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ii

U.S. Department
of Agriculture

APHIS-PPQ

APHIS 81-50
September 1987
Pest

Combinations

Selected

Synonyms

Order: Family

Economic

Importance

Hosts

General

Distribution

PESTS NOT KNOWN TO OCCUR IN THE UNITED STATES OR OF LIMITED
DISTRIBUTION NO. 82: A FRUIT FLY

Prepared by K. Whittle* and A. L. Norrbomt

A FRUIT FLY Anastrepha grandis (Macquart)

Tephritis grandis Macquart, 1846

Trypeta (Acrotoxa) grandis (Macquart) Loew, 1873

Anastrepha schineri Hendel, 1914
Anastrepha latif asciata Hering, 1935

Diptera: Tephritidae

A. grandis larval feeding usually destroys the pulp of cucurbit
fruit, rendering them unfit for consumption. This species may
potentially damage squash, pumpkin, and other cucurbits if it
were to become established in the Southern States (Stone 1942).
The immature fruits are apparently preferred, but mature or
nearly mature fruits of some cultivars are infested on occasion
(Oakley 1950).

The primary hosts are cucurbits. It has been reported attacking
Citrullus lanatus (watermelon), Cucumis melo , Cucumis sativus
(cucumber) (Korytkowski G. and Ojeda Pefia 1968), Cucurbita
maxima (Boscan de Martinez et al. 1980), Cucurbita moschata
(pumpkins, squashes) (Caraballo de Valdivieso 1981), Cucurbita
pepo (pumpkin) (Korytkowski G. and Ojeda Pena 1968), and
Lagenaria siceraria (white-flowered gourd, calabash gourd)
(Caraballo de Valdivieso 1981).

This species has been specifically reported from Argentina,
Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia (Stone 1942), Ecuador (R. M. Hardman,
pers. comm.), Panama, Paraguay (Stone 1942), Peru (Korytkowski
G. and Ojeda Pena 1968), and Venezuela (Boscan de Martinez et
al. 1980). Preliminary data from fruit cutting and McPhail
trapping indicate the distribution in Brazil may be limited to
the States south of Bahia (J. Fowler, pers. comm.).

* Technical Information Systems Staff, PPQ, APHIS, USDA,
Federal Building Room 611, Hyattsville, MD 20782

t Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Biosystematics and
Beneficial Insects Institute, Agricultural Research Service,
USDA, c/o U.S. National Museum (USNM), Washington, DC 20560.
Contributor of diagnostic characters for adults.

A fruit fly Anastrepha grandis - 1

Anastrepha grandis distribution map (Prepared by Technical Information Systems Staff,
PPQ , APHIS, USDA).

Characters ADULTS (Fig. 1) - Male length 10-11 mm; female, 15-16 mm

(Fischer 1932). Body yellow brown, marked with yellow and dark
brown (Stone 1942). Frons darker anteriorly, longer than wide,
maximum width about equal to one-third of head width; frontal
setae in 3-4 pairs; orbital setae in 1-2 pairs (Fischer 1932).

Thorax (Fig. 2): mesonotum 3. 3-4.0 mm long. Following areas
yellow brown: postpronotal lobe (humerus), median scutal stripe
widened to include acrostichal bristles but not reaching
scutellum, lateral scutal stripes from just before transverse
suture to side of scutellum, stripe below notopleuron,
metapleuron, and scutellum except extreme base. Following areas
dark brown: sublateral stripe from level of postpronotal
bristle to scutellum, broken at transverse suture, band along
scutoscutellar suture, intensified medially, spot on anepimeron
(pteropleuron) , and lateral part of mediotergite (metanotum).
Macrochaetae dark brown, pile yellowish brown. Katepisternal
bristle absent (Stone 1942). Legs dull yellow, distal half of
anterior femur with 4-6 erect setae, posterior femur near apex

A fruit fly Anastrepha grandis - 2

#

on dorsal surface with some small setae (Fischer 1932). Wing
(Fig. 3) 9.0-10.5 mm long; bands yellow brown, rather diffuse;
costal and S bands broadly connected; no distinct hyaline spot
anterior to vein R4+5; distal arm of V band absent, proximal
arm not joining S band (Stone 1942).

