been supposed use zi
in removing obstruction of the viscera.

7. ScorLoPÉNDRIUM. Sori linear, transverse, on lateral nerves
Involucre double, occupying both sides of the sorus, opening:
as it were, by a longitudinal suture.— Named from the lines 9
fructification resembling the feet of a Scolopendra.

8. PrínIs. Sori continuous, linear, marginal. Znvolucres d
ed of the inflexed margin of the frond,! frequently dilated inf

1 This exists, whether the fructification be present or not, and cannot DAC
fore be deemed a true involucre, which Mr T. Smith discovered to exist 00 4
Opposite side of thesorus, so narrow as to be soon concealed by the line of d
sules in Péeris aquilina and its allied species: hence he conceives these m s
form a distinct genus, (see Mr Smith's letter in Hook. Fl. Scot. P. ii. p- us
note); indeed, with this view of the structure of its fructification, the ge
does not differ from Lindsea.

Lycopodium-] CRYPTOGAMIA—FILICES, 381

à membrane, opening internally .— Name, «regio, in Greek, a
Fern: from zrsgv£, a plume or feather. :

9. CryprocRAMMA. Sori at length confluent and marginal.
Involucre formed by the revolute margins of the pinnules, which
In a young state meet at the back: partial none.— Name; xevzoc,
Concealed, and yeoequum, a line; from the concealed lines of cap-
Sules.

10. BLicunum. Sori linear, longitudinal, contiguous, parallel,
One on each side of the rib. Jnvolucre continuous, opening in-
teriorly— Name, (92.5xvo», another Greek name for a fern.

ll. AptAntum. Sori oblong or roundish. Znvolucres mem-
branaceous, arising from distinct portions of the margin of the
frond, turned in, opening interiorly.— Name, adsavr0s,—that
Which is of a dry nature.

.19. Tricnémanes. Sori marginal. Capsules upon an elon-
gated receptacle, within a cylindrical, or suburceolate, mono-
Phyllous involucre which is of the same texture as the frond,
Opening above.—Name; Ie, reryos, a hair, and mava, excess :
from the numerous hair-like, exserted receptacles of the sori.

13. HvwENOPHYLLUM. Sori marginal. Capsules upon a
Narrow receptacle, within a 2-valved invoduere which is of the
Same texture as the frond, opening above.—Named from bun, a
membrane, and Qvo», a leaf; an admirably characteristic appel-
lation.

* Capsules spiked or clustered, regularly 2-valved, without a ring.
(OswUNDACEA and OPniocLossE;, Br.)

14. Osmtnva. Capsules subglobose, pedicellate, clustered,
Striated, half 2-valved. Jnvolucre none.— Name, probably given,
as Sir J. E. Smith suggests, in honour of some person. Osmund,
in Saxon, is said to mean domestic peace.

15. Botrycuium. Capsules subglobose, sessile, clustered at
the margin and on one side of a pinnated rachis, l-celled, 2-
Valved, compressed, opening transversely. Involucre none.—

ame ;—orgus, a bunch of grapes ; from the appearance of the
branched clusters of capsules.

16. Opurociéssum. Capsules l.celled, 2-valved, opening
transversely, connate, forming a compact 2-ranked spike. Invo-
Were none.—Name,—0oQis, oios, a serpent, and yXocco, a tongue,
Which the spike of fructification somewhat resembles.

Sunorp. I. LYCOPODIACEJR.

F ructifications sessile, in the axils of leaves or bracteas. Capsules
* ^. without a ring, 2—3-valved.

2 Lycopépium. Capsules l-celled ; some 2-valved, sind:

382 CRYPTOGAMIA—FILICES. [ Polypodium-

ing a fine powdery substance, others 3-valved, containing a few
large grains or seeds.— Named from Avxog, a wolf, and 7075
xobos, a foot, which the branches of some species are suppose
to resemble.

Sunorp. II. MARSILEACEJR. Br.

Capsules without a ring, within involueres that are near the
root of the plant.—4qwatics. —

l. IsofrEs. Involucres formed by the swollen vase of th?
leaves, l-celled. Seeds angular, inserted upon many filifor™
receptacles.— Named from cos, equal or alike, and roc, the ye”
or ever-green.

2. PIiLULÁRIA. Znvolucres solitary, nearly sessile, globos®,
coriaceous, 4-celled: each cell containing 2 different kinds of
bodies (anthers? and pistils?).—Name; pilula, a little pill,
which its fructifications resemble.

Susporp. III. EQUISETACEZE. Rich.

Fructifications terminal, in spikes or catkins, consisting of pel-
tate, polygonous scales, on the underside of which are fro?
4—7 involucres, which open longitudinally and contain nume-
rous globose bodies, enfolded by 4 filaments, clubbed at the!”
extremities.—Stems rigid, leafless, jointed, striated, the artict-
lations sheathed at the base.

I. Equisirum. Character of the Genus the same as that of
the Order.—Named from Zquus, a horse, and seta, a hair, 9
bristle ; meaning horse-tatl.

CRYPTOGAMIA—FILICES.

l. GRnAMMíÍTIs. Sw. Grammitis.

l. G. Céterach, Sw. (scaly Grammitis); fronds pinnatifid
covered beneath with imbricated chaffy scales, segments ovate
obtuse, scales entire.— Scolopendrium, A. Bot. t. 1244,— Asple-
nium, L.

Rocks and walls, most abundant in limestone countries, and the south
of England and Ireland: rare in Scotland. Near Perth and Paisley’
Kilfinnan, Argyleshire, Mr S. Murray.—Mr W. Wilson finds eviden"
traces of an involucre on the lower side of the sorus, viz. “a narro"
membrane fringed with the same chaffy scales, which cover the back 9
the frond."

= 9, PorvrópnivM. Linn. Polypody. 7 nid
1. P. eulgáre, L. (common Polypody); fronds deeply pinnae
fid, the segments lineai-lanceolate obtuse crenulate approxima’? -

upper ones gradually smaller. Æ. Bot. t. 1149. á
Kocks, walls, trunks of trees and banks, frequent.— The lobes 8

Aspidium.] CRYPTOGAMIA— FILICES. 383

sometimes deeply serrated and even pinnatifid or laciniated, as it has
been found in Ireland and Wales, when it becomes the P. Cambricum, L.

.9. P. Phegépteris, L. (pale Mountain Polypody); fronds bi-
` pinnatifid the two lowermost pinnze standing forward, their seg-
ments linear-lanceolate obtuse entire ciliated, the lowermost ones

adnato-decurrent, veins hairy, sori marginal. Æ. Bot. t. 2224.

Shaded rocky places, in mountainous countries.

3. P. Dryópteris, L. (tender three-branched Polypody); fronds
ternate bipinnate, divisions spreading and deflexed, the seg-
ments obtuse suberenated, sori marginal, root-stock filiform. Æ.
Dot. t. 616.

Dry stony places, in mountainous countries. Common in Scotland.

4. P. calcáreum, Sm. (rigid three-branched Polypody); ** frond
3-branched, branches doubly pinnate erect rather rigid, seg-
ments obtuse somewhat crenated, masses of capsules crowded
finally confluent." Æ. Bot. t. 1525.

Matlock baths, and other parts of Derbyshire, in broken limestone
ground. Cheddar Cliffs. Ingleborough, &c., Mr Wilson.—This, which
T possess from Sir J. E. Smith, is distinguished from the former by its
thicker and more rigid texture; its more pectinated subdivision, and by
the minute pubescence covering the rachis and midrib of the pinnze.

3. Woopnsia. Br. Woodsia.

1. W. Ilvénsis, Br. (oblong Woodsia); fronds lanceolate pin-
. nate, pinne deeply pinnatifid with many oblong segments chaffy
beneath and on the rachis and stipes. Hook. in E. Bot. Suppl.
t. 2616.—Acrostichum, Linn.

Mountains, very rare. Wales. Near Caldron spout, Teesdale. Clova
mountains, Mr Wilson. Plant small, 2—3 inches high.

2. W. hyperbórea, Br. (rounded-leaved Woodsia); fronds lan-
ceolate pinnate, pinnae ovato-cordate inciso-pinnatifid hairy be-
neath, sori solitary at length confluent. Hook. Scot. ii. p. 153.
E. Fi. v. iv. p. 823.—Polypodium hyperboreum, Sw.—E. Bot.
t. 2093.

On Snowdon and Ben Lawers. Glen of the Dole, Clova, Mr Brand,
Mr Watson.— About the same size as the last, but quite distinct.

4. Aspipium. Sw. Shield-fern.
* Involucre orbicular, fixed by the centre, hence peltate.
(Aspidium, Gr.)

1. A. Lonchitis, Sw. (rough alpine Shield-fern); fronds linear-
lanceolate pinnate, pinne lanceolato-falcate acute ciliato-serrate,
the upper base acutely auricled the lower one cuneate, superior

Pinnæ bearing the fructifications, stipes chaffy. Polypod., L.—
E. Bot. t. 797. |

Shady clefts of rocks and under stones, on the high mountains of
ales and Scotland.—A very handsome northern Fern.

RM J

384 CRYPTOGAMIA-—FILICES. [Aspidium.

2. A. lobátum, Sw. (close-leaved prickly Shield-fern) ; fronds
oblong-lanceolate bipinnate, pinnules rigid convex ovate sub-
lunate acuminate aristate oblique and cuneated at the base an
decurrent, the margins faintly serrated spinulose, with a dis-
tinet tooth at the base on the upper side, the one next the
main rachis longer than the rest, stipes and rachis more or less
chaffy, fructifications eonfined to the upper half of the fronds.
E. Bot. t. 1563. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 290.—A. aculeatum, Willd.—
Hook. Br. Fl. ed. 1, p. 443.—4. lonchitidoides ; small, the pi"7
nules combined so as to form only a pinnate frond.— Fili
lonchitidi affinis, Raii Syn. ed. 3, p. 191.—.4. aculeatum, B. E.
Fi. v. iv. p. 290. A

Moist woods, shady banks, and rocky places.

3. A. aculeátum, Sw. (soft prickly Shield-fern); fronds broadly
lanceolate bipinnate, pinnules subrigid somewhat convex slightly
petioled ovato-sublunate acuminate or acute aristate obliquely
truncate and auricled at the base on the upper side, the on
next the main rachis somewhat larger than the rest, the mat-
gins distinctly serrated and spinulose, stipes and rachis chatty;
fructifications copious. Æ. Bot. t. 1562, (bad). E. FI. v. iv. pP
290, (excl. syn. var. §.).

Woods and hedge-banks in England. Lancashire? Mr W. Wilson
Abundant in a hedge-bank near Henfield, Mr Borrer.

4, A. anguláre, Sm. and Willd. (angular-leaved Shield-fern);

fronds broadly lanceolate bipinnate, pinnules thin and mem-

branaceous plane petioled ovate sublunate obtuse aristate ob"
liquely truncate at the base with a large auricle on the upper
side, the margins deeply serrated spinulose, the lowermost ones
often deeply pinnatifid, that next the main rachis scarcely large”
than the rest (excepting in var. £.), stipes and rachis very
chaffy, fructifications copious. Æ. Fi. e. iv. p. 291. EB. Bot
Suppl. t. 2776.—A. aculeatum, B. Fl. Br. p. 1122.—A. lobatum»
Willd. ?— Hook. Br. Fl. ed. 1. p. 443.—. subtripinnate, p-
nules, especially the lower ones, and the much larger one next
the main rachis, distinctly pinnate. -

"Woods and hedge-banks, frequent in England, as far north as York
shire, (Dr Greville.) N. Wales, Mr W. Wilson. Mr Bowma™
Colin Glen, Belfast, Mr T. Drummond.—B. with the last.—Of this
plant I possess specimens from Mr Wigham of Norwich, who was 50
much in the habit of consulting Sir J. E. Smith, when any difficulty
occurred in the naming of a species, that I have every reason to believe
the present to be the plant so called in Æ. Flora. It is, too, what L
generally considered A. aculeatum by British Botanists, and has hence
only been placed in opposition to A. lobatum, Sm., from which, af
first sight, and in essential character, it certainly appears distinct; but afte:
a most careful examination of numerous specimens I am compelled iy
say that there is a third kind, the A. aculeatum of E. FI., which does
partake of the characters of the other two, and which some refer to 4
lobatum, and others as confidently to A. aculeatum. Hence, as it d:

Aspidium] |^ | | CRYPTOGAMIA—FILICES. | 385

pears to me, they must all be united, or, as Smith has done, they must
Constitute 3 species. In Scotland the A. lobatum is very common, but
I am not aware that the present species or variety is ever found there.

** Involucre orbiculari-reniform, fixed by the sinus. (Nephro-
dium, Rich. Br.)

5. A. Oreópteris, Sw. (Heath Shield-fern) ; fronds pinnate,
pinne lanceolate pinnatifid glabrous resinoso-glandulose beneath,
the segments lanceolate obtuse entire, lowermost ones longer,
sori marginal.— Polypodium, Ehrh.—E. Bot. t. 1019. l

Mountainous countries, in heaths and dry pastures. Abundant in
Seotland.—Znvolucres small, indistinct. :

6. A. Theljpteris, Sw. (Marsh Shield-fern) ; fronds pinnate,
pinne linear-lanceolate pinnatifid and as well as the rachis
slightly pubescent, the. segments ovate acute entire, sori , mar-
ginal contiguous at length confluent.— Polypodium, L.—E. Bot.
t 1018. . mI.

Marshy and bogey places.— toot creeping.

7. A. cristátum, Sw. (crested Shield-fern) ; fronds linear-lan-
ceolate pinnate, pinus cordate attenuated deeply pinnatifid
scarcely again pinnate, segments oblongo-ovate obtuse acutely
and doubly serrated. Æ. Bot. t. 2195. Hook. in Fl. Lond. N.
Set 113, 3: . :

Boggy heaths, very rare. Near Holt, Norfolk. Westleton, Suffolk.
Caxton Bogs, Notts. Dr Howitt. Fritton, near Yarmouth, Mr Wig-
ham. (1837).—A species most distinct from any of the following, even
in the outline of its frond, which is narrowed below.

8. A. Filix mas, Sw. (blunt Shield-fern) ; fronds bipinnate,
pinnules oblong obtuse serrated, sori near the central nerve,
Stipes and rachis chaffy. Æ. Bot. t. 1458, and £. 1949, (A. cris-

tatum). .

Woods and shady banks, frequent.— A beautiful, though very common
fern ; 3—4 feet high ; its fronds growing in a circle.
= 9. A. rigidum, Sw. (rigid Shield-fern) ; fronds lanceolate
bipinnate, pinnules narrow-oblong obtuse slightly pinnatifid, the
segments broad and rounded bi-tridentate (without spinulose
points to the teeth), stipes and rachis chaffy, involucre persistent,
very convex reniform entire. Schkuhr, Fil. t. 38. Hook. in E.
Bot. Suppl. t. 2724.— A. spinulosum, y. Hook. Br. Fl. ed. 1. —
.. On Ingleborough, Yorkshire; Rev. W. T. Bree. Wharnside, abund-
ant; Mr W. Wilson.— Frond 2 feet high and more, dull yellowish-green,
pinne very numerous closely set of nearly the same width throughout,
(often widest in the middle) with numerous rounded 2—3-toothed
lobes, teeth broad and triangular. Jnvolucre slightly glandular on the
margin, with a reticulation quite unlike that of A. spinulosum. This
dlant differs from the ‘following in having a permanent large con-
vex and rounded involucre, resembling that of A. F. mas, covering
the mass of capsules at every stage, with an attachment as truly central
as that of A. cristatum. It agrees also with F. mas in the oblique

VOL. I. 2c

386 CRYPTOGAMIA —FILICES. [Cistopterus

insertion of the pinnz on the rachis, so that they lie in very different
planes, but differs essentially in not having the lower pinne gradually
diminished ; so that the frond in circumscription is like that of A. cris-
tatum. In the shape of the pinnules and mode of toothing and subdi-
vision it more resembles some states of Asplen. Filiz femina. (Mr
Wilson ;—to whom I am indebted also for the specific character.)

10. A. spinulósum, Willd. (prickly-toothed Shield-fern); fronds
subtripinnate, pinnules oblong distinct inciso-pinnatifid, segments
mucronato-serrate, stipes chaffy, involucre toothed evanescent.
A. dilatatum, Hook. Scot. ii. p. 154.—«. fronds triangulari-ovate,
lower primary pinnz only once pinnate. <A. spinulosum, E. Bot:
1460. E. Fl v. iv. p. 292.—Polypod. spinulosum.! — Retz.—B-
fronds triangulari-ovate, lower primary pinne bipinnate, pinnules
often convex. A. dilatatum, Willd.—H. Bot. t. 1461. E. Fl v:
iv. p. 293.-—A. dumetorum, Sm. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 294.—Poly-
podium dilatatum, Hoffm.—y. pinnules and. segments very un-
equal in size and in their spinulose serratures,—(a monstrosity?)

Moist woods, Alder-cars, and shady and rocky places, abundant.—^
most frequent. in rocky and subalpine countries.—P. generally in moist
woods.—y. Bingley Wood, near Halifax, Mr W. Wilson. About Nor-
wich, Mr R. Wigham. Glen Falloch, Scotland.— This is an extremely
variable plant, it must be confessed ; but an attentive observer of nature
will not find it difficult to trace the different states passing into each
other. The texture of the frond, too, is highly variable. It is the most
compound of all our British Aspidia. In stony places on the Scottish
mountains, especially the Breadalbane and Cairngorum ranges, the fron
is almost ovate, but with nearly parallel sides, the whole compact in its
ramification and loaded with fructifications.

5. Cisrépreris. Bernhardi. - Bladder-fern. (Cystea, Sm.)

l. C. dentáta, (toothed Bladder-Fern); fronds bipinnate:
pinne ovato-lanceolate, pinnules ovate obtuse bluntly and un-
equally toothed rarely pinnatifid, rachis winged.—c. fronds ob-
longo-lanceolate. Cystea, E. Fl. v. iv. p. 300.—Aspidium, Sw.—
Cyathea, E. Bot. t. 1588.— Polypodium, Dicks.—@. fronds ob-
longo-ovate. Cystea angustata, E. Fl. v. iv. p. 801.— Polyp?-
dium Rheticum, Dicks.— Cyathea fragilis, 8. Sm.

North of England and Wales, abundant. Scotland, Mr Dickson. Be”

! It is but justice to my valued and accurate friend Mr E. Forster to S#Y?
that he considers the A. spinulosum and dilatatum to be quite distinct, the for
mer being “a much more elegant plant, with the pinnules more finely divide?
flat, the nerves deeply indented, and therefore visible ata much greater distance:
while in A. dilatatum, the pinnules are always convex, or have a tendency t° I
so, and the nerves are much less conspicuous, not being so deeply indented.
should not say ‘always convex,’ for in Cornwall I found a monstrous €—
where the pinnules appeared to be turned inside outwards ; the upper surfac
concave, and vice versa." This latter is accurately figured by Mr Bree in ak
Nat. Hist. Mag. v. iv. p. 162. That gentleman finds it at Penzance and Ae
Ireland; Mr Š. Murray in Arran and other parts of Scotland. —Mr W- -- =
son also observes in a letter dated Nov. 4, 1837, * Asp. spinulosum, I now —
sider as distinct from dilatatum ; the frond being much narrower ; pinnules 2°

H g 7
auricled at the anterior base; midrib zigzag dark-coloured ; involucre very
small entire in the margin.”

Asplenium.] CRYPTOGAMIA —FILICES,; 387

— Lawers.—'This is certainly the most common Cistopteris in Wales,
Where it seems to hold the place that C. fragilis does in Scotland, and:
from which it may be distinct. I possess specimens of Cystea dentata
and C. angustata from Mr Dickson, and I can find no difference ; ex-
cept that the latter is a little broader in the frond than the former, and
perhaps the pinnules are rather more divided, so as to approach nearer
to the following species. This is the same as the Aspidium tenue of
American Botanists. :

2. C. frágilis, Bernh. (brittle Bladder- Fern) ; fronds bipin-
Nate, pińnæ ovato-lanceolate, pinnules ovato-lanceolate deeply .
pinnatifid, segments ovate or lanceolate toothed, rachis winged.
— Cystea, E. Fl. v. iv. p. 298.—Aspidium, Sw.— Cyathea, E.
Bot. t. 1587. £

Rocks and walls, in the mountainous parts of great Britain. Most
abundant in Scotland.—It will be seen that this principally differs from
the preceding, in its more divided pinnæ and narrower segments.

8. €. alpina, Desv. (laciniated Bladdér- Fern) ; fronds tri-
pinnate, pinnules confluent ovato-oblong pinnatifid rather spread-
ing, the segments broadly and shortly linear obtuse, with 2 or
3 blunt erect teeth, rachis winged.—Aspidium, Sw. Willd.—
Polypodium, Jacq. Ic. v. iti. t. 642, (excellent).— Cystea regia,
E. Fi. v. iv. p. 902, (excl. the alpine stations),— Cyathea regia,
Forst.— Fl. Br. p. 1140.— C. incisa, E. Bot. t. 163. ;

On a wall (since destroyed) at Low Layton, Essex; plentiful; Mr T.
F. Forster.— Having received authentic specimens of the Layton plant,
from Mr E. Forster, and compared them with continental ones, and
with figures and descriptions of Aspidium alpinum, Sw. especially the
plates of Jacquin and Schkuhr, I can, without hesitation, pronounce
them to be identical.*

6. AspLénium. Linn. Spleenwort.

1. A. septentrionále, Hull, (forked Spleenwort) ; fronds bipar-
tite, segments linear acutely 3-toothed at the extremity. Æ.
Bot. t. 1007.—Acrostichum, L.

Clefts of rocks, in mountainous parts of the north. Caernarvonshire.
Near Llyn-y-Cwn, N. Wales, Mr W. Wilson. On Ingleborough and at -
Ambleside. Arthur’s seat, Edinburgh, plentiful. Stenton rock, Dunkeld.

2. A. alternifolium, Wulf. (alternate-leaved Spleenwort); fronds
pinnate, pinne alternate lanceolato-cuneate toothed at the apex, `
lower ones trifid and toothed, involucre entire. Æ. Bot. t. 2258.
— A. Germanicum, Willd. :

Rocks, Scotland, very rare. Near Kelso, Mr Dickson; and near
Perth, Mr Bishop, Dr M*Nab. 3 m. from Dunfermline, Dr A. Dewar.

3. A. Trichómanes, L. (common Wall Spleenwort); fronds pin-

* Mr D. Don, Linn. Trans. v. xiii. p. 437, observes that he cannot subscribe
to this opinion. I can only say that Í have again made the comparison ; and
my. specimens from the wall at Layton, given me by. Mr Forster and Mr

urner, and cultivated ones from Mr Bree, are precisely the C. alpina of con-
tinental Botanists. Be

—M À —— ———— à

T amem meor

—

i

388 CRYPTOGAMIA-——-FILICES. LAsplenium-

nate, pinne roundish-oblong obtuse crenated truncato-cuneate
at the base, (stipes and rachis black). E. Bot. t. 576.

- Rocks and walls, common.

|. 4. A. viride, Huds, (green Spleenwort); fronds pinnated, pinnz
roundish-ovate obtusely serrated cuneate at the base, (rachis
green). Æ. Bot. t. 2957. :

Moist rocks, N. of England, Wales, and Scotland. Frequent in the
Highlands. i 3 t

5. A. marinum, L. (Sea Spleenwort); fronds pinnate, pinn®
oblong obtuse inciso-serrate, the superior base rounded and sub-
auriculated the inferior one truncated. &. Bot. t. 392.

In clefts and caves of rocks on the sea-coast ; not unfrequent, espe
cially in the north.

: 6. A. Ruta murária, L. ( Wall-rue Spleenwort) ; fronds bi-
pinnate especially below, pinnules obovato-cuneate lobed OT -
bluntly toothed, involucre jagged at the margin. E. Bot. t. 150-

. Walls and fissures of rocks, frequent. j

7. A. lanceolátum, Huds. (green lanceolate Spleenwort); fronds
lanceolate and bipinnate, pinnules obovate attenuated at the base
deeply and sharply serrated, those of the lower pinne somewhat
lobed, principal rachis not winged, sori at length confluent. E.
Bot. t. 240. A dee ; :

` Rocks, very rare ; in the south of England. Jersey, Cornwall, Tun-
bridge ; on Adderbury Church, Oxfordshire. Barmouth, Mr Wilson.—
Allied to the following, but distinguishable by the above mentioned cha-
racters. i

8. A. Adiantum nígrum, L. (black-stalked Spleenwort); fronds
ovate or deltoid tripinnate below, pinnules ovato-lanceolate 10-
ciso-pinnatifid toothed, principal rachis winged, sori at length
confluent. Æ. Bot. t. 1950. l :

Banks and fissures of rocks, common.— Stipes purplish-black, as 1°
the preceding species, A var., with linear pinnules, is found by Mr W-
Wilson in Ireland ; and:at Mucruss, by Mr Mackay.

9. A. Filix femina, Bernh. (short-fruited Spleenwort); fronds
broadly lanceolate bipinnate, pinnules linear-oblong acute ofte?
drooping inciso-serrate, serratures bi-tridentate acute, lower one
at the upper margin large auricled, sori oblong at length arche
at the base.—Aspidium, Sw.—E. Bot. t. 1459, (not good).—P-
smaller. Aspidium irriguum, E. Bot. t. 2199. i

. Moist shady places, abundant.— The sori are shorter than in other .
Asplenia, and the species is perhaps correctly referred by Presl to
Athyrium, Roth; the same genus as Allantodia, Br.
10. A. fontánum, Br. (smooth Rock Spleenwort); fronds linear
lanceolate bipinnate, pinnules obovato-cuneate (small) with few
large deep and sharp teeth, principal and partial rachis winge?
P cw ox Sw.—E. Bot. t. 2024,—A. Hallers
ld. .

Adiantum.] CRYPTOGAMIA—FILICES. 389

Walls and rocks, very rare. On Amersham or Agmondesham church,
Bucks. Stony-place, Wybourn, Westmoreland ; or Wiborn, Cumber-
land ; Hudson.—A very distinct and handsome little species.

7. Scotopinprium. Sm. Hart's-Tongue.

1. S. vulgáre, Sym. (common Hart's-tongue) ; fronds simple
oblongo-ligulate acute heart-shaped at the base, stipes scaly.
EB. Bot. t. 1150.—S. officinarum, Sw.—Asplenium Scolopen-
drium, L. 1 & i

Shady banks, rocky or stony places, in cold and damp situations.—In

the moat at Kenilworth Castle, I have gathered this handsome fern
more than 2 feet long. Beas ud

8. Prínis. Linn. Brake.

1. P. aquilina, L. (common Brake); fronds tripartite, branches
bipinnate, pinnules linear-lanceolate superior undivided inferior
pinnatifid, the segments oblong obtuse. Æ. Bot. t. 1679. |

Woods, heaths and stony or sandy soils ; abundant. ` This is the fa-
vourite haunt of the Deer :— ; ;

* The wild Buck bells (bellows) from: ferny brake.”

It is employed for thatching houses, and as litter for cattle. The ashes
are useful in the manufacture of soap and glass. ^ Its astringent quality
has recommended it for dressing and preparing Kid and Chamois leather,
and the country people in Scotland employ it as a vermifuge.

9. CRYPTOGRÁMMA. Br. Rock-brake.

1. C. crispa, Br. (curled Rock-brake); sterile fronds bipinnate,
|» pinnules bi-tripinnatifid, segments linear-oblong often bidentate
at the extremity, fertile fronds bipinnate tripinnate below, pin-
nules linear-oblong rather obtuse entire narrow at the base.—
Peeris crispa, L—E. Bot. t. 1160.—Allosorus, Kaulf. -

Among loose stones in mountainous countries, in the north : more
abundant in the north-west of England than in Scotland.—A very ele-
gant Fern, properly distinguished by Mr Brown from Pieris, differing
as it does in habit, even more than in generic character.

10. Brícuwuw. Linn. Hard-fern..

1. B. boréale, Sw. (northern Hard-Fern) ; sterile fronds pec-
tinato-pinnatifid the segments lanceolate rather obtuse, fertile
fronds pinnate, pinne linear acuminate. Æ. Bot. t. 1159.

Woods and heaths, abundant ; especially in a poor light soil.—Mr
Brown (Prodr. p. 152). suggested that this plant might probably be
referred to Lomaria (his Stegania), with which indeed it entirely
agrees in habit, and other botanists have unhesitatingly placed it there.
But if the young fertile fronds be examined, it will be evident that the
involucre is by no means marginal ; for there is a considerable space of
frond between it and the margin.

11. AprAntum. Linn. Maiden-hair.

1. A. Capillus Véneris, L. (True Maiden-hair) ; frond bipin-
nate, pinnules thin membranaceous obovato-cuneate inciso-sublo-

inka ease eee AM

390 CRYPTOGAMIA—FILICES, [Hymenophyllum:

bate, segments of the fertile pinnules terminated by a linear-
oblong sorus, sterile ones serrated. Æ. Bot. t. 390.

Moist rocks and walls, especially near the sea; rare. Near St Ives
Barry island and Port Kirig, Glamorgan, South isles of Arran, Gal-
way, Ireland. Between Douglas and Peel, Isle of Man, Mr Clark.
By the Carron, Kineardineshire.— A most delicate and graceful Fern
very abundant in the south of Europe, where I have seen it lining t
inside of wells with a tapestry of the tenderest green.