(Figs. 1-3)

1

bm-cu

Anterior arm of V-band
No posterior arm present

ell r

2 + 3

Anastrepha grandis adults. 1. Female, dorsal view (From Fischer
1932. 2. Thorax, dorsal view. 3. Wing, dorsal view (From
Korytkowski G. and Ojeda Pena 1968).

Abdomen underside lighter, yellowish, tergites 2-4 darker.
Pubescence short, golden yellow. Tergite 5 almost as long as
tergites 3 to 4, posterior border with corona of setae,
posterior angles largely rounded (Fischer 1932).

Female terminalia: segment 7 (ovipositor sheath) 5. 8-6. 2 mm
long (Fig. 4), tapered posteriorly to distinctly broadened
apical third, profile distinctly concave dorsally on median
half and ventrally on apical third. Conjunctiva of segment 7

A fruit fly Anastrepha grandis - 3

V

with 5-6 rows of well-developed, slender, strongly sclerotized
dorsobasal scales (rasper) (Fig. 5). Aculeus (ovipositor)
slightly longer than segment 7; tip long, slender, nonserrate;
extreme base slightly widened (Stone 1942).

Male terminalia: tergal ratio about 0.95; surstylus (clasper)
about 0.35 mm long, stout, portion distad of prensisetae
slightly flattened, curved inward, apex blunt; prensisetae
slightly distad of middle (Stone 1942).

Diagnostic Characters - A. grandis can be recognized as an
Anastrepha by the apical forward curve of vein M, which meets
the costa without a distinct angle (Fig. 3), This species can
be distinguished from most other Anastrepha by several
characters. On the wing, the hyaline spot at the apex of Rl is
small and diffuse or absent [In most other Anastrepha, a
distinct hyaline spot extends at least to vein R2+3 (usually to
R4+5 , or continuous with hyaline area in cell br).]. Only
anterior arm of V-band is present (covering dm-cu); posterior
arm is absent (no oblique band extends toward apical part of
cell m from anterior end of V-band). Thorax has some brown

(Figs. 4-5)

Anastrepha grandis female terminalia. 4. Aculeus (ovipositor)
tip. Arrows indicate steplike ridges. 5. Dorsobasal scales of
conjunctiva 7 (rasper) (From Korytkowski G. and Ojeda Pena
1968).

A fruit fly Anastrepha grandis - 4

Dendroctonus mlcans larval structures. A. Head capsule, dorsal
view; B. Frontal area, clypeus, and labrum, 49 X; C. Epi-
pharynx, 150 X; D. Mandible, dorsal view, 150 X; E. Antenna,

150 X; F. Labium, ventral view, 150 X; G. Tergum of 9th
abdominal segment, showing pigmented sclerite (A, G from Thomas
1965; B-F from Lekander 1968).

European spruce beetle Dendroctonus mi cans - 5

(Fig. 3)

Dendroctoaus micaas pleural area of larval abdominal segment,
showing spiracular tubercle (S T), spiracle (Sp), and
dorsopleural lobe (DPL) (From Thomas 1965).

LARVAL COMPARISON - Larvae of D. micans can be separated from
those of most North American Dendroctonus species by use of the
keys by Thomas (1957 for genus, 1965 for species). However,
Thomas' key to Dendroctonus species does not include
_D. punctatus, because the larva of that species is undescribed.
The key by Lekander (1968) will separate larvae of D_. mi cans
from those of most of the Scolytidae of northern Europe. The
most distinctive feature of larvae of this species is the
pigmented sclerite (Fig. 2G) on the 9th (terminal) abdominal
segment (Thomas 1965). All other known Dendroctonus larvae
either have sclerites on the 8th and 9th abdominal terga or no
sclerites on either of those areas (Thomas 1965). Slide mounts
of dissected larvae will be necessary to examine the smaller
structures figured.