19. TnicnóMaNEs. Zinn. Bristle-fern.

_ 1. T. brevisétum, Br. (short-styled Bristle-fern); fronds St
pinnatifid glabrous, segments linear entire or bifid obtuse, invo-
lueres solitary in the axils of the upper segments margine
cylindrical, the mouth scarcely 2-lipped shorter than the recep-
tacle.— T. Europeum, Sm. in Rees’ Cycl.— T. alatum, Hook. n
Fl. Lond. N. S. t. 58, (not Willd.)— T. pyxidiferum, Huds.—
Hymenophyllum alatum, E. Bot. t. 1417 .— Hymenophyllum Tun-
bridgense, 9. Fl. Brit... -

Wet rocks in mountainous countries, rare. Near Bingley, Yorkshire.
Powerscourt, and near the cascade at the foot of Turk mountain; il-
larney. Hermitage Glen, Wicklow.—This rare and beautiful Fern, to-
gether with the species of the following genus, have a habit very differ-
ent from the rest of our Ferns and belong to a group which abounds in
the tropics. Their fronds are membranous and elegantly reticulated ;
and their depressed sessile capsules have jointed rings which completely
surround them transversely, and they are fixed at a distance from the
ring to the receptacle.

13. HvwENoPHYLLUM. Sm. Filmy-fern.

1. H. Tunbridgénse, Sm. (Tunbridge Filmy-fern) ; fronds
tender pinnate, pinne distichous vertical pinnatifid the segments
linear undivided or bifid and as well as the axillary solitary
suborbicular compressed involucre spinuloso-serrate, rachis
strongly winged. Æ. Bot. t. 162.

Moist rocks among moss, in mountainous countries. First found at
Tunbridge. Abundant in the north-west of England and in Wales am!
many parts of Ireland. Banks of the Clyde.— Habit tender and deli-
cate. Pinne pointing in two opposite directions, flat and vertical, 0?
the same plane with the winged rachis. Involucres nearly orbiculat:
slightly swollen at the base, where the cluster of capsules is lodged, the
rest compressed, especially at the margin of the valves. When dry:
there is a degree of elasticity in the plant.

2. H. Wilsóni, Hook. (Scottish Filmy-fern); fronds rigid pin-
nate, pinnæ recurved subunilateral wedge-shaped and 4—6-lobed,
the segments linear undivided or bifid spinuloso-serrate, invo-
lucres axillary solitary ovate inflated entire, rachis only slightly

margined towards the extremity. Wils. in E. Bot. Suppl

t. 2686.

Wet rocks. North of England and Wales. Abundant in the High-
lands of Scotland and in many parts of Ireland. High granite rock,
near Bodmin, Cornwall, Miss Rodd.— More rigid, and with larger re-

Lycopodium.) CRYPTOGAMIA—LYCOPODIACEE,.. ` 391

ticulations than the last : quite distinct in its mode of growth, for all the
pinne are strongly curved backwards, in a direction contrary to that of
- the fructification : the involucre is totally different, larger, browner, of a
more rigid texture, truly ovate, each valve remarkably convex for its
whole length, the edges only of the valves being applied to each other,
and they are quite entire.

14. OsuóNDa. Linn. Osmund-royal, or flowering-Fern.

1. O. regális, L. (common Osmund-royal) ; fronds bipinnate,
pinnules oblong nearly entire the lower base somewhat auricled,
the inferior ones opposite, fertile panicle bipinnate occupying
the extremity of the frond. Æ. Bot. t. 209.

Boggy places, wet margins of woods ; very frequent in the N. W. of
Scotland, and S. of Ireland.— The noblest and most striking of our Ferns.
Mr Stewart Murray has measured a tuft of its fronds on the banks of

the Clyde, which from the base, where they sprung from the ground,
were 112 feet high.

15. Bornécuiuw. Sw. Moonwort. à

1. B. Lunéria, Sw. (common Moonwort); frond pinnated soli-

tary, pinne lunate or subflabelliform erenate.— Osmunda, L.—
E. Bot. t. 318. dan

Dry mountain pastures.— Varieties of this are found, with more than

one frond upon a stalk and with the pinnules laciniated and even pinna-

tifid. Captain Carmichael communicated specimens to me, which bore
capsules on the margins of their lower pinnules.

16. Opuroaiéssum. Linn. Adder’s-tongue.

— ^ 1. O. eulgátum, L. (common Adder’s tongue); spike cauline,
frond ovate obtuse. Æ. Bot. t. 108. — |

Moist pastures and in woods.

CRYPTOGAMIA—LYCOPODIACE 4.
1. Lycopépium. Linn. Club-moss.

1. L. clavétum, L. (common Club-moss); spikes in pairs cylin-
drical stalked, their scales ovate acuminate eroso-dentate, stem
creeping, branches ascending, leaves scattered incurved and hair-
pointed. E. Bot. t. 224.

Heathy'pastures, especially in mountainous countries.— The seeds being
inflammable are used to produce artificial lightning on the stage ; and
the Poles make a decoction of the plant to-cure persons afflicted with that
terrible disease, the plica polonica. Stems many feet long. ;

9. L. annótinum, L. (interrupted Club-moss); spikes oblongo-
cylindrical solitary sessile terminal, stem creeping, branches
ascending dichotomous, branchlets simple, leaves in about 5 rows
linear-lanceolate mucronate serrulate patent. Æ. Bot. t. 1727.

Stony mountains of N. Wales, and in the Highlands of Scotland; but
by no means general. Not unfrequent on the Cairngorum range.

3. L. inunddtum, L. (Marsh Club-moss); spikes terminal sessile
leafy solitary, stem (short) creeping, branches simple few, leaves
linear scattered acute curved upwards. Æ. Bot. t. 239.

392. CRYPTOGAMIA—MARSILEACEJE, [ Pilularia.

Moist heathy places ; but not very common. .

4. L. selaginoides, L. (lesser alpine Club-moss) ; Spikes termi-
nal solitary sessile, stem creeping, branches few ascending simple,
leaves scattered lanceolate subpatent ciliato-denticulate. Æ.
Bot. t. 1148.

Boggy and springy spots, by the sides of mountains in the north ; not
unfrequent. Sandy coast of Lancashire and Anglesea.

5. L. alpinum, L. (Savin-leaved Club-moss) ; spikes terminal
solitary sessile short cylindrical, stem prostrate, branches dicho-
tomous and fascicled, leaves in 4 rows oblong convex acute
appressed. Æ. Bot. t. 934. i

On the more elevated mountains of the north, frequent.—It is used in
many countries to dye woollen cloth of a yellow colour.

6. L. Selágo, L. (Fir Club-moss); capsules in the axils of the
common leaves (not spiked), stem dichotomously branched erect
fastigiate, leaves in about 8 rows linear-lanceolate acuminate
entire imbricated rigid. Æ. Bot. t. 233. =

Heathy and stony soils, most abundant in mountainous countries.—
Used in the Highlands, instead of alum, to fix colours in dyeing, also as
an emetic or cathartic, but it operates violently. The Swedes employ it
to destroy lice on swine and other animals, S

CRYPTOGAMIA—MARSILEA CE.
l. Isotes. Linn. Quill-wort.

1. I. lacústris, L. (European Quill-wort) ; leaves subulate
bluntly 4-angular of 4 longitudinal internally jointed tubes. Æ.
Bot. t. 1084. Hook. in Fl. Lond. N. S. t. 131.

Bottoms of lakes in the north of England, Wales and Scotland.—A
very singular aquatic ; its fructification being entirely concealed at the
base of the cellular, subulate Jeaves. Mr W. Wilson considers the fructi-
fication to be of two kinds :—in one the contained granules are oval,
pellucid, and without sutures ; in the other they are spherical and split-
ting at the sutures into 4 portions (one portion hemispherical, the other
3 triangular) and they are rough on the surface. The same acute Botanist
also finds 2 vars. in Wales ; the one densely tufted, with slender erect

leaves ; the other solitary and with broader leaves widely spreading. May
not the former be the 7. setacea of Bosc ?

2. PILULÁRIA. Linn. Pill-wort.

1. P. globulifera, L. (creeping Pill-wort). E. Bot.t. 591. Hook.
in Fl. Lond. N, SS. t. 83.

Margins of lakes and pools, and in places that are partially overflowed.
—BStems creeping, long and entangled. Leaves setaceous, erect, 2 or 3
from one point, 4—5 inches long. Involucres at the base of the leaves,
about the size of small peas, brown, downy on the outside.

Equisetum] ^ CRYPTOGAMIA—EQUISETACEJE.

: CRYPTOGAMIA—EQUISETACEJ/E.
l. Keuisirum. Linn. Horse-tail.

* Fertile stems unbranched, succulent, appearing before the sterile
ones which have whorled branches.

l. E. fluvidtile, L. (great Water Horse-tail); sterile stems with
Very numerous (about 30) strizand nearly erect simple branches,
Stem cylindrical smoothish, sheaths with close small subulate
teeth, fertile stems (short) without branches clothed with ample
loose sheaths having many subulate teeth. Æ. Bot. t. 2022.

Muddy lakes, sides of rivers and pools, frequent. Fr. Apr.— The
Ti of all our species, its sterile stems or fronds being 3—4 feet

igh. :

2. E. Drumméndii, (blunt-topped Horse-tail); frond very ob-
tuse at the extremity, sterile stem especially upwards scabrous
with prominent points and about 20 striæ, teeth of the sheath

appressed, branches simple patent, fertile stem without branches
its sheaths approximate appressed with subulate teeth. Hook,
Br. Fl. ed. 1,-and in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2777.

Scotland, rare ; banks of the Isla and Esk, in Forfarshire, extending
up the vallies to their sources ; Mr T. Drummond. Near Forfar and
by the Caledonian Canal, Dr Graham. Near Belfast, Mr Harvey. Fr.
Apr.— Allied to the following species, but unquestionably distinct. . Its
Colour is greener and less glaucous, its stems rougher, with closely set,
Taised points, its angles and branches much more numerous, and the
Whole barren frond is singularly blunt (in its outline) at the extremity,
by which. it may at once be known from Æ. arvense. The sheaths,
though paler at the base, have blacker and more prominent ribs upwards,
and they are so close as to imbricate each other: their teeth also are
more numerous when they separate into the proper number.

3. E. arvénse, L. (Corn Horse-tail); frond attenuated up-
wards, sterile stem slightly scabrous with 12— 14 furrows,
teeth of the sheath lanceolato-subulate, branches simple erecto-
patent, fertile stem without branches its sheaths remote loose.
E. Bot. t. 2020.

Corn-fields and road-sides, frequent. Fr. Apr.; afterwards the
Sterile stems appear.

** Fertile stems similar to the sterile ones, simple or branched.

4. E. sylváticum, L. (branched Wood Horse-tail); sterile and
fertile stems with about 12 furrows, branches compound whorl-
ed deflexed, sheaths lax with about 6 or 12 long membrana-
Ceous obtuse teeth. H. Bot. t. 1874.

Moist woods, hedge-banks ; abundant in the north. Fr. Apr. May.
— A graceful species, less rigid and more herbaceous than any of the
ollowing. Sterile plants pyramidal in their outline ; fertile ones abrupt .
at the top, especially after the fructification has passed away.

5. E. limósum, L. (smooth naked Horse-tail); stem smooth
Striated, strie about 16—18, teeth of the sheaths short rigid

394 CRYPTOGAMIA—EQUISETACER. [Equisetum

distinct, branches nearly erect simple whorled often abortive:
catkin terminal upon the stem. Æ. Bot. t. 999.

Marshy, watery places and ditches, frequent. Fr. June, July.— Next
in size to Æ. fluviatile: agreeing, too, somewhat in habit; but with
fewer angles and teeth and fewer branches in a whorl; and these latter
often short and, imperfect, or wanting; differing, too, by the catkins
being upon stems that are similar to the barren ones.

6. E. palistre, L. (Marsh Horse-tail); stem furrowed round-
ish with 7 or 8 angles, branches simple whorled gradually
shorter upwards (sometimes abortive), catkin terminal on the
stem. E. Bot. t. 2021.—P. alpinum ; much smaller, with 4—5
angles and teeth to the sheaths, upper branches abortive.—7*
polystachion, Willd.— Rai Syn. Ic. p. 181, t. 5, f. 8. ;

Boggy soils, frequent.—48. Boggy places near springs, on the higher
parts of the Breadalbane mountains.—y. Camberwell. G. Graves. PT
June, July.

7. E. hyemále, L. (rough Horse-tail); stem throwing up sim-
ple branches only from the base scabrous furrowed rough,
sheaths with about 14 very small obtuse often deciduous teeth
(black at the extremity), catkin terminal. Æ. Bot. t. 915. —

Boggy woods; principally in the middle and north of England ; 12
Scotland, and Ireland. Fr. July, Aug.—Most of the Horse-tails are
more or less rough to the touch and their cuticle abounds in sz/ez, Of
flinty earth ; so that they are admirably suited for the polishing of hard
woods, ivory, brass, &e. This species, Æ. hyemale, is by far the best
kind for sueh purposes, and is imported largely from Holland under the
name of Dutch Rushes. In Northumberland, Lightfoot tells us that
the dairy-maids employ it to scour and clean their milk-pails.

8. E. variegátum, Schleich. (variegated rough Horse-tail); stems
filiform rough branched only at the base with 4—8 furrows»
sheaths with white membranaceous lanceolate teeth (black at
their base), catkin terminal. Æ. Bot. t. 1987.

Sandy sea-shores. Sands of Barrie. Near Liverpool ; and at Mucrus*
Ireland, growing in water, Mr W. Wilson. Portmarnock sands, Ire-
land, Dr Taylor. Fr. July, Aug.—The smallest of our species, u50-
ally decumbent, 6—8 inches long, slender. At Mucruss Mr Wilson
finds this plant growing in water and upright to thrice that size, with ?
stem smoother, about 10-furrowed and more polished in the furrows, 21
the sheaths not so conspicuously nor so constantly furnished with acum!
nated ¢eeth or summits as is usual in the ordinary state of the plant.

Nomz.— The remainder of the Orders of the Class CnverocAMIA
are characterized in the following Appendix, and more fully, ie
gether with the Genera and Species, in Parts I. and II. of the 9t
Vol. of * Exglish Flora" (or the 2d Vol, of the present work.)

APPENDIX;

IN which the British Genera are referred to their respective
Natural Orders. Together with brief characters of these Orders
is given, but always included between hooks ( ), and in a smaller
type, a list of some of the more useful and interesting exotic
plants, under their respective families. "The characters of all
these will be found in the xxvth chapter of the 7th edition of
* Smith's Introduction to Botany.”

According to the method in question, all plants are primarily
divided into three Classes: I. DicoryLEponovs, or VASCULAR
and Exogenous Prants; II. MoNocoTYLEDONOUS, or VAs-
CULAR and ExpocENoUs; and III. AcorvrEDoNovs, or CEL-

LULAR.
Crass I. DICOTYLEDONOUS! or Exogenous PLANTS.

Cellular and vascular. Stem formed of two distinct portions,
Wood and Bark, increasing in two opposite directions; the
former containing pith in the centre, from which diverge the
medullary rays, and increasing by new layers on the outside;
the latter by new layers within. Leaves with the nerves much
branched and reticulated. Flowers usually with a double peri-
anth, the parts often arranged in a quinary manner. Embryo
with two opposite cotyledons, rarely more, and then verticillate.

SuB-CLASS I. THALAMIFLORE.

Calyx of many pieces or sepals, (sometimes combined). Petals
many, distinct, and as well as the stamens, inserted upon the re-
ceptacle, (not upon the calyx); hence hypogynous, from ùro, be~
neath, and yv, the pistil.

Orv I. RANUNCULACEZE. Calyx of mostly 5, rarely 3
or 6, sepals, frequently deformed. Petals 5 or more, often de-
formed, sometimes wanting. Anthers adnate, mostly reversed.
Ovaries 1 or many, l- or many-celled. ruit mostly of several
l- or many-seeded carpels, rarely a berry. Zmbryo straight,
in the base of a horny albumen.— Herbs or Shrubs. Leaves
often divided, with more or less dilated stalks. Acrid and poison-
ous, some of them eminently so, especially Aconitum.— GENERA.
l, CLEMATIS, p. 211. 2. THALICTRUM, p. 219. 9. ANEMONE, p.

1 From ds, twice or double, and xervandav, the cotyledon.

396 DICOTYLEDONES— —THALAMIFLORJE.

211. 4. Aponis, p. 211. 5. Myosurus, p. 87. 6. RANUNCULUS
(including Ficarra, DC.), p. 211. 7. CALTHA, p.211. 8. TROL-
LIUS, p. 211. 9. HELLEBORUS, p. 210. 10. AQUILEGIA, p- 210.
11. DELPHINIUM, p. 210. 12. AcoNITUM, p. 210. 13. AcTA, P.
209. 14. Ponta, p. 210.

(MacNorraAcEz. Handsome Trees, chiefly inhabiting N. America and
the Mountains of India, with large fragrant flowers, whose parts are
arranged in a ternary manner, ample foliage, convolute deciduous stl-
pules, and bitter tonic bark ; as Magnolia, Michelia, and the stately
T'ulip-tree with its singularly formed leaves.)

" (AwoNAcEAX. ‘Tropical Trees or Shrubs, yielding delicious fruits, 48
the Custard- Apple, Cherimoly, &c.)

(MrNrsPERMACE X, Climbing, mostly tropical plants, with small flow-
ers and bitter tonic roots, as Menispermum palmatum, or Columbo-root,
and M. Cocculus; also Cissampelos' Pareira, a powerful diuretic.)

Oro. II. BERBERIDEZE. Sepals 3—6, often coloured, in
a double row and bracteated. Petals of the same or double
that number, glandular at the base. Stamens opposite to the
petals. Anthers 2-celled, opening by valves. Ovary 1-celled.
Style short. Fruit mostly a Berry. Seeds 1—3 at the base of
a lateral receptacle. Albumen fleshy.—Shrubs, often spiny, oF
herbs, of temperate climates. Leaves ciliated on the serratures.—
1. BERBERIS, p. 133. 2. EPrMEDIUM, p. 56.

Orv. III. NYMPH/EACE/E. Sepals about 5, often gra-
dually passing into the numerous petals, and these again into
stamens, which arise from a fleshy disk surrounding more oF
less entirely the many-celled and many-seeded ovary. Stigma
peltate, rayed. Seeds in a gelatinous aril. Albumen farinace-
ous. Embryo enclosed in a membranous bag. Cotyledons foli-
aceous.—Aquatic herbs, with peltate or cordate leaves and mag-
nificent flowers.—The roots of Nymphea Lotus are used as food-
The East Indian Nelumbium speciosum, once an inhabitant 0
the Nile, and considered the xvaos, or Egyptian Bean of Pytha-
goras, is one of the most splendid of plants. Its seed-vessels are
.set apart in the hollows of a most curious obconical disk resem-
bling a cornucopia; and these vegetating have been considered
an emblem of fertility. The yellow Nelumbium of N. America
is very similar to it. One plant of this family found by Dr
Schomburgk in the Berbice (Victoria regalis), has the blossoms
15 inches and the leaves 6 feet in diameter /— 1. NyuPHAEA

p. 209. 2. NuPHAR, p. 210.

Orp. IV. PAPAVERACEAZE. Calyz of two deciduous se-
pals. Corolla of 4—8 petals. Stamens indefinite. Ovary 1. Stig-
ma lobed or rayed. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded. Seeds upo”
parietal, projecting receptacles, which form incomplete disseP!-
ments. Embryo in the base of a fleshy albumen.— Herbaceous
plants. Leaves alternate.— Opium is the product of this tribe,

DICOTYLEDONES——THALAMIFLORZE. 397

which largely afford a milky, acrid, and narcotic juice, while
the seeds of all, except Argemone Mexicana, are mild and oleagi-
nous.—]. PAPAVER, p. 209. 2. MEcoNoPsis, p. 209. 3. GLAU-
CIUM, p. 209. 4. CHELIDONIUM, p. 209.

(SAnRAcENIEX. A remarkable Order comprising one Genus, Sarra-
cenia, exclusively inhabiting bogs in N. America. The leaves are radi-
cal, long, tubular, with a helmet-like appendage ; they contain a fluid,
and are admirably contrived for decoying insects, the dead bodies of
which in the native country almost fill the tubes. The flowers are
scarcely less curious than the leaves.) i

Orv. V. FUMARIACEÆ. Sepals 2, deciduous. Petals
4, more or less united, one or two of them gibbous or spurred at
the base. Stamens 6, in two parcels. Ovary 1. Style filiform.
. Stigma lobed. Fruit dry, indehiscent, with one or two seeds ;
or dehiscent with 2 valves and many seeds. Seeds glossy, with
an arillus or caruncle, and a fleshy albumen and embryo at the
base.— Herbs of temperate climates, with brittle stems and watery
Juice, slightly bitter and diaphoretic.—1. Fumaria, p. 262. 2.
CoryDALIS, p. 262.

On». VI. CRUCIFERJE. Calyx of 4 sepals. Petals 4. Sta-
mens 6, tetradynamous, alternate with the petals; 2 solitary, 4
in 9 pairs. Ovary and Style 1; hypogynous glands at the base
of the stamens. Pericarp a pouch or pod, 2- rarely 1-celled, 2-
valved, sometimes valveless, many-seeded. . Seeds on marginal
receptacles, without albumen. Radicle curved upwards towards
the margin of the cotyledons (accumbent, o—), or against the
back of one of them (incumbent, o[|).— Herbs. | Leaves alter-
nate. Flowers generally in corymbs, which at length become ra-
cemes.— A most important Natural Order, many of the plants
which it contains being cultivated as esculents ; the Cabbage,
Turnep, Mustard, and Cresses of various kinds, Horse-radish, &c.,
&c. They contain an essential oil, which renders them stimu-
lating, while their seeds yield a fine and mild oleaginous fluid,
as Rape ; and they are antiscorbutic. The Mustard-seed is used

for sinapisms. Several kinds contain sulphur and the basis of
ammonia, nitrogen.—The following arrangement of this Order
by Decandolle and others, from characters depending primarily
upon the plicature of the embryo, though it may in some re-
spects be more natural, is full of difficulties to the young stu-
dent, who, in innumerable instances, cannot be expected to have
access to the seed in a fit state for examination. The following
are the British Genera, thus arranged:

SUBORDER I. PLEURORHIZ A. (o=)

Tribe I. Anasipex. (Podelongated. Dissepiment narrow. Valves
flat or slightly keeled.) 1. MATTHIOLA. 2. CHEIRANTHUs, 8.
Nasturtium. 4. BARBARE/E. 5. Turritis. 6. ARABIS. 7.
CARDAMINE. 8. DENTARIA.

398 DICTYLEDONES—THALAMIFLORJE.

Tribe II. Anysstnex. (Pouch ovate or oblong. Valves flat or
concave, not keeled, parallel with the septum). 9. KONIGA. 10. :
DRABA. 11. CocHLEARIA,

Tribe III. THrasPrpE. (Pouch with the dissepiment very
narrow. Valves keeled or winged). 12. Tanaspr. 13. HUTCHIN-
sta. 14, TEEsDALIA. 15. IBERIS.

Tribe IV. CaxrLINE. (Seed-vessel jointed, each joint with one
or more seeds.) 16. CAKILE.

SuBonpER IIl. NOTORHIZEJZE. (o|.)

Tribe V. SisvMBREZ. (Pod elongated. Dissepiment narrow,
with the valves concave or keeled.) 17. Hesperis. 18. StsyM-
BRIUM, (including Alliaria). 19. Erysimum.

Tribe VI. Cametinem. (Pouch with the dissepiment broad, the
valves more or less concave.) 20. CAMELINA.

Tribe VII. Leprpinsm. (Pouch with the dissepiment very nar-
row. Valves keeled or concave.) 91. ConoNoPus. 22. CAP-
SELLA. 23, SUBULARIA. 94. LEPIDIUM.

Tribe VIII. IsaTrpEz. (Pouch 1-celled, 1-seeded, with scarcely
dehiscent, heeled valves.) 25. Isatts.

Suporpzr HII. ORTHOPLOCEJE. (o>>).

Tribe IX. Brassicez. (Pod elongated. Dissepiment narrow.)
26. Brassica. 27. StxAPIS (including Diplotazis, DC.)
Tribe X. VgLLEx. (Pouch with the valves concave. Dissepi-

ment broad.) 28. VELLA.
Tribe XI. Rapuanem. (Seed-vessel divided into transverse
cells, and often jointed.) 29. CramBE. 30. RAPHANUS:
(All the above genera will be found at p. 242, e£ seq.)
(CarrAnibEz. Capparis spinosa, Caper-plant.)

On». VII. RESEDACE/E. Calyx of several narrow se-
pals. Petals unequal, mostly laciniated. Stamens 10—24, in-
serted upon a glandular irregular disk. Ovary sessile, 3-lobed,
1-celled, with 3 parietal receptacles bearing many seeds. Stig-
mas 3, sessile. Fruit opening in an early stage at the extremity:
— Reseda odorata, so abundant in our gardens, is the sweet Mig-
nonette. Reseda lutea yields a yellow dye.—Resupa, p. 191-

(Brxiwzue. Trees of hot climates. Biza Orellana yields Arnott,
used in staining cheeses red.)

Orv. VIII. CISTINEJE. Sepals 5, unequal, the 3 inner
larger and with a twisted estivation. Petals 5, deciduous, with
a twisted zestivation. Stamens numerous. Ovary 1, l- or many-
celled. Style filiform. Stigma simple. Capsule of 3—5, rarely
10 valves. Seeds numerous. Embryo spiral or curved, in a mealy
albumen.—Shrubs or herbaceous plants, abounding in southern

PICOTYLEDONES—THALAMIFLORE. 399

Europe and northern Africa, with handsome, generally fugacious
Jlowers.— Cistus Creticus affords the balsam called Gum Lab-
danum. The stamens of Helianthemum (all the species?) ex-
pand after being suddenly compressed between the finger and
thumb.— HELIANTHEMUM, p. 209. - eo

Orv. IX. VIOLARIE, Sepals 5, persistent, frequently
extended at the base. Petals 5, equal; or (in Viola, &c.) un-
equal and the lower one spurred at the base. Stamens 5: An-
thers generally with a dilated appendage at their extremity ; 9 of
. them, in the genera with irregular flowers, usually appendiculated
at the base. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal receptacles, bear-
ing several seeds.— Herbs or shrubs, with stipuled leaves, and
powerfully emetic and purgative roots; as Viola Ipecacuanha,
Lonidium parviflorum (which I have satisfactorily ascertained to
be the famous * Cuychunchulle," Zonidium Marcucii of Dr Ban-
croft, &e.— VIOLA, p. 77.

Orv. X. DROSERACEZE. Sepals 5, persistent, equal,
Petals 5. Stamens free, equal in number with the petals or 2 or
3 or 4times as many. Ovary 1. Styles 3—5, often branched.
Capsule 1—8-celled, 3—5-valved. Valves bearing the seeds,
which are naked or arilled.— Delicate herbs, of marshy ground,
in Drosera clothed with beautiful glandular and viscid hairs by
which flies are abundantly destroyed: they give out too on the
papers in which they are pressed a copious purple dye. In
Dionea the leaves are furnished with 2 remarkable spreading
lobes fringed with bristles and jointed as it were in the middle.
These lobes are highly irritable on being touched by an insect,
when they close upon and destroy the victim.— DROSERA, p. 86.

Orp. XI. POLYGALEZE. Sepals 5, the 2 inner gene-
rally large and petaloid. Petals 3-5, more or less united with
the filaments of the stamens which form 2 parcels, each with 4
anthers, opening by pores at the apex. Ovary 1, usually 2-celled.
Style and stigma l. Fruit a capsule or drupaceous, 2- or L-
celled, dehiscence loculicidal. Seeds solitary, pendulous, often
with a caruncle at the base.—Shrubs or herbs. Leaves without
stipules. Flowers usually racemose.—Several of this family are
used medicinally. The leaves are bitter; the roots more or less
milky. Polygala Senega is the snake-reot of N. America. Kra-
meria of Peru is powerfully astringent.— PoLYGALA, p. 263.

Orv. XII. FRANKENIACEHEZE. Sepals 4—5, combined
into a furrowed persistent tube. Petals 5, clawed, crowned at
the mouth. Stamens 5 or more. Ovary l. Style filiform, 2—3-
cleft. Capsule 2—4-valved, l-celled. Seeds- minute, attached
to the margins of the valves. | Embryo straight in the albumen,
— Herbaceous or suffruticose, much branched. Leaves opposite,
without stipules, but with a membranous sheathing base.—YWRANX-
ENIA, p. 133.

— 400 DICOTYLEDONES— THALAMIFLORJE,

On». XIII]. ELATINEZE. Sepals 3—5. Petals 3—5, ses-
sile. Séamens as many as or double the number of petals. Ovary
with from 3—5 cells and as many styles and capitate stigmas:
Capsule 8—5-celled and as many valved, alternate with the dis-
sepiments which usually adhere to a central axis. Seeds nume-
- rous, with little albumen a straight embryo, and radicle turne
to the hilum.—Small annuals, inhabiting marshy places, with
rooting stems and opposite stipuled leaves.—ELATINE, p. 157.

Orv. XIV. CARYOPHYLLEZ. Sepals 5 or 4, persistent;
(in the tribe Stlenee) united into a tube. Petals as many, rarely
wanting. Stamens as many as or double the number of the
petals, inserted upon a fleshy disk or ring. Ovary 1, inserted (in
Silene) on a distinct fleshy pedicel or disk. Styles 2—5. Cap-
sule 1—5-celled, 2—5-valved, with a central receptacle, which 1$
free in the 1-celled capsules, in the rest adhering to the disse-
piments. Seeds generally numerous. Embryo generally curved
roundamealy albumen.— Herbs, moreorless tumid atthejoints ; with
opposite entire leaves, without stipules except in. the first division of
Arenaria (a group which is now considered by some to form a
distinct Genus, and referred to PARONYCHIEE. )—Tribe 1. SILE-
NER. l. DiANTHUSs, p. 168. 2. SaAPOoNARIA, p. 168. 3. SILENE,
p. 168. 4. Lycunis, p. 169. 5. AGRosTEMMA, p. 169.— Tribe II.
ALSINEZ. 6. Burronta, p. 157. 7. SAGINA, p. 58. 8. MoENCHIA;
p. 58. 9. HorosTEuw, p. 20. 10. SPERGULA, p. 170. 11. STEL-
LARIA, p. 168. 12. ARENARIA, p. 160. 13. CERASTIUM, p. 169:
14. CHERLERI1A, p. 169.

Orv. XV. LINEAL. Sepals 3—5, imbricated in zestivation
persistent. Petals 4—5, with a twisted zestivation. Stamens 3—
5, united at the base into an hypogynous ring, with small teeth
(abortive stamens) between them. Ovary with about as many
cells as sepals, and as many styles. Stigmas capitate. Capsule
globose, crowned with the permanent base of the styles; each
cell partially divided into 2 by a spurious dissepiment, and open-
ing with 2 valves at the apex. Seeds 1 in each cell, inverted:
Embryo straight.— Mostly Herbs, with entire leaves and with-
out stipules and very fugacious petals ; the stems contain the
fibre which constitutes Flax, while the seeds yield a valuable |
oil, and are used in medicine on account of their peculiarly mu-
cilaginous qualities.— Linum catharticum is a purgative ; L. ust-
tatissimum is the common Flax.—1. Linum, p. 86. 2. RADIOLA?
p. 58. =

Ord. XVI. MALVACE/R. Calyx 5-cleft, involucrated:
Corolla of 5 petals, regular. Stamens indefinite, monadelphous
often united with the petals at their bases. Anthers renifor™,
I-celled. Ovary 1. Styles single or several combined. Stigmas
several. Fruit of many cells and man y valves, or of many cap-

DICOTYLEDONES—THALAMIFLORE. 401

sules, which are dehiscent or indehiscent, collected into a compact
body, or placed in a whorl round the base of the style. Seed
solitary, ascending. Albumen mucilaginous, not abundant. Em-
bryo curved. Cotyledons foliaceous, plaited.— Herbs, or shrubs,
or trees. Leaves alternate, with stipules. Flowers axillary.— They
abound in mucilage, especially the seeds. The stems and roots
afford an excellent fibre.— Gossypium yields the Cotton.—1.
LAVATERA, p. 258. 2. MALVA, p. 258. 3. ALTHEA, p. 258, _

(BowzAczz. The Cotton- T'ree, Bombax pentandrum, yields a medi-
cinal gum and a fine cotton. The Baobab (Adansonia digitata) is the
largest known tree in the world.)

(Bytrnertace®. Tropical Shrubs or large Trees. Chocolate,
Theobroma Cacao.)

Orp. XVII. TILIACEZ. Sepals 4—5, with valvular esti-
vation. Petals 4—5, often with a depression at the base, some-
times wanting. Stamens generally indefinite. Anthers 2-celled,
opening longitudinally. Glands 4—5, adnate with the petals from
" the stalk of the ovary. Ovary 1—10-celled. Style 1. Cap-
sule with one or many seeds in each cell. Albumen fleshy, in-
cluding an erect Himbryo.—Trees or shrubs, with stipuled alter-
nate leaves, and a mucilaginous wholesome juice, the inner bark
exceedingly tenacious.—Russian or bast-matting is the bark of
the Lime.— Tirra, p. 209.

(DiPrEROcAnPES. Large forest-trees of the Indian Archipelago
abounding in resinous juice. Dryobalanops Camphora produces the
Camphor of Sumatra, a substance, however, totally different from that
obtained from the Camphor-Laurel. Shorea robusta yields Sal, the
most valuable of the timbers of India.)

(CawrLLrAcEz. Evergreen Indian or Chinese Shrubs, with hand-
some axillary flowers; affording the most grateful of beverages in Tea,
and the loveliest of flowers in the Camellia.)

(AURANTIACEZ. Trees and Shrubsofthe East Indies, with leaves
articulated on the petioles, and abounding in pellucid glands, filled with
essential oil. Orange. Lemon. Citron. Lime. Shaddock.)

Orp. XVIII. HYPERICINEZE. Sepals 4—5, more or
less cohering, unequal, frequently with glandular dots. Petals
4—5, with a twisted zstivation and often black dots. Stamens
numerous, (5 in Parnassia) in 3 or more parcels, rarely mona-
delphous or free. Anthers small, versatile. Ovary single. Styles
several, rarely combined. Stigmas simple. Fruit a capsule or
berry, of several valves and cells, the valves curved inwards,
Seeds minute, numerous, on a receptacle in the axis, or on the
incurved margins of the valves. Embryo straight. Albumen 0.
— Herbs or Shrubs, with generaliy opposite leaves, mostly marked
with pellucid dots and commonly yellow flowers. Aromatic and
resinous, juice sometimes purgative.—1. HYPERICUM, p. 280.
2. PARNAssIA ? p. 86. j

(Gurrreræ: Tropical Trees or Shrubs, yielding a resinous yellow

VOL. I. 2D

1

402 DICOTYLEDONES—THALAMIFLORJE.

acrid and purgative juice. Leaves coriaceous, with parallel veins. Gar-
cinia affords the Mangosteen, and Stalagmitis gambogiodes the power-
ful drastic purgative, Gamboge.)

Orv. XIX. ACERINEZ, Calyx4—5—9-partite. Petals of
the same number, inserted beneathan hypogynous disk. Stamens
about 8, inserted on the disk. Ovary 2-lobed. Style 1. Stig-
mas 2. Fruit a double Samara, each 1-celled, with 1 or 2 erect
seeds. Albumen 0. Embryo curved, with foliaceous wrinkled
cotyledons.—Trees of the temperate parts of the northern hemt-
sphere. Leaves generally simple and lobed, flowers often polyga-
mous.—ACER, p. 155 ;—Acer saccharinum of N. America yields
Maple- Sugar.

(HiprocasTANEJ. Exotic Trees of temperate climates, with digitate
leaves. Æisculus Hippocastanum, the Horse- Chestnut.)

(Rurzosonru. Tropical American trees, with digitate leaves. The
Souari Nut is the fruit of Caryocar nuciferum.)

(CepreLem. Frees, mostly of the tropics, with compound leaves.
' Swietenia Mahogani, Mahogany Tree ; S. febrifuga and Cedrela febri-
Juga are febrifuges.)

(AMPELIDEÆ, Climbing Shrubs, often with tendrils, which, as well
as the peduncles, are opposite to the leaves. Vitis, the Vine ; to this
genus the Currant of the shops, or Levant Currant, also belongs.)

Orv. XX. GERANIACEZ. Sepals 5, persistent, with an
imbricated zstivation. Petals 5. Stamens generally monadel-
phous and twice as many as there are petals, some occasionally
abortive. Ovary 5-lobed, terminated by a long thick beak
(torus or gynobase), and 5 stigmas. Carpels 5, 1-celled, even-
tually separating from the base of the beak, together with a
long elastic awn (the style), Seed solitary, without albumen.
Embryo curved. Cotyledons foliaceous, convolute and plaited.—
Herbs or Shrubs, with leaves opposite at the joints, or alternate
and then opposite the peduncles. No tendrils.—1. GERANIUM, p:
258. 2. EroDIUM, p. 257.

. Orv. XXI. BALSAMINEZE. A singular Order, whose
flowers have been very differently understood by different Bo-
tanists. Roeper's idea is as follows ;— Sepals 5, or 3 by impet- .
fection, free. Petals 5, unequal, 4 inferior more or less united,
the upper one free, symmetrical. Stamens 5; filaments united
at the extremity. Anthers 2-celled, opening at the apex by a
longitudinal fissure. Stigmas 5, sessile, acute. Capsule of 9
cells, marked with 5 farrows, and bursting with 5 elastic valves
. Seeds solitary or numerous, suspended.— Herbaceous and succu-
lent plants, without stipules. Fruit with elastic valves —ImPA-
TIENS, p. 77.

Orv. XXII. OXALIDEA. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals
5, equal, often cohering at the base and twisted in sestivation-
Stamens 10, the filaments generally combined at their base, un-

DICOTYLEDONES—CALYCIFLORJE. 403

equal. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1, 5-celled. Styles 5. Stig-
mas capitate or somewhat bifid. Capsules with 5 or 10 valves.
Seeds attached to the axis in a curious elastic arillus (or outer
integument) which, on bursting open, projects the seed to a
distance. Embryo in a cartilaginous albumen, with its radicle
towards the hilum.—Mostly Herbs, with compound acid leaves ;
some of them highly sensitive.— Oxalis Acetosella abounds in ox-
alie acid. O. crenata of Peru affords a salad in its leaves, and
its tubers are eaten as potatoes, but they are not worthy a place
in an European kitchen-garden.—Oxa Lis, p. 169.

(Zvcornvrrgz. Gum Guaiacum is the product of Guaiacum offi-
cinale.

a Ruta, the Rue, possesses a powerful bitter principle,
and an aromatic essential oil lodged in copious pellucid glands on the
stem and leaves.)

(Simarusea. South American tropical Trees or Shrubs, with in-
tensely bitter bark, milky juice and pinnated leaves, as Simaruba and

Quassia.)
(DroswEz. Buchu leaves are those of Diosma crenulata, L.)

SuBCLAsS II. CALYcIFLOR-A.

Corolla and stamens perigynous, or inserted upon the Calyx! Ova-
ry either free or adnate with the tube of the calyx.

A. PoLYPETALOUS.

Orp.: XXIII. CELASTRINEJZE. Sepals 4—5, united by
a fleshy disk, imbricated in sestivation. Petals 4—5, alternate
with the sepals.arising from the disk. Stamens 4—5, alternate
with the petals. Ovary more or less united with the disk, 3—4-
celled. Fruit a capsule with 3—4 cells, and 3—4 septifer-
ous valves, or a dry drupe with 1 or 2 cells which are 1- or many-
seeded. Seeds erect, often arillate. Albumen fleshy, with a
straight embryo. Ladicle inferior.—Shrubs, with simple, mostly
opposite leaves and axillary cymes.—1. STAPHYLEA, p. 85. 2.
IvoNvMvs, p. 77. :

Orv. XXIV. RHAMNEÆ. Calyx 4—5-cleft, zestivation
valvate. Petals 4—5, alternate with the calycine lobes, cucul-
late, sometimes wanting. Stamens 4—5, opposite the petals.
Disk fleshy. Ovary wholly, or in part, superior, 2—4-celled,
9__4-seeded. Fruit fleshy and indehiscent, or dry and dehiscent.
Seeds erect. Albumen fleshy. Embryo straight. Radicle in-
ferior.—Shrubs or small Trees, with simple usually alternate
leaves, minute stipules, and minute greenish flowers.—Fruit of
Some purgative, as our Rhamnus catharticus ; in others the
fruit yields a dye, as R. infectorius, &e. Zizyphus Lotus is one.

! Sometimes, as in Leguminose, Tamariscinee, Portulacee, Paronychiee, Cras-
Sulacee, and some Saxifragee, so near to the base of the ovary as to appear hy-
Pogynous.

404 DICOTYLEDONES—CALYCIFLORE.

kind of the Zotus of the ancients. Jujubes are the produce of
the fruit of Zizyphus vulgaris—RuAMNUS, p. 77.
(TEREBINTHACE®. Mostly tropical Trees or Shrubs, with balsami-
ferous or gummy bark. The Cashew-Nut is Anacardium occidentale.
Semecarpus is the Marking-Nut Tree; Mangifera, the Mango- Tree ;
Mastic, (Pistacia Lentiscus), and Terebinth or Scio Turpentine, P-
Terebinthus ; Rhus, of which R. Toxicodendron is very poisonous, while -
it and others of the genus yield valuable varnishes; Olibanum, Bos-
wellia serrata; Balm of Gilead, Balsamodendron Gileadense; the
Balsam of Mecca or Opobalsamum, B. Opobalsamum : and various
other resins, as Resin of Commin, Gum Elemi, and Bdellium, afforded
by various species of Amyris, are the products of this Natural Order.)

Orv. XXV. LEGUMINOSA. Calyx of 4—5 sepals, more
or less combined. Petals various, generally 5 and papiliona-
ceous. Stamens various, generally 10, and monadelphous or dia-
delphous. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes stipitate. Style and stig-
mal. Legume 2-valved, dehiscent, or indehiscent. Seeds with
or without albumen, upon a marginal receptacle on the upper
suture. Zmbryo with the radicle straight or recurved upon
the cotyledons.—Trees, Herbs, or Shrubs. Leaves alternate,
mostly compound and pinnated, with or without tendrils, stipuled.
—They possess very various principles and properties, and
many of the plants composing this Order are of the greatest
service in the Arts, in Medicine and domestic economy. Zn-
digofera affords Indigo; Glycyrrhiza, Liquorice ; Astragalus,
Gum Tragacanth ; Soja, Soy ; Mucuna, Cow-itch, or Cow-age i
Erythrina, Gwn-Lac ; Pterocarpus, Gum- Dragon, and Saun-
ders-wood ; Brya, Jamaica Ebony ; Acacia, Gum-Arabic and
one kind of India Rubber ; Dipteriz, the Tonquin Bean ; He-
matoxylon, Logwood ; Cassia, Senna and other potent drugs;
Copaifera, Balsam of Copaiva; Hymenea, Gum Anime. T heir
seeds afford food for man and various animals, their herbage for
cattle.—All the British Genera are papilionaceous and have 10
stamens, monadelphous or diadelphous, and all are described at p-
263, et seg. The following is their arrangement by De Candolle-
—Tribe I. LOTEZE.—Subtribe Genistem. l. ULEX. 2, GE-
NISTA. 3. Cvmisus. 4. Ononis. 5. ANTHYLLIS.—Subtribe
TnironiExX. 6. Mepicaco. 7. MELILOTUS. 8. TRIFOLIUM.
9. Lorus.—Subtribe AsrRAcALEX. 10. Oxyrroris. 11. As-
TRAGALUS.— Tribe II. HEDYSAREZE. Subtribe CoroN-
ILLES. 12. ORNITHOPUS. 13. ARTHIOLOBIUM. 14. HIPPO-
cREPIs.—Subtribe EUHEDYSAREZE. 15. ONoBnYCHIS:
— Tribe III. VICIEZ. 16. Vici. 17. ERvuM. 18. LATBY-
Rus. 19. ORoBus.

Orv. XXVI. ROSACEJE. Calyx 4—5-lobed, free or ad-
herent with the ovary. Petals 5, perigynous, equal. Stamens
perigynous, definite or indefinite, with an incurved estivation-
Anthers 2-celled, bursting longitudinally. Carpels many, rarely

DICOTYLEDONES—CALYCIFLORJE., 405

solitary, 1-celled, 1—2- or more-seeded, free, or combined with
each other and with the calyx. Styles simple, often lateral, dis-
tinct or combined. Seeds ascending or suspended, nearly with-
out albumen. Embryo straight, with fleshy or foliaceous coty-
ledons.— Herbs, or Shrubs, or Trees, with alternate stipulated
leaves. Stipules one on each side the base of the petiole.—'The
pulpy fleshy fruits are esculent ; while the plants which produce
them are often poisonous from the presence of prussic acid, with
which many of the species abound. Laurel-water is extracted,
not from a true Laurel, but from an individual of this Natural
Order, Prunus Lauro-Cerasus. The Bitter Almond owes its
flavour to that acid. Some produce a gum ; others are astrin-
gent. Roots of Tormentil yield a dye; others are febrifuges.
The qualities residing in the species of this Order entitle it to
a high rank among British Vegetables.—Subord. 1. AMYG-
DALEJE. 1. Prunus.—Subord. 2. SPIREACEZE. 2. SPI-
RJEA.—Subord. 3. DRY ADEJE. 3. Dryas. 4. Geum. 5. Ru-
Bus. 6. FRAGARIA. 7. ComARUM. 8. POTENTILLA. 9. Tor-
MENTILLA. 10. SIBBALDIA. ll. AGRIMONIA.—Subord. 4. SAN-
GUISORBEZ. 12. ALCHEMILLA. 13. SANGUISORBA. 14. Po-
TERIUM.—Subord. 5. ROSEÆ. 15. Rosa.—Subord. 6. PO-
MACEJE. 16. MzsPiLUS. 17. CRATÆGUS. 18, COTONEASTER.
19. Pyrus.
(All the above at p. 198, et seg., except Sibbaldia, p. 86; Agrimonia,
p. 191; Alchemilla and Sanguisorba, p. 57; Poterium, p. 324.)
. (RurzorHonE. Tropical maritime Trees or Shrubs. Rhizophora
is the Mangrove Tree, whose stems and aerial roots form such dense

thickets along the low muddy shores in eequinoctial climates, as to create
a most unwholesome atmosphere.)

Orp. XXVII. ONAGRARIZE. Calyx-tube adnate with
the ovary entirely or in part ; Limb 2- or generally 4-lobed, the
lobes valvate in sstivation. Petals 2, generally 4, twisted in
zestivation, arising from the mouth of the calyx. Stamens 4 or
8, inserted into the calyx. Ovary of several cells, often crown-
ed by a disk. Style filiform. Stigma capitate or 4-lobed. Fruit
a berry, or capsule, with 4 cells and many seeds which have no
albumen.— Herbs or Shrubs. Leaves frequently opposite.—1.

EPILOBIUM, p. 156. 2. GEnoTHERA, p. 156. 3. IsNARDIA, p.
57. 4. CIROAA, p. 3.

Orp. XXVIII. HALORAGEZ. Calyx-tube adnate with
the ovary; limb minute. Petals minute, arising from the
mouth of the calyx, or wanting. Stamens also from the mouth
of the calyx, equal in number to its lobes, or double as many,
rarely fewer. Ovary with 1 or more cells. Stigmas as
many as there are cells. Fruit dry, indehiscent: cells 1 or
more. Seed solitary, pendulous. Albumen fleshy. Embryo
straight. Fadicle superior.—JMostly Herbs, (the. British ones

406 DICOTYLEDONES— CALYCIFLORJZ,

especially) aquatics. Leaves various in insertion. The stamens
and pistils often separated.—1. Hirrouris, p. 1. 9. MYRIOPHYL-
LUM, p. 924. 3. CALLITRICHE, p. 320.

Orv. XXIX. CERATOPHYLLEZE. Moneecious. Peri-
anth single, free, many-parted. Barren fl. Anthers several, ses-
sile, 2-celled, bi-tricuspidate.— Fertile fl. Ovary free, 1-celled.
Style oblique, filiform. Nut with 1 pendulous seed, and crowned
with the hardened stigma. Albumen 0. Embryo with 4
whorled cotyledons. Plumule much divided.—An aquatic Or-
der, comprising one Genus, of doubtful affinity. Lindley placed
it near Urticee, Richard near Conifere, Agardh among Naiades.
Leaves whorled, rigid, with narrow serrated segments.—1. CERA-
TOPHYLLUM, p. 323.

Orv. XXX. LYTHRARIEZ. Calyx of 1 piece, free, per-
sistent, the lobes varying in number, valvate or distant in sesti-
vation, often with intermediate teeth. Petals between the lobes
of the calyx, sometimes 0. Stamens inserted within the tube
of the calyx, equal to or double or triple the number of petals.
Style filiform. Stigma usually capitate. Capsule membranous,
2—4-celled, opening longitudinally or irregularly. Seeds nu-
merous, without albumen, on a central receptacle.— Herbs with
usually opposite leaves, without stipules: flowers axillary or race-
mose or spiked.— Properties astringent. Henna of ZEgypt is ex-
tracted from Lawsonia inermis.—1. LYTHRUM, p. 191. 2. PE-
PLIS, p. 193. ; >

Ord. XXXI. TAMARISCINEJE. Calyx 4—5-parted,
persistent, with an imbricated æstivation. Petals 4—5, from
the base of the calyx. Stamens 4, 5, 8 or 10, free or united by
their filaments. Ovary free. Capsule 3-gonal, 3-valved, 1-
celled, with many comose seeds, on 3 receptacles, at the base
of the cell or along the middle of the valves. Albumen 0.—
Shrubs, with twiggy branches and small scale-like leaves.— Ta-
mariz Gallica and Africana yield sulphate of soda: the former,
or a variety of it, also affords, according to Ehrenberg, the
Manna of Mount Sinai.— Tamarix, p. 86.

(Mrrracræ. Exotic Trees or Shrubs, abounding in the tropics:
Leaves opposite, entire, with pellucid dots and a vein running paralle
tothe margin. The Myrtle Tribe includes Myrtles ; Cloves, Caryo-
phyllus ; Allspice, Eugenia Pimenta ; the Malay and Rose-apples,
Jambosa ; Melaleuca, which yields Cajeput oil, &c.)

On». XXXII. CUCURBITACEZE. Frequently monc-
cious or dicecious. Calyx 5-toothed, the tube adnate with the
ovary. Corolla 5-cleft, often scarcely distinguishable from the
calyx, frequently retieulated. Stamens 5, often more or less
cohering. Anthers tortuose, 2-celled. Ovary 1-celled, with 3
parietal receptacles. Style short. Stigmas lobed, thick, vel-
vety. Fruit fleshy. Seeds flat, in a juicy aril. Embryo flat.

DICOTYLEDONES—CALYCIFLORE. 407

Albumen 0. Cotyledons foliaceous, nerved.— Succulent climbing
plants, with tendrils, frequently scabrous. This Order contains
Cucurbita, the Gourd; Elaterium, a powerful cathartic; Cu-
cumis, the Cucumber, and Melons ; among which are the Colo-
cynth, Bitter- Apples or Bitter Cucumber, C. Colocynthis, and C.
Lagenaria, Bottle- Gourd, Se. ; all abounding in a bitter laxative.
— BRYONIA, p. 323.

(Parayaces, South-American Trees, leafy at the top only, yielding
an acrid milky juice. Leaves lobed, on long stalks. Carica is the
Papaw Tree, which has the singular property of rendering tender the
old and tough meat of hogs, poultry, &c., which are suspended among
the leaves or washed with the juice, a purpose for which it is commonly
employed in the West Indies.)

(PassiFLorEa, Splendid climbing shrubs, abounding in tropical .
America, closely allied to the preceding. To this most extensive genus
the name of Passiflora is given, from a fancied resemblance in the dif-
ferent parts of the plant to the instruments of our Saviour’s Passion.) .

Orv. XXXIII. PORTULACEA. Sepals;2, rarely 3 or
5, cohering by their base. Petals mostly 5, sometimes wanting.
Stamens (as well as the petals) inserted on the base of the
calyx, of uncertain number and often opposite the petals.
Ovary l-celled. Style 1 or 0. Stigmas several. ‘Capsule open-
ing transversely or by 3 valves. Seeds numerous, on a central
receptacle. Albumen farinaceous, surrounded by the curved
Embryo.—Succulent Herbs or Shrubs. Portulaca sativa is the
Purslane.—M owT1IA, p. 20.

- Orp. XXXIV. PARONYCHIEZ. Sepals 5 (rarely 3 or
4), more or less cohering at the base. Petals minute, alternat-
ing with the lobes of the calyx, or 0. Ovary free. Styles 2—5,
Fruit small, dry, 1- (rarely 3-) celled, 1—3 valved, or indehis-
cent. Seeds numerous on a free central receptacle, or solitary
and suspended on a long stalk arising from the base of the cell.
Albumen farinaceous, curved, lateral Small branching herba-
ceous or suffruticose plants, with sessile entire leaves and mem-
branaceous stipules (except in Scleranthus), Flowers sessile,
small.— An Order closely allied in many respects to Caryo-
PHYLLES, as also to AMARANTHACES® and CHENOPODEJE, and
like these two, having frequently a single perianth.—1. CORRI-
GIOLA, p. 86. 2. HERNIARIA, p. 20. 3. ILLECEBRUM, p. 78.
4. POLYCARPON, p. 85. 5. SCLERANTHUS, f. 168.

Orv. XXXV. CRASSULACEJE. Sepals 3—20, more
or less cohering at the base. Petals 3—20, inserted (as well as
the stamens) at the base of the calyx. Stamens as many as
petals, or twice that number and then frequently alternately
shorter and taller. Glands 5, or obsolete. Follicles as many as
petals, 1-celled, tapering into stigmas. Seeds fixed in a double
row to the sutures. Albumen thin.— Herbs or Shrubs, with

408 DICOTYLEDONES-——CALYCIFLORJE.

fleshy leaves, and no stipules.—1. TILLÆA, p.58. 2. CoTYLE-
DON, p. 169, 3. SEMPERVIVUM, p. 191. 4. Sepum, p. 169. 5
RnuopioLA, p. 377. ;

(Cacreæ. Succulent, American, nearly leafless Plants, of grotesque
habit. Cactus, &c., of which the fruit is eaten; some Species nouris
the Cochineal Insect, others bear the most splendid flowers ; one kind,
opening during the night alone, is hence called the Night-flowering
Cactus or Cereus.) `

Ord. XXXVI. GROSSULARIEJE. Calyx 4—5-cleft,
the ¿ube entirely or in part adnate with the ovary. Petals 5;
small, placed at the mouth of the tube alternately with the 5
short stamens. Ovary 1-celled, with two opposite parietal re-
ceptacles. Style cleft. Berry crowned with the remains of the
flower, containing many seeds suspended by long stalks among
the pulp. Albumen horny.—Shrubs, often spiny, of temperate
climates, with alternate lobed leaves. Gooseberry and Currant
Family.— Runes, p. 77.

Orv. XXXVII. SAXIFRAGEZE. Calyx of 4—5 sepals,
or united into a tube which is wholly or in part adnate with the
ovary. Petals 5, or 0. Stamens 5—10. Glandular disk pre-
sent or wanting. Ovary with usually two diverging styles, 2-
celled, with a central receptacle ; or 1-celled, with parietal re-
ceptacles. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds numerous. Albumen fleshy.
— Small, mostly herbaceous plants, frequent in northern and al-
pine regions.—1. SAXIFRAGA, p. 168, 2. CHRYSOSPLENIUM, p
] 68.

Orv. XXXVIII. UMBELLIFERAS. Calyx adherent with
the ovaries, 5-toothed, teeth minute, often obsolete. Corolla of
5, often bifid or obcordate Petals, sometimes very unequal, the
outer ones the largest. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals,
inserted on the under-side of a thick fleshy disk, at the base of
the styles. Styles 9. Stigmas entire. Achenia or Carpels 2;
combined, attached to a central stalked receptacle, separating
when ripe. Seed solitary, pendulous. Embryo minute, in the
base of a horny albumen ; radicle pointing to the hilum.— Herbs.
Leaves alternate, generally compound and embracing the stem
with their sheathing bases.— Flowers in umbels.—This Order con-
tains many poisonous plants, especially such species as grow in
watery places; many esculent and aromatic ones, usually inha-
biting dry situations. Many yield Gum-resins; as the Ferula
Assafætida and Bubon Galbanum.—See Hyprocorye, &c. -
78, et seg., where the Genera are arranged according to their
Natural affinities. i

Orv. XXXIX. ARALIACEÆ. Calyx-tube adnate with
the ovary, entire or cleft. Petals 4, 5, 10, or none. Stamens
equal in number to the petals, or twice as many, from the mar-
gin of an epigynous disk. Ovary 2- or more celled. Styles as

DICOTYLEDONES—CALYCIFLORA. 409

many as cells. Stigmas simple. Fruit fleshy or dry, of seve-
ral l-seeded cells. Seed solitary, pendulous. Albumen fleshy,
with a minute embryo.—Trees, Shrubs, or Herbs, nearly allied
to Umbelliferse.—Panazx affords the Gnseng.—1. Apoxa, p.
157. 2. HEDERA, p. 78.

Orp. XL. CORNEAS. Sepals 4, more or less united and
adnate with the ovary. Petals 4, broad at the base, inserted at
the top of the calyx. Stamens 4, inserted with the petals. Style
filiform. Stigma simple. Drupe with a 2-celled nucleus. Seeds
pendulous, solitary. Albumen fleshy.— Trees or Shrubs, rarely
Herbs. Leaves (except in one species) opposite. Bark tonic.—
^ CORNUS, p. 56.

B. MoNoPETALOUS.

Orv. XLI. LORANTHEUE. Stamens and pistils often se-
parated. Culya-tube adnate with the ovary, bracteated at the
base; its limb entire or lobed. Corolla monopetalous, or of 4—8
petals with a valvate sstivation, Stamens as many as petals
and opposite to them. Ovary 1-celled. Style 1 or none. Stigma
simple. Fruit succulent. Seed solitary, pendulous. Albumen
fleshy.— Parasitical, mostly tropical Shrubs. Leaves entire, gen-
erally opposite, thick and fleshy, without stipules.— Viscum album
is the Misseltoe, from the berries and the bark of which bird-
lime is made. The seed sometimes contains 2 and even 3 Em-
bryos.—1. Viscum, p. 56.

On». XLII. CAPRIFOLIACEZE. Calyz-tube adnate with
the ovary, usually bracteated at the base. Corolla regular or
irregular. Stamens 4—5, alternate with the lobes of the corol-
la. Stigmas 1—9. Fruit generally a berry, 1- or many-celled, 1-
or many-seeded, crowned with the persistent lobes of the calyx.
Albumen fleshy.—Shrubs or Herbs, with opposite leaves ; no sti-
pules.—Bark astringent ; the flowers of Sambucus are purga-
tive.—1. SAMBUCUS, p. 85. 2. VIBURNUM, p. 85. 3. LONICERA,
p. 77. 4. LINNZA, p. 226.

Orb. XLIII. RUBIACEA. A most important Natural
Family, of which those individuals having woody, or shrubby,
rarely herbaceous stems and opposite and stipulated leaves, af-
ford Peruvian Bark, in the various species of Cinchona ; Gam-
beer, in Nauclea; a febrifuge, in Condaminea and Rondeletia ;
powerful emetics, in Psychotria and Cephaelis, especially C. Ipe-
cacuanha, which is the true or Brazilian Ipecacuanha, in Sperma-
coce and Richardsonia. These, together with Coffea, the Coffee-
tree, &c. are confined to hot or warm climates ; whereas we, in our
country, possess only that group with slender, herbaceous, square
stems and whorled leaves, yielding a dye in their roots and called
Stellate by Linnæus and Lindley ; thus characterized, — Calyx

410 DICOTYLEDONES— CALYCIFLORJE,

adherent with the ovary, entire or toothed at the margin. Cor-
olla regular, 4—5-lobed. Stamens 4—5, between the divisions
of the corolla. Ovary 1. Style 2-partite or bifid. Stigma double.
Pericarp 2-celled, 2-seeded. Embryo straight, imbedded in the
axis of a horny albumen. Radicle inferior.—Herbs with whorled
leaves. Flowers axillary and terminal.—1. RUBIA, p.55. 4
GALIUM, p. 55. 3. SHERARDIA, p. 55. 4. AsPERULA, p. 56.