PUPAE - Maximum length about 8.0 mm. White when newly formed;
body form as in Figs. 4A-B. Head with 6 pairs of short setae,
distributed as in Fig. 4B. Prothorax with 8 pairs of setae
(Fig. 4A) , which do not arise from tubercles. Meso- and
metathorax each with 2 pairs of dorsal setae (Fig. 4A). Femur
of each leg with single subapical seta. Elytra smooth, without
setae or granules. Abdominal segments 3-6 all bear tubercles 1
median, 4 dorsolateral, and 1 pleural (Fig. 4C), all spiculate
and bearing a seta (Fig. 4C); largest setae wrinkled at bases
(Fig. 4D). Terminal (9th) abdominal segment with pair of
prominent, posteriorly projecting pleural spines (Fig. 4A).
Functional, circular spiracles below pleural tubercles on
abdominal segments 1-6.

European spruce beetle Dendroctonus micans - 6

(Fig. 4)

Dendroctonus mi cans pupa. A. Entire pupa, dorsal view. B. Head,
front view. C. Tubercles and setae on one-half of abdominal
segment 6, left to right: median tubercle, 4 dorsolateral
tubercles (numbered), and pleural tubercle. D. Medial tubercle
and seta (which is wrinkled at base) on abdominal segment 6
(From Thomas 1965).

PUPAL COMPARISON - Pupae of this species can be separated from
those of most North American Dendroctonus species through use
of the key by Thomas (1965). However, a comparison with the
pupa of D. punctatus is not possible, because the pupal stage
of the latter species is undescribed. The most distinctive
feature by which the pupa of D. mi cans can be distinguished
from those of the other species studied by Thomas (1965) is
that none or very few of the setae of the head and prothorax
arise from tubercles in D. micans, but are subtended by
tubercles in the North American species.

Characteristic

Damage

At a distance, the streams of white, dried resin flows on the
trunk are very characteristic. A tree suffering repeated attack
(Figs. 5 and 6) is encrusted with resin; resin tubes; broken
and peeling, often blackened bark; and frass (Bevan and King
1983).

European spruce beetle Dendroctonus micans - 7

(Figs. 5-6)

6

Dendroctonus micans. 5. A large blob of resin at entrance site
and frass. 6. Trunk showing typical signs of brood activity
(From Bevan and King 1983).

This species may move between countries in the bark-wood
interface, most probably with logs or rough lumber from which
the bark has not been removed. Resin tubes and frass will
probably have been removed from the bark surface in transit, so
the absence is not a reliable indicator of absence of the pest.
All D. micans stages occur between bark and wood. Without
bark-wood interface, the pest cannot survive. Wood products
entering the United States are subject to inspection under
various regulations, mainly Title 7, Part 330.105, of the Code
of Federal Regulations. No specimens identified as IK micans
have been intercepted by PPQ in the past 10 years.

This species can be detected in the following ways.

1. Scan trees for resin tubes and frass on the bark.

2. Look under the bark for adults, larvae, and pupae on the
lower part of the trunk, on the root-collar, and the root pads.

3. Look under the bark of the trees for egg galleries and
larval chambers (Fig. 7).

For identification, submit suspect adult specimens, pinned and
labeled. Preserve larvae and pupae in alcohol.

European spruce beetle Dendroctonus micans - 8

Detection

Notes

(Fig. 7)

B

Dendroctonus mi cans. A. Egg galleries, basal sections.

1. Entrance burrow. 2. Excavated July 8-16. 3. Excavated
July 8-29. 4. Eight days old. 5. Three weeks old. B. Ad-
vanced egg gallery and larval chamber (T = entrance tunnel;
L = larvae) (A from Hopkins 1909b; B from Chararas 1962).