Orv. XLIV. VALERIANE.JE, Calyx-iube adnate with
the ovary, the limb toothed or forming a pappus. Corolla with
3—6 lobes. Ovary with 1 perfect cell and often 2 or 3 abortive
ones, Z"rwit dry, indehiscent. Seed solitary, pendulous.— Leaves
opposite, without stipules—Tonic and bitter Herbs: the roots;
used as Vermifuges, have a powerful scent ; those of Nardosta-
chys Jatamansi constitute the Spikenard of the Ancients.— The
seeds of an allied plant, Valeriana rubra, have been used in for-
mer times for embalming the dead ; and some thus employed in
the 12th century, on being removed from the cere-cloth, in the
19th century, and planted, have vegetated.!— 1. VALERIANA;
p. 12. 2. FEDIA, p. 18. |

Orv. XLV. DIPSACEJE, Calyz-tube adnate with the
ovary, surrounded by a seariose involucre. Corolla with the
limb oblique, with an imbricated xstivation. Stamens 4: an-
thers distinct. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1-celled,
with one pendulous seed, crowned with the pappus-like calyx
Albumen fleshy.—Mostly herbaceous plants, with opposite or
whorled leaves. Flowers pedicellate, collected into a head which is
surrounded by a many-leaved involucre. Nearly allied to the
Composite.—The Fuller's Teasel is the heads, with uncinate
spines, of Dipsacus Fullonum.—1. Dipsacus, p. 55. 2. SCA
BIOSA, p. 99. 3. Knautia, p. 55, -

On». XLVI. COMPOSITZ. Calyx adherent with the
ovary, the limb entire or toothed or mostly expanded into 4
pappus, which crowns the fruit. Corolla regular or irregular
Stamens 5, syngenesious. Ovary 1. Style 1, sheathed by the-
tube of the anthers. Stigmas simple or bifid. Fruit an achenium-
Seed erect, without albumen. Embryo straight. Radicle oppo-
site the Ailum.— Stems, in the British Genera, herbaceous. Leaves
opposite or alternate. Flowers capitate, inserted into a broad re-
ceptacle and surrounded by an involucre.—' Tribe 1. CICHORA-
CEA, (bitter and narcotic, abounding in milky juice). Tra-
GOPOGON, &c. p. 283.—Tribe 2. CINAROCEPHALÆ (bitter
and tonic), ARCTIUM, &c. p. 284, and CENTAUREA, p. 288.—
Tribe 3. CORYMBIFERA, (aromatie, stimulant, containing

1 See, for interesting information, communicated by the Rev. W. Burroughes
on tne subject of the germination of seeds that had been buried in a been
Wymondham Abbey, the Companion to the Botanical Magazine, vol. ii. p. *7**

DICOTYLEDONES— COROLLIFLORJE, 411

bitter principle and essential oil), Bens, &c. p. 285. Tus-
81LAGO, &c. p. 286. XAwTHIUM, p. 829.

Orv. XLVII. CAMPANULACEA. Calyz-tubeadnate with
the ovary, mostly 5-lobed, lobes persistent. Corolla regular or
irregular, mostly 5-lobed, marcescent. Stamens equal in num-
ber with the segments of the corolla, free or more or less com-
bined. Anthers opening longitudinally with 2 cells. Ovary with
2 or more polyspermous cells. Style 1. Stigma simple or lobed.
Fruit dry, opening between the dissepiments. Seeds fixed to a
central receptacle. Albumen fleshy.—Herbaceous or suffruticose.
Leaves mostly alternate, without stipules. Flowers generally blue
or white.— Lactescent and bitter. Lobelia Tupa of Chili is highly
poisonous.— Corolla regular.—1. CAMPANULA, p. 77. 2. Puy-
TEUMA, p. 77. 8. JASIONE, p. 76.— Corolla irregular (LoBEra-
ACE, Juss.).—4. LOBELIA, p. 76. .

Orv. XLVIII. VACCINIEAR. Calyz-tube adnate with the
ovary, the limb with from 4—6 more or less distinct lobes. Co-
rolla lobed as the calyx. Stamens distinct, double the number
of the lobes of the corolla, inserted beneath an epigynous disk.
Anthers with 2 cells, opening by 2 pores and often furnished
with 2 awns. Ovary 4—5-celled, 1 or many-seeded. Style and
stigma simple. Berry with minute seeds. Albumen fleshy.—
Shrubs, with alternate, often coriaceous leaves ; chiefly inhabiting
mountainous situations or high northern latitudes, slightly tonic
and astringent ; the fruit esculent.— V ACCINIUM, p. 156.

SuBcLass III. ConorrréLoRa.

Corolla monopetalous, bearing the stamens, hypogynous (in-
serted upon the receptacle, at the base of the ovary, which is thus
free, not adnate! with the calyx.) .

Orp. XLIX. ERICEA. Calyx of 4 or 5 divisions, per-
sistent. Corolla of 4 or 5 divisions, regular or irregular, almost
hypogynous, generally marcescent. Anthers 2-celled, the cells
separating at the apex or the base, opening by pores and often
appendaged. Ovary surrounded by a disk or scales, many-
celled, many-seeded. Style l. Stigma 1, often lobed. Fruit
a capsule, many-celled, with a central receptacle, many-seeded.
Albumen fleshy.—Shrubs, with opposite or whorled mostly
evergreen and rigid leaves, without stipules. — Many astringent and
diuretic, some poisonous, as Rhododendron and Kalmia.—1.
Erica, p. 156. 2. CALLUNA, p. 156. 3. MENZIESIA, p. 155. 4.
AZALEA, p. 76. 5. ANDROMEDA, p. 167. 6. ARBUTUS, p. 167.

Onp.L. MONOTROPEJR. Calyx 4—5-leaved, persistent.
Corolla regular, deciduous, 4—5-lobed. Stamens 8—10 : an-

1 In Samolus it is half-adnate ; in Pyrola the corolla is sometimes polype-
talous.

412 DICOTYLEDONES— COROLLIFLORJE.

thers 2-celled, opening by pores. Ovary 4—5-celled, many-
seeded. Style single. Stigma generally lobed. Capsule with
a central receptacle. Seeds arilled. Albumen flesh y.—Herba-
ceous or somewhat shrubby, sometimes leafless and parasitical.
(1n Monotropa the anthers open by transverse fissures, and the
corolla is wanting.).— Chimaphila of North America is a pow-
erful diaretic.—1. Pyroua, p. 167. 2. Monotropa, p. 167.

(SrvnaAcEgx. Styraz officinale affords Gum Storaz, and S. Benzoin,
Gum Benzoin.).

(Esenacem. Diospyros Ebenus is the Ebony.)

(Sarorr. Sappodilla and Mamme Sapota, species of Achras, and
the Star Apple, Chrysophyllum, are favourite fruits of the West
Indies.)

Orv. LI. ILICINEZE. Calyx of 4—6 imbricated lobes.
Corolla 4—6-lobed, imbricated in sstivation. Stamens alter-
nate with the segments of the corolla. Ovary with from 2—6
or more cells. Ovules solitary, pendulous from a cup-shape
seed-stalk. Stigma nearly sessile, lobed. Fruit fleshy, with
from 2—6 or more stony seeds. Albumen fleshy.—Trees or
Shrubs. Leaves coriaceous. Flowers small, axillary.—The
Bark and Berries are tonic and astringent. The famous Para-
guay Tea of South America is a species of Holly, Ilex Para-
guensis.—I LEX, p. 57.

Orb. LIT. JASMINEAL (including OLEINEZ). Calyx di-
vided, toothed, persistent. Corolla with from 4—8 divisions,
occasionally 0. Stamens 2. Ovary 2-celled, cells 2- or 1-seed-
ed: ovules erect or pendulous. Fruit a Berry, Drupe or Cap-
sule, separable in two. Seeds with or without albumen.-—'Trees
or Shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple or compound.—The Jas-
mines yield a deliciously fragrant oil. Olive-oil is the expressed
juice of the pericarp (not of the seed) of Olea Europea. Manna
is the concrete juice of Fraxinus rotundifolia and other species
of Ash.—1. LIGUSTRUM, p. 2. 2. FRAXINUS, p. 8. ;

(ASCLEFIADE®. Stems often climbing, mostly milky, abounding in
hot climates, remarkable for the cohesion of the Pollen in definite
masses as in the Orchis Family. Acrid and bitter. Scammony Q
Montpellier is prepared from the roots of Cynanchum Monspeliacum
that of Smyrna from Periploca Scammonis.)

Orv. LIII. APOCYNEZ. Calyx of 5 persistent divisions.
Corolla regular, 5-lobed, deciduous ; @stivation twisted. Stamens

_ 9. Anthers 2-celled. Ovaries 2, 1—2-celled, many-seeded. Styles
2—1. Stigma l. Fruit a Follicle, Capsule, Drupe, or Berry:
Seed albuminose.—Trees or Shrubs, leaves opposite :—without
stipules, often milky ;—an Order, as it were, between Gentianec
and Rubiacew, containing acrid and powerful principles. The
famous Tanghin Poison of Madagascar (see Botanical Miscel-
lany, vol. iii. p. 110, and Botanical Magazine, tab. 2968.) is the
seed of Tanghinia venenifiua. Strychnine is afforded by Strychnos

DICOTYLEDONES—COROLLIFLORE, 413

Nuz-Vomica. The root of the Oleander is poisonous, while the
nearly allied Tabernemontana or Hya-Hya of British Guiana, is
the milk-tree of that country and yields a nutritive fluid like
cream. Urceola elastica affords Caoutchouc. Vinca minor is
bitter and astringent.— VINCA, p. 76.

Orp. LIV. GENTIANEZ. Calyx divided, persistent.
Corolla usually regular and persistent, the limb with an imbri-
cated, twisted sstivation, 4- mostly 5, 6, 8 or 10-lobed. Sta-
mens as many as lobes of the corolla. Ovary 1—2-celled, many-
seeded. Style 1 or 2. Stigmas 1—2. Capsule (or Berry) gener-
ally 2-valved ; the margins of the valves turned inwards and
bearing the seeds, where there is one cell; in the 2-celled genera
the seeds are on a central receptacle. Albumen fleshy.— Mostly
herbaceous, generally glabrous plants, with opposite leaves and
no stipules, eminently bitter and stomachic.—Gentiana lutea is
the Bitter Gentian and affords a spirit much used in Switzerland
and well known under the name of Gentian- Wasser : G. Chirita
is a famous East Indian stomachic.—1l. Exacum, p. 56. 2. Ery-
THREA, p. 75. 3. GENTIANA, p. 78. 4. SWERTIA, p. 78. 5.
CHLORA, p. 155. 6. MENYANTHES, p. 75. 7. VILLARSIA, p. 75.

Orb. LV. POLEMONIACEÆ. Calyx 5-parted, persis-
tent, sometimes irregular. Corolla regular, 5-lobed. Stamens
5, from the tube of the corolla. Ovary single, 3-celled, with
few or many ovules. Style simple. Stigma trifid. Capsule 3-
celled, valves separating from the axis. Embryo straight. Al-
bumen horny.— Herbaceous plants. Leaves simple or compound.
—]. PonEMONIUM, p. 76.

On». LVI. CONVOLVULACEAJR. Calyx of 4—5 divi-
sions, permanent, imbricated, often very unequal. Corolla
regular, deciduous; the limb plaited, 4—5-lobed. Stamens from
the base of the corolla. Ovary with 2—4 cells, seldom 1, some-
times in 2 or 4 divisions, few-seeded. Style 1, often divided,
rarely 2. Disk annular, hypogynous or wanting. Capsule 1—
4-celled, the valves fitting at their edges to the angles of a loose
dissepiment, bearing the seeds at the base, or bursting trans-
versely. Albumen in small quantity, mueilaginous. Hmbryo
curved. Cotyledons plaited.— Herbs or Shrubs, generally climb-
ing, milky and purgative. Scammony is the product of Con-
volvulus Scammonia: Jalep of C. Jalapa. ‘The Sweet Potato,
a most valuable esculent root of the Tropics and warm climates,
is the Convolvulus Batatas. Cuscuta has no leaves, and is
parasitical.——1. CONVOLVULUS, p. 76.. 2. CUSCUTA, p. 78.

On». LVII. BORAGINE. Calyx 5-rarely 4-cleft, per-
sistent. Corolla hypogynous, monopetalous, most frequently
regular, 5-cleft, sometimes 4-cleft, with imbricated estivation.
Stamens inserted into the corolla, alternate with its segments

414 DICOTYLEDONES—COROLLIFLO RJE,

and equal to them in number, rarely more. Ovary 4-partite,
4-seeded ; or simple, 2— 4-celled. Ovules definite, pendulous.
Achenia 4, apart or united at the base, or a 4-celled drupe, or à
berry with 2—4 nuts. Seeds without, or nearly without albu-
men. Radicle superior.—Herbs or Shrubs. Leaves alternate,
without stipules, usually scabrous. Flowers generally in 1-sided,
more or less compound and circinnate spikes or racemes.— he
Boraerneæ are mild, emollient and mucilaginous, sometimes
slightly bitter and narcotic. The roots of several species affor
a red dye.—Ecuium, &c. p. 73.

Orv. LVII. SOLANEUR, Calyx 5- rarely 4-partite, per-
sistent.. Corolla monopetalous, hypogynous, its limb 5-cleft,
equal or somewhat unequal, deciduous, with a plicate wstivation-
Stamens inserted into the corolla, alternate with its segments
and equalling them in number, 1 sometimes abortive. Ovary 1-
2- or 4-celled, many-seeded. Style 1. Stigma obtuse, rarely
lobed. Pericarp 1, 2- or 4-celled; either a capsule, with a
parallel double dissepiment, or a berry, with the receptacles
united to the dissepiments. Seeds numerous. Embryo included
in a fleshy albumen, more or less curved, often out of the axis.
Radicle opposite the hilum.—Herbs or Shrubs. Leaves alternate,
without stipules, sometimes opposite, beneath the flowers. Br.—
Linnzus called this family Lwride, and fancied that their lurid
appearance indicated the dangerous properties, common to many
of them. They are acrid and narcotic, as the Deadly Night-
shade, Mandragora, Henbane, Thorn-apple, Tobacco, &c., whilst
the root of one, when cooked, affords a most important article
of food—the Potato ; and the fruits of the Love-apple, Winter-
cherry, and Capsicum are condiments.— We have, in Britain,
only—1. Darura, p. 75. 2. Hyoscyamus, p. 75. 3. SOLANUM,
p. 79. 4. ATROPA, p. 75.

Orv. LIX. OROBANCHEA. Calyx variously divided,
persistent. Corolla irregular, persistent, with an imbricated
zstivation. Stamens 4, didynamous. Anthers 2-celled, the cells
distinct, parallel, often mucronate, Ovary in a fleshy disk, I-
celled, with 2—4 parietal, many-seeded receptacles, Style l.
Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 9-valved. Seeds very minute. Hm-
bryo at the apex of a fleshy albumen.—H erbaceous, dingy-colour-
ed, somewhat succulent, leafless plants, glandular and scaly, gene-
rally parasitical on the roots of plants.—1. OROBANCHE, f
226. 2. LATHRMA, p. 224.

Orv. LX. SCROPHULARINEE (including MErLAMPY-
RACEJE, Rich.) Calyx 4—5-lobed, persistent. Corolla mono-
petalous, generally irregular, deciduous, with an imbricated æsti-
vation., Stamens 4, didynamous, rarely equal, sometimes 2 or
9. Style 1. Stigma 2-lobed, rarely undivided, Capsule (very

DICOTYLEDONES-—COROLLIFLORJE, 415

seldom a Berry) 2-celled, 2—4-valved, or opening by pores;
the valves entire or bifid, with a dissepiment either double from
the inflexed margins of the valves, or simple, parallel and entire,
or opposite and bipartite. Receptacle of the seeds central, united
to the dissepiment, or eventually separating. Seeds few or
numerous. Ambryo straight, inclosed in the axis of a fleshy
albumen.—Herbs, sometimes Shrubs, usually with opposite leaves.
Br.—In this Order are many powerfully medicinal plants, as
the Hedge-Hyssop, Gratiola; the Foxglove, &c.— With 2 sta-
mens; 1. VERONICA, p. 2.— With 4 didynamous stamens ; 2. BART-
SIA, p. 224. 3. EuPHRAsIA, p. 294. 4. RHINANTHUS, p. 224. 5.
MELAMPYRUM, p. 224. 6. PEDICULARIS, &c. (including Genera
27—33), p. 225.— With 5 stamens; 1. VERBASCUM, p. 75.

Orv. LXI. LABIATA. Calyztubular. Corolla monope-
talous, hypogynous, irregular. Stamens 4, mostly didynamous, 2
sometimes sterile or wanting. Germen 1, deeply 4-lobed, the
style arising from the middle of the lobes. Stigma 2-lobed.
Achenia 4, enclosed in the calyx. Seed solitary, erect. Embryo
erect. Albumen 0.— Leaves opposite. Stems square. Br.—An
extensive and eminently Natural Order, abounding in essential
oil, camphor and bitter extractive; many of the individuals are
therefore employed medicinally.— With 2 stamens; 1, Lyco-
pus, p. 9, and SALVIA, p. 9.— With 4 didynamous stamens ;
MENTHA, &oc., p. 221, et seq.

Orv. LXII. VERBENACREZE. Calyx tubular, persistent.
Corolla monopetalous ; tube elongated; limb irregular, 4—5-
lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous or 2. Ovary 2—4-celled, 2—4-
seeded. Style 1. Stigma bifid or entire. Capsule (indehiscent ?)
or berry with 2—4 nucules. Albumen 0.—Trees or Shrubs or
herbaceous plants. Leaves generally opposite—The Teak of the
East Indies, the timber of which is so extensively employed in
ship-building, is of this Natural Family.—V ERBENA, p. 225.

Orv. LXIII. LENTIBULARIA. Calyx divided. Corolla
irregular, 2-lipped, with a spur. Stamens 2, from the base of
the corolla. Anthers single. Ovary l-celled. Style short. Stig-
‘ma of 2 plaits. Capsule with a large central receptacle, bearing
many seeds, which are very minute, without albumen.— Small,
herbaceous, marsh plants, with undivided and all radical leaves,
or aquatic plants with compound root-like leaves bearing bladders.
—1, PiNGUICULA, p. 9. 2. UTRICULARIA, p. 3.

On». LXIV. PRIMULACEZE. Calyx 5-cleft (wanting in
Glaux). Corolla regular, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, (in Trientalis
about 7), opposite to the lobes of the corolla. Ovary 1-celled,
Style 1. Stigma capitate. Capsule with peltate seeds upon a
free, central receptacle. Embryo transverse, in a fleshy albumen.
— Herbaceous plants, chiefly of the colder and temperate regions.

416 DICOTYLEDONES—MONOCHLAMYDEJE.

—]. ANAGALLIS, p. 74. 2. CYCLAMEN, p. 74. 3. LYSIMACHIA, f*
74. 4. Horronta, v.75, 5. PRIMULA, p. 74. 6. CENTUNCULUS; f
56. 7. TRIENTALIS, p. 155. 8. SaAMoLUs, p. 76. 9. Graux, p. 78

Orv. LXV. PLUMBAGINEJE. Calyx tubular. Corolla
regular (in Statice almost polypetalous). Ovary single. Styles
1—5. Capsule (indehiscent?) 1-seeded. Seed inverted from
the apex of a stalk arising from the base of the cell. Albumen
farinaceous.— Herbaceous or somewhat shrubby plants. Flowers
often capitate or spiked.—StTatice, p. 86.

Orv. LXVI. PLANTAGINEZ. Sometimes monecious-
Calyx with 4 segments. Corolla 4-lobed. Stamens 4, alternate
with the segments of the corolla. Filaments exserted. Ovary
with the style and stigma simple, the latter rarely divided. Cap-
sule opening transversely, 1—2 or 4-celled. Seeds peltate, on the
dissepiments. Embryo in a fleshy or horny albumen.—Slightly

bitter and astringent. Seeds mucilaginous.—1. PLANTAGO, p. 56.

2. LITTORELLA, p. 322.

Supcuass IV. MoNOCHLAMYDEJX.!

Flowers incomplete. Perianth single ; in other words, the Calyx
and Corolla forming but one floral covering ; or altogether wanting-

Div. I. Flowers perfect; i. e. each usually with Stamens and.
Pistil.

Orv. LXVII. AMARANTHACE. Sometimes monc-
cious. Perianth 3—5-leaved. Stamens 3—5, hypogynous, some-
times monadelphous, opposite to the segments of the perianth.
Ovary 1, 1—2-celled, with 1 or few ovules. Style 1 or 0. Stig-
ma simple or compound. Capsule 1-celled. Seeds from a cen-
tral receptacle, often stalked. Embryo curved round a farina-
ceous albumen.— Herbs rarely Shrubs. Leaves without stipules
closely allied in essential character to, but differing in habit from,
the following Order.—Many of the species are used as potherbs-
— AMARANTHUS, p. 323.

Orv. LXVIII. CHENOPODEZE. Sometimes mone-
cious or polygamous. Perianth free, generally deeply 5-lobed.
Stamens mostly 5 (in Salsola 2 or 1). Stamens from the base
of the perianth, and opposite to the segments. Ovary 1, 1-
celled. Style divided, rarely simple. Fruit indehiscent, (some~

times a Berry.) Seed | at the base of the cell. Embryo spiral

or curved round a farinaceous albumen.—Herbs rarely Shrubs,
without stipules. Flowers small, inelegant.— Here likewise are
many potherbs, some are tonic and antispasmodic. The seeds

`- of Chenopodium are employed in the preparation of Shagreen ;

C. Quinao is a most extensively used article of food in Peru;

ln € ] > aL
From woos, one or single, and xAupus, a tunic or covering.

DICOTYLEDONES—MONOCHLAMYDES. 417

C. ambrosioides and C. Botrys-contain an essential oil; C. an-
thelmintica yields Wormseed oil, a powerful vermifuge, as its
name implies; and C. olidum exhales pure Ammonia. Atriplex
hortensis is the Garden Orache; Spinachia, the Spinach; Beta,
the Beet. . All yield carbonate of soda and hence Barilla.
Beet-roots afford the very fine sugar now extensively manufac-
tured in France.—1. CHENOPODIUM, p.85. 2. ATRIPLEX, p.
378. 3. Bera, p. 85. 4. SALSOLA, p. 85. . 5. SALICORNIA, pol.

Orv. LXIX. POLYGONEZJE. Sometimes monocious or
diccious. Perianth free, divided, the segments often in a dou-
ble row. Stamens definite, but varying in number, from the
base of the perianth. Ovary with 2 or more styles or sessile
stigmas. Achenium frequently 3-angular, with one erect seed.
Embryo in a farinaceous albumen, often lateral.— Herbaceous,
rarely shrubby plants with sheathing stipules.—The stems and
leaves are acid and astringent ; the roots,in general, nauseous
and purgative ; while the seeds are very farinaceous and escu-
lent. ‘The True Rhubarb belongs to this Order, and is the
Rheum Emodi of Wallich.—1. Pouyconum, p. 157. 2. Rumex,
p. 136. 3. OXYRIA, p. 136. iced

. (LavniNEX.- The Laurel Family (not the Laurels, so called, of our
gardens) is a most interesting group. . Cinnamon is the product of
Laurus Cinnamomum; Cassia of L. Cassia ; Camphor, (one kind
at least) of L. Camphora : the Avocado or Alligator Pear is L. Per-

‘sea; Laurel-oil of the Orinoco, an essential oil, flows spontaneously
from.the trunk of Laurus ( Ocotea, Willd.) cymbarum of Humboldt.) -
(MyrisricE& ; yielding Nutmegs (Myristica officinalis) and Mace,
which is the arillus of the Nutmeg.) ; ! TJ
Orp. LXX. ELEAGNEZ. Mostly dicecious. ` Barren fi.
somewhat amentaceous. Perianth 4-parted. Stamens 3 or more.
Anthers 2-celled.— Fertile fi. Perianth free, tubular, persistent,
2.—4-toothed. Ovary 1, l-celled. Style short. Stigma glandu-
lar. Fruit crustaceous, enclosed within the fleshy perianth.
Seed solitary, erect. Embryo with a thin fleshy. albumen.—
Trees or Shrubs, with frequently leprous scales, no stipules.—1.
HiPPOoPHAE, p. 351.

On». LX XI. THYMELEZ. Perianth free, tubular, often
coloured, 4—5-cleft. Stamens definite, when equal in number to
the segments of the perianth opposite to them, Ovary 1. Style
1, and stigma 1, undivided. Fruit an achenium, or drupaceous.
Seed 1, pendulous. Albumen none, or thin and fleshy.—Shrubby,
without stipules.— An Order remarkable for the tenacious cha-
racter of the inner bark, which is frequently made into paper,
especially in India. Lace bark is the same substance of Daphne
Lagetto, and is composed of layers of beautifully reticulated
fibres.— Dapune, p. 156.

Orv. LXXII. SANTALACEJ/E. Perianth adnate with
VOL. I. 25

418 DICOTYLEDONES— MONOCHLAMY DEJE,

the ovary ; its limb 4—5-cleft, with valvate sestivation. Sta-
mens 4—5; opposite to the segments of the perianth. Ovary
with from 1—4 ovules, fixed to the top of a central placenta.
Style 1. . Stigma often lobed. Fruit hard, dry and drupaceous;

l-seeded. Albumen fleshy.—Trees or shrubs or herbaceous
plants. Leaves alternate or nearly so, without stipules. Flowers.
small.—The true Sandal-wood of commerce is Santalum album;

that of the Sandwich Islands, Santalum Freycinetianum. As 10
the preceding nearly allied Order of TaymE.e, the bark !5
remarkably tough.—THEsIUM, p. 75. .

Orv. LXXIII. ARISTOLOCHIEZ. Perianth below ad-
nate with the ovary, above free, tubular, with an usually ir-
regularly lobed and often dilated limb. Stamens 6—10 or 1%,
epigynous. Style simple. Stigma rayed. Fruit 3—6-celled,
many-seeded. Albumen fleshy.— Herbs or Shrubs, often climb-
. ing. Leaves alternate. Wood without concentric zones. — Active
emmenagogues.—1. ARISTOLOCHIA, p.312. 2. ASARUM, p. 191.

Div. II. Flowers generally separated ; monccious or dicecious:

(CvriNEZX : in which is Raflesia Arnoldii, the largest known flower
in the world.) RT

(NzPreNTHEJE is represented by the singular genus Nepenthes Ot
Pitcher Plant.) ` ;

Orv. LXXIV. EMPETREZ. Dicecious. Perianth of se-
veral hypogynous scales often arranged in 2 rows: the Stamens
equal in number to their inner row. Ovary free, on a fleshy
disk. -Style 1. Stigma with as many divisions as there are
cells. Fruit fleshy, with 3, 6—9 bony cells. Seeds solitary;
ascending, with albumen.— Small Shrubs, with heath-like leaves;
without stipules, and with small flowers :—of dubious affinity:
—EMPETRUM, p. 350.

Orv. LXXV. EUPHORBIACEUE. Anthers and pistils in
distinct flowers, with a free, 3- or more cleft perianth (some-
times 0).— Barren flowers: stamens | or many. Anthers 2-celled.—
Fertile flowers: ovary 1. Styles 2—3. Stigmas 2—3, 2-lobed
or compound. Capsule elastically opening into 2—3, 1- or 2-
seeded cells. Seeds suspended. Embryo in the axis of a fleshy
albumen. Radicle superior. Cotyledons flat.—Stems herbaceous
or woody. Leaves alternate, opposite or whorled, sometimes none
—Acrid often milky vegetables, yielding food and poison, me-
dicine, dye and caoutchouc or India-rubber. The embryo !5
powerfully acrid and dangerous, the albumen innocuous an*
even eatable. Castor oil is extracted from the albumen of Fier-
nus communis: Cascarilla of Europe is Croton Eleuteria : ol 0
Tiglium is from Croton Tiglium, a drastic purgative : Turnsol,
a valuable dye and a highly acrid and drastic plant, is C. 170-
torium. Jatropha Manihot, a most poisonous plant, affords the

DICOTYLEDONES—MONOCHLAMYDEZ. 419

esculent Cassava. The Caoutchouc of Guiana is the inspissated
juice of Siphonia elastica. Euphorbia officinarum, Antiquorum
and Canariensis give the Euphorbium of the shops.—1. MER-
CURIALIS, p. 352. 2. EUPHORBIA, p. 321. 3. Buxus, p. 322.

Orv. LXXVI. URTICEA (including ARTOCARPEJE.)
Flowers generally moneecious or dicecious, scattered or amenta-
ceous, or aggregated on a fleshy persistent receptacle. Perianth
divided, persistent; or 0. Stamens definite, distinct, opposite
the lobes of the perianth. Anthers curved inward in sstivation
and often opening with elasticity. Ovary free. Ovule solitary,
erect or suspended. Fruit an achenium with 1 seed, often seve-
ral combined and immersed in the persistent fleshy perianths
or upon or within large fleshy receptacles. Embryo with or
without albumen.—Trees, Shrubs, or Herbs, with stipules, often
stinging and sometimes milky ;—affording Hemp in the tenacious
fibre of the inner bark, as in some Nettles, and from the genus
Cannabis; a narcotic bitter from the Hop and Hemp.—The
famous Bread-fruit is Artocarpus incisa and the Jack-fruit, A.
integrifolia. Ficus gives us the luscious Fig in F. Carica, and
Caoutchouc in F. elastica, $c. Contrayerva is a Dorstenia. Morus
alba produces the Mulberry; M. tinctoria, the dye called Fustic.
Broussonetia is the Paper Mulberry. The famous Poison tree
or Upas of Java is Antiaris Toxicodendron. | Galactodendron
(Brosimum, Don) utile is the Cow-tree of South America, from
which flows a milk which is esteemed à most nutritive beverage
by the natives.—1. URTICA, p. 323. 2. PARIETARIA, p. 56. 3.
Humu.vs, p. 351. :

Orp. LXXVII. ULMACEZE. Flowers perfect or polyga-
mous, not in catkins. Perianth campanulate, inferior, often
irregular. Stamens definite, inserted into the base of the peri-
anth, and opposite to its segments, erectinzestivation. Ovary free,
2-celled. Ovules solitary, pendulous. Stigmas 9. Fruit l- or 2-
celled, indehiscent and membranaceous, or drupaceous. Seed soli-
tary, pendulous, without albumen.— Trees or Shrubs, nearly allied
to Urticeæ, with scabrous alternate stipulated leaves.— ULMUS, p. 85.

(PreERAcEZ. Piper nigrum is the Pepper of the shops: P. Betle,
the Betel.)

(Jucranpine&, The Wadllnut- Tree, though cultivated in England,
is not indigenous to this country, but a native of Persia, the Levant and
Caucasus. Carya, a tree peculiar to North America, bears the different
kinds of Hickory and Butter-Nut.)

Orv. LXXVIII. AMENTACEA Flowers moneecious or
diccious, rarely perfect. Barren flowers capitate, or amentaceous.
Stamens inserted upon the scale, frequently monadelphous. An-
thers 2-celled. Fertile flowers fascicled, solitary or in close cat-
kins. Ovary simple, rarely compound. Stigmas 1 or more.
Fruits as many as there are ovules, bony or membranaceous.

420 DICOTYLEDONES— MONOCHLAMYDEJ/E.

Albumen rarely any.—Trees or Shrubs, yielding much of our
best timber: the younger leaves stipuled. Bark astringent.
Cork is the bark of a species of Evergreen Oak ; Galls; excr es-
cences occasioned by the puncture of an insect, are the produce
of Oaks and possess the astringent property in a highly concen"
trated state, the best are from Quercus infectoria of Asia Minor;
Q. Ilex nourishes the Coccus Ilicis or Kermes Insect, which gives 4
scarlet dye, much inferior, however, to Cochineal. The Acorn-
cups of Q. ZEgilops are imported from the Levant, on account ©
their astringent and dyeing properties —Subord. 1. BET ULI-
NEA. .1. BETULA, p. 825. 2. ALNUS, p. 329. — Subord. 2.
SALICINE A. 3. SAL1Ix, p. 350. 4. POPULUS, p. 352,—Subord-
3. CUPULIFER. 5. Fagus, p. 324. 6. CASTANEA, Pp: 325.
7, Quercus, p. 324. 8. CORYLUS, p. 325. 9. CARPINUS; P- 325.
Orv. LXXIX. MYRICEJE. Monccious. or dicecious
amentaceous. Perianth 0.— Barren fl. Stamens 6 or 8. Anthers
2- or 4-celled, opening lengthwise.—Female fi. Ovary 1-celled,
surrounded by hypogynous persistent scales. Stigmas 2. Fruit
drupaceous, often covered with waxy secretions, or dry. See
. solitary, erect. Embryo without albumen.—Shrubs, often aro-
matic with resinous glands and alternate leaves. In Myrica ceriferd
a copious wax exudes from the berries, em ployed for ceconomica
purposes.—Mynrica, p. 351. i

Orv. LXXX. CONIFERÆ. (including Taxtna, Rich-)
Moneecious or Diecious. Barren flowers monandrous or mona-
delphous ; each floret consisting of a single stamen, or of a few
united, collected in a deciduous catkin about a common rachis.
Anthers 2-lobed or many-lobed, bursting outwardly ; often ter-
minated by a crest, which is an unconverted portion of the sc2 4
out of which each stamen is formed: pollen large, usually co™”
pound.—Fertile flowers generally in cones, sometimes solitary:
‘Ovary in the cones spread open and having the appearance ©
aflat.scale destitute of style or stigma, and arising from. the
axil of a membranous bractea; in the solitary flower apparently
wanting. Ovules naked ; in the cones in pairs on the face 9
the ovary, having an inverted position, and consisting of 1 or
membranes open at the apex, and of a nucleus, in the solitary
flower erect. Fruit consisting either.of a solitary naked s66%
or of a cone; the latter formed of the scale-shaped ovaries»
become enlarged and indurated, and occasionally, of the bracteas
also, which are sometimes obliterated, and sometimes exte”
beyond the scales in the form a lobed appendage. Seeds wit
a hard crustaceous integument. Embryo in the midst of a fleshy
and oily albumen, with 2 or many opposite cotyledons. E
radicle next the apex of the seed, and having an organic CO!
nection with the albumen.!—Resinous trees or shrubs, of vast un-

! I have adopted entirely Dr Lindley's character of this remarkable Order:

MONOCOTYLEDONES—PETALOIDEXE. 421

portance, inhabitants of various parts of the world. Leaves linear,
acerose or lanceolate, rigid, entire at the margins or dilated and lobed,
always with parallel veins, sometimes fascicled and sheathing at
the base.—Vrom the Pine (Pinus), Spruce (Abies), and Larch
(Larix), we derive an immense quantity of useful Timber, Tur-
pentine, Pitch, &c. Larix communis yields Venetian Turpentine :
L. Cedrus is the Cedar of Lebanon. Gum Sandarach is supposed
to be the product of 7'huja articulata. The berries of our com-
mon Juniper impart the peculiar flavour to Gin. Cedar pencils
are not made of the real Cedar of Lebanon wood, but of an Ame-
rican Juniper, Juniperus Virginiana.—Tribe I. ABIETINEA.
1. Pinus, p. 325.— Tribe II. CUPRESSINEZE. 2. JUNIPE-
RUS, p. 359.— Tribe III. TAXINEAL. Taxus, p. 352.
(Cvcapnzu. Plants with the habit of Palms, chiefly inhabiting Asia
and southern Africa. One kind of Sago is extracted from Cycas cir-
cinalis.). ii ee T
Crass II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS! or ENDOGENOUS
l PLANTS. T5 HS Ar
Cellular and vascular. Stem with no distinction of Bark,
Wood and Pith, and no medullary rays; increasing in the centre
(thence endogenous), so that the oldest formation is external.
Leaves mostly alternate, often sheathing, generally with parallel
nerves. Flowers usually with a single perianth, the parts mostly
arranged in a ternary manner. Embryo with one cotyledon.
Plumule within the cotyledon ; radicle also included.

ScuBoLass I. PEerarorpgxm. (Orv. LXX XI—XCVII.)

Perianth more or less coloured, the pieces of which it is composed
generally with a ternary arrangement, or wanting and naked (as
in Aroideæ, Pistacez and Naiades.)? |

Div. I. Ovary free, not adnate with the perianth.

Orv. LXXXI. ALISMACEZE. Perianth of 6 pieces, the
3 inner petaloid. Stamens hypogynous. Ovaries several, 1-celled.
Pericarps indehiscent. Seeds solitary, or 2 attached to the suture
at a distance from each other, erect or ascending. Albumen 0.
Embryo curved like a horseshoe, with the same direction as the

whose structure has only recently been fully explained by Brown and Richard,
and which with the Cycadee forms one of the two groups into which Dr
Lindley divides all ** Vascular or Flowering Plants,”—viz. the Angiospermia
and the Gymnospermia. To the latter the2 families in question belong; they
alone possessing really naked ovules. The wood too of the Gymnospermia is
described as having cells with large apparent perforations, to which nothing
similar has been seen elsewhere. In the 2d. ed. of Professor Lindley’s Natural
System of Botany, that author following Richard, has formed a separate or-
der of Taxus and its allies, ** Tazinec."
1 From povos, one or single, and zozuA«2o$, a cotyledon.

2 Thus excluding the Grasses and Cyperaceous Families, where the Stamens
and Pistil are immediately covered by alternate imbricated membranaceous
scales or bracteas, hence glumacéous.

4922 MONOCOTYLEDONES—PETALOIDE,

seed.— Aquatics. Leaves radical on long stalks. 1. ALISMA, P.
137. 2. AcTINocARPUS, p. 187. 3. SAGITTARIA, p. 324.

On». LXXXII. BUTOMEJE. Perianth of 6 pieces, the 3
inner petaloid. Stamens definite or indefinite, hypogynous-
Ovaries 9 or 6, or more, distinct or united. Stigmas as many,
simple. — Follicles several, either distinct and rostrate or unite
into one. Seeds minute, numerous, attached to a reticulated re-
ceptacle, lining the inner surface of the cell Albumen 0.—
Aquatics. Leaves very cellular. Flowers umbellate, handsome.—
Buromus, p. 167.

Orv. LXXXIII. JUNCAGINEA. Perianth uniform,
rarely none, not petaloid. Stamens hypogynous. Ovaries su-
perior. Ovules solitary or two, approximated at the base;
erect. Pericarps indehiscent. Embryo without albumen, having
the same direction as the seed, with a lateral cleft for the
emission of the plumule.—Marsh Herbs with narrow radica
leaves. Flowers spiked or racemed.—1. 'TR1GLocniw, p. 136. 2:
ScHEUCHZERIA, p. 136.

Orp. LXX XIV. AROIDEZE. ( Br.) Flowers spathaceous,
on a spadix; sometimes with the anthers and pistils separated,
and then generally naked; sometimes perfect, with a 4—6,
rarely 3-partite perianth, the latter not petaloid. Stamens very
numerous in those with naked flowers: in the genera with a
perianth usually opposite, and equal in number to the segments
of the latter. Anthers turned outwards. Ovaries free, solitary
or numerous, 1—3-celled, 1 —many-seeded. Ovules erect, some-
times pendulous or parietal. Style (usually) none. Stigma I.
Pericarp indehiscent, baccate or capsular. Embryo in the axis
of a fleshy albumen, with the same direction as the seed, rarely
with a contrary direction, having a cleft on its side for the
emission of the plumule.—Tribe 1. ARInEm. Perianth 0. Fruit
a berry. Spadix spathaceous. Root frequently tuberous. Leaves
sheathing at the base, convolute in estivation, simple or compound,
often cordate and with branching veins. Acrid and poisonous ; but
if the juice is dissipated by heat, or extracted by pressure, the
leaves and roots become esculent; and the fecula of the latter
capable of being converted into excellent bread. Thus the
Caladium esculentum, and its allied species, are abundantly eaten
in warm countries. 1. Anu, p. 924.— Tribe 2. AcoRACE-
Flowers perfect surrounded by a perianth. Spatha? leaflike.

Stamens 6. Fruit a berry. Herbaceous Marsh plants. Leaves
ensiform, equitant. 2. Acorus, p. 136.— Tribe 3. TyPpHINE:
Flowers monacious, surrounded by a perianth. Stam. 3. Fruit
an achenium. Herbaceous Marsh plants. Leaves ensiform with
parallel veins. Spadix without a spatha. 4. TypuHa, p. 321. B.
SPARGANIUM, p. 322. |

MONOCOTYLEDONES—PETALOIDE, 423

Ord. LXXXV. PISTIACEA. Perianth 0. Flowers 2,
enclosed in a spatha. Sterile fl. Stamens definite. Fertile
ji. Ovary l-celled, with 1 or more erect ovules. Style short.
Stigma simple. Fruit membranaceous or capsular, indehiscent,
l- or more-seeded. Seeds with a fungous testa, and a thicken-
ed indurated foramen. Embryo either in the axis of a fleshy
albumen and having a lateral cleft for the emission of the plu-
mule, or at the apex of the nucleus.—Floating frondose plants s
minute and lenticular, or with large lobed fronds.— LiEMNa, p. 3.

Orp. LXXXVI. NAIADES. Flowers perfect or monc-
cious. Perianth of 2 or 4 pieces, rarely wanting. Stamens
definite, hypogynous. Ovaries 1 or more, superior. Stigma
simple. Ovule solitary, pendulous. Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1-
celled, 1-seeded. Seed pendulous. Embryo without albumen,
having a contrary direction to the seed, with a lateral cleft for
the emission of the plumule.—A quatics, with very cellulur leaves
and stems. Flowers inconspicuous, usually spiked.—1. PoTA-
MOGETON, p. 57. 2. ZOSTERA, p. 221. 3, Ruppia, p. 58. 4.
.ZANNICHELLIA, p. 321.

Orv. LXXXVII. SMILACEA. Perianth 6—8 partite or
6-cleft, petaloid, regular. Stamens 3—6 or 8, hypogynous or
perigynous, the 3 opposite the outer segments usually of a dif-
ferent form. Ovary free, 9—4-celled. Cells 1—2 or many-
seeded. Style 1. Stigma tripartite. Fruita berry. — Integu-
ment of the seeds generally membranous. Albumen corneous.—
Stem often leafy. Root not bulbous.— Smilax Sarsaparilla is
the true Sarsaparilla. (Professor Lindley, with much judg-
ment, unites this Order with the 2 following, under the head of
LiLiACEZ.)—]1. Ruscus, p. 851. 2. CoNVALLARIA, p. 134, 3.
Panis, p. 157.

Orp. LXXXVIII. LILIACEZE. Perianth coloured, 6-
partite, or, by the cohesion of the claws of the segments into a
tube, 6-cleft. Stamens 6, perigynous. Ovary free, 3-celled,
many-seeded. Stigma simple or 3-lobed. Capsule with 3 cells. —
Seeds flat, with a spongy, dilated, often winged integument, nei-
ther black, nor erustaceous. Embryo in a fleshy albumen, hav-
ing the same direction as the seed.—Flowers large, usually of
vivid colours, often solitary. Leaves fleshy, cauline ones indis-
tinctly nerved. Roots bulbous.—1. FRITILLARIA, p. 195. 2. Tv-
LIPA, p. 195. !

On». LXXXIX. ASPHODELEZE. Perianth 6-partite,
or 6-cleft, petaloid, regular. Stamens 6, either perigynous or
hypogynous ; the 3 opposite the outer segments either of a dif-
ferent form or absent. Ovary free, 3-celled, 1, 2 or many-
seeded. Stylel. Stigma simple, Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved,
bearing the dissepiment in the middle. — Z»fegument of the seed

424 MONOCOTYLEDONES —PETALOIDE.;E.

black, crustaceous and brittle. Albumen fleshy or cartilaginous.
—Chiefly distinguished from the preceding Order by the black
crustaceous testa of the seed. Most of the family contain a
bitter juice. The root of Scilla maritima affords the Squill of
the shops. Soccotrine Aloes is produced by Aloe Soccotrina ;
Barbadoes Aloes by A. perfoliata. New Zealand Flax is the
fibre from the leaves of Phormium tenax. Gum-Dragon is the
concrete juice of Dracena Draco.—(Bulbous). 1. ALLIUM, P
194. 2. GAGEA, p. 134. 3. ORNrTHOGALUM, p. 134. 4. SCILLA,
p.135. 5. Hyacinraus, p. 135. 6. Muscari, p. 135.—(Not
Bulbous.) 7. ANTHERICUM, p. 135. 8. ASPARAGUS, p. 135.

Orv. XC. MELANTHACEZE. Perianth petaloid, 6-par-
tite or tubular by the cohesion of the claws of the segments,
whicb are often rolled inward before expansion. Stamens 6,
perigynous. Anthers usually turned outwards. Ovary free,
with 3 cells and many seeds. Style partly or entirely: divided
into 3. Stigmas undivided. Capsules separable into 3 valves.
Lntegument of the seeds neither black nor erustaceous, but mem-
branous. Albumen firm, fleshy.— Root sometimes bulbous. Leaves
sheathing at the base, with parallel nerves.—Strongly narcotic,
diuretic and cathartic. Veratrine is from Veratrum Sabadilla.
l. Coucnicum, p. 137. 2. Torrexpia, p. 136.

On». XCI. RESTIACEZ. Flowers glumaceous, 2—6 par-
tite, seldom 0. Stamens hypogynous, 1—6 ; when 2 or 3, in a
4—6 divided perianth, opposite the inner segments of the latter.
Ovary free, with 1 or more cells. Ovules solitary, pendulous.
Fruit capsular or nucumentaceous. Seeds inverted. Embryo
lenticular, within the base of a copious a/bumen.— Herbs (and,
in Eriocaulon, marsh-plants) or under-shrubs.—Leaves simple,
narrow or 0, Stems naked, or more usually with sheaths slit on

one side. Flowers generally monecious, in spikes or heads, and
separated by scales or bracteas.—ERtocauLon, p. 323.

Orv. XCII. JUNCEA. Perianth 6-partite, subglumaceous,
persistent. Stamens 6, inserted into the base of the segments,
or sometimes 3, and then opposite the outer segments. Ovary
free, 1—23-celled, 1—many-seeded, or- 1-celled and 3-seeded.
Style 1. Stigmas usually 3, sometimes 1. Fruit capsular, with.
3 valves, bearing the dissepiment in the middle, rarely closed
and by abortion 1-seeded. Embryo cylindrical, at the base of
a hard fleshy or cartilaginous albumen.—Herbs, mostly with
grassy or subulate leaves, sometimes wanting, and mostly brown and
glumaceous flowers.—1. Juncus, p. 136. 2. LUZULA, p. 136. 3.
NARTHECIUM, p. 135.

(Parwus. The Princes of the Vegetable Kingdom ; many of them
afford the natives of.the country they inhabit, food and drink, and
materials for clothing and dwellings.)

MONOCOTYLEDONES—PETALOIDEJ. = 29

Div. II. Ovary adnate with the tube of the perianth.

Orv. XCIII. HYDROCHARIDEAJR. Limb of the peri-
anth 3—6-parted, the 3 inner segments petaloid. Stamens epigy-
nous. Ovary 1. Stigmas 3, 1 or 6. Berry with one or more
cells. Embryo straight, in a direction contrary to that of the
seed, very rarely with a dilated base.—Aquatics. Leaves radi-
cal, often floating, rarely rigid and submerged. Flowers white.
—]. Hyprocuanris, p. 352. 2. STRATIOTES, p. 210.

XCIV. ORCHIDEJE. Perianth of 6 segments in 2 rows,
mostly coloured ; one, the lowest one (so situated from the
twisting of the ovary) different in form from the rest and often
spurred. Stamens 3, united in a central column, the two lateral
ones usually abortive, sometimes the central one. Anther often -
deciduous, 2—4—8-celled. Pollen powdery or frequently co-
hering in waxy masses. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal recep-
tacles. Style forming part of the column with the stamens.
Stigma a viscid space in front of the column. Capsule (rarely
a berry), 3-valved. Seeds numerous, testa loose, reticulated.
Albumen 0.—Herbaceous plants, frequently, in the terrestrial spe-
cies, with tuberous roots. Many tropical species are epiphytes.
Flowers generally handsome, in spikes or racemes.—The Tubers
of many species afford Salep. The fragrant Vanilla is the
seed-vessel of Vanilla aromatica.—Professor Lindley thus ar-
ranges the British Genera:

* Pollen simple or consisting of granules in a lax state of cohesion.
Tribe I. NEOTTIEZR. 1. Goopyera.’ 2. NEgorTIA. 3. Lis-
TERA.— Tribe II. ARETHUSER. 4. EPrPACTUS. 5. Cor-
ALLORHIZA.
** Pollen cohering in granules, which finally become waxy and
are indefinite in number.

Tribe III. OPHRYDEZE. 6. Orcuts. 7. GYMNADENIA. 8.
HABENARIA. 9. AcERas. 10. Herminium. 11. OPnnvs.

X4 Pollen cohering in grains, which finally become waxy and
are definite in number.
Tribe IV. MALAXIDE. 12. Maraxris. 13. Liparis.
*%%* Lateral anthers fertile, the middle one sterile and petaloid.
"Tribe VIII. CYPRIPEDIEA. 14. CyPRIPEDIUM.
All the above Genera will be found at p. 311.

(ScrramiNem. Aromatic, herbaceous, tropical Plants. The roots and
seeds are employed as condiments, and in the Materia Medica. Car-
damoms are the produce of Amomum, Ginger of Zinziber, Zedoary of

Curcuma, Turmeric of Kempferia.) - yitar
(Marantacræ. Maranta arundinacea yields Arrow-root.)
(Musaceæ. The Banana and Plantain Family.)

426 MONOCOTYLEDONES——GRAMINEJE.

(BnowELrAcEG. This Order includes the Pine Apple (Bromelia)
and the great American Aloe, Agave, from which cordage and a vinous
spirit are prepared. ) -

Orv. XCV. IRIDE/E. Limb of the perianth 6-cleft, or 6-
partite; sometimes irregular. Stamens 3, inserted into the
base of the outer segments. Filaments sometimes united. An-
thers fixed by their base, turned outwards. Ovary 3-celled,
many-seeded. Style 1. Stigmas 3, lamellated, or dilated into
the form of petals, rarely 2-lipped, sometimes 1. Stigma ob-
scurely 3-lobed. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved: valves bearing
the dissepiments in the middle. Seeds round, hard. Albumen
horny or firmly fleshy. Embryo with the same direction as the
seed.— Herbs, rarely under-shrubs. Leaves equitant (except in
Crocus). Flowers spathaceous, sometimes partly subterranean.—
Orris-root is from Iris Florentina.—1. Iris, p. 18. 2. TRicHO-
NEMA, p. 13. 8. Crocus, p. 13.

` Orv. XCVI. AMARYLLIDEZ. Limb of the perianth
coloured, 6-partite or 6-cleft. Stamens 6, inserted at the bot-
tom of the segments, sometimes united by a membrane. Anthers
opening inwards. Ovary 3-celled ; the cells many-seeded, or 1n
those whose fruit is fleshy, 1—2-seeded. Style l. Stigma 3-lobed.
Fruit capsular; either dry with 3 valves, 3 cells, bearing the
dissepiments in the middle and many seeds; or fleshy with 1—3
seeds. Integument of the seed not crustaceous. Embryo straight,
in the axis of a fleshy albumen, having the same direction as
the seed.—Flowers large, generally of abright colour. Leaves
fleshy, indistinctly nerved, all radical. Roots bulbous.—1. NAR-
Cissus, p. 184. 2. GALANTHUS, p. 134. 3. Leucosum, p. 134.

Orv. XCVII. DIOSCOREJR. Diecious. Limb of the peri-
anth with 6 divisions. Sterile fl. Stamens 6 from the base 0
the perianth. Fertile fl. Ovary 9-celled ; cells 1— 9-seeded-
Style deeply trifid. Stigmas undivided. Fruit dry and flat, with
2 of its cells frequently abortive, or baccate (in Tamus). Em-
bryo small, near the hilum, lying in a large cavity of cartilaginous
albumen.— Mostly twining and tropical shrubs. Leaves with rett-
culated veins. Flowers. small, bracteated.— Dioscorea sativa affords
the well known Yam.—'TAwvs, p. 351.

SuancLAss II. Guumacem.

- Flowers destitute of true perianth (unless the bristles in some
Cyperacez or the curious urceolate covering to the ovary ™
Carex can be considered such), but enclosed within imbricate
alternate chaffy scales or bracteas.

Orv. XCVII. GRAMINEAE. Glume, (calyx, L.) i or
many-flowered, mostly of 2 valves, rarely of 1, or wanting.
Perianth (corolla, L.) glumaceous, 1—2-valved. Stamens hy-
pogynous. Anthers versatile. Ovary superior, with 1 ovule

ACOTYLEDONES—MUSCI. 427

Styles 2, rarely 1 or 8. Stigmas often plumose. Pericarp gene-
rally forming one body with the seed. Embryo lateral, on one
side at the base of the farinaceous albumen.—Stems or culms
Jistulose, generally simple and herbaceous, jointed, sometimes branch-
ed, rarely shrubby. Leaves one to each joint, with a sheath slit
longitudinally on one side, having a membranous appendage (ligule)
at its summit. Flowers small, panicled or spiked.— A most natural
Order, and one of the highest importance in the whole Vegetable
Kingdom, comprehending the true Grasses.—l. ANTHOxAN-
THUM, p. 12. 2. NAnDvus, p. 14. 3. ALOPECURUS, p. 19, et seg.,

Orv. XCIX. CYPERACEZE. Flowers frequently monc-
cious, subtended by a chaffy scale (glume). Perianth 0, or com-
posed of bristles, rarely a membrane (as in Carex). Stamens
hypogynous, generally 8. Anthers fixed by their base. Ovary
superior, with one erect ovule. Style single, generally trifid,
rarely bifid. Stigmas entire. Achenium crustaceous or bony.
Embryo lenticular, enclosed in the base of a copious albumen.
—Stems often angular, frequently without joints. Leaves with
entire sheaths. Scales of the flowers arranged in spikes, the lower
ones often sterile. l. CYPERUS, p. 13. 2. CLADIUM, p. 4. 3.
Scue@nus, p. 13. 4. Rayncnospora, p. 13. 5. SCIRPUS, p. 14.
6. Buysmus, p.14. 7. Eveocnaris, p. 14. 8. ERIOPHORUM,
p. 14, 9. ELYNA, p. 322. 10. CAREX, p. 322.

Crass III. ACOTYLEDONOUS,! or CELLULAR PLANTS.

. Whole plant with a cellular structure, (except in the P’ilices,
which have tubular vessels among the cells and hence approach
the 2d Class.) There are no real flowers, nothing that can be
considered as Stamen and Pistil. 'The Seeds or Organs of
reproduction are without any distinct embryo, consequently
without any cotyledon.— This Class corresponds with the 24th,
CrypToGamiA, in the Linnean System. :

Orp. C. FILICES, see p. 379, and for the Sub-Order
LcoPoDIACE, see p. 881: for the Sub-Order MansiLEACEA,
see p. 382: for the Sub-Order EQuisETACEX, see p. 382,

Orv. CI. MUSCI. Fructification of 2 kinds; anthers, so
called, concealed among leaves ; and capsules, in an early stage
covered with a calyptra, which generally bursts regularly and
transversely at the base, and rises up with the mostly pedun-
culated and operculated capsule. The operculum or lid, is de-
ciduous in most instances. Mouth of the capsule naked or fur-
nished with a single or double fringe or peristome ; containing
seeds, surrounding a columella, (except in some Prasca) enclos-
ed in a seminal bag, destitute of spiral filaments.— Pants of
small size, of a more or less compactly cellular structure, readily

! From e, without, and zezvAs3ov, a cotyledon.

428 ACOTYLEDONES—LICHENES.

reviving by the application of moisture after being dry; bear-
ing leaves which are very rarely indeed divided, often nerved,
entire or toothed and serrated at the margin.—
Sect. I. Seta or Fruitstalk terminal. ACROCARPI.
Subsect. I. Lid adhering to the mouth of the capsule, which
is destitute of peristome. ASTOMI.—Awxnpnza. PHAS-
. CUM, &c. vol. ii. p. 2.*
Subsect. II. Zid deciduous; mouth of the capsule naked.

GYMNOSTOMI.—Spuaenum. GyMNosTOMUM, &c.,
vol. ii. p. 2.*

Subsect. III. Lid deciduous ; mouth of the capsule furnished
with a peristome. PERISTOMI.

Div. I. Peristome simple. APLOPERISTOMI.—
TETRAPHIS. SPLACHNUM. ENCALYPTA. WEISSIA-
. GRIMMIA. DicRANUM. POLYTRICHUM, &c., vol. ii.
75 Diy. II.. Peristome double. DIPLOPERISTOMI.—
Funaria. ORTHOTRIHCUM. Bryum. DARTRAMIA:
Buxpaumia, vol. ii. p. 3.* —

Secr. II. Seta or Fruit-stalk lateral, PLEUROCARPI.
Subsect. I. Mouth of the Capsule naked. GYMNOSTO-
MI.—HeEpwiaia, vol, ii. p. 4.*

Subsect. IT. Mouth of the Capsule furnished with a Peri-
stome. PERISTOMI.

Div. I. Peristome single. APLOPERISTOMI.—
PrERocoNIuM. LEUCODON, &c., vol. ii. p. 4.*

Div. II. Peristome double DIPLOPERISTOMI.
—DALTONIA. FONTINALIS. NECKERA. HooKERIA.
Hypnum, &e., vol. ii. p. 4.*

Orv. CII. HEPATICZK. Fructification mostly of 2 kinds ;
consisting of very minute, rounded, reticulated bodies, often
called anthers ; and capsules, in an early stage covered with a
calyptra and surrounded by a perianth, at length bursting the
calyptra irregularly and (usually) opening from the extremity
into 2 or more equal valves, without an operculum, 1-celled,
containing numerous seeds and spirally twisted filaments.—JMi-
nute plants, frondose or foliose ; mostly loosely cellular, reviv-
ing, when dried, by the application of moisture.—In this Order
we have the extensive genus JUNGERMANNIA and the highly
curious one, MARCHANTIA, &c., vol. ii. p. 98.

On». CIII. LICHENES. Thallus (or frond) polymorphous,
without root, perennial, abounding in excessively minute bodies
for the purpose of propagation, either imbedded in the substance

ACOTYLEDONES—ALGE. . . j 429

or scattered upon its surface, or included in peculiar organs
which are considered the fruit or apothecia. The Lichens have
an affinity on the one hand with the Alge, and on the other
with the Fungi. Sometimes they are formed of a simple pul-
vernlent crust or frond ; sometimes they are membranous, cori-
aceous, gelatinous, lobed and variously branched, at all times
destitute of leaves. They present various colours, not unfre-
quently tending to green. In this extensive Order there are
` many useful and curious plants. The species of the Genus
Gyropitora constitute the Tripe de Roche of the Canadian
Hunters. The Genus OpreGRAPHA not inaptly resembles
written characters in its fructification. Lecanora yields the
Perelle (L. Perellus) of the French, and the Cudbear (Z. Tar-
tarea); RoocELLA, the Archil (X. tinctoria), so important to
the Dyer. PaRMELIA omphalodes and P. saxatilis are used
for the same purpose by the peasantry of Scotland. In Crapo-
NIA we have the Rein-deer moss, as it is erroneously called (C.
rangiferina), and in CETRARIA, the Iceland moss (C. Islandica).
— For the divisional characters of this extensive family, see vol.
ii. p. 131.