Biology In Siberia, D_. mi cans develops in 2 years. Adults and larvae

overwinter (Kolomiets 1981). Larvae and adults near the root
collar and underneath the root bark survived air temperatures
down to -52 °C. Adults inhabit the lower part of the trunk, the
root-collar, and the root pads, burrowing along the roots in
the soil down to 40 cm, but usually to a depth of 18-20 cm.
Colonies on root pads are located as much as 22-25 cm from the
trunk base. Sometimes, with surface root development, colonies
may move as much as 1 m from the trunk (Kolomiets and Bogdanova
1978). Egg galleries (Fig. 7A) are vertical, frequently curved,
and somewhat irregular, about 12-20 cm long in the bark
(Hopkins 1909b). The female deposits about 250 eggs (Brown and
Bevan 1966) in groups of 30-50 (Hopkins 1909b) against the wall
of the cavity, about 2 cm in diameter, with frass and fine
chips (Fig. 8). She continues feeding and egg laying through
summer. Eggs hatch in about a month (Brown and Bevan 1966).

In a study of different Picea species in Belgium, larvae gnaw
their way side by side in the phloem, forming feeding fronts of
sometimes more than 50 individuals (Fig. 7B). Defecation and

European spruce beetle Dendroctonus micans - 9

molting occur at the rear, where frass is tightly packed.
Afterwards, larvae return to the feeding front. Often, one or
more rows of larvae wait for the opportunity to push through to
the feeding line. This aggregative behavior begins at the
earliest moments of larval life. The first individuals to hatch
start a mine from the egg gallery; others join them. At
pupation, each larva isolates itself in a niche in the frass
(Gregoire et al. 1984). The new adult has its first meal within
the brood chamber, then emerges and moves to a fresh position
before breeding (Brown and Bevan 1966). New adults may infest
the same tree or other trees within the same or distant
forests. Flight threshold is 23 °C (Evans 1985).

In Siberia, eggs are present from mid-June to mid-July, larvae
from early July to mid-August of the following year, pupae from
late June to September of the second year, and adults of this
generation from early July of the second year through the
winter to the end of June of the third year. Females oviposit
the last 10 days of June to July of the third year (Kolomiets
and Bogdanova 1978).

Natural The predaceous beetle, Rhizophagus grandis Gyllenhal

Enemies (Coleoptera, Rhizophagidae) is one of the most important

stabilizing factors for the .D. micans population where the pest
has been established for a long time. In the Massif Central
(France), the female predator lays about 100 eggs in the
laboratory. Adults and larvae feed on D. micans. To complete
development, one predator larva requires the equivalent of one
fully grown prey larva (Fig. 9) (Gregoire et al. 1985).

(Figs. 8-9)

8

9

8. Bark removed to expose Dendroctonus micans female with eggs.

9. Rhizophagus grandis larval group feeding on single
Dendroctonus larva (From Evans 1985).

European spruce beetle Dendroctonus micans - 10

Literature

Cited

Balachowsky, A. Coleopteres, Scolytides. Fauna de France. 50.
Paris: Paul Lechevalier; 1949.

Be jer-Petersen, B. Dendroctonus mi cans Kug. in Denmark. The
situation 25 years after a "catastrophe”. Z. Pflanzenkr.

Pf lanzenschutz. 83(1/3) : 16-21; 1976 (German summary). Taken
from: Rev. Appl. Entoraol. Ser. A, 65(4) : 582 ; 1977.

Bevan, D.; King, C. J. Dendroctonus micans Kug. - a new pest of
spruce in U.K. Commonw. For. Rev. 62(1) :41— 51 ; 1983.

Brown, J. M. B.; Bevan, D. The great spruce bark beetle,
Dendroctonus micans, in Northwest Europe. For. Comm. Bull.