Orv. CIV. CHARACEJE. Fructification of 2 kinds.—1.
Capsules (?) axillary, solitary, sessile, oval, spirally twisted,
invested with a pellucid membrane and crowned with 5 lobes,
containing very minute seeds. 2. Globules of a reddish or orange
colour, surrounded by a pellucid covering, at length opening

into 8 or 4 valves (8, Wilson) and containing a mass of very
minute filaments.— Aquatic Plants, with pellucid filiform stems,
which are sometimes coated with a caleareous crust, and whorled
branches. When destitute of this crust and examined witha good
power of the microscope, a movement of 2 spiral liquid currents
is distinctly observable, the one ascending, the other descend-
ing, yet circulating in the same tube without any partition which
can separate them. The fruit of this genus is often fossilized in
chalk, and known under the name of Gyrogonites. This Order
contains the Genus CHARA, which Sir J. E. Smith places in the
Class MoNANDRIA of the artificial arrangement. See vol. ii.
p. 242. i

Orv. CV. ALGÆ. Vegetables, for the most part aquatic,
destitute of roots, or furnished only with a fibrous or scutate
base for the purpose of attachment, not of nourishment, whose
fronds are either gelatinous, filamentose or coriaceous, having,
for fructification, seeds or sporules, either imbedded in tubercles
or processes arising from the frond, or immersed or more or less
scattered on the surface.—Many of them float in the water.

They are subpellucid, often beautifully cellular, their colour.

frequently green, brownish, bright-red or pink. After having
been kept dry fora considerable length of time, they will revive

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430 ACOTYLEDONES—FUNGI,

on immersion in water: but that portion of the plant only im-
bibes the fluid which is covered by it.—

Div. I. INARTICULATJUE. — Foliaceous, spreading or Jiliform,
inarticulate (or rarely and only apparently jointed), vol. ii. p.
250).—SARGASSUM, a genus found floating upon some seas in
such abundance as to impede the progress of vessels. Fucus.
F. nodosus, F. vesiculosus, F, serratus, and F. loreus, are of
great importance in the manufacture of Kelp. ÅLARIA es-
culenta, and LAMINARIA saccharina are frequently eaten upon
our northern shores and in other countries. DELESSERIA,
NrroPHvLLUM and others of the Ist Tribe FLOoRIDEZEX, are re-
markable for their delicate texture and bright red or rose colours.
RHODOMENIA palmata is the true Dulse; Intoma edulis is the
Pepper Dulse. Many, if not all of the Fvcorpg;E contain Zodine
in a state of hydriodate of Potash or Soda, and there is a large
establishment in Glasgow where it is prepared. ULva latis-
sima and U. Lactuca are eaten under the name of Laver.

Div. II. Conrervoipex. Filamentous, really or apparently

articulated, destitute of definite gelatine. To this division belong

the extensive genus CoNrERVA, the singular OsciLLATORUE,
inhabitants of fresh-water; and the beautiful genera Porvsi-
PHONIA, CERAMIUM, GRIFFITHSIA, &c., peculiar to the sea.—
vol. ii. p. 259.

Div. III. GuorochapEs. Plants consisting of numerous glo-
bules or filaments, invested with a definite gelatine and forming
globose or filiform fronds. The Red-snow of arctic navigators is
Protococcus nivalis.— MEsoauotra, EcHINELLA, Nosroc, &c. vol.
ii. p. 261.

Div. IV. Diaromacem. A curious but minute tribe, perhaps
of animal rather than vegetable structure :—composed of compressed
angular granules ( frustula) arranged in parallel series or circles,
eventually separating from each other.—FRAGILARIA. DIA TOMA.
CYMBELLA, &c. vol. ii. p. 262.

On». CVI. FUNGI. The lowest in the scale of vegetables,
yet very variable in appearance; growing upon the ground, or
parasitic on other vegetable substances ; rarely, if ever, aquatic,
and scarcely ever green : filamentous, gelatinous, corky, coria-
ceous, fleshy or membranaceous. In the larger sense of the
word, the whole plant may be considered as fructification ; since,
distinct from it, there is no true stem ; there are no branches ;
noleaves. After being once dried, they do not revive by the
application of moisture like the greater number of plants in this
Class; and generally speaking, they are of a very short dura-
tion, soon decaying, and frequently becoming putrid in decay.
Some are F/eshy Fungi, bearing seeds or sporules, externally.—
AGARICUS.—A. muscarius 3 pileus orange-red or brown, at

ACOTYLDEDONES—FUNGI. 431

length nearly plane, the warts, gills and stipes white, stipes an-
nulate. Frequent in woods, where it is conspicuous by its
bright colour. Said to be poisonous.—A. campestris, the true
Mushroom ; distinguishable, by the purplish-brown colour of its
gills, from many other species that are esteemed at our, tables,
and from many that are known to be poisonous.—MEnRULIUS
cantharellus is abundantly eaten upon the continent, as well as
in England: M. lachrymans produces the dry-rot in timber.
Borxrus fomentarius forms Amadou, or German tinder. Mon-
CHELLA esculenta is the Morell. Several species of Ru1zomor-
PHA insinuate themselves between the bark and wood of trees,
and hasten the decay of the timber.—Some have the seeds or
sporules internal. SPHÆRIA, &e—UrReEpo. Of this genus there
are two destructive species: 1. U. Segetum ; a black dust, re-
siding within the fruit or glumes of grasses, especially of Wheat,

` Barley, and Oats ; thus destroying the kernel and doing vast |.

injury to our crops, converting the part affected into a black
powder, and known by the name of brand, dust-brand, smut,
burnt-corn. This kindhas no particular scent.—2. U. Caries, D C.;
a brownish-black dust, consisting of larger grains than the last,
and filling the kernel itself of wheat, &c. with a fetid greasy
powder. Far more injurious than the last, and not externally
conspicuous, but causing the seed to swell, and thus to look
diseased. In thrashing, the breaking of these grains affects the
whole mass. This is known to farmers, as balls, bladder- or
pepper-brand, stinking-brand.—Puccinia: P. graminis, Pers.;
forming long blackish-brown parallel lines on the stem and
leaves of the Grass-tribe. It constitutes the blight, mildew, and
rust in corn. ZÉcidium Berberidis is the Barberry Blight. The
Ergot of Rye, Spermoidia Clavus, is considered by some a Fun-
gus. In the same group of Fungi are found the Mucors or
mould of cheese, &e. the Tubers or Truffles, Puff-balls, and the
curious genera GEASTRUM and PuarLus.—8See Vol. 2. P. I.,
where all the British Fungi are described.

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TAB. I.

Fig. 1. ATHoxANTHUM.—a. Flower. b. The same from which
the calyx is removed, showing the outer awned corolla. c.
The inner awnless corolla.

Fig. 2. Narpus.—a. Two-valved corolla, destitute of calyx.
6. Pistil, with its single style.

Fig. 3. ALorgcuRUs.—a. Flower with its two-valved calyx. b.
Corolla of 1 valve with its awn.

Fig. 4. Praranis.—a. Calyx. b. Corolla, with the 2 valves of
other imperfect florets.

Fig. 5. AMmopuita.—a. Flower. b. Corolla, with the tuft of
hairs at the base.

Fig. 6. PurEUM.—a. Calyx. b. Corolla.

Fig. 7. LAcunus.—a. Calyx. b. Corolla.

Fig. 8. Minivw.— a. Floret. b. Corolla.

Fig. 9. GAsrRIDIUM.— Calyx, swollen at the base. b. Corolla.

Fig. 10. Stipa.—a. Flower, with the very long twisted awn
terminating the corolla. b. Calyx. c. Corolla: the long awn
being cut away. -

Fig. 11. Ponypocon.—a. Calyx. b. Corolla.

Fig. 12. CAnAMAGRosTIs.—2. Flower. b. Corolla, surrounded
by hairs at the base.

Fig. 13. Aerostis.—a. Calyx. b. Corolla.

Fig. 14. CaraBrosa.—a. Spikelet. b. Corolla.

Fig. 15. Arra.—a. Spikelet. b. Corolla.

Fig. 16. Merrca.—a. Spikelet. b. Two florets from the calyx,
with the rudiment of a third floret between them.

Fig. 17. Horcus.—a. Calyx. b. Two florets from the calyx;
the upper one with stamens only and awned; the lower
one perfect and awnless.

Fig. 18. ARRHENATHERUM.—a. Spikelet, with 2 florets, the
lowest floret with stamens only, and a long twisted awn;
the upper (shown separately at b.) perfect, with a short .
straight awn,

Fig. 19. HieRocnror.—a. Calyx. b. The 3 florets, of which the
two lateral ones have 3 perfect stamens and pistil only ;
the middle one perfect, diandrous.

Fig. 20. SEstERIA.—a. Spikelet. b. Corolla.

Fig. 21. PAxrcUM.—a. Unequal calyx with the neutral floret.
b. fertile florets.

Fig. 22. SETARIA.—aG. Bristly involucre with the spikelets. b.
Unequal calyx, with the neutral floret. c. Perfect floret.

Fig. 23. Poa.—a. Spikelet. b. Floret. -

Fig. 24. TTh1oD1A.— o. Spikelet. b. Corolla.

MEALS N

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Fig. 25. Briza.—a. Spikelet. b. Floret.
- 26. DacTYvLIs.—a. Spikelet. b. Floret.
. 27, Cynosurus.—a. Spikelet, with the pectinated invo-
lucre. b. Floret.
ig. 28. FesTUCA.—a. Spikelet. 5. Floret.
. 29. Bromus.—a. Spikelet. 5. Floret.
ig. 90. Avena.—a. Spikelet. b. Floret.
ig. 31. AnuNDO.—a. Spikelet. b. Floret.
ig. 32. ErvMus.—a. Spikelet. b. Floret.
ig. 33. HonpEuM.—a. Three calyces, lateral, each with a
single floret. 6. One of the lateral florets. c. Central (per-
fect) one.
ig. 94. TRITICUM.—a. Two Spikelets. b. Floret.
ig. 95. Bracnypopium.—a. Spikelet. b. Floret.
- 36. Lotium.—a. Spikelet with the single-valved calyx.
b. Floret. ;
ig. 37. ROTTBOLLIA.—a. Spikelet on the rachis, with the late-
ral valves. b. Floret. :
Fig. 38. Knappra.—a. Flower. b. Corolla.
Fig. 39. Spartina.—a. Flower. b. Corolla. c. Pistil.
Fig 40. Cynopon.—a. Portion of a spike. b. Flower.
Fig. 41. Diarranta.—a. Calyx. b. Corolla.

Fig. 42. Pistil of a grass with its hypogynous scales. 6. Portion
; of the stem of a grass with the ligule upon the leaf, and
the sheath slit on one side. c—g. Examples of the inflo-
rescence of Grasses. c. Spiked panicle as in Anthoxanthum.
d. Panicle as in Briza minor. e. Compound spike, the spike-
lets distichous, as in Lolium perenne. f. Compound spike,
the spikelets imbricated on all sides, as in Triticum crista-
tum. g. Spike unilateral, or with the flowers pointing one
way, as in Spartina stricta.

a

Hlynuts.
Lolium. `
Cynodon.

DY ee ET A TUN ‘i
=D> A Re

Sty podium.
Spartina

Arundo .

DTAC.

Knappid.

Rolbollia.

Braves.

SE M — Á—Qa—RÓÜ

——€—— €—

TR estat

TAB. III.

Fig. 1. a. Fruit of HypRocoTvLE.—. Transverse section of the
same.

Fig. 2. SANICULA.—a. Sterile flower. b. Fruit.

Fig. 3. Eryneium.—a. Petal. b. Flower with a 3-cleft scale at
its base. c. Fruit.

Fig. 4. Conrum.—a, Petal. b. Fruit. c. Transverse section of do.

Fig. 5. a. Fruit of PuvsosPERMUM.—À. Transverse sect.

Fig. 6.a. — Smvyrnium.—b. Transverse sect.

Fig.7.a. — QroumA.——b. Transverse sect.

Fig. 8. Aprum.—a. Petal. b. Fruit. c. Transverse sect.

Fig. 9. a. Fruit of PETROsELINUM.—. Transverse sect.

Fig. 10. Trin1a.—a. Sterile fl. b. Fruit. c. Transverse sect.

Fig. 12. a. Fruit of Sison.—d. Transverse sect.

Fig. 13. a. AXicoropium.—b. Transverse sect.

Fig. 14. a ©- Carum.—b. Transverse sect.

Fig. 15. a Bun1UM.—b. Transverse sect.

Fig. 16. PruPINELLA.—À. Transverse sect.

Fig. 17. Stum.—a. Petal. b. Fruit. c. Transverse section of a
single carpel.

Fig. 18. a. Fruit of BUPLEURUM.—b. Transverse sect.

Fig. 19. a... — . GEvaNTHE.—Ó. Transverse sect.

Fig. 20. Ærausa.—a. Petal. b. Fruit. c. Transverse sect.

2
Sarnicila.

Petroselinui.
p——— ———

Cnanthe. Aethusa.

Fig.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.
Fig.

TAB. IV.

l. a. Fruit of Fanicutum.—b. Transverse section of the
same.

8 un ^J SESELI.—b. Transverse sect.

3. a. Lieustrcum.—b. Transverse sect.

4. a. SrLAUs.—b. Transverse sect.

D. dh Meum.—0. Transverse sect.

6. a. CniTHMUM.—bD. Transverse sect.

7. a. ANGELICA.—Ó. Transverse sect.

S PEUCEDANUM.—b. Transverse sect.

9. a: : Pastinaca.—b. Transverse sect.

10. a. Heracieum.—d, Transverse sect. of a single
carpel.

LEGGE . TonDvYLiUM.—b.transverse section of asingle
carpel.

12. Transverse section of a single carpel of Daucus.

13. Do. do. of CAUCALIS.
14. Do. do. of Tonirrs.

15. Fruit of EcurxoPHona, with its curious prickly recep-
tacle,

16. a. — Scanpix.—b. Transverse section of a single
carpel.

17.a.b. — ANTHRIscUs.—c. Transverse sect.

18. a. — CHÆROPHYLLUM.—b. Transverse sect.

19. a. — Myrruis.—b. Transverse sect.

20. a. — CORIANDRUM.—b. Transverse sect.

CESARI UC

ES ees

3

Anthriscts. | Myrrhis
-e.~ -i os : z Aud

ALPHABETICAL LATIN INDEX

GENERIC AND SPECIFIC NAMES, THE SYNONYMS OF LINNZEUS AND OF

TO THE

SIR J. E. SMITH'S ENGLISH FLORA AND ENGLISH BOTANY.:

Acer, L.
Pseudo-platanus, L.
campestre, L.

ACERAs, Br.
anthropophora, Br.

ACERINEZE,

ACHILLEA, jos
Millefolium, L.
Ptarmica, L.
serrata, Retz?
tomentosa, L.

Acinos, Moench,
vulgaris, Pers,

Aconitum, L.
Napellus, L.

Acorvus, L.

Calamus, L.

Acrostichum Ilvense, L,
septentrionale, L. .

AcTZEA, L. 2
spicata, L. :

ACTINOCARPUS, Br. .
Damasonium, Pr.

ADIANTUM, L. 5
Capillus Veneris, L.

ADONIS, L. ;
autumnalis, L.

` ADOXA, L. :
moschatellina, L.

JEcoPoDiUuM, L,

Podagraria, L.
` Æruusa, L.
Cynapium, L.

AGuimonia, L.
Eupatorium, L.

_AGrosTemMa, L.
Githago, L.

AGROSTIS, L.
alba,
canina, L.
littoralis, Sm.
minima,
panicea, Sm.
setacea, Curt.
Spica-venti, L.
stolonifera, L.
vulgaris, With.

Aira, L
alpina, L.
aquatica, L.
cæspitosa, L.
canescens, L.
caryophyllea,
cristata,
flexuosa, L.
levigata, Sm.
præcox, L.

AJUGA, L.
alpina, L.
Chamæpitys, Sm.
pyramidalis, L
reptans,

ALCHEMILLA, L.

Page

- alpina, L.
arvensis, Sm.
vulgaris, L

ALISMA, L.
Damasonium, Ia.
natans,
Plantago, L. s
ranunculoides, L. .
repens, $m.

ALISMACE,

ALLIUM, L. A
Ampeloprasum, L,
arenarium, -
carinatum, L.
oleraceum, L. ;
Schoenoprasum, L.
spherocephalum, L.
ursinum, 3
vineale, L.

ALNUS, Tourn.
glutinosa, Gert,

ALOPECURUS, L.
agrestis, L.
alpinus, Sm,
bulbosus, L.
fulvus, Sm.
geniculatus, L.
pratensis, L.

Alsine media, L.

ALTHEA, L.
hirsuta, L.
officinalis, L.'

Alyssum maritimum, Sm. E

minimum, L.
AMARA CNTÉH ACEJR,
AMARANTHUS, L.

Blitum, L.
AMARYLLIDEJE,
AMENTACEX, f
AMMOPHILA, Host, .

arundinacea, Host,

-ANAGALLIS, L.

arvensis, L.
cerulea, Sm.
tenella, L.
Ancuusa, L.
officinalis, L.
sempervirens, L.
ANDROMEDA, L.
polifolia, L.
ANEMONE, L.
Apennina, L.
nemorosa, L.
Pulsatilla, L.
ranunculoides, L. .
Anethum Feeniculum, L.
ANGELICA, L. :

Archangelica, L.
sylvestris, L.
ANTH EMIS, L.
arvensis, L.
Cotula, L.
maritima, L.

nobilis, L. v
tinctoria, L.
Antennaria hyper borea,
Don,
ANTHERICUM, L.
calyculatum, L.
serotinum, L. |
ANTHOXANTHUM, L.
odoratum, L.
ANTHRISCUS, Pers.
Cerefolium, Koch,
sylvestris, Koch,
vulgaris, Pers.
ANTHYLLIS, L.
Vulneraria, L.
ANTIRRHINUM, L.
Cymbalaria,
Elatine, L.
Linaria, L.
majus, L.
Orontium, L.
repens, L.
spurium, L.
APOCYNEJE,
APARGIA, Schreb.
autuinnalis, Willd,
hirta, Sm. R
hispida, Willd.
Taraxaci, Willd.
Aphanes arvensis, L, .
APIUM, L
graveolens, L.
Petroselinum, L.
AQUILEGIA, L.
vulgaris, L.
ARABIS, L.
ciliata, Br.
hirsuta, Br.
hispida, Sm.
petræa, DC.
stricta, Huds.
thaliana, L.
Turrita, L.
ARALIACEZ,
ARBUTUS, L.
alpina, L.
Unedo, L.
Uva-ursi, L.
ARCTIUM, L.
Bardana, Sm.
Lappa, L.
ARENARIA, L.
ciliata, L.
fastigiata, Sm.
marina, Œd.
Norvegica, Gunn.
peploides, L.
rubella, Hook.
rubra, L.
serpyllifolia, L.
tenuifolia, L
trinervis, L.
verna, L.

434

ARISTOLOCHIA, L, .
. Clematitis, L.
ARISTOLOCHIER,

ARRHENATHERUM, Beauv.

- avenaceum, Beauv.
AROIDEA,
ARTEMISIA, L.
Absinthium, L.
campestris, L.
cerulescens, L.
Gallica, Sm.
maritima, L. .
vulgaris, i
ARTHROLOBIUM, Desv.
ebratteatum, DC. .
ARUM, L. $
maculatum, L, :
ARUNDO, L,

. arenaria, Sm, 4

- Calamagrostis, L, .
colorata, Sm, .
Epigejos, L.
Phragmites, L.
stricta, Sm.

ASARUM, L.
Europæum, L,
ASPARAGUS, L.
officinalis, L.
ASPERUGO, L.
procumbens; L,
ASPERULA, L.
arvensis, L.
Cynanchica, L.
odorata, L.
ASPHODELEE,

ASPIDIUM, Sw.
aculeatum, Sw.
angulare, Willd,
cristatum, Sw.
dentatum, Sw. à
dilatatum, Hook. .
dumetorum, Sw.
Filix foemina, Sm. .
Filix mas, Sw.
Jontanum, Sm.
Jragile, Hook.
irrigwum,

- lobatum, Sw.
Lonchitis, Sw.
Oreopteris, Sw.
rigidum, Sw.
Spinulosum, Sm.
spinulosum, "Willd.
Thelypteris, Sw.

ASPLENIUM, L.
Adiantum nigrum, ika
älternifoliam, Wulf.
Ceterach, L.

Filix foemina, Bernh.
fontanum, Br.
lanceolatum, Huds.
marinum, L. x
Reta muraria, Ha
Scolopendrium, L. .
septentrionaie, Hull,
Trichomanes, L, .
viride, Huds. à

ASTER, L.

Tripolium, L.

ASTRAGALUS, L.
alpinus, L.
campestris, DC.
glycyphyllus, L.
hypoglottis, L.
Uralensis, DC.

Athamanta Libanotis, L.
Meum, L.

Athanasia maritima, L.

ATRIPLEX, L.
angustifolia, Sm. .

INDEX.

erecta, Huds.
laciniata, L,
littoralis, L.
patula, L.
pedunculata, L.
portulacoides, I
ATROPA, L.
Belladonna, L.
Avena, L.
alpina, Sm.
elatior, L.
fatua, L.
flavescens, L.
planiculmis, Schrad.
planiculmis, Sm.
pratensis, L. =
pubescens, d.
strigosa, Schrad,
AZALEA, I..
procumbens, L.

B eg L.

BATSAMI NEZ, .
BARBAREA, Br. .
praecox, "Pr.
vulgaris, Br.
BARTSIA, L.
alpina, L,
Odontites, Huds.
viscosa, L
Betts, L.
perennis, L.
BERBERIDEJE,
BERBERIS, L.
vulgaris, L.
BETA, L.
maritima, L.
Beronica, L,
officinalis, L.
Berua, L.
alba, L,
Alnus, L.
nana, L.
BipzNs, L,
cernua, L.
tripartita, L,
BLECANUM, L.
boreale, Sw.
Buysmus, Panz. $
compressus, Panz, .
rufus, Link, d
BORAGINEA,
Bonaao, L. .
officinalis, L.
BOoRKBAUSIA, Mcench,
feetida, DC. "
Borrycuium, Sw.
Lunaria, Sw,
BRACHYPODIUM, Beauv.
pinnatum, Beauv,
sylvaticum, Beauv,
Brassica, L, A
campestris, L.
Cheiranthus, Vill.
Monensis, Br.
Napus, L.
oleracea, L.
orientalis, L,
Rapa, L.
Briza, L.
media, L.
minor, L.
Bromus, L.
arvensis, L.
asper, L.
diandrus, Curt,
erectus, Huds.
giganteus, Vill,
maximus, Desf.

^

Madritensis, L.
mollis, L
multiflorus, Sm.
pinnatus, L,
pratensis, Sm,
racemosus, L,
secalinus, L;
squarrosus, L,
sterilis, L.
sylvaticus, L.
triflorus, L. .
velutinus, Schrad.
Bryonia, L,
dioica, Jacq.
Burronta, Sauv.
annua, DC.
tenuifolia, Sm.
Bunias Cakile, L.
Bunium, Koch, S
flexuosum, With. n
Buibocastanum, Hook.
BUPLEURUM, L. :
falcatum, L. >
Odontites, L. E
rotundifolium, L.
tenuissimum, Í.
BUTOMEÆ.
Buromus, L.
umbellatus, L.
Buxus,
sempervirens, L.

CAKILE, Geert.
maritima, Willd.
CALAMAGROSTIS, Adans.
Epigejos, Roth,
lanceolata, Roth,
Lapponica, Hartm.
‘stricta, Nutt.
CALAMINTHA, Meench,
Nepeta, Pursh,
officinalis, Moench,
CALLITRICHE, L, :
aquatica, Sm.
autumnalis, L.
autumnalis, Hook.
pedunculata, DC,
verna, L.
CALLUNA, Salisb.
vulgaris, Salisb.
CALTHA, L.
palustris, L. s
radicans, Forst. .
CAMELINA, Crantz,
sativa, Crantz,
CAMPANULA, Xs
glomerata, L.
hederacea, L.
hybrida, L.
latifolia, L.
patula, L.
;ersicifolia, L.
rapunculoides, L.
Rapunculus, L. .
rotundifolia, L. `
Trachelium, L.
CAMPANULACEJE,
CAPRIFOLIACEA,
CAPSELLA. DC.
Bursa-Pastoris, DC.
CARDAMINE, L.
amara, L. *
bellidifolia, L. f
bulbifera, Br. 5
hastulata, Sm. 7
hirsuta, L.
impatiens, L, =
pratensis, L. .
CaRDUUS, L. .
acanthoides, L. ,

INDEX.

acaulis, L. a f uliginosa, L, murale, L.
arvensis, Curt, ustulata, Willd. olidum, Curt,
eriophorus, Vahlii, Scbk. polyspermutn, L.
heterophyllus, L. vesicaria, L. rubrum, L.
lanceolatus, L. * vulpina, L, urbicum, Sm.
Marianus, L. : CARLINA, L. y s viride, L,
nutans, L. ¢ vulgaris, L. Vulvaria, L.
palustris, Ez CARPINUS, L. CHERLERIA, L.
pratensis, Huds. Betulus, L. sedoides, L,
tenuiflorus, Curt. CARUM, L. $ ` Chironia Centauri ium, Sm. 96
Carex, L. 2% Carui, L. littoralis, Sm. 96
acuta, L. verticillatum, Koch, pulchella, Sm,
ampullacea, Good. CARYOPHYLLEJE, CHLORA, L.
angustifolia, Sm. CASTANEA, Tourn. . perfoliata, L.
aquatilis, Wahi. ? vulgaris, Lam. . . CuRYsANTHEMUM, L.
arenaria, L. CATABROSA, Beauv. . inodorum, L. i i
- atrata, L. z aquatica, Beauy. Leucanthemum, I. 307
axillaris, Good, CAUCALIS, L. segetum, L. . g 307
binervis, Sm. Anthriscus, Sm. Chrysocoma Linosyris, L. 300
Buxbaumii, Vahl, daucoides, L. CHRYSOSPLENIUM, L. 16
cespitosa, Le : infesta, Sm. alternifolium, D
canescens, L.. latifolia, L. oppositifolium, L. .
capillaris, L. 3 nodosa, Sm. A CICHORIUM, L,
clandestina, Good. CELASTRINEÆ, . Intybus, L.
curta, Good. CENTAUREA, L. Cicura, L.
Davalliana, Sm. Calcitrapa, L. i virosa, L.
depauperata, Good. Cyanus, L. i CINERARIA, L.
digitata, L. $ Isnardi, L. campestris, Retz,
dioica, L. v Jacea, L. integrifolia, Sm.
distans, L. ; : nigra, L. palustris, L.
divisa, Huds. nigrescens, Willd. CIRCA, L.
divulsa, Good. 3 ! Scabiosa, L. * 3 alpina, L,
elongata, L. i solstitialis, L. i Lutetiana, L.
extensa, Good. e ae Teo CISTINEJE,
filiformis, L. minimus CISTOPTERIS, Bernh.
flava, L. CE RATOPHYLLEXE, alpina, Desv.
fulva, Good. CERASTIUM, L. ʻ dentata, Hook.
hirta, L. alpinum, L. fragilis, Bernh.
hordeiformis, Host, aquaticum, L. Cistus Anglicus, L
incurva, Lightf — . arvense, L. guttatus, L.
intermedia, Good. . Helianthemum, L,
levigata, Sm. ledifolius, L.
marifolius, Sm.
Niloticus, L.
polifolius, L.
Surrejanus, L.
tomeniosus, Sm.

atro-virens, Bab, .
š latifolium, im

leporina, L. y pedunculatum, Bab.
limosa, L. 7 semidecandrum, L.

Micheliana, Sm. . tetrandrum, Curt.
Mielichoferi, Hook. umbellatum, Hook.
montana, L. A a viscosum, L. 3
muricata, L. vulgatum, L. : CrLAp1UM, Schrad.
CEderi, Ehrh. CrERATOPHYLLUM, L. Mariscus, Br.

ovalis, Good. demersum, L. 47 CLEMATIS, L.
palleseens, L. submersum, L, Vitalba, L.

paludosa, Good. CHARACEJE, CLINOPODIUM, L,
panicea, CHÆROPHYLLUM, 15,23 vulgare, L. Y
paniculata, L. " aromaticum, L. Clypeola maritima, L.
paucifiora, Lightf. . aureum, L, t 2 CNIcUS L R
pendula, Huds. sativum, Sm. acaulis, Willd.
phæostachya, Sm. sylvestre, L. arvensis, Hoffm.
pilulifera, L. temulentum, L, eriophorus, Willd.
praecox, Jacq. 2 CHEIRANTHRUS, L. Forsteri, Sm.
Pseudo-Cyperus, ^N Cheiri, L. . heterophyllus, Willa,
punctata, Gaud. Jruticulosus, L. lanceolatus, Willd.
pulicaris, L. éncanus, L. palustris, Willd.
pulla, Good. sinuatus, L. pratensis, Willd.
rariflora, $m. CHELIDONIUM, L. tuberosus, Willd, ..
recurva, Huds, ; corniculatum, L. Cnidium Silaus, Spreng.
remota, L. 4 i Glaucium, L: COCHLEARIA, L à
rigida, "Good. hydr idum, L. Anglica, L.

riparia, Curt. - majus, L. Armoracia, L.
rupestris, EUR CHENÓPODEEX, Coronopus, L.

salina, L. CHENOPODIUM, L. 3 Danica, L.

saxatilis, L.
secalina, Sm.
speirostachya, Sw.

acutifolium, "Sm. a
album, L. *

Bonus Henricus, L.

Draba, L.

Greenlandica, L.

officinalis, L.
Corcuicuw, L.

stellulata, Good. botryodes, $m. ¥
stictocarpa, Sm. ficifolium, L.
stricta, Good. , fruticosum, Schrad.
strigosa, Huds. č ' glaucum, L. i
sylvatica, Huds. hybridum, L.
tenella, Schk. intermedium, Mert. & CONIFER A,
teretiuscula, Good. : Koch, A Conium, L.
tomentosa, L. : maritimum, L. . 123 maculatum, L.

autumnale, L.
COMPOSI X,
Comarum, L,

palustre, L.

436

Page
€. , ^j 7L n,
Koch, .
COoNVALLARIA, L.
majalis,
inultiflora, L. .
Polygonatum, L. .
verticillata, L.
CONVOLV ULACER,
CONVOLVULUS, L. .
arvensis, T
sepium, L, 2
Soldanella, L. i
Conyza pu eh 0$0, L.
CORN
Lover Hall.
innata, Br. .
CoRiANDRUM, L.
sativum, L,
Cornus, L.
sanguinea, L,
Suecica, L.
Coronopus, Gert.
didyma, Sm f
Ruellii, Sm. ?
CORRIGIOLA, L.
littoralis, L. E
Corypauis, DC. 3
claviculata, DC, .
lutea, Lindl. .
solida, Hook.
ConvLus, L. .
Avellana, L,
COTONEASTER, Lindl.
vulgaris, Lindl. .
CoryLepon, L. 3
lutea, Huds. r
Umbilicus, Huds. .
CRAMBE, L. -
maritima, I^ `
CRASSULACEJE,
Cratacus, L.
Aria, L.
Oxyacantha, L.
torminalis, L.
CREPIS, L,
biennis, L.
JSoetida, L.
"paludosa, Meench,
pulchra, L.
succisefolia, Tausch.
tectorum, Sm. *
virens, im i
CRITHMUM, L,
maritimum, L, :
Crocus, L. :
aureus, Sm.
autumnalis, Sm.
minimus, Red.
nudiflorus, Sm.
reticulatus, Sm.
sativus, L.
speciosus, Bieb.
vernus, Willd.
CRUCIFERA,
CRYPTOGRAMMA, Br.
crispa, Br.
Cucubalus Behen, sm.
Otites, Sm
CUS URBITACER,
CUSCUTA, L.
Epilinum, Weihe, . 7
Epithymum,L. .
Europæa, L.
Cyathea dentata, Sm.
Sragilis, Sm. j
incisa, Sm.
regia, Si. :
CYCLAMEN, L, `
-Europæeum, Sm. 94
hederæfolium, Willd. 93

INDEX.

E

CyNopoN, Rich.
Dactylon, Pers,
CYNOGLOSSUM, L.
officinale, L.
sylvaticum, Henk,
Cynosurus, L,
ceruleus, "n
Cristatus, L.
echinatus, L.
CYPERACEA,
Cyperus, L.
fuscus, L.
longus, L.
Cypripepium, L.
Calceolus, L.
Cystea angustata, Sm.
dentata, Sm.
Jragilis, Sm,
regia, Sm,
Cytisus, L.
scoparius, DC.

Dacryuis, L.
glomerata, L,
stricta, SM.

DarPane, L.
Laureola, L.

- Mezereum, L.

Dar URA, L.
Stramonium, L.

Dacocus, L.

Carota, L.
maritimus, With.

DELPHINIUM, L.
Consolida, L.

DENTARIA, L.
bulbifera, L,

Diantuus, L.
Armeria, L.
cæsius, Sm.
Caryophyllus, L.
deltoides, L.
glaucus,
prolifer, [^

DIGITALIS, Ju
purpurea, L.

DIGITARIA, Scop.
humifusa, Pers.
sanguinalis, Scop. .

DIOSCOREZ,

Diotis, Desf.
maritima, Cass,

DIPSACEZ,

Dipsacus, L. ‘
Fullonum, L. s
pilosus, L. .
sylvestris, L. :

Doronicum, L. ;
Pardalianches, L, .
plantagineum, L.

DRABA, L.
aizoides, L.
hirta, Sm.
incana, L.
muralis, L.
rupestris, Br,
verna, L.

Drosera, L. F
Anglica, Huds, .
longifolia, L. £
rotundifolia, L. .

DROSERACEJE, .

Dryas, L. :
octopetala, L. >

ECHINOPHORA, L, :
spinosa, L. s
Ecuruw, L. A
plantagineum, Le .
violaceum, L, .

vulgare, L.
ELA'l'INEJE,
ELaTINE, L.

hexandra, DC. ?

Hydropiper, Die’ in

Hydropiper, Sm.

tripetala, Sm.
ELEAGNEA, .
ELEocHuaRis, Br. s;

acicularis, Reem. .

cespitosa, Link, .

fluitans, Hook. š

multicaulis, Sm. .

palustris, Br. .

pauciflora, Link,
ELvuus, L,

arenarius, L. r

caninus, L, .

Europzus, L. ë

geniculatus, Curt. .
ELvNa, Schrad. :

caricina, M. & K.
EMPETREZ,
EMPETRUM, L. ?

nigrum, L. -
EPILOBIUM, L. d

alpinum, L. .

alsinifolium, Vill, .

angustifolium, L. .

hirsutum, L,

montanum, L,

palustre, L.

parvifioruin, Schreb,

roseum, Schreb,

tetragonum, L, .
Epivepium, L. °

alpinum, L. =
Epipactis, Br.

ensifolia, Sw.
grandiflora, Sm.
latifolia, Sw.
pallens, Sw.
palustris, Sw,
purpurata, Sm.

rubra, Sw. .
Equisetum, L, š

arvense, E

Drummondii, Hook.

fluviatile, L, ;

hyemale, L, :

limosum, L. e

palustre, L, 2

sylvaticum, L.

variegatum, Schleich,
Erica, L. š

carnea, L.

ciliaris, L.

cinerea, L.

Dabeoci, L *

Mackaii, Hook. .

Mediterranea, L.

Tetralix, L, d

vagans, L. E

vulgaris, L,
ERICER,

ERIGERON, L.

acris, Li.

alpinus, L.

Canadensis, L.

uniflorus, L.
ER10CAULON, L.

septangulare With.
ERIOPHORUM, L

alpinum, L,

angustifolium, Rot hy

capitatum, Host, .

gracile, Roth, E

polystachion, L, .

pubescens, Sm. .

vaginatum, L. .

Eropium, L'Hérit.
cicutarium, Sm.
maritimum, Sm.
moschatum, Sm.

Ervom,. L.
hirsutum, L.
tetraspermum, L.

Erynerum, L,
campestre, L. .
maritimum, L.

ERYSIMUM, L.
Alliaria, L.
Barbarea, L.

cheiranthoides, L,

officinale, L.
orientale, Br.
precor, Sm.
ERYTARÆA, Reneal.
Centaurium, Pers.
pulchella, Hook.
littoralis, Hook.
latifolia, Sm.
EvoNxwus, L.
Europeus, L.
Eupatorium, L.
cannabinum, L.
EUPHORBIA, L
amygdaloides, L.
Characiàs, L.
cor alloides, L.
Cyparissias, L.

epit hymoides, Bab.

Esula, L
exigua, L.
helioscopia, L,
Hiberna, L.
Lathyris, L,
paralia, L.
Peplis, L.
Peplus, L.
pilosa, L.
platyphylla, L.
Portlandica, L.
procera, Bieb.
stricta, L.
sylvatica, L.
villosa, W. & K.
EUPHÓREI ACEJE,
EUPHRASIA, L.
officinalis, L.
Exacum, p.
filiforme, Sm.

Facus, L.
Castanea, L.
sylvatica, L.

FEDIA, Vahl,
Auricula, Gaud.
carinata, Stev.
dentata, Vahl,
olitoria, Vahl,
eriocarpa, Hook,
mixta, Hook.

FESTUCA, L.
bromoides, L.
calamaria, Sm.
cæsia, Sm.
decidua, Sm.
decumbens, L.
duriuscula, L.
elatior, L.
gigantea, Sm.
loliacea, Huds.
Myurus, L.
ovina, L.
pinnata, Sm.
pratensis, Huds.
rubra, L. 3
sylvatica, Sm.
triflora, Sm.

INDEX.

uniglumis, Soland.
vivipara, Sm. .
FiraGo, L. k
Gallica, L.
Germanica, L.
minima, L.
FILICES,
FaNicUuLUM, Hoffm.
vulgare, Gært.
FRAGARIA,
calycina, Lois.
elatior, Ehrh.
sterilis, L.
vesca, L.
FRANKENIA, L.
lævis, L. -
pulverulenta, L.

FRANKENIACEJE, i

Fraxinus, L.
excelsior, E A
heterophylla, Sm.

FRITILLARIA,
Meleagris, L.

FUMARIA, L. .
capreolata, L.
claviculata, L,
lutea, L.
officinalis, L.
parviflora, Lam.
solida, L.

FUMARIACEJE,

FUNGI,

GAGEA, Salisb.
lutea, Ker,
GALANTHUS, L.
nivalis, L.
GALEOBDOLON, Huds.
luteum, Huds.
GALEOPSIS, L.
Ladanum, L.
Tetrahit, L.
versicolor, Curt.
-villosa, Huds.
GALIUM, L.
Anglicum, Sm,
Aparine, L.
aristatum, L.
boreale, L.
cinereum, All,
cruciatum, L.
diffusum, Don,
erectum, Huds.
Mollugo, L.
palustre, L.
Parisiense, L,
pusillum, L. $
saccharatum, All.
saxatile, L.
spurium, L.
tricorne, With.
uliginosum, L.
verrucosum, Sm.
verum, L.
Witheringii, Sm.
GasrRIDIUM, Beauv.
lendigerum, Beauv.
GENISTA, L.
Anglica, L.
pilosa, L.
scoparia, Hook.
tinctoria, L.
GENTIANA; L,
acaulis, L.
Amarella, L.
campestris, L.
Centaurium, L,
filiformis, L.
nivalis, L.
Pneumonathe, L.

verna, L.
GENTIANEJZ,
GERANIACEJE,
GERANIUM, L.

cicutarium, L.

columbinum, L.

dissectum, L,

lucidum, L.

maritimum, L,

molle, L

moschatum, L.

nodosum, L.

phæum, L

pratense, L.

Pyrenaicum, L.

pusillum, L.

Robertianum, L.

rotundifolium, L,

sanguineum, L,

sylvaticum, L.
Geum, L.

rivale, L.

urbanum, L.
GrauciuM, Tourn.

Juteum, L.

pheeniceum, Gert.

violaceum, Juss, .
GrAUX, L

maritima, L.
GLECHOMA, L,

hederacea, L.. s
Glyceria aquatica, Sm.

distans, Sm. $

fluitans, Sm. 2

maritima, Sm. ,

procumbens, Sm. .

rigida, Sm.
GNAPHALIUM, L.

dioicum, L. :

Gallicum, Huds. .

Germanicum, Huds.

luteo-album, L. .

margaritaceum, L.

minimum, Sm. ?

rectum, Sm.

supinum, L.

sylvaticum, L,

uliginosum, L.
GooDYERA, Br.

repens, Br.
GRAMINEA,
Grammitis, Sw.

Ceterach, Sw.
GROSSULARIEJE,
GYMNADENIA, Br.

conopsea, Br.

HABENARIA, Br.
albida, Br.
bifolia, Br.
chlorantha, Hook.
viridis, Br.
HALORAGEJE,

s 1
Hedypnois autumnalis,Sm.' 2

hirta, Sm. :
hispida, Sm. .
Tarazaci, 8m.

Hedysarum Onobrychis, L. 274

HELIANTHEMUM, Tourn.
canum, Dun. 5
guttatum, Mill. .
ledifolium, Willd.
polifolium, Benth.
vulgare, Gært.

: HELLEBORUS, L.

foetidus, L.
viridis, L.
HELMINTHIA, Juss,

438

Page
echioides, Gert. .
Hecoscrapium, Koch, 80
nodiflorum, Koch, 112
repens, Koch, x 112
jnundatum, Koch, 113
HEPATICZ, 4
HERACLEUM, L.
angustifolium, Sm.
Sphondylium, L
HERMINIUM, Br.
monorchis, Br.
IHEnNIARIA, L.
ciliata, Bab.
glabra, L.
hirsuta, L.
Hesperis, L.
inodora, L.
matronalis, L.
HIERACIUM, L.
alpinum, L.
amplexicaule, L.
aurantiacum, L.
Auricula, L.
cerinthoides, L. .
denticulatum, Sm. :
dubium, L. $
Halleri, Vill.
Halleri, Hook.
Lawsoni, Sm.
maculatum, Sm.
molle, Jacq.
murorum, L.
paludosum, L.
Pilosella, L.
prenanthoides, Vill.
prenanthoides, Sm.
pulmonarium, Sra.
Sabaudum, L. ?
„sylvaticum, Sm.
Taraxaci, L.
umbellatum, L.
villosum, Sm.
HIEROCHLOE, Gmel.
borealis, Reem.
HIPPOCREPIS, L,
comosa, L.
HIPPOPHAE, L.
rhamnoides, L.
HIPPURIS, L.
vulgaris, L.
Horcus, L.
avenaceus, Sm.
lanatus, L.
mollis, L. —
odoratus, L.
HorosrEUVM, L.
umbellatum, L.
HORDEUM, L.
maritimum, With.
murinum, L.
pratense, Huds,
Horronia, L.
palustris, L.
Houmutus, L.
Lupulus, L,
Hurcainsia, Br,
petra, Br.
Hyacinruus, L.
non-scriptus, L.
racemosus, L.
Hyprocuaris, L.
Morsus-Rane, L.
HYDROCOTYLE, L. .
vulgaris, L.
HyMENOPHYLLUM, Sm.
alatum, Sm.
''unbridgense, S em.
Wilsoni, Hook.
Hyoscyamus, L.
niger, L.

INDEX.

289 Hyoseris minima, L.

HYPERICINESA,

HYPERICUM, L.
Androsæmum, L.
barbatum, Jacq.
calycinum, L.
dubium, L.
elodes, L.
hirsutum, L.
humifusum, L.
linearifolium;, Vahl,
montanum, L ^
perforatum, L.
pulchrum, L. "
quadrangulum, L.

Hy»ocuanis, L
glabra, L.
maculata, L.
radicata, L.

IBERIS, L.

amara, L.

nudicaulis, Sm.
faes, L.

Aquifolium, L.
ILICINEX,
ILLECEBRUM, L.

verticillatum, L,
IMPATIENS, L. > ^

noli-me-tangere, L.
Imperatoria Ostruthium,

L 2 $

INULA, L.
Conyza,
crithmoides, L.
dysenterica, L.
Helenium, L,
pulicaris, L.

IRIDEZ,

Iris, Tx
Pseudacorus, L.
feetidissima, L.

Isatis, L
tinctoria, L,

Isnarpia, L.
palustris, L.

IsoETES, L.
lacustris, L.

Ixia Bulbocodium, Sm.

JASIONE, L., »
montana, L.

JASMINEZ,

JUNCAGINEA,

JUNCEJE,

JuNCUS, L.
acutiflorus, Ehrh,
acutus,
arcticus, Hook.

«yif ticulatus, Sm.
Balticus, Willd,
biglumis, L.
bufonius, L.
bulbosus, L.
campestris, L.
capitatus, Willd,
castaneus, Sm.
cænosus, Sm.
compressus, Jacq. .
conglomeratus, L, .
effusus, L
filiformis, L.
Forsteri, Sm.
Gesneri, Sm.
glaucus, Sibth,
gracilis, Sm. »
lampocarpus, Ehrh,

‘ maritimus, Sm, z
nigritellus, Sm.
obtusiflorus, Ehrh.

pilosus, L.
polycephalus, Hook.
Squarrosus, L.
subverticillatus, Sm.
sylvaticus, Sm.
tenuis, Willd.
trifidus, L,
triglumis, L. `
uliginosus, Sibth.
JUNIPERUS, L
communis, L.
nana, Sm, -

KNAPPIA, Sm,
agrostidea, Sm.
KNauriA, L.
arvensis, Coult.
Kobresia caricina, Sm.
Koniaa, Adans,
maritima, Br. -

LABIAT, .
Lacruca, L. é
muralis, Less.
saligna, L.
Scariola, L,
virosa, L.
LAGURUS, L,
ovatus, L.
LAMIUM, L.
album, L. "
amplexicaule, L. .
incisum, Willd. .
intermedium, Fries.
levigatum, L. "
maculatum, L.
purpureum, L. "
vulgatum, Benth. .
LAPSANA, L. `
communis, L.
minima, Hook.
pusilla, Willd.
LATHRÆA, L.
squamaria, L,
LATHYRUS,
Aphaca, L.
hirsutus, L.
latifolius, L,
maritimus, Big.
Nissolia, L.
palustris, L.
pisiformis, L.
pratensis, L.
sylvestris, L.
LavarERa, L.
arborea, L.
LEGUMÍINUSA,
LEMNA, L.
gibba, L.
minor, L.
polyrhiza, L.
Setvalba, L.
LENT IBULARUE,
Lerontopon, L
autumnale, L,
hirtum, L.
hispidum, L.
palustre, Sm.
‘Taraxacum, L.
LEONURUS, L.
Cardiaca, L.
LEPIDIUM, L.
campestre, Br.
didymum, L.
Draba, L.
hirtum, Hook.
latifolium, L.
peiræum, Sm.
ruderale, L.
Smithii, Hook.

LEvcoJuw, L.
eestivum,
LicusricuM, L.
Cornubiense, Y,
Scoticum, L.
LIGUSTRUM, L,
vulgare, L. :
LILIACEA,
Limbarda crithmoides,
Hook, 3 3
LiwosELLA, L. j
aquatica, L. .
LINARIA, Juss. é
Cymbalaria, Mill,
Elatine, Desf,
minor, Desf.
repens, Ait. "
spuria, Mill, i
vulgaris, Moench, .
LINEA, 7
Linnza, Gronov. .
borealis, Gronov. .
Linosyrts, Cass.
vulgaris, Cass.
Linum,
angustifolium, Huds.
catharticum, L, 2
perenne, L.
Radiola, L. a
usitatisimum, L. -
Lipanis, Rich. à
Loeselii, Rich. ;
LasrERA, Br "
cordata, Br. =
Nidus- Avis, Hook.
ovata, br, š
LITHOSPERMUM, L,
arvense, L.,
maritimum, Lehm.
officinale, L.
purpuro-cæruleum, dé
LrrTORELLA, .
lacustris, b.
Lost ia, L. i
"^ Dortmanna, L.
urens, L.
Loriuyw, L.
arvense, With.
perenne, L.
temulentum, L.
Lonicera, L,
Caprifolium, L.
Periclymenum, L.
Xylosteum, L.
LORANTHEAJE,
Lorus, L.
angustissimus, L.
corniculatus, L.
decumbens, Forst.
diffusus, Sm.
major, Scop.
tenuis, W. & K.
Luzura, DC.
arcuata, Hook.
campestris, Br.
congesta, Sm.
Forsteri, DC.
maxima, Hook.
pilosa, Willd.
spicata, DC.
sylvatica, Bich,
Lycunis, L.
alpina, L.
dioica, I.
Flos-Cuculi, L.
Viscaria, L.
Lycopopium, L.
alpinum, L.
annotinum, L.
. clavatum,

228
240
225
238

INDEX.

inundatum, L.
Selago, L.
selaginoides, L.
Lycopsis, L.
arvensis, L.
Lycopus, L.
Europæus, L.
LysiMACHIA, L.
nemorum, L.
Nummularia,
thyrsiflora, L.
vulgaris, L.
LYTHRARIA,
Lytuerum, L.
hyssopifolium, L.
Salicaria, L.

Maraxis, Sw.
Loeseliz, Sm.
paludosa, Sw.

MALVACEZ,

Matva, L.
moschata, L.
pusilla, Sm.
rotundifolia, L.
sylvestris, L,

MARRUBIUM, L.
vulgare, L.

MaTRiCARIA, L.
Chamomilla, L,
maritima, L.
Parthenium, L.

MATTHIOLA, Br.
incana, Br.
sinuata, Br.

Meconopsis, Vig.
Cambrica, Vig.

MznicAGo, L.
dénticulata, Willa,
falcata, L z
lupulina, L,
maculata, Sibth.
polymorpha, Sm.
minima, L
muricata, All.
sativa, L.

MELAMPYRUM, L.
arvense, L.
cristatum, L, x
pratense, L. .
sylvaticum, L.

MELANTH ACER,

MkELICA, L.
cerulea, L
nutans, L,
uniflora, L. :

Meuitorus, Tourn. .
leucantha, Koch,
officinalis, L.

Melissa Calamintha, L.

Nepeta, L. ?
Meuittis, L.
grandiflora, Sm. .
Melissophyllum, L.
MENTHA, L, x
acutifolia, Sm, *
agrestis, Sole,
arvensis, L. .
citrata; Ehrh.
gentilis, Ja. .
gentilis, Sm, 5
gracilis, Sm, `
hirsuta, L.
odorata, Sm.
piperita, Sm.
Pulegium, L.
rotundifolia, L.
rubra, Sm,
sativa, L.
sylvestris, L.

viridis, L
MENYANTHES, L,

nymphæoides, L,

trifoliata, L.

. MENZIESIA, Sm.

caerulea, Sm.
polifolia, Juss,
Modi L.
annua, L,
perennis, L,
MzsPiLvus, L,
Cotoneaster, L.
Germanica, L.
Oxyacantha, Sm,
Meum, Tourn. >
athamanticum, Jacq.
Fæniculum, Sm.
Minium, L.
effusum, L,
lendigerum, Sm.
Maancuia, Ehrh.
erecta, Sm,
MoNoTROPA, L.
Hypopitys, L.
MowrIA, L.
fontana, L.
Muscani, Tourn.
CEA TMAPERN Mill.
MUSC
Myagr s sativum, L.
Myosotis, L.
alpestris, Schmid,
arvensis, Hoffm.
arvensis, Sm.
cæspitosa, Schul,
collina, Hoffm.
palustris, Kiph.
repens, Don, _
vupincola, $m.
scorpioides, L,
sylvatica, Hoffm,
versicolor, Lehm.
MYOSURUS, L
minimus, L.
LO A L.
Gale, L.
MYRICEA,
Myriopayiium, L.
spicatum, L
verticillatum, L.
Mynnnis, Tourn,
aromatica, 8m.
aurea, Sm. _
odorata, Scop.
temulenta, Sm.

NAIADES,
Narcissus, L.
biflorus, Curt,
poeticus, L.
Pseudo-narcissus, L
NaARDUS, L.
stricta, Jus :
NARTHECIUM, Huds,
ossifragum, Huds,
Nasturtium, Br,
amphibium, Br.
officinale, Br.
sylvestre, Br,
terrestre, Br.
NeEormia, Jacq.
zestivalis, DC.
gemmipara, Sm.
spiralis, Rich.
Nepera, L.
Cataria, dus
. NuPHAR, Sm.
Kalmiana, Hook,
lutea, Sm.
minima, Sm,

440

pumila, DC.

NYMPHJEACEJE,
NYMPHÆA, L.

alba, L

lutea, L.

CQENANTHE, L.
apiifolia, Brot.
crocata, L, :
fistulosa, L.

peucedanifolia, Poll.
Phellandrium, Spreng.

vimpinelloides, Iz
ONAGRARIA,
CENoTHERA, L.
biennis, L.
ONOBRYCHIS, Tourn.
sativa, Lam.
Ononis, L.
arvensis, L.
reclinatus, L.
ONOPORDUM, L.
Acanthium, L.
Opuioctossum, L.
vulgatum, L.
Orurys, L. ;
anthropophora, L. .
apifera, Huds.
arachnites, Willd.
aranifera, Huds.
corallorhixa, L.
cordata, L.
Jfucifera, Sm.
insectifera, L.
Loeselii, L.
monorchis, L.
muscifera, Huds.
Nidus- Avis, L.
ovata, L.
paludosa, L,
spiralis, L.
ORCHIDEE,
Orcuis, L.
albida, Sm.
bifolia, L.
conopsea, L.
fusca, Jacq.
bircina, Scop.
latifolia, L.
maculata, L.
macra, Lindl,
mascula, L.
militaris, L.
militaris, Sm.
Morio, L.

pyramidalis, Ia. :

tephrosanthos, Bich,

viridis, Sm. 3

ustulata, L. E
ORIGANUM, L.

vulgare, L. y

ORNITHOGALUM, L.
luteum, L.
nutans, L.
Pyrenaicum, L.
umbellatum, L.

ORNITHOPUS, L.
perpusillus, L.

OROBANCHEZ,

OROBANCHE, L.
caryophyllacea, Sm.
caerulea, Vill.
elatior, Sutt.
major, L.
minor; Sm.
ramosa, L,
rubra, Sm.

Ononus, L.
niger, L.
sylvaticus, Te

INDEX.

tuberosus, L.
OsMUNDA, L.
Lunaria, L.
regalis, L.
OXALIDEJE,
OXALIS, L.
Acetosella, L.
corniculata, L,
Oxyria, Hill,
reniformis, Hook.
OxyTropis, DC.
campestris, DC.
Uralensis, DC,

Ponta, L.
corallina, Retz,
Panicum, L.
Crus-corvi, L.
Crus-galli, L.
Dactylon, L.
sanguinale, L.
verticillatum, L.
viride,
PAPAVERACEZX,
PAPAVER, L.
Argemone, L.
Cambricum, L.
dubium, L.
hybridum, L.
Rhæas, L.
somniferum, L.
PARIETARIA, L.
officinalis, L.

Panis, L,

quadrifolia, L.
Parnassia, L.

A L.
PARONYCHIEZE,
Pastinaca, L.

sativa, L.
PEDICULARIS, L.

palustris, L.

sylvatica, L.
Pepuis, L,

Portula, L. i
PrTasrTES, Desf. "

vulgaris, Desf. E

PETROSELINUM, Hoffm.

sativum, Koch,
segetum, Koch, -
Peucepanum, L.
officinale, L
Ostruthium, Koch,
palustre, Moench,
Silaus, L.
Puataris, L.
arenaria, Sm. .
arundinacea, L.
Canariensis, L.
phleoides, L.

_Phellandrium aquati-

cum, L. s
Pateum, L. .
alpinum, L.
arenarium, L,
asperum, Jacq.
Boehmeri, Schrad.
crinitum, Sm.
Michelii, All.
paniculatum, Sm.
pratense, L.
PuHyYSOSPERMUM, Cuss.
Cornubiense, Hook,
PHYTEUMA, L.
orbiculare, L.
spicatum, L.
Picris, L.
echioides, L.
hieracioides, L,

269 PILULARIA, L,

globulifera, L.
PIMPINELLA, L.
dioica, Sm.
magna, L.
Saxifraga, L,
PINGUICULA,
alpina, L.
grandiflora, Willd.
Lusitanica, L. s
vulgaris, L. .
Pinus, L. .
sylvestris, L. 3
PISTIACEE®,
Pisum maritimum, L,
PLANTAGINEA,
PLANTAGO, L.
Coronopus, L.
lanceolata, L.
major,
maritima, L.
media, L.
uniflora, L. s
PLUMBAGINE,
Poa, L $
alpina, L.
angustifolia, L
annua, L
aquatica, L.
bulbosa, L
cæsia, Sm.
compressa, L.
decumbens, Sm.
distans, L.
flexuosa, Sm.
fluitans, Scop.
glauca, Sm.
laxa, Henke,
maritima, Huds.
nemoralis, L.
procumbens, Curt. .
pratensis, L.
rigida, L.
subcerulea, Sm.
trivialis, L. ,
POLEMÓNIACEJE,
PoLEMONIUM, L.
cæruleum, L.
POLYCARPON, L.
tetraphyllum, L.
POLYGALEA,
Potyeaua, L.
amara, Don,
vulgaris, L. :
POLYGONE, 3
PoLxcoNuM, L,
acetosum, "Hook. (non
Bieb. )
amphibium, L.
aviculare, L.
Bistorta, L.
Convolvulus, L.
Fagopyrum, L.
Hydropiper, L.
lapathifolium, L.
laxum, Reich.
maritimum, L.
minus, Huds.
mites, Schrank,
Persicaria, L.
Kai, Bab.
Robertii, Lois,
viviparum, L.
Potypopium, L.
calcareum, Sm.
cristatum, L.
Dryopteris, L.
Filix foemina, L.
Filix mas, L. z
hyperboreum, Sm. .
Lonchitis, L.

Oreopteris, Sm.
Phegopteris, L.
Thelypteris, L.
vulgare, L.
PorvPocoN, Desf.
littoralis, Sm.

Monspeliensis, Desf.

Poputus, L.
alba, L.
canescens, Sm.
nigra,
tremula, L.

PORTULACEJZ,

POTAMOGETON, L,
acutifolius, Link,
compressus, L.
crispus, L.
cuspidatus, Sm.
densus, L
Jiuitans, Sm.
gramineus, L.

heterophyllus, Schreb,

lanceolatus, Sm.
lucens, L.
marinus, L.
natans, L.
perfoliatus, L.
pectinatus, L,
prælongus, Wulf,
pusillus, L.

*? » RRA ha * e *

.

rufescens, Schrad. . .

zosteræfolius, Schum.

PoTENTILLA, L.

alba, L.
alpestris, Hall,
anserina, L,
argentea, L.
aurea, Sm,
Fragaria, Hook.

Fragariastrum, Ehrh,

fruticosa, L.
opaca, L.
reptans, L.
rupestris, L.
tridentata, Sol,
verna, L
Porerium, L.
Sanguisorba, L.
PRIMULACE®,
PRIMULA, L.
elatior, With,
farinosa, L.
Scotica, Hook.
veris,
vulgaris, Huds.
PRUNELLA, L,
vulgaris, L,
PRUNUS, L
Cerasus, L,
domestica, L,
insititia, L.
Padus, L.
spinosa, L.
Preris, L.
aquilina, L.
crispa, L.
PULICARIA, Gert.

dysenterica, Cass.

vulgaris, Geert,
PULMONARIA, L.
angustifolia, L.
maritima, L,
officinalis, L.
PYRETHRUM, Hall,
inodorum, Sm,
maritimum, Sm.
Parthenium, Sm.
Pyrota, L.
media, Sw.
minor, L.