38; 1966.

f N

Chararas, C. Etude biologique des Scolytides des coniferes.
Encyclopedie Entoraologique Ser. A, 38. Paris: Paul
Lechevalier; 1962: 222.

Commonwealth Institute of Entomology. Distribution maps of

pests. Map 449. London: Commonwealth Institute of Entomology;

1983.

Evans, H. F. Great spruce bark beetle, Dendroctonus micans: an
exotic pest new to Britain. Antenna 9 (3) : 117-121 ; 1985.

Gregoire, J. C.; Braekman, J. C.; Tondeur, A. Chemical

communication between the larvae of Dendroctonus micans Kug.
(Coleoptera, Scolytidae). Colloques de 1 ’ INRA 7:253-257;

1984.

Gregoire, J. C.; Merlin, J.; Pasteels, J. M.; Jaffuel, R. ;
Vouland, G.; Schvester, D. Biocontrol of Dendroctonus micans
by Rhizophagus grandis Gyll. (Col., Rhizophagidae) in the
Massif Central (France). A first appraisal of the
mass-rearing and release methods. Z. Angew. Entomol.

99 (2) : 182-190; 1985 (French and German summaries).

Hopkins, A. D. Contributions toward a monograph of the scolytid
beetles. 1. The genus Dendroctonus. U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology Tech. Ser. 17, Part 1,
1909a; 1-164.

. Practical information on the scolytid beetles of

North American forests. I. Bark beetles of the genus
Dendroctonus. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of
Entomology. Bull. 83, Part 1; 1909b: 141-146.

European spruce beetle Dendroctonus micans - 11

Kolomiets, N. G. Interrelations between the European spruce
beetle (Dendroctonus micans Kugel* , Coleoptera, Scolytidae)
and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in western Siberia.
[Abstract]. Isaev, A. S., editor. Irkutsk, USSR; Institut
Lesa i Drevesiny SO AN SSSR; 1981: 28-29, 68-69 (In Russian;
English summary). Taken from: Rev. Appl. Entomol. Ser. A,
71(7): 604; 1983.

Kolomiets, N. G.; Bogdanova, D. A. Phenology of the European
bark beetle in the south of western Siberia. Izv. Sibirskogo
Otd. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Biol. 10(2): 57-62; 1978 (In Russian;
English summary). Taken from: Rev. Appl. Entomol. Ser. A,

67 (2) : 89 ; 1979.

Lekander, B. Scandinavian bark beetle larvae, descriptions and
classification. Dep. Forest Zool., Royal College of Forestry,
Research Notes. 4 Stockholm; 1968.

Miller, J. M.; Keen, F. P. Biology and control of the western
white pine beetle. U.S. Dep. Agric. Misc. Publ. 800; 1960.

Payne, T. L. Chapter 2: life history and habits. Thatcher,

R. C. et al., editors. The southern pine beetle. U.S. Dep.
Agric. Tech. Bull. 1631; 1981.

Thomas, J. B. The use of larval anatomy in the study of bark
beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Entomol. 89(suppl. 5):
1-45; 1957.

. The immature stages of Scolytidae: The genus
Dendroctonus Erichson. Can. Entomol. 97:374-400; 1965.

Wood, S. L. A revision of the bark beetle genus Dendroctonus
Erichson (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Great Basin Nat.

23(1-2) : 1-117 ; 1963.

. The bark and ambrosia beetles of North and Central

America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), a taxonomic monograph.

Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 6. Provo, Utah: Brigham
Young Univ.; 1982.

Yin, H. F.; Huang, F. S.; Li, Z. L. Economic insect fauna of
China. Fasc. 29, Coleoptera: Scolytidae. Beijing, China:
Science Press; 1984: 56-57. Translated from the Chinese by
Z. Q. Yang, USDA, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment
Station, Pineville, LA 71360

European spruce beetle Dendroctonus micans - 12