VOL. I.

>
.

*

.

Ses = o.» Xo» € X wo.

INDEX,

rosea, Sm.
rotundifolia, L,
secunda, L.
uniflora, L.
Pyrus, L. |
Aria, Sm.
aucuparia, Gert.
communis,
domestica, Sm.
Malus, L.
pinnatifida, Ehrh.
torminalis, Sm.

Quercus, L.
Robur, L.

sessiliflora, Salisb, . "

RADIOLA, Gmel.
Millegrana, Sm.

RANUNCULACEJ,

RANUNCULUS, L.
acris, L.
alpestris, L.
aquatilis, L.
arvensis, L.
auricomus, L.
bulbosus, L.
Ficaria, L.
Flammula, L.
gramineus, L.
hederaceus, L.
hirsutus, Curt,
Lingua, L.
parviflorus, L.
repens, L.
sceleratus, L.

Rapnanus, L.
maritimus, Sm.

Raphanistrum, L.

RESED ACES,
RESTIACEZ,
RESEDA, L.
fruticulosa, L.
Luteola, L.
lutea, L
RHAMNEÆE,
RHAMNUS, L.
catharticus, L.
Frangula, L.
RBINANTHUS, L.
Crista- Galli, L.
major, Ehrh,
RHODIOLA, L.
rosea, L.

2

.

s..

a

s.e: © $e £^» o o

SEN CHCE ONE Vahi,

alba, Vahl
fusca, Sm
Rises, L.
alpinum, L,
Grossularia, L.
nigrum, L.
petreum, Wulf.
rubrum, L
spicatum, Robs,
va-crispa, L.
ROSACEA,
Rosa, L.
arvensis, Huds.
Borreri, Sm.

bractescens, Woods,

cesia, Sm.
canina, L.
cinnamomea, L.
collina, Sm.
Dicksoni, Lindl.
Doniana, Sm
dumetorum, Sm.

dumetorum, Borr. .

Forsteri, Sm.
gracilis, Sm,
26

Hibernica, Sm.
inodora, Fries,
involuta, Sm.
micrantha, Sm. .
mollis, 8m. «
pimpinellifolia, L. .
rubella, Sm. "
rubiginosa, L. "
Sabina, Woods,
sarmentacea, Woods
scabriuscula, Sm.
sepium, Thuil.
spinosissima, L.
systyla, Woods,
tomentosa, Sm.
villosa, L.
villosa, Sm.
Wilsoni, Borr.
ROTTBOLLIA, L.
incurvata, L.
RUBIACEZE,
Rusia, L.
peregrina, L,
RuBus, L.
affinis, Sm,
arcticus, L. P
cesius, L. $ 205
carpinifolius, W. & N. 203
hameemorus, L.
corylifolius, Sm,
fruticosus, L.
glandulosus, Sm,
idæus, L.
Koehleri, W. & N.
leucostachys, Sm, .
macrophyllus, W.& N. 204
nitidus, Sm. : excl B03:
plicatus, W. & N. 203
rhamnifolius, W, & N. 2.
saxatilis, L.
suberectus, And,
Rumex, L `
acetosa, L,
Acetosella, L.
acutus, L.
alpinus, L.
aquaticus, L.
aquaticus, Sm.
erispüs, L.
digynus, L. 150
Hydrolapathum, Huds. Mee
maritimus, L. å 152
obtusifolius, L. à 152
palustris, Sm. 152
pratensis, Mert. & Koch, i
pulcher, L
sanguineus, L.
viridis, Sm.
Ruppia, L.
maritima, L.
Ruscus, L,
aculeatus, L,

cee eo eh » 5».

Sacina, L.
apetala,
cerastoides, Sm,
erecta,
maritima, Don,
procumbens, L,

SaarrTARIA, L.
sagittifolia, L,

SALICORNIA, L,
annua, Sm.
fruticosa, Sm.
herbacea, L
procumbens, Sm.
radicans, Sm,

SALIX, L
acuminata, Sm.
adscendens, Sm.

“2 © o ? * » ew * à eee

aaa panes ET

442

alba, L,

ambigua, Ehrh.
amygdalina, L. .
Andersoniana, Sm.
angustifolia, Wulf. ?
aquatica, $m. .
Arbuscula, Sm.
arenaria, L.
argentea, Sm.
aurita, L.

bicolor, Ehrh.
bicolor, Sm.
Borreriana, Sm.
caprea, L.

carinata, Sm.
cerulea, Sm.
cinerea, L.
cotinifolia, Sm.
Croweana, Sm.
Damascena, Forbes,
Davalliana, Sm.
decipiens, Hoffm. .
Dicksoniana, Sm.
Doniana, Sm.
ferruginea, And.
Joctida, Sm.
Forbyana, Sm.
Forsteriana, Sm.
fragilis, L.

fusca, L.

glauca, L.

hastata, L,

Helix, L.

herbacea, L.

hirta, Sm.
Hoffmanniana, Sm.
holosericea, hcm
incubacea, L

levis, Hook. t
Lambertiana, je Š
lanata, L.
lanceolata, Sm. >
laurina, Sm. t
laxiflora, Borr.
livida, Hook.
malifolia, Sm. -
Meyeriana, Borr. .
mollissima, Sm, :
myrsinites, L.
nigricans, Sm.
nitens, And.
oleifolia, Sm.
parvifolia, Sm.
pentandra, L.
petiolaris, Sm.
petrea, And. ;
phylicifolia, Hook.
phylicifolia, Sm. — .
phillyreifolia, Borr.
procumbens, Forb.
propinqua, Borr, .
prostrata, Sm, =
prunifolia, Sm. .
purpurea, L, .
radicans, Sm.
repens, Sm.
reticulata, L. :
rosmarinifolia, L,
rubra, Huds.
rupestris, Don, .
Russelliana, Sm. .
Smithiana, Willd.
sphacelata, Sm. t
stipularis, Sm. .
Stuartiana, Sm. y
tenuifolia, Sm. -
tenuifolia, Hook.
tenuior, Borr.
tetrapla, m
triandra, L

INDEX.

undulata, Ehrh. .
vacciniifolia, Walk.
venulosa, Sm.
viminalis, L.
vitellina, L.
Weigeliana, Willd.
oolgariana, Borr.
Wulfeniana, Sm. .
SALSOLA, L. :
fruticosa, L,
Kali, L
SALVIA, L.
pratensis, L.
Verbenaca, L.
SAMBUCUS, L,
Ebulus, L,
nigra, L.
SAMOLUS, L.
Valerandi, L.
SANGUISORBA, L,
officinalis, L.
SANICULA, L, .
Europza, L. ;
SANTALACEA, .

Santolina maritima, L.

SAPONARIA, L, :
officinalis, L. š
Satyrium albidum, L.
hircinum, Le 1
repens, L.
viride, L,
SAUSSURZEA, DC,
alpina, DC.
SAXIFRAGEZE,
SAXIFRAGA, L.
affinis, Don,
aizoides, L.
ceespitosa, L.
cernua, L.
denudata, Don,
elongella, Sm.
Geum, L
granulata, L.
Hirculus, L.
hirsuta, L.
hirta, Sm.
hypnoides, L.
incurvifolia, Don,
lete-virens, Don,
leptophylla, Sm.
muscoides, Wulf,
nivalis, L.
oppositifolia, L,
paimata, Sm.
pedatifida, Ehrh.
platypetala, Sm.,
rivularis, L.
stellaris, L.
aa? L.
umbrosa,
ScaBrosa, L.
arvensis, L.
columbaria, L,
succisa, L,
Scanpix, L,
Anthriscus, L,
Cerefolium, L.
odorata, L.
Pecten, L.
Scuanus, L,
albus, L,
compressus, L,
Suscus, L.
Mariscus, L.
monoicus, Sm.
nigricans, L,
rufus, Sm.
SCHEUCHZERIA, L,
palustris, L,
SCILLA, L,

+ $ « « T E 9

autumnalis, L.
bifolia, L.
nutans, Sm.
verna, Huds.
Scirpus, L,
acicularis, Sm.
cespitosus, Sm.
caricinus, Sm.
carinatus, Sm.
fluitans, L.
glaucus, Sm.
Holoscheenus, L.
lacustris, L.
maritimus, L.
multicaulis, Sm,
palustris, L.
pauciflorus, Sm.
pungens, Wahl.
rufus, Sm.
Savii, Spreng,
setaceus, L.
sylvaticus, L,
triqueter, L.
SCLERANTHUS, L.
annuus, L.
perennis, L.

SCOLOPENDRIUM, Sm.

Ceterach, Sm.
vulgare, Sym

3
SCROPH ULARINER,

ScRoPHULARIA, L.
aquatica, L.
nodosa,. L,
Scorodonia, L.
vernalis, L.

SCUTELLARIA, L.
galericulata, L.
minor, L.

SEDUM, L.
acre, L.
album, L.
Anglicum, Huds.
dasyphyllum, L.

Forsterianum, Sm.

glaucum, Don,
reflexum, L.
rupestre, L.
sexangulare, L.
Telephium, L.
villosum, L.
Selinum palustre, Sm.
SEMPERVIVUY, L.
tectorum, E

H

Senebiera Mob cate Dc.

didyma, Sm.
SENECIO, L.
aquaticus, Huds.
Jacobæa, L
lividus, L.
paludosus, L,
Saracenicus, L.
squalidus, L,
sylvaticus, L,
tenuifolius, Jacq.
viscosus, L.
vulgaris, L.
Serapias ensifolia, L.
grandiflora, L.
latifolia, L
longifolia,
palustris, Scop.
pallens, Hook.
rubra, L.
SERRATULA, L.
arvensis, L.
tinctoria, L.
SESELI, Joe
Libanotis, Koch,
pumilum, L,
SESLERIA, L,

czrulea, Scop.

SgrARIA, Beauv. *

verticillata, Beauv.
viridis, Beauv.
SHERARDIA, L.
arvensis, L.
SIBBALDIA, L.
procumbens, L.
SIBTHORPIA, L
Europæa, L.
SILAUS, Besser,
pratensis, Bess.
SILENE, L.
acaulis, L.
Anglica, L.
Armeria, L.
conica, L.
inflata, Sm.
Italica, DC.
maritima, With.
noctiflora, L.
nutans, L.
Otites, Sm.
paradoxa, Sm.
patens, Peate,
quinquevulnera, I.
SiNAPIS, L.
alba, L.
arvensis, L.
incana, L
muralis, Br.
nigra, L
tenuifolia, Br.
SisoN, Le
Amomum, L.
ánundatum, Sm.
segetum, L.
verticillatum, L.
SISYMBRIUM,
amphibium,
Irio, L
Monense, L.
murale, L.
Nasturtium, L.
officinale, L.
Sophia, L.
sylvestre, b.
tenuifolium, L.
terrestre, Sm.

thalianum, Hook.

S1UM, L.
angustifolium, L.
ánundatum,
Jatifolium, L.
nodiflorum, L.
repens, L

Wigg. .

verticillatum, Sm. .

. SMILACEZE,
SMYRNIUM, L.
Olusatrum, L.
SOLANEJE,
SoLANUM, L.
Dulcamara, L.
nigrum, L.
Sormaco, L,
Virgaurea,
SoNCHUS, L.
alpinus, L
arvensis,
asper, Hoffm.
ceruleus, Sm.
oleraceus, L.
palustris, L.

Sorbus domestica, L.

aucuparia, Sm.
hybrida, L.
SpARGANIUM,
erectum, L.
natans, L,
ramosum, Huds.

INDEX.

simplex, Huds.

Spartina, Willd. ;
alterniflora, Loisel.,
stricta, Sm.

Spartium scoparium, L,

SPERGULA,
arvensis, L.
nodosa, L.
pentandra, Sm.
saginoides, L.
subulata, Sw.

SPIRÆA, L.
Filipendula, L.
salicifolia, L.
Ulmaria, L.

Sracays, L.
ambigua, Sm.
annua, L.
arvensis, L.
Germanica, L.
palustris, L.
sylvatica, L.

STAPHYLEA, L.
pinnata, L.

STATICE, L.
Armeria, L.
caudata, Sm.
Limonium, L.
plantaginea, All.
reticulata, L. F
reticulata, Hook. .
spathulata, Desf.

STELLARIA, L.
cerastoides, L.
glauca, With.
graminea, L.
holostea, L. »
media, With. 3
nemorum, L. s
scapigera, Willd.
uliginosa, Murr.

Sripa, L.
pennata, L.

STRATIOTES, L.
aloides, L.

SUBULARIA, L.
aquatica, L.

SwERTIA, L.
perennis, L

SYMPHYTUM, L.
officinale, L.
tuberosum,

TAMARISCINEE,
TAMARIX, L. (:
Gallica, L.
Tamus, L,
communis, L.
TANACETUM, L.
vulgare, L.
Taxus, L
baccata, L.
TEESDALIA, Br.
nudicaulis, Br.
TEUCRIUM, L.
Chamædrys, L.
Chamæpitys, L.
Scordium,
Scorodonia, L.
THALICTRUM, L.
alpinum, L.
flavum, L.
majus, Jacq.
minus, L.
Tnesium, L.
linophyllum, L.
TaLasPI, L.
alpestre, L.
arvense, L. 7
Bursa Pastoris, L.

s

campestre, L.
hirtum, Sm.
perfoliatum, L.
TuRINCIA, Roth,
birta, Roth,
THYMELEJE,
Tuaymus, L.
Acinos, L.
Calamintha, Sm.
Nepeta, Sm.
Serpyllum, L.
TILIACEJZ,
Tira, L.
Europea, L. “
grandifolia, Ehrh.
parvifolia, Ehrh.
'[ILUEA, L
muscosa, L.
ToFIELDIA, Huds.
palustris, Huds.
Torpyiium, L.
latifolium, L.
maximum, L.
nodosum, L.
officinale, L.
Toris, Adans,
Anthriscus, Gert.
infesta, Spreng.
nodosa, Gert.
ToRMENTILLA, L,
officinalis, 9m.
reptans, L.
TRAGOPOGON, L.
major, Jacq:
_ porrifolius, L.
pratensis, L.
TRICHOMANES, L.
alatum, Hook.
brevisetum, Br.
Europeum, Sm.
TRICHONEMA, Ker,
Bulbocodium, Sm.
Columnz, Reich.
TRIENTALIS, Rupp.
Europea,
TRIFOLIUM, L.
arvense, L.
filiforme, L.
fragiferum, L
glomeratum, L.
maritimum, Huds,
- medium, L
Melilotus, L.
minus, $m.
ochroleucum, L. _-
ornithopodioides, L.
pratense, L. .
procumbens, L.
repens, L.
resupinatum, L,
scabrum, L.
stellatum, L.
striatum, L.
subterraneum, L.
suffocatum, L.
TRiGrocHIN, L.
maritimum, Le =
palustre, L. :
Trina, Hoffm., E
glaberrima, Hoffm.
'TRIODIA, Br. 5
decumbens, Beauv.
'TRITICUM, 2
caninum, Huds. .
cristatum, Schreb.
junceum, L.
loliaceum, Sm.
repens, L.
TROLLIUS, L.
Europæus, L.

EANET SPESA i Sa

444

TULIPA, L,
- sylvestris,’ L.

TURRITIS, L.
alpina, L.
glabra, L.
hirsuta, L.
USSILAGO, L,
Farfara, L.
hybrida, L.
Petasites, L.

Typua, L,
angustifolia, L.
latifolia, L.
minor, Sm.

ULEX, L.
Europæus, L.
nanus, Forst.

ULMAC EA,

Uzwvs, L.
campestris, L.
campestris, Hook.

carpinifolia, Lindl. `

glabra, Mill.
major, Sm.
montana, Bauh.
stricta, Lindl,
Suberosa, Ehrh.

UMBELLIFERJE,

URTICEJE,

URTICA, L,
dioica, L.
pilulifera, L.
urens, L

Urricutari, L, :

intermedia, qc
minor, L.
vulgaris, L.

VACCINIEA,

Vaccinium, L,
Myrtillus, L.
Oxycoccos, L.
uliginosum, L,
. Vitis-ideea, L.

INDEX.

Valantia Aparine, L.

VALERIANEJE,

VALERIANA, L,
dentata, Sm.
dioica, L.
Locusta, L.
officinalis, L.
Pyrenaica, L,
rubra, L.

VELLA, L,

annua, L.
VrnBAsCUM. L. ^
Blattaria, L. |
Lychnitis, L.
nigrum, L.

puiverulentum, vill.

. thapsiforme, Schrad.
Thapsus, L, "
virgatum, With,

VERBENACEJ,

VERBENA, L.
officinalis, L,

VERONICA, L.
agrestis, L.
agrestis, Sm.
alpina, L.
Anagallis, L,
arvensis, L.
Beccabunga, L,
Buxbaumii, Ten.
Chamedrys, L. .
fruticulosa, L. à
hederifolia, L.
hirsuta, Hopk,
hybrida, L.
montana, L.
officinalis, L.
polita, Fries,
saxatilis, L.
scutellata, L.
serpyllifolia, L.:
-Spicata, L,
triphyllos, L.
verna, L.

VIBURNUM, L.

a

O OA BO OT EOD OO) OT TD rT ON Io 0

eo

Lantana, L.
Opulus, L.

Vicia, L.
angustifolia, Sibth.
Bithynica, E;
Bobartii, Forst.
Cracca, L.
hybrida, L.
levigata, Sm.
lathyroides, L,
lutea, L,
sativa, L.
sepium, L,
sylvatica, L.

VILLARSIA, Vent. .
nymphzeoides, b e

VINCA, L.
major, L.

minor, L,
VIOLARIER,
VIOLA, L.

canina, L.

Curtisii, Forst.

Jiavicornis, Sm,

hirta, L.

lactea, Sm.

lutea, Huds.

odorata, L.

palustris, L,

tricolor, L,
Viscum, L.

; album, L.

Woopsta, Br.
hyperborea, Br.
Ilvensis, Br.

XANTHIUM, L,
. Strumarium, L.

ZANNICHELLIA, L.
palustris, L.

ZOSTERA, L.
marina, L,

TO THE

ENGLISH INDEX

GENERA AND THE MOST POPULAR SPECIFIC NAMES.

Abele "
Adder's tongue
Adonis
Agrimony -
Alder s
Alexanders
Alkanet
Allseed 2
Amaranth .
Andromeda,
Anemone .
Angelica
Apple Tree
Arrow-grass
Arrow-head
Asarabacca
Ash .
Asparagus .
Aspen
Avens .
Awl-wort
Azalea

Balsam "
Bald-money
Barberry
Bane-berry

Barley ;
Barrenwort

Bartsia `

Basil Thyme
Bastard Balm ;
Bastard Stone-parsley
Bastard Toad-flax
Beaked-parsley -
Beak.rush e
Bear-berry -
Beard-grass R
Bed-straw

Beech

Beet x

Bell. flower
Bent-grass

Betony :
Bilberry

Bindweed .

Birch 5
Bird.cherry
Bird’s-foot
Bird's-foot-trefoil
Bird’s nest
Bird’s-nest Orchis
Birthwort

Bistort

Bitter-cress
Bitter-sweet

Bitter-vetch
Blackberry
Black-Saltwort 1
Blackthorn
Black Bryony
Bladder-fern
Bladder-nut
Bladder-seed
Bladder. wort
Blinks :
Blue-bottle
Blue-bell
Blysmus
Bog-asphodel
Bog. orchis ;
Bog-rush .
Borage .
Borkhausia

Bristle-fern
Bristle-grass
Brome-grass
Brooklime
Brook-weed
Broom
Broom-rape
Bryony

v» «44 9 we * 9. «5

.Buckbean

Buckthorn
Buckwheat
Buffonia .
Bugle . Š
Bugloss .
Bullace-tree
Bulrush .

` Burdock .

Burnet
Burnet-saxifrage
Bur-marigold
Bur-parsley
Bur-reed
Bur-weed
Butcher’s-broom
Butter-bur
Butter-woit

Cabbage t
Calamint . 5
Campion or Catchfi
Canary-grass
Candy-tuft
Caraway .
Carex :
Caxline-thistle

Carnation

Gusroft- . .
Catchfly «Lies
Cat-mint n 233
Cat's-ear

Cat's-tail 3
Cat's-tail-grass P
Celandine 3
Celery . ;
Centaury à
Chaffweed `
Chamomile T
Cherry > £
Chervil . 5
Chestnut

. Chickweed winter-green
` Chickweed "

Chives .
Char'ock
Cicely
Cinque.foil
Clary ra
Cleavers
Clove-gillyflower
Clove-pink
Clover .
Cloud.berry
Club-moss

. Club.rush

Cockle .
Cock's-foot-grass
Cole-seed
Colt's-foot
Columbine
Comfrey 1
Coral-root s
Coral-rooted Orchis
Cord.grass $
Coriander

Cornel .
Corn-flag
Corn-sallad
Corydalis
Cotoneaster
Cotton-grass
Cotton-thistle
Cotton. weed
Cow-bane
Cow-berry

Cowslip .
Cow-parsnep
Cow-wheat

Crab Apple
Cranberry
Crane’s-bill

Cress

446

Cress-rocket
Crocus .
Crow-berry
Crowfoot
Cuckow-pint '
Cudweed .
Currant
Cyperus .
Cyphel .
Cytisus

Daffodil ,
Dandelion
Daisy .
Dame's-violet
Dane-wort
Damel .
PE

ock :
Dodder
Dewberry
Dog-rose
Dog’s-tail-grass
Dog’s-tooth-grass .
Dogwood
Dropwort
Dryas
Duckweed
Dutch Clover
Dwale

Earth-nut
Elder 4
Roque
Elm

Elyna

E s ‘Nightshade
Eryngo P
Evening Primrose .
Everlasting Pea
Eye-bright

False Brome-grass
Feather-grass
Felwort

Fennel "

Pers: ^j
Fescue-grass
Feverfew
Field-madder
Fig-wort

Filago

Filmy-fern

Finger- grass!

Fir

Flax : z
Flax-seed $
Flax-weed ‘
Flea-bane + UB,
Flea-wort ^
Flower-de-Luce
Flowering-fern
Flowering-rush
Fluellin

Fool’s Parsley
Forget-me-not
Foxglove.
Fox-tail grass
Fritillary .
Frog-bit

Fumitory

Furze

Gagea

Gale
Galingale
Garlic
Gentian :
Gentianella
Germander

INDEX.

Gipsy-wort
Glasswort
Globe-flower
Goat's beard

Gold of Pleasure
Golden-rod ;
Golden-samphire
Golden-saxifrage
Goldylocks
Goodyera

Good King Henry `
Gooseberry
Goose-foot
Goosegrass

Gorse >
Gout-weed
Grammitis à
Grape-hyacinth ,
Grass of Parnassus
Grass-wrack
Green-weed
Gromwell

Ground Ivy
Groundsel
Guelder-rose
Gymnadenia

Habenaria
Hair-grass
Hard-Fern
Hard-grass
Harebell
Hare’s-ear
Hare's-tail grass
Hart’s-tongue
Hartwort
Hasel-nut
Hawk.bit
Hawkweed
Hawks’-beard
Hawthorn
Heart’s-ease
Beath
Heath-grass
Hedge-mustard
Hedge-parsley
Hellebore
Helleborine
Hemlock
Hemp-agrimony
Hemp-nettle
Henbane

Herb Bennet
Herb Twopence
Herb Paris

Herb Robert
Hog’s-fennel
Holy-grass

Holly è
Honewort
=

Hop .
Horehound ` .
Hornbeam è
Horned-pondweed
Horned-poppy

. Hornwort

Horse-radish
Horse-shoe-vetch
Horse-tail
Hound's-tongue
Houseleek
Hutchinsia
Hyacinth

Tris
Isnardia
Ivy

Jack-by-the. Hedge

10 Jacob's-ladder

Jagged-chickweed
Joint-vetch ;
Juniper

Kale
Kidney-vetch
Knappia >
Knapweed
Knautia -
Knawel
Knot-grass
Koniga

Lady’s-fingers
Lady's-mantle
Lady's-slipper
Lady's-tresses
Lamb's-lettuce
Larkspur
Leopard's-bane
Lettuce . :
Lily of the valley
Lime-tree
Linden-tree

Livelong
Lobelia
London-pride
London Rocket
Loosestrife
Louse-wort
Loveage
Lucerne
Lungwort
Lyme-grass

Madder
Madwort
Maidenhair
Mallow
Man-orchis
Maple ‘
Mare’s-tail
Marjoram
Marram .
Marsh-mallow $
Marsh-cinque-foil .
Marsh-marigold
Marsh-wort
Master-wort
Mat-grass
May -
Meadow-grass
Meadow-rue
Meadow-saffron
Meadow-saxifrage
Meadow-sweet
Medick
Medlar
Melic-grass
Melilot F
Menziesia
Mercury .

eu
Mezereon
Michaelmas Daisy `
Mignonnette, wild .
Milfoil
Milkwort
Milk-vetch
Millet-grass
Mint , ^
Misseltoe
Mithridate Mustard
Moenchia è
Money-wort
Monks’-hood

Monks'rhubarb ^.
Moonwort ,
Moor-grass
. Moschatell
Motherwort
Mountain-ash
Mountain-sorrel .
Mouse-ear Chickweed |
Mouse-tail
Mudwort E
Mugwort Ev 59;
Mullein :
Musk-orchis
Mustard

Narcissus
Nasturtium
Navew ‘
Nettle
Nightshade
Nipplewort
Nit.grass .
None-so-pretty
Nonsuch

Oak

Oat or Oat-grass
Oat-like-grass
Onion -
Ophrys ~
Orache
Orchis
por

Osie:
Osmund.royal
Ox-eye 4
Ox-lip :
Ox-tongue
Oxytropis .

- Paigle :
Pansy

Panic- grass
Parsley

Parsnep
Pennyroyal

Pear ‘Tree
Pearl-wort .
Pearly Everlasting
Penny-cress
Penny-wort
Peony

Pepper- mint
Pepper-saxifrage
Pepper-wort
Periwinkle
Persicaria
Petty-whin
Pheasant’s Eye
Picris $
Pile-wort .
Pil-wort .
Pimpernel 4
Pink :
Pipewort . -
Plantain

Ploughman’ s Spikenard : :
1

Plum :
Plume-thistle $
Polypody .
Pond- weed

Poor man's weather-glass
3

ony.

Priory Samphire
Primrose

Privet

Purple Loosestrife `
Purslane :

INDEX.

Quaking-grass >-
Queen of the meadows
Quicken tree
Quill-wort -~ $

Radish ; j
Ragwort Š $
Ragged Robin .
Rampion :
Ramsons

Rape

Reed

Reed-mace
Raspberry
Rest-harrow
Rock-brake
Rocket
Rock-eress
Rock-rose »
Rose ,
Rose-root .
Rowan-tree
Ruppia
Rupture-wort
Rush ;
Rye-grass .

Saffron Crocus
Sage
Saint-foin
Salad-Burnet
Sallow
Sallow-thorn
Salsafy 4
Saltwort |. .
Samphire .
Sandwort .
Sanicle
Sauce-alone
Saussurea
Saw-wort
Saxifrage
Scabious «
Scheuchzeria
Scorpion. grass .
Scottish Asphodel
Scurvy-grass
Sea-buckthorn
Sea-heath .
Sea-milkwort
Sea-lavander
Sea-reed
Sea-rocket
Sedge :
Self-heal
Service Tree
Sheep's-bit
Sheep's-scabious
Shepherd's-needle
Shepherd's-purse
Sherardia
Shield-fern
Shoreweed
Sibbaldia "
Silver-weed
Sibthorpia
Skull-cap .
Sloe

Smallage
Small-reed
Snakeweed
Snapdragon
Snowdrop .
Snow-flake
Soap-wort
Soft-grass
Solomon ?g-seal
Sorrel
Southern wood

Page

43

197
19

Sow-bread
Sow-thistle
Speedwell .
Spider-wort
Spignel 3
Spike.rush
Spindle-tree
Spiræa .
Spleenwort
Spurge

Spurge- -Jaurel
Spurrey .
Squill fu

St John's-wort ‘
Star of Bethlehem
Star-fruit . $
Star-thistle
Starwort
Stitchwort

Stock
Stone-crop .
Stork’s-bill
Strapwort .
Strawberry
Strawberry-Tree
Succory 1
Sulphur-weed
Sun-dew .
Sweet Briar
Sweet-sedge
Sycamore

'Tamarisk
Tansy

Tare

Teasel
Teesdalia .
Thale-cress
Thistle -
Thorn-apple
Thrift ^
Thrincia :
Thyme -
Tillea
'Toad-flax
'Tooth-wort
Tormentil .
'Touch-me-not
Tower-mustard
Traveller’s Joy
Treacle-mustard
Tree-mallow
Trefoil
Trichonema
Tulip :
Turnep
Tutsan
Tway-blade
Twig-rush .

Valerian
Venus’ Comb
Vernal-grass
Vervain ,
Vetch
Vetchling
Villarsia z
Violet

Viper’s Bugloss

Wake-robin
Wall-flower

Wall Pellitory
"Wall-pepper :
Wart-cress =
Water-cress »
Water-dropwort .
Water-hemlock . .
Water-milfoil

448

Water-plantain
Water-parsnep
Water-soldier
Water-starwort
Water-violet
Water-wort
Weasel-snout
Welsh-poppy
Wheat or Wheat.g
Whin "
White horehound
"White-rot .
White-thorn
White water-lily

INDEX.

Whitlow-grass

Whorl.grass

Whortle-berry

Wild Basil :

Wild Chamomile

Wild Succory

Willow :

T Willow-herb

rass Winter-cress

ol 266 Winter-green
Woad x

A Wolf's-bane

3 96 Woodbine

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* © «¢ «@ He « in x

END OF VOLUME I.

GLASGOW:

Woodruff .
Wood.rush
Woodsia «
Wood-sorrel
Wormwood
Wound-wort

Yarrow 3
Yellow.rattle
Yellow water-lily
Yellow-weed
Yellow-wort
Yew c

n

E. KnULL, Printer to the University, Dunlop Street.

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